Agrl. - Forestry - Main

r

ENCYCLOPEDIA

H

OF ; '; ^ ', ;•», /.

TREES AND SHRUBS';

BEING THE

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM
ABRIDGED :

CONTAINING

THE HARDY TREES AND SHRUBS OF BRITAIN

NATIVE AND FOREIGN,

SCIENTIFICALLY AND POPULARLY DESCRIBED;

WITH THEIR PROPAGATION, CULTURE, AND USES IN THE ARTS;

AND

WITH ENGRAVINGS OF NEARLY ALL THE SPECIES.

ABRIDGED FROM THE LARGE EDITION IN EIGHT VOLUMES, AND
ADAPTED FOR THE USE OF

Jiumrgmen, Cftartenm, anfc Jforcsters.

BY J. C. LOU DON, F.L.S. H.S. &c.

LONDON:

FREDERICK WARNE AND Co,,

BEDFORD STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
NEW YORK: SCRIBNER, WELFORD, AND CO.

1869.

1.7

Forestry - ilain LtbWf

PREFACE.

THIS Abridgement of the Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum contains . —

1. Characters and short Popular Descriptions of all the species and
varieties of hardy trees and shrubs now in British gardens, with directions
for their culture; including the soil most suitable for them, their pro-
pagation, and their uses in the arts, &c.

2. Engravings of all the species which are described, with the exception of
half a dozen. The whole arranged according to the Natural System ; all the
engravings being to the scale of two inches to a foot, or one sixth of the
natural size.

3. The Scientific Names and Scientific Synonymes of all the species ; and
their Popular Names in the languages of the different countries where they
are indigenous or cultivated.

4. An Alphabetical Index to all the species and varieties, with their
synonymes.

5. A Tabular Analysis of the Leaves, by which the name of any species
of tree or shrub described in the work may, in general, be discovered, from
a small portion of a shoot with the leaves on.

6. Specific Characters, Descriptions, and Figures of some species, more
particularly of pines, firs, and oaks, which were not in the country in 1838,
when the large work was completed.

In a word, though this Abridgement does not include all the interesting
and useful information on the natural history of trees which will be found in
the larger work, or any of the portraits of entire trees which constitute so
distinguished a feature in it, yet it contains all that is necessary to enable the
reader to discover the names of the different species, and to ascertain their
culture, propagation, and uses in Britain; in short, all that is essential for
the nurseryman, gardener, and forester.

The most remarkable circumstance connected with this Abridgement is,
that the Author has been able to obtain figures of nearly all the species.
For the drawings or specimens from which these additional figures were
taken, he is indebted to the kind assistance of various Public Institutions,
and of several of the most eminent botanists and possessors of herbariums
and living collections in Europe and North America.

The Institutions to which he is under obligations are, the Linnean and
Horticultural Societies of London, the British Museum, the Museum of
Natural History of Paris, and that of Berlin : and the Botanists who have
kindly lent him drawings or specimens include the late A. B. LAMBERT, Esq.;
Sir W. J. HOOKER; Dr. LINDLEY; the late Professor DON; GEORGE DON,
Esq., who prepared the characters of the Orders and of the Genera;
Messrs. LODDIGES ; the late Professor DECANDOLLE ; M. ALPHONSE DE
CANDOLLE ; W. BORRER, Esq.; P. B. WEBB, Esq. ; Baron DE LESSERT;
M. MICHAUX; Signer G. MANETTI ; M. OTTO; M. CHARLES RAUCH ; M.
FRANCIS RAUCH, who made most of the drawings; and Drs. TORREY
and GRAY : to all of whom ; to the Curators of most of our Botanic and
Horticultural Gardens, and those of many foreign ones ; and to all Nursery-
men and Gardeners, both at home and abroad, who may have rendered him
assistance, he begs to return his most sincere thanks.

To the Council of the Horticultural Society of London he is under especial
obligations, for their permission to make drawings from the cones and other
specimens sent home by their collectors, DOUGLAS and HARTWEG, and for
authorising him to procure information from their intelligent and experienced
superintendent of the arboricultural department of the Garden, Mr. GEORGE
GORDON, A.L.S. ; and to Mr. GORDON he is indebted for the ready and
obliging manner in which, at all times, he rendered his assistance.

Bayswater, April, 1842. J. C. L.

A 2

886771

IV

CONTENTS,

Enumeration of the Genera and Species, with their varieties and synonymes, in the order

in which they are described in the work
An Analysis of the commoner Trees and Shrubs of Britain, with reference to their Uses

in useful and ornamental Plantations -

this Abridgement,

lix

according to their Leaves
Explanation of Abbreviations, Accentuation, Indie

The Species described in detail -

EXO'GEN^:.
DICHLAMY'DEJB.

ations, &c.

Sambucea; -
Lonicemt'
^ubiaceae

Ixvii
Ixxii

Contents. Text.
xxix. Iviii. 513 1116
xxix. Iviii. 525 1116
xxxi. 544

Thalamifibrce.

Compdsitae -
i'ricaceas

xxxi. 545
xxxi. Iriii. 552 1116

Contents.

flanunculaceae - Page v. Ivii.
Clematfdere - v. Ivii.
Winteromz? - - vi. Ivii.

Text.

i mi
2 mi
20 mi

Sty races
Haleszamz? -
Sapotdcece

xxxv. 617
xxxv. 619
xxxv. 622

PtKoniucea: - - vi.
Magnol»<Jce<# - - vi. Ivii.
Anonacece - - vi.
Menispermaceae - vi.
BerbcracetB - - vi. Ivii.
Aurantiaceae - - Ivii.
Cruciaceae - - vii.
Cistacea; - - vii.

17

21 mi

38
39

41 mi

1112
53

54
62

./Jbenaceae - - xxxv. ozt
Oleaceae. - - xxxv. Iviii. 627 1116
Jasminaceae - - xxxvii. 654
^/pocynaceae - - xxxvii. 656
ylsclepiarfocra> - xxxvii. Iviii. 6581117
Bignonmcea?- - xxxvii. 6«0
Solanacese - - xxxvii. Iviii. 6631117
Scrophuluriaceae - xxxviii. 670
Labiaceae - - xxxviii. 672

7-iliIcea3 - - vii'.

63

/'"erbenaceae -

xxxviii. 676

Ternstromzamz? - viii.

71

//ypericaceae - - viii. Ivii.

74 1112

MONOCHLAMY'DE^E.

^cerace* - - viii. Ivii.
Capparidaceae - Iviii.
^sculaceaj - - ix. Iviii.
Sapindaceae - - ix.
Fitaceae - - ix. Iviii.

78 1112
113
123 1113
134
135 1113

Chenopodiaceas
Polygonaceaa
Lauraceae
7 hymelaceae -

xxxviii. 674
- xxxviii. Iviii. 677 1117
xxxix. 681
- xxxix. Iviii. 686 1117

XanthoxylSceae - ix.
Coriacea; - x.

141

145

Santalacete -
£laeagnaceae -
.^ristolochiaceae

xl. 6'J3
xl. Iviii. 6(J5 1117
xl. 701

Calyciflbrte.

.£'uphorb/ace<e

xl. 702

Staphyleaceae - x.
Celastraceae - • x.

147
148

Artocarpeae -

xl. 705
xii. Iviii. 714 1117

^fquifoliaceaa - x. Iviii.

155 1113

Juglandaceae

xlii. 731

flhamnacea; - - xi. iviii.

166 1113

Salicaceae

xliii. 744

Homalinacea? - xii.
Anacardiaceae - xii. Iviii.

182
184 1113

Z?etulaceae -
Corylaceae -

xlvi. Iviii. 831 1117
xlvii. Iviii. 845 1117

Leguminaceae - xii. Iviii.
tfosacea; - - xvi. Iviii.

194 1114
259 11.4

Garrydcece -
Platanaceas -

li. 926
li. Iviii. 927 1118

Calycanthacea; - xxv.

452

^alsamaceas

li. 931

Granatkceae - - xxv.

456

A/yricaceaD -

H. 934

Tamaricacea? - xxv.

457

Gneldcete

li. 937

Philadelphiceae - xxvi.
Nitrariacea; - - xxvi.
Grossulaceae - - xxvi. Iviii.

459
467
468 1115

Taxaceae
Coniferae
/ibietinae

h. 938
li. Iviii. 946 il!8
li. 947

Kscallonmce^ - xxvii.

489

Cupressina? -

lv. 1067

Hvdrangeae - - xxviii.

492

£mpetraceae -

- • Ivi. 1090

Umbellacea; - - xxviii.

494

J/amamelidaceae - xxviii.

498

Araliaceas - - xxviii. Iviii.

49; 1116

ENDO'GENJE.

Cornaceae - - xxviii. Iviii.

501 1116

Loranthaceae - xxix.

508

Smilaceas

- - Ivi. 1093

Caprifdliacea? - xxxi.

512

Liliaceae

Ivii. 1099

Supplementary Figures

„

- 1105

Supplementary Species
List of Authorities for Generic and Specific Names
List of Books referred to -

- mi

- 1119
- 1124

Glossarial Index
General Index

1136
1142

*** By turning to the pages of the Contents, the whole of the species and varieties with their
svnonymes, of any genus or order, may be seen at a glance ; and, by turning to the General Index at
the end, any particular species, whether known by its general name or its synonyme, may be found

at once, both in the Contents and in the body of the work.

ENUMERATION

OF THE

GENERA, SPECIES, AND VARIETIES, WITH THEIR SYNONYMES,
SCIENTIFIC AND POPULAR,

IN THE ORDER IN WHICH THEY ARE DESCRIBED.

In the following Table the Synonymes are printed in Italics. English specific names are omitted
vhen they are merely translations of the scientific names. French, German, and Italian generic
names are, with few exceptions, not given when they are the same, or nearly the satne, as the scien-
tific ones ; and the specific names are only given in these languages when they are synonymes, and
not mere translations.

Class I,

Subdiv. I. DICHLAMY'DE^E.

Subcl. I. THALAMIFL<TR,£.

Sect. X.

iffiella, that is, the component \
Parts of compound Capsules
or Fruits, numerous ; or the
Stamens placed opposite the
Petals.

l&anunculaceae.

Tribe I.

I. 6TLF/MATIS L. - 2
Virgin's Bower, Ladies'
Bower : Clematite, Fr. ; Wald-
rebe, Ger. ; Clematide, Ital.

§ i. Fldmmula Dec.

1. Flammula L. -3

C. urcns Gerard, C. maritima
AH. Fed., C. suave olens Sal.
Prod., C. paniculata Thun.:
Sweet- scented Virgin's Sower:
Clematite odor ante, Fr.; Sc/iarje
Waldrebe, Ger.

2 rotundifolia Dec. 3
C. trugrans Ten.

3 maritima Dec. - 3

4 rubella Dec. •.- S

5 caespitosa Dec. - 4
C. ceespitbsa Scop.

C. Fldmmula Bert.

6 paniculata - 4
C. paniculata Thun.

2. orientalis L. - 4

C. flava Mcench, C. glauca
Willd., C. ochroleitca Hort. :
yellow-flowered V. B.

3. chinensis Retz. - 5
C. sinensis Lour. coch.

4. Vitalbai. - - 5
Traveller's Joy. — C. ullera

Matth., C. tertia Com., Viorna
Ger. & Lob., \ittsnrgra Fuch.:
Old Man's Beard, Bindwith,
Common V. B., Wild Climber,
Great Wild Climber : Clematite
brulante, Fr. ; Gemeine Wald-
rebc, Ger. ; Vile bianco, ItaL

5. virginiana L. - 6

C. canadensis Mill. Diet, C.
cordifblia Moench supp., C. Iri-
ternuta Hort. : Broad-lvd Ca-
nada V. B.

2 bracteata Dec, - 6
C. bracteata Mcench.

6. grata Wall. - 7
C. odordta Hort., C. triter-

nata Hort, C. nepalensis Hort.

7. Viorna L. - - 7

C. purpurea repens Ray:
Leathery flowered V.B., Ameri-
can Traveller's Joy, Virginian
Climber, Purple Climber: Cle-
matile Viorne, Fr.; Glockenblli-
thige JValdrebe, Ger.

2 cordata - - 7

C. cordata Sims B. M.
C. Simsii Stut. H. B.

8. cylindrica Sims - 8

C. crlspa Lam., C. Viorna
Bot. Rep., C. divaricata Jacq. :
Long-flowered V. B.: Clematite
a longues Fleurs, Fr.

9. reticulata Walt. - 9
C. rbsea Abbott, C. Simsu

Hook.

10. Hendersonw Chan. 9
§ ii. Viticetta Dec.

11. florida Thun. - 10

Atrdgene intlica Desf, Atrd-
gene florida Pers. : Clematite d
grandes Fleurs, Fr. ; Grossblu-
thige Waldrebe, Ger.

2 flore pleno Hort - 10

3 fl. pi. violaceo - 10
C./. Sieb6ldi\ D. Don.

C. Siebdldti Paxt.
C. bicolor Hort.

1 2. caerulea Lindl. - 1 1
C. azurea grandifldra Sieb.,

C. granriiflbra Hort.

13. Viticella L. - II

ViticMa delioidea Moench :
Red-flowered Ladies'1 Bower,
Gerard : Italicnische Waldrebe,
Ger.

1 casrulea - - \12

2 purpurea - - 12

3 multiplex G. Don liJ
C. pulchella Pers.

4 tenuifolia Dec. - 1 2
C'. ten. Ivsitiiuica Tourn.

A 3

5 baccata Dec. - Itj
C. campaniflbra Hort.

1 4. campaniflora Brot. 1 2
C. viornoides Schrader, C.

parviflfjra Dec.

2 parviflora Fix. Got. 1 2

15. crispa L. - -13
C. fibre cr'ispo Dill. Elth.

§ iii. Cheiropsis Dec.

16. cirrhosai. - ^13

Atrdgene cirr/iosaPers. : Tra-
veller's Joy of Camlia, and Spa-
nish Traveller's Joy, Gerard ;
Spanish Wild Climber, Parkins. ;
Evergreen Clematis: Clematite
a Vrillcs, Fr. ; Einfachblattrige
Waldrebe, Ger.

2 pedicellata Dec. - 14
C. pedicelldta Swt. H. B.
C. baled rica Pers.

C. cirrhosa Sims B. M.

3 angustifolia - - 14
C. baledrica Rich. B. M.
C. calyrina Ait.
C.polym6rpha Hort.
Clematite de Mahon, Fr.

§ iv. Anemoniflora.

17. montana Ham. - 15
C. ancmontflbra D. Don.

Other Species.— C. holosericea
Pursh, /ifjusticif61ia Nuttall,
Drumm6nd»Y Tor. & Gray,
parvifl6ra Nuttall, lasiantha
Nutt., lineariloba Dec., Pitch-
ert Tor. \- Grav, pubescens,
witifolia, Bucharizowa - 15

II. ^TRA'GENE L. - Ifj

Clematis I^am. & Dec. : Atra-
gene, Fr. and Ger.

1. alpina L. - 16

Clematis ctzrulea Bauh., Cle-
matis alpina Mill. Dirt. & Dec.,
A. austriaca Scop. & B. M., A.
clematides Crantz : Atragene
dot Alpes, Fr. ; Alpen Atragene,
Ger.

2 White flws. Dec. 16

3 sibirica ? - l(j
A. sfliirica L.

VI

CONTENTS.

2. sibirica L. - -17

A. «4»?na Gmcl. & Pall., Cle-
matis sibirica Mill. Diet. & Dec.
2 Blue flws. #. M. 17
A. ochot&isis Pallas ?
A. alpma L. ?

3. americana Sims -17
Clematis verticilluris Dec.

2 obliqua DOM. MS. 17
Other Species and Varieties. —
A. ochotensis Pall.(A. sibirica
var. ?), A. coiumbiana Nutt.
(Clematis coiumbiana Tor. &
Grayi. p. 11.) - - 17

Tribe II.

I. PJEO^TA L. - 18

The Paeony. — Peony, Piony :
Gichtterrose, Ger. ; Rosa del
Monte, Span. ; Peonia, Ital.

I. Mimtan Sims -'18
Tree Paeony — P. arbbrea Dn.

P. suffruticdsa B. Rep. : Pivoine
Moutan, Fr. ; BaumartlgeGicht-
tcrrose, Ger. ; Hoa-Ouang, and
Pe-Leang.Kin,^ Chinese.

1 joapaveracea B. R. 18

2 Banksii B R. - 19

II. XANTHORHI'ZAZ,. 19

The Yellow-Root.

1. flpiifolia L'Herit. - 20

Xanthorise d Feuilles de Persil,
Fr. ; Sellerie-blattrigeGelbwurz,
Ger.

I. ILLI'CIUM £. - 20

Aniseed Tree : Badiane, Anis
etoile, Fr. ; Ste. nanis, Ger. ;
Badiano, Ital.

1. floridanum Ellis 20

Florida Illicium, Red-flowered
Anise-seed Tree Mor. Hist.: Ba-
diane de la Floride, Fr. ; Un-
achter Sternum's, Ger.

Magnoliacese.
I. MAGNO'L/J L. - 21

The Magnolia. — Magnolie,
Fr., Ger., & Ital.; Bieberbaum,
Hart.

§ i. Magnoliastrum.

1. graridiflora i. - 22

Laurel Bay, Big Laurel, Large \
Magnolia, Laurier tulipier, Fr. ;
Grossblumiger Magnolie, or
Bieberbaum, Ger. ; Magnolia
Tulipano, Ital.

2 obovata ^zV. - 22

3 exoniensis Hort. - 23
M. g. lanceoldta Ait.

M. g. stricta Hort.
M. g. ferruginea Hort.

4 angustifdlia Hort. 23

5 praevcox Andry. - 23 j

0/A<?r Vars. — M. g. vera,
M. g. latifblia, M. g. exoni-
ensis var., M. g. rubiginbsa,
M. g. rotundifblia Swt., M.g.
elliptica Ait., M. g. longifblia
undulata, M. g. exoniensis a

fleur demi-double, M. g. cana-
licule, M. g. floribanda, M.g.
fbliis-variegatis, M. g. mogor-

1. Tulipifera L. - 36

The Poplar, White Wood and
Canoe Wood, Amer.; Virginian

densis ... 23

Poplar, Tulip-bearing Lily Tree,

2. glaucaly. - - 25

M. frdgrans Salisb. : Swamp
Sassafras, Beaver-wood, White

and Saitdle Tree, Eng.: Tulipier
de Virginie, Fr. ; Virginischer
Tulipeerbaum , Ger. ; Tulipiere,

Bat/, Small Magnolia, Swamp

Ital.

Magnolia : Magnolie glauque,
Fr. ; Albero de Castor a, Ital.
2 sempervirens Hort. 25

2 obtusiloba MX. - 36

L. integrijblia Hort.
Yellow Wood.

3 Thomsoma/m Thp. 25

Yellow Poplar.

M.gl.var. major B. M.

Other Vars. — L. T. acuti-
Tolia MX., L. T. flava Hurt. 36

Other Vars. — M. gl. Gordo-

niiina, M. gl. Burchelh'anfl,
M. gl. longifblia Pnrsh, M.

Anonacese.

gl. Carilbn// (M. Car don 3.
Knight.) - - 26

1. ASI'MINA Adanson 38

Ann6na L., Orchiduc&rpum

3 tr i etala L. • 27

MX., Porctlis sp. Pers., L't'd-

M. umbrella Lam., M. fron-

ria Tor. & Gray : Custard

dosa Salisb. : Umbrella Tree,

Apple : Asiminier, Fr. ; Flas-

UmbrelLi Magnolia, Elku-ood:

chenbaum, Ger.

Magnolie Parasol Fr.

1. trlloba Dun. - 38

4. macrophylla MX. 28

M. Michauxii Hort. : Large-
leaved Umbrella Tree, Araer.

Annbna triloba L., Porcelia.
triloba PITS., Orchidocdrpum
arietlnum MX., Uvaria triloba
Tor. & Gray: Papau, Amer. ;

5. acuminata L. - 29

Asiminier de Virginie Fr.; An-

M. rustica, M.pennsylvanica,

nona, Ital.

Blue Magnolia, Cucumber Tree,

Other Species — A. parvifl6ra, A.

U. S.

grandiflbra 39

2 CandolK Savi - 29
3 maxima Lodd. - 29

Menispermacece.

Other Vars M.striata, M.
latifblia - - 29

T. MENISPE'RMUM L. 39

The Moonseed. — Me'nisperme,

Fr. ; Mondsaame, Ger.

6. cordata MX. - 30
7. auriculata Lam. - 31

1. canadense L. - 40

M. canadense var. a. Lamark,

M. Frdseri Walt., M. aurtcu-

M. anguldtum Mosnch.

Idris Salisb. : Indian Physic,

2 lobatum Dec. - 40

N. Amer.
2 pyramidata - 31

M. virginicum L.
3 smilacinum - 40

M. pyramiddfa Bartr.
M. Frdseri pyramidata Nt.

M. smilticinum Dec.
2. dauricum Dec. - 40

S ii. Gwillimia, Rott.

Trilophus Ampelisagria Fis.

3

M. canadense /3 Lam.

8. conspicua Salisb. 33
Yulan Magnolia. — M. precia
Correa, M. Yulan Desf.: Yu
Lan, Chinese : Lily-flwd M. :
Magnolier Yulans, Fr. ; Yulans

II. Co'ccixus Bnutt. 40

The Cocculus. — Menisper-
mum L., Wendldndiii Willd.,
Andiophilax Wendl.

Bieberbaum, Ger. ; M. dai Fi-

1. carolinus D c. - 41

oridiGiglio, Ital.
2 Soulangeana - S3

Menisp. carolimim L., Wend-
Idndia populifolia Willd., An-

M. Soulangeana. An H- P.

drdphilax scandens Wendl.,

M. Soulange&nzSwt.B.F. G .

Baumgdrtia. scdndens Moanch :

Other Varieties, or Hybrids.

Coccola, Ital.

— M. c. S. specidsa, M. c. S.
Alexandrlna 33

Berberaceae.

i 9. purpurea Sims • 35

M obovata Thun., M. d sco-
lor Vent., M. denuddta Lam. :

I. BE'RBERIS L. - 42

The Berberry. — Pipperidge
Bush : E'pine vinelte, Fr.; Ber-

Obovate-lvd M. : Magnolier dis •

beritze, Ger.; Berbero, Ital.

colore, Bon Jard., Magnolie bi-
colori: Dun., Fr. ; Rothe Bieber-

1. sibirica Pall. - 42

baum, Ger.

B altdtica Pal.

2 gracilis - - 35

2. vulgaris L. -42

M. Kbbus Dec.

R'. eetnensis Presl, B. macro-

M. tomentbsa Thun.

car pa of some : PipperidgeTrec,

Other Varieties. — M. p. de-
i nudata Lam., M. p. discolor

Dr. Turner: E'pine vinette Fr.;
Gemeine Berber itze, Ger.

Vent., M. p. filiflora Lan,.,

2 lutea - - 43

a dwarf var. (M. obovata ph-
mila of Cassoretti) - 35

3 alba - - 43
4 uiolacea - 43

11. LIRIODE'NDRON L. 36

5 purpurea - 43

The Tuiip Tree.

B, innominata Kalm.

CONTENTS.

Vll

6 nigra - - 43

of the Capsule which the Seeds

7. niacranthuin 5w;/. 60

7 du.cis - - 43

are attached to adhering to
the Sides or Walls o the Ovary

2 multiplex Swtf. - 6O

8 asperma 43

or Germen), attached to the

8 canescens Swt. - 60

9 longifolia - - 43

Walls or Cells of the Ovary.

9. /jyssopifolium Ten. 60

10 glauca - - 43

Cruciacecs.

1 crocatum Sivt. - 61

B. glauca Booth.
1 1 rmtis- - 43

I. FE'LLA - - 53

2 cupreum Swt. - 61

12 provincialis - 43
3. emarginata Willd. 44
4. cretica L. - 44

The Veil*
I. Pseudo-f) tisus L. 54
Cress- Rocket. — V. integri-
folia Sal. : Faux-Cytise, Fr. ;

3 multiplex Sutf. - 61
10. scabrosum Pers. 61
Cwiws scabrosus Ait.

B. c. buxifdlia Tourn.

Strauchartige Velle, Ge r.

Sect. XXX.

5. cratas'gina Dec. - 45
6. iberica Sfev. - 45

Cistdcece.

Ovarium solitary ; Placenta
central. ( TV/e Column in the
Fruit to which the Seeds are

B. vulg.f v. iberica Dec., B.

I. CI'STUS L. - 54

attached central, and not ad-

sinensis Wai. j The Cistus, or Rock Rose.—

hering to IheSideas in Sect.ll. )

7. canadensis Mill. 45

B. vulgdris MX., B. v. cana-

Holly Rose,C,era.rdi;Gum Cistus:
Ciste,Fr.; Cisten Rose, Ger.;

Malvdcea.

densis Mart. Mill.

Cl$tOy I ttll.

I. HiBi'scvs L. - 62

8. sinensis Deaf. - 46
B. vulgdris Thunb.

1. purpureus Lam. 55
C. cre'ticus Hort. Kew.

The Hibiscus Ketonie, Fr.,
Eibisch, Ger. ; Ibisco, Ital.

9. du'cis D. Don - 47
1 0. £uxifolia Lam. - 47
11. actinacantha MartAl

2. incanus L. - - 55
C. ulbidus Hort., C. cymdsus
Dec.

3. corbariensis Pour. 55

1. syriacus L. - 62

Althaea Frutex : Ketmie des
Jnrdins, Fr.; Syrischer Eibisch,
Ger.

12. heterophylla Juf. 48
B. \licif olia Forst, B. tricus-
piddta Sm.

13. e-mpetrifolia Lam. 48
1 4. dealbata Lindl. - 48

C. salvicefdlius ft Dec., C. po-
pulifdliui minor of some nurse-
ries, C. hybridus Pourr.

4. /)opulifolius L. - 56
5. /aurifblius L. - 56

2 foliis variegatis - 62
3 flore variegato - 62
4 flore purpureo - 62
5 fl. purp. pleno - 62
6 flore rubro - - 62

B. glauca Hort.

6. ladaniferus L. - 57

7 flore albo - - 62

15. asiatica Roxb. - 49
The Lycium of Dioscorides:

Ladano, Ital.
1 albiflorus Dec. - 57

8 flore albo pleno - 62

B. tinctb'ria Lech. : the Raisin
Berberry.

C. Ledon Clus. Hist.
2 maculatus Dec. - 57

Tilidcece.

16. aristata Dec. - 49

3 plenifolius Ait. - 57

I. TYLIA L. - 63

B. Chitria Buck., B. angusti-
fulia Roxb., B. sinensis Desf.

7. cyprius Lam. - 57

The Lime Tree — Lime Tree,
Gerard : Lind, Anglo-Sax. ;

Other Species of Berberis B.

C. ladantferns Bot Mag., C.

Tilleul, Fr. ; Bastholtz, Ger. ;

Coriaria Royle, chinensis Gill.,

stenophljllus Lk., C. salicifo-

Linde, Ger. and Dutch ; Tiglia,

ruscifolia Lam., corymbosa

lius of some.

Ital.; Tilo, Span. ; Lipa, Russ.

Hook, et Am., glomerita
Hook, et Am., Grevillea;.'<7

/"Mil

Other Species of Cistus.— C. he-
teroph^llus, C. creticus, C.

1. europae'a L. - 63

T. intermedia Dec., T. vul-

Vllil.

ciispus, C. Cupanifl«?/s, C.

garis Hayne, T. e. borealis

II. MAHO'NI/* Nutt. 50

The Mahonia, or Ashberry. —
Berberis of Authors, Odosttmon
Raf.

hirsutus, C.laxus, C.villosus,
C. oblongifolius, C. undula-
latus, C. salviaefolius, C. longi-
folius, C. psilosepalus - 75

Wahl.
1 parvifolia - - 64
T. microphyllaVent., &c.
T. e. var. -y L.

1. fascicularis Dec. 50

11. HELIANTHEMUM 58

T. ulmtfblia Scop.
T. sylvestris Desf.

Berberis pinndta Lag., Ber-
\ter\s fasciculdris Pen. Cyc.

The Helianthemum, or Sun
Rose.—Cistisp.'L.-.Heliantheme,

T.parvtfdlia, Ehrh.
T. cor data Mill.

2. yiquifolium Nutt. 51

Fr. \Sonnen Gurtel, Ger.; Eli.

2 grandifolia - 64

Berberis Aquifblium Ph.

'

T. platyphyUa Scop.

2 nutkana Dec.
3. nervosa Nutt. - 52

1. vulgare Gcert. - 58

Cistus Helianthemum L. %c.

T. cordifdlia Bess.
T. europce a Desf.
T. grandifolia Sm.

Berberis nervosa Ph., M.glu-

Varieties. — Pale yellow

3 intermedia - - 65

mdcea Dec., Berberis glumdcea

double-flowered, Lee's new

T. intermedia Hayne.

Pen. Cyc.

double yellow.

T. platyphijUa minor H.

4. repens G. Don • 52

Berberis Aquifdlium Lindl.,
Berberis repens Pen. Cyc., B.
Aquif. repens Tor. & Grey.
2 r. fascicularis - 53

2. surrejanum Mill. 58

Ctstus surrejanus L.

3. .serpyllifolium Mill.59

Cistus serpyllifolius L

4 laciniata - - 65
T.plafyph. facinidla Hor.
T. asplenifblia nova Hort.
5 rubra - - 66
T. corinthiaca Bosc.

Other Species of Mahonia. — M.
tenuifdlia, M. nepalensis, M.

4. grandifloruni Pec. 59

Cistus grandiflbrus Scop.

T. cordllina Hort. Kew.
T. e. /3 r»V6ra Sibthorp.
T. e. >y Sm. Fl. Brit.

acanthifblia, M. fragacantho-
Ides, M. caragan&fblia. - 53

5. taurictim Fisch. - 59

T. grandifolia ft Sm.E. Fl.
6 parvifolia aurea 66

Sect. XX.

6. apenninum Dec. - 59
Cisttts apenninus L., Cistus

7 grandifolia aurea 66

Carpella solitary, or connate ;

hispidus /3 Lam. : Erba botton-

Other Varieties With va-

Placenta parietal (that Part

cina, Ital.

riegated leaves, 7'. t'itifolia,ro-

A 4

Vlll

CONTENTS.

rylifblia, grandifblia^Swi., co-
rallina (syn. europts^a Hook.
Lond.). mutabilis, late brac-
teata, praexcox,pyramidalis,in-
termedia, tenuifcMia, obllqua,
europae'a, Sm., parvifdlia Sm.,
argentea (syn. alba W. & K.)

2. (eur.)alba W.^K.67

T. atnerirdna Du Roi, T. ar-
geutea Desf., T. rotundijolia
Vent., T. tomentbsa Mcencli.

3. ainericana L. - 68

T. gldbra Vent., T. caroli-
niana Wangenh., T.canadensis
MX., T. glabra Dec. : Smoath-
ti'tl, or black, Lime Tree, and
Bass Wood, Amer.

2 heterophylla - 69
T. heleroph$L \ent., &c.

3 alba - 69
T. alba MX., &c.

T. laxiflbra Fursh.

4 oube^cens - 69
T. pubescens Ait., &c.

Other American Lime -- 7*. p.
leptophylla Vent. - - 71

TernstrdmiSLcese.

1. MALACHODE'NDRON
Cav. 71

The Malachodendron. — Stu-
«>fia L' Herit., Stewdrti* L.

I. ovatum Cav. - 71

Studrti-A pentagynia L'Herit.,
StewdrtteMalachodend. Miller :
Stewartia a cinq Styles, Fr.

II. STUA'RT/^ Cav. 72

The Stuartia.

1. virginica ^av. - 72

Stewdrfi&Malachodendron L.,
Stvdrtia. marildndica&ot.'Rep . :
Stewartia a un Style, Fr.; Ein-
Stuartie, Ger.

3 minus Dec.

- 75

B. Styles commonly 5.

3. Kahmdnum L. - 75
H. Bartrdm'mm Mill.: Vir-

ginia St. John's Wort.

4. Urdlum Ham. - 76

5. calycinum L. - 76

Androsa! x mum Constantino-
i politanum fl. max., Wheeler's

Journey: the large-flwd St.
\ John's Wort, the largc-flirg
\ Tutsan, the Terrestrial Sun.
\ Aaron's Beard: Mille Pertuis

a grandes P'/eurs, Fr.; Gross-
1 blumiger Johanniskraut, Ger. ;

Asciro, Ital.

§ ii. Perforaria Chois.
A. Sepals entire,

6. prolificum L. - 77
H.folidsum Jacq.,H. Kulm\-

anum Du Roi.

B. Sepals toothed, usually with
the Teeth glandular.

7. empetrifolium W. 77

Other Species of \\ypericum —
H. nepalense Hoy It; H. ad-
pressum Bartr.,H. >-osmari-
nifolium Lam., H. galioldes
Lam., H. fasciculat Lam. 77

III. GORDO'N/,* Ellis 73

The Gordonia.

1. Lasianthus L. - 73
Loblolly Bay. — UypMcum

Lasianthus L. : Gordonia a
Feuilles glabres, Fr.; Langsfic.
lige Gordonie, Ger.

2. pubescens L'Her. 73

Lacatheaflorida Sa.l.,Frank-
/trtia awericdna Marsh. : the
Franklinia, Amer. ; Behaarte
Gordonie, Ger.

"RypericacecB.
I. J^VPE'RICUM L. 74

The St. John's Wort. —
Fuga Deemonum : Mille Per-
tuis, Fr.; Johanniskraut., Ger ;
Iperico, Ital.

§ i. Ascyreia Chois.
A. Styles commonly 3.

1. elatum Ait. - 75

2. hircinum L. - 75
Trdgium Clus., Androsce'-

mum Jce'tidum Bavih. : MiUe
Pertuis a Odew de Bouc, Fr.
2 obtusifolium Dec. 75

IT.

Ch.77

— Hypericum L. : Andros&me,
Fr.; Johanniskraut, Ger.; An-
droseme, Ital.

1. officinale Allioni 78
CommonTutsan — Clymenon
Italbrurn L'Obel, Hype"ricum
AndrostE^mnmL..: Park Leaves:
Androseme officinale, ¥r. \Breit -
blattriges Johanniskraut, Ger.;
Ciciliana, Ital.

Acerdcece.

I. ^'CER L. - - 79

The Maple, and The Syca-
more __ arable, Fr. ; A horn,
Ger.; Acero, Ital. ; Arce, Span.

A. Leaves simple, or only
slightly or occasionally lobed.

1. oblongum Wall. 79

A. laurifblium D. Don ; A.
Buzimpala Hamilt.

2. tataricum L. - 80
Zarza-modon, or Locust-tree,

Russ.

B. Leaves 3-lobed, or trtfid;
rarely 5- lobed.

3. spicatum Lain. - 80

A. montdnum Ait, A. penn-
sylvdnicum Du Roi, A. par-
viftbrum Ehrh.: Mountain Ma-
plf. E'rablede Montagne, Fr.;
Berg Ahorn, Ger.; Acero di
Muntagna, Ital.

4. striatum L. - 81

A. pennsylvdnicum Lin. Sp.,
A. canadknse Marsh. : Snake-
barked Maple, Mvose Wood,
Dog Wood : E'rable jaspe, Fr.

C. Leaves Globed.

5. rnacrophyllum Ph. 82

6. 7;latanoides L. - 83

NorwayMaplc: E'rableplane,
or E'rable de Norvege, Fr.;
Spitz Ahorn, or Spitzbl'dttriger
Ahorn, Ger.; Acero riccio, Ital.

2 Lobelu - - 83
A. Lobelii Tenor e.

A. platanb'id. Don's Mill.

3 variegatum Hart. 8:i
albo-variegdtum Ilayne.

4 aureo-var. Hort 83

5 laciniatum Dec. 83
A. p crispum Lauth.
Eagle's Claw Maple.
Hawk's Foot Maple.

7. saccharinutn L. 85

Sugar Maple, Hard Maple,
Bird's-eye Maple Amer. ; Acero
del Canada, Ital.

y nigrum - - 85

A. s. /3 nigrum Tor. & G.
A. nigrum MX.
Black Sugar Tree, or
Hock Maple, MX.

8. Pseutlo-Platanus.L.86

The Sycamore, or Great Ma-
ple, Plane Tree, Scotch ; E'ra-
ble Sycamore, Fr. ; Ehrenbaum,
Ger. ; Acero Fico, Ital.

2 opulifolia - - 86
A. opuiifblium Hort.

A. triloodtum Hort.
A. barbdtum Hort.

3 longifolia - - 86
A. longifblium Booth.

4 flavo- variegata - 86
A E. lutescens Hort.
Corstorphine Plane.

5 albo-variegata - 86

6 purpurea Hort. - 86

Other Varieties Hodgkins's

Seedling, Hort. Soc. ; Leslie's
Seedling, Hort. Soc. : A. P.
stenoptera Hayne Dend. ; A.
P. macroptera Hayne Dend. ;
A. Pseud, microptera Hayne
Dend. - - 86

9. obtusatum Kit. - 88

A. neapolitdnum Tenore; A.
hybridum Hort. Soc. Gard. : the
Neapolitan Maple.

2 coriaceum - 88
A. coriaceum Bosc.

3 ibericum - - 88
A.ibericum Bieb.

4 lobatum - - 89
A. lobatum Fisch.

D. Leaves 5- rarely T- lobed.

10. O'palus ^tf. - 89

The Italian Maple. — A. ro-
tundifblium Lam.; A. italuni
Lauth. ; A. villbsum Presl ;
/' E'rable Opale, Fr. ; Lo/>po,
Ital.

11. circinatum Pttrsh 89

12. palmatum Thunb. 90

13. eriocarpum MX. 90

The White Maple. —A. dasy-
cdrpum Willd. ; A. tomentbsum
Hort. Par.; A.gla&cum Marsh.;
A. virginianum Duh. ; A. ru-
brum Wangenh. ; Silver-lvd, or
soft, Maple, U.S.; Sir Charles
Wager's Maple ; E'rable d
Fruits cotonntux, Fr. ; Kauhcr

CONTENTS.

IX

Ahorn, Ger. ; Acero cotonoso,

Ital.

Varieties. — A. coccfneum, A.
macrocarpum, A. floridum, A.
Pavia, &c.. of the Nur-
series - - - 90

A.

14. rubrum L.

A. virginianum Henn. ;
cocc'/neum Ait. ; A. git
Marsh. ; A. carolini&itum Wall.;
A. sangvmeutn Spacli : Soft
Maple, Swamp Maple.

2 intermedium Lodd. 92

5 incisum Booth. 124
JE. asplenifblfa Hort.

Other Vars.—JE. H. crfs-
pum, nlgrum, pras'cox, stria-
turn, tortui"isum, &c. - 124

, | 2. (H.)ohioensisMr.l25
JE. ohioensiK Lindl., ? JE. pal-
lida Willd., JE. echindta Muhl.,
a Tor. & Gray, Pavis.
ohiot-nsis MX., PdvvA gldbra
Spach : Ohio Buckeye, Fetid
Buckeye, Amer.

..

iv T ™ 3.(H.)rubicundaLs.l26
15.monspessulanuralv.92, ^ c/.nm Hort-> JE> ,.ds<?a
-

A. trilobum Mcntch ; A. tn- \ Hort., JE. coccinea Hort.,

Duh. ; A. trilobdlum , H. var rubiCundum Schubert,
Lam : ^Franxosiscfier^^ Ahorn, JE. Watsonmnz Spach : Whit-
ley's Fine Scarlet.

2 rosea - - 127

IE. rosea Hort.

Other Varieties. — Whitley's
New Scarlet, JE. H. ameri-
cana

14. glabra Willd.
93 ' 5. (g.) pallida

127
127
127

Ger. ; Acero minor e, Ital.

16. campestre L. - 93

Kleiner Ahorn, Ger. ; Gal-
luzzi, or Pioppo, Ital.

2 foliis variegatis - 93

3 hebecarpum Dec.
A. campestre Wallr.
A. m6lle Opiz.

4 collinum Wallr. -
A. affine, and

A. macrocarpum Opiz. | II. PA VIA Boerh. - 128

5 austriacum Trait. 93 | The Pavia.— Buckeye, Smooth-
Other Varieties. —A. c. lae- \fruiled Horsechestnut Tree.

vigatum Lodd., A. c nanum
Lodd., A. taiiricum, and A.
hyrcanum - - 93 ,

: « ruora Hayne, Pavi'A parvi-

17. creticum L. - 94 flbra Hort.: Small Buckeye,
A heterophullum Willd.; A. | Amer.: Marronier Pavie, Fr. ;

sempervlrens L. Mant. ; A. | Marrone di Pan, Ital.

obtusifblium Sibthorp.

Other Species of PCcer. — A.
barbatum MX., A. opulifblium,
A. fjranatense Bois., A. par-
vifolium Tausch, A. glabrum
Torr., A. tripartHum Nutt.
MSS., A. grandidentatum
Nutt. MSS. 94

II. NEGU'NDoMasn. 122

2 arguta G. Don - 129

3 sublaciniata Wats. 129
JE. P. serrata Hort.

4 humilis - - 129
P. humilis G. Don.

JE. humilis Lodd.

2. flava Dec. - 130

JE'sculus flava Ait., JE. lutea

The Negundo,, „** Elder.- ^j^ffi &?&£
AVr L. ; Negundium Jiajin. | ^ Amer . ^ ffl£* Horse.
l/raxinifolium Nutt. 122 chestnut.

A > X* <~J« 7 ,. /n ^

A^ccr Negundo L.

N. Sicerotdes Mcench.

Neg. americanum Kafin.

Ash-lvd Maple.

Black Ash.

E'rablea Giguiereslllmois

Acero americana, Ital.

2 crispuin G. Don \ 22

3 fliolaceum Booth 122

Other Species — IV. calitornicum
Tor. $ Gray.

SLsculacecc.
L ^'SCULUS Li. - 124

The Horsechestnut. — Hippp-
castanum Tourn. : Marronier
d'lnde, Fr. ; Rosskastanie, Ger.

1. Ilippocastanurnl^. 124
Hippocastanum vulgdre Trn. :
Marronier d'lnde, Fr. ; Ge-
ineine Rosskastanie, Ger. ; Mar-
rone d'India, or Ippoccastma,
Ital.

2 fldre pleno - 124

3 aureo-variegatum 1 24

4 argcntco-varieg. 124

JE'sculus neglecta Lindl.

4. macrocarpa Hort. 132

JE'sc. P. macrocarpa Lodd.

1 5. discolor Swt. - 133

JE'sculus discolor Ph., JE. P.
/3 discolor Tor. & Gray.

6. macrostachya Lois. 133

JE'sculus parviflbra Walt.,
JE. macrosfachya MX., P. alba
Poir., P. edulis Poit , Macro-
thyrsus discolor Spach.

Other Kinds of Pdv\&.—P. cali-
fornica Tor. $ Gray (JE'scu-
lus californica Nutt.), Ly6n?V
Hort Soc. Card. - - 134

Sapindacete.
I. KOI.REUTE'R/^ Lx. 134

The Kolreuteria Saptndus

sp. L. fil. ; Cblreuteria, Ital.

1. paniculata Laxm. 135
Sapindus chinensis L. fil., K.
paullinivldes L'Herit.

I. FI^TIS L. - - 136

The Grape Vine. — Giucl, Cel-
tic ; Vid, Span. ; Vigne, Fr. ;
Vite, Ital. ; Wein, Ger.

1. vinifera L. - 136

Vigne, Fr. ; Gemeiner Wein-
stock, Ger. ; Vite da Vino, Ital.

2 foliis incanis - 137
Miller's Grape, or Miller's

Black Cluster Grape.

3 fol. rubescentibus 137
The Claret Grave.

4opiif6l. laciniosaZ/,137
Ciotat, Fr.
Vite d'Eghitto, Ital.

2. iabrusca L. - 137

The Fox Grape. — V. taurtna
Walt. : Filziger \\ein, Ger. ;
Abrostine, Ital.

Varieties. — The Isabella,
Schuylkill or Alexander's,
Catawba, and Eland's - 137

3. aestivalis MX. - 137

The Grape Vine.— V. vinifera
americana Marsh., V. inter-
media Muhl., V.palmata Vahl.

4. cordifolia MX. - 138

The ChickenGrape.— V. inclsa
Jacq., V.vulplnaL. spec.: the
Winter Grape, the Frost Grape.

5. riparia MX. - 138

The sweet-scented Vine. —V.
odorattssima Donn : Vigne de
Battures, Amer.

6. vulpina L. - - 138
The Bullet Grape. —V. rotun-

difblia MX. : Muscadine Grape.

II. AMPELC/PSIS MX. 139

Vitis sp., Chsus sp.: Ampe-
losside, Ital.

1. Aederacea MX. - 139

Five-leaved i vy.—Hedera quin-
quefblia Lin. spec., Vitis quin-
quejblia Lam., Ctssus hederdcea-
Ph., C. quinquejblia Hort. Par.,
Vitis heder. Willd., Ampelop-
sis quinquefblia Hook. : Vigne
Vierge, Fr. ; Jungfern Reben,
Ger. ; Vite del Canada, Ital.
2 hirsuta T. §• Or. HO

A hirsuta Donn

Ctssus heder. ft hirsuta fh.

2. bipinnata MX. - 140
Vitis arbbrea \Villd., V. bi-

pinndta Tor. & Gr., Cissus stans

Pers. : Vite del Carolina, Ital.

Other Species of Ampelopsis —

A. inclsa ( Vitis incisa Nutt. ) ;

cordata MX. ( Cissns Ampelop~

sis Pers., and Vitis indivisa

Willd.) ; capreolata G. Don

(Vi/is cnpreoldta D. Don),

A. botrya Dec. - - 140

III. CVssus L. -141

The Cissus. — Ampcldpsis and
Vitis in part.

1. orientalis Lam. - 141

The Ivy Vine.

Xanthoxylacete.

I. XANTHO'xYLUftjL.142

Toothache Tree. — Kamp-

CONTENTS

iminmaRafin. : Clavalier, Fr. ;
Za/i.nwe/t/iolx, Ger. ; Santossilo, \
Ital.

1. /raxineum Willd. 142

Common Toothache Tree. —

Zanthdxylum ramijidrum MX. ;

Z. mite Willd. Enum. ; Z. cart-

bce^um Gaert., not of Lam. ; Z.

americdnum Mill. Diet. ; Z.

clava Herculis var. Lin. sp.;

Z. tricdrpum Hook., not of

MX. : Clavalier a Feuilles de

Frene, Fr. ; Eschen-bl'dttriges

Zahnwehholz, Ger. ; Frassino

spinoso,lt&\. ; Prickly Ash,Amer.

2 virginicum - 143

X. virginicum Lodd. Cat. '

f X. (fT) tricdrpum.

2. (/) tricarpum MX, 1 43
Z. caroliniunum Lam., Tor. &

Gray; Fagara fraxinifdliaL.a.m.

Other Species of Xantk6xylum. \

— X. mite Willd., /raxineum
Tor. Sf Gray. - - - 143

II. PTF/LEA L. - 143

Shrubby Trefoil. _ Bellucia
Adams : Ormede Samarie, Fr. ;
Lederblume, Ger.

1. trifoliata I/. - 144

Shrubby Trefoil : Orme de
Samarie a trots Feuilles, Fr. ;
dreybl'dttrige Lederblume, Ger.

2 pentaphylla Mun. 144

3 pubescens Pursh 144

0/Aer Species of Pfelea. — P.
Baldwins Tor. & Gray - 144

III. AiLSNTUsDesf. 145

The Ailanto. — Rhiis Ehrh. :
Feme du Japan, Fr. ; Cotter-
baum, Ger. ; Ailanto, Ital.

1. glandulosa Ztes/! 145
.4. procera Sal., RMs hypse-

lodendron Moench, R. cacoden-
dron Ehrh., R. sinense Ellis :
Aylanthe glanduleux, Fr. ; drii-
siger Gotterbautn, Ger. ; Albert)
di Paradiso, Ital.

Sect. IV.

Fruit gynobasic ; that is, in-
serted in a flesh;/ Receptacle,
with which the Style is con-
tinuous.

Ooriaceae*

I. C'ORIA'RIA Niss. 146

Rcdoul, Fr. ; Gerberstrauch,
Ger.

1. wyrtifolia L. - 146

Fustet des Corroyeurs, or
Redoul a Feuilles de Mi/rtc,
Fr. ; Myrtenblattriger Gerber-
strauch, Ger.

Other Species of Cor/aria. — C.
nepalensis IV all. PL As. Ear.,
C. sarmentbsa Forst. - 146

Subcl. II. CALYCIFLO^R^l.

Staphyledcea:.
I. STAPHYLE'A L. 147

Bladder .Nut Tree — Staphy-
loddndron Tourn. : Staphilier,
faux Pislachier, Fr. ; Phnper-
nuss, Ger. ; Stafilier, Ital.

1. trifolia L. - - 147

Bladder-Nut Tree : Staphilier
a Feuilles ternees, Fr.-; Vir-
ginische Pimpernuss, Ger.

2. pinnata L. - 148
Staphyludendron pinnatum

Ray: Staphilier a Feuilles ailees
Fr. ; gemeine Pimpernuss, Ger. ;
Lacrime diGiobbe, or Pistacchio
falsa, Ital. : Job's Tears.

Celastracea.
I. JE'UO'NYMUS Trn. 149

Spindle Tree — Fusain, Bon-
net de Pretre, or Bois a Lardoire,
Fr. ; Spindelbaum, Ger. ; Evo-
nimo, Ital.

1. europas\is L. - 149

E.vulgdris Mill. Diet. ; Prick-
timber, Gerard; Louse Berry,
Dogwood ; Gatleriifge Tree :
Fusain d' Europe, Fr. ; Bonnet
de Pretre commun, Fr. ; ge-
meine Spindelbaum, Ger. ; Bc-
rette di Prete, Ital.

2 latifolius Lod. Cat. 150

3 fol. variegatis L. C, 1 50

4 friictu albo i. C. 150

5 nanus Xorfrf. Cat. 150

2. verrucosus ^t'o/>. 150

E. europafus kprbsus Lin.:
Fusain saleux, ou verruquenx,
Fr.; Warziger Spindelbaum,
Ger. ; Fuxaria verucosa, Ital.

3. latifolius C.

. 150

E. europafus var. 2. Lin. :
Fusain a larges Feuilles, Fr ;
breitblattriger Spindelbaum,
Ger. ; Fusaria maggiore, Ital.

4. nanus J5^. - 151
E. caucasicum Lodd.

5. atropurpiireus .7^. 151

E. caroliniensis Marsh., ? E.
latifblius Marsh. : BurningBush,
Amer.

6. americanus L. - 152

E, sempervlrens Marsh., E.
alternifblius Mcench : the Burn-
ing Bush, Strawberry Tree,
Amer.

2 angustifolius - 152
vt r. ff Tor. & G ray.

?E. angustifblius Pursh.

3 sarmentosus Nutt. 152
var. y Tor. & Gray.

4 obovati^ Nutt. - 152
var. $ Tor. & Gray.

E. obovdtus Dec. Prod.

7. Haimltom«/HwWl. 153

E. atropurpiireus Wall. Fl.
Ind.

ecks ofEuonymus.—
E. japdnicus Thunb., jao6ni-
cus fbliis variegatis, garcimaz-
fblius Roxb., grossus Wall.,
micranthus D. Don, lucidus
D. Don, echin^tus Wall., tin-
gens Wall., glaber Roxb.,
fimbriatus Wall., tndicus
Heyne, vegans Wall., subcri-
flbrus Bltnne, Thunb;>rg/aww5
Blume, pendulus Wall., frigi-
dus Wall. - - - 153

II. CELA'STRUS L. 154

Staff Tree. — Euonymb'tdes
Mcench : Celastre, Fr. ; Celas-
ter, Ger.

1. scandens L. - 154
Bourreau des Arbres, Fr. ;
Bautnmorder, Ger. ; Bitter-
sweet, Waxwork, Amer.

Other Species of Celdstrus. — C.
bullatus Pluk., nepalensis
Load., pyracanthif61ius Lodd.,

154

III. NEMOPAXNTHES 154

Ilicibldes Dum. Cours.
1. canadensis Dec. 155

Vley canadensis MX., N. fas-
cicularis Rafin., T/ex delicdtula
Bart. Fl. Vir., ? Prmos lucidus
Ait. H irt. Kew. : Houx du
Canade, Fr.

Other Species of Celastracece

Maytenus chilensis Dec. 155

Aquifoliacea?.
L MYGI'ND,^ Jacq. 156

r/t'jr Pursh, Oreophila Nutt.

I. wzyrtifolia Nutt. 156

riex ~M.yrsimtes Pursh, Ore-
ophila myrtifblia Nutt.

II. /'LEX L. - 156

The Holly.— hquifolmm Trn.,
Gtert. : Houx, Fr. ; Stechpalme.
or Heilse, Ger, ; Ilice, Ital.

A . Leaves spiny-toothed.
1. ^quifoiium L. - 157

Common Holly, Hulver, Hul-
fere, Holme, Eng. ; Le HOUJC,
Fr. ; S-echpalme, Stechlaub,
Hulse, Chrutdorn, Mausdorn,
Kleextbusch, Ger. ; Schuhbie
hardkflk, Dutch ; Stikpalme,
Danish ; Jernek, Christtorn,
S\vedish; Waefoseheld, Ostro-
kof, Padub, Russ. ; Agrifolio,
Ital. ; Acebo, Span. ; Azevinho,
Port.

a. Varieties designated from the
Form, Magnitude, Thickness,
Surface, or Margin of the
Leaf.

2 heterophyllum Ht. 158

3 angustifolium Ht. 158

4 latifolium Hort. 158
Water Holly.

5 altaclerense Hort. 158

6 marginatum Hrt. 158

CONTENTS.

XI

7 Zatirif'olium Hort. 158

8 eiliatum Hort. - 158

9 ciliatum minus Ht. 158

10 reciirvum Hort. 158

11 serratifolium Hrt. 158

12 crispum Hort. - 158

13 ferox Hort. - 158
Hedgehog Holly.
Houx-herisson, Fr.

14 crassitolium Hort. 159

15 senescens £«.•£. - 159

b. Varieties designated from the

Colours of the Leaf.

16 albo-marginatum 159

17 aureo-marginatuml59

18 albo-pictum Hort. 159

19 aureo-pictum Ht. 159

20 ferox argenteum 159

21 ferox aureum Ht. 159

c. Varieties designated from the.

Colour of the Fruit.

22 fructu luteo Hrt. } 59

23 fructu albo Hort. 159

24 fructu nigro Hort. 1 59

2. (J.) balearica .D. 160
The Minorca Holly.— I. Aqut-

folium var. § Lam. Diet., I.
madcrensis Willd. Eaum.

3. opaca Ait. - 160

American Holly. — Agrifblium
vulgare Clayt. Fl. Virgin., I.
Aquifblium Gronov. : dunkel-
bldltrige Stechpalme, Ger. ;
Agrifulio a Foglie di Quercia,
Ital.

2 laxiflora - - 161
I. laxiflora Lam.

I. opaca var. Nutt.

3 magellanica - .161

B. Leaves toothed, serrated, or
crenate, but not spiny.

4. Perddo Ait. - 161
I. maderensis Lam.

5. Cassme Ait. - 161
Broad-leaved Dahoon Holly. —

hquifblium Curol/nense Catesb.,
I. carolinidna Mill. Diet, I.
cassinoieto Lk. En. : the Cas-
stna of the American Indians,
Rafin.

6. angustifolia Willd. 162

I. myrtifolia Walt. &c., I.
icosmariwfolia Lam. 111.

7. vomitoria Alt. - 162

South Sea Tree. — I. Casslne
vera Walt., I. M^ustrina Jacq.,
Casslne Peragua Mill. Icon., I.
Casscna MX., I. rcligidsa Bart.,
I. .fjridana Lam. 111. : Houx
aj'tlachine, Fr. ; True Cassme,
C-issena, Florida ; the Yapon,
Virginia ; the evergreen Cas-
scna, or Cashioberry Bush,
Eng.

C. Leaves quite entire, or
nearly so.

8. Dahoon Wall. - 162
I. Casslne Willd.

Other Species of riex - 1 03

III. PKIVNOS L. - 163

III. BERCHE'M/^ N. 169

Winter Berry.— Ageria Adan-

CEnoplia Hedw. F. Gen. and

son: Apalanche, Fr. ; Winter -

Schult. Syst.

'

1. volubilis Dec. - 170

§ i. Prinoldes Dec.

Rhdmnus volubilis Lin. fil.

1. deciduus Dec. - 164

Suppl., Jacq. Ic. Rar. ; Zizyphus
volhbilis Willd. Spec. ; CEnoplia

riex prinbtdes Ait. Hort.

vcliibilis Schult. Syst. : Supple

Kew., riex dccidua Walt. Fl.

Jack, Virginian.

Car.

IV. /^HA^INUS Lam. 170

2. anibiguus J\Lr. - 164

The Buckthorn. — Nerprun,

Casslne caroliniana Walt. Fl.

Fr.; Wegdorn, Ger. ; Ramno,

Car.

Ital.; Me Ram, or Hart's, Thorn,

Gerard ; Box Thorn.

§ ii. Ageria Dec.

§ i. Marcorella Neck.

3. verticillatus L. - 164

A . Alaternus Tourn . — • Flo wen

P. yadijblius Willd. Enum.,

racemose, 5-cleft. Evergreen

P. Gronbvii MX., P. cortfertus

Shrubs.

Moench, P. prunifblius Lodd.
Cat.

1. ^laternus L. -171

Malernus ~Philli/rea Mill.

4. laevigatus PM?-*^ 165

Diet. : Alaterna, Ital.

5. lanceolatus Pursh 165

2 balearica//. Par. 171

P. canadensis Lyon, P. /£c*'-
dus Hort.

R. rotundifblius Dum.
3 hispanica //. Par. 171

§ iii. Wiuterlia Moench.

4 angustifolia - 171
R. Clusii Willd.

6. glaber L. - 166
Ink Berry, Amer.

5 foliis maculatis 171
6 foliis aureis - 171

7. coriaceus Pursh 166

7 foliis argenteis - 172

P. g/ater Wats.

2. hjbridus L'Herit. 172

Varieties. — Leaves broader
than those of the species,

R. burgund'iacits Hort. Par.,
R. sempervlrens Hortulan.

obovate-lanceolate and

B. Rhdmnus Dec Flowers 4-

acuminate ; and leaves
narrower, lanceolate, and
acute - - - 166

clefl, in Fascicles

a. Branchlets terminating, in a
Thorn.

Other Species of Prinos. — P.
dubius G. Don, P. atomarius

3. catharticus L 172

Nutt - ... 166

TAe White Thorn of the mo-

dern Greeks.

TUiamiidc&e.

4. tinctorius Waldst. 173

I. ZI'ZYPHUS Tourn. 167

R. cardiospeimus Willd.
Herb.

The Jujube.— Jujubicr, Fr. ;
Judcndorn, Ger. ; Giugeiolo,

5. infectorius L. - 173

Ital.

Avignon Berry. — R. l^cium

1. vulgaris Lam. - 167
THhamnus Zizyphus Lin.
Spec.; Z. sativa Desf., not of
Gaert. ; Z. Jujuba AM/. Diet.,
not of Lam.: Jnjubier cultiv€,
Fr. ; Brustbeeren, Ger. ; Giug-

Scop. Cam. ; Dwarf, or yellow-
berried, Buckthorn: Nerprun
des Teinturiers, Graine a' Avig-
non, Nerprun teignant, Fr. ;
fdrbender Wegdorn, Ger. ;
Cervinopin, Ital.

giolo, Ital.

6. saxatilis L. - 173

0<A<?r Species of Zizyphus. — Z.
sinensis Lam., Z.splna Chris-
ti, Z. flexu6sa, Z. incurva 168

R. longifblius Mill. Diet. :
-Stem Wegdorn, Ger. ; Lwc/o
Italiano, Ital.

• II. PALII/RUS L. 168

Christ's Thorn. — Paliure,
Port-chapeau, Fr. ; Judendorn,
Ger. ; Paliuro, Ital.

7. duxifolius Po/V. - 173

? R. buxifdlius Brot. Fl. Lus.,
\jffcium buxifb/ium Bauh.

8. /ycioides i. - 174

1. aculeatus jLaw. 168

9. Erythroxylon P. 174

P. petasus Dum. Cours., P.

2 angustissimum Dec.

airstrdlis Gaert., P. vulgaris D.

R. \yciotdes Pall. Fl. Ross.

Don, R/tdmnus Yalii,rus Lin.
Spec., Zisu/p/uu Paiiurus Willd.
Spec. : Christ's Thorn, or Ram
of Libya, Gerard : E'pine de

b. Branchlets not terminated by
Spines.

10. dahuricus P«//. 174

Christ, Argalon, Porte-chapeau,
Fr. ; gefliigclter Judendorn,
Ger. ; Giuggiolo salvatico, Ital. ;
Xlin, in the herb-shops of Con-

11. alnifolius L'Her. 175
2 frangulbides Dec. 175
R.frangulb'ides MX.

stantinople.

1 2. alpinus 7>. . ] 75

2. (a.) virgatiis /Aw 169

2 grandifolius - 176

Xll

CONTENTS.

13. pumilus L. - 176

R. rupeslris Scop. Cam.:
Jianno spaccasassi, Ital.

§ ii. Frunyula Tourn.

14. Carolinian us Walt. 176

15. Frangula L. -Ill

Kerry-bearing Alder : Ner-
prun Bourgt-ne, Aune noir, Fr. ;
glutter Wegdorn, Ger. ; Alno
nero, Ital.

2 angustifolia Hort. 177

16. latifoliusL'//er. 177

Other Species of Rhdmnus.—
It. persicifdlius Bert, R.
flinygdalinus Desf., R. pru-
nifblius Sm., R. Sibthorp-
idnus Schult. (syn. II. pules,
ecus Sibth. Fl. Grfec.), R.
Purshiamts Dec., (syn. R.
alnifblius Pursh, not "of L'
Heritier), li. 01eif61ius Hook.,
K. umbellatus Can. Icon., R.
/aurifolius Nutt., R. crbceus
Nutt., R. lanceolatus Pursh,
R. parvifblius Tor. fy Gray,
R. ferrugineus Nutt , R. cali-
fdrnicus Esch., R. texensis
Tor. & Gray, R. pubescens
Fl. Grac. - - - 178

V. COLLE'T/^ Com. 178

Rhdmnus in part.

1. horrida Lindl. - 179

C.Jeror Gill, et Hook.
Other Species of Colletia — C.
spinbsa, C. wlicina, C. £'phe-
dra y,nt. Choix (syn. Rhdw-
nus E'phedra Domb., Kcta-
nilla E'pheara Brong.) . 179

VI. CEANOVTHUS L. 180

Red Root. — Rhdmnus species
L. : Ceanothe, Fr. ; S'dkeb-
baum, Ger. ; Ceanoto, Ital.

1. americanus L. - 180

Red Root, New Jersey Tea.

2 Pitcherz Tor. & Gray.

3 herbiiceusT. & G. 180
C. perennis Pursh.

C. ovatus Desf.

4 intennedius T. G. 180
C. intermedius Pursh.

2. azureus De*f. - 180

C. cterulcus Lag. Gen. et
Spec., C. bicolor Willd. in Schlt.
Syst.

2 intennedius - 181
C. intcrmedius Hort.

3. thyrsifiorus Esch. 181
C. ovdtus cydneus Booth,

Baumann, &c.

4. velutinus Doug. 181

5. collinus Doug. 182

Other Species of Ceanbthus.—
C. ovalis, C. sanguineus. C.
oreganus, - - - 182

Homalindcctf.
I. ARISTOTE'L/J H. 182
1. Mdcqui L'Herit. 182

A. glandulbsa R. & P., A.
Macqui in Dec. Prod. ^

2 foliis variegatis 183

Other Species of Aristotelia.. —
Az^ra dent&ta R. H(P., Azara
integrif61ia - - - 184

AnacardidcecE.

I. PISTAXCIA L. - 184

The Pistachia Terebinthus

Juss.

1. verai. - - 185

P. (ifficindrum Hort. Kew. :
Pistachier, Fr. ; Pistazien-
baum, Ger. ; Pistacchio, Ital.

2 trifolia Lin. Spec. 185

3 narbonensis B. M. 185
P. reticuldta Willd.

2. Jferebinthus L. 185

Venetian, or Chian, Turpentine
Tree. — Tcrebint/ius vrtlgdris
Tourn., P. vrra Mill. Diet.:
Pistachier Terebintlie, Fr. ;
Terpentin Pistacie, Ger. ; Tere-
binto, Ital.

2 sphaerocarpa Dec. 185

3. Z/entiscus L. - 186

The Mastic Tree: Cornocapra,
Ital.

2 angustifolia Dec. 186
P. massitiensis Mill. Diet.
P. an%. massiliSn. Tourn.

3 C\\\A N. Du Ham. 186
P. chla Desf. Cat. H. Par.

Other Species of Pistdcia.—P.
atlantica Detf. - - 18G

II. Riiu'sL. - 186

The Sumach. — Sumac, Fr. ;
Sumach, Ger. ; Ru, Ital.

§ i. Cotinus Tourn.

1. Cotinus L. - 187

Venetian Sumach — Cotinus
Coggygria Scop. Cam., Moench
Meth., C6tinus coridcea Dun.
Arb : Venus Sumach, Venice
Sumach, Wild Olive : Sumach
Fustet, or Arbre aux Peruques,
Fr. ; Periicken Sumach, Ger. ;
Scotano, Ital.

§ ii. Sumach Dec.

2. typhina L. - 187

Stag's Horn Sumach. — R. vir-
ginidna Bauh. Pin. : Virginian
Sumach : Somacco pelose, Ital.

1 arborescens - 188

2 frutescens - 188

3 viridiflora - 188
R. virtdjfldra Poir.

3. glabra L. - 188

Scarlet Sumach.

1 hermaphrodita 188
R. gletora Willd. Spec.

2 dioica - - 188
?3 cocci nea - - 188

R. carolinidnum Mill. D.
R. elegans Ait., Lodd. Cat.

4. venenata Dec. - 189

Poison Wood, or Swamp, Su-
mach— R. vernix Lin. Sp., Big.
Med.-Bot. ; Toxicodendron pin-
ndtum Mill- Diet. : Poison Su-
mach, Poison Elder.

5. Conaria L. - 189

The Elm-leaved Sumach: Su-

mac des Corroyeurs,Fr.; Ger her
Sumach, Ger. ; Somacco Rhn,
Ital.

6. copallina L. - 190

Mastich-tree-leaved Sumach .
2 leucantha Jacq. 1 9O

7. Toxicodendron L. 190

R. Toxicodendron, and R. ra-
d}cans L., Dec., Don's Mill.,&c.

1 r/uercifolium T.SfG. 1 9O

R. T. fi querdfblMtn MX.

2 radicans T. ' Sf G. 191
R. T. a. vulgdre MX.

R. T. /3 radicans Tor.

3 mici-ociirpon T. $ G. 1 9 1

R. T. y microcdrpon MX.

§ iii. Lobadium Dec.

8. aromaticum At. 191

R. sitareolens Ait, R. tn'foli-
dta Lodd. Cat, R. canadensis
Marsh., l.obddium aromaticum
Rat'., Turpinia. Raf., Schmdlzia.
Desii., Mi/rlca tnfolidta Hort.
Toxicodendron crendtum Mill.
Diet.

Other Species of Rhus.—R. pu-
milajtfjr., R. diversiloba Tor.
Sf Gray (R. lobdta Hook.),
R. trilobata Nutt., R. /aurina
Nutt. - - 192

III. DUVAU'/J Kth. 192

Schintts sp. Andr., Amj/ris sp.
Cav.

1. dependens Dec. 192

h.myris polygama Cav. Ic.
Schlrius dependens Ort. Decad.,
Duvaua. dependens ec Hook.
Bot. Misc.

2. ovata Lindl. - 193

3. latifolia Gill. - 193

D. dependens y Hook. Bot.
Misc. : Huinghan, Chili.

Other Species of Duvauz __ D.
dentata Dec. (Sc/iinns dental a
Bot. Rep.), D. sinuata Lindl.

LrguminaccfC.

Sect. I. SOPHORE^E.

1. SOPHORA R. Br. 1 95

Sophbra? spec. Lin. Gen. : So-
phore, Fr. and Ger.

1 . japonica L. - 1 96
S. sinica Rosier Journ. Phys.

2 variegata Hort. 196

3 pendula Hort. - 1 96

2. heptaphylla L. - 197

II. VIRGI'LL* L. - 197
1. liitea MX. - 198

Yellow Wood.

III. PiPTA'NTHLS S. 198

1. nepalensis S/i't. - 199

Thermdpsis \aburnifblia D.
Don, Anagi/ris indica Wall.

S., B
E

Sect. II.

IV. f/YEX L. - 199

The Furze — Ajonc, Fr ; //<><*-
sctame, Ger. j tYz'cr, Ital.

, .

MS., Baptisia nepalensis Hook.
xot. FL

CONTENTS.

1. europae'a L. - 200

Genista spinbsa L'Obel, U.
grandiflbra Pour., U. verndlis
Thore : Whin, Gorse, Prickly
Broome: Ajonc commun, June
inarm, Jomarin, Gene.! epi-
neux, Fr.

2. (e.)nana Forst. - 201

U. minor Roth Cat., U. eu-
ropce^us j3 Lin. Spec.

3. (e.) provincialis L. 201

U. austrdlis Clement.

4. (e.) strfctaJWflc£«y 201

Irish Furze. — U. hibernica
Don's Mill., U. fastigidta Hort.

Other Species of IT tor. — U. ge-
nistoldes Srot, (U. mltis
Hort., Stauracdnthus aphijl-
lus Lk.) - - - 2! 2

V. SPA/RTIUM Dec. 202

Spanish Broom — Spartidnthus
Lk. Enum., Genista sp. Lam.
and Moench : Sparzio, Ital.

1. junceum L. - - 202

Genista \uncea Lam. and Do
Ham.,^ G. odordta Moench.
Spartidnthus jtinceus Mceuch :
Genet d'Espagne, Fr. ; Binsen-
artige Pfriemen, Ger.; Ginestra
di Spagna, Ital.

2 odoratissimum 202
S. odoratissim. D. Don.
S. acutijblium Lindl.

3 flore pleno - 202

VI. GENI'STA Lam. 203

Genista et Spdrtium spec.
Lin.: Gcwei!, Fr. ; Ginsler, Ger. ;
Ginestra, Ital.

§ i. Unarmed. Leaves all,
or for the most part, tri-
foliolate.

1. parviflora Ztec. - 203

Spdrlium parvifldrum Vent.

2. candicans L. - 204

Cytisus candicans Lin.Sp., C.
pubescens Munch.

3. patens Dec. - 204

Spdrlium patens Cav. Ic.

4. triquetra Ait. - 204

G. triquetra Lam. ?

5. umbellata Pair. 204
Spdrtium umbelldtum Desf.,

L'Herit. ;£olina in Andalusia.

2 capitata - - £05
Spdrttum capitdtvm Cav.

§ ii. Spinose. Leaves all,
vrsome ofthem,trijoliolate

6. lusitanica L. - 205

7. (1.) radiata Scop. 205

Spdrtium radidtum Lin. sp.,
Mill. Ic., Sims Bot. Mag., G. il-
nensrs Dalech.

2 umbellata -205

G. umbellata Poir.
Spdrt. umbelldlum Desf.

8. epfaedrdides Dec. 20-3

9. triacanthos Brot. 206
G. roslrdta Poir. Suppl.

2 interrupta Dec. 206
Spdrtium inter rUptumCzv.

10. horrida Dec. - 206

Spdrlium lidrridum Vahl
Symb., G. erindcea Gilib. Bot.
Prat.

§ iii. Spinose. Leaves all
simple.

ll.sylvestris Scop. 206

G. hispdnica Jacq. Icon. Rar.

12. Scorpius Dec. 206

Spdrtium Scorpius Lin. Sp.,
G, spiniflbra Lam. Diet. : Scor-
pion Furze, Gerard.

13. hispanicai. - 207

Spanish Furze, Hort.

14. anglica L. - - 207

Petty Whin — G. minor Lam.

15. germanica L. - 207

Scoi'pius spinbsus Moench
Meth. , J'ofilern spinbsa Fl. Wet.:
Bulimacola di Bosca, Ital.
2 inermis Dec. - 208

§ iv. Unarmed. Leaves all
simple.

16. purgans L. - 208

Spdrtium purgansUm.Sys ^

17. serfcea Wnlf. - 208

18. aphylla Dec. - 208

Spdrtiitm aphyllum Lin. fil.
Suppl., G. virgdta Lam. Diet.

19. monosperma L. 208

Spdrtium monospGrmum'L.vn.
Sp.,Curt. Bot. Mag., G.Rae'tam
Forsk.

20 sphaerocarpa L. 209

Spdrtium sphti-rocdrpon Lin.
Mant.

21. avthnensis Dec. 209

Spdrtium eetnense Biv. St.
Sic. Mant., Rafinesq. Speech.,
Sims Bot. Mag.; Spdrlium tri-
spermum Sm. in Rees's Cycl.

22. anxantica Ten. 209
G. amsdntica Tenore.

2 scariosa - - 210
G. scariosa Vin.

23. tinctoria L. - 210

G. itdlica Lodd. Cat. : Base
Broom, Green Weed, Green
Wood, Dyer's Weed, Wood-
waxen: Genet des Teinturiers,
Genet de Siberie, Fr. ; Fdrben-
dcr Ginster, Ger. ; Bacellina,
Ital.

2 flore pleno - 210

3 latifolia Dec. - 210

4 hirsuta Dec. - 210

5 pratensis Poll. 210

24. (t.) sibirica £. 210

Genistoides eldta Moench
Meth., G. tinctoria var. N.
Du Ham.

25.(t.)ovata Wuld. 211
G. nervdta Kit. in Litt.

26. triangularis Willd.2 1 1

G. triquetra Waldst. et Kit.

ij. trtquetr
Hung., but n

t not of Ait.

27. sagittalis L. - 211

G. herbdcea Lam. Fl. Fr.,
Genisttlla racembsa Moench
Meth., Sallzwedelia. sagittalis
Fl. Wett.

2 minor Dec. - 211

28. diffusa Willd. 212

G. humifusa Wulf., Spdrtium
procumbens Jacq. Ic. Rar., not
of Ait.

29. prostrata Lam. 212

G. pedunculdta L'Herit.
Stirp., G. decumbens Dur.
Bourg., G.Hdlleri Reyn. Mem.

30. procCmbens W. 212

31. pil6sa£ - - 212

G. ripens Lam. Fl. Fr., Ge-
nistoides tuberculdta Moench
Meth.

Other Species of Genista G.

spindsa - 213

VII. C\ 'TIS us Dec. 213

Cytisus and Spdrlium sp. L.,
Lam., &c.: Cylise, Fr. ; Boh-
nenbaum, Ger. ; Citiso, Ital.

§ i. Alburn'oides Dec.

1. albus£/<r. - - 213

Portugal Broom. — Genista
alba Lam. Diet., Spdrtium
album Desf., Spdrtium mul-
tifibrum Ait. Hort.Kew., S»ar-
tium dispermum Moench Meth.,
Genista multijibra N. Duh. :
Spartium d Fleurs blanches,
Fr. ; Weisse Pfriemen, Ger.

2 incarnatus - - 214
§ ii. Laburnum Dec.

2. Laburnum L. - 214

The Common Laburnum. — C.
alpmus Lam. Fl. Fr.: Bean-
Trefoile Tree, Peascod Tree
Gerard ; Pea Tree, Scotch ;
Golden chain : V Aubours, Faux
E'benier, Arbois, Arc Bois,
Fr. ; Gemeine Bohnenbaum,
Ger. ; Aborniello, Ital.

2 pendulum Hort. 215

3 guercifolium H. 215

C. L. 2 incisum.

4 foliis variegatis 215

5 fragrans Hort. 215

3. (Zv.)alpinusM?//. 215

Scotch Laburnum. — C. LM-
burnum $ Ait., Lamb., Dec.,
Fl. Fr. ; Cytisus angustifblius
Mceuch Meth., C. L. var. Ititi-
folium Pers. and Du Mont. :
Cytise des Alpes, V Aubours,
Alpen Bohncnbaum, Ger. ;
Maggio Ciondolo, Ital.

KIV

CONTENTS.

2 pendulus - - 216

3 purpurascens H. 216
C. L. purpureum Hort.
C. Addmi Pair.
C.L.coccmewwiBaum.Cat.
The purple Laburnum.
The scarlet Laburnum.

4 fragrans Hort. 217

4. WeldenwVis. - 217

5. nigricans L. - 218

6. sessilifolius L. - 218

7. triflorus L'Herit. 219

C. villbsus Pour. Act. Toul.

8. patens L. - - 219
C. pendulinus Lin fil. Supp.

C .grandiflbrus Dec. Prod.; Ge
nista tomenlbsa Poir. Supp.
Spdrtium patens Lin. Syst.
Brot. Fl. Lus., not of Cav
Spdrtium grandiflbrum Brot
Fl. Lus. ; Sarothdmnus pdtens
Webb Iter Hispan.

9. scoparius Lk. - 219

Common Broom — Spdrtium
scopdriiim Lin. Sp. Smith Eng.
Bot., Genista scopdria Lain.
Diet., not of Vill. ; G. hirsitta
Mcench Meth. : Genet d Balais,
Genet commun, Fr. ; gemeine
Pfriemen, Ger.

2 albus Hort. - 220

3 flore pleno Hort. 220

§ iii. Calycotome Lk.

10. spinosus Lam. 220

Spdrtium spinbsum Lin. Sp.

1 1 . tribracteolatus W. 22 1

12. lanigerus Dec. 221

Spdrtium lantgerum Desf.
Fl. Atl., Calycotome viltbsa Lk.
Enum., Spdrtium villbsumBiot.
Fl. Lus. and Poir. Voy.

2 rigidus Dec. - 221

§ iv. Tubocytisus Dec.
A. Flowers white or whitish.

13. leucanthus - 221

B. Flowers purple.

14. purpureus Scop. 222

2 flore albo #ort - 222

3 flore roseo - 222

C. Flowers yellow.

1 5. elongatusW. ##.222

16. multiflorus Lind. 222

C. elongdtus Hort. not of Kit. ;
C. elongatus (3 multiflorus Dec.
Prod.

17.falcatusJr.4-JT. 223

Varieties. — C. triflbrus Ld.,
C. ruthenicus Lod., C. de-
cumbens Lod.

18. austriacus L. - 223
2 nova Z,orf. - 223

19. supinus Jacq. - 223
C. \otmdes Pour. Act. Toul.

20. hirsiitus L. - 224

C.siiplnus Bert.il. PI. Gen.,
not of Lin. ; C. triflorus Lam.
Diet, not of L'Herit. ; C. Tour-
wr/orrianus^ Lois, in N. Du H.

21. capitatus Jacq. 224
C. hirsutux Lam Diet., C.

supinus Lin. Sp.

Varieties or Synont/mes. — Cy-
tisus austriacus Lad., C ca-
nescens FwcA. o/ Got., C. ura-
lensis Z/orf., C. calycluus Lod.,
C. parvifblius Lod., C. hirsii-
tus Lod., C. supinus Lod. 224

22. ciliatus Wahlenb. 224

23. polytrichus Bleb. 224

§ v. "LfOtSidet Dec.

24. argenteus L. - 235

Lidtus argent. Brot. Fl. Lus.

25. calycinus J5^£. 225

C. pauciflbrus Willd. sp.

26. nhnus WiVW. - 225
§ vi. Chronanthus Dec.

27. orien tails Lois. 226

C. orientalis, &c. Gerard &
Vail. Herb.

Other Species of Cytisus. — C.
seolicus Guss., C. racembsus
Marnock.

VIII. ADENOCA'RPUS/).

1. hispanicu.s Dec. 227

Cytisus hispdnicus Lam.
Diet., C. smagyrius L'Herit.
Stirp., N. Du Ham.

2. Boissieri Webb 227

A. decorticans Bois. Not. sur
1'Abies Pinsapo : Raca vieja,
Span.

3. intermedius Dec. 228

Cytisus complicdtus Br.Fl. L.

4. parvifolius Dec. - 228

Cytisus parvifolius N. Du
Ham., Lam. Diet, exclusive of
the syns. ; Cytisus divaricdtus
L'Herit. Stirp. ; Cytisus com-
plicatus Dec. Fl. Fr. ; Spdr-
tium complicatum Lois. Fl.
Gall.

5. telonensis Dec. 228

Cytisus telone.nsis Lois. Fl.
Gall., N. Du Ham. ; Spartium
complicatum Gouan Hort.
Monsp., exclusive of the syn.

IX. ONOVNIS L. - 229

The Restharrow Andnis

et Nrt'rzVr Moench Meth. :
Arritc-Loeuf, Bugrane, Fr. ;
Hauhechel, Gt-r.

1. fruticosa L. - 229
2 microphylla Dec. 229

2. rotundifolia L. - 229

O. latifblia Asso Syn., Lin.
Mant. ; Matrix rotundifolia
Mcench.

Other Species of Ondnis. — 0.
tribracteata Dec. - - 229

X. AMOXRPHA L. - 230

Bastard Indigo. — Bonaf'tdia

Neck. Elcm. : Faux Indigo,
Fr. ; Unform, Ger. ; Anwrfa,
Ital.

1 . fruticosa L. - 230

Wild Indigo, Amer. ; Faux
Indigo, Fr. : Indaco Bastardo,
Ital."

2 angustifolia Purs. 230

3 emarginata Pursh 230

4 Le\visu Ld. Cat. 230

5 caerulea Ld. Cat. 230

2. (f.) glabra Desf. 230

3. (f.) nana Nutt. - 231
A. microphylla Pursh Fl. Am.

Sep.

4. (f.) fragrans Swt. 231
A . nana Sims Bot. Mag., not

of others.

5. (f.) croceo-lanata 231

Tawny Bastard Indigo.

6. (f.) canescens Nt. 232

f A. pubescens Pursh.

XI. EYSENIIA'RDTM H.

DalbergiA Spreng. Syst. App.

\ amorphoides H. 232
Dalbergia. amorphoides Spr.

XII. ROBI'N/J L. 233

The Locust Tree Pseitd-

acdcia Tourn. Inst., Mcench
Meth. : Robinier, Fr. ; Robinie,
Ger.

1. Pseud-acacia L. 233

False Acacia. — fcschynomene
Pseudacdcia Roxb., Pseudaca~
cia odordta Mcench Meth. :
Locust Tree, Amer ; Bastard
Acacia, Robinier faux Acacia,
Acacia blanc, Carouge des Ame-
ricains, Fr. ; gemeine Acacie,
Ger. ; Falsa Acacia, Ital.

2 flore luteo Bum. 234

3 ine>mis Dec. - 234

4 crispa Dec. - 234

5 umbraculifera DC. 234
R. inermis Dum. Cours.

6 tortuosa Dec. - 234

7 sophortefolia. L. C. 234

8 amorphaefolia Lk. 234

9 stricta Lk. - 234

10 procera Lodd. Cat. 234

11 pendula Ort. Dec. 234

12 monstrosa L. C. 234

13 macrophylla L. C. 234

14 microphylla L. C. 234
R. angustifolia Hort.

15 spectabilis Dum. 234
Acacia agacante of the

French Nurseries.

16 latisiliqua Pr. Cat.234

2. viscosa Vent. - 235

R. glutinbsa Bot. Mag., R.
montana Bartram : Rose-flow-
ering Locust.

3. dubia Fouc. - 236

R. hybrida Audib., R. am-
btgua Poir. Suppl.,.? R. ecfii-

CONTENTS.

XV

nata Mill. Diet., li. intermedia
Soulange-Bodin.

4. hispida L. - 236

Rose Acacia. — R. rbsea N.
Du Ham., R. montdna Bartr.
Voy., jEschynomene hispida
Roxb.

2 nana Dec. - - 237

3 rosea Pursh - 237

4 macrophylla Dec. 237
R. grandtflbra Hort.

XIII. CARAGA^NA L.237

Siberian Pea Tree.— Robinia
sp. L.

1. arborescens Lam. 237

Robinia. Caragana Lin. sp.,
N. Du Ham., Pall. Fl. R.-ss. ;
Caragana sibiric.a Ray : Fausse
Acacie de Siberie, Robinie de
Sibfrie, Arbre aux Pois des
Russes, Fr. ; Sibirische Erb-
scnbaum, Germ. ; Gorochoik.
Russ.

2 inermis Hort. - 238

2. (a)A/lagdnaPoi\\238
Kvbmte Altagana Pall. Fl.

Ross., L' Her it. Stirp. ; Cara-
gana microphylla Lam. Diet.

3. (a.) microphyllajD.238

Rob-n\a microphylla Pall. Fl.
Ross., Caragana Altagana var.
Poir. Suppl.

4. (a.) Redowski D. 238
2 praeY-ox Fisch. - 239

5. (a.) arenariaZ)own 239

6. frutescens Dec. 239

Robinia frutescens Lin. Sp.,
Pall. Fl. Ross.; C. digitata
Lam. Diet.

Chamlagu L' Htrit. Stirp.. N.
Du Ham.

XIV. HALIMODE'NDRON

Fisch. 242

Salt Tree. — Halodendron
Dec. Me"m. ined. in Soc. Phys.
Gen., but not of Petit Thouars.

- 239

- 239

1 latifolia -

2 angustifolia

7. (f.) mollis Bess. 239

Rubinia mollis Bieb. Fl.
Taur. Suppl., Rob nia tomen-
tbsa Fisch. Hort. Gorenk., Ca-
ragana frutescens var. mollis
Dec. Prod.

8. pygmae'a Dec. - 240

Robtni'A pygmte^a Lin. Sp.,
Pall. Fl. Ross., Aram. Ruth.
2 arenaria Fisch. - 240

9. spinosa Dec. - 240

Robinia. spinbua Lin. Mant.,
Robinia ftrox Pall. Fl. Ross.,
Robinia. tpinosissima Laxm.
Nov. Act. Pet., Caragana/ero*
Lam. Diet.

10. fragacanthoides 240

Robinia Iragucanthb'ides Pall.
Nov. Act. Pet., Robinia macra-
cdntha Lodd. Cat.

11. jubata Poir. - 241

Robinia jnbcita Pall, in Act.
Pet. Astr., Lodd. Bot. Cab.

12. grandiflora Dec. 241

Robinia grandiflbra Bieb. Fl.
Taur.

13. Chamlagu Lam. 241
Chinese Caragana. — Robinia

[ 1. argenteum Dec. 242

Robinia Halodendron Lin. Fil.
j Suppl., Pall. Fl. Ross., Cara-
! gana argentca Lam. in Pall.
j Itin. ed. Gall.

1 vulgare Dec. Pr. 242

2 brachysema D. P. 242

3 SieverstV - - 243
H. Steversii Fisch.

2. (a.) subvirescens 243

Robinia triflbra L'Herit.
Stirp. Nov., H. argenteum j3
subvirescens Dec. Prod.

XV. CALO'PHACA F. 243
1. wolgarica Fixch. 243

Gytisusnigricans Pall. Itin. ;
Ci/tistespinndtusPall.T'l.Ros. ;
Gytisus wolgdricus Lin. Fil.
Suppl., N. Du Ham. ; Colutea
wolga?-icaLam.; Adenocdrpus
wolgensis Spreng. Syst.

XVI. COLUTEA R. Br.

Bladder Senna. — Bague-
nandicr, Fr. ; JBlasenbaum,
Germ. ; Senna falsa, Ital.

1. arborescens L. 244
C. hirsuta Roth Fl. Germ.

2. (a.) cruenta Ait. 244

Oriental Bladder Senna C.

orientdlis Lam. Diet., N. Du
Ham. j C. sanguinea Pall. ; C.
aptera Schmidt Arb. ; C. hu-
milis Scop.

3. (a.) media Willd. 245

4. (a.)haleppicajLwz.245

C. Pocockii Ait. Hort. Kew.,
Schmidt. Arb. ; C. istria Mill.
Diet. ; C. procumbens L'Herit.

5. nepalensis Hook. 245

IV 1 1 . ASTR A'G ALUS DC.

The Milk Vetch. — Astrd-
\ galus sp. of Lin. and others :
Ast: agale, Fr. ; Tragant, Ger. ;
Astragalo, Ital.

1. TVagacantha L. 246

Great Goat's Thorn.— A. mas-
siliensis Lam. Diet., Dec. Astr.,
Don's Mill.

Other ligneous Species of As-
trdgnlus. — A. altnicus Lodd.
Cab., aristatus L'Her. Stirp.,
brevifblius Bot. Cab., masd-
liensis Lam. (? A. Tragacdn-
tha var.) - - - 246

Sect. III. JTEDYSANRE^;.

XVIII. COROM'LLA N.

Coronilla sp. L. and others :
Coronille," Fr. ; Kronwicke,
Ger. ; Ginestra de Bosco, Ital.

1 . E'merus L. - 247
E'merus mdjor Mil. Ic. t. 132.

f . 1 , E. »imor Mill. Ic. t. 132.
f 2., C.pauciflbra Lam. Fl. Fr.

2 j'uncea L.

- 248

Sect. IV. PHASEOLE^E.

XIX. WIST AVR/^N. 248

Olycinesp. L., Thyrsdnlhus
Elliot, Krafmhia Rafin.

1. frutescens Dec. - 249

Glycine frutescens Lin. Sp.,
A^pios frutescens Ph. Fl. Am.
Sept., Anouymos fiu'cscens
Walt. Fl. Car., Wistaria spe-
cibsa Nutt. Geu. Amer., Thyr-
sdntlius frutescens Elliot Journ.
Acad. Sci. Philad.. Phaseo-
loides Hort. AngL : The Kidney-
bean Tree.

2. chinensis Dec. - 249

Glycine chinensis Bot. Mag.,
G. smensis Bot. Reg., W. Con.
sequdna London in H. B.

Sect. V. CASSIE'JE.

XX. G.'.KDI'TSCH/^ 249

Acacia sp. Pluk.: Fevier.
Fr. ; Gleditschie, Ger. ; Gledit-
sia, Ital.

1. triacanthos L. - 250

The Honey Locust — G. tria-
canthos var. «. polyspermn
Mart. Mill. : G. meltloba Walt.;
G. spinbsa Du Ham.; Acacia
triacanthos Hort. Acacia ame-
ricdna Pluk. . Fevier d'Ame-
rique, Fr. ; Fava americana
Ital. ; Thorny Acacia, Sweet
Locust, United States ; Carouse
a Miel, Canada.

2 inermis Dec. - 25O
G. Azof's Hort.

3 brachycarpa - 250
G. brachycarpa Pursh.
G. triacanthos var. /3 MX.

2. (t.) monosptrma 25 1

The Water Locust. — G.caro-
lincnsis Lam. Diet., G. aqua-
tica Marsh, G. triacdntha Gaert.
Fruct.

3. sinensis Lam. - 252
G. horrida Willd. Sp.: Fevier

de la Chine, Fr.

2 inermis N. Du H. 252
G.japonica Lodd. Cat.
G.jdvdnica Lam.

3 major Hort. - 252
G. horrida major Lod. Cat

4 nana .tfbr*. - - 252
G. h6rrida nana H. Soc.

5 purpurea //ort. - 252
G. horrida purpurea Lod.

Other Far. of G. sinensis.
— G. chinensis (Potts).

4. (s.) macracantha 254

G. ferox Baudr. : Fevier a
grosses E'pines, Fr.

5. (s.) ferox Desf. - 254

G. oriental's Bosc : fjt<ier
herisse, Fr.

6. caspica Desf. - 254

G. caspiana Bosc.
2 subvirescens JJort. 254
Fevier verddtre, Fr.

XVI

CONTENTS.

Other Sorts oj Gledilsch'vA. — G. |
micracantha Hort. Soc.Gard.,
G. Bbqui Hort. Soc. Card.,
G. prse cox Hort. Soc. Gard.,
G. aquatica Lodd. (G.mono-
tperma), G. orientalis Lodd.

XXI. GYMNO'CLADUS!/.

1. canadensis Lam. 255
Kentucky Coffee Tree — Gui-
landlna. dioica Lin. Sp.; Hyper-
anthera dioica Vahl Symb.,
Duh. Arb. : Nicker Tree, Slump
Tree, United States; Bonduc
Chiquier, Fr.; Chicol, Canadian;
CanadischerSchusserbaum, Ger.

XXII. CE'RCIS L. 256

The Judas Tree.— Siliquds-
trnm Tourn. Inst., Moench
Meth. : Gainier, Fr. ; Judas-
baum, Ger. ; Albero de Giuda,
Ital.

1. Siliquastrjin L. 257

Siliqudstrum orbiculatum
Moench Meth.: Love Tree;
Gamier commun, Arbre de
Judee, Fr. ; Arbol a' Amor,
Span. ; Judasbaum, Ger.

2 parviflorum Dec. 257

3 flore albido - 257

4 rosea - - 257

2. canadensis L. 258

Siliqudstrum cordatum

Mcench Meth. : Red Bird Tree,
Amer. ; Gamier de Canada,
Bouton rouge, Fr.

2 pubescens PA. - 259

l&os&cea.

Sect. I. ^MYGDA^LE^E JuS.

I. ^IUY'GDALUS T. 261

The Almond Tree — Amygda-
lopfiora Neck. : Amandier,Fr. ;
Mandelbaum, Ger. ; Mandorlo,
Ital.

1. nana L . - - 262

Prunus inermis Gmel., A.
nana var., A. vulgaris Dec. :
Amandier nain, Fr ; Zwer-
chemandel, Ger. ; Peschino della
China, Ital.

2 georgica Dec. - 262
A. georgica Desf. Arb.

3 campestris Ser. 262
A. campestris Besser E-

num., Hort. Fl. Aust.,
Lodd. Cat.

A. Besseriana. Scholt. in
Cat. Hort. Vindob.,
1818, and Lodd. Cat.

4 sibirica Lod. Cat. 262

2. incana Pall. - 263

A nana var. incana Gulden-
stad and Arb. Brit., A. (omen-
tosula Lodd. Cat.

3. communisZ/. - 263
1 amara Dec. - 263

The bitter Almond.
Amandier amer, Fr
Gemeine Mandelbaum Ger.

2 dalcis Dec. - 264
The sweet Almond.
Amandier a pet its Frui/s,

Amande douce, Fr.
Siisse Mandel, Ger.

3 fl. pleno Baum. C. 264

4 fol. varieg. B. C. 264

5 fragilis Ser. - 264
A.frdgilis Hell.
Amandier des Dames, N.

Du Ham., Nois. J. F.
Coque molle, Amandier a

Coque lendre, Fr.
Abellan, Provence.

6 macrocarpa Ser. 264
Amandier a gros Fruits,

N. Du Ham., Noisette

Jard. Fruit.

Amandier Sultane, Aman-
dier des Dames, Aman-
dier Pistache, Fr.

7 persicoides Ser. 265
Amandier-Pecher, N. Du

Ham., Noisette Jard

Other Varieties - - 265
4 orientalis Ail. - 265

A. argentea Lam. Diet., N.
Du Ham.

II. PE'RSICA Tourn. 265

The Peach Tree — Amygdalus
sp. of L. & Juss , Trichocdr-
pus Neck. Elem.: Pecher, Fr.;
Pfirschenbaum, Ger. ; Pesco,
Ital.

1. vulgaris Mill. 266

Amy°dalus Tersica L. Sp. :
Peche duveteuse, Fr. ; Pfirsche,
Ger.

1 The free-stone common
Peach - 266

Peche, Fr.

'2 The cling-stone com-
mon Peach 266
Pavie, Fr.

3 flore pleno Hort. 266

4 alba Lindl. 266

5 foliis variegatis£T. 266

6 compr^ssa Hort. 266
The flat Peach of China.

2. (v.) laeVis Ztec. 267

The Nectarine Tree — Amyg-
dalus "Pgrsica Lam. Diet., A.
Ptrsica Nectarina Ait. Hort.
Kew. : Peche lisse, JSrugnon,
Fr. ; Pesco noce, Ital.

1 The free-stone Nec-

tarine - 267

Peche lisse, Fr.

2 The cling-stone Nec-

tarine - 267

Brugnon, Fr.

III. ^BMEN1\\CA T.267
The Apricot — Prbnus sp. of
Liu.and others: Abricoticr, Fr.;
Aprikosenbaum, Ger. ; Albi-
cocco, Ital.

1. vulgaris Z/«w. 267

Yrunos Armentaca T.'n.Sp :
Albicocco americano, Ital.
1 ovalifolia S'er. 268
Abricot Angoumois, A .
precoce, A. blanc, Fr.

2 cordifolia Ser. - 268

3 foliis variegatis H.268

4 flore pleno~ Hort. 268

2. dasycarpa Pers 268

A. atropurpurea Lois, in N.
Du Ham., Pruitus dasycarpa
Ehrh. Beitr., P. Arntenlaca
n'igra Desf. Cat. : the black
Apricot.

2 joersicifolia I.ois. 269
A. persicifoliA Don'sMill.
Abricot noir a Feuilles de
Pecher, Fr.

3. (v.) sibirica Pers. 269
~Priinus sibirica Lin. Sp.

4. (v.) brigantiaca P. 270

Yrunus briaantlaca Vill.
Dauph., Dec. Fl. Fr., Lois, in
N. Du Ham.

Other Species of Armentaca.—
A. pedunculata Led. - 270

IV. PRU'NUS Tourn. 270

The Plum. — Prunophora
Neck. Elem., fritnus sp. of
L. and others : Prunier, Fr. ;
Pflaume, Ger. ; Pruno, Ital.

1. spinosa L. - 271
Common Sloe Thorn — P. syl-

vestris Fuch. Hist., Ray Syn. :
Blackthorn : Prunier epineur,
Prunellier, E'pine noire, or
Mcre-du-Bois, Fr. ; Schlea-
dorn, or Schlen Pflaum, Ger. ;
Prugno or Prunella, Ital.

1 vulgaris Ser. - 271
P. spinosa Lois.

2 foliis varieg. Ser. 271

3 microcarpa Wallr. 271

4 macrocarpa Wallr. 27 1

5 ovata Ser. - 271

6 flore pleno - 271

2. insidtia I/. - 272

TheBullace Plum. — P. st/l-
vestris prce^cox dltior Tourn.,
P. sylrestris major Ray : Pru-
nier sauvage, Fr. ; Alfatous in
Dauphiny ; Kirschen Pflaume,
Ger.

1 fructu nigro Hrt. 272

2 f. liiteo-albo Hrt. 272

3 fructu rubro Hrt. 273

4 flore pleno Z>e.vc. 273

3. domestica L. - 273

P. satlva Fuchs & Ray : Pru-
nier domcstique, Fr. ; gemeinc
Pflaume, Ger. ; Susino domes-
tico, Ital.

2 flore pleno //ort. 273

3 foliis variegatis #.273

4 armenioides Ser. 273

4. (d.)myrobalanaZ,.274

P. Myrobdlan Du Ham., P.
myrobalana Lois., P ccrasifcra
Ehrh. Beitr.: VirginianCherry,
Early Scarlet Plum : Prunier
Myrobalan, or Ceriselte, Fr. ;
Kirschpflaume, Ger.

2 foliis var. N. DuH. 274

5. candicans Balb. 275

CONTENTS.

XV11

6. Cvcomilla Tenore 275

7. maritima Wangen. 275
? P. acumiHata MX. Fl. Bor.

Amer.

8. pubescens Pair. 276

9. divaricata Led. 276

Other Species of Primus - 276

V. CE'RASUS Juss. 276

The Cherry — Laurocerasus
Tourn., Prunus sp. L. : Ce-
risier, Fr. ; Kirsche, Ger. ; Ci-
liegio, Ital.

§ i. Ceras6phora Dec.
The Cherry-bearing Kinds.

A. Species cultivated for their
Fruit.

1. sylvestris Jtauk. 277

Synonym es and Garden
Names. — C. avium Mcench,
N. Du Ham., Don's Mill. ; C.
ntgra Mill. Diet., not of Ait. ;
Prunus avium Lin. Sp. ; P.
aviumvar. a.Sf/3 Willd. Baum. ;
P. avium var. fi fyy Eng. Flor. •
P. nigricans and P. varia Ehrh.
Beitr. : Gean, Bigarreau, Co-
rone, Coroon, Small Slack,
Black Hertfordshire, Black
Heart, Black Mazxard, the
Merry Tree of the Cheshire
peasants ; the Merries in Suf-
folk : Merisier, Mcrise grosxe
noire, Guignier, Bigarreautier,
Hcaumier, Fr. ; Susse Kirsche,
Ger. ; Ciregiolo, Ital.

1 Merisiers or Merries

277

2 Guigniers or Geans
(C. Juliana Dec.) 277

3 Heaumiers, the hel-

met-shaped Cherries
( C. Juliana, var.
heaumiana DC.) 278

Var. for Ornament.
C. s. duracina 2 flore

pleno Hort. - 278
Merisier a F/eurs doubles,

or Merisier Renuncu-

lier, Fr.

4 Bigarreautiers, the

Bigarreaus, or hard-
fleshed Cherries (C.
duracina Dec.) 278

2. vulgaris Mill. - 278

Synonymes and Garden
Names. — Cer. avium Mrench ;
Prunus Cerasus Lin. Sp. ; C.
hortensis Pers. Syn. ; C. capro-
niana Dec. Prod., Don's Mitt. ;
P. ouster a and P. dcida Ehr.
Beitr. ; P. Cerasus var. * Eng.
Flor.: Cherry, Kentish or Flem-
ish Cherry, Morello, May Duke:
Cerise de Montmorency, Cerise
de Part's, Cerise d Fruits ronds,
Cerisier du Nord, Cerisier, and
Griottier in some provinces,
Fr. ; Saure Kirsche, Germ. ;
Marasca, or Ciliegio, Ital. ,

i Ornamental Varieties. 1 14, hyemalis Michx. 285
j 2 flore seniipleno H. 279 P,^M, %4?Biato Michx> F^

3 flore pleno Hort. 279 Bor. Amer., Pursh Fl. Amer.

4 />ersiciflora Hort. 279
. 5 foliis variegatis H. 279

1 Sept., Elliot Carol. : the black
i Choke Cherry, Amer.

Fruit-bearing Varieties.

15. chicasa Michx. - 285

Selection exemplifying the
> different forms which the
varieties of the cultivated

Prunus chicasa Pursh Fl.
Amer. Sept., P. insititia Walt.
Carol.: Chickasaw Plum in

cherries assume,as standard

Carolina.

trees. — The Bigarreau.But-
ner's Yellow, the Kentish

16. pubescens Ser. - 285

Cherry, the May Duke, the

Prunus pubescens Ph. Fl.

Morello, D'Ostheim - 279

Amer. Sept. and Lodd. Cat. ;

6 Marascha - - 280

P. sphterocarpa Michx. Fl.Bor.
Ainer. not of Swartz.

Prunus Marascha Jaco

B. Species or Varieties culti-

17. pennsylvanica L. 286

Prunus pennsylvdnica L. fil.

vated as ornamental or cu-

Suppl., Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept.,

rious.

Willd. Baum. ; P. lanceoldta

3. (v.) semperflorens 281

Willd. Abb.

Prunus semperflorens Ehrh.
Beitr., P. serotina Roth Catal.:
the Weeping Cherry, the All-
saints Cherry : Cerise de la
Toussaint, Cerise de St. Martin,
Cerise tardive, Fr.

18. japonica Lok. - 286

Prunus japonica Thunb. Fl.
Jap. and Lindl. in Bot. Reg.,
P sinensis Pers. Ench.
2 multiplex Ser. - 286

4. serrulata G. Don 281

Amygdalus pumila Lin.
Mant.

Prunus serrulata, Lindl.
Hort. Trans : the double Chi-

19. sinensis G.Don 287

nese Cherry: Yung. To, Chinese.

20. salicina G. Don 287

5. Pseudo-Cerasus 282

Prunus Pseiido-Ce'rasus
Lindl. Hort. Trans.; P.pani-

Prunus salicina Lindl. in
Hort. Trans. : Ching-Cho-Lee,
or Tung. Choh-Lee, Chinese.

culata Ker Bot. Reg., but not
of Thunb. ; Yung- To, Chinese.

Species belonging to the preced-
ing Subdivison (B.), not yet

6. (Thamaecerasus L. 282

introduced. — C. Phoshia Ha-
milt., Prunus cerasoides D.

Siberian Cherry — C. 'inter-

Don, CerasusPuddum Roxb.,

media Poir. Diet. ; P.fruticbsa

C. glanduldsa, C. aspera, C.

Pall., according to Besser ; Ce-

inclsa Lois., C. humilis Mor.

rasus pumila C.Bauh., accord-

ing to Pall. Fl. Ross. ; Chamts-

§ ii. Pddi vdri Ser.

cerasus fruticbsa Pers. Syn.

The trueBird-Cherry Kinds of

7. prostrata Ser. - 282

C'erasus.

Prunus prostrdtaHort. Kew.
and Lab. PL Syr. Dec., P. in-

A. Species of Bird-Cherry Trees
already in Cultivation in

cdna Stephen in Mem. Soc.

Britain.

Mosq.

21. Mahdleb Mill. - 288

8. jocrsicifolia Lois. 283

Primus TAah^lebL. Sp.: Bois

Prunus persicifblia Desf.Arb.

de Sainle Lucie, or Prunier odo-

9. borealis Michx. - 283

rant, Fr. ; Mahalebs-kirsche,
Ger.; Ciliegio canino, Ital.

Prunus borealis Poir. Diet. :

2 fructu flavo Hort. 288

the Northern Choke Cherry,
Amer.

3 latifdlium Hort. 288

10. piimila Michx. - 283

22. Padus Dec. - 289

Prunus pumila Lin. Mant.,
Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept.; C<<-
rasus glauca Mcench Meth. :
Ragouminier, Nega, Menel du
Canada, Fr.

Prunus Pddus Lin. Sp.,
Hook. Brit. Flora, Smith's
Engl. Flora : Bird-Cherry,
Fowl Cherry, Hag-berry SwtT :
Cerasier 4 Grappes, Merisier
d Grappes, Laurier-Putier or

ll.(p.)depre'ssaP£. 284
C. pumila Mich. Fl. Bor.
Amer., not Prunus pumila L.
P. Susquehana: Willd Enum.
ed. 2. : Sand Cherry; Amer.

Putiet, faux Bois de Ste. Lucie,
Fr. ; Hag.bier, Swedish ; Trau-
beden Kirsche, Ger. ; Ciliegio
ramosa, Ital.
1 vulgaris Ser. - 289

12. pygmae'a Lois. 284

Prunuspygmc£a Willd. Sp.,
Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept.

C. Padus Dec., N. Du Hm.
2 parviflora Ser. - 289
3 rubra Ser. - 290

13. nigra Lois. - 284

C. Pddus fructu rubro
Dec. & Lois.

Pritnusnlgra Ait. Hort.Kew.,

Prunus rubra W., accord-

Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., P.

ing to Ait. H. K. 2d ed.

americana Darlington in Amer.

4 bracteosa Ser. - 29O

Lye. N.H. of New York.

Padus racembsa Hort.

XV 111

CONTENTS.

23. virginiana MX. 291

Pritmts rubra Ait. Hrt. Kew.
1st ed., Willd. Abb. ; P. argil t a
Bigelow in Litt. : Cerisier de
Virginie, Fr. ; Virginische
Kirsche, Ger. ; Wild Cherry
Tree, Amer.

24. (v.) ser6tina.Ls.29l

American Bird-Cherry Tree.
— Tritnus serotina Willd. Ab.,
P. virginiana Mill. Diet.
2 retiisa Ser. - 292

25. mollis Dowg. - 292

26. Capollin Dec. - 292

Trunus virginidna Flor.
Mexic. Ic. and MSS., P. cana-
densis Moc. et Sesse PI. Mex.
Ic. ined., Hern. Mex.

27. nepalensis Ser. 293

Vrunus glaucifblia Wall.

MSS.

B. Species of Bird-Cherry Trees
which have not yet been in-
troduced, or of which we have
not seen Plants -- C. acumi-
nata Wall., C. emarginata
Doug,, C. capriclda G. Don
(P. capriclda Wall., P. un-
dulata Harailt. in D. Don's
Prod. Nepal., C. undulata
Dec.), C. canadensis Lois.,
C. elliptica Lois., C. panicu-
lata Lois. - - - 293-4

§ iii. Laurocerasi.
The Laurel-Cherry Trees.

28. lusitanica Lois. 294

Common Portugal Laurel. —
Prunus lusitanica Lin. Sp. :
the Cherry Bay : Cerisier Lau-
rier du Portugal, Fr. ; Azarei-
ro, Portuguese.

2 Hixa Ser. - 294

Primus Hixa Broussonet.
P. multiglandulbsa Cav.
C. Hfxa W. et B. Hist. C.

29. Laurocerasus L. 295

Common Laurel. — Prbnus
Laurocerasus Lin. Sp. : Cherry
Bay, Cherry Laurel : Laurier
au Lait, Laurier Cerisier, Lau-
rier Amandier, Fr. ; Kirsche
Lorbeer, Ger. ; Lauro di Tre-
bisonda, Ital.

2 variegata Hort. 295

3 angustifolia Hort. 295

30. caroliniana MX. 296
Prunus caroliniana Ait. Hrt.

Kew., P. sempervirens Willd.
Enum., Padus caroliniana Mill.
Diet. : Wild Orange, Amer.

Sect. II.

VI. PU'RSH/,* Dec. 297

Tigarea Ph. Fl. Amer. Sept.,
not of Aublet.

1. tridentata Dec. - 297
Tigarea tridentata Ph. Fl.
Amer. Sept., not of Aublet.

VII. KE'KRIA Dec. 298

"Ritbus L., C6rchorus Thunb.,
Spiraea Camb.

1. japonica Dec. - 298

Rilbus japonicus Lin. Mant.,
CSrchorus japonicus Thunb.
Fl. Jap., Spiraea japonica
Camb. Ann. Sci. Nat. : Spirfe
du Japan, Fr.

2 flore pleno - 298

VIII. SPIR^A L. - 299

Spirte^a sp. Cambessedes
Mon. Spir. in Ann. Sci. Nat. :
Spiree, Fr. j Spierstaude, Ger.

§ i. Physocarpos Camb.

1. opulifblia L. - 299

Virginian Guelder Rose,
Nine Bark, Amer. ; Evonimo
del Canada, Ital.

2 tomentella Ser. - 300

3 monogyna - 300
S. monogyna Torrey.

2. capitata Ph. - 300
S . opulifolia var. Hook.

§ ii. Chamafdryon Ser.

3. chamaedrifolia L. 300

3. cantoniensis Lour.

1 vulgaris Cam. Mon. 300

2 media Ph. Fl Am.
Sept.,, Camb. Mon. 300

3 oblongifolia C.M. 301
S. oblongifolia Waldst. et

Kit. PI. Hung.

4 subracemosa Ser. 301

5 incisa Hort. - 301
S. chameedri. latifdlia Ht.

4. (c.)wlmifolia^.301
S. chamcedrifblia Jacq. Hort.

Vindob.

2 phyllantha Ser. 301

5. (c.) flexuosa Fis. 301

S. alplna Hort. Par. accord-
ing to Camb. & Fisch. in Litt.,

5. sibirica Hort.

Varieties or Synonymes S.

flexudsa latitblia Hort., S.
daurica Hort., S. ulmifolia,
S. carpinifolia, S. fietulsfblia,
in Messrs. Loddiges's Collec-
tion - - - - 302

6. (c.) crataegifolia L.302

7. (c.)6etulaefoliaP.302

? S. corymbbsa Raf. in Desv.
Journ., ? S. cratatgifblia Lk.
Enum.

8. cana Waldst. et K. 302

9. trilobata L. - 303
S. triloba Don's Mill.

10. alpina Pall. - 303

11. ^ypericifoliaJDc. 303

VLypericum frutex Hort.:
Italian May.

1 uralensis Ser. - 303
S. crenata Lin., Fisch. in

Litt., and Don's Mill.
S. \\ypericifblia Camb. M.

2 Plukenetiawa Sr. 304
S. \\ypericifdlia Lin. Sp.,

Ph., Don's Mill.
S. h. var. /3 Dec. Fl. Fr.

3 acuta Ser. - - 304
S. acutifdlia Willd. Enm.,

Camb. Mon., and D. M.

S. sibirica Hort. Par., ac-
cording to Camb. Mon.

S. amb'igua Pall.

4 crenata Ser. - 304
S. obovhta Waldst. et Kit.,

? in Willd. En., Camb.

Monog., Barr. Ic. Rar.
S. \\ypericijblia y Dec. Fl.
S. crenata Lin. Sp., Cam.

Mon., Don's Mil., Lo. C.

5 savranica Ser. - 304
S. savranica Besser in

Litt., Don's Mill.
S. crenata Pall. Fl. Ross.
S. hypericifblia var. /3 Ion.

gtfo/mLed.Fl.R.A.lll.

6 Besserz'arm Ser. 304
S. crenata in Litt,

S. savranica ft Besseri&na.
Don's Mill.

Other Varieties or Synonymes.
— S. inflexa (Hort. Soc.
Gard.~), S. obovata Wendland
(Hort. Soc. Card.), S. ar-
gentea (Lodd. Collection), S.
cuneata (do.), S. nana (do.),
S. alplna (do.), S. acutifblia
(do.), S. decumbens (do.) 304

12. (h.) tfialictroides 305

S. aquilegifblia Pall. Itin., S.
hypericifdlia var.flava, and S.
alplna latifdlia.

13. cuneifolia Wall. 305

S. canescens Don. Prod., Dec.
Prod., Don's Mill. ; S. argentea
Hort.

14. pikowiensis Bes. 305

15. ceanothifolia Hn. 305

16. corymbosa Raf. 306
2 sororia - - 306

S. sordria Pen. in Ht. Br.

17. vacciniifolia D.D.306

S. adiantifblia Hort.

18. Iaxifl6ra Lindl. 306

19. bella Sims. - 306

§ iii. Spir aria Ser.
20. salicifolia L. - 307

Spirte^a frutex Hort. : Bride-
wort, Queen's Needleivork.

1 carnea Ait. Ht. K. 307

2 alpestris Pal. Fl. 307
S. alpestris Don's Mill.

3 paniculata Willd. Sp.,

Ait. H. K. - 307
S. alba Ehrh. Beitr.

4 latifolia Willd. Sp. 307
S. obovata Raf. in Litt.,

not of Walldst. et Kit.
according to Willd. En.
S. carpinifblia Willd. En.,
Don's Mill.

5 grandiflora - 308
S. grandifldra Lod. Bt. C.

6 taurica - - 308
S. taurica Hort.

Other Varieties or Synonymes.
— S. canadensis, S. wrticae-
fblia, S. laciniata, S. chamae-

CONTENTS.

XIX

drifoiia, S. lanceolkta, S.

7. caersius .L. - 314

Potentille, Fr. : Fingerkraut.

carpinifolia, S. rettexa, S. in.

The Dewberry.

Ger.

carnata.

21. Menziesw Hook. 308
22. tomentosa L. - 308

2 arvensis Jfa/. Sfc/t. 315
R. pseud'j-cafsius Weihe.
3 grandiflorus Ser. 315

1. fruticosa L. - 319
2 dahurica.&r. - 320
P. da/iitrica Nest Pot.

S. Dougldsii Hook. Fl. Bor.

4 parvifolius Wai. 315

P.fruticbsa/3 Lehm.Pot.

Amer.

5 fol. varieg. Hort. 315

3 tenuiloba Ser. - 32O

23. laevigata L. - 30.9

S. altaicensis Lax. Nov. Act.
Petrop., S. altdica Pall. Fl.

r>

8. corylifolius S/MiYA 315

R. vulgdris W. & N., R.
nemorbsus Heyne.

P. fruticosa j3 Nestl.Pot.,
Lehm. Pot. 32. var. y,
P. jloribunda Pursh Fl.
Amer. Sept, Watson

IVOSS.

24. ariaefolia Smith 309

2 canus Wai. 315
3 glandulosus W. 315

Dend. Brit.,
P. tenuifblia Schlectend.
Berl. Mag.

§ iv. Sorbdria Ser.

R. glandulosus Spreng.
According to Dr. Lindley, the

2. glabra Lodd. - 320

25. jorbifolia L. - 309

S. pinndta Mcench Meth.

following British kinds of
Riibus may be associated with
R. corylifblius Smith, either

P. fruticosa alba Busch.

3. Salesovi*' Steph. 320

2 alpina Pal. Fl. R. 309
S. grandifldra Swt. H. Br.
S. Palldsii Don's Mill.

as related species, or as va-
rieties : — R. macrophy'llns
W. & N., R. carpinifdlius W.

fit \T. #. Mspn.ikt-f>r W Xr ~K!

CO'MARUM palustre L.
320

26. Lmdleyana Wai. 310 lt~K<&ieriw~stTS4R?j££

Potentilla Cdmarum Scop.

lidus W. & N.), R. glandu-

A Selection of Species - 310

losus Smith, R. rudis W.fy N.

XI. CowArN/-4 D. Don.

(R. echindtus Lindl. Syn. ed.

Sect. III. POTENTI'LLEJE.

1., Hort. Brit), R. diversi-
fdlius Lindl. f^yn. ed. 1., (R.

1. plicata D.Don 321

IX. #UVBUS L. - 311

diversifblius Weihe, Hort.
Brit.) - - 316

Sect. IV. RO^SEJE Dec.

The Bramble. — Ronce, Bram-
boisier, Fr. ; Himbeere, Brom-

9. spectabilis Ph. 316

XII. jRo\SA Tourn. 321

beerstrauch, Ger. ; Rovo, Ital.

R. rMfdlius Willd. Herb.

The Rose Tree Rhod6-

§ i. Leaves pinnate, of '3 — 7

10. fruticosus L. - 316

The common Blackberry R.

joAornNeck. Elem.: Rosier, Fr.;
Rosenstock, Ger. ; Roozeboom,
Dutch ; Rosajo, Ital. ; Rosal,

featfete.

discolor & R. abruptus in Lindl.

Span. ; Rosiera, Portuguese.

*r

Syn. of Brit Fl. ed. 1.: Ronce

I. suberectus Ander. 31 1

R. nessensis Hall., R. plicdtus

commune, Fr.; Rankende Him-
beere, Ger.j Rovo Montana,

§ i. Ferdces Lind. Monog.

W. & N., not of Suppl. to Eng.
Bot., which is a smaller form of
R aff'lnis W. % N. ; R. cor^tf-
folius Wahlenberg. The whole
according to Lindl. Syn. of the
Brit. Fl.

Ital.

2 pompbnius Ser. 316
R.frulicdsus S W. & N.
3 tauricus Hort. 317
4 flore roseo-pleno

1. ferox Lawr. - 322

R. kamtschdtica Red. Ros.,
R. kamtschdtica ft ferox Ser. in
Dec. Prod., R. echindta Du-
pont.
2 nitens Lindl. in Bot.

2. affinis W. $ N. - 312

R, colllnus Dec. ; R. nitidus
Smith in Eng. Fl., Lindl. in
Syn. Br. Fl. ed. 1 . ; R. plicdtus
Borrer in Eng. Bot. Suppl.
2 bracteosus Ser. - 312

Baum. Cat. - 317
5 fdliis variegatis 317
6 leucocarpus Ser. 317

11. hfspidus L. - 317

R. trividlis Michx. Fl. Bor.

Reg., Ser. in Dec.
Prod. - - 322

2. (f.) kamtschatica 322

R. a. r & S W. & N. Rubi

Amer., R. proctimbens Miihl.,

§ ii. Bracteatcs.

Germ.

R.flagelldris Willd.

3. bracteata Wendl. 323

3. micranthusZ). Z>w.312
R. paucifldrus Lmd. in Bot.
Reg., Hort. Brit.

§ iii. Leaves lobed, not pin-
nate or digitate.

Lord Macartney's Rose.
2 scabricaulis Lind.323
3 flore pleno Hort. 323

4. occidentals L. - 313

12. odoratus L. 317

4 MariaLeonida/T. 323

R. virginidnus Hort., R.
idce'us fritctu nigro Dill. : the

R.occidentdlis Hort., but not
of Lin. : the Virginian Rasp.

4. imcrophylla#o.r&. 323

American Bramble.

berry, the flowering Raspberry:

Hoi-ton^hong, Chinese.

5. idsevus L. - - 313

Ronce odorante, Fr. ; Rovo del
Canada, Ital.

5. involucrata Roxb. 324

The common Raspberry — R.
frambcesidnus Lam. Fl. Fr. :
Framboisier, Fr ; gemeine

13. nutkanus Moc. 318
R. odordtus Hort., not Lin.

R. Lindley&na Trait. Ros., R.
palustris Buchan. (Ham.) MS.

Brombeere, Germ. ; Frambo,
Ital. ; Raspis, Framboise,
Hinde-berry, Johns. Ger.
2 microphyllus Wai. 313

Species and Varieties of R6-
bus best deserving of Cultiva-
tion in British Gardens, as orna-
mental Shrubs - - 183

$ iii. Cinnamdmece Lindl.

A. Species Natives of North
America.

Garden Vars. — Red-fruited,
Yellow-fruited, White-fruit-
ed, and one which bears twice
in the year.

Other Sorts of Shrubby Rubuses.
— R. macropetalus Doug. MS.
in Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer., R.
delici&sus Torrey in Ann.
Lye., R. /iliaceus Smith in

6. lucida Ehrh. - 324

R. riibra lucida Rossig. Ros.,
R. lucida Jacq. Fragm. : Rose
Turneps : Rosier d Feuilles de

Rees's Cycl. (R. cordifblius

fTGn>€) r r.

§ ii. Leaves digitate, of

D. Don) - - 319

7. nitida W. - 325

3 — 5 leaflets.
6. laciniatus W. - 314

X. POTENTI'LLA L. 319

The Shrubby Cinquefoil. —

R. Redutea. rufescens Thory
in Red. Ros. : the dwarf La-
brador Rose.

a 2

XX

CONTENTS.

8. J?apa Bosc - 325

R. t&rgida Pers. Ench., R.
fraxirtijolia Duraont in Cours.
Bot. Cult.

9. parviflora Ehrh. 325
The Pennsylvanian Rose. — R.

humilis Marsh Arb., R. caroli-

nidna Mich. Fl. Bor. Amer., R.

Carolina y efS Ait. Hort. Kew.

2 florepleno Red. R. 326

lO./raxinifblia Boric. 326

R. virginidna Mill. Diet., R.
blanda * Sol. MS., Jacq. Frag.,
R. corywzfiosaBosc.Dict.d' Agr.,
R. alplna /3 Ait. Hort. Kew.,
R. alplna Ite'vis Red. Ros.,
Lawr. Ros.

Other North American Species.
—R. WoodszY Lindl., R. ca-
rolma Lin., R. Lindleyi
Spreng.

B. Species Natives of Nepal.

11. macrophylla L. 326

C. Species Natives of Continental
Europe.

12.cinnamomeaJ5<?5/. 326

R. fcecundtssima' Munch.
Hausv., R. majalis Herm.Diss.
Other European Species not

Natives of Britain. — R. fru-

tetbrum Bess., R.tauricuBteb.

and R. dahtirica Pall. 327

D. Species Natives of Britain.

13. 0.) majalis Retz. 327

R. miltica Fl. Dan., R. spi-
nosissima Gorter. Ingr., R. col-
lincola Ehrh. Beitr., R. cinna-
mdmea Eng. Bot.

14. Dicksomamz L. 327

§ iv. Pimpinellifdlice Lindl.
A. Species Natives of Europe.

15. alpinai. - - 328

R. rupestris Crantz. Austr.,
R. monspellaca Gouan Monsp.,
R. inermis Mill. Diet., R. hy-
brida Vill. Dauph., R. lage-
ndria Vill., R. bifibra Krok.
Fl Sib.

2 laTvis Ser. not Desv.

or Red. - 328
R. Sanguisdrba majbris,

&c., Dill. Elth.
R. alplna gldbra Desv.
R. a. vulgdris Red. Ros.

3 specidsa Hort. 328
DrummoncTs Thornless.

Other Varieties. - 328

16. suavis Willd. - 328

17. sulphurea Ait. 329

R. hemispherica Herm.Diss.,
R. glaucophylla Ehrh. Beitr.,
Kbsalitteafldre plena Rai Hist.,
R. liitea Brot. Fl. Lus. : the
double yellow Rose.

18. sanguisorbifoLD. 329

R. spinosissima var. sangui-
torbifblia Lindl. Ros., R. spinos.
var. macrophylla Ser. in Dec.
Prod.

B. Species Natives of Siberia.

19. grandiflora Lindl. 329

R. pimpinellijblia Bieb. Fl.
Taur.

C. Species Natives of North
America and Siberia.

20. lutescens Pursh 329

R. hispida Curt. Bot. Mag.

2 1 . myriacantha Dec. 330
R. parvifblia Pall. Ross. ?,

n.provincidlisGiel). Fl.Taur. ?,
R. spinosissima var. v> myria-
cantha Ser. in Dec. Prod.

22. reversa W. $ K. 330

D. Species Natives of Britain.

23. spinosfssima L. 330
The Scotch Rose.

Varieties ... 330

24. rubella Smith - 331

25. hibernica Smith 331

26. Wflsoni Borr. - 331

27. involuta Smith - 331

R. nivdlis Donn Hort. Cant.

28. Sabini Woods - 332
Var. — R. S.gracilisH. S.

29. ~Donidna Woods 332
R. Sabml /3 Lindl. Ros.

§ v. Centifolice Lindl.

30. damascena Mill. 332

The Damask Rose R. bel-

sica Mill. Diet. ; R. calendarum
Munch. Hausv. ex Bork. Holz.,
Rossig, Ros. ; R. blfera Poir.
Suppl., Red. Ros. : Rose d
quatre Saisons.

Varieties - - - - 333

31. centifolia L. -333
The Provence, or Cabbage,

Rose — R. provincidlis Mill.
Diet., R. polyanthos Rossig.
Ros., R. caryophyllea Poir.
Suppl., R. unguiculdta Desf.
Cat., R. vdrians Pohl. Bohem.

1 provincialis Mill. 333
The Provence, or Cabbage,

Roses ; among which are,
the royal and cabbage blush,
the carmine, the cluster, the
Duchesse d'Angouleme, the
Provence (of which there
are upwards of 20 subvars.),
the prolific, the striped nose-
gay, and the Versailles.

2 muscosa Mill. - 334
The Moss Roses ; among

which are, the common
single, the common double,
the blush, the dark, the
striped, the white, the
crested moss, and many
others.

3 pompdnia Dec. - 334

The Pompone Roses N.
Du Ham., R. pompbnia Red.
Ros. ; among which are, the
Rose de Meaux, the mossy
de Meaux, the dwarf, and
small Provence, the Rose
de Rheims, and the com-
mon and proliferous pom-
pone.

I 32. gallica L. - 334

R. centifolia Mill. Diet., R.

sylvatica Gater. Mont., R. ru-

\ bra Lam. Fl. Fr., R. holose-

\ ricea Rossig. Ros., R. belgica

Brot. Fl. Lus., R. blanda Brot. :

Rose de Provins, Fr. ; Essig

Rose, Ger.

Varieties - - - 334

A. Natives of Middle Europe,
not of Britain.

33. turbinata Ait. - 335

The Frankfort Rose. — R. cam-
panulata Ehrh. Beitr., R.fran-
cojortidna Munch. Hausv., R.
francfurtensis Rossig. Ros.

1 francofurtana Ser. 335

2 orbessana Ser. - 335

34. alba L. - - 336

R. usitatissima Gat. Montaub.

B. Natives of Europe and
Britain.

35. villosa L. - 336

R. m6llis Sm. in Eng. Bot.,
R. tomentbsa /3 Lindl. Ros., R.
heterophylla Woods, R. pomi-
Herm. Diss.

fera

Varieties

336

36. tomentosa Sm. - 336

R. villosa Ehrh. Arb., Du
Roi Harbk., Fl. Dan. ; R. mol-
llssima Bork. Holz. ; R. dubia
Wibel Wirth. ; R. villdsa £
Huds.

§ vii. Rubigindsce Lindl.

A. Species Natives of Britain.

37. rubiginosa L. - 337

The Sweetbriar, or Eglan-
tine. — R. suavifblia Lightf.
Scot., Fl. Dan. ; R. Eglanteria
Mill. Diet., jLm. Sp. ed. 1. ;
R. agrestis Savi Fl. Pis.; R.
rubiginosa parviflora Rau.
Enum.

Varieties ... 337

38. micrantha Sm. - 337

R. rubiginosa ft micrantha
Lindl. Ros., with erroneous
synonymes.

39. sepium Thuil. - 337

R. helvetica and R. myrtifdlia
Hall., R. canma Dec. Fl. Fr.
ed. 3., R. agrestis Savi Fl. Pis.
R. biserrdta Mer. Fl. Par. ex
Desv.

40. inodora - - 338

R. dumetbrum Eng. Bot. ;
R. Borreri Sm. Eng. Fl., Don's
Mill. ; R. rubiginosa var. ino-
dora Lindl. Ros.

B. Species Natives of Middle

Europe.

41. lutea Z>. Don - 338

R. EglantSria Lin. Sp., Red.
Ros. ; R. fcc'lida Herm. Diss. ;
R. chlorophylla Ehrh. Beitr. ;
R. cerea Rossig. Ros.

2 subrubra Red. R. 338

3 punicea Lind. R. 338
R. punicea Mill. Diet.,

Rossig. Ros.

CONTENTS.

XXI

R. cinnambmea R. Fl.Ger.
R. lutea bicolor Jacq. Vin-
dob.,Lawr. Ros., Bt. M.
R. Egl. punicea Red. Ros,
R. Egl. bicolor DC. Fl. Fr.

4 flore pleno - 338
IViUiams's double yellow

Sweet Briar.

5 Hoggu D. Don 339
Hogg's yellow Amer. Rose.

Other Species belonging to this
Section. — R. iberica Sm., R.
glutinosa Sm., R. KltikiY
Bess., R. suavdolens Pursh,
R. Montezimue Humb.

§ viii. Canince Lindl.
A. Species Natives of Britain.

42. caninaZ,. - 339

R. dumalis Bechst. Forstb. ;

R. andegavensis Bat. Fl. Main.

et Loir., Red. Ros. ; R. glauca

Lois. ; R. arvensis Schrank Fl.

M. ; R. glaucescens Mer. Par. ;

R. nitens Mer. ; R. tenertffemis

Donn Hort. Cant. ed. 8. ; R.

senlicbsa Achar. Acad. Handl.

2 aciphylla Lindl. 339

R. aciphylla Rau., Red.

Other Varieties. - - 339

43. Footer* Sm. - 339

R. collina £ & y Woods in
Lin. Trans.

44. dumet6rum7%z«7.340

R. leucdntha ft acufifblia
Bast, in Dec. Fl. Fr., R. septum
Borkh. ex Rau. Enum., R.
solstilialis Bess. Prim. Fl.Gall.,
R. corymbifera Gmel. Fl. Bad.
Als.

45. sarmentacea Sw. 340

R. glaucophylla Winch Geog.
Dis., R. canma Roth Fl. Ger.

46. cassia Sm. - 340

R. canma pubescens Afz.
Ros. Suec. Tent., R. canina £
cie'sia Lindl. Ros.

B. Species Natives of Middle
Europe.

47. rubrifolia Fill. - 340

R. rubtctnda HalL^'l. inRoem!
Arch., R. litrida Andr. Ros.,
R.cinnambmea y rubrifbliaRed.

C. Species Natives of Asia.

48. caucasica Pall. - 341

R. leucdntha Bieb. Fl. Taur.

49. indica L. - - 341

R. sinica Lin. Syst., R. sem-
perflbrens cdrnea Rossig. Ros.
R. indica chinensis setniplena
Ser. Mel., R. reclindta fibre
submultiplici Red. Ros. : the
monthly Roue, the blush China
Rose, the Tea-scented Rose:
Rosier Indien, Rose The, Fr. ;
Indische Rose, Ger.

2 Noisetttana Ser. 342
purpurea Red. 342
nivea - - 342
At me Vibert.
Smith« - - 342
Smith's Yellow Noisette
Rose.

3 odoratissimaZ-mrfZ. 342
R.odoratissima Swt. Hort

Sub. Lond.

R. indica frdgrans Red
Ros.

The sweetest, or tea-
scented, China Rose.
Rose a Odeur de The, Fr.

4 longifolia Lindl. 342
R. longifolia Willd. Enum.
R.semperftorens var.T., N.

Du Ham.
R. salictfblia Hort.

5 pumila Lindl. R. 342

6 caryophyllea Red. 342

7 pannosa Red. - 342

8 cruentaRed. and Don's

Mill. - - 342

9 Fraserzawa Hort. 342

10 ruga Lindl B.R. 343

1 1 ochroleuca B. R. 343

12 flavescens - - 343
The true tea-scented China

Ruse.

13 Blaim D. Don - 343

50. semperflorens C. 343

R.diversifblia Vent. Cels., R.
bengalensis Pers. Ench., R.
indica Red. Ros.

51. Lawrenceawa S. 343

R. semperftbrens minima
Sims Bot. Mag., R. acuntindta
var. oc, acumindta Red. Ros.,
R. indica Laivrenceana. Red.
Ros.

52.ser'iceaLindt. - 344

§ ix. Systylce Lindl.

A. Species Natives of Britain
and other Parts of Europe.

53. systyla Sat. - 344

R. collina Sm. in Eng. Bot.,
R. stylbsa Desv. Journ. Bot.,
R. brevistyla Dec Fl. Fr. Sup.,
R. bractcdta Dec., R. systyla a.
ovdta Lindl. Ros.

54. arvensis Huds. - 344

R. sylvestris Hem. Diss. ; R.
scdndens Mrench Weiss. ; R.
herperhodon Ehrh. Beitr. ; R.
Halleri Krok. Siles. ; 11. fusca
Mrench Meth. ; R. serpens
Ehrh. Arbor. ; R. sempervirens
Rossig. Ros. ; R. repens Gmel.
Fl. Bad. Als., Jacq. Fragm.; R.
rdmpans Reyn. Mem. Laus.

2 ayreshirea Ser. - 345
R. capreoldta Neill in

Edin. Phil. Journ.

3 hybrida Lindl. R. 345

B. Species Natives of Middle

Europe.

55. (a.)sempervirens345

R. scdndens Mill. Diet. R. ba
ledrica Desf. Cat., Pers. Ench.
R. atrovirens Viv. Fl. Ital.
R. sempervirens globbsa Red
Ros. ; R. sempervirens var. et
sedndens Dec. Fl. Fr.

2 Russelh'ana - 346

3 Claret - - 346
The Rose Clare.

a 3

C. Species Natives of Asia, and

one of them of Africa.

56. multiflora Thunb. 346

R. flava Donn, R. florida
Poir. Suppl., R. aijfusa Roxb.
2 Grevillet Hort. - 346
R. Roxburghii Hort.
R. platyph/Ua Red. Ros.
The Seven Sisters Rose.
Boursaultz Hort. 347

57. Brunonw Lindl. 347

R. Brownii Spreng. Syst.

58. moschata Mill. 347

R. opsostemma Ehrh. Beitr.,
R. glandulifera Roxb.

2 flore pleno G. Don 347

3 nivea Lindl. B.R. 348
R. nivea Dupont, not of

Dec.
R. m. ? var. rbsea Ser.

4 nepalensis Lindl. 348

Other Vars The fringed,

Princesse de Nassau, and
Tea-scented - - 348

D. Species Natives of North

America.

59. mbifolia R. Br. 348
§ x. Sanksianse Lindl.

60. sinica Ait. - 349
The trifoliate-leaved China

Rose.— R. trifolidta Bosc Diet,
ex Poir., R. ternata Poir. Sup.,
R. cherokeensis Donn Hort.
Cant., R. nivea Dec. Hort.
Monsp., Red.Ros., R. hystrix
Lindl. Monog., R. tevigdta MX.

61. Banks?a?R. Br. 349

R. Azwfoiana Abel Chin., R.
inermis Roxb.

2 lutea Lindl. - S49

62. microcarpaZ,zwrf/. 350

R. cymbsa Tratt. Ros.

63. hystrix Lindl. - 350

Other Species and Varieties of

Rosa - - - 350

Soil and Situation - - 350

XIII. LONWE/* Lindl. 352

Rdso sp. Pall. & Lindl. in
Ros. Monog.

1. berberifoYia Lindl. 352
R. simplicifblia Sal. Hort.

Allert. ; R. berberi/otfa Pall.

Lindl. Ros. Monog. French

edition, Dec. Prod., Spreng.

Syst., Wallroth Monog.

Varieties ... 352

Sect. V. PO'ME^E Lindl.

XIV. CRAT^GUS Lindl.

The Them. — Crafts 'gus and
Mespilus sp. L. and others : Ne-
ftier, Alisier, Aubepine, Fr. ;
Doom, Uzbeer, Misprl, Ger. ;
Doom, Dutch ; Crattcgo, Ital. ;
Espino, Span.

§ i. Coccineee.
1. coccinea L. - -353

C. (EStivdlis Booth ; Mespifrs
atstivdlis Walt. Fl. Car.; M.

XXII

CONTENTS.

coccinea Mill., N. Du Ham. :
Thornless American Azarole :
Neflier ccarlate, Fr. ; Schar-
lachrothe Mis-pel, Ger. ; Laxze-
ruolo rosso, Ital.

2 corallina - - 354
C. corallina Lodd. Cat.
C. pyrtformis, and C.

pectinata, of some col.

3 indentata - - 354
C. indentata Lodd. Cat.
C. georgica Doug.

4 maxima Lod. Cat. 354
C. c. spinbsa Godefroy.
C. acerifdlia Hort.

C. fflabellata Hort.

5 neapolitana Hort. 354
Mespilus constantinopoli-

tana Godefroy.

2. glandulosa W. - 354

? C. sanguinea Pall. FL Ros.,
? Mespilus rotundifblia Ehrh.
B., fyrus glandulbsa Moench
C. rotundifblia Booth.

2 succulenta Fisch. 354
Mespilus succulenta B.

3 subvillosa - - 355
C. subvillbsa Fisch.

§ ii. Punctdtce.

3. punctata ^4^. - 355

C. Crus-gdlli Du Roi, Mes-
pilus cuneifolia Ehrh. Beitr.,
M. punctata Lk. Enum. M.
cor ni folia Lam. Encyc.

2 rubra PwrsA - 356
C. edu/t's Ronalds.

3 rubra stricta Hort.356
C. p. stricta Ronalds.

4 aurea Pursh - 356
C. p.fidva Hort.

C. diilcis Ronalds.
C. edblis Lodd. Cat.
C.pentdgynaflava Godef.

5 brevispina Doug. 356

4. joyrifolia Ait. - 356

C.leucophlce^os (white-barked]
Mcench Weiss., C. radiata Lod.
Cat. 1836, C. tomentbsaDu Roi
Harbk., C. latifolia Pers.,
Mespilus latifblia Lam. Enc.,
M. calpodendron Ehrh. Beitr.,
M. oj/nfdlia Link Enum., M.
cornifblia Poir., C. latifdlia Ro-
nalds, C. cornifblia Booth:
Lazzarollo perino, Ital.

§ iii. MacracantJue.

5. macracantha Z/orf. 357

C. glandulbsa /3 macrantha
Lindl., C. spma longissima
Hammersmith Nursery, C. py-
rifblia Torrey.

2 minor - - 358

§ iv. Crus-gdlli.

6. Ous-galli L. - 358

C. liicida Wang. Am., Mill.
Diet.; C. cuncifblia Lodd. Cat.:
Mespilus Ittcida Ehrh. Beitr.,
M. Crfis-galli Poir. ; M. hue.
vialis W7alt. ; M. cuneifblia
Mcench : Neflier Pied de Coq,
Fr. ; Glanxenrie Mispel, Ger. ;
Lazzarollo spinoso, Ital.

2 splendens Z)ec. - 359
C. urbutffb/ia and C. sp n-
dens Lodd. Cat.

3 pyracanthif. Dec. - 359
C. ipyracanthifblia Lodd.
^•1*

rblus All. Ped., N. Du Ham. :
Niftier Azarole, Neflier dt
Naples, E'pine d'Espagne,

v/<lt.
files pilus liicida Dnm.
Cours. Bot. Cult.

Pommettes a deux Closes, Fr. ;
Azarol Mispel, Ger. ; Azze-

4 salicifolia Z>ec. - 360

ruolo, Ital.
Vars.— In the N. Du Ham.

C. salicifblia.

are enumerated : — 1. Afes-

5 linear is Dec. - 36O

pilus ^rbnia, with the leaves

Mespilus linearis Desf.
Arb.

hairy beneath ; 2. Azarole,
with large deep-red fruit ; 3.

C. linearis Lodd. Cat.
6 nana Dec. Prod. 360
Mespilus nana Dum. Sup.

Azarole, with yellowish white
fruit; 4. Azarole, with long
fruit of a whitish yellow ; 5.
Azarole, with double flowers ;

7. (c.)ovalifolia//o?-w. 360

6. The White Azarole of
Italy. ... - 369

C. ettiptica Lodd. Cat, C.

Crus-gdlli ovalifblia Bot. Reg.

19. (A.) maroccana 369

8. (c) prunifolia J?o5c 36 1

Wltspilus prunifblia Poir.

? C. matira Lin. fil. Sup. ac-
cording to Dec. : Sarrour,
Arabic.

Diet., C. caroliniana Lodd.

Cat. : Lazztruolino, Ital.

20. ^ronia Bosc - 370

§ v. Nigr<B.
9. nigra W. $ K. - 362

Mespilus Arbnia Willd. Enum.
Suppl. and N. Du Ham., C.
Azarblus B Willd. sp., C.fissa
Lodd. Cat.

Mespilus ntsra Willd. Enum.,
C. carpdtica Lodd. Cat.

21. orientalis Bosc 371

? C. fusca Jacq. - 362

Mespilus orientalis Tourn
and Poir. Suppl., C. odoratis-

10. purpurea Bosc 363
C. sanguinea Hort.

sitna Bot. Rep. and Lod. Cat.,
C. tanacetifdlia var. 8 taurica
Dec. Prod.

2 altaica - - 353

C. a^azco Lodd. Cat.

2 sanguinea - 371
C. sanguinea Schrad. Ind.

§ vi. Douglasii.

Sem.H. Ac. Got. 1834.
C. orientalis Lindl. Bot.

11. Douglasw Lindl. 364

Reg.
22. tanacetifolia P. 372

§ vii. Fldvce.

Mespilus tanacetifblia Poir.

12. flava ^i#. - 364

Diet, and N. Du Ham., M.
pinnata Dum. Cours., ? Mes-

C. glandulbsa MX. Fl. Bor.

pilus Ce&iana Dum. Cours.

Amer., not of Walt. ; Mes-

Suppl. according to Dec. :

pilus Michauxii Pers. Syn. ; C.

Lazzeruolo turco, Ital.

caroliniana Poir. Diet. ; C.
jftavissima Hort. ; C. ? turbi-
nata Pursh.

2 glabra Lodd. - 372
3 Leeawo - - 372

C. inctsa Lee.

13. (f.)lohata^o*c 365

Lee's Seedling, Hort.

Mespiluslobata Poir. Suppl.,

C. Itotea Poir.

§ xi. Heterophylla.

14. (f.) trilobata L. 366

C. spinoslssima Lee.

23. heteroph/lla F. 374

§ viii. Apiifolice.

§ xii. Qxyacantliae.

15. «piifolia MX. - 366

C. Ozyacdnfha Walt. Ca-

24. Oxyacantha L. 375

rol., C. apiifblia major Lodd.
Cat.

The common Hawthorn. — Py-
racdntha of the Greeks ; Mes-

2 minor - - 366
C. apiifblia Lodd. Cat.

pilus Oxyacantha Gaertn. and
N. Du Ham.: E'pine blanche,
noble E'pine, Bois de Mai,

§ ix. MicrocarptB.

Scuelleir Aubipine, NeflierAub-
epine, Fr. ; Hagedorn gemei-

16. cordata Mill. - 367

nerWeissdorn,Ger. ; Hagetoan,
Dan. ; Hagetorn, Swed. ; A-

Mespilus Ph<sn6pyrum L.,

canta da Stepe, Azzarolo salva-

M. corrf^to Mill., C. populi-

tico, and Bianco Spino, Ital. ;

fblia Walt. Car. and Pursh

Espino bianco, Span. : While

"Sept., M. acerifblia Poir. Diet.

Thorn, May bush, Quick, Quick-

17. spathulata Elliot 367
C. microcdrpa Lindl. Bot.
Reg., C.florida Godefroy.
2 geargica - - 368

set, May. '

A. Varieties differing from the
Species in the general Form
and Mode of Growth.
2 stricta Lod. Cat. 375

C. gedrgtca Lod.

C. O. rigida Ronalds.

§ x. Azaroli.

3 p^ndula Lod. Cat. 376

18. Azarblus L. - 368

fyrus Azarblus Scop. Corn.,
J. Bauh. Hist. ; TAespilus A*a-

4 reginae Hort. - 376
Queen Mary's Thorn.
5 Celsianer. Hort. 37"

CONTENTS.

XX111

6capitata Sm. Ayr 377 i Du Ro1 ; C. turbmata Pursh ;
« a v e / OTT c- viridis, axillaris, betulifblia,
7 flexuosa Sm. Ayr 377 : fi6rida, Unearis Lodd. Cat. :
B. Varieties differing in the ' Gooseberry-leaved Thorn, Lord

Sp., not Lam. ; M. eriocarpa
Dec. Fl. Fr. Synops. and Sup.

3. (v.) laxiflora Jacq. 4:07

Colour of the Flowers.

Mteyt Tnorn.

2 uniflora Fischer 407

8 rosea Hort. - 377
E'pinier Marron, Fr.
9 punicea Lod. Cat. 377

2 florida - - 383
C.florida Lodd^. Cat.
3 grossulariasfolia 383

4. denticulata - - 407

C. O. rosea superba Hort.

C. linedris Lodd. Cat.

$ ii. Sub -evergreen or deci-

C. Varieties differing in the
Developement or Structure of

26. virgfnica Lodd. 384

C. virsiniana Hort. ; C. spa-

duous. Tall Shrubs or low
Trees.

tiie Flowers.

thuldta Michx.. Lindl. : C. vi-

10 multiplex Hort. 377 ridis Hort.

5. frfgida Wall. - 407

C. O. fibre plena Hort.
11 punicea fl. pleno 377

§ xiv. Mexicana.

Pyrus Nussia Ham. in Prod.
Fl. Nep., Dec. Prod.

ISmonogyna - 377

21. mexicana Moc. 384

6. (f.) affinis Lindl. 408

C. monogyna Jacq.

C. slipuldcea Lodd. Cat, C.

Mespilus integerrima Ham.

13 apetala Lod. Cat. 37 7

Lamberti&na. Hort.

MSS., M. affinis D. Don
Prod. Fl. Nep., ? C. kumdna,

D. Varieties differing in the
Time of Flowering.

§ xv. Fyracdntha.

in Lodd. collection.

14 pra3vcox £Tor£. - 377
The Glastonbury Thorn.
15 sibirica - - 377

28. Pyracantha Pers.385

Mespilus Pyracantha L. :
Evergreen Thorn : Buisson ar-

7. acuminata Lindl. 409
Mespilus acuminata Lodd.
Bot. Cab.

C. sibirica Lodd. Cat.
C. mondgyna L.
1 6 transylvanica B. 377

dent, Fr. ; immergrunc Mispcl,
Ger. , Agazzino, Ital.
2 crenulata Hort. - 385

8. nummularia LindlA09
C. elliptica Hort., Eriob6-
trya elliptica Lindl., Mespilus

E. Varieties differing in the
Colour of the Fruit.

C. crenulata Hort.

Cuile Hort., ? C. lce\<is in
Lodd. collection.

17 melanocarpa - 378

Crafts' 'gus in part.

§ iii. Leaves evergreen,

C. O. pUityphylla Lod.

1. glaucescens LindlAOS

leathery. Low Shrubs,

C. platyphylla Lindl.

Crata?gusglaucdVfa\\. Cat.

with prostrate Branches ;

18 Oliveriana - - 378
C. Oliver&naBosc.

XVI. PHOTI'NIA L. 403

Trailers, but not pro-
i /~i

C. Oliveria. Lodd. Cat.

Crata^gus sp. L.

perly Lreepers.

C.orientalis Lodd. Cat.
19 aurea Hort. - 379

1 . serrulata Lindl. 404

9. rotundifolia Wall.4i\0

C. ftava Hort.
20 aurantiaca Sooth 379

CratcE^gus gldbra Thunb. Fl.
Jap., Bot. Mag., Lodd. Bot.
Cav., Colla Hort. Ripul.

C. microphylla $ U'va-ursi
Lindl. Bot. Reg., C. U'va-ursi
Hort. : the Bearberry -leaved

21 leucocarpa - 379
F. Varieties differing in having
the Fruit woolly.
22 eriocarpa Lindl. 379

2. arbutifolia Lindl. 404
Crafts* gus arbutijblia Ait.
Hort. Kew.

Nepal Cotoneaster.

10. (r.) microphvlla411
11. (r.)6uxifoliaV.4H

C. eriocarpa Lodd. Cat.

3. integrifolia Lindl. 405

2 marginata - - 411

G. Varieties differing in the
Form of the Leaves.
23 obtusata Dec. P. 379
Mespilus Oxyacantha in-

Pyrus integerrima Wall, ex
D. Don Prod. Fl. Nep.

4. dubia Lindl. - 405

Mespilus bengalensis Roxb.,

C. marginata Lindl.

XVIII. AMELA'NCHIER

Mespilus L., Pyrus W.,

fcgrtfdOaWallr.Scbed.

M. tinctbria D. Don Prod.

*

C. nxyacanlholdes Thuil.
Fl. Bot. Reg. Dec. Fl.

Fl. Nep., Cratce^gus Shicdla
Ham. MSS.

1. vulgaris Mcench 412
Mespilus Amel&nchier Lin.

C. Gxyacantha Fl. Dan.
The French Hawthorn.
24 (juercifolia B. 380
25 laciniata - - 380
C. laciniata Lodd. Cat.
26 fteridifolia - 381
C. pterifblia Lod. Cat.
27 oxyphylla Mono. 381

XVII. COTONEASTER.

Mespilus sp. L. : Neflier co-
tonneux, Fr. ; Quit ten -Mispel,
Ger. ; Cotognastro, Ital.

§ i. Leaves deciduous.
Shrubs.

Sp., Jacq. Fl. Austr. ,• Pyrui
Amelanchier Wild. Sp.j Arbnia
rotundifolia Pers. Syn. ; Cra-
tce^gus rotundifolia L'am. ; S6r-
bus Amel&nchier Cranlz: Alisier
Amelanchier, Amelanchier des
Bois, Nffiier a Feuilles rondes,
Fr. ; Felsenbirne, Ger. ; Pero
cervino, Ital.

II. Varieties differing in the
Colour of the Leaves.

1. vulgaris Lindl. - 406
Mespilus Cotoneaster Lin.

2. (v.) Botryapium 412

Mespilus canadensis Lin.

28 foliis aureis L. (7.381

Sp., CEd. Fl. Dan. ; Neflier

Sp., M. arbbrea Michx. Arb.,

C. lutescens Booth.

cotonneux, Fr. ; QuiltenMispel,

Cral&^gus racembsa Lam.

29 foliis argenteis 381
30 lucida - - 381

Ger. ; Salciagnolo, Ital.
1 erythrocarpa Led. 406
2 melanocarpa Led. 406

Diet., Pyrus Botryapium Lin.
fil. Suppl. ; Arbnia Botryapium
Pers. Syn., the Canadian Med-
lar, Snowy Mespilus, June

§ xiii. Parvifoliae.

Mespilus Cotoneaster Pall.
Fl. Ross.

Berry, wild Pear Tree: Ali-
sier de Choisu, Amelanchier de

25. parvifolia Ait. - 383

Mespilus axilldris Pers. Syn. ;
M. tomentbsa Poir. Diet. ; M.
xanthocdrpos Lin. fil. Suppl. ;
M. parvifolia Wats. Dend.
Brit; Crat^gus tomentbsaLm.

M. melanocarpa Fisch.
C. melanocarpa Lodd. C.
3 depressa Fries Nov.
Suec., Dec. Prod.
2. (v.) tomentosa JL.406

Choisy, Alisier a Grappes, Fr. i
Traubenbirne, Ger.

3. (v.) sanguinea - 413

Pyrus sanguinea Pursh Fl.
Amer. Sept., Arbnia sangui-

Sp., Trew Ehr. ; C. uniflbra

Mespilus tomenlbsa Willd.

nea Nutt., Mespilus canaden-

a 4

XXIV

CONTENTS.

si's y rotundifblia Michx. Fl.
Bor. Amer.

4. (v.) ovalis Dec. 413

Crate* gus spicdta Lam.
Diet. V, Mespilus Amelanchier
Wall. Car,, A. parviflbra
Doug. MSS.; M. canadensis
var. « ovdlis Michx. Am., P^-
rus ovalis Willd. Sp., Aronia
ovalis Pers. Syn. : Amelan-
chier du Canada, Alisier a E'pi,
Fr. ; rundbl'dttrige Birne, Ger.

2 subcordata Dec. 414
A'-bnia subcordata Raf.
M«/«s microcdrpa Raf.

3 semi-integrifolia 414

5. (v.) florida £tW/. 414
2 parvifolia - - 414

A. parvifolia Hort. Soc.

XIX. ME'SPILUS £.414

The Medlar — Mespilus sp.
of Lin. and others, Mespild-
phora sp. of Neck. : Nejftier,
Fr. ; Mispel, Ger. ; Nespolo,
Ital.

1. germanica Z/. - 415

1 syl vestr is MZ. Die. 4 1 6

2 stricta Dec. Ait. 416

3 diffusa Dec. Ait. 416
Cultivated Varieties 1 .

Blake's large-fruited Medlar ;
2. Dutch Medlar ; 3. Notting-
ham, or common, Medlar ;
4. Stoneless Medlar.

2. Smfth« Dec. - 416

M. grandiflbra Smith Exot.
Bot. ; M. lobdta Poir., Hook,
in Bot. Mag.

XX. PY'RUS Lindl. 417

The Pear Tree — Pyrus
Mains and Sorbus Tourn;,
Yyrus and Sorbus L;, Pyro-
nhorum and Apyrophorum
Neck.

$ i. Pyrophorum Dec.
1. communis .L. - 417

P. A^chras Ga?rtn. Fruct,
P. sylvestris Dod. Pempt ,
Pyraster Ray Syn. : P airier,
Fr. ; gttneine Birne, or Birnc-
baum, Ger. ; P^ro domestico,
Ital. ; Pm*, Span. ; Gruschka,
Russian.

1 yfchras Wallr. - 417

2 Pyraster JFaftr. 418

3 foliis variegatis 418

4 fructu variegato 418

5 sanguinole'nta - 418

6 flore pleno - - 418
Poire de f Armenie B. Jard

7jaspida - - 418
Bon Chretien a Sot's jaspe

Bon Jard.

8 sativaZtec. - - 418
Subvars. — Beurr^ Diel,
. Beurre de Rans, Bezi de la
Motte, Glout Morceau, Na-
poleon, Swan's Egg: and
the following Scotch Pears
recommended by Mr. Gorrie,
as forms adapted for land-
scape scenery, — the Benvie,

the Golden Knap, the Elcho,
the Busked Lady, and the
Pow Meg - - - 419

2. (c.>alvif61iaZ>ec-. 421

Aurelian, or Orleans Pear ;
Poirier Sauger, D'Ourch in
Bibl. Phys. Econ. Mai, 1817,
p. 299.

3. (c.) nivalis Lm.//.421

4. (c.) sinaica7%OMm421

P. 5/71^1 Desf. Arb., N. Du
Ham. ; P. persica Pers. Syn. :
the Mount Sinai Medlar.

5. (c.) salicifolia L. 422

P. elteagnifdlia Pall., P.
orientdlis Horn. Suppl., P.
(c.) elceagnifdlia Arb. Brit.
1st ed.

6. (c.)«mygdalif<>rmis422

P. sylvestris, Magnol Bot.,
P. salicijblia Lois. Not.

7. sinensis Lindl. 422

P. communis Lois. Cochin,
P. sinica Royle 111. : Ri vulgo
Nas, Japanese : the Sandy
Pear, Snow Pear, Sand
Pear : Sha Lee, Chinese.

8. bollwylieriana - 423

P. bollwylieriana J. Bauh.
Hist., P. Pollveria Lin. Mant.,
P. auriculdris Knoop Pomol.

9. variolosa Wall. 424
P. Pashia Ham. ex Herb.

Lin. Soc.

10. Michauxw Bosc 425

11. indica Colebr. - 425

$ ii. Mfl/iw.

12. Mai us L. - 425

P. -Mdlusmitis Wallr. Sched.,
Mains communis Dec. Fl. Fr. :
Pommier commun, Fr. ; ge-
meine Apfelbium, Ger. ; Pero
Melo and Melo Porno, Ital.

13. (M.) acerba D. 426

Yyrus Mdlus austera Wallr.
Sched., Mains aceroa Merat
Fl. Par., M. communis sylves-
tris Desf., P. Mdlus sylvestris
Fl. Dan., P. Mains Smith
Eng. Bot. : Pommier sauva-
geon, Fr. ; Holxapfelbaum,
Ger. ; Melo salvatico, Ital.

14. (M.) prunifolia 426

The Siberian Crab ; P. Md-
lus (3 hybrida Ait. Hort. Kew.,
? Mdlus hybrida Desf. Arb.

15. ( M.) baccata L. 427
Mdlus baccdta Desf. Arb.

16. (M.) dioica W. 427

P. apetala Miinch. Hauvs.,
Mains dioica Audib. Cat.

17. (M.) astraeanica 427

Mains astraeanica Dum.
Cours. : Transparent de Mos-
covie, Glace de Zelande : the
transparent Crab of English
Nurseries.

Selection of Vars. — The
Red Astrachan ; the White
Astrachan •, the Black Crab ;

the Court pendu plat ; the
Lincolnshire Holland Pippin;
the Tulip Apple ; the Violet
Apple ; the Cherry Crab, or
Cherry Apple ; the Supreme
Crab ; Bigg's Everlasting
Crab - - - - 428

18. coronaria L. - 429

Mdlus coronaria Mill. : Crab
Apple, the sweet-scented Crab,
Amer.

19. (c.) angustifolia 430

P. coronaria Wang. Amer.,
Mdlus sempervlrens Desf.
Arb., P. pumila Hort.

20. spectabilis Ait. 431

The Chinese Crab Tree. —
Mdlus spectabilis Desf. Arb.,
N. Du Ham. ; Mdlus sinensis
Dum. Cours.
Species of which there are only

very young Plants in British

Gardens.

P. Sieverszz Led. Fl. Alt. - 432
P. nov. sp. Sievers in Pall.

Nord. Beitr.

P. SchottzV Ledeb. - - 432
P. stipulacea Hort. - - 432

§ iii. A Via Dec.

21. yTria Ehrh. - 432

CraUe gus AY»V» var. a. Lin.
Sp., Mespilus A'ria Scop. :
Sorbus A Via Crantz Austr. ;
AVirt Theophrdsti L'Obel :
white wild Pear, white Leaf
Tree, red Chess-Apple, Sea
Ouler, Cumberland Hawthorn,
Gerard : Alisier Allonchier,
Alisier blanc, Fr. ; Mehlbeer-
baum, or Mehlbaum, Ger. ;
Aria, or Soiba montana, Ital. ;
Mos/aco, Span. ; Axelbeer,Dan.;
Oxilbeer, Swed.

1 obtusifolia Dec. 433
P. A. ovalis Hort.

2 acutifolia Dec. 433
Crat<£*gus longifblia N.

Du Ham.
? Tfyrus alplna Willd. En.

3 undulata Lindl. 433

4 angustifolia Lindl.433
P. A. longifblia Hort.

5 rugosa Lindl. - 433

6 cretica Lindl. - 433
P. A rolundifolia Hort. ;
P. gr&^ca Hort.

P. A. edulis Hort.
Cratte^gusgrce^ca Hort.

7 bullata Lindl. - 433
P. A. acumindta Hort.

22. (A.) intermedia 434

Crutce^gus AV*Vi /8 Lin. Sp.,
C. scdndica Wahlenb., C.
suecica Ait. : Alisier de Fon-
tainebleau, Fr. ; Schwedischer
Mehlbaum, Ger.

1 latifolia - - 434
Crat^gus latifolia Poir.

Dict.,Du Ham.
Sorbus latifolia Pers.
Grata? 'gu^ dental a Thuil.

2 angustifolia - - 435
P. ed&lis Willd. Enum.

23. vestita Wall. - 435

Pyrus ncpalGnsis Hort. ;
Strbus vestita Lodd. Cat.

CONTENTS.

XXV

1S36 ; P. crenata D. Don Prod.
Fl. Nep.

§ iv. Torminaria Dec.

24. torminalis Ehrh. 436

Cratte'gus torminalis Lin.
Sp., Smith Eng. Bot. ; Sorbus
torminalis Crantz Austr. : the
Maple - leaved Service Tree :
Alisier de Bois, Fr. ; Elzbeer-
baum, Ger. ; Ciavardello, or
Mangiarello, Ital.

25. rivularis Dougl. 437

Pow-itch, the name of the
fruit in the language of the
Chenook tribe of Indians.

§ v. Eriolobus Dec.

26. trilobata Dec. - 437

Cratts^gus trilobata Labill.,
Poir. Suppl.

§ vi. Sorbus Dec.

27. auriculata Dec. 438
Sorbus auricukita Pers. Syn.

28. pinnatifida Ehrh. 438

Sorbus hybrida Lin., Dec. ;
T?yrus hybrida Smith Fl. Brit.,
not ot \Villd. : the Bastard Ser-
vice Tree.

2 lanuginosa - - 438

3 pendula - - 439
S. hybrida pendula Lod.

4 arbuscula Dec. - 439

29. aucuparia Gcertn. 439
The Mountain Ash .— Sorbus

ancupdria Lin. Sp. ; Mespilus
aucuparia All. : Quicken Tree,
Quick Beam, wild Ash, wild
Service, Wichen Tree, Rowan
Tree, Rowne Tree, Roan Tree,
Roddan, Rontry, Mountain Ser-
vice, Witchen, wild Sorb,
Whichcn, Whitten, Wiggen
Tree : Sorbier des Oiseleurs, or
Sorbier des Oiselaux, Fr. ; Vogel
Beerbaum, Ger. ; Soibo salva-
tico, Ital.

2 fructu luteo - - 439

3 foliis variegatis - 439

4 fastigiata - - 439

30. americana Dec. 440

Sorbus americana Ph. Fl.
Bor. Amer., Willd. Enum. ;
S. americana var. $ Michx. Fl.
Amer. ; P. canadensis Hort.

31. microcarpa Dec. 441

Sorb'ts aucuparia «, MX. Fl.
Bor. Amer. , S. micrantha Dum.
Cours., S.microcdrpa Ph. Fl.
Amer. Sept.

32. Sorbus Gcertn. -442

The True Service. — Sorbus
domestica Lin. Sp. ; Pyrus do-
mestica Smith in Eng. Bot.,
Wallr. Ann. Bot., Don's Mill. :
the Whitty Pear Tree: Cor-
mier, or Sorbier cultive, Fr. ;
Speyerlingsbaum, or Sperber-
baum, Ger. ; Sorbo domestico,
Ital.

2 maliformis Lodd. 442
La Corme-Pomme, Fr.

3 pyriformis Lodd. 442
La Corme -Poire, Fr.

33. lanuginosa Dec. 443

P. hybrida lanuginosa Hort.,
Sorbus laniigmosa Kit. in Litt.,
and Lodd. Cat.

34. spiiria Dec. - - 444

P. hybrida Mrench Weiss.
Sorbus spiiria Pers. Syn., Mes-
pilus sorbtfolia Bosc, £ Wats.,
Dend. Brit, not of Smith ; P.
sambucifblia Cham, and Don's
Mill. '

2 pendula Hort. - 445
S. hybrida pendula Lod.
P. spiiria sambucifblia
Hort. Brit.

35. foliolosa Wall. - 445

Other Species-' P. hirclna Wall.
Cat. - • - 445

§ vii. Adenorachis Dec.

36. rtrbutifoliaZy.^/. 446

Cratce^gus pyrifdlia Lam.
Diet., Arbnia \>yrijblia Pers.
Syn., ?Crat<e*gus serrata Poir.
Suppl., Mespilus arbutifolia
Schmidt Arb., Mill. Diet.

2 intermedia Lindl. 446

3 serotina Lindl. - 446

4 pumila - - 446
Mespilus pumila Lodd.

37. (a.) melanocarpa 447

P. Arbutijblia /3 Willd. Sp.,
Arbnia wbtttifblia Pers. Syn.,
Mespilus capitdta Lodd., M.
floribiinr/a Lodd., M. pubens
Lodd Cat.

2 subpubescens L. 447

38.(«.)floribunda£.447

39. (a.) depressa L. 448

40. (a.) pubens L. - 448

41. (a) grandifblia L. 448

§ viii. Chamcemespilus Dec.

42. Chamaemespilus 449

Cratte'gus Cham&mespilus
Jacq. Austr., Mespilus Chanue-
mespilus Lin. Sp., Sorbus Cha-
mcemespilus Crantz Austr.: the
Bastard Quince : niedriger Mis.
pelbaum, Ger. ; Camemespolo,
Ital.

Other Species of fyrus. — P.
alaifblia. Lindl., P.tomentbsa
Dec. Prod., Mdlus tomentbsa
Dum. Cours., P. rubicunda
Hoffmans.

T. -450

The Quince Tree. — Yyrus
sp. Lin., Coignassier, Fr. ;
Quittenbaum, Ger. ; Cotogno,
Ital.

1. vulgaris Pers. -450

Yyrus Vyddnia Lin. Sp., Jacq.
Austr. ; C. europte'a Sav.

1 pyriformis Hort. 450

2 maliformis Hort. 450

3 lusitanica Du H. 451

2. sinensis Thouin - 451

fyrus sinensis Poir. Suppl.

3. japonica Pers. - 452
* japonica Thunb. Fl.

Jap. and Bot. Mag., Chieno-
meles japonica Lindl. Lin. Tr.

2 flore albo - - 452

3 fl. semi-pleno - 452

Calycanthaceaz.
I. CALYCAXNTHUS L. 452

American Allspice. — Caly-
cdntlii sp. Lin., Lam., Willd.;
Buttneria DuHam., not of Lin.;
Beurreria. Ehret Pict. ; Bas-
teria Adans. Fam. ; Pompa-
doHra. Buchoz : Calycdnthe,
Fr. ; Gewiirzstrauch (spice
shrub), Kelch Blume, Ger. ;
Calicanto, Ital.

1. floridus L. - - 453
The Carolina Allspice. — C.

ste'rilis'Wa.lt. Car.: sweet-scented
shrub, in Carolina ; common
American Allspice : Calycanthe
de la Caroline, Fr. ; Carolinische
Kelch Blume, Ger. ; Pompadur
Ital.

1 oblongus Dec. - 453

2 ovatus Dec. - - 453

3 asplenifolius L. C. 453

4 ferox Lodd. Cat. 453

5 glaucus Lod. Cat. 453

6 inodorusLorf. Cat. 453

7 longifoliusiod C. 453

8 variegatusZ,od. C. 453

2. (f.) glaucus Willd. 454

C. fertilis Walt. Car., Lindl.
Bot. Reg., Guimp. Abb. Holz.,
Don's Mill. : the Jertile -flowered
American Allspice.

2 oblongifoliusA^. 454
C. oblongijblius Hort.

3. (f.) laevigatus W. 454

C. ferax Michaux Fl. Bor.
Amer., C.pennsylvdnicus Lod.
Cat

II. CHIMONA'NTHUS L.

The Winter Flower Me-

ratia Nees Act. Soc. Nat. Bonn,
Calycdnthi sp. Linn.

1. fragrans Lindl. - 455

Calycdnthus prts^cox Lin.Sp.,
Ait. Hort. Kew., Curt. Bot.
Mag., Lam. 111. ; Meratia. fra-
grans Nees Act. Soc. Nat.
Bonn. ; O^bai, or Rbbai Kannpf.
Amer.: the Winter Flower;
Calycante de Japan, Fr. ; Ja-
panische Kelch Blume, Ger.

2 grandiflorus Lind.455

3 luteus Hort. - 455

4 parviflorus Hort. 455

Granatdccce.

I. PUVNICA Tourn. 456
The Pomegranate Tree. —
The Carthaginian Apple : Gre-
nadier, Fr. ; Granule, Ger. ;
Melograno, Ital. j Granadus,
Span.

1. Granatum L. - 456

1 rubrum Dec. Prod. 456

2 rub.fl.pl. Trew - 457

3 albescens Dec Pr. 457

XXVI

CONTENTS.

4 albeseens fl.pleno 457

5 flavum Hort. - 457
2. (G.) nana £. - 457

P. americana nana Tourn.,
P. Granatum nanum Pers.

Tamaricacece.

I. TVMARIX Ztesw. 458

The Tamarix — The species of
Tdmarix of authors that have
4-5 stamens : Tamaris, Fr. ;
Tamarisken, Ger. ; Tamarice,
Ital.

l.gallicaL. -458

T. narbonensis Lob. Ic.,
Tamariscus gdllicus All., Ta-
mariscus penldndrus Lam. Fl.
Fr., not of Pall. : Miricc, Ital.

Varieties - - -458

II. MYRICA'RIAD^.459

The species of Tamarix of
authors that have monadelphous
stamens.

1. germanica Desv. 459

Tamarix germanica ^ Lin.
Sp. , Tamariscus decdndrus
Lam. Fl. Fr., Tamarix decdn-
dra Mcench, Tamariscus ger-
mdnicus Lob. Ic. : Tamaris
d'Allemagne, Fr. ; Deutschen
Tamarisken, Ger. ; Tamarigia
piccola, Ital.

2 dahurica Dec. - 459
Tamarix dahurica Willd.
Act. Berol.

Philadelphdcece.

I. PHILADE'LPHUS-L.460

The MockOrange. — Syringa
Tourn. Inst., not of Lin. : Phi-
ladelphus, Fr. ; Pfeifenstrauch
{pipe shrub), Ger. ; Filadelpho,
Ital. ; Pipe Privet, Gerard ;
the Syringa of the gardens.

§ i. Stems stiff and straight.
Flowers in Racemes.

1. coronarius L. - 460

Syringa suaveolens Mcench
Meth. : wohlriechender Pfeif-
enstrauch, Ger.; Fior angiolo,
Ital.

1 vulgaris Sch.Han.46l

2 nanus Mill Diet. 46 1

3 flore pleno L. Cat.46l

4 variegatus L. Cat. 461

2. (c.) inodorus L. 461

Syringa inodbra Mcench ;
P. laxus in various English
gardens : SUindia sen*1 odore,
Ital.

3. (c.) Zeyheri Sch.461

4. verrucosus Schrad.4<62
P. grandtfldrus Lindl. Bot.

Reg., Lodd. Cat. 1836,

5. (v.) latifolius SchAQ2
P. pubescens Cels. Hort.,

Lois. Herb. Amat.

7. speciosus Schrad. 463
P. grandiflbrus of German

gardeners, P. grandifldrus lax-
us of other gardeners.

8. Gordonzawws Lin. 463

§ ii. Stems more slender,
rambling, twiggy, and
loose. Flowers solitary,
or 2 or 3 together.

9. laxus Schrad. - 464
P. hitmilis Hort., P. pubes-
cens Lodd. Cat. 1836.

10. (1) grandiflorus 464

P. inodorus Hort., P. laxus
Lodd. Cat. 1836

11. hirsutus Nutt. - 464

P. villbsus Lodd. Cat., P.
grdcilis Lodd. Cat.

12. tomentosus Wal/A65

P. nepalensis Lodd. Cat.
1836, ? P. tr(flbrus Royle.
Other Species ofYhiladelphus —

P. mexicanus Sch. - 465

II. DEU TZIA Thun. 465

Philadelphus, in part ; Lep-
tospermum, in part.

1. scabra - - 466
2. (s.) corymbosa 466

D. canescens Sieboldt, 'Phi-
ladelphus corymbbsus Wall.

Other Species of Deutxia D.

staminea R. Br.(Philadelphus
stammeus W.), D. Brunonm
Wall. (Lcptospermum sca-
brum W.) 466

III. DKCUMA'RIAX. 466

Forsythiz Walt., not of Vahl.

1. barbara L. - - 467

D. radicans Mcench Meth.,
D. Forsythia Michx. Fl. Bar.
Amer., D. prostrata Lodd.
Cat.

2 sarmentosa Dec. 467
D. sarmentbsa Bosc.
Forsylhia. scdndens Walt.

'Nitmriacece.

I. NITRAVRIA L. - 468
1. Schoben L. - 468

1 sibirica - 468
N. sibirica Pall. Fl. Ross.

2 caspica - - 468
N. caspica Pall. Fl. Ross.

Other Species of Nitraria. — ^.
tridentataZtes/. - - 468.

Grossulacece.
I. R?BES L. - - 468

Grossularia Tourn. ; Chry
sobotrya, Calob6trya, Coreosma,
and R§bes Spach : Groseiller;
Fr. ; Johannisbeere, Ger. ;
Kruisbes, Dutch ; Uva Spina,
Ital. ; Grossella, Span.

§ i. GrosstddritB Ach.
Gooseberries.

6. (v.)floribundllS S. 463 Groseiller a Maquereau, Fr. ;

Stachelbeere Strauch, Ger. ;
Kruisbes, Dutch ; Uva Spina,
Ital. j Grosella, Span.

A. Flowers greenish white.

1. oxyacanthoides I/.469

2. setosura Lindl. 470

3. triflorum W. - 470
R. stammeum Horn. Enum.

Hort. Hafn. ; R. t. majus
Hort.

4. (t.) niveum Lindl '.470

5. (t.) Cynosbati L.471

R. ? triftdrum var.

1 fructu glabro - 471

2 fructu aculeato - 471

6. (t.)divaricatumD.471

R. ? triflorum var., R.
f Grossularia var. trifibra
subvar.

7. (t.) irriguum Don. 472
R. f triftbrum var.

8. hirtellum Michx. 472

9. gracile Michx. 472

10. aciculare Smith. 472

R. V^va-crispa Sievers in
Pall. Nord. Beytr., ? Pall. Fl.
Ross.

11. Grossularia L. 473

R. ITva crlspa ffid. Fl.
Dan., Grossularia hirsula,
Mill. Diet., R. ITva-crispa
var. 5. sa«wa Dec. Fl. Fr. :
Feaberry, Cheshire and the
North of England ; Feabes,
Norfolk ; Grozert, in Scot-
land : Groseiller a Maquereau,
Fr. ; Griselle, in Piedmont ;
gemeine Stachelbeere, Ger. ;
Uva Spina, Ital.

2 LTva-crispa &nifA 473
R. U^va-crispa Lin. Sp.
ITva-crispa Fuch. Hist.
IPva-splna Math. Valgr.
R. tT«« crispa var. 1 sy/-

vestris Berlandier.

3 spinosissima Berl. 473

4 reclinata J5er/. - 473
R. reclindtum Lin. Sp.
Grossularia reclinata Mil.

Diet.

5 Bessermwa Berl. 473
R. hybridum Bcsser.

6 subinermis Berl. 473

7 macroearpa Dec. 473

8 bracteata Berl. - 473

9 himalayana - 473
R. himalaydnum Royle.

Other Varieties The Red

Champagne, or Ironmon-
ger, ' Horseman's Green-
Gage, the Red.

B. Flowers red.

12. speciosum Pursh 474

R.stamine'um Smith in Rees's
Cycl., Dec. Prod. ; ? R. fuchs-
ioldes Fl. Mex. ic. ined. ; R.
triacdnthum Menzies.

CONTENTS.

XXV11

J3. MenzieswPh. - 475

R.ferox Smith in Rees's Cycl.

Other Species. — R. microphyl-
lum H. B. et Kunth.

§ ii. Botrycarpum Dec.

14. orientale Fair. - 475

15. saxatile Pall. - 475
? R. alplnum Sievers in Pall.

Nord. Beytr.

16. Diacantha L.fil. 475
J7. lacustre Poir. - 476

?R. o.ryacanthoidesMicli'x..Fl.
Bor. Amer.

2 echinatum - - 476
R. echinatum Dougl.MS.
R. armatum Hort.

§ iii. Ribesia D.

Currants.

Rlbes species of Linnaeus and
others ; Caloootrya, Coreosma
and Rebis Spach : Grosseilles
en Grappes, or Groscillier
cotnmun, Fr. ; Johannisbeere,
Ger. ; Bessenboom, Dutch :
Ribes, Ital.

A. Flowers greenish, or greenish
yellow, or reddish ; and Fruit,
in a wild State, red.

18. rubrum L. - 477

R. vulgare N. Du Ham. ;
Groseillier commun, Fr. ; ge-
meine Johannisbeere, Ger. ;
Aalbessen Boom, Dutch ; Ribes
rosso, Ital.

1 sylvestre Dec. Fr. 477

2 hortense Dec. - 477
R. rubrum Lois. Nouv.

Diet.

3 carneum Berl. M. 477
R. rubrum dom^sticum

2 liaccis cdrneis Wallr.
Sched.

4 variegatum Dec. 477

5 album Desf. Cat. 477

6 foliis luteo variegatis

Duh. - - 477

7 foliis albo variegatis

Duh. - - 477

8 sibiricum Oldaker 477

19. (r.) alpinum L. 477

R. dio'icum Masters.

1 sterile Wallr. Sched. 477
R. dioicum Moench Meth.

2 bacciferum Wallr. 478

3 pumilum Lirdl. - 478

4 foliis variegatis - 478

20. (r.)petraMim JF.478

R. alpinumDelarb. Auvergn.:
Ribes coralline Ital. : the woolly-
leaved Currant the red Marsh-
mallow-leaved Currant.

21. (r.) spicattim R. 478
The Tree Currant.

22. (r.) carpathicum 479

R. acerrimum Rcchel ex R.
et Schultes.

23. (r.) multiflorum 479

R.spicdtum Schultes CEstr.
Fl. ed. 1., R. vitifolium Hort.

24. (r), albinervura 479

25. acuiuinatum W. 479

26. (r.) trifidum MX. 479

B. Flowers greenish yellow,
sometimes with the Tips of the
Sepals and Petals red. Fruit
black.

27. nigrum L. - - 480

R. o//rfwmMoenchMeth.: Capis
and Poivrier, Fr. ; schwartze
Johannisbeere, Ger.; Ribes we-
re, Ital.

2 bacca flavida Hort. 48 1

3 bacca viridi Hort. 481

4 foliis variegatis V. 48 1
Selection of Garden Va-
rieties. — Black Naples,
large Black.

28. (n.)tristePff//.-481

R. altaicum Lodd. Cat.

29. (n.)fl6ridum - 481

R.nigrum 2 Lin. Sp., R.
pennsylvdnicum Lam. Diet.,
R. recurv atum Mich. Fl. Bor.
Amer., Ribesium nigrum, &c.,
Dill. Elth.

2 grandiflorumZforf.482
R. rtgens MX. Fl. Bor.

3 parviflorum Hort. 482
R. americanum Mill.,

R. pennsylvdnicum Cels.
R. campanuldlum Hort.

30. (n.) procumbens 482

R. polycdrpon Gmel. Syst.
Veg.

31. (n.)prostratum 482

R. glandulbsum Ait. Hort.
Kew. ed 1., R. canadense Lod.
2 laxiflorum - - 482
R. affi'ne Dougl. MSS.
R. laxiflorum PurshAmer.
Sept.

32. (n.) resinosumP. 482

R. orientale Catros, R. recli-
nalum Hort.

33. (n.) punctatum 482

R. glandulbsum R & P. Fl.
Per., not of Ait., Don's Mill.

34. (n.) heterotrichum

Meyer - - 483

35. (n.) bracteosum 483

36. (n.) viscosissimum

Pursh - - 484

Coreosma viscosissima Spach.
Ann. des Scien. Nat. 1835.

37. (n.) hudsonianum

Richardson - 484
U.petiolare Dougl. Hort. Tr.

38. glaciale Wall. - 484

39. inebrians Lindl 485

40. cereurn Dougl. • 485

C. Flowers deep red. Fruit
black.

41. sanguineum P. -486

R.malvaceum Smith in Rees's
Cycl., Calobotrya sanguinea
Spach.

2 glutinosum - 486
R. glutinosum Benth.

Hort. Trans.
R. angustum Dougl. MS.

3 malvaceum - - 486
R. malvaceum Benth.

4 atro-riibens Hort, 486

42. atro-purpureum 487

1 Flowers deep purple.
Leaves rather pu-
bescent beneath, but
smooth and glabrous
above, as well as the
branches.

2 Leaves rather pu-
bescent beneath, but
hispid from bristles
above, as well as the
petioles and stems.

3 Flowers paler. Leaves
pubescent above, but
most pubescent below.
Branches smooth.

§ iv. Symphocalyx Dec.

43. aureum Pursh - 487

~R.palmatum Desf. Cat. Hort.
Paris, Chrysobotrya rcvoluta
Spach.

1 prae^cox Lindl. - 487
R. fragrans Lodd. Bot.

Cab.

2 villosum Dec. Pr. 488
R. longijiorum Fraser

Catal.

3 serotinum Lindl. 488

44. (a.) tenuiflorum 488

R. aureum Colla Hort. Rip.
Append., R. flavum Berl. in
Dec. Prod., R. missouriensis
Hort , ChrysobotryaLindleysQA
Spach.

1 friictu nigro - - 488

2 fructu luteo - 488

45. (a.) flavum Coll. 488

R. aureum 3 sanguineum
Lindl. in Hort. Trans., R.
palmdlum Desf. Hort. Par., R.
aureum Ker Bot. Reg., not of
Pursh ; Chrysobotrya inter-
media Spach.

Escallonmceas.
1. /'TEA L. - - 489

Cedrela Lour. ; Dicondngta
Michx.

I. virgfnica L. - 490

II. ESCALLO'N/^ M.490

Steredxylon R. & P. Fl. Per.
Prod.

1. rubra Pers. - 490

Stereoxylon ri'.brum R. & P.

1 glabriuscula Hook, et

Am. - - 49O

2 albiflora Hk. et A. 491
E. glandulbsa Bot. Cab.

3 pubescens H. et A. 491

XXV111

CONTENTS.

2. montevidensis D. 491

E.floribunda var. /3 montevi-

densis Schlecht. in Linnaea ;

E. bifida Link et Otto Abbild.

2 floribunda - - 491

E. floribdnda H. B. et K.

3. illinita Presl - 491

Other Species of Escallbma.
— E. resinosa Pers. (Stere-
oxylon resinbsum Ruiz et
Pavon), E. pulverulthita Pers.
(Stereoxylon pulverulentum
Ruiz et Pavon) - - 491

Saxifrages.

Tribe HYDRA'NGEJE.
I. HYDRA'NGEA L. 492

Hydrangea and Hortensia.
Juss. : Idrangea, Ital.

A. Species Natives of North
America.

1. arborescens L. - 492

H. vulgaris Michx. Fl. Bor.
Amer., H. frutescens Mcench
Meth.

2 discolor Ser. - 493

2. (a.)cordataPttr^ 493
2 georgica - - 493

H. georgica Lodd. Cat.

3. nivea Michx. - 493

//. radiata Wai. Fl. Car., not
of Sm.

2 glabella Ser. - 493

4. <7iiercifblia Bartr. 493

H radiata Smith Icon. Pict.
12., but not of Walt.

B. Species Natives of Asia.

5. heteromalla Don 494

6. altissima PFa//. - 494

Other Species of Hydrangea. —
H. Hortensz'rt Sieb. (H. hor-
tensis Smith), H. vestita
Wall ..... 494

Umbel lacete.

I. 5UPLEUNRUM T. 495

The Hare's Ear. — Tenbria
and 'Bupreitis Spreng. Syst. :
Bupliore, or Oreille de l.ievre,
Fr. ; Hasenb'hrlien, Ger.

1. fruticosum L. - 495

Tenbria. fruticbsa Spreng. in

Schultes Syst. ; Quprestis fru-

ticbsa Spreng. Mag. ; Sdseli

(Ethwpicum Bauh. Pin. ; Seseli

frutex Mor. Umb.

Other Species of ~Qupleurum. —

B. frutescens L., B. gibralta-

rica Lam. (B. arborescens

Jacq.Ic.R.) - - - 495

AraHdcece.
I. ARA*LIA.£. - 496

The Angelica Tree. — Ardlia
sp. Lin., Aralite verts Blum.

1. spinosa L. - - 496

Aralie, Fr. and Ger..; Angelica

spinosa, Ital. ; Spikenard, N.
Amer.

2. japonica Thumb. 497

II. /TE'DERA Swartz 497
The Ivy. — Ardlia sect. Gym-
nopterum Blum. Bijdr., Hedera
and Ardlia sp. Lin. : Lierre,
Fr. ; Ephen, Ger. ; Edera, Ital.

1. Helix L. - - 497

1 vulgaris Dec. - 498

2 eanariensis Dec. 498
H. canariensis Willd.
The Irish, or Giant, Ivy.

? 3 chrysocarpa Dec. 498
H. poetica C. Bauh.
H. chrysocdrpos Dalech.
H. T)ionyaias J. Bauh.
H. Helix Wall.

4 fol. argenteis Z/. C.498

5 foliis aureis Z,. C. 498

6 digitata Z/oc?. Cat. 498

7 arborescens Z. C. 498

ttamamelidacece.
L //AMAME'LIS i. 499

The Wych Hazel. — Trilbpus
Mith. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. 8.
App. : Hamamelide, Ital.

1. virginica Z/. - 499

Hamamelie de Virginie, Fr. ;
Virginische Zaubernuss, Ger. ;
Pistacchio nera della Virginia,
Ital.

2 parvifolia Nutt. - 499

3 macrophylla - 499
H. macrophylla Pursh.

II. FOTHERGI'LL^ L.
1. fllnifolia L. - 500

F. Gdrdeni Michx. Fl Bor.
Amer., Hamamelis tnonoica
Lin. ex Smith in Rees's Cycl.

1 obtusa Sims B. M. 500
F. major Bot. Cab.

F. alnifblia Lin. fil. Sup.

2 aciita Sims - - 500
F. Gdrdeni Jacq. Ic. liar.

3 major Sims B. M. 500

Qoruaceee.
I. CV/RNUS L. - 501

The Dogwood — Cornouiller,
Fr. ; Hartriegel, Ger. ; Cor-
niolo, Ital.

§ i. Nudifibrce Dec.

A. Leaves alternate:

1. alternifolia L. - 501
C. alterna Marsh.

B. Leaves opposite.

2. sanguinea i. - 502

C. foe'mina Rai. Syn., Virga
sanguinea Matth. Valgr. : Fe-
male Cornel, Dogberry Tree,
Hound Tree, Hound'' s-berry
Tree, Prickwood, Gaten, or
Gatten Tree, Gater or Gaiter

Tree, Cotter idge Tree, wild
Cornel : Corno'uiller sauvage,
sanguin, or femelle, Puine, or
Bois punais, Fr. ; rother Hart-
riegel, Ger. ; Sanguinello, Ital.

2 Purshit Don's M. 502
C. sanguinea Pursh.

3 foliis variegatis - 502

3. alba L. - 503

C. stolon/fera Michx. Fl. Bor.
Amer., C. tatarica Mill. Icon.

2 circinata Don's M. 503
C. circinata Cham, et S.

3 sibirica Lodd. Cat. 503

4. (a.) stricta L. - 503

C. fastigiata Michx. Fl. Bor.
Amer. ; C. sanguinea Walt.,
but not of Lin. ; C. cyanocdrpos
Gmel. Syst. Veg., C. cana-
densis Hort. Par., C. ccerulea
Meerb. Icon., but not of Lam.

2 asperifolia - 504
C. asperifolia Lodd. Cat.

3 sempervirens - 504
C. sempervirens Lod. Cat.

5. (a.) paniculata H. 504

C. racembsa Lam. Diet. ; C.
fv'mina Mill. Diet. ; C. citri-
fblia Hort. Par.

2 alb'idn Ehrh. - 504

3 radiata Pursh - 504

6. (a.) sericea L' H. 504

C. lanrtginbsa Mich. Fl. Bor.
Amer. ; C. alba Walt. Fl. Car.,
but not of Lin. ; C. ccerulea
Lam. Diet. ; C. Ambmum Du
Roi Harbk. ; C. rubiginosa
Ehrh. Beitr. ; C. ferrugmea
Hort. Par. ; C. candid'issima
Mill. ; C. cyanocdrpos Mcench,
but not of Gmel.

2 oblongifolia Dec. 504
C. oblongifolia Rafin.

7. (a.) circinata L'H. 505

C. tomentbsa Michx. Fl. Bor.
Amer., C. rugosa Lam. Diet.,
C. virginiana Hort. Par.

8. oblonga Wall. - 505

C. paniculata Hamilt. ex D.
Don Prod. Fl. Nep.

§ ii. InvolucratcR Dec.

9. rnas L. 505
The Cornel, or Cornelian

Cherry Tree. — C. mdscula
L'Herit. Corn., Long Cherry
Tree : Cornelia, Cornouiller
male, Comes, Corneilles, Fr. ;
Kornel Kirsche, Hartriegel,
Ger. ; Corgnolo. Ital.

2 friictu cerae coloris

N. Du Ham. 506

3 variegatus - 506

1 0. florida L. - 507

Virginian Dogwood.

Other Species of Cdrnus. — C.

grandis Schlect., C. officinaiis

507

11. BENTHA*M7v4 L. 507

C6rnus sp. Wall., Dec., and
G. Don.

CONTENTS.

XXIX

1. fragffera Lindl. - 508

II. FlBl/RNUM i. - 515

Cornus capitdta Wall, in

O'pulus, Viburnum, and Ti-

Roxb. Fl, Ind., Don's Mill.:

nus, Tourn. Inst. ; Viburnum

Chung- w a, in Nepal j Bhu-
tnowro, in Serampore.

and O'pulus Mcench Meth. :
Viorne, Fr. ; Schneeball, Ger. ;

Other Species of Benthdmia —

Viburno, Ital.

B. japouica - 508

§ i. Tinus Tourn.

Loranthacece.

1. Tinus L. - - 516
TheLaurustinus. — V. \auri-

I. TI'SCUM L. - 508

forme Lam. Fl. Fr., Tinus
Tourn. Inst., Tinus \aurifblia

The Mistletoe. — Missehiine,

Borkh. in Rcem. Arch. : the

Gui, or Guy, Fr.; Mistl, or

Laurustine, wild Bate Tree,

Missel, Ger. ; Visco, or Vischio,

Gerard : Viorne, Laurier Tin,

Ital. ; Legamadoga, Span.

1. album L. - - 509

Ital. ; Lorbeerartiger Schnee-
ball, or Schwalkenstrauch,Ger. ;
Lagro salvatico, and Lauro

Tino, Ital.

II. LORA'NTHUS L. 510

2 hirta Ait. H. Kew. 517
V. Tinus Mill Diet.

1. europaeHis L. - 511

V. lucirtum Mill., Pers.,
Schultes.

3 lucida Ait. - - 517

III. Au'CUBA Thunb. 511

4 virgata Ait. - 517

Aucuba KtempJ. Amoen., Eu-

5 stricta J/ort. - 517

basis Salisb. Prod.

1. japonica Thunb. - 51 1

§ ii. Viburnum Tourn.

Eubasis dichotomus Salisb.
Prod. : spotted-leaned Laurel,
Japan Laurel.

2. Lentago L. - - 517

TVtftf Viburnum, Canada Vi-
burnum : Viorne luisante, Fr. ;

Caprifoliacece.

Bim-blattriger Schneeball, Ca-
nadische Schwalkenbeerstrauch,
Schwalkenstrauch, Ger.

Sect. I. £AMBU*CE;E.

3. (L.)jorunif61iumJL.518

I. SAMBU'CUS Tourn. 513

The Elder.— P/iyte&ma Lour.

V. Lentago Du Roi.

4. (L.)^vrif61iumP.518

Coch., but not of Lin.

5. (L.)nudum L. - 519

V. pyrifbtium Poir.

A. Leaves pinnate. Flowers
cymose, or corymbose.

2 squamatum - 519
V. squumatum Willd. En.

1. nigra L. - - 513

6. cassinoides L. - 519

Bourtry, or Bour Tree, Arn-
tree, Scotch ; Sureau, Fr. ;

V. punctdtum Rafia

Hollander, Ger. ; Sambuco,
Ital. ; Sauco, and Sambuco,
Span. ; Flaeder, Swed. ; Hyldc,

7. (c.)laevigatum W. 519

V. cassinoKfes Du Roi Harbk.,
V.lanceoldtnm Hill.Hort.Kew.,

Dan.

V. carolinidnum Hort., Cas-

2 virescens Z>ec. - 514

slne pardeua Lin. Mant., C. co-

S. virescens Desf. Arb. Fr.

rymbbsa Mill. Icon. : The ame-

3 leucocarpa - - 514

ricano, Ital.

4 laciniata - - 514

8. Lantana L. - - 520

S. lacinidla Mill. Diet.
5 rotundi folia - 514

The Wayfaring Tree.— V. to-
mentbsum Lam. Fl. Fr. : wild

6 monstrosa - - 514
S. monstrosa Hort.

Guelder Rose, pliant-branched
Mealy Tree : Viorne coton-
neuse, Camara, Viorne com-

7 foliis argenteis - 514

mune, Coudre-moinsinne, Mon-

8 foliis luteis - 514

cienne, Fr. ; Schlingstrauch,
wolliger Schneeball, or Schwal-

2. canadensis L. - 515

kenstrauch, Ger. : Lentaggine,
Ital.

B. Leaves pinnate. Flowers
panicled.

3. racemosa L. - 515

2 grandifolia Ait. - 520
V. L. latifblia Lodd. Cat.
3 foliis variegatis - 520

S. montdna Cam. Epit. ; S.

9. (L.) lantanoides - 520

cervlni Tabern. : Sambuco mon-

American Way far ing Tree.—

tana, Ital.
2 laciniata Koch - 515

V. Lantana /3 grand>fdlia Ait.
Hort. Kew., ed. 1. ; V. grandi-

fblium Smith in Rees's Cycl. ;

3. (r.) piibens MX. - 516
S. racembsa Hook. Fl. Bor.

V. Lantana canadensis Pers.
Ench.: Hobble Bush, Amer.

Am., not of Lin.; S. pubfscens
Lodd. Cat.
2 heptaphylla Hook. 516

10. (L.)dahuricum -521

Lonicerz, mongolica Pall. Fl.
Ros., Cornus daurica Laxm. .

1 1. (?L.) cotinifolium 521

V. Mullaha Ham. in D. Don
Prod. Fl. Nep.

12. dentatum L. - 521

V. dentatum lucidum Ait.
Hort. Kew., V. dentatum gla-
bellum MX. Fl. Bor. Amer.:
Arrow-wood : Viorne dentee,
Fr.

Varieties — V. d. pubescens,
V. d. fbliis variegatis, V.
acuminatum, V. longifolium
and V. mou tan um are in
Messrs. Loddiges's collec-
tion - - - 522

13. (d.) pubescens- 522

V. dentatum /3 pubescens Ait.
Hort. Kew., V. denldium semi-
tomentbsum Mich. Fl. Bor.
Amer., V. tomentdsum Rafin.
Med. Rep., V. villbsum Rafin.
in Desf. Journ., V. liafincsqui-
anum Schultes Syst.

14. nitidum Ait. - 522

§ iii. O'pulus Tourn.

15. C/pulus L. - - 522

The Guelder Rose __ V./o-
bcitum Lam. Fl. Fr., O'pulus
glanduldsus Mcench Meth.,
O'pulus Raii Syn., Sambucus
aqudtica Bauh. Pin. : Marsh
Elder, Rose Elder, Water Elder:
Viorne-Obier, VObier d' Europe,
Fr. ; Schwalkenbeerstrauch,
Wasserholder,Schneeballe,Ger.\
Maggi, Ital.

2 sterilis Dec. Prod. 523
V. O. rdseum Rcem. et S.
The Snow-ball Tree, or

Guelder Rose.
Rose de Gueldres, Pelotte

de Neige, Boule de Neige,

Poire molle, Fr.
Schneeballe, Ger

3 foliis variegatis - 523

4 nana Hort. - 523

16. (O.) ffcerifolium 523

17. (O.) orientate P. 524

O'pulus orientdlis fblio am-
plissimo tridentdlo Tourn. Cor.

18. (O.) Oxycoccos 524

V. opuloides Mtihl. Cat., V.
trilobum Marsh. Arb., V. O'pu-
lus americana Ait. Hort. Kew.

2 subintegrifoliuslT. 524

3 mollis - - 524
V. molle MX. Fl. Bor. Am.

19. (O.) edule P. - 524

V. O'pulus edulis Michx. Fl.
Bor. Amer.

Sect. II.

III. DIERVI'LL^TOU. 525

Lon/cera, sp. L. ; Weigelia.
Thunb. Fl. Jap., Weigefa Pers.
Ench.

1. canadensis W. - 525
Lanicerz Diervilla Lin. Mat.
Med., D. TourneJ6rt\i Michx.
Fl. Bor. Amer., D. humilis
Pers. Ench-, D. lutea Pursh
Sept., D. trifida Moench Meth.,
D. acadiensis Du Ham. Arb.

XXX

CONTENTS.

IV. LoNi'cER^Desf. 526

The Honeysuckle.— Lonicera.
sp. Liu. and many authors ;
Caprifblium and Xyldsteum
Juss. Gen., Xylostfum Capri-
fblium, ChamcEcerasus, Peri-
clymenum Tourn. Inst. ; Ca-
prifblium and Lonicera. Roem.
et Schult. Sj/st., Lonicera. and
Xyldsteum Torrey Fl. U. S.:
C/ievrefeuille, Fr. ; Geissbldtt,
Honeigblume. and Lonicere,
Ger.

§ i. Caprifdlium Dec.

Caprifblium Juss. Gen., Lo-
nicera Torr. Fl. Un. St., but
not of Schult.

A. Flowers rfngent. — Capri-
folium Tourn. Inst.

1. Periclymenum L, 527

The Woodbine.— Periclyme-
num Ger. Em., Periclymenum
germdnicum Riv. Mon. Irr., P.
hortense Gesn. Ic. Pict., Capri-
Jblium Periclymenum Roem.
et Schult., Caprifdlium sylvdti-
cum Lam. Fl. Fr., Caprifb-
lium Raii. Syn. : Woodbind:
Chevrefeuille des Bois, Fr. ;
wildes gemeines Geissblatt,
Ger. ; gewoone Kampcrfoelie,
Dutch ; Madre Selva, Ital. and
Span.

2 serotinum Ait. - 527
Pericly. germdnicum Mill.

3 belgicum - - 527
Pericly. germdnicum Mill.

4 g-uercifolium Ait. 528

2. Caprifolium L. - 528

Periclymenum perfoliatum
Ger. Emac. : Chevrefeuille des
Jardins, Fr. ; Durchwachsene,
Ger. ; Caprifolio Ital,

3. (C. etrusca) San. 528

Z/. etrusca Hort. Fl. Austr.,
Caprifdlium etruscum Kaem. et
Schult. Syst., Periclymenum
Gouan Hort., Caprifblium itd-
licum perfolidtum pra^cox
Tourn. Inst. : the Italian Ho-
neysuckle : Mansorino, ItaL

4. implexa Ait. - 529

The Minorca Honeysuckle.—
Caprifblium implexurn Roem.
et Schult. Syst.: Vincibosco sem-
preverde, Ital.

2 balearica Viv. - 529
Caprifblium baledri.Dum.
L. balearica Dec.
L. Caprifdlium Desf.

5. flava Smu - 529

Caprifdlium flavum Ell.
Sketch., Caprifblium Fraseri
Pursh Sept.

6. (f.) pubescens S. 529

Caprifblium pubfscens Goldie
in Phil. Journ., L.hirsuta Ea-
ton Man. Bot., L. G6ldt\
Spreng. Syst.

7. parviflora Lam. 530

Caprifblium parvfflbrum
Pursh Sept., Lontcera. dioica
Lin. Syst. Veg., L. media
Murr. Nov. Comm. G6tt., Ca-
prifdlium bractebsum Michx.
Fl. Bor. Amer., C. dioicum

Rcem. et Schult. Syst., C. glaf/-
cum Mo3nch : glaucous Honey-
suckle : Chevrefeuille dioiqiic,
Fr. ; Meergriines Geissblatt,
Ger. ; Middt'lboore Kamper-
foclie, Dutch.

8. (p.) Douglas?? D. 530

Caprifblium Dougldsii Lindl.
Hort. Trans.

9. hispitiula Doug. 531

Caprifblium hiapidulum Lin.
Bot. Reg.

10. grata Ait. - - 531

Caprifblium gratum Pursh
Sept., L. virginiana Marsh
Arb., ? Periclymenum ameri-
cdnum Mill. Diet., Caprtfolio
sempreverdc, Ital.

B. Limb of Corolla nearly equal.
— Periclymenum Tourn.

11. sempervirens Ait. 531
Caprifblium sempervirens

Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., Peri-
clymenum sempervirens Mill.
Diet., Alaternus sempervirens
Kcehl. ex Steud. ; Periclyme-
num virgintacum Riv. Mon. :
Madre Selva de Virginia, Ital.

2 major Alt., Curt. 532

3 minor Ait., Sims 532
L. conndta Meerb.

4 Browmi Gordon 532

12. ciliosa Pair. - 532
Caprifblium cilibsum Pursh

Fl. Amer. Sept., L. ciliata
Dietr. Lex. Suppl.

13. occidentalis H. 532

Caprifbl. occidental Lindl.
Bot. Reg., Caprifblium cilib-
sum Dougl. MSS.

Other Species L. pilosa W.,

Dec. Prod. (Caprifdlium vil-
Idsum H. B. et Kunth Nov.
Gen. Amer.) - - 533

§ ii. Xylosteum Dec.

Xylosteon Juss. Gen., Loni-
cer& Roem. et Schult. Syst.,
Xylosteon and Cham&cerasus
Tourn. Inst., Xyldsteum and
Isika Adans. Fam., Cobce^a
Neck. Elem. : the Fly Honey-
suckle : Hackenkirsche, Ger. ;
Hondsbezien or Hondskarsen,
Dutch.

A. Ovaries and Berries alto-
gether distinct. Stems twin-
ing. Flowers irregular

Ninto&a Dec. Prod.

14-. confusa Dec. - 533

Nintoda confiisa Swt. Hort.
Brit, Lonicera. japonica Andr.
Bot. Rep. ; Nintoo, Sintoo,
K&mpf. Amcen.; Caprifblium
jap6mcum Loud. Hort. Brit.
1st ed.

15. longiflora Dec. 534

Caprifdlium longiflbrum Sa.
bine, Nintoba longiflbra Swt.
Hort. Brit. ed. 2., Caprifblium
japonicum D. Don Prod. Fl.
Nep., Caprifblium nepalense
Loud. Hort. Brit.

16. japonica Thunb. 534

Ninto6a japonica Swt. Hort.
Brit. ed. 2., L.chinensis Hort.
Kevv., L. flexubsa Lod. Bot.
Cab., L. glabrata Roxb., Ca-
prifblium chinense Loud. Hort
Brit., C.ftexubsum Hort.

Other Species L. longifolia

Hort. - - - - 335

B. Berries distinct, or usually
connate together at the Base,
and diverging at the Tip.
Corolla hardly gibbotts at the
Base, or equal. Erect deci-
duous Shrubs — Chamcecerast
Dec.

17. tatarical,. - 535

Xylosteum corddtum Mcench
Meth., X. tatdricum Dum.
Cours.

2 albiflora Dec. - 535
L. pyrcnaica Willd.

3 rubriflora Dec. 535
L. grandiflbr um Lodd.
L. sibirica Hort. ex Pers.

Ench.

4 lutea Lodd. Cat. 535

5 latifolia Lodd. Cat.535

18. (t.) nigra L. - 535

Caprifdlium vbseum Lam. Fl.
Fr., Cham&cerasus nigra De-
larb. Fl. Auv. : Ciliegia salva-
tica, Ital.

2 campaniflora - 536
Xylosteum campanifl.Lod.

19. (t.) ciliata Muh. 536

Xylosteum ciliatum Pursh
Sept., L. tatdrica Michx. Fl.
Amer., but not of Lin. ; L.
canadensis Rcem. et Schult.

20. pyrenaica L. - 536

Caprifblium pyrenaicum
Lam. Fl. Fr., Xylosleum py-
renaicum Tourn. Inst.

21. punicea Sims -536

Symphoricdrpos puniceusSwt.

22. Xylosteum L. 537

Caprifblium dumetbrum
Lam. Fl. Fr. ; Xylosteum du-
metbrum Mcench Meth. : Gisi-
lostio, Ital.

2 leucocarpum Dec. 537

3 xanthocarpum D. 537

4 melanocarpum D. 537

23. hispida Pall. - 537

24. flexuosa Thunb. 537

L. nigra Thunb. Fl. Jap.,
but not of Lin. ; L. brachypoda
Dec. Prod.

C. Berries either distinct or
joined together. Corolla very
gibbous at the Base. Erect
bushy shrubs. — Cuphdnthce
Dec.

25. involucrata Ban. 538

Xylosteum involucratum
Richards in Frank. FirstJourn.

26. LedebounV Esch. 538

D. Berries two on each Pe-
duncle, joined together in one,

CONTENTS.

XXXI

which is bi-umbilicate at the
Apex. Erect, bushy, decidu-
ous Shrubs. — Isikae Adans.

27. alpigena H. - 539

Caprijolium alpinum Lam.
Fl. Fr., Caprijolium alpigenum
Gaertn. Fruct., Isika alpigena
Borck., Isika Iticida Mcench,
Xylosteum alpigenum Lodd.
Cat. : Chameec&rasus alpigena
Delarb. : Cherry Woodbine :
Heckenkirsche, Ger. ; Chamte-
ceraso, Ital.

2 sibirica Dec.Prod.539
L. sibirica Vest in Rcem.
et Schult. Syst.

28. (a.) microphylla 539

L, alpigena Sievers, L. mon-
tana and L. mexicana Hort.

29. oblongifblia#bo& 539

Xylosteum oblongifblium
Goldie in Edin. Phil. Journ.

30. cserulea L. - 540

L. villbsa Mtihl. Cat., \y-
losteon villbsum Mich. Fl. Bor.
Amer., X. Sotbnis Eaton Man.
Bot., L. velutina Dec. Prod.,
L. altaica Pall. Fl. Ross., Xy-
losteum cteritleum canadense
Lam. Diet., X. canadinse Du
Ham. Arb., Caprifolium ccc-
rhleum Lam. Fl. Fr., Chamce-
cerasus ccerulea Delarb. Fl.Au.,
L. pyrenaica Pall. Fl. Ross.,
L. Palldsii Led. Fl. Ross. Alt.
III. : Ciliegia alpina, Ital.

31. orientalis Lam. 540

L.'caucasica Pall. Fl. Ross.,
L. cteritlea Guld. Itin., Cha-
mercerasus orientalis \aur(fblia
Tourn. Cor.

32. iberica Sieb. - 540

Xi/losteon ibericum Bieb.
Cent. PI. Rar. ex Suppl.,Lodd.
Cat. 1836.

V. SYMPHORICA'RPOS
Dill. - - 541

The St. Peter's Wort.— Sym-
phoricdrpa Neck. Elem., Sym-
phbria Pers. Ench., Anisdn-
Rel., Lonicer&sp.

1. vulgaris MicJix. - 541

Lonicera.Symphoricarpos\j\n.
Sp., S. parviflbra Desf. Cat.,
Symphdria conglomeratn Pers.
Ench., Symphbria glomerata
Pursh Sept.

2 foliis variegatis 542
S. glomerata foliis varie-
gatis Lodd. Cat.

2. montanus Humb. 542

Symphbria montana Spreng.
Syst., S. glaucescens Don's

3. racemosus Mich x. 542

The Snowberry — Symphbria
racembsa Pursh Sept., ?S. elon-
gata and S. heterophl/lla Presl
in Herb. Haenke, S. leucocarpa
Hort.

4. occidentalis Rich. 542
Wolf-berry, Amer.

VI. LEYCESTE^R/^ 543
1. formosa Wall. - 544

Hamelia connuta Puerari
MSS.

I. CEPHALA'NTHUS 544

The Button-wood. — Cepha-
lante, Fr. ; Knopflaum, Ger. ;
Cefalanto, Ital.

1. occidentalis L. - 544

C.oppositifblius Moench Meth.:
Swamp Globe Flower, Amer.
2 brachypodus Dec. 545

Composite.
I. ST#:HELINN^ L. 546

St&heline, French and Ger.

I. dubia L. - - 546

S. rosmarinifblia Cass., ac-
cording to Less. Syn. Gen.
Comp.

II. ^A'CCIIARIS Br. 546

Ploughman' sSpikenard: Bac-
chante, Fr. ; Baccharis, Ger.

1. /mlimifolia L. - 547
Groundsel Tree. — Senecio

arborescens Hort. Kew.

2. (A.) angustifolia - 547

III. PVA L. - - 548

1. frutescens L. -548

Agerato afflnis peruviana
frutescens Pluk. Aim. : Bastard
Jesuits' Bark Tree.

IV. SANTOLI^NA T7. 548

The Lavender Cotton — San-
toline, Fr. ; Heiligenpflanze,
Ger. ; Santolina, Ital.

1. Chamaecyparissus 549
Common Lavender Cotton. —
Petit Cypres, Fr. ; Abrotano
femmina, Ital.; Cypressenkraut,
Ger.

Other Species — S. squarrbsaW.,
S. viridis W.t and S. rosma-
rinifblia L. - - - 549

V. ARTEMI'SIA Cas. 549
1. Abrotamim L. - 550

Southernwood. — Abrotanum
mas Dod. Pempt. : Old Man :
Armoise Aurone, Aurone des
Jardins, la Citronelle, la Garde-
robe, Fr.; Eberraute, Wermuth,
Stabwurtz, Ger.; Abrotano Ital.,
Span., and Port.

2 humile Hort. - 550

3 tobolskianum H. 550
A. tobolskiana Lodd. Cat.

Other Species of Artemisia. —
A. arborescens L., ^.procera
W.,A. Sant6nicaZ,. - 550

VI. -SENE'CIO Les. - 550

Cineraria Less. Syn. Gen.

Comp. : Sene^on, Fr. ; Kreuv-
kreut, Ger.

1. Cineraria Dec. - 551

Sea Ragwort.— Cinerdriama-
ritima Linn. Spec., Jacobafa.
maritima Bonp. : Sicilian Rog-
wort : Cine'raire, Fr. ; Mecr-
strands Aschenpflanze, Ger. ;
Cenerina, Ital.

VII. MUTI'S/^ Cav. 551
1. latifolia D. Don 552

Other Species— M. zlicifolia, M.
inflexa, M. linearifblia, M.
runcinata, and M. subspindsa
Hook. Bot. Misc. ; M. arach-
noidea Mart. - - - 552

JZricdcece.

Sect. I.

i. Erzcece normdles.

I. ER^ CA D. Don - 555

The Heath.— Erica sp. Lin.
and others : Bruyere, Fr. ;
Heide, Ger. ; Erica, Ital.

1. !Tetralix£. - - 555

E. botuliformis Sal. in Lin.
Soc. Trans., E. barbarica Rail
Syn., E. pumila Park. Theatr. ;
E. Tetralix rubra Hort. Eric.
Woburn. : the cross-leaved
Heath : Sumpf Heide, Ger. ;
Scopa di Fior rosso, Ital.

1 rubra Hort. Eric. Wo-

burn. - - 556

2 carneaLoud.H.B.556

3 alba Hort. Eric. Wo-

burn. - - 556

4 Mackaiana - 556
E. Mackaiana Bab. Fl.

Hib.

2. cinerea L. - - 556

E. mutdbilis Salisb. in Lin.
Trans., E. hiimilis Neck. Gall.,
E. tenuifblia, Ger., E. cinerea
rubra Hort. Eric. Woburn.:
Scopa, Ital.

2 atropurpurea Lodd.

Bot. Cab. - - 556

3 alba Lodd. Cat. - 556

4 pallida Lodd. Bot.

Cab. - - - 556

5 carnescens L. Cat. 556

6 proliferated. Cat. 556

7 stricta Lodd. Cat. 556

3. australis L. - - 556

E. pistilldris Sal. in Lin.
Trans.

4. ciliaris L. 557
II. GYPSOCA'LLIS S. 557

The Moor Heath __ Ericea
sp. of other authors.

I. vagans Sal. - - 557
Cornish Moor Heath __ E. va-
gans Lin. Mant., E. vaga Sal.
In Lin. Trans., E. multiflbra
Huds. Fl. Angl., E. dtdyma
Stokes in Withering's Bot.

XXXH

CONTENTS.

Arrang., E.purpurdscens'Lam.

V. CASSINOP£ Don 561

5. racemosa D. D. 566

Diet.

Andromeda, sp. Lin., Pall.

Andromeda racemosa Lin.

2 pallida - - 557
3 rubescens Bree - 557

1. Aypnoldes D. D. 561

Sp., L'Herit. Stirp. ; A. pani-
culdta Walt. Car., Gronov.

4 purpurascens B. - 558

Andromeda hypnb'tdes Lin.
Sp.

Virg.

5 alba - - 558
6 tenella - - 558

2. tctragona D. Don 562

Androtneda tetragdna Lin.

6. arborea D. Don. 566

Andromeda arborea Lin. Sp.

2. multifloraZ). Don 558

Erica multiflbra Lin. Sp., E.
junipertfblia, $c., Garidel Aix ;

Sp.

3. lycopodioides D. 562

Andromeda lycopodioides

7. paniculata Nutt. 567

Andromeda paniculata Lin.
Sp.

E. tnultijtbra longipedicelldta
Wendl. Eric., E. peduncular is
Presl : Scopa grande rosso,
Ital.

Pall. Fl. Ross.

4. ericoides D. Don 562

Andromeda^ ericoides Pall.
Ross

8. salicifolia Wats. 567
9. (p.) frondosa N. 567

Andromeda frondosa Pursh

3. carnea D. Don - 558

E. carnea Lin. Sp., E.her-
bacea Lin. D\s.,E.saxdtUis Sal.
in Lin Trans.

Other Species of Cassiope. — C.
fastigiataZ)..D0», C.Redowski
G. Don. - - - 562

Fl. Amer. Sept.

10. (p.) multiflora 567
11. (p.) capresefolia 568

4. mediterraneaZ).Z).558

E. mediterrdnea Lin. Mant.,

VI. CASSA'NDR^ D. 562

Andromeda. . sp. Lin. and

IX. LEUCOTHO^D. 568

E. litgubris Sal. in Lin. Trans.

others.

Andromeda sp. of previous

1. calyculata D. D. 563

authors.

III. CALLU^NA Sal. 559

Erica sp. Lin and others.

1 . vulgaris Sal. - - 559
Ling, orHeather — Erica vul-

Andrdmeda calyculata Lin.
Sp.
1 ventncosa Sims 563
2 latifolia Lod. - 563

1. axillaris D. Don 568

Andrdmeda axillaris Solander
in Hort. Kew,, A. Catesbafi
Walt. Car.

gdris Lin. Sp. : laBruyere, Fr.;
Heide, Ger. ; Lyng, Dan. ;
Liung, Swed. ; Brentoli, Cec-

3 nana Sims - 563
2. (c.) angustifolia 563

2 longifolia - - 569
Andromeda longifolia Pur.
A. Wditeri Willd.

chia, or Scopa, Ital. ; Brezo,

Andromeda calyculdta /3 an-

Span.; Vrze, Port.; Weresk,

gustifolia Ait. Hort. Kew., A.

2. spinulosa(r.Z>on 569

Russ.

angustifdlia Pursh Fl. Amer.

Andromeda spinulbsa Pursh

1 purpurea - 559

Sept., A. crisjm Desf. et Link.

Sept. ; ?A. Catesbsfi Walt. Fl.

2 spuria - - 559

VII. ZENO'BLJ Don 563

Car.

3 decumbens - 559

Andromeda sp. Michaux.

3. acuminata G. D. 569

4 tomentosa - 559

1. speciosa D. Don 564

Andromeda acumindta Ait.
Hort. Kew., A. lucida Jacq.

5 alba - - 559

Andrdmeda specibsa Michx.

Icon. Rar., A. populifblia Lam.

6 flore pleno - 559

Fl. Bor. Amer.

Encyl., A. reticuldta Walt. Fl.

7 foliis variegatis - 559

2 nitida - - 564
A. s. nitida Pursh.

Car., A. formosissima Bartr.,
A. \aurina Michx. Fl. Amer. :

8 aurea - - 559

A. cassine/d/z'rt Vent.

Pipe-stem-wood, Amer.

9 coccinea - - 559

3 pulverul£nta - 564

4. floribunda D. D. 569

10 spicata - - 559
11 [atro-rubens] - 559
12 [serotina] - 559

A. s. pulverulenta Pursh.
A. pulverulenta Bartram.
A. cassine/o/m /3 Vent.
A. specibsa y glaticaWats.
A. dealbdta Lindl.

Andromeda floribunda Lyon
Herb. Sept.

5. spicata G. Don 569
Andrdmeda spicata Wats.

§ ii. Andromedese.

A. ovdta Soland.

Derid. Brit.

IV. ANDRO'MED/4 L. 560

Polifblia Buxbaum Cent.

VIII. LYOVN/^ N. 564

Andromeda sp. Lin. and va-

X. PfERis D.Don 570

Andromeda sp. L.

rious authors.

Andrdmeda sp. Wallich.

1. polifolia L. - 560

A. Leaves evergreen.

1. ovalifolia D. Don 570

Moorwort. — Rhododendron
poltfdlium Scop. Cam. : wild
Rosemary, Poly Mountain,
Marsh Cistus, Marsh Holy
Eose : Andromede, Fr. and Ger.
1 angustifolia Bot. 560
2 ericoides - - 560
3 grandiflora Lod. 560
4 latifolia Lod. - 561

1. ferruginea Nutt. 565

Andromeda ferruginea Walt.
Fl., A. ferruginea /3 fruticbsa
Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer.

2. rigida Nutt. - 565

Andromeda ferruginea Willd.
Sp., A. ferruginea arborescens
Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., A. ri-
gida Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept.

Andrdmeda ovalifolia Asiat.
Res., A. capricida Hamilt. MSS.

XI. PHYLLO'DOCE 570

Andrdmeda sp. L., Men-
ziesiasp. Swartz, Smith.

1. texifolia Sal. - 571

Menziesia ccerulea Swz. in
Lin. Trans., Andromeda c<e-

5 minima - - 561
6 revoluta Lod. - 561

3. marginata Don 565

Andrdmeda margindta Du
Ham.; A. coridceaWittd. Spec.,

rulea Lin^ Sp., A. taxifblia
Pall. Fl. Ross., Erica casrulea
Willd. Sp.

7 scotica - - 561
8 stricta - - 561

Ait. Hort. Kew. ; A. lucida
Lam. Encyc.; A. maridna Jacq.
Icon. Rar.

2. empetriformis D. 571

Menxiesia empetrtfdrmis

2. rosmarinifolia P. 561

2 rubra Lod. - 566

Smith in Lin. Trans.

A. polifblia Michx. Fl. Bor.

Amer.

Other Species of Andromeda. —
Andromeda Drummdndu
Hook. - - 561

B. Leaves deciduous.

4. mariana D. Don 566

Andrdmeda maridna Lin. Sp.
2 ob!6nga Swt. - 566

XII. BRYA'NTHUS 571

Andrdmeda sp. Lin., Men.
ziesia Swartz, Pursh ; Er?ca
sp. Thunb.

CONTENTS.

XXXlll

1 . Gmelim D. Don 57 1

Menzies\a brydntha Swartz
in Lin. Trans1. , Andromeda,
brydntha Lin. Mant, Erica
brydntha Thunb. Diss., Bry-
dnthus repens scrpyllifblia flore
roseo Gmel. Sib.

2. Stellerj D. Don 572

Andromeda. Stelteriana Pull.
Fl. Ross. ; Menziesia, etnpetri-
formis Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept.,
but not of others.

XIII. T>AB<E*CIA D. 572

Erica sp. Lin., Andromeda
sp. Lin., Menziesia. sp. Juss.

1. /Jolifolia D. Don 572

Andrdmeda. Dabcecis. Lin.
Erica Dabcecia. Lin.
., Menzitsia. Dabcecin Dec.
i. Gall., Erica hibernica,8fC.
Raii Hist. 3 Suppl., Menziisia.
potifblia Juss. Ann.Mus., Yac-
cinium cantdbricum Huds. Fl.
Ang. : Irish Whorts, Cantabrian
Heath, St. Dabeoc's Heath.

2 flore albo Swt. Brit.
Fl. Gard. - 572

XIV. J'RBUTUS C. 573

The Strawberry Tree.— A«-
drdchne Clus., Arbutus up.
Lin. Gen.: Arbousier, Fr.; Sand-
beere, Ger.; Abbatro, Ital.

1. CTnedo L. - 573

L' Arbousier commun, Arbou-
sier des Pyrenees, or Fraisier
en Arbre, Fr.; Erdbeereartige
Sandbeere, Ger.; Komad, Mod.
Greek.

1 albus Ait. H. K. 573

2 ruber Ait. H. K. 573

3 plenus Ait. H. K. 573

4 schizopetalus 574

5 integrifolius Sims 574

6 crispus - - 574

7 salicifolius - 574

2. hybrida Ker - 574

A. undrachnoldes Link Enum.
2 Milleri Mayes - 575

3. ^ndrachne L. 575

A. iniegrifolia Lam., Aw-
druchne Theophrdsti Clus. Hist.,
Andrdchne Park. Theatr., An-
drachne Theophrastus : Adra-
chla, Modern Greek.

2 serratifolia - 575

A. serratifdlia Nois.

4. procera Dougl. 576

5. tomentosa Pursh 576

Arctosldphylos tomentdsa L.
Bot. Reg.

2 niidaHbok.etArn. 576
6.densiftoraH.B.et K.576

Other Species of A'rdulus.—A.
specidsa Dickson, Gard. Mag.
1840; A.nepalensi&Royle.

XV. ^RCTOSTA'PHYLOS

Adans. - 577
The Bearberry. _ ITva-ursi

Dod., Tourn. ; A'rbutus sp
Lin.

1. TTva-ursi Spreng. 577

A'rbutus iTva-ursi Lin. Sp.
A'rbutus buxtfdlia Stokes Bot. ,
Ifva-ursi buxifdlia Sal. inGrays
Arran.: Bearberries, and Bear-
whortleberries, Eng. : Barent-
raube, or Barenbeere, Ger. ;
Beerenduinf, Dutch ; la Basse-
role, Fr.; Uva d'Orzo, Ital.; Uva
de Oso, Span. ; Uva de Orso,
Port. ; and Uva Ursi, in the
works of most old botanists.

2 austriaca Lodd. 577

2. alpina Spreng. - 578

A'rbutus alpina Lin. Sp.

Other Species of Arctostdphy-
los. — A. pungens H. B. etK. 578

XVI. PERNE'TTY^ 578

1. mucronata Gaud. 578

A'rbutus mucronata Lin. fil
Suppl.

2 CummingM - 579
P. Cummingii Lodd.

2. pilosa G. Don 579

A rbutus pilosa Graham.

Other Species of Pernettyn— P.
microphylla Gaud. (A'rbutus
microphylla Forst., A. ser-
pyllifdlia Lam.), P. pumila
Gaudich. (A rbutus pumila
Forst.) - - 579

XVII.

L.

1. procumbens L. - 579

Partridge Berry, Mountain
Tea, Spring Winter-Green of
Smith's Hist, of Nova Scotia.

2. Shdllon Pursh - 580

XVIII. EPIG^A L. 580

Memecylum Mich. Gen.: May
Floivcr, Nova Scotia.

1. repens L. - 580

2 rubicunda Swt. 581

XIX. PHALEROCAXRPUS

G. Don - 581

Vaccim'um Lin., Gault/ierla
Pursh, Oxycoccus Nutt., A'r-
btitus Lam.

1. «erpyllifol. G. Don 581

Vaccinium hisptdulum Lin.
Sp., Gaulthena. serpyllifolia
Pursh Sept., A'rbutus fili-
formis Lam. Diet., Oxycdccus
hispidulus Pers.

XX. CLE'THRA L. 581

Cuellaria Ruiz et Pav. Syst.

1. fllnifolia L. - 582

C. alnifblia var. a denudata
Ait. Hort. Kew.

2. (a.) tomentosa L. 582

C. alnifblia 0 pubescent Ait.
Hort. Kew., C incana Pers.
Ench.

3. (</.) paniculata Ait. 582

b

4. (a.) acuminata^f. 582

C1. montana Bartr. Cat.

5. («.) scabra Pers. 583
Sect. II.

XXI. RHODODENDRON

Rose Bay. — Azalea sp. of
authors, Khodora Lin., Cha-
tncerhododendros Tourn. Inst. :
Rhododendron, Fr., Ital., and
Span. ; Alpbalsam, Ger.

§ i. Pdnticum D. Don.

1. ponticum Z. - 584

2 obtusum JFotfs. 584

3 myrtifolium Lodd.584

4 Stnithtt Swt.Brit.584

5 LOWM Gard. Mag. 58 4

6 azalebides - - 584
R. azaleoldes Desf.
R.p. /Ssubdeciduum^wrfr.

7 fragrans Chandler 585
Nursery Varieties - - 585

2. maximum Z/. - 585

American Rose Bay.

2 album ^Tor#. - 585

3 hybridum Hook. 585
R. fragrans Hort.

R. hybridum Lodd. Cat.

3. (m.) purpuretim 586

R, maximum <y purpureum
Pursh Fl. Am. Sept., R. pon-
ticum macrophyllum Lod. Cat.

4. Purshw G.Don 586

R. maximum /3 album Pursh
Fl. Amer. Sept.

5. catawbiense MX. 586

2 Russelh'awwTO 587

3 tigrinum Hort. - 587

6. chrysanthum L. 587

R. ojfficindle Salisb.

7. caucasicum Pall. 587

2 stramineum Hook. 587

3 pulch^rrimum JL. 587

4 Nobleanam Hort. 588

8. punctatum Andr. 588

R.ferrugineum var. minus
Pers. Ench., R. minus MX. Fl.
Bor. Amer., R, punctatum
var. minus Wats. Dend. Brit.

2 majus Ker - 588

9. ferrugineum L. - 588
2 album Lodd. Cat. 588

10. (?f.)hirsutum£.588
2 variegatum ' - 589

11. setosum D. Don 589

0/Aer Species — R. macrophy'l-
\\\m D.Don - - 589

§ ii. Booram.

12. campanulatum 589

Other Species __ R. arb&reum
Smith \ R. a. vend stum D.
Don .... 590

CONTENTS.

§ iii. Pogonanthum.

2. canescens G.Don 595

XXV.LEIOPIIY'LLUM P.

13. anthopogon Don 590
R. aromdticum Wall. Cat.

Azalea canescens Michx. Fl.
or. Amer., Ph. Sept.

Ammyrsine Pursh Sept.,
Fischer* Swartz, Ledutn buxi-
fdlium Berg. Ait.

3. viscosum TOTT. - 595

§ iv. Lepipherum D. Don.

Azalea viscdsa Lin. Sp.
2 ornatuvn Swt. - 596

l.Aymifolium Pers. 602

~Ledum buxifolium Bergius,

14. lapponicum lVahl.590

Azalea lapponica Lin. Fl.

Varieties and Hybrids o( A.
viscosa in Lod C. 1836 596

~Ledum thyniifdlium Lam. Diet.,
Ledum 6erpyllifdliumL'Herit.
Stirp., Ammyrsine buxifdlia

Suec., A.ferruginea Hort.

24. (v.) glaucum D. 596

Pursh Sep. : Sand Myrtle, New

15. dauricum L. - 591
2 atrovirens Ker - 591

Azalea glauca Pursh Sept.,
A. viscdsa var. floribunda Ait.
lort. Kew.

Jersey.
Other Species of Leiophyllum. —
L. prostratum (Ammyrsine

R. Icpidotujn Wall.

prostrata Swt., Loud. Hort.

§ v. Chamcecistus D. Don.

25. (v.) hispidum T.597

.4zo&>a hispida Pursh Sept.,

Brit.; A. LyoniSwt. //.B.)602

16. camtschaticumP. 591

Axdlea viscdsa var. glauca Ait.

XXVI. Z/E'DUM L. 602

17. Chamaecistus L. 592

iort. Kew.

1. palustre L. - 603

§ vi. Pentanthera D. Don.

26. (v.) nftidum T. 597

Azalea nttida Pursh Fl. Amer.
Sept.

L. siles'iacum Clus. Pan.,Ro.s-
marinum sylvestre Cam. Epit.
2 decumbens Ait. 603

1 8. flavum G. Don 592
Azalea pontica Lin. Sp.,
Azalea arbdrea Lin. Sp.
Varieties and Hybrids - 592

27. speciosum Dew 597

Azalea s]»rc«d*aWilld.Enimi.,
A. coccinea Lodd. Bot Cab.

2. latifolium Ait. - 603

~L.gr eenldndicum Retz.Obs.,
L. palustre MX. Fl. Bor.Amer.:
Labrador Tea, Amer.

1 9. nudiflorum To/v. 592

28. arborescens T. 598

Azalea arborescens Pursh Fl.

3. canadense Lodd. 603

Azalea nudifldra Lin. Sp.,
Azalea periclymenb'ides MX. Fl.

Amer. Sept., A. arbbrea Bart.
Cat.

Sect. III. FACCINIE'JE.

Bor. Amer. : the American Ho-
neysuckle, May Flowers, and
wild, or upright, Honeysuckle,

§ vii. Rhodora D. Don.

XXVII. FACCI'NIUM L.

The Whortleberry. — VHis
id&aTourn. Inst.: Airelle,Tr.;

1. cocci neum Z). Z). 593

29. tfhodora G.Don 598

Heidelbeere, Ger.

Azalea n. coccinea Sims
2 rutilans D. Don - 593

Rhodbra canadensis Lin. Sp.

A. Leaves deciduous.

y4. n. rutilans Ait. H. K.

XXII KA'LMJ^ L 598

a. Pedicels \-flowered, usually

A.periclymenb'tdes rutilans.
3 carneum Z>. Z). - 593

American Laurel. jg*» rar<^ *"""• <""/^«-

A. n. carnca Ait.
A. p. cdrnea Pursh.

1. latifolia L. - - 599

Mountain Laurel, Calico

1. JZyrtillus L. - 604

The common Bilberry, or

4 album D. Don - 593

Bush, Calico Flower, Amer.

Bleaberry.

A. n. alba Ait.
^. p. alba Pursh.

2. angustifolia L. - 599

2 baccis albis Booth 604

5 papilionaceum - 593

Sheep Laurel, Amer.

2. uliginosum L. - 605

A. p. papiliondcea Pursh.

2 ovata Pursh - 599

Myrlillns grdndis Bauh. Hist . :

6 partitum D. D. 593

the great Bilberry.

A. p. partita Pursh.
7 polyandrum Z>. - 593
A. p. polydndra Pursh.
8 Govenidnum D. - 59£

3. glauca Aif. - - 599
K. polifdlia Wangh. Act.
Soc. Berol.
2 rosmarinifoliaP. 600

3. angusti folium Ait. 605
V. myrtilloldes MX. ,F1. Bor.
Amer.

9 rubrum Lod.B. C. 591

4. cuneata Mickaux 600

4. caespitosum MX. 605

10 eximium Z>. Z). 594
1 1 thyrsiflorum B. R. 594
12 scintillans B. R. 594

5. hirsuta Walt. - 600

K. cilidta Bartr. Itin.

b. Flowers in sessile Tufts.
5. galezans Michx. 606

13 Seymourx B. R. 594
Varieties and Hybrids as

XXIII. MENZIEXS/^ 600

V. gattfirmis Sm. m Rees's
Cycl.

signed to A. nudiflbra in

1. ferruginea Smith 601

6. tenellum Ait. - 606

Lodd. Cat., 1836 - 59

20. (n.) bf color D. - 594

Azalea bicolor Pursh Sept
Azalea nudi flora var. bicolor

M.urceoldris Sal. Par.Lond.

2. globularis Salisb. 601
Jf. SmithiiMx. Fl.Bor.Amer.,

V. pennsylvdnicum'La.m.'Dict.
Variety - . 606

Ait. Hort. Kew.

Azalea pilbsa Lam. 111. M.pi-

Ibsa Pers. Ench.

c. Flowers disposed in Racemes.

21. (n.) calendulaceum

Torr - - 595

Azalea calendulacea Michx
Fl. Bor. Amer., A. nudifldr
var. coccinea Ait. Hort. Kew.
2 Mortem Swt. - 59
3 fiilgidum Hook. - 59
A.c.Julgida Hort.
4 lepidum Bot. R. - 59

XXIV. AZALEA D. 6)1

Azalea procumbens Lin. and
many authors. LoiseleuriaDe J.,
Chameettdon Link Enum.

1. procumbens L. - 601

Chameeledon procumbensIAnk
Enum., Loiseleiirla procumbens
Desf.

8. pallidum Ait. - 606
9. arboreum Marsh 607

V. diffitsum Ait. Hort. Kew.

10. stamfneum - 607

V. album Pursh Sept., V.
elevatum Banks Herb. : Deer
Berry, Amer.
2 album H.B.ctK.607

CONTENTS.

XXXV

11. olumosum Ait, - 607

V. fromibsum MX. Fl. Bor.
Amer., V. hirtellum Ait. Hort.
Kew.

2 \\\iva\\cWats.D.B. 608

12. corymbosuin L. 608

V.amafnum Ait. Hort. Kew.,
V. disomorphum MX. Fl. Bor.
Amer., V. clevdtum Hort., V.
album Lam. Diet.

2 virgatum^iY. H. K. 608

3 fuscatum^ft. H. K. 608
V.formdsum And. Bot. R.
V. virgdtum Wats. Dend.

Brit., but not of Ait.

4 angustifolium - 609
V. virgdtum var. angusti-
folium Wats. Dend. Br.

13. albiflorum Hook. 609

V. album Lam. ?

14. marianum Wats. 609

V. inaryld-Hdicum Lodd. Cat.
ed. 1836.

15. grandiflorum W. 609

16. (g.)elongatumW.609

17. (g.)minutifl6rum610

18. glabrum Wats. - 610

19. frondosum L. -610

V. glaucum MX. Fl. Bor.

Amer. : Blue Tangles, Amer.

2 venustura Ait. 611

V. frondosum var. @ lan-

ceoldtum Fursh Fl. Am.

20. resinosum Ait. - 611

Andromeda, baccdta Wangh.
Amer.

2 rubescens Pursh 611

3 lutescens Pursh 611
V. parvifibrum And. B. R.

21. ^rctostaphylos.L.611
22.(?^.)/?aditblium611

V. \rctostaphylos Andr. Bot.
Jle$.,\.mader&ue Lk. Euum.,
V. caucdsicurn Hort., V. padi-
fblium caucdsicum Hort. Soc.
Cat. of Fruit, ed. 1826.

B. Leaves evergreen.

a. Flowers racemose.
23. caracasanum - 612
21. Fids idae'aZ,. - 612

Vltis idte'a rubra Cam. Epit. :
the Red Whortleberry, or Cow-
berry.

25. (T.) iuxifolium 613

V. brachycerum MX. Fl. Bor.

26. (? T.) wyrtifolium 613

27. nitidum Andr. - 614

28. crassifolium Jw. 614

29. ovatum Pursh - 614

30. canadense Rich. 614

b. Flowers disposed in scaly
Tufts, nearly sessile.

31. -^fyrsinites MX. 615

2 lanceolatus ParsA 615

3 obtusus Pursh 615

32. himrifiisumGV/7^.615

XXVIII. OXYCO'CCUS

The Cranberry. — Vaccini-
uni sp. of Lin. and others.

1. palustris Pers. - 616
O.vulgaris Pursh Sept., 0.

europ&'us Nutt.^Gen. Amer.,
Vaccinium Oxycoccus Lin. Sp,
Vaccinium Oxycoccus var. ot,
ovalifblius MX. Fl. Bor. Amer.,
Vaccinia palustrisGer. Emac. ;
Oxycoccum Cord. Hist. : Moss-
berries, Moorberries, Fenber-
ries, Marshworts or Whortle-
berries, Cornberries : Airelle
canneberge, Fr. ; gemeine
Moosebcerc, Ger.

2. macrocarpus Pur. 616

Vaccintum macrocdrpum
Ait. Hort. Kew., V actinium
hispidum Wangh. Amer., Vac-
cinium Oxycoccus /3 oblongifb-
lius MX. Fl. Bor. Amer.

2 foliis variegatis 617
Vaccinium macrocdrpum

fol. var. Lodd. Cat.

3 erectus Pursh - 617
Vaccinium erythrocdr-

pum MX. Fl. Bor. Am.

Styrdcecz.
I. STYVRAX L. - - 618

The Storax.— Alibocffter,Fr.;
Storax, Ger.

1. officinale L. -618

Lagomelia, Modern Greek ;
Sturax kalamiles, Ancient
Greek.

2. (o.) grandifolium 618

S. officinale Walt. Fl. Carol.,
S. grandiflorum Michx. Fl.
Bor. Amer.

3. (o.) laevigatum A. 619

S. octdndrum L'Herit. Stirp.
Nov., S. glabrum Cav. Diss.,
S. Icfve Walt. Fl. Carol., S.
americdnum Lam. Diet.

4. (o.) pulverulentum6 1 9
S. laevigatum Bot. Mag.

Halesliicess.
I. HALEVS/^ Ellis 620

The Snowdrop Tree. — Ha-
tesie, Fr. and Ger

1. tetraptera L. - 620

The Snowdrop Tree. — Silver
Bell Tree, Amer.

2. (t.) parviflora M. 621

3. diptera L. - - 621

Sapotaceae.
I. ARGA'NIA Roem. 622

Sider6xylon spinosum L. ;
fArgan, Fr. ; Eisenholx, Ger.

1. Sideroxylon Rcem.622

Sider6xylon spinosum Lin.
i Sp., Elaeodendron A'rgan Retz.
b 2

Obs., R/idmnus pentaphylliu
Jacq. et Boccone, lihdmnui
siculus Lin. Syst.

II. J?UME'LIA Swart. 623

fCchras sp. Lin., Poir. ; 6V-
deroxylon sp. Lam. and others ;
Chrysophyllum sp. Aubl. and
others : Hochstamm, Ger.

1. /ycioides Gcsrtn. 623

Sideroxylon lyciotdes Du
Ham. Arb., S. la?ve Walt. Fl.
Carol., Lycib'ides sp. Lin.
Hort. Cliff.

2. reclinata Vent. - 623

Sideroxylon reclindtum Mich.
Fl. Bor. Amer.

3. tenax Willd. - 624

B. chrysophyllb'ldes Pursh Fl.
Amer. Sept., Sideroxylon te-
nax Lin. Maut., S. sericeum
Walt. Fl. Carol., S. chryso-
phyllb'ldes Michx. Fl. Bor.
Amer., Chrysophyllum caroli-
nenseJacq. Obs., C. glabrum
Juss.

4. lamiginosa Pursh 624

Sideroxylon lanuginbsum
Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., S.
tenax Walt. Fl. Car.

5. oblongifolia Nutt. 624

I. .DIOSPY'KOS L. - 625

The Date Plum.— E'bcnus
Comm., Guaiacana Tourn. :
Plaqueminier, Fr. ; Datlel-
pflaume, Ger.

1. I^otus L. - 625

Pseudolbtus Matth., Guaia-
cana patavlna Tourn. : Italian
Lignum J'itte, Wood of Life,
Pockwood, Bastard Menyn-
wood, Gerard ; Date of Tre-
bisonde: Plaqueminier, faux
Letter, Fr.; Italianische Dat-
telpftaume, Ger.

2. virginiana L. - 626

The Persimon. — Guaiacana
Catesb. Car.

3. (v.) pubescens P. 627

D. virginidna var. Michx.
Arb. For.

Other Kinds of hardy Dios-
pijros - - . . 627

Oleacete.

Sect. I.

. 628

The Privet.— Troene, Fr. ;
Rainweide, Ger.

1. vulgare Trag. - 628

L. germanicum Bauh. Hist. ;
Prim, or Prim-print : Troene,
Puine blanc, Fr. ; gemeine

gemei
Ligust

Rainweide, Ger. ;
Olivella, Ital.

2 leucocarpum - 629

3 xanthocarpum - 629

4 chlorocarpum - 629

XXXVI

CONTENTS.

5 sempervtrens - 629
L. itdlicum Mill.
Italiantorever green, Privet.

de Neige, Fr. ; Schneeblumc, A. Leaflets broad, smooth, or
Ger. shining on the upper surface.
2 latifolia Cat. Car. 634 Natives of Europe.

6 variegatum - 629
7 angustifolium - 629

2. spicatum Hamilt. 630

C. v. montana Pursh Sept.
3 angustifolia Ait. 634
C. trlftda Mrench.
4 maritima Pursh - 634

1. excelsior £. - 639

F. apetala Lam. III., F. ros-
trala Guss. Fl. Rar., F. O'rnus
Scop. Carn., F. erbsa Pers , F.

L. nepalense Wall, in Roxb.

C. maritima Lodd. C. 1836.

cm/>a Bosc : le Frene, Fr. ;

Fl. Ind., L. lanceolatum Herb.

Aesche, or Esche, Ger. and

Lamb.
2 glabrum Hook. 630

OVLEA americana L. 635

The Devil-wood, Amer.

Dutch ; ^5*, Dan. and Swed. ;
Frassino, Ital. ; Fresno, Span. ;
Frtixo, Port. ; J«*, Jasen, or

3. lucidum Ait. - 630

Jassen, Russ. ; ^se, Sax.

The Wax Tree. '

Sect. II. SYRI'NGEJE.

2 pendula^. //.£". 640

2 floribundum Donald's

frewe Parasol, Fr.

Cat. - - 630

IV. SYRI'XGA L. - 635

3 aurea Willd. En. 640

Other Species of \jgustrum. —
L. salicif olium, L. japonicum

The Lilac. — Lilac, Tourn.
Inst. : Lilas, Fr. ; Flieder, Ger. ;
Lilaco, Ital.

F. o#mi Pers. Ench.,
Lodd. Cat. 1836.
4 aurea pendula - 641

Thunb. (L. latifblium Vitm.),
L. nepalense - - - 631

1. vulgaris L. - - 636

5 crispa - - 641
F. crispa Bosc.

II. PHILLY'REA T. 631

Lilac vulgaris Gaert. : P/pe
Privet, or P?pe 7Yre : Lz'tas

F. atrovlrens Desf. Arb.
6 jaspidea Willd. 64 1

Filaria, Fr. ; Steinlinde, Ger.

commun, Fr. ; gemeiner Flie-
der, Ger. ; Li7/«, or Lilac turco,

7 purpurascens Z). 641

1. media L. - - 632

Ital.

F. purpurea Hort.

P. latifblia var. t media La-

1 cserulea C/M*. Hist.636

8 argentea Desf. 641

peyr. Fl. Pyr., P. \igustrifblia
Mill. Diet., P. Ice'vis Tenore
Syll. ; P. latifblia var. A. \igus-
trifolia Poll. PL Ver.
2 virgata Ait. H. K. 632

2 tnolacearwr*. B. JW . 63 6
The Scotch Lilac.
3 alba - - - 636
4 alba major Lod. C. 636

9 lutea - - 64 1
10 erosa Pers. Ench. 641
1 1 horizoritalis Desf. 64 1
12 verrucosa Desf. 641

3 Zmxifolia A. H. K. 632

5 alba plena - - 636

13 verruc. pendula 641

2. (m.) angustifolia£.632

P. obliqua Ten. Syll., P.
media Tenore Fl. Neap.
2 lanceolata A. H. K. 632

S. plena Lodd. Cat.
6 rubra Lodd. Cat. 636
7 rubra major L. C. 636
Lilas de Marly of the
French gardeners.

14 nana - - 641
15 fungosa Lodd. C. 641
16 verticillata L. C. 641
1 7 villosa nova Des. 641

8 rosmarinifolia Ait. 632

Other Varieties - - 636

Other Varieties - - 641

3. (m.) /igustrifoliaA632

P. virgata Willd. Enum., P.
media var. A Willd. Sp., PM-
lyrea iii. Clus. Hist.

4. (m.) pendula Alt. 632

P. media -y Willd. Sp.

2. Josikce'a Jacq. - 637
3. persica L. - - 637
Lilac minor Moeneh, Lilac
persica Lam. : Lilas de Perse,
Fr. ; Lilac di Persia, Ital.
2 alba Lodd. Cat. - 637
3 laciniata Lodd. C. 637

2. (e.) heterophjlla 642

F. simplicifblia Willd. Sp.,
F. monophytla Desf. Arb., F.
simplicifblia Hort., F. excelsior
var. E Lam. Diet., F. excelsior
/3 heterophylla Dec., F. integri-
fblia and diversifblia Hort.
2 variegata - - 643

5. (m.) olesefolia Ait. 633

P. media I Ait. Hort. Ke\v.,

S. capitata Gmel. Itin.
Lilas d Feuilles de Persil,

3. (e.) angustifolia B. 643

F. salicif blia Hort.

P. racembsa Link Jahrb.
6. (m.) latifolia L. - 633

P. latifblia /3 serrata Poll. Fl.
Ver., P. latifblia /3 Ten. Fl.

4 salvifolia Lodd C. 637
4. rothomagensis - 637

S. dubia Pers. Ench.; Lila-

B. Leaflets small, smooth, or
shining above. Natives of the
South of Europe, the North of
Africa, or the West of Asia.

Neap., P. spinbsa Ten. Syll., P.
latifblia j3 spinbsa Seg. Ver.

ceum rothomagense Renault Fl.
de 1'Orne, S. media Dura.
Cours., Lilas Var in N. Du

4. parvifolia Willd. - 643
5. (p.) argentea Lois. 643

7. (m.) laeVis Ait. - 633

Ham., S. chinensis Willd Sp.,

6. (p.) oxycarpa W. 644

P. latifblia var. A Willd. Sp.,

S. sibirica Hort. : the Siberian

F. oxyphylla Bieb. Fl. Taur.,

P. latifblia Mill. Diet.

Lilac, Hort.

F. O'rnus Pall. Itin. Taur.

8. (m.) obliqua Ait. 633

P. latifblia -y Willd. Sp., P.
foliacea Link Jahrb., Yhillyrea
ii. Clus. Hist.

2 Lilas Royal Son J.63 8
3 sanguinea Hort. 638
i?7as sauge, Fr.

7. pallida Bosc - 645
8. /entiscifolia Desf. 645

F. tamariscifblia Vahl Enum.,

9. (m.) spinosa Mill. 633

0/A«- Species of Syrfnga. — S.
Embdi Wall. Cat, Don's Mill.,

Don's Mill. ; F. parvifolia Lam.
Diet., F. aleppensis Pluk.

P. \licifblia Willd. Enum., P

Royle Illust. - - - 638

Phys.

latifblia p spinbsa Willd. Sp., P.

2 pendula - - 645

latifblia longifblia Link Jahrb.,
fhillyrea i. Clus. Hist.

V. FONTANE V<4 Lab. 638

C. Leaves and Leaflets large,

III. CHIONA'NTHUS 634

1. johillyreoides Lab. 639

glaucous, and downy beneath.
Natives exclusively of North
America y and in Britain

The Snow- Flower, or the
Fringe Tree. — Chionanthe, Fr. ;

Sect. III. FRAXIME\E.

chiefly to be considered as or-
namental Trees.

Schneeblume, Ger.

VI. FRA'XINUS Ton. 639

9. americana Willd. 646

1. virgfnica L. - 634

The Ash — Frene, Fr. ; Esche,

F. acuminata Lam., Don's

Snowdrop Tree, Amer. ; Arbre

Ger. ; Frassino, Ital.

Mill., Pursh Sept. ; F. discolor

CONTENTS.

XXX Vll

Muhl. : White Ash, Green Ash,
Amer.

2 latifolia - - 646

10. (a.) pubescent W. 64,6

F. nigra Du Roi Harbk., F.
tomentbsa Michx. N. Am. Syl.:
Red Ash, Black Ash, Amer.

2 longifolia Willd. 647
F. pennsylvanica Marsh.

3 latifolia Willd. - 647

4 subpub^scens Pers. 64 7
? F. subvillbsa Bosc.

1 1. (a.) sambucifolia 647

F. nigra Moench, F. crispa
Hort. : the Black Ash: Hater
Ash, Amer.

2 crispa Lodd. Cat. 647

12. (a.) quad ran gulata
MX. - - - 648

F. ielragbna Cels ex Dura,
tie Cours., F. quadranguldris
Lodd. Cat. : Blue Ash, Amer,

2 nervosa Lodd. Cat. 648

13. (a) ;u<rlandifdlia 648

F. virfdts MX. N. Amer. Syl.,
F. concolor Muhl. : the Green
Ash, Michx. ; Western Black
Ash, Pursh.

2 subintegerrima 649
F. iuglnndifblia j3 subser-

rata ^yilld.

F. carolinidnaVfang. Am.

F. Nbvte-A'nglia; and F.

caroliniana Mill. Diet.

14. (a.) caroliniana 649

F. excelsior Walt. Fl. Car.,
F. serratijblia Michx. fil. Arb.,
F, lanceolata Borkh. : Shining
Ash, Amer.

15. (a.)epiptera Vahl650

F. canadensis Gaertn. Fruct,
F. luncea Bosc.

16. (a.) platycarpaF. 650

F. caroliniana Catesb. Car. :
the Carolina Ash, Amer.

Other alleged American Species.
— F. (a) expansa Willd., F.
(a.) mixta Bosc, F. (a.) pul-
verulenta Bosc, F. (a.) ru-
bicunda Bosc, F. (a.) longi-
f61ia Bosc, F. (a.) vlridis
Bosc, F. (a.) cinSrea Bosc,
F. (a.) alba Bosc, F. (a.)
Richardz Bosc, F. (a.) ovata
Bosc, F. (a.) nigra Bosc, F.
(a.) elliptica jBosc, F. (a.)
fusca 2?osc, F. (a.) rufa/fosc,
F. (a.) pannbsa Vent, et Bosc,
F. B6sciY G. Don, F. (a.) #o-
lemoniifblia Pair., F. (a.)
trfptera Nutt., F. chinensis
Rox., F. Schiedeawa Sch. 651

VII. O'RNUS Pers. 651

The Flowering Ash.— Traxi-
nus sp. of the old authors : le
Frene a Flews, Fr. ; die blli-
hende Esche, Ger. -, Orno, Ital.;
Oren, Hebrew ; Oreine melia,
Greek.

1. europse'a Pers. 651

The Manna Ash. — Yraxinus
O'rnus Lin. Sp., F. O'rnus and
F. paniculdta Mill. Diet., F.

fiorifera Scop. Cam., F. botry-
b'tdes Mor. Prselud., F. vulga-
tior Segu. Ver.

2. (e.) rotundifolia 652

Yraxinus rotundifolia Ait.
Hort. Kew., F. manntfera Hort.
Pluk. Aim.

3. (e.) americana P. 653

F. americana Linn. Sp., F.
O'mws americana Lodd. Cat
1836.

4. floribunda G.D. 653

Frdfi'nus floribunda D. Don
Prod. Fl. Nep.

Other Species of O'rnus. — O.
striata (Yraxinus stridta
Bosc, Don's Mill.) - 653

iasmindcetz.
I. </ASMixNUMFors&. 654

The Jasmine. — Mougorium
Lam. : Jessamine : Jasmin,
Fr. and Ger. ; Schasmin, Ger. ;
Gelsomine, Ital.; Jaxrnin, Span.

1 . friiticans L. - 654

Jfts. hetcrophullum Mcench,
Lob. Adv.

2. humile L. - 655

Italian yellow Jasmine.

3. heterophjllum R. 655

J. arbbreum Hamilt. MSS. :
Goojee and Javana in Nepal.

4. revolutum Acr - 655

J. chrysanthemum Roxb. Fl.
Ind. ; the Nepal yellow Jas-
mine.

5. (r.) pubigerum Z). 656

J. JKa/ttcAianum Lindl. Bot.
Reg. : Climali-swa, Nepalese.

6. officinale L. - 656

2 foliis argenteis L 656

3 foliis aureis L. C. 656

4 floribus plenis H. 656

Apocyndcete.
I. TI'NCA L. - 657

The Periwinkle. — Pervinca
Tourn. : la Pervenche, Fr. ;
Sunngrttn, Ger. ; Vinca, or
Fior da Morto, Ital.

1. major L. - 657

Vinca mfdia Delile, Per-
vinca major Scop. Cam.
2 variegata Hort. - 657

2. minor L. - 657

Yervinca minor Scop. Cam.,
Pervinca vvlgaris Park. Thea.,
Clematis Aaphnbldes Dodon.
Pempt.

2 foliis argenteis L. 658

3 foliis aureis Lod. 658

4 flore albo Lod. C. 658

5 flore pleno Lod. 658

6 flore puniceo L. 658

7 acutiflora #erf. 658

b 3

I. PERI'PLOCA L

Periploca, Fr. ;
Ger. ; Periploca, Ital.

1. grae'ca L. -

P.maculdta Moench,
Baum. : Silk Tree :
serpeggiante, Ital.

2. angustifolia La
P. rigida Viv., P.

Vahl.

PHYSIA'NTHUS
Mart. - -

. - 658

Schlinge,

- 659
Schmidt
Apocino

'b. 659

Itevigdta

albens

- 659

Bignoniacese.
1. BIGNO'N/^ Tou. - 660

The Trumpet Flower.— Big-
none, Fr. ; Trompetenblume,
Ger. ; Bignonia, Ital.

I. capreolata L. - 660

II. TE'COMA Juss. 661

Bigndnia sp. Lin. and others.

1. radicans Juss. - 661

Bignonia. radicans Lin. Sp.,
Bignoma. radicans mf/jor Hort.,
Gelsdmium Clematis Barrel.
Icon., Bigndnia. fraxinifbh'a
Catesb. Car. : Jasmin de Vir-
ginie, Fr. ; Wur%eln Bignoniat
Ger. ; Esschenbladige Bignonia,
Dutch ; Gelsomino americano,
Ital.

2 major Hort. - 661

2. grandiflora Swt. - 661.

Bignonia. grandiflora Thunb.
Fl. Jap., B. chinensis Lam.
Diet., Rjotsjo Ksempf. Amcen.,
Incarvillea. grandiflora Sprang.
Syst. : Tung-von-fa, Chinese.

III. CATA'LPA Juss. 662

Bigndnia. sp. of Lin. and
others : Bignone Catalpa, Fr. ;
gemeine Trompetenblume ; Ger.

1. sy rin gee ^folia Sims 662
Bignbnia Catalpa Lin. Sp.,
CatSlpa bignonioldes Walt. Fl.
Car., C. cordifblia Nutt. Gen.
Amer. : Bois Shavanon, Catalpa
de V Amerique, Fr. ; Trompe-
tenbaum, Ger. ; Catalpa-boom,
Dutch.

Solanacece.
I. JS'OLA'NUM Tourn. 663

The Nightshade. — Melon-
gena Tourn. Inst., Pseitdo-
Capsicum Moench Meth., Nyc-
terium Vent. Jard. Malm.,
Aquartia Jocq. Amer. : Morelle,
Fr. ; Nachtschatten, Ger. ; So-
lano, Ital.

1. Dulcamara L. - 664

S. scdndens Neck. Gall. Bel.,
Dulcamara fiexubsa Moench
Meth., S. scdndens seu Dul-
camara Tourn. Inst., Amdra
dulcis Gerard Emac., Dtilcis
amdra Trag., Glyci/picros seu
Dulcamdra Bauh. Hist. : la

XXXV111

CONTENTS.

Morelle grimpante, Regnault
Lot. Icon.

1 riolacea H. Eyst. 664

2 alba Liu. Ft. Suec. 664

3 carnea Cels. Ups. 664

4 plena Tourn. Inst. 664

5 variegata Munt. 664

6 hirsuta Dons M//.664
S. littorale Hort.

7 rupestris Schmidt 664

2. crispum R. $ S. 664
II. LY'CIUM L. - 665

The Box Thorn. — Jasmi-
noides Niss. in Act. Gall. : Ma-
trimony Vine, Amer. ; Lycien,
Fr. ; Rocksdorn, Ger. ; Lido,
Ital.

1. europse^um L. - 665

L. salicifblium Mill. Diet.,
Jasminoldes aculedtum Mich. :
Spmo sanfo, Sja/no rft Cristo,
Ital.

Varieties. — Fruit yellow,
Fruit roundish - - GGG

2. (e.) barbarum L. 666

L. \\alimifblium Mill. Diet.,
L. bdrbarum <x wtlaare Ait.
Hort. Kew. : the Duke of Ar-
gyll's Tea Tree.

3. (e.) chinense M. 666

L. bdrbarum j3 chinense Ait.
Hort. Kew., L. bdrbarum
Lour. Coch.?, L. ovatunt N.
Du Ham.

4. (e.) TrewMAMW* 667

L. bdrbarum Lam. Diet., L.
chinense N. Du Hani.

5. (e.) ruthenicum 667

L. tatdricum Pall. Fl. Ross. :
Lycien de lit Hussie, Fr.

•2 caspicum Pall. 667

6. (e.) lanceolatum 668
L. europium jB Dec. Fl. Fr.

7. (? e.) turbinatum 668

L. halimifdlium Mill. Diet.?,
L. bdrbarum /3 Dec. Fl. Fr.

8. afrum L. - - 668
2 rigidum - - 668

L. rigidum Booth.
Other Species of Lycium -- L.
ovaturn, L. spatulatum, and
L. obovatum - -669

III. CRABO'WSKL* Schl.

Lycium sp. Lin., Ehrelia. sp.
L'Herit.

I. boerhaavz<z/o//« S. 669

bocrhaavieefblium

Lin. Suppl., Ehreti& \ialimi-
Jblia L'Herit. Stirp., L,ycium
heterophyllum Murr. Comm.
Gott., Jasminoides spindsum
Du Ham. Arb. : Lycium pa-
nicule, Fr.

Scrophulariacece.

I. Bu'DDUU L. - 670

I. globosa L. - - 670

Btiddlea. globijtdra N. Du
Ham. ; B. capitdta Jacq. Col.,
Icon. Rar.; Pdlquin, Feuillee
It. : Buddleia globulcux, Fr. ;
Kopftragende Budleje, Ger.

II. PAULO'VVN/^ Sieb.

Bigndnia. Thunb. Fl. Jap.,

Willd. Sp. PI., Pers. Syn. ; In-
carvillen Spreng. Syst. : Kirri,
Japanese ; Too, Hak-too, Chin.

1. imperials Sieb. - 671

Bignbnia tomentbsa Thunb.
Fl. Jap., Willd. Sp. PL, Pers.
Syn. ; Incarvillea. tomentusa
Spreng. Syst. Veg. : Kirri,
Japanese, Kaempf. Amcen.

Labiacea.
PHLO'MIS fruticosa 672

Jerusalem Sage.

.ROSMARI'NUS officinalis
L. - 672

LAVA'NDULA Spica 672

The common Lavender.

SA'LVIA officinalis L. 673

\erbenbceac*

I. FIVTEX L. - - 673

The Chaste Tree. — GaUlier,
Fr. ; Kenschbaum, Ger. ; Vitice,
Ital.

1. ^'gntis castus L. 673

Eleagnum T/ieopfirdsti Lob.
Icon., A'gnus cdstus Blackw.,
Piper agrestis Gerard : Arbre
au Poivre sauvage, Fr. ; Pepe
di Monad, Ital.

2 latifolia Mitt. - 674

2. (A) incisa Lam. 674

V. Negtindo Bot. Mag.

3. arborea Rox. - 674

Subdiv. II. MONOCHLAMY'DE/E;

Chenopodidcece.
I. CHENOPO^DIUM Z/.675

The Goosefoot.— Salsdla sp.
Lin. : Anserine, Fr. ; Cause
Fuss, Ger. ; Chenopodio, Ital.

1. fruticosum Schrad.615

Stonecrop Tree. — Satsbla
fruticbsa Lin. Sp. PL: The
shrubby Glasswort : Soude en
Arbre, Fr. ; strauchartiges
Safakraut, Ger. ; Sopravvivolo
legnoso, Ital.

2. parvifolium R,$ S. 675

C. fruticbsum Bieb. in Fl.
Taur-Cauc., C. microphjjllum
Bieb in Suppl. to Fl. Taur.-
Cauc., Salsbla fruticbsa Bieb.
Casp., Suaeda microphylla
Pall. Illust.

II. ^'TRIPLEX L. - 676

The Orache — Arroche, Fr. ;
Melde, Ger. ; Atriplice, Ital.

1. tfalimus L. - 676
The Tree Purslane. — Hali-

mus latijblius sive fruticbsus
\ Bauh. Pin. ; Halimus i. Clus.
i Hist. : the broad leaved Sea

Purslane Tree : Arroche, Fr. ;

!

straucharlige Melde, Ger.
2. portulacoides L. 676

The Sea Purslane — Hdlimus
secundus Clus. Hist., H. vul-
gdrfs Ger. Emac., Ktilimus
seu Portulaca marine* Bauh.
Pin. A'triplex maritima, Ho-
limus et Portulaco marina dicta
angustijblia Raii Syn. : the
narrow-leaded Sea Purslane
Tree.

III. DIO'TIS Schrcb. 677

Cerat'dtdes Tourn., A'xyris
Lin., Ceratospermum Pers,

I. Ceratoides W. - 677

i A'xyris Ceratotdes Lin. Sp.
PL, Ceratospermum pappdsutn
Pers., A'xyris fruticbsa flori-
bus fcemineis^ landlis Gmel.
Sib., Achyrdnthes pappbsa
\ Forsk. Des'cr., Krascheninni-
I Adwia Guldenst. in Act.Petrop.,
! Vrttca fbliis lanceolatis fcemi-

ntnis hirsutis Roy. Lugdb. ;
Ceratoides on'entdlis fruticbsa
Elafdgni fblio Tourn. Cor. :
Orientalisches Doppelohr, Ger.

}?olygondce<e.
I. TRAGOPY'RUM Bieb.

The Goat-Wheat — Polygo-
num Lin. Hort. Ups.

1. lanceolatum Bieb. 678

Polygonum frutescens Willd.
Sp. PI., strauchar tiger Kno-
terig, Ger.

2. iuxifolium Bieb. 678

Polygonum cr'ispulum var. u,
Sims Bot Mag. ; P. caucdsicum
Hoffm.

3. polygamum Spr. 679

Polygonum polygamumVent.
Cels., P. parvifolium Nutt.
Gen.

Other Species of Tragopyrttm —
T. maritima - . 679

CONTENTS.

XXXIX

II. JTRAPHA'XIS L. 679

A'triplex Tourn. : Strauch-
melde, Ger.

Persea Sassafras Spreng. : Lau-
rier Sassafras, Fr. ; Sassafras
Lorbeer, Ger. ; Sassofrasso,
Ital.

1. spinosa L. - 680

5. Benzoin L. - - 685

A'triplex orienlalis, frutex
aculedtus, fibre pdlc/iro, Tourn.

The BenjaminTree. — A'rbor
virginidna citrete vel limonii

Cor.
2. undulata L. - 680

folio, benzoinum fundens,
Comm. Hort.; Taurus aisti-

vdlis Wangh. Amer., Laurus

III. CALLI'GONUMZ,. 680

Pseudo-KenztAn Miehaux Fl.
Bor. Amer., Euosmus Benzbin

Palldsia. L., Pterococcus

Nutt. Gen., Benzbin sp. C.

Pall.

G. Nees Von Esenbeck : Spice

1. Pallasw L'Herit. 680

Pterococcus aphyllus Pall.
Voy., Calligonum polygonoides

Bush, Spice Wood, or wild
Allspice, Amer. ; Laurier faux
Benzoin, Fr. ; Benzoin Lorbeer,
Ger.

Lin'fil. siippl., PaUdsfa Pte-
rococcus Pall. fil. Ross. : Cas-

6. (B.) DiospyrusP. 685

L. Euosmus Diospyrus Nutt.

pischer Hackenknopf, Ger.

Gen., L. diospyrb'/des MX. Fl.

Bor. Amer., ': L. melisstefolia

T Afl.ii.vcir.p./p*

Walt. Car.

I. LAU'RUS L. - 681

7. genie ulata MX. 685

L. Euosmus geniculdta Nutt.

The Laurel, or Bay Tree. —

Gen., L. cestivdlis Willd. Sp.

i>assafras and Benaoin C. G.

PL

Von Esenbeck : Dap/me,Greck;

Laurier, Fr. ; Lorbeer, Ger.

Thymeldceac.

"

A. Leaves evergreen.

1. nobilis L. - - 681

I. DA'PHNE L. - 686

The Sweet Bay.— Laurus
Camer.,Tour.,Dodon.,Ray ; L.
vulgdris Bauh. Pin. : Laurier

Thymel<e*a Tourn. Inst.,
Geertn. : Daphne, Fr. ; Seidel-
bast, Ger. ; Dafne, Ital.

commun, Laurier franc, Lau-
rier d' A pollon, Laurier d Sauce,

A. Leaves deciduous.

Fr. ; gemeine Lorbeer, Ger. ;
Alloro, Ital.

1. Mezereum L. - 687

2 undulata Mill. - 682

The common Mezereon. —

3 salicifdlia Swt. - 682
L. n. angustijblia Lod.

Spurge Olive, Spurge Flax,
Flowering Spurge, Parkinson ;
Dwarf Bay, Gerard: Laureole

4 variegata Stct. - 682

femclle, Bois gentil, Mezereon,

L. n.fdl. var. Lodd. Cat.
5 latifolia Mill. - 682
6 crispa Lodd. Cat. 682

Boisjoli, Fr. ; gemeiner Seidel-
bast, or Kellerbalz, Ger. ; Pe-
perachtige Daphne, Dutch ;
Laureola femina, Biondella,

7 fiore pleno - 682

Cornelia, Ital.; Laureola hem-
bra, Span.

2, carolinensis Gates. 683

2 flore albo - - 687

The Red Bay. — L. Borbbniz

3 autumnale - 687

Lin. Sp., L. axilldria Lam.,
Borbbma sp. Plum. Gen., Per-
sea Borbonia. Spreng. : the
broad - leaved Carolina Bay :
Laurier rouge, Laurier Bour-

2. altaica Pall. - 687

Daphne altaique, Lauriole
de Tartarie, Fr. ; Sibirischer
Seidelbast, Ger.

bon, Laurier de Caroline, Fr. ;
Carolinischer Lorbeer, rother

3. alpina L. - - 688

Lorbeer, Ger.
2 glabra Pursh - 683
3 pubescens Pursh 683

The Alpine Chamelea Marsh.
Plant. : Daphne des Alpes, Fr. ;
Alpen Seidelbast, Ger. ; Olivella,
Ital.

4 obtusa Pursh - 683

3. Catesbiana MX. 683

B. Erect. Leaves persistent.
Flowers lateral.

L. eestivdlis Lin. Spec., L.
enervis Mill. Diet., L. Euos-

4. Laureola L. - 688

mus <Kstivdlis Nutt. Gen.:
Pond Bush, Amer. j Sommer

The Spurge Laurel — Daph-
nb'tdes verum vel Laureola

Lorbeer, Ger,

Gesn. ; Laureola Rail Syn.,

Ger. Em. ; Thymel^a Lau-

B. Leaves deciduout.
4. Sassafras L. - 683

reola Scop. Cam. : the ever-
green Daphne : Laureole male,
Laureole des Anglais, Fr. ; im-

Cornus mas odordta, folio
trifido, margine pleno, Sassa-

mergruner Seidelbast, Ger. ;
Cavolo di Lupo, Ital.

fras dicta, Pluk. Aim.; Sas-
safras arbor, ex Florida, ficul-

5. pontica L. - 688

neo folio, Bauh. Pin.; Sassafras
tp. C. G. Nces Von Esenbeck,

Thymete'a pdntica, citrei
foliis, Tourn. Itin. : Laureole

b 4

du Levant, Fr. ; Pontischer Sei-
delbast, Ger.

2 rubra Hort. - 689

3 foliis variegatis L. 689

6. Thymelaeva Vahl. 689

Thymeke'a foliis poly gate
glabris Bauh. Pin. ; T. alpina
gldbra, ftosculis subluteis ad
foliorum ortumsessilibus, Pluk.
Aim. ; Sanamunda viridis vel
gldbra Bauh. Prod. ; Sana-
munda gldbra Bauh. Hist. ;
Passerma ThymeUe'a Dec. :
the Wild Olive: la Thymelie,
Fr. ; astloser Seidelbast, Ger.

7. Tdrton-raira L - 689
Thymelce'a foliis candicanti-

bus et serici instar molttbus
Bauh. Pin. ; Tarton-Raire
Gallo-provincia Monspclien-
sium Lob. Ic., Sanamunda ar-
gentdta laiifblia Barr. Ic.,
Passerma Tarton-raira Schrd.:
the oval-leaved Daphne : Lau-
reole blanche, Fr. ; Silberblat-
triger Seidelbast, Ger.

8. (? T.) pubescens 689

Thymehe^a itdlica, Tarton-
raire Gallo-provincice similis,
sed per omnia major, Micheli :
Behaarter Seidelbast, Ger.

9. (? T.) tomentosa 690

Passerlna villbsa Lin. : Lau-
reole cotonneuse Lam. Encyc.

C. Erect. Leaves persistent.

Flowers terminal.

10. collina Smith 690
The Neapolitan Mezereon.—

D. collina * Bot. Reg. : ? D.
\3uxijolia Vahl Symb. ; Da-
phne des Collines, Laureole d
Feuilles de Santc, Fr. ; Stumpf-
bl'dttriger Seidelbast, Ger.

2 neapolitana L. 69O
D. neapolitana Lod. Bot.

11. (c.)oleoides - 690

Chama:daphnb">des cretica
Alpin. Exot., ThymeUe^a cre-
tica olece folio utri usque glabra
Tourn. Cor. ; Daphne salici-
fdlia Lam. Encycl.: Laureole
d Feuilles d' Olivier, Fr ; Oel-
baumbldttriger Seidelbast, Ger.

12. (c.)serfceaFffA/691

Thymelte'a cretica ole<e folio
subtus villosa Tourn. Cor.,
Daphne ole&fblia Lam. Encyc. :
Seidenartiger Seidelbast, Ger.

13. striata Trat. - 691

D. Erect. Leaves persistent.
Flowers in Racemes.

14. (rnidium L. - 691

Thyme/a* a foliis lini Bauh.
Pin. : Spurge Flax, Mountain
Widow Wayle : Daphne Gni-
dium, Laureole d Panicule,
Fr. ; Rispenbl'dttriger Seidel-
bast, Ger.j Camelea, Ital.

E. Prostrate. Leaves persist-
ent. Flowers terminal, ag-
gregate.

15. Cneorum L. - 691

Cncdrnm Matth. Hist., Chi*.

xl

CONTENTS.

Hist. : Thymeleedes Alpes, Fr.;

bl'dttriger Oleaster, Ger. ; AL

Bujcbaum, Buchsbaum, Ger. ;

Wohlriechender Seidelbast, Ger.

hero di Paradiso, Ital.

Bossolo, Ital.

2 fdliis variegatis 692
3 flore albo - 692

1 angustifolia Bieb. 697
E. angustifblia L.
2 dactyliformis - 697

1. sempervirens L. 703

"Ruxus Raii Syn. : Buis com-
mun, Bois bent, Fr. ; Buchs-

II. DI'RCA L. - 692

3 orientalis - - 697

baum, Ger. ; Bossolo, Ital.

Leather-wood — Thymelce^a

E. orientdlis L.

1 arborescens Mill 703

Gron. Virg.

4 spinosa - - 697

Buis arborescent, Fr.

1. palustris L. - 692

E. spinosa L.

Hochst'dmmige Buchs-

Moor -wood : Bois de Cuir,
Bois de Plomb, Fr. ; Sumpf Le-
derholz, Ger.

2. argentea Ph. - 697

Missouri Silver Tree, U. S.
of North America.

Subvars. — argentea Hort.,
aurea Hort., marginata
Hort. - - - 703

Santalaceae.

Other Species of Eleedgnus. —
E. salicifcMia ? D. Don, E.

2 angustifolia Mill. 703
Subvnr.— variegSta H. 703

conferta Hort. - - 697

3 suffruticosa Mitt. 704

I. Nv'ss.4 L. - 693

The Tupelo Tree.
1. biflora Michx. - 693

II. /fippo'pHAE L. 698

The Sea Buckthorn, or Sal-
lowthorn. — Rhamnoldes Tour. :

B. humilis Dod. Pempt.
B. s. ndna N. Du Ham.
Buis nain, Buis a Bor-
dnres, Buis d'Artois,

N. aquatica Lin. Sp. PI. ;
N. carolinidna L., N. integri-
fblia Ait. Hort. Kew., N. pe-
dunculis uniflbris Gron. Virg. :
Mountain Tupelo Mart. Mill. :
Gum Tree, Sour Gum Tree,

Argoussier, Fr. ; Haffdorn, or
Sanddorn, Ger. ; Ippofae, Ital. ;
Espino amarillo, Span.

1. Rhamnoides L. - 698

Rhamnoldes florifera sdlicis

Buis d'Hollande, petit
Buis, Fr.
Zwerch Buchsbaum, Ger.
4 rayrtifolia Lam. 704

2. balearica Willd. - 704

Peperidge, Amer.

fblio Tourn. Cor., Rhamnoldes

B. *. var. gigantea N. Du

2. (b.) villosaMr. 694

fructifera Raii Syn. : Argous-
sier faux Nerprun, Fr. ; Wei-

Ham.: Minorca Box: Buis de
Minorque, Buis de Mahon, Fr. ;

N. sylvdtica Michx. N. Amer.
Syl., N. multiflbra Wangenh.

denbl'dttriger Sanddorn, Ger. ;
Arve, or Saule epineux, in the

Balearischer Buchsbaum, Ger. ;
Bossolo gentile, Ital.

Amer., N. montana Hort., N.

Alps of Switzerland.

ped&nculis uniflbris Gron. Virg.:
Sour Gum Tree, Black Gum,
Yellow Gum, Amer. ; Haarigcr

2 angustifolia Lod. 698
3 sibirica - - 699

Artocdrpece.

Tulpelobaum, Ger.

H. sibirica Lodd. Cat.

I. McTRUS Tourn. - 705

3. (b.) candicans Jf.694
The Ogeohee Lime Tree. —
N. capitdta Walt., Ait., Michx. ;

2. salicifolia D. Don 699

H. conjerta Wall, in MSS. of
the Catal. of the Linn. Soc.

The Mulberry Tree. — M&-
rier, Fr. ; Maulbeere, Ger. ;
Moro, Ital.

N. coccinea Bartram : Sour

Indian Herb., Royle's Illust.

1 nior-i Pnir 7Ofi

Tupelo Tree, Wild Lime : weiss-

1. Illglci Z Utf . * ~ / \J\J

licher Tulpelobaum, Ger.

III. SHEPHE'RD/,* Nutt.

The common Mulberry —
Mbrus Dod. Pempt., M.frtictu

4. (b.)grandidentata694

The Large Tupelo Tree. —
N. tomentbsa and N. angull-
zans Mich. Fl. Bor. Amer., N.
denticuldta Ait. Hort. Kew., N.
angulbsa Poir., N. uniflbra
Wangenh. Amer. : Wild Olive,
Amer. ; Virginian Water Tu-
pelo, Mart. Mill.

Hippophae L.

1. argentea Nutt. - 700

Hippopfiae argentea Pursh
Sept.; Missouri Silver Leaf,
and Buffalo Berry Tree, Amer. ;
Rabbit Berry, and Beef Suet
Tree, Amer. Indians ; Graise
de Buffle, or Buffalo Fat, French
traders.

nigro Bauh. Pin,
2 laciniata Mill D. 706

2. alba L. - - 707

M. Candida Dod. Pempt.,
M. fructualbo Bauh. Pin. ; M.
dlbafructu minori albo insulso
Du Ham. Arb.
2 multicaulis Per. 707

II. OSY'RIS L. - 695

The Poet's Cassia. — Cdsia
Camer., Lob., Alpin., Gesn.

2. canadensis Nutt. 700

Wpp6pf/ae canadensis Lin.
Sp. PI , Willd. Sp. PI., Pursh

M. tatdrica Desf.
M. bulldta Balbis.
Chinese Black Mulberry.
Perrottet Mulberry.

1. alba£. - - 695

Sept.

Many-stalked Mulberry .

O. fdliis linedribus aciltis

Muner Perrottet, Mu-

Loafl. It., O. frutescens bac-
cifera Bauh. Pin., Cdsia po-

Aristolochiacete.

ner d Tiges nom—
breuses, Muriel- des
Philivoines Fr

etica Monspeliensium Cam.
Epit., Cdsia l.atinbrum Alp.
Exot., Cdsia Monspelii dicta
Gesn. Epit. : weisse Osyris,

I. yfRISTOLO^CHIA L. 701

The Birth wort— Aristoloche,
Fr. ; Osterluzey, Ger.

Moro delle Filippine,\ta} .
3 Moretticwa Hor. 70^
Dandolo's Mulherrj.

Ger.

1. sipho UHerit. - 701

4 macrophylla L. 707
M. « latifblia Hort.

~\£il(EClPTlCiC£{jE

A.macrophylla Lam. Encyc. :

M. hispdnica Hort.

I. #L#:A'GNUS Tour. 696

The Oleaster, or Wild Olive
Tree. — Chalef, Fr. ; Wilde Oel>

Aristoloche Syphon, Fr. ; gross-
bl'dttrige Osterluzey, Ger. ; Pipe
Fine, orBirthwort, Amer. ; Sifo
and Pipa, Ital.

M&rier d'Espagne,
Feuille d'Espagne, Fr.
5 romana Lod. C. 707

M. a., ovalifblia.

baum, Ger. ; Eleagno, Ital.

2 (s.) tomentosa S. 702

M&rier remain, Fr.

1 . hortensis Bieb. - 696

V ./

6 nervosa Lod. C. 707
M. nervdsa Bon Jard.

E. angustifolia L., Willd. Sp.

Ew/?Aw£iace8B.

M. subdlba nervdsa Hor.

PI.; E. songdrica Fisch., E.

'

7 italica Hort. - 708

inermis Mill. Diet., E. ar^en-
teus Moench Meth., E orientalis
Delisle, ? E. argentea Wats.

I. STILU'NG/^ Gard. 702
1. /igustrina Willd. - 702

M. italica Lod. Cat. 1836.
8 rosea Hort. - - 708

Dend. Brit. : Jerusalem Wil-
low : Olivier de Boheme, Chalef

II. J?u'xus L. - 703

Small white Mulberry.
M&rier rose, Feuille rose*

a Feuilles etroites, Fr. ; schmaU

The Box Tree. — Buis, Fr. ;

Fr.

CONTENTS.

Xli

9 columbassa L. - 708
Columba, Fr.

10 membranacea L. 708
M&rier d Feuille de Par-

chemin, Fr.

11 sinensis Hort. - 708
M. sinensis Hort.

M. chinensis Lod. Cat.

The Chinese Mulberry.
13 pumila Nois. ? - 708

M. ot. nana Hort. Brit.
Other Varieties - - 708

3. (a.) tatarica Pall. 709

4. rtibra L. - - 709

M. virginica Pluk. Aim., M.
pennsylvanica Nois. Arb. Fruit.
2 scabra - - 710
M. scdbra Willd, Nutt.
M. canadensis Poir.

II. BROUssoNExT/^Vent.

Mdrus Sc-ba. Kcempf., Lin. ;
"Papyrus Encvc. Bot., Lam. 111.
Gen.

1. papyrffera Vent. - 710

The Paper Mulberry. — Md-
rus papyrtjera Lin. Sp. PI.

2 cucullata - - 710
B. cucullata Bon Jard.

B. spatuldta Hort. Brit.
B. navicularis Lodd. Cat.

3 fructualbo - 711

III. MACLtf RjNutt. 711

Toxylon Rafinesque in 1837.

1. aurantiaca Nutt. 711

The Osage Orange. — Bow-
wood, Yellow-wood, N. Amer.

IV. Fixcus Tourn.-7l2

The Fig Tree. —Figm'er, Fr.;
Feigenbaum, Ger. ; Fico, Ital.

1. Carica L. - - 712

F. cornmhnis Bauh. Pin., F.
humilis andF : sylvestris Tourn.
Inst. : Figuier commun^ Fr. ;
gemeine Feigenbaum, Ger.

Varieties - - - - 712

V. BO'RY^ W. - 713

Adelia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.,
BigelbviA Smith, in Rees's Cycl.
Addenda.

1. /igustrina W. - 713

Adelia \igustrina Michx. Fl.
Bor. Am., BigelbviA \ignstrina
Smith in Rees's Cyclop. Add.

2. (?/.) acuminata - 714

Adelia acuminata MX. Fl.
Bor. Amer., Bigelovla. acuminata
Smith in Rees's Cyclop. Add.

3. (/.) porulosa W. - 714

Adelia porulosa MX. Fl. Bor.
Amer., BigelbviA porulosa
Smith in Rees's Cyclop. Add.
? B. ovdta Lodd. Cat. 1836.

Ulmdcece
I. C/'LMUS L. - 715

The Elm.— Orme, Fr.; Vim,
or Blister, Ger. ; Olmo, Ital.

1. campestris L. - 715

U'imus Atinia Pliny Nat.
Hist.; U. m'mur, folio ungusto
scabro, Ger. Emac. : Olmo py-
ramidale, Fr.
Varieties.

A. Timber Trees.
1 vulgaris - - 716

U. campestris Hort.Dur.
2latif61ia Hort. - 716

3 alba Masters - 716

4 acutifolia Masters 716

5 stricta #br£. Zh*r. 716
The red English Elm.

6 virens Hort. Dur. 716
7%* Kidbrook Elm.

7 cornubiensis Hort. 716
U. stricta, Lindl., Lod.
7%e Cornish Elm.

8 sarniensis - 716
U. sarniensis Lodd. Cat.
The Jersey Elm.

9 tortuosa - - 716
U. tortubsa Lod. Cat.

? Orme tortillard, Fr.

wisted Elm.
B. Ornamental or curious.

10 foliis variegatis -716

11 6etula;f61ia - 717
U. betutejolia Lod. Cat.

12 viminalis H. D. - 717
U. vimindlis Lodd. Cat.

13 parvifolia - 717
U. parvifdlia Jac. Schcen.
U. microphylla Pers.

U. pumila var.j3(transba~}-
calensis) Pall. Ross.

U. pumila Willd. Sp. PI.

U. pumila foliis parvis,
&c.

U. humilis Enum. Stirp.
Ruth.

14 planifolia - 717
U. planifolia Hort.

15 chinensis - 717
U. chinensis Pers.

The de I' Abbe Gallois ;
Orme nain, Fr.

16 cucullata Hort. 717

17 concavaefolia H. 717

1 8 foliis aureis Hort. 71 7

19 nana Hort. - 717
Other Varieties - - 717

2. (c.) suberosa M. 718

U. campestris Woodv. Med.
Bot. ; U. campestris and Theo-
phrdsti Du Ham. Arb., U.vul.

fitissima, folio lato scabra Ger.
mac. ; U.montana Cam.Epit.:
common Elm Tree, Hunter's
Evel.Syl.: VOrme Liege,VOrme
Jungeux, Fr.

1 vulgaris - - 718
U. suberosa Hort. Dur.
The Dutch cork-barked

Elm.

2 foliis variegatis 718
U. suberdsa variegata Ht.

Dur.

3 alba - - 719
U. suberosa alba Masters.

4 erecta Lodd. Cat. 7 1 2

5 The broad-lvd Hert-

fords.Ehn, Wood 719

6 The narrow -Ivd Hert-
fords.Elm, Wood 71 9

3. (c.) major Smith 719

U. holldndica Mill. Diet. ; U.
major holldndica, &c., Pluk.
Aim.; U. major, ampliore folio,
&c., Du Ham. Arb.; Tilia mas
Matth. Valgr., \]'lmus latifdlia
Michx. N. Amer. Syl.

4. effiisa Willd. - 719

U. ciliata Ehrh. Arb., U. pe-
dunculdta Lam. Diet., U. oc-
tandra Schk. Bot. Handb.; U.
folio latissimo,8(c., Buxb. Hal.;
U. latvis Pal. Ross. : VOrme
pedoncule, Fr.

5. montana Bauh. - 720
The Scotch or Wych Elm. — U.

glabra Huds., U. ejffusa Sibth.,
U. scdbra Mill. Diet., U nuda
Ehrh., U. campestris Willd. Sp.
PI., U. campestris latifdlia Hort.
Par.: IVychHazel of old authors.

A. Timber Trees.

1 vulgaris - - 720

2 rugosa Masters 720
U. »-«#dsa Lodd. Cat.

3 major Masters - 720

4 minor Masters - 72O

5 cebennensis .flbrt. 720
7%<? Cevennes Elm.

6 nigra - - 720
U. nlgra Lodd. Cat.

The black Irish Elm.

7 australis Hort. - 720

B. Ornamental or curious.

8 pendula - - 721
U. pendula Lodd. Cat.

U .glabra deciimbensHort.

Dur.

U. horizontalis Hort.
U. rilbra Hort. Soc. Card.

9 fastigiata Hort. 721
U. glabra replicata Hort.

Dur.

U. FordiiHort.

U. exoniensis Hort.

Exeter Elm, Ford'sElm.
10 crispa - - 721

? U. crispa Willd.

1%*? curled-leaved Elm.
Other Varieties - - -721

6. (m.) glabra Mill. 722

U. montana /3 Fl. Br., U.
folio glabro Ger. Emac., U.
campestris var. 3. With. : the
feathered Elm.

Varieties.

A. Timber Trees.

1 vulgaris - 723
The common smooth-leaved

Elm.

2 v^geta - - 723
U. montana vdgeta Hort.

Soc. Card.

U. americana Masters.

The Huntingdon Elm, the
ChichesterElm, the Ame-
rican Elm, and perhaps
the Scamps ton Elm.

3 var. - - 723
The Scampslon Elm.

xlii

CONTENTS.

4 major - - 723
U. gldbra major Hort.
Dur.

venqaux (N. Du Ham.), Fr. ;
Arcidiavolo, Ital.
Variety - - - - 728

The Canterbury Seedling.
5 glandulosa Lindl 723
6 Jatifolia Lindl. - 723
7 microphylla Hort. 723

2. (a.) caucasica W. 728
3. Tournefortii Lam. 728

C. orientdlis minor, foliis mi-
noribus et crassioribus, fruclu

U. g. parvifblia.

flavo, Tourn. Cor. ; C. orien-

tdlis Mill. Diet., but, according

B. Ornamental or curious.

to N. Du Ham., not of Lin. :
Micocoulier du Levant, Mico-

8 pendula - - 723
U. campestrispen. Hort.

coulier d' Orient, Fr. ; Morgen-
fandischer Z'dngelbaum, Ger.

The Doicnton Elm.
9 variegata Hort. 723
10 ramulosa Booth 723

4. (T.) sinensis Pers.729
5. Willdenov^« S. 729

C. sinensis Willd. Enu. Sup.,

7. alba Kit. - - 723

Willd. Baum.

8. americana L. - 723

6. occidentalis L. - 729

The white Elm, Amer. : the
Canadian Elm, the American
white Elm.
1 rubra Ait. H. K. 724
2 alba Ait. Hort. K. 724

The North American Nettle
Tree. — C. fructu obscuro pur-
purascente Tourn. Inst., C.
obliqua Mcench : Nettle Tree,
Sugar Berry, Amer. ; Bois in-
connu, Illinois ; Micocoulier de

? U. moUifblia R. & S.

Virginie, Fr.

3 pendula Pursh S. 724

2 cordata Willd. • 729

4 incisa Hort. - 724

3 scabriuscula Willd. 729

5 foliis variegatis H. 724

C. austrdlis Willd. Arb.
C. ? o. j3 tenuifulia Pers.

9. (a.) fulva Michx. 724

The slippery Elm. — U. rubra

C dspcra Lodd. Cat.
C. orientdlis Hort.

MX. Arb. : Orme gras, Fr. : red

7. crassifolia Lam. - 730

Elm, red-wooded Elm, Moose

The Hackberry. — C. cordi-

Elm.

fdlia L'Herit. Hort. Par., C.

10 alata MX. - - 725

U. pumila Walt. Fl. Carol. :
the Wahoo of the North Ame-

cordata Desfont. : Hagberry, or
Hoop Ash, Amer. ; Micocoulier
d Feuilles en Cceur, Fr.

rican Indians.

8. Isevigata Willd. - 730

II. PLA'NER^ Gmel. 723

"Rhdmnus Pall., Giildenst. ;

9. pumila Ph. - - 731
Other Species of Ctttis.-C. ori-

Wlmus various authors, as to

entalis L. - - 731

the Pldnera Richdrdi.

1. RicharcH MX. - 726

Jugla n daceae.

The Zelkoua Tree. — P. cre-

nata MX. Mem. sur le Zelkona,

I. ./U'GLANS L. - 732

P. carpinifblia Wats. Dend.
Brit., P. crenata Desf., llhdm-
nus carpinifblius Pall. Fl.Ross.,

The Walnut Tree. — Noyer,
Fr. ; Walnuss, Ger. ; Noce, Ital.

R. ulmoides Guldens. Tt., U'/-

1. regia L. - - 732

mus crenata Hort. Par., U.
parvifblia Willd. Baum., U.
campestris Walt. Fl. Car., U.
polygama Richard Act. Paris,
U. nemoralis Ait. Hort. Kew. ;
U. / bliis crenatis basi squall-
bus, frtectu ovoideo non com-

NW.T Juglans Dod. Pempt. ;
J3ux Juglans, seu regia vulgd-
ris, Bauh. Pin. : Noyer com-
mun, Fr. ; Noseguier, Provence;
gemeine Walnuss, Ger.
2 maxima - - 733

presso, Po^ret Encyc. Meth. :

NM.T Juglans fructu max-

le Zelkoua, or Orme de Siberie,
Fr. ; Richard's Palnere, Ger.

ima Bauh. Pin.
Noix de Jauge, Bon Jard.

Clawnut in Kent ; Ban-

2. Gmelinz MX. - 726

nut in Warwickshire.

P. \\lmifblia MX. Arb. Amer.,

3 tenera - - 733

P. aquatica Willd. ^Sp. PI.,
Anonymus aqudlicus arbor, &c.

Ntix Juglans fructu lenero
et fragile putdmine

Waltl Carol.

Bauh. Pin.

Nayer d Coque tendre,

III. CE'LTIS Town. 727

Noyer Mesange Bon

The Nettle Tree. — TJMus of
Lobel and other authors : Mi-
cocoulier, Fr. ; Z'dngelbaum,
Ger.; Cello, Ital.

Jard. 1. c. ; Noyer de
Mars in Dauphine.
The thin-shelled, or Tit-
mouse, Walnut.
4 serotina Desf. - 733

1. austrklisL. - -727

J3ux Julians fruclu ser6-

~Lbtus arbor Lob. Ic., ~Lbtus

tino Bauh. Pin.

sive Celtis Cam. Epit. : Lote

Noyer tardif, Noyer de la

Tree : Micocoulier austral, Mi-

Saint Jean, Bon Jard.

cocoulier de Provence, Fabre-

L836, Noyer de Mai in

eoulier, Fabrecoulier des Pro-

Dauphin^.

5 laciniata - - 7 S3

N&r Juglans foliis lad*

nidtis Reneaulm.
Jugluns heterophylla Ht.
J. iilici folia Lodd. Cat.
The Fern-leaved Walnut

Tree.
Other Varieties - - 733

2. nigra L. - 734

The black Walnut, the black
Hickory Nut, N. Ainer. ; Noyer
noir, Fr. ; Noce nera, Ital.

Varieties - 735

3. cinerea L. - - 735

The Butter-nut. — J. cathdr,
tica N. Amer. Syl., J. oblonga
Mill. Diet. : Oil-nut, White Hal-
nut, Amer. ; Noyer cendre,
Fr. ; graue Walnuss, Ger.

II. CVRYA Nutt. - 735

The Hickory Tree — Juglans
sp. Lin., Willd., Michx. ; Hic6-
rius Rafinesque : Hickory
Amer.

1. olivaeformis Nutt. 736

The Pacane-nut Hickory. —
Juglans rubra Gaertn. Sem. ;
J. cylindrica Lam. Encycl., N.
Du Ham.; J. Pecan Muhlenb. ;
J. angustifolia Ait. Hort. Kew.;
J. oliva/ormis MX. ; Fl. Bor.
Amer. : Pecan-nut, Illinois-
nut, Amer. ; Pecanier, Pacanus,
Noyer Pecanier ', Fr.

2. amara Nutt. - 737

Juglans amara MX. Arb. :
Bitter-nut, While Hickory.
Swamp Hickory, Amer.

3. aquatica Nutt. - 737
The Water Bitter-nut Hick-
ory. — iuglans aqu tica MX.

4. tomentosa Nutt. 738

The Mocker-nut Hickory.
— Juglans alba Lin. Sp. PL, J.
alba Mill. Diet., J. tomentbsa
MX. Fl. Bor. Amer. : Whtte-
heart Hickory, common Hickory,
Amer. ; Noyer dur, Illinois.

2 maxima Nutt. - 739

5. alba Nutt. - 739

The Shell-bark Hickory.—
Juglans alba MX. Fl. Bor.
Amer., J. alba ovata Marsh.
Arb., J. squambsa MX. Arb.,
J. compr€ssa Gartn. Sem. :
Shag-bark Hickory, Scaly-bark
Hickory, Kinky Thomas Nut.
Amer. ; Noyer lendre, Illinois.

6. sulcata Nutt. - 739

Juglans lacinibsa MX. Arb.,
J. mucronata MX. Fl. Bor.
Amer., J. sulcdta Willd. Arb. :
thick Shell-bark Hickory,
Springfield Nut, Gloucester
Nut, Amer.

7. porcina Nutt. - 740

Juglans porcina at. obcorddta

MX. Arb. ; J. porcina var. with

fruit round, and somewhat

rough, MX. N. Amer. Sylv. ; J.

obcorriata Muhlenb. : Pig-nut,

Hog-nut, Broom Hickory.

2 glabra - - 741

Juglans porcina fi f/ci-

for mis MX. Arb.
J. glabra Mulu.

CONTENTS.

xliii

8. myristicaeformis N. 74 1

The Nutmeg Hickory.— Jft-
glans myristicceformis Michx.
Arb.

9. microcarpa Nutt. 742

Other Species of Cdrya. — C.
ambigua (Jiiglans amblgua
MX.), C. pubescens Link, C.
rigida ( J. rigida Lodd. Cat.),
C. integrifolius Sprcng., Hi-
cdrius integrijdlius Ratin. 427

H[.PTEROCAVRYA Kunth

ihglans sp. Lin.

1. caurasica Kunth 743

Juglans Pterocclrya Michx.
Fl. Bor. Amer., Mey. Verz.
Pflanz. Cauc. ; RMs obsiiirum
Biob. Fl. Taur. Cauc. ; J. i'rax-
inifblia Lamond MS., N. Du
Ham. ; frdxinusl&vigata Hort.
Par.

Salicdcece.
I. SA LIX L. - - 744

The Willow. — Harab, He-
brew ; Itea, Gr. ; Salix, Latin ;
Saule, Fr. ; Weide and Fdber,
Ger. ; Salicio, Ital. ; Sauxe,
Span.; Wide, Swed. ; Wilge,
Flem. ; Withig, Anglo- Sax. ;
Willow, Withy, Sallow, Osier,
English ; Saugh, Scotch.

Group i. Purpureoe Koch.

OsierWillows, with one Stamen
in a Flower.

1 . purpurea L. - 746

S. purpiirea Koch. Comm.
Varieties - - -747

2. helix L. - - 747

The Rose Willow. — S. pur-
piirea var. Koch Comm., ? S.
oppositifolia Host Sal. Austr.

3. Lambert/tfwa Sm. 747

The Boyton Willow. — S.
purpiirea /3 Koch Comm.

4. Woo\garidna Bor. 747

S. monandra Sal. Wob. No.
4., S. monandra var. Hoffm.
Hist. Sal.

5. Forby«n« Smith 748

The fine Basket Osier. —

5. fissa Lin. Soc. Trans., not
of Hoff (Smith.) ; S. rhbra /3
Koch Comm.

6. rubra Huds. - 748

S. linearis Walker's Essays.

Group ii. Acutifbli(K Bor.
(Syn. Pruinbsae Koch.)

Willows with dark Bark, co-
vered with a fine Bloom.

7. acutifolia Willd. - 748

S. violdcca Andr. Bot. Rep.,
but not of Willd., nor the S.
caspica Hort. (Willd.)

8. cfaphnoides Villars 749

S. prce^cox Hoppe in Sturm
D. Fl , S. bigemmis Hoffm.
Germ., S. cinerea Host Sal.
Austr.

9. pomeranica Willd. 749

S. dapfmb'ides Villars, var.
with narrower leaves, and more
slender catkins, Koch Coram.

Group, iii. Triandrce Bor.
(Syn. -4mygdalina3 Koch.)

10. undulata Koch 749

S. lanceohita Smith.

2 undulata Forbes 751

3 lanceolata Sm. 751

4 var. having catkins
androgynous - 751

11. ^ippophaefoliaT". 751

12. triandra L. - 751
S. amygddlina, part of, Koch

Comm.

2 gallica - - 752

3 Hoppeana - - 752
S. androgyna Hoppe.

4 S. triandra undulata
Mertens, ined. — Ap-
proaches to S. amyg-
dalina.

13. Hoffmanm'«»fl! S.752

S. triandra Hoff., and ? of
German botanists in general.

14. amygdalina L. 752

S. amygddltna, in part, Koch
Comm.

15. Vittarsidna Plug. 752

S. triandra Villars Delph.,
S. amygddlina var. Koch Com.

Group iv. PentdndrcB Bor.

Trees having Flowers with
3 — 5 Stamens.

16. pentandra L. - 754

S. pentandra, part of, Koch
Comm. : the Sweet Willow, the
Bay -leaved Willow.

2 hermaphroditica 754

17. Mey eridna Willd. 754

S. cuspidata Schultz, S. tinc-
tbria Smith, S. penldndra /3
Linn., S. hexdndra Ehrh., S.
Ehr/tartlaua. Smith, S. tctrdndra
Willd.

18. lucida Muhlenb. 754
S. Forbtsii Swt. Hort. Brit.

ed. 1830.

Group, v. Fragiles Borrer.

Trees with their Twigs brittle

at the Joints.

19. babylonica - 757

The Weeping Willow. — S.
propendens Sering. Sal. Hel.,
S. orienldlis, 8fC., Tourn. ; S.
ardbica, fyc., C. Bauh. : Saule
pleureur, Parasol du grand
Seigneur, Fr. ; Trauer Weide,
Thr'dnen Weide, Ger.

1 vulgaris foam. H. 758

2 Napoleona Hort. 758

3 crispa Hort. - 758
S. annularis Forb. in S.W.
The ring-leaved Willow.

20. decfpiens Hoffm. 758

The white Welsh, or var-
nished, Willow — S. amerlna
Walk. Essays on Nat. Hist.,
S.frdgiles, part of, Koch Com.

21. montana Forbes 759

22. fragilis L. - - 759
The Crack Willow. — S.frd-

gilis, in part, Koch Comm.

23. monspeliensis F. 760

24. Russelbawa Sm. 760
The Duke of Bedford's Wil-
low. — ? S. fragilis Woodv. :
the Dishley, or Leicestershire,
Willow ; in some counties, the
Huntingdon Willow : S. pen-
dula Ser., S. viridis Fries, S.
riibens Schrank.

25. Purshidna Bor. 761

Group vi. A'lbae Borrer.

Trees of the largest Size, with
the Foliage whitish.

26. albai. - - 761

S. Alba, part of, Koch Com.:
the Huntingdon, or Swallow-
tailed, Willow.

2 caerulea - - 761
S. alba var. Smith, Fl. B.
S. ctcrulea Smith Eng.B.
The upland, or red-tinged,

Willow, Pontey
The Leicester Willow,

Davy's Agric. Chem.
Blue Willow, Smith.

3 crispa Hort. - 76 1

4 rosea Lodd. Cat. 761

27. vitellina L.

The Golden Osier.
Koch Comm.

- 763

. S. alba

Group vii. Nigrce.

Extra-EuropeanKinds allied to
the Kinds of one or all of the
the three preceding Groups.

28. nigra Muhl. - 768
The dark-branched American

Willow. — S.carolinidnaMii. Fl.
Bor. Amer., S. pentandra
Walt. Fl. Car., S. vulgaris
Clayt. Fl. Virg.

29. Humboldtzawa - 764

30. Bonplandzawa 764

Group viii. Prinoides B.

Shrubs, mostly Natives of N.
Ameiica, and used in Basket-
making.

31. rigida Muhl - 764.

32. ^rinb'ides Pursh 764

33. discolor Muhl. 764

34. angustataPttrvj/i 764

35. conformis Forbes 764

Group ix. GrisecB Borrer.

Chiefly Shrubs, Natives of N.
America.

36. virescens Forbes 765
S. \\ippophaefdlia Lodd.

xliv

CONTENTS.

37. reflexa Forbes 765

38. virgata Forbes 765

39. Lyonw ? Schl. 765

40. Houstonza-na P. 765

S. trittit Lodd. Cat. 1836.

41.falcataPwr*A - 765

42. grisea mild. - 765

43. petiolaris Smith 765
S. grisea Willd. var. ft sub-

glabrdta Koch Comm.

44. pennsylvanica .F.766

45. Mlihlenbergzawa 766

46. tristis Ait. - 766

47. cordatnMuklenb.766

Gr. x. 'Rosmarinifdlia? BOY.

Low Shrubs, with narrow-
Leaves.

48. rosmarini folia L. 766

Sal. rosrnarinijblia, part of,
Koch Comm.

49. angustifolia Sorr.766

S. arbuscula Sm. Fl. Br., S.
rosmarinijdlia «. Koch Comm.

50. decbmbensForbes76G
Sl.fuscata Pursh - 766

Group xi. Fuscce Borrer.
Mostly procumbent Shrubs.

52. fusca L. - 767

S. rtpens Hook. Fl. Scot. ; S.
repens Koch, part of, Koch
Comm.

1 vulgaris - - 767
S. /. var. a. Hook. Br. Fl.
S. fusca Sm. Eng. Bot.,

Forbes in Sal. Wob.
S. repens Koch, ft Koch
Comm.

2 repens - - 767
S./. var. ft Hook. Br. Fl.
S. repens Lin. Spec. Fl.,

Forbes in Sal. Wob.

3 prostrata - 767
S./. var. y Hook. Br. Fl.
S. prostrata Sm. Eng.

Bot., Forbes in S.Wob

4 fce'tida - - 767
S./. var. $ Hook. Br. Fl.
S.J&tiifa Sm. Eng. Fl

5 incubacea - 767
S. /. 5 Hook. Br. Fl

S. incubacea Lin. Sp. PI.

Forbes in Sal. Wob.

Cargentea - - 767

S. /. 6 Hook. Br. Fl.

S. argintea Sm. Eng.Bot.

Forbes in Sal. Wob.

53. Dontana Smith 768
The rusty-branched Willow.

Group xii. Anibigua Bor.
Shrubs.

54. ambigua Ehrh. 768

S. ambigua Koch, part of,
Koch Com.

1 vulgaris - - 768
S. a. « Borrer in Eng. Bot.
Suppl.

2 major - - 768
S. a. /3 major Borrer in

Eng. Bot. Suppl.
? S. ambigua /3 Hook.
S. versifblia Sering.
Saules de la Suisse.

3 spathulata - 768
S. a. y spathulata Borrer

in Eng. Bot. Suppl.
S. ambigua y Hook. Br.

S. spathulata Willd. Sp. PI.

4 undulata - 769
S. a. $ undulata Borr. in

Eng. Bot,

S. spathulata Willd. var.
undulata Mertens.

55. finmarchica W. 769

56. versicolor F. - 769

57. alaternoides F. 769

58. prote*/o#fl Sch. 769

Erroneously referred to S.
ambigua in Hook. Brit. Flor.
ed. 2. (Borrer MSS.)

Gr. xiii. Reticulate Bor.

Leaves reticulated and coria-
ceous.

59. reticulata L. - 769

Group xiv. Glaucce Bor.

Small, upright, with soft silky
Leaves.

60. elaeagnoides Sch. 770

61. glauca/,. - 770

S. appendiculala Fl. Dan.,
Willd. Sp. PI.

62. serfcea Villars 770
S. glauca Koch Comm.

63. Lapponum L. 770

S. arenaria Fl. Dan.

64. obtusifoliafFzV/rf. 771

65. arenaria L. - 11 1

66. obovata Pursh 11 \

67. canescens Willd. Ill

68. Stuart/ana Sm. 771

69. pyrenaica Gou. 771

70. WaldsteinwwaW.771

Gr. xv. Viminales Bor.

Willows and Osiers. — Mostly
Trees or large Shrubs, with
long pliant Branches, used
for Basket-malting.

7 1 . subalpina F. - 77 1

72. Candida Willd. 771

73. incana Schr. - 11 1

S. ripdria Willd. Sp. PI., S.
\avandutafMia Lapeyr. Ab., S.
ang,ustifblia Poir. in Du Ham.
Arb., S. rosmarinifblia Gouan
Hort , S. viminalis Vill. Delph.

74. linearis Forbes 772
? S. incana var. lincdris Bor-
rer in a Letter.

75. viminalis L. - 772
The common Osier. — S. lon-

gifblia Lam. Fl. Fr.

76. stipularis Smith 772

The auricled- leaved Osier.

77. SmithitfWWilld. 772

78. mollissima Ehr. 772

79. holosericea Hk. 772

80. Micheha»aForb. 772

81. ferrugiriea And. 773

82. acuminata Sm. 773
The large-leaved Sallow. —

S lanceoldta Seringe.

Group xvi. Cinerece Bor.
Sallows Trees and Shrubs,

with roundish shaggy Leaves,

and thick Catkins.

83. pallida Forbes 773
44. Willdenov«fltt# 773

85. Pontedera»a W. 773

S. piimila alp'tna nigrfcans,
folio oleagino serrato Ponted.
Comp. ; S.Pontederx Bellardi
App. ad Fl. Fed.

86. macrostipulacea 773

87. incanescens ?Sc. 773

88. pannosa Forbes 773

89. mutabilis Forbes 776

90. cinerea L. - 776

The grey Sallow. — S. cinerea
var. Koch Comm.

91. aquatica Smifh 776

92. oleifblia Smith - 776

93. geminataFor&. - 776

94. crispa Forbes - 776

95. aurita L. - 776

96. latifolia Forbes 776

97. caprea L. - - 776

The great round-leaved Sal-
low, common Slack Sallow,
Saugh in Yorkshire, Grey
Withy.

98. sphacelata Sm. Ill

Gr. xvii. Nigricantet B.

j Shrubs with long Branches, or
small Trees. Mostly Sallows.

99. australis Forbes 778

100. vaudensis For. 778

101. grisophylla F. 778

102. lacustris Forb. 778

103. crassifolia Frb. 778

104. cotinifolia Sm. 778
The Quince-leaved Sallow.

— S. spadicea Viilars Dauph.,
S. p/tylicifbliavar. Koch Comm.

105. hirta Smith - 778

S. picla Schleicher is the fern,
of S. hirta (Forbes in Sal. Wob.)

106. rivularis Forb. 778

107. atropurpurea 778

108. coriacea Forb. 778

109. nigricans Smith 778

S. phylicijoh'a ft Lin. Sp PI.

110. AndersomYtoa 779
The Green Mountain Sallow.

CONTENTS.

xlv

— S. vhyJicifblia var. Koch
Comm.

111. damascena F. 779

143.j»hillyreifolia/?.784
144. DicksomanaSin.785

S. damascenifblia Anderson's
MSS., S. yhylicijolia Lin.

Gr. xix. Vacciniifdlice Bor.

1 1 2. Ansoniana F. 779

Small and generally procum-
bent Shrubs"

113. helvetica Forb. 779
1 14. firma Forbes 779
115. carpinifoliaSc/?. 779

145. vacciniifolia W. 785

S. prunifolia, part of, Koch
Comm.

1 1 6. rotundata Frb. 779

146. carinata Smith 785

? S. rotundifblia Host.

147. prunifolia Smith 785

1 1 7. dura Forbes 779

148. venulosa Smith 785

118. Forster/a^Sm.779

149. cassia Villars 785

S. phylicifblta var. Koch
Comm.

S. myrtillaldes Willd.Sp. PI.,
S.prostrdta Ehrh. PL Select.

119. rupestris Donn 781
120. tenuifolia L. 781

Gr. xx. Myrtilloides B.

S. arbuscula Wahlenb., var.

Small Bilberry-like shrubs, not

Koch Comm., S. tenuifolia of

natives of Britain.

Eng. Bot. is S. bicolor Hook.
Brit. Fl

150. myrtilloides L. 786

TheBilberry-leavedWillow

121. propinquaJBor. 781

S. elegans Besser En. Vol.

!TA<? flat-leaved upright
Mountain Willow.

122. petraexa Ander. 781

151. pedicellaris Ph. 786
152. planifblia Ph. 786

123. Ammannmwff 782
124. atrovirens^ri. 782

Gr. xxi. Myrsinttes Borrer.
Small bushy Shrubs.

125. strepida Forb. 782
126. sordida Forbes 782

153. Myrsinites L. 787

S. Myrsinttes ft Smith Eng.

127. SchleichermTZrt 782

F1.;S. &rbutijolia Willd, Sp.
PI., probably S. Macnabi&na.

128. grisonensis F. 782

Macgillivray in Jameson 'sEdin.

Phil. Journ.

Gr. xviii. Bicolbres Bor.

154. ietulifclia Forb.787

Bushy Shrubs, with Leaves
green above and glaucous

] 55. procumbensFor.787

beneath.

S. kfvi* Hook. Br. Fl., S.

retiisa Wither. Bot. Arr ed. 4.

129. tenuior Borrer 782

130. laxiflora Borrer 782

156. retusa L. - 787

131. /aurina Smith 783

S. serpylltfdha Jacq. Austr.

The shining dark-green Wil-

157. K\ta\be\ianaW. 787

low — S. bicolor Sm. Eng. Bot.,
S. arbuscula 'Wahlenb., var.

158. U'va-ursi Pursh 787

Koch Comm.

159. serpyliifoliaSco. 787

132. patens Forbes 783

S. retusa Koch, <y Koch
Comm.

133. radicans Smith 783

160. cordifoliaPursh 788

S. phylicifdlia Lin. Fl. Lapp.

134. Borrenawa Sm. 783

Gr. xxii. IJerbacece Borr.

TAe rfar/t upright Willow.
135. Davalhawa Sm. 783

Very low Shrubs, scarcely rising
an inch above the ground.

136. t&rapla Smith 783

161. herbacea L. - 788

1 37. ramit 'dscaForb. 783

l62.poUaiBWahlai6.iSB

138. Forbesmwa - 783

139. Weigelwzna Bor. 783

Gr. xxiii. Hastatce Borr.

S. JVulfenia.ua Smith Eng. Fl.

Low Shrubs, with very broad

140. nitens Anders. 784
141. Crowedna Smith784

S. arbuscula Wahlenb.. var.

leaves, and exceedingly shag-
gy and silky catkins.

163. hastata L. • 788

Koch Comm.; S. humilis Schl.

2 serrulata - 789

is cited in Sal.Wob. as the fern.

S. hastata Willd. Sp. PI.

of S. Croti>eana Smith ; ? S. he-

3 malifolia - 789

terophylla Host.

malifdlia Sm. Eng. Bot.

142. bf color Ehrh. 784

4 arbuscula - 789

S. tenuifolia Smith Eng. Bot.

S. arbuscula Wahl. Fl.

as to the figure S. floribunda

S. arbuscula /3 L. Fl. Su.

Forb.

S. arbuscula >y Lin.Sp.Pl.

164. lanata L. - 789

Gr. xxiv. Miscellanea A.

Kinds of Salix described in Sal.
Wob., and not included in any
of the preceding Groups.

165. segyptiaca L. 789

166. alpina Forbes 789

1 67. berberifolia Pall. 790
1C8. tetrasperma R. 790

1 69. wlmifolia Forbes 790

1 70. villosa Forbes 790

Gr. xxv. Miscellanea B.
Kinds of S&lix introduced,
and of many of which there
are Plants at Messrs. Lod-
diges', but which we have not
been able to refer to any of
the preceding Groups - 790

Appendix.

Kinds of 5alix described or
recorded in Botanical Works,
but not introduced into Bri-
tain, or net known by these
names in British Gardens 790

II. PO'PULUS Tourn. 819
The Poplar. — Peuplier, Fr.;
Pappel, Ger.; Pioppo, Ital. ;
Poplier, Dutch ; Alamo, Span.

1. alba L. - - 819
The Abele Tree — P. alba la-
tifblia Lob. Ic.; P. major Mill.
Diet., P. nivea Willd. Arb., P.
alba nivea Mart. Mill. ; Leuke,
Dioscorides : the great white
Poplar, great Aspen, Dutch
Beech :Peuplier blanc, Ypreau,
Blanc de Hollande, Franc Pi-
card, Fr.; Aubo, or Aoubero, in
some provinces ; weisse Pap-
pel, Silber Pappel, weisse Aspe,
Weissalber baum, Ger.; Abeel-
boom. Dutch.

2 hybrida Bieb. - 82O
P. fl'»«Bieb. l.c.

? P. intermedia Mertens.
P. a. crassifblia Mertens.
P.grwmLodd. Cat.

3 acerifolia - - 820
P. acerifblia Lodd. Cat.
P. quercifblia Hort.

P. palmata Hort.

P. arembergica, Lod.Cat.

P. belgica Lodd. Cat.

4 candicans - - 82O
P. candicans Lodd. Cat.
P. nivea Lodd. Cat.

P. tomentfisa of the Ha-

wick Nursery.
The hoary Poplar of the

Edinburgh Nurseries.

5 segyptiaca Hort. 820
P. a. paUida Hort.
Egyptian white Poplar.

6 pendula - 82O
P. a. var. grdcflis ramfs

pendSntibus Mertens.

2.(a.) canescens Sm. 820

The common white Poplar

P. alba Mill. Diet., P. dlbafbliis
mindribus Raii Syn., P. alba
folio mindre Bauh. Hist. : Peu.
wlier grisaille, Fr.

xlvi

CONTENTS.

3. tremula L. - - 821

The Aspen. — f.ltbyca Raii
Syn.,¥./iybrida Dod. Pempt.,
P. nigra Trag. Hist,, P. pen-
dula Du Roi : Aspe, le Tremble,
Fr. ; la Tremola, Alberalla, Al-
beretto, Ital. ; Zitter -Pappel,
Espe, Ger.

2 pendula - - 822
P. pendula Lodd. Cat.

P. supina Lodd. Cat.

3 laevigata - - 822
P. Icevigata Ait.Hort.Kew.

4. (t.) trepida Willd. 822

The American Aspen. — P.
tremnloides Michx. N. Amer.
Sylv.,N. DuHam.

5. (t.) grandidentata 823

The & ."American largeAspen .
2 p6ndula Michx. - 823

6. grse'ca Ait. - - 823
The Athenian Poplar.

7. nigra L. - - 824

The common black Poplar —
P. alba Trag. Hist., P. viminea
Du Ham. Arb., P. vistulensis
Hort., P. polonica Hort. : Ai-
geiros, Greek ; Kabaki, Modern
Greek : the old English Poplar,
Suffolk ; the Willow Poplar,
Cambridgeshire ; Water Pop-
lar ; the fern, of .P. nigra is
called the Cotton Tree at Bury
St. Edmunds : Peuplier noir,
Peuplier Hard, Osier Blanc^r.,
schwane Pappel, Ger.

2 viridis Lindl. - 824
P. viridis Lodd. Cat.

8. (? n.) canadensis 824
P. tevigata Willd. Sp. PI.,

Pursh, Spreng., but not of
Hort. Kew.; f.monilijera Hort.
Par. : Cotton-wood, Michx. :
Peuplier de Canada, Fr.

9. (? n.) fotulifblia - 825
P. nigra Michx. Fl. Bor.

Am. ; V.hudsdnica Mich. Arb.,
N. Amer. Syl. ; P. hudsoniana
Bosc & Lodd. : American black
Poplar, Amer. : Peuplier de la
Bale d' Hudson, Fr.

10. (? n.) monilifera 825
The black Italian Poplar. —

P. virginidna Lin. &c., P.
glandulbsa Mcench Meth., P.
carolinensis Mcench Weissenst.,
P. nigra itdlica Lodd. Cat. 1836,
P. nigra americana Ibid., P.
acladesca Lindl. inEncyc. of PI.,
? P. maryldndica Bosc : Vir-
ginian Poplar, Swiss Poplar,
Canadian orBerry-bearingPop.
tar, Mill. : Peuplier Suisse, Peu-
plier triphilon, Peuplier de
yirginie, Dumont.

2 Lindleyona Booth 826
The new waved-leaved Pop-
lar, Hort.

3 foliis variegatis - 826

ll.fastigiataZtes/ - 827

The Lombardy Poplar. — P
dilatdta Ait. Hort. Kew., P
nigra itdlica Du Roi Harbk.
P. itdlica Mcench Weissenst.
P. itdlica dilatdta Willd., P
pyramidata Hort., P. pann6
nica Jacq., P. italica var. ca

olinensis Burgsdorf: Cypress
°oplar, Turin Poplar, Po Pop-
ar: Peiiplicr d1 Italic, Pevplier
)i/ramidal, Fr. ; Lombardische
*appel, Italianische Pnppel,
Ger. ; Pioppo Cypresso, Ital.

12. angulata Ait. - 828

The Carolina Poplar. — P.
angulbsa Michx. Fl.Bor. Amer.,
D. heterophylla Du Roi Harbk.,
?. macrophulla Lodd. Cat. 1836,
3. balsam'ifera Mill. Diet. : Mis-
issippi Cotton Tree, Amer.

2 nova Audib. - - 828

3 Medusa Booth - 828

13. heterophylla L. 829

P. mdgna fbliis amplis, &c.,
Gron.Virg., ~P.cordiJblia Burgs-
dorf, Loil. Cat.1836; P. argentea
Michx. N. Amer. Syl. : Cotton
Tree, Michx. N. Amer. Syl.

14. balsamifera L. - 830

The Tacamahac Tree. — P.
Tacamahac Mill. Diet. : the
Tacamahac, Amer. ; le Bau-
mier, Fr. ; Peuplier Hard, and
also Tacamahac, in Canada;
Balsam Pappel, Ger.

2 viminalis - - 830
P. viminalis Lodd. Cat.
P. salicifblia Hort.

P. longtfdlia Fischer, Pall.

3 latifolia Hort. - 830

4 intermedia Hort. 830

5 suaveolens - 830
P. swat'eotewsFischer, Lod.

6 foliis variegatis - 830

15. candicans Ait. - 831

The Ontario Poplar. — P.
macrophulla Lindl. in Encyc.
of PI., P. /a/#o/m:McenchMeth.,
P. ontariensis Desf. Hort. Par.,
P. cordata Lodd. Cat. 1836, P.
canadensis Mcench Weissenst.,
but not of Michx., which is P.
Uevigata Willd.: Balm of Gi-
lead Tree, Boston, N. Amer. ;
Peuplier Hard, Canada ; Peu-
plier a FeuiUes vernissees, Fr.

Betuldcea.
I. J'LNUS Tourn. - 832

The Alder, — Betate species
Lin. : Aune, Fr. ; Erie, Ger.;
Ontano, Ital. ; Aliso, Span.

1. glutinosa Gtsrtn. 832
Vetulus Minus Lin., B. emar-

f \nata Ehrh. Arb. : A'lnus Raii
yn. : Aune, Fr. ; gemeine Else,
or Elser, ot Schwartz Erie, Ger. ;
Elsenboom, Dutch ; Alno, or
Ontano, Ital. ; Aliso, or Alamc
nigro, Span.

2 emarginata Willd. 832

3 laciniata Ait. - 832
A. g. incisa Hort.

4 guercifolia Willd. 832

5 oxyacanthsefolia - 832
A. oxyacanthcefbUa Lodd.

6 macrocarpa - 832
A. macrocarpa Lod. Cat.

7 foliis variegatis H. 833
Other Varieties -

2. oblongata Willd. - 834

A'inusfol. oblong, Sfc., Baud. ;
A.fdl. ovdto-lanceol., 4-0. Mill.
)ict. : langliche Else, Ger.
2 foliis ellipticis Ait. 834

A. phrnila Lodd. Cat.

3. incana Willd. - 834

B. A'tnus var. incana Lin.
Sp. PL, B. incdna Lin. Suppl.,

I. viridis Vill. Dauph. : weisse
5rle,graue Elset or weisseEller,
Ger.

2 laciniata Lod. C. 834

3 glauca - - 834
A.gladca Mx.N. Amer. S.

B. incana var. glauca Ait.
Black Alder, Amer.

4 angulata Ait. - 834
Other Varieties - - 834

4. serrulata Willd. - 835

~Betula serrulata Ait. Hort.
Kew., B. rugdsa Ehrh. Beitr.,

A. americana Lod. Cat. 1836,
? A. canadensis Lodd. Cat.18.36.:
common Alder, Amer.; Ha%el-
leaved Alder.

5. undulata Willd. - 835

Betula cr'ispa Ait. Hort.
Kew., B. A'lnus var. cr'ispa
MX. Fl. Bor. Amer. ; A. cr'tspa
Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., N. Du
Ham.

6. cordifolia Lodd. - 835
A. cordata Tenore Prod.,

Hayne Dend.

7. viridis Dec. - - 836

A. ovata Lodd. Bot. Cab., A.
fruticbsa Schmidt, ~Betula ovata
Schrank Sal., B. A'lno-Retulee
Ehrh. Beytr., B. viridis Hort.

Other Species of A'lnus. — A.
barbata Meyer. (A. obttuir
Jblia Royle), A. subcordata
Meyer, A. jorrullensis, A.
acuminkta H. Sc B., A. cas-
taneifblia Mirb. - - 837

II. #EXTULA Tourn. 837

The Birch. — Bouleau* Fr. ;
Betula, Ital.; Abedul, Span.;
Betulla, Port. ; Birke, Ger. ;
Berk, Dutch ; Birk, Danish
and Scotch ; Biork, or Bprk,
Swedish ; Beresa, Russian ;
Brzoza, Polish.

Leaves small. Natives chiefly
of Europe.

l.albaL. - - 838

B. pubescens Ehrh. Arb., Be.
tula Raii Syn., B. tetnensis
Rafni. : Bouleau commun, Fr. ;

emeine Birke, Ger. ; Bedollo,
tal.

2 pendula Smith - 838
B. p£ndula Roth Germ.
B. verrucbsa Ehrh. Arb.
B. pendulis virgulis Loes .

3 pubescens - - 838
B. pubescens Ehrh. Beitr.

4 pontica - - 838
B. pdnttca Lod. Cat.

5 urticifolia - - 839
B. urticifolia Lod. Cat.

6 dalecarlicaZ,. Sup. 839

7 macrocarpa Wittd. 839

CONTENTS.

xlvii

8 foliis variegatis - 839

Other Varieties - - S39

2.(?a.)dauricaPa//. 840

B. ercelsa canaddnsis Wang.
Beitr.: Bouleau Siberie, Fr.
2 parvitolia Hayne 840

3.(?a.)fruticosaPtf//.840

B. humilis Schrank Sal., B.
quebeccensis Schrank der Ge-
sells. Naturf. Freunde.

4. (? a) pumila L. - 840
B. nana Kalm Itin.

5. nana L. - - 840

B. ndna Suecbrum Bromel.
Chi. Goth., B. palustris pumila,
SfC. Cels. Act. Suec.

2 stricta Lodd. Cat. 841

6.(?n.)glandulosaM. 841

Leaves large. Natives of North
America.

7. /jopulifolia Ait. - 841

B. acuminata Ehrh. Beitr.,
B. lenta Du Roi Harb. Baum.:
White Birch, and Oldfield Birch,
Amer.

2 laciniata - - 841
B. laciniata Lodd. Cat.

3 pendula - - 841
B . p e'ndula Lodd . Cat .

8. papyracea Ait. - 842

B. papyriferaMichx. Fl. Bor.
Amer., B. lanceoldta Hort., B.
ritbra Lodd. Cat. 1836, B. ca-
nadensis Lodd. Cat., B. nigra
of the Paris Nurseries : Canoe
Birch, White Birch, Amer.; Be-
tula da Carlo, Ital.

2 fusca - - 842
B. fusca Bosc.

3 trichoclada Hort. 842

4 platyphylla Hort. 842

9. nigra L. - - 843

B. lanulbsa Michx. Fl. Bor.
Amer., ? B. rbbra Michx. Arb.,
B. anguldta Lodd. Cat. 1836:
Red Birch, Amer.; Betula da
Canoa, Ital.

10. excelsa //. Kew. 843

B. lutea Michx. N. Amer.
Syl. ; ? B. nlgra Du Roi Harb.,
Baum. : Yellow Birch, Amer.

11. lenta L. - - 844

B. carpinifdlia Ehrh. Beitr.,
B. nlgra Du Roi Harb., under
both these names, and also that
of B. lenta in Lodd. Collection :
Black Birch, Cherry Birch, Ca-
nada Birch, Sweet Birch, Moun-
tain Mahogany, Amer. ;
lean Merisier, Fr. ; Betula della
Virginia, Ital.

Species of TSetula not yet intro-
duced.—B. Bhojputtra Wall.,
B. acuminata Wall., B. nitida,
B. cylindrostachya - 845

Coryldcefe, or Cupu-

liferce.
I. QUE'RCUS L. - 846

The Oak.— rfe«Tourn.,Sftto

Tourn.: Derm , Celtic ; Aaack, Q. stolonifera Lapeyr., Q. to-

or Ac, Saxon ; Al, Alon,.ur Al-

mcntbsa Dec.: Chene noir, Se-

lun, Hebrew ; Drus, Greek ;

condat ; Chene-tauxm, Fr.

Chene, Fr.; Eiche, Ger.; Bik,
Dutch ; Querxa, Ital.; Encina,

4. ^'sculus L. - 853

Span.

The Italian Oak. — ~Phagut

A. Leaves deciduous.

TZsculus, mas et fcem. Dalech.
Hist. Chene grec, Fr.

A. Natives of Europe.
§ i. Ro&wr. British Oaks.

5. (E.) apenninal/. 854

Q. conglomerdta Pers. : Chene

1. pedunculataWW. 849

hivernal, Fr.

The common British Oak —
Q. Rdiw/-Lin.Sp.Pl.,Eng. Bot.;

§ ii. Cerris. Mossy -cupped,

Q. R. pedunculdtum Mart. Fl.
Rust.; Q.fce'mina Roth Ger.;

or Turkey, Oaks.

Q. racemosa N. Du Ham.; Q.

6. Cerris L. - 854

cum longo ped&nc. Bauh. Pin.;
Q. HewzerfcDalech. Hist.;Qwer-
cus Fuchs : Hist.; Q. navalis
Surnet : WhiteOak, Chene blanc
Secondat ; Chene pedoncule, ou
a Grappes,Chenefemelle, Grave-
lin, Fr.; Stiel Eiche, frith Eiche,
Thai Eiche, Lohe Eiche, Wald
Eiche, Ger. ; Eschio, Quercia
gentile,ltA\.;Encina roble, Span.
2 pubescens Lod. C. 849

Q. crinlta ct and ^ Lam.
Diet., Q. Haliphlafos Juss. in
Hort. Par., Q. burguncliaca,
&c., Bauh. Pin. ; Q. Cerris
Pllmi, &c., Lob. Ic., Dod.
Pempt., Ger. Emac. ; Cerrus
Dalech. Hist. : the Turkey Oak,
the Iron, or Wainscot, Oak :
Chene Cerris, Chene chevelu,
Chene de Bourgogne, Fr. ; Bur-
gundische Eiche, Cerr-eiche,

3 fastigiata - - 849

Ger. ; Cerro Ghiande amare,
i*. i

Q. fastigiata Lam.

Ital.

Q. pyramidalis Hort.

Varieties.

Chene des Pyrenees, Fr.
4 pendula - - 849

* Foliage deciduous.

Q. pendula Lodd. Cat.
The Weeping Oak.

a. Leaves pinnatifid or
sinuaied. Cups of the

5 heterophylla - 851

Acorns mossy.

Q. salicrfdlia Hort.

Q. laciniata Lodd. Cat.

1 vulgaris - - 855

Q. filictfblia Hort.

Q. Cerris frondbsa Mill.

Q. Fennessi Hort.

Diet.

6 foliis variegatis - 851
7 purpurea - - 851
Q. purpurea Lodd. Cat.

Q. crinlta var. t Lam.
Q. Tournejortii Willd.
Q. orientdlis latifolia, Sfc.,
Tourn. Cor.

Other Varieties - - 851

Q. Cfrru Oliv. Voy.
Q. llaliphloe^os Bosc.

2. sessiliflora Sal. - 851

2 pendula Ncill - 856

Q. Rdbur Willd.; Q. R. var.

3 laciniata - - 856

sessile Mart. Fl. Rust.;Q.sessilis
Ehrh. Arb. ; Q. platyphyllos,

4 variegata Lod. C. 856

mas etfcem.Valech. Hist.;Q./a-
tifdlia mas, &c., Bauh. Pin.,
Raii Syn,; Q. regdlis Burnet ;

b. Leaves dentate. Cups of
the Acorns bristly.

? Q. australis Cook. Q. manrii-

5 austriaca - - 856

fera, the Manna Oak, Lindl.
Bot. Reg.; Q. mongdlica Ibid,
and Gard. Chron.: the Red Oak,

Q. austriaca Willd.
Q. Cerris Host Syn., <*

Chestnut Oak, Bay Oak: Chene
male, Secondat, Chene. roure or
rouvre, Durelin,J?r.;SteinEiche,

and /3.
Q. crinlta y Cerris Lin.
Q. cdlyce hispido, %c., Ban.

gemeine Eiche, spat Eiche, Win-
ter Eiche, dilr Eiche, roth Eiche,

6 cana major - 857
Q. cana major Lod. Cat.

Berg Eiche, Ger.; Quercta vcra

7 cana minor - 857

and Quercia commune, Ital. ;

Q. cana minor Lod. Cat.

Roble, Span.
2 pubescens - - 852
Q. s. var.p Smith Eng. Fl.

8 Ragnal - - 857
Q. Ragnal Lod. Cat.

Q.vubescens Willd. Sp.Pl.
Q. R. lanuginosum Lam.
The Durmast, Mart.
3 macrocarpa - - 852
Q. Rbbur macrocdrpum

** Foliage sub-evergreen.
Leaves dentate. Acorns
with bristly Cups.

9 fulhamensis - 858

Booth.

Q. C. dentdta Wats.

4 falkenbergensis - 852

Q. C. hybrida var. den-

Q. falkenbergensis Booth,
Forbes Hort. Tour.

tdta Swt.
10 latifolia Hort. - 859

5 australis - - 852

11 Lucombeana - 859

Q. australis Link.

Q. LucombeHna Su>t.

Other Varieties - - 852

Q. exoniensis Lod. Cat.
The Lucombe Oak, the

3. pyrenaica Willd. 853

Q. Tauzin Pers., Q. nigra

Evergreen Turkey Oak,
the Devonshire Oak, the

Thore Chlor., Q. T6sa Bosc,

Exeter Oak.

xlviii

CONTENTS.

*** Foliage' evergreen, or
very nearly so. Leaves
varying from dentate to
sinuate. Cups of the
Acorns bristly.

12 L. crispa - 859
Q. L. crispa Hort.
New Lucombe Oak.

13 L. suberosa - 859
Q. L. suberbsa Hort.

14 L. incisa - 859
Q. L. incisa Hort.

15 L. dentata - 859
Q. L. dentdta Hort.

16 heterophylla - 859

Q. L. heterophylla Hort.

7. ^'gilops£. - 860

The Valonia Oak.— Q. orien-
tdlis,S(C., Tourn. Cor.; JE'gilops
sive Cerrus mas C. Bauhin,
Secondat; Velani Tourn,Voy.;
Clans Cirri Dalech. Hist. : the
great prickly-cupped Oak :
Chene Velani, Fr. ; Chene. Ve-
lanede Bosc ; Knopper Eiche,
Ger. ; Vallonea, Ital.

2 pendula Hort. - 860

3 latifolia Hort. - 860

B. Natives of North America.

§ iii. Albce. White Ameri-
can Oaks.

8. alba L. - - 862

Q. alba virginidna Park.
Theat. Bot, Q. a. pinnutifida
Walt. Carol., Q. palustris
Marsh : Chene blanc de I'Ame-
rique, Fr. ; weisse Eiche, Ger.

1 pinnatifida MX. 862
Q. alba Ban. Cat. Stir p.
Q. virginidna Catesb. Car.
Q. a. palustris Marsh.

2 repanda Michx. 862

9. (a.) olivaeformis 864
The mossy'Cupped Oak, Amer.

10. macrocarpa W. 864
The over-cup white Oak, Bur

Oak, Amer. ; Chene d gros
Glans, Chene frise, Fr. ; gross-
fruchtige Eiche, Ger.

11. obtuslloba MX. 865

The Post Oak.— Q. steUdta
Willd. Sp. PI. : Iron Oak, Box
white Oak, American Turkey
Oak, Upland white Oak, Amer.

12. lyrata Walt. - 865
The Sieamp Post Oak, Water

white Oak, Amer.

§ iv. Prinus. Chestnut
Oaks.

13. Prinus L. - 866

The Chestnut-leaved Oak.

1 palustris MX. - 866
Q. P. palustris MX.

Q. Prtnus Lin. Sp. PI.

Q. castane&fbliis, &c., Pk.

The Swamp Chestnut Oak,
the Chestnut white Oak,
Amer. ; the white Oak,
near Philadelphia.

2 monticola MX. - 866
Q. P. monticola Mich. fil.

Q. montana Willd. Sp. PI.
Q. Vrlnus Smith in Abb.
The Rock Chestnut Oak.

3 acuminata MX. - 867
Q. P. acuminata MX. fil.
Q. Castdnea Willd. Sp. PI.
The yellow Oak.

4 pumila MX. - 867
Q. P. Chinquapin MX.
Q. Chinquapin Piirsh Fl.
Q. prt'noides Willd. Sp.Pl.
The Chinquapin, or Dwarf

Chestnut Oak.

5 tomentosa MX. - 868
Q. P. discolor MX.

Q. bicolor Willd. Sp. PL
Q. Michaux\\ Nutt.
The Swamp white Oak.

§ v. Rubrce. Red Ameri-
can Oaks.

14. ruhra L. - - 868

The Champion Oak. — Q.
P/sculi divisura, &c., Pluk.
Phyt.

Varieties. Q. rubra latifblia
and Q. rubra montana are
mentioned bv Aiton in the
2d ed. of Hort. Kew.

15. coccfnea Willd. 869
Q. rubra /3 Ait.

16. ambfgua Willd. 870

The Grey Oak.— Q. boredlis
Michx. N.'Amer. Syl.

17. falcata Michx. 870
The Spanish Oak. — Q. dis-
color Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 1.; Q.
elongdta Willd. Sp. PL ; Q. ly-
rata Lodd. Cat. 1836 ; Q. cu-
nedta Wang. ; Q. triloba Willd.,
Michx. Quer. : the downy-leaved
Oak.

18. tinctoria Willd. - 871

The Quercitron. — Q. vir-
ffinidna, S(C., Pluk. Phyt. ; Q.
discolor Willd. Arb. : the black
Oak, Amer. ; Chene des Tein-
turiers, Fr.

1 angulosa Michx. 871
Q. americdna Pluk. Aim.
Q. velutlna Lam. Diet.
Q. tinctoria Bart. Trav.
The Champlain Oak.

2 sinuosa Michx. - 872

19. palustris Willd. - 872

The Pin Oak. — Q. montdna
Lodd. Cat. 1836, Q Banlsten
Lodd. Cat. 1836.

20. Catesbart Willd. 873

The Barren Scrub Oak. — Q.
rubra /3 Abb. & Smith Ins., Q.
E'sculi divisura, $c., Cat Car.

§vi. Nigrce. Black
American Oaks.

2 1 . nigra L. - - 874
The Black Jack Oak. — Q.

maryldndica, SfC., Rail ; Q.fer-
rugtnea Michx. N. Amer. Syl. ;
Q. aqudtica Lodd. Cat. 1836:
Barren Oak, Amer.

22. aquatica Soland. 875

Q. fbliis cttnetformibus, 8fc.,
Gron. Virg. ; Q. folio non ser-
rdto, $c.t Cat. Carol. ; Q. ntgra

Willd. Sp. PI., Q. uliginbsa
Wangh. Amer.

2 nana - - 875
Q. aqudtica Sm. & Abb.
Q. a. elongata Ait. II. K.
Q. dentdta Bart. Trav.

Q. nana Willd. Sp. PL
The Dwarf jagged Oak.

3 maritima Michx. 875
Q. hemisphce 'rica Willd.

Other Varieties - - 875

23. (a.) ilicifolia W. 876

The Bear Oak. — Q. Ban'is-
teri Michx., ? Q. aqudtica Abb.
& Sm. Ins. : Black Scrub Oak,
Dwarf red Oak, Amer.

§ vii. Phcllos. Willow
Oaks.

24. Phellos L. - 876

Q. virginidna, SfC., JPluk.
Aim. ; Q. Ylex maryldndica
Raii Hist. PL

1 sylvaticus Michx. 877

2 latifolius Lodd. C. 877

3 humilis Pursh - 877

4 sericeus - - 877
Q. Phellos Sm. & Abb. Ins.
Q. P. pumilus Michx.

Q. humllior sdlicis fblio

breviore Cat. Car.
Q. sericea Willd. Sp. PL
Q. pumila MX. N. Am. Syl.
The Highland Willow Oak.
The running Oak.

5 cinereus - - 877
Q. P. -y. Lin. Sp. PL

Q. ~P. ft cinereus Ait. H. K.
Q. humilis Walt. Carol.
Q.cinerea Willd. Sp.Pl.
The upland Willow Oak.

6 maritimus Michx. 878
Q. maritima Willd. Sp. PL

25. (P.)/aurifoliaIF.878

The Laurel Oak, Swamp Wil-
low Oak.

2 hybrida MX. Quer. 878
Q.I. 2. obtusdtaAit.U.K.

26. imbricata Willd. 879

Q. latifolia Hort. : Laurel
Oak, Filed-cup Oak, Jack Oak,
Black Jack Oak, Amer. ; Chene
a Latles, Fr.

27. heterophylla M. 879

Bartram's Oak.

Other Species of fhellos Q.

agrifblia Willd. (? Q. coc-
cifera) - ... 879

B. Leaves evergreen.
A. Natives of Europe.

§ viii. Ylex. Holm, or
Holly, Oaks.

28. /vlex L. - - 880

The common evergreen Oak.

— Vlex arbdrea Bauh. Hist. :

I'Yeuse, or Chene vert, Fr. ;

Stein Eiche, Ger. ; Slice, Ital. ;

Encina, Span.

1 integrifolia Z,od. (7.880
2serratifolia£orf.C.880

CONTENTS.

xlix

3 /agifolia Lodd. C. 880
PhModrys Matth. Valgr.
V lex No. 3. Du Ham. Arb.

4 crispa iorf. Ca£. 880

5 latifolia Lod. Cat. 880
Q. I. oblonga Hort.

6 longifolia Lod. C. 880
Q. I. salicifoha Hort.

7 variegata JJor*. - 880

29. (/.) Ballota Des. 882
? Vlez major Clus. Hist. :

Chene H Glands douse, Chene
Ballote, Fr.

30. (/..B.)graniuntia882

? Vle.x f olii's rotundioribus,
§c., Magn. Monsp. : Chene de
Grammont, Fr. ; Wellenblat-
trige Eiche, Ger. ; Enema dulce,
and Gouetta, Span.

2 Cookn - - 883
Q. Cookn Arb. Brit. 1st ed.

31. coccifera L. - 883

The Kermes Oak. — I' lex coc-
cifera Cam. Epit., I. aculedta
cocciglandifera Garid. Aix., I.
coccigera 'Ger. Emac. : Chene
aux Kermes, Fr. ; Kermes
Eiche, Ger. ; Quercc del Kcr-
tnes, Ital.

32. pseudo -coccifera 883

Clime a faux Kermes, Fr. ;
Stechernde Eiche, Ger.

33. Suber L. - - 884

Suber Cam. Epit., S. Prinus
Matth. Valgr., S. latifMium,
$c., Du Ham. Arb. : Chene
Liege, Fr. ; Kork Eiche, Ger. ;
Sovero, Ital. ; Alcornoque, Sp.

2 latifolium - - 884
S&ber latifdlium, $c., Bau.

3 angustifolium - 884
Ski. angustifolium Bauh.

4 dentatum - - 884
Q. Pseitdo-Silber Hort.

34. Pseudo-Suber D. 885

<?££«<? /awj: Liege, Chene de
Gibralter, Fr. ; Un'dchte Kork-
Eiche, Ger. : Q. Turneri Bosc,
from a leaf received by him
from Kew, not of Willd.

2 Fontanesn - - 885
Q. Fontanesii Guss.

35. Turneri Willd. 885

Q hybrida Hort. : Chene de
Turner, Fr. ; Turnersche Eiche,
Ger.

36. hjbrida nana - 886

Q. hybrida Lodd. Cat. 1836 ;
Q. " a hybrid between Q. pe-
dunculdta and Q. Vlex'm Hort.
Soc. Card." ; Q. humilis Hort.,
Q. nana Hort.

B. Natives of North America.
§ ix. Virtntes. Live Oaks.

37. virens Ait. - 886

The Live Oak.— Q Pkellos
ft Lin. Sp. PI., Q. semper virens
Banister, Q. hemisph&'rica Br.
Bot. Card.

38. wyrtifolia Willd. 887

c. Natives of Nepal.

§ x. Lanutce. Woolly or
downy-leaved Oaks.

39. lanata Smith - 888

Q. lamtginbsa 13. Don Prod.,
Fl. Nep. ; ? Q. Banja Ham.
MSS., ?Q. oblongata D. Don,
1 C. ; ? Q. incana Koyle lllust.

40. annulata &n&A 888

Q. Phullata Ham. MSS., D.
Don Prod. Fl. Nep. ; ? Q. Kam-
rodpii D. Don, 1. c. ; ? Q. glauca
Thunb., ? Q. acuminata Hort.

A pp. i. European Kinds
of Oaks not yet intro-
duced.

fj./aginea Lam. - -889

Q. segilopffUia Willd.
Q. ^-gilopifblia P^?-«. Syw. 889

Q. hisptinica ft Lam.
Q. Brossa Bosc . -889

Chene Brosse at Nantes j

CAewe wrtm,Bonami.
Q. viminalis Bosc - . 889
Chene Saule, Chene Osier,

Chene de Hat, Fr.
Q. aspera Bosc - - 889

Chene apre, Fr.

Chene Lezermien, Bosc - 889

Chene Castillan, Bosc - - 889

Other Species. — Q. lusitanica

Lam., Q. prasina Pers., Q.

calyclna Poir., Q. exransa

Pair., Q. rotundif61ia Lam.,

and Q. humilis Lam. . 889

A pp. ii. Oaks of Africa,

' Asia Minor, and Persia,

only partially introduced.

Q. obtecta Poir. Diet. . 890

Q. infecturia Oliv. Voy. - 890

Q.^carie'nsis Willd.: Chene

a Galles,Fr. ; Fdrber Eiche,

Ger.

Q. Libani Oliv., Q. rfgidafFflfcf.,
Q. iberica Stev., Q. castanei-
fblia C. A. Meyer, and Q.
monsolica Fisih., are de-
scribed in onr 1st edit. - 890
Q. mannifera Lindl.Bot. .R.890
Q. regia Lindl. Bot. Res. 891
Q. BrantzY Lindl. Bot. Reg. 891

App. iii. Himalayan Oaks
only partially introduced.

Q. spicSta Smith infiees'sC. 891
Q. squamata Rox. Hort.

Beng.

Q. A'rcula Ham. MSS.
Q. obtusifdlia D. Don, Q. gran-
difdlia D. Don, and Q. velu-
tlna Lindl., are described in
our 1st ed. 892

Q. lamellftsa Smith - - 892
Q. imbricata Ham. MSS.,

D. Don Prod. Fl. Nep.
Q. semecarpifdlia Smith. 893

App. iv. Oaks of Japan,
Cochin- China, §• China,
most of which have not
yet been introduced.

Q. glSbra Thunb. - - 893
Q. conc£ntrica Lour., Q. acuta
Thunb., Q. serr£ta Thunb.,
C

Q. glauca Thunb., Q. cuspi-
data Thunb., Q. ilentata
Thunb., Q. obovata Bunge,
and Q. chinensis Bunge, are
described in our 1st ed. - 893

App. v. Oaks of Java, Su-
matra, and the Molucca
Isles, not yet introduced.

Q. sundaica Blume Fl. Jav. 893

The Sunda Oak.
Q. pruinbsa Blume Fl. Jav. 894

The frosty Oak.

Q. angustata Blume Fl. Jav. 894

Q. pallida Blume Fl.Jav. - 895

Q.. costata Blume Fl. Jav. 895

Q. rotundata Blume Fl. Jav. 895

Q.. elegans Blume Fl. Jav. 896

Q.. placentaria^wwe/y.Jav.896

Q. gla.berrimzBlumeFl.Jav.8$6

Q. platycar-paBlume Fl. Jav. 896

Q. daphiioideaKlumeFl.Jav.8$7

Q. racemosa Hook, in Cump.

B. Mag., Q. gemellifldra

Blume Fl. Jav., Q. induta

Blume Fl. Jav., Q,. urceo-

laris Hook., and Q. Pseudo-

molucca Blume Fl. Jav., are

described in our 1st ed. , 898

Q. molucca Blume Fl. Jav. 898

Q. turbinata Blume Fl. Jav. 898

«. lineata Bhinie Fl. Jav. - 898

App. vi. Mexican Oaks
only partially introduced.

Q. xalapensis Humb. $Bon. 898
Q. glaucescens Humb. ,<fj- Bon. 899
Q. obtusata Humb. $ Bon. 899
Q.. pandurata Humb. $ Bon. 899
Q. repanda Humb. $ Bon. 900
9.. /aurina Humb. $ Bonpl. 900
Q.. sideroxyla Humb. $ Bon. 900
Q. mexicana Humb. $ Bon. 901
Q. crassipes Humb. ^ Bon. 901
Q. crassipes angustifolia H. 901
d. lanceolata Humb. $ Bon. 901
Q. reticulata Humb. % Bon. 902
Q. chrysoph^lla Hum. & B. 002
Q. pulchella Humb. fy B.,n. 902
Q. spicata Humb. $ Bon. 902
Q.. stipularis Humb. fy Bon. 902
Q. crassit&lia Humb.% Bon. 903
Q.. depressa Huir.b. $ Bon. '903
Q. ambigua Humb. <§• Bon. 903
Q. confertifolia Hum. $Bon. 904
Q. trldens Humb. & Bon. 904
Q. acutifdlia Willd. ,H. S( B. 904
Q. elliptica Willd., Q. mucro-
nata Willd., Q. tomentbsa
Willd., Q. circinata Willd.,
Q. splendens Willd., Q. ru-
gbsa Willd., Q. macrophylla
Willd., Q. diversifolia Willd.,
Q. candicans Willd, Q. mi-
crophylla Willd., Q. lobata
Willd., Q. magnolitefdlia
Willd, Q. lutea Willd., and
Q. salicifblia Willd., are de-
scribed in our 1st ed. - 904
Q. lancifblia Cham. etSchlec. 904
Q. petiolaris Benth. - - 904
Q. dysoph^lla Benth. Plant.
Hartweg., Q. A'lamo Ibid.,
Q. barbinervis Ibid., Q gla-
brescens Ibid., Q. Hartwfegz
Ibid., and some others, have
been discovered by Hartweg,
who has sent home specimens
of all, and acorns of some, to
the Hort. Soc. - . 904

II. FAMOUS L. - - 905

The Beech. — Fagus of the

CONTENTS.

Romans according to Bauhin ;
Oxua of the Greeks ; Castdnea
Tourn. : Hetre, Fr. ; Buche,
Ger. ; Beuke, Dutch ; Bog,
Dan. ; Bok, Swed. ; Buk, Russ.
and Pol. ; Faggfo, Ital. ; Haya,
Span. ; Fay a, Port.

A. Cupule muricate, capsuli-
form. Ovaries included.
Young leaves plicate.

a. Species in Cultivation in Bri-
tish Gardens.

1. sylvatica L. - 905

Castdnea Fagus Scop. Cam.,
Fdgus Bauh. Pin., F. sylvestris
Mich. N. Amer., Oxya, Greek,
Fagus, Lat. : Hetre commun,
Fr. ; gemeine Buche, Ger. ;
Roodbeuke, Dutch.

2 purpurea Ait, - 905
F. s. 2. dtro-rubens Du R.
Hetre noir, Fr.

3 cuprea Lodd, Cat. 905

4 foliis variegatis - 905

5 heterophylla - 906
F. *. laciniata Lodd. Cat.
F. s. asplenifdlia L. Cat.
F. s. incisa Hort.

F. s. salicifolia Hort.
tfefre a Feuilles de Saule,
Fr.

6 cristata Lodd. Cat.906
F. s. crispa Hort.

fle^re Crete d<? Coq, Fr.
7pendulaZ<od. Ca*. 906

Hetre Parasol, Fr.
8 americana - 907

F. sylvestris Michx.

White Beech, Amer.

2. ferrugfnea Ait. - 909

F. americana latifblia Du Roi
Harbk. : red Beech, Amer.

2 caroliniana - - 909
F. caroliniana Lod. Cat.

3 latifolia - - 909
F. latifblia of Lee's Nurs.

b. Species not yet introduced.

3. obliqua Mirb. - 910

B. Cupule involucriform ; Seg-
ments narrow, laciniate. Ova-
ries laterally inserted.

a. Species introduced into
Britain.

4. Jetuloides Mirb. 910

The evergreen Beech Be-

tula antdrctica Forst. in Com
Goett., Willd. Sp. PI.

5. antarctica Forst. 910

b. Species not yet introduced into
British Gardens.

6. Dombey* Mirb. - 91

The Myrtle- leaved Beech.

7. dubia Mirb. - 911

III. CASTA NBA T. -911

The Chestnut. — Fdgus Lin
and others : Chdtaignier, Fr
Kastanie, Ger. ; Castagna,It&l.
Castano, Span. ; Castanheiro
Port. ; Castanietrce, Swed. anc
Dan. ; Keschton, Russ.

1. vesca Gar In. - 912
TheSweet, orSpanish,Chest-

ut. — Fagus Castunea Lin.
iort. Cliff, Castunea sativa
Mill. Diet., C. vulgaris Lam.
5ncyc. Eng. Bot.

A. Botanical Varieties.

2 asplenifolia Lodd. 912
C. heterophylla Hort.

C. laciniata Hort.
C. salicifolia Hort.

3 cochleataZod. Ca*. 912

4 glabra Lodd. Cat. 912
C. v. foliis lUcidis Hort.

5 glauca /Tort. - 912
C. glauca Hort.

6 variegata Hort. - 91 2
C. v. foliis aureis Lodd.

7 americana - - 912
C. vesca Michx.

B. Fruit-bearing Vars. 912

2. pumila fFi//rf. - 914

The Chincapin Fagus pu-
mila Lin. Sp. PI., Castdnea
pumila virginidna, $c., Pluk.
Aim. : Chataigner Chincapin,
FT. ; zioerch Kastanie, or Cas-
tanje, Ger.

Species of Castdnea not yet in-
troduced into European Gar-
dens.

C. indica Rox. Hort. Beng. 914

C. Roxburgh?'?' Lindl. - 915

Quercus castanicdrpa Rox.

Hort. Beng., Spreng. Syst.

Veg.

C. sphaerocarpa Lindl. - 915

Quercus armdta Rox. MSS/

C. Mbuloldes Lindl. - - 915

Quercus tribulb'ldes Smith in

Rees's Cycl., D. Don in

Prod. Nep., Wall, in Litt. ;

Q.Catungea Ham. MSS. ;

Q.ferox Rox. Hort. Beng.

.r.martabanica Wall. PI. ^s.915

C. rwwgtfrrwi* Blume Bjdr. 915

Tungurrut, or Tungerreh, of

the Natives.

C. argentea Blume Fl. Jav. 915
C. javanica Blume Fl. Jav. 915

2 montana - - 915
C. montdna Blume Bjdr.

3 fucescens - - - 916
C. inermis Lindl. in Wall. - 916
C. chinensis Spreng. - - 916

IV. CA'RPTNUS L. - 916

The Hornbeam. — Carne,
Charme, Fr. ; Haynbuche, or
Hainbuche, Ger. ; Carpino,
Ital.

1. #etulus L. - - 917

Cdrpinus Matth. Valgr.,
O'strya Bauh. Pin., O'rnus
Trag.Hist., Fdgus Bauh. Hist.,
~BetulusLob.lc.: Carne, Charme,
Fr.; gemeine Haynbuche, Ger. ;
Carpino bianco, Ital. : Horn-
beam, Yoke Elm, and in some
places Wych Hazel.

2 incisa Lodd. Cat. 917
C. B. (\uercifolia Desf.

C. B. heterophylla Hort.

3 variegataJLod. Ca£. 917

2. (.#.) americana - 918

C. virginidna Miclix. Arb

3. (B.) orientalis L. 918

Species or Varieties of Cdr-
pinus not yet introduced into
European Gardens.
C. B. Carpinizza Hort. - 919
C. viminea Lindl., Wall. - 919
C. faginea Lindl., Wall. - 919

V. O'STRYA mild. 919

1. vulgaris Wtild. --920

Cdrpinus Qfstri/a Hort. Cliff.,
O'stryacarpin'fbliaScop.Carn.,
Q'strya Bauh. Pin., O. itdlica,
&c., Michx. Gen. : Carpino nero,
Ital.

2. (?v.)virginica W. 920

Cdrpinus virginidna Abb.
Ins., Cdrpinus O'strya virgi-
nidna Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer.,
C. C-'strya Mich. N.Amer, Syl.,
not the fig., which is 0. vul-
garis : Iron Wood, Lever Wood,
Amer. ; Bois dur, Illinois.

VI. CO'RYLUS L. - 921

The Hazel. — Coudrier, Fr. ;
Haselnuss, Ger.;Nocciolo, Ital.

l./lvellanai. - 921

Coudrier Noisetier, Fr. ; Ha-
selsrauch, Nussbaum, Ger. ;
Avellano, Noccioto, Ital. ; Avel-
lano, Span.
Varieties.

A. Botanical Varieties.

1 sylvestris Ait. - 922
C. Avelldna Svensk.,

C. sylvestris Bauh. Pin.

2 pumila - - 922
C. pumila Lodd. Cat.

3 heterophylla - 922
C. heterophylla Lodd. Cat.
C. laciniata Hort.

C. wticifolia Hort.

4 purpurea - - 922
C. purpurea Lodd. Cat.
C. atro- purpurea Hort.

B. Varieties cultivated for
their Fruit.

5 tubulosa - - 922
C. tubuldsa Willd. Abbild.
C.m&tsmaMill. Diet.

C. sativa Bauh.

C. s. rhbra Ait.

Red Filbert, llort.Soc. Cat.

Langbartnuss, or Lam-

bertsnuss, Ger.
Noisetier franc d Fruit

rouge, Poit. et Turp.

6 tubulosa alba - 922
C. sativa alba Ait.

• C. A alba Lodd. Cat.
WhiteFilbert, Hort. S. Cat.
Weisse Langbartnuss , Ger .

7 crispa Enc. of PI. 923
Frizzled Filbert, P.M.

8 tennis Lodd. Cat. 923
Thin-shelled, or Cosford,

Nut, Pom. Mag., H.S.

9 barcelone"nsis - - 923
C. sativa grdndis Bauh.
C. A. grandis Lodd. Cat.
The Cob Nut, the Barce-
lona Nut, the Downton
large Nut, Hort. S. C.

2. Colurna L. - - 923

C. byzantlnaHerm. Lugdb.,
A.vellana peregrina kiimilii

CONTENTS.

Bauh. Pin., A. pumila byxan-
fma Clus. Hist., C. arbbrca
Hort. : le Noisctier de Bizance

(anus orientalis Pocock Itiner.,
L. imberbis Smith in Rees's
Cyc.

, tail. — E. polygonoides Pall.
Ross. : Ephedre tnineure, Ephe-
dre de Sibdrie, Fr.

Fr . ; ByzantinischeHaselnuss,
Ger. '
2 intermedia - - 923

Other Species. — L. Altingia
Blume Bjdr. (Altingia. excel

Taxacece.

C. intermedia Lodd. Cat
3 arborescensFzscA. 924

hand., Pers. Syn., Spreng
Sys. Lambert's Genus Pinus

1. TVxus L. - - 939

The Yew

3. rostrata Ait. - 925

Lignum papuanum Rumph
Herbar. Amboyn.) - 933

1. baccata L. - - 939

The Cuckold Hazel C. syl-

Tdxus No. 1663., Hall. Hist.:

vestris. !$c., Gron. Virg. ; C. cor-

A/I " y

If, Fr. ; Ifenbaum, Ihenbaum,

nuta Hort.

jLVI ?/?*? CCtCCdZ*

or Eihenbaum, Ger. ; Taxo

4. americana Michx. 925

C. americana hitmilis Wang
Amer.: Dwarf Cuckold Nut,
u'ild Filbert, Amer.

I. AfYRi*C4 L. - 934

The Candleberry Myrtle.—
Gale, Fr.; Wachsstrauch, Ger.
Mirica, Ital.

Ital.; Texo, Span.
2 fastigiata - - 939
T.fastigidta-Lmdl.
T. hibernica Hook., Lodd
The Florence Yew.

Other Species. — C. ferox Wall.
PI. As. liar. - - 925

Gfl/Tj/aceae.

1. Gale L. - - 934
Sweet Gale, Sweet Willow, or
Dutch Willow.— Gale Raii Syn.,
Eltedgnus Card. Hist., Myrtus

The Irish Yew.
3 procumbens - 940
T. procumbens Lodd. Cat.
4 erecta - - 940

I. GA'RRY^ Dougl. 926
1. elliptica Dougl. - 926

brabdntica Ger. Emac., Rhus
myrtifblia belgica Bauh. Pin.,
R. sylvestris dltera Dalech.

5 sparsifolia Hort. 940
6 foliis varieg. Lod. 940

2. /aurifbiia Hartw. 926

Hist., R. sylvestris Park.Theat,

7 fructu luteo - 940

Other Species of Garry*.— G.
LindlSyi, G. macrophylla,
G. oblonga, and G. ovata, are
described in Bentham's Plan-

~Myrlca palustris Lam. : Gait,
Pimento royal, Fr., gemeine
Wachsstrauch, Ger.

2. (b.)canadensisJF.942

The North American Yew
T. b. minor Michx. Bor. Amer.

tas Hartwegianaj - - 927

Platandcece.

2. cerifera L. - 935

The American Candleberry
Myrtle — M. cerifera angustifd.
lia Ait. Hort. Kew.; Myrtus
brabdntica, Sfc , Pluk. Aim. :

3. Harringtoma Kn. 942

? Tdxus macrophylla Thunb.,
fPodocdrpus macrophyllus Sw.,
Lamb. 2d ed., Arb. Brit. 1st ed.

I. PLA'TANUS L. - 927

Cerier de la Loufstane,Fr.; Al-

Other Species of Tdxus. — T.

The Plane Tree. — Platane,
Fr.; Platanus, Ger.; Plalano,

bero della cera, Ital.
2 latitolia Ait. - - 935

Mackayo Pin. Wob., T. Inu-
kdja Knight's Cat., T. glo-

Ital.

M. c. media Michx.

bdsa Schlecht. . . 943

1. orientalis L. - - 928

M. carolinensis Willd.,
M. pennsylvdnica Lam.

II. TORRES/I Arn. 943

~Pldtauus orientalis vera

M. c. sempervlrens Hort.

Tdxus sp. Nutt.

Park.Theatr., Du Ham. Arb. :
Platane de F Orient, Fr.; Mor-

Nyrtus brabdntica Cates.
Car.

1. fexifolia Arn. - 944

genlandischer Platanus, Ger.;
Doolb, Arabic ; Chinar, Persian.

Cerier dePennsylvanie,T?r.
Carolinischcr Wachs-

Tdxus montdna Nutt., not of
Willd. : Stinking Cedar, Florida.

2 acerifolia Ait. - 928

strauch, Ger.

P. o. A'ccrisfolio Tour.C.
P. acenfolia Willd. Sp. PI.

Other Species — M. spathulata
Mirb. Mem. Mus. - - 936

III. SALISBU'R/^ S. 944

Ginkgo of Ka?mpfer, Liii-

P. intermedia Hort.

nasus, and others.

Maple-leaved Plane Tree.
3 hispanica - - 927
P. hispanica Lodd. Cat.
P. macrophylla Cree.

II. COMPTOVN/^( Sol. 936

Liquiddmbar Lin. Sp., Myrl-
ea Lin. Hort. Cliff., Gale Petiv.
Mus.; Comptone,Vr.;Comptonie,

1. adiantifolia Smith 945

The Ginkgo Tree. — Ginkgo,
Gin-an, or Itsjo, Ka?mpf. Am. ;
Ginkgo blloba Lin. Mant. :

4 cuneata - - 929

Ger.

Noyer du Japan, Arbre aux

P. o. undulata Ait. H. K.
P. cuneata Willd. Sp. PI.

I. asplenifolia Solan. 936

quarante E'cus, Fr. j Albero
adianto, Ital.

2. occidental L. 931

P. Occident^ Us seu virgini en-
sis Park. Theatr., Du Ham.

Liquiddmbar asplenifdlium
L,in Sp., L. peregrmum Lin.
Syst., Myrica Linn. Hort. Cliff,
Gale mariana Petiv. Mus.,M^r-

Coniferce, or Pind-

Arb.: Button-wood, WaterBeech,

us brabanticee qfflnis Pluk.

C6CB '.

Sycamore, Cotton Tree, Amer.;

Jhyt. : the sweet Fern Bush,

Platane de Virginie, Fr.

Arner.

Tribe I. ABIK'I'INJK.

Kalsamdcetf.

Gnetaceae.

I. PI'NUS L. - - 950

The Pine. — Le Pin, Fr. ;

Pichte, Pynbaum, or Kiefer,

I. LIQUID A'MBAR L. 932

Altingia Noronh.: Liquidam-
bar, Fr.; Ambarbaum, Ger.

1. Styraciflua L. - 932

[. JB'PHEDRA L. - 937

1 . distachya L. - 937

The Great shrubby Horsetail,
or Sea Grape. — ^L'phedra vul-

3er. ; Pynboom, Dutch ; Pino,
Ital. and Span. ; Pinu, Anglo-
Sax. ; Pinnua, Welsh ; Peigne,
Erse.

Liquiddmbar arbor Pluk.

gdris Rich. Mem. Conif., Yoly-

§ i. Since. Leaves gene-

Aim., Slyrax A'cerisfMo Raii
Hist.: Liquidambar re'sineux,
Copalme de V Amerique, Liqui-
dambar Copal, Fr.; Fliessender
Ambarbaum, Ger.; Starace li-

lonum marmum Tabern., P.
amiifdlium, SfC., Bauh. Pin. ;
i'p/icdra maritima major Trn.
Inst. : Raisin de Mer, Ephedre
multiflore, Fr. ; Zweyahrigcr

rally 2 in a sheath.
A. Natives of Europe.

1. sylvestris L. - 951

quida, Ital.

Ross Schwanx, Ger.

The Scotch Pine, or Scotch

2. imberbe Willd. - 933

2. monostachya L. 938

Fir. — P. rubra Mill. Diet., P.
ylvestris communis Ait. Hort

L. orientalis Mill. Die., ? fid-

The Small Shrubby Horse-

Kew., ? P. Escarena. Htsso :

c 2

lii

CONTENTS.

Pin sauvage, Pin d'Ecosse, Fr. ;
gemeine Fbhre. gemeine Fichte,
Kiefer, Tanne, and 55 other
names, which are given in
Hayne Abbtld.,Ger ; Pynboom,
Dutch ; Pino sylvatico, Ital. ;
Pino sylt'estre, Span. ; Fyrre,
Dan. and Swed. ; Sosna, Pol.,
Boh., and Russ.
Varieties.

a. Timber Trees.

1 vulgaris - - 952

2 horizontalis - 952
P. horizontalis Don of For.
P. syl. var. montdna Sang.
The Speyside Pine, Grig.
The red-wooded Scotch

Pine, Sang.
?P.rM>ra Mill. Diet.

3 uncinata - - 952
Mar Forest Wild Pine H.S.

4 haguenensis - 953
Pin de Haguenau, Fr.

5 rigensis - - 953
Pin de Riga, Desf. Hist.
Pin de Russie, Pin de Ma-
ture, Fr.

Other Timber Tree Vars. 953

k- Varieties curious or orna-
mental.

6 genev6nsis - - 953
Pin de Tartare, Fr.

7 monophylla ffodff.953

8 scariosa - - 953
P. scaridsa Lodd. Cat.
?P. squamdsa Bosc Nouv.

9 intermedia - 953

10 altaica Ledebour 953

11 tortuosa DonofF.954
2. (s.) pumflio H&n. 955

The Mountain Pine. — P.
sylvestris monlana y Ait. Hort.
Kew. ; P. s. humilis y Neal ; P
humilit, Sic., Tourn Inst., Link
Abhand. : Pin nain, French ;
Krumholz, Ger.

2 rubrgefolia - - 955

3 Fischeri Booth - 955

4 MUtghus - - 955
P. s. Mtigho Matt. Cam.
P. montdna Baum. Cat.
P. Mtigho Jacq., Pair.

5 M. nana - - 956
The Knee Pine of the Sty-

rian Alps.
Other Varieties - - 956

3 Laricio Pair. - 956
The Corsican Pine. — P. syl-
vestris t marttima Ait. Hort.
Kew., P. marttima ed. 2. : Pi-
nastro, Pino chiappino, Ital.

1 corsicana - - 957
Laricio de file de Corse,

Delamarre.

2 subviridis M Du H. 957

3 caramanica - 957
P. caramdnica Bosc.
~P.caramaniensisBon3a.rd.
Laricio de Caramanie, ou

del' Asia Mineure,De\a-
marre.

? P. romana Lond. H. S.
Card.

4 calabrica - - 957
Laricio de Mont Sila en

Calabre, Delamarre.

5 austriaca - - 958

P. austriaca Hoss.

Laricio d'Autricfie, ou de

la Hon&rie, Delamarre.

Other Varieties - - 958

4. (L.) austriacaHoss 958

The black Pine. — P. nigri-
cans Hort., P. nigrescensHort. :
Schwartz Fb/ire, Ger.

5. (L ) Pallaswwza L.959

The Tartarian Pine. — P.
ta&rica Hort. ; P. tatdrica in
the Hammersmith Nursery in
1797, P. maritima Pall. Ind.
Taur. : Tzaam in the Tartar
language.
Varieties.

Cones straight and

short - - 960

Cones long and

crooked - 960

6. (L.) pyrenaical/. 961

P. hispdnica Cook's Sketches
in Spain, "Pinaster hispdnica
Roxas di San Clemente ; P.
pcnicellus Lap.Hist. des PI. des
Pyrenees ; P. haleptnsis major
Ann. d'Hort. de Paris : Pin
Nazaron, Pin pinceau, Fr.

7. Pinaster Ait, - 961

The Cluster Pine. — P. syl-
vestris ? Lin. Syst. Reich., P.
maritima dltcra Du Ham. Arb.,
P. marttima N. DuHam. ; P.
syrtica Thore Prom, sur les
Cotes de Gascogne, P. Mas-
sowiana Lamb. ed. 2. : Pin de
Bordeaux, Pin des Lundes, Fr. ;
Pinastro, Ital.

2 Aberdom'rf? G.M. 963
P. P. EscarenusArb.Srit.

3 Lemomanws - 963
P. Lemoni&na. Benth. 963

4 minor - - 963
P. maritima mm. N.D.H.
Pin Pinsot, Pin de Mans,

Pin a Trochet, Fr.

5 foliis variegatis - 963

6 maritimus - 963
Other Varieties - - 963

8. Pinea L. - - 965

The Stone Pine. — P. satlva,
P. saliva Bauh. Pin. ; P. do-
mestica Matth. Comm. : Pin
Pignon, Pin ban, Pin cultive,
Pin Pinter, Fr. ; Geneissbere
Fichte, Ger. ; Pino daPinocchi,
Ital.

2 fragilis N. Du H. 965

3 cretica Hort. - 965

9. halepensis Ait. - 967

P. hierosolymitdna Du Ham.
Arb. ; P. maritima prima Mat-
th iol us ; Pin de Jerusaleme,
Fr. ; Pino d Aleppo, Ital.

2 minor - - 967

3 maritima - - 968
P. maritima Lamb. Pin.

4 genu£nsis - - 968
P. genutnsis Cook.

10. bruttia Ten. - 968
The Calabrian Pine — P.con-

slomerdta Graeffer PI. Exsicc ;
Kalabrische Kiefer, Ger.

B. Natives of N. America.

11. Bankswna L. 96 3

The Labrador Pine.— P. syl-
vestris divaricdta Ait. Hort.
Kew., P. rupestris MX. N.
Amer. Syl., P. hudsonica Lam.
Encyc. : Scrub Pine, Hudson's
Bay Pine : Ypres, Canada.

12. inops Ait. - 970

The Jersey Pine P. virgi-

nidna Du Koi Harbk. ed Pott. :
Pin chetif, Fr.

13. pungens Michx. 971

The Table Mountain Pine.

14-. resinosa Ait. - 972

The red Pine — P. rbbra
Michx. N. Amer. Syl.: Nor-
way Pine, Canada ; Yellow
Pine, Nova Scotia ; le Pin rouge
dc Canada, Fr.

15. mitis Michx. - 974-

The yellow Pine. — P. vari-
dbilis Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. :
? P. echinuta Mill. Diet. : New
York Pine, Spruce Pine,
Short-leaved Pine, Yellow Pine,
Amer.

16. contorta Doug. 975

17. turbinata Bosc 975

§ ii. Ternatce. — Leaves 3 in
a Sheath.

A. Natives of N. America.

18. TVda L. - 976

The Loblolly Pine.— P. foliis
ternis Gron. Virg., P. virgi-
nidna tenuifblia tr'iplicis Pluk.
Aim. : White Pine, at Peters-
burg and Richmond, in Vir-
ginia.

2 alopecuroidea^zY.976

19. rfgidaJlfz#. -977

The Pitch Pine.— P. T^da
a. Poir. Diet. : f Three-leaved
Virginian Pine, Sap Pine,
Black Pine : Pin herisse, Pin
rude, Fr.

20. (r.) Fraseri L. 979

21. (r.) serotinaMr.979
The Pond Pine — ? P. T*?Wa

nlopecuroidea Ait. Hort. Kew.

ed 2.

P. variSbilis Lamb. Pin. - 980

22. ponderosaZJo*^. 981

23. Sabim'awaDong. 982

The great prickly-coned Pine.

24. (S.) CoultenD. 985

The great hooked Pine.—? P.
Safo'wiana var. Hort. ; ? P. ma-
crocdrpa Lindl. MSS.

2 vera * - 985

25. australis MX. 987

P. palustris Willd. Sp. PI.,
Pursh Sept., Lamb. Pin. ed. 1. ;
P. americdna palfistris, &c.,
Hort. Angl. Du Ham. Arb.,
P. serdtina Hort. : in America,
Long-leaved Pine, Yellow Pine,
Pitch Pine, and Broom Pine,
in the southern states ; South-
ern Pine and Red Pine, in the

CONTENTS.

liil

northern states ; Yellow Pine
aud Pitch Pine, in the middle
states ; Georgia, Pitch Pine of
the English and West Indian
merchants.

2 excelsa - - 988
P. palustris excelsa Booth.

26. insignis Doug. 988

27. calitbrniana L. 989

P. montereyensis Godefroy,
P. adfinca Bosc : Pin de Mon-
terey, Bon Jard. ed. 1837.

28. muricata D.Don 987
Obispo, Span.

29. tuberculataDon 990

30. radiata D. Don 990

B. Natives of Mexico.

31. Teocote S.&D. 991

Teocate and Ocote of the Mexi-
cans.

32. patula S. $ D. 992
2 foliis strictis£nf A. 993

33. Llave/wifl Sch. 993

P. cembrolctei Zucc. Flora:
the Mexican Cembra, Penny
Cyc.

C. Natives of the Canaries, In-
dia, Persia, China, and Aus-
tralia,

34. canariensis Sm. 994
? P. adfinca Bosc.

35. longifolia Roxb. 996

36. Gerard/ana W. 998
The short-leaved Nepal Pine.

— P. Ne&sa Govan : eatable-
seeded Pine of the East Indies ;
? Chilg/tdza Elphinstone ; the
Neosa Pine, Penny Cyc.

37. sinensis Lamb. 999
P. ? Kesdya Royle, P. ne-

palensis Pin. Wob., P. Ca.

38. timoriensis - 1000

§ iii. Quince. — Leaves 5,
rarely 4, in a Sheath.

A. Cones with the Scales thick-
ened at the Apex.

a. Natives of Mexico.

39. Hartwega Ldl. 1000

40. Devonian* Ldl. 1001
Pino bianco, or P. real, of the

Mexicans.

41. Russelliffwa L. 1003

42. Montezum^L. 1004

The rough-branched Mexi-
can Pine. — Pinus occidentdlis
Kunth in Humb. et Bonpl.
Nov. Gen. et Sp. PL, Deppe in
Schlecht. Linnaea.

2 Lindleyt - 1004

43. macrophyllal,. 1006
44 Pseudo-Strobtis 1008

The False Weymouth Pine.

45. filifolia Lindl. 100S

46. leiophylla Schd. 1011

Ocote chino in Mexico.

47. odcarpa Schd. 1012

48. apulcensis Ldl. 1014

P. acapulcensis G. Don in
Sweet Hort. Brit. ed.3.

b. Natives qf the West Indies.

49. occidentals S. 1015

P. fbliis quints, &c., Plum.
Cat., Larix americdna Tourn.
Inst. : Ocote, Mexican.

B. Cones with the Scales not
thickened at the Apex.

SL Natives of Europe and Si-
beria.

50. Cembra L. - 1016

P. fbliis quints, &c., Gmel.
Sib.; P. sattva Amm. Ruth.;
P. sylvestris, &c ., Bauh. Pin. ;
P. sylvestris Cembro Cam.
Epit. ; Lurix semper virens,
&c., Breyn. in Act. Nat. Cur.
Cent. ; Pinaster Aleuo, &c.,
Bell. Conifer. ; T<e*da arbor,
Cembro Italbrum, Dale Hist. :
Aphernousli Pine, five-leaved
Pine, the Siberian Stone Pine,
the Swiss Stone Pine : Aroles
in Savoy ; Alvies in Switzer-
land ; Ctmbra in Dauphine ;
Ceinbrot, Eouve, Tinier, Fr. j
Zurbelkiefer, Ger. ; Pino Zi?n-
bro, Ital. ; Kedr, Russ.

1 sibirica - - 1016
P. Cembra Lodd.Cat.
Kedr, Pall.

Cedar of some authors.
Siberian Stone Pine, or
Siberian Cedar.

2 pygmae^a - - 1016
P. C. pumila Pall. Ross.
Slanez, Russ.

3 helvetica Lodd. 1016

b. Natives of North America.

51. Strobus L. - 1018

The Weymouth Pine. — P.
foliis quints, SfC., Gron. Virg. ;
P. canadensis quinqu<ef6lia Du
Ham. Arb., P. virgmidna Pink.
Aim., ~Ldrix canadensis Tourn.
Inst. : New England Pine,
white Pine, Pump&in Pine, Ap-
ple Pine, Saplin Pine, Amer. ;
Pin du Lord, Pin du Lord
Weymouth, Fr.

2 alba Hort. - 1018

3 brevifolia Hort. 1018

4 coinpr^ssa Booth 1018
P. S. nAva Lodd. Cat.
Floetbeck Wet/mouth Pine.

52. (Str.) Lambertiflwa
Doug. - - 1019

The gigantic Pine.

53. (S.) monticola 1021

The short-leaved Weymouth
Pine.

c. Natives of Nepal and Mexico.

54. (S.) excelsa W. 1022

The Bhotan Pine. — P. Dick.

sdnii Hort. : Chilto, or Chylla,

c 3

Himalayas ; Kuel, Sirmone and
Gurhwal ; Lewshing, Bhotea ;
Itaesula, or King of the Firs,
Hindostan.

55. Ayacahuite Ehr. 1023
Pinones. It is so called be-
cause it was believed that the
Ayacahuite, the aboriginal name
of this species, had originated
in P. Pifiones (P. Llaveawa).

II. JVBIES D. Don 1025
The Spruce Fir. — Pinus of
Lin. and others, in parts Ptcea
Link in Abhand. Konig. Akad.
Wissens. Berlin, 1827 ; A*bies
of Tourn., Mill., and others, in
part ; Picea of the ancients :
Sapin epicea, Fr. ; Fichten-
baum, Ger. ; Abete, Ital. ;
Abieto, Span.

§ i. Leaves tetragonal, awl-
shaped, scattered in in-
sertion.

A. Natives of Europe and the
Caucasus.

1. excelsa Dec. - 1026

The Norway Spruce Fir.—
A. communis Hort., A. Picea
Mill. Diet., Pinus A^bies Lin.
Sp. PI, Pinus Picea Du Roi
Harbk. ed. Pott., P. excelsa
Lam. Fl. Fr. ed. 1., Picea vul-
gdris Link in Abhand. : com-
mon Spruce, Prussian Fir :
faux Sapin, E'picea, Sapin-
Pcsse, Scrente, Sapin gentil.
Finesse, Fr. ; Lafie, in the
Vosges ; gemeine rothe Tanne,
gemeine Fichte, Ger. ; Pezzo,
Abete di Germania, or di Nor-
vegia, Ital.

1 communis - 1026
White Fir of Norway.

2 nigra - - 1026
Red Fir of Norway.

3 carpatica- - 1027
A. carpatica Hort.

4 pendula - - 1027
A. communis pendula B.

5 foliis variegatis 1027

6 Clanbrasilzanct 1027

7 Clanbr. stricta 1027

8 pygmse^a - - 1 027
A. nana Hort. Soc. Card.
A. flcgans Smith of Ayr.

9 tenuifolia - 1027
A. tenuifolia Sm. of Ayr.

10 gigantea - - 1027
A.gigantea Smith of Ayr.

11 monstrosa - 1027
A. monstrdsa Hort.

12 mucronata Hort. 1027
Other Varieties - - 1027

2. orientalis Tourn. 1029
Pinus orientalis Lin. Sp. PL,

Lamb. Pin. ed. 2.; Picea ori-
entalis Link & Steven in Bull.
Soc. Nat. Mos.

3. obovata D. Don 1029

Picea obovata Led. Icon. PL
Fl. Ross.

B. Natives of North America.

4. alba Mchx. - 1030

Ptnus alba Ait. Hort. Kew.,

liv

CONTENTS.

P. laxa Ehrh. Beitr., P. cana-
densis Du Roi Harbk., A. cur-
vif6lia Hort. : single Spruce,
Amer. ; Epinette blanche, Ca-
nada ; Sapinette blanche, Fr.
2 nana Dickson - 1030
Other Varieties - - 1030

5. nigra Poir. - 1031

Plnus nlgra Ait. H. K., P.
maridna Ehr. Beyt., A'bic
maridnaWangh.Beyt.: doubl
Spruce ; noire Epinette, Epi
nette d In Bierc, Canada.

Varieties - - -103

6. (n.) rubra Poir. 1032

The Newfoundland Red Pine
— P. americana rubra Wangh
Beyt., Plnus rubra Lamb. Pin.
Pursh Sept. ; A^bies pectinate
Lam.

2 casrulea - - 1032
A. ccerulea Booth.

C. Natives of Nepal.

7. Khutrow - - 1032

A. S mitMana Arb. Brit. 1st
ed., Pmus Khutro Royle III.,
? Pmus Smith\ana Wall. PI. As.
Rar., A^bies Smithi&na Lindl
Pen. Cycl., A. Morinda Hort. :
Raga, or Raggoe, in the Parbu-
tee language.

Varieties - - - 1033

§ ii. Leaves flat, generally
glaucous beneath, imper-
fectly 2-rowed.

D. Natives of North America.

8. Douglasw Lindl. 1033

The trident-bracted Spruce
Fir. — P. taxifblia Lamb. Pin.,
Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. ; A.
California Hort. ; Plnus Dou-
glds'u SabineMSS., Lamb. Pin. :
the Nootka Fir, Smith in Rees's
Cycl.

2 texifolia - - 1033

9. Menziesw Doug. 1034

The warted- branched Spruce
Fir. — Plnus Menziesii Lamb.
Pin.

10. canadensis MX. 1035

The Hemlock Spruce Fir

P. canadensis Lin. Sp. PL, P.
americana Du Roi Harbk.,
Smith in Rees's Cycl. ; A^bies
americdna Marsh. Arb. Amer. :
Perusse by the French jn Ca-
nada ; Sapin du Canada, Fr. ;
Schierlings Fichte, Ger.

E. Native of Nepal.

11. durnosa - 1036
Plnus dumosa Lamb. Pin.,

Abies Brunoni&nn Lindl. in

Pen. Cycl., P. decidua Wall.

MSS,. P. .Ertmoniana Wall. PI.

As. Rar.

Other Species of Abies. — A.
MertenszViwdf Bong., A. sitch-
ensis Bong., A. trigbna, A.
heterophylla, A. aromatica,
A. microphylla, A. obliquata,
and A. falcata, A. hirtella
Humbo/dt et Kunth, A.
Kaempf&rii Thunb., A.Thun.
bfrgit Thnnb., A. M6rni Sieb,,

A. Tordno Sieb., A. Arara<ii
Sieb. - - - I03G

III. Pi'CEAD.Don 1036

The Silver Fir. — Plnus Lin.
in part; Pmus sect. Pehce D.
Don in Lamb. Pin.; Abies Lk.,
NRCS von Esenbeck, and Lede-
bour ; Abies Du Roi, in part :
Sapin, Fr. ; Tannen, Ger.

A. Natives of Europe, Siberia,
and the North-west of Asia.

1. pectinata - - 1037

A' hies of Pliny, Pmus Picea
Lin. Sp. PL, P. A'bies Du Roi
Harbk., Abiesdlba Mill. Diet.,
A. Tdxifblio Tourn. Inst., A.
vulgdris Poir. Diet., A. pecti-
nata Dec. Fl. Fr., A. taxifdlia
Hort. Par., A. Picea Lind. in
Penn. Cyc., A. excelsa Link
Abhand. &c. : Spanish Fir : Sa-
pin commun, Sapin d, Feuilles
d'lf, Sapin blanc, Sapin argents,
Sapin en Peigne, Sapin de Nor-
mandie, Fr. ; Weiss Tanne Edel-
tanne, Ger. ; Abete argentine,
Ital.

2 tortuosa Booth 1037

3 foliis variegatis 1037

4 cinerea - - 1037
Plnus Picea cinerea B. C.

2. (p.) cephalonica 1039

A bies cephalonica Arb. Brit.
1 ed., A. taxifdlia Hort., A. Lus-
combeana Hort. : Koukounaria
and Elatos in Cephalonia ;
Mount Enos Fir.

3. (p.) Pinsapo » 1041
A" bies Pins&poBoissier in Bibl.

Univ.de Geneve: Mount Atlas
Cedar, Dec. MSS.

Pinus Nordmanniana Stev.

5. (p.) Pichta - - 1043

Plnus PicAteLodd. Cat.1836 ;
P. sibirica Hort.; A bies sibiri-
caLedebour Icon. PL Fl Ross.,
Lind. in Penny Cyc.; A. Pichta
Fischer : Pichta, Russ.

B. Natives of N. America.

6. balsamea - - 1044

The Balm of Gilead, or Ame-
rican, Silver Fir Plnus bal-

sdmea Lin. Sp. PL, P. Abies
balsdmea Marsh. Arb. Amer.,
Abies T&xi fdlio, #c., Hort.
AngL, A. balsam'mea N. Du
Ham., A. balsamifera Michx.
N. Amer.Syl. : Balsam Fir : le
Baume de Gilead, le Sapin Bau-
mier de Gilead, Fr.; Balsam
Fichte, Balsam, Tanne, Ger. ;
Pino balsamifero, Ital.

2 longfolia Sooth 1044

7. (b.) Frasen - 1044

The doubleBalsamSilverFir

?lnus Frdseri Pursh Fl. Amer.
Sept., Lamb. Pin.; Abies Frd-
eri Lind. in Penn Cyc.

C. Natives of California.

8. grandis - - 1045

Plnus grandis Dougl. MSS
amb. Pin.; Abies grandis

And\. in Penny Cycl. : the great

"alifornian Fir.

9. amabilis - - 1046

Plnus amabilis Doug, MSS.

10. nobilis - - 1047

Thelarge-bracted SilverFir

Pmus nobilis Doug.MS., Lamb.
Pin., A. nobilis Lindl.in Penny
Cycl.

11. bracteata - 1048

Plnus bractedta.D.DonmlAn.
Trans., Lamb. Pin.; P. venusfa
Doug, ill Comp. to Bot. Mag.

D. Nativesof Mexico.

12. religiosa - 1049

Plnns ^religfdsa Humb. et
Kunth Nov. Gen. et Sp. PL,
Schiede et Deppe in Schlecht.
Linnaea; Abies religiosa Lindl.
in Penny Cycl.

13. hirtella - - 1050

Abies hirte'lla Lindl. in Penny
Cycl., Pmus hirtella Humb. et
Kunth.

E . Natives of Nepal.

14. Webbidna - 1051
Pinus WebbianaWall.inLitt.,

Lamb. Pin. ed. 2.; P.spectdbilis
Lam. Monog ; Abies Webbi&na.
Lindl. in Penny Cyc,, Royle
Illust.: Chilrow.andthePonum,
or Purple-coned Fir, in the Hi-
malayas.

15. Pindrow - 1052
TheTooth-leavedSilverFir.—

PmwsPindrow Royle III., Lamb.
Pin. ; Tdxus Lambertiana. Wall.
Cat. ; Pindrow, and sometimes
Morinda, in the Himalayas.

16. naphtha Hort. 1053
IV. £AVRIX Tourn. 1053

The Larch.— Plnus Lin. and
others ; Abies Rich. ; Meleze,
Fr. ; Lerchenbaum, Ger.; La-
ice, Ital.

1. europas'a Dec. 1053

Plnus ~Larix Lin. Sp. PI •
A' bies Lin. Hort. Cliff ; Ldrix
lecidua Mill. Diet. ; l^drixfdlio
deciduo, fyc., Bauh. Hist. ; ~Larix
Bauh. Pin. ; Abies Larix Lam.
Illust. ; Mellze commune, Fr. ;
Lb'rche, Lorcher- Fichte, gemei-
ner Lerchenbaum, Terbentin-
baum,Europ'dii>cheCeder,weiss-
er Lerchenbaum, Ger.

1 commumsLaws. 1054

2 laxa Laws. - 1054

3 compacta Laws, 1054

4 pendula Laws. 1054

GodsalhYG.M. - 1054
repens Laws. • 1054

5 flore rubro/7. 7T.1054

6 flore albo - - 1054

7 sibirica - - 1054
L. sibirica Fisch.

? L. archangelica Laws.
L. rossica Lab. in Hort.

Soc. Gard.

Plnus Ldrix sibirica Lod.
The Russian Larch.

8 dahurica - - 1O55
L. dahurica Laws. Man.

CONTENTS.

Jv

9 intermedia - 1055
L. intermedia Laws. Mon.
Pinus intermedia Lod. Ct.
Varieties - - 1055

in Lin. Trans., Pinus lancco-
Idta Lamb. Monog., Cunning-

2. americana MX. 1056

Pinus lar'icina Du Roi Harbk.
ed. Pot., P. microcdrpa Willd.
Baum. ; ^biestnicrocdrpaPoiv.:
Hackmatack, Amer.; Tamarack,
by the Dutch in New Jersey ;
K'pineUe rouge in Canada.
J rubra - - 1056
L. micrccdrpa Laws.
Pinus microcdrpa Pursh
E'pinelte rouge, Canada.

2 pendula - - 1056
L. pendula Laws. Man.
Pinus pendula Ait. Hort.
P. intermedia Du Roi Hk.
P. ILarix nigra Marsh.

A' bies pendula Poir. Diet.
Tamarack, Amer.

3 prolifera - 1056
L. prolifera Malcolm.

V. CEDRUS Barr. 1057

The Cedar. — Pinus Lin. in
part; A"bies Poir. in part, La-
rix Tourn. in part : Cedre, Fr. ;
Ceder, Ger. ; Cedro, Ital.

1. Libani Barr. - 1057

Pinus Cedrus Lin. Sp. PI. ;
P. fbliis fasciculatis, &c., Du
Roi Harbk. ed. Pott.; Lort*
Cedrus Mill. Diet. ; Larix ori-
entalis Tourn. Inst. ; Cedrus
mdgna Dod. Pempt. ; C. co-
nifer a Bauh. Pin. ; C. phoenicca
Renealm Sp. ; Cedrus Bell.
It. ; A.' bies Cedrus Poir Diet.
Encyc.

2 foliis argenteis 1058

3 nana - - 1059

2. Deodara Roxb. 1059
The Indian Cedar. — Pinus

Deodara Lamb. Pin., A^bies
Deodara Lindl. in Penny Cyc. :
Devadara, or Deodara, Hin-
dostanee ; the sacred Indian
Fir.

Varieties - - 1059

VI, ARAUCA'RIA,/. 1061

Eutassa Sal., Colymbea Sal.,
Dombeya Lamb., Cupressus
Forst. : the Southern Pine.

1. imbricata Pav. 1062

The Chili Pine A. Dombeyi

Rich. Mem. sur les Conif., Pi-
nus Araucdria Mol. Sag. sulla
Stor. Nat. del Chili, Colymbea
quadrtfiiria Salisb. in Lin.
Trans., Dombeya chilensis
Lam. Encyc. : Pino de Chili,
Span. ; Peghuen in the Andes ;
Sir Joseph Banks's Pine.
Other Species of Araucdria.—
A. brasiliana Rich., A. ex-
celsa Ait., and A. Cunning,
hanrn Ait., are half-hardy
species which are figured and
described in first edition.

VII. CUNNINGHAVM7J.

Pinus Lamb., Belis Salisb.

1. sinensis Rich. - 1065

The Aroad-leaved Chinese
Y\r. — Belis jacultfblia Salisb

DA'MMARA orientalis
Lamb. - - 1066

Tribe II. CUPRE'SSIN^?.

VIII. THUJA L. 1068

The Arbor Vitae — Thuya, or
Arbre de Vie, Fr. ; Lebens-
baum, Ger.; Tuja, Ital.

§ i. Thujee verce.

1. occidental L. 1068
The American Arbor Vitae.

— Thuja Theophrdsti Bauh.
Pin., A'rbor Vibe Clus. Hist. :
white Cedar, Amer., Cedre
americain, Cedre blanc, Arbre
de Vie, Fr. ; gemeiner Lebens-
baum, Ger. ; Albero de Vita,
Ital.

2 variegata Marsh. 1069
T. o. foliis variegutis Lod.

2. (o.) plicata Donn 1069
Net's Arbor ViUe.

3. chilensis Lamb. 1070
Cupressus thyoides Pavon

MSS

§ ii. Bidta.

4. orientalis L. - 1070

The Chinese Arbor Vita:.

2 strlcta Hort. - 1070
T. pyramiddlis Baum.

3 tatarica - - 1070
T. tatarica Lod. Cat.

T. W art -ana Booth Cat.

§ iii. Cyparissa.
Tender Species. — T. cupres-
soldes L., T. pensilis L. 1071

5. pendula Lamb. 1071

? T. Jilijormis Lodd., ? Ju-

niperus Jlagelliformis Hort.

Other Species. — T. filiformis

Lodd. (? T. pendula Lamb.),

T. dolabrata L. - - 1071

IX. CA'LLITRIS V. 1072

Thuja, part of, Lin. ; Fresne-
/ia Mirbel Mem. Mus.

1. quad rival vis Few 1072

Thuja articuldta Desf. All.
Arb. et Arbriss., Cupressus ar-
ticuldta Pin. Wob.

Other Species of Cdllitris. — C.
Fothergilh" (? Cupressus Fo-
thergilfi), C. triquetra (C«-
pressus triquetra Lodd. Cat.
183G), C. cupressiformisFew*.,
C. macrostachya Hurt. 1072

X. CUPRESSUS L. 1073

The Cypress. — Cypres, Fr. ;
Cypresse, Ger. ; Cipresso, Ital. ;
Cipi-oste, Port. ; Cypros, Hun-
garian.

1. sempervirens L. 1073

The common Cypress — C.
pyramiddlis Hort., ? C. fas-
tigiata Hort. & Pin. Wob.:
Cypres pyramidal, Cypres or-
dinaire, Fr. ; ge/neine Cypres-
c 4

senbaum, Ger. : the Italian Cy-
press.

1 stricta Mill. Diet. 1073
Cyres male, Fr.

2 horizontalisMZ/. 1073
C. horizontalis N. Du H.
C. expdnsa Hort. Par.
Cipresso femino, Ital.

2. %6ides L. - 1074

The White Cedar. — Thuja
sphtcro'iddlis Rich. Mem. sur
Conif.^: Cypres Jaux Thuja, Fr.

2 foliis variegatis 1075

3 nana Hort. - 1075

3. lusitanica Tourn.1075

The Cedar of Goa C.glauca

Brot. Fl. Lus., C. pendula
L'Herit. Stirp. Nov.: Cedar of
Bussaco ; C. pendula Thunb.,
Lamb. Pin., is supposed to be a
different plant.

4. torulosa Lamb. 1076
The Bhotan Cypress.

5. pendula Thunb. 1076
Fi-moro, Kaempf. Amcen.

Other Kinds of Cupressus, some
of which have been introduced,
but of which little is known —
C. horizontalis Audibert, C.
thurilera H. B. et K., C.
TourneldrW Audibert, C.
oacciformis Willd., C. aus-
tralis Pers., C. sabinoldes
H. B. et K., C. Coulterw Pin.
Wob. (?C. thurftra H. B.
ct K.), C. fastigiata Hort. Pin.
Wob., Card. Mag. (Juniperus
fastigiata Hort.) - - 1077

XI. TAXO^DIUM R. 1077

The deciduous Cypress. —
Cupressus L., Schuberti&Mirb.,
Condylocdrpus Salisb.

1. distichum Rich. 1078

Cupressus disticha Lin. Sp.
PI., Pursh Flor. Amer. Sept ,
C. americana Cat. Carol., C.
virginiana, Comm. Hort.,
Schubert\a dhticha Mirb. : bald
Cypress, Cypress, Amer. ; Cy-
pres chauve, Fr. ; Zweyzeilige
Cypresse, Ger. j Cipresso gag-
gia, Ital.

1 patens AitHvrt. 1078

2 nutans Ait. - 1078
T. d, pendula Loud. H. B.

3 excelsum Booth 1078

4 sinense - - 1078
T. sinense Noisette.

5 pendulum - 1078
T. sinense pendulumlloTt.

Other Species of Taxbdium

T. sempervirens Lamb. 1080

XII. JUNI'PERUS.L. 1080

The Juniper Sul»i/<aBauh.;

Cedrus Tourn. : Genevrier,
Fr. ; Wachholder, Ger. ; Gine-
pro, Ital.

§ i. Oxycedri. — Leaves
spreading in the adult
Plants. D. Don.
A. Natives of Europe.

1. communis L. - 1081

J. vulgdris, Sec., Raii Syn.;

Ivi

CONTENTS.

J. minor Fuchs Hist. : Genev-
ricr commun, Fr. ; gemeiner
Wachholder, Ger. ; Ginepro
nero, Ital.

1 vulgaris Park. T. 1081
J. v.fruticosa Bauh.Pin.
J. c. erectis Pursh Flor.

Amer. Sept.

2 su^cica Ait. Hort. 1081
? J. c.fastigiata Des Mou.

lin's Cat. des Plantes de

la Dordogne.
J. stricta Hort.
J. suecica Mill. Diet.
J. vulgaris arbor Bauh.
The Tree Juniper.

3 nana WiUd. Sp. 1081
J. communis /3 Fl. Br.

J. c. saxatilis Pall. Ross.
J. alp'ma Raii Syn.
J. alpina minor Ger.
J. minor montana, &c.,

Bauh. Pin.

J. nana Smith Engl. Flor.
J. sibtrica Hort.
J. daitrica Hort. & Booth.
J. c. montana Ait. Hort.

Kew.

4 oblonga - - 1082
J. oblonga Hort.

5 p<?ndula - - 1082
Gcanadensis - 1082

J. canadensis Lodd. Cat.
7 depressa Pursh 1082
Other Varieties - - 1082

2. Oxyeedrus L. - 1083

The brown-berried Juniper.
— J. major Cam. Epit. ; J. m.
monspeli°nsium Lob. Ic. ; J.
phcenicea, $c., J. Bauh. Hist. ;
J. major, $c., C. Bauh. ; Ce-
drus phcenicea, Matth. Valgr.;
Oxyeedrus Clus. Hist. ; O.
phcenicea Dod. Pempt. : the
Prickly Cedar : le Cade, Fr. ;
Spanische Wachholder, Ger. ;
Cedro Fenicio, Ital.

2 tauriea Hort. - 1083

3. macrocarpa S. 1083

? J; Qxycedrus var. ; J. major,
bacca cterulea, Tourn. Inst.

B. Native of Asia.

4. drupacea Lab. 1084
The large-fruited Juniper

J. major Bellon Obs.

C. Native of N. America.

5. virginiana L. - 1084
The Red Cedar. — J. major

americdna Raii Hist. ; J.
maxima, $c., Sloan ; Ginepro
di Virginia.

2 humilis Lodd. C. 1084

3 caroliniana - 1084
J. caroliniana Du Roi

Mill. Diet.
Other Varieties - - 1084

Other Species of Juniperus. —
J. bermudiana L. and J. ne-
palensis Hort. (Cupr^ssus ne-
palensis Hort. ) are described in
our first edition.

§ ii. Sabmce. — Leaves of
the adult Plant imbri-
cated. D. Don.

A. Natives of Europe.

6. Sabina - - 1085

The common Savin — Sabine,
Fr. ; stinkender Wachholder,
Ger. ; Planta daunata and
Cipresso des Maghi, Ital.

1 cupressifolia Ait. H. K.
J. lusitanica Mill. Diet.
Sabma Dod.JPempt.

La Sabine male, Fr.

2 famariscifolia Ait*
J. Sabina Mill. Diet.
La Sabine femelle.

3 foliis variegatis Mart.

4 prostrata - 1086
J. prostrata MX.;

J. repens Nutt.

J. hudsdnica Lodd. Cat.

5 alpina - - 1086
J. alpina Lodd. Cat.

7. phcenicea L. - 1087

Cedrus phcenicea media Lob.
Icon., Oxycedrus lycia Dod.
Pempt. : Genevrier dePhenicie,
Fr. ; dichtnadliger Wachholder,
Ger. ; Cedro licio, Ital.

8. (p.) 1/cia L. - 1087

J. p. (3 lycia N. Du Ham. :
Cipressen Wachholder, Ger.

9. thurifera L. - 1088

Spanish Juniper. — J. kispd-

nica Mill. Diet. ; Ctdrus hispd-
nica, Sfc., Tourn. Inst.

B. Natives of As fa.

10. excelsa WiM. 1088

J. Sabtna var. Pall. Ross. ;
Himalaya Cedar-wood.

11. squamata Don. 1088
The creeping Cedar. — J.

squamdsa Wall.

12. recurva Ham. 1089

13. chinensis L. - 1089
? J. c. Smithii Arb. Brit. ed. 1 .

14. uviferaZ). Don 1089

Other Species of Juniperus, of
recent Introduction, but of
which little is known. — J.
tetragbna H. B et K., J.
flaccida Schiede, J. dealbata
Hort., J.flagellif6rmis/tori!. , J.
gossainthanea Hort., J. Bed-
ford/<J«rtHort., J. Hudsomawa
Pm.Wob., J. barbadensis /..,
J. hemisphae'rica Presl 1089

IZmpetrdcea.

I. -E'MPETBUM L. - 1091
The Crowberry.

1. nigrum L. - 1091

The Crakeberry. —Erica coc-
cifera procfimbens Ger. Emac,
E. Cdris folio undecima Clus.
Hist.

2 scoticum Hook. - 1091

2. rubrum L. - 1091

Cranberry of Staten Island

3. ConradzV Torrey 1092

II. COREXMA D.Don 1092
E'mpetrum, in part, L

1. alba D.Don - 1092

E'mpetrum album Lin. Sp ;
E. lusitanicum, #c.,Tour. Inst.;
Erica erectis, $c., Bauh. Pin.-
the white-berried Heath, Por-
tugal Crakeberry.

III. CERATI^OLA - 1092
. ericoides - - 1093

Class II, EJSTDO'GE?OE,

I. S'MI'LAX L. - 1093

Smilax Fr. and Ger.: Smilace,
Ital.

§ i. Stems prickly and an-
gular.

1. aspera L. - - 1094

Rough Bindweed. — Roao
acerbone, Ital.

2 auriculata Ait. - 1094

3 mauritanica .. 1094
S. mauritanica Poir.

2. excelsa L. - - 1094

S. orientalis, #c.,Tourn.Cor.,
Bux. Cent. ; S. aspera Alp.
9.

3 rubens Wats. - 1094

4. Sarsaparilla L. - 1095
S. peruviana SarsaparlllaGer.

Emac.; S.glatica MX. Wale., Fl.
Car. : the glaucous-leaved Smi-
lax: Salsa pariglia, Ital.

5. hastata WUld. - 1095

S; Bdna-nox MX. Fl. Amer.

5. aspera var. Lam. Encyc.

6. Watsoni Swt. - 1095
S. longtfdlia Wats. Den. Brit,

S. h. 2 lanceoldla Arb. Brit,
ed. I.

7. Waltera Pursh 1095
S. China Walt. FL Car.

8. maculata Roxb. 1096
§ ii. Stems prickly, round.

9. China L. - - 1096

China radix Bauh. Pin. ;
Smilax aspera mlnorPlum. Ic. ;
Sankira vulgo Quaquara, &c.,
Kaempf. Amoen. Ex. : Cena
gentila, Ital.

10. rotundifolia L. 1096

CONTENTS.

Ivii

ll./aurifoliai. - 1096

S. alter a, $c., Plum. Ic. ; S.
l<evis,8fc., Catesb. Car.

12. temnoides L. - 1096

S. Krybnice n'tgrce, Sfc., Cat.
Car.

13. caduca L. - 1097

14. glauca Sims - 1097

§ iii. Stems unarmed, 4-
angled.

15. 2?6na-nox L. 1097

The ciliated-leaved Smilax.
— S. dspera 1'ndiae occidentals
Bauh. Pin., S. variegdta Walt.

16. latifolia R. Br. 1097

17. quadrangularis 1097

§ iv. Stems unarmed, round.

18. lanceolata £. - 1098

S. non-spindsa, Sfc., Cat. Car.

19. virginiana Mill. 1098

20. pubera Willd. - 1098
S. pumila Walt. Car.

Kindsof Smilax which are either
not introduced, or of which we
have not seen the Plants. — S.
ovata Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept.,
S. alba Pursh, S. pandurata
Pursh, S. nlgra W., S. cata!6-
nica Poir., S. h6rrida Desf.,
S. Villandsza Hahi. ( S. ma-
crophylla Roxb.), S. alplna
W. .... 1098

I. flu'scus L. - 1099

The Butcher's Broom Fra-

gon, Fr. ; M'dusedorn, Ger. ;
Rusco, Ital.

1. aculeatus L. - 1099

R. myrtifblius aculeatus Tour.
Inst. : Box Holly. Knee Holly,
wild Myrtle, prickly Pettigree :
Houx Frelon, petit Houx, Buis
piquant, Fragon epineux, Fra-
gon piquant, Fr.; Stechender
Mausedorn, Ger. ; Rusco, Ital.

2 rotundifolius - 1099
R. vul. fbl. ampliure Dill.

3 lax us Smith - 1O99
R. Idxus Lodd. Cat.

2. hypophyllum L. 1 100

The broad-leaved Butcher's
Broom. — R. latifblius, $c.,
Tourn. Inst. ; Laurus alexan-
drina Lob. Adv.: Fragon sans
Foliole, Fr. ; breitblattriger
M'dusedorn, Ger. ; Bonnifaccio,
Ital.

2 trifoliatum - 1100
R. trtfolidtus Mill. Diet.

3. (h.) //ypoglossum 1 100

The double-leaved Butcher's
Broom — R. angustifblius, $c.,
Tourn. Inst. ; llypoglossum
Lob. Adv., Uvularia Brunf. :
Fragon a Foliole, Fr. ; Zungen
M'dusedorn, Ger. ; Lingua pa-
gana, Ital.

4. racemosus L. - 1101

The Alexandria Laurel R.

angustifolius, frdclu summis
rdmulis, $c., Tourn. lust. :
Fragon d Grappes, Fr. ; Trau-
ben M'dusedorn. Ger. : Laura
idea, Ital.

II. Yl/CCA L. - 1101

The Adam's Needle.

l.gloriosa£. - 1101

Y. canadena Aid. Hort. Par. ;
Y. tndica, $c., Barr. Rar. ; Y.
perudna Ger. Emac. ; Y. ndva
gloriosa, Sfc., Lob. Adv. : the
superb Yucca : Yucca nain,
Yucca d Feuilles entieres, Fr. ;
pr'dchtiger Yucca, Ger.

2 foliis varieg. Lod. 1 102

2. (g.) superba - 1102
Y. gloribsa Andr. Bot. Rep.

3. aloifolia L. - 1 102
Y. arborescens, gfc., Dill.

Elth.; Y. caulcscens MX. Fl.
Bor. Amer.

2 pendula Cat. Hrt. 1 102

4. draconis L. - 1103

The drooping-Ieaved Adam's
Needle. — Draconi dibori, &c ,
Bauh. Pin.

5. stricta Sims - 1103
Lyon's narrow-leaved Adam's

Needle.

6. recurvifolia Sails. 1 103
Y. rec&rva Hort.

7. filamentosa - 1103

The thready Adam's Needle.
— Y. fdliis Jilamentbsis Moris.
Hist. ; Y. virginiana, Sfc., Pluk.
Aim.

8. (f.) angustifolia 1104

9. flaccida Haw. - 1104

10. glaucescens H. 1 104

SUPPLEMENTARY SPECIES AND VARIETIES,
AND SYNONYMES.

RanunculacecE.

CLE'MATIS.

californicaG.M. 1111

^TRA'GENE.

macropetala Led. 1111

ILLI'CIUM.

religiosum Sieb. ? 1 1 1 1
Skimi, Japan.

Mag?2oliaceae.

grandifldra var. Har-
wicus Hort. - 1 1 1 1

purpurea var. hybrida
Hort. - - 1111

Berberaceae.

vulgaris fol. purpiireis
Hort. - - 1111

pallida - - 1111
Berberis pallida Hartw.

gracilis - - 1 1 1 1
B. grdcilis Hartw.

trifoliata - - 1111

B. trifoliata Hartw.

lanceolatum - 1112
B. lanceolatum Benth.

angustifolia - 1112
B. angustifolia Hartw.

Hartwegw - 1112

B. Hartwegii Benth.

Aurantiacece.

LlMOiNIA.

Laurfeola Watt. 1112

Hypericacece.

^YPE'RICUM.

rosmarinifolium 1112

Acer ace CB.
JNCER.

lasvigatum Wall. 1112
colchicurn Hrtwis. 1112
colchicum var. rubrum
Booth - - 1112
campestre rubris 1112
c. heterocarpum 1112

tripartitum Nutt. 1 112
grandidentatum 1112

Iviii

CONTENTS.

RLscidaceae.
./22'scuLus.

(H,) rubicunda 1113

Qapparidacece.
ISO'MERIS.

arborea Nutt. - 1 1 13

Vitacea.

parvifblia Royle 1113
heterophylla S. ? 1113

PLEX.

Aqutf. pendulum 1 1 13
latifblia Hart. - 1113
? I. \aurifblia Hort.

Rhamnacea.

CEANO'THUS.

a. 2 intermedius 1113

.RHA'MNUS.

Wicklius Jac?. 1113
jorunifolius Booth 1113

Anacardiacetf.

longifolia Hort. 1113

Leguminbsce.
SOPHO'RA.

[?japonica] grandiflora
Hort. - - 1114

jap. pubescens B. 1 1 14
GEM'STA.

thyrsiflora Booth 1114.
INDIGO'FERA.

nepalensis /Tor£. 1 1 14
CARAGA^NA.

GerardumaRoyl.il 14

Tartaric Furze.

^STRA'GALUS.

fruticosus Dec. 1114
vimmeus Dec. - 1114

Hosdcete.
^MY'GDALUS.

Pallasw Ledeb. 1114
A. pedunculdta Pallas.

PRU'NUS.

Mume Sieb. - 1114

CE'RASUS.

L. var. colchica 1 1 14
L.var.Emerelli(?)l]l4,

fissaLindl. - 1114
lanceolata Poir. 1114
S. Reeves&na Hort.

rotundifoliaLzwrf. 1 1 14
NUTTA'LLO.
cerasiformis Tor. 1115

lasiocarpus Roy I. 1115
trilobus Dec. - 1115

CRAT^E^GUS.

Oxyac. oxyphylla 1115
(). fructucoccineol 1 15
Pyrac. fr. alb. HA 1 15
rivularis T. et G. 1115
coccinea ?'.viridis 1115
c. var. joopulifblia 1 1 15
c. var. oligandra 1115
c. var. mollis - 1115
arborescens Tor. 1115
aestivalis T. et G. 1115
C. opdca Hook.
berberifolia. Torr. 1115

COTONEA'STER.

bacillaris Wall. 1115

AMELA'NCHIER.

(v.) ovalis 2 subcor-
data - - 1115
Petroineles ovalis subcordcita
Jacquin.

PY^RUS.

heterophjlla B. 1115

PhiladelphacecB.
PHILADE'LPHUS.

mexicanus Bcntk. 1115

Rl^BES.

tauricum Jacquin 1116

Araliacca.
//E'DERA.

7/elix var. taurica 1116

Corndcece.
CO'RNUS.

grandis Benth. - 1116
macroph} \\alVall.l 1 1 6

Sambucece.
TIBU'RNUM.

Awofiiki Sieb.? 1116

? V.japtinfcum Hort.
sinense Zeyh. - 1116
MuUaha Ham. 1116

V. stettuldtum Wall.
pygmaeva Royle 1116

Lonicerese.

ciliosa Poir. - 1116

Ericacetz.

^RCTOSTA'PHYLOS.
pungens H.et B. 1116
nitida Benth. - 1116

PERNE'TTY^.

angnstifolia Lindl.l 1 1 6

P. philtyreafolia Hort.

Oleacecc.

Z/IGU'STRUM.

nepalense - 1116

L. vestitum Wall.

SYRI'NGA.

Emodi - - 1 1 1 7
S. indica Wall.

POLY'GONUM.

volcanicum Ben. 1117

Asclepmd'dceae.

odorata Lindl. - 1 1 1 7
Solctnacece.

imbricata R. et P. 1 11 7

DA'PHNE.

Auckland^ Lindl.l 1 17

parvifolia Royle 1117
\3lmace<e.

canescens H.et B.I 1 17

Celtt's canescens H. et B.

Retulacecc.

^4'LNUS.

denticulata Fisch.l 117

mollis Lindl. - 1117

QUE'RCUS.

/'lex Ballota - 1117
lanata - -1117

Q. nepalensis.

Skfnneri Benth. 1117

? Q. acutifblia Nees.

pyrenaica- - 1118
pannonica Booth 1118
rubra - - 1118
r. /araxacifolia B. 1118

sylvatica - - 1118
s. 9 cochleata^. 1118

Platandcete.
PLA'TANUS.

[occidentalis] hetero-
phjlla Hort. 1118

Conifers.
PIVNUS.

oocarpoides - 1118
TAXO^DIUM.

distich, nuciferum 1118

Tdxus nucifera Hort.

lix

AN ANALYSIS

OP THE

COMMONER TREES AND SHRUBS OF BRITAIN,

WITH

REFERENCE TO THEIR USES IN PLANTATIONS.

*$* Where the Generic Names only are given, the reader is left to select the Species and Varieties
for himself. This he will readily be able to do by turning to the pages referred to after every
Generic Name, and consulting the Popular Descriptions. The insertion of the names of all the
Species and Varieties in this Analysis would have swelled it to ten times its present bulk.

TREES
TREES GROWN CHIEFLY FOR USEFUL PURPOSES.

Selected with reference to their Size.
Large-sized timber trees.

Decid. — ^E'sculus Hippocastanum, 124. Carpinus .ffetulus, 916. Carya alba, 735.
Castanea vesca, 911. Fagus sylvatica, 905. Praxinus excelsior, 639. Juglans rdgia.
732. Planera Richard/, 725. Platanus orientals, P. occcidentalis, 927. Pdpiflus
alba, P. can£scens, P. nlgra, P. canadensis, P. monollfera, P. fastigiata, and P. an-
gulata, 819. Quercus peduncnlata, Q. sessiliflbra, Q. Ct'rris, Q. rubra, Q. coccfnea,
and Q. palustris, 846. Taxodium dfstichum, 1077. TOia europae'a, 63. t/'lmus cam-
pestris, U. montana vegeta. and other varieties or species of f/'lmns, 715.
Ev.— ,Tbies excel sa, 1025. Cedrus Libani, 1057. Plcea pectinata, 1036. Plnus sylvestris,

P. Larfcio, P Pallasm/m, arid P. Pinaster, 950.
Middle-sized timber trees.

Decid J'cer /jlatanoldes, A. eriocarpum, and A. rubrum,79. -4'lnus glutin5sa, A. in-

cana, and A. cordifblia, 832. 2?etulapapyracea,837. Cerasus sylve"stris, and C.vulgkris,
276. O'strya vulgfiris, 919. P6j>ulus balsamffera, 819. Pyrus communis, and P. tor-
minalis, 417. Quercus .E'sculus, 846. Robfnm Pseud-acacia, 233.

Ev /Tbies alba, 1025. /^lex .;quif61ium, 156. Junfperus virginiana, 1080. Pfcea

balsamea, 103fi. ^uercus /'lex, 846.
Small-sized timber trees.

Decid. — A^cer tataricum, A. spicatum, A. striatum, A. O'palus, A. monspessulSnnm,
and A. campestre, 79. Cratae'gus, most of the species, 352. Cyddnia vulgaris, 450.
Cytisusiaburnum, and C. alplnus, 213. £u6nymus europae'us, 149. O'rnus europa'a,
651. Pyrus A*ria, and P. aucuparia, 417. Salix caprea, 744.
Ev. — ^Tbies nlgra, 1025. Junfperus virginiana, 1080. Taxus baccata, 939.
Selected as suitable to be grown in Masses. — Social Trees.

Decid.— A^cer, 79. Cytisus, 213. iarix, 1053. Qu^rcus, 846.

^v.-^bies, all the species, 1025. Cedrus, 1057. Picea, 1036. Plnus, 950. t/'lmus,

and, in short, most trees, 715.

Selected as suitable for being grown singly, or in scattered Groups — Solitary Trees.
Decid.— ^B'sculus, 12i. Carpinus, 916. Jagus, 905. Salix, 744.
Ev. — Cupressus sempervlrens, 1073.
Selected for the sake of their produce in Timber.

Produced in a short time, with a straight trunk.

Decid. — Larix communis, 1053. P6pulus monilffera, P. fastigiata, and P. alba, 819.

Salix alba, and S. Russell/ana, 744.

Ev.—A'bies excelsa, 1025. Picea pectinata, 1036. Plnus sylvestris, and P. Laricio, 950.
Produced in a short time, with a branchy head.

Decid. — -4xcer Pseudo-Platanus, 79. ^E'sculus Hippocastanum, 124. Pagus sylvatica, 905.
Praxinus excelsior, 639. O'strya vulgaris, 919. Platanus occidentals, 927. P6pulus
n5gra, P. canadensis, P. grae'ca, and P. angulata, 819. Qu«5rcus C^rris, 846. Salix
fragilis, 744. f/'lmus montana vegeta (the Huntingdon elm), and U. camp£stris,715.
Ev.— Plnus Pinaster, P. sylvestris, P. Larfcio, and P. Pallasi<Jna, 950.
Selected for the Quality of the Timber to be produced.
Soft woods.

Decid.— A'laus, 832. Salix, 744. P6pulus, 819. ^E'sculus, 124. Liriodendron, 36.
Hard woods.

Decid.— /fcer, 79. Ailantus, 145. Petula, 837. Carpinus, 916. Carya, 735. Castanea,
911. Celtis, 727. Pagus, 905. Praxinus, 639. Gledftschza, 24'9. Juglans, 732.
O'strya, 919. Plancra, 725. /^latanus, 927. Quercus, 846. Robin/Vj, 233. f/'lmus, 715.

Ix ANALYSIS OF THE COMMONER TREES AND SHRUBb,

Very hard, compact, and durable woods.

Decid Cerasus, 276. Cratse'gus, 35'4. Cytisus Laburnum, 213. £u6nymus, 149. Prunus,

270. Pyrus, 417. Robinui, 233.
Ev. — P.uxus,703. Cupressus, 1073. Plex, 156. Juniperus, 1080. Phillyrea, 631 .

Thuja, 1068.
Resinous woods.

Decid. — Larix, 1053.

Ev. — /4'bies, 1025. Cedrus, 1057. Picea, 1036. Plnus, 950.
Selected for the character of the Head.
For its general bulk.

Decid. — A^cer Pseudo-Platanus, and A. obtusatum, 79. JS'sculus Hippocastanum, 124 .
Carpinus tfetulus, 91 6. Pagus sylvatica, 905. Larix europaeva, 1053. P6pulus, most of
the species, 819. «uercus Cerris, 846. Salix, several specks, 744. Tilia europajxa,
63. Z7'lmus, most of the species, 715.

Ev. — Plnus sylvestris, P. Laricio, P. Pinaster, and P. PallartfcM, 950.
For its upright habit.

L!ccid /i'lnus glutindsa laciniata, 832. Populus fastigiata, and P. monilifera, 819.

Que>cus Cerris, 846. f/'lmus campestris stricta, 715.
Ev. — ^bies, 1025. Picea, 1036. Plnus, 950.
For its spreading habit.

Decid. — Castanea vesca, 911. Pagus sylvatica, 905. Praxinus excelsior, 639. Quercus

pedunculata, 846. t/'lmus montana, 715.
Selected with a view to the production of Shelter,
For general purposes.

Decid. — A'cer Pseudo-Platanus, 79. Carpinus P.etulus, 916. Pagus sylvatica, 905.
Larix europae'a, 105.3. P6pulus alba, 819. Pyrus ^vria, 417. f/'lmus montana, 715.
Plnus sylvestris, 950.
For drawing up young plantations.

Decid.— .Betula alba, 837. Larix europte'a, 1053. Pyrus aucuparia, 417. P6pulus
balsamffera, and P. candicans, 819.

Ev /Tbies excelsa, 1025. Plnus sylvestris, 950.

For protection from the sea breeze.

Decid. — /Tcer Pseudo-Platanus, 79. #ipp6phae Rhamnoldes, 698. P6pulus alba,

Pyrus A^riny 417. Sambucus nlgra, 513.
Selected for the production of Shade.
For shade in summer only.

Most deciduous species.
For shade in summer and winter.

Most evergreen species.
Selected as adapted for particular Soil.
For dry poor soils.

Decid — Ailantus glandulbsa, 145. 7?etula alba, 837. Carpinus .Bet ulus, 916. Cerasus
vulgaris, and C. sylvestris, 276. P^gus sylvatica, 905. Gledftschi'a triacanthos, 241).
/7ipp6phae Rhamnoldes, G98. .Larix europae'a, 1053. Pyrus ^Via, and P. aucuparia,
417. Robinm-Pseudo Acacia, 233.

Ev — Pinus sylvestris, P. Pinaster, and P. austrlaca, 950.
For moist soils.

Decid — .4'cer eriocarpum, and A. rubrum, 79. ^i'luus glutinbsa, 832. Platanus occi-

dentalis, 927. P6pulus, 819. .S'alix, 744.
Ev. — ^4vbies commuuis, 1025.
For peaty soils.

Decid. — Setula alba, 837. P6pulus tremula, and P. balsamffera, 819. 5alix caprea, 744.
Ev.— /Tbies communis, 1025.
For good deep soil.

Decid — ^'sculus Hippocastanum, 124. CSrya alba, 735. Castanea vesca. 91 1 . JDglans
rSgia, 732. P6pulus, most of the species, 819. «uercus, most species, 846. Salix, 744.
tf'lmus, 715.

Selected as adapted for particular Situations.
On elevated surfaces.

Decid. — .Setula alba, 837. Pyrus ,4vria, and P. aucuparia, 417. Sambucus nlgra, 513.
Ev. — Plnus sylvestris, and P. Cembra, 950.
Sheltered by houses.

Decid. — 4'cer Pseudo-Platanus, 79. Platanus, 927. Pdpulus fastigiata, 819. TVlia

europae'a, 63. Z/'lmus campestris, 715.
Exposed to the sea breeze.

Decid — A^cer Pseudo-Platanus, 79. /fippdphae Rhamnoldes, 698. Pdpulus alba, 819.

Pyrus A^ria, 417- Sambucus nlgra, 513.
Selected for being grown for special Purposes.

For producing an immediate screen, so dense as to interrupt the view.

Decid — /fcer Pseudo-Platanus, 79. yE'sculus Hippocastanum, 124. Carpinus .Be'tu-
lus, 916. PSgus sylvatica, 905. niia europaj'a, 63. £7'lmus campestris and U.
montana, 715.

Ev — ^"bies excelsa, 1025. Plnus sylvestris, P. Laricio, and P. Pinaster, 950.
Partially to interrupt the view.

Decid.— Bet\\\a, alba, 837. Cerasus sylvestris, 276. Fraxinus excelsior, 639. GleditschiVi

triacanthos, 249. Populus tremula and P. gra? ca, 819. Robinta Pseud-acacia, 233.
For producing timber in hedgerows.

Decid — ^Ncer Pseudo-Platanus, 79. Ailantus glandulbsa, 145. Carya alba, 735. Cas-
tanea vesca, 911. Pyrus communis, 417. Quercus pedunculata. Q. sessilittbra,
Q. Cerris, Q. rubra, Q. coccinea, and Q. palustris, 846. t/lmus campestris, 715.
For forming avenues.

Decid.— A'cer Pseudo-Platanus, 79. ^B'sculus Hippocastanum, 124. Carpinus P-etulus
916. Carya alba, 735. Castanea vesca, 911. Cerasus sylvestris, and C. vulgaris, 276.
PSgus sylvatica, 905. Juglans regia, 732. Larix europa>va, 1053. Platanus orientalis
and P. occidentals, 927. Populus, most of the species, 819. Pyrus communis, and
P. Afalus, 417. Quercus, many of the species, 846 7iobiu/« Psetid-^cacia. 233 I7'lmus
most of the species, 715.

WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR USES IN PLANTATIONS. Ixi

Ev — ^bies excelsa, 1025. CSdrus Libani, 1057. Picea pectinata, 1036. Plnus syl-

vestris, P. Larfcio, P. Pallas/awa, P. Pinaster, &c., 950. Taxus baccata, 939.
For forming lofty hedges.

Decid J^cer campestre, 79. Z?etula alba, 837. Carpinus j^etulus, 916. Fagus syl-
vatica, 905. Zarix europaeva, 1053. O'strya vulgaris, 919. Populus fastigiata, 819.
Tina europa? a, 63. t/'lmus campestris, 715.
Ev. — J'bies excelsa, 1025. /'lex -4quif61ium, 156. Juniperus virginiana, 10SO. Picea

pectinata, 1036. Quercus /lex, 846. Taxus baccata, 939.
For being periodically cut down as coppice-wood, but not in the shade of other trees.

Dccid. — .Betula alba, 837. Castanea vesca, 911. -Fraxinus excelsior, 639. ftuercus

pedunculata and sessiliflbra, 846.
For being periodically cut down as coppice-wood, in the shade of other trees.

Ev. —Cerasus Laurocerasus, 276. /?uxus sempervlrens, 703. /'lex Jquifolium, 156.

Juniperus, 1080. Quercus /'lex, 846. 7 ax us baccata, 939
Selected in part for their produce in Fruits or Seeds.
Used in various arts and manufactures.

Decid. — JE'sculus, 124. Fagus, 905. Quercus, 846.
Used in household economy.

Dccid. — Carya, 735. Castanea, 911. Cerasus sylvestris, and C. vulgaris, 276. Juglans,

732. Mespilus, 416. 3/6rus, 705. Prunus, 270. Pyrus, 417.
As food for singing.birds, game, or wild animals.

Decid. — Cratae'gus, 352. Pyrus aucuparia, 417. Plex Jquif51ium, 156.
Selected in part for their produce in Bark.
For the tanner.

Decid — Petula alba, 837. Castanea vesca, 911. Zarix europaeX 1053. Pj>rus aucu-
paria, 417. Quercus peduriculata, and Q. sessiliflbra, 846. Salix, various species, 744.
For other arts.

Ev. — I lex ^quifbliurn, 156. Jllia europse' a, 63.
Selected in part for the use of their Leaves.

As substitutes for spent tan in gardens.

Decid — Quercus, 846, Castanea, 911.
As producing, by decomposition, leaf-mould.

All trees, especially the broad-leaved kindg.
As winter food for cattle.

Decid.— l?etula,837. Morus, 715. Populus, 819. PJrus, 417. RobimVz, '233. Salix, 744.
Jilia, 63. t/'Imus, 715.

TREES GROWN CHIEFLY FOR ORNAMENTAL PURPOSES.

Selected with reference to their Bulk.
Large-sized ornamental trees.

Decid. — J'cer platanoldes. A. eriocSrpum, and A. rubrum, 79 ^'sculus Hippocas-
tanum, 124. Aildntus glandulbsa, 145. yf'lnus glutinbsa laciniata. A. incana, and
A. cordifdlia, 832. .fietula populifblia, and B. nlgra, 837- Celtis australis, 727.
FSgus sylvatica purpurea, 905. Pr&xinus americana, 639. Liriodendron Tulipifera,
36. O'strya vulgaris, 919. Platanus orientalis, 927. Quercus Cerris fulhamensis,
and Q. C. Lucombeana, 846. Robinm Psedd-^cacia, 233. Taxbdium distichum,
1077.

Ev. — ^bies, 1025. Cedrus, 1057. Picea, 1036. Plnus, 950.
Middle-sized ornamental trees.

Decid.— A^cer, 79. Corylus, 921. Gleditschm, 249. Liquidambar, 932. Magn61/a

acuminata, 21. Aftrus alba, 705. Xegtindo, 122. O'rnus, 651. O'strya, 919.

Pav/a, 128. P6pulus, 819. Pyrus, 417. Robinza, 233. Salisbury, 944. SaJix, 744.

rilia, 63.

Ev. — ^vbies, 1025. Cupressus, 1073. Junfperus, 1080. Plcea, 1036. Pinus, 950.

Quercus, 846. Taxus, 939, &c.
Small-sized ornamental trees.

Decid. — A'cer, 79. -4m^gdalus, 261. ^rmenlaca, 267. BroussonStza, 710. Catdlpa,
662. Cerasus, 276. Cratae'gus, 352. fyddnia, 450. C^tisus, 213. Diosp^ros, 625.
JElaeSgnus, 696. jEuonymus, 149. Gleditschza, 249. Halesia, 620. Hippophae, 698.
Kolreutena, 134. Liquidambar, 932. MagnbhYz, 21. Mespilus, 414. Mbrus, 705.
Pavm, 128. Persica, 265. Prunus, 270. Pyrus, 417. Quercus,846. tfhamnus, 170.
Robinza, 233. Salix, 744. Virgilirt, 197. Xanth6xylum, 142.
Ev — Cerasus lusitanica, 276. Cupressus, 1073. Plex, 156. Juniperus, 1080. Laurus,

681. Pfcea, 1036. Plnus, 950. Quercus, 846. Taxus, 939. Thuja, 1068.
Selected with reference to their Form.

With upright oblong or globose heads.

Decid. — A^cer obtusatum, 79. ^'sculus Hippocastanum, 124. .4'lnus, 832. Cerasus,
276. Pagus,905. P6pulus, 819. Pyrus ^xria, and P. aucuparia, 417. Quercus Cerris,
846. t/'lmus, 715.
With spreading heads.

Decid. — ^rmenlaca, 267. Cratae'gus Crus-gfelli, 352. Diospyros, 625. Afespilus, 414.

Persica, 265.
With conical heads.

Decid. — Larix, 1053. Taxbdium, 1077.

Ev. — A'bies, 1025. Cedrus, 1057. Cupressus sempervlrens, 1073. Junfperus, 1080.

Pfcea, 1036. Plnus, 950. Thuja, 1068.
With spiry heads.

Decid. — Cratae'gus Oxyacantha strfcta, 352. P6pulus fastigiata, 819. Qu^rcus pedun-
culata fastigiata, 846.

Ev JSxus baccata fastigiata, 939.

Selected with reference to their Mode of Growth.
With pendent shoots and branches.

Decid Z?etula alba pendula, 837. Cerasus semperflbrens, 276. Cratae'gus Oxyacantha

reglnae, 352. C^tisus /.abtirnum pendulum, 213. Fagus sylvatica pendula, 905.

Ixil ANALYSIS OF THE COMMONER TREES AND SHRUBS,

Praxinus excelsior pendula, and F. /entiscifolia pendula, 639. Larix curopzc'a pendula,
1053. Pavm rubra pendula, 128. P6pulus tremula pendula, 819. Quercus pedun-
culata, 84G. *alix baby!6nica, 744. Taxbdium distichum pendulum, 1077. U'lmus
mont^na pendula, 715
Ev. — Cupressus pendula, 1073. /Mex Jquifdlium, T. pendulum (both rare), 156. Ju-

nfperus recurva, 1080.
With vertical shoots and branches.

Decid.— Carpinus Petulus, 916. Pagus sylvatica, 905. Gymnocladus canadensis, 255.
' 417. t/'lr

7Jyrus ^vria, and P. aucuparia. 417. f/'lmus montana fastigiaU, 715 ; and the other
fastigiate or spiry-headed trees enumerated above. ' ••- -

With horizontal shoots and branches.

Decid. — ^4'lnus glutindsa laciniata, 832. Cratfe'gus Crus-galli, 352. jDiospyros Lotus,
625. Robima 1'sjeud-Jcacia, R. umbracuhfera, 233. Tax6dium distichum, 1077. U'\-
mus montana pendula, 715.

£0.— J'bies, 1023. Cedrus, 1057. Picea, 1036. Plnus, 950.
Selected with reference to their Foliage.
Duration.

Deciduous ornamental trees.

Developed early in spring.

Decid. — A*cer Pseudo-Platanus, and A. tataricum, 79. Cratre'gus nlgra,
and C. Oxyacantha praevcox, 352. Populusbalsamifera, 819. 6'ambucus
nlgra, 513. Jllia europse'a, 63. Z7'lmus campestris, 715.
Developed late.

Decid. — Aildntus glandulbsa, 145. CSrya, 735. Catalpa, 6G2. Praxinus,
639. Gledftschm, 249. Gymndcladus, 255. Juglans, 732. Pyrus A'ria.
and P. vestlta, 417. Quercus Ta&zin, 846. Virgflia lutea, 197.
Dropping early.

Decid. — J'cer Pseudo-Platanus, 79. ^.''sculus Hippocastanuai, 124.
Praxinus excelsior, 639. P^vza, 128. P6pulus, 819. Robinza, 233.
niia, 63.
Dropping late.

Decid. — yTcer campestre, and A. creticum, 79. Carpinus .Be'tulus, GIG.
Cratae'gus Crus-galli, 352. Fagus sylvatica, 905. Liquidambar imberbe,
932. Planera Richard?, 725. Quercus, 846.
Persistent, often remaining on in a withered state till spring.

Decid. — Carpinus Petulus, 916. Pagus sylvatica, 905. Liquidambar im-
berbe, 932. Quercus Cerris, and Q. Tatizin, 84fi.
Evergreen ornamental trees.

^Tbies, 1025. Cedrus, 1057. C^rasus lusitanica, 27G. Cupressus, 1073.
/'lex >4quifblium, 156. Junfperus, 1G80. Laurus ndbilis,G81. HnmtdM
grandiflbra, 21. Picea, 1036. Pluus, 950. Quercus Plex, 846. Taxus,
939. Thuja, 1068.
Subevergreen ornamental trees.

Cratas'gus Crus-galli, and C. mexicana, 352. Magnblm Thompsonmwa, 21.
Pyrus coronaria, 417- Quercus Cerris fulhamcnsis, Q. Cerris Lucom-
bedna, Q. h^brida nana and Q. Turnerz, 84G.
Form and character.
Simple leaves.
Large.

Decid. — /Tcer macrophyllum, 79- Castanea vesca, 911- Catdlpa syringcc-
fblia, 662. Magn6h« macrophylla, M. tripetala, and M. acuminata, 21.
Platanus, 927. Populns heterophylla, 819. Ayrus vestlta, 417. Quercus
sessiliflbra, and Q. nlgra, 846. t/'lmus montana, 715.

Ev Magndlz'a grandiflora, 21.

Small.

Decid. — ^4'cer creticum, 79. Crataj'gus Oxyacantha, 352. J^udnynms eu-

ropae'us, 149. Prunus spinbsa, 270. £7'lmus chinensis, 715.
Linear, or needle-like.

Decid. — Larix, 1053. Taxbdium, 1077.

Ev. — /Tbies, 1025. CMrus, 1057. Cupressus, 1073. Juniperus, 1080.

Picea, 1036. Plnus, 950. Taxus, 939. Thilja, 1068.
Compound leaves.
Large.

Decid. — Aildntus, 1145. Carya. 735. GleditschzYz, 249. Gymndcladus,

255. JQglans.732. Kdlreuterm, 134. Praxinus, 639. Virg'ilia, 197.
Small.

Decid. — ^sculus,124. Cytisus, 213. O'rnus, 651. Negtindo, 122. Pavm,

128. Ptelea, 143.
Colour.

In deciduous trees in early summer.
Light, or yellowish, green.

Decid. — A^cer Pseudo-Platanus lutescens, and A. platanoldes, 79. Ca-
tdlnasyring<E{bl[i!L,66'2. KolreuteTza, 134. Maclura, 711. Negtindo, 122.
Populus balsamlfera, 819.
Ev. — Quercus pedunculata, and Q. sessiliflbra, 846. Salix, 744. Tllia, 63.

Virgilia, 197.
Dark green.

Decid. — ^'Inus, 832. CastSnea, 911. Celtis,727. £u6nymus, 149. Li.

quidambar, 932. Ptvm, 128. Prunus, 270.
Purple.

Decid ^xcer Pseudo-Platanus purpurascens, 79. Pagus sylvatica pur-

purea, 905. Quercus pedunculata purpurascens, 846.
Variegated.

Decid — ^'cer platanftldes variegktum, and A. Pseudo-Platanus variegata,
86. Castanea vesca variegata, 912. Praxinus heterophylla variegata,
639. Quercus pedunculata variegata and Q. Cerris variegata, 846. tf'lmua
campestris variegata, 715.

WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR USES IN PLANTATIONS. Ixiii

In deciduous trees in autumn before falling off.
Red or purple.

Decid — A^cer rubrum,79. Liquidambar, 932. Magndl/a auriculata, 21.

Quercus rubra, Q. nlgra, Q. tinct6ria, and Q. palustris, 846.
Yellow.

Decid. — A'cer platanoldes, and A. saccharinum, 79. Ueiula alba, 837.

Praxinus excelsior, 639. Kolreutdrm, 134. Z,arix, 1053. Liriodendron,

36. Madura, 711. Kegtindo, 12'2. Pdpulus nigra, and P. canadensis, 819.

Ptelea trifoliata, 143. Pyrus vestlta, 417. Salisburia, 844. Virgilia, 197.

Green, or without changing colour.

Decid. — ,4'lnus, 832. Celtis, 727. Cratae'gus Crus-galli, and C. mexicana,

352. Z>iospjros,625. Pyrus coronaria, 417.
Brown, or without bright colour.

Decid. — ^"cer Pseudo-PIatanus, 79. Aildntus, 145. Carya, 735. Juglans,

1080. P6pulus gra^ca, P. tremula, and P . balsamifera, 819
In evergreens.

Light green.

Cedrus Deoddra, 1057. Cupressus rtiydldes, and C. lusitanica, 1073. Juni-

perus, 1080. Magn&lt'a grandiflora, 21. Thuja, 1068.
Dark green.

^vbies exc^lsa nlgra, 1025. Cerasus lusitanica, 276. Cupressus, 1073.
Plex, 156. Jumperus, 1080. Lauras n6bilis, 681 . Picea, 1036. Plnus,
950. Quercus /'lex, 846. Taxus, 939.
Variegated.

^vbies excelsa variegata, 1025. Cupressus thyffides variegSta, 1073. Plex
^quifblium variegitum, 156. Plnus Pinaster variegata, 9G1. Quercus
Plex variegata, 846. Taxus baccata variegata, 939.
Fragrant leaves.

Decid.— P.etula, 837. Juglans, 732. Liquidambar, 932. Salix pentandra, 744.
Ev. — y^bies, 1025. Juniperus, 1080. Zaxirus, 681. Picea, 1036. Pinus, 950.

Thuja, 1068.

Selected with reference to their Plovers.
Produced in spring.
Red or purple.

Decid .4'cer rubrum, 79. ^mfgdalus, 261. Crate' gus Oxyacantha rbsea, and

C. 0. punlcea, 352. Pavia rubra, 128. Persica, 265.
Yellow.

Decid. — A^cer platanoldes, and A. monspessulanum, 79. C5"tisus Laburnum, and

C. alplnus, 213. Salix, 744. Xanthdxylum, 142.
White.

Decid. — ^rmenlaca, 267. Cerasus, 276. Cratae'gus, 352. Magnbha conspicua, 21

Prunus, 270. Pj>rus, 417. Staphylea, 147.
Variegated.

Decid. — JS'sculus, 124. Pavjfl, 128. Pyrus A/alus, P. coronaria, and P. specta-

bilis, 417. Robin/a visc6sa, 233.
In summer.

Red or purple.

Decid. — RobintYz hlspida, 233.
Yellow or orange.

Decid Kolreuterte, 1?4. Virgtlia lutea, 197.

White or whitish.

Decid. Cratse^us cordata, and- C. mexicana, 352. Halesm tetraptera, 620.

Liriodendron, 36. Magnblta.21. JV/espilus,414. Robinm Psedd-^cacia, 233.
Variegated.

Decid. — Cafalpn, 662.

Selected with reference to their Fruit or Seed.
Large and showy.

Decid. — ^rmenlaca vulgaris, 267. Cydonia vulgaris, 450. Maclura aurantlaca, 711.
Persica vulgaris, 265. Prunus domestica, 270. Pyrus communis, P. A/alus, and
P. M. astracSnica, 417.
Small, but conspicuous from colour and quantity.

Decid. — Celtis, 727. Cerasus, 276. Cratae'gus, 352. #ipp6phae, 698. Pyrus Malus
jorunifblia, P. M. baccata, P. ^4'ria, P. intermedia, P. torminalis, P. auriculata,
P. aucuparia, and P. americana, 417. Tihamnus catharticus, and R. frangula, 170.
Ev. — Plex ^qudfolium, 156. Juniperus, 1080. Latirus, 681.
Singular in form or character.

Decid. — £u6nymus, 149. Liquidambar, 932. MagndhYz, 21. Platanus, 927. Quercus
Cerris, and Q. ^E'gilops, 846.

SHRUBS.
SHRUBS GROWN CHIEFLY FOR USEFUL PURPOSES.

C. alba, 501. C6rylus ^vellana, 921. Xigu.truxn vulgare,

628. Salix caprea, 744.

r^^^^W Syznphoricarpos, 541 Hbdrnmn 516.
Ev -5uxus, 703. Gaulthlrta, 579. Hypericum, 74. Junfperus, 1080. Mahdnm, 80.
.Rhododendron, 583. tTlex, 199. Faccinium, 604.

^^^ ffiPP6phae,698. Ligfistrum, 628. Paiiuru.,

Phillyrea,631. ITlex, 199

Ixiv ANALYSIS OF THE COMMONER TREES AND SHRUBS,

SHRUBS GROWN CHIEFLY FOR ORNAMENTAL PURPOSES.

Selected with reference to their Bulk.
Large-sized shrubs.

Decid. — Raccharis, 546. Btrberis, 42. Bdrya, 713. Buddlea, 670. CaragHna, 237.
Coliltea, 244. Cornus, 501. Cotoneaster, 405. £u6nymus, 149. FontaneszVi, 638.
Halimodendron, 242. //amamelis, 499. //ippophae, G98. Z,igustrum, 628. Paliurus,
168. Philadelphia, 460. Piptanthus, 198. Rhus, 186. Rtbes, 468. Sambucus, 513.
Shepherdz'a, 700. Spartium, 202. Syringa, 635. JT'iburnum, 516.
Ev. — yi'rbutus, 573. JSuxus, 703. Tlex, 156. Juniperus, 1080. iaurus, 681.

Phillyrea, 631.
Middle-sized shrubs.

Decid. — Amorpha, 230. Berbrris, 42. Cal6phaca, 243. Calycanthus, 452. Ceanothus,
180. Cephalanthus, 544. Chimonanthus, 454. Clethra, 581. Cydonia, 450. Deutz/ns,
465. hibiscus, 62. Leycest&ria, 543. Potenti'lla, 319. Rhododendron, 583. Rhus,
186. Kibes, 468. .Rosa, 321. Spira?xa, 299. Staphylea, 147. Symphoricarpos, 541.
Syringa, 635.
Ev. — Aticuba, 511. Rupleurum, 495. Garrya, 926. Junfperus, 1080. Mahbma, 50.

Prinos, 163. Rhododendron, 583. fTlex, 199. Fiburnum 21nus, 516.
Small shrubs.

Decid. — Am$ gdalus nana, 261. vindrosae'mum, 77. Artemisia, 549. ^traphaxis, 679.
Retula nana, 837. Cfstus, 54. Compt5m'a. 936. Coriaria, 146. Coronilla, 247.
Daphne, 686. Dirca, 692. Fothergflla, 500. Genista, 203. Hydrangea, 492.
Hypericum,74. /'tea, 489. Jasminum, 654. Myrlca, 934. Nitraria, 467. On6nis,
229. Pzebnw, 18. Potentflla, 319. Rhododendron, 583. Ribes, 468. Spiraea, 299.
Faccinium, 604. Fella, 53. Xanthorhlza, 19.

Ev. — Andromeda, 560. Rupleurum, 495. Cassandra, 562. Cotoneaster microphylla,
405 Daphne, 686. .EphMra, 937. KalrmYj, 598. /.edum, 602. Leiophyllum, 602.
Leuc6thoe, 568. Lybnza, 564. Mah6n/a, 50. Pernettya, 578. Rhododendron, 5S3.
Faccfnium, 604. Yticca, 1101. Zeuubia, 563.
Under-shrubs.

Decid ^rctostaphylos alplna, 577. Artemisia, 549. On6nis, 229. Phalerocarpus, 581.

Ev. — ^rctostaphylos UVaursi, 577. Azalea procumbens, 601. Calluna,559. Corema,
1092. Dabo3vcz'«, 572. Epigae'a, 580. .Erica, 555. Gaulther/a. 579. Gypsocalhs,
557. iddum, 602. Leiophyllum, 602. Oxycoccus, 615. Pern6tty«, 578! Phyll6-
doce, 570. Rfiscus, 1099. Santolina, 548.
Selected with reference to their Form as Bushes.
With compact roundish heads.

Decid ^rtemfsz'a, 549. Berberis sinensis, 42. Retula nana, 837 Calycanthus, 452.

Cephalanthus, 544. Coronilla, 247. Cytisus, 213. Daphne Mezereum, 686. Genista,
203. jF/ype"ricum, 74. iigtistrum, 628. Potentilla, 319. Rhododendron, 583. Jtibes,
468. Spirae'a, 299. Symphoricarpos, 541. Syringa, 635.

Ev. — Aucuba, 511. Rupleurum, 495. Ruxus, 703. Daphne, 686. 7/ypericum Kal-
midnum, 74. Mahdiua, 50. Phillyrea, 631. Rhododendron, 583. L"lex, 199.
Fibfirnum Tlnus, 604.
With open, rather irregular, heads.

Decid. — Am6rpha, 230. Raccharis, 5!6. Btiddlea, 670. Colutea, 244. Cotoneaster,

405. Philadelphus, 460. Piptanthus, 198. Rhfis, 186.
With conical or pointed heads.

Ev. — Cupressus, 1073. Tlex, 156. Junlperus, 1080. Z7Hex strfcta, 199.
Selected with reference to their Mode of Growth.
Bushes with upright shoots and branches.

Decid. — Caragdna, 237. Cornus (a.) stricta, 501. Hibiscus, 62. Jasminum fruticans,
654. Kemo, 298. Leycestfer/a, 543. Philadelphus, 460. Spartium, 202. .Spirffi'a,
299. Tamarix, 458. Myricaria, 459.
Ev. — Juniper us c. suecica, 1081. ZTlex e. stricta, 199. Taxus b. stricta, 939. Thiija

o. stricta, 1068.

Bushes with pendent shoots and branches.
Climbers.

By tendrils, or grasping fibrils.

Decid. — Ampelopsis, 139. ^tragene, 16. Clematis, 2. Rhu"s radlcans,

186. Tecoma, 661. Fltis, 136.
Ev. — Bign&ntYs, 660. Hfedera, 497. Smllax, 1093.
mining stems.
Decid.— ^ristolbchia, 701. Berchfemza, 169. Celastrus, 154. Lonfcera,

526. Menispermum, 39. Perfploca, 658. Wistaria, 248.
Ev — Lonfcera, 526.
By elongated slender stems.

Decid. — Jasminum officinale, 654. J^fcium europffl'um, 665. R6sa,

numerous sorts, 321. Rubus, 311. Solatium Dulcamara, 663.
Ev. — R6sa, several sorts, 321.
Trailers ; the branches prostrate, but not generally rooting.

Decid. — Jrctostaphylos alpina, 577. Decumaria barbara, 466. Ribes pro-

stratum, 468. Rubus, 311.

Ev. — Jrctostaphylos ITva ursi, 577. Azalea procumbens, 601. Cotoneaster
microphylla, 405. Gaulthdrta, 519. Junfperus Sabina prostrata, 1 080. Finca,657.
Creepers ; the branches prostrate and rooting.
Decid. — Rhtis, 186. Rubus, 311.

Ev. — Epigaeva repens, 580. Mahbnzo rdpens, 50. Oxyc6ccus, 615.
Selected with reference to their Foliage.
Duration.

Deciduous.

Developed early in spring.

Decid. — Crata^gus, 352. .Euonymus, 149. Hypericum, 74. iigustrum, 62vS.

Rtbes, 468. R6sa, 321. Sambucus, 513. Spirae'a, 299. Syringa, 635.
Developed late.

Decid — Aralia, 496. Calycanthus, 452. Cephalanthus, 544. Hibiscus, 62.
Paliurus, 168. Tecoma, 661.

WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR USES IN PLANTATIONS. IxV

Persisting; remaining on in a withered state.

Decid — Genista, 203. #ypericum, 74. Jimiperus recur va, 1080. Onbnis, 229.

Potentllla, 319.
Evergreen leaves.

Andromeda, 560. J'rbutus, 573. ^rctostaphylos, 577. Aticuba, 511. Aza-
lea, 601. Herberts, 42. Ruxus, 703. Calluna, 559. Cassandra, 562. Ce-
rasus, 276. Corema, 1092. Cotoneaster, 405. Dabcevcm, 572. Daphne, 686.
Js'mpetrum, 1091. .E'phedra, 937. Epigasva, 580. Erica., 555. Garrya, 926.
Gaulther/rt, 579. Gypsocallis, 557. Hypericum, 74. /vlex, 156. Juniperus,
1080. Kalmm, 598. /.Mum, 602. Leiophyllum, 602. Leucothoe, 568. Ly-
6n?Vz, 564. Mah6n:a, 50. Pernettya, 578. Phillyrea, 631. Phyllodoce, 570.
Prlnos, 163. Rhamnus, 170. Rhododendron, 583. Rbsa, 321. Rosmarinus,
672. Riiscus, 1099. Santollna, 548. Taxus, 939. Thuja, 1068. iTlex, 199.
Faccinium, 604. Viburnum, 516. Yucca, 1101. Zenbbia, 563.
Evergreen, from the colour of the shoots.

Dead. — Colletza, 178. Cytisus scoparius, 213. £'phedra, 937. Genista, 203.

Jasmlnum officinale, 654. Spartium, 202. tTlex, 19.
Subevergreen.

Aristotdlf'a, 182. Herberts asiatica, 42. Cistus, 54. Cytisus hirsutus, and C. capi-
tatus, 213. LeycestenYi, 543. iigiistrum vulgare sempervlrens, 628. Photinia
serrulata, 403. Rbsa, 321. Fllla, 53.
Form and character.
Simple.

Large.

Decid. — Calycanthus, 452. Chimonanthus, 454. Cornus, 501. Cotoneaster,
405. £u6nymus latifblius, 149. ffamamdlis, 499. //ibiscus, 62. Hy-
drangea, 492. Leycesterza, 543. Philadelphus, 460. Photinia, 403.
.Rhododendron, 583. .flhus, 186. Ribes, 468. Spiraea, 299. Syrtnga,
635. /-'iburnum, 516.

Ev. — Aficuba, 31 1. Cerasus Laurocerasus, and C. lusitanica, 276. Garrya,
926. Gaulthena Shdllon, 579. Kalmta latifblia, 598. .Rhododendron, 583.
/'lex, 156. r^cca gloribsa, 1101.
Small or narrow.

Decid. — ^mygdalus, 261. ^rctostaphylos, 577. vitraphaxis, 679. Ber-
beris, 42. ^etula nana, 837. Bbrya, 713. Cistus, 54. Comptonm, 936.
Coriaria, 146. Cyd6nia, 450. Daphne, 686. Fontanesza, 638. Heli-
anthemum, 58. #ipp6phae, 698. /'tea, 489. iigustrum, 628. Nitraria,
467. Shepherdta, 700.

Ev. — ^'rbutus, 573. Berberfs dulcis, 42. .Suxus, 703. Cotoneaster, 405.
Daphne, 686. Hypericum Kalmidnum 74. /.edum latifdlium, 602. Leu-
cothoe, 568. Lybnifl,564. Phillyrea, 631. Prlnos, 163. Rhododendron,
583. Riiscus, 1099. Faccinium, 604. y#cca filamentbsa angustifblia, 1101.
Linear, heath-like, or needle-like.

Decid. — Hypericum serpyllifolium, 74. MyricaTia germanica, 459. Phale-
rocarpus serpyllifdlia, 581. Phyllodoce e-mpetrilormis, 570. Tamarix
gallica, 458.

Ev. — Andromeda, 560. Azalea, 601. Call tina, 559. Corema, 1092 Da-
boe'czo, 572. £'mpetrum, 1091. £rlca, 555. Gypsocallis, 557. Juniperus,
1080. Leiophyllum, 602. Rosmarlnus, 672.
Compound.
Large.

Decid. — Amorpha, 230. Aralia, 496. Coliitea, 244. Paebma, 18. Rhas

typhlna, 186. R6sa, 321. Sambucus, 513. Staphylda, 147.
Ev. — Alahdnia, 50. Rbsa, 321 .
Small.

Decid. — Calophaca, 243. Caragana, 237. Coronilla, 247. Cytisus, 213. "
Genista, 203. Halimodendron, 242. Jasmlnum, 654 Onbnis, 229. Po-
tentilla, 319. Xanthorhlza, 19.

In deciduous shrubs when first developed, or in early summer.
Light, or yellowish, green.

Decid. — Caragdna, 237. Cytisus, 213. Dirca, 692. Genista, 203. Hy-
pericum, 74. Xanthorhlza, 19.
Glaucous green.

Decid. — Artemisia, 549. 5accharis, 546. JSupleurum, 495. Colutea, 244.
.Elzeagnus, 696. Halimodendron, 242. //ipp6phae, 698. Myricaria, 459.
R'tbes cereum, and R. triflbrum niveum, 468. Santollna, 548. Shepherdm,
700. Tfemarix, 458.
Ev. Ydcca, 1101. Zenbbia pulverulenta, 563.

Decid. — Corylus ^vellSna purptirea, 921. Btrberis vulgarls purpurea, 42.

Decid Aristot^h'tf, 182. Hibiscus, 62. Jasmlnum, 654. iigdstrum, 628.

Philadelphus, 460. TZtibus, 311. Sambucus, 513. Sol^num Dulcamara,
663.

Ev. — Afauba, 511. .BCixus, 703. #edera, 497. .Tlex, 156. Rhodo-
dendron, 583. Rhamnus Jlaternus, 170. Taxus, 939. Fibtirnum Tlnus,
516. Finca, 657. Yticca gloriosa variegata, 1101.
In shrubs in autumn before falling off.

Decid. — Ampeldpsis, 139.' Berberis, 42. Cornus, 501. .Eudnymus, 149.
Photinia. 403. Punica, 456. Rhododendron, 583. Rhus typhlna, 186.
Taccfnium, 604. ^itis vinffera foliis rubescentibus, 136.

' °WDecfd. — ^ristolbchia, 701. Berberis, 42. BignbnzYz, 660. Buddlea, 670.
Caragdna, 237. Chimonanthus, 454. Cytisus, 213. Genista, 203. Hy*
pencum, 74. Rhus Cotinus, 186. Ribes, 468. Tecoma, 661.
d

IXVI ANALYSIS OF THE COMMONER TREES AND SHRUBS.

Green, or without changing colour.

Decfd. — Rupleurum, 4'J5. HydrSngea, 492. 7>igustrura vulgare semper

vlrens, 628. Rubus, 311. Sp&rtium, 202. U* lex, 199.
Brown, or without bright colours.

Decid. — Psebnia, 18. Potentilla, 319. Rubus, 311. Spiraea, 299.
Fragrant leaves.

Decfd. — Artemisia, 549. 7/ypericum, 74. Juniperus, 1080. Afyrlca, 934.
Rhus aromatica, 186. Ribes nlgra, 468. 7i6sa rubiginbsa, 321. Rosma-
rlnus, 672. Sambucus, 513. Santolina, 548. Solanum, 663.
Ev. — Juniperus, 1C80. Laurus, 681 .
Selected with reference to their Plovers.
Produced in early spring.
Red, blue, or purple.

Decid. — //mfgdalus n^na, 261. Cydbnia japonica, 450. Daphne Mezereum, 686.

Rhododendron dauricum, 583. Ribes sanguineum, 468.
Ev. — Gypsocallis, 557 Rhododendron dauricum at'rovlrens, 583.
Yellow or orange.

Decid. — Caragdna, 237. Chimonanthus, 454. C6rnus mas, 501. Kerrt'a jap6nica,

298. Ribes aureum, 668.

Ei> Daphne Mahbnfo, 50. fTlex europae'a. 199.

White or whitish.

Decid. — Cotoneaster, 405. Magndk'a conspicua, 21 . Rlbes cereum, 408. Sta-

phylea, 147.
Variegated.

Decid. — Andromeda nolifblia, 560. Daphne Mezereum, 686. Psebnin Mottan,

18. Ribes, 468.

Produced late in spring, or the beginning of summer.
Red, blue, or purple.

Decid. — Am6rpha, 230. Cistus, 54. Cytisus, 213. Halimodendron, 242. Heli-
anthemum,58. Onbnis,229. Rhododendron, 583. Ribes, 468. Rbsa, 321. Spiraea,

299. Syringa, 635.

Ev. — .Erica, 555. Kalmza, 598. Rhododendron, 583. Rosa, 321.
Yellow or orange.

Decid. — Berberis, 42. Btiddlea, 670. Calophaca, 243. Caragctna, 237. Cistus,
54. Cytisus, 213. Dfrc*, 692. Genista, 203. Helianthemum, 58. /^ypericum,
74. Jasmlnum, 654. Piptanthus, 198. Rhododendron, 583. Rlbes, 468. Rbsa,
321. Spartium, 202.

Ev J7ypericum, 74. Mahbm'a, 50. Rhododendron, 583.

White or whitish.

Decid — Andromeda, 560. B6rya, 713. Cornus, 501 . Cotoneaster, 405. Detitzfa,
465. Jasmlnum, 654. ZJgustrum, 628. Philadelphia, 460. Photinia, 403.
ffibes, 468. R6sa, 321. Sambucus, 513. Spiraea, 299. Syringa, 635. Hbur-
num, 516.
Ev. — Cassandra, 562. Garrya, 926. Leuc6thoe, 568. Lybma, 564. Phillfrea,

631.
Variegated.

Decid. — /ftraphaxis, 679. Cistus, 54. Colutea, 244. Coronilla, 247. Onbnis, 229.

Rhododendron, 583.

Ev. — Azalea, 601. Daphne, 686. Erica, 555. GypsocSllis, 557. Kalrmo, 598.
Produced in autumn.

Rtd, blue, or purple.

Decid. — Ceandthus, 180. Daphne Mezereum autumnale, 686. 7/ibfscus, 62.

Rbsa, 321. Ev. — Erica, 555.
Yellow or orange.

Decid. — Chimonanthus, 454. 7/amamelis, 499. 7/ypericum, 74. Paliurus, 168.

Rdsa, 321. Spartium, 202. Ev. — ITlex nana.
White or whitish.

Decid. — Hibf sens, 62. Rbsa, 321. Sambucus canadensis, 513. SolSnurc Dnlcn-

mdra alba, 663. Spirae'a, 299.

Ev. — ^'rbutus, 573. Garrya, 926. Fiburnum Tlnus, 516. Y6cca, 1101.
Variegated.

Decid. — Am6rpha, 230. AristotehVz, 182 Hibiscus, 62. Leycesterza, 543. Rbsa,

321.

Ev — .4'rbutus, 573. Gypsocallis, 557.
Fragrant flowers.

Decid. — Calycanthus, 452. Cerasus Mahdleb, 276. Chimonanthus, 454. Clematis
Flammula, 2. Cytisus Lab6rnum fragrans, 213. Daphne Mezereum, 686. Hy-
pericum, 74. Jasmlnum, 654. Lonicera, 526. Philadelphus, 460. Rbsa, 321.
Sambticus, 513. Syringa, 635. Fltis, 136.

Ev. — Jasmlnum officinale, 654. Rbsa sempervlrens, 321. Rosmarlnus, 672.
Selected with reference to their Fruit or Seed.
Large and showy.

Decid. — Cydbnia, 450. Ribes Grossularia, 468. Rbsa, 321. Rubus, 311.
Ev. — /4'rbutus, 573.
Small, but conspicuous from colour and quantity.

Decid.— Berberis, 42. C6rnus, 501. Cotoneaster, 405. Cratse'gus, 352. Daphne, 686.
Eu6nymus, 149. Hipp6phae. 698. Lijrtistrum, 628 Lonlcera, 526. iycium, 665.
A/yrlca, 934. Periploca, 658. Rhus, 186. Kibes, 468. Sambucus, 513. Shepherdm,
700. Solatium, 663. Symphoricarpus, 541. Faccinium, 604. Hbtirnum, 516. Tltis,

Ev. — Cotoneaster, 405. Cratas'gus, 352. Gaulther/o, 579. Hedera, 497. /'lex, 156.

Juniperus, 1080. Mah&nfa, 50. Rdscus, 1099. Facclnium, 604. ribfirnum, 516.
Singular in form or character.

Decid. — Bfiddlea, 670. Cal6phaca, 243. Calyc&nthus, 452. CephaJanthus, 544. Chi-

monSnthus, 454. Colutea, 244. Eu6nymus, 149. Magnblio, 'A. Palitirus, 168.

Physianthus, 659. Staphylea, 147.
Ev. — Magnblm grandiflbra, 21 .

ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA DESCRIBED,
ACCORDING TO THEIR LEAVES.

LEAVES SIMPLE.

Alternate, stipulate, (A)
Alternate, exstipulate, (B)
Alternate, stipulate, or exstipulate •
Opposite, stipulate, (c)
Opposite, exstipulate, (D)

- Page Ixviii.

- Ixix.

- Ixx.

- Ixx.

- Ixx.

Opposite or alternate, stipulate - Page Ixxi.

Opposite or alternate, exstipulate - - Ixxi.
Opposite or alternate, stipulate or
exstipulate - .... Ixxi.

LEAVES COMPOUND.

Alternate, stipulate, (E)
Alternate, exstipulate, (p)
Opposite, stipulate, (o)

- Ixxi. I Opposite, exstipulate, (H)

- Ixxi. I Alternate or opposite, stipulate

- fccxii.

- Ixxii.

LEAVES SIMPLE OR COMPOUND — Alternate, stipulate

LEAVES SIMPLE
Alternate, stipulate.
Deciduous.

Entire along the margins.

Three-lobed, fiddle-shaped - - LIRIODB'NDRON Page 36

Linear, caducous, spiny . Z/'LEX » 199

Heart-shaped, reddish - - CE'HCIS - - 266

Coriaceous, roundish, rough - - CALYCA'NTHUS - 452

Coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, smooth - CHIMONA'NTHUS - 454

Ovate or cuneate - - //AMAME'LI.} - - 499

Lanceolate ..... STILLI'NGM - - 702

Serrated.

Cordate (one variety laciniate) ... TYiiA - - - 63

Lobed or laciniated .... fVxis - - -136

Oval-lanceolate .... CELA'STRUS - - 154

Ovate or cordate, 3-nerved, with spines in the axils PALIUXRUS . . 168

d 2

Ixviii

ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA

- t PE'RSICA

f ^RMENI'ACA -
'I PRU'NUS
. KE'RRIA
. AMELA'NCHIER
. ME'SPILUS

! U'Ltuva
CE'LTIS
SA'LIX -
LIQUIDA'MBAR
SALISBU'R/X -

CYDONNIA
PO'PULUS
SE'JVL\

. CASTA'NEA
r CA'RPINUS

- I O'STYRA

- CO'RYLUS

- //IBI'SCUS -

- Zl'ZYPHUS

- fRATJi'GUS

- FOTHERGI'LL^

- .Fi'cus -

- PLA'TANUS

- .4'LNUS -

Lanceolate, conduplicate when young

Ovate, convolute when young -
Ovate, conduplicate
Roundish, downy when young -
Lanceolate, often nearly entire -
Oblong, usually unequal at the base, harsh to the
touch ,

Oblong, unequal at the base, rough above
Lanceolate or ovate - - -

Lobed, with glands in the serratures
Deeply cut or lobed, fan-nerved
Entire or serrated.

Ovate, tomentose beneath -

Ovate, the disk oblate, and the petiole compressed -

Ovate, glabrous, aromatic in odour

Ovate, sometimes cut -

Oblong-lanceolate - ;'. - -

Ovate, rough above
Roundish, rough

Dentate, notched, or otherwise cut at the edges.
Ovate, variously lobed «•

Denticulate, 3-nerved
Lobed, angular, or toothed
Lobed, or deeply cut -
Ovate or obovate, with soft starry down -
Palmate and subtrilobate
Palmate, sinuated

Entire, serrate or dentate, or otherwise cut at the edges

Rough on the upper surface
Evergreen.

Entire.

Full of pellucid dots - ILLI'CIUM

Serrated.

Wedge-shaped, pinnatifid - CQW^KIA

Lanceolate, glaucous beneath - - STRANV^S/^I

Entire or serrated.

Shining - - PHOTI'NIA

Deciduous, evergreen, or subevergreen.

Entire.

Large, aromatic when bruised - - MAGNO? LI A

Linear, small, semi-cylindrical - CHENOPO DIUM

Oval or ovate -

Serrated.

Conduplicate when young - - CE'RASUS

Lobed or sinuated, sometimes lanceolate - QUE'RCUS

Besprinkled with resinous dots - 3/YRfcA

Entire or serrated.

Ovate or lanceolate - - ^HA'MNUS

Ovate or elliptic - - CEANO'THUS -

Alternate, exstipulate.
Deciduous.

Entire.

Oblong, articulated with the stem - - ASI'MINA

Peltate or cordate - - MENISPE'RMUM

Cordate, ovate, or lobed - - CO'CCULUS

Ovate, serrated at the apex - - NEMOPA'NTHES

Lanceolate, soon dropping off - - SPA'RTIUM

Deeply cut and divided, apparently compound
Membranous, heath-like
Oblong, coriaceous, shining
Cordate, ovate, or lanceolate - - SYRI'NGA

Fascicled, lanceolate - - . LY'CIUM

Fascicled, coriaceous, glaucescent - - CRABO'WSK.M -

Linear-lanceolate, hoary - Dibris

Minute, caducous, evergreen bark - - CALLI'GONUM

Lanceolate, coriaceous, pale green » - DI'RCA

Oblong or lanceolate - NY'SS^ -

Lanceolate, beset with scales or stars of hairs - J?L/EA'GNUS
Linear-lanceolate, scaly and silvery - - HIPPO'PHAE

Cordate, downy beneath - - ^RISTOLO'CHIA

Ovate, shining - - MACLU'R^I

Linear, in alternate fascicles ... £AXRIX
Linear, 2-ranked, flat -

Serrated. TAXO'DIUM

Ovate, acuminated - - - MALACHODE'NDRON

Ovate, acute - STUA'RT/^

Oval, mucronate - = * ..• • - BERCHE'M/X -

Obovate, cuneated, serrated at the tips - - LOVWE^

Obovate or oval, glabrous on both surfaces - CLE'THRA

Cordate or lobed, and rough ... jlfo'RUs
Lobed variously, sometimes entire, hairy - BROUSSONE'TM

Entire or serrated.

Oblong-lanceolate, or linear - J?A'CCHARIS

Ovate, obovate, or oval-lanceolate - - STY' RAX

Ovate-acuminate .... HALEXS/^

261
265
267
270
298
411
414

715

727
744
932
944

450
819
837
905
911
916
919
921

62
167
352
468
500
712
927

321

403

403

621
675

276
846

170
180

40
154
202
549
609
625
635
665
669
677
680
692

701
711
1053

1077
71
72
169
352
581
705
710

546

ACCORDING TO THEIR LEAVES.

Ixix

Dentate, notched, or otherwise cut at the edges.
Lanceolate, acute
Oval, mucronate
Pinnatifidly dentate, down
Evergreen.

Entire.

Lobed or peltate, coriaceous, shiny
Linear, chaffy, small, whorled
Acerose, whorled, glabrous
Acerose, trigonal, imbricate in 4 rows
Linear-lanceolate, mucronulate
Acerose, very small, imbricate -
Acerose, on short petioles
Oval, coriaceous
Linear, spreading, heath-like
Acerose, elliptic, flat, downy beneath
Cordate-ovate

Verticillately ternate, buds naked
Oval, convex, glabrous, small -
Linear or ovate, margin
tomentose beneath

Narrow or linear, crowded

Linear, sheathed, needle-like
Linear, scattered, needle-like
Linear, 2-rowed, needle-like
Linear, in alternate fascicles
Acerose, imbricate
Linear, tongue-shaped, obtuse

Linear, needle-shaped, spreading

Alike green on both surfaces, usui
Ensiform, pointed, alike on both surfaces
Serrated.

Linear, small, crowded, spreading
Roundish-oval, small -
Entire or serrated.

Terminating in a tendril, cordate, oblong
Oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, shining
Linear, solitary, more or less 2-ranked -
Dentate, notched, or otherwise cut at the edges.
Ovate-oval, coriaceous, often prickly
Oblong or ovate, small, odour of
Linear, hoary or silky beneath -
Linear, small, rowed, tomentose
Pinnatifid, tomentose, wh
Spinulose, coriaceous -
Ovate, small, approximate, stiff, shining -
Ovate, subcordate, ciliate, c< '

shining

Deciduous evergreen.
Entire.

Linear, stem-clasping, small
Linear, broader at the base, sessile, small
Oblong, coriaceous, sessile, glaucous
Obovate or oval, coriaceous
Terminated by a sphacelat

yellow gland
Ovate or elliptic, smooth,

margins

Lanceolate, bluntish
Broad, lanceolate, glabrous
Lanceolate, smooth on both sides
Ovate-cordate or hastate
Spathulate, with a frosty hue
Oblong-pointed, sometimes lobed
Linear-lanceolate, small
Serrated

Oblong, coriaceous, smooth, do
Entire or serrated.

Oval or lanceolate
Obovate or oblong, full of resin
Obovate, coriaceous, shining
Membranous, often beset with
Reticulated, alike on both sides
Evergreen or subevergreen.

Dentate, notched, or otherwise cut at the edges.
Coriaceous, in tufts at the axils
Obovate, glaucous -
Stipulate or exstipulate.
Deciduous.

Dentate.

At the apex obcuneate

Ovate, unequal at the base, rough, dark green
Deciduous, evergreen, or subevergreen.
Entire.

Generally woolly beneath

- /'TEA -

- ZENO^BM
h resinous particles COMPTO'N.M -

"ny - - HE'BERA.

- 489
- 563
- 936

- 497

- GYPSOCA'LLIS -

- 557

4 rows - - CALLU'NA

- 559

I - ANDKO'MF.LM -

- 560

- CASSroPB

- 561

- CASSA'NDR^ -

- 562

- PI'ERIS

- 570

- PHYLLO'DOC£

- 570

meath - - DABCE'CIA

- 572

- EPIGJS'A

- 580

ed KA'LMIA

- 598

- LEIOPHY'LLUM

- 602

ivolute, coriaceous, 7 £E'DDM

- 602

rPHLO'MIS

1 -ROSMARI'NUS -
1 LAVA'NDULA -
C SA'LVIA

- 672
- 672
- 672
- 673

- Pruus-

- 950

- ^4'BIES -

- 1025

- Pl'CEA -

- 1036

- CB'DROS

- 1057

- ARAUCA'RIA -

- 1062

- E'MPETRUM -

- 1091

C CERATI'OLA

- 1092

' I CORE'MA

- 1092

sually floriferous - Rv'scvs

- 1099

ti surfaces - YVCCA

- 1101

ng BRYA'NTHDS -

- 571

- PHALEROCA'RPUS

- 581

te, oblong - MVTI'SIA

- 551

shining - - ^'RBUTUS
•ranked - - CDNNINGHA'M/^I

- 573
- 1065

the edges,
rickly - - /'LEX -

- 156

)f turpentine - DDVAU'^

- 192

- Sr MIKI.I'N i -

- 546

e . - - SANTOLI'NA

- 548

d mealy beneath - SENE'CIO

- 550

- LEUCO'THO^ -

- 568

; shining - - PERNE'TTY^ -
iceous, glabrous, or j GAIILTHE^ ,

- 578
- 579

- TA'&IARIX

- 458

sile, small - MYRICA'RIA -

- 459

acous - - .BUPLEC'RCM -

- 495

Dwded, glabrous - LYO"N/^

- 564

withered) apex, or j ^RHODODENDRON

- 583

iall, with revolute ) 0xYCO,cccg .

- 615

... ARGA^NIA

- 622

. J^OME'LIA

- 623

es FONTANE'S.M -

- 638

. SOLA'NUM

- 663

... TRAGOPY'RUM

- 678

ed XAD'RUS -

- 681

. OSY'RIS

- 695

>wny beneath - GORDO'N/^

- 73

. PRI'NOS

. 163

ious glands, smooth ESCALLO^N/^I -

- 490

. ^fRCTOSTA'PHYLOS

- 577

resinous dots - FACCI'MUM

- 604

; . . SMI^LAX

- 1003

t the edges.
. . BE'RBERIS -

. 42

. FE'LLA.

. 53

. COTONEA'STER

725
405

Ixx

ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA

Opposite, stipulate.
Deciduous.
Entire.

Minute, caducous, bark evergreen
Oval-elliptic
Whorled, oval -

Digitate, 7-5-lobed ..
Serrate.

Ovate-acuminate - • .

Deciduous, evergreen, or subevergreen,
Entire, connate -

Serrate or dentate, petiolate, and shining
Serrate or entire, petiolate, shining -
Opposite, ex stipulate.
Deciduous.
Entire.

Ovate-lanceolate, 3-ribbed

Lanceolate, glabrous, large
Ovate or lanceolate, shining

Cordate, large

Lanceolate, reticulately veined

Cordate, undivided or 3-lobed, large

Lanceolate or ovate, beset with silvery scales

Lanceolate, with very short petioles
Serrate.

Ovate or cordate, sometimes lobed

Lanceolate, rough, with dots ...
Serrated or entire

Oval-acuminate, scabrous - J

Dentate, notched, or otherwise cut at the edges.

Variously lobed (one variety deeply lacinaite)
Dentate or entire. ~j

Glabrous, entire, or toothed at the apex - - j

Entire.

Ovate-lanceolate, evergreen, pale green with yellow?
spots -J

Elliptic, glabrous, small

Lanceolate, shining ....

Ovate, ciliate, shining -

Roundish, coriaceous, smooth, shining
Serrate.

Oblong, with revolute edges, small
Serrate or entire.

Wavy, leathery, dark green, shining
Deciduous evergreen, or subevergreen.
Entire.

COLLEVT.M
SYMPHORICA'RPPS
CEPHALA'NTHUS
FI'TEX

LONI'CEIM
ARISTOTE^L
FIBU'RNUM

- CORIAVRIA -

- CHIONA'NTHUS

- PERI'PLOCA

- CATA'LPA

- BU'DDLE

- SHEPHE'RD.M

HYDRA'NGEA
VVA

^^
^1

AZA^LEA

PHILLY'REA

FI'NCA

J5u'xus

MYGI'ND.I*
GA'HRY^I -

Undivided, sessile, or sub-sessile, dotted

f HYPE'RICUM

Lanceolate, downy ...
Ovate-lanceolate, membranous, glaucous
Lanceolate, glabrous -

Linear and scale-like, caducous, bark evergreen
Serrate.

Ovate-lanceolate, sometimes linear, mostly deci-7
duous -3

Dentate or entire.

Petioles embracing the stems
Opposite or alternate, stipulate.
Evergreen.
Entire.

Rhomb-shaped, bearing a mealy powder
Opposite or alternate, exstipulate.
Deciduous.
Entire.

Lanceolate, sometimes whorled -
Oblong, small-fascicled
Deciduous, evergreen, or subevergreen.
Entire.

Smooth, oval-lanceolate -
Rigid, pale green on both sides -
Glabrous, shining, sometimes small

Linear, more or less 2-rowed - . -

Scale-like, closely imbricated, compressed
Scales situated under the joints of the branches
Linear, adpressedly imbricate - .

Scale-shaped, minute, sometimes linear -
Opposite or alternate, stipulate or exstipulate.
Subevergreen.
Entire.

3-nerved or feather-nerved, hoary or pilose

LEAVES COMPOUND.
Alternate, stipulate.
Deciduous.
Entire.

Biternate or bipinnate, strong-smelled
Pinnate, 3— 5-foliolate -
Trifoliolate, pilose, or pubescent

- BENTHA'M/^

- LEYCESTEVR.M

. LlGU'STRUM -

- £'PHEDRA

- CI'STUS -

- .4'TRIPLEX

PU'NICA -
NITRA'RIA

CO'RNUS -
FI'SCUM -
DA'PHNE -
TA'XDS -
TORRE'Y^
THU'JA -
CA'LLITRIS
CUPRE'SSUS

JONl'PERUS

- HELIA'NTHEMUM

178
541
544
673

526
182
516

146
634
652
670
660
671
700
713

492
548

460
465

79
466

- 511

- 601

- 631

- 657

- 703

- 156

- 74

- 77

- 507

- 543

- 628

- 937

- 149

676

456
467

- 501

939
943
1068
1072
1073
1080

- ADENOCA'RPUS

18
143
227

ACCORDING TO THEIR LEAVES.

.XXI

Impari-pinnate - - AMO'RPHA

Impari-pinnate, beset with glands - EYSENHA'RDT/^

Abruptly pinnate, leaflets mucronate - - CARAGA^NA

Abruptly pinnate, leaflets 2 pairs - - HALIMODE'NDRON

Impari-pinnate, leaflets orbicular - - CALO'PHACA

Impari-pinnate, stipules small - - COLU'TEA

Pinnate, petioles permanent - ^STRA'GALUS -

Abruptly pinnate, and bipinnate, or simple - GLEDI'TSCHTVI -

Bipinuate, 4—7 pinna? - - GYMNO'CLADUS

Serrate.

Pinnate, 3 — 13-foliolate - - XANTHO'XYLUM

Impari-pinnate, doubly and trebly serrate, very 7 *„ .>T1.
large 3 UA "

Dentate, notched, or otherwise cut at the edges.

Impari-pinnate, with ovate leaflets - - KOLREUTE'B/^I

Dentate or serrate.

Trifoliolate, stipules connate ... ONO'NIS -
Deciduous, evergreen, or subevergreen.

Entire.

Trifoliolate, leaflets elliptical-oblong - - PIPTA'NTHUS -

Trifoliolate, often pubescent - - CY'TISUS -

Impari-pinnate, glabrous - - CORONI'LLA

Serrate.

Impari-pinnate, stipules attached to the petiole - /?O'SA -

Dentate or serrate.

Digitate, pinnate or lobed, rough RUMBUS -

Alternate, exstipulate.
Deciduous.

Entire.

Impari-pinnate, with 11— 13 leaflets - - S&PBORA

Impari-pinnate, with 9— 11 leaflets - - VIKGI'LIA

Impari-pinnate, leaflets petiolate - - ROBI'N/X

Impari-pinnate, leaflets oval, pointed - - WISTA'R/^.

Serrate.

Trifoliolate or bipinnate, leaflets ovate - - Ci'ssus

Impari-pinnate, 5—19 leaflets - - JU'GLANS

Impari-pinnate, 5 — 15 leaflets ... CA'RYA
Impari-pinnate, 17 leaflets, sessile - PTEROCA'RYA

Dentate, notched, or otherwise cut at the edges.

Palmate, pinnate, or bipinnate - - AMPELO'PSIS -

Impari-pinnate, teeth glandulous on the under side AILA'NTUS
Evergreen.

Dentate or serrate.

Pinnate, coriaceous, dark green - MAHO'N/^I

Deciduous, evergreen, or subevergreen.

Entire.

Impari-pinnate, reddish green - - PISTA'CIA

Conjugate, trifoliate, tendriled - BIGNO'N/^

Opposite, stipulate.
Deciduous,

Serrate.

Pinnate, with compound and partial stipules - STAPHYLE'A -

Dentate, notched, or otherwise cut at the edges.

Pinnate, the pinnae often bi-glandular at the base SAMBC'CUS

Dentate or serrate.

Pinnately divided, leaflets irregular - - XANTBORHI'ZA

Opposite, exstipulate.
Deciduous.

Serrate.

Biternate, leaflets oblong lanceolate - ^TRA'GENB

Impari-pinnate, leaflets nearly sessile, buds black") ~ ,

( One variety has simple leaves, p. 642.) J J

Impari-pinnate, buds ash-coloured - O'RNUS

Impari-pinnate, leaflets 7 — 9, petioles marginate TE'COMA

Dentate, notched, or otherwise cut at the edges.

Impari-pinnate, 3—5 leaflets - - NEGWNDO

Palmate, leaflets rough
Palmate, leaflets smooth
Deciduous, evergreen, or subevergreen.

Entire.

Pinnate, in decussating pairs
Alternate or opposite, stipulate.
Subevergreen.

Entire.

Pinnately cut, hairy

LEAVES SIMPLE OR COMPOUND.

Alternate, stipulate.
Deciduous.

Serrate or entire.

Simple, or unequally pinnate
Simple, but sometimes pinnately divided
Dentate or serrate.

Usually simple, but sometimes pinnately cut
Deciduous, evergreen, or subevergreen.
Entire.

Lanceolate, linear, or trifoliolate

Trifoliolate or pinnate - - ./ASMI'MUM

- CLE'MATIS

- POTENTI'LLA -

RHV'S
PY'RUS

232
237
242
243
246

- 255

- 142

- 496

- 134

213
247

321
311

195

197

141
732
735
743

145

- 50

184
660

147

513

19

651
661

122
124
128

319

417
299

654

EXPLANATION OF SIGNS, &c.

Under the titles of the orders are given signs, intended to show at a glance the general habit of
the trees or shrubs described in each order. These signs represent large, small, and middle-sized
plants, and are as follows ; the first sign in each row indicating a deciduous tree or shrub, the next
an evergreen, and so on alternately : —

t-\f. I &^_

1. Round-headed trees ; such as the oak,
ash, elm, beech, chestnut, &c. De-
ciduous and evergreen.

2. & 3. Spiry-topped or conical trees ;
such as the spruce fir, silver fir, larch,
pine, deciduous cypress, &c. Deciduous
and evergreen.

4. Fastigiate trees ; such as the Lombardy
poplar, evergreen cypress, pyramidal
oak, &c. Deciduous and evergreen.

5 Drooping trees ; such as the weeping
willow, weeping elm, &c.

6 Shrubs of the largest size, and also
middle-sized shrubs. Deciduous and
evergreen, but exclusive of twiners,
climbers, trailers, &c.

7. Under-shrubs, or shrubs of the smallest
size. Deciduous and evergreen, but ex-
clusive of twiners, trailers, &c.

8. Twining shrubs ; such as the honey-
suckle, aristolochia, &c. Deciduous and
evergreen.

9. Climbing shrubs ; such as the clematis,
ampelopsis, vine, &c. Deciduous and
evergreen.

10. Trailing shrubs, the branches of which
lie prostrate on the ground, but dp not
root into it; such as many species of
willow, Cytisus, &c.

11. Creeping shrubs, or such as send up
shoots from their creeping roots ; as
many species of Spirae'a, &c.

The signs put before each individual species and variety are the same as those used in the
Gardener's Magazine, and in the Hortus Britannicus, viz.

$ Deciduous tree. «_ Evergreen uuder-shrub. -* Deciduous trailer,

jj Evergreen tree. _$ Deciduous twiner. *~ Evergreen trailer.

& Deciduous shrub. g. Evergreen twiner. ^ Deciduous creeper.

» Evergreen shrub. _£ Deciduous climber. jj. Evergreen creeper.
jot Deciduous uuder-shrub. g_ Evergreen climber.

ACCENTUATIONS AND INDICATIONS.

All the botanic names throughout the Work are accented, and have their origin indicated, as in
the Hortus Britannicus and the Gardener's Magazine. The vowels which are sounded short are
marked with an acute accent, thus ('), as A'ceras ; and those which are sounded long are marked
with a grave accent, thus (v), as Avbrus. The origin of each name is indicated thus : if the name
has been applied to a plant by the ancients, the first letter is in Italic, as Pinus ; if it is comme-
morative of some individual, the letters additional to the name are in Italic, as Banks/a, Lam-
bert/awa, Douglas?'/; and if an aboriginal name has been adopted, or if the name is of uncertain
derivation, the whole word is in Italic, as, Aildnius, Caragdna, &c. Where the name would otherwise
be in Italic, as in the case of synonymes, headings to paragraphs, &c., these distinctions are. ol
course, reversed, as finus, Banksiz, Ailantus. All the other scientific names, generic or specific, are
composed from the Greek or Latin, except a very few which are taken from places : as Araucaria,
from the country of the Araucanians ; Quercus gramuntia, from the estate of Grammont, &c.

THE ENGRAVED FIGURES

Are all to the same scale of 2 in. to 1 ft., or one sixth of the natural size ; with the exception of
details, which, when given, are generally of the natural size, and indicated by a cross, thus, +.

ABRIDGED

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM
BRITANNICUM.

and shrubs, in common with all other flowering plants, are arranged
by botanists in two grand divisions ; viz. the Exogenous, or Dicotyledonous,
Plants, the stems of which increase from without, and the leaves of which
have reticulated veins ; and the Endogenous, or Monocotyledonous, Plants,
the stems of which increase from within, and the leaves of which have parallel
veins. The first class includes all the hardy trees and shrubs in Britain, with
the exception of shrubs of the genera Yucca, 5milax, .Ruscus, and one or two
others, which belong to the second class. We shall arrange the genera and
species under the same subdivisions, subclasses, sections, orders, and tribes,
as we have adopted from DeCandolle in our Hortm Bntannicus.

CLASS I. EXO'GEN^.

Stems increasing from without ; Leaves with reticulated Veins.

SUBDIVISION I. DICHLAMY'DE^.

Calyx and Corolla distinct, by winch they are distinguished from Subdivision II.,
in which the Jlowers have only a calyx.

It is in consequence of this high developement of the floral envelopes, that
the greater part of handsome-flowering trees and shrubs are found in Dichla-
mydeae, it rarely happening that those with a single floral envelope have any
brilliant colouring.

SUBCLASS I. THALAMIFLCTR^E.

Floivers with Petals and Stamens inserted in the Receptacle

This subclass contains all the Polyandrous plants of Linnaeus ; as the sub-
class Calyciflorae, in which the stamens are seated on the calyx, contains all
the plants of the Linnsean class Icosandria.

SECTION I.

Carpella, that is, the component Parts of compound Capsules or Fruits, numerous ;
or the Stamens placed opposite the Petals.

ORDER I. 7*ANUNCULAXCE^.

THE Diagnostic, or Distinctive, Character, or, as wre shall term it, the Ordinal
Character, of this order, is thus given by Dr. Lindley : — " Polypetalous,

} ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BKITANNICUM.

with hypogynous stamens [that is, stamens under the pistil] ; anthers bursting
by longitudinal slits ; several distinct simple carpella [fruits] ; exstipuiate
leaves, sheathing at their base ; solid albumen ; and seeds without arillus."
(Nat. Syst., p. 6.) — Climbing shrubs scarcely woody, and low suffruticose
bushes. Natives of Europe, Asia, and North America.

Leaves generally alternate, but sometimes opposite, generally exstipuiate ;
deciduous, or evergreen ; much divided, especially in Clematis, in which the
leaves are not articulate with the stem. The petioles often serve as tendrils ;
and are diluted p,t ;the base, forming a sheath half-clasping the stem. Hairs
if any, sifnf>ls * Inflorescence small in Xanthorhiza, and some species of
Clematis, and large iu P&bnia. Seeds small and pointed, except in Paeoma.
,. — The' species cin British gardens are included in two tribes, Clematideae
[rind .Paspiu'awtfV which contain the genera Clematis, ^tragene, Pseonia,
'and Xanthorhiza.

Tribe I. CLEMATI'DE^E.

Tribal Character. Climbers, characterised by having the aestivation of the
calyx valvate or induplicate ; with no petals, or with the petals flat ; the
anther opening outwards ; the carpels, or seed-vessels, not opening, one-
seeded, terminated by a tail, which is the indurated style. Seed pendulous.
Leaves opposite. Deciduous and evergreen climbers. — The genera are two,
Clematis and Jtragene, which are thus contradistinguished : —

CLE'MATIS L. Petals none. ^TRA'GENE L. Petals several.

GENUS I.

CLE'MATIS L. THE CLEMATIS, or VIRGIN'S BOWER. Lin. Syst. Poly-
dndria Polygynia.

Identification. The word Klematis was, as well as Atragene, used by Theophrastus, to designate
the Clematis Vitalba of Linnaeus. Clematis was used by Matthiolus, and also by Clusius, who
applied it to C. Viticella L. and C. cirrh&sa L.

Synonymes. Ladies' Bower Gerard; Clfematite, Fr. ; Waldrebe, Ger. ; Clematide, Ital,
Derivation. The word Clematis, or Klematis, is derived from the Greek word klema, a small
branch of a vine ; and it is applied to this genus, because most of the plants composing it climb
like a vine. The English name of Ladies' Bower was probably adopted from its suitableness for
covering bowers ; and, as the first kind of clematis brought to England (C. Viticella) was intro-
duced in 1569, during the reign of Elizabeth, the name of Virgin's Bower might be intended to
convey a compliment to that sovereign, who, as it is well known, liked to be called the Virgin
Queen. Waldrebe is compounded of toald, a wood, and rebe, the branch of a vine.

Genetic Character. Involucre none, or situated under the flower, in the form
of a calyx. Calyx of from four to eight coloured sepals. Petals none. Car-
pels numerous, aggregate, terminated by a long, and mostly feathery, tail. —
Climbing shrubs, with variously cut opposite leaves. The recent herb of all
the species is acrid, and, when applied to the skin, it occasions blisters.
(.Don's Mill.) The seed is pendulous, and the carpels are one seeded ;
each is terminated by a persistent style, and does not open until ruptured
by the germination of the seed.

Leaves compound, opposite in decussating pairs, without stipules, deci-
duous or evergreen ; the petiole possessed of a clasping power for attaching
the plant to contiguous bushes, or similar objects ; in all the species, more
or less persistent after they are decayed. Flowers in axillary ramose panicles;
small and white in some, and in others larger and highly coloured. Seed

7ZANUNCULA CE^E : C'LE MATIS.

small, seldom seen divested of its envelope, as that never bursts till after it is
committed to the soil. — The species are included in four sections ; viz.
Flammula, Viticella, Cheiropsis, and ^fnemonjfldra.

Root strong ; the fibres rather straight, and not very much branched ; ex-
tended in the soil rather horizontally than perpendicularly. Stem ligneous,
not rigid enough to stand erect. Branches the same, and slender. Well
adapted for covering bowers, or for ornamenting verandas or trelliswork. The
greater number of the species ripen their seeds in England, and are easily
propagated by them, or by layers. The seeds retain their vitality for several
years ; they are of slow vegetation, and ought to be sown as soon as gathered,
in which case they will generally come up the following spring; though, some-
times, not till the second spring. All the species require support by props of
some kind ; and all, with one or two exceptions, grow freely in any soil that
is tolerably dry, but more especially in one that is calcareous. From the
acridity of these plants, they are not very liable to be attacked by insects ;
nevertheless, snails and slugs are occasionally found eating their young herbage.

6 i. Flammula Dec.

QBE

Sectional Character. Involucre wanting. Tail of the carpels long, bearded
and feathery. Cotyledons distinct (that is, slightly separated) in the seed.
(Don's Mi/I., i. p. 3.) Deciduous.

-i 1. CLE'MATIS FLAMMULA/,. The inflammatory -juiced Clematis, or
sweet-scented Virgin's Bower.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 766.: Dec. Prod., 1. p. 2.

Don's Mill., 1. p. 4.
Synonymes. C. drens Gerard ; C.-nwitima All. Fed. ;

C. suaveolens Salisb. Prod. ; C. paniciHata Tfotn. :

Clematite odorante, Fr. ; scharfe Waldrebe, Ger.
Derivation. Vromflammare, to inflame ; on account of

the blistering qualities of the spc-cies.
Engravings. Park. Theat., p. 381. f. 3. ; and our fig. 1.

Specific Character and abridged Description.

Leaves pinnate, smooth ; with orbicular,

oval, oblong, or linear, entire or three-

lobed, acutish leaflets. (Don's Mill.) A

deciduous climber. South of Europe ;

in hedges and waste bushy places, not

far frotBn the sea, and in soils more or

less calcareous. Height 10ft. to 15ft.

Introduced in 1596. Flowers white,

sweet-scented ; July to October. Fruit

white ; ripe in October. Leaves deep

green, often remaining on the plants till

mid-winter, and dying off black.
Varieties and their Synonymes. The most

distinct is C. F. maritima ; the rest are

of little importance.

-i C. F. 2 rottmdifoliaDec. C.fragrans
Tcnore. — Leaflets almost orbicu-
lar.

.1 C. -F. 3 maritima Dec. — Leaflets
linear.

1 C. F. 4 rubella Dec. — Leaflets

oval, usually emarginate. Sepals four, reddish on the outside
B 2

1. Clematis Flammula.

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1 C. F. 5 cfsspitosa Dec. C. csespitosa Scop., C. Flammula Bertol. —

Leaflets minute, entire or cut.
JL C. F. 6 paniculdta. C. paniculata Thitn. — Flowers with the peduncles

simple.

A vigorous-growing plant, the stems of which rapidly attain the length of
from 15 ft. to 30 ft. in a state of culture. The leaves are subject to much
variation, from soil, situation, and climate. The peduncles of the flowers are
sometimes simple, and sometimes branched. The colour of the sepals is
white, slightly pubescent on their exterior margins. The whole plant has a
dark green hue; and in autumn it is abundantly covered with flowers, the
odour of which is of a honied sweetness, exceedingly disagreeable to some
persons when near, though at a distance it is not unlike the fragrance of the
common hawthorn. From the rapidity of its growth, it will in four or five
years cover a very large space of wall, roof, or bower. Its herbage is con-
sidered less acrid than that of any other of the European species, notwith-
standing its name of Flammula.

-A 2. C. ORIENTALS L. The Oriental Clematis.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 765.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 3. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 4.

Synonymes. Flammula scandens apii folio glauco, Dill. Elth. 144. ; C. flava Mcrnch. Mcth. 296. ;

the Eastern, or yellow-flowered, Virgin's Bower ; C. glatica WHM. ; C. ochroleuca Hort. ;

Clematite orientale, Fr. ; Morgenlandische Waldrebe, Ger.
Engravings. Dill. Elth., 1. 119. f. 145. ; and our^.2.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves pinnate ;
leaflets smooth,wedge-shaped,
with three toothed pointed
lobes. (Don's Mill.} A decidu-
ous climber. Levant and Cau-
casus. Height 10ft. to 15ft.
Introduced in 1731. Flowers
greenish yellow slightly tint-
ed with russet, sweet-scented;
July, August. Fruit white ;
ripe in October. Leaves
somewhat glaucous, dying off
black or dark-brown.

Varieties. C. glauca Willd. and
C. ochroleuca Hort. are, by
some, alleged to be varieties
of C. orientalis ; but we do
not consider them sufficiently
distinct for varieties, and have,
therefore, included these
names in our synonymes.

The general magnitude of this
species resembles that of C.
Flammula, from which it differs
in its ulterior branches being
more persistently ligneous,
though the main stem in old
plants is seldom seen so thick as
that of C. Flammula. It is also
distinguished from the latter
species by throwing up suckers
freely, which the other does
not. Its leaflets are glaucous,
flat, large as compared with
those of C. Flammula ; and it
does not produce flowers so profusely as that species. The flowers are ycl-

2. Clematis orient&lis.

I. #ANUNCULA CE2V. I CLEMATIS.

lovvish, and not so strongly scented ; and the carpels are dissimilar, though
still cottony in appearance when the seed is ripe.

I 3. C. CHINE'NSIS Retz. The Chinese Clematis.

Identification. Ketz. Obs., 2. p. 18. ; Dec. Syst., 1. p. 137.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 4.
Synonyme. C. sintnsis Lour. coch. 1. p. 422.
Engraving. O ur Jig. 3 .

Spec. C/tar., fyc. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, quite entire. Pedun-
cles few-flowered, longer than the leaves. Ovaries usually four, with almost
naked tails. (Don's Mill.} A deciduous climber. China, in the island called
Danes. Height 10ft. to 15 ft. Introduced in 1 820. Flowers ?. Leaves pur-
plish green, retained till rendered black by frost.

A plant in the Hor-
ticultural Society's
Garden, grows vigor-
ously against a wall,
producing shoots as
long and strong as
those of C. Flammu-
la; and retaining its
leaves till they are
blackened by frost.
It has never flowered;
but, in its leaves and
its general appear-
ance, it seems to re-
semble C. orientalis,
except that the leaves
are of a dark pur-
plish green, instead of
being glaucous.

1 4. C. VITA'LBA L. The White- Vine Clematis, or Traveller's Joy.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 766. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 3. ; Smith's Eng. Fl., 3. p. 39. ; Don's Mill, 1. p. 4.
Synonymes. Athragene Theoph. ; Fltis sylvestris Dios. ; C. latifblia seu ^trSgene Hay ; C. altera

Matth. ; C. tertia Com. ; Vi6rna Ger. and Lob. ; Htis nlgra Fuch. ; Vitftlba Dod. ; the Old

Man's Beard, Bindwith, the common Virgin's Bower, the wild Climber, the great wild Climber ;

Clematite brulante, Clematite des Haies, 1'Herbe aux Gueux, la Viorne des Pauvres, Fr.; ge

meine Waldrebe, Ger.
Derivation. Because of its " decking

and adorning the ways and hedges

where people travel," says Gerard,

" I have named it the traveller's joy."

The name of Old Man's Beard is

very appropriate to the white and

hairy appearance of the tails of the

carpels; andBindwith, from the shoots

being used instead of those of willows

for tying up plants. White Vine is

supposed to allude to the white ap-
pearance of the tails of the carpels

in autumn. The French name of

Clematite brulante has reference to

the acrid properties of the plant ; and

Clematite des Haies to its growing

generally in hedges. The name of

1' Herbe aux Gueux refers to the em-
ployment of it by the beggars in

France, who use it to makes ulcers

in their arms and legs, for the purpose

of exciting compassion, curing them-
selves afterwards by the application of

the leaves of the beet. La Viorne des

Pauvres alludes to the same practice,

Viorne being evidently derived from

Vi6rna.
Engravings. Jacq. Austr., 4. t. 308. ;

Eng. Bot., 612. ; and ourj%s.'4. & 5.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acuminated, cordate

B 3

3. Clematis chinensis.

4. Clematis Vitalba.

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

5. Fruit of C. Vit.i!!>.i.

at the base, parti}' cut. Peduncles forked, shorter than the leaves. (Doris
Mill.} A deciduous climber of vigorous growth. Europe and Britain, in
hedges and copses, always indicating a calcareous soil. Height loft, to
30ft.; in rich soil, and in a sheltered situation, 50ft. to 100ft. Flowers
white ; August, September. Fruit white ; ripe from October to February.
Leaves long retained, and dying off black or dark brown.

The stems are woody, more so
than those of any other species, an-
gular, climbing to the height of 20
or 30 feet, or upwards, and hanging
down from rocky cliffs, ruins, or the
branches of trees; or being supported
by, and forming tufts on, the upper
surface of other shrubs or low trees,
which they often so completely
cover as to have the appearance of
bushes at a distance. The footstalks
of the leaves are twined about what-
ever object they approach, and after-
wards become hard and persistent,
like the tendrils of a vine. The leaflets are either quite entire, or unequally cut ;
sometimes very coarsely so. The panicles are axillary and terminal, many-
flowered and downy. The flowers are of a greenish white colour, with little
show; but they have a sweet almond-like scent. The seeds (fig. 5.) have
long, wavy, feathery, and silky tails, forming beautiful tufts, most conspicuous
in wet weather. The French gardeners use the twigs instead of withs, for tying
up their plants ; and make very neat baskets of them when peeled, and also bee-
hives. The twigs are in the best state for making these articles in winter; and
their flexibility is increased by holding them to the fire before using them. In
gardens and plantations the plant is valuable for the rapidity with which it may
be made to cover naked walls, unsightly roofs of sheds, or low buildings and
arbours ; and for a variety of similar purposes.

1 5. C. VIRGINIA^NA L. The Virginian Clematis.

Identification. Linn. Amcon., p. 275. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 4. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 5. ; Tor. and Gray,

1. p. 8.
Synonymes. C. canadensis trifufia repens Town. ; C. canadensis Mill. Diet. No. 5., Salisb. Prod.

371.; C cordifblia Mcench. Supp. 104. ; 6'. triternata Hart.', the broad-leaved Canada Virgin's

Bower; Clematite de Virginie, Fr.\ Virginische Waldrebe, Ger.
Engravings. Den. Brit, (the male plant), t. 74. ; and our Jig. G.

Spec. Char., fyc. Flowers panicled, dioecious. Leaves
ternate; leaflets cordate, acute, grossly toothed,
or lobed. (Dons Mill.) A deciduous climber.
Canada to Florida, in hedges and near rivers.
Height 10ft. to 15ft. Introduced in 1767.
Flowers white ; August, September. Fruit white.
Decaying foliage brown or black.

Variety.

i C. v. 2 bractedtaDec. C. bracteata Mcench .
— Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, entire.

The general appearance of this plant is like that
of C. Vitalba; but it is less robust in all its
parts, and less ligneous in its stems and branches ;
and it is also somewhat more tender. Panic es
trichotomously divided, with small leaves at the divisions. Sepals 4, white,
obovate, exceeding the stamens. Flowers often dioscious or polygamous. (Tor.
and Gray.) Miller states that it seldom ripens seeds in England ; but, as it is
dioecious, it is possible that he possessed only the male plant.

I CLErMATIS.

7. Cl&natis grata.

1 6. C. GRA'TA Wall. The grateful-scented Clematis.

Identification. Wall. Asiat., 1. t.98.
Synonymes. C. odorata Hort. ; C. tri-

ternata Hort.', C.nepalensis Hort,
Engravings. Wall. Asiat. , l.t. 98.; and

our fig. 7.

Spec. Char., tyc. Flowers axil-
lary, panicled j leaves subbi-
ternate, villous ; leaflets cor-
date, acuminated, serrated,
3-lobed; sepals obtuse. (G.
Don.) A deciduous climber.
Nepal, on mountains. Height
10ft. to 18 ft. Introduced in
1831. Flowers white.

Closely resembling C. vir-
giniana, but rather more hoary;
and equally hardy, though it
has not yet flowered freely in
the open air. A shoot intro-
duced into the inside of a stove
in the Chelsea Botanic Gar-
den, from a plant on the out-
side, flowered there in 1833.
Frequent in nurseries as C.
nepalensis.

-i 7. C. VIO'RNA L. The road-ornamenting Clematis, or leathery-flowered

Virgin's Bower.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 765. ; Dec. Prod., 1 . p. 7. : Don's Mill., 1 . p. 8. ; Tor. and Gray, 1 . p. 9.
Synonymes. C. purpurea repens Ray ; Fl&mmula scandens, flore violaceo clause, Dill. Elth. ;

American Traveller's Joy ; the Virginian Climber ; the purple Climber ; Clematite Viorne, Fr. \

Glockenbliithige Waldrebe, Ger.
Derivation. From via, a way, and ornare, to ornament. Leather-flowered Virgin's Bower refers

to the remarkably thick texture of the sepals ; the German name signifies bell-flowered woodvine.
Engravings. Dill." Elth., 118. f. 144 ; and our fig. 9.

Spec. Char., $c. Peduncles 1-flowered. Sepals connivent, thick, acuminated,
reflexed at the apex. Leaves smooth, pinnate ; leaflets entire, 3-lobed, alter-
nate, ovate, acute, floral ones entire. (Don's Mill.) A deciduous climber.
Pennsylvania to Georgia. Height 6 ft. to 12 ft. Introduced in 1730. Flowers
purple without, whitish within; June to August. Fruit white ; ripe in Sep-
tember. Decaying leaves retained long, and dying,
off black.

Variety. C. V. 2 cor data. C. cordata Sims Sot. Mag.
t. 1816., and our fig. 9. from that plate; Clem.
Simsw Sweet's Hort. Brit.

This species is striking in the dissimilarity of its
flowers to those of most other species. It is of vigor-
ous growth, and, exclusive of its flowers, assimilates
to C. Viticella; but its stems and branches are less
decidedly ligneous. The stems are numerous, slender,
and round; the peduncles of the flower are long,
deflexed towards the tip, rendering the flowers pen-
dulous ; the sepals never open, except at their ex-
treme ends, which are bent back, giving the whole
flower a bell shape, but with the mouth of the bell
narrower than the body. The sepals are of a greenish purple or reddish
lilac on the outside, and of a very 'pale green within. The stamens scarcely
emerge from the sepals. The carpels are broad and flat ; as they ripen, the
tail becomes bent in and plumose, and of a brownish green colour. It

B 4

Clematis Vidrna cordaU.

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM 1UUTANNICUM

is most ornamental as
a single plant, trained
to a rod or to a wire
frame. As its branches
are not very decidedly
ligneous or persistent,
but consist mostly of
annual shoots from a
suffruticose base, and
are not much branched,
the plant does not ex-
hibit a bushy head. It
thrives best in bog
earth, kept somewhat
moist, in which cir-
cumstance it differs
from most of the
woody species of Cle-
matis. It may be
increased by layers,
though not so readily
as from seeds, which
it produces in abund-
ance. This species, C.
cylindrica, and C. re-
ticulata, being neither
very woody, nor very
luxuriant in growth,
may all be treated as
herbaceous plants, to
be supported during
the flowering season
by temporary props.
Few border plants, in-
deed, will be found
more elegant or more
ornamental when so
managed.

1 8. C. CYLI'NDRICA Sims. The cylinclricaU/oiw-jw/ Clematis.
Identification. Sims, in Bot. Mag., 1. 1160. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 7. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 8.; Tor. and
Sy«SiP< C.' crispa Lam., but not of Linn. ; C. Viorna Andr. in Bot. Rep. ; C. diraricata Jar?.;

the ions-flowered Virgin's Bower ; Clematite a" longues Hears, Fr
Engravings. Bot. Mag , 1. 1160. ; Bot. Rep., t. 71. ; and our Jig. 10.

Spec. Char., $c. Peduncles 1-flowered. Sepals thin, acuminated, reflexed

at the apex, with wavy margins. Leaves slender, pinnate ; leaflets stalked,

ovate or oblong, middle one sometimes trifid, "*^

floral ones entire. (Don's Mill.} A deciduous

climber. North Carolina and Florida. Height

3 ft. to 5 ft. Introduced in 1802. Flowers large,

purplish blue, nodding ; June, August. Fruit

white ; ripe in September.

DeCandolle describes this species as related
to C. Viorna, reticulata, and crispa, and dis-
criminated it from these. C. cylindrica, he says,
differs from C. Viorna, in the segments of its
leaves being entire and not trifid ; in the flowers
being blue, not reddish lilac and pale within, and
twice the size of those of C. Viorna ; in the sepals

10. ClnnntU cylindrira.

Clematis Vidrna.

I. /JANUNCULA CEJE '. CLE MATIS.

9

being not leathery, but somewhat of the consistence
of paper, with the margin waved ; the ovaries
12-15, not 25-30. C. cylinclrica differs from C.
reticulata in its leaves being in consistence papery,
not leathery ; scarcely veined, not reticulately
veined ; and in other points. C. cylindrica closely
resembles C. crispa in habit and mode of flower-
ing ; but differs from it in its sepals being waved
in the margin, not rolled backwards, in its larger
flowers, and especially in its carpels having long
bearded tails, and not naked ones. C. Viorna
and C. cylindrica, seen together in a living state,
are very dissimilar in appearance. C. Viorna has vigorous long branches ana
reddish flowers, which are acorn-like in figure, except that they have a spread-
ing mouth ; there is also obvious dissimilarity in the foliage and shoots, C.
cylindrica being almost herbaceous.

10a. Fruit of Clematis cylfndrica.

-A 9. C. RETICULAVTA Walt.

The net-veined-/e-rtm/ Clematis.
P. 7.;

Identification, Walt. Fl. Car., 156. ; Dec. Prod.,

Don's Mill., 1. p. 8. ; Tor. and Gray, 1. p. 10.
Synonymes. C. rbsen Abbott ; C. Sims/t Hook. ; the netted

Virgin's Bower ; the reticulated Clematis.
Engravings. Dend. Brit, t. 72. ; and our Jig. 11.

Spec. Char., $c. Peduncles 1 -flowered. Sepal
connivent. Leaves coriaceous, netted with
nerves, smooth, pinnate ; leaflets stalked, 3-
lobed or entire, ovate. (Dons Mill.) A de-
ciduous climber. S. Carolina and Georgia.
Height 6ft. to 8ft. Introduced in 1812. Flow-
ers pale purplish red ; June to August. Fruit
white; ripe in September.
Leaflets all petiolulate, I in. to 1^ in. long,

undivided or variously lobed, the lowest pair

3-parted, sometimes rather acute and mucronate.

Peduncles longer than the leaves. Flowers

as large as in C. crispa. Sepals dull purple,

ovate-lanceolate, velvety externally. Tails of the

carpels long. (Tor. and Gray.) In C. Viorna

the sepals do not divaricate, except in their

recurved tips ; while in C. reticulata the sepals

expand in the mode of those of C. Viticella.

A side view of a flower less expanded resembles

more the flower of C. cylindrica, but the cylin-
drical portion is shorter. The flowers (sepals) it. clematis reticulata.

of the two are different in colour. The leaves of C. reticulata are veined,

as is implied in the specific name. The stems are scarcely ligneous.

1 10. C. HENDERSONN// Chandler. Henderson's Clematis.

Engravings. Our Jigs. 12. and 13.

Spec. Char., $c. Peduncles 1-flowered, much longer than the petioles of the
leaves. Sepals long, wrinkled, reflexed. Leaves bipinnate, leaflets ovate-
acuminate. A deciduous climber. Hybrid. Height 8ft. to 10ft. Cult.
1835. Flowers bluish purple ; June to September. Fruit white.

The stems and foliage bear a general resemblance to those of C. Viticella,
while the flowers, in magnitude and colour, and the leaflets in shape and
veining, resemble those of C. integrifolia ; but the sepals expand much
wider, in the manner of those of C. Viticella. This plant is apparently a
hybrid between C. Viticella and C. integrifolia, having the flowers of the latter,
and the leaves and stems of the former. It was raised by Mr. Henderson,

10

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

nurseryman, of Pine-apple Place, and first
flowered in the nursery of Mr. Chandler,
by whom it was named. It may fairly be
described as one of the most ornamental

12. Fruit of Clematis Henclersouii*.

species of this section, from the largeness
of its flowers, their long footstalks, which
make them stand out distinctly from the
foliage, the great profusion with which they
are produced, and the long time the plant
continues to produce them. Layers.

§ ii. Viticella Dec.

13 Clematis Henders6niV.

II

Derivation. From viticula, a small vine ; on account of the plants climbing like Htis vinlfera L.
Sect. Char. Involucre wanting. Tail cf the pericarp (that is, of the carpel)

short, beardless. Leaves ternate, or decompound. Stems climbing. (Don's

Mill., i. p. 9.) Deciduous.

1 11. C. FLO'RIDA T/tun. The florid, or showy-flowered, Clematis.

Identification. Thunb. Fl. Jap., 240. ; Dec. Prod., 1. 8. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 9.

Synonymes. Atragene indica Detf. ; .-/tragenc fiorida Pers. ; Clematite a grandes Fleurs, Fr. ;

grossbluthigeWaldrebe, Ger.
Engravings. Sims Bot. Mag., t. 834. ; Andr. Bot. Rep., t. 402. ; and our fig. 14.

. Char., $c. Peduncles 1-flowered, longer than the leaves. Leaves ternately
decompound ; leaflets ovate, acute, quite entire. Sepals oval-lanceolate,
much pointed. (Don's Mill.) A deciduous climber. Japan. Height
10ft. to 12ft. Introduced in 1776. Flowers white; June to September.
Fruit ?.
Varieties.

JL C. f. 2. fibre plena Hort. has the stamens changed into floral leaves,
which may be denominated petals. It is very handsome, but the
petals have frequently a tinge of green, which renders it less orna-
mental than the single species, in which the centre of the flower is
comparatively inconspicuous, while the sepals are large, and of a pure
white.

1 C. / SJlore pleno violdcco ; C. f. Sieboldw D. Don in Sweet's Brit.
Fiow.-Gard. 2d ser. p. 396.; C. Sieboldli Paxton's Mag. Bot.

72ANUNCULA CE/E : CLE'MATIS.

II

1 4. C. fldrida fl. pi. violaceo.

p. 147. ; C. bicolor Hort. ; and our Jig, 14;. ;

is in all respects the same as the last, except

that the petals, or centre of the flower, are

of a rich violet colour, approaching to purple.

It was sent from Japan to Europe by Dr.

Sieboldt ; and introduced into England in

1836. It is a most ornamental plant, and as

hardy and easily propagated as the other va-
riety or the species.

The stem is slender
and striated ; climbing
to the height of 15 ft.
or upwards when it is

trained t'o a wall with a favourable exposure,
though never becoming very woody. The flowers
are large and handsome, either in a single or
double state ; and these, with the neatness of its
foliage, and the slenderness of its stems and
branches, give it such an air of elegance, that no
lover of plants should be without it, who has a
garden in which it will thrive. North of London
h requires a wall ; and in Scotland, as well as
in France and Germany, it is generally kept in
the green-house. A mode of pruning plants of
this species, by cutting them down to the ground
annually, though not generally practised, is said
to produce vigorous shoots and fine flowers. This species never ripens seeds
in England, and is therefore only propagated by layers.

1 12. C. C^ERUVLEA LintU. The blue, or violet-flowered, Clematis.

Identification. Lindl., in Bot. Reg., t. 1955.

Synonymes. C. azdrea grandi flora Sieb.; C graadiflbra Hort.

Engravings. Bot. Keg., 1. 1955.; and our Jig. 16.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves spreading, hairy, ternate.
Segments ovate-acute, entire. Pecfuncles 1-
flowered. Sepals 6 to 8, oblong, lanceolate,
acute, membranaceous. Margin distended.
(Lindl.) A deciduous climber. Japan. Height
10ft. to 12 ft. Introduced in 1836. Flowers
blue; June and July. Fruit?.

A free-growing and profuse-blooming plant,
with the habit of C. floridn. Flowers large,
violet-coloured, with deep purple stamens. It
differs from C. florida in the colour, delicacy,
and transparency of its blossoms, and also in
its leaves being only once ternate, and in the
sepals not touching and overlapping each other
at the edges. Culture and propagation as in

C' fl°rida- XC. Clematis c^rulen

-i 13. C. VITICE'LLA L. The Vine-Bower^Clematis.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 762. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 9. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 9.

Synonymes. Viticella deltoidea Mcench; the red-flowered Lady's Bower, Gerard; Italienuche

Waldrebe, Ger.
Engravings. Flor. Grajc., t. 516. ; Bot. Mag., t. 565. ; and our fig. 17.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Peduncles 1-flowered, longer than the leaves. Leaves
ternately decompound, lobes or leaflets entire. Sepals obovate, spreading.
(Don's Mill.) A deciduous climber. South of Europe, in hedges, on
calcareous soil. Height 10 ft. to 15 ft. Introduced in 1569 Flowers blue

12

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM URITANNICUM.

Clematis Viticella.

or purple; July to September. Fruit white; ripe in October. Decaying
foliage black or brown.

Varieties.

-A C. V. 1 cesrulea. — Flowers blue.

-1 C. V. 2 purpurea. — Flowers purple.

A C. V. 3 multiplex Gr. Don. C. pulchella Pers. — Flowers double, blue.-

This variety produces more robust, more extended, and fewer snoots,

than the single-flowered blue or purple varieties,
-i C. F. 4 tenuifolia Dec., C. tenuifolia lusitanica Tourn. ; and
-i C. V. 5 baccdta Dec., C. campaniflora Hort. ; are varieties which we

have not seen.

C. Viticella, and all its varieties, are
tolerably robust and vigorous in their
growth, and decidedly ligneous ; though
plants, individually, do not endure many
years. They are, perhaps, the most beau-
tiful and most estimable of all the kinds
of clematis, for the purposes of floral de-
coration. For the mere covering of bowers
and other objects, they are, however, less!
suited than C. Vitalba and C. Flammula; as
these grow faster, extend farther, and each

yields a greater aggregate of herbage, and "" "" w 7^^^ if

so covers better : but none of them can ^-^jl^zxP' ^^K

vie with C. Viticella and its varieties in \n^(fe //

beauty; more especially with the single
purple and the single blue.

-i 14. C. CAMPANIFLO'RA Brot. The bell-flowered Clematis.

Identification. Brot. Flor. Lus., 3. p. 352. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 9. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 9.

Synonymes. C. viornoldes, received at the Chelsea Botanic Garden by this name, from the Berlin

Botanic Garden (D. Don, in Sw. Fl.-Gard., 2d ser., t.217.) ; C. viornoldes Schroder, Hort. Brit.

No. 28757. j 6\ parviflbra Dec., according to Sweet.
Engravings. Lod. Bot. Cab.,

987.; Sw. Br. Fl.-Gard., 2d

series, t. 217.; and ourJig.lS.

Spec. Char., fyc. Pedun-
cles 1 -flowered, some-
what longer than the
leaves. Leaves biter-
nately decompound ;
leaflets entire, or 3-
lobed. Sepals half-
spreading, dilated at
the apex,wavy. (Z)on'jr
Mill.) A deciduous
sufFrutescent climber
of vigorous growth.
Portugal, in hedges.
Height 11 ft. to 15ft.
Introd.1810. Flowers
white, slightly tinged
with purple ; July and
August. Fruit white.
Decaying foliage dark

campaniflora.

Variety.

.1 C. c. 2 parvrflora. C. parviflora Fisch. of Gottingen. — Flowers rather
smaller than in the species, sepals crisped at the edges. H. S.

I. flANUNCULA^CEJE I CLE'MATIS.

13

The habit of growth of this plant is that of C. Viticella, to which it also
comes nearest in affinity, but, though less woody, its shoots are much more
robust; the much smaller and white flowers, and pointed sepals connivent (that
is, lying close together) below, will readily distinguish it. It seldom ripens
wood in England, but is readily propagated by layers.

1 15. C, CRI'SPA L. The curled-sepaled Clematis.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 765. ; Dec. Prod., I. p. 9. ; Don's Mill., ] p 9
Synonyme. C. fibre crispo Dill. Elth.
Engravings. Dill. Elth., 1. t. 73. fig. 84. ; Bot. Mag.,
1982. ; and our Jig. 19.

Spec. Char., fyc. Peduncles 1 -flowered,
shorter than the leaves. Leaves entire,
3-lobed, or ternate, very acute. Sepals
connivent at the base, but reflexed, and
spreading at the apex. (Don's Mill.) A
deciduous climber. Virginia to Florid*.
Height 3 ft to 5 ft. Introduced in 1726.
Flowers purple ; July to September. Fruit
brownish ; ripe in October.

Leaves glabrous, or s-ightly hairy. Flowers
e third smaller than in C. Viorna, bright

one

purple. Tail of the carpels thick and rigid,

about half an inch long. (Tor. and Gray.)

The flowers of this species are pretty, but

perhaps never produced in sufficient quan-

tity to render it highly decorative. The se-

pals have their tips reflexed, and waved with

transverse wrinkles. The stems are weak, and 19- cumatu

do not generally rise higher than 3 or 4 feet. The plants frequently die down

to the ground, so that this species requires to be treated more as herbaceous

than ligneous. It ripens seeds plentifully.

§ iii. Ckeiropsis Dec.

Derivation. From cheir, the hand, and opsts, resemblance ; in allusion to the form of the bracteas.

Sect. Char. Involucre in the form of a calyx, from two joined bracteas situated
at the top of the peduncle just under the flower. Tails of pericarps
bearded. Climbing or rambling shrubs, with simple or ternate leaves. The
old petioles persistent, and the new leaves and the peduncles produced in
clusters from the axils of these. (Dec. Syst., i. 162.) Evergreen.

i. 16. C. CIRRHO'SA L. The tendriled-petioled Clematis.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 766.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 9. : Don's Mill., 1. p. 9.

Synonymes. ^tragene cirrhbsa Pers. Syn. 2. p. 98.; Traveller's Joy of Candia, and Spanish Tra-
veller's Joy, Johnson's Gerard ; Spanish wild Climber, Parkinson ; the evergreen Clematis ;
Clematite a Vrilles, Clematite toujours verte (Bon Jard.), Fr. ; einfachblattrige (simple-leaved)
Waldrebe, Ger.

Derivation. The word cirrhbsa, which means cirrhose, or tendriled, is applied to this species
from the "peculiarly grasping and tendril-like action of its petioles, which retain their hold even
after the leaflets have fallen. The French word Vrilles signifies tendrils; and the German word
einfach alludes to its comparatively simple leaves.

Engravings. See the Varieties.

Spec. Char., fyc. Peduncle 1-flowered, with an involucre. Leaves simple, or
variously divided ; evergreen. An evergreen climber. Spain and the
Balearic Isles. Height in British gardens, in the climate of London, in a
warm situation, against a wall, 5ft to 10ft. Introduced in 1596. Flowers
greenish or yellowish white; March and April. Fruit'. Foliage of the
broad-leaved varieties forming a fine dark green mass.

14

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BKITANNICUM.

Varieties.

A- C. c. 2 pedicelliita Dec. ; C. pedicellata Sweet's
Hort. Brit. p. 2., and Don's Mill. i. p. 9. ; C.
balearica Pers.; C. cir-
rhosa Sims B. Mag.
t. 1070.; and our jig,
20. ; has the pedicel be-
tween the involucre and
the flower considerably
longer than in the
species.

i. C. c. 3 angustifoHa. C. bale-
arica Rich. But. Mag.
t. 959., and our fig. 21.;
C. ealycma Ait. ; C.

polymorpha Hort. Clematite de Mahon, Fr.
— The leaves of this variety vary exceedingly, from those shown in
fig. 23. of the natural size, taken from a plant in the Horticultural
Society's Garden, to those shown in fig. 22., reduced from Smith's
Flora Grcp.ca. Introduced into England by M. Thouin, in 1783.
The varieties are all elegant
evergreen climbing shrubs, rising
to the height of from 6 ft. to
J 0 ft., and branching freely, so
as to become, in two or three
vears, very thick bushy plants.

21. C. cirrhusa angustifoli?

20. Clematis cirrh6sa pediceilata .

nguslifolia

23. Clematis cirrhosa angustifolia.

The leaves vary from simple to ternate ; and from being entire to being
deeply cut. The flowers appear at the end of December, or the beginning
of January, and continue till the middle or end of April. They are pendulous
and bell-shaped, the mouth being of the breadth of a shilling, or more. Their
colour is greenish white, with some purple on the inside. The sepals are
downy without, and smooth within. In its native country it is said to climb
up and overwhelm the trees ; but in England it is a weak plant, not very
readily kept. In nurseries it is generally cultivated in pots, and kept in a
green-house, or in a cold-frame. The principal beauties of this species con-
sist in its bright evergreen verdure, and in the earliness of its flowering in
spring ; and these properties may be best obtained by training it against a wall
with a southern aspect. Layers and cuttings.

JZAN U NCULA VCE/E I CLF/AI ATiS.

iv. Knemo^ijiora.

Derivation. From the flowers being like those of the Anemone sylv^stris.

Sect. Char. Peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered, aggregate, not bearing an invo-
lucre. Carpel with a feathery tail. Leaves deciduous.

.1 17. C. MONTA'NA Ham. The Mountain Clematis.

Identification. C. montana Ham. MSS.\ Dec. Prod., 1. p. 9.; Royle, p. 51.

Synonymes. C- anemoniflora D. Don Prod. Fl. Nepal, p. 192.. Don's Mill. 1. p. 9.

Engravings. Wall. PI. Asiat. Rar., 3. p. 12. t. 217. ; Swt. Br. Fl.-Gard., 2. s. t. 253. ; and our figs.

24. and 25. Fig. 25. is from the plant in the Hort. Soc. Garden, and fig. 24. from a specimen of

that at Montreal, Kent.

Spec. Char., $c. Peduncles 1-flowered, not bracteated, several together.
Leaves ternately parted, the segments ovate-oblong, acuminate, toothed, the
teeth in the mode of incisions. Sepals elliptic-oblong, mucronulate, spread-
ing. (D. Don.) A deciduous climber. Himalayan Mountains at 5000 ft.
to 7000 ft. elevation. Height 10 ft. to 15 ft., or in sheltered situations
30 ft. to 50 ft. Introduced in 1831. Flowers white; April in Nepal,
May in England. Fruit white ; ripe in August. Decaying foliage brown,
and dropping more freely than in most of the other kinds.

A highly ornamental species. The plant is large and
branching ; the bark thick, ash-coloured, and de-
ciduous. Leaves numerous, pale green. Flowers

numerous, about the size

and form of those of Ane-
mone sylve'stris L., borne

several together, each upon

a separate, upright, slender

peduncle, about 3 in. long.

Sepals 4, 1 in. long, pure

white, faintly stained with

pink outside at the base.

Styles clothed with long fi

white silky hairs ; from

which it may be inferred

that this species will have

its fruits terminated with feathery tails, in a state of
maturity. In the climate of England it proves to be
quite hardy, and seems to flourish as well as on its
native mountains. It grows with great vigour in a
loamy soil, flowers profusely early in the season, and
is readily increased by layers. A very desirable species.

Other Species of Clematis. — There are several other species of Clematis
described in books, some of them as introduced, and others as not yet in
cultivation in Britain ; but we have refrained from describing any species of
which we have not seen living plants. In Torrey and Gray's Flora of North
America, C. holosericea Pursh, C. \igusticifolia Nutt., C. Drwnmondn Tor. $
Gray, C. parvifldra Nutt., C. lasidntha Nutt., C. lineariloba Dec., and C.
Pitchen Tor. fy Gray, are described as woody species, none of which, even
by name, are yet in British gardens. C. pubescens, vitifdlia, Buchamana, and
some others, mentioned by Drs. Wallich and Royle, are yet to introduce
from the Himalayas ; and there are several names in DeCandolle's Prodromus
of which living plants are not in our gardens.

Ifi

ARBORETUM ET FItUTICETUM BRITAFNICUM.

GENUS II.

^TRA'GENE L. THE ATRAGENE. Lin. Syst. Polyandria Polygynia.

Identification. Lin Gen., p. 615. ; Don's Mil)., 1 . p. 10.

Synonymes. Clematis Lam. and Dec. ; Atragene, Fr. and Ger.

Derivation. The name of Atragene appears to be taken from two Greek words ; athros, pressed,
and genos, birth ; alluding, as it is supposed, to the manner in which the branches press against
or clasp the trees that support them. It was first used by Theophrastus, and was by him applied
to Clematis Vitalba L.

Gen. Char. Involucre none. Sepals 4, somewhat induplicate in the bud.

Petals numerous, shorter than the sepals. Cariopsides (carpels) terminated

b}' a bearded tail. Cotyledons approximate in the seed. (Doris Mill.)
Leaves compound, opposite, generally exstipulate, deciduous ; leaflets

variously cut. Flowers axillary, pedunculate ; purple, blue, or white.

Climbing shrubs, natives of Europe and North America.

The atragenes differ from the clematises in producing leaves and one flower
from the same bud contemporaneously; whereas in most clematises the
flowers are produced upon wood developed previously to their appearance,
and during the same season. Hence the winter buds of Jtragene are larger
than those of Clematis, from their including the flower as well as the leaves
of the succeeding year. In atragenes the leaves are less divided than in many
of the species of Clematis, and they are always divided ternately. All the
species of Atragene described in this work have petioles, which not only clasp
objects, like those of Clematis, but maintain the hold for more than the
season, like the vine. All extremely interesting from the beauty of their
blossoms. The culture is the same as in Clematis, and the propagation
generally by layers.

-i 1. ^TRA'GENE ALPI^NA L. The Alpine Atragene.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 764. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 10.

Synonymes. Clematis caerulea Bauh. ; Atragene austrlaca Scop, and Bot. Mag. ; Atragene clema-

tldes Crantz ; Clematis alpma MM. Diet. No. 9. ; C. alplna Dec. Prod. 1. p. 10. ; Atragene des

Alpes, Fr.; Alpen Atragene, Ger.
Engravings. Bot. Rep., 1. 180. ; Bot. Mag., t. 530. ; and our fig 26.

Spec. Char., $c. Peduncles 1 -flowered, longer than the leaves. Leaves
biternate ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acuminated, serrate. Petals somewhat
spathulate, blunt. (Doris Mill.) A deciduous climber. South of Europe,
on mountains, in calcareous soils. Height 8 ft. Introduced in 1792.
Flowers blue; May to July. Fruit white;
ripe in August. Decaying leaves brownish,
and in general parting more freely from the
stems than in Clematis.

Varieties. DeCandolle mentions its varying with

white flowers; and A. sibirica Lin., described

below as a species with yellowish white flowers,

appears to us nothing 'more than a variety of

A. alpina.

The stems are numerous, branching, weak,
forming knots at the joints where the leaves and
flowers are protruded. One flower, on a longish
scape, springs from between the leaves. The sepals
are twice the length of the petals, and are blue
on both sides. The petals are small, of a dirty
white, and in general 12 in number. Very orna-
mental. Layers.

26. Atragene alpina.

RANUNCULA

-rfTKA GENE.

17

_k 2. A. (A.) SIBI'RICA L. '\ he Siberian A t rag en e.

Identification. Sims, Bot. Mag., t. 1951. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 10.

Symntymes. //tiagene alplna Gmel. Sib. 4. p. 194., Pall. Flor. Ross. 2. p. 69. ; Clematis sibirica

Mill. Diet. No 12., and Dec. Prod. 1. p. 10.
Engravings. Sims, Bot. Mag., t. 1951. ; and our jig. 27.

Spec. Char., $c. Peduncles 1-flowered, almost equal in length with the
leaves. Leaves biternate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, acuminated, serrated.
Petals emarginate at the apex. (Don's Mill.) A deciduous climber.
Siberia, on mountains. Height 6ft. to 12ft. Introduced in 1753. Flowers
white ; June and July. Fruit white : ripe in August
Decaying leaves brownish.

Variety. A blue-flowered variety of this species is men-
tioned in Bot. Mag., t. 1591., which is probably the
A. ochotensis of Palias, or possibly nothing more than
A. alpina L.

There is a considerable similarity in this to the last,
in foliage and habit of growth ; but it is less robust and
less branchy ; its brandies are more ligneous-looking, and
the segments of the leaves longer. The calyxes of the
flower are white, longer, and with the tips rather con-
nivent than spreading. The bark and foliage are of a
lighter colour, and the flowers longer than those of A.
alpina ; and the latter are perhaps less numerous.

<4tr,-tt;ene(n.) siblric

1 3. A. AMERICA'NA Sims. The American Atragene.

Identification. Sims, in Bot Mag., t 887. ; Don's Mill., I. p. 10.

Synonyme. Clematis verticillaris Dec. Prod. 1. p. 10., Tor. $ Gray, \. p. 10.

Engravings. Bot. Mag., 887. ; and oar jig. 28.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Peduncles 1-flowered ; leaves whorled, in fours, ternate ;
leaflets stalked, cordate lanceolate, acuminated, entire or somewhat lobed
or serrated. Petals acute. (Don's Mill.) A deciduous climber. Ver-
mont to Carolina, on mountains and rocky places. Height 10ft. to 15ft.
Introduced in 1797. Flowers purplish blue; May to July. Fruit white;
ripe ?. Decaying leaves dark brown.
Variety.

-A A. a. 2 obltqua Dou. MS. — Leaflets bluntly serrated.
This species is distinguishable from all the other 6'lema-
tideae described in this work, by the peculiarity of its leaves
being disposed, not oppositely in alternately decussating
pairs, but in whorls of four. This is an anomalous cha-
racteristic, which DeCandolle has expressed by his specific
epithet verticillaris. The flowers are very large, and cam-
panulate. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, bright purplish blue.
(Tor. and Gray.) Layers.

Other Species and Varieties of Atragene. — A. ochotensis Pall, we consider as a
variety of A. sibirica L. A. columbidna Nutt., C, columbiana Tor. ft Gray, i.
p. 11., has ternate leaves, and pale blue flowers smaller than those of A. ameri-
cana. It is a native of the Rocky Mountains, but has not yet been introduced.

xtr*gene

Tribe II. PM&$fjfcElB Dec.

Trib. Char. At once distinguishable from Clernatideae, by the character of
the anthers opening to admit the escape of the pollen on the side next
the ovaries. In Clematideae, the anthers open on the side outward to the
ovaries. The aestivation is also imbricate, and the carpels from one-seeded

c

18

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

to many-seeded Suffruticose deciduous shrubs, of low growth, natives of
temperate climates.

Leaves compound, alternate or opposite, stipulate, deciduous, but with-
out possessing a clasping power. Floivers very large in Pieonia, very small
in Xanthorhiza ; and the following are the distinctive characteristics of
these genera : —

PJEO^IA L. Sepals persistent. Petals orbicular, sessile.

XANTHOKHI'ZA L. Sepals deciduous. Petals 2-lobed, unguiculate.

GENUS I.

L. THE P^EONY. Lin. Sysl. Polyandria Di-Pentagynia.

Identification. The term Pa?onia was applied by the Greeks to these plants, which have continued
to bear that name ever since.

Synonymes. Peony, Piony ; Pivoine, Fr.; Gichtterrose, and Paonie, Ger.; Rosa del Monte, Span.;
Peonia, Ital.

Derivation. The term Paeonia is generally said to have been given by Hippocrates and Diosco-
ridei, in commemoration of Paeon, the physician who first used it in medicine ; but Professor Dnn
thinks it more probable that it is derived from Paeonia, a mountainous country of Macedonia,
where some of the species grow wild. Gichtterrose, Ger., signifies the gouty rose, from the
knobby or gouty appearance of the roots of the herbaceous species.

Gen. Char. Calyx of 5 leafy, unequal, permanent sepals. Petals from 5 to 10,
somewhat orbicular. Stamens numerous. Disk fleshy, girding the ovaries.
Carpels follicular, from 2 to 5, large, many-seeded, terminated with thick
bilamellate stigmas. Seeds rather globose, shining.

Leaves compound, alternate, biternate or bipinnate. Flowers large, rosy,
or rosy and white, usually with a strong disagreeable smell. A suffruticose
shrub. Height from 3 ft. to 10 ft. Native of China and Japan.

There is but one ligneous species, P. Moutan ; but there are several
varieties ; all undershrubs, which never attain a great height, and the wood
of which always retains a herbaceous character, with a large pith. The roots
are ramose rather than tuberous. The whole plant is narcotic and poisonous.
The varieties are all beautiful, and hardy in most parts of Great Britain ;
though, from vegetating early, they commonly suffer from spring frosts.

& 1. P. MOU'TAN Sims. The Moutan, or Tree, Pajony.

Identification. Sims, Bot. Mag., 1 1154. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 65. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 65.

Synonymes. Psebnia arbbrea Donn Hort. Can. ; P. suffruticbsa Bot. Rep. ; Pivoine Moutan, and
Pivoine en Arbre, Fr. ; baumartige Gichtterrose, Ger. ; Hoa-Ouang, and Pe-Leang-Kin, Chinese.

Derivation. The word Moutan has been applied to this species of paaony, in China, for above 1400
years. P. arbbrea and P. suffruticbsa signify the tree and the sub-shrubby pseony. The German
name signifies the tree-like gouty rose. The Chinese name Hoa-Ouang signifies the king of flow-
ers, alluding to the beauty of the plant ; and Pe-Leang-Kin, a hundred ounces of gold, in allusion
to the high price which some of the varieties bear in China.

Spec. Char., %c. Segments of leaves oval-oblong, glaucous underneath. Car-
pels 5, villose. (Don's Mill.) A deciduous sufFrutescent bush. China.
Height 3ft. to 6 ft. Introduced in 1787. Flowers pink; May. Fruit
brownish green ; ripe in September.
Decaying leaves brown or black.

Varieties*

* P. M. 1 \\apaveracea Andrews.
Bot. Rep., t. 463. ; Lod. Bot.
Cab., 547. ; Bot. Mag., 21 75. ;
and our^g. 29. — Petals from
8 to 13, white, with a purple
spot at the base of each.
Capsules altogether enclosed
in the urceolus, or disk. In-
troduced in 1805. Professor
Don remarks (Siv. Br. Fl.-

I. UANUNCULANCE^E : XANTHORIirZA. 19

Gar,y 2d ser., 238.) that P. M. ^apaveracea appears to be really
the normal form of the species, as the late Mr. George Anderson
suggested in his paper on the subject in the Linn&an Transactions,
vol. xii.

& P.M. 2 Banks\\ Andrews. Bot. Rep., t. 448. ;
Bot. Reg., 379.; Bot. Mag., t. 1154. ; and
our fig. 30.— -Flowers double. Petals slightly
tinged with blush, becoming nearly white
at the edges, marked at the base with pur-
plish red. In the centre of the flower are
some elongated petals, which sometimes
appear to rise from amongst the germens.
Cultivated in 1787.

Other Varieties. Upwards of twelve are described
in the first edition of this work, and the number is
continually increasing, in consequence of cross fe- 30' Pasoma M°*tan Banks...
cundation with one another, and with the herbaceous species. They are all
very beautiful, and well deserving of cultivation.

The Pssonia Moutan, in a sheltered situation, will attain the height of from
6ft. to 10ft. in ten years: and no plant can be a more gorgeous ornament
of the garden than such a bush, abounding as it does in leaves striking from
their branched character and numerous segments, and in very magnificent
flowers of extraordinary size ; both leaves and flowers being produced early
in the spring. On its first importation, this plant was grown in sandy peat ;
but it has since been found to thrive best in deep rich loamy soil. An
open situation is preferable, both on account of maturing the wood and leaves,
and for displaying the flowers to advantage j but the plant must be sheltered
from the cold spring winds, unless it is intended to cover it, when it is in
flower, with a movable glass or canvass case. The protection given to this
plant is necessary, not so much to prevent it from being injured during winter
(for it will bear the winters of Paris without any protection, if the wood has
been properly ripened), as to protect the tender leaves and flowers when they
first appeal*, in April and May, from being blackened by the frost. Seeds are
frequently produced from which new varieties are raised, and any variety
may be increased by division of the root ; by grafting on the tubers of herba-
ceous paeonies, any time from the middle of September to the middle of
March ; by budding, a mode said to be practised by the Chinese ; by layers,
which is the most general mode j by ringing a branch beneath each bud, and
then pegging down the branch, and covering it with soil ; and by cuttings.
The details of these modes of propagation will be found in the first edition
of this work.

GENUS II.

XANTHORHPZA L. THE YELLOW-ROOT. Lin. Syst. Polyandria
Mono-Tri-gynia.

Gen. Char. Calyx of 5 deciduous sepals. Petals 5, of two roundish lobes
raised on a pedicel. Stamens 5-10. Ovaries 5-10. Carpels 2 — 3-seeded,
but usually solitary from abortion. (Don's Mill., i. p. 65.) — There is only
one species known.

Leaves compound, opposite, stipulate, deciduous; pinnately divided,
toothed, and serrated. Flowers in racemes, axillary, compound, appearing
with the leaves.

c 2

20 ARBORETUM ET FRUT1CETUM BRITANNICUM.

M 1. X. ^PIIFO'LIA L'Herit. The Parsley-leaved Yellow- Root.

Identification. L'Her. Stirp. nov., p. 79. t. 38. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 65. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 65. ; Tor.

and Gray, 1. p. 40.
Synonymes. Xanthorhlza «piif<>lia ; Zanthorise a Feuilles de Persil, Fr. ; Sellerie-blattrige Gelb-

wurz, Ger.
Derivation. From the Greek words xanthos, yellow, and rfiiza, a root ; applied from the deep

yellow colour of the roots. The French name needs no explanation ; and the German is a literal

translation of the English one.
Kn«ravings. Lam. 111., t. 854. ; Bot. Mag., 1736. ; and our^. 31.

Spec. Char., fyc. Flowers minute, dark purple, often by abortion polygamous.

A low, SLiflfrutescent, deciduous shrub. Flowers dark purple j May.

Height 2 it. to 3ft. Pennsylvania. Introduced in 1776. Decaying leaves

yellowish or brown, dropping in September.

A small shrub with yellow creeping roots, which
attain a large size, and throw up numerous suckers ;
with irregularly pinnate leaves, branched racemes, and
small purplish flowers (which are usually unisexual
from abortion) rising from the scaly buds. The flowers
appear early in May, and continue a month or upwards
before they drop off'. We have never heard of its
ripening seeds in Europe ; nevertheless, this may have
occurred, and been overlooked, from the inconspi-
cuousness of the shrub, and the smallness or" its fruit.
Suckers, or division of the root. 3K Xa"IhOThi- «""»»*•

ORDER II.

ORDINAL CHARACTER. Calyx of 2 — 6 deciduous sepals, and 2 to many petals ;
the sepals and petals, when more than two, disposed ternately. Carpels
whorled, very rarely solitary from abortion. — Evergreen shrubs, or low
trees, chiefly natives of warm climates.

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, evergreen ; full of pellucid dots, and
coriaceous. Properties aromatic and stimulant. Illicium is the only genus of
this order which contains species that will stand out in the open air in
Britain.

GENUS I.

y

ILLrCIUM L. THE ILLICIUM, or ANISEED THEE. Lin. Syst. Polyandria

Polygynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 611.; Tor. and Gray, 1. p. 42. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 77. ; Don's Mill.,
1. p. 78.

Synonymes. Badiane, or Anis-etoile, Fr. ; Sternanis, Ge.r.

Derivation. The generic name Illicium is formed from the Latin word itticio, to allure, on
account of the agreeable aromatic smell of all the species. It is called the Aniseed Tree, from its
smell bearing a strong resemblance to that of aniseed. Badiane appears to be an aboriginal French
word ; Anis-etoile, and Sternanis, signify literally the starry anise, and may allude to the starry
disposition of the parts of the flower and of the capsules.

Gen. Char. Calyx of 3-6 petal-like sepals. Carpels stellately disposed, cap-
sular, opening on the upper side, l-seeded. (Don's Mill., i. p. 79.)

* 1. ILLI'CIUM FLORID AVNUM Ellis. The Florida Illicium.

Identification. Lin. Mant., 395. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 77. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 79.

Synonymes. The Florida Aniseed Tree, red-flowered Anise-seed Tree, Mor. Hist. ; Badiane de la

Floride, Fr. ; unachter (spurious) Sternanis, Ger.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., 439. ; Lod. Bot. Cab., t. 209. ; and our Jig. 32.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Petals 27 — 30, dark purple, outer ones oblong, inner
ones lanceolate. (Don's Mill.) An evergreen glabrous shrub. West

^E: ILLI'CIUM.

Florida to Louisiana, in swamps. Height
4ft. to 6 ft. Introduced in 1766. Flowers
dark reddish purple, with the odour of anise ;
April to June. Fruit none in England.
Decaying leaves reddish brown, dropping in
June.

A compact, nmny-stemmed, bushy, ever-
green, slow-growing shrub, attaining in the
neighbourhood of London, the height of 6 or
8 feet or upwards, and flowering every year.
The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, quite entire,
pointed at both extremities, smooth, shining,
and, in common with the whole plant, have a
rich reddish hue. The flowers are numerous,
solitary, and terminal ; and bear some general
resemblance to those of Calycanthus floridus.
The manner in which the plant is propagated
in the London nurseries is, generally, by form-
ing stools of it in a cold-pit, and laying down
the shoots, which require two years to root
sufficiently to admit of their being separated
from the parent plant ; but it is sometimes
propagated by cuttings both of the young and
of the old wood. This very handsome ever-
green shrub is sufficiently hardy to have re-
sisted the winter of 1837-8, in several situations
in the climate of London.

32. Illicium floridanum.

OIIDEH III.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx of 3 deciduous sepals. Corolla of 3 — 12 petals, dis-
posed in threes. Anthers adnate, elongated. Carpels numerous, disposed
along a spiked axis. Leaves destitute of pellucid dots, stipulate when young.
Stipules convolute, and enclosing the unexpanded leaves. — Evergreen and
deciduous trees and shrubs, chiefly natives of warm climates.

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, evergreen or deciduous ; oblong, not
dotted, more or less coriaceous, articulated distinctly with the stem, and,
when expanding, rolled together like those of Ficus. Floivers large, mostly
white or yellowish. Seeds roundish, large, red or brown. — The species
hardy in British gardens are included under the genera Magnoh'a and
Liriodendron, the differential characters of which are as follows : —

MAGNOXL/^ L. Carpel dehiscent ; that is, opening to admit the escape of the

seed.
LIRIODE'NDRON L. Carpel indehiscent; that is, not opening to admit the

escape of the seed.

GENUS I.

fflSB

THE MAGNOLIA. Lin. St/st. Polyandria Polygynia.

Dec. Prod., 1. p. 79^; Don's Mill., 1. p. 82.

MAGNCTL/,4 L.

Identification. Lin. Gen., I

Synonymes. Magnolie, Fr. and Ital. ; Bieberbaum Hart., and Magnolie Willd., Ger.

Derivation. The name Magnbl/a was given to this genus by Linnams, in honour of Pierre Maenol
professor of medicine, and prefect of the botanic garden at Montpelier. The German name
Bieberbaum, beaver wood, is applied generically by Hartwcg in the Hoftus Carlsru/iensis ; but, in
America, Beaver-wood appears to be applied only to M. glatica.

c 3

2*2 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETLM BRITANNICUM.

Gen. Char. Calyx of 3 deciduous sepals, that resemble petals. Corolla of
from 6 — 9 petals. Stamens numerous. Pistils numerous. Carpels disposed
compactly in spikes, opening by the external angle, 1 — 2-seeded, permanent.
Seeds baccate, somewhat cordate, pendulous, hanging out beyond the car-
pels by a very long umbilical white thread.

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous or evergreen ; entire, large,
oblong or oval, stipulate. Flowers terminal, solitary, large, odoriferous.
Seed large, roundish, produced in conical strobiles. Trees and shrubs,
natives of North America and Asia.

One of the species is a lofty evergreen tree; but the others are decidu-
ous, and partly trees and partly shrubs. The seeds are mostly of a scarlet
colour. The roots are branched, and yet but sparingly supplied with
fibres. Magnolias may be cultivated in most parts of Britain, and of the
middle and southern states of Europe ; but, north of London and Paris, some
of the species require protection during winter, or to be kept in the green-
house. A deep sandy soil, and a situation sheltered from the north and east,
will suit most of the species ; though some, as M. glauca, for example, thrive
best in a moist peaty soil. Few of the species ripen seeds in England, but
most of them do so in France. From these seeds, or from such as -are im-
ported, all the American species, except M. grandirlora, are most frequently
raised ; but the species from Asia are increased by layers, as are occasionally
some of the more rare of the American species. In no case whatever would
we recommend purchasing any species of magnolia not grown in a pot ;
because plants so grown may be sent to any distance without injury to the
roots, which are few and succulent, and easily damaged by exposure to the
air and light. The hardy species of this genus are included in two sections,
Magnohaslrum and

§ i. Magnohastrum.

~\
\

Derivation, Magndli* ; and astrum, from ad instar, an affixed particle, signifying likeness.

Sect. Char. American species, with one spathe-like bractea enclosing the
flower-bud ; ovaries approximate ; anthers bursting outwards. (Don's
Mill., i. p. 83.)

i 1. MAGNO'L/^ GRANDIFLO^RA L. The large-flowered Magnolia.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 755.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 80. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 82. ; Tor. and Grav,
1. p. 42.

Synonymes. Laurel-leaved Magnolia, the large-flowered evergreen Magnolia, the Laurel Bay, big
Laurel, the large Magnolia ; Laurier tulipier, Fr. in Louisiana ; Magnolie a grandes Fle
Fr. : grossblumiger Magnolie, or Bieberbaum (Beaver-wood Tree), Ger.

Laurel, the large Magnolia ; Laurier tulipier, Fr. in Louisiana ; Magnolie a grandes Fleurs,
Fr. : grossblumiger Magnolie, or Bieberbaum (Beaver-wood Tree), Ger.
Engravings. Mill. Ic., 2. t. 172. ; the plate in vol. v. of Arb. Brit. 1st edit. ; and our fig. 34.

Spec. Char., fyc. Evergreen. Leaves oval-oblong, coriaceous, upper surface
shining, under surface rusty. Flowers erect, 9 — 12 petals, expanding. (Don's
Mill.) A large evergreen tree. North Carolina. Height in North
America 60 ft. to 70 ft. ; in England 20 ft. to 30 ft. Introduced in 1737.
Flowers white, fragrant ; June to September. Strobile brown, with scarlet
seeds ; ripe in October. Decaying leaves yellow and orange, dropping in
June. Young wood green.

Varieties.

i M . g. 2 obovata Ait. — Leaves obovate-oblong. Flowers expanded.
(Hort. Kew., iii. p. 329.) This seems to be the only variety found
in a wild state. In British gardens it is a magnificent plant, the
broad ends of its leaves forming a conspicuous feature, and distin-
guishing it readily from the original species, the leaves of which are
pointed ; but it does not flower freely.

III.

23

f M. g. 3 exoniensis Hort. M. g. lanceolata Ait. ; M. g. stricta Hort. ;
M. g. ferruginea Hort. The Exmouth Magnolia. (Bot. Mag., t.
1952. ; Bot. "Cab., t. 1814. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1 st edition, vol. v. ;
and our Jig. 33.) — The leaves are oblong-elliptical, generally rusty

33. Ma;?n61ta grandiflora exontemii.

underneath. Flowers somewhat contracted. This is the most
distinct of all the varieties of the species, and, on account of its
flowering early and freely, the one best deserving of general culture.
It forms a tall, fastigiate, elegant bush, or tree, and has attained
the height of 30 ft., as a standard, at various places in the South of
England.

f M. g. 4- angustifolia Hort. — Leaves lanceolate, pointed at both extre-
mities, wavy. A very distinct variety, introduced from Paris about
1825, which has not yet flowered in England.

J M. g. 5 prcB^cox Andry. — Leaves oval-oblong. Flowers fully expanded.
This is an early variety, introduced from Paris about 1830. The
flowers are as large as those of any of the varieties, and they are
produced from the end of May till the approach of winter.
Other Varieties. In consequence of the great demand for this species in
the nurseries, many slight variations have been noticed by cultivators, and
named as distinct. In the garden of the London Horticultural Society,
in 1 834, there were plants with the following names : — M. g. vera, M. g.
latifolia, M. g. exoniensis var., and M. g. rubiginosa. In the London nurse-
ries are — M. g. rotundifblia Swt., M. g. elliptica Ait., and various others.
In the nursery of M. Roy, at Angers, are 18 varieties, among which are
included M. g. longifdlia undulata, M. g. exoniensis a fleur demi-doublc, M.
g. canaliculfiy M. g. floribunda, M. g. foliis variegdfis, &c. At Desio, near
Monza, there is a variety called M. g. magordensis.

Selection of Varieties. M. g. obovdta deserves the preference for the mag-
nificence of its foliage ; and M. g. exoniensis , because it flowers early and
freely ; and because, from the fastigiate form of the tree, it is less liable
to be injured by a heavy fall of snow ; it seems also to grow faster than
any of the other varieties. Where the tree is to be trained against a wall,
M. g. prce^cox deserves the preference, on account of the largeness of its
flowers, and because they appear early, and continue during the whole
summer, M. g. angustifolia deserves culture on account of its foliage, which

c 4

"24 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANN1CUM.

is quite distinct from that of all the other varieties. The species sold in
the nurseries as the common broad-leaved Magnolia grandiflora is fre-
quently raised from American, French, or Italian seeds ; and, hence, the
plants, though they grow freely, do not flower for 20 or 30 years after being
planted out. For this reason, when it is desired to have plants of the
Magnolia grandiflora which will flower early, those plants which have been
raised by layers from flowering trees ought to have the preference ; or the
Exmouth, or some other variety, should be made choice of, because the
varieties are always raised from layers.

In its native country, M. grandiflora is a tree varying from 60 ft. to
100ft., or upwards, in height; but in Europe, except in some situations in
Spain and Italy, and a few in the South of England, it is chiefly to be
considered as a wall tree.

34. Magnolia Krandlflira.

A deep sandy loam, dry at bottom, and enriched with vegetable mould or
heath soil, seems to suit all the varieties of this species. When these are
to be trained against a wall, any aspect may be chosen, except, perhaps, the
north-east. To display the flowers to the greatest advantage, to a spectator
walking in a direction nearly parallel to the wall, the ground plan of the
latter should be curvilinear, by which means a direct or front view of a
considerable portion would be brought before him. In the London nur-
series, propagation is generally effected by forming stools either in warm
situations in the open air, to be protected during winter, or in cold-pits.
The shoots are laid down in autumn, and require two years to become
sufficiently rooted for separation ; they are then potted, and kept in pits
or under glass during winter, and set in the open air, in a shady place,
during summer, till wanted for final planting. M. grandiflora is also occa-
sionally raised from American seeds. In planting, the ball should be care-
fully broken by the hand, and the roots spread out in every direction, and
covered with heath mould, or a mixture of leaf mould and sandy loam. The

III. MAQNOL/^C^/E : MAGNOY/^. 25

soil ought to be made firm to the fibrous roots, not by treading, but by
abundant watering, and, if the plant be large, by fixing with water ; that is,
while the earth is being carefully put about the roots by one man, another
should pour water from a pot held 6 ft. or 8 ft. above it, so that the weight
of the water may wash the soil into every crevice formed by the roots,
and consolidate it there. Shading will be advisable for some weeks after
planting. If the Exmouth variety be chosen, layers will produce flowers in a
year or two after being separated from the parent plant, if kept in pots ; but,
when they are planted out, and grow freely, so as to make shoots of 2 or 3
feet every season, they will probably not flower for three or four years.
Whether the tree be against a wall or trellis, or treated as a standard, all the
pruning it will require, after it has begun to grow freely, will be, to cut out
the stumps from which the flowers or the strobiles have dropped off', and
any dead or decaying wood, and any branches which cross and rub on each
other. Magnolias against a wall require very little protection, even when
young; and this can easily be given by mulching the ground at the roots, and
covering their branches with a mat, or with the fronds of the spruce fir.

¥ 2. M. GLAU'CA L. The glimcous-feaved Magnolia.

Identification. Lin. Sp.t 2. p. 755. ; Tor. and Gray, 1. p. 42. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 80. ; Don's Mill.,

1. p. 82.
Synonymes. M. fragrans Salisb. ; Swamp Sassafras, Beaver-wood, white Bay, small Magnolia,

Swamp Magnolia ; Magnolie glauque, Arbre de Castor, Fr. ; grauer Bieberbaum, Ger.
Derivation. It is named Swamp Sassafras on account of its growing in boggy places, and resembling

in qualities the Lauras Sassafras; and Beaver- wood, because the root is eaten as a great dainty by

the beavers, and these animals are caught by means of it. It also grows in the swamps, which they

inhabit ; and Michaux tells us that it is felled by them for constructing their dens and houses, in

preference to any other tree, on account of the softness of the wood.
Engravings. Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 215. ; Sims Bot. Mag., 2164. ; the plate of this species in Arb.

Brit., 1st edit. vol. v. ; and our Jig. 35.

Spec. Char., $c. Almost deciduous. Leaves elliptical, obtuse, under surface
glaucous. Flower 9 — 12-petaled, contracted. Petals ovate, concave. (Don's
Mill.) A shrub, or low tree, sometimes sub-evergreen. Massachusetts to
Missouri in swamps. Height in America 3ft. to 10ft. ; 6 ft. to 20ft. in
England. Introduced in 1688. Flowers white, 2 in. to 3 in. broad, very
fragrant ; June and September. Strobile brownish. Seeds deep scarlet ;
ripe in October. Decaying leaves yellow, brown, or black. Naked young
wood green.

35. >fagn*!ta glaflca.

Varieties.

t M. glauca 2 sempcrvircns Hort. — Sub-evergreen, and with smaller
leaves than those of the next variety.

If M. glauca 3 Thompsomana Tlwmp. M. glauca var. a major Sot. Mag.,
new edition, p. 36. The plate of this in the Arb. Brit., first edition,
vol. v.; and our fig. 36. — It was noticed about 1820, in a pot of seed-
lings, by Mr. Thompson, in his nursery at Mile-end ; and by him kept
distinct, and propagated under the above name.

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

36. Magnolia glauca ThompsoniAna.

Other Varieties. M. glauca Gordomana and M. glauca Burckeltiana are
names found in nurserymen's catalogues, of varieties said to .have double or
semi-double flowers. M. g. longifolia Pursh is supposed to be an abori-
ginal variety, and sub-evergreen ; but we think it probably the same variety
as M. g. Thompsonzawa, which may have come up wild in America, as well
as in Mr. Thompson's nursery. M. g. Cardomi, M. Cardon J. Knight, is a
variety imported from Belgium, where it was found by Mr. Knight of
the Exotic Nursery, in the nursery of M. Cardon, after whom he has
named it.

A low tree, nearly evergreen in moist soils, with a slender stem, covered
with a smooth whitish bark. The wood is white and spongy; the young
shoots of a fine green. The leaves are smooth, of a bluish green on their
upper surface, and whitish or glaucous and a little hairy underneath. The
flowers are produced in May or June, at the extremity of the last year's shoots.
They have six concave white petals, and have an agreeable odour. The
spike or strobile of fruits is an inch or more in length, conical, an inch in
diameter in the widest part, and of a reddish brown colour when ripe. When
the plant is in a soil supplied with moisture during the summer, it continues
to produce flowers till the autumn, and retains part of its leaves all the winter :
in dry situations the leaves drop off. Seeds are frequently ripened in Eng-
land : they are of a bright scarlet, and they hang down by slender white
threads, as in all the other American species. The young shoots are from 1 ft.
to 18 in. in length, and the plant, in ordinary circumstances, will attain the
height of 12ft. in ten years. Plants are generally raised from seeds imported
from America, which should be sown in pots of bog earth about the begin-
ning of March, and placed in gentle heat under glass. In a year they will be
fit to transplant into, small pots; and every year they should be shifted into
others of a larger size, till wanted for final planting out. M. glauca Thomp-
sonidna, and the other varieties, are propagated by layers, which require two
years to root properly.

III. MAGNOLIA CEJE\ MAGNOX/yf. 27

* 3. MAGNOY/,* TRIPE'TALA Z/. The three-petaled Magnolia.

Identification. Lin. Sp , 2. p. 756. ; Michx., 3. p. 90.

Synonymes M. umbrella I. am., Nouv. Du/i., Dec. Prod., Don's Mill., Tor. fy Gray, M. frondbsa
Sali'sb. ; the Umbrella Tree ; Umbrella Magnolia ; Elkwood ; Magnolie Parasol, and Arbre
Parasol Fr. ; dreyblattriger Bioberbaum, dreiblattrige Magnolie, Ger.

Derivation. This species is called the Umbrella Tree, according to Michaux, because its leaves,
which are thin, oval, entire, and acuminate at both extremities, 18 in. or 20 in. long, and 7 in. or
8 in. broad, are often disposed in rays at the extremity of vigorous shoots; and these display a
surface of 2i ft. in diameter, in the form of an umbrella. The tree is called Elkwood in the moun-
tains of Virginia, probably from the resemblance which the points of the shoots bear to the horns
of the elk. The French names merely signify umbrella tree, and the German ones the three-
petaled beaver tree, or magnolia.

Engravings. Michx. Arb., 3. t. 5. ; Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 418. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit.
1st edit. vol. v. ; and our^g. 37.

Spec. Char..fyc. Deciduous. Leaves lanceolate, spreading, adult ones smooth,
younger ones pubescent underneath. Petals 9 — 12, exterior ones pendent.
(Z)o«'s Mill., i. p. 83.) A deciduous tree of the middle size. Pennsyl-
vania to Georgia, in moist soil. Height 30 ft. to 40 ft. in America ; 15ft.
to 30 ft. in England. Introduced in 1752. Flowers white, 7 in. to 8 in.
in diameter, with an unpleasant odour ; May to July. Strobiles rose-
coloured, 4 in. to 5 in. long ; ripe in October. Decaying leaves dark brown
or black. Naked young wood of a fine mahogany brown.

37. Magnolia tripStala.

This tree, both in America and Europe, is remarkable for the largeness
of its leaves and its flowers. The wood is spongy, brittle, with a large pith,
soft, porous, and of very little use. The bark upon the trunk is grey,
smooth, and polished ; and, if cut while green, it exhales a disagreeable
odour. In Britain the tree sends up various shoots from the root, to replace
the stems, which are seldom of long duration ; so that a plant that has stood
thirty or forty years in one spot has had its stems several times renewed during
that period. The leaves are 18 or 20 inches long, and 7 or 8 inches broad.
The flowers are 7 or 8 inches in diameter, with large white flaccid petals; they are
borne on the extremities of the last year's shoots, have a languid luxurious
appearance, and a sweet but heavy odour. The fruit, which is conical, is 5 or

28

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

6 inches long, and about 2 in. in diameter; it is of a beautiful rose colour, and
contains usually from 50 to 60 seeds. This species is very hardy, and can
withstand the most rigorous winters, when the summer has been sufficiently
hot to ripen the wood thoroughly. As it is a short-lived tree, and conse-
quently flowers early, there is not the same objection to raising plants of it
from seed, as there is to raising plants in that manner of M. grandiflora,
which is along-lived species. The soil should be a deep, rich, sandy loam, and
the situation sheltered and shaded. Exposure to the sun is injurious j and,
trained against a south wall, the plant suffers extremely. A sheltered glade
in a shrubbery or wood, where the tree is sufficiently distant from others not to
be injured by their roots, is the most desirable site. In the nurseries it is
almost always propagated by seeds, which should be sown immediately after
they are gathered, as when they are left exposed they become rancid and lose
their vital qualities ; though, if enveloped in moist rnoss or earth, they may be
preserved for several months. The plants should be kept in pots until
required for final transplanting.

* 4. M. MACROPHY'LLA MX. The long-leaved Magnolia.

Identification. Mich. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 3'27. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 80. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 83. ; Tor.

and Gray, 1. p. 43.
Synonymes. Large-leaved Umbrella Tree, Amer. ; Magnbl&i MichauxtY Hort. ; Magnolier & grandes

Feuilles, Magnolier bannanier, Fr.; grosseblattrige Bieberbaum, Ger.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., 2189. ; the plate in Arb. iirit., 1st edit. vol. v. ; and our./?/,'. 38.

Spec. Char.yScc. Deciduous. Leaves very large, oblong-obovate, somewhat pandu-
riform, cordate at the base, under .surface whitish, glaucous. Petals 6 — 9,
ovate. (Don's Mill.} A deciduous tree of the middle size. North Caro-
lina and Georgia. Height 30ft. to 40ft. in America; 15ft. to 30ft. in
England. Introduced in 1800. Flowers white, with a purple spot near
the base of each petal; Sin. to 10 in. in diameter, fragrant; June and
July. Strobile rose-coloured ; ripe in October. Decaying leaves yellow,
brown, or black. Naked young wood of a whitish brown.

58. MaKiioltatnacrophj'lla,

in. MAONOL/^CSJ? : MAGNO'L/^. 29

The general appearance of this tree greatly resembles that of Magnolia
tripetala. The terminal arrangement of the leaves is the same, and it is
remarkable that in America the two trees are almost always found together.
In point of size, it exceeds the M. tripetala, both in its leaves and general
height ; but it is seldom found higher than 35 ft., which exceeds the height
of the other by a sixth part only. The body of the tree is covered with
a smooth and very white bark, by which, in the winter, when stripped ot
its leaves, it is readily distinguished from M. tripetala. At this season, also, it
may be distinguished by its buds, which are compressed, and covered with a
soft and silvery down ; whereas in M. tripetala they are prominent and rounded
at the end. The leaves, in its native country, are 35 in. long, and 9 or 10
inches broad ; and in vigorous plants, in England, they sometimes even exceed
these dimensions. They are borne on petioles short in comparison with the
size of the leaves, and are of an oblong oval shape, pointed at the extremity,
and cordiform at the base ; their colour is light green above, and glaucous
beneath. The fruit is about 4 in. long, nearly cylindrical, and of a vivid rose-
colour when arrived at maturity. Young plants of this species grow very
slowly till they are thoroughly established, which will require, in general,
two years. The year's shoots may then be from 1 ft. to 2 ft. ; so that in ten
years a plant may attain the height of 12 or 15 feet. It may be considered
a short-lived tree, and, like all such, it comes into flower when young. It has
rarely, if ever, been propagated in this country by inarching or layers, and
very seldom from seeds ; and, hence, the plant is very sparingly distributed.
Soil, propagation, &c., as in M. tripetala. Seeds are ripened in France, and
young plants imported from that country, or from North America.

¥ 5. M. ACUMINA'TA L. The pointed-leaved Magnolia.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 756.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 80. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 83.; Tor. and Gray, 1.

p. 43.
Synonymes. M. rustica, and M. pennsylvSnica, of some ; the blue Magnolia, Eng. ; the Cucumber

Tree. U. S. ; Magnolier acumine, Magnolier in Feuilles pointees, Fr. ; zugespitzer Bieberbaum,

Ger.
Derivation. This species is called the Cucumber Tree, in America, from its fruit resembling a

small cucumber. The other names are translations of the botanic one.
Engravings. Mich. Arb., 3. p. 82. t. 3. ; Bot. Mag., 2427- ; and the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit.

vol. v. ; and our fig. 39.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Deciduous. Leaves oval, acuminate, under surface pubescent.
Flowers 6 — 9-petaled. (Don's Mill.) A deciduous tree of large size. New
York to Georgia. Height in America 60 ft. to 80 ft., with the trunk
4 ft. to 5 ft. in diameter at the base ; in England 30 ft. to 50 ft. Intro-
duced in 1736. Flowers yellowish within, glaucous without, slightly fra-
grant; May to July. Strobile cylindrical, brownish red, 3 in. long; ripe
in October. Decaying leaves dark brown or black. Wood of a mahogany
brown.

Varieties.

*H M. a. 2 Candolli Savi. — Leaves ovate oblong, acute. Flowers greenish.

Figured in Savi's Bibl. Ital., p. 224.

t M. a. 3 maxima Lodd. — Leaves much larger than those of the original
species, Introduced by Messrs. Loddiges, and cultivated in different
nurseries.

Other Varieties. The Magnolia acuminata being frequently raised from

seed, and the seedlings varying much in the size of their leaves, and in the

presence or absence of pubescence, both on the leaves and wood, it would

be easy to select several varieties apparently as distinct as those above

mentioned, such as M. striata, latifolia, &c. In the Gold worth Nursery,

Woking, Surrey, are some which appear remarkably distinct.

Trunk straight, branches numerous, shoots regularly distributed. The

leaves are from 6 in. to 7 in. long, and ftom 3 in. to 4.< in. broad, upoi. old

trees, but double that size upon young vigorous-growing plants. Michaux

describes them as oval, entire, and very acuminate ; but, in the seedlings

raised in British nurseries, they are found sometimes ovate, nearly orbiculate,

30 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

39. Magn6h'a acuminfcta.

and cordate acuminate. The flowers are 4 or 5 inches in diameter, bluish,
and sometimes white, with a tint of yellow. They have but a feeble odour,
and the petals are never fully expanded, though, as they are large and
numerous, they have a fine effect in the midst of the superb foliage.
Plants raised from seeds do not usually produce flowers till they are
eight or ten years old, when the tree will probably be from 15ft. to "20ft.
in height; but plants raised from layers produce flowers in two or three
years. The fruit is about 3 in. long, and nearly 1 in. in diameter. It is
nearly cylindrical, and often a little larger at the summit than at the base : it
is convex on one side, and concave on the other ; and, when green, it nearly
resembles a young cucumber : it becomes rose-coloured when ripe ; and, as
in the case of the other species, the seeds, before they drop, remain sus-
pended for some time by long white threads. The wood of this tree is of a
fine grain, and of an orange colour. A free, deep, and rather moist soil answers
best for this species ; but, as it is much hardier than any of the others in this
section, it will grow in almost any soil that is moderately free, and not over-
charged with moisture. It is generally propagated in the London nurseries
by layers, the plants so produced flowering much sooner than seedlings ; but
the latter, as they make far more durable plants, should always be preferred
when this species is used as a stock to graft or inarch others m. It is so used
very generally, not only for M. auriculata and cordata, but for M, conspicua
and Soulangeawa. The plants are, in some nurseries, grown in the free soil ;
but it is always preferable to rear them in pots ; because, in that case,
they are not checked by transplanting, and at least a year is gained in their
growth.

t 6. M. (A.) CORDAVTA MX. The heart-leaved Magnolia.

Identification. Mich. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 328. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 80. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 83.; Tor.
and Gray, 1. p. 43.
'ynonym.es. The heart-leaved
blattriger Bieberbaum, Ger.

and Gray, 1. p. 43.
Synonym.es. _ The heart-leaved Cucumber Tree, Amer. ; Magnolier a Feuilles en Coeur, Fr, ; herz-

MAGNOL/y/.

31

Engravings. Bot Mag., t. 325. ; Bot. Cab., 474. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit. vol. v. ; and our
fig. 40.

Spec. Char., fyc. Deciduous. Leaves broadly ovate, subcordate, acute,
under surface tomentose, upper surface smooth. Petals 6 — 9, oblong.
(JJon's Mill.) A deciduous tree of the middle size. Carolina to Georgia,
on mountains. Height 20 ft. to 40 ft. and 50 ft. in America, and 20 ft. to
30 ft. in England. Introduced in 1800. Flowers yellow slightly streaked
with red, with a disagreeable odour, seldom expanding fully ; June and
July. Strobile like that of M. acuminata, but smaller ; ripe in October.
Decaying leaves dark brown or black. Naked young wood hoary brown.

Magnolia cordkta.

This tree, in its native country, has a trunk 12 or 15 inches in diameter,
straight, and covered with a rough and deeply furrowed bark. Its leaves
are from 4 in. to 6 in. in length, and from 3 in. to 5 in. wide, smooth and
entire. The flowers are from 3 in. to 4 in. in diameter, and are succeeded by
fruit about 3 in. long, and nearly 1 in. in thickness, of a similar form to those
of the preceding species. The soil, situation, propagation, &c., may be con-
sidered the same as for M. acuminata ; but, as M. (a.) cordata seems, jin its
native country, to inhabit higher and drier localities than M. acuminata, it
may probably be placed in still more exposed situations than that species in
Britain.

$ 7. M. AURICULAVTA Lam. The auricled-leaved Magnolia.

Identification. Willd. Sp., 2. p. 1258. ; Dec. Prod., 1 . p. 80. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 83.

Synonymes. M. Fraseri Walt., Tor. & Gray ; M. auriculkris Salt'sb. ; Indian Physic, and long-leaved

Cucumber Tree, Amer. ; Magnolier auricule, Fr. ; gedhrter (eared) Bieberbaum, Ger.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., 1206. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit. vol. v. ; and omfig. 42.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Deciduous. Leaves smooth, under surface somewhat
glaucous, spathulately obovate, cordate at the base, with blunt approximate
auricles. Sepals 3, spreading. Petals 9, oblong, attenuate at the base.
(Don's Mill.) A smooth deciduous tree of the middle size. Carolina to
Florida, and on the Alleghany Mountains. Height 30 ft. to 40 ft. in America,
and 20 ft. to 30 ft. in England. Introduced in 1786. Flowers white ; April
and May. Strobile oval oblong, rose-coloured j ripe in October. Decaying
leaves of a rich yellowish brown. Naked young wood smooth, and of a
purplish mahogany colour, with small white dots.

Variety.

M. a. 2 pyramidata. M. pyramidata Barfr.-, M. Frasm pyramidata
., Tor. # Gray. The plate in Arb. Brit. 1st edit. vol. v.; and

ARBORETUM I.T I KIJTICKTU M BR1TANNICUM

41 . MnpuMi.i auriculhta pyramidata.

our^Sg. 41. — Leaves shorter than those of the species, and the plan,
altogether weaker. It is found in the western parts of Carolina and
Georgia, but only in two or three localities. Propagated by in-
arching on M. auriculata, but it requires two years to adhere, and
seldom makes a vigorous plant.

This tree has a straight trunk 12 or 15 inches in diameter, often without
branches for half its height; the branches spread widely, and ramify but
sparingly; and this circumstance, Michaux observes, gives the tree a very
peculiar air, so that it may readily be known at a distance, even in winter.

Macnoh'.j auriculata.

The leaves are of a light green colour, of a fine texture, 8 or 12 inches long,
and from 4 in. to 6 in. broad : on young and vigorous trees they are often one
third, or even one half, larger. The flowers are 3 or 4 inches in diameter, of
a milky white, and of an agreeable odour, and are situated at the extremity of
the yo.ing shoots. The fruit is oval, 3 or 4 inches long, and, like thai of

in.

33

Magnolia tripetala, of a beautiful rose colour when ripe ; it differs from those
of the other species by a little inferiority of size, and by a small appendage
which terminates the carpels. Each carpel contains one or two seeds. The
wood is soft, spongy, very light, and unfit for use. The bark is grey, and
always smooth, even on the oldest trees. When the epidermis is removed,
the cellular integument, by contact with the air, instantly changes from white
to yellow. In England, annual shoots of young plants are from 1 ft. to 2 ft. or
more in length ; and the height which the tree usually attains in 10 years is
from 10ft. to 15ft. The soil for this species ought to be free and deep;
and the situation low, sheltered, and moist, rather than dry. As seeds are
not very easily procured, the common mode of propagation is by layers, or
by inarching on M. acuminata. Two years are required before the plants
can be separated from the parent stock.

§ ii. Gwillimla, Rott. in Dec. Syst.

Derivation. Named in honour of General Gwillim, some time governor of Madras. (Don't Mitt.,
1. p. 83.)

Sect. Char. Asiatic species, generally with two opposite spathe-like bracteas
enclosing the flower-bud. Anthers bursting inwards. Ovaries somewhat
distant. (Don's Mill.) Trees or shrubs ; natives of Asia.

% 8. M. CONSPI'CUA Salisb. The Yulan, or conspicuous-flowered Magnolia.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 1. p. 81. ; Don's Mill. 1., p. 83.

Synonymies. M. precia Correct ; M. Yi<lan Desf. ; Yu Ian, Chinese; the Lily-flowered Magnolia;

Magnolier Yulans, Fr. Yulans Bieberhaum, Ger. Magnolia dai Fiori di Giglio, Jtal.
Derivation. The epithet prdcia was given to this magnolia by M. Correa, because it produces its

flowers before its leaves. Yu Ian signifies the lily tree. Giglio is the Italian for a lily.
Engravings. Dot. Mag., 1621.; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit. 1st edit. vol. v.; and our fig. 44.

Spec. Char., fyc. Deciduous. Leaves obovate, abruptly acuminated ; younger
ones pubescent, expanding after the flowers. Flowers erect, 6 — 9-petaied.
Styles erect. (Don's Mill) A deciduous tree of the middle size. China,
Height in China 40 ft. to 50 ft. ; in England 20 ft. to 30 ft. Introduced in
1789. Flowers white, fragrant ; February and April. Strobiles brownish ;
ripe in September. Decaying leaves dark brown or black. Naked young
wood ash-coloured or greyish brown.

Varieties, or Hybrids.

*£ M. c. 2 Soulangeana. M. Soulangearca An.

Hort. Soc. Par.; Magnolier de Soulange,

Fr. (M. Soulangeawa Swt. Brit. Fl.-

Gard., t. 260. ; and our Jig. 43.) — The

leaves, wood, and general habit of this

tree bear a close resemblance to those of

M. conspfcua. The flowers resemble in

form those of M. purpurea var. gracilis

or of M. purpurea, and the petals are

slightly tinged with purple. It was raised

at Fromont, near Paris, from the seeds

of a plant of M. conspfcua, which stood

near one of M. purpurea, in front of the

chateau of M. Soulange-Bodin ; the *3' ^ M^I^ «*.**«. *»!•«,«>"•.

flowers of the former of which had been accidentally fecundated by

the pollen of the latter.

Other Varieties, or Hybrids. M. conspfcua has ripened seeds in various
places ; and, as it fertilises readily with M. purpurea and M. gracilis, many
new varieties may be expected when the attention of cultivators is more

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BIUTANNICUM.

especially directed to the subject. M. c. S. spcciosn and M. c. S. Alexan-
drine are in British gardens, but they are not worth keeping distinct from
M. c. Soulangeawa.

44. Magn&ita conspicua.

This is a very showy tree, distinguishable from all the other magnolias
of both sections, by its flowers expanding before any of the leaves. The
tree assumes a regular conical shape, with a grey bark and numerous
branches and twigs, which generally have a vertical, rather than a horizontal,
direction. The young shoots are from 1 ft. to 18 in. in length, and the tree,
in ten years, will attain the height of from 10ft. to 15ft., flowering the second
or third year after grafting. It is nearly as hardy as the American species ;
flowering freely every year, as a standard, in the neighbourhood of London,
when the wood has been properly ripened during the preceding summer. A
rich sandy loam seems to suit this species best ; but it will grow in an}r deep
free soil, properly drained, and moderately enriched. The situation, when it
is to be treated as a standard, ought to be sufficiently open to admit of ripening
the wood in autumn, and yet not so warm as to urge forward the flower-buds
prematurely in spring, as they are very liable to be injured by frost ; from
which, however, they may be protected by a very slight covering (during nights
and frosty days) of gauze or bunting, stretched over the tree horizontally,
and supported by posts. Against a wall, the tree shows itself in its greatest
beauty; and there it can easily be protected, by a projecting coping, from the
severest weather ever experienced in the neighbourhood of London. In
warm situations, sloping to the south or south-east, the tree has a fine effect
planted in front of a bank of evergreens; and, indeed, wherever it is planted,
evergreens should be placed near it, and, if possible, so as to form a back-
ground, on account of the flowers expanding before the tree is furnished with
any leaves. The species and all the varieties are propagated by layers, or
by inarching on M. purpurea or on M. acuminata. When inarched on M.
purpurea, the tree is comparatively dwarfed, by which it is rendered very con-
venient for use as a shrub, or for growing in pots, and forcing ; but, when it is
intended to form a tree, it should either be inarched on M. acuminata, or raised
from layers or seeds. It generally requires two years before the plants can
be separated from the parent stock. Some plants of this species have been
raised from seed ripened in Europe ; and we have no doubt that, when this
magnificent tree becomes better known aud more generally in demand, it
will be raised in this way extensively in France and Italy, and supplied to
the British nurseries from these countries.

III. MAGNOL/yC.Zw£ : MAGNoY/./. 35

& & M. PURPU'REA Sims. The \>\\rp\e-JIowered Magnolia.

Identification. Sims, in Bot. Mag.

Synoni/tnes. M. obovata T/iun., and Don's M#/. 1. p. 84. ; M. discolor Vent. ; M. denudata Lam. \

the obovate-leaved Magnolia ; Magnolier discolore Bon. Jard., and Magnolie bicolore Dun., FT. ;

rothe Bieberbaum, Get:
Engravings. Sal. Par., t. 87. ; Bot. Mag., t. 390 ; and our Jig. 45.

Spec. Char., $c. Deciduous. Leaves obovate, acute, reticulately veined ; almost
smooth. Flowers erect, of 3 sepals and 6 obovate petals; styles very short.
(Don's Mill.) A deciduous shrub, with large dark green foliage. Japan.
Height 3 ft. to 5 ft. Introduced in 1790. Flowers purple outside, white
within ; March to May. Strobile brownish ; ripe in September. Decaying
leaves black. Naked young wood greenish brown.

Varieties.

Sfc M. p. 2 grdcilis. M. Kbbus Dec. and G. Don; M. tomentosa Thun. in
Lin. Trans. Kaernpf. Icon., t. 42. ; Par. Lon., t. 87. — The two main
points of difference between it and M. purpurea are, the paler green,
and somewhat narrower shape, of the leaves ; and the longer and
more slender form of the flower, the points of the petals of which
are slightly turned back ; while the flower of M. purpurea is more
cup-shaped, and the petals at the points are rather turned inwards.
The petals of M. gracilis are on the exterior entirely of a dark purple,
whereas those of M. purpurea melt off into white at their upper
extremities. A number of plants of this variety, which stood in the
Hammersmith Nursery as border shrubs, and flowered freely every
year, were killed down to the ground in the winter of 1837-8.
Other Varieties. In DeCandolle's Prodromus, and in Don's Miller, three
varieties are described : M. p. denuddta Lam., distinguished by the flower-
ing branches being without leaves ; M. p. discolor Vent., which is said to be
rather more tender than the species ; and M. p. \iliflora Lam., the petals of
which are white on both sides. These varieties were originally described
by Kaempfer ; but, as far as we know, none of them are in British gardens.
Several plants of this species having been raised from seed ripened in this
country, the plants may exhibit slight shades of difference, as has been the
case with certain seedlings raised in the Brentford Nursery ; but, as far as
we have observed, none of these are worth keeping distinct. The only
variety which we consider truly distinct is M p. grdcilis, considered as a
species by Salisbury and other botanists, but
which, we are convinced, is nothing more than
a race, or a variety. At Desio, a variety has
been raised which grows only l£ft. high, and
which Signer Cassoretti, the garden director
there, calls M. obovdta jmmila.

A deciduous shrub, attaining, in the gardens
about London, the height of from 4 ft. to 8 ft. in
as many years, and seldom growing much higher
as a bush. The stems are numerous, but not
much branched ; the leaves are large, of a very
dark green ; and the plant produces a profusion
of flowers, which do not expand fully till a day
or two before they drop off; and which, unless
the weather is warm, do not expand at all, but
wither on the plant, and disfigure it. The
flowers are large, more or less purple (according
to the season, but never wholly dark purple)
without, and always white within. The bark,
when bruised, has an aromatic odour. A very
ornamental species, which no garden ought to be without. This species is
generally considered as requiring a mixture of heath soil, or sanely peat, with
loam ; but in many gardens about London it succeeds perfectly both in sand

D 2

36 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

and clay ; the latter soil being rendered free by sand, leaf mould, or manure,
and drainage. The situation, when the plant is treated as a bush, ought to be
open, in order that the wood may be ripened; and the plant should be
detached, in order that it may be covered with foliaire and blossoms on every
side. North of London, in most situations, it requires a wall, and few p ants
are more deserving of one. Against a wall, it will reach the height of 15 ft.
or 20ft. In the London nurseries, it is generally propagated by layers ; but
it will also strike by cuttings, both of the ripened and the herbaceous wood.
The stools are generally formed in pus ; or, if in the open ground, they
are covered with mats during winter. Seeds have been ripened both in Eng-
land and France ; and from these plants have been raised in some few nur-
series. The plants, whether raised from layers, cuttings, or seed, should
always be kept in pots till wanted for final planting. This species often
serves as a stock for grafting the other kinds on, which belong to this section.

GENUS II.

LIRIODE'NDRON L. THE TULIP TREE.

Gen. Char. Carpels 1 — 2-seeded, disposed in spikes, indehiscent, deciduous,
drawn out into a wing at the apex. Calyx of 3 deciduous sepals. Coru/la
of 6 petals, conniving into a bell-shaped flower. (Don's Mill., i. p. 86.)
— There is only one species ; a deciduous tree of the first rank, native
of North America.

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous; 3-lobed, the terminal lobe
emarginately truncate, the lateral ones with two sinuses. Stipules flat.
Flowers terminal, solitary, greenish yellow, orange within. — The only spe-
cies in British gardens is the Liriodendron Tulipifera.

*t 1. LIRIODE'NDRON TULIPI'FERA L. The Tulip-bearing Liriodendron, or

Tulip Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 755. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 82. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 86.

Synonymes. The Poplar, White Wood, Canoe Wood, the Tulip Tree, Amer. ; Virginian Poplar,
Tulip-hearing Lily Tree, Saddle Tree, Eng. ; Tulipier de Virginie, Fr. ; Virginischer Tulipeer-
bAum, Ger.

Derivation. This tree is called Liriodendron, from leirion, a lily, and dendron, a tree ; from the
flowers resembling those of a lily, though more correctly those of a tulip, as the specific name im-
plies. It is called Pcplar, from its general resemblance to trees of that genus ; White Wood, from
the colour of its timber ; Canoe Wood, from the use to which it is applied by the native Indians :
Tulip Tree, from its tulip-like flowers ; and Saddle Tree, from the form of its leaves. The French
and German names are literal translations of the words Virginian tulip tree.

Engravings. Bot. Mag., 275. ; Duh., torn. 3. t. 18. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit. vol. v. ; and
our fig. 46.

Spec. Char., Sec. Leaves smooth, truncate at the top ; 4-Iobed, resembling a
saddle in shape. Flowers large, solitary, terminal ; variegated with green,
yellow, and orange colour ; furnished with two deciduous bracteas under
flowers. (Dons Mill.) A smooth deciduous tree of large size. Canada
to Florida. Height 70ft. to 140ft., and trunk 8 ft. to 9ft. in diameter,
in America; 50ft. to 90ft. in England. Introduced in 1688. Flowers
greenish yellow without, orange within ; June and July. Strobile brown ;
ripe in October. Decaying leaves rich yellow and brown. Naked young
wood smooth, and of a mahogany brown.

Variety.

t L. T.2 obtusiloba Michx., integrifoIiaHor*., Yellow Wood, or Yellow
Poplar, has the leaves with blunter lobes than the species, but is in
no other respect different from it.

Other Varieties. L. T. acutifolia Michx. has never, we believe, been intro-
duced. L. T. fidva Hort. has yellow flowers. As the tulip tree is almost
always, raised from seeds, it is probable that the flowers of seedlings will

III.

LIRlODE'lSDRON. 37

vary in their shades of colour, and any desirable variation may be perpe-
tuated by propagating the plant possessing it by layers or inarching.

46. Liritxtendron Tuliptfera.

In the developement of its leaves, the tulip tree differs from most other
trees. The leaf-buds, in general, are composed of scales closely imbricated,
which, in the spring, are distended by the growth of the minute bundle of leaves
that they enclose, till they finally full off'. The flowers, which are large, bril-
liant, and on detached trees very numerous, are variegated with different
colours, among which yellow predominates ; they have an agrpeable odour, and,
surrounded by the luxuriant foliage, they produce a fine effect The fruit is
composed of a great number of thin narrow scales, attached to a common axis,
and forming a conical spike 2 or 3 inches in length. Each fruit contains 60 or
70 carpels; of which never more than a third, and, in some seasons, not more
than seven or eight in the whole number, are matured. It is also observed,
that, during ten years after it begins to yield fruit, almost all the seeds are un-
productive i and that, on large trees, the seeds from the highest branches are
the best. The heart, or perfect, wood of the tulip tree is yellow, approaching
to a lemon colour ; and its sap, or alburnum, is white. The annual shoots of
young plants, in the neighbourhood of London, are from 18 in. to 2ft. in
length ; and the tree will, in favourable circumstances, attain the height of
from 15 ft. to 20 ft. in ten years ; seldom, however, flowering till it is upwards
of twenty years old. The height, in England, frequently exceeds 70 ft. ; and
it has ripened seeds here, occasionally, from which young plants have been
raised. It ripens its fruit very generally in France ; though it is observed, in
the Nouveau Du Hawd, that these seeds do not vegetate so freely as those
which are imported from America. Deep, loamy, good soil best suits the
tulip tree ; and the situation most favourable is one which, while it is sheltered
from high winds, is, at the same time, sufficiently exposed to the light and air
to admit of the maturation of its leaves on every side, and the perfect ripening
of its wood, without which it can neither resist the severe frosts of winter,
nor form blossom buds. The species is seldom, if ever, propagated otherwise
than by seeds, which come up best in heath soil, very fine mould, or sandy
loam, in a shady situation, kept rather moist ; but the varieties are multiplied
by layers or inarching. When the seeds are sown in autumn, they generally
come up the following spring ; but, sown in spring or the beginning of summer,
they generally remain a year in the ground. The tulip tree, like the magnolias,
having roots furnished with but few fibres, does not transplant readily ; and,
therefore, the plants ought either to be kept in pots, or, if in the free ground,
transplanted in the nursery every year ; or, if neither of these modes be prac-
ticable, removed to their final situation, when not more than two, or at most
three, years old. The tree is, like the magnolias, not very patient of the knife,
either in a young or in an old state ; and, from the bitter qualities of the

D 3

38 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

leaves, it does not seem to be much attacked by insects. As tulip trees raised
from seed seldom flower before they are twenty or thirty years old> it is much
to be wished, that nurserymen would propagate them by grafting or inarching
from flowering trees, in consequence of' which the plants would probably
flower the second or third year.

ORDER IV. ANONA^CEM.

ORD. CHAR. The distinctive characteristics of this order from that of Magno-
\iaceae are : Anthers with an enlarged four-cornered connectivum, which is
sometimes nectariferous ; albumen pierced by the substance of the seed-coat ;
leaves without stipules, conduplicate in the bud ; properties aromatic.
— Trees or shrubs mostly natives of warm climates

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; distinctly articulated with
the stem, entire ; leaves and branches pubescent when young, the leaves
commonly minutely punctate, with pellucid dots. Flowers axillary.-- The
hardy species, in British gardens, are included in the genus Asimina Adans.,
formerly Anona L., and are natives of North America.

GENUS I.

AST MINA Adans. THE ASIMINA. Lin. Syst. Polyandria Poiygynia.

Identification. Adans. Fam., 2. p. 365. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 87. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 91.

Synoni/mes. Annorta L. ; Orchidoc6rpum Mr. ; Porcelw sp. Pers. ; Uvaria Tor. Sf Gray ; Custard
Apple; Asiminier, and Anone, Fr.; Flaschenbaum, Get:

Derivation. Asimina is Latinised from a word of Canadian origin, the meaning of which is not
known. Orchidocarpum was, it is probable, intended to express a likeness between the figure of
the fruit, and that of some species of O'rchis. Porcfch'a is a name given by Ruiz, in honour of
Antonio Pored, a Spanish promoter of botany. Andna is a South American word that signifies a
mess, or dish of food, to be eaten with a spoon. Uvaria is from uva, a gr^pe, to which, however,
the fruit has little resemblance. The German name, Flaschenbaum, flask tree, is given from
the shape of the fruit.

Gen. Char. Calyx 3-parted. Petals 6, spreading, ovate-oblong, inner ones
smallest. Anthers numerous, nearly sessile. Ovaries many, but for the
most part only 3, ovate or oblong. Carpels the same number as the ovaries,
baccate, sessile. Seeds many, disposed in a single or double row. (Don's
MM.) — Low trees or shrubs, deciduous, with white or purplish flowers,
and fruit about the size of small plums Rather tender, and difficult of
culture. Only one species is truly hardy in the climate of London. * •

at 1. A. TRI'LOBA Dun. The three-lobed-ra/j/<m/ Asimina.

Identification. Dun. Monog.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 87. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 91.

•Synonymes. Anndna triloba L., and MX. in Arb. ; Porcdh'a triloba Pers. ; Orchidocarpum arietl-
num MX. Bar. Am. ; UvSria triloba Tor. 8f Gray ; the Papaw, Amer.\ Asiminier de Virginie,
and Annone & trois Lobes, Fr. ; dreylappiger (three-lobed) Flaschenbaum, Ger.

Engravings. Mill. Icon., 1. t. 35. ; Tor. and Gray, 1. p. 45. ; MX. Arb., 3. t. 9. ; and our fig. 47.

Spec. Char., <Sfc. Leaves oblong-cuneated, acuminated, and, as well as the
branches, smoothish. Flowers on short peduncles ; outer petals roundish-
ovate, four times longer than the calyx. (Don's Mill.) A low deciduous
tree. Middle, southern, and western states of North America. Height
15 ft. to 20 ft. in North America; 7ft. to 10ft. in England. Introduced
in 1736. Flowers dark purple and yellow. Fruit yellowish, esculent ;
ripe in August in America, rarely seen in England. Decaying leaves rich
yellowish brown. Nuked young wood dark brown.

A small tree, densely clothed with long leaves, lying over one another in
such a manner as to give a peculiarly imbricated appearance to the entire
plant. The flowers are campanulate and drooping, and appear before the

IV. 4NO&JCMM, V.

leaves ; the outer petals are purple, and vary in colour in different plants; in
some being very dark, and in others light, inclining to yellow. All parts of
the tree have a rank, if not a fetid, smell :
;ind the fruit is relished by few persons ex-
cept the negroes, who call it papaw. The
fruit ripens in America in the beginning of
August, and is about 3 in. long and IA in.
thick, oval, irregular, and swelling into in-
equalities. In British gardens, the plant is
always raised from American seeds ; and, to
thrive, it requires to be planted in sandy peat
or deep sand, and kept moist. In England
it may be considered as a curious, hlow-grow-
jng, deciduous shrub, or low tree, well de-
serving a place in gardens, but which ought
always to be isolated, and at some distance
from rapid-growing plants. Relatively to
growth, it may be placed near Dirca palustris,
some of the daphnes, or lllicium.

Other Species of Asimina. — A. parviflbra and A. grand/flora are North
American shrubs, seldom growing higher in their native habitats than I ft. to
2 ft., and rather too tender for the climate of London.

4:. Asimina triloba.

ORDER V. MENISPERMAXCE^.

OKD. CHAR. Flowers unisexual. Sepals and petals similar. Stamens mona-
delphous, or rarely free. Ovaries somewha connected at the base ; with
one or many styles ; many-celled. Fruit, in most, baccate or drupaceous,
one-seeded or many-seeded, oblique or lunulate, compressed, with the seeds
of the same form. Embryo curved or peripheric. Albumen none, or very
sparing and fleshy. (Don's Mill.} — Climbing or twining flexible shrubs,
natives of North America and Asia.

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; stalked, usually cordate
or peltate, palmately veined, and always with the middle nerve terminating
in an awn or point. Flowers in axillary racemes in most species, small.
— The species in British gardens are included in the genera Menispe'rmum
and Cocculus, which are thus contradistinguished : —

MENISPE'RMUM L. Sepals and petals quaternary. Male flowers with 15 —

20 stamens.
CO'CCULUS Bauh. Sepals and petals ternary. Male flowers with 6 stamens.

GENUS I.

LJL

1

MENISPE'RMUM L. THE MOONSEED. Lin. Syst. DiceVia Dode-

candria.

Identification. Tourn. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 102. ; Don's Mill, 1. p. 112. ; Tor. and Gray, 1. p. 48.

Synonymes. Menisperme, Fr. ; Mondsaame, Ger.

Derivation. From mene, the moon, and spernia, a seed ; from the seeds being crescent. shaped.

Gen. Char. Sepals and petals disposed in a quaternary order, in two or three
series. Male flowers with 16 to 20 stamens ; female flowers with 2 to 4
ovaries. Drupe baccate, roundish-kidney-shaped, 1 -seeded. — Climbing
shrubs natives of North America and Dauria.

D 4

40

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Leaves simple, alternate, peltate or cordate, entire, smooth. Peduncles
axillary, or supra-axillary. Male and female peduncles rather dissimilar.
Flowers small, greenish white. — The species are all of the easiest culture in
common soil, and are propagated by dividing the root, or by cuttings.

.J 1. M. CANADE'NSE. The Canadian Moonseed.

Identification. Lin. Sp. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 102. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 112. ; Tor. and Gray, 1. p. 48.
Synonymes. M. canadt?nse var. a. Lamarck ; M. angulatum Moench ; Menisperme du Canada, Bon.

Jard. ; Canadischer Mondsaame, Ger.
Engravings. Schkuhr. H., 3. t. 337. ; Lam. Diet., t. 824. ; and our Jig. 48.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves peltate, smoothish, somewhat cordate, roundish-
angular ; angles bluntish, terminal one abruptly awned, mucronate. Ra-
cemes solitary, compound. Petals 8. (Don's Mill.) A
deciduous, suffruticose, long, slender twiner. Canada to
Carolina. Height 8ft. to 12ft. Introduced in 1713.
Flowers small, greenish yellow ; June and July. Berry
black ; ripe in September. Decaying leaves greenish
brown.

Varieties.

-i M. c. 2 lobalum Dec. M.
virginicum L. (Dill.
Elfh.,t. 178.fig. 219.)
— This variety is dis-
tinguished by the angles of the leaves being
acutish, and the flowers of a greenish white,
-i M. c. 3 smildcinum. M. smilacimim Dec.
(Jac. Icon., t. 269.; and our Jig. 49 ) —
Leaves smoother, and racemes more simple
than in the species.

Roots thick and woody, with numerous very slender shoots, which, though
somewhat ligneous, never attain any considerable diameter, and are not of
many years' duration. The stem twines in a direction contrary to the sun's
apparent motion, and is smooth and even,
having more the appearance of a herbaceous
plant, than of a shrub.

-$ 2. MEMSPE'RMUM DAUVRICUM Dec.
The Dalirian Moonseed.

Identification.

4*. MenispAr. canad^nse.

Dec. Prod., 1 . p. 102.; Don's Mill., 1 .
Synonymes. Trilophus Ampelisagria Fi.

p.112.

M. canadthise
"var."5 Lam.
Engravings. Deless. Icon., 1. 1. 100. ; and our fig. 50.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves peltate, smooth, cor-
date, angular ; angles acute, terminal one
acuminated hardly mucrjnate. Racemes in
pairs, capitulate. (Don's Mill.) A twining,
deciduous, suffruticose shrub. Dauria, on
rocky hills, near the river Chilca. Height
5ft. to 10 ft. Introduced in 1858. Flowers
yellowish ? June and July. Berries black ;
ripe in September. s°- MenisP«mum <?auricur

Resembles the preceding species, and probably only a variety of it
GENUS II.

.1 CO'CCULUS Bauh. Tan COCCULUS. Lin. Syst. Dicevcia Hexandria.

Identification. Bauh. Pin., Ml. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 96. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 104.

V. MENISPERMAXCEJ£. VI. BERBERA* CEJE.

41

Svnonvmes. Menispermum L. ; Wendlandm Willd. ; Androphilax Wendl.

Derivation. From coccus, the systematic name of cochineal ; which is applied to this genus on
account of the greater number of the species bearing scarlet berries.

Gen. Char. Sepals and petals disposed in a ternary order, in 2, very rarely in
3, series. Male flowers with 6 tree stamens opposite the petals ; female ones
with 3 or 6 carpels. Drupes baccate, 1 to 6, usually obliquely reniform,
somewhat flattened, 1-seeded. Cotyledons distant. (Don's MM.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduo.is ; cordate or ovate, entire
or lobed. Flowers small. — The only hardy species is C. carolinus, a native
of Carolina, of the same culture as Menispermum.

J, 1. CO'CCULUS CAROLI'MJS Dec. The Carolina Cocculus.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 1. p. 98. ;; Don's Mill., 1.
p. 107.

Synoni/mes. Menispermum carollnum Lin.; Wend-
land'/rt populifolia Willd., 1'ursk, and Dill. ; Andro-
philax scftndens Wendl. ; Baumg&rtz'o scandens
Moench; Menisperme de la Caroline, Fr.\ Caroli-
nischer Mondsaame, Gcr.

Engravings. Dil. Elth., 223. t. 178. f. 219. ; Wendl.
Obs., 3. 1. 16. ; and our Jig. 51.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves cordate or ovate,
entire, obtuse, and somewhat 3-lobed;
under surface velvety pubescent. Male
racemes floriferous from the base, female
ones 3-flowered. (Don's Mill.) A twin-
ing, deciduous, suffruticose shrub. North
Carolina and Georgia. Height 6 ft. to
10ft. Introduced in 1759 Flowers
small, greenish ; June and July. Fruit
red ; ripe in September. Decaying
leaves yellowish or brownish.

Leaves extremely variable in form, 2 in.
to 4 in. long, often quite entire, but
usually with several sinuated, obtuse lobes.
Drupe red, as large as a small pea.

5 1 . Cdcculus carolknu*.

ORDER VI. BERBERA^CE^E.

ORD. CHAR. Sepals usually 6, in two whorls, deciduous, and furnished with
petal-like scales on the outside. The petals are equal in number with the
sepals, and the stamens equal in number with the petals, and opposite to
them. The anthers " open by reflexed valves ; that is to say, the face of
each cell of the anther peels off except at the point, where it adheres as if
it were hinged there ;" a structure so remarkable, Dr. Lindley observes, as to
be " found in no European plants except Berberdcece and the laurel tribe."
(Penny Cyc., vol. iv. p. 259.) — Bushy shrubs, which throw up numerous
suckers ; natives of the temperate climates of Europe, Asia, and North
America.

Leaves simple or compound, alternate, generally exstipulate, deciduous
or persistent; shoots generally furnished with prickles; the sap, and the
colour of the leaves and bark, more or less yellow. Flowers generally
yellow. — The genera containing species hardy in British gardens are two,
Berberis and Mahom'a, which are thus contradistinguished : —

BE?RBERIS L. Petals with 2 glands on the inside of each. Stamens tooth-
less. Leaves undivided.

MAHONN/^ Nutt. Petals without glands. Stamens furnished with a tooth on
each side. Leaves pinnate.

4-2

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

GENUS I.

BE'RBERIS L. THE BERBERRY. Lin. Syst. Hexandria Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 442.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 105 ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 114.

Synonymes. Pipperidge Bush ; E'pine vinette, Fr. ; Berberitze, Ger.

Derivation. Berberys is the Arabic word used for this plant by Averrhoes and other writers on
medicine ; but some persons derive the name from the Greek word berberi. signifying a shell from
the leaves of the common species having a hollow surface. Hochart says that the word Berberis is
derived from the Phoenician word barar, which signifies shining like a shell, from their shining
leaves. Gerard says that the word Berbery is a corruption of amyrberis, the name given to the
plant by Avicenna. Du Hamel says that Berberis is derived from an Indian word signifying mother
of pearl. Pipperidge bush, or piprage tree, Gerard says, is Dr. Turner's name for the plant and
it is still given to it in Cambridgeshire. E'pine vinette signifies the acid, or sorrel, thorn, from
the taste of the fruit and leaves.

Gen. Char. Sepals 6, guarded on the outside by 3 scales. Petals 6, with 2
glands on the inside of each. Stamens toothless. Semes 2 — 3-seeded.
Seeds 2, rarely 3, laterally inserted at the base of the berries, erect, oblong,
with a crustaceous coat and fleshy albumen. Cotyledons leafy, elliptical.
Radicle long, capitellate at the tip. (Don's Mil/.) B. heterophylla Jugs, has
toothed stamens.

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous or evergreen ; toothed
or serrated, coriaceous, with numerous small leaves produced at the axils
of the larger ones, often abortive in the form of prickles. Flowers yellow.
Fruit red, in some kinds black, purple or white in others. — Shrubs natives
of Europe, North America, and Asia ; characterised in a general view by
being crowded with suckers, and having axillary tufts of leaves and spines.
The species are all readily propagated by seeds which most of them ripen

in England ; and also by side suckers and root suckers, which almost all of

them throw up in abundance.

,A. Leaves thin, deciduous. Flowers solitary.
jet ]. B. SIBI'RICA Pall. The Siberian Berberry.

Identification. Pall. Fl. Ross., 2. p. 42. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 108. ; Don's Mill., 1 p. 117. ; Pen. Cyc,

4. p. 260.
nymes.
ravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., 2. t. 67.

St/nonymes. B. altaica Pal. ; Vinettier de Sibfcrie, Fr.
Engravings. Pall.
fig. 53. after Pallas.

and our fig. 52. after Hayne, arid

Spec. Char., 4-c. Spines
3 — 7-parted. Leaves
lanceolate-obovate, ci-
1 iately serrated. Pe-
duncles 1 -flowered,
shorterthan theleaves.
(Don's Miller.) An
erect deciduous shrub.
Siberia, on hills and
the lower mountains.
Height 2ft. to 3ft.
Introduced in 1790.
Flowers yellow; May
and June. Berry red ;
ripe in September.

53. Bttberis sibirica.

B. Leaves thin, mostly deciduous. Flowerf in Racemes.
& 2. B. VULGA^RIS L. The common Berberry.

Iltntijlcation. Lin. Sp., 472. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 105. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 115.

Synonymcs. B. setnensis Prest; B. macrocarpa of some ; Pipperidge Tree, Dr. Turner ; E'pine

vinette, Fr. ; gemeine Berberitze, Ger.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 49. ; Willd. Baum., t. 39. ; and our fig. 54., in which a is a specimen in

flower, b a specimen in fruit, c a flower of the natural size, and d a fruit of the natural size.

BERBERA^CEJE : BE' RBERIS.

43

Berfcrri* vulgaris.

Spec. Char., $c. Spines 3-parted. Leaves somewhat
obovate, ciliately serrated. Racemes many-flowered,
pendulous. Petals entire. (Don's Mill.) A spread-
ing, many-stemmed, deciduous shrub. Europe, and
Britain in hedges and copses, and naturalised in many
parts of Asia and America. Height 6ft. to 10ft.
Flowers yellow ; May and June. Berries red ; ripe
in September. Decaying leaves reddish yellow.
Naked wood yellowish white.

Varieties.

& B. v. 2 liitea. — Fruit yellow, sometimes stone-
less.

& B v. 3 alba. — Fruit white.

& B. y. 4 violdce a. — Fruit violaceous

^ B. v. 5 purpftrea. B. innominata JTr//w. — Fruit
purple; leaves narrow, hardly ciliated.

sfe B. v. 6 nigra. — Fruit black ; leaves oblong, ci-
liately serrated, serratures few. The fruit of
this plant is said by Tournefort, who found
it on the banks of the Euphrates, to be of
delicious flavour.

at B. v. 7 dulcis. — Fruit red, somewhat less acid
than that of the common berberry. Leaves of
a bright shining green. Native of Austria,
where it was first considered to be a distinct species, till the fruit
of plants raised from its seed was found to be as acid as that of
the common berberry. It is now, however, propagated by layers ;
the leaves and fruit are considerably larger than those of the species,
and the fruit is found perfectly sweet and agreeable to eat. In
short, this variety is to the common berberry, what the apple is to
the crab.

& B. v. 8 asperma. The seedless Berberry. — Fmit destitute of seeds.
Miller, and also Du Hamel, both say that suckers taken from this
variety commonly produce fruit with seeds ; that, as the tree grows
older, the seeds become fewer, and that it is the age of the plant
that at last causes the fruit to be seedless ; in that case this plant
must be considered more a variation than a variety. B. v. asperma
is said by Du Hamel to produce the best fruit for preserving; and
it is from it that the delicious Confitures d'E'pine vinette, for which
Rouen is so celebrated, are made. (Nouv. Duh.t iv. p. 13.)

3& B. v. 9 longifolia Booth. — Leaves longer than those of the species.

* B. v. 10 glauca. B. glauca Booth. — Leaves glaucous. Mr. Gordon
considers this plant as related to B. sibirica ; but, as it has not yet
flowered in the Horticultural Society's Garden this point cannot he
determined. (See Gard. Mag., vol. xvi. p. 2.)

& B. v. ] 1 mitis. — Shoots without spines. Leaves glaucous, rather
broader.

& B. v. \2provindalis Schrad. — Young shoots brown. Leaves and fruit

as in the common berberry.
All these varieties are in the London Horticultural Society's Garden.

Other Varieties. In the Horticultural Society's Garden a number of
alleged species of berberries have been raised from seed, which have all
proved varieties of B. vulgaris, and most of them so slight, as to be scarcely
worth keeping distinct. (See Gard. Mag., vol. xvi. p. 2.)

The common berberry will live for two or three centuries, without increasing
much in size. The wood is hard and brittle, of a yellow colour, and but
little used except for dyeing. The rate of growth, when the plant is young,
is rapid; and, in consequence, in five or six years it will attain the height of

44

ARBORETUM ET FHUTICETUM BUI TANNICUM.

7 or 8 feet ; but it grows slowly afterwards, unless the suckers are removed
from it as they are produced. It is seldom seen above 10 ft. high ; but there
are examples of trees of it 30 ft. high, probably of 30 years' growth. The
inner bark, both of the stems and roots, affords a yellow dye. The leaves are
agreeably acid, and, according to Gerard, were used in his time " to season
meat with, and instead of a salad, like sorrel." The berries are so acid, that
birds seldom touch them. They are not eaten raw. but are excellent when
preserved with sugar in syrup, or candied. They are also made into jelly and
rob, both of which are not only delicious to the taste, but extremely whole-
some ; and they are pickled in vinegar, when green, as a substitute for capers.
The plant is cultivated in gardens as a fruit tree or fruit shrub ; and the
variety, or rather variation, in which the seeds are said to be wanting, and
that in which the fruit is sweet, are recommended in preference. The plant
makes an excellent hedge ; but there exists a prejudice against it among agri-
culturists, from its supposed influence in producing blight, or mildew, on the
corn adjoining it. This opinion is of unknown antiquity ; but it is now ge-
nerally considered to be an erroneous prejudice.

afc 3. B. (v.) EMARGINA^TA Willct. The emarginate-/^/^ Berberry.

Identification. Willd. Enum., 1. p. 395. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 105. ; Don's Mill, 1. p. 115.
Synonyme. Ausgerandete (serrated) Berberitze, Ger.
Engravings. Hayne Abbild., t. 62. ; and our Jigs. 55. and 56.

Spec. Char.y Sfc. Spines 3-parted. Leaves lanceolate-obovate, cil'ately serrated.

Racemes scarcely pendulous, shorter
than the leaves ; petals emarginate.
(Don's Mill.) A
deciduous shrub.

m**%# ^™\r "eight
; o ft. to 7 ft. Intro-
duced in 18^0.
Flowers yel'ow ;
May and June.
Berries red ; ripe
in September. De-
caying leaves yel-
low. Naked young
wood whitish yel-
low.

Closely resembling B. vulgaris, of
which it is, doubtless, only a variety ; but it is one half smaller in all its parts,
and has the petals emarginate, and the leaves decidedly glaucous.

4. B. (v.) CRE'TICA L. The Cretan Berbern.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 47?.;

Dec. Prod. 1. p.106.; Don's

Mill., 1. p. lift.
Synonymes. B. cretica 6uxi-

folia Town ; Vinettier de

Crete, Ft: ; Cretische Ber-

beritzp, Ger. ; Candian

Berberry.
Engravings. Fl. Grace., t.242.;

and our figs. 57. and 58.

Spec. Char., fyc. Spines
3 — 5-parted. Leaves
oval-oblong, entire,
or somewhat serrat-
ed. Racemes 3 — 8-
flowrd., rather short-
er than the leaves. 6S. aw*™ rrdtica, nat.

56. Berberit emarginata

VI. RERBERA^CEJE : BEfRHERIS.

45

(Don's Mill.} A deciduous shrub, crowded with shoots. Crete, Candia,
and, perhaps, Japan. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced in 1759. Flowers
yellow ; May and June. Berries ovate, black ; ripe in September. De-
caying leaves whitish yellow. Naked young wood also whitish.
The leaves are produced without any obvious order ; they are small, and in
their shape they resemble those of the narrow leaved variety of the common
box. The berries are ovate, black, 2-seeded, more astringent than acid ;
stigma on a very short style.

ffi 5. B. (v.) CRAT^'GINA Dec. The Crataegus-like Berberry.

Identification. Dec. Syst., 2. p. 9.; Don's

Mill., l.p. 116.
Engraving. Our Jig. 59. from a specimen

in the Hort. Soc. Garden.

Spec. Char., fyc. Spines simple.
Leaves oblong, reticulated,
hardly serrated. Racemes
many-flowered, crowded,
spreading, scarcely longer
than the leaves. (Don's Mill.)
A deciduous glaucous-leaved
shrub. Asia Minor. Height
4 ft. to t> ft. Introduced in
1823. Flowers yellow ; May
and June. Berries red ; ripe
in September.

Distinguished from all the
other species, by the leaves being
long, flaccid, entirely glaucous,

Or Whitish Young shootS brOWn. &• WrberU crata.«gina, nat. sire.

A plant bearing this name in the Horticultural Society's Garden is 5 ft.
high, with the leaves much longer than those of B. vulgaris ; serrated, as in
that species, and decidedly glaucous. In other respects we can see no
difference.

& 6. B. IBE'RICA Stev. The Iberian Berberry.

Identification. Don's Mill., 1. p. 115. ; and Lindl., Pen. Cyc., 4. p. 61.
Synonyrnes. B. vulg^ris ? v. iberica Dec. Syst. 2. p. 6. ; B. sinensis Wai.
Engravings. Dend. Brit., t. 26., as B. sinensis ; and our fig. GO.

Spec. Char., Sf-c. Spines simple, and 3-parted ; leaves obovate-
oblong, quite entire. Racemes many-flowered ; petals entire.
(Don's Mil/.) A deciduous shrub. Iberia. Height 3 ft. to
5ft. Introduced in 1790. Flowers yellow; May and June.
Berries dark purple ; ripe in September. Decaying leaves yel-
lowish red. Naked young wood reddish yellow.
Readily distinguished from the common berberry by its smaller ^
and smoother leaves, its red shoots, and its almost upright racemes ; *
and from B. sinensis by the leaves being comparatively entire.

34 7. B. CANADE'NSIS Mill. The Canadian Berberry.

Identification. Pursh's Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 219. ; Dec. Prod, 1. p. 106- ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 115.

Tor. and Gray, 1. p. 50.
Synonyrnes. B. vulgaris MX. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 205.; B. vulgSris var. canad^nsis Martyn't

Jf///.,No.l.
Engruvings. Hayne Abbild., t. 63. ; and our fig. 61. after that author.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches verrucose, dotted, with short triple spines ; leaves
spatulate, oblong, remotely serrate, with somewhat bristly teeth ; racemes
sub-corymbose, few-flowered ; petals emarginate ; berries subglobose, or
oval. (Tor. and Gray.) A deciduous shrub. Canada to Georgia. Height
2ft. to 3ft., in England 5ft. Introduced in 1759. Flowers yellow;

46

ARBORETUM ET FIIUTICETUM BRITANN ICUM.

May and June. Berries red ; ripe in September. De-
caying leaves yellowish green and reddish. Naked young
wood whitish yellow.

Leaves much smaller and narrower than in J3. vulgaris,
attenuate at the base, but nearly sessile ; the margins serru-
late, with 6-8 distant, often inconspicuous, mucronate teeth.
Raceme 5-8-flowered, nodding ; flowers smaller than in B.
vukaris ; fruit smaller and much shorter. Stem and roots
yellow ; the former rarely exceeding 3 ft. in height. Found
in the Alleghanv Mountains, Virginia and Carolina, Tencssee,
and Georgia. (Tor. and Gray.) Introduced into England in
1759, but probably lost, as we have seen no plant answering
this description in British gardens.

& 8. S. SINE'NSIS Desf. The Chinese Berberry

Identification. Desf. Catal. Hort. P., 150 ;
Dec. Prod., 1. p. 106.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 115.

Synonyms. B. vulgaris Thunb. Jap. 1. p. 146.

Engravings. Our./zg?. 62. and 63. from a spe-
cimen in the Hort. Soc. Garden.

Spec. Char., $c. Spines 3-parted.

Leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, or

the lower ones a little toothed.

Racemes many-flowered, nodding.

(Don's Mill.) A deciduous shrub

with slender shoots. China.

Height 3 ft. to 5 ft. Introduced

in 1800. Flowers yellow ; May

and June. Berries oval, dark red ;

ripe in September. Leaves

smooth, sharply serrated. Decay-
ing leaves of a fine yellowish red.

Naked young wood reddish yel-
low.

The plant at the Horticultural
Society's Garden, and at Messrs.
Loddiges's, has smooth leaves, red
shoots, and closely resembles Bfrberis iberica.

B. (v.) car.ad^nsii.

62. Mrberis <

S3. Birlitrii alnannis, 11:11. size.

VI. BERBER A CEA^. : BE'RBERIS.

47

B<?rbe,-is ddlci.s.

C. Leaves leathery, evergreen, or sub-evergreen. Flowers solitary, or in Clusters.
& 9. B. DU'LCIS D. Don. The sweet-fruited Berberry.

Identification. Swt. Brit. Fl.-Gard. ; Lindl. Pen. Cyc., 4. p. 261.
Engravings. Swt. Brit. Fl. Card., 2cl ser., t. 100. ; and our Jig. 64.

Spec. Char., $c. Spines long, slender, simple, or 3-
parted. Leaves obovate obtuse, with or without a
bristly point, quite entire, glaucous on the under side.
Flowers solitary, on slender stalks, twice as long as
the leaves. (Lindl., Pen. Cyc.,') An evergreen shrub,
with shining leaves. Straits of Magellan to Valdivia.
Height 2ft. to 5 ft. Introduced in 1830. Flowers
yellow ; March to June. Berries round, black, about
the size of a black currant ; ripe in August. Decay-
ing leaves bright yellow ; dropping in May and June.

An elegant evergreen bush, which, in some places, has
attained the height of 5 ft. The flowers are large, of a
fine bright yellow, more expanded than they are in
many species, and, from their long slender stalks, they
hang down in a very graceful manner. In its native country, the fruit is
used, both green and ripe, as we use gooseberries, for making pies and tarts
and preserves, for which it is most excellent. It is quite hardy and evergreen.

j» 10. B. JSUXIFO'LIA Lam. The Box-leaved Berberry.

Identification. Lam. 111., t. 253. fig. 3.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 117.
Engravings. Lam. 111. t. 253. fig. 3. ; and our fig. 65.

Spec. Char., 8?c. Spines 3-parted. Leaves ovate, or ovate-
lanceolate, smooth, quite entire. Pedicels longer than
the leaves, either solitary, 1-flowered, or in threes,
rising from a short peduncle. (Don's Mill.) A small
twisted sub-evergreen shrub. Native of the Straits
of Magellan. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft. Introduced ?.
Flowers yellow. December to March. Berries blu-
ish purple, 4-seeded.

Said to be nearly allied to B. dulcis. A very valuable 65- B<Mm« &uxifoiia.
addition to our hardy evergreens ; though, at present, rare in British gardens,

jet 11. B. ACTINACA'NTHA Mart. The ray-spined Berberry.

Identification. Rcemer and Schultes, 7. p. 12.; Hook.

lot. Mis., 3. p. 135.
Engraving. Our fig. 66.

Spec. Char., $c. Spines palmate, 3 — 5
divisions. Leaves ovate elliptic, rigid,
coriaceous, toothed, mucronate. Pe-
duncles 4 — 5, sub-umbellate, shorter
than the leaves. An evergreen shrub,
with numerous spreading branches, and
long white spines, generally in threes,
but sometimes more numerous. Straits
of Magellan. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. In-
troduced ? 1830. Flowers deep yellow,
a little larger than those of B. vul-
garis ; May and June. Fruit ?.
A very desirable species, nearly allied

to B. heterophylla. Our engraving is of

a specimen taken from a very handsome

plant in the rich collection of evergreens

at Elvaston Castle. Dr. Hooker mentions a variety with smaller leaves than

the species, but it does not appear to be introduced. Quite hardv.

Ui'rberis actinacrfntha.

48

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM,

j* 12. B. IIETEROPHY'LLA Jus. The various-leaved Berberry.

Identification. Juss. in Poir. Diet., 8. p. 622. -, Dec. Prod., 1. p. 108. ; Don's
Mili., 1. p. 117.; Lindl., Pen. Cyc., 4. p. 261.

tnonymes. B. »licif61ia Forst. ; li triscupidata Smith.
igrdvings. Hook. Exot. Fl., 1. 1. 14. ; and our Jig. 67.

Spec. Char., $c. Spines 3-parted. Leaves ovate-lanceolate,

glabrous, some of them entire, others furnished with 3

pungent teeth. Pedicels solitary, 1-flowered, hardly longer

than the leaves. Filaments toothed. (Don's Mill.) An

evergreen shrub. Straits of Magellan. Height 3 ft. 'to

4 ft. Introduced in 1823. Flowers orange yellow ; May

and June. Berries red ; ripe in September. Decaying

leaves greenish yellow ; June and July.

Much branched, and the older branches covered with dark

wrinkled bark. The leaves clustered, and of two kinds ; the

old ones terminated with a sharp spinose point, and having

a lateral spinule on each side above the middle, and the

younger ones being pale green, unarmed, and having their

margins entire and softish. The old leaves are also quite rigid, dark green,

and shining.

jtt 13. B. .EMPETRIFOVLIA Lam. The Empetrum- leaved Berberry.

Identification. Lam. 111., t. 253. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 107.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 117. ; Pen. Cyc., 4. p. 261.
Engravings. Lam. 111., t.253. fig.4.; Sw.Brit.Fl.-Gar., 2. s. t. 350.; and ourj?g.G8.

Spec. Char., $c. Spines 3-parted. Leaves linear, quite entire,
with revolute margins. Pedicels 1 — 2, 1-flowered. (Dim's
Mill.) An elegant, decumbent, evergreen bush. Cordilleras
of Chili in subalpine woods. Height 1 ft. to 2 ft. Intro-
duced in 1830. Flowers yellow ; December to March. Ber-
ries ? yellow ; ripe in July. Wood reddish brown.

Branches slender, twiggy, angular, covered with a chestnut-
coloured bark. Leaves fasciculate, linear, mucronate, revolute,
and entire at the margins, glaucous ; about half an inch long,
and nearly a line in breadth. Flowers large, spreading. A
very curious and pretty plant, in general aspect much more like
a heath than a berberry. It is perfectly hardy, and deserves 68> B-
a place in every collection. It is readily increased by layers, in heath soil.

D. Leaves leathery, evergreen or sub-evergreen. Flowers
in Racemes.

at 14. B. DEALBA'TA Lindl. The wliiteued-leaved
Berberry.

Identification. Bot. Reg., 1. 1750. ; Pen. Cyc., 4. p. 261 .

Synonyme. B. glatica Hort.

Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1750. ; and our fig. 69.

Spec. Char., $c. Spines scarcely any. Leaves roundish,

coarsely toothed, rather glaucous, white beneath. Ra-
cemes very short and compact, pendulous. (Pen. Cyc.)

An upright evergreen bush, with white or glaucous

leaves. Mexico. Height 3ft. to 5ft. Introduced

in 1830. Flowers yellow, sweet-scented ; December

to March. Berries yellowish purple ; ripe in August.

A tall, slender, evergreen bush, with deep brown
branches, and scarcely any spines. The leaves are some-
times wedge-shaped and 3-toothed, but more frequently
nearly round, with two or three spiny teeth on every side.
A curious and beautiful species, well deserving of cul-
tivation. It is quite hardy, and readily increased by
layers, which root the same season that they are made. M Btfrl^r{t daalNlt.(

VI. BERltERA CEJE : BE RBERIS.

49

70. Ufrberii asiatica.

^ 15. B. ASIA'TICA Roxb. The Asiatic Berberry.

Identification. Koxb. in Dec. Syst., 2. p. 13. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 107. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 116 ; Pen.

Cyc., 4. p. 261
Synonymes. The Lycium of Dioscorides, Royle in Linn. Trans., xvii. p. 83. ; B. tinctbria Lech. ;

the Raisin Berberry, P< n. Cyc.
Engravings. Deless" Icon, sel., 2. t. I.j and OCT^f. 70.

Spec. Char., fyc. Spines trifid, or simple. Leaves oval, cuncated or ellip-
tical, mucronate, smooth, under surface glaucous, entire or spinulosely
toothed. Racemes short,
many-flowered, corymbose,
shorter than the " leaves.
Pedicels elongated, one-
flowered. Berries oval.
(Dotfs Mill.} A vigorous-
ly growing sub-evergreen
shrub, crowded with nume-
rous luxuriant suckers. Ne-
pal, on mountains. Height
6 ft. to 8 ft. Introduced in
1820. Flowers yellow;
May and June. *Berries
purplish, with a fine bloom ;
ripe in July. Decaying
leaves yellow and red.

Leaves somewhat resem-
bling those of B. heterophylia,
but not glaucous. The plant
is easily distinguished from
that species by the very short
racemes of its flowers, by their being produced much earlier, and by the
smoothness of its shoots. On July 20. 1837, a fine plant of B. asiatica,
in the grounds at Syon, was covered with fruit, while one of B. aristata,
standing close beside it, was covered with its beautiful rich yellow blossoms,
many of which were not fully expanded. The fruit is oblong, pinkish or
purplish, wrinkled, and covered with a fine thick bloom like that of the
best raisins. The plants in 5 or 6 years attain the height of 6 or 8 feet.

3fc 16. B. ARISTAVA Dec. The bristled-foo^-/ertw?d Berberry.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 1. p. 106.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 115.
Synonymes. R. Chitria Buch. ; B. angustifoiia Rorb. ; B. sinensis Desf.
Engravings. Hook. Exot. Flor., t. 98. ; Hot. Reg., t. 729. ; and our^. 71

Spec. Char., fyc. Lower spines 3-parted, simple ;
leaves obovate-acute, tapering much to the
base, ending in a mucro (prickly point) at the
apex, membranous, smooth on both sides, ser-
rated, with 4> or 5 bristly teeth. Racemes
nodding, many-flowered, longer than the
leaves. Berries oblong. (Don's Mill.) A
vigorous-growing sub-evergreen shrub, crowd-
ed with suckers which sometimes grow 8 ft.
to 9ft. long in a season. Nepal, on mountains
5000ft. to 8000 ft. of elevation. Height 6ft.
to 10 ft. Introduced in 1820. Flowers yel-
low ; June and July. Berries purplish, with
a fine bloom ; ripe in September. Decaying
leaves yellow and scarlet. Naked young wood
yellowish brown.

Very distinct from any of the preceding species or varieties, growing with
extraordinary vigour, and capable of being formed into a very handsome small

E

71. Bfrberis aristat

50 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANMICUM.

tree. The root and wood are of a dark yellow colour, and form the yellow
wood of Persian authors ; they are used as a dye, and, being bitter and a
little astringent, they, as well as the bark, are employed in medicine. (Roy/e's
Illust., p. 63.) In Nepal, the fruit of this species* is dried, like grapes for
forming raisins, in the sun. A most desirable plant, calculated to produce a
splendid effect, both when in flower and when in fruit, upon an open lawn.
As a rapid grower, it ought not to be planted near slow-growing shrubs 01
trees.

Other Species of Berberis. — B. Coridria Royle, a species having the same
general appearance as B. aristata, has been raised in the Horticultural
Society's Garden, and there are plants 3 ft. high, but they have not yet flow-
ered. Plants have been raised in the Horticultural Society's Garden, and
in some nurseries, from seeds received from Mexico and Nepal ; but, though
these have new names, it is not certain that they will all prove new species,
and therefore we consider it better not to record them till they have flow-
ered. In Hook. Hot. Mis. vol. iii., B. chilensis Gill., B. ruscifblia Lam., B.
corymbosa Hook, et Arn., B. glomerdta Hook, et Arn., and B. Grevilleana Gill.,
are described, or mentioned, as having been found in South America, and
Dr. Hooker has specimens of them in his herbarium. Numerous varieties
of Berberis vulgaris are raised in the London gardens, under continental names,
as if they were species, but very few of them are worth keeping distinct.
See in Gard. Mag. for 1840, p. 1., Mr. Gordon's Report on those raised
in the Horticultural Society's Garden in 1839.

GENUS II.

MAHONN/J Nutt. THE MAHONIA, or ASH BERBERRY. Lin.St/st. Hexandria

Monogynia.

Identification. Nutt. Gen. Amer., 1. p. 307. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 108. ; Don's Mill., p. 117.
Kynonymes. Berberis of authors ; Odosttmon Raf. ; Ash Berberry Pen. Cycl.
Derivation. Named by Nuttall in honour of Bernard M'Mahon, a seedsman at Philadelphia, the
author of the American Gardener's Calendar, and an ardent lover of botanical science.

Gen. Char. Sepals 6, guarded on the outside by three scales. Petals 6, with-
out glands on the inside. Stamens furnished with a tooth on each side at
top of the filament. Berries 3— 9-seeded. (Don's Mill.}

Leaves compound, pinnate, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; the leaflets
coriaceous, with the margins toothed or serrated. Flowers yellow. Fruit
mostly black. — Natives of the north-west coast of America, and also of
Nepal, and perhaps Japan.

Though some botanists think that the characters ascribed to this genus, and
those ascribed to Berbeiist as exhibited in p. 41., are not sufficient to keep
them separate as genera ; yet the habits of the species of one, as to the mode
of growth, foliage, and inflorescence, are so distinct from those of the other,
as to induce us to adopt the genus MahomVz. The species in British gardens
are all of comparatively slow growth, and admit but of slow multiplication by
layers, which require to remain on two years, and scarcely at all by cuttings.
Some of them, however, seed freely, and are readily propagated in this way.
The seeds of all the species of Mahom'af, and also of those of Berberis, if
sown immediately after they are ripe, and protected through the winter from
frost, will come up the following spring.

« 1. M. FASCICULAVRIS Dec. The crovtded-racemed Mahonia, or Ash Berberry.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 1. p. 108. ; Don's Mill., 1. p 118.

Synonymes. Robert's pinnata Lag., Bot. Reg., Bot. Mag., and Tor. 8f Gray ; B. fascicularis Pen.
Cyc. In the same work it is stated that Mahonia diversifdlia is the same as this species ; though
it is figured and described by Sweet, as a species from Monte Video : see Swt. Br. Fl.-Gar., 2d
series,!. 56.

Bot. Reg., t. 702. ; Bot. Mag., t. 2398. ; and our fig. 72.

51

Spec. Char., <$?(?, Leaves
of 3 — 6 pairs with an
odd one, the lowest
pair near the base of
the petiole. Leaflets
ovate-lanceolate, ra-
ther distant, one-
nerved, spiny-toothed,
with 4 or 5 teeth on
each side. Racemes
nearly erect, much
crowded. Filaments

Mahbnia fascicuteiis.

An upright evergreen
shrub. California and
Mexico, on mountains.
Height 5ft. to 8ft.
Introduced in 1819.
Flowers yellow ; Mar.
to May. Berries pur-
ple ; ripe in September.
Decaying leaves rich
yellow; drop in June.

Very handsome. " Per-
haps the most showy of all the family." (Hook.) It is readily distinguished,
even at a distance, from the other mahonias, by the glaucous green and
subdued tone of colour of its leaves ; those of all the others being of a
darker green, and more or less shining. The plant is rather too tender to
be treated as a detached bush, unless some slight protection be given to it
during very severe frosts ; but it will grow freely against a wall with scarcely
any protection. Layers and seeds.

» 2. M. ^QUIFO'LIUM Nutt. The Holly-leaved Mahonia, or Ash Berberry.

Identification. Nutt. Gen. Amer., 1. p.212. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 108. ; Don's Mill, 1. p. 118.

Synonymc. Herberts ,4quifdlium Ph., Pen. Cyc., and Tor. 8f Gray.

Engravings. Pursh. Fl. Amer. Sept. 1. 1. 4. ; Bot. Reg., t. 1425. ; and our fig. 73.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves of 4 pairs
of leaflets with an odd one, the
lower pair distant from the base
of the petiole; leaflets ovate, ap-
proximate, cordate at the base,
one-nerved, spiny-toothed, with
9 or 6 teeth on each side. Ra-
cemes erect, and much crowded.
Filaments bidentate. (Z>.'s Mill.)
A shining evergreen shrub. New
Albion to Nootka Sound. Height
5 ft. to 7 ft. in its native country,
probably 10ft. in England. In-
troduced in 1823. Flowers yel-
low ; April and May. Berries
purple ; ripe in September.

Varieties. One variety, M. A. nut-
kanum Dec., is mentioned by De
Candolle ; and another, found at
the junction of the Portage river
with the Columbia, by G. Don. Torrey and Gray consider Mahoma
repens and M. pinnata Menzies as only varieties of this species ; an inad-
vertence excusable in those who have not seen the plants in a living state.

E 2

Mahon/a /Iquifdli

52

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRIT AN NI CUM.

One of the handsomest of evergreen shrubs, attaining the height of 6 ft.
in 6 years, quite hardy, producing a profusion of bunches of yellow flowers
during April and May. In its native country it grows in rich vegetable
soil, among rocks, or in woods, where it forms a' thick and rich undergrowth.
According to Dr. Lindley, it is " perhaps the handsomest hardy evergreen
we yet possess. Its foliage is of a rich, deep, shining green, becoming
purple in the winter; it bears fruit in some abundance, which consists of
clusters of roundish black berries, having their surface covered with a rich
violet bloom. It most resembles M. fascicularis, from which its large shining
leaves at once distinguish it." (Penny Cyc., iv. p. 262.) Layers and seeds.

tt. 3. M. NERVO'SA Nutt, The nerved-leaved Mahonia, or Ash Berberry,

Identification. Nutt. Gen. Amer., 1.

p. 212.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 118.
Synonymes. Berberis nervdsa Ph.,

and Tor. Sf Gray ; Mahbm'a glumi-

cea Dec.; Bdrberis glumacea Pen.

Cyc.
Engravings. Pursh Fl. Amer., 1.

t. 5. ; Bot. Reg., t. 1426. ; and our

fig- 74.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Leaves of
5 — 6 pairs, with an odd
one, the lower pair distant
from the petiole; leaflets
ovate, acuminated, and re-
motely spiny-toothed,some-
what 3 — 5-nerved, with 12
or 14 teeth on each side.
Racemes elongated. Fila-
ments bidentate. (Don's
Mill.} An evergreen un-
dershrub. North-west of
N. America, on the river
Columbia, in shady pine
woods. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft.
Introd. in 1822. Flowers
yellow ; October to March. Berries roundish, glaucous purple, or deep
blue ; ripe in July.

According to Torrey and Gray, the stem is so low, that it often scarcely
rises from the ground, and, indeed, is much shorter than the leaves, which
are 1 ft. to 2 ft. in length. Racemes spi-
cate, often 6 in. to 8 in. long. Flowers
larger than in M. yiquifolium. The pe-
tioles of the leaves, Dr. Lindley says,
"are jointed at every pair of leaflets,
in the manner of a bamboo stem."
The plant is hardy, and will thrive in
a shady border of peat soil. One of
the handsomest of undershrubs.
«. 4. M. RE'PENS G. Don. The

creeping-rooted Mahonia, or Ash

Berberry.

Identification. G. Don, in Loud. Hort. Brit.,

No. 28182.; and in Don's Mill., 1. p. 118.
Synonymes. Berberis ^quifdlium Lindl. Bot.

Reg., t. 1176. ; Berberis ripens Pen. Cue. iv.

p. 262. ; B. ^quifdlium var. rfepens Tor. &

Gray., 1. p. 50.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., 1. 1176. ; and our fig. 75.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaflets 2 — 3 pairs, with an odd one, roundish ovate, opaque,

74. Mahonia nervosa.

Mah6nt'a rfepens.

VII. CRUCIAXCE.ffi I FE'LLA. 53

spiny-tootbed. Racemes diffuse. Root creeping. Filaments bidentate.
(Don's Mill.) An evergreen undershrub. West coast of N. America, on
the Rocky Mountains. Height 1 ft. to 2 ft. Introduced in 1822. Flowers
yellow; April and May. Berries purplish black; ripe in September.
Variety.

* M. r. 2 repens-fasciculdris. — Habit of M. fascicularis, with larger and
more robust foliage, resembling that of M. repens. A sport, or a
hybrid, produced accidentally in the Sawbridgeworth Nursery.

The shoots consist chiefly of short unbranched suckers, with the leaves some-
what glaucous on both surfaces. The racemes of flowers are terminal, nume-
rous, fascicled, diffuse, rising from scaly buds. The plant, in British gardens, is
perfectly hardy, and produces a profusion of rich yellow flowers in April
and May. Layers or suckers ; but it does not root readily. Seeds are
sometimes produced.

Other Species of Mahonia. are no doubt in British gardens ; but as they
have been only raised lately from Nepal or Mexican seeds, nothing can be
recorded of them with that degree of certainty and detail which is suit-
able for this work. Mahoma lenuifolia, a Mexican species with pinnate
leaves, and entire quite smooth leaflets, on very long slender footstalks, has
been raised in the Horticultural Society's Garden, and may probably be as
hardy as M. fascicularis ; but this is uncertain. M. nepalensis, M. Acanthi-
folia, M. tragacanthb'ides, and M. caraganae/o/wr, are said to be very desirable
species.

SECTION II.

Carpella solitary, or connate ; Placenta paneial (that Part of the Capsule which
the Seeds are attached to adhering to the Sides or Walls of the Ovary or Ger-
meri), attached to the Walls or Cells of the Ovary.

ORDER VII. CRUCIA^CE^.

OJKD. CHAR1. The order Cruciaceas is readily recognised by the cruciform
arrangement of the petals, which are always tour, in conjunction with tetra-
dynamous stamens, and the fruit a silique or silicic. — Though there are
several species which, technically considered, are ligneous plants, such as
^lyssum saxatile, 7beris sempervirens, Cheiranthus Chezri, and some others;
yet, in a popular point of view, the only shrub included in the order is the
Fella Pseudo-Cytisus.

GKNUS I.

FF/LLA Z/. THE VELLA. Lin. Syst. Tetradynamia Siliculosa.
Derivation. The word Fella is Latinised from the word velar, the Celtic name of the cress.
Gen. Char. Stamens the 4 longer in 2 pairs, the 2 of each pair grown together.
Style ovate, flat, tongue-shaped, at the tip of the silicic. Silicic ovate, com-
pressed, its valves concave. Partition elliptic. Cotyledons folded, the embryo
root disposed in the sinus of the fold. (Dec. Syst.}

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, sub-evergreen ; toothed or serrated,
glaucous. Flowers in axillary spikes, yellow, seldom succeeded by seed pods
in the climate of London. — Shrub low, suffruticose, native of Spain.

E 3

54

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

a. 1. FE'LLA PSEU'DO-CY'TISUS Z/. False- Cytisus,o/- shrubby, Cress- Rocket.

Identification. Lin. Sp. 895. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 223. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 254.

Synonymes. Fella integrifftlia Sal. \ Faux-cytise, Fr. ; strauchartige (shrubby) Velle, Ger.

Engravings. Cav. Ic., 1. 42. ; and our fig. 76.

Spec. Char., fyc. Petals yellow, with long dark
purple claws. Larger stamens perfectly con-
nate by pairs (Dons Mill.) A low sub-
evergreen shrub. Spain, on calcareous hills.
Height 2 ft. to 4 ft. Introd. in 1759. Flowers
yellow ; April and May. Silique greenish
yellow ; ripe in July. Decaying leaves yellow.
Branches arched, spreading, somewhat decum-
bent. Leaves glaucous green. Somewhat ten-
der, but requires no protection in the climate of
London, when planted on dry soil. It is a
short-lived plant, like all the suffruticose Cru-
ciferae, but it may readily be renewed by cuttings
or seeds.

Pseudo-Cj'titus.

ORDER VIII. CISTAH3EJE.

ORD. CHAR. Sepals 5, two of them being exterior. Petals 5, very fugitive.
Stamens numerous. Fruit capsular, 3 — 5-valved, 5 — 10-celled, with pari-
etal placentae. Embryo inverted. Properties balsamic. (Lindl.)

Leaves simple, opposite or alternate (the lowest leaves always oppo-
site), stipulate or exstipulate, deciduous or sub-evergreen; generally pubes-
cent, pubescence simple or stellate. Flowers large, showy, white, red,
or purple. — Shrubs low, suffrutescent, many subherbaceous; natives of
Europe and Africa.

The fistaceae have no medical properties ; but the resinous balsamic sub-
stance called ladanum or labdanum is produced from C. creticus, C. lada-
niferus, C. /aurifolius, and one or two other species. Their use in gardens is
for ornamenting rockwork, or for keeping in pits during the winter, and planting
out in flower-borders in spring ; as, from the tenderness of the finer species,
they are unfit for a permanent place in a shrubbery or arboretum. Most
of even the larger-growing kinds require some protection during winter :
but they will all grow freely in any soil that is dry ; and they are readily
propagated by seeds, which, in fine seasons, they produce in abundance, or
by cuttings ; the plants, in both cases, flowering the second year. Though
easily propagated, the Cistaceae do not readily bear transplanting, having
very few fibres, and these rambling to a great distance from the main root.
Plants for sale ought, therefore, to be always kept in pots; and, in the
winter season, they should be protected by some slight covering during
severe weather. The hardy ligneous species are included in two genera ; which
are thus contradistinguished by DeCandolle and G. Don : —
CI'STUS L. Capsule 10 — 5-celled.
HELIA'NTHEMUM Tourn. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved.

GENUS I.

DQQ

CTSTUS L. THE CISTUS, or ROCK ROSE. Lin. Syst. Polyandria

Monogynia.

Derivation. From the Greek word ki'ste, a box or capsule, or the Anglo-Saxon, cist, a hollow

VIII. CISTAVCEJE I Cl'STUS. 55

vessel ; on account of the shape of its capsules. In Martyn's Miller, the name is said to be derived
from that of the youth Cistus, whose story is to be found in Cassianus Bassus. Others derive it
from kfs, a worm or weevil.

Identification. Tourn., Lin., Dec., G. Don.

Synonymes. Holly Rose, Gerard ; Gum Cistus ; Ciste, Fr. ; Cisten Rose, Ger. ; Cisto Ital,

Gen. Char. Calyx of 5 sepals. Sepals disposed.in a double series; 9, outer
ones unequal, sometimes wanting. Petals 5, equal, somewhat cuneated,
caducous. Stamens numerous, usually exserted from the glandular disk.
Style filiform. Stigma capitate. Capsule covered by the calyx, 5- or
10-valved, with a seminiferous partition in the middle of each valve,
therefore 5- or 10-celled. Seeds ovate, angular. Embryo filiform, spiral.
Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, sub-evergreen, entire or toothed ;
the petioles embracing the stem. Flowers axillary, -or many flowered
peduncles ; large, beautiful, resembling a rose, red or white. — Shrubs or
subshrubs, natives of the South of Europe and North of Africa. Only
two or three species ,or subspecies, and their varieties, are hardy in the
climate of London.

!t 1. CYsTUS PURPU'REUS Lam. The purple-Jlowered Cistus, or Sock Rose.

Identification. Lam. Diet., 2. p. 14.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 264. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 298.

Synonymes. C. cr^ticus Hart. Kew. ; the purple Gum Cistus. the purple shrubby Cistus; Ciste

pourpre, Fr. ; purpurrothe Cisten Rose, Ger.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 408. ; Swt. Cist., t. 17. ; and our Jig. 77.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or
acute, and more or less rugose ; reticulately veined,
with undulated margins. Petioles short, hairy, con-
nected at the base, and sheathing the stem. Flowers
terminal, from 1 to 6, on short peduncles. Bracteas
sessile, leaf-like, pubescent, broad and concave at the
base, where they are connected, and terminating in
acute points. Pedicels short, and with the calyx hairy.
Calyx of 5 sepals. Petals 5 or 6, obovate or wedge-
shaped ; very much imbricate, more or less crum-
pled. Stamens numerous, filaments smooth. Style
very short ; and stigma large, capitate, 5-lobed, papil-
lose. (Swt. Cist.) A sub-evergreen low bush. Levant.
Height 3 ft. to 4? ft. Introduced in 1659. Flowers 77 ttstua purp7ceus<
large, bright reddish purple, with a yellow spot at the
base. June and July. Capsule brown ; ripe in Sept. Decaying leaves brown.

Branches numerous, erect, and clothed with a brownish pubescence.
The flowers are very large and handsome, of a bright reddish purple, with
a yellow spot at the base, above which is a large dark purple velvet mark,
surrounded with red, and slightly branched. The petals are imbricate, and
much crumpled. It flowers abundantly in June and July ; grows very fast, is
easily propagated by cuttings, and is very ornamental.

tt 2. C. INCA^NUS L. The hoary Cistus, or Sock Rose.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 737.; Smith's Fl. Grac., 494.; Don'r Mill. 1

p. 298.
Synonymes. C. klbidus Hort. ; C. cym&sus Dec. ; Ciste cotonneux, Fr. ;

bestaubte Cisten Rose, Ger.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 43. ; Swt. Cist., t. 44. ; and our fig. 78.

Spec. Char., tyc. Leaves spathulate, tomentose, wrinkled,
somewhat 3-nerved, sessile, somewhat connate at the base,
upper ones narrower. Peduncles 1 — 3-flowered. (Don's
Mill.) A hoary evergreen shrub. Spain and France. Height
2 ft. to 3ft. Introduced in 1597. Flowers reddish purple,
with the petioles emarginate. June and July. Capsule
brown ; ripe in September. Decaying leaves brown.

Quite hardy in dry soil.

• * 78. Cistu* inciniu.

E 4

56

ARBORETUM ET FUUTICETUM BEITANNICUM.

«. 3. C. CORBARIE'NSIS Pourr. The Corbieres Cistus, or Rock Rmc.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 1. p. 265. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 299.

Syrwni/mcs. C. *alvia>f61ius 0 Dec. Prod. Fl. Fr., 4. p. 813. ; C. populif61ius

minor, in some nurseries ; C. hjbridus Pourr., not of Vahl.
Engravings. Swt. Cist., t. 8. ; and our fig. 79.

Spec. Char. $c. Leaves stalked, somewhat cordate, ovate,
acuminated., with fringed margins, wrinkled on both surfaces,
and very glutinous. Peduncles long, 1 — 3-flowered. (Don's
Mill-) A sub-evergreen shrub. South of France, on the
mountains of Corbieres ; and also in Spain. Height 2 ft. to
3ft. Introduced in 1656. Flowers white; May and June.
Capsule brown ; ripe in August.

A handsome plant, and, according to Sweet, one of the
hardiest species of the genus, thriving well in common garden
soil, and in any situation where it is not too moist. It conti-
nues in bloom for about two months ; and every day during
that period the plant is covered with a profusion of hand- 79-
some white flowers, the margins of which are tinged with rose colour.
The rose-coloured buds are also very pretty before the flowers expand.

* 4. C. POPULIFOLIUS L. The Poplar-leaved Cistus, or RocJc Rose.

Identification. Lin. Sp 736. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 300.

Synmtymes. Cistus populifblius Cav. I:on. ; Ciste a Feuilles de Peuplier, d

Fr. ; Pappel-blattrige Cisten Rose, Ger.
Engravings. Swt. Cist. 23. ; and our fig. 80.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves stalked, cordate, acuminate,
wrinkled, smooth. Flowers cymose. Peduncles bracteate.
Bracteas oblong. Sepals acuminate, clammy. (Don's Mill.)
A sub-evergreen shrub of vigorous growth. France and
Spain. Height 5 ft. to 7 ft. Introduced in 1656. Flowers
white, with distinct petals ; May to July. Capsule brown ;
ripe in September.

Leaves dark green, cordate, clammy, with undulate margins.
One of the most robust species of the genus, and also one of
the hardiest. A plant 7 ft. high, in the grounds at Syon,
stood through the winter of 1837-8 uninjured, without the
slightest protection. so. tist..s PoPuiif6ii

* 5. C. LAURIFOVLIUS L. The Laurel-leaved Cistus, cr Rock Rose.

Identification. Lin. Sp. 736. ; Clus. Hist. 1. p. 78. f. 1. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 300.
Synonymes. Ciste a Feuilles de Laurier, Fr. ; Lorbeer-b attrige Cisten Rose, Ger.
Engravings. Clus. Hist., 1. p. 78. f. 1. ; Swt. Cist., t. 52. ; and our fig. 81.

Spec. Char., Sf-c. Leaves stalked, ovate-
lanceolate, 3-nerved, upper surface gla-
brous, under surface tomentose. Foot-
stalks dilated, and connate at the base.
Capsules 5-celled. (Don's Mill.) A
sub-evergreen bush. South of France,
and Spain. Height 4ft. to 5ft. In-
troduced in 177 1. Flowers large, white,
with light red bracteas; July and Aug.
Capsule brown ; ripe in October.
A very robust species, with large

green laurel-like leaves. It produces an

abundance of flowers, which, with their

light red bracteas, are very ornamental

before they expand, resembling, at a distance, the bursting buds of roses. It

requires no protection ; and may be raised from seeds, which it ripens in

abundance; and also by cuttings, which, however, do not strike so freely as in

some of the other species.

G'fstus /aurifolius.

vin. CISTACE.E: c\ STUS.

57

82. C. ladanif. maculatus.

« 6. C. LADANI'FEKUS L. The Ladan um-bearing Gum Cistus, or Rock Rose.

Identification. Lin. Sp. 737. ; Don's Mill., 1 p. 300.
Synonymes. Ciste ladardtere, Fr.\ Ladanum Cisten Rose, Ger.\ Ladano,
Hal.

Spec, Char., fyc. Leaves almost sessile, connate at the
base, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, upper surface gla-
brous, under surface tomentose. Capsule 10-celled.
Petals imbricate. (Don's Mill.) A sub-evergreen
shrub. Spain and Portugal, on hills. Height; 4 ft. to
5 ft. Introduced in 1629. Flowers large, white, 1 in.
to 2 in. broad ; June and July. Capsule brown ; ripe
in September.

Varieties. C. /. 1 albiflorus Dec. Prod. i. p. 266., Swt.
Cist. t. 94. ; Z/edon, i., Clus. Hist. i. p. 78. ic. ; and
C. /. 2 maculatus Dec. Prod. 1. c. (Swt. Cist. ; and
our fg. 82.) ; C. \. 3 plenifolius Ait. Hort. Kew. iii.
p. 305. ; are varieties of this species.

The leaves are lanceolate, and nearly sessile, of a deep green ; the flowers
terminating the branches, solitary, white, and large. The variety C. ladanf ferus
maculatus, which our Jig. 82. represents, is a plant of very great beauty, and
no collection should be without it.

«i 7. C. (v.) CY'PRIUS Lam. The Gum Cistus, or Cyprus Rock Rose.

Identification. Lara. Diet., 2. p. 16. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 300.

Synonymes. C. ladaniierus Bot. Mag. t. 1 12. ; Cistus stenophyllus Link Enum. 2. p. 74.? ; C. salici-

R>lius of some.
Engravings. Swt. Cist., t. 39. ; and our fig. 83.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves stalked, oblong-lanceolate,
upper surface glabrous, under surface clothed with
hoary tomentum. Peduncles generally many-
flowered. Petals spotted. Capsules 5-celled. (Don's
Mill.) A splendid sub-evergreen shrub. Island of
Cyprus. Height 5ft. to 6 ft- Introduced in IbOO.
Flowers white, 2 in. to 3 in. across, imbricated, each
petal having a dark rich brownish crimson spot at
the base ; June and July. Capsule brown ; ripe in
September.

One of the handsomest species of the genus, and so
closely resembling C. ladaniferus, as, in our opinion, to
be nothing more than a variety of that species. Young
cuttings, Sweet observes, planted under hand-glasses
in autumn, will strike root ; but the best way is to raise them from layers
or from seed. There was, in 1834, a plant of this species at Minard, in Ar-
gyllshire, 7ft. 9 in. high, with a head 12 ft. in diameter, which is clothed with
flowers every year.

Other Species of Cistus are described in Sweet's Cistinece, as nearly equally
hardy with the above; but the experience of the winter of 1837-8 has induced
us to omit them. Those who intend to treat them as garden plants, and can
afford them a little protection during winter, will find 36 species, besides
varieties, described in the first edition of this work, and several of them
figured. Those who intend only to have a collection of showy species, with-
out much regard to their names, will have recourse to the mode recommended
in the concluding paragraph on the Helianthemum. (p. 61.) The following
species or subspecies were found tolerably hardy in the Canterbury Nursery :
C. heterophyllus, C. creticus, C. crispus, C. Cupanianus, C. hirsutus, C. laxus,
C. villosus, C. oblongifolius, C. undulatus, C. salviaefolius, C. longifolius, C.
psilos^palus.

58 ARBORETUM ET FRUTJCETUM BRITANNICUM.

GENUS II.

[J

Synont/me. 6'istus Heli&nthemum Lin. Sp. 1. p. 744., Sm.Engl. Sot. 1321., Curt. Fl. Land 5. t. 36

. 84.

HELIA'NTHEMUM. THE HELIANTHEMUM, or SUN ROSE. Lin. Syst.
Polyandria Monogynia.

Identification. Tourn. Inst., 248. 1. 128. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 266. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 301.

Synonymes. Cisti species of Lin. : Heliantheme Sonnen Gurtel, Ger. ; Eliantemo, Ital.

Derivation. From helios, the sun, and anthemon, a flower ; because the flowers open with the rising
of the sun in the morning, and the petals fall off with the setting of the sun in the evening. The
flowers of Helianthemum, as well as of Cistus, only last for a few hours when the sun shines ; and
if the weather is dull, and the sun does not make its appearance, the flowers do not open, but
remain unexpanded. Should this continue for several days together, they will decay in the bud.

Gen. Char. Calyx of 3 — 5 sepals j.the two outer usually smaller than the
inner ones, rarely larger. Petals 5, usually regularly denticulated at the
top. Stigma capitate. Style sometimes almost wanting, sometimes straight,
sometimes oblique, and sometimes bent at the base. Ovary triquetrous.
Capsule 3-valved. Seeds angular, smooth.

Leaves simple, opposite or alternate, stipulate or exstipulate, sub-ever-
green ; 3-nerved or feather-nerved. Flowers axillary or terminal. Pedicels
usually furnished with bracteas at the base. — Shrubs or subshrubs, low,
prostrate, resembling herbaceous plants ; natives of Europe ; and of the
easiest culture in any common soil.

JU 1. H. VULGAVRE G<ert. The common Helianthemum, or Sun Rose.

Identification. Gasrt Fruct., 1. p. 371. t. 76. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 311.
Synont/me. 6'istus Heli&nthemum Lin. Sp. 1.
Engravings Eng. Bot., 1. 1321. ; and our Jig.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem suffruticose, procumbent, branched, branches elongated.
Leaves scarcely revolute at the margins ; under surface cinereously hoary ;
upper surface green, pilose, somewhat ciliated. Lower leaves
somewhat orbicular, middle ones ovate-elliptical, upper ones
oblong. Stipules oblong-linear, ciliated, longer than the foot-
stalks of the leaves. Racemes loose. Pedicels and calyxes
pilose. (Don's Mill.) A procumbent sub-evergreen under-
shrub. Europe and Britain, in dry and hilly pastures. Height
6 in. to I ft. Flowers yellow ; May to September.

Varieties. There is a very handsome double-flowered variety,
with pale yellow flowers ; and another, called Lee's new double
yellow, with dark yellow flowers ; both of which are in general
cultivation in the nurseries. De Candolle also notices two
forms of the species : one with tomentose pubescent branches,
and stipules scarcely longer than the footstalks of the leaves; and another
with branches glabrous at the base, but pubescent upwards, and the stipules
twice or thrice the length of the petioles of the leaves.

The stamens, if touched during sunshine, spread slowly, and lie down upon
the petals. (Smith.) " A very variable species," even in a wild state ; and,
in gardens, many beautiful varieties, single and double, have been originated
from it by cross fecundation with Continental helianthemums, and perhaps with
cistuses.

j^. 2. H. (v.) SURREJA'NUM Mill. The Sur-
rey Helianthemum, or Sun Rose.

Identification. Mill. Diet., No. 15. ; Swt. Cist., t. 28. ;

Don's Mill., 1. p. 311.
Syncnyme. Ostus surrejanus Lin. Sp. 743., Smith's Eng.

Engravings, Dill. Elth., 177. t. 145. f. 174.; Swt. Cist.,
t. 28. ; TEng. Bot., t. 2207. ; and our fig. 85.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem suffruticose, procum-
bent. Leaves ovate oblong, rather pilose.
Racemes many-flowered, terminal. Pe-

59

tals narrow, lanceolate, jagged. (Don's Mill.) A procumbent, sub-ever-
green, suffruticose, undershrub. Britain, in Surrey, near Croydon. Height
6 in. to 1 ft. Flowers yellow, with the petals distinct, and the calyxes pilose ;
July to October.

^ 3. H. (v.) 5ERPYLLIFOVLIUM Mill. The Wild-Thynie-leaved Helianthe-
mum, or Sun Rose.

Identification. Mill. Diet. No. 8. ; Don's Mill., l.'p. 311.
Synwyme. Cistus i-erpyllifclius Lin. Sp. 743.
Engravings. Swt. Cist"., t. 60. ; and OUT fig. 86.

Spec. Charge. Stem suffruticose. Branches ascend-
ent, glabrous at the base, and pilose at the apex.
Leaves oblong-elliptical, with re volute margins ; under
surface hoary-tomentose ; upper surface intensely
green, shining, at first rather pilose, afterwards almost
smooth. Stipules and bracteas green, ciliated. Ca-
lyxes canescent, with inconspicuous down, and with
the nerves sparingly pilose. {Don's Mill) A trailing, 86. H. «erpymf6iium.
sub-evergreen, suffruticose undershrub. Alps of Styria and Austria, and in
Britain, in Somersetshire. Height 6 in. to 1 ft. Introduced in 1731 ; dis-
covered in England in 1826. Flowers large, yellow, with the petals distinct;
May to September.

!U 4. H. (v.) GRANDIFLONRUM Dec. The large-flowered Helianthemum, or

Sun Rose.

Identification. Dec. Fl. Fr., 4. p. 821. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 311.
Synonyme. Cistus grandiflbrus Scop. Cam. ed. 2. No. 648. t. 25.
Engravings. Swt. Cist., t. 69. ; Scop. Cam., ed. 2. t. 25. ; and our fig. 87.

Spec. Char.,, tyc. Stem suffruticose, ascending. Branches hairy.
Upper leaves flattish, oblong, rather pilose; upper surface
green, under surface sometimes pale cinereous. Stipules
ciliated, rather longer than the footstalks of the leaves.
Flowers large. Calyxes rather hairy. (Don's Mill.) A neat,
little, bushy, sub-evergreen, suffruticose undershrub, bearing a
close resemblance to H. vulgare, but larger in all its parts.
Pyrenees. Height 6 in. to 1 ft. Introduced in 1800.
Flowers large, pale yellow ; June to August.

87. H. grandiflbru

t* 5. H. (v.) TAU'RICUM Fisch. The Taurian Helianthemum, or Sun Rose.

Identification. Fisch. MSS.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 312.
Engravings. Swt. Cist., 105.; and our fig. 88.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem suffruticose, much branched, pro-
cumbent. Branches procumbent, beset with long hairs.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, with rather re volute margins,
pilose on both surfaces, green above, and paler beneath.
Stipules lanceolate-linear, ciliated, longer than the petiole.
Flowers large. Calyx shining, rather hairy. Petals imbri-
cate. (Don's Mill.) A procumbent, sub-evergreen, suflfruti-
cose undershrub. Tauria. Height Gin.
to 1 ft. Introduced in 1820. Flowers
large, pale yellow; May to October.
Resembles H. grandiflorum ; but differs

from it in the branches spreading flat on the ground, and

extending to a great distance.

*>. 6. H. (v.) APENNI'NUM Dec. The Apennine Helianthe-
mum, or Sun Rose.

Identification. Dec. Fl. Fr., 4. p. 824 ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 313.

Synonymes. Cistus apennlnus Lin. Sp. 744.?, Dill. Ellh. 170. ; Cistus his-

pidus /3 Lam. Diet. 2. p. 26. ; Erba bottoncina, Ital.
Engravings. Swt. Cist., t. 62.; and our fig. 89.

60

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

90. H. macranthum.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem suffruticose, branched. Branches spreading, hoary
tomentose. Leaves stalked, oblong linear, with the margins scarcely revo-
lute; under surface tomentose, upper surface glaucescent, but at length
becoming smooth. Stipules awl-shaped, longer than the footstalks of the
leaves. Calyxes covered with very short hairs, striated, cinereously glaucous,
bhmtish. (Don's Mill.) A procumbent, sub-evergreen, suffruticose, under-
shrub. Germany and Italy, on dry hills and places exposed to the sun.
Height 6 in. to 1 ft. Introduced in 1731. Flowers white, with the petals
distinct, and marked with yellow at their base ; May to August.

)t, 7. H. (v.) MACRA'NTHUM Swt. The large-flowered Helianthemum, or Sun

Rose.

Identification. Don's Mill., 1 . p. 313.
Engravings. Swt. Cist., 1. 103.; and omfig. 90.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem suffruticose. Branches procum-
bent, rather tomentose. Leaves flat, ovate oblong,
acutish ; smooth above, and densely tomentose beneath ;
pale cinereous. Stipules rather pilose ; about equal to,
or longer than, the petioles. Calyx stri-
ated, pilose. Petals distinct. (Don's
Mill.) A procumbent, sub-evergreen,
suffruticose undershrub. Originated in
gardens. Height 6 in. to 1 ft. Cultivated
in 1828. Flowers larger than in any
other species ; cream-coloured white,
with the petals distinct, spreading, and
very slender at the base, where they are marked with yel-
low ; May to August.
Variety.

t, H. m. 2 multiplex (Swt. Cist.,t. 104.; and our fig. 91.) 91. H. m. mauiplei.
is a beautiful plant, not only on account of its fine
double flowers, but of its habit of growth. It ought to be in every
cistacetum.

t- 8. H. (v.) CANE'SCENS Swt. The canescent-leaved Helianthemum, or

Sun Rose.

Identification. Swt. Cist., t. 51. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 313.
Engravings. Swt. Cist., t. 51. ; and our fig. 92.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Stem suffmticose, branched, diffuse. Branches ascending,
rather tomentose, canescent. Leaves flat, or hardly revolute at the margins ;
under surface tomentosely hoary, upper surface greenish glaucous. Lower
leaves ovate oblong, obtuse; upper ones lanceolate, acute. Stipules linear,
ciliated, somewhat longer than the footstalks. Calyxes smoothish, but with
the nerves pubescent. Petals imbricated. (Don's Mill.) A procumbent,
sub-evergreen, suffruticose undershrub. Originated in gardens. Height
6 in. to 1 foot. Cultivated in 1826. Flowers reddish crimson; May to
August.

A splendid plant, with reddish crimson flowers ;
the petals imbricated, and having a small orange spot
at the base of each. Sweet considers it as having the
darkest-coloured, if not the handsomest, flowers of
the genus. The flowers are also, he says, very large
for the size of the plant. It is nearly related to H.
rhodanthum, but is readily distinguished from it by its
canescent leaves, and stronger habit of growth.

i~ 9. H. (v. ) T/YSSOPIFO'LIUM Tenore. The Hyssop-leaved Helianthemum,

Sun Rose.
Identification Tenor. Syn. Fl. Neap., p. 48. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 314.

VIII. CISTA CEJE : HELIA NTHEMUM.

61

Origi-
Flowers
ripe in

93. H. (v.) Ayssopifolium.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem suffruticose, ascending. Branches hairy-tomentose.
Lower leaves oval •, upper ones oblong-lanceolate, green on both surfaces,
flat, hairy. Calyxes hairy. Petals imbricate. (Don's Mill.) A sub-
evergreen suffruticose undershrub, with the branches ascending
nated in gardens. Height 1 ft. to 1-| ft. Cultivated in 1827.
variable from satfron to red ; May to" August. Capsule brown
September. Varying considerably by culture.

Varieties.

!U H. h. 1 crocdtum (Swt. Cist., t. 92.) has

flowers saffron-coloured, with more or less

of a ferrugineous tint, and may represent

the species.
a~ H. h. 2 cupreum (Swt. Cist., t. 58.) has

flowers of a reddish copper-colour.
!U H. h. 3 multiplex (Swt. Cist., t. 72. ; and our
Jig. 93.) has double flowers, of a reddish

copper-colour.

All the three forms of this variety are splendid
plants ; they are hardy, of luxuriant growth, flower-
ing freely, and of the easiest culture, either in pots
or on banks of light sandy soil, covered with flints
or stones. The flowers of the copper-coloured va-
riety, and also the leaves, are larger than those of the two other kinds. The
double-flowered variety appears to be of a more upright habit of growth,
and not quite so robust as the others.

j* 10. H. SCABROVSUM Pers. The rough Helianthemum, or Sun Rose.

Identification. Pers. Ench., 2. p. 76. ; Brot. Fl. Lus., 2. p. 265. ;

Don's Mill., i. p. 302.

Synonyme. Cistus scabrosus Ait. Hort. Kew. 2. p. 236.
Engravings. Swt. Cist., t. 81. ; and our fig. 94.

Spec. Char., $c. Erectish. Branches pilosely to-

mentose, scabrous, canescent. Leaves sessile,

tapering to the base, oblong-ovate, acutish,

roughish, 3-nerved, with waved revolute margins ;

upper surface green, under surface clothed with

grey tomentum. Peduncles terminal, 1 — 2-flow-

ered, shorter than the leaves. Calyx 3-sepaled,

hairy. Petals distinct. (Don's Mill.) A sub-ever-
green erect undershrub. Portugal. Height 2 ft.

to 3 ft. Introduced in 1775. Flowers rich yellow ;

June to August. Capsule brown ; ripe in Sept.

Differs from most other species of Helianthemum,
in growing erect. It forms a very handsome little bush,
but it requires a sheltered situation, and a dry soil.

Many other Kinds of Helianthemums described in Sweet's Cistmece are, perhaps,
as hardy as those we have selected ; but it would be of little use giving them here,
the greater part having been lost during the winter of 1837-8. In the first
edition of this Arboretum 99 species are described, besides varieties. Sup-
posing a cultivator about to form a collection of Cistaceae, we should attach
much less importance to his being able to procure all the sorts of Cfstus and
Helianthemum described in Sweet's Cistinefs, than to his obtaining all the sorts
easily procurable, whatever names they might pass under, and cross-fecunda-
ting them so as to produce new forms. There can be no doubt whatever that
the sorts of both the genera C'istus and Helianthemum might, by cross-fe-
cundation, be increased ad infinitum ; and, considering their very great beauty
as border and rookwork shrubs, we think they merit the attention of culti-
vators at least as much as many florist's flowers.

94. H. scabrosum.

62 ARBORETUM ET FRUTTCETUM BRITANNICUM,

SECTION III.

Ovarium solitary ; Placenta central. ( The Column in the Fruit to which the Seeds
are attached central, and not adhering to the Side as in Section II.)

ORDER IX. MALVAXCEJ£.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx with a valvate se^tivation, mostly with an involucre. Sta-
mens with the filaments monadelphous, and the anthers 1 -celled. Pubes-
cence starry. (Lindl.) — Trees or shrubs, deciduous, natives of warm climates.
Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; more or less divided.
Hairs stellate, axillary. Flowers on peduncles, large, showy. — The only
genus containing hardy species is J?ihfscus. The genus Lavatera contains
some species which have an arborescent appearance, but which are in fact
only sutfrutescent biennials or triennials.

GENUS I.

r

l/IBI'SCUS L. THE HIBISCUS. Lin. Syst. Monadelphia Polvandria.

Identification. Lin, Gen., 846. ; Dec. Prod , 1. p. 446. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 476.

Synonymies. Ketmie, Fr. ; Eibisch, Ger. ; Ibisco, Ital.

Derivation. The word hibiskos is one of the names given by the Greeks to the mallow. The //ibfscus
of Pliny appears to be an umbelliferous plant ; while that of Virgil is a plant with pliant branches,
which was made into baskets. The word J/ibiscus is supposed by some to be derived from ibis, a
stork, which is said to feed on some of the species. Ketmie (Fr.) is derived from Kttmia, the name
given to the genus by Tournefort. Eibisch is the German aboriginal word for the mallow.

Gen. Char. Calyx encompassed by a many-leaved, rarely by a few-leaved, in-
volucel, or one with its leaves connate. Petals not auricled. Stigmas 5.
Carpels joined into a 5-celled 5-valved capsule, with a dissepiment in the
middle of each valve on the inside. Cells many-seeded, rarely 1-seeded.

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; variously lobed and
toothed, generally ovate-wedge-shaped. Flowers pedunculate, large, showy.
— The only hardy ligneous species is H. syriacus.

& 1. H. SVRINACUS L. The Syrian Hibiscus, or Althcea Frutex.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 978. ; Dec, Prod., 1. p. 448. ; Don's Mill., 1. 478.
Synonijm.es. Ketmie des Jardins, Fr. ; Syrischer Eibisch, Ger.
Derivation. It is called Althaea from the resemblance of its flowers to those

of the ^Ithze'a rosea.
Engravings. Cav. Diss., 3. t. 69. f. 1. ; Bot. Mag., t. 83. ; and our fig. 95.

Spec. Char.t &c. Stem unarmed, arboreous, Leaves
ovate, wedge-shaped, 3-!obed, toothed. Pedicels hardly
longer than the leaves. Involucel 6 — 7-leaved. (Don's
Mill.') A deciduous shrub. Syria and Carniola. Height
6 ft. Introduced in 1596. Flowers large, single or
double, white, red, purple, or variegated ; August and
September. Capsule greenish brown ; ripe in October.
Decaying leaves yellowish" green. Naked wood white

One of our most ornamental hardy shrubs, of which
there are the following varieties : —

* H. s. 2 fbliis variegdtis. — Leaves variegated.

* H. s. 3 fibre variegdto. — Flowers variegated.
Sfe H. s. 4 fibre purpureo. — Flowers purple.

& H. s. 5 fibre purpureo plena. — Flowers double, purple.

sit H. s. 6 fibre rubro. — Flowers red.

& H. s. 7 fibre albo. — Flowers white.

til H. s. S fibre albo pleno. — Flowers double, white.

IX. JlfALVAVCE^. X. TILIA^CE^. 63

Branches numerous, upright, white-barked ; their general character being
rather fastigiate than spreading. Leaves variously lobed ; flowers axillary,
large, and bell-shaped. Conspicuously ornamental ; and the more valuable,
because it produces its flowers at a time of the year when few shrubs are
in bloom. It forms beautiful garden hedges ; more especially when the
different sorts are planted in a harmonious order of succession, according to
their colours ; and when the plants are not clipped, but carefully pruned with
the knife. In the colder parts of Britain, and in the north of Germany, few
ornamental shrubs better deserve being planted against a wall. It will grow-
in almost any soil not too wet j but, like all the -Malvaceae, seems to prefer
one which is sandy, deep, and rich, rather than poor. An open airy situation,
where it will ripen its wood, is essential. The single-flowered varieties are
propagated by seed, which come up true to their respective colours ; and the
double-flowered varieties are propagated by layers, by grafting on the common
sorts, and sometimes by cuttings of the ripened wood, planted in sand in
autumn, and covered with a hand-glass during the winter.

ORDER X.

OJRD. CHAR. Sepals 4 or 5, with a valvate aestivation, mostly without an invo-
lucre. Petals 4 or 5, or rarely not any. Stamens hypogynous, generally
numerous, with filaments separate, and anthers 2-celled. Mostly glands
between the petals and ovarium. Ovary and fruit single, of 4 — 10 carpels
grown together ; cells in the fruit, at least in some, not so many as the
carpels. (Lindley.} — Trees and shrubs chiefly from warm climates.

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; cordate. Flowers panicled,
yellowish, fragrant, with an oblong bractea united to the common stalk.
Capsule downy. — The only genus which is perfectly hardy is Tilia, ; native
of Europe and North America.

GENUS I.

Tl'LIA L. THE LIME TREE. Lin. Syst. Polyandria Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 660. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 512. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 552.

Synonymes. Line Tree, Gerard ; Lind, Anglo-Sax. ; Tilleul, Fr. ; Bast-holtz, Ger. ; Linde, Ger.
and Dutch ; Tiglia, Hal. ; Tilo, Span. ; Lipa, Rttss.

Derivation. In London and Wise's Retired Gardener the name of Tilia is derived from the Greek
word plilon, a feather, from the feathery appearance of the bracteas ; but others derive it from the
Greek word tilai, light bodies floating in the air like wool or feathers. Tilleul is from tattler, either
because the tree bears pruning well, or the wood may be easily carved. Bast-holtz is literally
bark wood, in allusion to the use of the bark, in forming mats.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens numerous, free, or some-
what polyadelphous. Ovary globose, villous, 1-styled, 5-celled ; cells 2-
ovuled. Nut coriaceous, l-celled, 1 — 2-seeded, from abortion. (Don's
Mill., i. p. 5iO.) — Timber trees, with a tough fibrous bark, large deciduous
leaves, mellifluous flowers, and a remarkable bractea attached to the pe-
duncle of each of the cymes of flowers. Natives of Europe and North
America.

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; cordate. — The species are
three, according to some ; and more than twice that number, according to
others. Our opinion is, that they may be all included under two, T. europaeva
and T. americana.

¥ 1. T. EUROPE' A Z. The European, or common, Lime Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp. 733. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. -r>52. ; Smith's Eng. Fl., 3. p. 16.

Synonymes. T. intermedia Dec. Prod. 1 . 513. ; or T. vulgaTis Hayne Dend. ; T. europffi^a boreilU

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

96. rilia europje'a.

Spec. Char., $c. Petals without scales. Leaves cordate, acuminated, ser-
rated, smooth, except a tuft of hair at the origin of the veins beneath, twice
the length of the petioles. Cymes many- flowered. Fruit coriaceous,
downy. (Don's Mill.) A large deciduous tree. Europe, and Britain in
some aboriginal woods. Height 60 ft. to 90ft. Flowers yellowish white;
August and September. Fruit yellow ; ripe in October. Decaying leaves
yellow, or yellowish brown. Naked voung wood reddish, or yellowish
brown.

Varieties. The extensive distribution and long cultivation of this tree in
Europe have given rise to the following varieties, or races, described by
most botanists as species : —

A. Varieties differing in respect to Foliage.

¥ T. e.l parvifolia. T. microphylla Vent., Willd., Dec., and G. Don; T.
e. var. y L. ; T. wlmifolia Scop. ; T. sylvestris Desf. ; T. parvifolia
Ehrh., Hayne Dend. ; T. cordata Mill. ; Tilleul a petites Feuilles
Fr. ; kleinblattrige Linde, or Winterlinde, Ger. (Willd. Holzart,
t. 106.; Engl. Bot., t. 1705.; and our fig. 97.)
— Leaves cordate, roundish, acuminated, sharply
serrated ; smooth above, glaucous and bearded
beneath on the axils of the veins, as well as
in hairy blotches. Fruit rather globose, hardly
ribbed, very thin and brittle. Native of Europe,
in sub-mountainous woods ; in England, frequent
in Essex and Sussex, This variety is distinguish-
able, at first sight, from all the others, by the
smallness of its leaves, which are only about 2 in.
broad, and sometimes scarcely longer than their
slender footstalks. The flowers are also much
smaller than in any of the other varieties ; they expand later ; and
they are very fragrant, having a scent like those of the honeysuckle
There was, in 1834, a subvariety of this in the garden of the Hort
Soc., under the name of T. parvifolia glauca.

t T. e. 2 grandifdlia. T. platyphylla Scop. ; T. cordifolia Bess. ; T
europaeva Desf.; T. grandifolia Ehrh. and Smith; broad-leaved
downy Lime Tree ; Tilleul a grandes Feuilles, or Tilleul de Hoi-

T. microphyila.

x. TILIACEIE : TI'LIA.

98. Tiiia europse'a platyphjlla.

lande, Fr. (Vent. Diss., p. 6. t. 1. f. 2. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st
edit., vol. v. ; and our fig. 98.) — Leaves cordate, roundish,
acuminated, sharply serrated, downy beneath ; origin of their veins
woolly. Branches hairy. Cymes 3-flowered. Fruit woody, downy,
turbinate, with 5 prominent angles. This tree is readily distinguished
from T. e. parvifolia by its much larger and rougher leaves, and, also,
by its rougher bark and hispid branches.

T. e. 3 intermedia. T. intermedia Hayne ; T. platyphylla minor
Hart. (The plate of this variety in Arb. Brit, 1st edit., vol. v.;
and our fg. 99. ) — Leaves intermediate between T. e. grandifolia

99. Tflia europae^a intermedia

and T. e. parvifolia. This variety is the most common in Britain ;
T. e. grandifolia in the South of Europe ; and T. e. parvifolia in the
North of Europe, and especially in Sweden.

T. e. 4> lacinidta. T. platyphylla laciniata Hort. ; T. asplenifolia
nova Hort. (The plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edition, vol. v. ; and our
Jig. 100.) — Leaves deeply and irregularly cut and twisted, scarcely
two on the tree being alike. Apparently a subvariety of T. e par-
vifolia. Height 20 or 30 feet.

t)t> ARBORETUM ET FHUT1CETUM BRITANNICUM.

100. Tflia europteVi laciniata.

B. Varieties differing in the Colour of the young Shoots.

Each of the varieties included in Division A may have subvarieties dif-
fering in the colour of the young wood ; but we shall only notice those
in general cultivation.

¥ T. e. 5 rubra. T. corinthiaca Bosc ; T. corallina Hort. Kew. ; T.
europaeva j3 r libra Sibthorp ; T. europae^a y Smith's Flor. Brit. 571. ;
T. prandifolia /3 Smith's Eng. Flora, 3. 19. — Young shoots of a
bright red ; apparently a variety of T. e. intermedia.
t T. <?. 6 parvifolia aurea. (The piate in Arb. Brit., 1st. edit. vol. v. ;
and our fig. 101.)— Young shoots of a rich yellow. Height 15ft.
to 20 ft.

101. Tilin parvif 6Iia aurea.

* T. e. 7 grandifolia aurea. — Twigs of a fine yellow. Leaves large.

Tree 60 ft. to 80 ft.
Other Varieties. There is a variety with variegated leaves, but it is such a

x. TILIA'CE^E: TI'LIA. 67

ragged ill-looking plant that we deem it altogether unworthy of culture.
Host, in his Flora Austriuca, has the following names, which he considers as
species : T. aitifblia ; corylifolia ; grandifolia Sm. ; corallina, syn. europseva
Hook. Lond. ; mutabilis ; late bracteata ; praeVox ; pyramidalis ; inter-
media ; tenuifolia ; obliqua ; europze^a Sm. ; parvifolia Sm. ; argentea, syn.
alba Waldst. et Kit. Icon. t. 3. ( Fl. Aus., vol. ii. p. 59—63.)
The wood of the lime tree is of a pale yellow or white, close-grained, soft,
light, and smooth, and not attacked by insects. It weighs, per cubic foot,
when green, 55 Ib. ; half-dry, 45 Ib. ; and dry, 37 Ib. ; and it loses a third
part of its weight, and a fourth part of its bulk, by drying. (BaudriU.) It is
used by pianoforte-makers for sounding-boards, and by cabinet-makers for a
variety of purposes. It is carved into toys, and turned into domestic utensils
of various kinds, and into small boxes for the apothecaries. The most elegant
use to which it is applied is for ornamental carving, for which it is superior to
every other wood. This wood is said to make excellent charcoal for gun-
powder ; even better than alder, and nearly as good as hazel. Baskets and
cradles were formerly made from the twigs ; arid shoemakers and glovers are
said to prefer planks of lime tree for cutting the finer kinds of leather upon.
The leaves of the lime tree, in common with those of the elm and the poplar,
were used, both in a dried and in a green state, for feeding cattle, by the Ro-
mans ; and they are still collected for the same purpose in Sweden, Norway,
Carniola, and Switzerland. One of the most important uses of the lime tree,
in the North of Europe, is that of supplying material for ropes and bast
mats ; the latter of which enter extensively into European commerce. The
Russian peasants weave the bark of the young shoots for the upper parts of
their shoes, the outer bark serves for the soles ; and they also make of it,
tied together with strips of the inner bark, baskets and boxes for domestic
purposes. The outer bark of old trees supplies them, like that of the birch,
with tiles for covering their cottages. Ropes are still made from the bark of
the tree in Cornwall, and in some parts of Devonshire. The fishermen of
Sweden make nets for catching fish of the fibres of the inner bark, separated,
by maceration, so as to form a kind of flax ; and the shepherds of Carniola
weave a coarse cloth of it, which serves them for :heir ordinary clothing. The
sap of the lime tree, drawn off in spring, and evaporated, affords a considerable
quantity of sugar. The honey produced by the flowers is considered superior
to all other kinds for its delicacy. London and Wise recommended the lime
tree, as preferable to the elm, for sheltering gardens or orchards ; because the
roots do not, like those of the elm, spread out and impoverish all around them.
A deep and rather light soil is recommended ; but the largest trees are ge-
nerally found in a good loamy soil. In dry situations, the lime never attains
a large size, and it loses its leaves earlier than any other tree. Being a tree
of the plains, rather than of the mountains, it does not appear suitable for ex-
posed surfaces : but it requires a pure air rather than otherwise ; for, though,
it is found in towns on the Continent, and sparingly so in Britain, the smoke
of mineral coal seems more injurious to it than it is to the platanus, the elm
or some other trees. It is seldom propagated otherwise than by layers, which
are made in the nurseries in autumn and winter ; and which become rooted,
so as to admit of being taken off, in a year. The tree in Britain appears sel-
dom to ripen its seeds.

2 2. T. (EUR.) A'LBA Waldst. $ Kit. The white-leaved European Lime Tree.

Identification. Waldst. and Kit. PI. Hung. ; Don's Mill. 1. p. S53.

Synonymes. T. americana Du Roi ; T. argentea Dctf., Dec. Cat. Hort. Monsp., and Dec. Prod. \.

p. 513.; T. rotundifblia rent, and N. Du Ham. ; T. toment&sa Mcench.
Engravings. Waldst. and Kit. PI. Hung., 1. 1. 3. ; Wats. Dend., t. 71.; the plate in Arb. Brit., J«t

edit, vol.v. ; and our fig. 102.

Spec. Char., fyc. Petals each with a scale at the base inside. Leaves cordate,
somewhat acuminated, and rather unequal at the base, serrated, clothed with
white down beneath, but smooth above, 4 times longer than the petioles.
Fruit ovate, with 5 obscure ribs. (Don's Mill.) Fruit evidently ribbed.

F 2

68

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

102. Tiliailba.

(Steven.) Host says that he has always found the calyx 6-sepaled, and the
corolla 12-petaled. A large tree. Hungary. Height 30 ft. to 50 ft. In-
troduced in 1767. Flowers yellowish white, very fragrant ; June to August.
Fruit yellow; ripe in October.

Our own opinion is, that this is nothing more than a very distinct race of
the common lime ; notwithstanding the circumstance of its having scales to its
petals, which no one of the other varieties of T. europae^a is said to possess.
Even allowing this structure to be permanent in the Hungarian lime, the tree
bears such a general resemblance to T. europaexa in all its main features, that
it seems to us impossible to doubt the identity of their origin. We are
strengthened in this opinion by the circumstance of its being found only in
isolated stations in the Hungarian forests. We have, however, placed this
lime by itself, rather than among the other varieties ; because, from the white-
ness of its foliage, it is far more obviously distinct than T. e. grandifolia or
T. e. parvifolia. The tree is at once distinguishable from all the other species
and varieties by this white appearance, even at a considerable distance, and
by the strikingly snowy hue of its leaves when they are ruffled by the wind.
Its wood and snoots resemble those of the common lime ; but it does not
attain the same height as that tree.

fif 3. T. AMERICAVNA L. The American Lime Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 733. ; Hort. Kew. ; Willd. Spec. ; Tor. and Gray.

Synonymes. T. glabra Vent. ; T. caroliniana Wangenh. ; T. canadensi^ 3/*cAaw* •, T. jrlabra Dec.,

Mill. ; the smooth-leaved, or black, Lime Tree, and Bass Wood, Amer.
. ; Wats. Dendr. Brit., t. 134. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v. ;

Hayne's Dendr , and Don'
Engravings. Vent. Diss., t.
and our fig. 105.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Petals each with a scale at the base, inside. Leaves pro-
foundly cordate, abruptly acuminate, sharply serrated, somewhat coriaceous,
smooth. Petals truncate and crenate at the apex, equal in length to the
• style. Fruit ovate, somewhat ribbed. (Don's Mill.) A large tree. Canada,
Virginia, and Georgia. Height 70 ft. to 80 ft. in America ; in England 60 ft.
to 70ft. Introduced in 1752. Flowers yellowish white ; July and August.
Fruit the size of a large pea, yellow ; ripe in October. Decaying leaves
yellowish brown. Naked young wood dark brown.

x.

69

Varieties. Those which we shall give as such are described in the Flora of
Torrey and Gray as species ; but with the following remark, which we think
fully justifies us in not considering them more specifically distinct than the
different alleged species of the European lime. " There is great uncertainty
respecting the synonymes. Indeed, nearly all the characters which have
been employed for distinguishing them are either inconstant, or are common
to them all. A careful examination of the flowers in the living plants may
afford more certain marks of discrimination."

t T. a. 2 heterophylla. T. heterophylla Vent., Pursh, Dec. Prod., Tor.
% Gray. — A tree of 30 ft. to 50 ft. high, found on the banks of the
Ohio and Mississippi, and introduced in 181 1. Leaves glabrous and
deep green above, very white and velvety tomentose beneath ; the
veins dark-coloured, and nearly glabrous, with coarse mucronate ser-
ratures. Petals obtuse, crenulate. Staminodia spatulate, entire.
Style hairy at the base. (Tor. and Gray, i. p. 240.) Leaves 4 in.
to 8 in. in diameter, very oblique, and more or less cordate, with a
short abrupt acumination ; somewhat shining above : the veins on
the under surface very conspicuous, in contrast with the white pu-
bescence. Cyme few-flowered, loose. Style longer than the petals.

T. a. 3 alba. T. alba Michx., Tor. $ Gray ; T. laxiflora Pursh. (The
plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st ed., vol. v. ; and our fig. 103.; — A

103. Tilia americkna Alba.

large tree in Pennsylvania and Maryland. Height 30 ft. to 50 ft.
Introduced in 1820. Flowers yellowish white, very pale ; June.
Leaves 3 in. to 4 in. in diameter, with a short abrup't acumination,
cordate, somewhat unequal at the base ; the under surface rather
thinly pubescent, very pale, but scarcely white. Staminodia (scales)
two thirds the length of the petals. Filaments slightly pentadel-
phous. (Tor. and Gray, i. p. 240.) We have only seen this tree in
the H. S., where, 10 years planted, it was about 10ft. high in 1837.
T. a. 4 pubescens. T. pubescens Ait., Vent., Tor. $ Gray. (The plate
of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st ed., vol. v. ; and wirfig. 104.) — A large
tree found in Carolina and Florida, along the sea coast. Height
50ft. to 70 ft. Introduced in 1726. Flowers pale yellow ; June.
Leaves 3 in. to 4 in. in diameter ; the under surface, when young,
rather paler than the upper, but at length nearly the same colour ;
serratures broad and short. (Tor. and Gray, i. p. 240.)
F 3

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

americhna pubescens.

On a general view of the trees, the most obvious external differential cha-
racteristics of the European and American limes appear to us to be, that
the former have regularly cordate, and the latter obliquely cordate, leaves.
The other American limes we consider to be nothing more than varieties of
this species. Layers. These trees only thrive in warm sheltered situations.
The American lime is readily distinguished from the European limes by the
largeness of its leaves, which are 3 in. to 4 in. wide, heart-shaped, acutely

pointed, coarsely and mucronately serrated, deep green and glabrous on their
upper sides, and pale green beneath. Some of them have a tendency to be
slightly pubescent ; but they are generally smooth and shining. In winter,
this species is readily recognised by the robust appearance of the trunk and
branches, and by the dark-brown colour of the bark on the young shoots.
This circumstance alone is a very marked distinction ; and has, no doubt, pro-
cured for the species the name of the black lime tree.

XI. TERNSTROM/^CJ^ I MALACHODE'NDRON. 71

Other American Limes. — T. p. leptophi/lla Vent, is mentioned by Torrey and
Gray as having the leaves very thin and papyraceous. There were in 1834
other varieties in the H. 8. G., but the plants had not attained sufficient size to
enable us to state any thing with, certainty respecting them. All the species
and varieties of American limes are delicate in this country ; they are readily
injured by spring frosts, but, where they thrive, are readily distinguished from
other limes by their very large cordate leaves, and rough bark, even on the
young wood. Some of the oldest and largest American limes in England are
in Gatton Park, Surrey, near the lake ; and at Croome, near Upton upon
Severn. There is an *old tree, also, at Purser's Cross, Fulham ; and a re-
markably handsome young tree at White Knights.

ORDER XI. TERNSTROM/JVCJS^;.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx with an imbricate aestivation. Stamens with filaments
monadelphous or polyadelphous, and anthers 2-celled to 4-celled. — Trees
and shrubs of warm climates.

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous or evergreen ; mostly
coriaceous, now and then with pellucid dots. Flowers axillary, large,
showy. — The hardy genera in British gardens are Malachodendron, Stu-
artz'tf, and Gordoma ; which are thus contradistinguished : —

MALACIIODE'NDRON Cav. Calyx unibracteate. Styles free. Carpels capsular,

5, connected.
STUA'RT/^ Cav. Sepals connected, bibracteate. Style 1. Capsule 5-celled,

5-valved. Seeds wingless.
GORDO'N/^ Ellis. Sepals distinct. Style 1. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved.

Seeds winged.

GENUS I.

I i

MALACHODE'NDRON Cav. THE MALACHODENDRON. Lin. Sytt.
Monadelphia Polyandria.

Identification. Cav. Diss., 5. p. 502. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 528. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 572.

Synonymes. Stuirt/a L'Herit. ; Stewfcrtza L.

Derivation. From malakos, soft, and dendron, a tree ; in allusion, perhaps, to the quality of th«

timber ; or, possibly, from the flowers resembling those of the mallow, the Greek name for which

is malache.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-cleft, furnished with two bracteas at the base. Petals
5, with a crenulate limb. Ovary 5-furrowed. Styles 5, unconnected. Stigmas
capitate. Carpels 5, capsular, connected, 1-seeded. Seeds unknown.
(jDo?j's Mill.) — A deciduous shrub or low tree; native of North America.
Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous. Flowers axillary, so-
litary, large, showy.

2 3fe 1. MALACHODE'NDRON OVAVTUMC«V. The ovate-leaved Malachodendron.

Identification. Cav., 1. c. ; Lindl. Bot. Reg.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 272.

Synonymes. Stuartz'a pentagy"nia L'Herit. ; Stewartza Malachodendron Mill. ; Stewartta a cinq

Styles, Fr.

Engravings. Smith's Exot. Bot., t. 101.; N. Du Ham. vol. vi. t. 44.; Bot. Reg., t. 1104.; and our
fig. 106. of a plant in flower, and fig. 107. of a shoot from a stool.

Spec. Char,, fyc. Leaves ovate, acuminated. Flowers axillary, solitary, almost
sessile. Petals waved, cut, of a pale cream-colour. (Don's Mill.) A de-
ciduous tree ; in England, a large shrub. North Carolina to Georgia. Height

F 4

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

7 ft. to 12 ft. Introduced in 1795. Flowers
arge, white ; July and August. Capsules
brownish; ripe in September. Decaying
leaves purplish brown. Naked young
wood dark brown.

The soil in which it is generally grown
is a mixture of loam and peat, in which
the latter prevails ; but, in the Mile End
Nursery, it shoots vigorously, and flowers
freely, in deep sandy loam. The situation
should be sheltered ; and shaded rather
than otherwise. The usual mode of pro-
pagation is by layers ; and the stools are
sometimes protected, during winter, by mats.

GENUS II.

STUA'RT/^ Cav. THE STUARTIA. Lin. Syst. Monadelphia Pentandria.

Identification. Cav. piss., 5. p. 393. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 528. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 573.
Derivation. Named in honour of John Stuart, Marquess of Bute, the patron of Sir John Hill, and
a distinguished promoter of botanical science.

Gen. Char. Calyx permanent, 5-cleft, rarely 5-parted, furnished with two brae-
teas at the base. Petals 5. Ovary roundish. Style 1, filiform, crowned
by a capitate 5-lobed stigma. Capsule woody, 5-celled, 5-valved ; cells 1 — 2-
seeded. Seeds wingless, ovate, even. (Don's Mill.}

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; ovate, acute. Flowers
axillary, solitary, large. — A deciduous shrub, or low tree, native of North
America.

& 1. STUA'RT/^ VIRGI/NICA Cav. The Virginian Stuartia.

Identification. Dec. Prod , 1. p. 528. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 573.

Synonymes. Stewarte'a Malachodendron Lin. Sp., 982.; Stuartm marilandica Sot. Rep. ; Stewartia

a un Style, Fr. ; eingriffliche (one-styled) Stuartie, Ger.
Engravings. Lam. 111., t. 503.; Bot. Rep., t. 397. ; and our fig, 108. of a plant in flower, and fig.

109. of a shoot from a stool.

108. Stuartia virginica

109. Stuartia virginica

Spec. Char., $c. Flowers large, white, with purple filaments and blue anthers,
usually in pairs. Leaves ovate, acute. Petals entire. (Don's Mill.) A
deciduous shrub. Virginia to Carolina, in swamps. Height 6 ft. to fl ft.

XI.

73

Introduced in 1742. Flowers large, white ; July to September. Capsules
brownish ; ripe in October. Decaying leaves reddish brown. Naked young
wood dark brown.

The general appearance of the plant is the same as that of the preceding
genus ; but it forms a smaller bush, and the foliage has a redder hue. The
flowers are of the same size, white, with crisped petals, purple filaments, and
blue anthers. This plant is not so extensively cultivated as the other, from
its being more tender, and of somewhat slower growth ; but its beauty, and
the circumstance of its flowering from July to September, when but few trees
or shrubs are in blossom, render it desirable for every collection. It thrives
best in a peat soil, kept moist ; but it will also grow in deep moist sand.
Layers.

GENUS III.

GORDO'N/J Ellis. THE GORDONIA. Lin. Syst. Monadelphia
Polyandria.

Identification. Ellis, in Phil. Trans., 1770. ; Dec. Prod. 1. p. 528. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 573.
Derivation. Named in honour of James Gordon, a celebrated nurseryman at Mile End, near
London, who corresponded with Linnaeus.

Gen. Char. Calyx of 5 rounded coriaceous sepals. Petals 5, somewhat adnate
to the urceolus of the stamens. Style crowned by a peltate 5-lobed stigma.
Capsules 5-celled, 5-valved ; cells 2 — 4-seeded. Seeds ending in a leafy
wing fixed to the central column, filiform. (Don's Mill.}

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, sub-evergreen or deciduous ; serrated
or nearly entire. Flowers axillary (or terminal), solitary, large. — Trees
or shrubs, sub-evergreen or deciduous ; natives of North America.

ft » 1. GORDON/,* LASIA'NTHUS L. The woolly-flowered Gordonia, or

Loblolly Say.

Identification. Lin. Mant., 570. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 528. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 573. ; Tor. and Gray.

1. p. 223.
Synonymes. Jfypericum Lasianthus Lin. Sp. 1101., Catesb. Carol. 1. t. 44., Pluk. Amalth. t.352. ;

Gordonia a1 Feuilles glabres, and Alcee de la Floride, Fr. ; langstielige Gordonie, Ger.
Engravings. Cav. Diss., 6. t. 171. ; Bot. Mag., t 668. ; and our fig. \ 10.

Spec. Char., $c. Pedicels axillary, usually shorter than the leaves. Leaves
oblong, coriaceous, smooth, serrated. Calyx silky. Capsules conoid, acu-
minated. (Don's Mill.) A sub-evergreen tree ; in
England a shrub, deciduous in dry soils, but retain-
ing its leaves in warm moist situations. Virginia to
Florida, in swamps. Height 50 ft. to 80 ft. in Ame-
rica ; 8ft. to 10ft. in England. Introduced in 1739.
Flowers white, 4 in. across, scented; July and August.
Capsule oval, brownish ; ripe in September.

Trunk straight. This most beautifully flowering plant
well deserves to have a suitable soil prepared for it,
and to be treated with more care after it is planted than
it appears to have hitherto received in England. The
soil ought to be peat, or leaf-mould and sand ; and it
should be so circumstanced as always to be kept moist,
seeds.

Layers or American

ft 2. G. PUBE'SCENS UHer. The pubescent Gordonia.

Identification. L'Her. Stirp., p. 156. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 528. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 573. ; Tor. and Gray,

1. p. 223.
Synonymes. Zacathda fl6rida Sal. Par. Land. t. 56. ; Franklinta amevicana Marsh. : the Frank-

linia, Amer. ; behaarte Gordonie, Ger.
Engravings. Sal. Flor. Lond., t. 56. ; Michx., t. 59. ; and our fig. 111.

74

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Spec. Char., $c. Flowers almost sessile. Leaves obovate-
lanceolate, pubescent beneath, somewhat serrated,
membranaceous. Petals and sepals rather silky on the
outside. (Don's Mill.) A deciduous tree in America,
in Britain a shrub. Georgia and Florida. Height in
America 30 ft. to 50 ft. ; in England 4 ft. to 6 ft. In-
troduced in 1774. Flowers large, white, fragrant, 3 in.
across, with yellow filaments ; May to August. Capsule
globose, brownish ; ripe in October.
Somewhat hardier than the preceding species, but

requiring the same general treatment.

111. Gordonio puMsreni.

ORDER XII. #YPERICANCFJE.

ORD. CHAR. Sepals 4 or 5, unequal, with an imbricate aestivation. Stamens, in
nearly all, numerous, and in 3 or more parcels. Fruit, a capsule or berry of
many valves and many cells ; the edges of the valves curved inwards. Seeds
attached to a placenta in the axis, or on the inner edge of the dissepiments.
Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous or evergreen ; entire, co-
piously dotted with immersed, pellucid, resinous glands. Flowers terminal
or axillary, generally yellow. Sap yellow, resinous. — Shrubs, natives of
Europe, North America, and Asia. The genera in British gardens are two,
which are thus contradistinguished : —

//VPE'RICUM L. Capsule membranous.
Chois. Capsule baccate.

GENUS I.

Stamens polyadelphous.
Stamens monadelphous.

tfYPE'RICUML. THE ST. JOHN'S WORT. Lin. Syst. Polyadelph. Polyand.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 392. ; Juss., 255. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 543. ; Don's Mill., I. p. 601.

Synonymes. Fuga Daemonum ; Mille Pertuis, Fr.; Johanniskraut, Ger. ; Iperico, Jtal.

Derivations. The name of Wypfcricum is as old as the time of Dioscorides ; but its origin and mean-
ing are uncertain. Some derive it from the Greek words huper, under, and eikon, an image ; and
suppose it to signify that the upper part of the flower represents a figure. Others state that huper
signifies through, and that the name alludes to the pellucid dots in the leaves, which form small
lenses, through which, when held up to the light, images might be seen. The French name of the
plant, Mille Pertuis, a thousand pores, is evidently derived from the same source. The English
name, St. John's Wort, and the German one, Johanniskraut, are taken from the country people
formerly, both in England and Germany, being in the habit of gathering this plant on St. John's
day, to use it to protect themselves from evil spirits. This plant, with some others, was employed
to make what was called John's fire, which was supposed to be a security, for those who kindled it,
against witchcraft and all attacks of demons. For this reason, also, the 7/ypericum received the
name of Fuga Daemonum.

Gen. Char. Capsules membranous. Stamens numerous, free or joined at
the bases into 3 or 5 bundles. Petals 5. Sepals 5, more or less connected
at the base, unequal, rarely equal. Styles 3 to 5, rarely connate in one,
permanent. Capsule 1- or many-celled, many-seeded, 3 — 5-valved. Integu-
ment of seed double. Embryo with the radicle situated at the umbilicus,
and with semicylindrical cotyledons. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, sub-evergreen or deciduous; ovate-
oblong or lanceolate, sessile or subsessile, usually full of pellucid dots on
their disks, and some dark ones on their edges, lodging an essential oil.
Flowers terminal, racemose, yellow. — Low sub-evergreen shrubs; natives
of Europe, North America, and Asia ; of easy culture in common soil ;
and propagated by division, suckers, cuttings, or seeds.

xn. #YPERICAVCE;E : KYPE'RICUM.

75

Ascyreta Chois. Prod. Hyp.

L

112. Hyp^ricum elfctvun.

Derivation, From o, not, and skuros, hard ; that is to say, plants soft to the touch.
Sect. Char. Sepals connected at the base, and unequal. Stamens numerous.
Styles 3 to 5. Flowers terminal, large, few, sub-corymbose. (Don's Mill.,
i. p. 601.)

A. Styles commonly 3.
ffi * ] . H. EL.OTUM Ait. The tall St. John's Wort.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2. vol.3, p. 104. ; Don's Mill., 1.

p. 601. ; Tor. and Gray, 1. p. 166.
Engravings, Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 85. ; and our fig. 112.

Spec. Char., $c. Younger stems reddish. Leaves ovate-
oblong, acute, dilated at the base, somewhat emar-
ginate, with the margins somewhat revolute. Flowers
corymbose. Peduncles bibracteate. Sepals ovate-
oblong. (Don's Mil/.) A sub-evergreen shrub. North
America. Height 3ft. to 5 ft. Introduced in 1762.
Flowers yellow ; July and August. Capsule reddish
brown; ripe in October. Decaying leaves yellowish.

.** «- 2. H. HIRCIVNUM L. The Goat-scented St. John's Wort.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1103. ; Don's Mill., i. p. 602.

Synonymes. TYagium Clus. ; ^ndrosa?vmum fce'tidura Bauh., Park., and

Ray ; Mille Pertuis a Odeur de Bouc, Fr.
Engravings. Schkuhr Handb. 3. t. 213. f. 3. ; Wats. Dend. Brit., t. G. ;

and our fig. 1 13.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches winged. Leaves somewhat
emarginate at the base, dilated, sessile, acute at the
apex, ovate-lanceolate, with glandular margins. Pe-
duncles bibracteate. Stamens exceeding the corolla in
length. Seeds 2, appendiculated. (Don's Mill.) A de-
ciduous or sub-evergreen undershrub. Sea coast of Spain.
Heights ft. to 4- ft. Introduced in 1640. Flowers yellow ;
July to September. Capsule reddish brown ; ripe in Oc-
tober. The leaves of this species, when bruised, have a
smell, resembling that of a goat, whence its name.
Varieties.

jtt M. H. h. 2 obtusifolium Dec. — Leaves blunter
than the species. Found on the mountains of
Corsica, on humid rocks.

-tt «t H. h. 3 minus Dec. is a smaller plant than the
others, figured in Dend. Brit. t. 87.

B. Styles commonly 5.
.«* *». H. KALMJ/WM L. Kalm's St. John's. Wort.

Identification. Willd. Sp., 3. p. 438. ; Don's Mill., l.p.603. ; Tor. and

Gray, 1. p. 158.

Synonymes. H. Bartrammwi Mill. ; Virginia St. John's Wort.
Engraving. Our Jig. 114.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches tetragonal. Leaves linear-
lanceolate. Flowers 3 to 7, in a terminal corymb. Se-
pals lanceolate, bluntish. (Doits Mill.) A sub-ever-
green undershrub. Canada to Virginia. Height 1| ft.
in America ; 2 ft. to 3 ft. in England. Introduced in
1759. Flowers yellow ; June and July. Capsule red-
dish brown ; ripe in October.

114. H. K&mianum

76

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

A neat compact bush, one of the most ornamental of the hardy species of
the genus. The general hue of the entire plant is yellow, and the calyxes
and the capsule, before they are ripe, particularly so. Flowers very numerous,
in upright raceme-like corymbs.

j* «- 4. H. URA^LUM Ham. The Urala St. John's Wort.

Identification. D. Don Prod. Nep., p. 218. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 603.
Derivation* From its name, Urala swa, in the Newar language.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 2375. ; and oar Jig. 115.

Spec. C/iar., fyc. Branches compressed, 2-edged.
Leaves elliptical, mucronulate, smooth, shining.
Flowers terminal, somewhat corymbose. Sepals
oval, very blunt. Petals orbicular. Styles shorter
than the stamens. (Don's Mill.) A neat sub-ever-
green undershrub. Nepal, on the tops of mountains.
Height 2ft. Introduced in 1823. Flowers yel-
low ; July to September. Capsule reddish brown ;
ripe in October.

In mild situations, and on a dry soil, it may safely be left through the winter
without any protection j but this should not be the case where the situation
is cold, and the soil tenacious or humid,

*r 5. H. CALYCI^NUM L. The /argocalyxed St. John's Wort.

Identification. Lin. Mant, 106. ; Willd., 3. p. 1442. ; Hook. Scot., 221 ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 546. ;
Smith's Eng. Fl., 3. p. 323. ; and Don's Mill., 1. p. 603,

Synonymes. ^ndrosae mum constantinopolitanum fibre maximo, Whee ler's Journey, 205. ; the large-
flowered St. John's Wort; the large-flowering Tutsan ; the terrestrial Sun ; Aaron's Beard ; Mille
Pertuis a grandes Fleurs, Fr. ; grossblumiger Johanniskraut, Ger. ; Asciro Hal. •

Derivation. This species was called ^ndrosas^mum by the old writers on botany, on account of the
tinge of red in different places on the stems, and the redness of the anthers, which were supposed
to give it the appearance of being spotted with blood. It was called Constantinopolitan from its
having been found near that city, in 1676, by Sir George Wheeler, Bart. The large size of its
flowers is remarkable, and has given rise to most of its other names. The name of the Terrestrial
Sun is very appropriate to the large golden flowers, with their long ray-like stamens, lying glittering
on a bed of dark green shining leaves, which spread over the surface of the ground. The
number and length of the stamens are, doubtless, also the origin of the name of Aaron's Beard.
' ravings. Eng. Bot, v. 29. t. 2017. ; Bot. Mag., 1. 146. j and our fig. 116.

115. HypSricum Uritl

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem tetragonal, dwarf. Leaves ovate, coriaceous, broad, full
of pellucid dots. Flowers large, terminal, solitary. Sepals large, obovate,
spreading ; capsule nodding. (Don's Mill.) A beautiful little evergreen
undershrub, with dark green shining leaves. Levant, Olympus, Britain,
on the western coast of Scotland, and in Ireland near
Cork, in woods. Height 1ft. to lift. Flowers of a
bright golden yellow, with innumerable reddish tre-
mulous anthers ; June to September. Capsule reddish
brown ; ripe in October.

Valuable for covering banks, rockwork, or the surface
of the ground in old shrubberies or picturesque woods,
especially for the latter purpose, as it thrives perfectly well
under the drip and shade of trees. The root creeps, and a
small plant will soon extend itself in every direction, espe-
cially if the soil be light, so as to cover a great many 116- a- <»iycinum.
square yards in a very short space of time. It is an excellent shelter for
game. It may be readily increased to any extent by division.

§ ii. Perforaria Chois.

Identification. Chois. Prod. Hyp., p. 44. ; Dec. Frod., 1. p. 646. ; Dons Mill., 1. p. 603.
Derivation. From perforates, perforated ; because the leaves are full of pellucid dots which civet
them the appearance of being perforated

XII.

^NDROSJEMUM

77

Sect. Char. Calyx of 5 equal sepals, toothed in some with glandular teeth,
but entire in others, connected at the base. Stamens numerous, free or
disposed in 5 sets. Styles commonly 3. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers
axillary, or in terminal panicled corymbs. Leaves rarely linear. (Don's
Mill.) Undershrubs, from 1 ft. to 3 ft. in height.

A. Sepals entire.
j» a. 6. H. PROLI'FICUM L. The prolific St. John's Wort.

Identification, Lin. Mant., 106. ; Don's MilL, 1. p. 605. : Tor. and Gray,

l.p. 159.
Synonymes. H. folibsum Jacq., Hort. Schonbr. 3. p. 27. ; H. KahmoTzww

DuRoiHarbk. l.p. 3 10.
Engravings. Wats. Dend. Brit , t. 88. ; Jacq. Hort Schonb., t. 299. ; and

our %. 117.

Spec. Char.,fyc. Stem round. Branches angular. Leaves
linear-lanceolate, with revolute edges, full of pellucid
dots. Corymbs few-flowered. Sepals ovate-lanceolate,
stamens very numerous. Styles usually connected to-
gether. (Don's Mill.) A sub-evergreen shrub. New
Jersey to Florida, in swamps. Height 1 ft. to 4 ft. In-
troduced in 1758. Flowers yellow; June to August.
Capsule reddish brown ; ripe in October. 117.

Frequent in gardens, and forming a dense leafy bush, covered with flowers

great part of the summer, and with seed-pods in the autumn. Readily

distinguished from H. Kalmidnum, by the leaves, bracts, and sepals being

much smoother and shining.

B. Sepals toothed, usually with the Teeth glandular.
n. 7. H. ^MPETRIFO'LIUM Willd. The Empetrum-leaved St. John's Wort.

Identification. Willd. Spec., 3. p. 1452. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 610.
Engravings. Dend. Brit., 1. 141. ; and our fig. 118.

Spec. Char., $c. Stems suffruticose, round, with subulate
branchlets. Leaves linear, ternary, with revolute
margins. Calyx small, obtuse. Petals without glands.
(Don's MilL) A neat little evergreen shrub. South
of Europe, near the Mediterranean ; and in Greece.
Height 1 ft. to 2 ft. Introduced in 1820. Flowers
yellow; May to August.

One of the neatest species of the genus, but some-
what tender.

118. H. empetrifolium.

Other Species of Hypericum. — The only truly hardy shrubby species of
jF/ypericum are, H. elatum, H. hircinum, H. calycinum, H. Kalmidnum, and
H. prolificum. The other hardy species are of such low growth, that they
may be considered, for all practical purposes, as herbaceous plants. H.
ncpalense Royle appeared to be hardy in the Hort. Soc. Garden, but it was
destroyed by the winter of 1837-8. H. adpressum Bartr., H. rosmarinifolium
Lam., H. galwides Lam., H. fasciculdtum Lam., and some other shrubby or
frutescent species, are described by Torrey and Gray, but we are not aware of
their having been yet introduced.

GENUS II.

MUM Chois. THE ANDROSJEMUM, or TUTSAN. Lin. Syst.
Polyadelphia Polyandria.

Identification. CKois. Prod. Hyp., 37. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 543.; Don's Mill., 1. p 601
Synonymes. HypMcum, L. ; AndrosSme, Fr. ; Johannlskraut, Ger. ; Androsemo, Ital.

78

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM

119. ^ndrosae'mum officinMe.

Derivation. From aner, andros, a man, and haima, blood ; the capsules, when crushed between the
fingers, giving out a blood-coloured juice. Tutsan is a corruption of touts saine, all heal ; and
it was applied to the plant formerly from its supposed vulnerary properties.

Gen. Char. Capsule baccate ; usually 1 -celled. Calyx 5 -parted, with unequal
lobes. Petals 5. Styles 3. Stamens numerous, disposed in 3 sets. (Don's
Mill.)

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, sub-evergreen. Flowers terminal.
The whole plant closely resembling a //ypericum. — Suftruticose. Indi-
genous in Britain.

j* «- 1. A. OFFICINA^LE Allioni. The officinal Androsaemum, or common Tutsan.

Identification. All. Ped., No. 1440.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 543.; Don's
Mill., l.p.601.

Synonymes. Clymetlon Italbrum L'Obel; Hypericutn ^ndrosae'mum
Lin., Willd., Smith, and Hooker; Park Leaves (because it is fre-
quently found wild in parks) ; Androseme otticinale, Fr. ; breit-
blattriges (broad-leaved) Johanniskraut, Get:; Ciciliana Ital.

Engravings. Blackw., t. 94. ; Eng. Bot., t. 1225.; and our Jig. 119. in
flower, and Jig. 120. showing the fruit.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate, and somewhat heart-
shaped, sessile, widely spreading. A sub-evergreen,
suffruticose shrub, forming a dense bush, with many
steins. Europe; and in England in moist shady woods. Height 2 ft. to
3 ft. Flowers yellow, 1 in. across ; July to September. Capsule brownish
purple, and lastly, almost black ; ripe in
October.

The fruit is an ovate capsule, assuming
the appearance of a berry : it is at first
yellowish green, then red or brownish
purple; and, lastly, almost black when
ripe. The juice of the capsules, and also
that of the leaves, is claret-coloured. The
latter, when bruised, have an aromatic
scent, and were formerly applied to fresh
wounds ; and hence the French name of
la toute saine. In gardening, the plant is
valuable as growing under the drip of
trees, and thriving and flowering freely
in almost any soil or situation. It is
readily propagated by division of the
root.

, ORDER XIII.

ORD. CHAR. Flowers either unisexual or bisexual. Calyx and corolla equal
in the number of their parts, with an imbricated aestivation ; the corolla
sometimes absent. Petals without appendages. Stamens inserted upon a
disk, which arises from below the pistil lum, not agreeing in number with
the divisions of the calyx and corolla. Pistillum 2-lobed, each lobe having
a wing at its back. Style 1. Stigmas 2. Fruit formed of two samaras, or
keys, each containing 1 cell and 1 erect seed. Embryo curved, with leafy
shriveled cotyledons, and no albumen. (Liiidl.*) — Deciduous trees or shrubs,
natives of the temperate climates of Europe, North America, and Asia.

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous, rarely evergreen ; variously
lobed, rarely pinnate. — The species in British gardens are included in the
genera A^cer and Negundo, which are thus contradistinguished: —

A^CER L. Flowers polygamous. Leaves lobed.

Moench. Flowers dioscious. Leaves pinnate.

xiii.

79

GENUS I.

A" CER L. THE MAPLE. Lin. Syst. Polygamia MonoeVia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 1115. ; Moench Meth., 334. ; Dec. Prod.,. 1. p. 593. ; Don's Mill.. 1.

p. 648.

Synonymes. E'rable, Fr. ; Ahorn, Ger. ; Acero, Ital. ; and Arce. Spanish.
Derivation. From acer, hard or sharp, derived from ac, Celtic, a point. The name is supposed to be

applied to this genus because the wood of some species is extremely hard, and was formerly much

sought after for the purpose of making pikes and lances.

Gen. Char. Sexes hermaphrodite, or monoeciously polygamous. Flowers
with a calyx and corolla. Calyx divided into 5 parts, or some number be-
tween 4 and 9. Petals the same in number. Stamens 8, or some number
between 5 and 12. Anthers 2-lobed. Carpels 2, very rarely 3, each a
samara ; that is, a fruit which is called in Britain, vernacularly, a key. —
Deciduous trees, natives of Europe, North America, and Asia.

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous, rarely evergreen ; va-
riously lobed, toothed. Flowers axillary, corymbose. Fruit a samara.
Decaying leaves rich yellow in some, and red or brown in others.
Several of the species produce useful timber; and sugar is one of the con-
stituent parts of the sap of all of them. They all prefer a situation shel-
tered rather than exposed ; a free, deep, loamy soil, rich rather than sterile,
and neither very wet, nor very dry. They are propagated l>y seeds and layers,
or by grafting. The maturity of the seed may be proved by opening the key,
and observing if the cotyledons are green, succulent, and fresh ; if the green
colour of the cotyledons is wanting, the seeds are good for nothing. The
seeds of all the species may either be sown in autumn, after they are gathered,
or in spring : and the latter method is preferable where moles abound, as they
are very fond of the seeds. Sown in spring, they come up in five or six weeks
afterwards ; with the exception of those of the A. campestre, which never
come up till the second or third year. The seeds should not be covered with
more than a quarter to half an inch of soil. The surface of the ground in
which they are. sown maybe advantageously shaded with leaves, fronds of
ferns, heath, or straw.

A. Leaves simple, or only slightly or occasionally lobed.
¥ & 1. A. OBLO'NGUM Wall. The oblong-leaved Maple.

Identification. Wall, in Litt.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 593. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 648.
Synonymes. A. /aurifolium D. Don, Prod. Fl. Nep. p. 249. ; A. Buzimpdla Hamilt.
Engravings. Q\irfigs. 121, 122., reduced to our usual scale; and the figures of the leaves, of the
natural size, as given in the plate, p. 95.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Leaves oblong-
lanceolate, acuminated, quite en-
tire, coriaceous, smooth, rounded
at the base. Racemes compound ;
wings of fruit parallel, smooth, se-
parated. (Don's Mill.) A low,
deciduous tree; in Britain, a
rather tender shrub. Nepal.
Height 20ft. Introduced in 1824.
Flowers greenish yellow ; February.
Keys?; ripe?.

This species is rather tender, and somewhat difficult to keep in the open
ground, unless when planted against a wall. Though the leaves are generally
entire, yet they are sometimes lobed, or show a tendency to become so.

A. obldngum.

122. ^.obldnpum.

80

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

i 2. A. TATA'RICUM L. The Tartarian Maple.

Identification . Lin. Sp., 1495. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 593. ; Hayne Dend.,p.209. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 648.

Synonymes. E'rable de Tartarie, Fr. ; Tartarische Ahorn. Ger. ; Zarza-modon, or Locust Tree,
Rus&.

Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ros., t.3. ; Tratt. Arch., 1. No. 1.; Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 160. ; the plate of
this species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol.v. ; our Jig. 123. ; and the figure of the leaves, of the natu-
ral size, in the plate forming p. 96.

Spec. Char.y $c. Leaves cordate, undivided, serrated, with obsolete lobes.
Racemes compound, crowded, erect ; wings of fruit parallel, young ones
puberulous. (Don's Mil/.) A low deciduous tree, native of Tartary.
Height 20 ft. to 30 ft. Introduced in 1759. Flowers pale greenish yellow,
sometimes slightly tinged with red ; May and June. Keys brown ; ripe in
August. Decaying leaves reddish yellow, or brown. Naked young wood
brown.
When raised from seed, the plant will come into flower in 5 or 6 years ;

and, in good soil, it will attain the height of 15 ft. in 10 years. According to

125. .4Ver tataricum.

some, it will thrive in a moister soil than most others. In ornamental planta-
tions, it is valuable on account of the early expansion of its leaves, which
appear before those of almost every other kind of A^cer.

B. Leaves 3-lobed, or trifid ; rarely 5-lobed.
*£ 3. A. SPICAVTUM Lam. The spiked-flowered Maple.

Identification. Lam. Diet., 2. p. 381. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 593. ; Don's Mill., 1. p.648. : Tor. and Gray,

1. p. 246.
Synonymes. A. montanum Ait. Hort. Kew.,3. p. 435. ; A. pennsylvanicum Du Roi Harbk. t. 2. ; A.

parvifldrum Ehrh. ; Mountain Maple, E'rable de Montagne, Fr. ; Berg Ahorn, Ger.; Acerodi Mon-

tagna, Hal.

Engravings. Trat. Arch., No. 13. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit., 1st. edit., vol. v. ; our
fig. 124. ; and the figure of the leaves, of the natural size, in the plate forming p. 97.

Spec. Char.t fyc. Leaves cordate, 3- or slightly 5-lobed, acuminated, pubescent
beneath, unequally and coarsely serrated. Racemes compound, erect.
Petals linear. Fruit smooth, with the wings rather diverging. (Don's
Mill.) A deciduous shrub, or small tree. Canada to Georgia. Height
6ft. to 10ft. in America ; 18ft. to 20ft. in England. Introduced in 1750.
Flowers small, greenish, raceme many-flowered ; May and June. Keys
often reddish ; ripe in August. Decaying leaves yellowish red. • Naked young
wood brown.

xin.

81

spicAtum

Very ornamental in autumn, from its small keys, which are fixed upon
slender pendulous spikes, and have their membranous wings beautifully tinged
with red when ripe. Michaux states that this species, grafted upon the syca-
more, is, like the /Peer striatum, augmented to twice its natural dimensions ;
a fact which we have never had an opportunity of seeing verified.

4. A. STRIA'TUM Z. The striped-barked Maple.

125. X'cer striatum.

Identification. Lam. Diet., 1. p. 381. ; Dec. Prod., I. p. 593. ; Don's Mill
Synonymes. A. pennsylvanicum Lin. Sp. 1496., and Tor. $ Gray

p. 648.
p. 246. ; A. canadense hlartik.

6*2

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

and Duh. Arb. 1. t.12. ; Snake-barked Maple, Moose Wood, striped Maple, Dog Wood ; E'rable
jaspe, Fr. ; gestreifter Ahorn, Ger. ; Acero screziato, Hal.

Engravings. Mill., t. 7. ; Tratt. Arch., No. 11. ; Mich. Fel. Arb., 2. t. 17. ; the plate of this species
in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v. ; owe fig. 125. ; and fig. 146. of the leaves, of the natural size.
forming p. 98, 99.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves cordate, 3-lobed, acuminated, finely and acutely
serrated. Racemes pendulous, simple. Petals oval. Fruit smooth, with
the wings rather diverging. (Don's Mill.} A deciduous tree, with green
bark, striped with white. Canada to Georgia. Height 8 ft. to 10ft. in
America; 10ft. to 20ft. in England. Introduced in 1755. Flowers
yellowish green, on long peduncles ; May. Keys brown, and remarkable
for a cavity on one side of the capsules ; ripe in August. Decaying leaves
yellowish green. Naked young wood green, striped with white and black.
The buds and leaves, when beginning to unfold, are rose-coloured ; and

the leaves, when fully expanded, are of a thick texture, and finely serrated.

From the great beauty of its bark, this tree deserves a place in every collection.

It is propagated by seeds, which are received from America ; or by grafting on

A. Pseudo-Platanus.

C. Leaves 5-lobed.
¥ 5. A. MACROPHY'LLUM Pursh. The long, or large, leaved Maple.

Idtntification. Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept, 1. p. 267. ; Dec. Pro*, 1. p. 594. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 649.;
Tor. and Gray, 1. p. 246.

. Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer.. 1. t. 38. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit.,

Engravings

vol. v. ; our fig. 126. ; an
and 102, 103.

.
. 147. and 148. of the leaves, of the natural size, forming p. 100, 101.

er mactophfMtim.

Spec. Char. $0 Leaves digitately 5-lobed, with roundish recesses. Lobes
somewhat 3-lobed, repandly toothed, pubescent beneath. Racemes com-
^v T?' .Ptamens 9> with hail7 figments. Ovaries very hairy. (Don't
Mill.) A deciduous tree of large size. North-west coast of North America
?2o?em banks of rivers. Height 40ft. to 90ft. Introduced in

1826. Flowers yellow fragrant; April and May. Keys brown; ripe in
September. Decaying leaves yellowish brown. Naked young wood brown.

xni. ^CEHA'CE/E : ^ CER.

83

Leaves nearly 1 ft. broad. Carpels sometimes 3. Sap as abundant as in
any species, except in A. saccharinum ; the wood soft, whitish, but beautifully
veined. (Tor. and Gray.) This species is quite hardy in the climate of Lon-
don, and promises to form a most valuable addition to our ornamental, and,
possibly, to our timber, trees. The tree in the Hort. Soc. Garden is between
40 ft. and 50 ft. high, after having been thirteen years planted ; and it has
flowered, and ripened some seeds.

$ 6. A. .PLATANoVDES L. The Platanus-like, or Norway, Maple.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1496. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 649. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 649.

Synonymes. E'rable plane, or E'rable de Norvege, Fr. ; spitz Ahorn, or spitzblattriger Ahorn,

Ger. ; Acero riccio, Ital.

Engravings. Duh, Arb , 1. t. 10. f. 1. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit, vol.v. ; our
fig. 129. ; and Jig. 149. of the leaves, of the natural size, forming p. 104, 105.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves cordate, smooth, 5-lobed. Lobes acuminated, with a
few coarse acute teeth. Corymbs stalked, erectish, and, as well as the fruit,
smooth. Fruit with divaricated wings (Don's Mill.) A deciduous tree,
above the middle size. Norway to Switzerland, but not in Britain. Height
30ft. to 60ft, Introduced in 1683. Flowers rich yellow; April and
May. Keys brown ; ripe in September and October. Opening foliage and
flowers, in spring, of a bright yellow ; when decaying, also, of a fine yellow.
Naked young wood smooth, brown.

Varieties.

If A. p. 2 Lobelii. A. Lo-

behz Tenore ; A. plata-

noides Don's Mill. i.

p. 649. (Our fig. 127. ;

and fig. 150. of the

leaves, of the natural

size, in the plate forming

p. 106.) — The leaves are

very slightly heart-shaped,

irregularly toothed, 5-

lobed, with the lobes

more or less abruptly

pointed. The bark of

the young wood striped,

somewhat in the manner

of that of A. striatum ;

by which circumstance

the plant, in a young

state, is readily distin-
guished from A. /?lata-,

noides. A large tree,

native of the kingdom of

Naples, and found on

mountains. One of the

most beautiful acers in

cultivation ; but very

little known, though it

was introduced about

1683. There is a tree of it at Croome, above 20 ft. high, which has

ripened seeds.

t A. p. 3 variegdtum Hort. A. p. albo variegatum Hayne. — Leaves va-
riegated with white.

* A. p. 4 aureo variegdtum Hort. — Leaves variegated with yellow.

* A. p. 5 latinidtum Dec. A. p. c ispum Lauth ; Eagle's Claw, or

Hawk's Foot Maple. (The plate of this variety in Arb. Brit., 1st
edit., vol. v. ; our fig. 128. ; and fig. 151 . of the leaves, of the natural
size, in the plate forming p. 107.) — Leaves deeply and variously cut.
G 2

127. ^4'cer pUtanBides Ix>bfel«.

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANN'ICUM,

128. A^er platanBldes lacini&tum.

It is frequently produced from seed, being found by nurserymen

among seedlings of the species.

The tree, in general appearance, at a distance, is like the common sycamore ;
but, on a nearer approach, the leaves are found of a smoother and finer texture.
The roots extend considerably, both downwards and laterally. The bark is
green on the young shoots, but it afterwards becomes of a reddish brown, dotted
with white points : that of the trunk is brown, and rather cracked. The buds
are large and red in autumn, becoming of a still darker red in the course of the
winter : those on the points of the shoots are always the largest. The leaves

119. A'cer platanOlde*.

are thin, green on both sides, and shining. When the petiole is broken, an acrid
miiky sap issues from it, which coagulates with the air. The leaves are about
5 in. long, and nearly the same in width. The petioles are longer than the

xin. ^CEKA'CE^E: ^VCER. 85

leaves. About the end of October, the leaves become either of a clear, or a yel-
lowish, reel, and then drop off. The flowers appear just before the leaves, near
the end of April : they form a short raceme, somewhat corymbose. The fruits,
or keys, have their wings yellow. It is not till the tree has attained the age
of nearly 40 years that it produces fertile seeds, though it will flower many
years before that period. The rate of growth of this species, when once es-
tablished, is from 18 in. to 3ft. long every year, till it attains the height of 20
or 30 feet ; which, in favourable situations, it does in ten 3 ears. The wood
weighs, when dry, 43 Ib. 4 oz. per cubic foot ; is easily worked, takes a fine
polish, and absorbs and retains all kinds of colours. It may be used for all
the various purposes of the wood of the common sycamore. " Sugar is made
from the sap in Norway, Sweden, and Lithuania. Seeds are ripened in England
in abundance.

*£ 7. A. SACCHA'RINUM L. The Sugar Maple.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1496. : Dec. Prod., 1. p. 595. ; Don's Mill., I. p. 650. ; Tor. and Gray, 1.
p. 248.

fnoni/mes. Rock Maple, Hard Maple, Bird's-eye Maple, Amer. ; Acero del Canada, Ital.
igrdnings. Michx. Fl. Arb , 2. 1. 15. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit., ist edit., vol. v. ; our
fig. 130. ; and./^. 152. of the leaves, of the natural size, in the plate forming p. 108, 109.

Sj ec. C'har., Sfc. Leaves cordate, smooth, glaucous beneath, palmately
5-lobed ; lobes acuminated, serrately toothed. Corymbs drooping, on short
peduncles. Pedicels pilose. Fruit smooth, with the wings diverging. (Don's
Mill.) A deciduous tree. Canada to Georgia. Height in America 50ft.
to 80ft.; in England 30ft. to 40ft. Introduced in 1735. Flowers
small, yellowish, and suspended on long, slender, drooping peduncles ;
April and May. Keys brown ; ripe in September. Decaying leaves rich
yellow. Naked young wood smooth, whitish brown.

130. >iycer sacchiurinuni.

Variety.

1 A. s. 2. nigrum. A. s. /3 nigrum Tor. $ Gray ; A. nigrum Michx. ;
the black Sugar Tree, or Rock Maple, Michx. Arb. 2. t. 16. —
Leaves pale green beneath, the veins of the lower surface and petioles
minutely villous, pubescent ; wings of the fruit a little more diverg-
ing. (Tor. and Gray, i. p. 248.) Michaux, who considered this
VHriety a species, says the leaves resemble those of the species in
every respect, except that they are of a darker green, and of a thicker
texture, and somewhat more bluntly lobed. The tree is indiscri-
minately mixed with the common sugar maple, through extensive
ranges of country in New Hampshire, Vermont, and Connecticut ;
but is readily distinguished from it by the smaller size which it at-
tains, and the darker colour of its leaves. The soil in which it
flourishes best is a rich, strong, sandy loam ; and there it usually
grows to the height of 40 or 50 feet.

Closely resembling A. £>latanoides in foliage, except in being somewhat

c 3

80 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

glaucous beneath, and in the fruit being much more divergent. Bark of the
trunk white. Leaves 3 in. to 5 in. in length, generally wider than long. The
buds have a fine ruddy tint, especially in spring before they expand. The tree
in England is rather tender, and never attains a large size ; but in America the
timber is valuable, and the sap produces sugar. American seeds.

¥ 8. A. PSEU^DO-PLA'TANUS L. The Mock Plane Tree, the Sycamore, or

Great Maple.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1409. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 648.

Synonymcs. Plane Tree, Scotch ; E'rable Sycamore, E'rable blanc de Montagne, fausse Platane.

grand E'rable, Fr. ; Ehrenbaum, weijser Ahorn, gemeine Ahorn, Ger. ; Acero Fico, Ital.
Enaravings. Duh. Arb., 1. t. 36 ; Schmidt Arb., 1. p. 34. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit,

1st edit., vol.v. ; our fig. 132. ; and fig. 153. of the leaves, of the natural size, in the plate form.

ing p. 110, 111,

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves cordate, smooth, with 5 acuminated, unequally
toothed lobes. Racemes pendulous, rather compound ; with the rachis, as
well as the filaments of stamens, hairy. Fruit smooth, with the wings
rather diverging. (Don's Mill ) A deciduous tree of the first rank.
Europe and Britain, in wooded mountainous situations. Height 30 ft.
to 80 ft. Flowers greenish yellow, mostly hermaphrodite ;• May and June.
Keys reddish brown ; ripe in October. Decaying leaves brown, with dark
blotches. Naked young wood reddish brown. Buds
large, green, or tinged with red.

Varieties.

*t A. P. 2 opulifolia. A. opulifolium Hort. ; A.

trilobatum Hort. ; A. barbatum Hort. (Our
Jig. 132.) — Leaves and fruit smaller than

in the species, as shown in fig. 155. of the

leaves, in the plate forming p. 1 14. We have

no doubt of this being the A, opulifolium

of Thuiilier and Villars, L'E'rable duret,and

L'E'rable ayart, Fr., which is said by these

authors to resemble A. Psjudo-Platanus, but

to be much smaller. It is a native of the

Alps and Pyrenees. Introduced in 1812.

Height 15 ft.' to 20 ft.
*f. A. P. 3 longifolia. A. longifolium Booth. — Leaves

more deeply cut, and the petioles much

longer than in the species. Altogether a tree of very remarkable

aspect.
¥ A. P. 4 Jldvo variegdta. — A. P. lutescens Hort. ; the Corstorphine

Plane. — Leaves variegated with yellow. The original tree stands

near an old pigeon-house in the grounds of Sir Thomas Dick

Lauder, Bart., in the parish of Corstorphine, near Edinburgh. Seeds

of this variety, sown, have produced plants with the character of the

parent to a certain extent.

* A. P. 5 albo variegdta Hayne.— Of all the variegated varieties of ^4Ncer,

it must be acknowledged that this is the most ornamental ; especially
in spring, when the leaves first expand.

* A. P. Spurpiirea Hort. — Leaves of a fine purple underneath. This

variety was found in a bed of seedlings, in Saunders's Nursery,
Jersey, about 1828, and is now to be met with in all the principal
nurseries. The tree has a very singular effect when the leaves are
slightly ruffled by the wind, alternately appearing clothed in purple
and in pale green. In spring, when 'the leaves first expand, tht
purple bloom is less obvious than when they become matured, at
which time it is very distinct.

Other Varieties. In the garden of the Hort. Soc. there is a variety called
Hodgkins's Seedling, with yellow-blotched leaves ; and another, called ^Leslie's

87

Seedling. In Hayne's Dendrolog'ische Flora there are, also, the following va-
rieties : A. P. stenoptera, A. P. macroptera, and A. P. microptera, which differ
in the proportions of the wings of the keys, and do not appear worth farther
notice. In all seed beds and young plantations some of the plants will be
found with the petioles and the buds red, and others with the petioles and
the buds greenish yellow : such trees, when of considerable size, are very
distinct in their general aspect, when in bud, and when they have newly
come into leaf; but after midsummer, when the leaves are fully matured,
and begin to get rusty, the trees are scarcely distinguishable. Different
plants also differ much in the time of their coming into leaf, and of drop-
ping their leaves ; and some of the more remarkable of these it might be
worth while to propagate by extension.

1&2. XVer Pseiido-JMiUanus.

The growth of the common sycamore is very rapid compared with that of
most other species of ^4'cer, particularly when it is in a deep, free, rich soil,
and in a mild climate. It arrives at its full growth in 50 or 60 years ; but it
requires to be 80 or 100 years old before its wood arrives at perfection. In
marshy soil, or in dry sand, and even on chalk, the tree never attains any size.
It produces fertile seeds at the age of 20 years, but flowers several years
sooner ; sometimes even perfecting its seeds sooner also. The longevity of
the tree is from 140 to 200 years, though it has been known of a much greater
age. The wood weighs per cubic foot, newly cut, 64 Ib. ; half-dry, 56 Ib. ;
dry, 48 Ib. It loses, m drying, about a twelfth part of its bulk. When the
tree is young, it is white ; but, as the tree gets older, the wood becomes a little
yellow, and often brown, especially towards the heart. It is compact and
firm, without being very hard ; of a fine grain, sometimes veined, susceptible
of a high polish, and easily worked, either on the bench, or in the turning-
lathe. It does not warp, and is not likely to be attacked by worms. It is
used in joinery and turnery, and cabinet-making ; by musical instrument
makers ; for cider-presses ; and, sometimes, for gun-stocks. Formerly, when
wooden dishes and spoons were more used than they are at present, it was
much in demand, especially in Scotland, by the manufacturers of these articles.
As underwood, the sycamore shoots freely from the stool, to the age of 80 or
100 years. As a timber tree, it is most advantageously cut down at the age
of 80 years, or from that age to 100. As an ornamental tree, it produces the
best eifect, either singly, or in groups of two or three, placed sufficiently near
to form a whole, but not so as to touch each other ; and in rows or avenues.
The varieties with variegated leaves are very ornamental in the beginning of

G 4

88

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

summer ; but their leaves are almost always more or less imperfect, especially
on the edges, and fall off much sooner in the autumn than those of the species.
The leaves of the purple variety are not liable to the same objection as those
of the variegated sorts. Seeds"; and the varieties by grafting on the species.

IE 9. A. OBTUSA^TUM Kit. The obtuse-lobed- leaved Maple.

Identification. Kit. in Willd. Spec., 4. p. 948. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 594. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 649.
Synonymes. A. neapolitanum Tenore : A. hfbridum in the Lond. Hort. Soc. Gard. in 1834 ; the

Neapolitan Maple.
Engraving*. Tratt. Arch., 1. No. 14.; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v. ;

our Jig. 133. ; anAfig. 154. of the leaves, of the natural size, forming p. 112, 113.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves cordate, roundish, 5-lobed ; lobes bluntish (or
pointed), repandly toothed, velvety beneath. Corymbs pendulous. Pe-
dicels hairy. Fruit rather hairy, with the wings somewhat diverging. (Don's
MM.) A deciduous tree of the first rank, of as rapid growth as A. Pseiido-
jPlataiius. Hungary, Croatia, and many parts of Italy, on hills and mountains.
Height 40 ft. to GO ft. Introduced in 1825. Flowers greenish yellow, few in
a panicle ; May and June. Keys brown ; ripe in September. Decaying leaves
dark brown. Naked young wood smooth and brown. Buds prominent,
green.

133. ^Ver obtusJitum.

Varieties.— In the Neapolitan territory, this tree is probably somewhat dif-
ferent in its habit and aspect from what it is in Hungary ; and hence, the A.
neapolitanum of Tenore may be considered a variety. The foliowing also
appear to belong to this species : —

^ A. o. 2 coridceum. A. coriaceum Pose. (Don's
Mill., 1. p. 649.; and our Jig. 134.) — Leaves co-
riaceous, the same length as breadth, 3-5-lobed,
denticulated, smooth. Corymbs loose. Wings of
fruit erectly divergent. Native of?. (Don's
Miller.) There are small plants of this A^cer
in the collection of Messrs. Loddiges, which ap-
pear to us to belong to this species, though it is
with considerable doubt that we have placed it
here. Possibly it may belong to A. platanoides,
as we once thought, or to A. O'palus.
¥ A. o. 3 ibericum. A. iberieum Bieb. Ft. Taur.
p. 247. — Leaves shining, glaucous Leneath,
bluntly three-lobed ; lobes furnished with one
or two teeth ; lateral ones marked with the
middle nerve to the insertion of the petiole.
Petioles a little shorter than the leaves. Tree
20 ft. in height. A native of Georgia. (Don's Mill., i. p. 649.) As we
have only seen plants a few inches high, we may be mistaken in
considering A. ibericum as a variety of A. obtusatum.

134. A. o. coriaceum.

xin.

89

¥ A. o. 4. lobdtum, A. lobatuni Fisch., has the leaves 7-lobed, accord-
ing to Don's Miller, but the young plants bearing this name in the
Hort. Soc. Garden, which was raised from seeds received from Dr.
Fischer of Petersburg, appears obviously to belong to A. obtusatum.

D. Leaves 5-, rarely 7-lobed.

% 10. A. O'PALUS Ait. The Opal, or Italian, Maple.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 3. p. 436. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 594.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 649. ; Webb Iter

Hispan., 60.
Synonymes. A. rotundifblium Lam. Diet. 3. p. 382. ; A. italum Lntith Ac. No. 8. ; A. villbsum

Presli I'E'rable Opale, E'rable a Feuilles rondes, or E'ral.le d'ltalie, Fr.; Loppo, Ital.
Derivation, The specific appellation of O'palus has been given to this species, probably from the

thick opal-like aspect of the leaves.
Engravings. Baudril. Traite, &c., vol.5, p. 13. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit.,

vol. v. ; our fig. 135. ; and fig. 156., of the leaves, of the natural size, in the plate forming

p. 115.

Spec, Char., Sfc. Leaves more or less heart-shaped, roundish, 5-lobed, smooth
beneath ; the lobes generally obtuse, and coarsely serrated. Flowers in
drooping corymbs. Keys smooth. (Pen. Cyc.) A low deciduous tree.
Corsica. Height 8 ft. to 12 ft. Introd. 1752. Flowers whitish; May to
June. Keys small, brown ; ripe Sept. Decaying leaves yellowish brown.
A branchy tufted tree, covered with smooth leaves, somewhat coriaceous,

roundish, indented, with five blunt lobes, deep green on the upper surface, and

135. A^cei O'palus.

somewhat glaucous underneath, with long red petioles. Its flowers are whitish,
in short racemes ; and the small fruits, or keys, which succeed them, are
almost round. It is found in forests and on mountains in Corsica; in Spain,
on the Sierra Nevada ; and in Italy, where, from the denseness of its shade,
it is sometimes planted by road sides, and in gardens near houses. The red
colour of the petioles of the leaves, of the fruits, and even the red tinge of
the leaves themselves, more especially in autumn, give it rather a morbid
appearance. It pushes later in the spring than most of the other species.

% 11. A. CIRCINAVTUM Pursh. The round-leaved Maple.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p.267. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 595. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 651.

Tor. and Gray, l.p.247.
Engravings. Hook. Amer., t. 39. ; our fig. 136. ; and fig. 157. of the leaves, of the natural size, in

the plate forming p. 116.

Spec. Char.,$c. Leaves orbicular, rather cordate at the base, 7-lobed, smooth
on both surfaces ; lobes acutely toothed ; nerves and veins hairy at their
origin. (Uon's Mill.) A deciduous tree of the middle size. N. W. coast
of North America, between lat. 43° and 49°. Height 20 ft. to 40 ft. In-
trod. 1826. Flowers with the sepals purple, and the petals white j April and
May. Keys purplish brown, with thin straight wings, which are so diva-
ricate as to form right angles with the peduncle ; the lower margin scarcely

90 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

thickened. (Tor. and Gray). Decaying leaves of a fine reddish yellow.

Naked young wood reddish brown.

Branches slender, pendulous, and crooked ;
often taking root, in the manner of those of
many species of jPicus. Bark smooth ; green
when young, white when fully grown. Leaf
the length of the finger, upon rather a short
footstalk, membranaceous, heart-shaped, with ~

7 9 lobes, and 7 — 9 nerves ; smooth above,

except hairs in the axils of the nerves ; downy

beneath, and in the axils of the nerves woolly:

lobes ovate, acute, and acutely serrated ; the

sinuses acute : the nerves radiate from the tip _J

of the petiole, and one extends to the tip of *

each lobe. Flowers of a middling size, in :

nodding corymbs, that are on long peduncles.

(Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer.) This is a very marked

and beautiful species; distinguishable, at sight, by the regular form of its

leaves, and their pale reddish green colour. Though this fine tree has been

in the country since 1826, it seems to have been comparatively neglected, for

there is no good specimen that we know of in the neighbourhood of London.

At High Clere, a thriving tree has r'pened seeds for some years past ; so that

there can be no doubt of its hardiness.

& 12. A. PALMANTUM Thunb. The palmate-leaved Maple.

Identification. Thunb. Fl. Jap., p. 161. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 595. ; Don's Mill., 1 . p. 650.
Engravings. Tratt. Arch., 1. No. 17. ; and Jig. 158. of the leaves, of the natural size, in the plate
forming p. 117.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves smooth, palmately divided into 5 — 7 lobes down
beyond the middle ; lobes acuminated, oblong, serrated. Umbels 5 — 7-
flowered. (Don's Mill.) A low deciduous tree; in England a rather deli-
cate shrub. Japan. Height in Japan, 20 ft. Introd. in 1820. Flowers
greenish yellow and purple ; May. Keys ?. Decaying leaves reddish yellow.

This species requires the protection of a wall; having been, like A. oblongum,
killed to the ground in the open air, in the Hort. Soc. Garden, in the winter
of 1837-8.

± 13. A. ERIOCA'RPUM Michx. The hairy-fruited, or white, Maple.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Amer. Bor., 2. p. 213. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 650.

Synonymes. A. dasycarpum Willd. Spec. 4. p. 985., Tor. 8f Gray, 1. p. 248. ; A. tomentosum
Hort. Par. ; A. gladcum Marsh. ; A. virginianum Duh. ; A. rubrum Wangenh. ; white, silver-
leaved, or soft, Maple, United States ; Sir Charles Wager's Maple ; E'rable & Fruits cotonneux,
or E'rable blanc, Fr. ; rauher Ahorn, Ger. ; Acero cotonoso, or Acero bianco, Ital.

Engravings. Desf. Ann. Mus., 7. t. 25. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit, vol. v. ;
aur.fig. 137. ; and fig. 159. of the leaves, of the natural size, in the plate forming p. 118.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves truncate at the base, smooth and glaucous beneath,
palmately 5-lobed, with blunt recesses, and unequally and deeply toothed
lobes. Flowers conglomerate, on short pedicels, apetalous, pentandrous.
Ovaries downy. (Don's Mill.) A middle-sized tree. North America, from
lat. 43° to Georgia. Height in America 10 ft. to 40 ft. ; in England 30 ft.
to 50 ft. Introduced in 1725. Flowers small, pale yellowish purple;
March and April. Keys brown ; ripe in July,

Varieties. There are several names in nurserymen's catalogues, such as A.
coccineum, A. macrocarpum, A. floridum, A. Pavia which are only very
slight varieties of A. eriocarpum. The last-named variety, introduced by
Messrs. Booth, has received the absurd name of Pavia, from the upper
surface of the leaves being slightly wrinkled, somewhat in the manner of
those of the horsechestnut. As the species seeds freely, endless varieties
may be obtained from seed beds.

XIII. *€ERAVCE<«:

91

Distinguished from A.
riibrimi by the leaves
being more decidedly 5-
lobed,the lobes deeply cut,
and the whole leaf more
tomentose. A very desir-
able species, from* the ra-
pidity of its growth, the
graceful divergent direction
of its branches, the beauty
of its leaves, and the pro-
fusion of its early flowers.
In mild seasons, these flow-
ers begin to burst from
their buds in the first week
in January ; and they are
often fully expanded by the end of February or beginning of March. It
requires a deep free soil, and more moisture than most of the other species.
It ripens its seeds, both in America and Britain, by midsummer, or earlier ;
and, if these are immediately sown, they come up, and produce plants which
are 8 or 10 inches high by the succeeding autumn.

? 14. A. RU'BRUM L. The red-flowering, or scarlet, Maple.
Identification. Lin. Spec., 1496. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 595. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 650. ; Tor. and Gray,

Synonymes. A. virginianum Herm. \ A. cocclneum Ait. $ Mich. ; A. glafica Marsh. Arbust. ; A. ca-
rolinianum Walt. ; A. sanguineum Spach; soft Maple, Swamp Maple, red Maple; E rable rouge,
Fr. ; rother A horn, Ger.

Engravings. Mich. Arb., 2. t.14.; Schmidt Arb., 1. t.6. ; the plate of the tree in Arb. Brit., 1st
edit., vol. v. ; our Jig. 138. ; and fig. 1GO. of the leaves, of the natural size, in the plate forming

137. 4'cer eri'>c<Jrpum.

138. A^cei rtbrnm.

Spec. Char,, fyc. Leaves cordate at the base, glaucous beneath, deeply and
unequally toothed, palmately 5-lobed, with acute recesses. Flowers con-
glomerate, 5-petaled, pentandrous. Ovaries smooth. (Don's Mill.) A

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

large tree with numerous divergent slender branches. Canada to Florida.
Height in America 30 ft. to 80 ft. ; in England 30 ft. to 60 ft. Introduced
in 1656. Flowers small, dark rod, appearing a fortnight before the leaves;
March and April. Keys brown ; ripe in September.
Variety.

£ A. r. 2 intermedium Lodd. seems intermediate between this species
and A. eriocarpum.

In England distinguished at sight from A. eriocarpum by the leaves being
much less cut, and less white beneath, and by the tree being generally less vi-
gorous. The red-flowered maple, whether we regard the beauty of its flowers
and opening leaves in early spring, its red fruits in the beginning of summer,
or its red fol age in autumn, deserves to be considered one of the most orna-
mental of hardy trees. Contrary to the general character of the maples,
this species is said to thrive best in moist soil, which must, however, at the
same time, be rich ; and, for the tree to attain a large size, the situation ought
to be sheltered. In Britain it is chiefly propagated by layers ; but, on the
Continent, almost always by seeds, which ripen before midsummer, even
sooner than those of A. eriocarpum, and, if sown immediately, come up the
same season. The seeds, even when mixed with soil, do not ki-ep well ; and,
in general, but a small proportion of those sent home from America vegetate
in Europe

£ 15. A. MONSPESSULA'NUM L. The Montpelier Maple.

Identification. Lin. Spec., 1497- ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 595. ; Don's Mill., I. p. 649.

Synonymes. A. trilobum Mcench ; A. trifolium Duh. ; ^.trilobatum. Lam. ; E'rable de Montpelier,

Fr ; Franzosischer Ahorn, Ger. ; Acero minore, Ital.
Engran'ngs. Schmidt Arb., 1. 1. 14. ; and Krause, 1. 101. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit.,

1 st odit., vol. v. ; our fig. 139. ; and fig. 161. of the leaves, of the natural size, in the plate forming

p. 120.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves cordate, 3-lobed ; lobes almost entire> and equal.
Corymbs few-flowered, pendulous. Fruit smooth, with the wings hardly
diverging. A low tree. South of Europe. Height 15 ft- to 40ft. Intro-
duced in J 739 Flowers pale yellow ; May. Keys brown ; August.

moribposeulanuni.

In general aspect the tree resembles A. creticum, which has much shorter
footstalks, and coriaceous leaves. It also resembles A. campestre, which,

XIII. y/CERACE^E: A CER.

93

however, has the leaves 5-lobed, while in A. monspessulanum they are only
3-iobed. See the figures of leaves in p. 120. and 121. The leaves, in mild
seasons, remain on through the greater part of the winter. Seeds ; which it
ripens in great abundance.

¥ 16. A. CAMPE'STRE L. The common, or Field, Maple.

Identification. Lin. Spec., 1497. •, Hayne Dend., p.211. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 595. ; Don's Mill., 1. p.649.
Synonymes. E'rable champetre, JFV.; kleiner Ahorn, Feld Ahorn, Ger.i Galluzzi, or Pioppo, Ital.
Engravings. Engl. Bot., t.304. ; Willd. Abbild., t. 213. j our Jig. 141. ; and Jig. 162. of the leaves,
of the natural size, in the plate forming p. 120.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves cordate, with 5 toothed lobes. Racemes erect.
Wings of fruit much divaricated. (Don's Mill.) A low tree or shrub-
Britain, Height 15ft. to 30ft., sometimes 40ft. and upwards. Flowers
yellowish green ; May and June. Keys brown \ ripe in September. Decay-
ing leaves yellow. Naked young wood pale brown.

140. A^cec camp£stre.

Varieties.

*£ A. c. 2 f dins variegdtis. — Next to the variegated-leaved variety of A.
Pseudo-Platanus, this seems the handsomest of all the variegated-
leaved maples ; the leaves preserving, with their variegation, the
appearance of health, and the blotches and stripes of white, or
whitish yellow, being distinctly marked.

¥ A. c. 3 hebecdrpum Dec. Prod. i. p. 598. A. campestre Wallr. in
Litt. Trat. Arch. i. No. 7 ; A. molle Opiz. — Fruit clothed with vel-
vety pubescence.

t A. c. 4 colllnum Wallr. in Litt. Dec. Prod. i. p. 594. A. affine and
A. macrocarpum Opiz. — Fruit smooth. Lobes of leaves obtuse.
Flower smaller. Native of France.

*t A. c. 5 austriacum Tratt. Arch. i. No. 6. (The plate of this tree in
Arb. Brit.,lst. edit., vol. v.) — Fruit smooth. Lobes
of leaves somewhat acuminated. Flowers larger
than those of the species. Native of Austria,
Podolia, and Tauria. (Don's Mill.) This variety
is larger in all its parts than the original species,
and is of much freer growth ; the main stem rises
erect and straight, and sends out its branches
regularly on every side, so as to form a sort of
cone, almost like a fir. A subvariety of this sort,
with variegated leaves, is propagated in the Boll-
wyller Nursery.

Other Varieties. A. c. kevigdtum, leaves very smooth
and shining; A. c. ndnum, habit dwarf; and, perhaps,
some others, are in the collection of Messrs. Loddiges.
A. tauricum, leaves larger and less divided than in the
species ; and A. hyrcdnum (j£g.l41.) with the leaves vari-
ously cut, are also in some collections.
Differing from A. monspessulanum in having the flowers produced upon

141. A. c hyrctaum.

94 ARBORETUM ET FRUT1CETUM BRITANNICUM.

the young shoots ; as well as in the racemes of flowers being erect. The wood
weighs 61 Ib. 9oz. a cubic foot in a green state, and 51 Ib. 15oz. when per-
fectly dry. It imikes excellent fuel, and the very best charcoal. It is
compact, of a fine grain, sometimes beautifully veined, and takes a
high polish. It was celebrated among the ancient Romans for tables. The
wood of the roots is frequently knotted ; and, when that is the case, it is
used for the manufacture of snuffboxes, pipes, and other fanciful productions.
A dry soil suits this species best, and an open situation. Seeds ; which often
remain eighteen months in the ground before they vegetate, though a few
come up the first spring. The varieties are propagated by layers.

^ 17. A. CRE'TICUM L. The Cretan Maple.

Identification. Lin. Spec., 1497.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 594.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 649.

Synonyme.s. A. hetcroph^llum Willd. En. ; A. sempervirens L. Mant. ; A. obtusifoliura Sibthorp \

R'rablc de Crete, Fr. ; Cretischer Ahorn, Ger.
Engravings. Flor. Grsec., t. 561. ; Schmidt Arb., t.15. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit.,

1st edit., vol. v. ; our fig. 142., from the Flora Grasca; uAjfg. 163. of the leaves, of the natural

size, in the plate forming p. 121.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves permanent, cuneated at the base, acutely 3-lobed at
the top. Lobes entire, or toothleted ; lateral ones shortest. Corymbs few-
flowered, erect. Fruit smooth, with the wings hardly diverging. (Don's
Mill.) A diminutive, slow-growing, sub-evergreen tree. Candia, and other
islands in the Grecian Archipelago. Height 10ft. to 30ft. Introd. 1752.
Flowers greenish yellow ; May and June. Keys brown ; ripe in September.

There is a general resemblance be-
tween A. creticum, A. monspessulanum,
and A. campestre ; but the first is
readity known from both, by its being
evergreen, or sub-evergreen, and by its
leaves having shorter footstalks, and
being less deeply lobed. In a young
state, the leaves are often entire or
nearly so. It is oftener seen as a shrub
than as a tree ; and it seems to thrive
better in the shade than any other
^fcer. Seeds, layers, or grafting on A.
campestre.

Other Species ofPSccr. — A. barbatum
Michx., given in our first edition, has
been omitted, because the plant in the
Hort. Soc. Garden has always appeared
to^us nothing more than A. jt?lata- 142. ^Cercr6ticum.

noides, and because Torrey and Gray

consider it a doubtful species, and probably described by Michaux from " speci-
mens of A. saccharinum ; the only species, so far as we know, which has the
sepals bearded inside." (Tor. and Gray, i. p. 249.) A. opulifolium given in our
first edition as a species, we have now satisfied ourselves, from having been able
to examine larger plants, is nothing more than a variety of A. Pseudo-Platanus
diminished in all its parts. There are several names of species of ;4vcer in the
works of European botanists, the plants of which would require to be pro-
cured and studied in a living state : such as A. granatense Bois., a native of
Spain ; A. parvifolium Tausch ; also some natives of the Himalayas ; and the
following in North America as given by Torrey and Gray ; A. gldbrum Torr.,
a shrub of the Rocky Mountains; A. tripartitum Nutt. MSS., a shrub of the
Rocky Mountains allied to A. glabrum ; A. grandidentdtum Nutt. MSS., a
shrub or low tree from the Rocky Mountains, supposed to be the same as A.
barbatum Douglas, mentioned in Hooker's Flor. Bor. Amer., i. p. 1 12. The
names of several other species, not yet introduced, will be found in the first
edition of this work.

XIII. .4CERAXCE,E I ^'

95

A'cer oblonyurn. The oblong- leaved Maple.

Leaves of the natural size.

96

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

AVer tatdricum. The Tartarian, or entire-leaved. Maple.
Leaves and fruit of the natural size.

144

XIII.

: ACER.

97

AVer spicdtum. The spike-flowered, or mountain, Maple.
Leaves and fruit of natural size.

145

98

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM,

AVer striatum. The striped-
Leaves of

146

xni.

99

bark, or Pennsylvaman, Maple,
the natural size.

H 2.

100

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

AVer mat rophyllum. The
Piirt of ^ leaf, and

KIII.

: A CER.

101

large-leaved Maple. Plate I.
fruit, of the natural size.

102 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

AVer macrophyllum. The

Smaller leaves, also of the natural size,

xni.

103

large-leaved Maple. Plate II.

to show how much they vary on the same tree.

148

104 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

AVer plata?idides. The Platanus-
Leaves and fruit of

XIII.

105

nke, or Norway -, Maple,
the natural size.

^ //

106

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITAMNICUM.

AVer (p/atanmdes) Lobe In. L'Obel's Maple.
Leaves of A* the natural size.

loO

XIII.

107

A^cer p/afano'ides lacinidtum.
The cut-leaved Platanus-like, or Eagles claw, Maple.

ill

108

AOBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

AVer sacchdrinum.
The leaves and fruit

152

xiu.

100

The Sugar Maple,
of the natural size

152

1 10 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

AVer Pseudo-Pldtanw. The
Leaves and fruit

XIII. y/CERA CE^E : A CER.

False Plane, or Sycamore, Maple,
pf the natural size.

153

n-2

ARBORETUM ET FKUTICKTUM BRITANN1CUM.

A cer obtusdtum. The obtuse-
Leaves of the

154

xin. ^CERA'CE^E: A CEK,

113

lobed-leaved, or Neapolitan, Maple.
natural size.

114 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BUITANNICUM,

A^cer Pseudo-Pldtanus opulifolia.

The Opulus-leaved False Plane, or Sycamore.

Leaves and fruit jfl]%v ot t!ie natural *™e-

155

xin. JCERACEIE: ^CEK.

AVer O'palus. The Opal, or Italian, Maple.
Leaves of the J11|K_ natural size.

156

I 2

116 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

AVfr circinatum. The round-leaved Maple.
Leaves of .A the natural size.

157

XIII. ^CEKAXCEyE I ^/

.117

A^cerpa?mdfumt The palmate- leaved Maple.
Leaves A of the natural size.

118 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

AWr eriocdrpum. The woolly-fruited Maple.
Leaves and fruit of the natural size.

XI11.

119

A^cer riibrum. The red-jftowered Maple.
Leaves and fruit of ^ the natural size.

160

120

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

A^cer monspessuldnum, and A. campestre. The Montpelier Maple, and

the common, or field, Maple.
Leaves and fruit of the natural size.

XIII.

A^cer creticum. The Cretan, or various -leaved, Maple.

Leaves and fruit of the
natural size.

121

Leaves and fruit
from an old
tree at Syon.

Leaves from a
young plant
in the garden
of theLondon
Hort. Soc.

ARBORETUM ET FIIUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

GENUS II.

NEGVNDO Moench.

THE NEGUNDO, or Box ELDER.
DiceY'ia Pentandria.

Lin. Syst.

Identification. Moench Meth... 334. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 596. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 647. and 651.

tiynonymes. A^cer Lin. ; Negiindium Kafinesque.

Derivation. This genus was constituted from A\er Nfgtindo L. ; but the meaning of the latter
word is unknown. Probably, it may be merely the Illinois name of Gigueres (from gfguer, to
romp, alluding to the tremulous and playful motion of the long pinnated leaves) Latinised.

Gen. Char. Sexes dioecious. Flowers without a corolla. Calyx with 4—5
unequal teeth. Male flowers upon thread-shaped pedicels, and disposed
in fascicles ; anthers 4 — 5, linear, sessile. Female flowers disposed in
racemes. (Dec. Prod.) — Deciduous trees, natives of North America.

Leaves compound, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous; impari-pinnate. —
There is only one species in British gardens.

*r 1. N. FRAXINIFO'LIUM Nutt. The Ash-leaved Negundo.

Identification. Nutt. Gen. Amer., l.p.

253. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 596. ; Don's

Mill., l.p. 651.
Synonymes. A*cer Negiindo L., Mich.

Arb. ; N. aceroldes Mcench and Torr.

If Gray ; Negiindium americanum

liafin. ; the Ash-leaved Maple, the

Black Ash ; E'rable a Feuilles de

Frfene, Fr.\ E'rable a Giguieres, Illi-
nois ; Eschenblattriger Ahorn, Ger. ;

Acero americano, Ital.
Engravings. Mich. Arb., 2. *. !<).;

Schmidt Arb., 1. 1. 12.; Wats. Demi.,

1. 172.; the plate of this species in Arb.

Brit., 1st edit., vol.v.; and our fig. 164.

from Schmidt.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves of from
3 to 5 leaflets, the opposite
ones coarsely and sparingly
toothed, the odd one oftener
3-lobed than simple. (Dec.
Prod.) A deciduous tree, of
the middle size. Canada to
Carolina. Height 15 ft. to
30ft.; in England 30ft. to
40 ft. Introduced in 1688.
Flowers yellowish green, ap-
pearing with the leaves;
April. Keys brown ; ripe in
August. Decaying leaves of a rich yellow. Naked young wood smooth,
and of a fine pea green. The tree in "the Hort. Soc. Garden is a male ; but
there is a female plant in the collection of W. Borrer, Esq., Henfield.

Varieties,

Z N. f. 2 crispum G. Don. (The plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v.; and
our Jig. 165.) — Leaves variously cut and curled. The plant of this
variety in the arboretum of the Hort. Soc. is a male : the inflo-
rescence consists of pendulous panicles of flowers, that are green,
with some redness from the colour of the anthers; and each i«
placed upon a slender peduncle of about 1 in. long.

¥ N. f. Sviolaceum Booth. — Young shoots covered with a violet bloom.
This appearance is not uncommon in the young shoots of different
species of 4vcer as well as in Negiindo.

A'c^tim/o /raxinifoliuin.

XIII. yJCERA CEsE. XIV. JESCULA CE7E.

165. Negiindo /raiinifolium crfepum.

A rapid-growing tree ; very ornamental, from its compound leaves, and the
fine pea-green of its young shoots; arriving at maturity in 15 — 20 years.
American seeds, which ought to be sown as soon as possible, or layers, in any
common soil.

Other Species o/Negundo. — A" californicum Tor. $ Gray, found by Douglas,
is supposed to be a new species ; but neither fruit, nor full-grown leaves, are
described.

ORDER XIV.

Synonymes. Castankcew Link ; HippocastSneaB Dec.

OKD. CHAR. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Ovary roundish, trigonal. Seeds
large and globose ; albumen wanting. Embryo curved, inverted ; with
fleshy, thick, gibbous cotyledons, not produced above ground in germination.
Plumule large, 2-leaved. — Deciduous trees, natives of North America and
Asia.

Leaves compound, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous ; leaflets 5 — 7, ser-
rated. Flowers terminal, in racemes, somewhat panicled. — All the known
plants of this order cross-fecundate freely, and by most botanists they are
included in one genus ; but so numerous are the garden varieties, that we
have thought it more convenient to follow those authors who separate the
species into two genera. These are ^'sculus and Pavirt, which are thus
contradistinguished : —

L. Capsule echinated.
Boerh. Capsule smooth.

124 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BUITANNICUM.

GENUS I.

Slii

J£'SCUL(JS L. THE HORSECHESTNUT. Lin. Syst. Heptandria Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 462. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 597. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 562.

Synonymes. Hippocastanum Town. ; Marronier d'Inde, Fr. ; Rosskastanie, Ger.

Derivation. The word ^E'sculus, derived from esca, nourishment, is applied by i liny to a species
of oak, which had an eatable acorn. The word Hippocastanum, from hippos a horse, and cas-
tanea, a chestnut, is said by some to hare been given to this tree ironically, the nuts, though they
have the appearance of sweet chestnuts, being only fit for horses ; and by others, because it is said
the nuts are used in Turkey, for curing horses of pulmonary diseases.

Gen. Char. Calyx campanulate. Petals 4 — 5, expanded, with an ovate border.
Stamens with the filaments recurved inwardly. Capsules echinated. Leaflets
sessile, or almost sessile. (Don's Mill.) — Deciduous trees, natives of Asia
and North America.

Leaves palmately divided, with stalked leaflets, generally rough. Capsule
rough. Buds generally covered with resin. — Two species and several
varieties are in British gardens.

The common horsechestnut is invariably propagated by the nuts, which are
sown when newly gathered, or in the following spring; and in either case they
will come up the succeeding summer. All the other sorts, as being varieties
of the species, are propagated by budding or grafting. Soil deep sandy loam.
Only the first three sorts described below can be considered as true horse-
chestnuts ; the remainder, to which some other names might be added, we
consider as hybrids between ^B'sculus and some kind of Pav/«, most pro-
bably P. flava.

¥ 1. IE. HIPPOCASTANUM L. The common Horsechestnut.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 488. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 597. ; and Don's Mill., 1. p. 652.

Synonymes. Hippocastanum vulgare Tourn. ; Marronier d'Inde, Fr. ; gemeine Rosskastanie, Ger.;

Marrone d'Inrtia, Ital.
Engravings. Woodv. Med. Bot., t. 128. ; the plate of this species in the Arb. Brit., 1st edit.,

vol. v. ; and our fig. 166.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaflets 7, obovately cuneated, acute, and toothed. A large
deciduous tree. Asia and. North America. Height 50 ft. to 60 ft. In-
troduced in 1629. Flowers white, tinged with red ; May. Fruit brown ;
ripe in October. Decaying leaves dark brown. Naked young wood
brown. Buds long, large, greenish brown, covered with resin.
Varieties.

y JE. H. 2 flore pleno. — Recorded in nurserymen's catalogues, but not

common.

*t jE. H. 3 aiireo-variegdtum. — The leaves are blotched with yellow, but
they have a ragged and unhealthy appearance, and are by no means
ornamental.

^ JE. H. 4 argenteo-variegatum. — Leaves -blotched with white.
% M. H. 5 incisum Booth. JE. asplenifolia Hort. — Leaflets cut into

shreds.

Other Varieties. In Booth's Catalogue are the names JE. H. crfspum,
nigrum, prae'cox, striatum, tortuosum, &c., but none of these, nor any other
variety which we have seen, is worth culture.

A tree of the largest size, with an erect trunk, and a pyramidal head. The
leaves are large, of a deep green colour, and singularly interesting and beau-
tiful when they are first developed. When enfolded in the bud, they are
covered with pubescence, which falls off as the leaves expand. The growth,
both of the tree and of the leaves, is very rapid ; both shoots and leaves
being sometimes perfected in three weeks from the time of foliation. The
wood weighs, when newly cut, 60 lb- 4 oz. per cubic foot ; and, when dry,
35 lb. 7 oz. ; losing, by drying, a sixteenth part of its bulk. It is soft, and

xiv.

^'SCULUS.

125

166. yE'sculus Hippocastanum.

unfit for use where great strength, and durability in the open air, are required ;
nevertheless, there are many purposes for which it is applicable when sawn
up into boards ; such #s for flooring, linings to carts, packing-cases, &c. The
nuts may be used when burned as a kind of ley, or substitute for soap. The
nuts, if wanted for seed, should be gathered up as soon as they drop, and
either sown or mixed with earth ; because, if they are left exposed to the air,
they will lose their germinating properties in a month. Some nurserymen
cause the nuts to germinate before sowing them, in order to have an opportu-
nity of pinching off the extremity of the radicle ; by which means the plants
are prevented from forming a taproot ; or, at least, if a taproot be formed, it
is of a much weaker description than it otherwise would be, and the number
of lateral fibres is increased ; all which is favourable for transplanting. When
the tree is intended to attain the largest size, in the shortest time, the nut
ought to be .sown where the tree is finally to remain ; because the use of the
taproot is mainly to descend deep into the soil, to procure a supply of water,
which, in dry soils and seasons, can never be obtained in sufficient quantities
by the lateral roots, which extend themselves near the surface in search of
nourishment and air.

¥ 2. JE. (H.) OHIOE'NSIS Michx. The Ohio ^Esculus, or Horsechestnut.

Identification. Mich. Arb., 3. p. 242. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 597. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 652.

Synonymes. JS. ohioensis Lindl. ; t IE. pallida Willd.; JE. echinata Muhl.\ M. glabra Tor. &

Gray; Pavm ohioensis Michx.; Pavta glabra Spook; Ohio Buckeye, fetid Buckeye, Amer.

All these synonymes appear to us very doubtful, when we compare them with the tree bearing this

name in the Hort. Soc. Gardens, and with Dr. Lindley's description of it in Bot. Reg. for 1838,

t.51.
Engravings. Michx. Arb., 2. t. 92.-; Bot. Reg., 1838, t. 51. ; and our fig. 167. from Michaux.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stamens nearly twice the length of
the (yellowish white) corolla ; petals 4, spreading, a
little unequal, the claw scarcely the length of the
campanulate calyx ; thyrsus racemose, loosely flow-
ered ; leaflets 5, oval or oblong, acuminate, fine and
unequally serrate, glabrous. {Tor. and Gray, i. p. 251.)
A deciduous tree of the middle size. Pennsylvania
and Virginia. Height in America 10ft. to 30ft. ; in the
climate of London apparently the same as the com-
mon horsechestnut. Introduced in ? 1820. Flowers
white, yellow, and red ; May and June. Fruit brown ;
ripe in October. Bark rough, fetid. Branches of
the thyrsus of flowers shoi't, 4 — 6-flowered ; the
flowers mostly unilateral, small (not half the size of
those of the common horsechestnut). Fruit prickly,
resembling that of the cultivated horsechestnut.
but scarcely half the size. (Tor. and Gray, \. p. 251.)

M. (H.) ohioensb.

126

ARBORETUM ET FRUT1CETUM BRITANNICUM.

According to Michaux, the American horserhestnut is commonly a bush or
low tree, from 10 it. to 12 ft. in height ; but it is sometimes 30 or 35 feet high,
trunk 12 or 15 inches in diameter. He found it only on the banks of the Ohio ;
but Torrey and Gray give as its habitats the western parts of Pennsylvania,
Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky. The tree in the Hort. Soc. Garden is of equally
vigorous growth with the common hor;sechestnut ; the leaves are larger, and
of a bright green : on the supposition that this is the JE. ohioensis of Michx. and
Tor.Sf Gray, we have no doubt in our own mind that it is only a variety of the
common horsechestnut, Dr. Lindley, however, is of a different opinion, con-
sidering it as a distinct species. (See Sot. Reg., 1838, t. 51.)

¥ 3. JE. (H.) RUBICU'NDA Lois. The reddish-jtowej-ed ^Esculus, or Horse

chestnut.

. . . ., . . .

Synonymes. JE. cornea Hort., and LindL Bot. Reg. ; JE. r6sea Hort. ; JE, cocclnea Hort. ; JE.
Hippocastanum var. rubicundum Schubert \ IE. WatsbmYiwa Sp
scharlachrothe Rosskastanie, Get: ; Whitley's fine scarlet.

avings. Herb. Amat , t. 367- ; Hayne Abbild., t. 22. ; Bot. Reg., 1. 1056., as JE. carnea ; Wats.
ndr., 1. 121., as JE. carnea ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v. ; and our

Identification, Loiseleur Herb. Amat.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 597. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 652.
ynonymes. JE. cornea Hort., and LindL Bot. Reg. ; JE. r6sea Hort. ; JE, coccln
Hippocastanum var. rubicundum Schubert \ IE. WatsbmYiwa Spach ; Marronier rubicund, Fr. ;
scharlac
Engravings.
Dendr.,
Jig. 168.

Spec. Ckar.t fyc. Petals 4, with the claws shorter than the calyx. The
flowers are scarlet, and very ornamental ; the leaves of a deeper green than
those of any other sort, and they have a red spot at the base of the petioles
of the leaflets on the under side. The flowers come out of a dark red, and
die off still darker. Fruit prickly. A deciduous tree, below the middle
size. ? Hybrid from North America, Height 20 ft. to 30 ft. Cultivated
in 1820. Flowers red ; May and June. Fruit brown ; ripe in October.
It is doubtful whether this tree is a native of North America, or originated

in British gardens. It passes under different names in different nurseries,

^S'sculus (Hippoc4stanum) rubictinds.

as will be seen by our list of synonymes, and may be considered as differing
little, if at all, from M. carnea Lindl. It is distinguished from Pav?Vz rubra
by its larger and rougher leaves ; and from IE. Hippocastanum by the leaves

xiv.

^SCULUS.

19,7

being fuller and more uneven on the surface, and of a deeper green. The
tree is also smaller, and of much less vigorous growth than the common
horsechestnut. It is, without doubt, the most ornamental sort of the
genus.

Variety.

Z JE. (7/.) 2 r. rosea. JS'sculus rosea Hort. — This variety differs from
JE. (H.) rubicunda, in having the leaflets without a red spot at the
base of the petioles. The flowers come out of a pale red, and die
off about the same shade as the flowers of Jffi. (H.) rubicunda are
when they first appear.

Other Varieties. There are several names in gardjens, and in nursery-
men's catalogues, which appear to belong to JE. (H.) rubicunda, but how
far they are worth keeping distinct, we are very doubtful. Whitley's new
scarlet, of which there is an imported tree in the Fulham Nursery, is said
to have flowers of a darker scarlet than any of the above-named varieties ;
and, if so, it maybe recorded as M. (H.) r. 3 WhitleK. M. (H.) ameri-
cdna of the same nursery belongs also to JE. rubicunda.

% 4. JE. GLA^BRA Willd. The smooth-leaved JEsculus, or Horsechestnut.

Identification. Willd Enum., p. 405. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 597. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 652.
Engravings. Hayne Abbild., t. 24. ; and our figs. 169, 170.

Spec. Char., $c. Claws of the petals of about the length of the calyx. Leaf-
lets of a pale green, very smooth. Flowers of a greenish yellow. A de-
ciduous low tree. North America. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft. 'Introduced in
1812. Flowers yellow ; June. Fruit brown; ripe in October.
This sort is very distinct ;

but it is evidently not the M'z-

culus glabra of Torrey and

Gray, but probably a variety of

the y2£'sculus flava of these

glhbra.

glihra.

authors, with rough fruit. The
whole plant is comparatively
glabrous, and even the fruit
partakes of that quality. The
tree is of less vigorous growth
than JE. rubicunda ; and the
shoots take a more upright di-
rection. It appears to lose its leaves sooner than most of the other sorts.

!Sf 5. 2E. (G.) PA'LLIDA Willd. The pa\e-Jlowered ^Esculus, or Horsechestnut.

Identification. Willd. Enum., p. 406. ; Havne Dend., p. 44. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 597. ; Don's Mill., 1.

p. 652.

Synonyme. Gelbliche Rosskastanie, Ger.
Engravings. Hayne Abbild., t. 25. ; and our fig. 171.

Spec. Char., Sic. Petals with the claws shorter than the calyx. Stamens
twice as long as the corolla. A deciduous low tree. Originated in gardens.
Height 20ft. to 30ft. Cultivated in 1812. Flowers pale yellow; May
and June. Fruit brown ; ripe in October.

This sort so closely resembles M. glabra, as to leave no doubt in our mind
of its being a variety of that species. It is of somewhat more robust growth,
and the leaves are, perhaps, not quite so smooth.

128

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITAKNICUM.

171- ,E'sculusglabrai>a!!ida.

Other Kinds of BL'sculus are enumerated in some nurserymen's catalogues
but we know of none worth notice, except those already recorded.

GENUS II.

Boerh. THE PAVIA, BUCKEYE, or SMOOTH-FRUITED HORSECHEST-
NUT TREE. Lin. Syst. Heptandria Monogynia.

Identification. Boerh. Lugd., t. 260. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 598. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 652.

Derivation. In honour of Peter Paw, a Dutch botanist, once professor of botany at Leyden.

Buckeye has reference to the conspicuousness of the hilum of the seed, when taken out of the

husk.

Gen. Char. Calyx tubular. Petals 4, erect, narrow. Stamens straight. Cap-
sules unarmed. (Don's Mill.) — Middle-sized deciduous trees or shrubs,
natives of North America ; distinguishable from the horsechestnuts by the
smoothness of their fruit, and the comparative smallness of their flowers,
which have their petals erect and narrower.

Leaves palmate, with 5 — 7 leaflets, smooth. Flowers small, with erect
and narrow petals. Buds blunt, not covered with resin. — There are three
species, and several varieties or hybrids, in British gardens.

Distinguished from the common horsechestnuts, by being smaller and
smoother in all their parts. There are probably only three aboriginal species ;
but there are several beautiful garden varieties, or hybrids. Culture the same
as for the common horsechestnut.

£ J. P. RU^BRA Lam. The red-lowered Pavia.

Identification. Lam. Illust. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 598..; Don's Mill., 1. p. 653.

Synonymes. ^B'sculus Pav?a Lin and Tor. & Gray; JE. Pavz'a var. « rubra Hayne Dcnd. p. 44.;

Pavm parvifl6ra Hart. ; small Buckeye, Amer. ; Marronier Pavie, or Pavie a Fleurs rouges, Fr. ;

rothe Rosskastanie, Ger.\ Marrone di Paw, Ital.
Engravings. Lam. Illust., t.273. , Hayne Abbild., t. 21. ; Wats. Dend., 1. 120. ; Krause, t. 55. ; the

plate of the tree in Ajb. Brit., 1st edit.* vol. v. ; and our fig. 173.

Spec. Char., fyc. Corolla of 4 petals, that are longer than the stamens.
Leaflets 5, elliptic-oblong, tapered to both ends, and smooth, as is the
petiole ; axils of the nerves hairy on the under surface of the leaf. (Dec.
Prod.) A slender-growing tree. Virginia and Carolina, on mountains.
Height 10ft. to 20ft. Introduced in 1711. Flowers brownish scarlet ;
May and June. Fruit brown ; ripe in October. Decaying leaves brown.
Naked young wood reddish brown.

XIV. ^ESCULA CE/E :

129

Varieties.

t P.r.2 arguta G. Don.

(B. Reg. ,t. 993.; our

^. 172.) — A hand-
some small tree, with

dark brownish red

flowerSjdifferinglittle

from those of P.

rubra. Introduced in

? 1820.
¥ P. r. 3 sublacinidtaWats.

Dend. Brit. t. 120.

3Z. P. serrata Hort.

— Leaflets acutely

serrated : in other re-
spects it differs little

from the species.
* P. r. 4 hiimilis. P. hu-

milis G. Don; and

^'sculus hiimilis

Lodd. (Bot. Reg.,t.

1018; and our Jig.

173.) — A diminutive, weak, straggling form of the species, probably

obtained from some sport, and which, on its own root, is only a re-

172. Pkvia rtbra argiita.

»75. Pkvw rubra hdmili

cumbent bush, from 2 ft. to 3 ft. in height ; but which, when grafted

130 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

on the common horsechestnut, forms the very beautiful pendulous
low tree of which there is a plate in the Arb. JBrit., 1st edit., vol. v.
In addition to these varieties, there are the three forms which are enu-
merated below.

In its native country this species varies in magnitude from a low rambling
shrub to a tree of 20 ft. or more in height. In England P. rubra is in culti-
vation in various forms : as a tree, in which character it has, at Syon (see
our plate in the Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v.), attained the height of 26 ft. ; as
a pendulous tree of 12 or 14 feet in height (see our plate in the Arb. Brit.,

174. Pkria rtibra.

1st edit., vol. v., under the name of P. r. pendula) ; and as a trailing shrub,
under the name of P. humilis, in the London Hort. Soc. Garden, and in the
arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges.

% 2. P. FLA'VA Dec. The yellow-flowered Pavia.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 1. p. 598. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 653.

Synonymes. ^E'sculus flkva Aft., Hayne, and Tor. $ Gray ; JE. lutea Wangh. ; P&via lutea Potr. ;

the sweet Buckeye, big Buckeye, Amer. ; the yellow Pavia ; the yellow Horsechestnut.
Engravings. Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 163. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit, vol. v. ; and our
fig. 175.

Spec. Char., $c. Petioles pubescent, flattish towards the tip. Leaflets 5 — 7»
pubescent beneath, and above upon the nerves. (Dec. Prod.) A deciduous
tree of the middle size. Virginia and Georgia, in fertile valleys. Height
30 ft. to 80 ft. in America ; 30 ft. to 40 ft. in England. Introduced in 1764.
Flowers yellow ; April and May. Fruit brown ; ripe in October. Decay-
ing leaves yellow, tinged with brown. Naked young wood yellowish brown.
A more vigorous and rigid-growing tree than P. rubra, with the branches

XIV.

131

upright ; whereas in P. rubra they are spreading, slender, and pendulous.
Leaves paler than in P. rubra. To thrive, it, like all the other ^Bsculacese,
requires a deep rich soil. Propagated by budding, because the colour of the
flowers is found to vary much in plants raised from seed.

¥ 3. P. (F.) NEGLE'CTA G. Don. The neglected Pavia.

Identification. Loud. Hort. Brit., p. 143. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 653.; Swt. Hort. Brit., p. 83.
Synonyme. ^'sculus neglecta Lindl. in Bot. Keg.
Engravings. Bot. Keg., t. 1009. ; and our Jig. 176.

132 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaflets 5, lanceolate, serrulated, tapering to the base, flat,
rather plicate, smooth beneath, but pilose in the axis of the veins. Calyx
campanulate, obtusely 5-toothed, about the length of the pedicel. Stamens
rather longer than the corolla. Superior petal veined. (Don's Mill.) A
deciduous tree. North America. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft. Introduced in
1823. Flowers yellow and red ; May and June, a week earlier than P.
flava. Fruit brown ; ripe in October. Leaves with rufous down on the
veins on the upper side. Flowers pale yellow, veined with red, disposed in
thyrsoid racemes. Capsules unarmed, but the ovary tomentose.

A tree resembling Pav^a flava but smaller. The plant in the Hort. Soc.
Garden was purchased from M. Catros of Bordeaux, under the name of JE.
ohioensis. In the Bot Reg. it is said to be most nearly related to JE. (Pavia)
flava, but to differ from it in the flowers appearing a week or 10 days earlier,
and in the leaflets being more glabrous, with rufous down on the veins on the
upper side, and with hairs in the axils of the veins on the under surface.

± 4. P. MACROCA'RPA Hort. The long-fruited Pavia.

Synonyme. ^E'sculus Pavia macrocarpa Lodd. Cat., 1830.
Engravings. The plate in Arb. Brit., vol. v. ; and our Jig. 177.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves glabrous on both sides. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate.
A deciduous tree under the middle size. A garden hybrid between

177. Favta macroc&rpa.

and Pavia ?rubra. Height 20ft. to 30ft. Cultivated in 1820.
Flowers pale red and yellow, nearly as large as the common horsechestnut ;
May and June. Fruit brown ; ripe in October.

XIV.

133

The leaves are large, glabrous on the upper surface, and shining. The branches
are spreading and loose ; and the whole tree has an open graceful appear-
ance, quite different from that compactness of form and rigidity of branches
which belong to most of the tree species and varieties both of
and Pavia.

& 5. P. DISCOLOR Swt. The two-coloured^o&'tfm/ Pavia.

Identification. Swt. Hort. Brit, p. 83. ; Don's Mill., p. 653.

Synonymes. ^'sculus discolor Ph. and Bot. Reg. ; ^E'sculus Pavza {2 discolor Tor. $ Gray.

Engravings Bot. Reg., t. 310. ; and our fig. 178.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaflets 5, acuminate at both ends, tomentose beneath, un-
equally serrulated. Raceme thyrsoid, many-flowered. Corolla of four con-
niving petals, with their claws the length of the calyx. Stamens 7, shorter
than the corolla. (Don's Mill.) A deciduous tree-like shrub. Virginia and
Georgia, in fertile valleys and on mountains. Height 3 ft. to 10 ft. In-
troduced in 1812. Flowers variegated with white, yellow, and purple;
May and June. Fruit brown ; ripe in October. Decaying leaves yellowish
brown. Naked young wood of a brownish stone-colour.

The whole plant, including the young
wood, is covered with pubescence.
The flowers are large, showy, continu-
ing a long time expanding, and nume-
rous though they are but sparingly
succeeded by fruit. When the plant
is raised from seed, it is remarkable
for its thick, fleshy, carrot-like roots,
which, in free soil, penetrate perpendi-
cularly to the depth of 8 or 10 feet
before they branch. Unless when
grafted on JE. Hippocastanum, it is
seldom seen above 4 or 5 feet in
height ; but it is a very free flowerer,
and, considered as a shrub, is in May,
when it is in flower, one of the most
ornamental that the British arboretum
affords.

36 6. P. MACROSTAVCHYA Lois. The long-racemed Pavia.

Identification . Lois. Herb. Amat. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 598. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 652.

Synonymes ^E'sculus parviflbra Walt., and Torr. $ Gray ; JE macrostachya MX. and Hayne;

Pavza alba Pair. ; Pavia edixlis Pott. Arb. Fr. t. 88. ; Macrothfrsus discolor Spach; Pavier £

longs E'pis Pavier nain, Fr.; langahrige Rosskastanie, Ger.
Engravings. Lois. Herb. Amat, t 212. ; Hayne Abbild., t. 26. ; and our fig. 179.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Stamens much longer
than the corolla. Racemes very long.
Root stoloniferous. Flowers white.
(Dec. Prod.) A deciduous shrub,
with numerous radicled shoots. South
Carolina and Georgia. Height in Ame-
rica 2ft. to 4ft.; in the climate of
London 10ft. to 15ft. Introduced in
1820. Flowers white, with long pro-
jecting stamens, which give the spike a
fine fringed appearance ; July and
August. Fruit brown ; ripe in October.
The shoots are slender, spreading, and
rooting at the joints where they happen
to rest on the soil, with ascendent extre-
mities. The tree comes into flower about a

178. Pkvia dfscolor.

179. Pi via roacrostachya

month or six weeks later than the other ^scuPaceEe, and continues flowering

K 3

134 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

in the case of large plants on moist soil, for three months or longer, forming
one of the greatest floral ornaments of the shrubbery, at a season when very
few trees or shrubs are in flower. The fruit, which is small, seldom ripens
in England : but in America it is said to be eaten, boiled or roasted ; and
M. Poiteau, accordingly, has included this species of Pavia in his list of fruit
trees. Layers ; or seeds, when they can be procured, and which ought to be
sown as soon as possible after they are ripe.

Other Kinds of Pdvia. — Pdvia califurnica (JE. californica Nutt.) has been
described by Torrey and Gray, but is not yet introduced. P. Lyorm is in the
Hort. Soc. Garden, but has not yet flowered there. We have omitted in this
edition P. hybrida, described by DeCandolle as a truly intermediate plant be-
tween P. riibra and P. flava, with yellow, white, and purple flowers ; because
the only plant which we have seen bearing this name, that in the Hort. Soc.
Garden, has the flowers yellow, and appears merely a very slight variety of
P. flava. In nurserymen's catalogues there are several names which we
have not noticed ; for the truth is, that the different kinds of ^2?/sculus and
Pav/a cross-fecundate so freely, and seedlings vary so much, that there is
no limit to the number of varieties that might be produced. The great error
(because it creates so much confusion in the nomenclature) consists in giving
these varieties to the world as species.

It is almost unnecessary to observe, that all the most valuable varieties,
of both JS'sculus and PavzVz, are best perpetuated by budding or grafting, and
that collectors ought always to see that the plants they purchase have been
worked. Pavwz rubra as a tree, P. discolor either as a shrub or grafted standard
high, and P. macrostachya as a shrub, ought to be in every collection, whether
small or large. Pavz'a humilis, when grafted standard high on the common
horsechestnut, forms an ornament at once singular and beautiful. As the
horsechestnut is to be found in most plantations, those who are curious in the
species and varieties might graft them on the upper branches of old trees ; or
young trees might be headed down, and one kind grafted on each.

ORDER XV. SAPINDAXCE^.

ORD. CHAR. Flowers polygamous. — Males with the calyx more or less deeply
4 — 5-parted. Petals 4 — 5, or occasionally absent, alternate with the
sepals. Disk fleshy. Stamens 8 — 10, inserted into the disk. — Hermaphro-
dite flowers with the calyx, petals, disk, and stamens as in the males.
Ovary 3-celled. Cotyledons incumbent. Plumule 2-leaved. (Lindl.) — A
tree, a native of China.

Leaves compound, alternate, stipulate, deciduous. Flowers terminal,
in racemose panicles, small, white or yellow. — There is only one hardy
species belonging to this order in British gardens, namely, " Kolreuteria
paniculata Laxm,

GENUS I.

KOLREUTE'R/^ Laxm. THE KOLREUTERIA. Lin. Syst. Octandria

Monogynia.

Identification. Laxm. Acad. Petr.,16. p. 561.; L'He"rit. Sert., 18. t. 19.: Willd. Spec. PI., 330. ;

Dec. Prod., 1. p. 616. ; Don's Mill.. 1. p. 672.
Synonymies. Sapindus sp. Lin.fil. ; Colreuteria, Ital.
Derivation. In honour of John Theophilus KSlreuter, once professor of natural history at Carls-

ruhe, and celebrated for his researches on the pollen of plants.

XV. JESCULAVCE,£. XVI.

1(35

Gen. Char., $c. Calyx of 5 sepals. Petals 4, each with 2 scales at the base.
Capsule 3-celled, inflated. Seeds ovate-globose, the seed-coat penetrating
into the seed, and occupying in the place of an axis the centre of the em-
bryo, which is spirally convoluted. (Dec. Prod.)

Leaves impari-pinnate, of many pairs of leaflets, that are ovate and
coarsely toothed. Flowers yellow, in panicles. — A deciduous tree.

¥ 1. K. PANICULA'TA Laxm. The pamcled-Jlowering Kolreuteria.

Identification. Laxm. Acad. Petr., 16. p. 561. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 616. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 672.
Synonymes. Sapindus chinensis Lin. fil. Supp. p. 221. ; K. paulliw/cJittesL'Herit. Sert. ; Savonnier

panicule, Fr. ; rispentragende Kolreuterie, Ger.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 1. t. 36. ; Bot. Reg., t. 320. ; and the plate of the tree in Arb. Brit.,

1st edit, vol. v. ; and owe fig. 180.

Spec. Char., Sec. Leaves impari-pinnate, with ovate leaflets, coarsely toothed.
Flowers polygamous. A deciduous tree of the middle size. North of
China Height 20 ft. to 40 ft. in the climate of London. Introduced in
1763. Flowers yellow, in terminal, racemose, spreading panicles ; July
and August. Fruit a bladdery capsule, whitish brown ; ripe in October.
Decaying leaves deep yellow. Naked young wood brown.
It is very hardy ; the hermaphrodite plants not unfrequently ripening seeds

in the neighbourhood of London. It has not only a very fine appearance

ISO. K51reu(£ria panicnlftt*.

when in flower, but also in autumn, when the tree is covered with its large
bladdery capsules, and the leaves change to a deep yellow, which they do
before they fall off. It is of the easiest culture in any common soil, and is
readily propagated either by seeds or cuttings of the root or branches. In the
London nurseries it is generally propagated by seed.

ORDER XVI. FITA^CE^E.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx small. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens equal in number to the
petals ; filaments distinct, or slightly cohering at the base. Anthers versa-
tile. Ovarium 2-celled. Fruit a pulpy berry. Seeds 4 or 5, fewer by

K 4

136

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

abortion ; embryo erect ; albumen hard. — Climbing shrubs, with tumid
separable joints.

Leaves simple or compound, opposite or alternate, stipulate, deciduous ;
the lower ones opposite, the upper alternate. Flowers axillary, racemose,
sometimes by abortion changing to tendrils, which are generally opposite to
the leaves ; small, green. — Shrubs, trailing and climbing, deciduous, and
including the grape vine, which may be considered as the type of the
order. The genera which contain hardy species are three, which are thus
contradistinguished : —

FI'TIS. Style wanting. Petals o.

AMPELO'PSIS. Style 1. Petals 5.

CYssus. Style 1. Petals 4.

GENUS I.

JTTIS L. THE GRAPE VINE. Lin. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 284. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 633. ; Don's Mill., 1. F. w».
Synonymes. Giud, Celtic ; Vid, Span. ; Vigne, Fr. ; Vite, Hal. ; Wein, Ger.

Gen. Char. Flowers hermaphrodite, dioecious or tricecious. Calyx commonly
5-toothed. Petals 5, cohering at the top, separating at the base, and de-
ciduous. Stamens 5. (Dec. Prod.) — Climbing tendriled shrubs, deciduous ;
natives of Asia and North America.

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, lobed or serrated. Flowers in thyr-
soid racemes, small, and of a greenish yellow — There are several species in
British gardens, the principal of which is the grape vine.

-A 1. V. VINI'FERA L. The wine-bearing Vine.

Identification. Lin. Spec., 293 ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 633. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 695.
Synonymes. Vigne, Fr. ; gemeiner Weinstock, Ger. ; Vite da Vino, Ital.
Engravings. Duh. Arb. Fr., 2. t. 16. ; Jacq. Ic., 1. p 53. ; and our fig. 181.

Spec. Charge. Leaves
lobed, toothed, si-
nuated, or serrated,
naked or downv.
(Dec. Prod.) A de-
ciduous tendriled
climber. Syria. Stem
20ft. to 50 ft. Cul-
tivated in 1648, or
probably from the
time of the Romans.
Flowers greenish
yellow, scented ;
June and July. Fruit
green, red, or black ;
ripe in October.
Decaying leaves yel- m- Fitis vinifera-

low or red. Naked young wood yellowish brown.

Varieties. The grape vine has been in cultivation from the remotest period of
history, in the warmest parts of the temperate zones of the Old World.
The varieties have been described at length by Du Hamel in France, Don
Roxas de dementi in Spain, and Sickler in Germany. The varieties of the
vine as a fruit shrub, and all that relates to their propagation and culture,
will be found treated of in our Encyclopaedia of Gardening ; and we shall

XVI.

I FINTIS.

137

here only notice those which we think deserving of cultivation, as orna-
mental and fragrant-flowered climbers.

-A V. v. 2 foliis incdnis. Miller's Grape, or Miller's black Cluster Grape.

— Leaves almost entire, small, woolly, and whitish. Fruit round,

small, in compact bunches, black. This variety is selected on account

of the whiteness of its leaves.
-A V. v. 3 foliis rubescentibus. The Claret,

Grape ; Tenturier, Fr. (N. Du Ham., var.

75., not Clairette Du Ham., var. 12.) —

The leaves are larger than those of the

preceding variety, and more lobed and

notched : in the autumn, before they die

off, they change to a deep claret colour, in

which state they are highly ornamental.
1 V. v. 4 apiifdlia lacinibsa L, The Parsley-
leaved Grape Vine ; Ciotat, Fr. ; Vite

d'Egitto, Ital. (fig. 182.)— The leaves

are beautifully laciniated, middle-sized, and

the fruit black. A very handsome climbing

shrub which has been in cultivation for its fruit since 1648.

182. Kltis Tinffera apiifdlia.

1 2. V. LABRU'SCA L.

The wild Vine, or Fox Grape.

1. p. 711. ; Tor. and Gray, 1.

183. FHis iabrusca.

Identification. Lin. Spec., 293. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 634. ; Don's Mill

p. 244.

Synonymes. V. taurlna Walt. ; filziger Wein, Ger. ; Abrostine, Hal.
Engravings. Plum. Icon., t. 259. fig. 1. ; Jacq. Schoan., t. 426. ; and our fig. 183.

Spec. Char., $c. Sexes dioecious or polygamous. Leaves
heart-shaped, rather 3-lobed, acutely toothed beneath,
and the peduncles tomentose and rather rusty. (Dec.
Prod.) Canada to Georgia. Climbing stem 10 ft. to
30 ft. Introduced in 1656. Flowers greenish yellow ;
June and July. Fruit red or black ; ripe in October.
Decaying leaves brown or black.

Varieties. Several varieties, with red, white, or black

fruit, are known in the gardens of North America,

from which wine is made ; such as the Isabella, Schuyl-

kill or Alexander's, the Catawba, and Eland's Grape,

which have doubtless been produced from seeds of

this species. (Tor. and Gray.)

Leaves 4 in. to 6 in. or more in diameter, often distinctly 3-lobed, short,
mucronate, and densely tomentose beneath. Berries 6 — 7 lines in diameter,
globose, usually very dark purple when ripe, but sometimes amber-coloured or
greenish white, of a strong musky flavour, and filled with a tough pulp. (Ibid.)

.1 3. V. JESTIVA^LIS Michx. The Summer Vine, or Grape Vine.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 230.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 634.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 711. ;

Tor. and Gray, 1. p. 244.

Synonymes. V. vinifera americana Marsh. ; V. intermddia Muhi. ; and V. palm&ta Vahl,
Engravings. Jac. Hort. Schoen., t. 425. ; and our fig. 184.

Spec. Char., $c. Sexes dioecious or polygamous.
Leaves broadly heart-shaped, with from 3 to 5
lobes ; the under surface of the young ones
invested with a cottony down ; of the adult
ones, smooth. Racemes fertile, oblong. Berries
small. (Dec. Prod.) A tendriled climber. Con-
necticut to Florida. Stem 20ft. to 30 ft. In- 184-
troduced in 1656. Flowers greenish yellow ; June. Fruit dark blue; ripe
in October.
Leaves 4 in. to 7 in. wide, often deeply lobed, with the sinuses rounded j

138

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

the lower surface, particularly in the young state, clothed with a reddish
cobweb-like pubescence ; when old, somewhat glabrous. Berries 3 — 4 lines
in diameter, deep blue, of a pleasant flavour ; ripe in October. {Tor. and
Gray.) Perhaps only a variety of the preceding species. V. /abruscoides
Muhl. is also probably a synonyme or a variety of that species.

.& 4. V. coRDiForLiA Michx. The heart-s/m/je-leaved Vine, or Chicken Grape.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 231. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 654. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 711. ;

. Tor. and Gray, 1. p. 244.

Synonymes. V. inclsa Jacq. Schcen. t. 427. ; V. vulplna Lin. Spec. p. 293., Walt. Flor. Car. 243. ;

Winter Grape ; Frost Grape.
Engravings. Jacq. Schcen , t. 247. ; and owe fig. 185.

Spec. Char., $c. Sexes dioecious or poly-
gamous. Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate,
toothed in the mode of incisions, smooth
on both surfaces. Racemes loosely many-
flowered. Berries small, greenish, ripened
late. (Dec. Prod.) A tendriled climber.
Canada to Florida, in thickets along rivers.
Stem 10ft. to 20ft. Introduced in 1806.
Flowers greenish yellow ; June. Fruit
greenish ; ripe in November.

Leaves thin, 3 in. to 6 in. in diameter, often slightly 3-lobed, and rarely
sinuated. Berries nearly black when mature, about a quarter of an inch in di-
ameter, ripening late in autumn ; acid, but tolerably well flavoured after having
been touched by frost. (Tor. and Gray.)

185. ntis cordifilia.

A 5.

Identification.

V. RIPAVRIA Michx. The river-side, or sweet-scented, Vine.

Michx. Flor. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 821.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 635. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 711.
Synonymes. V. odoratissima Donn Hort. Cant., and Lodd. Cat. ; Vigne de Battures, Amer.

Engravings.
fig. 186.

Bot. Mag., t. 2429. ; Deud. Brit., 1. p. 13.: and our

186. ntts rip&rta.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves heart-shaped, shallowly 3-

cleft, toothed in the mode of incisions and un-

equally. Footstalk, and the margin of the nerves,

pubescent. Racemes loose. Fruit small. (Dec.

Prod.) A tendriled climber. Canada to Virginia.

Stem 20 ft. to 30 ft. Introduced in 1806. Flowers

greenish yellow, with the fragrance of mignonette;

June and July. Fruit dark purple, or amber ; ripe

in October.

Leaves 4? in. to 6 in. in diameter, thin ; teeth very
coarse, acuminate. Berry 3 — 4 lines in diameter,
dark purple, or amber colour, when ripe. (Tor. and
Gray.)

A 6. V. VULPI'NA L. The Fox Grape, or Bullet Grape.

Identification . Willd. Sp., 1. 1181. ; Walt. Car., p. 243. ; Tor. and Gray, 1. p. 245.

Synonymes. V. rotundifdlia Michx., Pursh, Dec., Don's Mill., and Aro. Brit. 1st edit. ; Muscadine

Grape.
Engraving. Our fig. 187.

Spec. C/iar.y fyc. Branches minutely verrucose. Leaves cordate, shining on
both surfaces, somewhat 3-lobed, coarsely toothed, the teeth not acuminate.
Racemes composed of numerous capitate umbels. Berries large. (Tor.
and Gray.) A tendriled climber. Virginia to Florida. Stem 20 ft. to 30 ft.
Introduced in 1806. Flowers greenish yellow ; June and July. Fruit deep
blue ; ripe in October.

The stem of this species has a smooth bark, and climbs to the summit of
some of the highest trees. Leaves 2 — 3 in. in diameter ; the lower surface
more shining than the upper ; sinus deep, but rather acute. Fruit 7 — 8 lines

XVI. VITA^CEJE : AMPELO'PSJS.

139

in diameter, covered with a coria-
ceous integument, the flower not un-
pleasant. This, according to Torrey
and Gray, appears to be the original
F. vulpina of Linnaeus.

Other Species of Vttis. — The
American species have been consi-
derably reduced in number by
Messrs. Torrey and Gray ; but it
appears to us, that the reduction
might have been carried still farther.
Some species are described as na-
tives of the Himalayas, and 130
varieties are noticed by Rafinesque
in his Monograph of American Vines
(see Gard. Mag., vol. viii. p. 248.) ;
but they are not yet known in this
country. Indeed, from the appear-
ance of the above-described species
in the Hort. Soc. Garden, we are
much inclined to think they are
only varieties of the same species.
They certainly do not differ more
from each other than the known
varieties of the common cultivated
vine.

187. PHb Tulpina.

GENUS II.

AMPELO'PSIS Michx.

THE AMPELOPSIS.
Monogynia

Lin. Syst. Pentandria

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 159. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 632. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 694.

Synonymes. Fltis sp. and Ci'ssus sp. ; Ampelosside, Ital.

Derivation. Ampelus, a vine, and opsis, resemblance ; similarity in the habits of the species.

Calyx almost entire. Petals 5, falling off separately. Stigma
Ovary not immersed in a di^k, including 2—4 ovules. (Dec.

Gen. Char.
capitate.
Prod.)

Leaves compound, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; palmate, pinnate,
or bipinnate. Flowers small. — Tendriled climbers, natives of North Ame-
rica. The species in British gardens are two, of the easiest culture in any
common soil ; and one of them, A. ^ederacea, is among the most ornamental
of hardy climbers.

.1 1. A. HEDERAVCEA Michx. The Ivy-like Ampelopsis, or Five-leaved Ivy.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 160. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 633. ; Don's Mil'., 1. p. 694.
Synonymes. Hedera quinquef61ia Linn. Spec. 292. ; Fltis quinquefblia Lam. III. No. 2815. ; Cfssus

Aederacea Ph. Fl. Amer. Sent. \. p. 170. ; Cissus quinquefblia Hort. Par. ; Fitis Aederacea Willd.

Spec. p. 1182.; Ampelopsis quinquefblia Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. \. 114., and Tor. 8f Gray ;

Vigne Vierge, Fr. ; Jungfern Reben, or wilder Wein, Ger.\ Vite del Canada, ttal.
Engravings. Cornut. Canad., t. 100.; and our fig. 188.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves digitate, of from 3 to 5 leaflets, that are stalked
oblong, toothed with mucronated teeth. Racemes dichotomously corym-
bose. (Dec. Prod.) A tendriled climber. Canada to Georgia. Stem 30 ft.
to 50 ft., or more. Introduced in 1629. Flowers yellowish green; June

140

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BTUTANNICUM.

AmpeWpsis Aederkcea.

and July. Berry black or dark blue ; ripe
in October. Decaying leaves deep purple
or red, or yellowish red.

Variety.

1 A. h. 2 hirsuta Tor. & Gray. A.
hirsuta Donn ; Cissus 7/ederacea
(3 hirsuta Pursh. — Leaves pubescent
on both sides, leaflets ovate. The
plants of this variety in British gar-
dens do not die off of so intense a
crimson as the species.

Stem attaching itself to trees and walls by
expansions of the extremities of the tendrils.
Panicle many-flowered. Petals at first some-
what cohering, at length spreading. Berry
about as large as a small pea, the peduncles
and pedicels bright crimson ; and the foliage
in autumn, before it dies off, of a deep crimson.
The most vigorous-growing and generally
ornamental climber in Europe. It thrives in
almost every soil and situation from Warsaw
to Naples, and in town, as well as in the
country.

1 2. A. BIPINNA'TA Michx. The bipinnate-/«zm/ Ampe!opsis.

Identification, Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 160. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 633. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 694.
Synonymes. Fitis arbbrea Wittd. Spec. 1. p. 1183.; Titis bipinnata Tor. 8f Gray; Cissus stans

Pers. Syn. 1. p. 183., Ph. Fl. Amer. Sept. \. p. 170. ; Vite del Carolina, Hal.
Engravings. Pluk. Mant., p. 412. fig. 2. ; and our fig. 189.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves bipinnate, smooth ; leaflets cut in a loberl manner.
Racemes pedunculate, almost doubly bifid. Berries globose and cream-
coloured. (Dec. Prod.) A tendriled climber. Virginia to Georgia. Stem
10 ft. to 20 ft. Introduced in 1700. Flowers greenish white ; June to
August. Berry black ;
ripe in October. Decay-
ing leaves purplish red,
sometimes yellowish red.

Stem upright, or some-
what twining, glabrous.
Panicle short, spreading,
and without tendrils. Berry
globose, depressed, as large
as a small pea, blackish
when ripe, slightly hairy.
(Tor. and Gray.) A very
handsome climber, of easy
culture, and much admired
for the beauty of its foliage.
Compared with A. 7/ede-

racea, it is Of Slow grOWth, !S9- Ampeldpsisbipinnata.

the shoots in the climate of London being seldom more than 18 in. or 2 ft. in
a season.

Other Species of Ampelopsis. — A. incisa, Fitis incisa Nuit., is described in
Torrey and Gray's Flora ; but we are not aware of its having been introduced.
A. cordata Michx. (the Cissus Ampelopsis of Persoon, and Fitis indivisa of
Willdenow) is described in the first edition of this work ; but, as we consider it
a^very doubtful species, we have omitted it in this abridgement. A. capreola a
G, Don, Fitis capreolata D. Don, and A. botrya Dec., are also omitted, as not
having been yet introduced.

XVI. riTACEyE. XVII. XANTHOXYLA'CE^E.

GENUS III.

141

CTSSUS L. THE Cissus. Lin. Syst. Tetrandria Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 147. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 627. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 689.

Synonymes. Ampelopsis, and Fltis in part.

Derivation. Kissos is the Greek name of the ivy, which these plants in some manner resemble.

Gen. Char. Calyx almost entire. Petals 4, falling off separately. Ovary
4-celled. Berry 1— 4-seeded. (Dec. Prod.)

Leaves compound, alternate, exsti-
pulate, deciduous ; trifoliate. Flowers
axillary, small, greenish. Fruit a berry.
— Climbing shrubs, only one of which
is hardy in British gardens.

1 1. C. ORIENTALS. The oriental
Cissus, or Ivy Vine.

Identification. Lam. 111. p. 332. Don's Mill., 1.

p. 694.
Engravings. Lam. 111., t. 84. fig. 2. ; and our

fig. 190.

Spec.Char.,Sfc. Leaves bipinnate, smooth ;
leaflets ovate, serrated. (Don's Mill.)
A deciduous climber. Levant. Stem
5ft. to 10 ft. Introd. in 1818. Flow-
ers yellowish green ; June and July.
Berry, ?.

We have only seen the plant bearing
this name in the collection of Messrs.
Loddiges, from which our figure is taken,
and which, as it does not agree very well
with the specific character, is perhaps
not the true plant. At all events, the
plant figured is handsome, and as vigo-
rous and hardy as Ampelopsis bipinnata. 190.

ORDER XVII. XANTHOXYLAVCE^E.

QRD. CHAR. Flowers unisexual, regular. Calyx in 3 — 5 divisions. Petals
the same number, longer than the calyx ; aestivation generally twisted.
Stamens equal in number to the petals ; in the female flowers wanting or
imperfect. Ovary with as many carpels as there are petals. Fruit either
berried or membranous. — Trees or shrubs, chiefly natives of warm climates.
(Lindl.)

Leaves compound, alternate or opposite, without stipules ; abruptly or
unequally pinnate ; with pellucid dots. Flowers axillary or terminal ;
grey, green, or pink. — The species in British gardens are comprised in
three genera, which are thus contradistinguished : —

XANTHO'XYLUM L. Flowers bisexual. Carpels 1 — 5, 2-valved. Leaves

abruptly and impari-pinnate.
PTE'LEA L. Flowers bisexual. Fruit compressed, 2 — 3-celled j cells winged.

Leaves of 3 leaflets, rarely of 5 leaflets.
AILA'NTUS Desf. Flowers polygamous. Carpels 3 — 5, membranous. Leave*

abruptly or impari-pinnate.

142 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

GENUS I.

XANTHO'XYLUM L., and H. B. et Kth. THE XANTHOXYLUM, or
TOOTHACHE TREE. Lin. Syst. Dioe'cia Tri-Pentandria.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 150. and 1109. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 725. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 801.

Synonymes. Zanthoxylum (it is thus spelled in many botanical works) ; Kampm&nma Rafin. ;
Clavalier, Fr. ; Zahnwehholz, Ger.; Santossilo, Ital.

Derivation. From xanthos, yellow, and xulon, wood ; from the yellowness of the wood, more espe-
cially of the roots. The French name means club tree, and the German name, the toothache tree.

Gen. Char. Calyx short, 3 — 4-parted. Petals equal in number to the lobes
of the calyx, but longer, very rarely wanting. — Male flowers. Stamens equal
in number with the petals. — Female flowers. Stamens sometimes wanting,
or very short. Ovaries 5 — 1, sometimes equal in number to the petals.
Capsules 1 — 5, 1 — 2-seeded. Seeds globose, dark, shining. (Don's Mill.)
Leaves compound, alternate, stipulate, deciduous; pinnately 3 — 13-folio-
late. Flowers axillary, small, greenish or whitish. Inflorescence various. —
Deciduous low trees or shrubs, natives of North America, with prickles on
the branches, petioles, and midrib of the leaflets. The species in British
gardens are of easy culture in any common soil, and are easily propagated
by seeds, layers, or cuttings of the roots.

¥ * 1. X. FRAXI'NEUM Willd. The Ash-leaved Xanthoxylum, or common
Toothache Tree.

191. Xantluixyluir. /raxineur

XVII. XANTHOXYLAVCEJE : PTE^LEA.

143

Willd. Sp., 4. p. 757. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 726. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 802.
Synonymes. Zanth6xylum raraifl6rum Mich. Fl. B. A. 2. p. 235. ; Z. ClSva Herculw var. Lin. Sp.

Identification.
nonymes.
1455., Lam. Diet. 2. p. 38. ;

; Z. americanum Mill. Diet. No. 2., and Tor. 8; Gray, 1. p. 214. ;

Z. miteWWd. Euum ; Z. caribae'um G*e?-/. Fruct., but not of Lam. ; Z. tricarpum Hook, not of
Michx. ; Clavalier si Feuilles do Frene, Fr. ; Eschen-blattriges Zahnwehholz, Ger. ; Prickly
Ash, Amer. ; Frassino spinoso, Ital.

Engravings. Du Ham. Arb., 1. t. 97. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v. : and
our Jig. 191.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves pinnate, of 4 to 5 pairs of leaflets, and an odd one ; the
leaflets ovate, obscurely sawed, equal at the base ; the petiole round, and de-
void of prickles ; prickles in the situation of stipules. Flowers in axillary
umbels, without petals. (Dec. Prod., i. p. 726, 727.) A low deciduous
tree or shrub. Canada to Virginia. Height 10ft. to 15ft. Introd. 1740.
Flowers yellowish, with red anthers ; April and May. Seeds large, black ; ripe
in September. Decaying leaves yellowish green. Naked young wood ash-
coloured and greenish.
Variety.

*£ s X. f. 2 virginicum, the X. virginicum of Lodd. Cat., of which there is
a plantin the garden of the London Horticultural Society, and several
in the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges, appears to us only a variety
of X./raxineum; probably the same as X. (f.) tricarpum.

1 3fe 2. X. (F.) TRICA'RPUM Michx. The three-fruited Xanthoxylum, or Tooth-

ache Tree.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 335. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 726. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 803.
Synonymes. Z. carolinianum Lam., Tor. 8f Gray, 1. p. 214.; Fagara /raxinifblia Lam. III. 1.

Engravings. Lam. 111., 1. 1. 334. j and our fig. 192.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves pinnate ; the leaflets 3
to 5 pairs, and an odd one, all on short stalks,
oblong oval, acuminate, finely sawed, oblique at
the base. Petioles and branches prickly. Pa-
nicles terminal. Petals 5. (Dec. Prod.) A low
tree or shrub. North Carolina to Florida.
Height 1.0 ft. to 15 ft. Introd. 1806. Flowers
greenish ; June. Seeds large, black ; ripe Oct.

Leaves and bark very aromatic and pungent.
Prickles very sharp. The bark of this and the
preceding species is imported from New York,
and sold in Covent Garden Market as a cure for
the rheumatism. Probably a variety of the pre-
ceding species.

192. Xanthdxylum tric&rpum.

Other Species of Xanthoxylum. — X. mite Willd., treated as a species by
some authors, is made a synonyme of X.^raxineum by Torrey and Gray, and
it probably bears the same relation to that species that Gleditschza inermis
does to G. triacanthos. Our opinion is, that there is only one species of the
genus in British gardens.

GENUS II.

PTE'LEA L. THE PTELEA, or SHRUBBY TREFOIL. Lin. Syst. Monce'cia
Tetra-Pentandria.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 152. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 8*2. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 806.
Synonymes. Belinda Adans. ; Orme de Samarie, Fr. ; Lederblume^Ger.
Derivation. From ptelea, the Greek name of the elm, adopted by Linnaeus.

Gen. Char. Calyx short, 4 — 5 parted. Petals 4 — 5, longer than the caiyx.
— Male flowers. Stamens 4 — 5, longer than the petals. — Female flowers.

144

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Stamens 4—5, very short. Style short. Fruit compressed, indehiscent,
samara-like, turgid, 2 — 3-celled. Seeds oblong. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves compound, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; pinnate, 3- rarely 5-
foliolate, with pellucid dots, the lateral leaflets inequilateral. Flowers
whitish, cymose : cymes corymbed or panicled. — Deciduous shrubs or low
trees, natives of North America and Asia. There is only one species in
British gardens, which is of the easiest culture, and is propagated by seeds
and cuttings, put in in autumn, and covered with a hand glass.

1 an 1. P. TRIPOLI A'T A L. The three-leafleted Ptelea, or Shrubby Trefoil.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 173. ; Willd. Sp. PI., 1. 670. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 82. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 806. ;

Tor. and Gray, 1. p. 215.

Synonymes. Orme de Samarie a trois Feuilles, Fr. ; dreyblattrige Lederblume, Ger.
Engravings. Dill. Elth., t. 122. ; Schmidt Arb., 2. t. 76. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st. edit., vol. v. ;

and our fig. 193.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaf of three leaflets that are ovate acute, the middle one

much tapered towards its base. Flowers in corymbs, usually tetrandrous.

(Dec. Prod.} A low tree or shrub. Lake Erie to Florida and Texas.

Height 6ft. to 10 ft. Introd. 1704. Flowers whitish; June and July;

Capsules greenish ; ripe in October. Decaying leaves of a remarkably clear

rich yellow. Naked young wood dark purplish brown.
Varieties.

2 & P. t. 2 pentaphylla Munchh. has 5 leaflets, H. S.
¥ at P. t. 3 pubescens Pursh has the leaflets pubescent.

When this plant is pruned up with a single stem, it forms a handsome low
tree with a hemispherical head ; but in British gardens it is more frequently

193. Ptfclea trifoliata.

found as a large shrub, with numerous stems proceeding from the rootstock.
The shoots and leaves pubescent when young. Ovary of the staminate
flowers abortive. Odour of the flowers disagreeable. Capsules with flattened
wings, somewhat resembling those of the elm.

Other Species of Ptelea. — P. Baldwmu is described by Torrey and Gray as
a shrub not more than a foot high, but it has not yet been introduced

XVII. XANTHOXYLAXCE^E. XVIII. CORIAVCEJE. 145

GENUS III.

.1
AILA'NTUS Desf. THE AILANTO. Lin. Syst. Polygamia Monce cia.

Identification. Desf. Act. Acad. Par., 1786, p. 263 ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 88. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 807.

Synonymes. Ithiis Ehrh., Ellis, and Moench ; Verne du Japon, Fr. ; Gotterbaum, Ger.

Derivation. Ailanto is the name of AUdntus glandul&sa Desf. in the Moluccas. It was long con-
sidered as a species of .ffhus, whence the French name ; and the meaning of the aboriginal word
being, it is said, tree of heaven, hence the German name, Gotterbaum, tree of the gods.

Gen, Char. Male flowers. Calyx 5 cleft. Petals 5, longer than the calyx.
Stamens 10, the 5 opposite the petals shortest. Disk central. — Hermaphro-
dite, or female, flowers. Calyx, petals, and disk as in the male, but with
fewer stamens. Ovaries 3 — 5, distinct. Samara 3 — 5, oblong ; 1-celled,
1-seeded. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves compound, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous; impari-pinnate. Flowers
terminal, small, greenish. — One species, a deciduous tree from China.

¥ 1. A. GLANDULO'SA Desf. The glandulous-leaved Ailanto.

Identification. Desf. Act. Acad. Par. 1786, p. 263. ; Dec. Prod, 1. p. 89. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 807.
Synonymes. A. procera Sal. Prod. p. 271. ; -Rhus hypselodendron Moench ; R. cacod^ndron Ehrh. ;

R. smense -E/ft's ; Aylanthe glanduleux, Fr.; drusiger Gotterbaum, Ger.; Albero di Paradiso, Ital.

ngravings. Wats. Dend.

our fig. 194.

Engravings. Wats. Dend. Brit, t. 108. ; the plate of the tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v. ; and
g. 19

Spec. Char., S/-c. Leaves impari-pinnate ; the leaflets coarsely toothed at the
base ; the teeth glandulous on the under side. (Dec. Prod.} A large tree.
North of China. Height 50 ft. to 60 ft. Introd. 1751. Flowers whitish
green, exhaling a disagreeable odour ; August. Capsules like the keys of
the ash, but smaller ; ripe in October. Decaying leaves brownish, but drop-
ping with the first frost, without any great change of colour. The leaflets
often separating from the petiole of the leaf, and leaving it for some weeks
attached to the tree. Naked young wood
rusty brown, without buds.

The leaves on vigorous young trees are
sometimes 6 ft. in length. The fruit, which
has been ripened at White Knights, resembles
the keys of the ash, but is smaller. The tree
grows with great rapidity for the first 10 or
12 years, producing shoots from 3 ft. to 6 ft.
in length at first, and attaining the height of
15 or 20 feet in 5 or 6 years, in favourable
situations. Afterwards its growth is much
slower. It grows in any soil, though one that
is light and somewhat humid, and a sheltered
situation, suit it best. In France, it is said to
thrive on chalky soils, and attain a large size
where scarcely any other tree will grow. It
is readily propagated by cuttings of the roots. 194. AM*

SECTION IV.

Fruit gynobasic ; that is, inseiled into a fleshy Receptacle, with winch the Style

is continuous.

ORDER XVIII. CORIANCEZE.

ORD. CHAR. Flvivers either hermaphrodite, monoecious, or dioecious. Uai-yx
eampanulate, 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Carpels 5.— Low shrubs
natives of temperate and warm climates.

140

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Leaves simple, opposite or alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; entire.
Buds scaly. Flowers in terminal and axillary racemes. Fruit in some
poisonous, in others edible. — There is only one hardy genus, Coriaria ; the
species of which are low shrubs, natives of Europe and Asia.

GENUS I.

U

COIUAVRIA Kiss. THE CORIAIUA. Lin. Syst. Dioe'cia Becandria.

Identification. Niss. in Act. Par. 1711, t. 12. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 739. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 818.
Synonymes. Redoul, Fr. ; Gerbcrstrauch, Ger.

Derivation. From corium, a hide ; C. wzyrtifolia being used both in tanning leather and in dyeing
it black.

Gen. Char. Flowers either hermaphrodite, monoecious, or dioecious.
Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, sepaloid, smaller than the lobes of the calyx.
Stamens 10, hypogynous, 5 between the lobes of the calyx and the angles of
the ovarium, 5 between the petals and the furrows of the ovarium. Anthers
bursting by longitudinal slits. Style none. Stigmas 5, long, awl-shaped.
Carpels 5, surrounding a fleshy axis ; when ripe, close together, but separate,
not opening, l-seeded, surrounded with glandular lobes. (Lindl.)

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous ; 3-ribbed. Branches
square, opposite. — Low suffruticose shrubs, of easy culture in common
soil, and propagated by division of the root.

j* 1. C. MYRTIFOXLIA L. The Myrtle-leaved Coriaria.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1467. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 739. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 818.

Synonymes. Fustet des Corroyeurs, or Redoul a Feuilles de Myrte, Fr. ; Myrtenblattriger Ger.

berstrauch, Ger.
Engravings. Lam. 111., t. 822. ; Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 103. ; and our fig. 195.

jSpjtfc. Char., tyc. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute,
three-nerved, on short footstalks, glabrous.
Flowers in rather upright
racemes. (Dec. Prod.) A
low, deciduous, suffruticose
shrub, consisting of nume-
rous suckers. South of
Europe, and the North of
Africa. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft.
Introduced 1629. Flowers
greenish ; May to August.
Carpels in the form of a
berry, black ; ripe in October,
brownish green.

Found in hedges and waste places, throwing up nume-
rous suckers. An ornamental undershrub, chiefly re-
markable for its myrtle-like leaves, and the handsome
frond-like form of its branches. Suckers in any com-
mon soil.

Other Species ofQoridria. — C. nepalensis Wall. PI. As.
Rar. t. 289., and our fig. 196., from a specimen gathered
in the Hort. Soc. Gardens, a native of Nepal, at heights
of from 5000 ft. to 7000 ft., appears to be quite hardy,

and of robust growth. C. sarmentdsa Forst, from New Zealand, is probably

hardy also, but has not yet been introduced.

Corikna »iyrtif61ia.

Leaves drop off of a

STAPHYLEVA. 147

SUBCLASS II. CALYCIFLCTR^.

Petals separate, inserted in the Calyx.

ORDER XIX. STAPHYLEASCE^.

ORD. CHAR. Sepals 5, connected at the base, coloured, with an imbricated
aestivation. Petals 5, alternate. Stamens 5. Disk large. Ovary 2 — 3-celled.
Fruit membranous or fleshy. — Shrubs, natives chiefly of warm climates.
(Lindl.)

Leaves compound, opposite, stipulate, deciduous. Flowers terminal.
Fruit a bladdery capsule. — The only hardy ligneous plants belonging to this
order are contained in the genus Staphylea.

GENUS

STAPHYLE'A L. THE STAPHYLEA, or BLADDER-NUT TREE. Lin.Syst-
Pentandia Di-Trigynia.

Identification. I in. Gen , No. 374. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 2. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 2.

Synonymes. Staphylodendron Tourn. ; Staphilier, faux Pistachier, Fr. ; Pimpernuss, Ger. ; Sta-

filea, Hal.
Derivation. Abridged from Staphylodendron, its name before the days of Linnaeus, derived from

staphule, a bunch or cluster, and dendron, a tree ; the flowers and fruits being disposed in clusters,

and the plant being ligneous.

Gen. Char. Calyx of 5 coloured sepals, connected at the base, in aestiva-
tion imbricate. Petals 5, in aestivation imbricate. Stamens 5, perigynous,
alternate with the petals, and opposite the sepals. A large urceolate disk,
or nectary, within the corolla. Ovarium 2- or 3-celled, superior. Fruit
membraneous. Seeds with a bony testa, and a large truncate hilum. (Lindl.)
Leaves compound, opposite, stipulate, deciduous ; pinnate, with both com-
mon and partial stipules. Flowers in terminal stalked racemes. — Two
hardy species, low trees or shrubs ; natives of Europe and North America,
of easy culture in any common soil, and propagated by seeds, which ought
to be sown as soon as they are ripe, or by cuttings.

& ¥ 1. S. TRIFO^LIA L. The three-leaved Staphylea, or Bladder-nut Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 386. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 2. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 2. ; Tor. and Gray, 1. p. 256.
Synonymes* Staphilier & Feuilles ternees, Fr. ; Virginische Pimpernuss, Ger.
Engravings. Schmidt Baum., t. 81. ; our fig. 197. in flower, and fig. 198. in fruit.

Spec. Char., fyc. The leaf of 3 leaflets, which are ovate, acuminate, regularly
sawed, and, when young, pubescent ; the style smooth; the capsule bladdery.
(Dec. Prod.} A deciduous shrub or low tree. Canada to South Carolina,

and west to Arkansas, in moist places. Height 6 ft.

to 12 ft. Introduced in 1640. Flowers whitish ; May

and June. Nuts globose, in a bladdery capsule, white;

ripe in October. Decaying leaves

greenish yellow.

Branches slender, smooth, and

dotted. Petioles pubescent above.

Partial stipules mostly none.

Petals obovate-spatulate, ciliate at

the base. Stamens rather exserted j

filaments hairy below ; anthers »M- s.

cordate; the lobes somewhat united at the tip. Capsule 2 in. long; the carpels
(sometimes 4) distinct at the summit, tipped with the persistent styles, and

rning by the inner suture; seeds smooth and polished, all but one often
rtive. (Torrey and Gray.} When not trained to a single stem, this shrub
throws out abundance of shoots resembling suckers from the collar ; but, if

L 2

148

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

these-be removed as they are produced, it will form a very handsome low tree.
Seeds, suckers, layers, or cuttings, in any common soil, kept moist. The
largest plants of this species, in the neighbourhood of London, are at Syon.

& t 2. S. PINNA'TA L. The pinnated-leaved Staphylea, or Bladder-nut Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 386. : Dec. Prod., 2. p. 3. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 3.

Synonymes. Staphylodendron pinnStum Ray ; Staphilier a Feuilles ailees, Fr. ; gememe Pimper-

nuss, Ger. ; Lacrime di Giobbe, or Pistacchio falso, Ital ; Job's Tears.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1560. ; Hayne Abbild., t. 36. ; and our fig. 199.

Spec. Char., %c. Leaves pinnate, of 5—7 oblong, perfectly glabrous, serrate
leaflets ; the flowers in racemes ; the capsules membranous and bladdery.
(Dec. Prod.) Shrub or low tree. South of Europe, and ? England in
hedges. Height 6ft. to 12ft. Flowers whitish; May and June. Nuts
globose white, in a bladdery capsule ; ripe in October. Decaying leaves
yellowish green. Naked young wood greenish, with green buds.
A smooth branching shrub, throwing up

many side suckers, in gardens often from

6ft. to 12ft. high, and exhibiting a much

more luxuriant growth than the preceding

species. The nuts, in some parts of Europe,

are strung for beads by the Roman Catholics.

The kernels taste like those of the pistacia,

and are eaten in Germany by children. The

flowers contain a great deal of honey, and

are very attractive to bees. In the London

nurseries, the plant is generally cultivated by

side suckers, by cuttings put in during the

month of September, or by seeds, which

are ripened in abundance. The seeds ought

to be sown as soon as they are ripe; be-
cause, as they contain an oil, they very soon

become rancid. They will come up the following June, with two large, lance-
shaped, seminal leaves ; though sometimes they do not come up for two years.

199. Staphylfea pinnkta.

ORDER XX. CELASTRA'CE^E.

>RD. CHAR. Sepals 4 — 6 : aestivation imbricate. Petals 4 — 6. Stamens 4—6,
alternate with the petals, opposite the sepals, indistinctly perigynous.
Ovary superior, free, girded with a fleshy disk, with 2 — 4 cells. Ovules erect,
rarely pendulous. Fruit capsular, baccate, drupaceous, or samarideous.
Seeds, in most, attended with an aril. (Lindl.)

Leaves simple, alternate or opposite, generally stipulate, deciduous, or
evergreen. Flowers whitish or greenish, in axillary cymes. — Shrubs or
low trees, generally deciduous ; natives of both hemispheres.

The species are chiefly remarkable for the form and colours of their fruits ;
their flowers being neither large nor showy, nor their properties valuable in
medicine, or general economy. All the species are readily increased by layers,
by cuttings struck in sand, or by seeds in any common soil. The genera
containing hardy species are .Zftionymus, Celastrus> and Nemopanthes, which
are thus contradistinguished : —
.EUO'NYMUS Tourn. Sexes mostly hermaphrodite. Fruit a dehiscent capsule,

of 3 — 5 cells. Seed with an aril. Leaves mostly opposite.
CELA'STRUS L. Sexes mostly hermaphrodite. Fruit a dehiscent capsule

of 2 — 3-cells. Seed with an aril. Leaves alternate.
NEMOPA'NTHES Rafin. Sexes polygamous or dioecious. Fruit an indehiscent

berry

xx. C*ELASTRA*CE,E: ^UO'NYMUS.

149

GENUS I.

EUO'NYMUS Tow™. THE EUONYMUS, or SPINDLE TREE. Lin. Syst.
Tetra-Hex-andria Monogynia.

Identification. Tourn. Inst, t. 388. ; Lin. Gen., 271. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 3. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 3.

Synonymes. Fusain, Bonnet de Pretre, or Bois a Lardoire, Fr. ; Spindelbaum, Ger. ; Evonimo,
Ital.

Derivation. The word JEuonymus is formed from the Greek, and signifies of good repute. The
French word Fusain means a spindle, alluding to the use of the wood for making spindles. Bonnet
de Pretre alludes to the form of the capsules, which, when opened, bear some resemblance to a
priest's cap ; and it is called Bois a" Lardoire from the use made of the wood for skewers or larding
pins. The German name is literally spindle tree.

Gen. Char. Calyx 4?— 5-lobed, flat, covered by the peltate disk at the base.
Petals 4—6, spreading, inserted in the disk. Stamens 4 — 6, inserted above
the disk in rather prominent glands. Capsule 3 — 5-celled, 3 — 5-angled.
Seeds 1 — 4? in each cell, and wrapped in pulp or aril. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, opposite, serrate. Stipules mostly none. Peduncles axil-
lary, 1 — many-flowered. Inflorescence cymose. — Deciduous shrubs or low
trees ; sometimes trailing, or climbing by rootlets.

¥ & 1. E. EUROPJEVUS L. The European Euonymus, or Spindle Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 286. ; Dec Prod., 2. p. 4. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 3.

Synonymes. E. vulgaris Mill. Diet. ; Prick-timber Gerard ; Louse Berry, Dogwood, Gatteridge
Tree ; Fusain d'Europe, Fr. ; Bonnet de Pretre commun, Fr. ; gemeine Spindelbaum, Ger. : Be-
rette di Prete, Ital.

Derivation The English name Prick-timber, or Prick-wood, alludes to the employment of the wood
in making toothpicks and skewers, which were formerly called pricks ; and it is called Dogwood,
because the wood of Cornus sanguinea and that of the Euonymus europae'us are used indiscrimi-
nately for the same purposes, both being called Gatteridge Tree ; the meaning of which we do not
know. It is called Louse-wood, because the powdered leaves were formerly put on the heads of
children to chase away lice.

Engravings. Smith's Eng. Bot., t. 362. ; the plate of the tree La Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v. ; and

Spec. Char.,$c. Branches smooth. Leaves lanceolate-ovate, very finely sawed.
Flowers about 3 upon one peduncle ; the petals oblong, rather acute. Lobes
of the capsule obtuse. (Dec. Prod.) A deciduous shrub, or low tree.
Europe and Britain, in hedges and copse woods. Height 6 ft. to 1 2 ft.
Flowers greenish white ; May. Fruit scarlet, produced in great abundance,

L 3

150

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

and very showy ; ripe in September. Decaying leaves reddish. Naked young
wood green or reddish green.

Varieties.

*£ & E. e. 2 latifblius Lodd. Cat. has rather broader leaves than the species.

3f & E. e. 3 foliis variegdlis Lodd. Cat* has variegated leaves, but never
looks healthy.

tfc j* E. e. 4 fructu dlbo Lodd. Cat. has white capsules.

j» E. e. 5 ndnus Lodd. Cat. is a dwarf-growing plant.

Nos. 2. and 4. of these varieties are, in our opinion, alone worth culti-
vating.

Roots numerous and whitish, forming a dense mass of network, and not
extending to a great distance from the stem. The branches are numerous
and opposite ; and the wood hard and fine-grained. The leaves and bark
are acrid, poisonous, and fetid when bruised. The capsules are of a fine
rose colour, except in the white-capsuled variety, and the seeds are each
invested with an aril of a fine orange colour. In a state of cultivation the
tree attains the height of 30 ft. or upwards, and, though almost entirely neg-
lected in pleasure-grounds, it forms a singularly handsome object in autumn,
when covered with its ripe fruit. Seeds ; in any common soil not over moist.

!Sf & 2. E. VERRUCO^SUS Scop. The warted-barked Euonymus, or Spindle

Tree.

Identification. Scop. Carn., ed. 2. No. 268. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 4. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 4.
Synonymes. E. europas'us leprbsus Lin. ; Fusain galeux, ou

verruqueux, Fr. ; warziger Spindelbaum, Ger.
Engravings. Nouv. Du Ham., 3. t. 8. ; Schmidt Arb., t. 72. ;

and our fig. 201.

Spec. Char.t fyc. Branches warted with prominent

lenticular glands. Leaves ovate, slightly ser-
rate. Flowers three on a peduncle. Petals

ovate. Capsule bluntly 4-cornered. (Dec.

Prod.} A deciduous shrub or low tree. Austria,

Hungary, and Carniola. Height 6ft. to 12 ft.

Introduced in 1763. Flowers purplish brown ;

May and June. Fruit reddish purple ; ripe

in September. Decaying leaves reddish green.

Naked young wood green, with brown and

white spots.

A shrub of somewhat fastigiate habit of growth,
with rough warty branches. This species is culti-
vated in collections chiefly for the singularity of its
appearance, being among spindle trees what the
warted ash is among ash trees. It ripens seeds,
and is readily increased by cuttings.

201. jEu<5nymus verr

3. E. LATIFO^LIUS C. Bank.

The broad-leaved Euonymus, or Spindle
Tree.

Identification. C. Bauh. Pin., 428. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 4. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 4.
Synonymes. E. europa^us var. 2. Lin. ; Fusain a larges Feuilles, Fr. ; breitblattriger Spindelbaum,
' Ger.

Engravings. Jacq. Fl. Austr., t. 289. ; Bot. Mag., 2384. ; the plate of the species in Arb. Brit., 1st
edit., vol. v. ; and our Jig. 202.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches smooth.. Leaves broad-ovate, tooth leted. Pe-
duncles trichotomous, many-flowered. Petals oval, obtuse. Lobes of capsule
acutely angled, wing-formed. (Don's Mill.) A deciduous shrub or low tree.
South of France to Tauria, in groves. Height 10ft. to 20 ft. Introduced
in 1730. Flowers white, becoming purplish; June and July. Fruit deep
red, and very showy ; ripe in September. Decaying leaves purplish red.
Naked young wood reddish green, with long pointed green buds, tinged
with red.
In British gardens, this forms much the handsomest species of the genus,

xx. CELASTRAVCE;E : JEUO'NYMUS.

151

202. /Judnymus latifolitis.

from its broad shining leaves, and its large red pendulous fruits, with orange-
coloured seeds, which, when the capsules open, are suspended from the cells
somewhat in the manner that the seeds of the magnolias hang from their
strobiles. Even the wood of this species, during winter, is much handsomer
than that of any other, the branches being regularly divaricate, with a clean
bark, of a reddish green, and with long pointed dark brown buds ; by which
alone this species may be distinguished from all the others. Unfortunately
for this species, it is generally treated as a shrub, and crowded among other
shrubs or trees ; so that it is never allowed a chance of attaining either its
full size or its proper shape.

NA^NUS Bieb. The dwarf Euonymus, or Spindle Tree.

Identification. C. Bieb. Fl. Taur. Suppl., p. 160 ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 4. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 4.

Synonyme. E. caucasicum Lodd.

Engraving. Our Jig. 203. from Messrs. Loddiges's plant.

Spec. C/iar., $c. Branches smooth, somewhat herbaceous. Leaves lanceolate,
entire, nearly opposite. Flowers 4-cleft, from 1 to 3 on a peduncle. {Dec.
Prod.) A trailing undershrub, with the aspect of the widow wail (Cneorum
tricoccum). Northern Cau-
casus. Height 1 ft. Intro-
duced in 1830. Flowers
greenish white ; July and Au-
gust. Fruit ? ; ripe ?. Shoots
slender, recumbent, and with
the leaves of a deep green.

A very neat little plant, apparently quite hardy, and well adapted for rock-
work.

¥ & 5. E. ATROPURPUNREUS Jacq. The dark-purple-flowered Euonymus, or

Spindle Tree.

Identification. Jacq. Hort. Vind., 2. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 4. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 5. ; Tor. and Gray,

1. p. 257.
Synonymes. E. caroliniensis Marsh. Arb. Amer. No. 1. ; and, probably, E. latifblius Marsh. Arb.

Amer. No. 2. ; Burning Bush, Amer.
Engravings. Jacq. Hort. Vind., 2. t. 120. ; Schmidt Arb., t. 73. ; and our fig. 204.

. Char., $c. Branches smooth. Leaves stalked, lanceolate, serrated.

L 4

152

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Flowers many upon a peduncle ; the peduncle

compressed. Petals orbiculate. Capsules

angulately furrowed, smooth. (Dec. Prod.)

A shrub or low tree. Canada to Florida.

Height 4ft. to 12ft. Introduced in 1756.

Flowers dark purple ; June and July. Capsule

crimson. Seeds white, with a red aril ; ripe

in October. Decaying leaves purplish red.

Naked young wood purplish green

Branches slightly 4-sided. Leaves 2 in. to 5 in.
long. Parts of the flower usually in fours ; petals
roundish obovate. Capsules smooth, deeply
lobed. This and the other American species of
.Euonymus are rarely found in a thriving state in
Britain : as it appears to us, from not being
planted in moist shady situations, and in peat or

Sandy Soil. 2047~ Eu<5n,mus atropurptireus.

& * 6. E. AMERICAVNUS L. The American Euonymus, or Spindle Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 286. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 4. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 5. ; Tor. and Gray, 1. p. 258
Synonymes. E. sempervlrens Marsh. ; E. alternifolius Mcench ; the Burning Bush, Strawberry

Engravings. Nouv. Du Ham., 3. t.9.; Schmidt Arb. t.75. ; our fig. 205., representing the plant in
flower ; and fig. 206., representing it in seed, with the warty capsule.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches smooth. Leaves almost sessile, elliptic-lanceolate,
sawed. Flowers 1 to 3 on a peduncle. Petals sub-orbiculate. Capsule
echinately warty. (Dec. Prod.) A sub-evergreen recumbent shrub. Canada
to Florida, among rocks, and in moist woodlands. Height 2 ft. to 6 ft. In-
troduced in 1686. Flowers greenish yellow, tinged with purple; May and
June. Capsule deep crimson. Seeds white, with a scarlet aril ; ripe in
October. Decaying leaves and naked shoots green.

205 . Eudnymus americanus

203. Euonymus amtricanus.

Varieties.

E. a. 2 angustifdlius. Var. (3 Tor. $ Gray. (Our
fig. 207.) . — Leaves narrowly elliptical or oblong,
slightly falcate, the margin minutely serrated. Pos-
sibly the E. angustifolius of Pursh, which Torrey and
Gray had only seen in a herbarium.
a. E. a. 3 sarmentosus Nutt. Var. 7 Tor. fy Gray. —
Shoots trailing and often rooting ; leaves ovate-lan-
ceolate.

*- E. a. 4 obovatus Nutt. Var. d Tor. & Gray; E.
obovatus Dec. Prod. 2. p. 4., Don's Mill. 2. p. 5.
(Ourfg. 208.) — Trailing and rooting; leaves obovate,
or oval-obovate, obtuse or slightly acuminate, acute at the

208. B. a. obov&tus.

base.

XX. CELASTRAVEjE I .EUC/NYMUS,

153

Erect. Leaves oval -or elliptical lanceolate, the uppermost often slightly fal-
cate, mostly acuminate, acute or obtuse (rarely subcordate) at the base. (Tor.
and Gray, var. a.) Branches slender, green. Leaves 1 in. to 2 in. long, cori-
aceous, nearly evergreen in the southern states. Seeds smaller than in E.
atropurpureus. The scarlet fruits, according to Pursh, resemble, at a dis-
tance, those of ^'rbutus fAiedo. They form a great ornament, he says, to
this almost evergreen shrub, and have given rise, in America, to its common
name, the burning bush. Of easy culture in moist soil, and a shady situation.
Cuttings or seeds.

¥ & 7. E. HAMILTON/^^I/S Wall. Hamilton's Euonymus, or Spindle Tree.

Identification. Wall. Fl. Ind., 2. p. 403. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 4.

Synonyme. E. atropurpureus Wall. Fl. Ind. 2. p. 402.

Engraving. Our Jig. 209., from a vigorous plant in the Hort. Soc. Garden.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches smooth,

terete. Leaves lanceolate, finely

serrated. Peduncles dichotomous*,

6-flowered. Flowers tetrandrous.

Petals 4, lanceolate cordate. Ovary

4-lobed, 4-celled, each cell con-
taining 2 ovules. (Don's Mill.) A

low tree or shrub. Nepal. Height

10 ft, to 20 ft. Introduced in 1825.

Flowers yellowish gre< n ; June

and July. Fruit ? purple; ripe in

? October. Decaying leaves and

naked young wood green.

A free-growing species, with an
erect stem ; the young shoots green ;
the leaves large ; bark of the older
shoots white. Left to itself, as a
standard, it forms a dense fastigiate
bush, with numerous suckers; but,
trained to a single stem, it would
doubtless form a handsome small
tree. A plant against the wall, in
the Horticultural Society's Garden,
flowers freely every year ; but has
not yet ripened fruit. The plant in
the open garden was killed to the ground by the winter of 1837-8, but sprang
up again with vigour. In the Liverpool Botanic Garden it
was not injured.

Other Species of ILuonymns. — ^.japonicus Thunb. (our
'. 210.), and ~E. jap6nicus Joliis variegdtis, E. grzrcraiaefolius
oxb., and some other species, are in London gardens ; but
they can only be considered as half-hardy. In the Canter-
bury Nursery, E. j. foliis variegatis has been found hardier
than the species. In the Horticultural Society's Garden,
E. japonicus, trained against a wall, was but little injured
by the winter of 1837-8. The following species, shortly de-
scribed in our first edition, Mr. Don considers as likely to
prove " truly hardy ;" some of them are introduced, and are
in green- houses : E. grossus Wall., E. micranthus D. Don,
E. lucidus D. Don, E. echinatus Wall, E. tingens Wall.,
E. glaber Roxb., E. fimbriatus Wall., E. indicus Heynet E.
vagans Wall., E. subtrifldrus Blume, E. Thunbergzawwj
"*' Blume, E. pendulus Wall., and E. frigidus Wall.

209. .Euonymus Hamilton*

154

AUBOIIETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

GENUS II.

C'ELA'STRUS L. THE CELASTRUS, or STAFF TREE. Lin. Syst. Pentandria

Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 270. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 5. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 6.
Si/nonymes. Euonymoldes Mopnch ; Celastre, Fr. ; Celaster, Ger.

rivation. From" kelas, the latter' season : the fruit remaining on the tree all the winter. The
kelastros of the Greeks is supposed to be the £u6nymus.

Gen. Char. Calyx small, 5-lobed. Petals 5, unguiculate. Ovary small, im-
mersed in a 10-striped disk. Stigmas 2 — 3. Capsule 2 — 3 valved. Seed 1,
in a large fleshy aril. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; stipules minute. — One
hardy species ; a climbing shrub, a native of North America.

1 1. C. SCA'NDENS L. The climbing-stemmed Celastrus, or Staff Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 285. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 6. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 6. ; Tor. and Gray, 1. p. 257.
Synonymes. Bourreau des Arbres, Fr. ; Baummorder, Ger. ; Bittersweet, Waxwork, Amer.
Engravings. Nouv. Du Ham., 1. t. 95. ; and our Jig. 211.

Spec. Char., fyc. Thornless, climbing, smooth. Leaves oval, acuminate
serrate. Flowers dioecious. (Dec. Prod.) A deciduous twining shrub.
Canada to Virginia. Height 5 ft. to 20 ft. Introduced in 1736. Flowers
small, pale yellowish green ; June. Capsules orange ; ripe in September.
Seed reddish brown, coated with a bright orange aril, changing at last to

scarlet.

.
The stems are woody and flexible, and twist

themselves round trees and shrubs, or round each
other, to the height of 12 or 15 feet, or upwards,
girding trees so closely as, in a few years, to de-
stroy them ; whence the French and German names,
which signify " tree strangler." The leaves are about
3 in. long, and nearly 2 in. broad, serrated, of a lively
green above, but paler on the under side. The plant
prefers a strong loamy soil, rather moist than dry; and
is readily propagated by seeds, layers, or cuttings.

Other Species of Celdstrus. — C. bulldtus, described from a figure of Plukenet,
is, according to Torrey and Gray, a doubtful planjt. C. nepalensis and C.
canthifolius are in Messrs. Loddiges's collection, but rather tender.

GENUS III.

211. CeWstrus scdndens.

NEMOPA'NTHES Rafin.

THE NEMOPANTHES.
Dioe'cia.

Lm. Syst. Poly garni a

Identification. -Rafin. Journ. Phys., 1819, p. 96 ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 17. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 13.

Synonyme. Ilicioldes Dum. Cows. 1. vol. 4. p. 27.

Derivation. From nemos, a grove, and anthos, a flower ; it being generally found in groves.

Gen. Char. Calyx small, scarcely conspicuous. Petals 5, distinct, oblong,
linear, deciduous. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Ovary hemi-
spherical, covered with clammy juice. Style wanting. Stigmas 3 — *, ses-
sile ; in the male flowers hardly manifest. Berry globose, 3— 4- celled.
(Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, ovate, exstipulate, deciduous ; quite entire. — One
hardy species.

XX. CELASTRA^CE^E. XXI. ^fQUIFOLIAvCE^E.

155

at 1. N. CANADE'NSIS Dec. The Canadian Nemopanthes.

Identification. Dec. Mem. Soc. Gen.. 1. p. 44. ; PI. Rar. Hort. Gen. t 3. ;

Don's Mill., 2. p. 13.
Synonymes. /'lex canadensis Michx. Flor. Bar. Amer. 2. p. 299. ; N.

fascicularis Rafin. ; /'lex delicatula Bart. Fl. Vir. p. 67. ; ? Prlnos Id-

cidus Ait. Hort. Kew. 2. p. 478. ; Houx du Canade, Fr.
Engravings. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2. t. 49., as /'lex canadensis ; and
oi;r j^;. 2i2,

212. N. canadensis.

Fpec. Char., Sec. Leaves ovate, quite entire, or serrated at
the apex, smooth Pedicels usually solitary, 1 -flowered,
very long. Flowers white. Berries large, beautiful
crimson, very ornamental. (Don's Mill.) A deciduous
shrub. Canada to Carolina, on mountains. Height
3 ft. to 5 ft. Introduced in 1802. Flowers small, white ;
April and May. Berry large, beautiful crimson ; ripe in
October. Very ornamental.

Plants of this species in the Hort. Soc. Garden, and at
Messrs. Loddiges's, under the name of Prinos lucidus,
form neat fastigiate shrubs, rather of slow growth. A
few years ago there were some very handsome plants of
this species at White Knights. Suckers or layers in loamy soil ; or cuttings
of the young wood in sand under a glass.

Other Species of Celastrdcece. — Maytenus chilensis Dec.
(our fig. 213.), a handsome evergreen branchy shrub,
with twiggy branchlets. The flowers are in axillary clus-
ters, with the corolla of a yellowish green colour, not
showy. It is a native of Chile, and stood eight or ten
winters against a south wall in the Hort. Soc. Garden,
and was thought to be tolerably hardy, but was killed to
the ground in the winter of 1837-8, and did not spring up
again. It also stood several winters in the open garden, as
a standard, and promised to be a valuable addition to our
hardy evergreen shrubs, which it may possibly yet prove.

213. Mayienus chilensis

ORDER XXI.

Identification. Lindley's Key, p. 63.

Synonymes. Celastrines, tribe ^quifoliaceas, in part, Dec. Prod. 2. p. 11. ; /Jicineae, in part, Lindl.
' Introd. to N. S. p. 178., Don's Mill. 2. p. 14.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx and corolla with an imbricate aestivation. Sepals 4^-6.
Corolla hypogynous, with 4 — 6 lobes, and as many stamens inserted into it
alternately to its lobes. Ovary 2 — 6-celled ; a pendulous ovule in each
cell. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, with 2 — 6 stones, each containing a pendu-
lous seed, which has large fleshy albumen. (Lindl.) — Low trees or shrubs,
chiefly evergreen. Natives of Europe and North America.

Leaves simple, alternate or opposite, exstipulate, evergreen or deciduous ;
coriaceous. Flowers small, axillary, solitary or fascicled. — The genera
containing hardy species are three, and are thus contradistinguished : —

MYGI'ND/I Jacq. Sexes hermaphrodite. Stamens 4. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded.
Shrubs with square branchlets ; leaves opposite, subcoriaceous, and flowers
upon trifidly or trichotomously branched peduncles.

/VLEX L. Sexes hermaphrodite, dioecious, or polygamous. Stamens 4 — 5.
Fruit including 4 or 5 nuts. Evergreen shrubs with, mostly, coriaceous
leaves. Flowers many on a peduncle.

PRI'NOS L. Sexes mostly dioecious or polygamous. Stamens 6. Fruit in-
cluding 6 nuts. Shrubs with leaves deciduous or persistent, and flowers
1 upon a peduncle.

156 ARBORETUM ET FHUT1CETUM 13RITANN1CUM.

GENUS I.

MYGI'NDJ Jacq. THE MYGINDA. Lin. Syst. Tetrandria Monog/uia.

Identification. Jacq. Araer., p. 24. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 12. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 15.

Synonymes. /"lex Pursh ; Oreopbila Nutt. in Tor. and Gray.

Derivation. So named by Jacquin in honour of Francis von Mygind, a German botanist.

Gen. Char. Calyx small, 4-cleft. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, subiotate. Stamens 4,
alternating with the segments of the corolla, and shorter than them, and
inserted in its throat. Ovary roundish. Stigmas 4. Drupe ovate, 1-celled.
(Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, mostly opposite, exstipulate, evergreen ; entire or remotely
serrulated. Flowers axillary, subsolitary, minute. — One species is hardy.

j» 1. M. A/YRTIFONLIA Nutt. The Myrtle-leaved Myginda.

Identification. Nutt. Gen., l.p. 109. , Don's Mill., 2. p. 1ft.; Dec. Prod., 2.

p. 13.

Synonymes. /'lex 3/vrsinltes Pursh ; Oreophila wzyrtiibB^ Wutt
Engravings. Hook Fl. Bor. Amer., t. 41. ; and our fig. St~-

Spec. Char.y $c. Leaves oblong, blunt, serrated, smooth,
with revolute edges. Peduncles very short usually soli-
tary, 1 -flowered. Style short, club-shaped 4-lobed at the
apex. (Don's MHL) A lo\r evergreen shrub. N. W.
coast of North America, and the Rocky Mountains.
Height 2 ft. to 4ft. Introduced in 1818. Flowers small,
white; May to August. Drupe dark purple ; ripe in Oct.

Plants of this species are in the arboretum of Messrs.
Loddiges ; where it is increased by cuttings, and grows in
common soil.

GENUS II.

214. M. myrtif&lia.

7NLEX L. THE HOLLY. Lin. Syst. Tetrandria Tetragynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 172. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 13. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 16.

Synonymes. /fquifolium Tourn. Inst. t. 371., Gcert. Fruct. 2. t. 92. ; Houx, Fr. ; Stechpalme, or
Heilse, Ger.i Ilice, Ital.

Derivation. Theophrastus, and other Greek authors, named the holly Agria ; that is, wild, or of
the fields ; and the Romans formed from this the word Agrifolium ; and called it, also, Aqui-
folium, from acutum, sharp, and folium, a leaf. 0. Bauhin and Loureiro first named it /'lex, on
account of the resemblance of its leaves to those of the Quercus /"lex, the true Ilex of Virgil.
Linnaeus adopted the name of /"lex for the genus, and preserved the name of ^(quifolium foi the
most anciently known species. The name of Holly is, probably, a corruption of the word holy,
as Turner in his Herbal calls it Holy, and Holy Tree ; probably from its being used to comme-
morate«the holy time of Christmas, not only in houses, but in churches. The German name
Christdorn, the Danish name Christorn, and the Swedish name Christtorn, seem to justify this
oonjecture.

Gfffi. Char. Calyx 4— 5-toothed, permanent. Corolla 4 — 5-cleft, subrotate.
Stamens 4 — 5, alternating with the segments of the corolla. Ovary sessile.
Stigmas 4. Berry containing 4— -5 1 -seeded nuts. (Don's Mill.')

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, mostly evergreen j ovate, oval, or
ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous, serrated, toothed, or quite entire. Flowers
axillary, aggregace, small, generally white. Fruit a drupe, mostly red. — Low
trees and shrubs, chiefly evergreen, natives of Europe, North America, and
the Himalayas, generally of slow growth, and of long duration. Loamy
soil, rather dry than moist.

xxi.

/%LEX.

157

A. Leaves spiny-toothed.

1. 1. ^QUIFO^LIUM L.

The prickly-leaved, or common^ Holly.

Dec. Prod., 2. p. 14. ; Don's Miti., •£. y. io.

holly,' being a native of most parts of Europe, and being every where much ad-
al names in most living European languages : Hulver, Hulfere, and Holme, Eng. ;

Identification.
Synonymes. The

mired, has several name^ ,.. >*~~ D 1 ° — 0 — -

Le Houx, Fr. ; Stechpalme, Stechlaub, Hulse, Christdorn, Mausdorn, Kleezebusch, Ger. ;

Schubbig hardkelk, Dutch ; Stikpalme, Danish ; Jernek, Christtorn, Swedish ; Waefoseneld,

Ostrokof, Padub, Russ. ; Agrifolio, Ital. ; Acebo, Span. ; Azevinho, Port.
Engravings. Smith Eng. Bot., t. 496. ; the plate of the species m Arb. Brit, 1st edit., vol. v. ; and

ourjffg. 215.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oblong, shining, wavy, spiny-toothed. Peduncles
axillary. Flowers nearly umbellate. A handsome, conical, evergreen
tree. Europe and Britain. Height 20ft. to 30 ft. in a wild state; and

215. riei ^quifolium.

twice that height, or upwards, in a state of cultivation. Flowers white;
May. Fruit red ; ripe in September, and remaining on the tree all the
winter. The lower leaves are very spinous ; while the upper ones, espe-
cially on old trees, are entire. Decaying leaves yellow, dropping in June
or July.

Varieties. In general the variegation of plants, more especially of trees and
shrubs, is accompanied by a ragged, or otherwise unhealthy, appearance in
the leaves ; but the holly is one of the very few exceptions to this rule.
The variegations of the holly are chiefly confined to the modification of
white and yellow in the leaves : but there are some sorts in which the
variation results from the state of the leaves with reference to prickles, to
magnitude, and to form ; and others consist of differences in the colour
of the fruit, which is red, yellow, or white, and black. These varieties are,
for the most part, without names, and those in the following groups ap-
pear to us to be all that are truly distinct ; but the shades of difference under
each name in these groups are almost innumerable.

158

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

a. Varieties designated from the Form, Magnitude, Thickness, Surface
or Margin of the Leaf.

t 1. A. 2 heterophyllum Horti — Leaves variously shaped,

t I. A. 3 angustifolium Hort. — Leaves narrow.

f I. A. 4 latifolium Hort. — Leaves broad. Shoots dark purple. There

is a fine specimen at Elvaston Castle, where it is called the Water

Holly.
t I. A. 5 altaclerense Hort. The High Clere Holly. — Leaves broad,

thin, and flat.
f I. A. 6 margindtum Hort. (fig- 216.) — Leaves without prickles,

coriaceous, nearly as broad as long, and with a thickened margin.

S16. I. A. marginktum.

217. /. A. /auriftliur

218. 2. A. ciliktum.

t I. A. 7 \aurij olium Hort. (fig. 217.) — Leaves small, oval-lanceolate
without prickles, about the size and shape of those of Zaurus
nobilis.

t I. A. 8 cilidtum Hort. (fig. 218.) — Leaves oval-acuminate, small;
the prickles along the margins like hairs.

A. 9 cilidtum minus Hort. — Leaves thinner and smaller than in the
preceding variety.
A. 10 recurvum Hort. (fig. 219.) — Leaves recurved.

M«v<quifl>Humrec<irvuin

220. Me* ^quifolium serratifolium ,

I. A. 1 1 serratifolium Hort. (fig. 220.) — Leaves serrated.
I. A. 12 crispum Hort. — Leaves curled.

I. A. 13 ferox Hort. Hedgehog Holly; Houx-hensson, Fr. (fig.22l.)
— The disk of the leaf has its edges rolled back ; and a somewhat

XXI. y/QUIFOLIA'CEJE : /NLEX.

121. I. A. ftroi.

cylindrical figure is hence giv-
en to it ; and, as the surface
abounds in prominences and
prickles, it has a curious ap-
pearance, not unaptly com-
pared to that of a hedgehog.
1. A. 14 crassifolium Hort. (Jig.
222.) — Leaves thick and
fleshy.

t I. A. 15 senescens Sweet. —
Leaves spineless, thin.

All these varieties may be seen
in Messrs. Loddiges's collection,
and it is no small proof of their
value for town gardens, that they
thrive in the smoky atmosphere of
that magnificent establishment.

222. /. A. crassif51ium.

b. Varieties designated from the Colours of the Leaf.

Under the general name of variegated hollies, twenty or thirty varieties,
some of them with, and some of them without, popular names, are obtainable
in the principal London nurseries. Having examined and compared the
different shades of variegation in the plants in the very complete collection
of Messrs. Loddiges, we think they may be all included in the following
groups : —

$ I. A. 16 albo-margindtum Hort. — Leaves with white edges. Of this
variety the subvarieties in Loddiges's arboretum are marked 5, 15,
18, and 24, which have all long and narrow leaves, with edgings of
white or pale yellow along their margins ; and 4, 6, 7, 12, 17, 22, 23,
and 28, which have larger leaves, and a greater breadth of margin
variegated ; the white or pale yellow forming in some cases one
third, or even one half, of the surface of the leaf.

1 I. A. 17 aureo-margindtum Hort. — Leaves with yellow edges. The
following subvarieties are in Messrs. Loddiges's arboretum, Nos. 19
and 20 with dark yellow margins; and Nos. 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 13, and
29, with margins of dark and light yellow. Another subdivision of
this group consists of plants with broad leaves, in what may be
called a transition state from green to variegated, viz., with greenish
yellow or very pale green blotches or margins. When such plants
become old, they are generally very distinctly variegated with yellow.
Examples in the Hackney arboretum are Nos. 3, 20, and 21.
J I. A. 18 albo-pictum Hort. — Leaves spotted with white. This variety
has a considerable portion of the centre of the disk of the leaf white,
and of a somewhat transparent appearance; the edges of the disk
of the leaf being green.

1 I. A. 19 aureo-pictum Hort. — Leaves spotted with yellow. The fol-
lowing subvarieties are in Messrs. Loddiges's arboretum. Nos. \ 1,
14, 16, 26, 27, and 30.

t I. A. 20 ferox argenteum Hort. — The hedgehog holly with leaves
blotched with white.

i I. A. 21 ferox-aureum Hort The hedgehog holly with leaves blotched

with yellow.

c. Varieties designated from the Colour of the Fruit.
t I. A. 22 fructu luteo Hort. — Fruit yellow.
^ I. A. 23 fructu albo Hort. — Fruit white.
* I. A. 24 fructu nigro Hort. — Fruit black.
The holly makes the most impenetrable and the most durable of all vege-

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

table fences ; and it has this great advantage over deciduous-leaved trees and
shrubs, that it is seldom liable to be attacked by insects ; and, if shorn, the
outer surface becomes impenetrable even to birds, who cannot build their nests
in it. The wood is almost as white as ivory, except in the centre of very
old trucks, where it is somewhat brown. It is very hard, with a line grain,
suscepable of a high degree of polish, and is readily stained with black, green,
blue, or red. It weighs, when dry, at the rate of 47 Ib. 7 oz. per cubic foot.
The veins of the wood, and its annual layers, are so small as scarcely to be
perceptible. It is applied to a great many purposes, in joinery, cabinet-making,
and turnery; in engineering, in mathematical-instrument-making; and it is
even used for wood-engraving. The bark affords birdlime, which is prepared
by boiling and evaporation. TheTiolly attains the largest size in a rich sandy
loam ; but it will grow, and even thrive, on almost any soil, provided it is not
overcharged with moisture. As its seeds, like those of the hawthorn, do not
come up the first year, to save ground and the expense of weeding, the ber-
ries are commonly buried in 'the soil, or kept mixed up in a heap of earth for
one year ; after which, if sown in autumn, they will come up the following
June. The varieties are propagated by budding and grafting. These ope-
rations are performed at the usual times, and in the usual manner ; but it has
been observed by Tschoudi, that cleft-grafting does not succeed nearly so
well with the holly as whip-grafting or budding. In England, the stocks
budded or grafted on are generally of four or five years' growth ; and the
grafting is effected in March, and the budding in July. The variegated kinds
are also propagated by cuttings, which are made in autumn, of the ripened
summer snoots. They are planted in sandy soil, in a shady border, and covered
with hand-glasses ; and they generally put forth roots the following spring.
Holly hedges should never be clipped, because, when the leaves are cut
through the middle, they are rendered unsightly ; and the shoots should
therefore be cut with a knife close to a leaf. The proper season for cutting
would appear to be just after the leaves have attained maturity ; because
at that season, in the holly, as in the box, the wound is comparatively soon
obliterated by the healing over produced by the still abundant sap.

t 2. I. (A.) BALEARIC A Desf. The Minorca Holly.

Identification. Itesf. Arb., 2. p. 262. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 17.
Synonymes. I. ^quifblium yar. 5 Lam. Diet. 3. p. 145. ; /. made-

rensis WiUd. Enum. Swppl. 8. accorcling to Link.
Engraving. Our Jig. 223.

Spec. Char., tyc. Leaves ovate, acute, flat, shining,
entire or spiny-toothed. Umbels axillary, few-
flowered, short. (Don's Mill.) An evergreen low
tree. Minorca and Madeira. Height 10 ft. to 20 ft.
in England ; in Madeira 60 ft. to 80 ft. Introduced
in 1744?. Flowers white ; May and June. Drupe
scarlet ; ripe in December. Decaying leaves yellow,
dropping in J une and July.

A very distinct variety of the common holly, readily
distinguished at sight, by its yellowish green leaves,
which are sharply acuminated, but very slightly waved
at the edges, and with few prickles. It is propagated by
budding or grafting on the common holly.

1 3. /. OPAVCA Ait. The opaque-leaved, or American, Holly.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew, 1. p. 177. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 14. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 17.
Synonymes. ^grifblium vulgare Clayt. Flor. Virgin. ; /'lex ^quifblium Gronov. and Walt. Fl.

Car. 241. ; dunkelblattrige Stechpalme, Ger. ; Agrifolio a Foglie di Quercia, Ital.
Engravings. The plate of the species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v. ; and our fig. 224.

Spec. Char.y $c. Leaves ovate, flat, coriaceous, acute, toothed in a scalloped
manner, spiny, and glabrous, but not glossy. Flowers scattered, at the
base of only those branches that are a year old. Teeth of the calyx acute.
Sexes dioecious. (Dec. Prod.) A beautiful evergreen low tree. Canada

XXI.

/LEX.

161

to Carolina. Height in England 10 ft. to 20 ft. ; in Carolina 60 ft. to 80 ft.
Introduced in 1 744. Flowers white ; May and June. Drupe scarlet ; ripe
in December, remaining on the trees all the winter.
Variety,

* I. o. 2 laxiflora, I. laxiflora Lam., I. opaca var. Nutt., has the flowers
on loosely branched peduncles, and the drupe yellow. Introduced
in J811. Several other varieties are mentioned by Rafinesque.

opaca.

In America, this species is applied to all the uses which
the common holly is in Europe. It forms hedges ; is an
ornamental tree or shrub in gardens; is employed for
making birdlime; and the wood is used in turnery and
cabinetmaking. Propagation as in the common holly.

Ylex mageUdnica (Jig. 225.), of which there is a small
plant in the Hort. Soc. Garden, promises to be a very
handsome species, and tolerably hardy, as it stood the
winter of 1*837-8 against a wall.

Zlif> I. t.iagel] Anica.

B. Leaves toothed, serrated, or crenate, but not spiny.
a 4. /. Pet ado Ait. The Perado Holly.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 1. p. 169. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 17.

Synonyme. I. maderensis Lam. Diet. 3. p. 146.

Engravings. N. Du Ham., v. t. 35.; Bot Cab., t. 549., ; and our fig. 226.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate, with an entire acumen,
or having very few teeth, shining. Umbels short, ax-
illary, few-flowered. (Don's Mi/I.) An evergreen
shrub. Madeira. Height in England 5ft. to 10ft.
Introduced in 1760. Flowers white or reddish ; May
and June. Drupe large, red ; ripe in October.
Commonly treated as a green-house plant, but quite
hardy in the Hort. Soc. Garden ; where, and also in se-
veral other places, it stood the winter of 1837-8, without
any protection, uninjured.

* 5. /. CASsfNE Ait. The Cassine-like, or broad-leaved Dahoon, Holly.
Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 1. p. 170. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 14. ; Pursh Fl. Am. Sep. 1. p. 117. ;

Don's Mill., 2. p. 17.
Synonymes. ^quifblium carolin£nse Catesb. Car. 1. 1. 31.; /. caroliniana MM. Diet. No. 3.; Z

cassmbldes Link Enum. 1. p. 143. ; the Cassena of the American lndians: Httfin.
Engravings. Catesb. Car'., l.t. 31.; and our Jig. 227.

162

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharply
serrated, flat ; the midribs, petioles, and branch-
lets glabrous. The flowers upon lateral corym-
bosely branched peduncles. (Dec. Prod.) An
evergreen shrub. Lower Carolina to Florida,
in shady swamps. Height 6 ft. to 10 ft. Intro-
duced in 1700. Flowers white ; August. Drupe
red ; ripe in December.

The fruit is rather smaller than that of the com-
mon holly ; it continues on the trees the mo.st part
of the winter, untouched by birds ; and, being of a
bright red, and large in proportion to the leaves,
which are about the size of those of the common
arbutus, the plant makes a fine appearance, both in
its native country and in England. Commonly pro-
pagated by seeds ; but it will also strike by cuttings, or it may be grafted on
the common holly.

a 6. I. ANGUSTIFOVLIA Willd. The narrow-leaved Hollv.

Identification. Willd. Enum., 1. p. 172. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 14.;

Don's Mill., 2. p. 17.
Synonymes. I. wyrtifblia Walt. Carol. 241., N. Duh., and Lodd.

Cat. ; /. rosmarinifolia Lam. III. 1. p. 356.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 1. t. 4. ; and ou- fig. 228.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves linear-lanceolate, sawed at
the tip, rather revolute in the margin ; the mid-
rib, petiole, and branchlets glabrous. Flowers in
stalked lateral cymes. (Dec. Prod.) An evergreen
shrub. Height 6 ft. to 10ft. Virginia to Geor-
gia, in swamps. Introduced in 1806. Flowers
white ; June. Drupe globular and red ; ripe in
December.
A very handsome species, but not very common.

There are plants of it at Messrs. Loddiges, and in

the H. S. Garden, under the name of /. wyrtifolia. 223. /. angustiftiia.

1 7. 7. VOMITO'RIA Ait. The emetic Holly, or South Sea Tea.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 1. p. 278. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 14. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 17.
Synonymes. I. Casslne v6ra Walt. Carol. 241. -, /. /igustrina Jacq. Coll. 4. p. 105., Icon. Rar.

t.310., Wcndl. Hort. t. 31.; Casslne Peragua Mill. Icon. t. 83. f. 2. ; /. Cassena Michx. Fl. 1.

p. 229. ; I. religibsa Bart. FL Virg. 69. ; /. floridana Lam. III. No. 1731. ; Houx apalachine, Fr.;

true Cassene, Cassena, Florida ; the Yapon, Virginia ; the

evergreen Cassena, or Cassioberry Bush, Eng.
Engravings. Jacq. Icon. Rar., t. 310. ; Wendl. Hort., t. 31. ;

Mill. Icon., t. 83. f. 2. ; andour^g. 229.

Spec. Char.y $c. Leaves oblong or elliptic,

obtuse at both ends, crenately serrated, and,

with the branchlets, glabrous. Flowers in

subsessile lateral umbels. (Dec. Prod.) An

evergreen low tree. Carolina to Florida, along

the sea coast. Height 10 ft. to 12 ft. Intro-
duced in 1700. Flower white ; June and July.

Drupe red, like that of the common holly ;

ripe in December.

Not very common in British collections ; but
there are plants of it in Loddiges's arboretum,
and in the garden of the Hort. Soc.

C. Leaves quite entire, or nearly so.
1 * 8. /. DAHOO'N Wall. The Dahoon Holly.

Identification. Wait. Fl. Carol., 241. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 14. ; Don'* Mill., 2. p iv.
Synonynie. I. Cassinc Willd. Hort. Berol. 1 . t. 31

829. /Mex TonrJldri*.

xxi.

PRI'NOS.

163

Engravings. Willd. Hort. Berol., t. 31., under the name of /. Cassine ; our Jig. 230. from a plant
in Loddiges's arboretum, and flg. 231 . from the Hort. Berolin.

Spec. Char., Sf-c. Leaves lanceolately elliptical, nearly entire, almost revolute
in the margin ; the midrib, petiole, and branchlets villous. Flowers dis-
posed in corymbose panicles, that are upon lateral and terminal peduncles.
(Dec. Prod.) A beautiful evergreen shrub or low free. Carolina to Flo-
rida, in swamps. Height 8ft. to 10ft. Introduced in 1726. Flowers white;
May and June. Drupe red ; ripe in December.
The leaves of this species are very numerous,

and resemble those of Taurus BorbomVz. The

plant is rare in British gardens, and seldom ripens

£30. riex DahoJn.

fruit. It is most commonly kept in green-houses or pits : but there was a
plant in 1836 in the open air, in the Mile End Nursery, which was 20 ft. high,
with a head 30 ft. in diameter ; and which had stood there many years, with-
out the slightest protection.

Of her Species of Flex are described by authors as natives of North America
and Nepal, some of which are introduced, and may probably be found hardy,
put we can state nothing with certainty respecting them. In this genus, as
in most others containing numerous species which are not in general cultiva-
tion, there is a great deal of uncertainty. I. Cassine, I. vomitoria and 7.
Dahoon are probably the same species.

GENUS III.

PRPNOS L. THE PRINOS, or WINTER BERRY. Lin. Syst. Hexandria
Monogynia, or Polygamia Dioe'cia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 461. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 16. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 20.
fynonymes. Ageria Adans.Fam. 2. p. 166.; Apalanche, Fr. ; Winterbeere, Ger.
Derivation. From prinos, the Greek name for the holly, which the present genus much resembles ;
or, according to others, from prion, a saw, on account of the serrated leaves of the species.

Gen. Char. Flowers 6-cleft, hexandrous ; usually dioecious, or polygamous
from abortion. Fruit with 6 nuts. In other respects the character is the
same as that of Tlex. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, axillary, exstipulate, deciduous or evergreen ; oval or
lanceolate, entire or serrated ; dying off of a greenish yellow. Flowers
on axillary pedicels, usually single, small, mostly white. — Shrubs, ever-
green and deciduous ; natives of North America.

In habit of growth the species are all more or less fastigiate, and send up
luraerous suckers from the collar ; but, if these were removed, the plants

M 2

164

ARBORETUM ET FRUTJCETUM BR1TANNICUM.

would form neat miniature trees. Propagated by suckers, or by cuttings of
the young wood in sand under a glass, or by seeds. Common soil, kept moist.
There is a close general resemblance among all the deciduous specios, which
leads us to doubt whether they are any thing more than varieties.

§ i. ^rinoides Dec.

23'2. Prlnos dcrUl

Sect. Char. Flowers usually 4—5- sometimes 6-cleft. (Dec. Prod., ii. p. 16.)
Leaves deciduous.

* 1. P. DECI'DIJUS Dec. The deciduous Winter Berry.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 16. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 20.

Synonvmes. /'lex »rinoldes Ait. Hort. Kew. 2. p. 278. ; /Mex decidua

Walt. FL Carol 241 .
Engraving. Our fig. 232. from a plant in the Hort. Soc. Garden.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves deciduous, elliptic-lanceolate,
tapered to the petiole, shallowly serrated ; the midrib
villous beneath. Peduncles axillary; those of the male
flowers several together ; of the female ones, singly.
Berries red. (Dec. Prod.) A deciduous shrub. Vir-
ginia to Georgia, on rocky shady banks of rivers. Height
3ft. to 5 ft. Introduced in 1736. Flowers white ; June
and July. Berries large, crimson ; ripe in December.

Plants of this species are in Loddiges's nursery, under
the name of Plex jorinoides.

& 2. P. AMBI'GUUS Michx. The ambiguous Winter Berry.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 236.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 17.;

Don's Mill., 2. p. 20.

Synonyme. Casslne caroliniSna Walt. Fl. Carol, p. 242.
Engravings. Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 29. ; and oar fig. 233.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves deciduous, oval, acuminate at both
ends ; both adult ones and young ones glabrous in every
part. Peduncles of the male flowers crowded together in
the lower parts of the branchlets ; of the female ones,
singly. (Dec. Prod.) A deciduous shrub. New Jersey
to Carolina, in wet sandy woods. Height 4 ft. to 5 ft.
Introduced in 1812. Flowers white; June to August.
Berries red ; ripe in November.

The leaves are subimbricate, serrated, acute at the apex, and
the berries small, round, smooth, and red. There is a hand-
some plant of this species in the arboretum of Messrs. Lod-
diges, which, in 1835, was 5 ft. high. It is of easy culture in any
free soil ; and is propagated by seeds, cuttings, or layers.

§ ii. Algeria Dec.

S33. P. ambiijti

Sect.. Char. Flowers usually 6-cleft. Leaves deciduous. (Dec. Prod.,
ii. p. 17.)

* 3. P. VERTICILLA'TUS L. The whorled Winter Berry.

Identification. Lin. Spec., 471. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 17. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 20.

Synonymes. P. padif&lius Willd. Enttm. p. 394. ; P. Gronbvit Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2. p. 2%. ;
P.ronfdrtus Mtsnch; P. prunifdlius Lvdd. Cat.

XXI. yfQUlFOLIA^CE^E I PHONOS.

165

Engravings. Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 30.; Dun. Arb., 1 . t. 23. ; our Jig. 23-1.
in flower, and fig. 235. from the Hort. Soc. Garden.

231. Pr'mos verticillatus.

Spec. Char.> fyc. Leaves deciduous, oval,
nate, serrated, pubescent beneath. Male
flowers in axillary umbel-shaped fascicles ;
the female ones aggregate, the flowers of
both sexes 6-parted. (Dec. Prod.) A de-
ciduous shrub. Canada to Virginia, in wet
woods. Height 6 ft. to 8 ft. Introduced
in 1736, Flowers white ; June to August.
Berries red or crimson, turning purple ; ripe
in November.

There are two handsome plants of this
species in Loddiges's arboretum, 7 ft. high, one
of which is under the name of P. /minifolius.

& 4. P- L/EVIGA^TUS Pursh. The smooth-leaved Winter Berry.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Sept. Amer., 1. p. 220. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 17. :

Don's Mill., 2. p. 20.
Engravings. Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 28. ; and our Jig. 236.

Spec. Char., S(-c. Leaves deciduous, lanceolate, serrated,
the teeth directed forwards, acuminate ; glabrous on
both surfaces, except on the nerves beneath, where
they are slightly pubescent ; upper surface glossy.
Flowers 6-clef't ; the male ones scattered ; the female
ones axillary, solitary, almost sessile. (Dec. Prod.) A
deciduous shrub. New York to Virginia, on the Alle-
ghany Mountains. Height 6 ft. to 8 ft. Introduced in
1812. Flowers white ; July. Berries large, dark red ;
ripe in November.

The plant of this species in Lod-
diges's arboretum was 4 ft. high in
1835. Readily distinguished by its
somewhat more succulent leaves and
shoots, the latter, when young, tinged
with dark purple.

acumi-

236. Prinos Itcvigfctus.

237. Prmos lauceolatus

Sfc 5. P. LANCEOLA'TUS Pursh. The lanceolate-feat*-*/
Winter Berry.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Sept. Amer., 2. p. 27. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 17. ;

Don's Mill., 2. p 20.

Synonymes. P. canadensis Lyon ; P. lucidus Hort.
Engraving. Our Jig. 235. from a plant in the Hort. Soc. Garden.

Spec. C/tar., Sfc. Leaves deciduous, lanceolate, remotely
and very slightly serrulate, smooth on both surfaces.
Male flowers aggregate, triandrous ; female ones mostly
in pairs, peduncled, and 6-cleft. (Dec. Prod.) A deci-
duous shrub. Carolina to Georgia, in low grounds.
Height 6ft. to 8ft. Introduced in 1811. Flowers
white ; June and July. Berries small, scarlet ; ripe in
November.

The plant in Loddiges's arboretum is 8 ft. high.
$ iii. Winterlia Moench.

i W I LJsasL

Sect. Char. Flowers, for the most part, 6-cleft. Leaves permanent. (Dec.
Prod., ii. p. 17.)

M 3

166

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

ft 6. P. GLAUBER L. The glabrous Winter Berry.

Llentfftc.Jtton. Lin. Spec., 471. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 17. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 20.
Synonyme. Ink berry, Amer.

Engraving. Our fig. 238. from nature. The figure under this name in Wats. Dend., t. 27., is that
of P. coriaceus Pursh.

Spec. C/iar., $c. Evergreen. Leaves lanceolate,

with wedge-shaped bases, coriaceous, glabrous,

glossy, somewhat toothed at the tip. Flowers

mostly three on an axillary peduncle that is usu-

ally solitary. Fruit black. (Dec. Prod.) An

evergreen shrub. Canada to Florida, in shady

woods. Height 3 ft. to 5 ft. Introduced in 1759.

Flowers white ; July and August. Berries black ;

ripe in November.

A low but very handsome evergreen shrub, which,
in its native country, makes a fine show, when
covered with its black berries. In Loddiges's arbo-
retum it has attained the height of 4 ft., with a regu-
lar ovate shape, densely clothed with shining foliage.

J38. Prtnos Rlkber.

7. P. CORIA^CEUS Pursh.

The coriaceous-leaved Winter Berry.

Don's Mill., 2. p. 21.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Sept. Amer., 1. p. 221. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 17
Synonyme. P. glaber Wats.

Engravinet. Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 27., and Bot. Cab., 450., under the name
of P. glaber ; and OUT fig. 239.

Spec. Char., $c. Evergreen. Leaf lanceolate, with a wedge-
shaped base, coriaceous, glabrous, glossy, entire. Flowers
in short, sessile, axillary corymbs, many in a corymb.
(Dec. Prod.) A handsome, tall, evergreen shrub. Georgia,
in sandy woods near the banks of rivers. Height 8 ft. to
10ft. Introduced in 1820. Flowers white; June and
July. Berry black ; ripe in November.

Varieties. This species varies, with leaves broader, obovate-
lanceolate, and acuminate ; and narrower, lanceolate, and
acute. (Dec. Prod.) The broad-leaved variety appears to
be that figured in Lod. Bot. Cab., t. 450.

The general aspect of. this plant is that of .Tlex DaJwon. It is a handsome
shrub, well deserving a place in collections.

Other Species of Prinos. — P. dubius G. Don. and P. atomdrius Nutt. have
been introduced, and, probably, some others; but we have only noticed
those of which we have seen living plants, and which we consider to be
tolerably distinct, though there are probably only three species of Prinos ;
two of which are deciduous, and the other evergreen.

539. Prinos coriiceue.

ORDER XXII. #HAMNAVCE^E.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx 4 — 5-cleft ; aestivation valvate. Corolla of 4 — 5 petals ;
in some absent. Petals cucullate, or convolute, inserted into the orifice of
the calyx. Stamens 4 — 5, opposite the petals, perigynous. Ovary supe-
rior, or half-superior, 2-, 3-, or 4-celled, surrounded by a fleshy disk. Ovules
one in a cell, erect, as are the seeds. Fruit fleshy and indehiscent, or dry
and separating into 3 divisions. — Trees or shrubs, often spiny, and generally
deciduous. (Lindl.)

Leaves simple, alternate, very seldom opposite, with minute stipules,

XXII. flHAMNA'CEJE ! Zl'ZYPHUS. 167

deciduous or evergreen. Flowers axillary or terminal Chiefly natives of

Europe or North America.

They are ornamental in British gardens and shrubberies, chiefly from the va-
riety of their foliage, and from their berries ; but some of them, as Ceanothus,
from their flowers. They are all of easy culture ; and they are propagated by
seeds, cuttings, or layers. The hardy genera in British gardens are six j which
are characterised as follows : —
.ZI'ZYPHUS Tourn. Petals 5. Styles 2 — 3. Fruit an ovoid mucilaginous drupe.

Nuts 1 — 3-celled. Seed compressed. A deciduous low tree or shrub.
PALIU'RUS Tourn. Petals 5. Styles 3. Fruit dry, indehiscent, girded with

a broad membranaceous wing, 3-celled. Seed ovate. Spiny shrubs.
BERCHEVM/^ Necker. °etals 5. Style I. Stigmas 2. Fruit an oblong dry

drupe ; the nut 2-celled. A twining deciduous shrub from Carolina.
/?HA'MNUS Lam. Petals in some absent. Style 2 — 4-cleft. Fruit nearly

dry, or berried, 2 — 4-celled. Seed oblong. Shrubs or small trees, deciduous

or evergreen ; chiefly natives of Europe, but some of N. America and Asia.
COLLE^T/^ Comm. Corolla none. Style ending in 3 teeth. Fruit a 3-celled

capsule. Spiny shrubs ; natives of Peru or Chile.
CEANOVTHUS L. Petals 5. Styles 2 — 3, united. Fruit a dry berry, 3-celied,

rarely 2 — 4-celled. Seed ovate. Shrubs, evergreen or deciduous, from

North America.

GENUS I.

ZFZYPHUS Tourn. THE JUJUBE. Lin. Syst. Pentandria Di-Trigynia.

Identification. Tourn. Inst., t. 403. ; Gsert. Fruct., 1. p. 43 ; Lam. 111., t. 185. 5 Dec. Prod., 2.

p. 198. ; Brongn. M6m. Rham., p. 47.

Synonymes. Jujubier, Fr. ; Judendorn, Ger. ; Giuggiolo, Ital.
Derivation. From zizouf, the Arabic name of the lotus.

Gen. Char. Calyx spreading, 5-cleft. Petals 5, obovate, unguiculate, convolute.
Stamens 5, exserted. Anthers ovate, 2-celled. Disk flat, pentagonal, ex-
panded, adhering to the tube of the calyx. Ovary 2 — 3-celled, immersed
in the disk. Styles 2 — 3. Fruit fleshy, containing a 1 — 2-celled nut.
(Don's Mill., 2. p. 23.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; 3-nerved. Flowers axil-
lary. — Only one hardy species. A low tree or shrub from Syria.

¥ 1. Z. VULGA^RIS Lam. The common, or cultivated, Jujube.

Identification. Lam. 111., 185. f. 1. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 19. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 23.

Synonymes. tfh&mnus Zfzyphus Lin. Spec. 282., Pall. Fl. Koss. 2. t. 59. ; Z. satlva Desf. Arb. 2.

p. 373., N. Du Ham. t. 16., but not of Gsert. ; Z. Jiijuba Mill. Diet. No. 1., but not of Lam. ;

Jujubier cultive', Fr. ; Brustbeeren, Ger. ; Giuggiolo, Ital.
Engravings. Lam. 111., 185. f. 1. ; N. Du Ham., 3. t. 16. ; and om fig. 240.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves ovate, retuse, denticulate,
glabrous ; or, beneath, pubescent along the nerves. Prickles not any, or
twin, one of them recurved. Drupe ovate-oblong. (Dec. ProdJ) A deci-
duous tree. The South of Europe and Syria. Height in the South of
Europe 20 ft. to 30ft. ; and in England 5ft. to 10 ft. Introduced in 1640.
Flowers greenish yellow; August and September. Fruit blood-red 01
saffron ; rarely seen in England.

Stem thick, cylindrical, somewhat twisted. The bark is brown, and rather
chapped. The 'branches are numerous, pliant, armed with prickles, zigzag in
their direction ; the prickles at the joints being two of unequal size, of which
one is almost straight, and the other shorter and quite straight. The leaves
are alternate and oval-oblong, somewhat hard and coriaceous. The flowers
are small, axillary, of a pale yellow colour, with short peduncles. The fruit

M 4-

168

ARBORETUM ET FRUTJCETUM BRJTANNICUM.

is oval-oblong, resembling that of the olive ; at
first green, afterwards yellow, and entirely red
when ripe. The juice of the fruit is used for
making the jujube lozenges. The plant is
tolerably hardy ; having stood the winter of
1837-8 in the Hort. Soc. Garden. It is easily
increased by cuttings of the roots, whether of
young or old trees ; or by suckers, which it
throws up in the greatest abundance. Seeds
of it may also be procured from Italy.

Other Species ofZizyphus. — Z. smensis Lam.
has been cultivated in the Hort. Soc. Garden
but it is only half-hardy ; and the same may
be said of Z. spina Christi, Z. fle.ruosa, and
Z. incurva, which are marked in some cata-
logues as hardy.

GENUS II.

ITl

2-10. Z zyj.hus

PALIIPRUS L. THE PALIURUS, or CHRIST'S THORN. Lin. Syst. Pentandria

Trigynia.

Identification. Tourn. Inst., t. 386. ; D. Don Prod Fl. Nep., p. 189. ; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 22. ; Don's

Mill., 2. p. 23. ; Brongn. Mem. Rharn., p. 46.

Synonymes. Paliiire, Porte-chapeau, Fr.\ Judendorn, Ger.\ Paliuro, Hal.
Derivation. From pallo, to move, and ouron, urine ; in allusion to its diuretic qualities ; or from

Paliurus, the name of a town in Africa, now called Nabil.

Gen. Char. Calyx spreading, 5-cleft. Petals 5, obovate, convolute. Stamens
5, protruding. Anthers ovate, 2-celled. Disk flat, pentagonal. Ovary 3-celled.
Styles 3. Fruit dry, indehiscent, expanding into a membrane round the disk,
containing a 3-celled nut. (Don's Mill.}

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; nerved with spines in the
axils. Flowers axillary, greenish yellow.

Two species are hardy, and very ornamental from their shining leaves, and
abundance of rich greenish yellow flowers, which are succeeded by fruit of
rather a singular form. Propagated by seeds, which they produce in England,
in abundance.

¥ & 1. P. ACULEA^TUS Lam. The prickly Paliurus, or Christ's Thorn.

Identification. Lam. 111., t. 210. ; Fl. Fr., ed. 3., No. 4081. : N. Du Ham.. 3. t. 17. ; Don's Mill., 2.

p. 23.

Synonymes. P. petasus Dum. Cours. 6. p. 266. ; P. australis Gcert. Fruct. 1. 1. 43. f. 5. ; P. vulgSris
D. Don Prod. Fl. Nep.]89.; .Rhamnus .Paliurus Lin. Spec. 281.; Z/zyphus .Paliurus WOtd.
Spec. 1. p. 1183., Sims Bot. Mag. t. 1893. ; Christ's Thorn, or Ram of Libya, Gerard ; E'pine de
Christ, Argalon, Porte-chapeau, Fr. \ gefliigelter Judendorn, Ger. ; Giuggolo salvatico, Ital. ; Xlin,
shops of Constantinople, where the seeds are sold as a medicine, and as a yellow dye.
Lam. 111., t. 210. ; N. Du Ham., 3. t. 17. ; Bot. Mag., t. 1893. ; the plates of this

in the herb-shops of Constantinople, where the seeds are sold as a medicine, and as a yellow dye.
Engravings. Lam. 111., t. 210. ; N. Du Ham., 3. t. 17. ; Bot. Mag., t. 1893. ; the plates "
species, both in a young and an old state, in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v. ; and our fig. 241.

Spec. Char., $c. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves ovate, serrulated, quite
smooth, 3-nerved, with two spines at the base, one straight, the other re-
curved. Flowers in axillary crowded umbellules ; few in an umbellule.
Wing of capsule crenated. (Don's Mill.) A branching deciduous shrub, or
low tree. South of Europe, and North and West of Asia. Height 15 ft. to
30ft. Introduced in Io96. Flowers greenish yellow; June and July.
Fruit yellow ; ripe in September.

The fruit is buckler-shaped, flat and thin, but coriaceous. From the sin-
gular appearance of this fruit, which has the footstalk attached to the middle,
which is raised like the crown of a hat ; and the flattened disk, which re-

XXII.

BERCHF\M/^.

169

2-11. Palidras aculeatus.

sembles its brim; the French have given this tree the name of porte-chapeau.
On both shores of the Mediterranean, it grows to about the same height as
the common hawthorn, on rocky sterile places. In many parts of Italy the
hedges are formed of this plant, as they are of the hawthorn in Britain ; it is
also the common hedge plant in Asia. Any common soil ; seeds, or cuttings
of the root.

& 2. P. (A.) VIRGA'TUS D. Don. The twiggy Christ's Thorn.

Identification. D. Don in Bot. Mag.; and Fl. Nep., 189.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 23.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 2535. ; and our fig. 242.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches smooth. Leaves obliquely cor-
date, or elliptical, 3-nerved, shining ; wing of fruit entire.
(G. Don.) A deciduous shrub. Nepal, on mountains.
Height 10ft. to 15ft. Introduced in 1819. Flowers
greenish yellow, in axillary corymbs ; July and August.
Fruit yellow ; ripe in September.

The only tree which we have seen of this species is in
the Chelsea Botanic Garden, where in general aspect it
bears a close resemblance to P. aculeatus, of which it is in
all probability only a variety.

GENUS III.

242. Paliiirus Tirgatus.

BERCHEVM/J Neck.

THE BERCHEMIA.
Monogynia.

Lin. Syst. Pentandria

Brongn. Mem. Rham., 49. ; Don's

Identification. Neck. Elem., 2. p. 122. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p.

Mill., 2. p. 27.

Synonyme. CEndplia Hedw. F. Gen. 1. p. 151., and Schult. Syst. 5. p. 962.
Derivation. From Berchem, probably the name of some botanist.

Gen. Char. Calyx with a hemispherical tube, and 5 erect segments. Petals
5, convolute. Stamens included within the petals. Anthers ovate, 2-celled.

170

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Disk annular, rather flat. Ovary half-immersed in the disk, 2-celled. Style
short, bifid at the apex. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 2-celled. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; nerved. Flowers terminal,
dioecious by defect ; small, greenish yellow. — A twining deciduous shrub ;
a native of Carolina ; of easy culture in any common soil, and propagated
by seeds, or cuttings of the root.

•3 1. B. VOLUVBILIS Dec. The twining Berchemia.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p, 22. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 27.

Synonymes. .Rhamnus volubilis Lin. Jtt. Suppl. 132., Jacq. Icon. Rar. t. 336.; Zizyphus vnliibilig

IVilld. Spec. 1. p. 1102. ; GEn6plia voliibilis Schnlt. Syst. 5. p. 332. ; Supple Jack, Virginian.
Engravings. Jacq. Icon. Rar., t. 336. ; our fig. 243. in flower, and fig. 244. in fruit, from nature.

Spec. Char., Sec. Branches glabrous, rather twining. Leaves oval, mucronate,
somewhat waved. Flowers dioecious. Drupes oblong. (Dec. Prod.) A
deciduous twining shrub. Carolina and Virginia, in deep swamps. Height,
in America, 20 ft. to 50 ft.; in British gardens, 8 ft. to 10 ft. Introduced in
1714. Flowers greenish yellow; June and July. Fruit violet-coloured;
ripe in October.
According to Pursh, this species, in Virginia, ascends the highest trees, and

is known by the name of Supple Jack. The stems twine round one another,

243. Berchfemia Yoifcbilis.

244. Berch6m:a voliibilis.

or any object which they may be near. In British gardens, they are seldom
seen above 8 or 10 feet high; probably from little attention being paid to
place the plant in a deep sandy or peaty soil, and to supply it with abundance
of moisture in the growing season. In fine seasons it ripens fruit.

GENUS IV.

• i

LuLJU

.KHA'MNUS Lam. THE BUCKTHORN. Lin. Syst. Pentandria Mono-

gynia.

Identification. Lara. Diet., 4. p. 461. ; Lam. Ill.,t. 128.; Gaert. Fruct., 2. p. 106.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 23.:

Don's Mill., 2. p. 29. ; Brongn. Mem. Rham., p. 53.
Synonymes. Nerprun, Fr. ; Wegdoru, Ger. ; Ramno, Ital. ; the Ram, or Hart's.Thorne, Gerard ;

Box Thorn.
Derivation. From the Celtic word, ram, signifying a tuft of branches ; which the Greeks have

changed to rhamnos, and the Latins to ramits.

Gen. Char. Calyx urceolate, 4 — 5-cleft. Stamens bearing ovate 2-celled an-
thers. Disk thin, covering the tube of the calyx. Ovary free, 3 — 4-celled.
Styles 3 — 4, connected or free. Fruit baccate, containing 3—4 indehiscent
nuts. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous, sub-evergreen, or ever-

xxn. JSHAMNACETE: BHAMNUS.

171

green ; feather-nerved ; the stipules never converted into prickles. Flowers
axillary, aggregate, often unisexual. Fruit not eatable, generally black,
rarely red or yellow.

Deciduous or evergreen shrubs, with the tips of their branches often be-
coming spines. One or two species have the habit of low trees, and some of
them are sub-procumbent or procumbent ; all of them, except the latter, being
distinguished by an upright stiff mode of growth, and numerous strong thorns
in their wild state ; whence the name of ram, or buck, thorn. The flowers
in all the species are inconspicuous ; but R. ^laternus and its varieties are
most valuable evergreen shrubs, and several of the other species are orna-
mental, both from their foliage and their fruit ; the latter of which is also
useful in dyeing. All the species are easily propagated by seeds or layers, and
most of them by cuttings ; and they will all grow in any soil that is dry. They
all vary much in magnitude by culture, in common with most plants which, in
a wild state, grow in arid soils.

§ i. Marcorella Neck.

Synonymes. .Rhamnus and ^laternus of Tourn.

Sect. Char. Flowers usually dioecious, and 5-cleft. Fruit a berry, with 3
seeds, or, from abortion, 2 seeds. Seeds deeply furrowed, with the raphe
in the bottom of the furrow. Leaves usually permanent ; coriaceous, and
glabrous. (Dec. Prod., ii. p. 23.)

A. ALATE'RNUS Tourn. Flowers racemose, 5-cleft. Evergreen Shrubs.
« 1. R. JLATE'RNUS L. The Alaternus.

Identification. Lin. Spec., 281. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 23. ; Don's

Mill., 2. p. 30.

Synonymes. Alaternus Phill^rea Mill. Diet. No. 1.; Alaterna, Ital.
Derivation. From alternus, a generic name adopted from Diog-

corides, designating the alternate position of the leaves.
Engravings. Mill. Diet., t. 16. f. 1. ; N. Du Ham., 3. p. 42. t. 14. ;

and our fig. 245.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate-elliptical, or lance-
olate, coriaceous, quite smooth, serrated. Flowers
dioecious, disposed in short racemes. (Don's Mill.)
An evergreen shrub. South of Europe and
North of Africa. Height 10ft. to 20ft. Intro-
duced in 1629. Flowers green, without any corolla ;
April to June. Berry black ; ripe in October.
Varieties.

ft R. A. 2 balearica Hort. Par. The J2hamnus rotundifolius of Du-
mont. — Leaves roundish. We take this as the first variety, assuming
the species to be what is called R.
A. latifolia, which is the commonest
variety in British nurseries.
R. A. 3 kispdnica Hort. Par. (Our fig.
246.) — Leaves ovate, a little toothed.
R. A. 4 angustifolia. R. Clusiz Willd.
(Mill. Icon., t. 16. fig. 2. ; and our
fig. 247.) Leaves long and narrow. —
This variety is so distinct, that it is by
many authors considered as a species.
It is of remarkably rapid growth.
There are two subvarieties of it, the
gold-striped, and the silver-striped ;
both of remarkably free growth.

R. A. 5foliis maculdtis. — Leaves blotched with yellow.
. A. an«u»tif<*iia. R. A. 6 folOs afoeis. — Leaves edged with yellow.

245. flhamnus Xlatirnu*

246. R. A. hlsp&nicn.

172

ARBORETUM ET FEUTICETUM BllITANNICUM.

* R. A. 7 foliis argenteis. — This variety, which is very conspicuous from
the large proportion of the leaves which is white, is more tender than
some of the others. It generally does best against a wall, and is well
worth a place there, on account of its splendid appearance, especially
in winter.

In British gardens, this shrub is particularly valuable for the rapidity of its
growth in almost any soil and situation, more especially the narrow-leaved
variety. It is less injured by the smoke of coal than most other evergreens.
The species, and all the varieties, are readily pro-
pagated by cuttings, which are taken off in autumn,
and planted in sandy soil, in a shady border, and
covered with a hand-glass. As the roots are not
very productive of fibres, when large plants are
chosen, they should be such as have been reared in
pots, in order that they may receive no check from
removal.

st* 2. R. HY'BRIDUS L'Herit. The hybrid Alaternus.

Identification. L'Herit. Sert., t. 5. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 23. ; Don's

Mill , 2. p. 33.
Synonyme. R. burgundlacus Hart. Par. ; It. sempervlrens Hor-

tulan.
Engravings. L'Herit. Sert., t. 5. ; and our Jig. 248.

Spec. Char.y $c. Leaves oblong, acuminated, ser-
rated, smooth, shining, hardly permanent, rather
coriaceous. Flowers androgynous. (Don's Mill.)
A garden hybrid, a sub-evergreen shrub, raised
from R. alpinus, fecundated by R. Alaternus, and
forming a very distinct and desirable kind, which,
in British gardens, grows to the height of 10 or
12 feet. The flowers are green, and appear in May
or June.

B. RHA'MNUS Dec. Flowers 4f-cleft, in Fascicles.

a. Branchlets terminating in a Thorn.
*t * 3. R. CATHA'RTICUS L. The purging Buckthorn.

Identification. Lin. Spec., 280. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 24. Don's

Mill., 2. p. 30.

Synonyme. The White Thorn of the modern Greeks.
Engravings. Eng. Bot, t. 1629. ; N. Du Ham., 2. t. 10. ; the

plate of this species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v. ; and our

fig. 249.

Spec. Char., <$rc. Erect. Leaves ovate, toothed.
Flowers in fascicles, polygamo-dicecious. Berries
4-seeded, rather globose. (Don's Mill.) A deci-
duous shrub or low tree. Europe and Britain,
in woods and thickets, on calcareous loamy soil.
Height 10ft. to 12ft.: in cultivation, 12 ft. to
15 ft. Flowers yellowish green, with very narrow
petals ; May. Berry black ; ripe in September.
Decaying leaves yellowish green. Naked young
wood whitish.

The flowers are, for the most part, hermaphro-
dite, and in a wild state abundant and clustered ;
but in a state of cultivation they are fewer, and
nearly solitary. The juice of the unripe berries
is of the colour of saffron, and it is used for staining
maps or paper : they are sold under the name of
French berries. The juice of the ripe berries, mixed with alum, forms the sap

hybridal.

219. fthamnus catliirticus.

XXII £HAMNAX!E2&: flHA MNUS.

173

250. Rhamnus tinctorius

green of painters ; but, if the berries be gathered late in the autumn, the juice
is purple. Plants of this species attain the height of 9 ft. in 10 years.

& 4. R. TINCTO'RIUS Waldst. The Dyer's Buckthorn.

Identification. Waldst. et Kit. PI. Rar. Hung., 3. p. 255. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 24. ; Don's Mill., 2.

p. 31.

Sijnonyme. R. cardiospermus Willd. Herb.
Engravings. Hayne Abbild., t. 97. and aaatj^f. 250.-,

Spec. Char., $c. Erect. Leaves ovate, crenate-ser-
rated. Petioles villous. Flowers crowded, dioecious.
Berries obcordate, 3 — 4-seeded. (Don's Mill.) A de-
ciduous shrub. Hungary, in hedges. Height 8 ft.
Introduced in 1820. Flowers greenish yellow ; May
and June. Berries yellow ; ripe in September.

A plant of this species, in the garden of the London *.
Horticultural Society, was, in 1834, 3ft. high, after

being 7 years planted.

-* 5. R. INFECTO'RIUS L. The staining Buckthorn, or Avignon Berry.

Identification. Lin. Mant., 49. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 24. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 31.

Synonymes. .ZZhamnus L$ci\im Scop. Cam. ed. 2. n. 260. ; dwarf, or yellow-berried, Buckthorn ;
Nerprun des Teinturiers, Graine d' Avignon, Nerprun teignant, Fr. ; farbender Wegdorn, Ger.
Engravings. Ard. Mem., 78. t. 14. ; N. Du Ham., vol. v. t. 73. ; and our fig. 251.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrulated, smoothish. Flowers
dioecious, bearing petals in both sexes. (Don's Mill.) A deciduous, sub-
procumbent shrub. South of Europe, in rocky places ; common about
Avignon and the Vaucluse. Height 2 ft. Intro-
duced in 1683, Flowers greenish yellow ; June and
July. Berry 3-celled, black ; ripe in September.

The root fixes itself so firmly in the fissures of the
rocks, that the plant can scarcely be pulled up. The
stem divides immediately into branches, that are very
much subdivided, and form a very close head, the
shoots having numerous spines, both terminating and
lateral. The berries are used for dyeing leather yel-
low ; and the Turkey leather, or yellow morocco, is
generally supposed to be coloured by them. Zdl- «h»mnus s

jc 6. R. SAXA'TILIS L. The Stone Buckthorn.

Lin. Sp., 1671.; Dec. Prod , 2. p. 24. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 31.

Wegdorn, Ger. ; Lycio Italiano, Ital.

Identification.

Synonymes. R. longifdlius Mill. Diet. ; Stein

Engravings. Jacq. Austr., t. 43. ; Hayne Abbild., t. 98. ; Schmidt, 3. t. 157. ; and our fig. 252.

Spec. Char., fyc. Procumbent, or erectish.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrulated, smooth-
ish. Flowers dioecious, female ones destitute
of petals. (Don's Mill.) A procumbent de-
ciduous shrub. South of Europe, among
rocks, in Austria, Switzerland, Italy, and
Greece. Height 1 ft. Introduced in 1752.
Flowers greenish yellow ; June and July.
Berries black, containing three whitish seeds,
each enclosed in a dry whitish membrane,
which separates, when ripe, into two parts
with elastic force ; ripe in September.

j» «- 7. R.

Poir. The Box-leaved Buckthorn.

Identification. Poir. Diet., 4. p. 463. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 24. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 31.
Synon-fines. ? R. fiuxifdlius Brot. *2. Lus. 1. p. 301. ; Lycium 6uxif61ium Bauh.
Engravings. Du Ham., 3. t. 3. No. 12. ; and our fig. 253.

Spec. Char., $c. Diffuse. Leaves ovate, quite entire, mucronate, smooth,

174

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANN1CUM.

coriaceous, green on both sur-
faces. (Don's Mi/I.) A sub-
evergreen shrub. Spain, Italy,
and the Levant, on hills.
Height 2 ft. to 4 ft. Introd.
in 1820. Flowers greenish
yellow ; June and July. Berry
? black; ripe?.

A very neat shrub, of which
there is a good specimen in the
Chelsea Botanic Garden, which
is quite hardy.

«. 8. JR. LYCioYoES Lin. The
Lycium-like Buckthorn.

Identification. Lin. Spec., 279. ; Dec.

Prod., 2. p. 25. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 31.
Engravings. Cav. Icon., 2. t. 182. ; and our fig. 254.

Spec. Char., $c. Erect. Leaves linear, quite entire,
obtuse, smooth. Flowers hermaphrodite. (Don's
Mill.) A deciduous shrub. Spain, on the lime-
stone hills of Valencia. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. In-
troduced in 1752. Flowers greenish yellow ; May
and June. Fruit ?,

253. a. fcuxifolius.

9. R. ERYTHRO'XYLON Pall.
Buckthorn.

The red -wooded

Identification. Pall. Fl. Ross., 2.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 25. ; Don's 254.

Mill., 2. p. 31.
Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., 2. t. 62. ; Itin., French edit., t. 90. ; and our fig. 255.

Spec. Char., fyc. Erect. Leaves linear, lanceolate, quite entire or serrated,
smooth. Flowers hermaphrodite. Berries oblong. (Don's Mill.) A de-
ciduous shrub. Mongolia and Siberia, near rivers. Height 6 ft. Intro-
duced in 1823. Flowers greenish yellow j July and August. Berries black
ripe in September.

Variety.

R. E. 2 angustissimum Dec. Prod.
2. p. 25., R. /ycioides Pall. FL
Ross. t. 63., and our Jig. 256.,
has the leaves narrow, smaller,
and very finely serrulated. Na-
tive of Caucasus.

Delights in a warm situation ; and
in cold and humid places, Pallas ob-
serves, it is never met with. The
wood, on account of its hardness and
red colour, is used by the Mongols
for making their images ; and the ber-
ries, when macerated in water, afford
them a deep yellow colour. The

bush ; but, when cultivated, the spines no longer appear.
b. Branchlets not terminated by Spinet.
& 10. R. DAHU'RICUS Pali. The Dahurian Buckthorn.

Identification. Pall. Fl. Ross., 2. t. 61. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 26.j Don's Mill., 2. p. 31
.Entravmgg. Pal.. Fl. Ross., 2. t. 61 . ; and our fig. 257.

XXII. JZHAMNANCEj£ : TJHA'MNUS.

Spec. Chnr.y fyc. Erect. Leaves oblong-

ovate, serrated, smooth, veiny. Flowers

dioecious, female ones with bifid stigmas.

(Don's Mill.) A .deciduous shrub. Da-

huria, near the river Arguinus. Height 5 ft.

Introd. in 1817. Flowers greenish yellow;

May and June. Berry black ; ripe Sept.

The general appearance of the plant is
that of R. catharticus, but it is without
thorns. The wood is red, and is called sandal
wood by the Russians.

j* & 11. R. /fLNiFo'Ltus L'Herit. The Alder
leaved Buckthorn.

Identification. L'Herit. Sert., t. 5.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 25.:

Don's Mill., 2. p. 32.
Engravings. Hayne Abbild., t. 61. ; and our fig. 258.

Spec. Char., $c. Erect. Leaves obovate or ovate, serrulated, obliquely line-
ated with lateral nerves, acuminated or obtuse, smoothish beneath, except
the nerves. Flowers hermaphrodite or dioecious. Pedicels 1-flowered, ag-
gregate. Calyxes acute. Fruit turbinate. (Don's Mill.)
A deciduous shrub. Hudson's Bay to Pennsylvania, in

sphagnous swamps. Height

2 ft. to 4 ft. in America ; 6 ft.

to 8 ft. in England. Introd.

in 1778. Flowers greenish

yellow ; June and July.

Berry black, fleshy, 3-seeded;

ripe in September.

R. a. 2 Jrangulmdes
Dec. R. franguloides

258. Rhimnui nlnifoliu*.

2.VJ. a. a franguieides.

Variety.

t. 15.; our fig. 259.)—
Leaves oval, serrated,
pubescent on the nerves beneath. Canada to Virginia. Introd. 1810.

ai 12. R. ALPI^NUS Lin. The Alpine Buckthorn.

Identification. Lin. Spec., 213. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 32.

Engravings. N. Du Ham., 3. 1. 13. ; Bot. Cab., t. 1077.; Schmidt, 3. 1. 157. ; the plate of the tree in
Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v. ; and our
). and 261.

200. Khammis alplnus.

261, Ahamnui alpinus.

Spec. Char.,, $c. Erect, twined. Leares oval lanceolate, crenate^serrated,
smooth, lineated with many parallel nerves. Flowers dioecious, female ones

176

ARBORETl !\I ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICtJM.

with 4-cleft stigm-ds.(j Jen's Zii ft.)
A deciduous shrub. Alps of
Switzerland, Dauphine, and
Carniola. Height 5ft. to 10ft.
Introd. 1752. Flowers greenish;
May and June. Berries black ;
ripe in September.

Variety.

& ~R.a.2grandifolius(Jig.262.)
has much larger leaves
than the species. It forms,
when well grown, a very
striking and handsome
object, from the large size
of its leaves and buds.

This is a very distinct species,
and remarkable for its twisted
leaves. There are strong plants of
both the species and the variety in
the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges,
and of the variety in the garden of
the Hort. Soc., which, in 10 years,
have attained the height of 8 ft.,
with numerous suberect branches,
clothed with a purplish bark.

2t2. Ahimnus alpmus grandifoliu

263. Khamnus pimilus.

-* 13. R. PU MILUS Liu. The dwarf Buckthorn.

Identification. Lin. Mant., 49. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 32.

Synonymes. R. rup£stris Scop. Cam. 1 . t. 5. ; Kanno spaccasassi, Ital.

Engravings. Scop. Cam., l.t. 5. ; Schmidt Arb., 3. t. 155.; and our fig. '2G3.

Spec. Char., $c. Plant procumbent, much branched.
Leaves ovate, serrated, smooth. Flowers hermaphro-
dite. (Z)o;i'» Mill.) A deciduous procumbent shrub.
MourX; Baldo in the Alps, and Carniola, in the fis-
sures of rocks. Height 2 ft. Introd. 1752. The flowers
greenish yellow within and red without, the stamens
white ; June and July. Berries black ; ripe in Sept.
The plant bearing this name in the London gardens we

have never seen in such a thriving state as to enable us to

decide whether or not it is truly distinct.

ii. Fr&nyula Tourn.

Identification. Tourn. Inst., t. 383. ; Dec, Prod., 2.
p. 26. ; Don's Mill., 11. p. 32.

Sect. Char. Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely
dioecious, 5-cleft, sometimes 4-cleft. Seeds
smooth, compressed, with the hilum white
and exserted, and with the raphe lateral,
on the surface of the inner testa. Embryo
flat. Leaves membranous, caducous,
quite entire, lined with approximate pa-
rallel nerves. (Dorfs Mill.)

t a 14- R. CAROLINIA^NUS Walt. The Ca-
rolina Buckthorn.

Identification. Walt. Car., p. 101. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 27. ;

Don's Mill., 2. p. 32. ; Tor. and Gray, 1. p. 262.
Engraving. Our fig. 264.

154 Rhitinnui, carolinianus.

XXII. SHAMNACEJE: RHA MNUS.

177

Spec. Char., $c. Erect. Leaves oval-oblong, almost entire, smooth. Umbels
stalked. Flowers hermaphrodite. Berries globose. (Don's Mill.) A
deciduous shrub or tree. North Carolina to Florida, on the banks of
rivers. Height 6 ft. to 8 ft., sometimes a tree 30 ft. to 40 ft. Introduced
in 1819. Flowers greenish; May and June. Berries black; ripe in
September.

In America this species, though usually a shrub in North Carolina, is in
Georgia a considerable tree. Leaves 3 in. to 6 in. long, and 1 in. to 2 in. wide ;
sometimes acuminate, irregularly serrated ; sometimes the margin is waved.
Fruit as large as a small pea, mostly 3-seeded. (Tor. and Gray.)

& t 15. R. FRA'NGULA L. The breaking Buckthorn, or Berry-bearing Alder.

Identificatiun. Lin. Spec., 280. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 32.

Synonymes. Nerprun Bourgene, Aune noir, Fr. ; glatter Wegdorn, Ger. ; Alno nero, Ital.

Derivation. The name of Frangula, breaking, is applied to this species, from the brittleness of

its branches.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 250. ; (Ed. Fl. Dan., t. 278. ; the plate of the species in Arb. Brit. 1st

edit., vol. v. ; and our fig. 265.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oval, quite entire, lineated with 10 or 12 lateral
nerves, and, as well as the calyx, smooth. Flowers hermaphrodite. (Don's
Mill.) A deciduous shrub, or low tree. Europe and part of Siberia, in
woods and thickets ; not uncommon in England, but rare in Scotland.
Height 3 ft. to 6 ft., wild ; 8 ft. to 10 ft. in British gardens. Flowers whitish,
with purple anthers ; May. Berries dark purple ; ripe in September. De-
caying leaves reddish green. Naked young wood dark
brown.

Variety.

& *£ R. F. 2 angustifblia Hort. has narrower leaves.
The plant of this species in the Horticultural
Society's Garden is very distinct ; and, in 1835,
was 6 ft. high, after being 10 years planted.

Branches numerous, alternate, leafy, round, smooth,
and blackish. From a quarter to half an ounce of the
inner bark, boiled in small beer, is a sharp purge. The
bark dyes yellow, and, with a preparation of iron, black.
The flowers are particularly grateful to bees. The
charcoal prepared from the wood is preferred by the
makers of gunpowder to any other. 265. R. Fr&nguia.

* % 16. R. LATiFoYius L'Herit. The broad-leaved Buckthorn.

Identification. L'Herit. Sert, 5. t. 8.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 26.; Don's Mill.,

2. p. 32.
Engravings. L'Herit. Sert., 5. t. 8. ; Dend. Brit., til.: Willd. Ab-

bild.,t. 100. ; the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v. ; and

our fig. 266.

Spec. Char., fa. Leaves elliptical, acuminate, quite
entire, lineated with 12 or 15 lateral nerves ; younger
leaves and calyxes villous. Flowers hermaphrodite.
(Don's Mill.) A deciduous shrub, with the habit
of a low tree. Azores, on the mountains of St.
Michael. Height 10ft. to 15ft. Introduced in 1778.
Flowers greenish ; July. Berries black or red, both
colours appearing on the same plant at once ; ripe in
September.

The leaves are larger than those of any other species,
except R. alpinus grandifolius ; and the whole plant
is remarkable for its robust appearance, and the con-
spicuous opposite nerves which proceed from the middle
of the leaves. It deserves a place in every collection.

N

176

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Other Species of "Rhdnmus. — There are various kinds described by authors,
several of which are said to have been introduced, but they are either lost or
synonymous with kinds already described. Among those which remain to be
introduced are some which promise to be useful additions to this genus ; such
as : —

afe R. persicifolius Bert. (Moris. Stirp. Sard. fig. 2.) — An erect shrub, with
lanceolate, minutely crenated leaves, pubescent on the under side, and on long
petioles. Calyx free. Sardinia. Height 10ft. to 12ft. March and April.

j* R. amygddlimts Desf. Atl. 1. p. 198. — A native of the North of Africa, in
the fissures of rocks, where it grows to the height of 3 ft., and produces berries
used for dyeing yellow, like those of R. saxatilis.

& R. prunifolius Smith Prod. Fl. Graec. 1. p. 157. — A native of Crete, on

the highest mountains, and probably only a variety of one of the preceding sorts.

* R. Sibthorpianus Schult. Syst. 6. p. 286. ; R. pube'scens Sibth. Fl. Grcec.

t. 239. — A native of Mount Parnassus, and nearly allied to R. alpinus and R.

Frangula.

*fc R. Purshianus Dec. Prod. 2. p. 25. R. alnifolius of Pursh, but not of
L'Heritier. (Hook. Flor.
Bor. Am.l. p. 123. t.43.,
and our fig. 267.) — A
shrub growing to the
height of 6 ft., native of
North America, on the
banks of the Koorkoosky.
* R. oleifolius Hook.
Fl. Bor. Am. 1. p. 123. t.
44., Tor. & Gray, 1. p.
200., and fig. 268. from
Hooker, is an evergreen
shrub, with coriaceous
leaves, unarmed shoots,
and the flowers small, in
axillary crowded panicles.
It is a native of the north-
west coast of California,
where it forms a handsome shrub from 6ft. to 12 ft. high.

& R. umbelldtus Cav. Icon. 6. p. 2. t. 504. — A shnib, growing 6 ft. high in
Mexico ; was raised in 1839 in the Hort. Soc. Garden, from seeds sent home
by M. Hartweg ; but it is probably only half-hardy.

R. /aurifolius Nutt., R. croceus Nutt.y R. lanceolatus Pursh, R. parvifolius
Tor. Sf Gray, R. ferrugineus Nutt., R. californicus Esch , and R. texe'nsis
Tor. $ Gray, are described in Tor. and Gray's Flora of North America ; R.
pubescens Fl. Grcec., and several others, are described in Don's Miller, and
in the first edition of this work.

GENUS V.

flliamnus PurshiYmu*.

fihamnus oleifolius.

COLLEVT/^ Com. THE COLLETIA. Lin. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia.

Identification. Kunth Nov. Gen. Amer., 7. p. 58. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 28. Don's Mill., 2. p. 34.
Synonyme. .Rhamnus in part.

Derivation. Named by Commerson, in honour of Collet, his friend and countryman, who wrote
upon the plants of Brest.

Gen. Char. Calyx campanulate, membraneous, coloured. Petals wanting, or very
minute, linear. Stamens with ovate 2-celled, or reniform 1-celled, anthers.
Disk short, cup: shaped, adnate to the bottom of the calyx. Ovary free,
3-ceiled. Style simple, elongated. Stigma 3-lobed. Fruit guarded at the

XXII. AHAMNA CEJB : COLLET/^.

179

base by the permanent tube of the calyx, tricoccous, dehiscent. (Don't
Mill.)

Leaves, when present, simple, opposite, stipulate, deciduous ; very minute,
and quite entire. Flowers axillary, fascicled, or racemose ; and, when the
leaves are absent, rising from beneath the base of the spines. — Much-
branched shrubs, with divaricating, decussately opposite branches, and spiny
branchlets.

-a 1. C. HO'KRIDA Lindl. The bristly Colletia.

Identification. Lindl. in Eot. Reg.? Ad. Brong.

Synonyme. C. fdrox Gill, et Hook, in Bot. Mis. 1. 154. t. 44. /3.

Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1776. ; and our Jig. 269.

Spec. Char,, $c. Spines rigid, simple, or much branched. Peduncles mostly
in pairs. Calyx ovate-oblong. Stamens sessile. (Lindl.) A spiny shrub,
evergreen, from the colour of its branches and branchlets. Chili and
Mendoza, on mountains. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced in 1823.
Flowers greenish white, stained with dull purple ; May to July. Berry
whitish, about the size of a small pea; ripe in Sept.

The young branches are furnished with " bright
green sawed scales " as leaves ; they are placed oppo-
site, and at the base of each is a small stipule. The
leaves and stipules speedily fall off, " leaving the
branches to act as leaves, by the aid of their soft par-
enchyma, with which they are clothed in the form of
bark." Hence, plants of any size appear one mass of
naked spiny green branches in winter ; and, in summer,
having leaves and flowers all over the points of the
branchlets. It is a most desirable addition to our
evergreen shrubs ; and, as it escaped the winter of
1837-8, it may be safely recommended as hardy, for cli-
mates not much colder than that of London. It grows
in common garden soil, in a dry situation, fully exposed
to the sun. It has not yet been propagated otherwise
than by Chilian seeds, which are frequently received
under the name of Retanilla. We have no doubt,
however, that it might be increased by layers, or by
cuttings in sand under a glass. 269. Coll,ti<1 h<5rrida.

Other Species of Colletia. — There are plants in the London gardens, under
the name of C. spinosa and C. wlicina, which we consider merely as varieties
of C. horrida ; though the former has white flowers, and the latter broader
leaves than those which we have described. They are considered more ten-
der than C. horrida ; but this may possibly be owing to the plants having been

270. Collitm nliclna.

C. tf'phedra.

Coltetia spintea.

younger. C. E'p/iedra Vent. Choix, t. 16. (the .Rhamnus E phedra Domb., and
the Retanilla £"phedra JBrong.) is said to have survived the criterion winter
at Liverpool. In /g. 270., a represents C. nlicina ; b, C. ^'phedra (Reta-
nilfa 7?'phedra Brong.) ; and c, C. spinosa.

N 2

130

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

GENUS VI.

CEANO'THUS L. THE CRANOTHTJS, or RED ROOT. Lin. Syst.
Pentandria Monogynia.

Identificatinn. Brongn. Mt-m. Rham., p. 62. ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 124.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 31. ;

Don's Mill., 2 p. 37.

Synonymies, /fhamnus species L., Juss., Lam. ; Ceanothe, Fr. ; Sakebbaum, Ger.
Derivation. From keanothus, a name employed by Theophrastus to designate a spiny plant, derived

from keo, to cleave : the modern genus has, however, nothing to do with the plant of Theophrastus.

The English name, Red Root, is given to the plant in America, from the red colour of the roots,

which are of a large size in proportion to the branches.

Gen. Char. Calyx with a subhemispherical tube, and 5 connivent segments.
Petals 5, unguiculate, cucullate, deflexed. Stamens with ovate 2-celled an-
thers. Disk spongy, annular. Ovary spherical, girded by the disk, 3-celled.
Styles 3, diverging, terminated by small papilliform stigmas. Fruit tricoc-
cous, girded by the circumcised tube of the calyx. (Don's Mifl.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, persistent or deciduous ; ovate or ellipti-
cal, serrated or entire. Flowers terminal or axillary, in elongated racemes.
— Shrubs, natives of North America, very ornamental in British gardens,
and easily propagated by cuttings of the young wood, planted in sand, and
covered with a hand-glass. Most of the species produce seeds freely in
British gardens, and they all grow in any common garden soil.

1. C. AMERICANS L. The American Ceanothus, or Red Root; or New
Jersey Tea.

Identification. Un. Spec., 281.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 31.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 37. ; Tor. and Gray,

1. p. 264.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 1497. ; and our fig. 271.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate, acuminate, serrated, pubescent beneath.
Thyrse elongated, axillary, with a pubescent rachis. (Don's Mill.) A de-
ciduous suffrutescent low shrub. Canada to Florida, in woods and copses.
Height 1ft. to 3ft ; in British gardens, 2ft. to 4ft. Introduced in 1713.
Flowers white ; June to August. Fruit black ; ripe in September.
Varieties. Torrey and Gray describe three varieties,

C. a. 2 Pitcheri, C. a. 3 her-

baceus (C. perennis Pursh, C.

ovatus Desf.), and C. a. 4

intermedius (C. intermedius

Pursh, Jig. 271.) ; but we

scarcely think they are worth

keeping apart in collections.

Stems shrubby, or suffruticose.
Leaves 2 in. to 3 in. long.
The leaves and stems of the
plant are pubescent ; and the
flowers, being produced in great

171. C. ,. intent ^^^ ^^ ^ yery oma.

mental. They are succeeded by bluntly triangular cap-
sules ; and, about London, in fine seasons, the seeds
ripen. Any soil that is tolerably dry. Seeds or cuttings.
The leaves of this plant, dried, were used by the Americans as a substitute
for Chinese tea, during the war of independence.

3fe « 2. C. AZU^REUS Desf. The azure powered Ceanothus, or Red Root.

Identification. Desf. Cat., 1815, p. 232. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 31. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 37.

Synanymes. C. caeruleus Lag. Gen. et Spec. 1816, p. 11 . ; C. bicolor WiM. in SchuU. Syst. 1. p. 66.

Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 291. ; Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 110. ; and our fig. 273.

272. Ceanothus americ&nus.

xxn. AHAMNACEJB: CYEANO THUS.

I8J

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, acutely serrated, smooth above,
hoary and downy beneath. Thyrse elongated, axillary, with a downy rachis.
Pedicels smooth. (Don's Mill.} A sub-evergreen shrub. Mexico. Height
6ft. to 10ft. Introduced in 1818. Flowers bright blue; May to Sep-
tember. Fruit black, enclosing 3 seeds ; ripe in October.

Variety*

* m C.a.2 inlermedius, C. intermedius Horf., has the
habit of C. azureus, with pale flowers, like those
of C. americanus, varying with different shades of
blue. It was raised by Mr. Masters of Canter-
bury, from seeds of C. azureus fecundated by C.
americanus.

A very handsome shrub, profusely covered with brilliant
celestial blue flowers in large panicles. In Mexico its bark
is considered as a febrifuge. It is the most robust-growing
species of the genus, attaining, in 3 or 4? years from seed,
the height of 5 or 6 feet, or more, against a wall. It was
at first treated as a green-house plant, but lately it has been
found to be nearly as hardy as the North American species.
In the winter ot 1837-8 these plants were greatly injured,
but none of them killed. North of London the plant is
less vigorous.

& « 3. C. (A.) THYRSIFLO'RUS Esch. The Thyrse-flowered Ceanothus.

Identification. Esch. in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg (1826) ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am., 1. p. 125. ; Don's

Mill., 2. p. 37. ; Tor. and Gray, 1. p. 266.
Synonyme. C. ovatus cyaneus Booth, Baumann, 8(C.
Engraving. Our Jig. . in p.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oval, 3-nerved, serrulated, smooth. Stem many-
angled ; panicle thyrsoid in the axillary branches. (Don's Mill.) A sub-
evergreen shrub, or small tree. Monterey, Upper California, and north-
west coast of North America. Height in America 5 ft. to 20 ft. Intro-
duced in ? 1830. Flowers bright blue ; May to November. Fruit black;
ripe about a month after flowering.

In its native country, in favourable situations, this species becomes a small
tree, with a stem sometimes as thick as a man's arm, and strongly angular
branches. In British gardens it forms a free-flowering highly ornamental
shrub, with much of the habit of C. azureus ; from which it chiefly differs
in having the flowers in a close, instead of in an elongated, thyrse. Not-
withstanding this difference, we consider it as only a variety of that species.

& at 4. C. VELUTI'NUS Doug. The velvety-leaved Ceanothus.

Identification. Hook. Flor. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 125. ; and Tor. and Gray, 1. p. 265.
Engravings. Hook. Flor. Bor. Amer., 1. t. 45. ; and our fig. 274.

Spec. Ckar., $c. Branches somewhat pendulous.
Leaves orbicular, elliptical or elliptical ovate, obtuse,
subcordate, glandularly crenate, serrulate, coria-
ceous, glabrous, and shining (as if varnished) above,
velvety, canescent, and strongly 3-ribbed beneath.
Panicles axillary, elongated, on rather long pe-
duncles. (Tor. and Gray.) A shrub, probably
sub-evergreen. North-west coast of North America,
on subalpine hills. Height 3 ft. to 8 ft. Not intro-
duced. Flowers white. Fruit dr}r, 2 — 3-seeded.

This is apparently a very desirable species ; and, as
it is so abundant as to cover the whole declivities of
hills, forming thickets very difficult to penetrate, we
have no doubt that it will soon be introduced.
Branches nearly glabrous. The leaves abound with an aromatic resin

N 3

274. C. velutlnus.

182

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

j* 5. C. coLLiS'us .Doug, The Hill-side Ceanothus.

Identification. Doug, in MSS. ; Fl. Cab., t. 13.
Engravings. Fl. Cab., t. 13. ; and our Jig. 27;>.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches decumbent, round, and
smoothish. Leaves ovate or elliptic, somewhat
clammy, glandular,serrated, upper surface shining,
under surface covered with adpressed hairs, 3-
nerved. Stipules awl-shaped. Panicles axillary.
(Knowles and Westcott.) A hardy, evergreen, low,
decumbent shrub. North America. Height 1 ft.
Introduced in 1827. Flowers white, produced
in great abundance ; June and July. Fruit
brown; ripe in September.
Layers, which root readily, or seeds.

Other Species of Ceanothus. — C. ovatus and C.
intermedius, we have seen, on the authority of
Torrey and Gray, are only varieties of C.americanus;
and w*e have no doubt that this will be the case
with C. ovalis, C. sanguineus, C. oreganus, and
other species described by authors. In short, there
appears to us no assignable limits to the sports and
hybrids that may be produced in this genus.

Ceandthus colllnus.

ORDER XXIII. HOMALINANCE^.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx funnel-shaped, its tube usually adnate to the ovary, its
limb with 5 — 15 lobes. Petals inserted into the calyx, as many as its lobes,
alternate with them, smaller than they, and deemed by some an inner whorl
of lobes of the calyx. Glands present in front of the segments of the calyx.
Stamens arising from the base of the petals, either singly, or in threes or
sixes. Anthers 2- celled, opening longitudinally. Ovary 1 -celled, with nu-
merous ovules. Styles 3 — 5, simple. Fruit berried or capsular. Seeds
small. (Lindl.) — Trees or shrubs ; natives of South America.

Leaves simple, alternate, with deciduous stipules, sub-evergreen ; toothed
or entire. Flowers axillary, in spikes, racemes, or panicles. — The species in
British gardens belong to the genera AristotehVz and Azara (the latter rather
tender), which are thus contradistinguished : —

ARISTOTEVLW L'Herit. Corolla of 5 petals. Stamens 15 — 18, polyadel-
phous. Fruit a globose, free, 3-celled berry. Cells 1 — 2-seeded.
zA^Ryf R. et P. Corolla none. Stamens numerous. Fruit a globose 1-
celled, o-seeded berry.

GENUS I.

ARISTOTE^L/J L'Herit.

THE ARISTOTELIA.
Polvandria.

Lin. Syst. Polyadelphia

Identification. L'Herit. Stirp., p. 31. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 56. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 58.
Derivation. Named in commemoration of Aristotle, the celebrated philosopher and naturalist.

Gen. Char. Calyx campanulate, profoundly 5-clcft. Petals 5, inserted in the

XXITI. HOMAL1NA CEJE I ARISTOTE MA.

183

base of the calyx, and alternating with its lobes. Stamens 15 — 18, gene-
rally 3 or 4 in each bundle, placed in front of the lobes of the calyx. Anthers
opening by two pores at the apex. Ovary free. Styles 3, somewhat
connected at the base. Berry globose, 3-celled. Seeds angular. (Don's
Mill.)

Leaves simple, opposite, stipulate, sub-evergreen ; stalked and shining.
Floivers in axillary racemes.

m * % i 1. A. MA'CQUI L'Herit. The Macqui Aristotelia.

Identification. L'Herit. Stirp., p. 31. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 56. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 58.
Synonymes. A. glandulbsa R.etP. Fl. Per. Syst. p. 126. ; A. Maqui in Dec. Prod., 2. p. 56.
Engravings. L'Herit. Stirp., t. 16. ; Wats. Dend. Brit., t 44. ; N. Du Ham., t.33. ; the plate of
this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v. ; and our Jig. 276.

Spec. Char., $c. Calyx deeply 5-rleft. Styles 3, somewhat connected at the
base. A sub-evergreen shrub, or low tree. Chili. Height in British gar-
dens 7 — 18ft. Introduced in 1733. Flowers small, green, purplish, and
yellow ; May and June. Berry very dark purple; ripe in September.

Variety.

& * A. M. 2foliis variegatis. — The variegated-leaved Macqui Aristotelia.

376. Aristotelia Mdcyui.

In Chili this plant forms an evergreen shrub, with diffuse branches, growing
to the height of 6 ft. The flowers are not very showy ; but they are succeeded
by berries about the size of a pea, very dark purple, and at length becoming
black, which are acid and eatable. In British gardens, it forms a sub-ever-

N 4

184 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

green shrub or low tree, of very vigorous growth ; so much so, in a young
state, that, from the shoots not being matured, they are frequently killed down
to the ground, and the foliage more or less injured. Notwithstanding this, the
aristotelia frequently flowers, and even ripens fruit; and, in all probability,
if the tree were planted in dry and rather poor soil, so as to grow slowly, and
not make more wood every year than it could ripen properly, it would attain
a large size, and form a very handsome hardy ever-
green shrub or tree. The plant grows vigorously in
any common garden soil, producing shoots 3 ft., 4 ft.,
or 5 ft. in length when young ; and it is readily pro-
pagated by cuttings or by layers.

Other Species of Aristotelra. — One has been raised
in the Chelsea Botanic Garden, from South American
seeds, which Mr. Dillwyn found to stand the winter
of 1837-8 better than A. Mdcqui.

* Azara. dentata R. & P., Don's Mill. i. p. 257.
(Bot. Reg. t. 1788., and our Jig. 277.) is an evergreen
shrub or low tree, growing to the height of 12ft. in
Chili. It. stood 8 years in the Hort. Soc. Garden,
against a wall, and, though killed by the winter of 8,7. Alira denUlU.

1837-8, it may yet ultimately prove tolerably hardy.
A. integrifolia,' if a different species, may possibly be found hardy also.

ORDER XXIV. ANACARDIAXCE^.

Identification. Lindley, in Introd. to N. S.

Synonymes. rerebinth&ceae, tribe 1. Anacardifiae R. Br., and tribe 2. Sumachtnece Dec. Prod.
2. 66.

. CHAR. Flowers generally unisexual. Calyx usually 5-parted. Petals

equal in number to the divisions of the calyx, cohering at the base when the

disk is absent. Stamens same number, or twice that number. Disk, when

present, annual. Ovarium usually solitary. Styles 1 — 3, sometimes wanting.

Fruit indehiscent. (Lindl.) — Low deciduous or evergreen trees, natives of

Asia and Africa.

Leaves simple or compound, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous or evergreen ;

without pellucid dots. Flowers terminal or axillary, in panicles, with bracts.

— The hardy species belong to the genera Pistacia, Rhus, and Duvaua,

which are thus contradistinguished : —
PISTAVCIA L. Flowers dioecious, apetalous, amentaceous. Stigmas 3. Drupe

dry, containing a 1-celled, 1-seeded nut.
TZiiu's L. Flowers polygamous. Styles or stigmas 3. Drupe nearly dry,

containing a l-celled, 1 — 3-seeded nut.
DUVAUA Kth. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Styles 3 — <t, short. Drupe

containing a coriaceous 1-seeded nut.

GENUS I.

PISTArCIA L. THE PISTACHIA TREE. Lin. Syst. Dice'cia Pentandria.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 1108. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 64. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 61. and 65.
Synonyme. Terebinthus Juss.

Derivation. From the Greek word Pistakia, derived from Psiltakion, the name of a city ; or from
the Arabic word Foustaq, the Arabian name of /Mstacia vera.

Gen. Char. Flowers dioecious, and without petals ; disposed in amentaceous

XXIV. ANACARDIA CE^E : PISTA CIA.

185

racemes, each scale with one flower. Calyx 3 — 5-cleft. Stamens 5, inserted into
a calycine disk, or into the calyx ; with 4-cornered, almost sessile, anthers.
Ovary 1 — 3-celled. Stigmas 3, and thickish. Fruit a dry ovate drupe ; nut
bony, and usually 1-celled, with a single seed affixed to the bottom. Coty-
ledons thick, fleshy, oily, and bent back upon the radicle. — Small trees,
natives of the South of Europe and Asia.

Leaves compound, impari-pinnate, deciduous or evergreen ; dying off of
a beautiful reddish purple ; young shoots tinged with purple.

1 . P. VE^RA L. The true Pistachia Tree.

Lin. Spec., 1454. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 64. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 65.
Pistacia officinarum Hort. Kew. ; Pistachier, Fr. ; Pistazienbaum, Ger.

Pistacchio,

Identification.
Synonymies. *

Ital. ; Alfocigo, Spun.
Engravings. Blackw. Icon., t. 461. ; N. Du Ham., 4. 1. 17. ; and our fig. 278.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves deciduous, impari-pinnate, of 3 — 5 leaflets, rarely of
1 ; the leaflets ovate, a little tapered at the base, indistinctly mucronate at
the tip. (Dec. Prod.) A deciduous tree. Syria. Height 20 ft. Introduced
in 1770. Flowers small, brownish green; April and May. Fruit reddish,
an inch long, ovate ; ripe in Syria in September, rarely seen in England.

Varieties. The following are considered by
some authors as species : —

± P. v. 2 trifolia Lin. Spec. 1454., Bocc.
Mus. ii. t. 93., has leaves usually of
3 leaflets.

3f P. v. 3 narbonensis Bocc. Mus. t. ii. 693.,
P. reticulata Willd.y has pinnate
leaves, the leaflets having prominent
veins. H. S.

Cultivated in the South of France, and in
Italy, for its fruit; the nut of which is some-
times eaten raw, but more frequently in a dried
state, like almonds. In British gardens, the tree
is not much planted, from its being generally
supposed to require a wall ; but, in favourable
situations, it will grow as a standard or a bush
in any common garden soil, and may be propa-
gated either by nuts procured from abroad, or by cuttings.

¥ 2. P. T'EREBI'NTHUS Lin. The Turpentine Pistachia, or Venetian or Chian
Turpentine Tree.

Identification. Lin. Spec., 1455. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 64. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 65.

Synonymes. T. vulgaris Tourn. Inst. 579. ; P. ,v6ra Mill. Diet. No. 4. ; Pistachier Terebinthe, Fr. ;

Terpentin Pistacie, Ger. ; Terebinto, Ital.
Engravings. Woodv. Med. Bot., 415. t. 153. ; and our fig. 279.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves deciduous, impari-pinnate, of about 7 leaflets, that
are ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the base, and at the tip acute and mucro-
nate. (Dec. Prod.) A deciduous tree. South of
Europe and North of Africa. Height 30 ft. In-
troduced in 1656. Flowers dull yellow and crimson ;
June and July. Fruit dark blue, hardly bigger than
a large pea.

Variety.

S P. T. 2 sphfsrocarpa Dec. — Fruit larger and
rounder than that of the species.

The general appearance of the tree is that of P.
vera, but the leaves are larger, and the fruit only a third
of the size ; the leaflets are, also, lanceolate, instead of
being subovate. The red hue of the branches, espe-
cially when young, is very beautiful ; and the leaves are 279i Pt

278. Pisticia Tfera.

186

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

also more or less tinged with red. The fruit is round, not succulent, and
somewhat furrowed ; at first green, and afterwards reddish; but black, or of a
very dark blue, when ripe. The leaves and flowers emit a very resinous odour,
which spreads to a considerable distance, more especially at sunset, when
the dew is falling, after a very warm day. The substance called Venice
or Chian turpentine is the resin which exudes from this tree. In British
gardens, the tree is not very common, though it is generally considered as the
hardiest of the genus; and, with P. vera, may be planted in warm sheltered
situations in the open border.

t 3. P. LEVTI'SCUS L. The Mastich Tree.

Identification. Lin. Spec., 1455. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. G5. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. G6.

Synonyme. Corno capra, Ital.

Engravings. Woodv. Med. Bot., t. 152. ; and our fig 280.

Spec. C/iar., fyc. Evergreen. Leaves abruptly pinnate ; leaflets 8, lanceolate ;
petiole winged. (Dec. Prod.) An evergreen tree. Southern Europe,
Northern Africa, and the Levant. Height 20 ft. Introduced in 1664.
Flowers green ; April and May. Fruit brownish ; ripe in October.

Varieties.

1 P. L. 2 angustifolia Dec., P. massiliensis Mill. Diet., P. angustifolia
massiliensis Tourn., has leaflets almost linear, and the tree seldom
exceeds 10ft. in height.
5 P. L. 3 chia N. Du Ham. iv. p. 72. ; P.
chia Desf. Cat. Hort. Par. — A native of
Scio, where it produces the mastich.

The species bears a general resemblance to the
two preceding ones, in summer, when they are
clothed with foliage ; but it differs from them in
being evergreen, and in having the leaves much
smaller. The leaves have sometimes 5 leaflets on
each side ; and the petioles are so much winged
as to appear like pinnas. The tree in the South
of Europe, and the North of Africa, is cultivated
in gardens, as well as found in a wild state ; but
in British gardens it is not so hardy as P. TQ-
rebfnthus, and north of London should always
be planted against a wall. 2so. pkt&da /Discus.

Other Species of Pistdcia. — P. atldntica Desf., a deciduous tree from Mount
Atlas, is said to have been introduced in 1.790, but it requires the protection
of a frame or green-house.

GENUS H.

TJHU'S L. THE RHUS, or SUMACH. Lin. Syst. Pentandria Trigynia and
Dioevcia Pentandria.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 369. ; Lam. 111., t. 207.; Kunth Gen. Tereb.,p. 5.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 66. ;
Don's Mill., 2. p. 61. and p. 69.

Synonymes. Sumach, Fr. and Ger. ; Ru, Ital.

Derivation. From rhoos, or rhous, Greek, or from rhudd, or rud, Celtic, red ; in allusion to the
colour of the fruit and leaves of some of the species in autumn. Others derive /Zhus from the
Greek verb rheo, I run, from the habit of the roots running and spreading under ground to a
considerable distance from the tree. Sumach is derived from Simaq, the Arabic name of the
plant.

Gen. Cliar. Sexes hermaphrodite, dioecious, or polygamous. Calyx small,
5-parted, persistent. Petals ovate, and inserted into a calycine disk, or
into the calyx. Stamens 5, inserted into a calycine disk. * Ovary single,

xxiv. ANACAIIDIANCE;E: .SHU'S.

187

subglobular, of 1 cell. Styles 3, short, or wanting. Stigmas 3. Fruit an
almost dry drupe of 1 cell, with a bony nut, which includes a single seed ;
and, in some instances, 2 — 3 seeds. (Dec. Prod.) — Deciduous shrubs. Na-
tives of Europe, Asia, and North and South America.

Leaves simple or unequally pinnate, alternate, stipulate, deciduous.
Flowers in terminal racemes, or panicles. — The leaves vary much, both in
form and magnitude ; and they generally die off, in autumn, of a dark red,
or a bright scarlet, or yellow, when they are very ornamental. Most of the
species are poisonous, some highly so; and they all may be used in tanning,
and dyeing yellow or black. They are all easily propagated by cuttings of
the root, and some of them by cuttings of the branches.

Some of the hardy species are rambling climbers, and others tree-like
bushes.

§ L Cotinus Tourn.
Sect. Char. Leaves undivided. Flowers hermaphrodite.

& 1. R. CO'TINUS L. The Cotinus Rhus, or Venetian Sumach.

Identification. Lin. Spec., 383. ; Dec. Prod , 2. p. 67. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 69.

Synonymes. Cotinus Cogg^gria Scop. Carn.ed. 2. No. 368.. Mcench Meth.73.; Cotinus coriacea

Duh. Arb. l.t. 78.; Venus Sumach, Venice Sumach, wild Olive; Sumach Fustet, or Arbre aux

Peruques, Fr. ; Periicken Sumach, Ger. ; Scotano, Hal.
Derivation. The term Cdtinus is derived from cotinos, a name under which Plinv speaks of a tree

with red wood, which is supposed to grow in the Apennines.
Engravings. Jacq. Aust., t. 210. ; and our fig. 281.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves obovate. (Dec. Prod.) A de-
ciduous rambling shrub. Spain to Caucasus ; and, accord-
ing to Torrey and Gray, probably of North America.
Height 4 ft. to 6 ft. wild ; 6 ft. to 8 ft. in a state of cul-
ture. Introduced in 1656. Flowers pale purplish, or
flesh colour ; June and July. Fruit white; ripe in Sep-
tember. Decaying leaves of a fine reddish yellow. Naked
young wood smooth brown.

The flowers are disposed in loose panicles, and are her-
maphrodite. The drupe is half-heart-shaped, smooth, and
veiny ; and its nut is triangular. Many of the flowers are
abortive ; and their pedicels, after flowering, lengthen, and
become hairy. A highly ornamental shrub, more especially
when covered with its large loose panicles of elongated hairy
pedicels. It is easily known from all the other species by
its simple, obovate, smooth, stiff, lucid green leaves, rounded
at the points, and supported by long footstalks, which remain
on till they are killed by frost, so that the plant is almost a
sub-evergreen. A dry loam suits it best ; and it is propa-
gated by pegging down the branches flat to the ground, and
strewing earth over them, through which young shoots rise up, which root at
the base, and may be removed in autumn.

{ ii. Sumach Dec.

Sect. Char. Leaves impari-pinnate ; leaflets more than 3 in the leaves of each
of the first 6 species of this section. Flowers in panicles, polygamous,
dioecious, or hermaphrodite.

3fe 5t 2. R. TYPHI^SA L. The Fever Rhus, or Stag's Horn Sumach.

Lin. Spec., 380. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 67. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 70. ; Tor. and Gray,

_ Virginian Sumach.
ngravings.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaf of 8 — 10 pairs of leaflets, and the odd one, that are
lanceolate, acuminate, serrated, hairy beneath. Petiole and branches hairy.

Identification.
1. p. 217.

'•ymes. R. virginiatia Bauh. Pin. p. 517. , « »£*uu»u .j^ma^n.

N. Du H., 2. t. 47. ; Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 17. and t. 18. ; and our fig. 282., the male.

188

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANN1CUM.

(Dec. Prod.) A shrub, with the habit of a low deciduous tree. Canada
to Carolina, in rocky dry situations. Height 20 ft. Introduced in 1629.
Flowers, female dark purple, male greenish yellow and purple ; July
and August. Fruit hairy, purple ; ripe in October. Decaying leaves dark
purple or red, sometimes mixed with yellow. Naked young wood dark
brown, hairy. DeCandolle has characterised two forms of this species as
follows : —

¥ R. t. 1 arborescens. — A tree between 10 ft. and 25 ft. high ; leaf slightly

downy beneath.
& R. t. 2frutescens. — Shrubby, between 2ft. and 10ft. high; audits

leaf downy and whitish beneath.
% R. t. 3 viridifiora. JR. viridiflora Foir. — Flowers green. Possibly

nothing more than the male plant.

j?hus typhina, in British gardens, is either a large shrub, or a low tree with
a woody stem and a head composed of many irregular branches, generally
crooked and deformed. The young shoots are covered with a soft velvet-like
down, resembling that of a young stag's horn, both in colour and texture ;
whence, and probably also
from the crookedness of the
branches, the common name.
The cellular tissue of the wood
is of an orange colour, with a
strong aromatic odour, and a
copious resinous juice. The
leaves are 2 ft. to 3 ft. long, and
they are very conspicuous in
autumn, before they drop off,
when they change to a purplish
or yellowish red. The flowers
are produced in close spikes at
the ends of the branches ; they
are often polygamous or di-
oecious by abortion, and the
female ones are followed by seeds enclosed in woolly, simple, succulent covers.
As the plant is of open irregular growth, and not of long duration, it should
never be placed where it is intended to act as a screen. Like all objects the
chief beauty of which consists in their singularity, it produces the most striking
effect when standing alone on a lawn.

& *£ 3. R. (? T.) GLAXBRA Lin. The glabrous Rhus, or Scarlet Sumach.

Identification. Lin. Spec., 380.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 67.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 70.; Tor. and Gray, 1. p. 217.
Engravings. Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 15. ; and OUT Jig. 283., the female.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaf glabrous, of 8 — 10 pairs of leaflets,
and an odd one; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, serrate,
whitish beneath. Branches glabrous. (Dec. Prod.)
A deciduous shrub or low tree. Canada to Georgia.
Height 5 ft. to 18 ft. Introduced in 1726. Flowers,
male greenish yellow, female greenish red. Fruit red ;
ripe in October. DeCandolle has distinguished three
forms of this species ; namely : —

SI R. g. 1 hermaphrodlta. R. glabra Willd. Spec.
i. p. 1478., Dill. Elth. t. 243. — Flowers her-
maphrodite, greenish.

Sfe R. g. 2dioica Lam. 111. t. 207. f. 1.— Flowers
dioecious, greenish.

fl* R. g. ? 3 coccinea. R. carolinianum Mill. Diet. ;

R. elegans Ait., Lodd. Cat., Dend, Brit. t. 16. ^f^ v]£ffW
— Flowers dioecious, red. This variety is dis- j^3 aw* gob*

xxiv. ANACARDIACE^E: .RHU'S.

189

tinguished by a more upright habit of growth, and smoother branches
and leaves, than R. glabra. The leaves are glaucous underneath;
and the fruit is of a rich velvety crimson.

The general appearance of the species is similar to that of R. typhina ;
but the leaves and the entire plant are smaller, the branches more spreading
and smooth, and the leaflets wider, less serrated, and of a deeper green.

& 4. R. VENENA'TA Dec. The poisonous Rhus, Poison Wood, or Swamp Sumach.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 68. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 71. ; Tor. and Gray, 1. p. 218.

Synonymes. R.vernix. Lin. Spec. 380., Big. Med. Bot. 1. p. 96. t. 10. ; Toxicodendron pinnatum

Mill. Diet. No. 5. ; Poison Sumach, Poison Elder.
Engravings. Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 19. ; and our fig. 284

Spec. Char., Sf-c. Leaf rather glabrous than pubescent, of 5 — 6 pairs of leaflets,
and the odd one, which are ovate-ianceolate, acuminate, entire, and beneath
reticulately veined. (Dec. Prod.) A deciduous shrub. Canada to Georgia,
and west to Louisiana, in swamps. Height 15ft. to 20ft. Introd. 1713.
Flowers green; July. Berry smooth, greenish white; ripe in ? October.
Decaying leaves intense red, or purple.
Naked young wood purplish green.

The leaves are divided like those of R.
typhina and R. glabra ; but they are quite
different from those of both kinds, in being
smooth, shining, and having the leaflets very
entire, narrow, and pointed, and the veins of
a purplish red colour. The whole shrub is
in a high degree poisonous ; and the poison is
communicated by touching or smelling any
part of it. In British gardens it is not very
common ; but it well deserves culture, on
account of the beauty of its smooth shining
foliage at all seasons, and of its almost un-
paralleled splendour in the autumn, from the
time that the leaves begin to change colour,
till they ultimately drop off, of an intense
purple or scarlet, with the first frost.

* ¥ 5. R. CORIA^RIA Lin. The hide-tanning Rhus, or the Elm-leaved Sumach.

Identification. Lin. Spec., 379. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 67. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 70.

Derivation. CoriSria alludes to the use made of this plant by the Romans, and also by theTurk»,

in tanning leather.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 2. t. 46. ; Wats. Dend. Brit., 1. 136. ; and ourj^s. 285. and 286.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaf villose, of 5 — 7
pairs of leaflets, and the odd one ;
leaflets elliptical, and toothed with
large and blunt teeth. The petiole
smooth at the tip, a little margined.
(Dec. Prod.) A deciduous shrub or
low tree. Portugal to Tauria, on
rocks in exposed situations. Height
1 5 ft. to 20 ft. Introduced in 1629
Flowers whitish
green, in large
loose panicles ;
July and August.
Fruit red ; ripe
in October, rare
in England. De-
cayingleavespur-
plish red. sse. R.

The general habit of this plant resembles that of R. typhina ; but it is

190

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

much smaller in all its parts. The leaflets are about 2 in. long, and £in. wide,
of a pale green, serrated, and in general appearance resembling the leaves of
the common elm. Culture as in R. typhina.

3fc 6. R. COPALLI^NA Lin. The Gum Copal Rhus, or Mastich-tree-leaved

Sumach.

Identification. Lin. Spec., 380. ; Dec. Prod., 5. p. 68.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 72.; Tor. and Gray, 1. p. 217.
Engravings. Jacq. Hort. Schon., t. 341. ; Pluk. Aim., p. 56. f. 1. ; and our fig. 287.

Spec. Char., Sf-c. Leaf glabrous above, a little pilose beneath, of 5 — 7 pairs
of leaflets, and the odd one ; leaflets lanceolate and entire. Petiole winged
and jointed. Root stoloniferous. Flowers yellow green. Sexes dioecious.
(Dec. Prod.) A deciduous shrub. Canada to Florida. Height 3 ft. to 8 ft.
Introduced in 1688. Flowers yellowish green; July and August Berries
red ; ripe in September. Decaying leaves purplish red.

Varieties. Three forms are given by Torrey and Gray: — a, Leaflets entire,
usually acuminate, which may be considered as the species : /3, leaflets
coarsely and unequally serrate: and y, leaflets (about 21) small, oblong,
acute at the base; obtuse and slightly mucronate at the apex; petiole nar
rowly winged. Jacquin has

& R. c. 2 leucantha Jac. Hort.

Schon., t. 342. — Root not

stoloniferous. Panicles more

contracted than in the

species.

The leaves and general habit of
the plant are those of R. typhina,
but it seldom grows to the height of
more than 4 or 5 feet in British
gardens. The branches are smooth,
and the leaflets entire with acute
points; they are light green on both
sides, and in autumn change to a fine
purple. The petiole, as in R. Cbri-
aria, is somewhat winged towards its
tip, which, with other circumstances,
induces us to think that they may both
be varieties of the same species. The
leaves are used as tobacco by the
Indians of the Missouri and the Mississippi.

t* A 7. R. TOXICODF/NDRON L. The Poison-Tree Rhus, or Sumach.

Identification. Tor. and Gray, 1. p. 218.

Synonymes. R. Toxicodendron, and R. radlcans L., Dec., Don's Mill., $c.

Engraving. Our fig. 000. in p. 000.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem erect, decumbent, or climbing by radicles. Leaves 3-
foliolate, somewhat pubescent ; leaflets (membranaceous) broadly oval or
rhomboid, acuminate, entire or toothed, the lateral ones inequilateral. Pa-
nicles racemed, axillary, subsessile. Drupe subglobose, smooth. (Torrey and
Gray.) A low rambling or climbing shrub. Canada to Georgia, in shady
damp places. Stems 10 ft. to 20 ft. as a climber ; or 3 ft. to 5 ft. high as a
bush. Introduced in 1640. Flowers greenish, mostly dioecious; June and July.
Berry pale chestnut; ripe in September. Decaying leaves purplish red.

Varieties. The following forms are given by Torrey and Gray : —

-* R. T. 1 quercifolium Tor. & Gray. R. T. & ^uercifolium Michx. — Not
climbing ; leaves entire, or variously and irregularly sinuatedly
toothed, or lobed. The R. Toxicodendron of the London gardens,
readily distinguished from the two following varieties, by its deeply
sinuated, or almost pinnatifid, leaflets. It grows to the height of

XXIV. ANACAKDIAvCF.iE : .RHU's.

191

3 ft. to 4 ft. with several upright stems, forming a small bush, from
the base of which proceed many prostrate runners.
R. T. 2 radicans Tor. & Gray. R. T. a vulgare Michx. ; R. T. /3 ra-
dicans Tor. (Bot. Mag. t. 1806. and N. Du Ham. 2. t.48., and our
Jigs. 288. and 289.) — Climbing ; leaves more commonly entire, or
nearly so. The Rhus radicans
of the London gardens, readily
known from the preceding variety
by its trailing or climbing stem,
and by its entire leaflets.

£88. Rims Toxicodendron radicans,

289. rtli (is Toxicod&idron radi

^ 1 R, T. 3 microcarpon Tor. & Gray R. Toxicodendron 7 microcarpon
Michx. — Leaves oval-oblong ; fruit smaller.

These varieties, which have been hitherto, for the most part, treated as
belonging to two species, R. radicans and R. Toxicodendron, are com-
mon in many parts of North America; sometimes covering the surface of
the ground to a great extent, and at other times climbing to the top of the
highest trees, and penetrating the bark with their fibrous roots. The terri-
ble effects of their poison are frequent, and well authenticated.

§ iii. Lobddium Dec.

Sect. Char. Leaf of 3 leaflets, and palmately disposed on the tip of the com-
mon petiole, cut in a serrate manner; the teeth large. Flowers in a dense
catkin. Sexes polygamous. There are two-lobed glands under the ovary,
alternate with the stamens. Styles 3, short, distinct. Drupe rather com-
press ed, villose. Nut smooth. Aromatic shrubs. (Dec. Prod., ii. p. 72.)

j* 8. R. AROMA'TICA Ait. The aromatic Rhus, or Sumach.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 1. p. 367. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p 73. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 75. ; Tor. and
Gray, 1. p. 219.

Synonymies. R. suav&olens Ait. ; R. trifoliata Lodd. Cat. ;
R. canadensis Marsh.\ Lobadium aromaticum Raf.', Turpfm'a
Raf. ; Schmalzza Desv. ; Myrlca trifoliata Hort. ; Toxico-
dendron crenatum Mill. Diet. No. 5.

Engravings. Turp. in An. du Mus., 5. p. 445. t. 30. ; and our
ng. 290.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves pubescent when young
(at length coriaceous, and often glabrous) ; leaf-
lets sessile, rhomboid-ovate, unequally and in-
cisively toothed, the terminal one narrowed at
the base. (Tor. and Gray.) A small aromatic
shrub. Pennsylvania to Carolina and Georgia.
Height 1ft. to 4ft. Introd. in 1772. Flowers
small, yellow ; April and May. Fruit small,
light red ; ripe in September.

Drunes the size of a small pea, light red, more

fthtit aromatica.

192 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

or less hispid, slightly compressed, agreeably acid. This species varies greatly
in the degree of pubescence of the leaves. R. suaveolens Ait. ci iy differs in
having the leaves almost glabrous. H. S.

Other Species ofRhus. — Several names are in the London catalogues, which
are synonymes of kinds which have been lost, or are not distinctly known by
us. R. pumila Michx, R. diversiloba Tor. <$r Gray (R. lobata Hook.), R.
trilobata Nutt., R. /aurina Nutt., are described in Torrey and Gray's Floras,
but they have not yet been introduced ; or, if they have, they exist <r»nly as
small plants. Some plants of #hus have been raised in the Hort. Soc. Gar-
den, from seeds sent from the snowy mountains of Nepal, which will doubtless
prove hardy.

GENUS III.

^ Kth. THE DUVAUA. Lin. Syst. Polygamia Monoe'cia.

Identification. Kth. Gen. Tereb., p. 8. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 74. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 76.

Synonymes. Schlnus sp. Andr. ; ^myris sp. Cav.

Derivation. Called Duvatia, after M. Duvau, a French botanist, known as the editor of the

original edition of Richard's Analyse du Fruit; and for some observations on Ver&mca" (Lindley,

in Sot. Meg., t. 1568.)

Gen. Char. Calyx persistent, with 4—5 segments. Corolla of 4—5 concave
petals. Sexes monceciously polygamous. Stamens 8 — 10, inserted under a
pitcher-shaped calycine disk, which has as many sinuses and as many teeth
as there are stamens : these are opposite the sinuses, half of them opposite
the petals, and half alternate with them. Anthers in the fruit-bearing flowers
barren. Ovary conical. Styles 3 — 4. Stigmas capitate. Fruit a globose
drupe, with a leathery nut. — Chilian trees and shrubs, becoming spiny as
they advance in growth. (Dec. Prod.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; generally oblong or
ovate, toothed, small. Flowers in axillary racemes, greenish yellow. — There
are four species in cultivation, which are all very handsome evergreen bushes,
with bright shining foliage.

The foliage emits, when bruised, a strong but not unpleasant odour, of
the nature of turpentine. The leaves of D. ovata, and, doubtless, those of
every species of Duvaua, when thrown upon water, move about in a manner
which may be compared to a fleet of ships employed in manoeuvring, or to
persons engaged in dancing. Seeds have been produced plentifully in the
Hort. Soc. Garden by D. dependens, trained to a south wall ; and seeds of
D. latifolia are often imported from Chili. Cuttings of the ripe wood root
in sand, under a bell-glass, in a gentle heat. D. dependens was but little
injured at Kew, in the Chelsea Botanic Garden, and in the Hort. Soc. Garden,
by the winter of 1837-8 ; and D. ovata was not injured at all, and may be
considered as an evergreen shrub, as hardy in the climate of London as Aris-
totelza Mdcqui.

* * 1. D. DEPE'NDENS Dec. The droopmg-branched Duvaua.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 74. ; Don's Mill.* 2. p. 76.

Synonymes. Am$ris pol^gama Cav. Icon. 3. p. 20. t. 239. ; Schlnus dependens Ort. Decad, 8. p. 102.;

Duvaua dependens « Hook. Boi. Misc. 2. p. 176.
Engravings. Cav. Ic., t. 239. ; Bot Reg., t 1573. ; and our fig. 291.

Spec. Char.y fyc+ Leaves mostly, especially upon the flower-bearing branches,
obovate, and very obtuse, or even emarginate, with scarcely any denticu-
lations. Racemes scarcely exceeding the leaves in length. Stamens mostly
10. Flowers smaller than those of D. ovata. (Lindl.) An evergreen cree;
in British gardens a wall shrub. Chili. Height in England 10ft. to 12ft.

XXIV. ANACARDIACE^

193

29S. Duvatia ovkta.

Introduced in 1790. Flowers yellowish white ;
June and July. Berries black ; ripe n Sept.

There is an old plant in the Botanic Garden
at Kew, and a tree in the Chelsea Botanic Gar-
den, which is 12 ft. high, with a trunk 7 in. in
circumference. The plant in the Hort. Soc.
Garden passed seven winters against a wall with
a southern exposure, till the winter of 1837-8,
when it was killed down to the ground ; but it
has sprung up again vigorously.

* 5 2. D. OVA TA Lindl. The ovate-leaved Duvaua.

Identification. Lindl. in Bot.

Reg., t. 1568.
Fngravings. Bot Reg., t. 1568.;

and our^. 292

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves

ovate, toothed, in most acute at the tip, in some
obtuse. Kacemes a little longer than the leaves.
Stamens mostly 8. (Lindl.) An evergreen tree ; in
British gardens a shrub. Chili, on mountains. Height
in the climate of London 6 ft. to 10 ft. against a wall.
Introduced in 1825. Flowers yellowish white; June
and July. Berries black ; ripe in September.

Probably a variety of the preceding species. It was
wholly uninjured by the winter of 1837-8, in the Hor-
ticultural Society's Garden.

* * 3. D. LATIFO'LIA Gill. The broad-leaved Duvaua.

Identification. Gillies MSS. ; Lindl. in Bot. Reg., t. 1580.
Synonymes. D. dependens <y Hook. Bot. Misc.; Huinghan, Chili.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1580. ; and our fig. 293.

Spec. Char., Sf-c. Leaves oblong, acute, coarsely
toothed, so waved as to seem in some measure
plicate. Racemes dense, the length of the leaves.
Stamens 8. (Lindl.) An evergreen tree ; in
British gardens a shrub. Chili, on mountains.
Height Cft. to 12 ft. against a wall. Introduced
in 1826. Flowers greenish white ; June and July.
Berries black ; ripe in October.

" Whatever," observes Dr. Lindley, " may be
thought " of the distinctness, as species, " of D.
ovata and D. dependens, there can be no doubt
that D. latifolia is a totally distinct species ; for
not only are the leaves, in their outline, surface,
and colour, and the whole plant in its habit, very
different, but we find it maintain all its peculiarities
unchanged when raised from seeds."

Other Species of JDnvaua. — D. dentdta Dec., Schinus dentata Bot. Rep., was
introduced in 1795, and is doubtless as hardy as any of the above kinds ; since
all of them are safest when planted against a wall. Duvaua sinuata Lindl.
appears equally hardy with D. dependens in the Hort. Soc. Garden. It differs
from the others in producing the flowers before the leaves, and in being deci-
duous. All the species well deserve culture as evergreen bushes, in shrubberies
where the soil is dry and sandy, the situation sheltered, and the surface sloping
to the south. A concurrence of circumstances of this kind is not unfrequent
in country residences, both in England and Scotland ; and two examples which
occur to us at the moment we are writing are, Bury Hill in Surrey, and Blair
Drummond in Stirlingshire.

o

194 ARBORETUM ET FItUTICETUM BIUTAXN ICUM.

ORDER XXV. LEGUMINAVCE^.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx with 5 divisions, either partitions, teeth, or clefts, the odd
one anterior to the axis of inflorescence. Fruit a legume. Seed with the
radicle next the hilum. (Lindl.) — Trees and shrubs natives of every climate.
Leaves alternate, stipulate, generally compound ; deciduous, or sometimes
evergreen ; petiole tumid at the base. Stipules 2 at the base of the petiole,
and 2 at the base of each leaflet. Pedicels usually articulated, with 2 bract-
lets under the flower.

The name of Leguminaceae is applied to this extensive and truly natural
order, on account of the seeds of all the species being produced in leguminous
pods, bearing more or less resemblance to those of the common pea or bean ;
and quite different from the siliquose pods of cruciferous plants.

The ligneous species are trees and shrubs, for the most part deciduous ; and
they are disposed through almost every part of the world. The order contains
some of our finest ornamental shrubs and low trees, such as Robim'«, Cytisus,
Wistan'a, Genista, £7xlex, Amorpha, Halimodendron, Acacia, Gleditschza,
fercis, and various others. It also contains some considerable trees, which
belong to the genera Robim'a, GleditscbjV/, Sophora, &c. The genera con-
taining hardy ligneous plants are in number twenty-three, which, after De
Candolle and G. Don, we place in characterised sections, and ascribe to them
short characters, that are more or less contradistinctive.

Sect. I. SOPHCfREJE.

Sect. Char. Corolla, in most, papilionaceous. Stamens 10, with the fila-
ments distinct. Legume not jointed. Cotyledons flat, leafy. Embryo
with the radicle beside the edges of the cotyledons. Leaves simply pin-
nate, or simple.

SOPHO^RA R. Br. Legume necklace-shaped, including many seeds. Leaf with

more than three leaflets.
VIRGI'LL* Lam. Legume compressed, including many seeds. Leaf with

more than three leaflets.
PIPTA'NTHUS Swt. Legume compressed, including 6 seeds. Leaf with its

leaflets 3.

Sect. II. LO^TEJE.

Sect. Char. Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens 10, the filaments of all con-
nate, or those of 9 connate, and that of one distinct. Legume not jointed.
Embryo with the radicle beside the edges of the cotyledons. The coty-
ledons flattish ; in germination, converted into leaves furnished with
stomata. Leaves simply pinnate, or simple.
CTLEX L. Calyx 2-parted, 5-toothed. Legume oval-oblong, turgid, scarcely

longer than the calyx, containing but few seeds, though the ovules are

many. Habit spiny.
SPA'RVIUM Dec. Standard roundish. Keel acuminate. Branches rush-like.

Leaf simple.
(jrENi'sTA Lam. Standard oblong-oval. Keel oblong, not wholly including

the stamens and pistils. Leaves with 3 leaflets, or, in some, simple.
CY'TISUS Dec. Standard ovate. Keel very obtuse, including the stamens

and pistil. Leaves, in all, with three leaflets.
ADENOCA'RPUS Dec. Stamens with the filaments connate. Legume bearing

stalked glands all over it.

OJSO'NIS L. Calyx with 5 linear segments. Standard striate. Legume con-
taining few seeds ; in most, turgid.
AMO'RPHA L. Corolla consisting of the standard only.

EYSENHA'RDTIA H. $ B. Corolla with the standard, and 2 keel petals distinct.
ROBI'N/,* Dec. Legume flat ; that edge to which the seeds are attached

margined. Leaf impari-pinnate.

xxv. LEGUMINA'CE^E: SOPHO^RA. 195

CARAGA^NA Lam. Legume rather cylindrical. Leaf abruptly pinnate.
HALIMODE'NDRON Fisch. Legume stipitate, inflated, bladdery. Leaf

abruptly pinnate.
CALO'PHACA Fisch. Stamens with the filaments of 9 connate, that of one

distinct. Legume sessile, with concave valves bearing hairs, some soft,

some rigid and glanded.

foLuvTEA R. Br. Legume stipitate, much inflated, glabrous.
y4sTRA'GALLTs Dec. Legume with its lower suture so bent in towards the op-

posite one as to cause the legume to seem, more or less, 2-celled.

Sect. III. //EDYSAVRE#:.

Sect. Char. Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens usually with the filaments
connate in one of three modes; the 10 connate; 9 connate and one
distinct ; or connate by fives : in a few cases all are distinct. Legume
dividing transversely into t-seeded joints, called loments. Embryo with
the radicle beside the edges of the cotyledons, which are flattish, and, in
germination, are converted into leaves furnished with stomata. Leaves
simply pinnate, or simple.

CORONI'LLA Neck. Calyx campanulate, usually shorter than the claws of the
petals. Carina acute. Stamens diadelphous. Seeds ovate, or cylindrical.

Sect. IV. PHASEONLEJS.

Sect. Char. Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens usually with 9 filaments
connate, and one distinct. Legume not jointed, including many seeds,
that are separated from one another with a cellular, transverse, membrane-
ous partition, that is in some cases not complete. Embryo with the
radicle beside the edge of the cotyledons, which are thick, and, in ger-
mination, either remain under ground, or are changed into thick leaves
that scarcely have stomata. Leaves simply pinnate, or simple.

/^ Nutt. Leaf impari-pinnate.

Sect. V. CASSIE^E.

Sect. Char. Corolla, in most of the species, of equal petals ; in some sub-
papilionaceous. Stamens with the filaments distinct. Leaves doubly
or triply pinnate ; in some simple.
GLEDI'TSCHJ^ L. Sexes dioeciously polygamous. Corolla of 3 — 5 equal

petals. Legume in most long and narrow. Seeds compressed. Leaves

compoundly divided. Bearing prickles in most.
GYMNO'CLADUS Lam. Sexes, by defect, dioecious. Corolla of 5 equal petals.

Legume compressed and broad. ' Seeds scarcely compressed. Leaves

compoundly divided.
CE'RCIS L. Sexes hermaphrodite. Corolla sub-papilionaceous, of 5 unequal

petals the side ones, or wings, longer than the others. Leaves simple.

SOPHO^RA R. Br. THE SOPHORA. Lin. Syst. Decandria Monogynia.

Identification. R. Brown in Hort. Kew., ed. 2. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 95. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. inq
" onyme. Sophbree spec. Lin. Gen. No. 508.

ivation. Altered from sophero, the Arabic name of a papilionaceous flowering tree.

o 2

190

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-toothed, campanulate at the base, or somewhat attenn -
ated. Petals of the keel usually concrete at the apex. Legume somewhat
moniliform, wingless, many-seeded. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves impari-pinnate, with 11 — 13 leaflets, generally exstipulate. Flowers
yellow, white, or blue, in simple racemes, or panicles. — The only hardy
species are deciduous trees, natives of Japan or China.

% 1. S. JAPO'NICA L. The Japan Sophora.

Identification. Lin. Mant, 78. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 98. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 109.
Synoni/me. S. sinica Hosier Journ. Phys. 14. p. 248., Dec. I.tgum. t. 4. f. 1.

Engravings. Red. in N. Du Ham., 3. t. 21. ; Dec. Legum., t. 4. f. 1. ; the plate of this species in
Arb. Brit. 1st edit., vol. v.; and our fig. 294.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves pinnate, with 11 — 13 leaflets, which are oblong-
ovate, acute, and smooth ; panicle loose, terminal ; pods smooth. A de-
ciduous tree of the middle size. Japan. Height 40 ft. to 50 ft. Intro-
duced in 1763. Flowers cream-coloured; August and September. Pods
rarely produced in England. Decaying leaves yellow and green. Naked
young wood dark green, like that of Jasminum officinale.
Varieties.

1 S. j. 2 variegata Hort. has the leaves variegated, but is not worth

cultivating as an ornamental plant.

• ¥ S. j. 3 pendula Hort., and the plate of this tree in our 1st edit,
vol. v., has pendulous shoots, and is a very remarkable variety.
Grafted near the ground, the shoots run along the surface, like those
of a trailing plant, to a very great distance from the main stem ; in
good soil, a shoot extending itself 6 or 8 feet in one season.
Grafted at the height of 10 or 20 feet or upwards, the shoots hang
down, and form one of the most ornamental of pendulous trees,
both in summer and winter.

A round-headed tree, readily distinguished in winter by the fine, smooth,
dark green bark of its young wood and smaller branches ; and, in summer, by
the dark blue green of its foliage. In deep free soil, it grows with great ra-
pidity, seedlings attaining the height of 10 or 12 feet in 4 or 5 years ; and
in 20 or 30 years, in the neighbourhood of London, 30 or 40 feet. There are
large specimens in England, which flower freely ; but they have never yet
ripened seeds : indeed, the tree ripens seeds in France only in the very
warmest seasons. The wood is very hard and compact, as much so, it is said,
as that of the box. The bark exhales a strong odour, which, it is stated in
the Nouveau Du Hamelt produces colic and purging on those who prune the

XXV. LEGUMINACE^E :

197

tree, or otherwise work with the wood in a green state. Little appears to
be known of the uses of the tree in China and Japan : but it is said that ihc
fruit is employed to dye a fine yellow ; and the flowers for dyeing a yellow of
so superior a hue, that it is exclusively reserved for dyeing stuffs to be worn
by the members of the imperial family. None of the arboreous Leguminacese
are equal to this tree in beauty of foliage and bark. Its flowers, when they
are produced, are also in large terminal compound spikes, and very con-
spicuous, though much smaller than those of the Robinitf viscosa. One re-
markable property in the foliage of the sophora is, that the very hottest and
driest seasons do not turn it pale, or cause it to drop off, as heat does that of
most of the other pinnated-leaved Leguminaceae. The pendulous variety is
well deserving of culture as an object of singularity and beauty; and, whjre
it is desired to cover a surface with intense green foliage during summer, for
example, a dry hillock, a plant of this variety, placed on the centre, will ac-
complish the purpose effectually. The tree will thrive in any free soil ; but,
in cold climates, it ought to be placed in one rather poor and dry tnat it may
be compelled to make shorter shoots j which, of course, being less succulent,
are more easily ripened. It is generally propagated by seeds imported from
France ; but, where it is desired to have trees that will soon come into flower,
seedling plants should be grafted with scions from a flowering tree. It will
grow by cuttings, more especially of the roots, and also by layers.

& 2. S. HEPTAPHY'LLA L. The 7>leaf-
leted Sophora.

Identification. Lin. Spec., 533. ; Dec. Prod., 2.

p. 98. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 110.
Engravings. Humph. Am., 4. p. 50. t. 22. ; and our

fig. 295.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaflets 7, glabrous.
(Don's Mill.) A deciduous shrub.
China. Height 6 ft. Introduced in
1830. Flowers yellow ; October.

There are plants of S. heptaphylla in
the Hort. Soc. Garden, which have
flowered and appear to be quite hardy,
but as they do not exactly agree with
Rumphius's figure, especially in the
number of leaflets, we wish our engrav-
ing to be considered as of doubtful
authenticity. The living plants alluded
to are sufficiently distinct, and deserve
a place in collections.

295. Sophbra heptaphylla.

GENUS II.

VIRC3FLL4 L. THE VIRGTI.IA. Lin. Syst. Decandria Monogjnia.

Identification. Lam. 111., t. 346. ; Pers. Ench., 1. p. 453. ; R. Brown in Hort. Kew., ed. 2. vol. 3. p. 4.;

Dec. Prod., 2. p. 98. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 111.
Derivation. Named by Lamarck in honour of the poet Virgil, whose Georgics entitle him to botanic

commemoration.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, about equal in length. Vexttlum with
the edijes not reflexed. Stigma beardless. Legume compressed, oblong,
2-vaived, many-seeded. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves compound, impari- pinnate, deciduous ; with 9 — 1 1 leaflets. Flowers
yellow, in racemes. — There is only one hardy species, a deciduous low tree.

o 3

198 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

¥ 1. V. LUVTEA Michx. The yellow -wooded Virgilia, or Yellow Wood.

Identification. Michx. Fil. Arb. Amer., 3. p. 266. t. 3. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 98. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 1 12.
Engravings. Delaun. Herb. Amat., t. 197. ; Michx. Fil. Arb. Amer., 3. p. 226. t. 3. ; the plate of
this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v. ; and our fig. 296.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets 9 — 1 1 ; alternate, ovate, pointed,
smooth. A deciduous tree. North America. On the mountains of Cum-
berland, and the Mississippi. Height in America 40ft.; 10ft. to 20ft. in
England. Introduced in 1812. Flowers yellowish white, in pendulous
racemes ; June to August. Pods never produced in England. Decaying
leaves rich yellow. Naked young wood yellowish brown.
The leaves, on young trees, are from 1 ft. to 1| ft. in length, and on old trees
not above half that size. The flowers form white pendulous racemes, a little
larger than those of the RobimVz Pseud- Jcacia, but not so odoriferous. The
seeds are like those of the robinia, and, in America, ripen about the middle

29C. Virgflia l&tea.

of August. In Britain, the tree has flowered in the Chelsea Botanic Gar-
den, and at Hylands in Essex, but has not yet produced pods. An open airy
situation is desirable, in order that the tree may ripen its wood; and, to fa-
cilitate the same purpose where the climate is cold, the soil ought to be dry
rather than rich. In the London nurseries, it is propagated chiefly by Ame-
rican seeds, but it will doubtless grow by cuttings of the roots.

GENUS III.

PIPTA'NTHUS Swt. THE PIPTANTHUS. Lin. Syst. Decandria
Monogynia.

Identification. Swt. Fl.-Gard., 264. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 112.

Derivation. From piptd, to fall, and anthos, a flower ; from the flowers falling off very soon.

xxv. LEGUMINA'CE^K : if LEX.

199

Gen.

Char.
soon

har. Calyx bilabiate ; lower lip trifid, upper lip 2-lobed ; segments
falling off'. Petals deciduous. Vexillum large, obcordate, rufescent.
Wings cuneated. Keel cucullate, accumbent. Stamens 10 i free, deciduous.
Stigma minute. Legume broad-linear, compressed, 6-seeded, stipitate.
(Don's Mill.)

Leaves compound, trifoliate, stipulate, sub-evergreen ; leaflets elliptical-
oblong, acute, broad. Flowers large, yellow. — One species only in British
gardens.

£ * 1. P. NEPALE'NSIS Swt. The Nepal Piptanthus.

Identification. Swt. Fl.-Gard., 26*. ; Dec. Prod. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 112

Synonymes. Thenn6psis /aburnifulia D. Don Prod. Ft. Ncp. p. 239. ; ^nagyris indica Wall. A/SS.;

BapUsia nepaU'nsis Hook. E.rot. Fl. t. 131.
Engravings. Hook. Exot. Fl., t. 131. ; Swt. Fl.-Gard., t. 264. ; and our Jigs. 297. and 298.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves f rifoliolate ; leaflets elliptical-oblong, acute, broad.
Stipules 2, large. A sub-evergreen shrub. Nepal. Height 8 ft. to 10 ft.
Introduced in 1821. Flowers rich yellow; May and June. Pod green,
turning to brown ; ripe in October. Decaying leaves yellow and green. Naked
young wood dark green.

The young leaves are silky ; and the flowers are of a bright yellow, and are
much larger than those of the common laburnum, to which they, and also the

leaves and the shoots, bear a general

resemblance. In British gardens it

may be considered as rather tender,

and not of many years' duration ;

nevertheless, in fine seasons, it ripens

abundance of seeds. It may be pro-

pagated by cuttings of the roots, and

of the shoots, as well as by seeds or

layers. In most of the counties north

of London, the safest situation for it

will be against a wall ; and it well de-

serves a place there, on account of
its luxuriant deep green foliage, and large bright yellow flowers, ^nagyris
indica Wall., Mr. Gordon considers as differing a little from the species.

297. P. nepaWnsis.

298. P. nepalmsis, nat. sire.

Sect. II. L
GENUS IV.

C7VLEX L. THE FURZE. Lin. Syst. Monadelphia Dedmdria.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 881. ; Lam. 111., t. 621. : Dec. Prod., 2. p. 144. : Don's Mill., 2. p.148.

Synonymes. Ajonc, Fr. ; Hecksaame, Ger.

Derivation. Said to be derived from ac, Celtic, a point ; in reference to the prickly branches.

Gen. Char. Calyx bibracteate, bipartite, one of the lips 3-toothed, the other
bidentate. Stamens all connected. Legume oval-oblong, turgid, many-
ovulate, but few-seeded, hardly longer than the calyx.

Leaves simple, linear, caducous, often changing into spines. Floiuers
solitary, yellow.

Branchy spinous shrubs, evergreen from the colour of the bark, with yellow
flowers, natives of Europe, which will grow in any tolerably good soil that is
dry ; and are readily propagated by seeds, or by cuttings planted in sand.

o 4

200 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BH1TANNICUM.

a ] . CTLEX EUROPJE'A L. The European, or common, Furze, or Whin.

Identification. Lin. Spec., 1045. var. « ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 144. ; Don's Mill , 2. p. 14?.

Synoni/mes. Genista spindsa L'Obel ; U. grandiflbra Pour. ; U. vernalis Thure \ Whin, Gorse,

Prickly Broome ; Ajonc common, Jonc marin, Jomarin, or Genet epineux, Fr.
Engravings. Eng. Bot ., t. 742. ; and our figs. 299. and 300.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves lanceolate, linear. Branchlets villous. Bracteas
ovate, loose. Calyx pubescent. An erect compact bush, evergreen, from
the colour of the bark. Middle and South of Europe, on gravelly soils ;
and in Britain on hills. Height 2 ft. to 5 ft. ; in sheltered woods, 10ft.
Flowers rich yellow ; February to May, and in mild winters September
to May. Pod brown ; ripe in August.

Varieties.

* U. e. "Zflore pleno has double flowers, and is a splendid plant when
profusely covered with blossoms, well adapted for small gardens, and
easily increased by cuttings.

U. provincidlis and U. stricta are probably only varieties of U. eu-
ropae'a, but, as they may possibly belong to U. nana, we have kept them
distinct, and treated them as botanical species or races.
The common furze, in Caernarvonshire, grows
to the height of 1500 ft. above the sea, in open,
airy, warm situations ; but in damp shaded valleys,
not higher than 600ft.
In the North of Eng-
land,according to Winch,
it forms fine fox covers
at 800 or 900 feet ; and
grows, in warm sheltered
situations, at 2000 ft.
At Inverness, it is found
to the height of 1 150 ft.
About Tongue, in the
north-west of Suther-
land, where it was in-

ITMex enropoe'a. , , . . 300. U ler europee'a.

troduced, but is now
naturalised, it scarcely attains 350 ft. of elevation. The young branches,
bruised, and given to cattle and horses in a green state, are found highly
nutritive as fodder; and for this purpose the variety U. (e.) stricta is pre-
ferable, on account of the absence of prickles. The use of furze for hedges
is chiefly desirable in situations where the hawthorn or the holly will not
thrive; because the furze is not a plant of long duration. As a shelter to
young trees, it is sometimes sown where acorns, beech masts, or chestnuts are
to be sown, or young trees are to be planted. The use of furze in a dead
state is chiefly as fuel for bakers' ovens, for brick, tile, and lime kilns, and for
lighting fires. In Scotland, it is sometimes used in kilns for drying oats.
In England, a common use of it is to weave into the sides of hovels for
sheltering cattle, to prevent them from rubbing against them. In gardens,
the points of the shoots are chopped into pieces of about 1 in. in length, and
dropped into the drills in which peas are sown, before the seeds are covered ;
and, the earth being drawn over them and trod down, they are found effectu-
ally to resist the attacks of mice and small birds. In France, the chopped
branches are mixed with cow-dung, and the mixture afterwards formed into
bricks, which are dried in the sun, and used as fuel. The seeds, if they could
be procured in sufficient quantity, would, if ground into flower, form a nutri-
tive food both for cattle and swine : they retain their vital property for several
years. In Britany, large heaps are formed of alternate layers of turf and
dried furze branches; and, the whole being set fire to, the ashes are preserved
as manure. In many parts of both France and England, the ashes of dry
furze branches are used as a lye for washing linen. A pound of seeds, which,
in London, costs from 8d. to 1*., will sow an acre broad-cast, or a drill of a

XXV. LEGUMINACE^: U LEX.

201

mile in length as a hedge. The double-flowered and the fastigiate varieties are
propagated by cuttings : the latter, when wanted for agricultural purposes,
may be bedded in, like box, in a sandy soil rather moist, in the beginning of
September; and by the following spring they will be fit to transplant.

2. U. (E.) NAXNA Forst.

The dwarf Furze.

2. p. 144 ; Don's Mill.

Identification. Smith Eng. Fl., 3. p. 266. ; Eng. Bot., t. 743. ; Dec. Prod

2. p. 148. ; Webb Iter Hispan., 48.
Synonymes. U. minor Both Cat. 1. p. 83. ; U. europasNus /S Lin. Spec. 1045.
Engravings, Eng. Bot., t. 743. ; and our figs. 301. and 302.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches and leaves smooth, the latter linear. Calyx gla-
brous, with spreading narrow teeth. According to Smith, the essential
character consists in the more distinct and spreading calyx teeth, and the
more minute, rounded, close-pressed, and often hardly discernible, brae-
teas. An evergreen, jompact, low, spiny shrub. Britain and the western
parts of France, on poor gravelly soils. Height 2 — 3 ft. Flowers rich yel-
low ; August to December. Pods brown ; ripe in December.

A very distinct sort, though,
from the very different and more
luxuriant habit which the plant
has when cultivated in gardens
on rich soils, we have no doubt of
its being only a variety of U. eu-
ropa^a. In its native habitats, it
is easily distinguished from that
species by its low growth, seldom
exceeding 2ft. in height; by its
being much smaller in all its parts;
by its decumbent habit ; and by its
flowering from the end of August
till the beginning of December,
and seldom at any other season. Very neat low hedges and edgings may be
formed of it.

«. 3. U. (E.) PROVINCIA'LIS Lois. The Provence Furze.

Identification. Lois. Not., 105. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 144. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 148.;

Webb Iter Hispan., 48.
Synonyme. ETlex australis Clement.
Engravings. Lois. Not., t. 6. f. 2. ; and our fig. 303.

Spec. Char., $c. Calyx rather pubescent, with lanceolate distant
teeth. An erect, evergreen, compact shrub; intermediate, in
all its parts and in its habit, between U. europae^a and U.
nana. Provence, Andegavany, and Mauritania. Height 2 ft.
to 4 ft. Introduced in 1820. Flowers rich yellow ; August
to December. Pod brown ; ripe in December.

Whatever doubts there may be as to U. nana being a distinct
species, there can be none as to this sort being only a variety.
As an evergreen shrub, flowering freely ; it well deserves a place

in Collections. 303. U. proTincialis.

*t 4. U. (E.) STRI'CTA Mackay. The upright-growing, or Irish, Furze.

Identification. Mackay's List of Irish Plants ; Hook. Brit. Fl.,p. 317.
Synonymes. U. hibernica Don's Mill. 2. p. 148. ; U. fastigiata Hort.
Engraving. Our fig. . in p.

Spec. Char., S/-c. Habit erect, narrow, and compact. Spines few or none ;
and what there are, weak, branched, leafy, and pubescent. An erect, com-
pact, evergreen shrub. Ireland. Height 6ft. to 10ft. Introduced in
1815. Flowers yellow, rarely produced ; August to December. Pod
brown ; ripe in December.

Discovered in the Marquess of Londonderry's Park, in the county of

202

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Down, in 1815, or before. It is very upright in its growth, and attains the
height, in good soils, of from 6ft. to 10 ft. in as many years. Its branches
are so soft and succulent that sheep and cattle eat them without injuring their
mouths, and are very fond of them. It forms excellent garden hedges, and,
in rather moist climates, is a most excellent forage plant, as has been already
stated under U. europa^a. It only rarely flowers, and has very seldom pro-
duced seeds ; but it is easily propagated by cuttings.

Other Species of Wlex. — U. genistmdes Brot., U. mitis Hort,, Stauracan-
thus aphyllus Link, is a leafless shrub, with the habit of CTlex ; a native of
Portugal in sandy pine woods ; and differing from C7vlex nana chiefly in the
spines branching into two small ones at the sides. It was introduced in 1823 ;
and grows to the height of 1 ft. to 2 ft. It is rather tender in the climate of
London, but sometimes stands the winter among rock work.

GENUS V.

SPA'RTIUM Dec.

THE SPARTIUM, or SPANISH BROOM.
Monadelphia Decandria.

Lin. Syst.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 995. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 145. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 148.
Synonymes. Spartianthus Link Enum. 2. p. 223. ; Genista sp. Lam. and Mcench ; Sparzio, Ital.
Derivation. From spartan, cordage ; in allusion to the use of the plant in early ages generally, and
in Spain, even to the present day, for making ropes.

Gen. Char., fyc. Calyx membranous, spathaceous, cleft above, 5 toothed at
the apex, somewhat labiate. Corolla with a roundish complicated vexillum,
and an acuminated keeL Petals a little agglutinated, but partable. Sta-
mens monadelphous. Legume compressed, many-seeded, glandless. (Don's
Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, caducous ; lanceolate. Flowers in
terminal racemes, large, distant, and yellow. — A shrub, a native of Spain
and Portugal.

* 1. S. JU'NCEUM L. The Rush-^&e Spartium, or Spanish Broom.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 995. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 145. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 148.

Synonymes. Genista ^'uncea Lam. and Du Ham. ; G. odorata Mcench ; Spartianthus jtinceus

Mcench ; Genet d'Espagne, Fr. ; Binsenartige Pfriemen, Ger. ; Ginestra di Spagna, ItaJL .
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 2. t. 22. ; Bot. Mag., t. 85. ; and our fig. 305.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches upright, round, of a deep green colour, smooth,
and with but few leaves, which are lanceolate, and soon drop off. An up-
right shrub, evergreen from the colour of its numerous shoots. Spain,
Portugal, and the South of France, in gravelly soils. Height 5 ft. to 8 ft. ;
in British gardens 8ft. to 12ft. In-
troduced in 1548. Flowers dark yel-
low, large ; July to September. Pods
brown ; ripe in October. Naked
young wood smooth and dark green.

Varieties.

& S. j. 2 odoratissimum (S. odora-

tissimum D. Don Brit. Fl.

Gard. 2. st. 390. ; S. acutifo-

lium Lindl. Bot. Reg. ; and our

fig. 304.) has the flowers sweet-
scented, and the leaves more

acute than those of the species.

Raised from Turkish seeds.
st S. j. SJtdre pleno has double flowers.

301. Spartium junceurr odoratissimum.

xxv. LEGUMINAVCE;E : GENI'STA.

In Italy and the South of France a very good cloth
is manufactured from the fibres of this plant. Both in
Spain and France, the shoots are used for forming
baskets, and for tying up vines and other fruit trees.
The bees are said to be very fond of the flowers ; and
the seeds are eaten with great avidity by poultry, par-
tridges, &c. Medicinally, the flowers and leaves, in
infusion, act as an emetic, or, in a larger quantity, as an
aperient. In Britain, the plant is solely regarded as an
ornamental shrub. Seeds are produced in abundance,
and they will come up in any soil that is tolerably dry.
In the nursery, they ought to be transplanted every year,
as they are apt to form long taproots and very few fibres.

305. Spirtiuiujunceum.

GENUS VI.

C7ENTSTA Lam. THE GENISTA. Lin. Syst. Monadelphia Decandria.

Identification. Lam. Diet., 2. p. 616. ; 111 t. 619. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 145. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 148.
Synouymes. Genista, et Sp&rtium, spec. Lin. ; Genet, Fr. ; Ginster, Ger. ; Ginestra, Ital.

Gen. Char. Calyx bilabiate, upper lip bipartite, lower one tridentate, or 5-
lobed, the three lower lobes nearly joined to the apex. Vexillum oblong-oval.
Carina oblong, straight, not always containing the stamens and pistils. Sta-
mens monadelphous. Legume compressed, many-seeded. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple or compound, alternate, rarely opposite, stipulate, decidu-
ous or sub-evergreen ; lanceolate, linear, or trifoliolate. Floiuers terminal or
axillary, yellow.

The hardy species are deciduous or sub-evergreen shrubs, generally with
trifoliolate leaves and yellow flowers ; there is a great sameness of character
among them, and, though many are quite distinct, yet it is highly probable that
the greater number now recorded as species are only varieties. They are
chiefly natives of Europe ; but a few are found in the North of Africa. As
they grow rapidly, and flower freely, especially on soils not wet at bottom,
they are desirable plants for newly formed shrubberies, but in general they
are not of long duration. A number of the species were formerly included
under the genus Spartium and some under Cytisus, from which they have
been separated by Lamarck, whose arrangement, as modified by DeCandolle,
we have adopted in the following enumeration.

§ 1. Unarmed. Leaves all, or for the most part, trifoliolate.

Sfc 1. G. PARVIFLO'RA Dec. The small-
flowered Genista..

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 145. : Don's Mill.,

2. p. 148.

Svnonyme. Spartium parviflbrum Vent. Hort. Gets.
*t.87.
Engravings. Vent. Hort. Cels.,t.87.; and our fig 306.

Spec. Charge. Leaf trifoliolate, the petiole
very short ; and the leaflets usually deci-
duous, very narrow, glabrous. Flowers
in lengthened terminal racemes. Le-
gumes compressed, 1 — 3-seeded, rather
pubescent, being covered with minute
closely pressed down, slightly spread-
ing. (Dec. Prod.) A deciduous shrub.

Levant, near the Gulf of Mundania.

'<* ~^k

306. fienista parvidora.

204

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Height 6 ft. to 7 ft. Introduced in 1817. Flowers yellow ;
May to August. Legume ?. H. S.

& « 2. G. CA'NDICANS L. The whitish Genista.

Identification. Lin. Amcen. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 145.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 149. :

Webb Iter Hispan., 50.

Synonymes. Cytisus cSndicans Lin. Sp. ; C. pubescens Mcench.
Engravings. Dend. Brit., t. 80. ; and our Jig. 307.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaf trifoliolate, petiolate ; leaflets obovatr,
pubescent, with appressed down. Branches angled.
Flowers in terminal heads, few in a head. Legume hairy.
{Dec. Prod.) A hoary sub-evergreen shrub, of short du-
ration. Mogador, Italy, and the Levant. Height 4 ft. to
6ft. Introduced in 1735. Flowers large, yellow, scent-
less; April to Jul}. Legume ?.

The great advantage of this species is, that it grows
rapidly, and flowers freely.

& 3. G. PA'TENS Dec. The spreading Genista.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 145.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 149.; Webb

Iter Hispan., p. 50.
Synonyme. Spartium patens Cat'. Icon. 2. p. 58., exclusive of the

synonyme.
Engravings. Cav. Icon., 2. p. .r>8. t. 176.; and our Jig. 308.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches striated, twiggy, glabrous.
Leaves stalked, trifoliolate. Leaflets obovate, pu-
bescent beneath. Flowers in fours, pedicellate,
nearly terminal. Legume glabrous, 3 — 6-seeded.
(Don's Mill.) A spreading shrub. Spain. On
mountains near Albayda, and found by P. B.
Webb on Monte Santo in Catalonia. Introduced
in ? 1830. Height 4 ft. to 8 ft. Flowers yellow ;
April to July.

It differs from Cytisus patens, in the upper lip of
the calyx being acutely bipartite ; lower lip of three
bristles, not with the lips nearly equal and entire.

-* 4. G. TRI'QUETRA Ait. The triangular-stemmed Genista.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 3. p. 14. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 146. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 149.

Synonyme. G. triquetra Lam. f

Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 314. ; Dend. Brit., t. 79. ; and our fig. 309.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Branches 3-sided, decumbent, the younger ones villose.
Leaves trifoliolate, simple about the extremities of the branches ; leaflets
ovate-lanceolate, villose. Flowers in short terminal ra-
cemes. (Dec. Prod.) A trailing shrub, evergreen from the
colour of its shoots. Spain, Italya and France. Height
6 in. Introduced in 1 748. Flowers yellow ; April to
July. Legume ?.

No shrub is more ornamental on rockwork ; and, when
trained to a stake and allowed to form a head, or grafted
standard high on a laburnum, it forms a singular object,
and, when in flower, a most magnificent one. It is also an
admirable plant for training against a wall, particularly in
dry situations, where it is exposed to the sun.

G. triquetra.

j* 5. G. UMBELLA^TA Pair. The umbel! ate;/?0M;emf Genista.

Identification. Poir. Suppl., 2. p. 715. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 146. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 149. ; Webb Iter

Hispan., p. 51.

Synonymes. .Spartium umbellatum Desf. Atl. 2. p. 133., L'HGrit. Stirp. 183. ; Bolina, in Andalusia.
Engraving. Our Jig. . in p.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaf trifoliolate, its petiole short, its leaflets linear-lanceolate,

xxv. LEGUMINA'CE^E: GENI'STA.

205

and rather silky. Flowers in terminal heads. Calyx hairy, in a silky man-
ner. Corolla and legume silky. Branches glabrous. {Dec. Prod.) Alow
shrub. Barbary, on arid hills ; and Spain, in Andalusia, on hills. Height
1 ft. to 2ft. Introduced in 1779. Flowers yellow; April to June.
Variety.

_i* G. u. 2 capitata Dec. tfpartium capitatum Cav. Annal. 1801, p. 63. —
Branches and leaves covered with silky villi. Native of Mogador.

§ 2. Spinose. Leaves all, or some of them, trifoliolate.
j* 6. G. LUSITA'NICA L. The Portugal Genista.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 999., exclusive of the synonymes of Clus. and J. Bauh. ; Lam. Diet.,

2. p. 662., exclusive of the synonymes ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 146. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 450.
Engravings. Andr. Bot. Rep., t.419.; and our fig. 310.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Branches spiny, round, becoming striate.
Leaves trifoliolate, opposite, upon short petioles ; the leaflets
linear, folded, somewhat silky. Flowers few, terminal.
Calyx very hairy. (Dec. Prod.) A very spiny shrub, ever-
green from the colour of its young shoots. Portugal.
Height 4* ft. Introduced in 1771. Flowers yellow ; March
to May. Legume ?.

Remarkable for having opposite leaves and branches ; a cha-
racter not common among Leguminaceae.

7. G. (L.) RADIA'TA Scop.

310. G. lusitfcnica.

The rayed-branched Genista.

Identification. Scop. Cam., No. 871. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 146. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 148.

"3. 996., Mill. Icon., Sims Sot. Mag. ; G. ilvensis Dalech.
Jot. Mag., t. 2260. ; and our fig. 311.

tymes. Sp&Ttium radiatum Lin. .
Engravings. Mill. Icon., t. 249. f. 1.;

Spec. Char., $c. Branches angled, grouped, glabrous.
Leaf trifoliolate, almost sessile, opposite, the leaflets
somewhat silky. Flowers in terminal heads, 2 — 4 in a
head. Corolla and legume silky. The old branches
show a tendency to become spiny. The legumes are
oval, short, compressed, pointed with the style, and
include two seeds. (Dec. Prod.) A low shrub, of short
duration, evergreen from the colour of its young shoots.
Italy, Carniola, and the Vallais. Height 2 ft. to 4 ft.
Introduced in 1758. Flowers yellow; June and July.
Legume ?.

Variety.

•** G. (/.) r. 2 umbelldta, G. umbellata Poir., tfpartium
umbellatum Desf., appears, from a plant that
was in the Hort. Soc. Garden in 1837, to belong
to this species.

Differing from G. lusitanica principally in being without

spines, and having its leaves somewhat longer. Both G.

radiata and G. lusitanica have a very singular appearance

when without their leaves ; and, in that point of view, they may
be considered as almost as interesting in winter as they are in
summer.

311. 6. (1.) radikta.

j« 8.

G. JSpHEDRoYDES Dec. The Ephedra-like Genista.

Dec. Legum. Mem., 6. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 147. ; Don's Mill., 2.
t. 36. ; Maund's Botanic Garden, t. 498. ; and

Identification.

p. 150.
Engravings. Dec. Legum Mem

our fig. 312.

312.G.«phedr81des.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves some trifoliolate, some simple, few ses-
sile ; leaflets linear, almost glabrous. Branches rigid, round,
becoming striated and spiny. Flowers in spikes, alternate,
yellow. Calyx somewhat pubescent. (Dec. Prod.) A shrub,

206

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

313. G. triacanthos.

evergreen from the colour of its young slender shoots. Sardinia. Height
2 ft. ; in British gardens 4ft. Introduced in 1832. Flowers small, yellow ;
June to September. Legume?.

The whole plant is glabrous, and resembles in appear-
ance JS"phedra distachya. Cuttings strike readily.

j* 9. G. TRIACA'NTHOS Brot. The three-spined Genista.

Identification. Brot. Phyt., 130. t. 54. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 147- ; Don's Mill., 2.

p. 150.

Synonyme. G. rostrata Pair. Suppl. 2. p. 719.
Engravings. Brot. Phyt., t. 54. ; and our fig. 313.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves sessile, trifoliolate and simple, gla-
brous. Leaflets linear-lanceolate. Branchlets spiny, branch-
ed. Flowers in terminal racemes, few in a raceme. Calyx,
corolla, and legume glabrous ; legume 1-seeded. The
spines are simple, trifid, or branched. (Dec. Prod.) A
deciduous undershrub. Portugal, on mountains and in
woods. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft. Introduced in 1821. Flowers
yellow ; May to July. Legume ?.
Variety.

j* (jr. t. 2 interritpta Dec., Spartium interruptum Cav.
Annal., 1801, vol. iv. p. 58., has linear leaflets, and
branches usually simple, and shorter than those of the species.
is found wild about Tangier.

j* 10. G. HO'RRIDA Dec. The horrid Genista.

Identification. Dec. Fl.-Fr., 4. p. 500. : Dec. Prod., 2. p. 146. ; Don's

Mill., 2. p. 149.j Webb. Iter Hispan., 51.
Synonymes. Spartium horridum Vahl Symb. 1. p. 51., exclusive of

the synonyme ; G. erinacea Gilib. Bot. Prat. 2. p. 239.
Engravings. Gilib. Bot. Prat., 2. p. 239. icon. ; and our fig. 314.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Branches grouped, angled, spiny,
opposite. Leaves trifoliolate, opposite ; the leaflets
linear, folded, somewhat silky. Flowers few,
almost terminal. Calyx pubescent. (Dec. Prod.)
A native of the Pyrenees. Height 4ft. Intro-
duced in 1821. Flowers yellow ; May and June.
Legume ?.

(\ 3. Spinose. Leaves all simple.
.** 11. G. SYLVE'STRIS Scop. The wopd Genista.

Identification. Scop. Cam., No. 875. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 148. ; Don's Mill. 2. p. 151.
Synonyme. G. hispanica Jacq. Icon. Rar. t. 557.
Engravings. Jacq. Icon. Rar., t. 557. ; and our.7fe.3l5.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves simple, linear-awl-
shaped, glabrous above, villose in a closely
pressed manner beneath. Spines axillary,
branched, slender. Flowers glabrous,
disposed in a terminal spiked raceme.
Teeth of the calyx almost spiny. The
keel longer than the standard and wings.
(Dec. Prod.) A deciduous undershrub.
Carniola and Croatia, on hills. Height
1 ft. to 2ft. Introduced in 1818. Flowers
yellow ; June and July. Legume ?.

314 Genhta h<5rrida.

12. G. SCO'RPIUS Dec.

316. Genista sylvestris.

The Scorpion Genista.

2' P- 148' i D°n'S MiU" 2" P-

" ' Webb

Spdrtium Sc<SrPius Lfn- SP- 995. ; G. spiniflora Lam. Diet. 2. p. 621. ; Scorpton Furze
Engravings. Dend. BrH., t. 78. ; and our fis. 316,

XXV. LEGUMINA^CE^E I GENl'sTA,

207

6. Scdrpius.

•Spec. Char., fyc. Spiny ; spines branched, spreading,
striated, glabrous. Leaves simple, very few, oblong,
somewhat silky. Flowers glabrous, upon short pe-
dicels, in groups disposed somewhat racemosely ; the
keel as long as the standard. Legume containing
2 — 4 .seeds. (Dec. Prod.) An upright, deciduous,
spiny shrub. South of Europe and Barbary, in
arid places. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft. Introduced in 1570.
Flowers yellow j April and May. Legume ?.

A spiny shrub, almost leafless when the shoots are full
grown. This species is commonly thought to be the *Scorpius of Theophrastus.

j* 13. G. HISPA'NICA L. The Spanish Genista.

Identification. Liu. Sp., 999. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 148. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 151. ; Webb Iter Hispan., 68.

tnonyme. Spanish Furze, Hort.
igravings. Cav. Icon., 3. t. 211. ; Lam. 111., t. 619. f. 3. ; and our Jig. 317.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Spiny, except in the flower-bearing
branches ; spines branched, rigid. Leaves simple, lanceo-
late, viilose. Flowers in a terminal subcapitate raceme.
Keel viilose, the length of the glabrous standard. Le-
gume oval, including 2 — 4 seeds ; when ripe, rather gla-
brous. (Dec. Prod.) A diminutive undershrub, evergreen
from the colour of its shoots. Spain and the South of
France. Height £ ft. to 1 ft. Introduced in J759. Flowers
yellow ; June and July. Legume ?.

-** 14. G. A'NGLICA L. The English Genista, or Petty Whin.

od., 2.

Synonyme. G. minor Lam. Fl. Fr. 2. p. 615.
Engravings. Eng. Bot, 1. 132. ; Lobel Icon., 2. p. 93. f. 2. ; and our fig. 318.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Spiny, except in the flower-
bearing branches ; spines simple ; the whole
plant glabrous. Leaves simple, ovate-lanceo-
late. Flowers in terminal racemes, few in a
raceme; the keel longer than the standard and
wings. Legume ovately cylindrical, including
many seeds. (Dec. Prod.) A prostrate de-
ciduous shrub, with woody stems. Native of
the Middle and North of Europe; and fre-
quent in Britain, on moi.st, boggy, heathy com-
mons. Height 1 ft. Flowers yellow ; May and
June. Legume brown ; ripe in August.

Cultivated in collections, where it forms a
spiny bush about 2 ft. in height.

•** 15. (2, GERMA'NICA L. The German Genista.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 995. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 149. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 151.

Si/nonymes. Scorpius spin5sus Mcench Meth. 134. ; V6glero spinosa Fl. Wett. 2. p. 501. ; Buliir.a-
' cola di Bosco, Ital.

Engravings. Fuchs Hist., 220. icon. ; Hayne Abbild., t. 122. ; and
our Jig. 319.

Spec. Char., fyc. Spiny, except in the flower-bearing
branches ; spines simple or branched. Leaves
simple, lanceolate, slightly hairy. Flowers somewhat
viilose, in terminal racemes. Keel longer than the
standard and wings. Legume ovate, slightly hairy,
including 2 — 4 seeds. (Dec. Prod.) A spiny shrub.
Euroj^e, in woods and on heaths. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft.
^titroduced in 1773. Flowers yellow ; June to
August. Legume brown ; ripe in September. S19. oermu «erminica.

318. Genista inglica.

208

ARBORETUM ET FRUT1CETUM BRITANMCUM.

> anety.

j* G. g. 2. inermis Dec. is almost without spines.

§ 4. Unarmed. Leaves all single.
3fc 16. G. PU'RGANS L. The purging Genista.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 999.; Bull. Herb., 116.; Dec. Prod, 2. p. 149.;

Don's Mill., 2. p. 151.

Synonyme. Spartium purgans Lin. Syst. 474.
Engravings, hot. Cab., 111?.; and our Jig. 320.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Upright, much branched. Branches round,
striate. Leaves simple, very few, lanceolate, almost sessile,
somewhat silky. Flowers axillary, solitary, scarcely pe-
diceled. Petals equal, glabrous. The young legume
adpressedly pubescent. (Dec. Prod.) An upright shrub,
evergreen from the colour of its shoots. France, on hills.
Introcl. 1768. Height 3 ft. to 6 ft. Flowers yellow ; June
and July. Legume brown ; ripe in September. 320.

-* 17. G. SERI'CEA Wulf. The silky Genista.

Identification. Wulf. in Jacq. Coll., 2. p. 167. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 149. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 151.
Engravings. Jacq. Icon. Rar., 3. t. 556. ; and our fig. 321.

Spec. Char.. $c. Decumbent, with upright
round branches. Leaves simple, linear-
lanceolate, silky beneath. Flowers ter-
minal, 3 or 4 together, in a sort of ra-
ceme. Petals silky, nearly equal. Lobes
of the calyx oblong-acuminate ; the floral
leaves equalling the calyx in length.
(Dec. Prod.) Adecumbent shrub. Height
6 in. Austria and Croatia, in subalpine
places near the shore. Introduced in
1812. Flowers yellow; May and June. Legume brown; ripe August.

.** 18. G. APHY'LLA Dec. The leafless Genista.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 149. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 152.
Synonymes. Spartitim aph^llum Lin. Fit. Suppl. 320. ; G. virgata

Lam. Diet. 2. p. 616.
Engravings. Pall. Itin. ed. Gall. Append., No. 357. t. 99. f. 2. ; and

our fig. 322.

Spec. Char., $c. Branched, upright. Leaves simple,
very few, linear, very short. Flowers disposed dis-
tantly, in lengthened terminal racemes. Legumes
compressed, including 2 seeds ; when young, tomen-
tose ; when adult, glabrous. (Dec. Prod.) Height
3 ft. to 4 ft. in British gardens. Found in Siberia, in de-
serts, about the Volga. In-
trod. 1800. Flowers violace-
ous ; June and July. Legume
brown ; ripe in September.

j* 19. G. MONOSPE'RMA Lam. The one-seeded Genista.

Identification. Lam. Diet., 2. p. 616.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 150.; Don's

Mill., 2. p. 152. ; Webb Iter Hispan., 51.
Synonymes. Spartium monospermum Lin. Sp. 995., Curt. Sot. Mag.

t. 683. ; G. Ra?tam Forsk.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 683. ; and our fig. 323.

Spec. Char., $c. Branched, upright. Leaves simple, very
few, linear-oblong, adpressedly pubescent. Flowers in
lateral racemes, few in a raceme. Petals silky, almost
equal. Legumes ovate, inflated, membranaceous,
glabrous, including 1 — 2 seeds. (Dec. Prod) An
erect shrub, with numerous slender, twiggy, flexile

321. Genista sericea.

323. Genfcta monosperma.

XXV. LEGUMINA^CE^E : GENl'STA.

209

branches. On the Mediterranean shores, where, in many places, it serves
to retain and consolidate the drifting sand. Height 2 ft. to 4 ft. Int reduced
in 1670. Flowers white ; June and July. Legume brown ; ripe in September.

The leaves and young branches are, in these countries, eaten by sheep and
goats ; and the twigs are used for tying vines to stakes, or tying up faggots ;
and they are also twisted into ropes.

j* 20. G. spH-flEROCA'RPA Lam. The round-fruited Genista.

Identification. Lam. Diet., 2. p. 616. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 150. :

Don's Mill., 2. p. 152. ; Webb Iter Hispan., 50.
Synonyme. Spartium sphjeroc£rpon Lin. Mant. 571.
Engravings. Clus. Hist, 1. p. 102. f. 2.; and our fig. 324.

Spec. Char., fyc. Twiggy, branched. Leaves simple,
few, linear, almost glabrous. Flowers in lateral
racemes, many in a raceme. Petals glabrous, equal.
Legumes ovate, in some measure fleshy, contain-
ing 1 — 2 seeds. Flowers small, and pale yellow.
(Dec. Prod.) A twiggy shrub. Native of the
South of Europe and North of Africa. Height
3 ft. to 4 ft. Introd. 1 73 1 . Flowers yellow ; June
and July. Legume brown ; ripe in September.

324. Genista sphaerocirpa.

^ 21. G. .ETHNE'NSIS Dec. The Mount Etna Genista.

p. 17., Sims Bot. Mag.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 150. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 152.
Synonymes. Spartiura aethnense Biv. St. Sic. Mant. 2., Rafin. Speech.

2674. ; SpSrtium trispermum Smith in Rees's Cycl, vol . 32. No. 5.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 2674. ; and our Jig. 325.

Spec. Char., fyc. Upright, very much branched. Leaves
simple, few, linear, silky. Flowers in terminal racemes.
Petals almost glabrous, nearly equal in length. Legumes
obliquely ovate, compressed, containing 2- — 3 seeds ; when
young, pubescent. (Dec. Prod.) An erect twiggy shrub.
Native of the wooded region of Mount Etna, 3000 ft.
— 6000 ft. elevation ; growing with A^cer monspessulanum.
(Presl, in Comp. Bot. Mag., vol. i. p. 91.) Height 2 ft.
to 4 ft. Introduced in 1816. Flowers yellow ; June and
July. Legume brown ; ripe in September.

Resembles the preceding species, except that the flowers are twice the size.
J: 22. G. ANXA'NTICA Ten* The Anxantic Genista.

Identification. Ten. Fl. Nap. Prod., p. 41. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 150. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 152.

Synonyme. G. amsSntica Tenore.

Engravings. Fl. Nap., 2. p. 127. t. 66. ; Swt. Fl.-Gar., 2d ser. t. 266. ; and our figs. 326. and 327.

325. Genista aethnfcnsis

336. Genista anxintica.

327. Genista anxantica.

Spec. Char., Sec. The whole plant is perfectly gla-
brous. Stems spreading. Branches angled.
Leaves simple, ovate-elliptical, rather coriaceous,
veiny. Flowers in racemes. Corolla thrice as

p

3?8 Genista a. scarifca.

210

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BEITANNICUM.

long as the calyx ; and about 8 lines long. Legume containing 8 — 10 seeds.
(Dec. Prod.) A diffuse shrub. Naples. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced in
1818. Flowers yellow ; June and July. Legume brown; ripe in September.

Variety,

«i G. a. 2 scariosa. G. scariosa Fin. (Frag. Fl. Ital. 1. t. 8.; and our
^g. 328.) — An upright shrub, closely resembling the species. Intro-
duced in 1821, and flowering in the Hort. Soc. Garden in June
and July. It deserves a place in collections.

23. G. TINCTO'RIA L. The Pyer's Broom, or Green Weed.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 998. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 151. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 152.

Svnonymes. G. italica Lod. Cat. ; Base Broom, Green Wood, Dyer's Weed, and Wood-waxen ;

Genet des Teinturiers, Genet de Siberie, Fr. ; farbender Cluster, Ger. ; Bacellina Ital.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 44. ; aud our Jig. 329.

Spec. Char.y fyc Root creeping. Stems almost upright. Branches round,
striated, upright. Leaves simple, lanceolate, rather glabrous. Flowers gla-
brous, in spiked racemes. Legume glabrous. (Dec. Prod.) A creeping-
rootecj low shrub. Common in Europe, in grassy fields, and in woods and
copses, particularly in dry gravelly or sandy soils. Height 1 ft. to 3 It.
Flowers yellow ; July. Legume brown ; ripe in September.

Varieties.

* G. t. 2 fiore pleno. — There are plants in the Epsom Nursery and
the Hort. Soc. Garden.

j* G. t. 3 latifolia Dec. — Leaves broad-
lanceolate. A native of Auvergne, on
the Mont d'Or.

G. t. 4 hirsuta Dec. — Leaves somewhat
villose. Branches upright. A native of
sunny meadows.

-** G. t. 5 pratensis Poll. — Leaves oblong-
lanceolate, rather hairy. Branches as-
cending. Inhabits the mountainous parts
of Upper Italy.

It is very common in pastures, in many places,
both in England and Scotland ; but, when cows
feed on it, it is said by Ray to give a bitter taste
to their milk. All parts of this plant, and espe-
cially the branches and leaves, have long been used by dyers for producing
yellow, especially for dyeing wool that is afterwards to be dyed green with
woad (/satis tinctoria Z/.). The plant is not
now in cultivation for this purpose ; but, in
Norfolk 'and Suffolk, it is still collected in
quantities from sandy wastes and commons,
and sold to the dyers.

st 24-. G. (T.) SIBI'RICA L. The Siberian
Genista.

Identification. Lin. Mant., 571.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 151. j
Don's Mill., 2. p. 152.

Synonymes. Genistoldes elata Mcench Meth. 132. ; Ge-
nista tinctbria var. N. Du Ham.

Engravings. Jac. Hort. Vind., t. 190. ; and our fig. 330.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stems erect ; and the whole
plant more slender and taller than G.
tinctoria, of which it is evidently only a
variety. An erect shrub. Siberia. Height
6 ft. Introduced in 1785. Flowers yellow ;
June to August. Legume brown ; ripe in
September. 53o.

Genista tinctoria.

XXV. LEGUMINAVCE^E : GENISTA.

211

331. Genista < t.) ovaia.

j* 25. G. (T.) OVA.VA Waldst. The ovate-leaved Genista.

Identification. Waldst. et Kit. PI. Hung., 1. t. 84.; Balb. ; Bert.: Tar. ; Ten.: De«>. Prod.

2. p 151. j Don's Mill., 2. p. 153.
Synonyme. G. nervata Kit. in Lift.
Engravings. Waldst. et Kit. Hung., 1. t. 84.; Dend.

Brit., t. 77. ; and our fig. 331.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stems numerous, hairy,
erectish, somewhat herbaceous, striated,
terete. Leaves ovate, or ovate-oblong,
and are, as well as the legumes, hairy.
Racemes short. Corolla smooth. (Don's
Mill.) A shrub. Sclavonia and Hun-
gary ; and on the hills of Italy, from
Piedmont to Naples. Height 2 ft. to 4 ft.
Introduced in 1819. Flowers yellow;
June to August. Legume brown ; ripe
in September.

-a 26. G. TRIANGULA.*RIS Willd. The triangular-stemmed Genista.

Identification. Willd. Sp., 3. p. 1)39. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 151. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 153.
Synonyme. G. triquetra Waldst. et Kit. Hung. 2. p. 165. 1. 153., but not of Alton.
Engravings.' Waldst. et Kit. Hung., 2. t. 153. ; and our fig. 332.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches smooth, 3-
angled, and, as well as the stems, ascend-
ing. Leaves lanceolate, and mucronate.
Flowers axillary Legume compressed,
and mucronate. (Dec. Prod.) A shrub.
Hungary, on calcareous rocks. Height
1 ft. Introd. in 1815. Flowers yellow ;
May and June. Legume brown; ripe
in August.

Closely resembling G. triquetra, of which, notwithstanding its simple leaves,
it may possibly be only a variety ; the change not being greater than what
takes place in .Fraxinus excelsior simplicifolia.

„* 27. G. SAGITTAXLIS L. The arrow-jointed Genista.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 998. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 151. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 153.

Synonymes. G. herbacea Lam. Fl. Fr. ; Genistella racembsa Moench Meth. ; Saltzwedeh'a sagittalit

Fl. Wett. 2. p. 498.
Engravings. Jacq. Fl. Aust., t. 209.; Hayne Abbild., t. 117. ; and our fig. 333.

Spec. Char., $c. Stems prostrate. Branches herbaceous, ascending, 2-edged,
membranous, somewhat articulated. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Flowers
disposed in an ovate, terminal, leafless
spike. Corolla smooth ; but the keel is
furnished with a villous line on the back.
(Don's Mill.) A prostrate shrub. Con-
tinental Europe, in mountain pastures.
Height 6 in. Introduced in 1750. Flowers
yellow ; May and June. Legume brown ;
ripe in August.

Variety.

„* G. s. 2 minor Dec. — A small shrub,
having the branches clothed with
adpressed pubescence at the apex,
as well as the leaves.

For practical purposes, this maybe con- 333< Geniita sa«ittilis-

sidered as a herbaceous plant. It is a very distinct, ornamental, and hardy
sort ; growing and flowering freely.

P 2

532. Genista triangulkris.

212

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

-* 28. G. DIFFU'SA Willd. The diffuse Genista.

Identification. Willd. Sp., 3. p. 942. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 152. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 153.

Synonymes. G. humifusa Wulf. iuJacq. Coll. 2. p. 169. ; Spartium procumbens Jacq. Icon. Ear. 3.

t. 555., but not of Aiton.
Engravings. Jacq. Icon. Rar., t. 555.; and

our fig. ZM.

Spec. Char.y $c. Branches pro-
cumbent from the neck, trique-
trous. Leaves lanceolate, and
smooth, a little ciliated. Pe-
duncles axillary, erect, and dis-
posed in interrupted fascicles.
Corollas and legumes glabrous.
(Dec. Prod.) A procumbent
shrub. Italy and Styria, in ex-
posed places. Height 6 in. In-
troduced in 1815. Flowers

yellow ; May and June. Le- 334. Genista decumbens.

gume brown ; ripe in August.

-* 29. G. PROSTRANTA Lam. The prostrate Genista.

Identification. Lam. Diet., 2. p. 618. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 152. ? .Don's Mill., 2. p. 153.

Synonymes. G. pedunculata UHirit. Stirp. 184. ; G. decumbens Dur. Bourg. 1. p. 299. ; G. Haller*

Reyn. Mem. 1. p. 211. icon.
Engravings. Lodd. Bot. Cab., 718. ; and our figs. 335,336

Spec. Char., $c. Stems diffuse, prostrate. Branches angular, striated, rather

335 . Geni s t a p os t r a t a

hairy. Leaves ovate-oblong, somewhat

hairy beneath, Flowers axillary, on 336 Genista proitltou

long erect pedicels. Corolla glabrous.

Legumes hairy, 3 — ^seeded. (Dec. Prod.) A prostrate shrub. Burgundy,

and the Alps of Jura. Height 1 ft. Introduced in 1775. Flowers yellow;

May and June. Legume brown ; ripe in August.

Jk 30. G. PROCU'MBENS Waldst. et Kit. The procumbent Genista.

Identification. Waldst. et Kit. in Willd. Sp., 3. p. 940., Dec. Prod., 2. p. 152.; Don's Mill., 2

p. 153.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1150.; and our fig. 337

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches procumbent,
round, striated, rather downy. Leaves
lanceolate, acute, and, as well as the
calyxes, downy beneath. Flowers pe-
dicellate, axillary, in threes. Corolla
glabrous. (Dec. Prod.) A procumbent
shrub. Hungary and Moravia. Height
1ft. Introduced in 1816. Flowers
yellow ; June to August. Legume brown ; ripe in September.
Most likely only a variety of the preceding species.

Jk 31. G. PILOTS A Lin. The hairy Genista.

Identification. Linn. Sp. 999. ; Smith's Eng. Fl., 3. p. 263.; Hayne Abbild. der deut. Holz., p. 161. ;

Dec. Prod., 2. p. 152. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 153.

Synonymts. G. rdpens Lam. Fl. Fr. ; Genistoides tuberculata Mccnch Meth.
Engravings. Jacq. Fl. Austr., t. 208. ; Hayne Abbild., t. 120. j and our fig. 338.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stems procumbent, striated, branched, tuberculated. Leaves
obovate-lanceolate, obtuse, folded, and having beneath a close-pressed silky

XXV. LEGUMINA^CE^ I CY'TISUS.

213

down. Flowers axillary, on short pedicels.
Calyx and pedicels silky. Legumes pu-
bescent, and 3 — ^-seeded. (Dec. Prod.)
A procumbent shrub. South of France,
Switzerland, Germany, &c. ; and Britain,
on dry elevated downs or heaths, in
Suffolk, Cornwall, and North Wales.
Height 1 ft. Flowers yellow ; May and
June. Legume brown; ripe in Sept.
The specific name, pilosa, is certainly not
very appropriate, for there are other species,
such as G. candicans, much more hairy.

3Z8. Genista piltea.

Other Species of Genista. — G.spinosa, in the Hort. Soc. Garden, is a young
plant with trifoliolate leaves, and the side shoots terminating in spines. There
are various other names in collections, and a great many in books ; but the
whole genus is in such a state of confusion, that nothing can be determined
with certainty respecting the species, till they are all collected together and
cultivated in the same garden and examined.

GENUS VII.

CY'TISUS Dec. THE CYTISUS. Lin. Syst. Monadelphia Decandria.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 153. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 154.

Synonymes. Cytisus and Spartium sp. Lin., Lam. &c.; Cytise, Fr. ; Bohnenbaum,Ger. ; Citiso, Ital.

Derivation. From Cythnus, one of the Cyclades, the first of the species known having been found there.

Gen Char. Calyx bilabiate. Upper Lip usually entire ; lower one somewhat
tridentate. Vexillum ovate, large. Carina very obtuse, including the sta-
mens and pistils. Stamens monadelphous. Legume compressed, many-seeded,
glandless. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves trifoliolate, alternate, stipulate. Flowers of nearly all the species
yellow. — Deciduous or sub-evergreen shrubs of short duration, or low trees ;
natives chiefly of the Middle and South of Europe.

All the species have trifoliolate leaves, and the flowers are for the most part
yellow. The shrubs have the habit of Genista or of tfpartium, to both which
genera they are nearly allied. They are all ornamental, some of them eminently
so ; and those which have their flowers in terminal racemes are decidedly more
elegant than those which have them in close terminal, or in axillary heads.
The wood of the laburnum is valuable in turnery and cabinet-work. * All the
species produce seeds in abundance, by which they are almost exclusively
propagated. The species recorded in books are numerous ; but, if they were
all brought together, and cultivated in the same garden, we question much if
a tithe of them would be found specifically distinct.

§ i. Albumbides Dec.

Derivation. From the word alburnum, signifying the white inner sap-wood of trees ; and applied
to this section from the flowers of the species being white.

Sect. Char. Calyx campanulate. Pod 1 — 4^-seeded, not dilated at the upper
suture. Flowers white. Leaves very few. Branches unarmed. (Dec.
Prod., ii. p. 153.)

* 1. C. A'LBUS Link. The white Cytisus, or Portugal Broom.

Identification. Link Enum., 2. p. 241. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 153. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 154.

Synonymes. Genista albaLam. Diet. 2. p. 623. ; Spartium album Desf. Fl. All. '2. p. 132.; Spartium
multiflorum Ait. Hort. Kew. 3. p. 11. ; Spartium dispermum Mcench Meth. p. 130. ; Genista mul-
tifl.Va N. Du Ham. 2. p. 76. ; Spartium a Fleurs blanches, Fr. ; veisse Pfriemen, Ger.

Engravings. N. Du Ham., 2. t. 23. ; and our fig. 339.

p 3

214

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches terete, twiggy. Leaves simple,

and trifoliolate, sessile. Leaflets linear-oblong, and silky.

Flowers in fascicles, disposed in long racemes. Legume

2-seeded, very villous. (Don's Mill.) An upright shrub ;

evergreen, from the colour of its numerous straight parallel

young shoots. Portugal and the Levant. Height 5 ft.

to 7ft. Introduced in 1752. Flowers white; May and

June. Legume brown ; ripe in August.

A very handsome shrub, more especially when covered

with its white flowers in May, and when surrounded by

hundreds of bees, busily occupied in extracting the honey.

In good soil, it is of very rapid growth, attaining the height

of 5 or 6 feet in 3 or 4 years ; and, in 6 or 8 years, growing

as high as 15 or even 20 feet, if in a sheltered situation.

Placed by itself on a lawn, it forms a singularly ornamental

plant, even when not in flower, by the varied disposition

and tufting of its twiggy thread-like branches. When in

flower, it is one of the finest ornaments of the garden.

Trained to a single stem, its effect is increased ; and, grafted

on the laburnum, a common practice about Paris, it forms

a very remarkable combination of beauty and singularity.

Plants are easily raised from seeds.

Variety.

Sfc C. a. 2 incarnatus has flesh-coloured flowers, or flowers very slightly
tinged with reddish purple. This variety was introduced in 1818;
and reproduces itself from seeds, but it varies much in the quantity
of colour in the flowers.

§ ii. Laburnum Dec.

Derivation. A name applied by Pliny to some species of Cytisus.

Sect. Char. Calyx campanulate. Pod many-seeded, not dilated at the upper su-
ture. Flowers yellow. Branches leafy and unarmed. (Dec. Prod., ii. p. 153.)

"£ 2. C. LABU'RNUM L. The common Laburnum.

339. cytisus 4ii>us.

340, C/usus /.abur.uuii.

XXV. LEGUMINA CEJE : CY T1SUS.

215

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1041.-, Dec. Prod., 2. p. 153. ; Don's Mill,, 2. p. 154.

Rynonymes. C. alplnus Lam. Fl. Fr. 2. p. 621.; Bean-trefoile Tree, and Peascod Tree, Gerard ;
Pea Tree, Scotch ; Golden Chain; 1'Aubours, faux E'benier, Arbois, or Arc-Bois, Fr. ; gemeine
Bohnenbaum, Ger. ; Aborniello, Ital.

Derivation. The name of L' Aubours, which is given to this tree in Dauphine and Switzerland, is
supposed by Du Hamel to be a corruption of the Latin word laburnum. The word Arbois is
a corruption of arc-bois, the wood of this tree having been used by the ancient Gauls to make
their bows ; and being still so employed by the country people, in some parts of the Maconnois,
where these bows are found to preserve their strength and elasticity during half a century. The
name of Faux E'benier is applied to the wood, from the blackness of its heart-wood. The German
name signifies Bean Tree ; and both it and the English and Scotch names of Bean-trefoile and Peas-
cod Tree have reference to the shape of the leaves and the legumes. The name of Golden Chain
alludes to the length of the drooping racemes of flowers, which, as Cowper elegantly describes
the'n, are " rich in streaming gold."

Engravings. Jacq. Aust., t. 306. ; Bot. Mag., t. 176. ; N. Du Ham., 5. t. 44. ; the plate of this tree
in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v. ; and our.A'g.340.

Spec. Char., S/-c. Branches terete, whitish. Leaves petiolate ; leaflets ovate-lan-
ceolate, pubescent beneath. Racemes pendulous, simple. Pedicels and ca-
lyxes clothed with closely pressed pubescence. Legume linear, many-seeded,
clothed with closely pressed pubescence. A low deciduous tree. Native of
Europe, on the lower mountains of the South of Germany, and of Switzerland.
Height 20 ft. or upwards. Introduced in 1596. Flowers yellow ; May and
June. Legume dark brown ; ripe in October. Decaying leaves yellow. Naked
young wood green.
Varieties.

3f C. L. 2 pendulum Hort. has slender pendulous branches.
If C. L. 3 quercifolium Hort., C. L. 2 incisum, has sinuated leaflets, not
unlike the leaves of the common oak. (See the plate of this variety
in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v.j and ourj%. 341.)

341. C^tisus Z,aWimum yuercifdlium.

C. L. 4 foliis variegdtis has variegated leaves ; but it is a plant of no
beauty, and rarely seen in collections.

C. L. 5 fragrans Hort. — Flowers fragrant. Wherever a number of
laburnums are found in flower together, whether of this or the other
species, the scent of the blossoms will be found to differ very con-
siderably, and occasionally one may be found which may be termed
fragrant ; hence the origin of this variety.

3. C. (i.) ALPI'NUS Mill. The Alpine, or Scotch. Laburnum.

Identification.
Synonymes.

No 2. ; Dec. Prod. 2. p. 153. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 154.

' Ait Lam., Dec., Fl. Fr. ; 6'ytisus angustifolius Mcench Melh. 145. ;

p 4

216

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

C. iabtirnum var. Iatif61ium Pers. and Du Mont ; Cytise des Alpes, 1'Aubours. Fr. ; Alpen Boh-
nenbaum, Gcr. ; Maggio Ciondolo, Ital.

Engravings. Waldst. et Kit. Hung., 3. t. 260. ; the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. »
and our fig. 342.

342. Cytisus( Laburnum) alpinus.

Spec. Char., $v. Branches glabrous and terete. Leaves petiolate ; leaflets
ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the base. Racemes pendulous. Pedicels and
calyxes puberulous. Legumes glabrous, few-seeded, marginate. (Don's
Mill.) A deciduous low tree. Found in Carinthia, in the Alps of Jura,
on Mount Cenis, and on the Apennines. According to some, it is also
found wild in Scotland ; but, though it is much cultivated in some parts of
Fifeshire and Forfarshire, it is far from being indigenous there. Height
20 ft. to 30 ft., sometimes much higher in a state of cultivation. It was
introduced into Britain about the same time as the other species, viz. 1596 ;
and was, probably, for a long time confounded with it; for which reason we
shall treat of the two species, or races, together. Flowers yellow j May
and June. Legume brown ; ripe in October.

Varieties.

5s C. (L.) a. 2 pendulus has pendulous branches, and, in the foliage and
legumes, seems intermediate between C. Laburnum and C. (L.) al-
pinus. This is very obvious in a fine specimen of this variety in the
arboretum of the Messrs. Loddiges, as shown in the plate in Arb.
Brit., 1st edit., vol. v. The pendulous variety of C. .Laburnum is
a much less robust plant.

t C. (L.) a. 3 purpurdscens Hort., C. L. purpiireum Hort., C. Adaim
Poir., C. L. coccineum Baum. Cat.y the purple Laburnum, the scarlet
Laburnum, is not a hybrid between C. Laburnum and C. purpureus,
as was at first supposed, but a sport from a bud of fytisus pur-
pureus inserted in C. alpinus, in 1825, by D. Adam, a nurseryman at
Vitry, near Paris. The flowers are of a reddish purple, slightly
tinged with buff, and are produced in pendent spikes, 8 in. or more
long. A few years after this sport was originated, it was found that
it had a strong tendency to return to the original kinds ; and that
from one bud or graft, branches were produced of the true Cytisus
purpureus, of the true .Laburnum (either the Alpine or the common.

XXV. LEGUMINA^CE^ : CY'l'ISUS. 2)7

according to which of these may have been chosen as the stock) with
yellow flowers, and of the purple laburnum. This was soon observed
both in France and England. (See Gard. Mag., vol. xii. p. 225.,
vol. xv. p. 122.; and Arb. Brit., 1st edit., p. 590.) It is a very vi-
gorous, and somewhat erect and fastigiate, growing variety, having
produced shoots from 6 ft. to 9 ft. long in one season ; but, though it
has been highly spoken of by some cultivators, in point of beauty, it
cannot be recommended.

¥ C. (L.) a. 4 frdgrans Hort. — Blossoms fragrant. There are plants
in the Hackney Arboretum.

Miller recognised C. .Laburnum and C. alpinus as species; but Linnaeus
did not. Whether they are species or varieties, they are certainly very dis-
tinct ; as much so, perhaps, as the Quercus 726bur pedunculatum, and Q. R.
sessiliflorum, and like these two oaks they come true from seed. Both sorts,
being highly ornamental, have been extensively propagated and cultivated in
British gardens and plantations. There are trees at Syon of C. alpinus above
40 ft. high, and some at Alnwick Castle with trunks 3 ft. in diameter. The
heart-wood of the laburnum is of a dark colour; and, though of rather a
coarse grain, it is very hard and durable : it will take a polish, and may be
made to resemble ebony. A cubic foot weighs 52 Ib. 1 1 oz. in a dried state.
The colour and grain of the heart-wood vary much, according to the soil, and
the age of the tree. It is darkest in the C. .Laburnum, when grown on poor
calcareous soil ; and lightest in the C. (£.) alpinus, when grown in deep rich
soil : in which last case its colour is a sort of greenish black. It is in much
demand among turners and cabinet-makers. The ordinary use of the wood in
the North of Scotland, is to form alternate staves with the wood of the holly,
or the spindle tree, in making small noggins, or bickers ; but it is also used
for the bowls of punch-ladles ; for flutes, and other musical instruments.
Hares and rabbits being remarkably fond of the bark of the laburnum, it has
been suggested to sow laburnum seeds, in order to produce an undergrowth in
plantations liable to be infested with these animals; for, though the plants are
eaten to the ground every winter, yet they will spring up again the next season,
and thus yield a regular supply of winter's food for these kinds of game. As
an ornamental tree, the laburnum has few rivals. The shape of the head is
irregular and picturesque ; its foliage is of a smooth, shining, and beautiful
green ; and, what is a great recommendation to every ornamental plant, it is
not liable to be preyed on by insects. Though the laburnum will grow in a
very indifferent soil, it requires a deep fertile sandy loam to attain a large size.
In regard to situation, as the tree puts out few horizontal roots, and has rather
a spreading head, when it grows rapidly it is apt to be blown aside by high-
winds ; but, for the same reason, it is less injurious to plants growing near it,
than some other ornamental trees. For producing timber, it should be placed
in masses in a sheltered situation, or in a plantation among other trees, so as
to be drawn up with a clear straight stem ; and when so circumstanced, in
good soil, C. (L.) alpinus will grow to the height of from 35 ft. to 45 ft. Both
C. Zaburnum and C. (£.} alpinus are invariably raised from seed, and the
pendulous and other varieties are propagated by grafting or budding on either
of the common sorts. The seeds are fit to gather in October ; and they may
be kept in the pod, in a dry airy loft, till the March following, when they
should be sown in beds of light soil, at about an inch apart every way, and
covered about half an inch or three quarters of an inch thick. Half the" plants
which come up will be fit for transplanting into nursery lines in the November
following.

& 4. C. WELDE N// Vis. Welden's Cytisus.

I. Dalm. Ex. Bot. Zeit., Jan. 1830., p. 52. : Don's Mill
Bot. Reg., 1839, Month. Reg., No. 122.
3. from a drawing kindly sent us by the late Baron Jacq

Spec. Char., $c. Erect. Leaves ternate, petiolate ; leaflets elliptic, entire, cu-

Identification. Visiani PI. Dalm. Ex. Bot. Zeit., Jan. 1830., p. 52. : Don's Mill., 2. p. 155. • Hort.

Fl. Austr., 2. p. 339. ; Bot. Reg., 1839, Month. Reg., No. 122.
Engraving. Our Jig. 343. from a drawing kindly sent us by the late Baron Jacquin.

218

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

neated at the base, and obtuse at the apex, smooth. Racemes terminal, stalked,
pyramidal, straight; pedicels
hoary and villous. Calyxes
campanulate, 3-lobed ; lobes
tomentosely ciliated.Corolla
glabrous, but the carina is
clothed with silky villi. Le-
gume glabrous, mucronate
by the style. (Don's Mill.)
An erect woody shrub, re-
sembling a laburnum. Dal-
matia, in woods on moun-
tains. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft. ;
6 ft. to 8 ft. in gardens. In-
troduced in 1837. Flowers
yellow, fragrant ; June and
July. Legumes brown ; ripe
in October.

The racemes are erect, and
do not droop even when in
fruit. The seeds are still more
poisonous than those of the
common laburnum, and the
scent of the flowers causes
headach. The milk of the
goats which feed upon the flowers, Baron Welden observes, produces the same
effect, only more severely, upon those who drink it.

& 5. C. NI'GRICANS L. The black Cytisus.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1041. ; Dec. Prod., 2,p. 153. : Don's Mill.,

2. p. 155.

Engravings. Jacq. Austr., t. 378. ; Bot. Reg., t. 802. ; and our
fig- 344.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches round, twiggy. Leaves
stalked, and clothed with closely pressed down
beneath, as well as the branches, calyxes, and
pods; leaflets elliptic. Racemes elongated, ter-
minal, erect. Calyxes without bracteas. (Dec.
Prod.) A handsome deciduous shrub. Piedmont,
Vallais, and Bohemia. On hills and along way-
sides. Height 3 ft. to 6ft. Introduced in 1730.
Flowers yellow ; June and July. Legume black ;
ripe in October. The whole plant turns black
when drying ; whence the specific name.

It ripens seed in abundance ; and it may also be
propagated by grafting on C. .Laburnum, thus form-
ing a handsome standard.

3fc 6. C. SESSILIFO'LIUS L. The sessile-leaved Cytisus.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1041. ; Dec. Prod., 2 p. 153. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 155.
Engravings. Lam. 111., t. 618. f. 2. : Bot. Mag., t. 255. ; and our figs. 345. and 346.

Spec. Char., fyc. The whole plant quite smooth. Branches round. Floral
leaves almost sessile, and leaflets ovate. Racemes terminal, short, and erect ;
each calyx having a 3-leaved bractea under it. (Dec. Prod.) A shrub, with
upright branches, and smooth shining leaves. Native of France and Pied-
mont. Height 4 ft. to 7 ft. Introduced in 1569. Flowers yellow; May
and June. Legume black ; ripe in October.

In very general cultivation in British gardens, generally as a bush, but some-

344. Cytisus nfgricans.

XXV. LEGUMINAXCE^E : CY'TISUS.

219

345. Cytisus sessilifolius.

times grafted standard high on the
laburnum ; when it forms a very
formal, symmetrical, round-headed,
small tree, which, however, is
highly beautiful when in flower.
We have given two figures of
this species, both drawn to the
same scale, to show how much it
varies in the magnitude and general
appearance of its foliage, accord-
ing to soil and situation. Plants
grafted standard high are common
in the London nurseries.

346. Cytisus sessilifolius.

•*• 7. C. TRIFLO'RUS UHerit. The three-flowered Cytisus.

Identification. L'Ht5rit. Stirp., 184.; Desf. Fl. Atl., 2. p. 139.; Dec.

Prod., 2. p. 154. ; Don's Mill. 2. p. 155. ; Webb Iter Hispan., 51.
Synonyme. C. villbsus Pour. Act. Toul. 3. p. 317.
Engravings. Clus. Hist, 1. p. 94. f. 3. ; Duh., t. 5. f. 452. ; our fig. 347.

Spec Char., $c. The whole plant hairy. Branches
round. Leaves petiolate ; leaflets ovate-elliptic. Flow-
ers axillary, pedicellate, terete, and somewhat race-
mose at the tops of the branches. (Dec. Prod.) A
straggling hairy shrub, closely resembling C. capitatus
and C. hirsutus. South of France, Italy, Sicily, and
Mauritania. Height 3 ft. to 4- ft. Introduced in 1640.
Flowers yellow ; June and July. Legume black ;
ripe in October.
Frequent in gardens, sometimes grafted standard high ;

but neither as a standard nor as a dwarf is it of great duration.

be planted in an airy situation.

347. C/tisu* trifldrus.

It should

8. C. PAVTENS L. The spreading Cytisus.

Identification.

Prod., 2. p. 154. ; Don's Mi

Lin. Syst. Veg. 555., according to L'Hcrit. Stirp., 184. ; Dec.
" ~ ' "ill., 2. p. 155.
met. C. pendullnus Lin. Fil. Supp. 328. ; C. grandiflorus Dec. Prod. 2.

.; Genista tomentbsa Pair. Supp. 2. p. 719. ; Spartium patens Lin.
Syst. 535., Brot. Fl. Lus. 2. p. 83., but not of Cav. ; Spartium grandifldrum
Brot. Fl. Lus., 2. p. 80. ; Sarothamnus patens Webb Iter Hispan. 51.
Engraving. Our fig. 348.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches striated and pubescent. Leaves
trifoliolate, petiolate ; the upper ones simple, and obovate,
as are the leaflets ; covered with closely pressed down.
Flowers axillary, usually in pairs, pedicellate, nodding.
Pods very hairy. (Dec. Prod.) A spreading shrub. Native
of Portugal. 'Height 4ft. to 6ft. Introduced in 1752.
Flowers yellow ; June and July. Legume dark brown, or
black; ripe in October.

A very handsome shrub, especially when grafted standard
high, not so common in collections as it ought to be.

& 9. C. SCOPAVRIUS Link. The common Broom.

Identification. Link Enum.,2. p. 241. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 154. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 155.

Synonymes. Sp&rtium scoparium Lin. Sp. 998., Smith Eng. Bot. 1339. ; Genista scoparia Lam.

Diet. 2. p. 623., but not of Vill. ; G. hirsuta Mcench Meth. 144. ; Genet a Balais, Genet commun,

Fr. ; gemeine Pfriemer, Ger.
Engravings. (Ed. Fl. Dan., t. 313. ; Smith Engl. Bot.,t. 1339. ; and our fig. 349.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Branches angled, glabrous. Leaves petioled, trifoliolate ;
the uppermost simple; these and the leaflets oblong. Flowers axillary, pe-
diceled, solitary. Legumes pilose at the margins. (Dec. Prod.) A shrub,
evergreen from the colour of its numerous young shoots. Native of dry
sandy or gravelly soils, throughout Europe. Height 3 ft. to 12 ft. accordin"

Cytisus p&te

220

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

to the soil and situation. Flowers large, yellow ; May and June. Legume
black ; ripe in September. Naked young wood green.

Varieties.

& C. s. 2 dibits Hort. lias the flowers white^ or of a very pale yellow.
* C. s. 3flore plena Hort. has flowers slightly double.

The roots are straight, and penetrate perpendicularly to a great depth. The
leaves are trifoliolate or simple ; the branches numerous, long, straight, angular,
dark green, smooth, and tough. The flowers are of a deep golden yellow,
sometimes tinged with orange, and occasionally of a uniform pale lemon
colour : they are succeeded by pods above an inch long,
black when ripe, and each containing 15 or 16 seeds.
The flowers are larger than those of any other species
of the genus ; and, were the plant not so common in
a wild state, it would, doubtless, be considered the
most ornamental. The whole plant is exceedingly tough,
and bitter to the taste, and has a strong disagreeable
smell. Though it is at present comparatively neglected,
yet in former times it was one of very great importance
in rural and domestic economy. The branches are eaten
by sheep and cattle ; and, on poor gravelly soils, formed,
before the general improvement of grass lands which
has taken place within the last century, the principal
herbage. One of the principal modern uses of the broom,
both in Britain and on the Continent, is to form
brooms, or besoms; for which purpose, as the specific
name would imply, it appears to have been used from
time immemorial. The young shoots were formerly
used as a substitute for hops in brewing beer ; and the
flower-buds, just before they become yellow, were pickled
in the manner of capers. The tops and leaves are purgative and diuretic.
In the North of Scotland, a decoction of the recent shoots is used by shep-
herds, for dressing the backs of sheep, instead of tobacco water. The broom
produces abundance of seeds, which, according to M. Hartig, retain their
germinating quality for a very long time : some that he kept 25 years, in a
room which was occupied, having come up as readily as new seed.

349. Cytisus icopkrius.

§ iii. Calycutome Link.

Derivation. From kalyx, a calyx, and tome, a cutting; in reference to the calyx, the upper part of
which, after some time, falls off, in such a manner as to give the remainder the appearance of being
cut round.

Sect. Char. Calyx campanulate, somewhat bilabiate, at length becoming trun-
cate. Pod thickened on the upper suture. Shrubs with spiny branches
and yellow flowers. (Dec. Prod.)

& 10. C. SPINO^SUS Lam. The spiny Cytisus.

Identification. Lam. Diet., 2. p. 247. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 154. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 155. ; Webb Iter

Higpan., 51.

Synonyme. Spartium spin&sum Lin. Sp. 997.
Engravings. J. Bauh. Hist, 1. p. 2. p. 376., icon. ; Lob. Icon., 2. t. 95. ; and our fig. 350.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches angled, spiny. Leaves trifoliolate ;
leaflets obovate-pblong. Legumes perfectly smooth. (Dec.
Prod.) An upright spiny shrub. Upon hills and rough places
from Perpignan to Genoa, in Corsica, and in the Algerine
country. Height 2 ft. to 10 ft. Introduced in 1596. Flowers
yellow ; June and July. Legume black ; ripe in October.

There are plants in the Hort. Soc. Garden. M0. c. Spin6sus.

XXV. LEGUMINA^CE^: 6'Y TISUS.

221

jbk 11. C. TRIBRACTEOLAXTUS Webb. The three-bracted Cytisus.

Identification. Tter Hispan., p. 51 . ; Otia Hispan., p. 3.
Engravings. Otia Hispan., t. 3. and our fig. 351.

Spec. Char., %c. Decumbent. Branches tetragonal,
divaricate, rigid, obtuse. Leaves trifoliolate,
verticillately sub-opposite ; leaflets ovate-elliptic,
slightly obtuse at the apex, retuse, with ash-
coloured silky down, petiolulate. Common petiole
none, or cohering with the branch. Flowers axil-
lary, clustered, pedunculate. Calyx bilabiate,
hairy; upper lip cut to the middle in narrow
acute segments ; lower lip longer, narrow, 3-
toothed ; middle tooth longest, supported at the

/i- A K U U

{Webby Otia Hup.} A decumbent shrub, ever-
green from the colour of its bark. Spain near Medina Sidonia, on the sum-
mits of mountains. Height 1 ft. to 3 ft. Introduced in 1838. Flowers
yellow ; May. Legume ?.

ft 12. C. LANI'GERUS Dec. The wool-bearing Cytisus.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 154. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 155. ; Webb Iter

Hispan., 51.
Synonymes. Sp&rtium lanfeerum Detf. Fl. Atl. 2. p. 135. : Calycotome

vill&sa Link Enum. ; Spartium villbsum Brot. Fl. Lus. 2. p. 85., and

Pair. Voy. 2. p. 207.
Engraving. Our fig. 352. from a specimen in the British Museum.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches furrowed, spiny. Leaves tri-
foliolate ; leaflets obovate-elliptical. Legumes very hairy
in a woolly manner. (Dec. Prod.) A spiny shrub.
Found wild on hills and in rough places in Corsica,
Crete, the Archipelago, Mauritania, Gibraltar, and Por-
tugal. Height 2 ft. to 10 ft. Introduced in 1821.
Flowers yellow ; June and July. Legume dark brown,
or black ; ripe in October.

Variety.

ft C. /. 2 rigidus Dec. — Spines very strong.

Not common in collections, and in all probability it is
nothing more than a variety of the preceding species.

§ iv. Tubocytisus Dec.

Derivation. From tubus, a tube, and cytisus ; in reference to the tubular shape of the calyx.

Sect. Char. Calyx tubular, with the apex toothed-lipped. Thornless shrubs.
(Dec. Prod., ii. p. 155.)

A. Flowers white or whitish.

j» 13. C. LEUCA'NTHUS Waldst. et Kit. The white-flowered
Cytisus.

Identification. Waldst. et Kit., 2. p. 141. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 155. : Don's Mill.,

2. p. 156.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 1438. ; and our fig. 353.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem erect. Branches round, and, as well
as the leaves, clothed with closely pressed pubescence. Leaf-
lets elliptic and acute. Flowers at the points of the branches ;
heads of flowers bracteated by two leaves. (Dec. Prod.) A
downy shrub. Croatia, in woods. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft.
Introduced in 1806. Flowers yellowish white ; June and
July. Legume black ; ripe in October.

353. C. leuc&nthus.

222

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

355. C. purpiireus.

Very ornamental, and well deserving a place among other species of the
genus. It forms a handsome object grafted standard high.

B. Flowers purple.

-* 14. C. PURPU'REUS Scop. The purple-flowered Cytisus.

Identification. Scop. Cam., No. 905. t. 43. ; Dec. Prod.. 2. p. 155. ; Don's Mill, 2. p. 156.
Engravings. Jacq. Aust. Append., t. 48.; Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 892. ; Bot. Mag., t. 1176. ; and our
figs. 354, 355.

Spec. Char., $c. Stems procumbent, twiggy. Leaves, calyxes, and legumes
glabrous. Leaflets oblong. Flowers axillary, solitary, on short pedicels.
(Don's Jlfill.) A procumbent shrub. Native of Carniola in exposed places.
Height 1 ft. Introduced in 1792. Flowers purple;
May to August. Legume black ; ripe in October.

Varieties.

-* C. p. 2 flore albo Hort. has the flowers of a pure

white.

-* C. p. 3JTbre roseo. — Flowers rose- coloured. Plants
in the Horticultural Society's Garden.

Of all the different species of Cf-
tisus, when grafted on the laburnum
standard high, this forms the most
graceful tree ; and a plant of it covered
with its purple flowers, placed on a
lawn, or in a border near a standard of
Genista triquetra, covered with its
golden yellow flowers, will produce a
very striking effect. The singular hybrid
or sport formed between this plant and the laburnum has
been already described, p. 216.

C. Floivers yellow.

* 15. C. ELONGA'TUS Waldst. et Kit. The
elongated Cytisus.

Identification. Waldst. et Kit. Hung., 2. p. 200. t. 183. ; Dec.

Prod., 2. p. 155. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 155.
Engravings. Waldst. et Kit. Hung., t. 183. ; and our fig. 356.

Spec. Char., tyc. Stems erect. Branches elon-
gated and round ; young ones hairy. Leaflets
obovate, clothed beneath with closely pressed
hairs. Flowers lateral, usually in fours, on short
pedicels. Calyxes hairy. (Dec. Prod.) An erect
pubescent shrub. Native of Hungary, in woods.
Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced in 1804. Flowers
yellow ; May and June. Legume dark brown,
or black ; ripe in September.

In H. S. Garden, and at Messrs. Loddiges's.

j» 16. C. MULTIFLOVRUS Lindl. The many-
flowered Cytisus.

Identification. Lindl. Bot. Reg., t. 1191. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 156.
Synonymes. C. elongatus Hortul., but not of Kit. ; C. elongatus

,3 multiflbrus Dec. Prod. 2. p. 155.
Engravings. Lindl. Bot. Reg., t. 1 191 . ; and our fig. 357.

Spec. C/tar., $c. Stems erect. Branches elon-
gated, terete, younger ones villous. Leaflets
oblong, tapering to the base, villous beneath,
and of the same colour on both surfaces.

354. C. purpiireus

356. Cytisus elongJUfli.

Flowers usually ternary. Pedicels about equal in length to the petioles

XXV. LEGUM1NAVCE^E : CY'TISUS.

223

Vexillum emarginate, undulated. (Don's Mi/I.) A downy shrub. Native of
Europe. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft. Introduced in 1800. Flowers yellow ; May
and June. Legume black ; ripe in September.
It appears to us to be only a variety of the preceding species.

357. Cytisus multiflorus.

358. C^tisus falcktu*.

359. Cytlsus austriacus.

j* 17. C. FALCA^TUS Waldst. et Kit. The sickle-like-podded Cytisus.

Identification. Waldst. et Kit. Hung., 3. p. 264. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 155. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 156.; Lod.
Engravings. Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 520. ; Waldst. et Kit. Hung., 3. t. 238. ; and our fig. 358.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stems declinate Branches round and twiggy ; the young
ones, as well as the leaves, clothed with closely pressed hairy down. Petioles
hairy. Flowers usually in threes, lateral, and on short peduncles. Calyxes
clothed with closely pressed hairs. (Dec. Prod.) A downy shrub. Native
of Croatia, the South of Russia, and Gallicia. Height 2 ft. to 4 ft. Introd.
1816. Flowers yellow ; June to August. Legume black; ripe in October.

Varieties. C. triflorus Lod., C. ruthenicus Lod., C. decumbens Lod., are
apparently all varieties of this species.

JBK 18. C. AUSTRIA ACUS L. The Austrian Cytisus.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1042. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 156. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 156.

Engravings. Mill. Icon., 117. f. 2. ; Pall. Itin., ed. Gal., t. 100. f. 3. ; Jacq. Austr., t. 21. ; and our
fig. 359. above.

Spec. Char., $c. Stems upright. Branches round and twiggy, and, as well as
the leaves, clothed with closely pressed strigose pubescence. Leaflets lan-
ceolate, attenuated at both ends. Flowers terminal, somewhat umbellate.
Calyxes and legumes rather hairy. (Dec. Prod.) An upright downy shrub.
Found in woods and rough places in Austria, Upper Italy, the Ukraine,
and Siberia. Height 2 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced in 1741. Flowers yellow ;
July to September. Legume black ; ripe in November.

Variety.

& C. a. 2 nova Lod. has the leaves much smaller than
the species, and seems to be an erect, and very dis-
tinct variety.

-* 19. C. SUPI^NUS Jacq. The supine Cytisus.

Identification. Jacq. Fl. Austr., 1. 1. 20. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 156. ; Don's Mill., 2.

p. 156.

Synonyme. C. totoldes Pour. Act. Tout. 3. t. 318.
Engravings. Clus. Hist., p. 96., No. 7., icon.; Jacq. Fl. Austr., 1. 1. 20.; and

our fig. 360.

Spec. Char., $c. Stems branched and decumbent. Branches

round, and, when young, rather hairy ; adult ones smooth.

Leaflets obovate, hairy beneath. Flowers 2—4, usually 360. cytisus supinu
terminal and pedunculate. Calyxes and pods slightly hairy.

224 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

{Dec. Prod.) A decumbent hairy shrub. Native of Belgium, Austria,
Pannonia, Siberia, Turkey, and Dauphine, both on exposed hills, and in
sheltered bushy places. Height 1 ft. Introduced in 1755. Flowers pale
yellow, with the standard reddish ; May to August. Legume dark brown,
or black j ripe in November.

-** 20. C. HiRSuVus L. The hairy Cytisus.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1042. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 156. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 156.

Synonymes. C. suplnus Bertol. PI. Gen., but not of Lin. ; C. trifl6rus Lam. Diet. 2. p. 250., but

not of L'Herit.; C. Tournefortztfwws Loisel. in N. Du Ham., 5. p. 157.
Engraving. Our fig. . in p.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Stems decumbent. Branches round and twiggy ; when young
hairy, but smooth when old. Leaflets ovate, hairy beneath. Flowers lateral
on very short pedicels, aggregate. Calyxes and pods hairy. (Dec. Prod.) A
decumbent hoary shrub. Found in rugged places from Genoa to Hungary.
Height 1 ft. Introduced in 1739. Flowers yellow ; June to August. Le-
gume black ; ripe in October. Closely resembling the C. capitatus, and
C. trifldrus of Loddiges's arboretum.

j* 21. C. CAPITA^TUS Jacq. The headed-cowered Cytisus.

Identification. Jacq. Fl. Austr., t. 33. ; Dec. Prod. 2. p. 156. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 156.
Synonymes. C. hirsutus Lam. Diet. 2. p. 250. ; C. suplnus Lin. Sp. 1040.
Engravings. Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 497. ; and our fig. 361.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Stems and branches erect, the latter hispid.
Leaflets ovate-elliptic, hairy. Flowers numerous, and
forming heads at the points of the branches ; but some-
times lateral in the autumn. Calyxes and pods covered
with short hairs. (Dec. Prod.) An upright hoary shrub.
Found wild on the edges of woods in Burgundy, Italy,
and Austria. Height 2 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced in 1774.
Flowers yellow ; June and July. Legume dark brown,
or black ; ripe in October.

Varieties or Synonymes. Cjtisus austriacus Lod., C. canescens Fisch. of Got.,
C. uralensis Lod., C. calycinus Lod., C. parvifolius Lod., C. hirsutus
Lod.y C. supinus Lod.y appear to be all varieties of C. capitatus, or in
some cases, perhaps, identical with that species.

A 22. C. ciLiAVus Wahlenb. The ciliated-podded Cytisus.

Identification. Wahlenb. Fl. Carp., 219. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 156. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 156.
Engraving. Our fig. . iafig.

Spec. Char.y Sfc. Stems upright, Branches smooth when old, but when young
hispid. Leaflets obovate, clothed beneath with closely pressed hairs, Flowers
approximate in threes, at length lateral. Pods glabrous and ciliated. (Dec.
Prod.) A hispid shrub. Native of the Carpathian Mountains. Height
2ft. to 4 ft. Introduced in 1817. Flowers yellow; June and July. Le-
gume black ; ripe in October.

j* 23. C. POLY'TRICHUS Sieb. The many-haired Cytisus.

Identification. Bieb. Fl. Taur. Suppl., 477. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 156. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 156.
Engraving. Our fig. . in p.

Spec. Char.y Sfc. Stems declinate. Branches hispid. Leaflets obovate-ellip-
tic. Flowers lateral, usually in pairs, pedicellate. Calyxes and pods hairy.
(Dec. Prod.) A recumbent shrub. Found in pine forests, on high moun-
tains, in Tauria. Height 2 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced in 1818. Flowers yellow;
June and July. Legume black ; ripe in October. DeCandolle observes of
it, that it has the hairiness of C. capitatus, the disposition of the flowers of
C. hirsutus, and the habit of C. supinus.

XXV. LEGUMINANCEyE :

225

§ v. Lotdides Dec.

Derivation. From lotos, the lotus, and eidos, appearance ; from the general resemblance of the
species to the genus Z,6tus.

Spec. Char., $c. Tube of the calyx short, obconical ; the upper lip 2-parted,
the lower 3-toothed. Corolla hardly longer than the calyx. Many-stemmed
decumbent shrubs, deciduous, with few flowers, generally capitate and ter-
minal, and all yellow. (Dec. Prod.)

-* 24. C. ARGE'NTEUS L. The silvery Cytisus.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1043. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 156. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 157.
Synonyme. jLbtus arg^nteus Brot. FL Lus. 2. p. 119.
Engravings. Lob. Icon., 2. p. 41. f. 2. ; and our fig. 362.

Spec. Char. , fyc. Stems decumbent. Leaves, calyxes, corollas,
and pods clothed with a closely pressed silky clown. Leaves
petiolate, trifoliolate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate. Flowers
3 — 4, produced at the points of the shoots. (Dec. Prod.)
A decumbent shrub. Native of Carniola, the South of
France, and Mauritania. Height 1 ft. Introduced in 1739.
Flowers vellow ; August. Legume black ; ripe in October.

562. C. arg£nteu».

A silky silvery-looking shrub, from the prevalence of closely
pressed silky down over all its parts ; noticed in the specific character, and
whence it derives its specific name.

Jt 25. C. CALYCINNUS Bieb. The large-calyxed Cytisus.

Identification. Bieb. FL Taur., 2. p. 166. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 157. ; Don's

Mill., 2. p. 157.

Synonyme. C. p.iuciflbrus Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1126.
Engravings. Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 673. ; and our fig. 363.

Spec. Char., $c. Stems ascending. Leaves, calyxes, and
pods somewhat hairy from spreading down. Leaves
trifoliolate and petiolate. Leaflets roundish, obovate.
Flowers terminal, from 2 to 8 together. (Dec. Prod.)
A prostrate shrub, with trailing branches, the ends of
which grow upright. Found in stony places on Mount
Caucasus. Height 1 ft. Introduced in 1820. Flowers
yellow ; August. Legume black ; ripe in October.

* 26. C. NA'NUS Willd. The dwarf Cytisus.

Identification. Willd. Enum., 769. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 157.
Engravings. Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 81. ; and our fig. 364.

Spec. Char.,fyc. Stems cylindrical. Leaves trifo-
liolate, obovate, clothed with strigose pubescence
beneath, and smooth above. Raceme terminal,
secund, usually 4-flowered. Calyx deeply 3-
parted ; hairs on the stems and peduncles ad-
pressed. (Don's Mill.) A procumbent shrub.
Native of the Levant. Height 1 ft. Introd. in
1816. Flowers yellow; June and July. Le-
gume black ; ripe in October.

This is a beautiful little shrub for rockwork ;
and if planted in dry sandy soil, covered with
broad flat stones to retain the moisture during
the hot weather of July, it will continue flowering
during the whole of that month, and produce
abundance of seeds j which may be sent to any
distance in the pods.

Q

226

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

3G5. C. orientklis.

§ vi. Chronanthus Dec.

Derivation. From chronos, a year, and anthos, a flower ; applied to this section because the petals
remain attached to the calyxes all the year.

Sect. Char. Calyx with the upper lip bifid, and the lower one trifid ; lobes
acute, of the same length as the tube. Petals permanent. Legume oval,
much compressed, 2-seeded. (Dec. Prod., ii. p. 157.)

j* 27. C. ORIENTALS Lois. The Oriental Cytisus.

Identification. Lois, in N. Du Ham., 5. p. 156.; .Don's Mill., 2. p. 157.
Si/nonyme. C. orientalis, &c., Gerard and Vail. Herb.
Engravings. Pluk. Phyt., t. 31. f. 3.; and our Jig. 365.

Spec. Char.y tyc. Stems erect, hairy. Leaves almost sessile,
trifoliolate, hairy; leaflets linear, acute. Flowers large and
yellow, subterminal, on short pedicels, and few. The flowers

. and pods are both glabrous. Calyx hairy, more 5-cleft than
bilabiate. (Dec. Prod., ii. p. 157.) An erect hairy shrub.
Native of the Levant. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft. Introduced in
1818. Flowers yellow, large and persistent; June and July.
Legume black ; ripe in October.

Other Species of Cytisus. — This genus, in British gardens, is in such a state^of
confusion, that nothing can be done in it satisfactorily till all the kinds are
collected together, and cultivated for two or three years till they show their
flowers and fruit. Perhaps two thirds of the alleged species in the London
gardens are only varieties. In the mean time, all that a cultivator can do is to
procure as many kinds as he can ; and in the collection of Messrs. Loddiges
he will find the greater number of those above described, though some of them
have been killed by the winter of 1837-8. Among the species probably hardy,
by far the handsomest in point of foliage is the C. teolicus Guss. (Bot. Reg.

t. 1902., and our Jig. 366.)

It is a tall, very hoary

shrub. A native of Strom-

boli. Height 5 ft. to 8 ft

Introd. in 1835. Flowers

pubescent, yellow, cam-

panulate, and the young

legumes glabrous. It has

the appearance, Dr. Lind-

' ley observes, of being an

intermediate species be-
tween C. .Laburnum and

C. triflorus. (See Arb. Br.,

1st ed., p. 2551.) C. nz-

cemosus Marnock (Flor.

^^ yol jj t jg . an(j

some shrub, of moderately robust habit ; a native of the Peak of Teneriffe.
Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced in 1835. The flowers are terminal, in a
spike about 6 in. in length, and of a bright yellow. There were plants in the
Epsom Nursery in 1838. Many other species of Cytisus are described by
authors, for which we refer to Don's Miller, Webb's Iter Hispaniense, Bois-
sier's Elenchus Plantarum, Duby and DeCandolle's Botanicon Gallicum, and
the first edition of this Arboretum. Many genera of ligneous plants require to
be cultivated together, in the same garden, in order to settle their nomen-
clature : but while some of these, as Quercus, Pinus, &c., would consume the
greater part of a lifetime in procuring them from the different quarters of the
world, and waiting till they came into flower, the genera Genista, 6'ytisus,
and Adenocarpus are almost exclusively European, and might be collected in
the course of one year ; while, in three years after the seeds were sown, the
plants would in most cases come into flower. It is surprising, therefore, that
some amateur of leisure does not undertake their arrangement.

Cytisus racemosus.

XXV. LEGUMINAXCE^E : ADENOCA'RPUS.

227

GENUS VIII.

ul

ADENOCA'RPUS Dec. THE ADENOCARPUS. Lin. Syst. Monadelphia

Decandria.

Identification. Dec. Fl. Fr. Supp., 549. ; L£g. M<hn., 6. ; Prod., 2. p. 158. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 157.
Derivation. From aden, a gland, and karpos, fruit ; in reference to the legumes being beset with
pedicellate glands.

Gen. Char. Calyx obconical, usually beset with glands, bilabiate ; upper lip bi-
partite, lower one longer and trifid. Carina obtuse, enclosing the stamens and
pistils. Stamens monadelphous. Legume oblong, compressed. (Don's Mill.)
Leaves compound, trifoliolate, alternate, stipulate, deciduous. Flowers
yellow in all the species. — Shrubs, straggling, of short duration, somewhat
evergreen from the colour of their young shoots ; natives chiefly of Europe.

Branches divergent; leaves trifoliolate, with petiolar stipules, and folded
leaflets, and usually grouped ; flowers upon bracteolate pedicels, and disposed
in terminal racemes. Culture as in (Tytisus, from which
genus most of the species have been separated.

j* 1. A. HISPA'NICUS Dec. The Spanish Adenocarpus.

Identification. Dec. Fl. Fr. Suppl., 549. ; Leg. Mem., 6. ; Prod., 2.

p. 158. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 158.
Synonymes. C^tisus hispanicus Lam. Diet. 2. p. 248. ; C. anagf rius

L'Herit. Stirp. 184.. N. Du flam. 5. p. 149.
Engraving. Our ^£.368.

Spec. Char., 8?c. Calyx glandulose and villose ; lower
lip with three equal segments, that are barely longer
than the upper lip. Branchlets hairy. Flowers
grouped. Standard rather glabrous. (Dec. Prod.) A
hairy shrub. Spain and Portugal, in shady and moist
places. Height 2ft. to 4ft. Introduced in 1816.
Flowers yellow ; June and July. Legume dark brown,
or black ; ripe in October. 3«»- A. hisp4nicus.

& 2. A. BOISSIERE/ Webb. Boissier's Aden>carpus.

Identification. Webb's Iter Hisp., p. 52. ; Otia Hispan., p. 4.

Synonymes. A. dec6rticans Boiss. Not. sur F Abies Pinsapo, p. 9. ; Raca vieja, Span.

Engravings. Otia Hispanica, t. 4. ; and our fig. 369.

Spec. Char., fyc. Arborescent. Bark scaly. Branches purplish, ash-coloured,
clothed with soft hairy pubescence, and with numerous leaves. Petioles
elongate, terete. Leaves with ad-
pressed pubescence. Leaflets linear,
with revolute margins, somewhat ob-
tuse. Calyx villous, the lower lip
somewhat longer than the upper.
Vexillum pubescent at the apex and
middle. Legumes elongate, obtuse,
whitish, with purple glands. Seed
greenish black. ( Webb, Otia Hispan.)
A larg'j deciduous shrub. Spain, in
warm valleys of the mountains of
Granada, 4500ft. to 5000ft. above
the sea. Height 15 ft. to 20 ft. In-
troduced ?. Flowers reddish yellow,
fragrant; June and July. Legume
whitish, covered with numerous pur-
ple glands j ripe in August.

Q 2

369. Adenocftrpiu BoUsten.

228

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BBITANNICUM.

A most beautiful species when in flower ; but, when out of flower, of a gloomy
ashy hue. The trunk is disfigured by the old ragged bark, whence the
vernacular name. It is truly astonishing, Mr. Webb observes, that this splendid
European plant, of almost arboreous stature, with spikes of flowers sometimes
a foot in length, should so long have escaped detection. It closely resembles
A. hispanicus, but, according to Mr. Webb, it is " very entirely distinct." Plants
are, or soon will be, in the Milford Nursery.

* 3. A. INTERMEVDIUS Dec. The intermediate Adenocarpus.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 158. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 158.
Si/nonyme. Cy'tisus complicatus Brot. Fl. LHS. 2. p 92.
Engravings. Clus. Hist., 1. p. 94. f. 1. ; and our fig. 370.

Spec. Char., fyc. Calyx pubescent ; pubescence glandu-

lated ; the middle of the three segments of the lower

lip of the calyx longer than the side ones, and than the

upper lip. Branchlets rather villose. Flowers rather

distant. Standard rather glabrous. (Dec. Prod.) A

pubescent shrub. Native of sunny gravelly places in

Portugal and Old Castile, and Mount Sender, in Sicily,

and of Mongiana, in the kingdom of Naples. Height

4 ft. Year of introduction unknown. Flowers yellow ;

May to July. Legume black ; ripe in September.

A very handsome species, and one that is much admired
for its fine terminal spikes of flowers, which, in favour-
able seasons, and in a dry soil, ripen abundance of seeds.

* 4. A. PARVIFOVLIUS Dec. The small-leaved Adenocarpus.

Identification. Dec. Leg. Mem. 6., and Prod. 2. p. 158. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 158.
Synonymes. Cytisus parvifolius N. Du Ham. 5. p. 147., Lam. Diet. 2. p. 248.,

exclusive of the synonymes ; Cytisus divaricatus UHerit. Stirp. 184.; Cytisus
complicatus Dec. Fl. Fr. No. 3821.; Spartium complidUum Lois.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 5. t. 47. f. 1. ; and our Jig. 371.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Calyx somewhat pubescent, with glandulous
pubescence ; the central segment of the lower lip longer
than the side segments, and much exceeding the upper lip
in length. Branches glabrous. Flowers distant. Standard
pubescent. (Dec. Prod.) An erect shrub, whitish from the
down on its branches. Native of sunny heaths in the West
of France. Height 2 ft. to 10 ft. Introduced in 1800. Flow-
ers yellow ; May to July. Legume black ; ripe in October. 371. A.parvifoiiufc

j* 5. A. TELONE'NSIS Dec. The Toulon Adenocarpus.

Identification. Dec. Fl. Fr. Suppl. 54., Leg. Mem. 6., Prod. 2. p. 158. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 158.
Synonymes. Cytisus telonensis Lois. Fl. Gall. 446., and in N. Du Ham. 5. p. 155. ; SpSrtiura com.

plicatum Gouan Hort. Monsp. 356., exclusive of the synonyme.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 5. t. 47. f. 2. ; and our fig. 372.

Spec. Char.y $c. Calyx not glandulose, pubescent ;
the segments on the lower lip nearly equal, ex-
ceeding a little the upper lip in length. Branches
almost glabrous. Flowers distant. Standard
pubescent. (Dec. Prod.) An erect shrub. Na-
tive of sterile places and heaths in the Pyrenees,
in Cevennes, in Provence, and in Rome. Height
2 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced in 1800. Flowers yel-
low ; June and July. Legume dark brown, or
black ; ripe in October.

It well deserves a place in British gardens;
where, when judiciously treated, it will, owing to
the moisture of our climate, attain double the
height that it does in the South of France.

572. A. te!on6nsis.

XXV. LEGUMINACE.E :

229

GENUS IX.

nn

LJLJ

ONOXNIS L. THE REST-HARROW. Lin. Si/st. Monadelphia Decandria.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 863. ; Lam. 111., t. 616. ; Dec. Prod , 2. p. 158. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 158.
Synonymcs. Jndnis and Matrix Mcench Me"th. 157. and 158. j Arrete-bceuf, or sometimes Bugrane,

Fr. ; Hauhechel, Ger.
Derivation. Said to be from onos, an ass ; because only asses would feed upon so prickly a plant.

Restharrow is a corruption of arrest, that is, stop, harrow ; from the long and deeply seated roots

opposing a serious impediment to the plough or harrow.

Gen. Char. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, with linear segments. Vexillum large,
striated. Stamens monadelphous, the tenth one sometimes almost free.
Legume usually turgid, sessile, few-seeded. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves trifoliolate, stipulate, alternate, deciduous. Flowers yellow, pur-
plish and red, or rarely white. — Shrubs, very low, suffruticose ; natives of
Europe. Two species are hardy.

The peduncle is, in many instances, furnished with an awn, which is the
petiole of an abortive floral leaf. Tiie two specimens here described are well
adapted for rockwork or flower-borders, on account of their lively flowers,
which are red, or reddish purple; colours not frequently met with in the lig-
neous Leguminaceae, by far the greater part of which have yellow flowers.
They are readily propagated by seeds or by division, and
will grow in any soil that is tolerably dry.

j* 1. O. FRUTICOVSA L. The shrubby Restharrow.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1010. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 167. ; Don's Mill., 2

p. 160.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 1. t. 58.; Mill. Icon., t. 36. ; Bot. Mag".,t. 317 ;

and our fig. 373.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Leaves trifoliolate. Leaflets sessile,
lanceolate, serrated. Stipules connate into one, sheath-
ing, and 4-awned ; and, in the uppermost parts of the
plant, occupying the places of leaves which are absent.
Pedicels 3-flowered, disposed in a raceme. (Dec. Prod.)
A low shrub. Alps of Dauphine, &c. Height 1 ft. to
4* ft. Introduced in 1680. Flowers purplish red ;
May and June. Legume brown ; ripe in September.

Variety.

j* O. /. 2 microphylla Dec., O. fruticosa Asso. —
Leaflets small, obovate, and serrated. Native of
the mountains of Aragon. S7S. 0. fnit,c6sft

j* 2. O. ROTUNDIFO'LIA L. The round-leaved Restharrow.

Identification. Lin. Sp. ed. 1. p. 719., but not ed. 2. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 161. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 160-
Synonymes. 0. latifdlia Asso Syn. 97., Lin. Mant. t. 11. f. 1. ; Mtrix rotundi folia Mcench.
Engravings. Jacq. Fl. Austr. Append., t. 49. ; Bot. Mag., t. 335. ; and our fig. 374.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate,
and toothed. Peduncles 3-flowered, and with-
out bracteas. (Dec. Prod.) A low shrub. Native
of the Pyrenees, and the Alps. Height 1 ft. to
2 ft. Introduced in 1570. Flowers purplish red;
May to Sept. Legume brown ; ripe in October.

Other Kinds of Ononis. — O. tribractedta Dec., a
suffruticose plant with pink flowers, supposed to
be a native of Carinthia, differs little from O. ro-
tundifolia. Several other species are hardy, but
not sufficiently ligneous for our purpose.

Q 3

230 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

GENUS X.

AMO'RPHA L. THE AMORPHA, or BASTARD INDIGO. Lin. Syst. Mona-
delphia Decandria.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 369. ; Lara. 111., t. 621. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 256. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 234.
Synonymes. Bonafi'dia Neck. Elem. No. 1364. ; Faux Indigo, Fr. ; Unform, Ger. ; Amorfa, Ital.
Derivation. From a, privative, and morphe, form ; in reference to the deformity of the corolla, from
the want of the wings and keel.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-toothed, obconically campanulate. Vexillum ovate, con-
cave. Wings and Keel wanting. Style filiform, straight, glabrous. Stamens
exserted, monadelphous at the very base. Legume compressed, 1-celleu,
1— 2-seeded. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves compound, impari-pinnate, alternate, stipulate, deciduous j stipules
deciduous. Flowers of a blue violet colour, in spicate racemes.

Shrubs, large, deciduous ; natives of North America. Leaves having many
pairs of leaflets that have transparent dots in their disks, and usually minute
stipules at their base. The flowers are disposed in racemes, usually grouped
at the tips of the branches. The species are highly ornamental on account
of their leaves, and more especially of their long spikes of flowers ; which,
though, when taken separately, they are small, and imperfect in regard to
form, are yet rich from their number, and their colours of purple or violet,
spangled with a golden yellow. The plants are not of long duration ; and are
liable to be broken by wind ; for which reason they ought always to be
planted in a sheltered situation. They produce abundance of suckers, from
which, and from cuttings of the root, they are very readily propagated.

& 1. A. FRUTICO^SA Lin. The shrubby Amorpha, or Bastard Indigo.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1003. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 256. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 234.

Synonymes. Wild Indigo, Amer. ; faux Indigo, Fr., Strauchartiger Unform, Ger. ; Indaco bastardo,

Barba di Giove, Ital.
Engravings. Schkuhr Handb., t. 197. ; Bot. Reg., 427. ; and our fig. 375.

Spec. Char., fyc. Rather arborescent, somewhat
villose or glabrous. Leaflets elliptic-oblong,
the lowest distant from the base of the
petiole. Calyx somewhat villose ; 4 of its
teeth obtuse, 1 acuminate. The standard
glandless Legume few-seeded. (Dec. Prod.)
An erect glabrous shrub. Carolina and
Florida, on the banks of rivers. Height
9 ft. to 1 2 ft. Flowers very dark bluish purple j
June and July. Legume brown ; ripe Oct.
Naked young wood greyish brown.

Varieties.

& A. f. 2 angustifolia Pursh has the leaf

lets linear-elliptic.
3fe A. f. 3 emarsindta Pursh has the leaflets

,111.1 | , 376. Amdrpha fruticbsa.

notched, and the calyx hoary,
flfe A. f. 4 Lewisii Lodd. Cat., 1830, appears to have rather larger flowers

and leaves than the species.
& A. f. 5 ccerulea Lodd. Cat., 1830, has the flowers of somewhat a paler

blue. Perhaps only a variation of A. croceo-lanata,

* 2. A. (F.) GLAVBRA Desf. The glabrous Amorpha, or Bastard Indigo.

Identification. Desf. Cat. Hort. Par., 192. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 256. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 234.
Engraving. Our fig. 376. from a specimen in Dr. Lindley's herbarium.

Spec. Char.y $c. Rather arborescent, glabrous. Leaflets elliptic-oblong, the

XXV. LEGUMINACE^: AMORPHA,

231

lowest distant from the base of the petiole. Calyx glabrous, four of its
teeth obtuse, one acuminate. Standard glanded on the outside. Legume
containing few seeds. {Dec. Prod.) A glabrous shrub. North America,
Height 3 ft. to 6ft. Introduced in 1810. Flowers bluish purple; July
and August. Legume brown ; ripe in October.

376. A. (f.) glabra.

377. A. (f.) nJma.

378. A. (f.) fragrans.

Don's

j* 3. A. (F.) NAVNA Nutt. The dwarf Amorpha, or Bastard Indigo.

Identification. Nutt. in Fras. Cat., 1813. : Nov. Gen. Amer., 2. p. 91. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 256.

Mill., 2. p. 234.

Synonyme. A. microph^lla Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 2. p. 466.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., 2112. ; and our fig. 377.

Spec. Char., $c. Shrubby, dwarf, rather glabrous. Leaflets elliptical, mucro-
nulate. Calyx glabrous, all its teeth setaceously acuminate. Legume 1-
seeded. (Dec. Prod.) A low glabrous shrub. Native of herbage-covered
hills near the Missouri. Height 1 ft. to 2 ft. Introduced 1811. Flowers
purple, fragrant ; July and August. Legume brown ; ripe in October.

* 4. A. (F.) FRANGRANS Sweet. The fragrant Amorpha, or Bastard Indigo.

Identification. Swt. Fl.-Gard., t. 241. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 234.
Synonyme. A. nana Sims in Bot. Mag. t. 2112., but not of others.
Engravings. Swt. Fl.-Gard., t. 241.; Bot. Mag., t. 2112. ; and our fig. 378.

Spec. Char., $c. Shrubby, pubescent. Leaves with 6 — 8 pairs of elliptic-
oblong mucronate leaflets, obtuse at both ends, young ones pubescent.
Calyx pubescent, pedicellate; superior teeth obtuse, lower one acute.
Style hairy. (Don's Mill.) A pubescent shrub. North America. Height
7 ft. to 8 ft. Introduced in 1800. Flowers dark purple ; June and July.
Legume brown ; ripe in September.

& 5. A. (F.) CRO^CEO-LANA'TA Wats. The
Saffron-coloured-woolly Amorpha, or tawny
Bastaid Indigo.

Identification. Wats. Dend. Brit. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 234.
Engravings. Wats. Deud. Brit., t. 139. ; and our fig. 379.

Spec. Char., 8?c. Plant clothed with tawny pu-
bescence. Racemes branched. Leaves with
6 — 8 pairs of oblong-elliptic, mucronulate,
downy leaflets ; the 3 upper teeth of calyx
ovate, acute, the 2 lower ones very short,
and rounded. (Don's Mill.) A pubescent
shrub. North America. Height 3 ft. to 5 ft.
Introd. 1820. Flowers purple or purplish

blue ; July and August. Legume dark brown, or brown ; ripe in October.

Q 4

23-2

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

.** 6. A. (F.) CANE'SCENS Nutt. The canescent Amorpha, or Bastard Indigo.

Identification. Nutt. in Fras. Cat., 1813, and Gen. Araer., 2. p. 92.;

Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 467. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 256.; Don's

Mill., 2. p. 234.

Synnnyme. ? A. pubescens Pursh 2. p. 467.
Engraving. Our fig. 380. from Pursh's specimen in the Lambertian

herbarium.

Spec. Char., fyc. Suffruticose, dwarf, all over whitely
tomentose. Leaflets ovate-elliptic, mucronate, the
lowest near the base of the petiole. Calyx tomen-
tose; its teeth ovate, acute, equal. Ovary 2-
ovuled. Legume I -seeded. {Dec. Prod.) A low
tomentose shrub ; Louisiana, on the banks of the
Missouri and the Mississippi. Height 3 ft. Introd.
1812. Flowers dark blue ; July and August. Le-
gume brown j ripe in October.

A. (f.) canesccns-

GENUS XI.

EYSENHA'RDTJ/f H.etB.

THE EYSENHARDTIA.
Decandria.

Lin. Syst. Diadelphia

Identification. H. B. et Kunth Nov. Gen., vi. p. 489.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 257. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 234.
Synonyme. Dalbergz'a Spreng. Syst. App. 263.

Derivation. Named in honour of Charles William Eysenhardt, M.D., a professor in the University
of Konigsberg, in Prussia.

Gen. Char. Calyx obconically campanulate, 5-toothed ; upper teeth rather
remote, lower one longest. Petals 5, disposed in a papilionaceous manner.
Vexillum oblong, and the two keel petals distinct. Stamens diadelphous.
(Don's Mill.)

Leaves compound, impari-pinnate, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; beset
with glands. Flowers in terminal racemes, white. — An unarmed shrub or
low tree ; native of Mexico.

a 1. E. AMORPHoYDEs H. et B. The Amorpha-like Eysenhardtia.

Identification. H. B. et Kunth ; Dec. Prod., and Don's Mill. ; Bot. Reg. Chron., 1839, No. 55.
Synonyme. Dalbergte amorpholdes Spreng.
Engravings. H. B. et Kunth, 6. t. 592. ; and our fig. 381.

Spec. Char., Sfc. An unarmed low tree or shrub, with
impari-pinnate leaves, composed of many pairs
of stipulate leaflets, and these are, as well as the
calyxes, beset with glands. Racemes terminal,
cylindrical, flowers white. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 234.)
A deciduous shrub or low tree. Mexico, on
mountains. Height 6 ft. to 10 ft ; in British gar-
dens 4ft. to 6 ft. Introduced in 1837. Flowers
white. Legume ?.

This plant was raised in the Hort. Soc. Garden,
and has proved quite hardy. The leaves are dis-
tinctly marked with glandular dotting ; a very un-
usual case among leguminous plants. The twigs
are short, and so closely set upon the branches
as to form a dense mass of foliage. Each is termi-
nated by an erect compact spike, from 2 in. to
3 in. long, of white or pale yellow flowers,
which, although not larger than those of a spiraea, nevertheless, from their
abundance, must produce a beautiful appearance. (Bot. Reg.

XXV. LEGUMINA^CE.E : ROBl'N/^. 233

GENUS XII.

ROBFN/^ Lin. THE ROBIMA, or LOCUST TREE. Lin. Syst. Diadelphia

Decandria.

Identification. Dec. Mem. Leg., 6. ; Prod., 2. p. 261. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 237.

Synonymes. Pseudacacia Town. Inst. t. 417., Mcench Meth. 145. ; Robinier, Fr. ; Robinie, Gcr.

Derivation. Named in honour of Jean Robin, a French botanist, once herbalist to Henry IV. of
France, author of Histoire des Plantcs, 12mo, Paris, 16^0 ; printed with the second edition of
Lonicer's History of Plants. His son Vespasian was sub-demonstrator at the Jardin des Plantes
in Paris, and was the first person who cultivated the Robfnz« Pseud-acacia in Europe.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-toothed, lanceolate, 2 upper ones shorter and approxi-
mate. Corolla papil'onaceous. Vexillunt large. Keel obtuse. Stamens dia-
delphous, deciduous. Ovaries 16 — 20-ovulate. Style bearded in front.
Legume compressed, almost sessile, many-seeded, with the valves thin and
flat, margined at the seminiferous suture. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves compound, unequally pinnate, alternate, deciduous ; leaflets
generally ovate or obovate, petiolate. Flowers white or rose-coloured, in
axillary usually nodding racemes. — Trees, deciduous, natives of North Ame-
rica, where one of the species is highly valued for its timber.

The species are prized, partly for their use, but chiefly for their beauty.
They are readily propagated by seeds, large truncheons of the stem and
branches, cuttings of the roots, or by grafting ; and they will grow in any soil
that is not too wet. Their roots are creeping, and their branches very brittle :
they grow rapidly, but are generally not of long duration. Their rapid growth
is a property that they have in common with all trees and plants the principal
roots of which extend themselves close under the surface ; because there the
soil is always richest : but the same cause that produces this rapidity at first
occasions the tree to grow slowly afterwards, unless the roots are allowed
ample space on every side ; since, as they never penetrate deep, they soon
exhaust all the soil within their reach. They are, therefore, highly objec-
tionable among ornamental shrubs, or in flower borders. For this reason,
also, such trees are objectionable as hedgerow trees, or as scattered groups in
arable lands ; their roots proving a serious impediment to the plough, and the
suckers thrown up by them choking the corn crops. Roots, on the other
hand, which penetrate perpendicularly as well as horizontally, belong to more
slowly, but more steadily, growing trees, which always attain a larger size in
proportion to the extent of ground they occupy.

*£ 1. R. PSEUVD-^CAVCIA Lin. The common Robinia, or False Acacia.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1043. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 261. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 237.

Synonymes. ^Eschyndmene Pseudacacia Roxb. ; Pseudacacia odorata Mcench Meth. 145. ; Locust
Tree, Amer. ; the Bastard Acacia ; Robinier faux Acacia, Acacia blanc, Carouge des Americains,
Fr. ; gemeine Acacie, Schotendorn, Ger.

Derivation. This tree, when first introduced, was supposed to be a species of the Egyptian acacia,
(Acacia vera), from its prickly branches and pinnated leaves, which resembled those of that tree.
It was named the locust tree by the missionaries, who fancied that it was the tree that supported
St. John in the wilderness. It is not, however, a native of any other part of the world than North
America The name Carouge is the French word for carob bean, the locust tree of Spain ; which,
being also a native of Syria, is, probably, the true locust of the New Testament. The German
name of Schotendorn is composed of schote, a pod, or legume, and dorn, a thorn.

Engravings. Lam. 111., t. 666. ; N. Du Ham., 2. t. 16.; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit.,
1st edit, vol. v. ; and our Jig. 382.

Spec. Char., fyc. Prickles stipular. Branches twiggy. Racemes of flowers
loose and pendulous ; and smooth, as are the legumes. Leaflets ovate.
The flowers are white and sweet-scented ; the roots creeping, and their
fibres sometimes bearing tubercles. (Dec. Prod.) A deciduous tree, above
the middle size. North America. Canada to Carolina. Height 70 ft. to
80ft. Introduced in 1640. Flowers white ; May and June. Legume
compressed, dark purplish brown ; ripe in September. Decaying leaves
yellow. Naked young wood purplish brown.

234* ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

Varieties. The plant varying much in its different native localities, and also
having been long cultivated from seeds in Europe, the varieties are nume-
rous. Some of those included in the following list appear in our Hortus
Britannicus, and in Don's Miller, as species ; while some hybrids, such as R.
hybrida and R. intermedia, might also have been considered as varieties,
but we have preferred keeping them apart.

¥ R. P. 2 fibre liiteo Dumont 6. p. 140. has the flowers yellow.
¥ R.P.3 inermis Dec. Prod. ii. p. 261., Dec. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 136.—
Prickles wanting, or nearly obsolete. Leaflets flat. Plant of free
growth, in which respect it differs from R. P. umbraculifera.
*t R. P. 4 crispa Dec. Prod. ii. p. 261. — Prickles wanting. Leaflets all,

or for the most part, undulately curled.

X R. P. 5 umbracutifera Dec. Prod. ii. p. 261., Cat. Hort. Monsp. 157.
R. inermis Dum. Cours. vi. p. 140. — Prickles wanting. Branches
much crowded, and smooth. Head orbicular. Leaflets ovate. This
variety is said to have been raised from the seed of R. Pseud- Jcacia ;
and, according to Dumont de Courset, to have yellow flowers. It
has been common in British gardens since 1820, but has not yet
flowered in this country.

Y R. P. 6 tortudsaDec. Prod. ii. p. 261.; and the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st
edit., vol. v. — Branches much crowded, and twisted. Racemes simi-
lar to those of R. Pseud-acacia, but smaller and fewer-flowered.
t R.P.I sophorae/o&J Lodd. Cat. 1830 has the leaves large, and some-
what like those of Sophora japonica.
X R. P. 8 amorphcefolia Lk. has leaves somewhat like those of Am6rpha

fruticosa.
X R. P 9 stricta Lk. has the general tendency of the shoots upright ;

but still the plant is not so fastigiate as the Lombardy poplar.
X R. P. 10 procera Lodd. Cat. 1830. — A tall vigorous-growing variety.
If R. P. 1 1 pendula Ort. Dec. p. 26. — The shoots are somewhat droop-
ing, but not very decidedly so.

X R. P. 12 momtrosa Lodd. Cat. 1830.— The leaves are large, and twisted.
¥ R. P. 13 macrophylla Lodd. Cat. 1830 has the leaves long, and the

leaflets broad.
¥ R. P. 14 tmcrophylla Lodd. Cat. 1830, R. angustifolia Hort., has the

leaves small, and the leaflets narrow.

¥ R. P. 15 spectabilis Dum. has large leaves and is without prickles : it
produces straight vigorous shoots, which are angular when young.
It was raised from seed by M. Descemet, at St. Denis, and was
formerly known in the French nurseries by the name of Acacia
aga9ante (enticing).
*i R. P. 16 latisiliqua, the broad-podded locust, is mentioned in Prince's

Catalogue for 1829.

Most of these varieties are tolerably distinct in the foliage when the plants
are young. Those best worth cultivating, for the shape of the tree, are R.
P. umbraculifera, the parasol acacia ; R, P. pendula ; R. P. strf eta, the
upright- growing sort ; and R. P. spectabilis. With regard to the yellow-
flowered variety, it may be worth continuing by grafting or suckers ; but, to
make quite sure of having white flowers, the trees producing them ought to be
propagated by grafting also ; as plants raised from seed, though for the most
part they have white flowers, yet occasionally produce yellowish ones.
The wood, which is commonly of a greenish yellow colour, marked with
brown veins, is hard, compact, and susceptible of a bright polish : it has a good
deal of strength, and is very durable ; but it has not much elasticity, and is
somewhat liable to crack. A cubic foot of locust wood, newly cut, weighs
63 Ib. 3 oz. ; half-dry, 56 Ib. 4 oz. ; and, when quite dry, only 48 Ib. 4 oz. Its
value for fuel, when compared with that of the beech, is as 12 to 15. For
duration Hartig places it immediately after the oak, before the larch and the

XXV. LEOUMINA CE/E : ROBI

382. Robima Pseud-^cicia.

Scotch pine. According to Barlow, the strength of acacia timber, as compared
with fine English oak, is as 1867 to 1672 ; the strength of ash being as 2026 ;
beech, 1556; elm, 1013; Riga fir, 1108; Norway spar (spruce fir), 1474;
and teak, 2462. The tree has one property almost peculiar to it, that of forming
heart-wood at a very early age, viz. in its third year ; whereas the sap-wood of the
oak, the chestnut, the beech, the elm, and most other trees, does not begin to
change into heart, or perfect, wood, till after 10 or 15 years' growth. The trees of
this species, and of several of its varieties, in the garden of the Horticultural So-
ciety, and in the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges, have attained the height of 30 ft-
and upwards, in 10 years from the time they were planted. There is, perhaps, no
American tree respecting which so much has been said and done, in Europe, as
the locust. It was one of the first trees that we received from America, and
it has been more extensively propagated than any other, both in France and Eng-
land. It has been alternately extolled and neglected in both countries ; and even
at the present time, though the beauty of its foliage and flowers is generally ac-
knowledged, and though it has, at different periods, been enthusiastically praised
by different writers, for the valuable properties of its wood, it cannot be con-
sidered as holding a high rank as a timber tree, or as being worth planting with
a view to profit. We pass over many curious and historical facts respecting the
locust tree, for which we refer to the 1st edit, of this work, and come to the
year 1823, when an extraordinary sensation was excited in Britain respecting
this tree by Cobbett. This writer, while in America, from 1817 to 1819, " was
convinced that nothing in the timber way could be so great a benefit as the
general cultivation of this tree." On his return to England he commenced
nurseryman, and the name of locust, as applied to this tree, being, before
Cobbett's time, almost forgotten in England, many persons, in consequence,
thought it was a new tree. Hence, while quantities of plants of Robinw
Pseud-acacia stood unasked for in the nurseries, the locust, which every one
believed could only be had genuine from Mr. Cobbett, could not be grown by
him in sufficient quantities to supply the demand. After creating a prodigious
sensation for a few years, the locust mania entirely subsided, and the tree is
now, as it was before Cobbett's time, planted only, or chiefly, for ornament.

¥ 2. R. viscous A Vent. The clammy-barked Robinia.

Identification. Vent Hort Cels., t. 4. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 262. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 238.
Synonymes. R. glutlndsa Bot. Mag. 560. ; R. montdna Bartram ; the Rose-flowering Locust
Engravings. Vent Hort. Gels., t. 4. ; Bot. Mag., t. 560., as R. glutindsa ; the plate of this tree m
Arb. Brit., 1st edit, vol. v. ; and our Hg. 38a

Spec. Char.t $c. Branches and legumes glandular and clammy. Racemes
crowded, erect. Bracteas concave, deciduous, each ending in a long bristle.

236

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITTANICUM.

583. Robinia viscdsa.

The 3 lower teeth of the calyx acuminated. Roots creeping. (Dec. Prod.)
A clammy-barked tree. South Carolina and Georgia, near rivers. Height
30 ft. to *40 ft. Introduced in 1797. Flowers scentless, pale pink mixed
with white, varying to pale purple or violet colour according to the soil ;
June to August. Legume brown ; ripe in October. Naked young wood
purplish and clammy.

The bark, particularly that of the young shoots, which is of a dull red, is
covered with a clammy substance, which, when touched, sticks to the fingers.
In every other respect, both in natural characters and artificial culture, this
tree strongly resembles the common R. Pseud-Jcacia.

¥ 3. R. DUXBIA Fouc. The doubtful Robinia, or False Acacia.

Identification. Fouc. in Desv. Journ. Bot, 4. p. 204., but not of Poir. : Dec. Prod., 2. p. 261. ; Don'»

Mill., 2. p. 238.
Synonyrnes. R. hybrida Audib. ; R. ambigua Poir. Suppl. 4. p. 690. ; and, perhaps, R. echinata

Mill. Diet., No. 2. ; R. intermedia Soulange-Bodin in Ann. d Hort. de Paris, 2. p. 43.
Engraving. Our fig. . in p.

Spec. Char., $c. Spines very short. Branches, petioles, peduncles, and calyxes
furnished with a few glands, rarely clammy. Leaflets ovate. Racemes loose
and pendulous. Bracteas concave, caducous, ending each in a long bristle.
(Don's Mill.} A deciduous tree, rather under the middle size. Hybrid?
between R. Pseud-acacia and R. viscosa. Originated in ? 1730. FJowera
sweet-scented, pale rose-coloured ; June to August. Pods brown, thickly
beset with short prickles ; ripe in October.

It * 4. R. HI'SPIDA Lin. The hispid Robinia, or
Rose Acacia.

Identification. Lin. Mant., 101. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 262. ; Don's

Mill., 2. p. 238.
Synonymes. R. rbsea. N. Du Ham. 1. 1. 18. ; R. montSna Bartr.

Voy. 2. p. 128. ; ^schynomene hfspida Roxb.
Engravings. Mill. Ic., t. 244. ; Bot. Mag., 311. ; and our fig. 384.

Spec. Char., fyc. Spines wanting. Leaflets obovate.
Branches and legumes hispid. Racemes loose ;
the 3 lower teeth of the calyx acuminated. (Dec.
Prod.) A shrub, or low tree. Carolina, in pine
woods. Height 6 ft. to 20 ft. Introduced in
1758. Flowers large, dark rose-coloured ; June
to October. Legume brown ; ripe in October
and November. Naked young wood purplish
brown, thickly beset with prickles.

384 • Robfnta hispida.

XXV. LEGUMINAVCE,E I CAUAGANA. 237

Varieties.

-** R. li. 2 ncina Dec. is a plant hardly a foot high, found in pine woods
in Carolina.

& R. h. 3 rosea Pursh has the leaflets for the most part alternate, and
the branches srnoothish. In its native habitats, on the high mountains
of Virginia and Carolina, it grows, according to Pursh, to a con-
siderable shrub , whereas the species is a low straggling plant.

& R. h. 4- macrophylla Dec., R. grandiflora Hort., figured in Arb. Brit.,
1st edit., vol. v., has the leaflets large, and ovate-roundish ; and the
branches and peduncles glabrous, and without prickles.

The species, and the different varieties, are shrubs or low trees, with tor-
tuous and very brittle branches, and leaves and flowers nearly twice the size
of those of Robim'a Pseud-acacia. They form singularly ornamental shrubs
for gardens ; but, as standards or bushes, they can be only planted with safety
in the most sheltered situations. When grafted standard high, and trained to
a wire parasol-like frame, supported on a rod or post 6 or 8 feet high, few
plants are equal to R. h. macrophylla in point of brilliant display.

GENUS XIII.

CARAGANA Lam. THE CARAGANA, or SIBERIAN PEA TREE.
Lin. Syst. Diadelphia Decandria.

Identification. Lam. Diet., 1. p. 611. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 268. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 243.

Synonyme. Robim'a sp. L.

Derivation. Caragan is the name of C. arborescens among the Mongol Tartars.

Gen. Char. Calyx short, tubulous, 5-toothed. Corolla obtuse, straight ; the
wings and vexillum about equal in length. Stamens diadelphous. Style
glabrous. Stigma terminal, truncate. Legume sessile^ young ones com-
pressed, at length somewhat cylindrical and many-seeded, mucronate by the
style. Seeds somewhat globose. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves compound, abruptly pinnate, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ;
stipules usually spinescent. Flowers mostly yellow.

Trees or shrubs, natives of Siberia and of the East. Leaves with the leaflet?
mucronate, and the petioles either with a bristly or a spiny point ; their flowers
axillary, each on a distinct pedicel, usually several together, pale yellow,
except in C. jubata, in which they are white tinged with red ; their stipules
usually become spines. They are all ornamental or curious, and of the easiest
culture in any common soil ; propagated by cuttings of the roots or by seeds.
The dwarf and pendulous-growing species, when grafted standard high on C.
arborescens, form very singular trees.

3? 1. C. ARBORE'SCENS Lam. The arborescent Caragana, or Siberian
Pea Tree.

Identification. Lam. Diet., 1. p. 615. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 268. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 243.

Synonymes. Robinm Caragana Lin. Sp. 1044., N.'Du Ham. 2. t. 19., Pall. Fl. Ross. l.t. 42. ;

Caragana sibfrica Ray ; fausse Acacie de Siberie, Robinie de Siberie, Arbre aux Pois des Russes,

Fr. ; Sibirische Erbsenbaum, Ger. ; Gorochoik, Russ.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 2. t 19. ; Pall. Fl. Ross., 1. t. 42., middle figure ; the plate pf this species

in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v. ; and our fig. 385.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves with 4 — 6 pairs of oval-oblong villous leaflets.
Petiole 'unarmed. Stipules spinescent. Pedicels in fascicles. (Don's
Mill.} A low tree. Siberia, in woods, and upon the banks of rivers.
Height 15ft. to 20ft. Introduced in 1752. Flowers yellow; April and
May. Legume brown ; ripe in August.

238

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICE BRITANNICUM.

Variety.

*£ C. a. 2 inermis Hort. has the branches
without spines. Plants in the Horti-
cultural Society's Garden.

Pallas informs us that upon the banks of rivers
it grows to the height of 18 ft. or more ; but in
arid places it is only a small shrub ; in the latter
state forming, as we think, the varieties C. (a.)
Altagdna, and C. (a.) microphjlla. C. arborescens
forms an erect stiff tree, with numerous upright-
growing branches. The flowers are axillary, one
on a pedicel ; the pods are oblong-taper, and each
contains 3 or 4 seeds. The wood is hard, com-
pact, and very tough ; yellow on the outside ; and
within, waved and striped with red, and with
reddish brown.

M 2. C. (A.) ALTAGA^NA Poir. The Altagana
Caragana, or Siberian Pea Tree.

Identification. Poir. Sup. ,
2. p. 89. ; Dec. Prod., 2.
p. 268. ; Don's Mill., 2.

Synonymes. RoWnia Al- ™*' °' arbor6scens'

tagana Pall Fl. Ross. t. 42., L'Herit. Stirp. t. 76. ; Cara-
gitna microphylla Lam. Diet. \. p. 615.

Derivation. Altagana is the name of the shrub in Siberia.

Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., t. 42., under the name of Ro-
bfma Altagana-, L'Herit. Stirp., t. 76. ; and. our fig. 386.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves having 6 or 8 pairs 01
glabrous, obovate-roundish, retuse leaflets. Pe-
tiole unarmed. Stipules spinescent. Pedicels
solitary. Legumes rather compressed. (-Don's
Mill.) A low shrub. Siberia, in arid plains.
Height 3ft. to 4ft. Introd. 1789. Flowers
yellow ; April to July. Legume brown ; ripe in
September.

Usually propagated by grafting on C. arborescens.

3. C. (A.) MICROPHY'LLA Dec. The small-leaved Caragana, or Siberian

Pea Tree.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 268.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 243.
Synonymes. RobinzVz microphjlla Pall. Fl. Ross, t. 42.,

f. 1,2.; Caragana Altagdna var. Poir. Suppl. 2. p. 89.
Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., t. 32. f. 1, 2., under the name

of Robim'a microphjlla ; and our fig. 387.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves with 6 — 7 pairs of
hoary retuse leaflets. Petioles and stipules ^
rather spinescent at the apex. Root creep-
ing. (Don's Mill.) A low shrub. Siberia,
in the Desert of Baraba, and in other arid
places. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft. Introduced in
1819. Flowers yellow ; April to June. Le-
gume brown ; ripe in August.

-* 4. C. (A.) REDO'WSK/ Dec. Reuowski's Caragana, or Siberian Pea Tree.

Identification. Dec. L<?gum., t. 11. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 243.
Engraving. Dec. Legum., 1. 11. f. 45 , in the seedling state.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves with two pairs of ovate, acute, smooth leaflets.
Stipules spinose. Flowers yellow. (Don's Mill.) A low shrub. Siberia.
Height 4 ft. to 5 ft. Introduced in 1820. Flowers yellow ; April and Mav.
Legume brown ; ripe in August.

386. C. (a.) AUagbna.

387. C. (a.) tnicrophj'l

XXV. LEGIfMINA CEJE: CARAGANA.

239

C. (a.) arenjiria.

It ripens seeds in Eng-

Variety.

j» C (A.) R. 2 pro" cox Fisch. only differs from C. Redowskz in coming
into flower earlier. The specimen in the Hort. Soc. Garden was in
full leaf, and in flower, on April 30. 1836, when C. frutescens and
C. arborescens had not a single leaf expanded.

In general appearance and habit of growth, it resembles C. Allagdna, ot
which it is probably only a variety. H. S.

-i* 5. C. (A.) ARENA^RIA Donn and Sims. The
Sand Caragana.

Identification. Donn Hort. Cant.; Sims Bot. Mag.,t. 1886.
Engravings. Sims Bot. Mag.,t. 1886. ; and our fig. 388.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves with, usually, 4 or

more pairs of obccrdate leaflets. Pedicels

usually twin, and shorter than the flowers.

Stipules subulate. Flowers yellow. (Don's

Mill.) A low shrub. Siberia. Height 1 ft. to

2ft. Introci. 1802. Flov\ers yellow; April

and May. Legume dark brown ; ripe in August.

Probably only another variety of C. arborescens.
land, but is generally propagated by grafting.

& C. C. FRUTE'SCENS Dec. The shrubby Caragana.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 268. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 843.

Synonymes. RobfntYz frutescens Lin. Spec. 1044., Pall. Fl. Ross. t. 43. ; C. digitata Lam. Diet.

1. p. 616. .
Engravings. Swt. Fl.-Gard., t. 227. ; PalL Fl. Ross., t. 43., as Robinta frutescens ; and our fig. 38&

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves having 2 pairs of leaflets, which
approximate near the top of the petiole : they are obo-
vate-cuneated. Stipules membranous. Petiole furnished
with a short spine at the apex. Pedicels solitary, twice
the length of the calyx. Flowers yellow, resupinate.
Leaves with a yellow hue. {Don's Mill.} A low shrub.
Native of Russia, on the banks of the Wolga and other
rivers. Height in open situations 5 ft. ; in woods and
gardens 9 ft. to 10ft. Introduced in 1752. Flowers
yellow ; May. Legume brown ; ripe in August.

Varieties. DeCandolle mentions two forms : —

* C. /. 1 latifolia, which has gla-

brous broadly obovate leaflets,
and is frequent in gardens ;
there being a subvariety, with
2-flowered peduncles; and

* C. f. 2 angustifdlia, which has glabrous oblong cuneated

leaflets, and is found near Odessa.

A handsome shrub, sometimes grafted standard high on
C. arborescens.

j* 7. C. (F.) MO'LLIS Bess. The soft Caragana.

Identification. Bess. Enum. PI. Volh., p. 29.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 243.
Syntniymes. Roblnz'am611is Bieb. Fl. Taur Suppl. 477. ; Robfm'a tomen.

tbsa Fisch. Hort. Gorenk. 1818 : Caragana lrute"scens var. in611is Dec.

Pi-od. 2. p. 268.
Engraving. Our fig. 390. from a specimen in Dr. Lindley's herbarium.

Spec. Char., tyc. Leaves with 2 pairs of oblong, cuneated,
approximate leaflets, near the tip of the petiole, clothed
with soft hair. Petiole ending in a short spine. Pe-
dicels solitary. Flowers yellow. {Dec. Prod.) A low
shrub. Native of Tauria and Poclolia. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft. Introduced in
1818. Flowers yellow ; April and May. Legume brown; ripe in August.

389. C. frutescens.

390. C. (f.) mdllis.

240

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

j* 8. C. PYGM^A Dec. The pygmy Caragana.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 2G8. ; Don's Mill., 2 p. 243

Synonyme. Robinm pyginaj^a Lin. Sp. 1044., Pall. Fl. lloss. 1. 1. 45. , Amm. Ruth. t. 35.

Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., 1. t. 45. ; Aram. Ruth., t. 35., as RobimYi pygmsva ; and our Jig. 391,

Spec. Char.y Sfc. Leaves with 2 pairs of linear, glabrous, approximate leaflets
near the tip of the petiole, which is very short. Stipules and petioles spi-
nescent. Pedicels solitary, and nearly the length of the calyx. Calyx nearly
equal at the base. Leaflets acute, crowded, usually in the axils of trifid
spines. Flowers yellow. (Dec. Prod.} A low shrub. Native of the Altaic
Mountains. Height 2 ft. to 6 ft. Introduced in
175.1. Flowers yellow ; April and May. Le-
gume brown ; ripe in August.

Variety.

j* C.p. 2arendria Fisch.has linear-cuneate leaf-
lets, and pedicels of the flowers generally
longer than the calyx.

This species has large trifid spines, slender leaves,
and small flowers. The leaflets are remarkable for
being in fours, disposed in the form of a star, in the
axils of the spines. The young shoots are of a fine
yellow, very tough, and fit for being used as withs.

When grafted as a standard on C. arborescens, it forms a small tree of very
singular appearance. Increased by suckers or by grafting.

j* 9. C. SPINOVSA Dec. The spiny Caragana.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 269. ; Lindl. Bot. Reg., 1021. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 243.

Synonymes. Robima spinbsa Lin. Mant. 269. ; Robin?« ferox Pall. FL Ross. 1. t. 44., Itin. t. E. e.

f. 2. and 3. ; Robima spinoslssima Laxm. Nov. Act. Pet. 15. t. 30. f. 4. ; Caragana ferox Lain.

Diet. 1. p. 31 5.
Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., 1. t. 44. ; Bot. Reg., 1. 1021. ; and o\\rfig. 392.

Spec. Char.,Sfc. Leaves with 2 — 4 pairs of cu-

neate-linear glabrous leaflets. Stipules small,

spinose. Adult petioles permanent, strong,

and spinose, twice the length of the leaflets.

Flowers solitary, almost sessile, and of a

bright yellow. Legume rather compressed.
(Don's Mill.) A
spiny shrub. Si-
beria, in gravelly
arid situations ;
and also said to be
plentiful in Chi-
na, about Pekin,
where branches
of it are stuck in

clay upon the tops of the walls, in order that its
spines may prevent persons from getting over
them. (Pall. Fl. Ross.) Height 3ft. to 4 ft. In-
troduced in 1755. Flowers yellow; April and
May. Legume brown ; ripe in August.

Seeds, cuttings, or grafting,
makes a very singular plant.

Standard high it

10. C. TRAGACANTHoVDES Poir.

thorn -like Caragann.

The Goat's

393. C. fragacanthSldes.

Identification. Poir. Suppl., 2. p. 90. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 269. ;
Don's Mill., 2. p. 241,

. Act. Pet. 13. t. 7., Astr. 115. t. 86. : Robfma ma-

Synonymes. Robima fragacanthoides Pall.tfov

cracantha Lodd. Cat.
Engravings. Pall. Nov. Act. Pet., 10. t. 7. ; Astr., 115. t. 86. j and our Jig. 393.

XXV. LEGUMINAVCE^ : CARAGA^NA.

241

394- c.jm*ta.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves with 2 — 4 pairs of oblong-lanceolate silky leaflets,
ending in a little spine. Stipules spinescent. Adult petioles permanent,
strong, and spinose, twice the length of the leaflets. Pedicels solitary, short.
Legume hoary-villous. (Don's Mill.) A low spiny shrub. Native of Si-
beria, among granite rocks. Height 6 in. to 1 ft. Introduced in 1816.
Flowers yellow, drooping ; April and May. Legume brown ; ripe in August.
When grafted standard high, it forms a very singular object.

-±* 11. C. JUBANTA Poir. The crested Caragana.

Identification. Poir. Suppl., 2. p. 89. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 269. ; Don's Mill, 2. p. 244.

Sijnonyme. Robinza jubata Pall, in Act. Pet. 10. t. 6., Astr. p. 113. t. 85., Load. Bot. Cab. t. 522.

Engravings. Pal. Act. Pet, 10. t. 6. ; Lod. Bot. Cab., t. 522., as Robima jubata ; and our Jig. 394.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves with 4 or 5 pairs of oblong-lanceolate lanuginously
ciliated leaflets. Stipules setaceous. Petioles somewhat spinose; adult
ones deflexed, filiform, permanent. Pedicels solitary, very short. Legume
glabrous. Flowers few and white, suffused with red. (Don's Mill.) A low
shrub ; native of Siberia near Lake Baikal.
Height 1 ft. to 1 ft. 6 in. Introduced in 1796.
Flowers white, tinged with red; April and
May. Legume brown ; ripe in August.

This species has a curious shaggy appearance,
occasioned by the footstalks of the leaves being
bristly or thorny, and remaining on long after
the leaflets have dropped off. Increased by
grafting on Caragana arborescens, and as a standard forming a very singular-
looking object.

j* 12. C. GRANDiFLorRA Dec. The great-flowered Caragana.

Identification. Dec. Prod.,2. p. 268. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 243.
Synonyme. RobfnzVi grandiflora Bieb. Fl. Taur. 1. p. 168.
Engraving. Our fig. 395.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves with 2 pairs of oblong-cuneated ap-
proximate leaflets, near the tip of the petiole, which is
very short. Stipules and petioles spinose. Pedicels soli-
tary, almost the length of the calyx, which is gibbous at the
base. Legume terete, acute, brown, glabrous. Flowers
1 in. long, yellow. (Don's Mill.) A low shrub ; native
of Georgia, near Teflis. Height 2ft. to 4ft. Introduced
in 1823. Flowers yellow, 1 in. long ; June and July.
Legume brown ; ripe in September. H. S.

j* 13. C. CHAMLAGU Lam. The Chamlagu, or Chinese Caragana.

Identification. Lam. Diet, 1. p. 616.; Dec. Prod , 2.

p. 268. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 243.
Synonyme. Robfnza Chamlagu L'Herit. Stirp., N.

Du Ham.
Engravings. L'Herit. Stirp., t. 77. ; N. Du Ham.

Arb., 2. t. 21. j and our fig. 396.

Spec. Char., tyc. Leaves with 2 pairs of
distant, oval, or obovate, glabrous
leaflets. Stipules spreading, and, as
well as the petioles, spinose. Pedicels
solitary. Flowers pendulous, large,
and yellow, at length becoming reddish.
Root smelling like liquorice. (Don's
Mill.) A diffuse smooth shrub. Native
of China. Height 2ft. to 4ft. In-
troduced in 1773. Flowers yellow, at
length becoming reddish, large ; May
and June. Legume brown ; ripe August.

R

396. C. Chamlagti.

242

ARBORETUM ET FRUT1CETUM BRITANN1CUM.

This species has a thick root and branching stem, with grey bark. The
branches are alternate; at first upright, and then decumbent. The whole plant
has a singular appearance, more especially when just going out of flower. It
is generally propagated by separating the offsets, or by seeds, or it may be
grafted on C. arborescens. Grafted on this species, especially when the stock
is 10 or 12 feet high, it forms a singularly picturesque pendulous tree; beau-
tiful not only when it is in leaf or in flower, but from the graceful lines formed
by its branches, even in the midst of winter, when they are completely stripped
of their leaves.

GENUS XIV.

ijy

HALIMODE'NDRON Fisch. THE HALIMODENDRON, or SALT TREE.
Lin. Syst. Diadelphia Decandria.

Identification. Fisch. in Litt. ; Dec. Legum. Mern., 6. ; Prod., 2. p. 269. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 244.
Synonyme. Halodendron Dec. Mdm. ined. in Soc. Pkys. Gen. March 1824, but not of Petit

Thouars.
Derivation. From halimos, maritime, and dendron, a tree ; in reference to the habitat of the shrubs,

which grow in dry naked salt fields, by the river Irtis, in Siberia.

Gen. Char. Calyx urceolately campanulate, with 5 short teeth. Keel obtuse,
straightish. Wings very acute, and auricled. Stamens diadelphous, about
equal in length. Style filiform, glabrous. Stigma terminal. Legume stipi-
tate, inflated, bladdery, hard, ovate, and few-seeded, depressed at the semi-
niferous suture. Seeds oval. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves compound, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; abruptly pinnate, with
2 pairs of leaflets : petioles and stipules spinose. Flowers bluish pink, or
purplish, in 2 — 3-flowered peduncles. — Shrubs, deciduous; natives of Europe
and Asia.
Propagated by seeds, by cuttings of the roots, or by grafting on the common

laburnum, or on the Caragdna arborescens.

* \. H. ARGE'NTEUM Dec. The silvery- leaved Halimodendron, or
Salt Tree.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 14. p. 269. ; Don's Mill., 2 p. 244.

Synonumes Robfnia Halodendron Lin. fil. Suppl. 330., Pall. Fl. Ross. t. 36.

Lam. in Pall. Itin. ed. Gall. App. ii. 360. t. 83. f. 1.
Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., t. 36. ; and our fig. 397.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves hoary. Peduncles 2-flowered.
(Don's Mill.) A shrub, known from the colour of its
leaves and branches. Native of Siberia in saline
steppes near the river Irtis. Height
4ft. to 6ft. Introduced in 1779.
Flowers bluish pink, fragrant ; May
to July. Legume inflated, brown ;
ripe in September.

Varieties. DeCandolle mentions two
forms of this species : —

& //. a. 1 vulgdre Dec. Prod. —
Leaves hoary or silvery.
Standard the same length as
the keel.

3& H. a. 2 brachysema Dec. Prod.
(Bot. Mag., 1016. ; and our Jig. 398.) — Leaves
hoary or silvery. Standard shorter than the
wings and keel. Style short.

Caragdna argfentea

H. arggnteum.

398. H a. br»chjs*ma

XXV. LEGUM1NA CEJE : CALO PHACA.

243

* H. a. 3 Sievers\\t H. Sieversw Fisch., is a dwarf variety, very hardy,
named by some as a species. H. S.

An irregular, much-branched, rigid shrub, with a strigose grey bark, and
leaves clothed with a whitish silky down. The flowers are numerous, resem-
bling those of Z/athyrus tuberosus, both in colour and size ; and they smell
sweet. According to Pallas, it is much frequented by insects, especially of the
genus Meloe Z., many species of which are peculiar to Siberia. It flowers
freely from May to July, and, in moist seasons, later ; and, when grafted
standard high on the common laburnum, it forms one of the most graceful
drooping trees that can adorn a lawn.

* 2. H. (A.) SUBVIRE'SCENS G. Don. The greenish Halimodendron, or

Salt Tree.

Identification. Don's Mill., 2. p. 244.

Synonymes. Kobinta triflbra L'Htrit. Stirp. Nov. 162. ; H. argenteiKn B subvire'scens Dec. Prod.

2. p. 169.
Engraving. Our fig. . in p.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves greenish. The standard of the same length as the
keel. Pedicels 3-flowered. (Don's Mill.) A shrub, like the preceding one,
of which it is, without doubt, only a variety.

GENUS XV.

;i

CALO'PHACA Fisch. THE CALOPHACA. Lin. Syst. Diadelphia Decandria.

Identification. Fisch. ined. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 270.

Derivation. From kalos, beautiful, unAphake, a lentil ; in allusion to the beauty of the plant, and to
its being one of the leguminaceous kind.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes acuminated. Keel obtuse. Stamens dia-
delphous. Style villous and straight at the base, but glabrous incurved at
the apex. Stigma terminal. Legume sessile, oblong, somewhat cylindrical,
mucronate, 1 -celled. Valves concave, beset with soft hairs, as well as with
stiff glandular bristles, mixed. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves compound, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; impari- pinnate : stipules
lanceolate. Flowers yellow. — A shrub, native of Siberia.

J* 1. C. WOLGA'RICA Fisch. The Wolga Calophaca.

Identification. Fisch. in Litt.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 270.; Don's

Mill., 2. p. 244.
Synonymes. Ctftisus nigricans Pall. Itin. 3. p. 764. t. G. g.

f. 3., ed. Gall. Append. No. 358. t. 101. f. 1. ; Cytisus pin-

natus Pall. Fl. Ross. 1. t 47. ; Cytisus wolgaricus Lin.
fil. Suppl. 327., N. Du Ham. 1. t. 48. ; Colutea wolg&-

rica Lam. ; Adenocarpus wolgensis Spreng. Syst. 3. p. 226.
Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., 4. t. 47.; N. Du rfam., 5. t. 48.;

and our jig. 399.

Spec. Char., 8?c. Leaflets 6 or 7 pairs, orbicular,
velvety beneath, as well as the calyxes. (Don's
Mill.) A deciduous shrub. Siberia, in desert
places near the rivers Don and Wolga, in a
gravelly or sandy soil. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft.
Introduced in 1780. Flowers yellow; June.
Legume reddish ; ripe in August.

Being somewhat difficult to propagate except
by seeds, which, however, in fine seasons, it
produces in abundance, it is not so common as
it ought to be in British gardens. Grafted
standard high on the common laburnum, it forms

R 2

399. CaWphaca woig*rlc«.

244

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM J3RITANNICUM.

an object at once singular, picturesque, and beautiful, whether when covered
with blossoms, or with its fine reddish pods.

GENUS XVI.

COLIPTEA R. Br. THE COLUTEA, or BLADDER SENNA. Lin. Si/st.
Diadelphia Decandria.

Identification . R. Br. in Hort Kew., ed. 2., vol. 4. p. 325. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 270. ; Don's Mill., 2.

p. 244.

Synonymes. Baguenaudier, Fr. ; Senna falsa, Ital. ; Blasenbaum, Ger.
Derivation. From kolouo, to amputate. The shrubs are said to die if the branches are lopped off.

Koloutea is also the name of a plant mentioned by Theophrastus.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-toothed. Vexillum flat, bicallose, larger than the keel,
which is obtuse. Stamens diadelphous. Stigma lateral, hooked under the
top of the style. Style bearded longitudinally behind. Legume stipitate,
ovate, boat-formed, inflated, scarious. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves compound, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; impari-pinnate : stipules
small. Flowers usually yellow, axillary, the racemes shorter than the leaves,
and succeeded by bladdery legumes. — Shrubs, deciduous ; natives of the
Middle and South of Europe, the North of Africa, and Nepal.
All the kinds that have hitherto been introduced into Europe are probably

only varieties of one species. They are readily increased by seeds or cuttings

of the roots on any common soil.

Sk 1. C. ARBORE'SCENS Lin. The arborescent Colutea, or Bladder Senna.

Identification. Liu. Sp. 1045.; Dec. Astr., No. 1. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 270. ; Don's Mill, 2. p. 245.

Synonyme. C. hirsilta Both Fl. Germ. 1. p. 305.

Engravings. N. Du Ham., 1. 1. 22. ; Schmidt Arb., t. 117. ; Bot. Mag., t. 81. ; and our Jig. 400.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaflets elliptical, retuse. Pe-
duncles bearing about 6 yellow flowers. Callosities
of the standard short. Legumes closed. (Dec.
Prod.) A rapid-growing shrub. Middle and South
of Europe, Italy, and on Mount Vesuvius is found
even on the ascent to the crater, where there are
scarcely any other plants. Height 12 ft. to 14 ft.
Introduced in 1570. Flowers yellow; June to
August. Legume bladder-like, reddish ; ripe in
September.

The bladders, when pressed, explode with a crack-
ling noise. On the Continent, the leaves have been
recommended as a substitute for senna, and they are
also said to afford a grateful food for cattle. The
seeds, in doses of a drachm or two, are said to excite
vomiting. In British gardens, the plant is chiefly
valuable as a bulky fast-growing shrub, of the easiest
culture, and fit for almost any situation.

afc 2. C. (A.) CRUE'NTA Ait. The bloody-flowered Colutea, or Oriental Bladder

Senna.

Identification. Ait. Hort Kew., 3. p. 55. ; Dec. Astr., No. 3. ; Don's Mill., 2. p 245.

Synonymes. C. orientalis Lam. Diet. 1. p. 353., III. 624. f. 3., N. Du Ham. 1. 1. 23. ; C. sangulnea

Pall. ; C. Sptera Schmidt Arb. t. 119. ; C. humilis Scop.
Engravings. Lam. 111., 624. f. 3. \ N. Du Ham., 1. t. 23. ; Schmidt Arb., t. 119. ; Krause, t. 105. ;

and our fig. 401.

Spec. Char.t fyc. Leaflets obovate, emarginate, glaucous. Peduncles bearing
4 — 5 flowers. Callosities of the standard obtuse, very small. Legumes
opening at the tip. Corolla, in colour, between red and saffron-coloured,
with a yellow spot at the base of the standard. {Dec. Prod.) A glaucous

400. Coltitea arbor6scens.

xxv. LEGUMINAVCE;E: COLU'TEA.

245

shrub. Archipelago, Georgia, and the

Levant. Height 4 ft. to 8ft. Introd.

1731. Flowers reddish copper-coloured ;

June and July. Legume reddish ; ripe

in August.

^ Resembles C. arbore'scens, but of smaller
dimensions, and with leaflets more glaucous,
and more retuse.

* 3. C. (A.) ME^DIA Willd. The interme-
diate Colutea, or Bladder Senna.

Identification. Willd. Enum.,

77].; Dec. Prod., 2. p.270.;

Don's Mill., 2. p. 245.
Engravings. Wats. Dend.

Brit, t. 140.; and our Jig.

402.

Spec. Char., %c. Leaf-
lets obcordate,glau-
cescent. Peduncles
usually 6-flowered.
Legumes closed at
the apex. Flowers
orange-coloured. —
(Don's Mill.)

A shrub rather larger than C. (A.) cruenta, and differing
from it chiefly in having orange-coloured flowers. Per-
liaps, a hybrid between the two preceding sorts.

& 4- C. (A.) HALE'PPICA Lam. The Aleppo Colutea, or Plodder Senna.

Identification. Lam. Diet., 1. p. 353. ; 111., t. 624. f. 2. : Dec.

Astr., No. 2. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 245
Synonymes . C. Pocdcktf Ait. Hort. Kew. 3. p. 55 , Schmidt

Arb. t. 129 .; C. Istria Mill. Diet. No. 2. t 100. j C. proctim-

bens L'Hdnt. Stirp. Nov. 2. t. 42.
Engrai'ings. Schmidt Arb., t. 120. ; and our fig. 403.

Spec. C/iar^, $c. Leaflets roundishly elliptical,
very obtuse, mucronate. Peduncles bearing
3 yellow flowers. Callosities of the standard
lengthened, ascending. Legumes closed. Smaller
than C. arborescens. (Dec. Prod.} A low
shrub. Fields about Aleppo. Height 3 ft. to
6ft. Introduced in 1752. Flowers yellow;
May to October. Legume reddish ; ripe Oct.
Closely resembling C. arborescens, of which it

appears to be a variety, but rather more tender

in British gardens.

401. Colfttea (a.) cru&ita.

402. C. (a.)mfedia

403. C.(n.)

404. C. nepalensls.

« 5. C. NEPALE'NSJS Hook. The Nepal Colutea, or Bladder Senna,

Identification. Fook. Bot. Mag., 2622. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 245.
Engravings. F.ook. Bot. M;,g., t, 2622. ; and our Jig. 404.

R 3

246

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaflets roundish-elliptic, retuse. Racemes drooping, few-
flowered. Callosities of standard papilliform. Legumes rather coriaceous,
pubescent. (Don's Mill.) A branchy shrub. Nepal. Height 3 ft. to
1C ft. Flowers yellow ; August and September. Legume reddish ; ripe in
October.
The leaflets are small, and, being more imperfectly developed than in any of

the other kinds, give it a singular appearance.

GENUS XVII.

^STRA'GALUS Dec.

THE MILK VETCH. Lin. Syst. Diadelphia
Decandria.

Identification. Dec. Astrag., No. 5. ; Prod., 2. p. 291. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 253.

Synonyme. Astragalus sp. of Lin. and others ; Astragale, Fr. ; Tragant, Ger. ; Astragalo, Ital.

Derivation. From astragalos, a vertebra ; the seeds in the legumes of some species being squeezed
into a squarish form, so as to look something like the joints of the backbone ; or, perhaps, from
aster, a star, and gala, milk. It is also the name given to a shrub by Greek writers.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-toothed. Keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous. Legume
bilocular or half-bilocular, from the upper suture being bent in so much.
(Don's Mill.)

Leaves compound, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; pinnate : petioles per-
manent. Flowers in the only hardy ligneous species purplish or white.
— Shrubs, low ; natives of the South of Europe and Asia.

tt. 1. A. JTRAGACA'NTHA L. The Goat's-Thorn Milk Vetch, or Great Goafs

Thorn.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1073. ; Woodv. Med. Bot., 276. t. 98. ; Wats. Dend. Brit., 84.
Sunonvme. A. massiliensis Lam. Diet. 1. p. 320., Dec. Astr. No. 96., Don'* Mfll. 2. p. 266.
Engravings. Pall. Astr., t. 4. f. 1, 2. ; Duh. Arb., 2. t. 100. ; Woodv. Med. Bot., 276. t 98. ; Wats.
Dend. Brit., t. 84. ; and our fig. 405.

Spec. Char., $c. Peduncles usually 4-ffowered,
about equal in length to the leaves. Calyxes
cylindrical, with 5 short blunt teeth. Leaves
with 9 — 11 pairs of elliptic hoary leaflets.
(Don's Mill.) A low prickly glaucous shrub,
with sub-persistent leaves, and persistent pe-
tioles. Marseilles and Narbonne, in sandy
places, as well as Corsica and Mauritania.
Height 6 in. to 1 ft. Introduced in 1640.
Flowers purplish or white ; May to July.
Legumes tomentose, brown ; ripe in Sep-
tember. General aspect whitish.

The flowers are disposed on axillary pe-
duncles, so short as to prevent them from
being at all conspicuous above the leaves. After the leaflets drop off, the
petioles become indurated, so as to give the plant the appearance of being
densely covered with spines. Propagated by seeds, which it sometimes
ripens in England, or by cuttings. It requires a dry soil, and a sunny
situation ; an<f is well adapted for rock-work.

Other ligneous Species of Astragalus. — A. altdicus Lodd. Cab.; A. aristatus
L'Herit. Stirp. 170,, with yellow flowers, which is figured in Bot. Cab.
t. 1278., and our^g, 4-06. ; A. brewfolius, with a purplish flower, figured in
Bot. Cab. t. 1388., and our fig. 407. ; and A. massiliensis Lam., which is
probably a variety of A. TVagacantha with white flowers instead of purplish

405. Astragalus Tragacantha.

XXV. LEGUMINA^CEJE : CORONl'LLA.

247

406. Astragalus aristatus.

407. Astragalus brevitblius.

ones, are in British collections; but, though technically ligneous, are usualb
treated as rock herbaceous plants.

Sect. III. HEDYSA^REJE.
GENUS XVIII.

CORONI'LLA Neck. THE CORONILLA. Lin. Sysl. Diadelphia Decandria.

Identification. Neck. Elem., No. 1319. ; Lara. 111., t. 630. ; Dec. Pi jd., 2. p. 309.
Synonyme. Coronilla sp. of Lin. and others.

Derivation. From corona, a crown ; in reference to the disposition of the flowers in crowns, or
umbels, at the tops of the peduncles.

Gen. Char. Calyx campanulate, short, 5-toothed, the two superior teeth ap-
proximate, and joined together higher up than the rest. Claws of petals
usually longer than the calyx. Carina acute. Stamens diadelphous. Legume
nearly terete, slender, at length separating into oblong 1-seeded joints. Seeds
ovate or cylindrical. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves compound, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; impari-pinnate. Flowers
in axillary peduncles, bearing at their tops umbels of pedicellate flowers,
usually yellow. — Shrubs, deciduous or sub-evergreen; natives of the South
of Europe or Asia.
They are all highly ornamental, and most of them produce seeds in England,

by which, or by cuttings, they are easily propagated in common soil.

* 1. C. E'MERUS L. The Scorpion-Senna Coronilla.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1046. ; Dec

Prod., 2. p. 309.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 274.
Synonymes. E'merus major Mitt. Icon.

t. 132. f. 1., and E. minor, f. 2. ; C.

paucifldra Lam. Fl. Fr.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 445. ; N. Du

Ham., 4. t 131. ; and our Jig. 408.

Spec. Char., $c. Shrubby, gla-
brous. Its leaves are attend-
ed by minute stipules, and
have 5 — 7 obovate leaflets.
Its flowers are yellow, dis-
posed 3 upon a peduncle. The
claws of the petals are thrice
as long as the calyx. The
legume is rather cylindrical
than compressed, and its

R 4

408 Coronilla E'meras.

248

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUJV1 BRITANNICUM.

joints separate slowly and unobviously, but they do separate. {Dec. Prod.)
A bushy glabrous shrub. Middle and Southern Europe, in thickets and
hedges. Height 4 ft. to 10 ft. Introduced in 1596. Flowers yellow ; April
to June. Legume brown ; ripe in September.

Before the flowers are expanded, the corolla is partly red externally, mostly
so towards the tips of the petals ; and the mingling of the yellow flowers, with
flower-buds more or less red, and the elegant foliage, produce a fine effect. It
flourishes most in a sunny sheltered situation, and a dry soil. It bears clipping,
and would form a beautiful garden hedge.

J* 2. C. JU'NCEA L. The rushy-branched Coronilla.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1047. ; Dec. Prod., 2.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 820. ; Bot. Cab., t. 2;

. 309. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 274.
3. ; and our fig. 409.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Shrubby, glabrous. Branches rush-like, round, bearing but
few leaves ; the latter are attended by minute stipules, and
have 3 — 7 leaflets, that are linear oblong, obtuse, and rather
fleshy ; the lowest leaflets being rather distant from the base
of the petiole. The flowers are yellow, 5 — 7 in an -umbel.
The claws of the petals are scarcely longer than the calyx.
The legume is rather compressed, and its joints separate
obviously. (Dec. Prod.) An erect glaucous shrub. South
of France. Height 2ft. to 3ft. Introduced in 1756. Flowers
bright yellow ; June and July. Legume brown ; ripe in
September.

It deserves a place in collections, on account of the singularity of its rush-
like slender branches, which, like those of Spartium ^'unceum, are partly desti-
tute of leaves.

409. C.jtincea.

Sect. IV.

GENUS XIX.

WISTAVR7^ Nutt. THE WISTARIA. Lin. Syst. Diadelphia Decandria.

Identification. Nutt. Gen. Amer., 2. p. 115. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 389. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 348.

Synonymes. Gl^cine sp. L., Thyrsanthus Elliot, Kraunhz'a Rafin.

Derivation. Named in honour of Caspar Wistar, late Professor of Anatomy in the University of

Pennsylvania. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 348.) Nuttall first characterised and named this genus, from the

American species, which he denominated W. specibsa ; but which DeCandolle has changed to W.

frutescens. In DeCandolle's Proitromus, and some other works, Wistana is erroneously spelled

WistenYz.

Gen. Char. Calyx campanulate, somewhat bilabiate, upper lip with two short
teeth, lower one with 3 subulate teeth. Corolla papilionaceous. Vexillum
bicallose. Wings conforming to the keel, which is 2-edged. Stamens diadel-
phous. Nectariferous tube girding the stipe of the ovary. Legume standing
on a short stipe, coriaceous, 2-valved, 1-celled, rather torulose at the seeds.
(Don's Mi/I.)

Leaves compound, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous ; impari-pinnate.
Flowers bluish purple, in terminal and axillary racemes. — Shrubs, deciduous,
twining; natives of North America and China; of vigorous growth, forming,
when in flower, some of the most splendid ornaments of British gardens.
The species are quite hardy, will grow in any soil, and are generally pro-
pagated by layers of the young shoots, which will root at every joint if laid
down during summer as they grow. They may also be propagated by cuttings
of the roots ; or by seeds.

249

_£ 1. W. FRUTE'SCENS Dec. The shrubby Wistaria.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 390.; Don's Mill., 2. p.348.
Synonymes. Glycine frutescens Lin. Sp. 1067. : A'pios

frut^scens Ph. Ft. Am. Sept. 2. p. 474. ; Anonymos

frutescens Watt. Fl. Car. 186. ; Wistaria speciosa Nutt.

Gen. Amer. 2. p. 115.; Thyrsanthus frutescens Elliot

Journ. Acad. Set. Philad. ; Phaseololdes Hort. Angl.

55. ; the Kidneybean Tree.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 2103. ; and our fig. 4JO.

Spec. Char., $c. Wings of the corolla each
with two auricles. Ovary glabrous. Flow-
ers odorous. (Dec. Prod.} An elegant
deciduous climber. Virginia, Carolina,
and the Illinois, in boggy places. Stem
20 ft. to 30 ft. Introd. 1724. Flowers
bluish purple, sweet-scented, the standard
having a greenish yellow spot at the base;
July to September. Legume brown ; ripe
in October.

T. ,., . /» T 410- WistAria frutescens.

It is readily propagated by cuttings of the

root and by layers, and forms a very ornamental climber, especially when
trained against a wall.

_£ 2. W. CHINE'NSIS Dec. The Chinese Wistaria.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 390. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 348.

Synonymes. Glycine chinensis Bot. Mag. t. 2083. ; G. sinensis Bot. Reg. t 650. ; Wistaria Con-

sequkrca Loudon Gard. Mag. vol. ii. p. 422., and Hort. Brit.
Engravings. Swt. Brit. Fl.-Gard., t 211. ; Bot. Mag., t. 2083. ; Bot. Reg., t. 660.; Bot. Cab.,

t. 773. ; and our fig. 4W.

Spec. Char., fyc. Wings of the corolla each with
one auricle. Ovary villose. Flowers large.
(Dec. Prod.} A vigorous-growing deciduous
twiner. China. Stem 50ft. to 120ft. In-
troduced in 1816. Flowers pale bluish purple;
May and June, and sometimes producing a se-
cond crop of flowers in August. Legume?.
The flowers are larger than those of W. fru-
tescens : they are disposed in longer and looser

racemes, and are somewhat paler in colour. On

established plants they are produced in great

abundance ; but they have not yet been succeeded

by legumes in England. This plant may truly be

considered the most magnificent of all our hardy

deciduous climbers. It will grow wherever the

common laburnum will flourish; but, as its flowers

are somewhat more tender than those of that

tree, they are more liable to be injured by frosts in very late springs. A plant

in the Hort. Soc. Garden, against a wall, extends its branches above 1 00 ft.

on each side of the main stem ; one at Coughton Hall covers 905 superficial

feet of walling.

411. Wisteria chininsis

Sect. V. CASSIE^E.
GENUS XX.

GLEDI'TSCH/,4 L. THE GLEDITSCHIA. Lin. Syst. Polygamia Dice'cia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 1159. ; Lara. 111., p. 857.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 479. ; Don's Mill, 2. p. 428.
Synonymes. Acacia sp. Pluk. ; Fevier, Fr. ; Gleditschie, Ger. ; Glediteia, Ital.

250 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Derivation. In honour of Gottlieb Gleditsch, of Leipsic, once a professor at Berlin, and defender of
Linnaeus against Siegesbeck ; author of Methodus Fungorum (1753), Systema Plantarum a Stami-
num situ (1764), and many other smaller works.

Gen. Char. Flowers unisexual from abortion, or hermaphrodite. Calyx of
3 — 4—5 equal sepals, which are connected together at the base into a cu-
pule. Petals equal in number to the sepals, rising from the tube of the
calyx. Stamens equal in number to the sepals. Style short. Stigma pu-
bescent above. Legume continuous, furnished with more or less pulp. Seeds
compressed. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves compound, abruptly pinnate, and bipinnate, on the same tree ; or,
rarely, by the coalition of the leaflets, almost simple, alternate, stipulate,
deciduous. Flowers greenish, in spikes. — Trees, deciduous, of the 1st, 2d,
and 3d ranks ; natives of North America or China. Branchlets supra-
axillary, and often converted" into branched spines. Decaying leaves yellow.
Naked young wood purplish or brownish green.

The species are of easy culture in good free soil ; and, in Britain, generally
propagated by imported seeds, or grafting. The species appear to be in a
state of great confusion in British gardens ; and, judging from the trees in the
Hort. Soc. Garden, and in the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges, we should
conjecture that there are, probably, not more than two species, the American
and the Chinese. The Chinese species is distinguished by its trunk being
more spiny than its branches.

^ 1. G. TKIACA'NTHOS Lin. The three-thorned Gieditschia, or Honey Locust.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1509. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 479. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 428.

Synonymes. G. triacanthos var. <* polysperma Mart. Mitt. ; G. meliloba Walt. ; G. spinosa Du
Ham. ; .Acacia triacanthos Hort. ; Acacia americana Pluk. ; Fevier d'Amerique, Fr. ; Fava ame-
ricana, Ital. ; Thorny Acacia, Sweet Locust, United States ; Carouge a Miel Canada

Engravings. Michx. fil. Arb., 2. p. 164. t. 10.; Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 138. ; the plates of this species
in Arb. Brit., 1st edit, vol. v. ; and our fig. 412.

Spec. Char., $c. Spines simple or trifid ; stout, at the very base compressed,
in the upper part cylindrical, but tapered. Leaflets linear-oblong. Legumes
flatfish, rather crooked, many-seeded, and more than ten times as long as
broad. (Dec. Prod.) A large tree. Carolina and Virginia. Height 50 ft.
to 80 ft. Introduced in 1700. Flowers greenish ; June and July. Legume
brown ; ripe in October. Decaying leaves yellow. Naked young wood
purplish brown.

% G. t. 2 inermis Dec., G. lasvvis Hort. (Dec. Leg. Mem., 2. t. 22. fig. 109. ;

Catesb. Carol., 1. t. 43.; Pluk. Aim., t. 123. fig. 3. ; and the plates of

this variety in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v.), has the stem and branches

not spin}r, or but very sparingly so.
¥ G. t. 3 brachycarpa. G. brachycarpa Pitrsh, G. triacanthos var. ft

Michx. — Leaflets oblong obtuse. Spines thick, short, not rarely 3

together. Legumes oblong, short.

The trunk and branches, when the tree is young, are covered with large
prickles, which, though they are not ligneous, become hard, and remain on for
several years, and offer a formidable defence. These prickles are not only
produced by the young wood, but occasionally protrude themselves from the
trunk, even when the tree is of considerable bulk and age. In general, the
trunk presents a twisted appearance, and the branches proceed from it rather
horizontally than in an upright direction. The pinnated foliage is particularly
elegant, and of an agreeable light shining green : it appears late in spring, the
trees in the neighbourhood of London sometimes not being fully clothed till
the middle or end of June; and it begins to turn yellow, and drop off, early
in autumn. The flowers are inconspicuous'; the male flowers being in the
form of catkin-like racemes of nearly the same colour as the leaves. Some
trees in the grounds at Syon have ripened seeds, the pods containing which,
being 1 ft. to 2ft. in length, and remaining on the trees after the leaves are off,
have a singular appearance. These crooked pendulous pods are of a reddish

XXV. LEGUMINA^CE^E ! GLEDl'TSCH/yf.

251

4 1 2. Gleditschij triacanthos.

brown colour ; they contain hard, smooth, brown seeds, enveloped in a pulpy
substance, which, for about a month after the maturity of the seeds, is
very sweet, but after a few weeks becomes extremely sour. The rate of
growth of this tree, for the first 15 or 20 years, is generally about the average
of a foot a year ; but in favourable situations it will grow at double that rate.
In the garden of the Hort. Soc., and in the arboretum of the Messrs. Lod-
diges, plants 10 years planted were, in 1835, from 20 ft. to 25 ft. in height.
The wood of this tree, when dry, weighs at the rate of 52 Ib. the cubic foot :
it is very hard, and splits with great facility, resembling in this and other re-
spects the. wood of the robinia ; but its grain is coarser, and its pores more
open. In Britain, this, and all the kinds of the genus, can only be considered
as ornamental trees; but in that character they hold the first rank; their de-
licate acacia-like foliage, and the singularly varied, graceful, and picturesque
forms assumed by the tree, more especially when young or middle-aged, to-
gether with the singular feature afforded by its spines, will always recommend
it in ornamental plantations. It requires a deep, rich, free soil, and a situation
not exposed to high winds ; and it requires the South of England or France
to ripen the seeds. The species is always propagated by seeds imported from
America, or from France or Italy. The plants are best transplanted to where
they are finally to remain when quite young ; as they make but few fibrous
roots, and these take, for the most part, a descending direction. The variety
G. t. inermis can only be insured by grafting on the species. In general, how-
ever, abundance of plants without spines may be selected from beds of seed-
lings of G. triacanthos.

¥ 2. G. (T.) MONOSPE'RMA Walt. The one-seeded Gleditschia, or Water

Locust.

Identification. Walt. Car., 254. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 479. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 428.

Synonymes. G. carolinensis Lam. Diet. 2. p. 464. ; G.aquatica Marsh. ; G.triacSntha Gcert. Fruct.

2. p. 149.
Engravings. Mill. Icon., 5. ; and our fig. 413. ; in which the male flower, the pod, and the seed, are

of the natural size.

Spec. Char., fyc. Spines slender, not rarely trifid, few. Leaflets ovate-oblong,
acute. Legumes flattish, roundish, 1-seeded. (Dec. Prod.) A tree of the
largest size. Native of Carolina, Florida, and the Illinois, in moist woods.
Height 60ft. to 80 ft. Introduced in 1723. Flowers greenish; June and
July. Legume not seen in England.

Closely resembles the honey locust, from which, in England, where neither
of them ripens seeds, it is almost impossible to distinguish it. The bark,

252

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

413. Gleditsehid (t.) monosp^rma.

though smooth when the tree is
young, yet cracks and scales off when
the tree grows old, as in G. triacan-
thos. The leaves, Michaux says,
differ from those of G. triacantho.s, in
being a little smaller in all their pro-
portions. The branches are armed
with thorns, which are also less nu-
merous, and somewhat smaller than
those of G. triacanthos. The tree is
treated in all respects like G. tria-
canthos ; of which it has, till lately,
been considered only a variety. It
is raised in the nurseries from im-
ported seed; but whether the plants
really turn out perfectly distinct,
with respect to the form of their fruit,
is uncertain ; from their not having yet, as far as we know, fruited in England.

*t 3. G. SINE'NSIS Lam. The Chinese Gleditschia.

Identification. Lam. Diet., 2. p. 465. ; Dec. Prod., 2.

p. 479. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 428.
Synonymes. G. horrida Willd. Sp. 4. p. 1098. ; Fe.

vier de la Chine, Ft:
Engravings. Dec. Legum. Mem., 1. t. 1. ; the plate

of this species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v.

Spec. Char., $c. Spines stout, conical ;

those on the branches simple or

branched ; those on the stem grouped

and branched. The leaflets ovate-
elliptical, obtuse. Legumes compressed,

long. The spines in this species are

axillary, not distant from the axil. (Dec.

Prod.) A middle-sized tree. China.

Height 30ft. to 50ft. Introduced in

1774. Flowers greenish; June and

July. Legume not seen in England.
Varieties.

* G. s. 2 inermis N. Du Ham., G.

japonica Lodd. Cat., G. javanica
Lam. (see the plate of this tree
in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v.;
and pur fig. 414.), differs from
G. sinensis in being without
spines, of much less vigorous
growth, and in having the foliage
of a much deeper green. It seems
a very desirable variety for small
gardens.

2 G. s. 3 major Hort., G. horrida major Lodd. Cat., seems scarcely to
differ from the species.

* G. s. 4 nana Hort., G. h. nana in Hort. Soc. Gard. (see the plate of

this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v. ; and our fg 415.), is a
tree of somewhat lower growth than the species, but scarcely, as it
appears to us, worth keeping distinct.

? G. s. 5 purpurea Hort., G. h. purpurea Lodd. Cat. (see the plate in
Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v. ; and our Jig. 416.), is a small tree of
compact upright growth, very suitable for gardens of limited extent.

Other Varieties of G. sinensis.— In Loddiges's arboretum there is a plant

414. Gleditschw ».

XXV. LEGUMINA CEM : GLEDI TSCH/y*.

253

415. Gledftschta s. nkna

marked G. chinensis
(Potts), which was im-
ported from China by
the Hort. Soc. It is, at
present, a low bush,
and may, perhaps, prove
something distinct.
There were also, in
1835, in the Hort. Soc.
Garden, some plants
without names, appa-
rently .belonging to this
species; but, as we have
already observed, the
genus is in great con-
fusion, and nothing
perfectly satisfactory
can be stated respect-
ing it.

The spines, which are
very strong and branchy,
are more abundant on
the trunk than on the
branches, and are fre-
quently found in bundles.

416. Gleditechia s. purpfcrea.

254 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

The leaves are bipinnate, and tho leaflets are elliptic obtuse, notched on the
edges, smooth, shining, and much larger than those of any other species.
(Desf. Arb., ii. p. 248.) The pods are rarely above 6 in. long. The tree
stands the cold better than the honey locust, and has ripened its fruit in Paris,
in the Jardin des Plantes, and in the nursery of M. Gels. (Diet, des Eaux et
des Forets, vol. ii. p. 150.)

¥ 4. G. (s.) MACRACA'NTHA Desf. The long-spined Gleditschia.

Identification. Desf. Arb., 2. p. 246. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 428.
Synonymes. G. ferox Baudr. ; Fevier a grosses E'pines, Fr.
Engraving. The plate of this species in Arb. Brit, 1st edit., vol. v.

Spec. Char., $c. Prickles strong, branchy, numerous. Leaflets lanceolate,
somewhat rigid, notched, dentated. Podb elongated. (Desf. Arb.} A
middle-sized tree, with a prickly trunk. China ?. Height 40 ft. to 50 ft.
Flowers greenish ; June and July

The prickles are axillary and large. The leaves are twice winged; the
leaflets large, coriaceous, dark green, and shining on the upper surface. The
young shoots are covered with extremely short hairs, and are of a purplish
brown colour. On the whole, it bears a close resemblance to G. sinensis, of
which it is, probably, only a variety. It is very hardy ; and Desfontaines says
that it fruits freely in France. The fruit ripens in the autumn ; and the pods
are long, pendulous, swelled, and rather cylindrical. They are filled with a
sharp acrid pulp, somewhat resembling that of tamarinds, but the emanations
from which, when inhaled, occasion sneezing.

3? 5. G. (s.) FE^ROX Desf. The ferocious-prickled Gleditschia.

Identification. Desf. Arb., 2. p. 247. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 428.
Synonymes. G. orientalis Base; Fevier b^risse, Fr.
Engraving. Our Jig. . in p.

Spec. Char., 8fc. Prickles large, robust, much compressed, trifid. Leaflets

lanceolate, notched. (Desf. Arb.)

A middle-sized branching deciduous tree, the trunk of which is thickly beset
with strong branchy prickles, and which is supposed to grow from 30 ft. to
50 ft. in height ; but of which the native country, and year of introduction
into Britain, are unknown. Judging from the plants in the Hort. Soc. Garden,
and those in the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges, we should say it was only
a variety of G. sinensis; though Desfontaines states the foliage and habit of
growth to be somewhat different. It has not yet flowered in Europe.

¥ 6. G. CA'SPICA Desf. The Caspian Gleditschia.

Identification. Desf. Arb., 2. p. 24r. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 428.
Synonyme. G. caspi&na Base.
Engraving Our fig. 417-

Spec. Char., $c. Prickles slender, trifid, compressed.
Leaflets elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse. (Desf. Arb.) A
middle-sized tree Persia, and found also near the Cas-
pian Sea. Height 30 ft. to 40 ft. Introduced in 1822.
Nothing is known of its flowers and fruit ; but it

strongly resembles G. sinensis (of which it is, probably,

only a variety) in its leaves, general appearance, and

habit.

Variety.

¥ G. c. 2 subvire*cens Hurt., Fevier verdatre, Fr., is mentioned in the
Son Jardinier for 1836, as a variety of this species.

Other Sort* of Gleditschia. — Every modification of the species of this genus
is so interesting, both in point of the elegance of its foliage, and the singularity
of its prickles, that new varieties have been eagerly sought after by cultivators ;
and the genus seems particularly favourable to this desire, from the tendency
of seedling plants to sport. Hence there are several names in collections, of

XXV. LEGUMINA^CEA GYMNO'CLADUS. 255

which it is difficult to say any thing satisfactory in the present young and im-
mature state of the plants. In the Hort. Soc. Garden, there were in 1837
G. micracdntha, G. Boqui, and G. prce^cox ; and in Messrs. Loddiges's arbo-
retum were plants marked G. aqudtica, which are evidently the same as G.
monosperma, G. orientalis, evidently G. ferox, G. chinensis (already mentioned) ;
and some young plants without names.

GENUS XXI.

GYMNO'CLADUS Lam. THE GYMNOCLADUS. Lin. Syst. Dioe'cia
Decandria.

Identification. Lam. Diet., 1. p. 733. ; 111., t. 823. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 479.

Derivation. From gamnos, naked, and klados, a branch ; from the naked appearance of the branches
during winter, when they seem, unless perhaps at the points of the shoots, totally devoid of buds.

Gen. Char. Flowers dioecious from abortion. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Petals
5, equal, oblong, exserted from the tube. Stamens 10, enclosed. Legume
oblong, thick, filled with pulp inside. {Don's Mill.)

Leaves compound, alternate, stipulate, deciduous; bipinnate. Flowers
in terminal racemes, white. — A tree, deciduous, with upright branches and
inconspicuous buds ; native of North America.

¥ 1. G. CANADE'NSIS Lam. The Canada Gymnocladus, or Kentucky
Coffee Tree.

Identification. Lam. Diet., 1. p. 733., and 111., t. 823. ; Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 241.; Dec.
Prod., 2. p. 480. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 429.

Synonymes. Guilandlno dioica Lin. Sp. 546.; Hypernnthera dioica Vahl Symb. 1. p 31., Duh.
Arb. 1. t. 103. ; Nicker Tree, Stump Tree, United States; Bonduc, Chiquier, Fr. ; Chicot, Ca-
nadian ; Canadischer Schusserbaum, Ger.

Engravings. Reich. Mag., t. 40. ; Duh. Arb., t. 103. ; our plates of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit.,
vol. v. ; and our fig. 418.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches blunt at the tip, bipinnate leaves, flowers in ra-
cemes, and whitish petals. The leaf has 4—7 pinna? ; the lower of which
consist each of but a single leaflet, the rest each of 6 — 8 pairs of leaflets.
(Dec Prod.) A singular tree. Canada. Height 30 ft. to 60 ft. Introduced
in 1748. Flowers white; May to July. Decaying leaves yellow. Naked
young wood of a mealy white, without any appearance of buds.
The branches have almost always an upright direction j and the appearance
of the head, in the winter season, is remarkable, from being fastigiate, and from
the points of the branches being few, and thick and blunt, as compared with
those of almost every other tree. They are also wholly without the ap-
pearance of buds ; and this latter circumstance, connected with the former,
gives the tree, during winter, the appearance of being dead ; and hence the
Canadian name of chicot, or stump tree. The leaves, on young thriving trees,
are 3 ft. long, and 20 in. wide ; but, on trees nearly full grown, they are not
half that size. The leaflets are of a dull bluish green, and the branches of
the petioles are somewhat of a violet colour. It is very hardy, and flowers
freely in the neighbourhood of London, but does not produce pods. The
wood is hard, compact, strong, tough, and of a fine rose colour. In America,
it is used both in cabinet-making and carpentry, and, like the wood of the
robinia, it has the remarkable property of rapidly converting its sap-wood into
heart- wood j so that a trunk Gin. in diameter has not more than six lines of
sap-wood, and may, consequently, be almost entirely employed for useful pur-
poses. The seeds were, at one time, roasted and ground as a substitute for
coffee in Kentucky and Tennessee ; but their use in this way has been long
since discontinued. The pods, preserved like those of the tamarind (to which

256

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

418. Gymndcladus canaditasis.

this genus is nearly allied), are said to be wholesome, and slightly aperient.
In Britain, the only use of the tree is for ornamental purposes ; and, con-
sidered as an object of curiosity and beauty, no collection ought to be without
it. A rich, deep, free soil is essential to the thriving of this tree ; and such a
soil is never met with naturally in exposed situations. The tree is generally
propagated by imported seeds ; but it will grow freely from cuttings of the
roots, care being taken in planting to keep that end upwards which is na-
turally so.

GENUS XXII.

g]

CTE'RCIS L. THE JUDAS TREE. Lin. Syst. Decandria Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 510. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 518. ; Doll's Mill., 2. p. 463.

Synonymes. Siliquistrum Town. Inst. t. 414., Moench Meth. ; Gainier, Fr. ; Judasbaum, Ger. ;

Albero de Giuda, Ital.
Derivation. From kerkis, a shuttlecock, the name given by Theophrastus to this tree.

Gen. Char. Calyx urceolate at the base and gibbous, bluntly 5-toothed at the
apex. Petals 5, unguiculate, all distinct, disposed in a papilionaceous manner ;
the wings or side petals the largest. Stamens 10, free, unequal. Ovary on
a short stipe. Legume oblong, slender, compressed, 1-celled, many-seeded,
somewhat winged on the seminiferous suture. Seeds obovate. (Don's
Mill.)

XXV. LEGUMINAXCE^E : CE^RCIS.

257

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; heart-shaped at the base,
many-nerved, rising after the flowers have decayed. Flowers in 1-flowered
pedicels, rising from the trunk and branches in fascicles. — Trees, deciduous,
of the third rank ; natives of Europe, or North America. Decaying leaves
yellowish purple. Propagated by seeds or grafting.

Y 1. C. ^ILIQUA'STRUM L. The common Judas Tree

Identification. Lin. Sp., 534. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 518. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 463.

Synonymies. Siliquastrum orbiculatum Mccnch Metb. ; Love Tree ; Gainier commun, Arore de

Judee, Fr. ; Arbol d'Amor, Span. ; Judasbaum, Ger.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., t. 7. ; Bot. Mag., t. 1138. ; the plates of this species in Arb. Brit., 1st
edit., vol. v. ; and our Jig. 419.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves very obtuse, and wholly glabrous. (Dec. Prod.} A
low tree. South of Europe, in Greece, in Asiatic Turkey, and more es-
pecially in Judea. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft. Introduced in 1596. Flowers
purplish pink ; May. Legume brown ; ripe in September. Naked young
wood purplish, with small white spots.

Varieties.

& C. S. 2 parviflorum Dec. — A shrub ; its branches spotted with white,

its flowers smaller by half than those of the species. A native of

Bokhara.

¥ C. S. SJlore albido.— Flowers whitish. H. S.
*f C. S. 4 rosea. — A seedling, raised from foreign seeds, which has

flowered in the Botanic Garden at Kew ; has numerous flowers,

which are brighter, and a shade darker, than those of the species ;

and they also appear about a fortnight later ; but it is, perhaps,

hardly worth noticing as a variety.

419. C&rcis SiliqiuUtrum

The common Judas tree, in the South of Europe, forms a handsome low
tree, with a flat spreading head, in the form of a parasol ; and it is a singularly

s

258 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

beautiful object in spring, especially when it is covered with its numerous bright
purplish pink flowers, which appear before the leaves, and are produced not
only from the young wood, but from wood of 6 or 8 years growth, and even
from the trunk. The leaves are not liable to be attacked by insects. The
flowers are succeeded by flat, thin, brown pods, nearly 6 in. in length, which
remain on the tree all the year, and give it a very singular appearance in the
winter season. The rate of growth is about 18 in. a year, for the first 10 years.
The wood is very hard, and agreeably veined, or rather blotched or waved,
with black, green, and yellow spots, on a grey ground. It takes a beautiful
polish, and weighs nearly 48 Ib. to the cubic foot. The flowers, which have
an agreeable acid taste, are mixed with salads, or fried with batter, as fritters ;
and the flower -buds are pickled in vinegar. In British gardens, the tree grows
about the same height, and flowers about the same time, as the laburnum, the
Guelder rose, and the hawthorn, and enters into beautiful combination with
these and other trees. The foliage is hardly less beautiful and remarkable than
the flowers ; the leaves being of a pale bluish green on the upper surface ; and
of a sea-green underneath, and of a cordate reniform shape, apparently con-
sisting of two leaflets joined together; which circumstance, combined .with
others, brings the genus in close alliance with that of Bauhinia. Like most of
the Leguminaceae, this tree prefers a deep, free, sandy soil, rich rather than
poor; and it will only thrive, and become a handsome tree, in sheltered situa-
tions. In the northern parts of the island, it requires to be planted against a
wall ; and few ornamental trees better deserve such a situation. The species
is propagated by seeds, and the varieties by grafting. The seeds are sown on
heat early in spring, and come up the same season ; and the plants will produce
flowers in three or four years.

£ 2. C. CANADE'NSIS L. The Canada Judas Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 534. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 518. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 463.

Synonymes. Siliquasrrum corc&tum Mcench Meth. ; red Bird Tree, Amer. ; Gainier de Canada,
Bouton rouge, Fr.

Cravings, Mill. Icon., t. 2. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit , 1st edit., vol. v. ; and our

». 420.

4SO. «rcis eanad&is-s.

XXVI. ROSA^CEJE. 259

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves acuminate, villose beneath at the axils of the veins.
As compared with C. Siliquastrum, its flowers are of a paler rose colour,
the legume is on a longer pedicel, and tipped with a longer style. A low
tree. Canada to Virginia. (Dec. Prod.) Height 10 ft. to 20ft. lutrod. 1730.
Flowers red ; May and June. ; Legume brown ; ripe in August.

Variety.

*t C. c. pubescens Ph. — Leaves pubescent on the under surface. (Ztec.)

This tree bears a general resemblance to the preceding species ; but it is
more slender and smaller in all its parts ; and it seldom rises higher than 20
feet. It is at once distinguished from C. Siliquastrum by its leaves being
heart-shaped and pointed ; they are also .much thinner, more veined, and of a
lighter green ; and the flowers are generally produced in smaller numbers
than in the other species. The flowers are used by the French Canadians in
salads and pickles, and the young branches to dye wool of a nankeen colour.
The wood resembles that of the other species. Propagated by imported
seeds, and considered more tender than C. (Siliquastruin.

ORDER XXVI.

THE term 7?osaceae has been applied to this order, because all the species
belonging to it agree more or less with the genus Rosa, in essential charac-
ters. It includes many genera belonging to the Linnsean class Icosandria.

Ord. Char. Flowers regular. Calyx, in most cases, with 5 lobes, the odd one
posterior to the axis of inflorescence. Petals and stamens arising from the
calyx. Stamens, for the most part, numerous. Ovaries many, several, or
solitary ; each of one cell that includes, in most cases, 1 ovule ; in some,
1 to many ovules. Style lateral or terminal.

Leaves simple, or pinnately divided, alternate, in nearly all stipulate.
Flowers showy, with numerous stamens. Fruit, in many of the genera, edible.
—Trees and shrubs, mostly deciduous; natives of Europe, Asia, and America.
The ligneous species which constitute this order include the finest flower-
ing shrub in the world, the rose; and the trees which produce the most
useful and agreeable fruits of temperate climates, viz. the apple, the pear, the
plum, the cherry, the apricot, the peach, and the nectarine. The plants are,
for the most part, deciduous low trees or shrubs, all producing flowers more
or less showy ; and the greater number fruits which are edible. They are
chiefly natives of Europe and Asia ; but several of them are also found in
North America, and some in South America, and the North of Africa. The
fruit-bearing species, and the rose, have followed man from the earliest period
of civilisation, and are, perhaps, better known to mankind in general than any
other ligneous plants. The medical properties of several of the species are
remarkable, from the circumstance of their yielding the prussic acid ; while
others produce a gum nearly allied to the gum Arabic, which indicates a
degree of affinity between this order and Leguminaceac. The bark of some
species, as of Cerasus virginiana, is used, in North America, as a febrifuge ;
and that of others, as the capollin cherry (6'erasus Capollin), for tanning,
in Mexico. The leaves of CYatae'gus Oxyacantha, Prunus spinosa, Cerasus
sylvestris, and Rosa. rubi»inosa, have been used as a substitute for tea, or for
adulterating tea. The leaves and bark of the spiraeas are said to be at once
astringent and emetic. There are two characteristics of this order, with
reference to its cultivation, which are of great importance to the gardener :
the first is, the liability of almost all the species to sport, and produce
varieties differing, in many cases, more from one another, than they differ
from other species ; and the second is, that they are remarkably subject to

s 2

260 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

the attacks of insects and diseases. They almost all require a free loamy soil,
not overcharged with moisture, and rich rather than poor ; and, while all the
species are increased by seeds, which, for the most part, are produced freely in
Britain, or by cuttings of the roots, almost all the varieties are best increased
by grafting or budding ; and not, as in some other orders, with equal ease by
cuttings of the shoots, or by layers.

With reference to landscape-gardening, all the rosaceous trees have three
properties which deserve to be kept constantly in viesv by the improver of
grounds: 1st, they never attain a large size ; 2d, they attain their natural size
and shape in a very few years, in good soil not requiring more than from
10 to 20 years ; and 3d, they sooner take the character of old trees than the
trees of any other natural order of ligneous plants. A few exceptions may be
taken from different orders, such as the common field maple, the common
laburnum, &c. ; but we know of no natural order, in which, like the Rosaceas,
all the trees are low or middle-sized, and all take the character of age while
comparatively young. Hence their value in laying out small places, where
the object is to make a new place appear old, or a small place appear large,
and at the same time to combine character of form with beautiful blossoms
in spring, and showy (fratas'gus, Cotoneaster, and Ameldnchier) or useful
(Pyrus and Prunus) fruit in autumn.

The genera are included by DeCandolle and G. Don in five tribes ; and the
following are their names and distinctions : —

Sect. I. ^MYGDAVLE£: JllSS.

Sect. Char. Fruit a drupe ; the nut 2-ovuled, I — 2-seeded. Style terminal.
Calyx deciduous. Leaves feather-nerved, undivided, serrate, with the
lower serratures or the petioles glanded. Stipules not attached to the
petiole. Kernel containing more or less of hydrocyanic acid : chiefly
fruit trees.

^MY'GDALUS Tourn. Covering of nut not fleshy ; nut even, or perforated
Young leaves folded flatwise. Flowers almost sessile, solitary or twin,
protruded before the leaves.

PE'RSICA Tourn. Covering of nut very fleshy ; nut wrinkled. The- charac-
ters of the other parts described under Amygda\\is are the same in Persica.
/(RMENI'ACA Tourn. Covering of nut fleshy ; nut furrowed at both edges, in
the other parts even. Young leaves with their edges rolled inwards.
Flowers almost sessile, solitary or a few together, protruded before the
leaves.

PRU^NUS Tourn. Covering of nut fleshy ; nut indistinctly furrowed at the
edges, in the other parts even. Young leaves with the edges rolled inwards.
Flowers upon pedicels, in groups resembling umbels, and produced before
or after the leaves.

CE'RASUS Juss. Nut subglobose, even, its covering fleshy. Young leaves
folded -flatwise. Flowers upon pedicels, either in groups resembling umbels,
and produced before the leaves, or in racemes terminal to the shoots, pro-
truded along with them.

Sect. II. £PIR^EEVJE Dec.

Sect. Char. Fruit of 5, or fewer, capsular carpels, which are distinct from
the calyx (which is persistent in Spiraeva, and, perhaps, in the other
genera), and, in most cases, from each other: each contains 1 — 6 seeds.
Style terminal. Low deciduous shrubs.

PU'RSHL* Dec. Stamens about 20. Carpels 1 — 2, ovate-oblong.
KE'RRIA Dec. Stamens about 20. Carpels 5 — 8, distinct.
SPIRJEVA L. Stamens 10 — 50. Carpels 1 to several, distinct ; stipitate ; each
includes 2 — 6 seeds, affixed to the inner suture.

Sect. III. POTENTI'LLE,E Juss. (Synon. Dryadeae Vent.)
Sect. Char. Fruit an aggregation of carpels; their integuments dry or

xxvi. ROSA^CEJE : y/MY'GDALUS. 261

succulent ; the carpels distinct from one another, and from the calyx,
which is persistent, and surrounds them, and, in many, is subtended
by as many bracteas as it has lobes ; the bracteas alternate with the
lobes. Style proceeding from a little below the tip of the carpel. Leaves,
in most cases, pinnately divided. Stipules attached to the petiole. Shrubs
bearing fruit, or ornamental.

7^u\«us L. Integuments of carpels juicy.

POTENTI'LLA Nestl. Integuments of carpels dry.

Sect. IV. 72ovsE^E Dec.

Sect. Char. Fruit a hip ; that is, with the tube of the calyx fleshy, of a
pitcher shape, contracted at the mouth ; and including an aggregation of
carpels attached to its inner face. Style proceeding from the inner side
of the carpel. Shrubs eminently ornamental.

/J!OVSA Tourn. Leaf impari-pinnate. Stipules attached to the petiole. Prickles

simple.
LOXWE^ Lindl. Leaf simple. Stipules none. Prickles usually compound.

Sect. V. PO'MEJE Lindl.

Sect. Char. Fruit a pome ; that is, with the tube of the calyx become very
fleshy, and including, and connate with, the carpels. Carpels normally 5,
with gristly or borjy walls, including 1 — 2 seeds ; in Cydonia, several.
Habit spiny or not ; leaves, in most cases, undivided, in some pinnate.
Stipules not connate with the petiole. Ornamental low trees, or large
shrubs, with showy flowers, in some genera spiny, and in others bearing
some of our best hardy kitchen and dessert fruits.

CHAT^GUS Lindl. Carpels I — 5 prismatic nuts with bony shells, each in-
cluding 1 seed. Leaves angled or toothed ; in most cases deciduous.
Flowers in terminal corymbs. Spiny shrubs or low trees.

PHOTI'NIA Lindl. Carpels 2. Petals reflexed. Evergreen. Flowers in ter-
minal panicles. Leaves simple, leathery, serrated or entire. In P. integri-
folia the ovaries are 3, and each includes 2 ovules.

COTONEA'STER Medik. Carpels 2 — 3 ; ovules 2 in each cell. Leaves simple,
entire, woolly beneath. Flowers in lateral spreading corymbs.

AMELA'NCHIER Medik. Ovaries 5, each divided by a partition ; ovules 1 in
each cell. Ripe pome including 3 — 5 carpels. Petals lanceolate. Small
trees. Leaves simple, serrate, deciduous. Flowers in racemes.

.ME'SFILUS Lindl. Carpels 2 — 5 compressed nuts with bony shells, each in-
cluding 1 seed. Leaves lanceolate, serrulate, deciduous. Flowers large,
subsessile, subsolitary.

PY'RUS Lindl. Carpels 5, or 2 — 5. Seeds 2 in each carpel. Leaves simple
or pinnate, deciduous. Flowers in spreading terminal cymes or corymbs.

GYDO'MA Tourn. Carpels 5, each including many seeds.

Sect, I. AmYGT)A*LEJE JliSS.

GENUS I.

yfMY'GDALUS Tourn. THE ALMOND TREE Lin. Syst. Icosandria
Monogynia.

Identification. Tourn. Inst., t. 402. ; Dec. Prod., ?. p. 330. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 482.

s 3

'262 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM 1SRITANNICUM.

Synonymes. Amygdaldplmra Neck.', Atnandier, Fr. ; Man<l<-H>aum, (!,-r. ; Mandorio, Ital.

net-hint ion. From HIHUSSH, to lacerate, in reference to the tissured shell of the nut. Martiniug sus-
pects that it comes from a Hebrew word which signifies vigilant ; because its early flowers announce
the return of spring.

Gen. Char. Drupe clothed with velvety pubescence, having a dry rind, which
separates irregularly, containing a pitted or smooth putamen or nut. (Don's
MUi.)

Leaves simple, conduplicate when young, alternate, stipulate, deciduous.
Flowers nearly sessile, usually pink or rose coloured, rising either singly or
by pairs from the scaly buds, earlier than the leaves. — Shrubs or trees of the
middle size, deciduous. Natives of the North of Africa, and the mountains
of Asia ; also of Russia, and the Levant.

The fruit-bearing species are cultivated in the Middle and South of Europe
and the Levant, and are propagated chiefly by grafting ; and the others by
.grafting, layers, suckers, or cuttings of the root. The almond was included
by Linnaeus in the same genus with the peach and nectarine, of both of which
it is, doubtless, the parent, as trees have been found with almonds in a
state of transition to peaches, and with both peaches and nectarines on the
same branch.

jtt 1. A. NANNA L. The dwarf, or shrubby. Almond.

Identification. Lin. Mant., 396. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 530. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 482.

Si/nonymes, Prunus inermis Gmel. ; A. nana var. « vulgaris Dec. ; Amandier nain, Fr. ; Zwerche-

man'del, Ger. ; Peschino della China, Ital.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 161 - ; N. Du Ham., 4.t. 30. ; and ourjigS. 422, 423.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oblong-linear, tapered at the base, serrated, glabrous ;
Flowers solitary, rose-coloured. Calyx cylindrically bell-shaped. Fruit of the
same shape as that of A. communis, but much smaller. (Dec. Prod.) A
deciduous low shrub. Calmuc Tartary, very frequent on the banks of the
Volga, and about Odessa. Height 2ft. to 3ft. Introduced in 1683.
Flowers rose coloured ; March and April.

Varieties.

M A. n. 2 georgica Dec. A. geprgica Desf. Arb. 2. p. 221., and Lodd.
Cat. — It differs from the species in having the lobes of the calyx
lanceolate, and as long as its tube ; and the styles only tomentose at
the base, being scarcely so there, and not protruded. A native of
Georgia, which lias been cultivated in the Geneva Botanic Garden.

jm A. n. 3 carnpestris Ser. A. campestris Bcsscr Enum. p. 46. No. 1425.,
Hort. Fl. Aust. 2. p. 2., and Lodd. Cat. ; A. Besserza/za Schott in Cat.
Hort. Vindob. 1818, and Lodd. Ca£— Leaves
broader. Lobes of the calyx as long as the tube.
Petals narrower, longer, and white. Styles to-
mentose at the base. The form of the nut, ac-
cording to Besser, is various. Supposed to be a
native of the South of Podolia. (Dec. Prod.) This
variety is in the Hort. Soc. Garden, where it
was raised from seeds received from Dr. Fischer
of Petersburg.

34 A. n. 4 sjbirica Lodd. Cat., and Lodd. Bot. Cab.
1599., and our^g. 421., is extant in some British
botanical collections, where it is an upright shrub,
about 6 ft. high, with wand-like shoots, clothed
with fine, long, willow-like, glossy, serrate leaves ;
on account of which, and its upright habit of
growth, the latter being different from that of all
the other species and varieties of almond, it is va-
luable in every collection where variety of cha-
racter is desired. H. S. 421. ^.n.sifeca.
All the different forms of the dwarf almond are low shrubs, seldom exceeding
2 or 3 feet in height. The leaves bear a general resemblance to those of some

XXVI. ROSA^CEJE '. ^M\'GDALUS.

263

422. A. nkna.

423. A. n&na.

of the species of willow, but are of a
darker and more shining green, at least
in the original species. The stems are
not of long duration; but the plant
throws up abundance of travelling suck-
ers, by which it is continued naturally,
and also propagated. It is common
through all the plains of Russia, from
55° N. lat. to the south of the empire.
In British gardens it is valuable on
account of its early flowering, the grace-
fulness of the slender twigs, on which
its flowers are produced before the
leaves appear, and of its easy culture in
any dry soil. Its fruit resembles that of
A. communis, but is much smaller, and
rarely seen in England. The plant, which is usually called the dwarf double-
blossomed almond in British gardens, is Cerasus japonica flore pleno, or, as it
is frequently named in the nurseries, Jmygdalus pumila.

4* 2. A. INCA'NA Pall. The hoary dwarf Almond.

Identification. Pall. Ross., 1. p. 13. ; Smith Fl. Grsc., t. 497. ; Don's

Miller, 2. p. 482. ; Lindl. in Dot. R«g., 1839, t. 58.
Synonymes. A. nana var. incana Guld<nstad: and Arb. Brit. 1st edit.

vol. li. p. 674. ; A. toment6sula Lodd. Cat.
Engravings. Pall. Ross., 1. 1. 7. ; Flor. Graec., t. 477. ; Bot. Reg., 1839,

t. 58.; and our Jig. 424.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves obovate serrated, clothed with
white tomentum beneath. Flowers solitary. Drupe
compressed, pubescent. (Don's Mill.} A low decidu-
ous shrub. Caucasus and the Levant, between Smyrna
and Bursa. Height 2ft. to 3ft. Introduced in 1815.
Flowers red ; March and April.
Readily known from A. nana by its leaves being covered

with hoariness beneath. Increased by budding on the

common plum.

¥ 3. A. COMMU^NIS L. The common Almond Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 677. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 530. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 482.

Engravings. N. Du Ham., 4. t. 29. ; and the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v. ; and
our fig. 425.

Spec. Char.y Sfc. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrulate. Flowers solitary.
Calyx of a bell-shape. Fruit compressed, and rather egg shaped. (Dec.
Prod.) A middle-sized deciduous tree. Mauritania, and in the mountain-
ous parts of Asia. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft. Introduced in 1538. Flowers
white or rose-coloured ; March and April. Drupe brownish ; ripe in Oc-
tober. In fine seasons the fruit ripens on standards as far north as Derby,
and on walls at Edinburgh.

Varieties.

3f A. c. 1 amara Dec. The bitter Almond. Amandier amer, Fr. ; gemeine
Mandelbaum, Ger. — Flowers large. Petals pale pink, with a tinge
of rose colour at the base. Styles nearly as long as the stamens,
and tomentose in the lower part. Seeds bitter. There are two
forms of the bitter almond ; one with a hard shell, and the other
with a brittle one. The tree is cultivated in the South of France,
in Austria, in Italy, in Greece, &c.. for its fruit, which is preferred
for some purposes in medicine and in domestic economy to that of
the sweet almond, particularly for giving a flavour ; and for stocks
for grafting the other varieties on, and the peach, apricot, and even
the plum. Bitter almonds are generally mixed with sweet ones, in
very small proportions, for making blancmange, &c.
s 4

424. A. Indina.

264

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

•T25. Xmfgdatus commilnis.

t A. c. 2 dulcis Dec., Lam. 111. t. 430. The sweet Almond. Amandier
a petits Fruits, Amande douce, Fr. ; susse Mandel, Ger. — Leaves
grey-green. Flowers protruded earlier than the leaves. Styles much
longer than the stamens. Fruit ovate-compressed, acuminate. Shell
hard. Kernel sweet-flavoured. Cultivated in the same places as the
preceding sort, and generally propagated by grafting standard high on
the bitter almond, or any strong-growing seedling almonds, in order
to make sure of the fruit being sweet.

If A. c. 3 flare plena Baum. Cat. has double flowers.

¥ A. c. 4 ftJiis variegdtis Baum. Cat. has variegated leaves.

? A. c. 5/rdgills Ser., Dec. Prod. 2. p. 531. A. fragilis Hell. 1. p. 500. ;
Amandier des Dames, JV. Du Ham. 4. p. 113., Noisette Jard. Fruit.
p. 7. ; Coque niolle, Amandier a Coque tendre, Fr. ; Abellan, Pro-
vence.— Flowers protruded at the same time as the leaves, and of a
pale rose colour. Petals broader, and deeply emarginate. Leaves
shorter; the petioles thick. Fruit acuminate; shell soft; kernel
sweet-flavoured. Cultivated for its fruit.

If A. c. 6 macrocdrpa Ser., Dec. Prod. 2. p. 531. Amandier a gros
Fruits, N. Du Ham. 4. p. 1 12., Noisette Jard. Fruit, p. 7. ; Amandier
Sultane, Amandier des Dames, Amandier Pistache, Fr. — Leaves
broader, acuminate, scarcely grey. Peduncles short, turgid. Flowers
of a very pale rose colour, large, protruded before the leaves. Petals
broadly obcordate, waved. Fruit large, umbilicate at the base, acu-
minate at the tip ; shell hard. There are two subvarieties, one with
the fruit rather smaller, called, commonly, in France, Amandier Sul-
tane; and another, with the fruit still smaller, called there Amandier
Pistache; the kernels of both of which are considered remarkably
delicate, and are preferred for the table. The flowers of this variety
are always produced earlier than those of any other ; and the kernels
of the fruit are always sweet. In British gardens, the A. c. macro-
carpa has much the largest flowers of any of the varieties. It is a

XXVI. ROSA^CEM I PE'RSICA.

265

vigorous large tree, of rapid growth, somewhat more fastigiate than
the species.

¥ A. c. 1 persicbides Ser., Dec. Prod. 2. p. 531 Amandier-Pecher, Ar.
Du Ham. 4. p. 1 14., Noisette Jard. Fruit, p 7. — Leaves similar to
those of the peach tree. Fruit ovate, obtuse ; its husk slightly suc-
culent ; the shell of a yellowish dark colour, and the kernel sweet-
flavoured. Du Hamel has stated that its fruits vary upon the same
branch, from ovate, obtuse, with the husk rather fleshy, to ovate,
compressed, acuminate, and the husk dry. Cultivated in France and
Italy for its fruit, but rarely found in British gardens.
Other Varieties. The almond, considered as a fruit tree, has given rise to
some other varieties, which will be found treated of at length in French works
on gardening, in the Nouveau Du Hamel, and the Nouveau Cours d? Agriculture
There are several varieties of the almond in cultivation on the Continent
for their fruit ; and two or three in this country, partly for the same purpose,
but chiefly for their flowers. The common almond, in a wild state, is found
sometimes with the kernels bitter, and at other times with them sweet ; in
the same manner as the Quercus hispanica, which, in Spain, though it gene-
rally bears sweet and edible acorns, yet sometimes produces only such as are
bitter. For this reason, in the case of the almond, instead of giving one form
as the species, we have followed DeCandolle, and described both the bitter
and the sweet almond separately, either of which may be considered as the
species, and classed them with the varieties.

& 4. A. ORIENT A'LIS Ait. The Eastern Almond Tree.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 1. I. p. 162., ed. 2. 3. p. 195. : Dec. Prod., 2. p. 530. ; Don's

Mill., 2. p. 482.

Synonyme. A. argentea Lam. Diet. 1. p. 103., N. Du Ham. 3. p. 1)5.
Engravings. Load. Bot. Cat., t. 1J37. ; and our fig. 426.

Spec. Char., fyc. Imperfectly evergreen. Branches
and leaves clothed with a silvery tomentum ;
petiole of the leaf short, the disk lanceolate
and entire. Flowers rose-coloured, and rather
longer than those of A. nana. Calyx cylin
tlrically bell-shaped. Fruit tipped with a point.
(Dec. Prod.) A tall shrub or low tree. Le-
vant. Height 8ft. to 10ft.; and, according
to Bosc, 15ft. to 20ft. Introduced in 1756
Flowers rose-coloured; March and April.

Very striking, from the hoary, or rather silvery,
appearance of its leaves ; and it makes a hand-
some plant when budded standard high on the
common almond or the plum. It flowers much less freely than the common
almond ; notwithstanding which, it well deserves a place in collections, on
account of its fine silvery foliage.

GENUS II.

426. A. orientMis.

7JE'RSICA Tourn. THE PEACH TREE. Lin. Syxt* Icosandria Monogynia.

Identification. Tourn. Inst., t. 400. ; Mill. Diet. ; Dec. Fl. Fr., 487. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 483.
Synonymes. Jm^gdalus sp. of Lin. and Juss. ; Trichocferpus Keck. Elem. No. 718. ; Pecher, Fr. ;

Pfirschenbaum, Ger. ; Pesco, Ital. - ,
Derivation. So named from the peach coming originally from Persia.

Gen. Char. Drupe fleshy, with a glabrous or velvety apicarp, and having the
putamen wrinkled from irregular furrows. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; conduplicate when young.

266

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Flowers almost sessile, solitary, or twin, rising from the scaly buds earlier

than the leaves. — Tree, deciduous, beneath the middle size, and not of long

duration. Persia.

The peach and the nectarine are by some botanists made distinct species ;
but there can be no doubt of their being only varieties of one kind, which
kind is itself nothing more than an improved or fleshy almond ; the almond
being to the peach and nectarine what the crab is to the apple, and the sloe to
the plum.

¥ 1 . P. VULGAVRIS Mill. The common Peach Tree.

Identification. Mill. Diet, No. 1. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 531. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 483.
Synonymes. Jmygdalus Persica Lin. Sp. 677. : Peche duveteuse, Fr. ; Pfirsche, Gcr.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 1. 2 — 8. ; Nois. Jard. Fruit. Icon. ; the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit.,
1st edit, vol. vi. ; and our Jig. 427.

427. P&rsica vulgiris.

Spec. Char., fyc. Fruit clothed with velvety tomentum. A deciduous tree
Persia. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft. Cultivated in 1562, or probably long before.
Flowers rose-coloured ; March and April. Fruit red and yellow ; ripe in
September.

Varieties.

% P. v. 1, the freestone common Peachy Peche, Fr., has the flesh of the

fruit parting, from the shell of the nut (the stone).
*i P. v. 2, the clingstone common Peach, Pavie, Fr.y has the flesh of the

fruit adhering to the shell of the nut.
X P. v. Sfldre pleno Hort. — Flowers double.
s& P. v. 4 alba Lindl. — Flowers white. A

hardy ornamental shrub, with the habit

of an almond. Its fruit has little

merit.
J± P. v. 5 foliis variegdtis Hort. — Leaves

variegated.
* P. v. 6 compressa Hort., the flat Peach

of China (Hort. Trans, iv. t. 19. ; and

ourjtfg. 428.), is chiefly remarkable for

the form of its fruit, and for being

nearly evergreen in its leaves. In the

Hort. Soc. Garden, against a wall, it

keeps growing throughout the winter,

when the weather is not too severe. 42s.

xxvi. ROS^CEJE : ^UMENI'ACA. 267

t 2. P. (v.) L.E'VIS Dec. The smooth-skinned Peach, or Nectarine Tree.

Identification. Dec. Fl. Fr., 4. p. 487. ; Don's Miller, 2. p. 493.

Synoni/mes. y4mygdalus Persiea Lam. Diet. ; A. Persica Nectarina Ait. Hort. Kew. ; Peche lisse,

Brugnon, Fr. ; Pesco noce, Ital.
Engravings. Nois. Jard. Fruit, t. 20. f. 2, 3. t. 21. f. 3, 4.

Spec. Char., fyc. Fruit smooth. A deciduous tree. Persia. Height 15 ft.
to 20 ft. Cultivated in 1562, or probably long before. Flowers rose-
coloured ; March and April. Fruit red and yellow; ripe in September.

Varieties.

t P. (v} 1. 1, the freestone Nectarine (with the fruit parting from the nut).

Peche lisse, Fr. — The Elruge is the best variety.
*£ P. (v.) /. 2, the clingstone Nectarine (with the flesh adhering to the nut).

Brugnon, Fr. — The Orange is the best variety.

The different varieties of peach and nectarine, when treated as standard
trees in the open garden, assume the general form and character of the
almond ; but, as they are more delicate, in consequence of being farther re-
moved from their aboriginal state, they are of slower growth, form trees of less
size, and are of shorter duration. The nectarine, as a standard in the open
garden, forms a smaller and more delicate tree than the peach ; and the double-
flowered peach is of less vigorous growth than most of the single-flowered
varieties, but very ornamental.

GENUS III.

^RMENTACA Tourn. THE APRICOT. Lin. Syst. Icosandria Monogynia.

Identification. Tourn. Inst., t. 399. ; Juss. Gen., 341. ; Dec. Fl. Fr., 4. p. 485., Prod. 2. p. 531. ;

Don's Mill., 2. p. 495.
Synonymes. Primus sp. of Lin. and others ; Abricotier, Fr. ; Aprikosenbaum, Ger. ; Albicocco,

Derivation. The genus is named Jrmenlaca, from the apricot being originally from Armenia. The
popular English- name was originally praecocia, from the Arabic, berkoche ; whence the Tuscan
bacoche, or albicocco ; and the English, abricot, or apricock, eventually corrupted into apricot.
Some persons derive the name from prtecox, from this fruit ripening sooner than most others.

Gen. Char. Drupe ovate globose, fleshy, covered with a velvety skin, con-
taining a nut or stone, which is acute at one end, and blunt at the other,
with a furrow on both sides ; the rest smooth, not wrinkled. (Don's Mill.)
Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; when young, convolute.
Flowers almost sessile, solitary, or few together, rising before the leaves from
scaly buds. — Trees, low, deciduous, or shrubs; natives of Europe and Asia.

The common apricot is a fruit tree in general cultivation throughout the
temperate regions of the globe, distinguished at first sight from the almond,
peach, and nectarine, by its heart-shaped, smooth, shining leaves, and white
flowers. There are several wild varieties, bearing flowers of different shades of
pink, chiefly cultivated as ornamental. The great beauty of both the wild and
the cultivated sorts of apricot is, that they come into bloom in Britain before
almost every other tree; the Siberian apricot flowering a fortnight, or more,
before the common sloe or almond.

*£ 1. A. VULGANRIS Lam. The common Apricot Tree.

Identification. Lam. Diet., 1. p. 2. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 532. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 495.

St/nonyme. Primus ^rmenlaca Lin. Sp. 079. ; Albicocco americano, Ital.

Engravings. N. Du Ham., 1. t. 49. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit,, vol. v. ; and our fig. 431.

Spec. Char., $c. Flowers sessile. Leaves heart-shaped or ovate. (Dec.
Prod.) A middle-sized tree. Armenia, Caucasus, the Himalayas, China,
&c. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft. Cultivated in 1548. Flowers pinkish white ;
February and March. Drupe orange and red ; ripe in August and Sept.
Decaying leaves reddish yellow. Naked young wood smooth, purplish.

268

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Varieties.

¥. A. v . 1 ovalifdlia Ser. Abricot Angoumois, A. precoce, A. blanc, Fr.
(N.DuHam.,5.t.50.f. 6.;
and our fig. 429.) — Leaves
oval ; fruit small.
A. v. 2 cordifvlia Ser. (N. Du
Ham., 5. p. 167. t. 49,;
and our fig. 430.) — Leaves
heart-shaped, broad. Fruit
larger.

A. v. 3 foliis variegdtis Hort.
— Leaves variegated. Flow-
ers double. The Breda va-
riety is generally that which 43° A-
has variegated leaves in British gardens.
A. v. 4 fiore pleno Hort. — Grossier says that the
Chinese have a great many varieties of double-blossomed apricots,
which they plant on little mounts.

Very few trees attain the appearance of maturity so soon as the apricot ; a
standard 10 or 12 years planted, in good loamy rich soil, will grow to the
height of 20ft., with a head 25ft. in diameter, presenting all the appearance

429. A. v. ovalifoli

of a tree of 20 or 30 years' growth, or of a tree arrived at maturity. The best
variety for producing fruit, as a standard, is the Breda apricot. It is also a
very handsome-growing plant, and its blossom buds, before they are expanded,
are of a most beautiful and brilliant scarlet.

¥ 2. A. DASYCA'RPA Pers. The rough-fruited Apricot Tree.

Identification. Pers. Syn,, 2. p. 36. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 532. ; Don's Mill, 2. p. 497.

Synonymes. A. atropurptirea Lois, in N. Du Ham.b.p. 172.; Prinus dasycarpa Ehrh. Seitr.fi.

p. 90. ; P. ^rmenlaca nlgraDe^/". Cat. ed. 2. p. 206. ; the black Apricot.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 5. t. 61. f. 1. ; Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 1250. ; and our Jigs. 432, 433.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate. Petioles glanded.
Flowers upon thread-shaped pedicels. In the flowers of a plant in the
Geneva Botanic Garden, the calyx was purple, and 6-lobedj the petals
were 6 ; and the stamens 24. (Dec. Prod.) A tree with a twisted trunk,
resembling the common apricot, but smaller. Levant?. Height JO ft. to
15ft. Introduced in 1800. Flowers white; April. Drupe purple or
black ; ripe in August and September.

XXVI

269

432. A. dasycarpa.

433. A dasycarpa.

A. d. persicifolia

Variety.

*t A. d. 2 persicifolia Lois. A. joersicifolia Don's Mill., ii. p. 498. Abricot
noir a Feuilles de Pecher, Fr. (N. Du Ham., 5. p. 172. t. 52. f. 1. ;
and our Jig. 434.) — Leaves ovate and short, or lanceolate, with small
lobes. Flesh of the fruit red, variegated with pale yellow. In the
Nouveau Du Hamel, it is stated to be a very slight variety, which
can only be continued by budding.

The rough-fruited apricot merits cultivation for its flowers, which are gene-
rally white, but which, in this country, from the earliness of their appearance,
are not often succeeded by fruit, unless the tree is planted against a wall, where
it can be protected by netting from the spring frosts.

435. -drmenlaca (v.) sibfrica.

*t 3. A. (v.) SIBI'RICA Pers. The Siberian Apricot Tree.

Identification. Pers. Syn., 2. p. 36. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 532. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 498.
Primus sibirica Lin. Sp. 179.

ifrit Vii

.romann Stirp. Ruth., 272.
, vol. v. ; and our_%. 435.

29>; Pall< F1-

and our plate in Arb

270

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICF.TUM BRJTANNICUM

498.
3789 , Lois, in A'. Du

Sj)ec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate acuminate, of the form of those of the beech.

The petioles long and glandless. Fruit small. A native of mountainous

districts in the most remote parts of Siberia. Persoon has stated that it

varies with leaves linear-lanceolate. (Dec. Prod.) A low tree, having the

general appearance of the common apricot, but smaller in all its parts.

Dahuria, on mountains, growing upon the face of perpendicular rocks ex-

posed to the sun. Height 6 ft. to 8 ft. ; in England 8 ft. to 20 ft. Intro-

duced in 1788. Flowers rose-coloured ; May. Drupe?.

This tree, on the mountains of Dahuria, does not attain a greater height

than that of a man ; but it has a trunk the thickness of the wrist, a rough and

black bark, and hard wood. It flowers about the same time as the Rhodo-

dendron dauricum ; growing on the south sides of the mountains, while the

latter grows on the north sides. When both these plants are in flower,

Pallas observes, the north sides of the mountains appear of a purple colour,

and the south of a rose colour. (FL. Ross., i. p. 13.) In British gardens, the

Siberian apricot forms a tree of nearly the same height as the common apricot,

of which it appears to us to be the wild form.

*£ 4. A. (v.) BRIGANTI^ACA Pers. The Brianyon Apricot Tree.

Identification. Pers. Syn., 2. p. 36. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 532. ; Don's Mill., 2. p.
Synonyme. Prunus brigantiaca Fill. Dauph. 3. p. 535., Dec. Fl. Fr. No. 3

Ham. 5. p. 185.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 5. t. 59. ; and our fig. 436.

Spec. Charge. Leaves nearly heart-shaped, toothed
with numerous sharp subimbricate teeth. Flowers
in groups, almost sessile, scarcely protruded before
the leaves. (Dec. Prorf.) A low tree. Dau-
phine, in only one locality, and in another in
Piedmont, where an oil, called huile de marmotte,
has for a long time been expressed from the
seeds. Height in British gardens 14ft. to 15ft.
in 10 or 12 years; in its native habitats, 6ft. to
8 ft. Introduced in 1819. Flowers white or pink ;
March and April. Drupe ?.

Seringe suggested that this kind may be the same
as A. sibirica, and we think it not unlikely to be only
another variety of the common apricot in its wild
state, with toothed leaves.

Other Species of Armenmca. — A. pedunculata Led. has been raised in the
Hort. Soc. Garden, from seeds received under this name from Dr. Ledebour.

GENUS IV.

PRIPNUS Tourn. THE PLUM. Lin. Syst. Icosandria Monogynia.

Identification. Tourn. Inst., t. 358. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 532. ; Don's Mill., 2. 498.
Synonymes. Prunophora Neck. Elem. No. 7J9. ; Prunus sp. of Lin. and others ; Pruno, Hal.
Derivation. Said to be a word of Asiatic origin ; the wild plant, according to Galen, being called
proumnos in Asia. The Greek name for the plum is proune : it occurs in Theophrastus.

Gen. Char. Drupe ovate or oblong, fleshy, quite glabrous, covered with a
glaucous bloom ; containing a compressed nut or putamen. which is acute at
both ends, and a little furrowed on the margin, the rest smooth. (Don's Mill.)
Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; convolute when young.
Flowers usually disposed in umbellate fascicles, solitary on the pedicels, rising
generally before the leaves. — Trees or shrubs ; natives of Europe, Asia, and
North America.

xx\r. ROSA^CEJE: ^RMENI'ACA. 271

Many of the. species are spiny in a wild state; most of them bear edible
fruits; and all of them have showy blossoms. In British gardens, they are
chiefly propagated by grafting, but some of them by layers ; and they will grow
in any soil that is tolerably free, and not overcharged with moisture, but a cal-
careous soil is found best. The epidermis of the bark of the plum, as well as
that of the cherry, and perhaps that of some of the other genera of ^mygdaleae,
is readily divisible transversely, and may frequently be seen divided in this
manner into rings on the tree.

*E 1. P. SPINONSA L. The spiny Plum Tree, or common Sloe Thorn.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 3. 681. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 532. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 498. ,

Synonymes. P. sylvestris Fuch. Hist. p. 404., Ray Syn. p. 462. ; Blackthorn; Prunier epineux,
Prunellier, E'pine noire, or Mdre-du-Bois, Fr. ; Schleadorn, or Schlen Pdaum, Ger. ; Prugno, or
Prunello, Ital.

Engravings. Vahl Fl. Dan., t. 926. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v. ; and our fig. 437.

Derivation. The name of Mf re-du-Bois is applied to the sloe thorn in France, in the neighbourhood
of Montargis, because it has been remarked there, that, when it was established on the margins of
woods, its underground shoots, and the suckers which sprang up from them, had a constant ten-
dency to extend the wood over the adjoining fields.

Spec. Char*, $c. Branches spiny. Leaves obovate, elliptical, or ovate ; downy
beneath, doubly and sharply toothed. Flowers produced before the leaves
or with them, white, and solitary. Calyx campanulate ; with lobes blunt,
and longer than the tube. Fruit globose ; the flesh austere. (Dec. Prod.)
A low tree or shrub. Europe from Upsal to Naples, and the West of
Asia and North of Africa. Height 10ft. to 15ft. Flowers white; March
and April. Drupe black ; ripe in October.

Varieties.

£ P. s. 1 vufgdris Ser. P. spinosa Lois. (N. Du Ham., 5. p. 185. t. 54.
f. 1.) — Leaves obovate-elliptical. Fruit dark purple. This may be
considered as the normal form of the species.

¥ P. s. 2 foliis vmiegatis Ser. — Found wild ; but a plant of no beauty.

¥ P. s. 3 microcarpa Wallr. (Exs. Cent. 1. No. 45.) — Leaves elliptic,
narrow, bluntish. Fruit smaller than that of the species.

t P. s. 4 macrocdrpa Wallr. (Exs. Cent. 1. No. 45.) — Leaves obovate,
bluntish. Fruit large, dark purple. This has been found wild in
Germany ; but Seringe doubts whether it be not identical with P.
domestica Juliana, or with P. insititia.

% P. s. 5 ovdta Ser. (Blackw. Herb., t. 494.) — Leaves ovate, roundish.

¥ P. s. 6 flore pleno. — This is a very beautiful variety, said to be in cul-
tivation, and highly prized, in China and Japan ; and also found wild
some years ago at Tarascon. The flowers are white, and are pro-
duced in such abundance as to entirely cover the branches.

The sloe, or blackthorn, is much more frequently seen as a large spiny shrub,
than as a tree; but, when the suckers are removed from it, and all the strength
of the plant is allowed to go into one stem, it forms a small scrubby tree of the
most characteristic kind. The stems of the sloe differ from those of the haw-
thorn, in growing to the height of 3 or 4 feet before they branch off. The
bark is black, whence the name of blackthorn ; and the leaves are dark green.
The roots are creeping, and, in every soil and situation, throw up numerous
suckers ; so much so, that a single plant, in a favourable soil, would cjpver an
acre of ground in a very few years. In hedges, in Britain, it is seldom seen
above 20 ft. in height ; but in woods and in parks, as single trees, we have seen
it above 30 ft. high : for example, in Eastwell Park, in Kent. The wood is
hard, and in colour resembles that of the peach, though without its beauty : it
takes a fine polish ; but it is so apt to crack, that little use can be made of it,
except for handles for tools, teeth for hay-rakes, swingles for flails, and
walking-sticks. The wood weighs, when dry, nearly 52 Ib. per cubic foot.
The branches, from being less spreading than those of the common hawthorn,
make better dead hedges than those of that species ; and, for the same reason,
they are particularly well adapted for forming guards to the stems of trees

272

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

437. Primus spinC.sa.

planted in grass fields or in parks, to protect them from cattle. They are in
general use for this purpose in France. They are also used as a substitute for
stones and tiles in draining ; and, formed into faggots, they are sold for heating
bakers' ovens, and for burning lime or chalk in kilns, &c. The living plant
cannot be recommended for hedges, on account of the rambling habit of its
roots, and the numerous suckers they throw up ; and because it is apt to get
naked below, from the tendency of the shoots to grow upright and without
branches. These upright shoots make excellent walking-sticks, which, ac-
cordingly, throughout Europe, are more frequently taken from this tree than
from any other. Leaves of the sloe, dried, are considered to form the best
substitute for Chinese tea which has yet been tried in Europe ; and they have
been extensively used for the adulteration of that article. The juice of the
ripe fruit is said to enter largely into the manufacture of the cheaper kinds of
port wine ; and, when properly fermented, it makes a wine strongly resembling
new port. In planting groups and masses in parks, by the addition of a few

Elants of the sloe, a degree of intricacy may be given sooner and more ef-
;ctively, than by the use of the common thorn ; but, at the same time, the sloe
produces a degree of wildness from its numerous suckers, and the want of
control which they indicate, which is not displayed by any of the species of
CYatse^gus, which do not throw up suckers. For producing wildness and in-
tricacy, therefore, in park scenery, the sloe is of great value, and its effect is
much heightened by the addition of the common furze or the broom. The
sloe prefers a strong calcareous loam. It may be propagated freely by suckers,
or by seeds : the latter should be gathered in October, when the fruit is dead
ripe, mixed with sand, and turned over two or three times in the course of the
winter ; and, being sown in February, they will come up in the month of May.

*£ 2. P. INSITI'TIA L. The engrafted Plum Tree, or Bullace Plum.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 680. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 532. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 498.

Synonymes. P. sylvestris praj*cox altior Tourn. ; P. sylv£stris major Ray ; Prunier sauvage, Fr, ;

Alfatous, in Dauphiny ; Kirschen Pflaume, Ger.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t.841.; Hayne Abbild., t. 65. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit, vol. v. ;

and our fig. 438.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Branches becoming spiny. Flowers in pairs. Leaves ovate
or lanceolate ; villose beneath, not flat. Fruit roundish. (Dec. Prod.) A
low tree. England, Germany, and the South of France, and also Barbary.
Height 10ft. to 20ft. Flowers white; March and April. Drupe black;
ripe in October.
Varieties.

^ P. i, Ifructu nlgro Hort. The black-fruited, or common, Bullace.
*£ P. i. 2fructu luteo-dlbo Hort. — Fruit yellowish-white.

xxvi. ROSA'CE^E: PftuvNUs.

273

If P. i. SJructu rubro Hort. — Fruit red.

t P. i. 4 fibre pleno Descemet in Mem. de la Russie Meridional?, 1.

p. 63. — Flowers double.

The fruit, which is globular, and usually black, is sometimes yellowish or
waxy, with a red tint, and sometimes red ; it is also so much less austere than
the sloe, as to make excellent pies and puddings, and a very good preserve.

438. Primus insititia.

The fruit of this plum in Provence is called prune sibarelle, because it is im-
possible to whistle after having eaten it, from its sourness. The wood, the
branches, the fruit, and the entire plant are used, throughout France, for the
same purposes as that of the sloe.

¥ 3. P. DOME'STICA L. The domestic cultivated Plum Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 680. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 533. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 499.
Synonymes. P. satlva Fuchs and Ray ; Prunier domestique, Fr. ; ge-

meine Pflaume, Ger. ; Susino domestico, Ital.
Engravings. Wood. Med. Bot., t. 85. ; E. Bot., 1. 1783. ; and our Jig. 439.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches spineless. Flowers mostly
solitary. Leaves lanceolate-ovate, concave on the sur-
face, not flat. (Dec. Prod.) A low tree. South of
Europe, on hills ; in England, found sometimes in
hedges, but never truly wild. Height 15ft. to 20ft.
Flowers white ; April and May. Drupe various ; ripe
August to October.

Varieties.

*t P. d. 2 fiore pleno Hort. — Flowers large, double.

t P. d, 3 foliis variegdtis Hort. — Leaves variegated.

*t P. d. 4 armenioides Ser. — Leaves and fruit like

those of Jrmeniaca brigantiaca.

The cultivated plum resembles the common sloe, but is
larger in all its parts, and without thorns. There are
numerous varieties and subvarieties ; but, as they belong 439' prtnus dom&tica.
more to pomology than to arboriculture, we have here only noticed those
that have some pretensions to distinctness in an ornamental point of view.

•274

ARBORETUM ET FRUT1CETUM BR1TANNICUM.

The apricot-like plum seems intermediate between the wild p'um and the
wild apricot. The varieties cultivated for their fruit have, in general, much
larger leaves, an4 stronger young shoots, than the other sorts; they flower
later, their blossoms are larger, and their fruit, particularly such sorts as the
magnum bonum and the diamond plum, several times as large; the latter being
upwards of 2| in. long. These fruit-bearing varieties are in universal culti-
vation in temperate climates ; and for every thing of interest relating to them,
as such, we refer to our Encyclopedia of Gardening, edit. 1835, p. 920. The
use of the fruit in domestic economy, in Britain, for the dessert, and for
making tarts and puddings, is well known. In France, plums are used prin-
cipally dried, as an article of commerce, and they are known under the name
of brignoles, prunes, and French plums. The different modes of preserving
plurns in France will be found detailed at length in the 1st edit, of this work,
and in our Suburban Horticulturist.

± 4. P. (D.) MYROBA'LANA L. The Myrobalan, or Cherry, Plum.

Identification. Lin. Sp., (180. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 533. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 500.

Synonymes. P. Myrobalan Du Ham. •, P. myrobalana Lot's. ; P. cerasifera Ehrh. Beitr. 4. p. 17. ;

Virginian Cherry ; Early Scarlet Plum ; Prunier myrobalan, or Cerisette, Fr. ; Kirschpflaume,

Ger.
Engravings. Du Ham. Arb. Fr. 2. p. 111. t. 2. fig. 15. ; the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit.,

vol. v. ; and our fig. 440.

440. Primus (d.) myroWIana.

Spec. Char., fyc. Sepals narrow. Fruit globose, depressed at the base ; um-
bilicus depressed; nut with a small point. (Dec. Prod.) A low tree.
Europe, or, according to some, North America. Height 15ft. to 30ft. Cul-
tivated in gardens for an unknown period. Flowers white ; March and
April. Fruit cordate, red, rarely produced in England.

/ Tariety.

"t P. (d.) m. 2 fo/iis wtriegatu N. Du Ham. has variegated leaves.

Though we consider this nothing more than a variety of the common plum,
yet it is so distinct, both in the habit of the tree and 'the colour of the fruit,
that we think it more convenient to keep it apart. Its flowers are produced
as early as those of the sloe ; and, the plant being more tender than that
species, it seldom produces fruit in England, except when the blossoms are
protected. It forms a good stock for varieties intended to be kept dwarf. In
India the fruit is sold to dye black.

xxvi.

: PKUNUS.

275

.a 5. P. CA'NDICANS Ball. The white Plum Tree.

Identification. Balb. Cat.Taur., 1813. p. 62. ; ? Willd. Enum. Suppl., p. 32. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 533. ,

Don's Mill., 2. p. 498.
Engravings. Bot. Reg. t. 1135. ; and our figs. 441, 442.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches pubescent.
Flowers 2 or 3 together, upon short
pubescent peduncles. Calyx bell-
shaped. Leaves broadly ovate,
whitish beneath. Stipules of the
length of the petiole, very narrow,
and cut in a toothed manner. (Dec.
Prod.) A low shrub. ? Tauria.
Height 6 ft. to 8 ft. Introd. in 1825. <«• *•• candicans.
Flowers white ; April.

It is not known of what country it is a native. It is quite
hardy, easily cultivated, and so laden with white blossoms in
441. P. candicans. spring as to appear a mass of snow, whence the name.

* 6. P. COCOMI'LLA Tenore. The Cocomilla Plum Tree.

Identification. Tenore Prod. Suppl., 2. p. 67. ; Cat.. 1819, p. 46. • Dec.

Prod., 2. p. 533. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 498.
Engraving. Our fig. 443. from a living specimen.

Spec. Char., $c. Flowers upon short peduncles, in pairs.
Leaves obovate, crenulate, glabrous on both surfaces ;
the crenatures glanded. Fruit ovate-oblong, with a small
point, yellow, ? bitter or ? acid. (Dec. Prod.) A low shrub.
Calabria, in hedges. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft. Introduced
in 1824. Flowers white ; April. Drupe yellow; ripe in
August.

The bark is febrifugal, and, in Calabria, is considered to
be a specific for the cure of the pestilential fevers common
in that country.

« 7. P. MARI'TIMA WangenJieim.

443. P. Cocomilla.

The sea-slde-inhabiting Plum Tree.

Identification. Wangenh. Amer., 103., according
to Willd. Enum., p. 519. ; Pursh Fl. Amer.
Sept., 1. p. 332. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 533. ; Don's
,11., 2. p. 499.

?P. acuminata Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer.
p. 284.

Engravings. Our fig. 444., from a living speci-
men ; and fig. 445. from Pursh's specimen in
the Lambertian herbarium.

Mil

444. Primus maritima.

445. Primus maritima

Spec. Char., %c. Leaves lanceolate-
ovate, serrate. Flowers in pairs.
Fruit small, round, sweet, dark blue.

276

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

(Dec. Prod,) A middle-sized shrub. North America, in sandy soils, on the
sea coast, from New Jersey to Carolina. Height 6 ft. to 8 ft. Introduced
in 1818. Flowers white; April and May. Fruit, of the size of a pigeon's
egg, dark purple, and, according to Pursh, very good to eat ; ripe ?.

There are plants in British gardens, but they have never yet set fruit.
.*» 8. P. PUBE'SCENS Pair. The pubescent-leaved Plum Tree.

Identification. Poir. Suppl., 4. p. 584., not of Pursh ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 533. ; Don's Mill., 2. p.i99.
Engraving, Our^g.2084 in p. 1106.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves with short pubescent petioles, and disks that are
slightlypubescent, ovate, thickish, rounded, or shortly acuminate and un-
equally toothed. Flowers mostly solitary and nearly sessile. Fruit oval.
(Dec. Prod.) A shrub. Native country unknown. Cultivated in 1818.
Height 2 ft. to 3 ft. Flowers white ; May.

j* 9. P. DIVARICAVTA Led. The divaricated-branched Plum Tree.

Identification. Ledeb. Ind. Hort. Dorp. Suppl. 1824, p 6. ; Fl. Alt.,

t. 13. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 534. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 504.
Engravings. Led. Flor. Alt., 1. 13. ; and our fig. 446.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches spineless. Leaves with
glandless petioles, and disks oblong-elliptical, ta-
pered to both ends, concave above, serrate, gla-
brous, with the midrib bearded beneath. Flowers
solitary, very numerous. Calyx rerlexed. Fruit
elliptical, yellow. (Dec. Prod.) A middle-sized
shrub. Caucasus. Height 8 ft. to 10 ft. Intro-
duced in 1820. Flowers white ; April.

Other Species of Prunus Juss. — In consequence of many species of the
genus Prunus being removed to Cerasus ; and also because of the close re-
semblance of one species to another in both genera, there is a good deal of
confusion, which cannot be cleared up till the plants are studied in a living
state. Prunus effusa was raised in 1838, in the Hort. Soc. Garden, from seeds
presented by Baron Jacquin.

GENUS V.

446. Primus divarichta.

CE'RASUS Juss. THE CHERRY. Lin.

Dec. Fl. Fr. 4. p. 479. ; Prod., 2. p. 535 ; Don's Mill..
Laurocerasus Tourn. ; Prunus sp. Lin. ; Cerisier, Fr. ; Kirsche, Ger. ; Ciiiegio, Ital.

Syst. Icosandria Monogynia.

, 2. p. 504.

Identification. Juss. Gen., 340.
Synonymes. Laurocerasus Tot

Derivation. From Cerasus, the ancient name of a town of Pontus in Asia, whence the cultivated
cherry was first brought to Rome, by Lucullus, a Roman General, 68 B.C.

Gen. Char. Drupe globose, or umbilicate at the base, fleshy, quite glabrous,
destitute of bloom, containing a smooth, rather globose compressed stone.
(Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous, or evergreen ; when young,
conduplicate. Flowers white. Pedicels 1-flowered, rising before the leaves, in
fascicled umbels, from scaly buds; but sometimes rising after the evolution of
the leaves, in racemes, from the tops of the branches. — Trees and shrubs, almost
all deciduous, with smooth serrated leaves, and white flowers ; and, generally,
with light-coloured bark. Natives of Europe, Asia, and North America.

Some of them are cultivated for their fruit, and the others as ornamental.
In British nurseries, the deciduous species are generally propagated by graft-
ing or budding on the Cerasus sylvestris, and the evergreens are propagated

xxvi. RostCcEiE : CE'RASUS. 277

by cuttings or seeds ; they will grow iu any common soil that is tolerably dry.
There is much confusion in all the species, more particularly as regards
those which are natives of North America ; and which, as Sir W. J. Hooker
judiciously observes, can only be " removed by carefully studying the plants
in a living state, both during the season of the blossom and that of the fruit."
(Ftor. Bar. Amer., i. p. 167.)

§ i. Cerasophora Dec. Tlie Cherry-bearing Kinds.

Sect. Char. Flowers produced from buds upon shoots not of the same year ;
and, in many instances, disposed umbellate]}'. Leaves deciduous.

A. Species cultivated for their Fruit.

The Cherries cultivated in Gardens, according to Linnaeus, and almost all
botanists to the time of 'DeCandolle, have been referred to Prunus avium L.
and Prunus Cerasus L. ; the former being the merisier of the French, and
corresponding with the small wild black bitter cherry of the English (the C.
sylvestris of Ray) ; and the latter the cerisier of the French, and correspond-
ing with the common red sour cherry of the English (the C. vulgaris of Mil-
ler). To these two species DeCandolle has added two others : Cerasus
Juliana, which he considers as including the guigniers ; and Cerasus duracina,
under which he includes the bigarreaus, or hard cherries. Under each of
these four species, Seringe, in DeCandolle's Prodromus, has arranged a num-
ber of varieties, with definitions to each group : but, as neither the species
nor the groups appear to us distinct, we have adopted the arrangement of the
author of the article on Cerasus in the Nouveau DuHamel, as much more
simple and satisfactory ; and have referred all the cultivated varieties to the
same species as Linnaeus ; substituting for Primus avium L., Cerasus sylvestris,
the synon. of Ray ; and for Prunus Cerasus L., CMrasus vulgaris, already used
to designate the same species in Mill. Diet., and by Loiseleur in the Nouveau Du
Hamel. The arrangement of the varieties, and general culture of the cherry in
the kitchen-garden and orchard, will be found at length in our Encyclopedia of
Gardening; and, in a more condensed form, in our Suburban Horticulturist.

¥. 1. C. SYLVE'STRIS Bauh. and Ray. The wild black-fruited Cherry Tree.

Identification. Bauh. Hist., 1. 1. 2. p. 220. ; Ray Hist. 1539. ; Pers. Syn., 2. p. 35.

Synonymes and Garden Names. C. avium Mcench, N. Du Ham. 5. p. 10., Don's Mill. 2. p. 505. :
C. nlgra Mill. Diet. No. 2., not of Ait. ; Prunus avium Lin. Sp. 680. ; P. avium var. a. and &
Wittd. Banm. ed. 2. p. 308. ; Prunus avium var. $ and >y Eng. Flor. 2. p. 355. ; P. nigricans and
P. varia Ehr. Beitr. 1. p. 126, 127. ; Gean, Bigarreau, Corone, Coroon, Small Black, Black Hert-
fordshire, Black Heart, Black Mazzard, the Merry Tree of the Cheshire peasants, the Merries in
Svjfolk; Merisier, Merise grosse noire, Guignier, Bigarreautier, Heaumier, Fr. : Siisse Kirsche,
Ger. ; Ciregiolp, Itnl.

Derivation. This cherry is called Corone, or Coroon, in some parts of England, from corone, a
crow, in reference to its blackness. Merry Tree and Merries are evidently corruptions of the
word Merisier ; and Merisier is said to be derived from the words amere, bitter, and cerise, a
cherry. Bigarreau is derived from bigarree party-coloured, because the cherries known by this
name are generally of two colours, yellow and red; and Heaumier is from the French word
heaume, a helmet, from the shape of the fruit.

Engravings. Du Ham. Tr. Arb., 1. p. 156. ; Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our fig. 447.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches vigorous and divaricate ; the buds from which the
fruits are produced oblong-acute. Flowers in umbel-like groups, sessile,
not numerous. Leaves oval-lanceolate, pointed, serrated, somewhat pen-
dent, slightly pubescent on the under side, and furnished with two glands at
the base. (Dec. Prod., N. Du Hamel.) A middle-sized tree. Europe, in
woods and hedges. Height, in dry fertile soils, 40 ft. to 50 ft. or upwards.
Flowers white ; April and May. Drupe red or black ; ripe in July. De-
caying leaves of a fine red, or rich yellow and red.

Varieties.

1. Mermen or Merries, with black or yellow fruit.

2. Guigniers or Geans (C. Juliana Dec.), with red or black fruit, early or
late, and including the tobacco-leaved guignier, or gean, of four to the
pound (the C. decumana of Delauny).

T 3

278

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BIUTANNICUM.

3. Heaumiers, the Helmet-shaped Cherries (C. Juliana var. heaumiana Dec.),

somewhat resembling the bigarreau, but with less firm flesh.
Variety of this race used for ornamental purposes.

¥ C. s. duracina 2 flore plena Hort., the double flowered wild black
Cherry ; Merisier a Fleurs doubles, or Merisier Renunculier, Fr. ;
is a very beautiful variety, known, in the garden of the Hort. Soc.,
as the double French white.

4. JBigarreautiers, the Bigarreaus, or hard-fleshed Cherries ((7. duracina Dec.)
wi;h white, flesh-coloured, and black fruit, generally heart-shaped.

447. Cerasus sylv^stris.

The colour of the fruit of the wild species is a very deep dark red, or
black ; the flesh is of the same colour, small in quantity, austere and bitter
before it comes to maturity, and insipid when the fruit is perfectly ripe. The
nut is oval or ovate, like the fruit, firmly adhering to the flesh, and very large
in proportion to the size of the fruit. The juice is mostly coloured ; and the
skin does not separate from the flesh.

3£ 2. C. VULGA^RIS Mill. The common Cherry Tree.

Identification. Mill. Diet., No. 1. ; N. Du Ham., 5. p. 18.

Synonymes and Garden Names. Ctirasus avium Mcenck ; Prunus Cerasus Lin. Sp. 679. ; C. hor-
tensis Pers. Syn. 2. p. 34. ; C. capronidna Dec. Prod. 2. p. 536., Don's Mill. 2. p. 507. ; P.
austdra and P. acida Ehr. Beitr. 7. p. 129. and 130.; P. Cerasus var. a, Eng. Flor. 2. p. 354.; Cherry,
Kentish or Flemish Cherry, Morello, May Duke ; Cerise de Montmorency, Cerise de Paris,
Cerise a Fruits ronds, Cerisier du Nord, Cerisier, and Griottier in some provinces, Fr. ; Saure
Kirsche, Ger. ; Marasca, or Ciliegio, Ital.

Derivation. Capronidna is said to be derived from capron, the hautbois strawberry, probably from
this cherry possessing so much more flavour than C. sylvestris. Morello is either from morel
(Morchella esculenta), the flesh being of che same consistency as the flesh of that fungus; or,
perhaps, from the French word morelle, a female negro. May Duke is a corruption of Me'doc,
the province of France where the variety is supposed to have been originated. Griottier is said
to be derived from aigreur, sourness, or sharpness, and applied to this cherry from the acidity of
its fruit.

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 706. ; Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi., as Cerasus Svium ; and our/g. 448.

Spec. Char., fyc. Tree small, branches spreading. Flowers in subsessile um-
bels, not numerous. Leaves oval-lanceolate, toothed, glabrous. A decidu-
ous tree. Europe and Britain, in gardens and plantations. Height 30 ft. to
40 ft. Flowers white ; May. Drupe red ; ripe in July. Decaying leaves
red and yellow.

Varieties. — There are numerous cultivated varieties, which are classed by
Loiseleur in the Nouveau Du Hamei in three groups, including in the first

xxvi. ROSA^CEJE: CE'KASUS.

279

448. C6rasus vulg&ris.

of these the four following varieties, which we particularise on account of
their being purely ornamental : —

*t C. v. 2 flore semipleno Hort. — Flowers semidouble.

t C. v. 3 flore plena Hort. — All the stamens of this variety are changed
into petals ; and the pistillum into small green leaves, which occupy
the centre of the flower. The flower is smaller and less beautiful
than that of the double merisier; but, as the tree does not grow so
high, and as it can be grown as a shrub, it is suitable for planting in
situations where the other cannot be introduced. It is commonly
grafted on the Prunus Mahdleb.

t C. v. 4 persicrflora Hort. — The flowers are double, and rose-coloured.
This variety was known to Bauhin and to Tournefort, but is at pre-
sent rare in gardens.

*t C. V' 5 foliis variegdtis Hort. has variegated leaves.

The fi'uit-bearing varieties are arranged in the Nouveau Du Hamel,
under the following heads : —

1. Flesh whitish, and more or less acid; including the Montmorency
cherry.

2. Flesh whitish, and only very slightly acid ; including the English
duke cherries.

3. Flesh red, including the griottiers, or morellos.

The following selection has been made by Mr. Thompson, with a
view of exemplifying the different forms which the varieties of the
cultivated cherries assume, as standard trees : —

The Bigarreau is a tree of vigorous growth, with large pale green leaves,
and stout divergent branches.

Buttner's Yellowis a vigorous-growing tree, like the preceding, but with
golden- coloured fruit.

The Kentish Cherry is a round-headed tree, with slender shoots, some-
what pendulous.

The May Duke is a middle-sized or low tree with an erect fastigiate
head.

The Morcllo is a low tree, with a spreading head, somewhat pendulous ;
most prolific in flowers and fruit ; the latter ripening very late, and,
T 4

280 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANN1CUM.

from not being so greedily eaten by the birds as most other sorts,
hanging on the trees a long time.
D'Ostheim is a dwarf weeping tree, a great bearer.

*£ C. v. 6 Marascha, Primus Marascha Jacq., is the variety from the fruit
of which the liqueur called Maraschino is made. Plants of it have,
been raised in the Hort. Soc. Garden in 1837.

The flowers are smaller than those of C. sylvestris. The fruit is round,
melting, full of a watery sap, more or less flavoured, and almost always sen-
sibly acid. The skin of the fruit is commonly red, but, in the numerous va-
rieties in cultivation, passing into all the shades between that colour and dark
purple or black. The skin .of all the varieties of C. vulgaris separates easily
from the flesh, and the flesh parts readily from the stone ; while, in all the
varieties of C. sylvestris, the skin is more or less adhering to the flesh, and the
flesh to the stone. (N. DuHam., v. p. 18.) This species forms a tree of
less magnitude than that of C. sylvestris : it is never found in a truly wild
state in Europe, and the aboriginal form is unknown.

Remarks referring to both Species. — The cherry trees in cultivation, whether
in woods or gardens, may, in point of general appearance, be included in three
forms : large trees with stout branches, and shoots proceeding from the main
stem horizontally, or slightly inclining upwards, and when young and without
their leaves, bearing a distant resemblance to gigantic candelabra, such as the
geans, and many of the heart cherries ; fastigiate trees of a smaller size, such
as the dukes; and small trees with weak wood, and branches divergent and
drooping, such as the Kentish or Flemish cherries, and the mor;llos. The
leaves vary so much in the cultivated varieties, that it is impossible to charac-
terise the sorts by them ; but, in general, those of the large trees are largest,
and the lightest in colour, and those of the slender-branched trees the smallest,
and the darkest in colour ; the flowers are also largest on the large trees. The
distinction of two species, or races, is of very little use, with reference to
cherries as fruit-bearing plants ; but, as the wild sort, C. sylvestris, is very
distinct, when found in its native habitats, from the cherry cultivated in gar-
dens, it seems worth while to keep them apart, with a view to arboriculture
and ornamental planting. For this reason, also, we have kept 6'erasus sem-
perflorens, C. Pseudo-C'erasus, C. serrulata, and C. fhamaecerasus apart,
though we are convinced that they are nothing more than varieties. In
consequence of its rapid growth, the red fruited variety ought to be pre-
ferred where the object is timber, or where stocks are to be grown for
fruit trees of large size. As a coppice-wood tree, the stools push freely and
rapidly ; and, as a timber tree, it will attain its full size, in ordinary situations,
in 50 years. Its rate of growth, in the first 10 years, will average, in ordinary
circumstances, 18 in. a year. There are various trees in the neighbourhood
of London upwards of 60 ft. high ; one on the Cotswold Hills, on the estate
of the Earl of Harrowby, is 85 ft. high. The wood of the wild cherry (C.
sylvestris) is firm, strong, close-grained, and of a reddish colour. It weighs,
when green, 6 lib. 13oz. per cubic foot ; and when dry, 54 Ib. J5oz. ; audit
loses in the process of drying about a 16th part of its bulk. The wood is
soft and easily worked, and it takes a fine polish. It is much sought after by
cabinetmakers, turners, and musical instrument makers, more particularly in
France, where mahogany is much less common than in Britain. The fruit
of the cherry is a favourite with almost every body, and especially with
children. The distillers of liqueurs make great use of ripe cherries : the
spirit known as kirschewasser is distilled from them after fermentation ; and
both a wine and a vinegar are made by bruising the fruit and the kernels, and
allowing the mass to undergo the vinous fermentation. The ratafia of Grenoble
is a celebrated liqueur, which is made from a large black gean ; from which, also,
the best kirschewasser is made j and the maraschino from a variety of the tree
found in Dalmatia. The preparation of these will be found in our first edition.

xxvi.

CE'RASUS.

281

B. Species or Varieties cultivated as ornamental or curious.
'*i 3. C, (v.) SEMPERFLO^RENS Dec. The ever-flowering Cherry Tree.

Identification. Dec. FL Fr., 4. p. 481., and Prod., 2. p. 537. ; Don's Mill., 2 p. 13.
Simontimes. Prunus semperflorens Ehrh. Beitr. 7. p. 132.; P. serotina Roth Catal. 1. p. 58.; the
weeping Cherry, the Allsaints Cherry ; Cerise de la Toussaint, Cerise de St. Martin, Cerise

Pngrwn***- N. Du Ham., p. 30. No. 18. t.5. f. A ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., voL v, ; and
omjig. 449.

449. C6rasus (v.) semperfl6rens.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Branches drooping. Leaves ovate, serrated. Flowers pro-
truded late in the season, axillary, solitary. Calyx serrated. Fruits globes,
and red. Its native country not known. ( Dec. Prod.) A low pendulous
tree. Height 10ft. to 20 it. A garden produc-
tion. Cultivated in ? 1700. Flowers white ; May.
Drupe red : Juiy and August.
An ornamental tree, usually grafted standard high

on the common wild cherry, or gean ; growing

rapidly for 8 or 10 years, and forming a round

head, 8 or 10 feet high, and 10 or 12 feet in diameter,

with the extremities of the branches drooping to

the ground ; and flowering and fruiting almost the

whole summer. It forms a truly desirable small single

tree for a lawn.

¥ 4. C. SERRULA'TA G. Don. The serrulated- leaved
Cherry Tree.

Identification. Hort. Brit., p. 480. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 514.
Synonymes. Prihms serrulata Lir.dl. Hort. Trans. 7. p. 238. ;

double Chinese Cherry ; Yung- To, Chinese.
Engraving. Our Jig. 450. from, a living specimen. 450. Cftrasus somuata.

282

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves obovate, acuminated, setaceously serrulated, quite
glabrous. Petioles glandular. Flowers in fascicles. (Don's Mill.) A low
erect tree, or rather tree-like shrub. China. Height in China 4- ft. to 6 ft. ;
in British gardens 6ft. to 10ft. Introduced in 1822. Flowers double
white, tinged with red, though not so much so as the double French
cherry.

This tree resembles the common cherry tree, but is not of such vigorous
growth ; and only the double-flowered variety of it has been yet introduced.
A very ornamental plant.

¥ 5. (7. PSEU^DO-CVRASUS Lindl. The False-Cherry Tree.

Identification. Hort. Brit., No. 12663. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 514.

Synonymes. Prdnus Pseudo-Cerasus Lindl. Hort. Trans. 6. p. 90. ; P. paniculata Ker Hot. Keg.

800., but not of Thunb. ; Yung- To, Chinese.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 100. ; and our fig. 451.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves obovate, acuminate, flat, serrated.
Flowers racemose. Branches and peduncles pubescent.
Fruit small, pale red, of a pleasant subacid flavour, with
a small smooth stone. (Don's Mill.) A low tree. China.
Height 8ft. to 10 ft. Introduced in 1819. Flowers
white ; March and April. Fruit pale red ; ripe in June.

This tree is readily known from the other cherry trees,
even when without its leaves, by its rough gibbous joints, at
which it readily strikes root; and is, consequently, very
easily propagated. It has been tried by Mr. Knight, as a
fruit tree ; and he finds that it forces in pots better than
any other variety. Desirable for small gardens, on account 451.
of its very early flowering.

** 6. C. CHAM^ECE'RASUS Low. The Ground-Cherry Tree, or Siberian

Cherry.

Identification. Lois, in N. Du Ham., 5. p. 29. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 537. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 513.
Synonymes. C. intermedia Lois, in N. Du Ham. 5. p. 30. ; Priinus intermedia Pair. Diet. 5.

p. 674. ; P. frutic&sa Pall., according to Besser ; Cerasus pumila C. Bauh., according to Pall. Fl.

Ross. ; Chamsecerasus fruticbsa Pers. Syn. 2. p. 34.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 5. p. 29. t. 5. f. A ; Hayne Abbild., t. 61. ; and our fig. 452.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate-oblong, glabrous,
glossy, crenate, bluntish, rather coriaceous, scarcely
glanded. Flowers in umbels, which are usually
on peduncles, but short ones. Pedicels of the
fruit longer than the leaves. Fruit round, reddish
purple, very acid. (Dec. Prod ) A neat little shrub.
Siberia and Germany. Height 3ft. to 4 ft. Introd.
in 1587. Flowers white ; May. Drupe reddish
purple ; ripe in August.

It forms a neat little narrow leaved bush, which,
when grafted standard high, becomes a small round-
headed tree with drooping branches, at once curious
and ornamental. It does not grow above a fouith
part of the size of C. semperflorens ; and, like it, it
flowers and fruits during great part of the summer.

jk 7. C. PROSTRAVA Ser. The prostrate Cherry Tree.

Identification. _ Seringe in Dec. Prod., 2. p. 538. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 514.

Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., 1. 1 7. ; Bot. Reg., t. 106. ; and our fig. 453.

Spec. Char , $c. Decumbent. Leaves ovate, serrately cut, glandless, tomen-
tose, and hoary beneath. Flowers mostly solitary, nearly sessiie. Calyx
tubular. Petals ovate, retuse, rose-coloured. Fruit ovate, red ; flesh thin.

xxvi.

CE'RASUS.

283

453. Cerasus prostrata.

(Dec. Prod.) A prostrate
shrub. Native of the moun-
tains of Candia, of Mount
Lebanon, and of Siberia.
Height i ft. to 1 ft. Intro-
duced in 1802. Flowers
rose-coloured ; April and
May. Drupe red ; ripe July.

A very desirable species for
grafting standard high on the
common cherry. The red co-
lour of the flowers is very un-
common in this genus.

¥ 8. C. PERsiciFoYiA Lois. The Peach-tree-leaved Cherry Tree.

Identification. Lois, in N. Du Ham., 5. p. 9. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 537. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 513.
Synonyme. 2Jrunus persicif 61ia Desf. Arb. 2. p. 205.
Engraving. Our fig. 000. in fig. 000.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, unequally serrate, gla-
brous, with two glands upon the petiole. Flowers numerous, upon slender
peduncles, and disposed umbellately. (Dec. Prod.) A deciduous tree.
? America. Height 30 ft. to 50 ft. Introduced in 1818. Flowers white;
May. Drupe small, black ; ripe in July.

A rapidly growing tree, attaining the height of the common wild cherry,
and bearing so close a resemblance to it in almost every respect, that it is
probably only a variety of it. There are trees of this kind of cherry in the
Jardin des Plantes at Paris, of a pyramidal form, with a reddish brown smooth
bark, flowers about the size of those of C. Mahaleb, and fruit about the size
of peas. The wood is said to be harder and redder than that of the common
wild cherry. It was raised from seeds sent from America by Michaux.

¥ 9. C. BOREA'LIS Michx. The North- American Cherry Tree.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 286. ; Lois, in N. Du Ham., 5. p. 32. No. 22. ; Dec.

Prod., 2. p. 538. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 513.

Synonymes. Prunus borealis Pair. Diet. 5. p. 674. ; the Northern Choke Cherry, Amer.
Engravings. Michx. Arb. Amer., 3, t. 8. ; and our fig. 454.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oval-oblong, acuminate, membranaceous, glabrous,
denticulate and almost in an eroded manner : they resemble those of the
common almond tree, but have the serratures
inflexed, protuberant, and tipped with minute
glandulous mucros. Flowers on longish pe-
dicels, and disposed nearly in a corymbose
manner. Fruit nearly ovate, small; its flesh
red. (Dec. Prod.) A small tree. Northern
parts of North America. Height 20ft. to
30 ft., with a trunk 6 in. to 8 in. in diameter.
Introduced in 1822. Flowers white; May.
Drupe red ; ripe in July.

Of all the cherries of North America, Mi-
diiiux observes, the C. borealis is the one that
has the greatest analogy with the cultivated
cherry of Europe. Pursh describes it as a
very handsome small tree, the wood exquisitely
hard and fine-grained ; but the cherries, though
agreeable to the taste, astringent in the mouth,
and hence called choke cherries.

-* 10. C. PIAMILA Michx. The dwarf Cherry Tree.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 286. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 537. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 513.
Synonymes Prilnus punnla Lin. A/an*. 73., Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. \. p. 331.; Cerasus glauca
Mcench Meth. 672. ; Ragouminier, Nega, Menel du Canada, Fr.

284

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Engravings. Mill. Icon., t. 80. f. 2. ; and our fig. 455.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches twiggy. Leaves obo
vate-oblong, upright, glabrous, indistinctly ser-
rulated, glaucous beneath. Flowers upon
peduncles, disposed rather umbellately. Calyx
bell-shaped, short. Fruit ovate, black. (Dec.
Prod.) A low somewhat procumbent shrub.
North America, in Pennsylvania and Virginia,
in low grounds and swamps. Height 3 ft.
to 4ft. Introduced in 1756. Flowers white;
May. Drupe black ; ripe in July.

A curious and rather handsome tree, when
grafted standard high ; and a fit companion for
the other dwarf sorts, when so grafted. Sir "W.
J. Hooker suspects this to be the same as C.
depressa. It has been compared, Sir W. J. Hooker observes, in its general
habit, to ^mygdalus nana ; and such a comparison is equally applicable to C.
depressa. (Fl. Bor. Amer., i. p. 167.)

jc 11. C. (P.) DEPRE'SSA Ph. The depressed, or prostrate, Cherry Tree.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 332. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 538. ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer 1

p. 168. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 514.
Synonymes. C. pumila Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1. p. 286., not Prunus pumila L. ; P. Susquehanse

Willd. Enum. 519., Baumz. ed. 2. p. 286. ; Sand Cherry, Amer.
Engraving. Our Jig. 456. from living plant in Loddiges's arboretum.

Spec. Char.y $c. Branches angled, depressed, prostrate. Leaves
cuneate- lanceolate, sparingly serrate, glabrous, glaucous beneath.
Flowers in grouped sessile umbels, few in an umbel. Fruit
ovate. (Dec. Prod.) A prostrate shrub. North America,
from Canada to Virginia, on the sandy shores of rivers and
lakes. Height 1 ft. Introduced in 1805. Flowers white ;
May. Drupe black, small, and agreeably tasted ; ripe in July.
In America it is called the sand cherry, and said to be distin-
guished at sight from all the other species, not less by its prostrate
habit, than by its glaucous leaves, which bear some resemblance
in shape to those of ^inygdalus nana; and, according to Sir W.
J. Hooker, to those of C. pumila.

& 12. C. PYGM/E'A Lois. The pygmy Cherry Tree.

Identification. Lois, in N. Du Ham., 5. p. 32. and 21. ; Dec. Prod., 2 p. 538. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 513.
Synonyme. Prunus pygmae'a Willd. Sp. 2. p. 993., Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1. p. 331.
Engraving. Our Jig. 457. from a specimen in the Lambertian herbarium.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate-elliptical, but tapered to the base,
and rather acute at the tip, sharply serrated, glabrous on both
surfaces, and with 2 glands at the base. Flowers of the size of
those of P. spinosa, disposed in sessile umbels, a few in an
umbel. (Dec. Prod.) A low shrub. Western parts of Pen-
sylvania and Virginia. Height 4 ft. to 5 ft. Introduced in
1823. Flowers white; May. Drupe black, of the size of a
large pea, a little succulent, and very indifferent to the taste;
ripe in July.

& % 13. C. NI'GRA Lois.

457. C.pygma^a.

The black Cherry Tree.

Identification. N. Du Ham., 5. p. 32. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 538. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 513.

Synonymes. Prunus nlgra Ait. Hort. Kew. 2d ed. 3. p. 193., Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1. p. 331. ; P.

americana Darlington in Amer. Lye. N. H. of New York.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 1117. ; and our figs. 458, 459.

Spec. Char., #<?, Leaf with 2 glands upon the petiole, and the disk ovate-
acuminate. Flowers in sessile umbels, few in an umbel. Calyx purple ;
its lobes obtuse, and their margins glanded. (Dec. Prod.) . A tall shrub or

XXVI. ROSA CE^E : CE HAS US.

285

low tree. Canada and the Alle-
ghany Mountains. Height 6 ft.
to 10 ft. Introduced in 1773.
Flowers white, with purple an-
thers. Drupe red ; April, May.

The fruit, which, as far as we

know, has not been produced in

England, is described by Sir W. J.

Hooker as being as large as a mo-

derate-sized cherry, and, apparently,

red. In British gardens this forms a very handsome small
tree, distinguished even in winter by the smoothness and dark colour of its
young wood, and in this respect resembling more a plum than a cherry.

459. C. nigra.

14. C. HYEMA'LIS Michx. The winter Cherry Tree.

Identification. N. Du Ham., 5. p. 194. ; Dec. Prod., 2.

p. 538. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 514.
Synonymes. P. hyemalis Michx. Fl. Bar. Amer. 1.

p. 284., Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1. p. 331., Elliot

Carol. 1. p. 542. ; the black Choke Cherry, Amer.
Engraving. Our fig. 460. from a specimen in the

museum of the Jardin des Plantes.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oblong-oval, or
oval, abruptly acuminate. Flowers gla-
brous, disposed umbellately. Lobes of
the calyx lanceolate. Fruit nearly ovate,
and blackish. (Dec. Prod.) A shrub.
Western mountains of Virginia and Ca- x
rolina. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced
in 1805. Flowers white ; May. Drupe
small, black, and extremely astringent,
but eatable in winter ; ripe in October.

* 15. C. CHI'CASA Michx. The Chicasaw Cherry Tree.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 284. ; Lois, in N. Du

Ham., 5. p. 183. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 538. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 514. *™

Synonymes. Prunus chicasa Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1. p. 332. ; P
insititia Walt. Carol. ; Chickasaw Plum, in Carolina.

Engraving. Our fig. 4G1. from a living specimen in Loddiges's
arboretum.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches glabrous, becoming rather
spiny. Leaves oblong-oval, acute, or acuminate.
Flowers upon very short peduncles, and mostly
in pairs Calyx glabrous, its lobes very short.
Fruit nearly globose, small, yellow. (Dec. Prod.)
A shrub. Carolina and Virginia. Height 6 ft.
Introd.1806. Flowers white; April and May. Drupe
small, yellow, and agree-
ably tasted ; ripe in July.
Sir W. J. Hooker observes

that a plant which he received under this name appeared
to him identical with C. borealis ; the plants in the Lon-
don gardens are very different, resembling much more
|p closely the common sloe, as will appear by our figure.

^ 16. C. PUBE'SCENS Ser. The pubescent Cherry Tree.

Identification. Seringe in Dec. Prod., 2. p. 538. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 514.
Synonymes. Prunus pubescens Ph. Fl. Amer. Sept. 1. p. 331., and

Lodd. Cat. ; P. sphaeroca>pa Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. I. p. 284., not o*

Swartz.

Engravings. Our
retum ; an&fig. 4

462. from a living specimen in Loddiges's arbo-
. from a specimen in the Lambertian herbarium.

452. c-puwscens. 463. Spec. Charge. Young branches pubescent. Leaves with

286

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

464. C. pennsylTinica.

the disk shortly oval, serrulated, and usually with 2 glands at its base.
Flowers in sessile umbels, few in an umbel ; pedicels and calyxes pubescent.
Fruit upon a short pedicel, globose, brownish purple, austere. (Dec. Prod.)
A low shrub. Western parts of Pennsylvania, on the borders of lakes.
Height 1 ft. to 3 ft. Introduced in 1820. Flowers white ; April and May.
Drupe brownish purple, very astringent ; ripe in July.

* 17. C. PENNSYLVA'NICA Lois. The Pennsylvanian Cherry Tree.

Identification. Lois, in N. Du Ham., 5. p. 9. , Dec. Prod., 2. p. 539. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 514.
Synonymes. Prunu? pennsvlvanica L.f.l. Suppl. p. 252., Pursh Ft. Atner. Kept. \. p. 331. ; /'. penn-

sylvanica Wittd. Baum. edit. 1811, p. 310. ; P. lanceolata Willd. Abb. p. 240.
Engravings. Abb. Georg. Ins., vol. i. p. 89. t. 45. ; and our^ig. 464.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves with two glands at the base
of the disk, which is oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
and glabrous. Flowers disposed in grouped sessile
umbels, which have something of the character of
panicles. (Dec. Prod.) A shrub. North America, from
New England to Virginia, in woods and plantations.
Height 6 ft. to 8 ft. Introduced in 1 773. Flowers
white ; May. Drupe black, small, but agreeable to
eat ; ripe in July.

Sir W. J- Hooker considers this sort as synonymous
with C. borealts Michx., in which he may probably be
correct We have, however, kept them distinct ; not
only because the whole genus appears in a state of con-
fusion, but because, though C. pennsylvanica is said to
have been introduced in 1773, we have never seen the plant in a healthy state,
and, consequently, feel unable to give any decided opinion respecting it.

_»* 18. C. JAPO'NICA Lois. The Japan Cherry Tree.

Identification. Lois, in N. Du Ham., 5. p. 83. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 514.

Synonymes. Primus japdnica Thunb. Fl. Jap. p. 201., and Lindl. in Bot. Res. t 1801 • P sinensis

Pcrs. Ench. 2. p. 36.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., 1. 1801., from a plant grown in a green.house ; and our figs. 465, 4G6 from

a plant grown in the open air.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate, acu-
minated, glabrous, shining. Pe-
duncles solitary. Lobes of calyx
shorter than the tube. (Don's
Mill.) A slender shrub, some-
what tender. China. Height 2 ft.
to 4 ft. Introd. 1810. Flowers
pale blush-coloured, produced in
profusion on numerous slender
purplish or brownish red twigs ;
March to May. Drupe ?. Naked
young wood brownish red.

Variety.

•** C. j. 2 multiplex Ser. ^mygdalus pumila Lin.

Mant. 74., Bot. Mag. t. 2176., and of the

Hammersmith and other nurseries. (Our

figs. 467, and 468.) — Flowers semidouble,

pink like those of the species.

There are two shrubs in British nurseries

often confounded under the name of A.

pumila. The one is that now described,

which may be known at any season by the

purplish or brownish red colour of the

bark of its young shoots ; and, in summer,
by its glabrous finely serrated leaves, which have a

465. C. japdnica.

466. C.jajxSnica.

xxvi. #OSAVCE;E: CE'RASUS. 287

reddish tinge on their margins, and on the midribs. The other, C. si-
nensis described below, the Prunus ja[)6nica of Ker, and of the Ham-
mersmith and other nurseries, may be known in the winter season by
the light green or greyish coiour of the bark of its young shoots ; by
its larger, paler-coloured, and comparatively rugose leaves, doubly or
coarsely serrated ; and by its more compact habit of growth. The
flowers of this sort are also on longer peduncles, resembling those of a
cherry ; while the flowers of C. jap. multiplex, the yJmygdalus pumila
or double dwarf almond of the nurseries, have much shorter peduncles,
and are sometimes nearly sessile, giving the plant more the appear-
ance of a Primus than that of a Cerasus. The C. japonica multiplex
has been in cultivation in British gardens, under the name of Amyg-
clalus pumila, since the days of Bishop Compton ; and, though it is
stated in books to have been introduced from Africa, there can be
little doubt of its being of Asiatic origin. The great confusion
which exists respecting these two plants, in botanical works, has
induced us to examine, with particular attention, the plants of them
that are in the Horticultural Society's Garden, and in the Hammer
smith Nursery. In the former garden, there was (June 10. 1837) a
Cerasus japonica in its single state, but not in its double state ; the
plant bearing the name of C. japonica flore pleno being unquestionably
the C. sinensis described below, the Primus japonica of the nurseries.
In the Hammersmith Nursery, there were then some dozens of plants
of C. japonica multiplex, there called ^mygdalus pumila, or the double
dwarf almond, growing in parallel nursery lines, with some dozens
of plants of C. sinensis, there called Prunus japonica, or the double
Chinese almond. We have considered it necessary to be thus particular,
to justify us for having deviated from the Bot. Mag. and Bot. Reg.

M 19. C. SINE'NSIS G. Don. The Chinese Cherry,

Identification. Don's Mill., 2. p. 514.

Synonyme. Prtinus jap6nica Ker in Bot. Reg. t. 27.

Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 27. ; and our fig. 469.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, doubly serrated, wrinkled from veins
beneath. Peduncles sub-aggregate. (Don's Mill.) A highly ornamental
low shrub. China. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft. Introduced in 1810. Flowers semi-
double, red above, and white underneath, produced in great profusion on
the preceding year's branches ; April and May.

There is no single state of this species in
Britain, but there was in 1836 a plant of the
double variety against a wall in the Hort. Soc.
Garden, named C. japonica flore pleno; and,
as noticed under the preceding species, there
were many plants in the Hammersmith Nur-
sery, under the name of P. japonica, or the
double Chinese almond. The plant is some-
what more tender than C. j. multiplex, which
is well known in gardens as a hardy border
shrub ; and, except in favourable situations,
it requires to be planted against a wall.
Though C. sinensis and C. japonica are quite
distinct, there is nothing in that distinctness,
as it appears to us, to determine that they are
not varieties of the same species. 469. c,rasus

a 20. C. SALI'CINA G. Don. The Willow-leaved Cherry Tree.

Identification. Don's Mill., 2. p. 514.

Synonymes. PrQnus salicina Lindl. in Hort. Trans. ; Ching-Cho-Lee, or Tung- Choh- Lee, Chinese.

Engraving. Fig. 470. from a specimen in the herbarium of Dr. Lintiley.

Spec. Char., $c. Flowers usually solitary, shorter than the leaves. Leaves

288

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

470. CSrasus »al!clna

obovate, acuminated, glandularly serrated, glabrous

Stipules subulate,

glandular, length

of the petiole.

Petiole glandless.

(Don's Mil/.} A

shrub. China.

Height 4 ft. to 6 ft.

Introd. in 1822.

The flowers small,

and white. Drupe

about the size of

that of the myro-

balan plum. 471. c«rasu» puddum.

Species belonging to the preceding Subdivision (B.), not yet introduced. — C.
Phoshia Hamilt., Prunus cerasoides D. Don., Cerasus Puddum Roxb. (Wall.
PI. Rar., ii. t. 143. ; and our fig. 471.), is a native of Nepal, producing fruit
like that of the common cherry, and wood which is considered valuable as
timber. The flowers are of a pale rose colour, and the tree grows to the
height of 20 or 30 feet. C. glandulosa, C. dspera, and C. incisa Lois., are Japan
shrubs, with rose-coloured flowers, described by Thunberg; and C. humttis
Moris., a native of Sardinia.

§ ii. Padi veri Ser. The true Bird-Cherry Kinds of Cerasus.

Sect. Char. Flowers produced upon the shoots of the same year's growth as
the flowers j the latter disposed racemosely. Leaves deciduous.

A. Species of Bird-Cherry Trees already in Cultivation in Britain.
% 21. C. MAHA^LEB Mill. The Mahaleb, or perfumed, Cherry Tree.

Identification. Mill. Diet., No. 4. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 539. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 514.

Synonymes, Prilnus MahcUeb L. Sp. 678. ; Bois de Sainte Lucie, or Prunier odorant, Fr. ;

Mahalebs-kirsche, Ger. ; Ciliegio canino, Ital.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 5. t. 2. ; Jacq. Fl. Austr., t. 227. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit.

1st edit., vol. v.j and our fig. 472.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves cordately ovate, denticulate, glanded, curved.
Flowers in leafy subcorymbose racemes. Fruit black, between ovate and
round. (Dec. Prod.) A small tree. Middle and South of Europe ; com-
mon in France, especially in the mountainous districts ; very common near
St. Lucie, whence the French name. Height 10 ft. to 20 ft. ; in British
gardens 20ft. to 30ft. Introduced in 1714. Flowers white; April and
May. Drupe black ; ripe in July.

Varieties. Besides one with variegated leaves, there are : —

^ C. M. 2 fructu fldvo Hort. — Fruit yellow. There is a plant of this

variety in the garden of the Horticultural Society.
£ C. M. 3 latifolium *Hort. — Leaves broader than in the species.

A handsome small tree, with a white bark, and numerous branches. The
leaves somewhat resembling those of the common apricot, but of a paler
green. The wood, the leaves, the flowers, and the fruit, are powerfully
scented ; the flowers so much so as not to be supportable in a room. The
wood is hard, brown, veined, and susceptible of a high polish. Its smell is
less powerful, and more agreeable, when it is dry, than when the sap is in it.
In a dry state it weighs 59 Ib. 4 oz. per cubic foot. In France, it is much
sought after by cabinetmakers, on account of its fragrance, hardness, and the
fine polish which it receives. In Austria it is used for forming the twisted
tubes of tobacco pipes. In France themahaleb is used as a stock on which to
graft the different kinds of fruit-bearing cherries : for which it has the advan-
tages of growing on a very poor soil ; of coming into sap 15 days later than

XXVI. ROSA. CEJE I CE'RASUS,

«89

472. Cerasus Mahaleb.

the common wild cherry, by which means the grafting season is prolonged;
and, lastly, of dwarfing the plants grafted on it. In British gardens, it is partly
used for this purpose, but principally as an ornamental shrub or low tree. As
in the case of other dwarf species of a genus which will unite to a tall robust-
growing species, the mahaleb, when grafted on the common wild cherry (C.
sylvestris), grows to a larger tree than when on its own roots. The mahaleb
will grow in any poor soil that is dry, even in the most arid sands and naked
chalks ; and, as it forms a low bushy tree which is capable of resisting the
wind, it may be planted in an exposed situation. When young plants are to
be raised from seed, the fruit is sown as soon as ripe, or preserved among sand
till the following spring, in the same manner as that of the cherry. Seedling
plants generally grow 1 ft. in length the first year, and 1 ft. to 18 in. the second.
The tree may also be propagated by layers ; by slips from the stool, taken off
with a few roots attached ; and by suckers, or by cuttings from the roots.

? 22. C. FAXDUS Dec. The Bird -Cherry Tree.

Identification. Dec. Fl. Fr., 4 p. 580. ; Prod., 2. p. 539. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 515.

Synonymes. Prnnus Padus Lin. Sp. 677., Hook. Brit. Flora, p. 220., Smith Eng. Flora, 2. p. 354. ;

Bird Cherry, Fowl Cherry ; Hag-berry, Scot. ; Cerasier a Grappes, Merisier a Grappes, Laurier-

Putier, or Putiet, faux Bois de Ste. Lucie, Fr. ; Hag-bier, Swedish ; Traubeden Kirsche, Ger. ;

Ciliegio ramoso, Ital.
Engravings. Eng. Dot., 1. 1383. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., \ol, v. ; and our

^.474.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, some-
what acuminate, thin, serrulate, with the teeth
rather spreading. Racemes long, leafy. Fruit
round, bitter. (Dec. Prod.} A low tree. Indi-
genous in most parts of Central Europe, and as
far north as Lapland. Height 12ft to 40 ft.
Flowers white ; April and May. Drupe black ;
ripe in July. Decaying leaves greenish yellow,
or reddish. Naked young wood purplish, with
white spots.

Varieties.

% C.P.I vulgdris Ser. C. Padus Dec., N.
Du Ham. v. t. 1. — This kind has large
flowers loosely disposed upon long pe-
dicels, and black fruit.
* C. P. 2 parviflora Ser. (CEd. Fl. Dan.,

t. 205.)— This has smaller flowers, upon 473' <*rasu* FUm '

shorter pedicels, which are disposed more densely ; and black fruit.
u

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

C. P. 3 rubra Ser. (Our fig. 473.) — This has red fruit. It is the C.
Padus fructu rubro of Dec. and of Loiseleur; and, according to
Ait. Hort. Kew., 2d ed. p. 299., it is the Prunus rubra of mild. Arb.,
237. t. 4. f. 2.

X C. P. 4 bracteosa Ser. Padus racemdsus Hort. — A very beautiful
variety, distinguished by its long racemes of flowers, with their pe-
dicels furnished with long bracteas at the points of the shoots, bv
which the latter are bent down, both when in blossom and when
the fruit is ripe, so as to give the whole tree a pendulous appearance.
A very handsome small tree or large bush. The leaves are finely serrated,
smooth, and somewhat glaucous ; and their scent, when bruised, resembles
that of rue. The flowers are of a pure white, in copious, long, terminal
racemes, making an elegant appearance in spring, but scarcely lasting a fort-

474. Cerasus P&dus

night. The fruit is small, black, austere, and bitter, with a large corrugated
nut. " Birds of several kinds soon devour this fruit, which is nauseous, and
probably dangerous to mankind; though, perhaps, like that of the cherry
laurel, not of so deadly a quality as the essential oil or distilled water of the
leaves." (Eng. Flora, ii. p. 354.) The tree grows rapidly when young, at-
taining the height of 10 or 12 feet in 5 or 6 years ; and, as it has a loose
head, and bears pruning, it allows the grass to grow under it. The wood is
hard and yellowish, and, in a green state, it has a disagreeable bitter odour
and taste ; whence the French name putiet, from puer. It is much sought
after in France by the cabinetmakers and turners, who increase the beauty of
its veining by sawing out the boards diagonally, that is, obliquely across the
trunk, instead of parallel with its length. The fruit, though nauseous to the
taste when eaten fresh from the tree, gives an agreeable flavour to brandy;
and is sometimes added to home-made wines. In Sweden and Lapland, and
also in some parts of Russia, the bruised fruit is fermented, and a powerful spirit
distilled from it. In Britain, the principal use of the C^erasus Padus is as an orna-
mental tree ; and few make a finer appearance than it does, either when in flower,
in April and May ; or in August, when covered with its pendent racemes of
black fruit. It comes into flower a little before the ornamental crab trees,
and about the same time as the 56rbus aucuparia and the A^cer julatanoides.
The bird cherry prefers a dry soil ; but it will not thrive on such poor ground
as the perfumed cherry. It will grow in almost any situation; but, to attain
a timber-like size, it requires the shelter either of a favourable locality, or of
adjoining trees. The species is propagated by seeds, which should be treated

xxvi. ROSA^CEJE: CF/RASUS.

•291

in all respects like those of C. Mahdkb. The red-fruited variety will ge-
nerally come true from seed ; as, doubtless, will the early-flowering and
late-flowering varieties, which may be observed in copse woods where this
tree abounds. C. P. bracteosa Ser., which is a very remarkable variety, and
one which deserves a place in every collection, both on account of its large
racemes of flowers and its fruit, will be continued with most certainty by grafting
or budding. The leaves are more infested and injured by the larvas of moths
and butterflies, than those of any other European tree or shrub.

t 23. C. VIRGINIANA Michx. .The Virginian Bird-Cherry Tree.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 285. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 539. ; Don's Mill., 2. p 515.
Synonymes. PrChius rubra Ait. Hort. Kew. 1st ed. 2. p. 162., WKld. Abb. 238. t.5. f. 1. ; P. arguta
Bigelow in Litt. ; Cerisier de Virginie, Fr. ; Virginische Kirsche, Ger. ; Wild Cherry Tree, Amer.
Engravings. Willd. Abb.,'238. t. 5. f. 1. ; Michx. Fl. Arb. Amer., 2. t. 88. ; and owfig. 475.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oblong, acuminate, doubly toothed, smooth ; the pe-
tiole bearing about 4 glands. Racemes straight, petals round. Fruit red.
Different from the Prunus virginiana of Miller, which is C. (v.) serotina.
(Dec. Prod.) A tree attaining a large size. Virginia, Carolina, and Canada.
Height, in England, 30 ft. to 40 ft. ; in some parts of North America, 80 ft. to
100ft. Introd, 1724. Flowers white ; May. Drupe red; ripe in July. Leaves
remaining on late in the season, and dropping, green. Naked young wood
slender, purplish, but not spotted with white like C. Padus.

Readily distinguished from Cerasus Padus by
the slender drooping character of its branches.
The fruit is frequently ripened in the neighbour-
hood of London, and plants in copse woods,
which have risen from selfsown seeds, are to be
met with in different parts of Surrey. The
wood of the Virginia bird cherry is of a light red
tint, which deepens with age. It is compact,
fine-grained, and takes a brilliant polish ; it is
also not liable to warp when perfectly seasoned.
In America, it is extensively used by cabinet-
makers for every species of furniture. In Eu-
rope, C. virginiana is planted solely as an orna-
mental tree ; and, as such, it well deserves a
place in every collection. It should be planted
in every shrubbery or wood where it is desirable
to attract frugivorous singing birds. For soil, si-
tuation, propagation, culture, &c., see C. Padus.

¥ 24. C. (v.) SERO'TINA Lois. The fate-flowering, or American,
Cherry Tree.

Identification. Lois, in Du Ham., 5. p. 3.; Dec. Prod., 2.

p. 540. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 515.
Synonymes. Prdnus ser6tina Willd. Abb. 239. ; P. virginiana

Mill. Diet. No. 2.
Engravings. Willd. Abb., 239. t. 5. f/2 ; Wats. Dend. Brit.,

t 48. ; and our figs. 476, 477.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, rather
coriaceous, glossy, serrated ; the teeth imbri-
cate, very numerous, and the lowest ones indis-
tinctly glanded. Midrib downy at its base. Flo-
ral leaves narrowed at the base. Racemes loose.
Fruit black. (Dec. Prod.} A middle-sized tree.
A native of North America, in Canada and New-
foundland. Height 10ft. to 20ft. Introd. 1629.
Flowers white ; May and June. Drupe black ;
ripe in August. Leaves retained late, and
dropping green. Naked young wood slender,
purplish.

u 2

475. C£rasu* virginlhna.

476.

292

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICL'M.

Variety.

C. s. 2 retusa Ser. — Leaves obovate, round, very obtuse, almost retuse,
slightly villose beneath ; midrib hairy above and below. A native
of South America.

we have no doubt

477. Cerasus (v.) serdtina.

C. (v.) serotina so closely resembles C. virginiana, that
whatever of their being one and the same species.

¥ 25. C. MO'LLIS. Doug. The soft Bird-Cherry Tree.

Identification, Dougl. MSS. : Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. 169. ; Don's Mill.,

2. p. 515.
Engraving. Our fig. 478., from a specimen in the British Museum.

Spec. Char., fyc. Racemes short, pubescently tomentose,
as well as the calyxes ; calycine segments reflexed ; leaves
obovate oblong, crenated, pubescent beneath ; fruit ovate.

(Don's Mill.) A
tree. America,
near the mouth
of the Columbia,
and on subalpine 4:s. c. md
hills, near the source of the river.
Height 12 ft. to 24ft. Introd. 1838.
Flowers white. Naked young wood
dark brown and downy, and the
general habit said to be that of C.
pubescens.

Young plants have been raised in
the Hort. Soc. Garden, from seeds
sent home by Douglas.

± * 26. C. CAPO'LLIN Dec. The
Capollin Bird-Cherry Tree.

Identification. Dec. Trod., 2. p. 539. ; Don'i

Mill., 2. p. 515.

Synonymes. Prdnus virginfona Flor. Mexic. Ic.
and MSS, ; P. canadensis Mac. et Sesse PI.
479- «rasns Captlli*. Mex. Ic. t'ned., Hern. Me*. 95.

xxvi.

: CE'RASUS.

293

Engravings. Fl. Mex. Icon. ined. ; PI. Mex. Icon. ined. ; Hern. Mex. Icon., 95. ; and our Jig. 479.
Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves lanceolate, serrated, and glabrous, resembling in form,

and nearly in size, those of <Salix fragilis. Racemes lateral and terminal.

Fruit globose, resembling, in form and colour, that of C. sylvestis. (Dec.

Prod.) A handsome sub-evergreen low tree or shrub. Mexico, in temperate

and cold places. Height 6 ft. to 12 ft. Introduced in 1820. Flowers white;

May. Drupe red ; ripe in August.

The plant bearing this name in the Hort. Soc. Garden has leaves broader
than those of <Salix fragilis ; and, taken altogether, it is of more luxuriant
growth than C. virginiana. It is, however, less hardy as a plant in the open
garden, and was killed to the ground in the winter of 1837-8. In favourable
situations, however, it is a very desirable species, being a remarkably free
flowerer, and ripening abundance of fruit, which have stones as large as those
of the wild cherry.

^ 27. C. NEPALE'NSIS Ser. The Nepal Bird-
Cherry Tree.

Identification. Seringe in Dec. Prod., 2. p. 540. ; Don's Mill.,

2. p. 515.

Synonyme. Prunus glaucifblius Wall. MSS.
Engraving. OUT Jig. 480 , from a specimen in Dr. Lindley's her-

barium.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves resembling in form those
of Sa\\\ fragilis ; long, lanceolate, acuminate,
serrate, with biunt teeth, glabrous, whitish be-
neath ; the veins much reticulated ; and the
axils of the larger of them hairy. Peduncle
short, and, as well as the rachis, slightly villose.
Calyx glabrous. (Dec. Prod.) A deciduous
shrub or low tree. Nepal. Height 6 ft. to
12ft. Introd. 1820. Flowers white j May.
Drupe ?.

B. Species of Bird-Cherry Trees which have not yet been introduced, or of which
we have not seen Plants.

% C. acuminata Wall. (PI. Rar. Asiat., ii.
p. 78. t. 181. ; and our Jig. 481.) is a Nepal
tree, growing to the height of 20 or 30 feet,
with the flowers in axillary racemes, and
nodding, a little shorter than the leaves.

& C. emargindta Dougl. (Hoo/c. Fl. Bor.
Amer., p. 169.) is a shrub, growing to the
height of 6 or 8 feet, with its flowers in co-
rymbose racemes ; having oval, serrulated,
glabrous leaves ; and globose fruit, astringent
to the taste. The leaves are 2 in. long ; the
flowers are white ; and the wood red, with
white spots. It is found wild about the
upper part of the Columbia River, especially
about the Kettle Falls.

3f C. capricida G. Don. The Goat-killmg Bird Cherry. Prunus capricida Wall. ;
P. undulata Hamilt. in D. Don's Prod. Nepal, p. 239. ; C. undulata Dec.
Prod. ii. p. 540. — Leaves elliptic, acuminated, coriaceous, glabrous, quite
entire, with undulately curled margins. Petioles glandulous. Racemes either
solitary or aggregate by threes, many-flowered, glabrous, shorter than the
leaves. (Don'ji Mill., ii. p. 515.) A handsome showy tree, probably evergreen,
a native of Nepal, at Narainhetty ; where the leaves are found to contain so
large a quantity of prussic acid as to kill the goats which browse upon them.
Ttoyle seems to consider C. undulata and C. capricida as distinct species ; and

u 3

480. C6ra*u» nepatensis.

481. ttrasus acuminata.

294

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

he observes that these, and " C. cornuta, remarkable for its pod-like mon-
strosity, are handsome showy trees, growing on lofty mountains, and worthy
of introduction into England." (Royle's Illust., p. 205.)

C. canadensis Lois., C. elliptica Lois., C. paniculata Lois., and some other
hardy species, are mentioned in our first edition.

§ iii. Laurocerasi. The Laurel-Cherry Trees.
Sect. Char. Evergreen. Flowers in racemes.

* * 28. C. LUSITA'NICA Lois. The Portugal Laurel-Cherry, or common
Portugal Laurel.

Identification. Lois, in N. Du Ham., 5. p. 5. ;
Dec. Prod., 2. p. 540. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 516.

Synonymes. frdnus lusitanica Lin. Sp. 678. ;
the Cherry Bay ; Cerisier Laurier du Por-
tugal, Fr.\ Azareiro, Portuguese.

Engravings. Mill. Ic., 131. t. 196. f. 1. ; Dill.
Elth., 193. t. 159. f. 193. ; the plate of the
species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. v. ; and
our figs. 483, 484.

Spec. Char. ^c. Evergreen. Leaves
coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, ser-
rate, glandless. Racemes upright,
axillary, longer than the leaves.
(Dec. Prod.) An evergreen low
tree. Portugal, and the Azores.
Height 10 ft. to 20 ft. ; in British
gardens sometimes 30ft. Intro-
duced in 1648. Flowers white;
June. Drupe dark purple ; ripe
in September. Young wood pur-
plish black.

Variety.

mi C. /. 2 Hfxa Ser. Pru-
nus Hixa Broussonet ; P.
multiglandulosa Cav. ; C.
Hixa Webb et Bert. Hist.
Can. t.38. (Our fig. 482.)
— Leaves larger, with their
lowest teeth glanded. Ra-
cemes elongate. Flowers more loosely disposed. Spontaneous in
the islands of Teneriffe, Grand Canary, and Pal ma. Mr. P. B. Webb
informs us that this tree, in its native localities, attains the height
of 60 or 70 feet.

The Portugal laurel is generally seen as
an immense bush, but when trained up to a
single stem it forms a very handsome tree
with a conical head. It is not of rapid
growth, seldom making shoots more than
9 or 10 inches in length j but, when planted
in good free soil, and trained to a single
stem, plants, in the neighbourhood of Lon-
don, will reach the height of from 12 ft.
to 15 ft. in 10 years. It is generally planted
solely as an ornamental evergreen ; but
sometimes hedges are formed of it in nur-
sery-grounds and flower-gardens. The
berries are greedily eaten by birds, and
form a favourite food for pheasants. What
renders the tree particularly valuable, Miller 483. c«rasus lu-ttmiw,

482. Cfcrasus 1. Hfxa.

xxvi. ROSAVCE;E : CE'HASUS

295

484. rerasus lusitauica.

observes, is its being "so very hardy as to defy the severest cold of this country;
for, in the hard frost of 1740, when almost every other evergreen tree and shrub
was severely pinched, the Portugal laurels retained their verdure, and seemed
to have felt no injury." In the winter of 1837-8, it was severely hurt in all
low moist situations in the climate of London ; but in dry gravelly soil, there,
and in most parts of England, it escaped uninjured. In British nurseries, it is
propagated by seeds, which, before and after sowing, are treated like those of
the common wild cherry (C. sylvestris), or those of the bird cherry (C. Padus).

«- « 29. C. LAUROCE'RASUS Lois. The Laurel- Cherry, or common Laurel.

Identification. Lois, in Du Ham., 5. p. 6. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 540. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 516.
Synonymes. Prunus Laurocerasus Lin. Sp. 678. ; Cherry Bay, Cherry Laurel ; Laurier au Lalt,

Laurier Cerisier, Laurier Amandier, Fr. ; Kirsche Lorbeer, Ger. ; Lauro di Trebisonda, Ital.
Engravings. Blackw. Herb., t. 512. ; Du Ham. Arb., 1. p. 346. t. 133. ; and our Jig. 485.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Evergreen. Leaves coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, remotely
serrate, bearing upon the under surface of the disk 2 — 4 glands. Racemes
shorter than the leaves Fruit ovate-acute. (Dec. Prod.) A large, ram-
bling, evergreen, sub-prostrate shrub. Trebisond in Asia Minor ; and found
in Caucasus, Persia, and the Crimea. Height 6 ft. to 20 ft. Introduced in
1629. Flowers white; April and May. Drupe dark purple; ripe in Oc-
tober. Young shoots of a light green.

Varieties.

* C. L. 2 variegdta Hort. — Leaves variegated with either white or yellow.
«- C. L. 3 angustifdlia Hort., with leaves about a third part of the width of

u 4

296

ARBORETUM ET FIIUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

those of the species, and a more dwarf-growing plant. A very dis-
tinct variety, which seldom, if ever, flowers. In some nurseries, it is
called Hartogza capensis, though this latter is a totally different plant.

The common laurel, though it will grow as high as the Portugal laurel, is,
in its habit, decidedly a shrub, though it is occasionally seen trained to a
single stem as a low tree, and in France it is grafted standard high on the
common cherry for this purpose, though such plants, from the stock being
deciduous, only last a year or two. The growth of the common laurel is
rapid for an evergreen, being at the rate of from 1 ft. to 3 ft. a year ; but, as
the shoots extend in length, they do not increase proportionately in thick-
ness, and hence they recline; so that plants with branches 30 or 40 feet in
length, though gigantic in size, still retain the character of prostrate shrubs.
Notwithstanding the rapid and vigor-
ous growth of this plant in ordinary
seasons, it suffers a great deal more from
very severe frosts than the Portugal
laurel, and is sometimes killed down to
the ground, which the latter rarely is
in England. In Britain, the common
laurel is considered one of the most or-
namental of our evergreen shrubs ; and it
is also used for covering walls, and for
hedges, to afford shelter ; for which last
purpose it is extensively used in the
market-gardens about Isleworth. It is
also extensively used as undergrowth
in sandy soil. Laurel leaves have a
bitter taste, and the peculiar flavour of
prussic acid, which is common to bitter
almonds, and to the kernels generally
of the ^4mygdaleae. The flowers have
a similar flavour; and the powdered
leaves excite sneezing. The leaves, in
consequence of their flavour, are used
in a green state in custards, puddings, blancmange, and other culinary and
confectionary articles, but always in very small quantities. Any soil tolerably
dry will suit the common laurel ; but, to thrive,
it requires a sheltered situation, and a deep free
soil. It thrives better as an undergrowth than,
perhaps, any other ligneous plant, with the excep-
tion of the box and the holly.

485. C. Lauroolrasus.

30. C. CAROLINIA'NA Michx.
Bird-Cherry Tree.

The Carolina

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 285. ; Lois, in N.

du Ham., 5. p. 5. ; Don's Mill, 2. p. 516.
Synonymes. Prtinus caroliniana Ait. Hort. Kew 2 p 163 •

P. sempervlrens Willd. Enum. j Padus caroliniana Mill Diet

No. 6. ; Wild Orange, Amer.
Engravings. Michx. Arb. d'Amer., 3. t. 7. ; and our Jig. 486.

Spec. Char., fyc. Evergreen. Leaves, with the
petiole short; and the disk lanceolate-oblong,
mucronate, even, rather coriaceous, mostly
entire. Flowers densely disposed in axillary
racemes, that are shorter than the leaves.
Fruit nearly globose, mucronate. (Dec. Prod.)
An evergreen shrub or low tree; in England
a tender shrub. North America, from Carolina
to Florida, and the Bahama Islands. Height

XXVI. ROSA.^CE2E I PU'RSHIA. 297

20ft. to 30ft. Introduced in 1759. Flowers white ; May. Drupe dark
purple ; ripe ?.

This tree Michaux considers as one of the most beautiful vegetable pro-
ductions of the southern parts of the United States ; and it is generally se-
lected by the inhabitants to plant near their houses, not only on this account,
but because it grows with rapidity, and affords an impenetrable shade. Pursh
describes it as a handsome evergreen shrub, resembling C. lusitanica ; but he
says nothing of the flowers, which, from the figure in Michaux, from which
ours was copied, appear to be almost without petals. Seeds are frequently
imported from America, and abundance of young plants reared ; but, as they
are rather tender, and, north of London, would require the protection of a
wall, they are very seldom seen in British gardens. The largest plant which
we know of is in Hampshire, at Swallowfield, where, in 1833, it formed a
bush 10ft. high, with a head about 12ft. in diameter, flowering and fruiting
occasionally. Culture as in C. virginiana, but north of London it requires the
protection of a wall.

Sect. II. SPIRJEE'IE.
GENUS VI.

PU'RSH/,4 Dec. THE PURSHIA. Lin. Syst. Icosandria Monogjnia.

Identification. Dec. in Trans, of Linn. Soc., 12. p. 157. ; Prod., 2. p. 541. ; Lindl. in Bot. Reg.
t. 1446. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 517.

Synonyme. Tigarea Ph. Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 333., not of Aublet.

Derivation. Frederick Pursh first characterised the only known species in his Flora America,
Septentrionalis, and named it Tigarea tridentata. The generic name, however, having been
preoccupied by Aublet, De Candolle has named the present genus after Pursh himself.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-cleft ; lobes ovate, obtuse. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens
about 25, rising with the petals from the calyx. Carpels 1 — 2, ovate oblong,
pubescent, tapering into the style at the apex, at length opening by a lon-
gitudinal chink. Seed 1, inserted in the base of the carpel. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, grouped together, cuneate, 2 — 3-toothed at the apex,
stipulate or exstipulate, deciduous. Flowers yellow. — Shrub, of which
there is only one species known.

j* 1. P. TRIDENTATA Dec. The 3-toothed-kaved Purshia.

Identification. Dec. in Lin. Trans., 12. p. 157. ; Prod., 2. p. 541.

ie. Tigarea tridentata Ph. Fl. Amer. Sept., 1 . p. 333. t. 15., not of Aublet.
ngs. Ph. Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. 15. ; Bot. Reg., 1. 1446. ; and our Jigs. 487, 488.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves obcuneate, 3-
dentate, crowded on the points of the
shoots, hairy above, and tomentose
beneath. Flowers terminal on short
peduncles. (Ph. Fl. Amer.) A spreading
shrub. North America, on pastures
by the river Columbia. Height 2 ft. to
3 ft. Introduced in 1826. Flowers
yellow ; July. Carpels ?.

487. P. tridentita. Almost the only shrub to be seen

through an immense tract of barren sandy
soil, from the head source of the Missouri, to the Falls of the Columbia. The
plants in the London gardens were all killed in the winter of 1837-8.

298 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

GENUS VII.

u
KE'RRIA Dec. THE KERRIA, Lin. Syst. Icosandria Polygynia.

Identification. Dec. in Trans, of Lin. Soc., 12. p. 156. ; Prod., 2. p. 541. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 517.

Synnnymes. .fftibus L.t Cfirchorus Thunb., Spiraea Camb.

Derivation. Named in honour of W. Ker, a collector of plants for the Kew Gardens.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-cleft; lobes ovate, 3 of which are obtuse, and the other
two callously mucronate at the apex ; imbricate in aestivation. Petals 5,
orbicular. Stamens about 20, arising from the calyx with the petals, ex-
serted. Carpels 5 — 8, globose, free, glabrous, each ending in a filiform style.
Seed solitary. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, ovate, lanceolate, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; coarsely
and unequally serrated, feather-nerved, conduplicate. Floivers yellow.

& 1. K. JAPO'NICA Dec. The Japan Kerria.

Identification. Dec. in Trans, of Lin. Soc., 12. p. 156. ; Prod., 2. p. 541 .

Synonymes. .RM>us japdnicus Lin. Mant. 245. ; Cflrchorus jap6nicus Thunb. Fl. Jap. 227. ; Spiraea

jap6nica Camb. Ann. Sci. Nat. 1. p. 389. ; Spiree du Japon, Fr.
Engravings. Swt. Brit. Fl. Card., 2d ser. t. 337. ; and our fig. 489.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate, lanceolate, coarsely and unequally serrated,
feather-nerved ; stipules linear, subulate A deciduous shrub. Japan.
Height 3 ft. to 5 ft. Introduced in 1835. Flowers yellow ; March to
June, and often all the summer. Carpels ?.

Variety.

& K. j. 2 fibre plena (Bot. Reg., t. 587. ; Bot. Mag., t. 1296.; and our
fig. 490.) — Flowers double. Introduced in 1700, and in very general
culture in British gardens.

489. Kerriajaponica. 490. Ktoria j. fl&re plino.

It has soft, and not very persistent, wood, clothed with a smooth greenish
bark ; twig-like branches ; leaves that are ovate-lanceolate, and serrated with
large and unequal teeth, feather-veined, and" concave on the upper surface ;
stipules that are linear-subulate. The single-flowered variety was, until
1835, only known through a solitary specimen received from Thunberg by Lin-
naeus, and preserved in the herbarium of that great botanist, now in the pos-
session of the Linnaean Society. It was after examining this specimen that De
Candolle removed it from the genus C'orchorus, and formed that of Kerria.
The double variety is generally planted against a wall, more especially north
of London. It is easily and rapidly propagated by its suckers, and grows freely
in any common soil.

XXVI. 12OSA CE.X : SPIR^E A.

GENUS VIII.

299

L. THE SPIRAEA. Lin. Syst. Icosandria Di-Pentagynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen.. No. 630. j Gzertn. Fruct., 1. p. 337. t. 69. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 541. ; Don's
Mill., 2. p. 517.

Synonyrnes. Spiraea sp. Cambessedes Mon. Spir. in /f»». 5W. Nat. 1. p. 227. ; Spiree, Fr. ; Spier-
staude, Gcr.

Derivation. From spetra, a cord, in reference to the supposed flexibility of the branches of some
of the species ; or, according to some, from speirao, to wreath ; in allusion to the fitness of the
flowers to "be twisted into garlands. Spirtcon is Pliny's name for a plant the blossoms of which
were used, in his time, for making garlands ; but that plant is thought by some to have been the
/7iburnum Lantana.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-cleft, permanent. Stamens 10 — 50, inserted in the torus,
lining the calyx along with the petals. Carpels solitary, or several together,
rarely connected at the base, ending in short points, sessile, rarely stipitate.
Seeds 2—6. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves usually simple, but sometimes pinnately cut, having pinnate, or
palmately ternate, nerves ; alternate, stipulate, deciduous. Floiuers white or
reddish, never yellow. — Shrubs, low, deciduous. Europe, Asia, America.

Generally of erect growth, with conspicuous flowers of considerable elegance
and beauty. The naked young wood, in almost all the species, is of a cin-
namon brown \ and, in those kinds in which the shoots are numerous so as to
produce a mass, the effect is conspicuous in the winter season. They are all
readily propagated by suckers, which, in general, they produce in abundance,
and they will grow in any common soil.

§ i. Physocarpos Camb.

Derivation. From phusa, a bladder, and karpos, a fruit ; in reference to the bladdery carpels.

Sect. Char. Ovaries connected at the base. Torus lining the calycine tube.
Carpels bladdery, rather membranous. Ovula 2 — 3, fixed to the semini-
ferous margin of the carpel, ovoid, at first horizontal, but at length sus-
pended. Flowers hermaphrodite, disposed in umbels. Pedicels 1-flowered.
Leaves toothed, or somewhat lobed, usually stipulate. (Don's-Mill., p. 517.)

1. S. OPULIFO^LIA L. The Guelder-Rose-Ieaved Spiraea, or Virginian
Guelder Rose.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 702. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 542. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 517.
Synonymes. Nine Bark, Amer. ; Evonimo del Canada^ Ital.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 6. t. 14. ; and our figs. 491, 492.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves lobed, or 3-lobed, and par-
taking of an ovate figure, doubly serrated, petioled,
and many of them stipuled. Flowers white, nume-
rous, disposed in stalked hemi-
spherical corymbs ; the pedicel of
each flower slender and glabrous.
Sepals spreading. Torus wholly
connate with the tube of the calyx.
Ovaries connate with each other
at the base. Ovules in each 2 — 3,
affixed to the margin, egg-shaped,
at first horizontal, at length the
one pendulous, the rest ascending.
Carpels bladdery, rather membran-
aceous, large and diverging. Seeds
obovate, glossy, and yellow. (Dec. Prod.) A large shrub. North America,
from Canada to Carolina. Height 8ft. to 10ft. Introd. in 1690. Flowers

491. S. opuljfolia

492. S. opulifolia.

300

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

white ; June and July. Capsule inflated red ; ripe in September. Decaying
leaves purplish red, mixed with yellow. Naked young wood light brown.
Hardy, and very ornamental, from its abundance of white flowers, which are
produced in corymbs, and resemble those of the Guelder rose ; and from the
numerous inflated reddish capsules which succeed the flowers. Propagated
by division of the root ; but sometimes by layers, or by cuttings of the
young wood put, in autumn, in a shady border, in a sandy soil.

Varieties.

& S. o. 2 tomentella Ser. has the peduncles and calyx tomentose. (Dec.

Prod.) It is found at the Grand Rapids of the Columbia River.
-±* S. o. 3 monogyna. S. monogyna Torrey, Don's

Mill. 2. p. 518. — A native of the Rocky Moun-

tains, where it grows to the height of 3 or 4 feet.

It is considered by Sir W. J. Hooker as a va-

riety of S. opulifolia.

& 2. S. CAPITA^TA Ph. The cn[ritate-corymbed Spiraea.

Identification. Ph. Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 342. ; Camb. Monog. ; Dec.

Prod., 2. p. 542.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 518.
Synonyme. S, opulif61ia var. Hook.
Engraving. Our Jig. 349. from a specimen in the Lambertian herbarium.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate, doubly toothed, almost
lobed ; beneath reticulate and tomentose. Flowers
disposed in terminal subcapitate corymbs placed on
very loni; peduncles. Calyx tomentose. (Dec. Prod.)
A deciduous shrub. N. America, on its eastern coast
by the River Columbia. Height 4 ft. to 6 ft. Intro-
duced in 1827. Flowers white; June and July.

.

Ser.

Derivation. From Cham^drys, the name of the germander ; from a similarity in the form of the
leaves.

Sect. Char. Ovaries distinct. Torus with its base connate with the tube of
the calyx, but with its tip separate. Carpels not inflated. Flowers each
upon a distinct pedicel, and disposed in umbels or corymbs. Leaves entire,
or toothed, without stipules. (Dec. Prod., ii. p. 542.)

® 3. S. c-HAftOEDRiFovLiA L. The Germander-leaved Spiraea.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 701. ; Camb. Monog. ; Dec Prod., 2. p. 312. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 518.

Synonyme. S. cantoniensis Lour.

Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., t. 15. ; and our Jig. 495.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate, cut at the tip in a serrated manner, glabrous.
Flowers upon long slender pedicels, in hemispherical corymbs. Sepals
veiny, reflexed. (Dec. Prod.) An erect shrub. Siberia, Kamtschatka, Da-
huria, the N. W. coast of N. America, China, and Japan. Height 2 ft.
to 8ft. Introduced in 1789. Flowers white; June and July. Capsule
reddish ; ripe Sept. Naked young wood light brown.
Varieties. Seringe enumerates the first four of the fol-
lowing forms of this species ; to which, we think, might
be added S. tflmifolia, S. flexuosa, S. crataegifolia, S. 6e-
tulsefolia, and, perhaps, some others.

& S. c. 1 vulgaris Camb. Monog. — Leaves with
the disks broad and glabrous ; the petioles ci-
liated.

A S. c. 2 media Ph. Fl. Amer. Sept. i. p. 342., Camb.
Monog., and our j%. 494.— Leaves smaller, slight-
ly villose upon both surfaces. Flowers smaller.
Wild in Canada, and upon the rocks of Dahuria. 4C4

XXVI. ROSA^CEJE 1 SPi R^A.

301

ii S. c. 3 oblongifolia Camb. Monog. $. oblongi-
folia Walcht. et Kit. PL Hung. iii. p. 261. t. 235.
— Leaves narrower, and less serrated.

& S. c. 4 subracemosa Ser. — Flowers distantly dis-
posed along a lengthened rachis.

* S. c. 5 incite Hort. (S. chamaedrifolia latifolia
Hort.) has been raised from seeds received
from Germany through Mr. Hunneman ; and
it appears to be only a variety of this species.

In Kamtschatka the leaves are used as a substitute for
tea ; and the shoots, when straight, are bored for to-
bacco-pipes. In its wild state, it varies exceedingly in
the magnitude of the entire plant, in the largeness or
smallness of its leaves, and in their being more or less
cut or serrated, and more or less smooth or pubescent.
A very ornamental hardy shrub, producing its corymbs of
white flowers, which are tolerably large, in June and

July. It is said to make beautiful garden hedges. Though the seeds ripen
in England, plants can seldom be raised from them ; and, as this species does
\iot produce suckers freely, it is generally raised by layers or cuttings.

A 4. S. (c.) tfLMiFOxLiA Scop. The Elm-leaved Spira?a.

Identification. Scop. Fl. Cam., ed. 2. vol. 1. p. 349. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 542. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 518.
Synonyme. S. chamaedrifblia Jacq. Hort. Vmdob. t. 140.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1222. ; Bot. Cab., 1042. ; and our fig. 496.

Spec. Char., 8$c. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, flat, sharply serrated, ciliated.
Flowers terminal, in rather hemispherical corymbs. Sepals reflexed. (Dec.
Prod.) An erect shrub. Carinthia and Siberia. Height 3 ft. to 5 ft. In-
troduced in 1790. Flowers white; June and July. One of the hand-
somest species of this section.

S. chamsedrif&lia.

496. S. (c.) ulmifdlia.

497. S. (c.) u. phylliintha.

Variety.

S. (c.) u. Z phylldntha Ser. (Our fig. 497.) — In this variety a whorl
of distinct leaves, that are petioled, lanceolate, and sharply serrated,
occupies the place of the sepals, and is described as being these trans-
formed. Petals and stamens are either not present, or deformed.
(Dec. Prod.)

& 5. S. (C.) FLEXUOXSA Finch. The flexible-branched Spiraea,

Identification. Fisch. in Litt. ; Camb. Monog. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 542. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 518.
Synonymes. S. alplna Hort. Par., according to Camb. and Fisch. in Litt. 3. ; S. sibfrica Hort.
Engravings. Camb. Monog. Spir. in Ann. Scl Nat., 1. 1. 36. ; and our fig. 498.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves lanceolate, glabrous ; from the tip to the middle

30-2

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

dentately serrate. Flowers in corymbs. (Dec. Prod.)
A slender-branched shrub. Native country unknown.
Height 4 ft. to 6 ft. Cultivated in 1820. Flowers
white ; June and July. Capsule reddish j ripe in Sep-
tember.

Varieties. S. flexuosa latifolia Hort. ; S. daurica Hort. ;
S. ztlmifolia, S. carpinifolia, S. 6etulsef61ia, in Messrs.
Loddiges's collection, are identical with, or very slight
variations of, this species.

6. S. (c.) CRATJEGIFO'LIA Lk.
The Crataegus-leaved Spiraea.

Identification. Lk. Enum., 2. p. 40. ; Dec.

Prod., 2. p. 546. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 518.
Engraving. Our fig. 499.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves obovate,
s. s.(c.) fie*u6sa. obtuse ; in the terminal part doubly

serrate ; glabrous, reticulate on the under surface.
Flowers white, disposed in terminal compound corymbs,
whose composite parts are rather capitate. (Dec.
Prod.) An erect shrub. Native country unknown.
Cultivated in 1823. Flowers white ; June and July.

.500. S. (c.) fietulueftlia.

North America, on
Mountains, and in various other
places on the western coast.
Height 3 ft. to 6 ft. Introd. in
1812. Flowers white ; June and
July. Capsule red ; ripe Sept.

8. S. CANNA Waldst. et Kit. The
hoary-leaved Spiraea.

Identification. Waldst. et Kit. PL Rar.

Hung., 3. p. 252. t. 227. ; Carab. Monog. ;

Dec. Prod., 2. p. 542. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 518.
Engravings. Waldst. et Kit. PI. Rar. Hung.,

3. t. 227. ; andour^.501.

Spec. Char. fyc. Leaf ovate,
of about the size of that
of tfalix repens or S. ar-
gentea, acute, perfectly
entire, or slightly toothed,
hoarily villose. Corymbs
somewhat racemose ; the
lateral ones peduncled, of
few flowers, and lax. Se-
pals spreading. Styles
thick. Carpels divergent,
rather villose. (Dec. Prod.)
A low shrub. Croatia,

499. S. (c.) crataegif61ia.

& 7. S. (c ) #ETULJEFO"LIA Pall. The Birch-
leaved Spiraea.

Identification. Pall. Fl. Ross., 1. p. 75. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 544. ;

Don's Mill., 2. p. 519.
Synonymes. ? S. corymbbsa Raf. in Dcsv. Journ. ; ? S. crataegi-

fblia Lk. Enum. 2. p. 42.
Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., 1. 1. 16. ; and our fig. 500.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves broadly ovate, serrated,
glabrous; the petiole very short. Flowers in
fastigiate panicles. Carpels 5, upright, glabrous.
{Dec. Prod.) An erect shrub. Siberia; and
the Blue

501. Spirae'a ckna.

xxvi.

303

on high rocks. Height 1 ft. to 2* ft. Introduced in 1825. Flowers white;
June and July. Capsule reddish ; ripe in September.

A very distinct little species approaching S. vacciniifolia, D. Don. H. S.
& 9. S. TRILOBA'TA L. The 3-lobed-leaved Spiraea.

Identification. Lin. Mant, 244. ; Camb. Monog. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 543.
Synonyme. S. trfloba Don's Mill. 2. p. 518.

Engravings. Pall. Ross., 1. 1. 17. ; Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 68., as S. tri-
loba ; and our fig. 502.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves roundish, lobed, crenated,
glabrous, reticulately veined. Flowers in umbel-like
corymbs. Sepals ascending. Carpels glabrous. (Dec.
Prod.) A low erect shrub. Alps of Altai. Height
1ft. to 2ft. Introduced in 1801. Flowers white ;
May. Capsule reddish ; ripe in September.

This species is very handsome, with branches spread-
ing horizontally, and bearing, in the flowering season,
numerous compact corymbs of pure white flowers ;
which, combined with the neat appearance of the plant,
and its glaucous leaves, rounded in their1 outline, and yet lobed, render the
species a very interesting and ornamental one.

& 10. S. ALPI'NA Pall. The Siberian alpine Spiraea.

Identification. Pall. Fl. Ross., 1. p. 82. t. 20., according to
Camb. Monog.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 543.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 518.
Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., 1. t. 20. ; and our Jig. 503.

Spec. Char., %c. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, ses-
sile, serrulated, glabrous ; the midrib pinnately
branched. Flowers in terminal, stalked, and,
in many instances, leafless, corymbs. Sepals
ascending. (Dec. Prod.) An erect shrub.
Siberia, in wooded alps. Height 4 ft. to 6 ft.
Introduced in 1806. Flowers white ; June and
July. Capsule reddish ; ripe in September.

The corymbs of flowers being large in propor-
tion to the leaves renders this species very orna-
mental when in bloom ; and its beauty is 'farther
heightened by the plant being of erect growth.

A 11. S. flYPERiciFO^LiA Dec.

The Hypericum-leaved Spiraea.

2. p. 519.

Identification. Dec. Fl. Fr., 5. p. 645. ; Prod., 2. p. 543. ; Don's Mill
Synonymes. Hypericum fritex Hort. ; Italian May.
Engravings. See Varieties.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves obovate-oblong, 3-— 4-nerved, entire or toothed,
glabrous, slightly downy ; primary veins pinnately branched. Flowers in
either peduncled corymbs, or sessile umbels. Pedicels glabrous, or slightly
downy. Sepals ascending. A species that presents diversified appearances.
(Dec. Prod.) An erect shrub. Supposed by some to be a native of Ca-
nada ; but Smith and Hooker think that, like most of
the species of the section to which it belongs, it is only
to be found wild in the Old World. Height 4 ft. to 6 ft.
Introduced in 1640. Flowers white ; June and July.
Capsule reddish ; ripe in September.

Varieties. Seringe has characterised six forms of this species,
which he describes as follows : —

& S. h. 1 uralensis Ser. S. crenata Lin., Fisck. in
Litt.. and Don's Mill. ii. p. 519.; S. Mpericifolia
Camb. Monog. (Our fig. 504.) — Branches rigid, i04. ^ h uratfnsis.

304

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

thickish. Leaves ovate-rounded ; the whole margin crenated.

native of the Ural Mountains.
S. h. 2 Plukenetiana. Ser. S. Aypericifolia

IAn. $2). PL 701., and Don's Mill. ii.

p. 519.; S. h. var. (3 Dec. Fl. Fr. v.

p. 645. (Piuk. Phyt, t.218. f. 5.) —

Leaves perfectly entire, glabrous.

Flowers in sessile corymbs. A native

of Canada.
S. h. 3 aciita Ser. S. acutifolia Willd.

Enum. 540., Camb. Monog., and Don's

Mill. ii. p. 519. ; S. sibirica Hort. Par.,

according to Camb. Monog. ; S. am-

bfgua Pall. ( Our fig. 505.)— Leaves

spathulate, elongate, acute, perfectly

entire, or rarely 3 — 5-toothed, rather glabrous. Flowers in sessile

corymbs.
S. h. 4 crenata Ser. S. obovata Waldst. et Kit. ? in Willd. Enum.

541., Camb. Monog., Barr. Icon. Rar. n. 1376. t. 564.; S. Ayperici-

folia y Dec. Fl. Fr. v. p. 645. ; S. crenata Lin. Sp. 701., Camb.

Monog., Don's Mill. ii. p. 519., Lodd. Cat. (Our Jig. 506.) —

Leaves obovate.

506. S. A. crenata.

507. S. h. sayrAnica.

508. S. h. Besseriuna.

& S. h. 5 savrdnica Ser. S. savranica Besser in Litt., Don's Mill. ii.
p. 519. ; S. crenata Pall. Fl. Ross. i. p. 35. t. 19. ; S. Aypericifolia
var. j3 longifolia Led. Fl. Ross. Alt. III. t. 429. (Our fig. 507.) —
All parts pubescent. Leaves entire, or, at the tip, toothed. Flowers
minute, disposed in dense terminal corymbs. It is wild about Bar-
naoul, and in Podolia.

m S. h. 6 Besseriana Ser. S. crenata Besser in Litt. ; S. savranica /3
Besseriawfl Don's Mill. ii. p. 519. (Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 1252; and our
fig. 508.) — All parts rather glabrous. Leaves mostly entire. Flowers
disposed in rather lax terminal corymbs. A native of Podolia and
Caucasus.

Other Varieties or Synonymes. The following kinds, in Messrs. Loddiges's
collection, and in the Hort. Soc. Garden, appear to be either identical with,
or varieties of, S. Aypericifolia : — S. inflexa Wend/and (Hort. Soc. Gard.),
S. cbovata Wcndland (Hort. Soc. Gard.), S. argentea, S. cuneata, S. nana,
.V. alpina, S. acutifolia, S. decumbens.

This species has small hard stems, with numerous side branches, clothed
with a dark green bark, and with numerous wedge-shaped leaves, like those of
St. JohiVs wort, with glands in their substance, which give them the appear-
ance of being punctured on the surface ; whence the name. The flowers are

xxvi.

305

produced in great abundance ; and, when the shrub is allowed space to ex-
pand on every side, it forms a very beautiful bush in the flowering season. It
makes handsome garden hedges, and will bear the shears, which were formerly
applied to it, to shape it into artificial forms, when
topiary work was fashionable in garden scenery. It
is readily propagated by layers, or by detaching its
suckers.

12. S. (H.) THALICTRoVDES Pall.

'Rue-leaved Spiraea.

The Meadovv-

Identification. Pall. Fl. Ross., 1. p. 34. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 543.; Don's

Mill, 2. p. 518.
Synonymes. S. «quilegifolia Pall. Itin. 3. App. 734. No. 94. ; S. hy~

pericifolia var. flava ; and S. alplna latifblia.
Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., 1. t. 18. ; and our Jig. 509.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves obovate, obtuse, indistinctly
3-lobed, inconspicuously 3-nerved, glaucous beneath.
Flowers in lateral sessile umbels. (Dec. Prod.) A
low erect shrub. Alps of Dahuria. Height 1 ft. to
3ft. Introduced in 1816. Flowers white; May and
June. Capsule reddish ; ripe in September.

509. S. (A.) <halictrtSld«.

& 13. S. CUNEIFO^LAI Wall. The wedge-leaved Spiraea.

Identification. Wall. Cat., 699. ; Bot. Reg. M. Chron. 839, No. 87.
Synonymes. S. canlsceus; Don Prod.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 544.;

Don's Mill., 2. p. 5)9. ; S. argentea Hort.
Engraving. Ourj?g. 510.

Spec. Char.y Sfc. Leaves oval or obovate, obtuse,
stalked, quite entire, villous ; corymbs crowded, and
as well as the branches tomentose. (Don's Mill.)
An erect-branched canescent shrub, with the habit of
S. Aypericifolia. Nepal, at Sirinagur. Height ?. In-
troduced in 1837, Flowers white, downy, in close
corymbose panicles.

The leaves are small, thick, downy, wedge-shaped,
and either crenated near the point, or undivided ; they
are bright green on the upper side, and glaucous be-
neath, with nothing of a canescent appearance, which
is only visible when they are dried.

14. S. PIKOWIE'NSIS Besser. The Pikow Spiraea.

Identification. Besser Enum. PI. PoA, p. 46. No. 1428. ; Dec. Prod., 2.

p. 543. ; Don's Mill, 2. p. 519.
Engraving. Our Jig. 000. in p. COO.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves with three primary veins, and serrate at the tip, cu-
neate-lanceolate, obtuse, rarely pointed. Flowers in peduncled corymbs.
(Dec. Prod.) A deciduous shrub. Podolia at Pikow. Height 3 ft. to 4? ft.
In trod, in 1807. Flowers white ; June and July.

** 15. S. C'EANOTHiFO^LiA Horn. The Ceanothus-
leaved Spiraea.

Identification. Horn. Hort. Hafn., p. 2. 466. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 544.
Engraving. Our Jig. 511.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate, rounded at the base,
serrated from the middle to the tip with sharp un-
equal teeth. Flowers in indistinctly peduncled
terminal corymbs. (Dec. Prod.) An erect shrub.
Native country unknown. Height 3ft. to 4ft.
Introduced in 1823. Flowers white ; June and
July. Capsule reddish ; ripe in September.

510. S. cuneif6!is.

,511. S.teaiiot

306

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

& 16. S. CORYMBO^SA Rftf. The corymbose^owering Spiraea.

Identification. Bafin. Precis des Decouvertes Somiologiques, on Zoologiques
et Botaniques (Palerme, 1814), p. 36. : and in Desv. Journ. Bot., 1814, p.168.;
Dec. Prod. 2. p. 544.

Engravings. Lod. Bot. Cab., t. 671. ; and our Jig. 512.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves oval-oblong, unequally serrated, gla-
brous, green above, hoary below. Flowers trigynous, dis-
posed in terminal corymbs. (Dec. Prod.} A handsome
shrub. Virginia. Height 4 ft. to 5 ft. Introd. in 1819.
Flowers white, produced in great abundance ; June and July.
Capsule reddish ; ripe in Sept.
Variety.

M S. c. 2 sororia, S. sororia Penny in Hort. Brit., is a 512- s' c<"?mb!1!ia-
smaller plant, seldom growing higher than 2 ft., and flowers rather
later than the species.

A very desirable species, on account of its large corymbs of white flowers,
and its distinctness in external character.

M 17. S. FACCINIIFO^LIA D. Don. The Vaccinium-leaved
Spira3a.

Identification. Don Prod. Fl. Nep., 1. p. 227. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 546. ;

Don's Mill., 2. p. 518.
Synonyme. S. adiantifblia Hort.
Engravings. Bot. Cab., t. 1430. ; and our fig. 513.

Spec. Char., $c. Upright. Branchlets hairy. Leaves
elliptical, acute, serrated at the tip, glabrous, glaucous
on the under surface. Flowers disposed in terminal
tomentose cymes, a few in a cyme. (Dec. Prod.)
An upright shrub. Nepal. Height 2 ft. to 3ft. In-
troduced in 1820. Flowers white ; July and August.
Capsule reddish ; ripe in October.

18. S. LAXIFLO^RA Lindl.
Spiraea.

The loose-flowered

Identification. Lindl. Bot. Reg. M. Chron. 1830, No. 89.
Onrfig. 000. in p. COO.

515. S. racciniifbiia.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches weak, round, downy. Leaves smooth, ovate-erenate
long-stalked, glaucous beneath. Panicles loose, villosev Petals reflexed.
(Lindl.) A shrub resembling S. vacciniifolia in the form of the leaves,
and the colour of their under surface. Nepal. Height 1 ft. to 2 ft. Intro-
duced in 1838. Flowers white, in large, loose, shaggy panicles ; July and
August.

j* 19. S. BE'LLA Sims. The beautiful Spiraea.

Identification. Sims; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 542. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 518.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 2426. ; and our fig. 514.

Spec. Char.y $c. Stems erect, branched, glabrous,
and reddish. Leaves ovate, acute, sharply ser-
rated, whitishly tomentose on the under surface.
Flowers pretty, rose-coloured, in corymbs laxly
disposed. Lobes of the calyx deflexed. (Dec.
Prod.) An erect, loose-growing shrub. Nepal.
Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Introd. 1820. Flowers beau-
tiful rose-coloured ; May and June. Capsule red-
dish ; ripe in September.

This species is as hardy, and as easily propa-
gated, as that very common shrub, S. salicifolia, from
which species it differs in its loose branchy manner
of growth, and in the flowers being in corymbs. One
of the most beautiful species of the genus.

5U. S. Ulla.

XXVI. ROSA. CEJE '. SPinX,\\.

307

§ iii. Spirdria Ser.

Sect. Char. Ovaries distinct. Torus with its base connate with the tube of
the calyx ; its tip separate. Carpels not inflated. Inflorescence a panicle.
Leaves serrate, without stipules. (Dec. Prod., ii. p. 544.)

j» 20. S, SALICIFO'LIA L. The Willow-leaved Spiraea.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 700. ; Camb. Monog. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 54-1.
Synonymes. Spirae'a frutex Hort. ; Bridewort, Queen's Needlework.
Engraving. Gmel. Fl. Sibir., 3. t. 49.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem and peduncles glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, serrated,
and, more or less, doubly so ; glabrous. Lobes of the calyx triangular,
spreading. Carpels glabrous. (Dec. Prod.) An erect shrub. Siberia,
Tartary, and Bohemia ; also of Canada, and, perhaps, of Britain. Height
4ft. to 6 ft. Cultivated in 1665. Flowers red; July and August. Cap-
sule red ; ripe in September.

Varieties. Seringe has characterised four forms of this
species as follows : —

A S. s. 1 cornea Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. iii. p. 254.,
Camb. Mon. (Eng. Bot., t. 1468. ; and our Jig. 515.)
— Leaves lanceolate. Panicles consisting of ra-
cemes more or less spicated. Petals of a flesh co-
lour. Bark of the branches yellowish. This is the
form found wild in Britain :"
whether it be indigenous or
not, botanists are not agreed.
Professor Henslow consi-
ders it " possibly introduced
by the agency of man."
& S. s. 2 alpestris Pall. Fl. Ross. i.
p. 36. t. 22., Camb. Monog.
S. alpestris Don's Mill. ii.
p. 5 1 9. (Our Jig. 5 1 6. )— A
small shrub. Leaves shorter
than those of S. s. carnea.
Branches very short.

J* S. s. 3 paniculdta Willd. Sp. ii. p. 1055., Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. iii.
p. 254. S. alba Ehrh. Beitr. vii. p. 137. (Our Jig. 517.) — Leaves
ovate-oblong. Petals white. Bark of the branches red. It is likely
that this is also the S. alba of Miller, of Wats. Dend. Brit. t. 133.,
and of Muhlenbcrgs Catalogue of North- American Plants.

31 5. S. jalicif olia cirnea-

516. S. t. alpestris.

517. S. t. paniculkta

519. S. s. grandiftdra.

S. s. 4 latifolia Willd. Sp. ii. p. 1055. S. obovata Raf. in Lift., not of
Waldst. et Kit., according to Willd. Enum. 541.; S. carpinifolia
x 2

308 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

Willd. Enum. p. 540., Don's Mill. ii. p 520. (Wats. Dend. Brit.,
t. 66.; and our Jig. 518.) — Leaves ovate-oblong. Petals white. Bark
of branches rather reddish.

tt S. s. 5 grandiflora ; S. grandiflora Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1988., and our
fig. 519. ; has its pink flowers nearly twice as large as those of the
species ; and is a very ornamental free-growing shrub. Raised from
seeds sent from Kamtschatka, in 1826.

& S. s 6 taurica. S. taurica Hort. — An upright shrub, 8 ft. to 10 ft. high,
tolerably distinct, and coming into flower* before any other variety.
Hort. Soc. Garden.

Other Varieties or Synonymes. The following kinds, in Messrs. Loddiges's
collection and in that of the Hort. Soc., are either varieties of, or identical
with, S. salicifolia : — S. canadensis, S. wrticaefolia, S. laciniata, S. chamaedri-
folia, S. lanceolata, S. carpinifolia, S. reflexa, S. incarnata.

This species sends up numerous straight rod-like stems, and these and the
lateral branches terminate in large, conical, spiked panicles, of pale red, or
flesh-coloured, flowers. In deep moist soils, a sucker will attain the height of
4ft. in one season, and flower. These suckers are produced in such abun-
dance, that, in order to keep the shrub in a -vigorous state, they ought to be cut
down when they have flowered two years, in the same manner as is practised
with raspberries ; and the entire plant ought also to be taken up every three
or four years, and separated ; otherwise the old shoots are apt to die, and
render the bush unsightly. It is one of the hardiest of garden shrubs, and is,
also, very beautiful, from its long spicate panicles full of light feathery-looking
flowers.

j* 21. S. MENZIE'S// Hook. Menzies's Spiraea.

Identification. Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer., p. 173. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 520,
Engraving. Our fig. 520. from a specimen in Dr. Hooker's herbarium.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches pubescen t at the apex, as well as
the peduncles and calyces. Sepals reflexed. Leaves elliptic,
coarsely and unequally serrated towards the apex, glabrous,
the same colour on both surfaces; panicle crowded with
flowers, oblong, obtuse. Flowers small. Stamens twice the
length of the corolla ; ovaries 5, glabrous. (Don's Mill.) An
erect shrub. North America, on the west coast. Height
2ft. to 3ft. Introduced in 1838. Flowers rose-coloured;
June and July.

j» 22. S. TOMENTOVSA L. The downy Spiraa.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 701. ; Camb. Monog. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 544. : Don's Mill 2 n 250

St/nonyme. S. Douglaszi Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. p. 172.

Engravings Pluk. Phvt. t. 321. f. 5. ; Schmidt Arb., 1. 1. 51. ; and omfig. 521.

Spec. Char., $c. Nearly all the parts of this plant are more
or less clothed with tomentum, the under surface of the
leaves most so. The tomentum upon the stem and pe-
duncles, and perhaps elsewhere, is of a reddish colour.
The leaves are ovate and serrated, the latter partly doubly
so. Lobes of the calyx triangular and deflexed. Carpels
'divaricate. (Dec. Prod.) An erect shrub. Canada, on
mountains. Height 2ft. to 3ft. Introduced in 1814.
Flowers white; June and July. Capsule reddish ; 1'ipe in
September.

This species, or subspecies, in its mode of growth, re-
sembles S. salicifolia ; but differs from it in having rather
smaller and more deeply serrated leaves, which are very to-
mentose beneath. The flowers are much smaller, and of a
deeper red.

xxvi.

309

jtt 23. S. LJEVIGA'TA L. The smooth-leaved Spiraea.

Identification. Lin. Mant, 244.; Camb. Monog. ; Dec. Prod, 2. p. 544. ;

Don's Mill., 2. p. 519.
Synonymes. S. altaicensis Laxm. Nov. Act. Petrop. 15. p. 555. t. 29. f. 2. ;

S. altaica Pall. Fl.Ross. 1. p. 272.
Engravings. Nov. Act. Petrop., t. 29. f. 2. ; Pall. Fl. Ross., 1. t. 23. ; and

omjig. 522.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves obovate-oblong, perfectly smooth,
entire, sessile, tipped with a small mucro. Branchlets
of the panicle cylindrical. Bracteas linear, rather shorter
than the calyx. Lobes of the calyx triangular, ascending.
(Dec. Prod.) A spreading shrub. Siberia, in valleys at
the foot of the more lofty of the Altaian Mountains.
Height 2ft. to 4ft. Introd. in 1774. Flowers white ;
May and June. Capsule reddish ; ripe in September.
A very interesting and handsome species, with a habit

exceedingly dissimilar to that of spiraeas in general. 5a8. s.iffivigata.

m 24. S. ^RI^EFO'LIA Smith. The White-Beam-tree-leaved Spiraea.

Identification. Smith, in Rees's Cyclop., vol. 33. ; Bot. Reg., 1. 1365.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 544. ; Don'»

Mill., 2. p. 520.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 13C5. ; and our figs. 523, 524.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves elliptical, oblong,
more or less lobed, toothed, pale, villose
beneath. Panicle villose. (Dec. Prod.)

' An erect bushy shrub. North America,
principally on the north-west coast.
Height 6 ft. to 8 ft. Introduced in 1827.
Flowers white ; June and July. Capsule
reddish ; ripe in September.

A free-growing dense bush, prolific both
in leaves and flowers ; and, as the latter
appear at a season when the flowering of
shrubs is comparatively rare, it is justly
considered as a most valuable addition to
It is perfectly hardy, will grow in any free soil, and is easily
propagated either by division or by seeds, which it ripens in abundance.

624. S. ariaef6Ha.

British gardens.

§ iv. Sorbdria Ser.

Sect. Char. Leaves pinnate, resembling, as the name implies, those of the
mountain ash, or other species .of Pjrus belonging to the section 56rbus.

Sfc 25. S. 50RBIFOVLIA L. The Sorbus-leaved Spiraea,

Identification. Lin. Sp., 702. ; Camb. Monog. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 545.

Synonyme. S. pinnata Mcench Metfi. 633.

Engravings. Gmel. Fl. Sib., 3. p. 190. t. 40. ; Schmidt B;,um., 1. t. 58. ; and our Jig. 52f>.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves stipuled, pinnate ; the leaflets sessile, opposite, lan-
ceolate, doubly and sharply serrated. Inflorescence a thyrse-like panicle.
Torus wholly connate with the tube of the calyx. Ovaries connate, 5.
(Dec. Prod.) A thick stiff-branched shrub. Siberia, in moist places. Height
3ft. to 6ft. Introd. in 1759. Flowers white; July and August. Capsule
reddish ; ripe in September.

Variety.

S. s. 2 alpina Pall. Fl. Ross. i. p. 34. and 89. t. 25. S. grandiflora
Sweet's Hort. Brit. p. 194.; S. Pallasw Don's Mill. ii. p. 520.—
Suff'ruticose. Flowers twice the size of those of the species, and
disposed in corymbs. Leaves smaller, and serrately incised. A na-
tive of Eastern Siberia and of Kamtschatka. (Dec. Prod.) This is
x 3

310

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM,

525. S. *orbifolia.

very different from S. s. grandiflora, the

S. grandiflora of Lodd., described above,

among the varieties of S. salicifolia.
S. sorbifolia is a branchy shrub, growing to the
height of 6 or 8 feet, with a round, brown-
coloured, warty stem ; the wood of which is
brittle, and hollow within, with a soft ferruginous
pith. The leaves are thin in texture, and bright
green on both sides. The flowers are in termi-
nating panicles and small : they are odorous, but
not agreeably so. In dry rocky situations, it
does not rise above 1 ft. in height, and is sub-
herbaceous. It deserves a place in every collec-
tion, from its marked character, and from the
beauty both of its foliage and its flowers. It
throws up abundance of suckers, by which it is easily propagated

& 26. S. LINDLEYA^NA Wall. Lindley's Spiraea.

Identification. Wall. Cat., and Gard. Mag. 1840, p. a
Engraving Our Jig. 526. from the Linnean
herbarium

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaflets ovate
lanceolate, acuminate, finely and
sharply serrated. A large shrub.
Nepal. Height 6 ft. to 8 ft.
Flowers white; July and Au-
gust.

The leaves are larger than those
of any other species of the genus ;
and, altogether, it forms a remark-
ably handsome plant, well deserving
a place in collections.

A Selection of Species. — The fol-
lowing kinds, in the London gar-
dens, appear distinct : —

1. S. tomentosa, comprehending
S. Tobolsk!.

2. S. cham&drifoliat comprehend-
ing S. fetulaefolia, S. daurica, S.
sibirica, S. laciniata.

3. S. salicifoKa, comprehending S.

canadensis, S. grandiflora, S. panieulata, S. z^rticaefolia, S. lanceolata, S. car-
pinifolia, S. reflexa, S. incarnata, S. taurica.

4. S.JZexuosa, comprehending S. wlmifolia, S. carpinifolia, S. &etulifolia, and,
perhaps, some others.

5. S. bella. 6. S. corymbosa. 7. S. cuneifolia.
8. S. vacciniifolia. 9. S. lax'iflora.

10. S. hypericifolia, comprehending S. crenata, S. infle*xa Wendland (H.
S. Gard.), S. obovata Wendland (H. S. Gard.), S. argentea, S. cuneata, S.
nana, S. alpina, S. acutifolia, S. decumbens.

11. S. oblongifolia Wendland, apparently an upright fastigiate variety of
S, ^ypericifolia-

12. S. cdna. 13. S. trilobdta.

14-. S. sorbifolia, comprehending S. picowiensis of Loddiges, which is a
totally different plant from the S. pikowiensis of Besser, our No. 14-. in
p. 305.

15. S. Lindleyana.

xxvi. ROSACEJE:

311

Sect. III. POTENTI'LLE^;.
GENUS IX.

, , ,<*

#IPBUS L. THE BRAMBLE. Lin. Syst. Icosandria Polygynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen , No.364. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 556. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 59 .

Synonymes. Ronce, Framboisier, Fr. ; Himbeere, Brombeerstrauch, Ger.

Derivation. From rub, red in Celtic ; in reference to the colour of the fruit in some of the species.

Gen. Char. Calyx flattish at the bottom, 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens numerous,
inserted in the calyx along with the petals. Carpels or Achenia numerous,
fleshy, disposed in a head upon an elevated torus. Styles lateral, near the
apex of the carpel. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves compound, digitate, pinnate or lobed, stipulate, deciduous or sub-
evergreen ; with the leaflets usually stalked. Flowers white or pink, in
terminal racemes. Fruit edible.

Shrubs, deciduous, subiigneous, with prickly stems ; for the most part pro-
strate, but a few of them growing upright. Some of them, such as R. fruti-
cosus, may be considered as sub-evergeen, as they retain the greater part of
their leaves in a green state through the winter. All the kinds popularly
called brambles may be considered as gigantic strawberry plants ; and all
their shoots are used by thatchers, and makers of beehives, straw mats,
£c. No less than 48 supposed species of the genus are described and figured
in the Rubi Germanici ot Weihe and Nees von Esenbeck. The number of
species in English Botany is, in Dr. Lindley's Synopsis of the British Flora,
21 ; which, he says, may be reduced to 5, or possibly to 2, exclusive of the her-
baceous species. In Don's Miller, 147 are given as the total number described by
botanists. We shall only notice such as are tolerably distinct, and which are in
cultivation in British gardens. The propagation of the shrubby, or raspberry-like,
species of .ffubus is effected by suckers or seeds ; that of the bramble division ot
the genus by pegging down the points of the shoots to the soil, when they will
root, and throw out other shoots, which may again be pegged down ; so that
plants are procured from brambles much in the same way as from strawberries.

§ i. Leaves pinnate, of 3 — 7 Leaflets.
j* 1. R. SUBERE'CTUS Anders. The sub-erect Bramble.

Dec. Prod., 2. p. 556. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 534. ; Smith Eng.

Identification. Anders, in Linn. Soc.
Flora, 2. p. 406.

Synonyms. Lindley, in his Syn. qf the Brit. Flora, has given the following: — R. nessensis Hall;

. plicatus W. Sf N., not of Suppl.
W. $ N. ; R. corylifolius Wahlenb.

R. plicatus W. Sf N., not of S

. $ N. ; R. coryli
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 2572.

to Eng. Hot. t. 2714., which is a smaller form of R. afflnis
and our Jig. 527.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem erect. Leaf of never more than 5 leaflets, digitate, occa-
sionally pinnate, thin, shin-
ing, and plaited. Flowers in
simple corymbose racemes.
Prickles weak. (Lindl.)
A sub-erect shrub. Britain,
in moist woods and by the
sides of rivulets, chiefly
in the northern counties.
Stems 3 ft. to 4 ft. Flowers
white ; June to September.
Fruit pale purple ; ripe in

AugUSt. 527. rt&bus suberSctus,

x 4

312

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

The stems are biennial, and flower the second year, like those of the com-
mon raspberry, afterwards dying off. The fruit consists of a small number of
dark red, or blood-coloured, aggregate grains, agreeably acid, with some fla-
vour of the raspberry ;' whence it has been recommended by some as perhaps
not unworthy of cuftivation.

2. R. AFFI'NIS Weihe $• Nees. The related Bramble.

Identification. Weihe and Nees's Rubi Germanic!, p. 22. t. 3. and 36. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 560. ;
Lindl. Synops. Br. Fl., 2d ed. p. 92, 93.

jnymes. Lindley mentions the following : — R. colllnus Dec. ; R. nitidus Snntk 'n Eng. Flor.,
' ' s Borrer in Eng. Bat. Suppl. t. 2714.

and 36. j Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2714. ; and our fig. 528.

Lindley in Syn. Br. Fl. ed. 1. ; R. plicatus .
Engravings. Weihe and Nees's R. G., t. 3.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem arched,

angled, prickly with strong re-

curved prickles, glabrous. Leaf-

lets 3 — 5 in a leaf, ovate with

a heart-shaped base, cuspidate,

sharply serrated, flat at the base,

a lit.tle waved towards the tip,

having downy tomentum beneath.

Flowers in a compound panicle,

the component ones cymose. Se-

pals ovate-acuminate, externally

naked, reflexed. Carpels large,

blue-black. (Dec. Prod.) A low

bramble. Germany, also of barren

hills of Montpelier,and of Britain,

in boggy places. Flowers white ;

July and August.
Variety.

-* R. a. 2 bracteosus Ser. R. a. y and 8, Weihe and Nees's Rubi Germ.
t. 3. b. — Bracteas very broad, undivided.

& 3. R. MICRA'XTHUS D. Don. The small-flowered Bramble.

Identification. Don Prod. Fl. Nepal p 235 • Dec

Prod., 2. p, 557. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 530.
Synonyme. R. paucifldrus Lindley in Bot. Reg., Hort.

528. flubus affinis.

rus
to the

Engravings. Bot. Reg., (. 854., as R. pauciflb
Lindl. ; and our fig. 529. representing a sprig to
usual scale, and figs. 530. and 531 . representing the
flowers and fruit of the natural size.

Spec. Char., $c. Upright. Stem round,

branched, and bearing awl-shaped in-

flexed prickles, or straight prickles, and

the branches recurved ones. Young

branchlets rather glaucous at the ex-

tremity. Leaf pinnate, of 5 — 7 leaflets,

that are ovate or oblong, mucronate,

doubly serrated, plaited; green and glossy

above ; whitishly tomentose, or else glau-

cous, beneath. Petiole and ruchis bear-

ing prickles here and there. Petiole pilose. Stipules

lanceolate, acuminate, membranaceous. Flowers

small, reddish purple, disposed in a

corymbose panicle. Petals clawed,

shorter than the sepals. (Dec. Prod.)

A gigantic bramble. Nepal. Stems

8ft. to 20 ft. Introd. 1822. Flowers

bright reddish purple ; May to August.

Fruit black; ripe in August. Naked

young wood of a dark mahogany colour. 63i. «. niio.

52'J, Kubus micr&iithus.

XXVI. .ROSA CE.E : .RUMBUS. 313

It is easily distinguished from all the other brambles in British gardens, by its
nearly erect, strong, smooth, dark mahogany-coloured shoots, and by its very
long pinnate leaves. The flowers are small, and the petals are of a bright
reddish purple, and shorter than the sepals. The fruit is of a blackish pur-
ple, of the middle size ; depressedly spherical, and covered with a fine bloom.
The grains are fleshy, with a sweet subacid taste. This species throws up
suckers sparingly; but its magnificent shoots arch over after they get to
6 or 8 feet in height, and grow branching and flowering on every side, till they
reach the ground, when their extreme points strike root, and form new plants.
Horticultural Society's Garden.

* 4. R. OCCIDENTALS L. The Western, or American, Bramble.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 706. : Dec. Prod., 2. p. 558. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 531.

Synonymes. R. virginianus Hort. ; R. idae\is fructu nigro Dill.

Engravings. Sloane Jam., t. 213. f. 1. ; Dill. Hort. Elt., t. 247. f. 3 i9. ; and our Jig. 532.

Spec. Char.y fyc. The whole plant is pretty glabrous.
Stems round and whitish. Prickles recurved. Leaves
of the barren branches pinnate ; of the fertile branches
trifoliolate. Leaflets ovate, incisely serrated, whitely
tomentose beneath. Stipules very narrow, and bristle-
like. Flowers in umbels. Peduncle prickled. Sepals
lanceolate-linear, tomentose, longer than the petals,
which are obovately wedge-shaped, two-lobed, and
spreading. Fruit black, acid, of the form of that of
/?. idaevus. Carpels numerous, rather glabrous ; be-
coming, by drying, rugged with little hollows. (Dec.
Prod.) A sub-erect shrub. Canada and the West
Indies. Height 4 ft. to 6 ft. Introduced in 1696.
Flowers white ; May and June. Fruit black ; ripe in
August. Horticultural Society's Garden.

& 5. 7^. ID^US L. The Mount Ida Bramble, or common Raspberry.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 706. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 558.

Synonymes. R.frumbcesidnus Lam. Fl. Fr., 3. p. 135. ; Framboisier, Fr. ; gemeine Brombeere, Ger.
" The Raspis is called in Greeke BATOS IDAIA ; in Latin, Rubus Idcea, of the mountaine Ida, on
which it groweth ; in English, Raspis, Framboise, and Hinde-berry." (Johns. Ger., p. 1274. ^

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 2442. ; and our fig. 533.

Spec. Char., $c. Villose. Stem round, bearing slender recurved prickles.
Leaves pinnate ; those of the fertile stems of 3 leaflets, those of the sterile
stems of 5, rather palmately disposed. Leaflets ovate, incisely serrated,
whitely tomentose beneath. Stipules very narrow and bristle-like. Flowers
in a corymbose panicle. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, whitely tomentose, ending
in a point. Petals obovate-wedge-shaped, entire, conniving, shorter than
the calyx. Carpels numerous, tomentose. (Dec. Prod.) An upright shrub,
with a creeping root and biennial stems. Europe, and, probably, Asia,
Africa, and America. Found in every part of Great Britain, and in L'eland,
in the agricultural and subalpine regions, in woods, and in moist wastes.
Height 4 ft. to 8 ft. Flowers white ; May, June, and July. Fruit red ;
ripe in July, August, and September.

Varieties.

m R. i. 2 mtcrophyttus Wallr. Sched. p. 256. — Leaves all of 3 leaflets.
Stem sufiruticose ; dwarfer and more bushy than the species. (Dec.
Prod.}

Garden Varieties. There are varieties with red fruit, yellow fruit, and
white fruit ; and one which bears twice in the year.

The fruit of the species, in a wild state, is crimson, amd consists of nume-
rous juicy grains, beset with the permanent styles, and highly fragrant ; with a
very deliciously sweet, and yet slightly acid flavour, when eaten. Improved
varieties of it have long been in cultivation in gardens, for the fruit, which is
delightfully fragrant, and grateful to the palate in itself, and is used in nu-

314

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

merous culinary and confectionery

articles, as well as in liqueurs. The

raspberry requires a vegetable soil,

rather moist, soft, and not very

deep ; because most of the roots,

like those of all other plants that

throw up numerous suckers, keep

near the surface ; and the situation

should be shaded, rather than fully

exposed to the meridian sun. In a

wild state, it is almost always, found

more or less shaded by trees, but

not under their drip ; and in woods,

the situation of which is rather low

and moist, than hilly and rocky or

dry. The root belongs to that description which is called travelling ; that is,

the suckers extend themselves all round the central plant, so as every year

to come up in fresh soil. Hence, as Miller observes, a raspberry plantation

requires to be renewed every five or six years.

533. «. icke'us.

§ ii. Leaves digitate, of 3 — 5 Lea/lets.
^ 6. R. LACINIA'TUS W. The cut-leaved Bramble.

Identification. Willd. Hort. Berol., p. 82. and t. 82. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 558. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 532.
Engravings. Willd. Hort. Berol., t. 82. ; Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 69. ; and our fig. 534.

Spec. Char.y $c. Stem rather round, bearing stout
recurved prickles, compressed at the base.
Leaflets 3 — 5, pinnately cut, sharply serrate, a
little downy beneath. Flowers in loose panicles,
white or rose-coloured. Sepals lanceolate, leafy
at the tip, tomentose, prickled, reflexed. Petals
wedge-shaped, 3-lobed at the tip. Carpels
roundish, dark-coloured. (Dec. Prod.) A large
and handsome bramble. Stems 4> ft. to 10 ft.
Flowers white, or rose-coloured ; June to Sep-
tember. Fruit black; ripe in August. Naked
young wood of a fine purple colour.

The appearance of this plant is that of the
common bramble, except in the leaflets, which,
from their being deeply cut, are strikingly different.
Where it was first found is unknown ; but it is, in
all probability, only a variety of the common bramble, analogous to the cut-
leaved variety of the elder (Sambiicus nigra laciniata.) H. S.

jt 7. R. c^sius L. The grey Bramble, or Dewberry.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 706. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 558. ;

Don's Mill., 2. p. 533.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 5. t. 22. ; Hayne Abbild.,

t. 100. ; Eng. Bot., t. 826. ; and our fig. 536.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem trailing, round, in
many instances suffused with a grey bloom,
bearing slender and a little recurved
prickles. Leaflets 3 in a leaf, ovate, doubly
serrated or crenated, glabrous, or obscurely
ciliated. Panicle almost simple. Sepals
ovate-acuminate. Petals white. Fruit
sweet. Carpels large, few, greyish. (Dec.
Prod.) A low straggling bramble. Eu-
rope and the North-East of Asia, in

634. R. lacinifctus.

W5. R. c. par

XXVI. ROSA^CEJR I RUMBUS.

315

woods and hedges. Stem 4 ft. to 8 ft. Flowers white ; June and July.
Fruit black ; ripe in August.

Varieties.

^k R. c. 2 arvensis Wallr. Sched. p. 288.

R. pseudo-C£evsius Weihe, according

to Ern. Meyer in Litt. — Leaflets

tomentose beneath. Branches pu-

berulous.
-* R. c. 3 grandiflorus Ser. — Pubescent.

Petals and sepals long.
^ R. c.^parvifolius Wallr. Sched., p. 228.

(Our fig. 535.) — Stem ascending,

purplish, ultimately naked. Leaves

small, incisely lobed. Peduncle 1 — 3-

flowered. A native of herbage-*

covered hills.

jc R- c. 5 foliis variegdtis Hort. has varie-
gated leaves.

A low, weakly, straggling, prostrate plant,
having the flowers with blush-coloured petals,
and the fruit small, with few grains ; but
these large, juicy, black, with a fine glaucous bloom, and very agreeably acid.
This species varies exceedingly in the size of its flowers and leaves in different
situations, whence have arisen many varieties.

-* 8. R. CORYLIFO^LIUS Smith. . The Hazel-leaved Bramble.

Identification. Smith Fl. Brit., p. 542. ; Smith in Eng. Bot., t. 827. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 533.
Synonymes. R. vulgaris Weihe $ Nees, according to Lindley, Synopsis qf Brit. Flora, ed. 2. p. 94. ;

R. nemorosus Heync, according to Sprengel and Goldbach.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 827. ; and owe fig. 538.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem angled, bearing straightish prickles. Leaflets 3 — 5,
cordate-ovate, firm, doubly serrated, pilose beneath. Panicle nearly sim-
ple. Flowers white. Sepals ovate-acuminate, ultimately reflexed. Carpels
purplish-blue, and large. (Dec. Prod.) A large bramble. Native of Europe,
especially in the southern part ; and frequent in Britain, in hedges and
thickets. Stems 6ft. to 12ft. Flowers white; June and July. Fruit
purplish blue or black, large ; ripe in August.

Varieties.

jj R. c. 2 cdnus Wallr. Sched. p. 231. —
Leaflets all similar in form, roundish
heart-shaped, whitishly tomentose
upon both surfaces.

536. X, cse'sius.

537. fl, c. glandutosus.

R. c. 3 glandiilosusWallr. Sched. p. 231.
R. glandulosus Spreng.^ according
to Wallr. (Our fg. 537.) — Stems,
oetioles, and peduncles glandulous.

£38. ft. corylifolhtv

316

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

The stems are long and trailing, sometimes arching, glaucous and purplish
in the sun, and green in the shade : they are brittle and full of pith. The
flowers are large, and appear earlier than those of most o fthe British species.
The berry is large, agreeably acid, of larger and fewer grains than in R. fruti-
cosus, and of a browner black : they are ripened before those of R. fruticosus
and its allies.

According to Dr. Lindlev, the following British kinds of .ffubus may be
associated with R. coryhfolius Smith, either as related species, or as varieties :
— R. macrophyllus Weihe & Nees (Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2625.); R. cnrpinifolius
Weihe & Nees ; R. fiisco dter Weihe & Nees ; R. K'frhlen Weihe # Nees
(Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2605.), R. pallidus Weihe $ Nees ; R. glandulosus Smith ;
R. rudis Weihe & Nees, R. echinatus of ed. 1. of Lindl. Synops., and our
H. B. No. 28335. ; R. diversifolius Lindl. Synops. ed. 1., R. diversifolius
Weihe, Hort. Brit. No. 28330.

& 9. R. SPECTA'BILIS Ph. The showy-flowered Bramble.

Identification. Ph. FI. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 348. t. 16. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 559. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 533.

Synonyme. R. rtdifblius Willd. Herb., according to Steven.

Engravings. Ph. Fl. Amer. Sept., t. 16. ; Bot. Reg., 1424. ; Bot. Cab., t. 1602. ; and ourj?#. 539.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Stem not bearing prickles, glabrous. Leaf of three leaflets,
that are ovate, acute, doubly and unequally serrated, downy beneath.
Flowers of an agreeable purplish colour, produced singly
on terminal peduncles. Sepals oblong, rather abruptly
acuminate, shorter than the petals. (Dec.
Prod.) An elegant shrubby bramble.
Native of North America, on the banks
of the Columbia River, and the north-
west coast. Height 4 ft. to 5 ft. In-
troduced in 1827. Flowers rosy purple,
odoriferous ; April and May. Fruit
large, dark yellow ; ripe in July.

Branches subflexuose, round, smooth ; 539> *• sT)ectabilis-

with large odoriferous flowers, succeeded by large dark-yellow fruit, of an
acid and somewhat astringent taste, which make excellent tarts. It merits
a place in every collection, both as a flowering shrub, and for its fruit.

jc 10. R. FRUTICOVSUS L. The shrubby Bramble, or common Blackberry.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 707. ; Weihe and Nees Rubi Germanici, p. 25. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 561. ;

Don's Mill., 2. p. 534.

St/nonymes. R. discolor and R. abruptus, in Lindl. Synops. of Brit. Flora, ed. 1.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t 715. ; and cur^g. 541.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem erect, and afterwards tie-
curved, 5-angled, rather tomentose, bearing
recurved prickles. Leaflets 3 — 5, ovate- oblong,
acute, glabrous, beneath greyly tomentose, each
on a secondary petiole. Panicle decompound,
narrow, straight. Sepals reflexed, almost with-
out prickles. (Dec. Prod.) A large bramble.
Native of Europe, in hedges, thickets, and
woods ; in Britain abounding in the agricultural
zone, and tolerably frequent in the upland zone;
with, according to Mr. Winch, a limit similar to
that of £7vlex europafiva. Stem 6ft. to 12ft.
Flowers white, or rose-coloured ; June to
August. Fruit purplish black ; ripe August to
September or October.

Varieties.

R. f. 2 pomponius Ser. R. fruticosus d
Weihe $ Nees. (fig. 540.) — Flowers

540. R. f. pompdiiiut.

xxvi. BOSA'CIUE :

317

•y

541. R. fnitic6s-.is

semidouble or double. Leaves pale green ; leaflets obovate. Cul-
tivated in gardens. This variety may be considered as highly orna-
mental, from the large size and numerous petals of its flowers, and
from its very vigorous growth. Though it will thrive at the roots
of trees, and in places where other ornamental plants will hardly
grow, yet it produces most effect when it is trained against a wall.

^ R. f. 3 tauricus Hort. is a vigorous-growing plant, which produces by
far the best fruit of any variety of bramble. H. S.

jc R. /. ^flore roseo plena Baum. Cat. — Flowers double pink. H. S.

jt R. f. 5 foliis variegatis. — Leaves variegated, and not liable to the ob-
jections made to most variegated plants.

•* R. /. 6 leucocdrpus Ser. — Fruit white. (Dec. Prod.)

This species is considered as being more
common than any of the other brambles, and
also as attaining a greater size. It is always
found to prosper best on a soil somewhat dry
and gravelly ; and, accordingly, Switzer, when
speaking of choosing a soil and .situation for a
vineyard, recommends looking out for one where
the bramble is abundant and vigorous. The
fruits have been eaten by children, in every
country where they grow wild, since the time
of Pliny. They have also been used, both in
France and England, to produce a subacid
drink ; an inferior description of wine ; by fer-
mentation and distillation, a strong spirit ; and,
boiled with sugar, a very good jam.

,* 11. R. HI'SPIDUS L. The hispid-stemmed Bramble.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 706.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 564. ; Don's Mill., 2.

p. 537.
Synonymes. R. trivialis Michx. Fl. Bar. Air.cr. p. 296. ; R. procumbens

Mitfil. ; JR. flagellSris Willd., according to Spreng. Syst. 2. p. 530.
Engravings. Hayne Abbihl., t. 71. ; and our Jig. 542.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem procumbent, round, very hispid,
bearing scattered bristles and recurved prickles*. Leaf-
lets 3 — 5, wedge-shaped at the base, unequally toothed,
pretty glabrous above. Flowers solitary, upon longish
peduncles. Petals obovate. Carpels black. (Dec.
Prod.) A bramble with procumbent stems. Canada.
Stems 6 ft. to 8ft. Introduced in 1759. Flowers
white ; August. Fruit black, edible ; ripe in September
and October. 542. R. MsV\ii»*.

§ iii. Leaves lobed, not pinnate or digitate.
& 12. R. ODORAXTUS L. The sweet-scented-/<?awd Bramble.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 707. ; Dec. Prod., '2. p. 566. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 539.
Synonymes. R. occidentals Hort., but not of Lin. : the Virginian Rasn

berry, the flowering Raspberry.
Engravings. Mill. lc., t. 223. ; Bot. Mag., t. 323. ; and our Jig. 543.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem upright. Petioles, peduncles, and
calyxes bearing glanded hairs. Disks of leaves 5-lobed,
unequally toothed. Inflorescence subcorymbose. Flowers
large, showy, red. Sepals ovate, longly acuminate,
shorter than the petals. Carpels numerous, ovate, vel-
vety. Style funnel-shaped. (Dec. Prod.) An upright
shrub. North America, in the woods of Canada, and on
the Alleghany Mountains. Height 4 ft. to 6 ft. Intro-
duced in 1700. Flowers purplish red; June to Sept.
Fruit yellow, rarely seen in England.

543. R. odorhW*-

318 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

The flowers are not succeeded by fruit in this country ; but Pursh informs
us that, in a wild state, the fruit is yellow, and of a very fine flavour, and a
large size. " Cornutus, who first figured and described this plant, gave it the
name of odoratus, on account of the very grateful fragrance of its foliage."
(Bot. Mag.,t. 323.)

A 13. R. NUTKAVNUS Moc. The Nootka Sound Bramble.

Identification, Mocino PI. Nutk. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 566. ; Bot. Reg., t 1368. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 540.

Synonyme. R. odoratus Hort., but not of Lin.

Engravings. Mocino PI. Nutk. ; Bot. Reg., t. 1368. ; and tnrftg:t>44.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem glutinous. Branches round,
glabrous, rufous. Leaves 5-lobed, unequally toothed.
Inflorescence subcorymbose. Flowers about 4? in a
corymb, white. Sepals ovate, longly acuminate, gla-
brous, as long as the petals. Allied to R. odoratus,
but the peduncle and calyx are glabrous. (Dec. Prod.)
An upright shrub. North-west coast of North Ame-
rica, from New California to Nootka Sound, and at
various places between north latitude 43° and 52°, in
mountains and woods. Height 5 ft. to 6 ft. Intro-
duced in 1826. Flowers white; May to October.
Fruit yellow or reddish ; ripe in August.

The general aspect and appearance of R. odoratus, except being of a paler
green. The flowers are succeeded by large yellow or reddish berries, which
are found to make excellent tarts ; and the plant will probably soon be ranked
as a fruit shrub. Horticultural Society's Garden.

Species and Varieties of "Riibus best deserving of Cultivation in British Gardens,
as ornamental Shrubs.

A. Erect Raspberry-like Sorts.

R. occidentalism the Western, or black, Raspberry, No. 4. ; and fig. 532. in p. 313.
R. nutkanus, the Nootka Sound Raspberry, No. 13.; and fig. 544. in p. 318.
R. odoratus, the sweet- scented, or Virginian Raspberry, No. 12. ; and fig. 543.

in p. 317.

R. spcctdbilis, the showy-flowered Raspberry, No. 9. ; and fig. 539. in p. 316.
R. ides^us, the Mount Ida, or common, Rasjibcrry, No. 5. ; and fig. 533. in p. 314.

— The varieties of this species which are recommended as being most suitable

for planting in an arboretum are, the red Antwerp, the white Antwerp, and

the smooth cane.

B. Shrubby Brambles.

R, suberectus, the sub-erect Bramble, No. 1.; and fig. 527. in p. 311.

R. micranthus, the small -Jlowcred, or Nepal, Bramble, No. 3. ; and figs. 530,

531. in p. 312.
R. fruticosus, the shrubby Bramble, or common Blackberry, No. 10.; and

fig. 540. in p. 316. — The varieties recommended are, the double-flowered,

the double pink -flowered (if it can be got), the variegated-leaved, and R. f.

taiiricus, on account of its large and excellent fruit.
R. laciniatus, the cut-leaved Bramble, No. 6. ; and fig. 534. in p. 314.
R. corylifolius, the Hazel-leaved Bramble, No. 8. ; and fig. 537. in p. 315.

C. Prostrate Brambles

R. cfs^sius, the grey Bramble, or Dewberry, No. 7. ; and fig. 535. in p. 314. — The
variety recommended, in addition to the species, is that with variegated leaves.
Remark. The plants in the last two groups are propagated by division of

the roots, or by encouraging the points of the shoots to root, like the runners

of a strawberry ; and the plants in the first group by division of the root, 01

by suckers.

XXVI. £OSA CEJE ! POTENTI LLA.

319

Other Sorts of shrubby Rubuses. — R. macro*
pctalus Doug. MS. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer.
p. 178. t. 59., and onr fig. 545., is a native of
low woods in the valley of the Columbia, with
white flowers, and the general habit of R.
spectabilis.

R. dclicidsns Torrey in Ann. Lye. ii. p. 196.
is a native of North America, among the Rocky
Mountains ; with purple flowers, succeeded by a
very delicious fruit. It is a shrubby bramble,
5 or 6 feet high.

R. tiliaceus Smith in Rees's Cycl. vol. xxx. is
a native of Upper Nepal, with white flowers,
and leaves like those of Ti\\a alba. R. cordi-
folius D. Pon appears to be the same species,
or perhaps a variety. Hort. Soc. in 1834.

515. R. macrop£talus.

GENUS X.

POTENTI'LLA L. THE POTENTILLA, or SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL.
Lin. Syst. Icos&ndria Polygynia.

Identification. L,\n. Gen., No. 865. ; Nestl. Pot. Diss., 4to ; Lehm. Pot. Diss., 4to ; Dec. Prod., 2.

p. 571. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 549.
Derivation. From potens, powerful ; in allusion to the supposed medicinal qualities of some

species.

Gen. Char. Calyx 10-parted, the 5 outer segments accessory. Petals 5.
Stamens numerous. Carpels numerous with lateral styles, seated on a dry
permanent, elevated receptacle. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves compound, alternate or opposite, stipulate, sub-evergreen ; pin-
nately cut. Flowers white or yellow.

Shrubs low, natives of Europe and America, and of easy culture in a dry
soil. They are propagated by seeds or cuttings ; and, except the common
species, P. fruticosa, are not much in cultivation.

j* 1. P. FRUTICOSA L. The shrubby Potentilla, or Cinquefoil.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 709. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 579. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 560. ; Nestl. Pot. ; Lehm.

Pot. ; Smith's Eng. Flora, 2. p. 416.
Engravings. Eng. Bot , t. 88. ; Nestl. Pot, 30. t. I. ; and owe fig. 546.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Stem shrubby.
Leaves pinnatelycut, hairy ; the
lobes oblong, lanceolate, entire,
approximate, of nearlythe same
colour on both surfaces. Sti-
pules lanceolate, membraneous,
acute. Inflorescence rather co-
rymbose. Flowers yellow. Se-
pals pilose, lanceolate, acute,
broad at the base. Bracteas
linear-lanceolate, indistinctly pe-
tioled. Corolla longer than the
calyx. Receptacle very hairy.
(Dec. Prod.) A roundish bush.
England, Germany, the Pyrenees, and other places ; in England, in Middle-
ton, Teesdale ; and in Rock Forest, Clare, in Ireland. Height 2 ft. to 4 ft.
Flowers yellow ; July and August. Fruit brown ; ripe in October.

346. Fotentilla fruticusa.

320

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Varieties, according to Seringe, in Dec. Prod.

M P. f. 2 dahurica Ser. P. dahurica Nestl. Pot. 31. t. 1. ; P. fruticosa
(3 Lehm. Pot. 32. — Glabrous. Lobes of the
leaves 3 — 5, pinnately cut. Sepals shorter and
broader than the bracteoles. Dahuria. In-
troduced in 1 824 ; and producing its yellow
flowers in July. Plants in the Hort. Soc.
Garden, and in the Epsom Nursery.
-** P. f. 3 tenuiloba Ser. ; P. fruticosa /3 AT^/. Pot.
30., Lehm. Pot. 32. var. 7; P.floribunda Ph.
Fl. Amer. Sept. 1. p. 355, Watson's Dend.
Brit. t. 70. ; P. tenuifolia Schlectend. Berl.
Mag., according to Lehm. Pot. 32. (Our^g.
547.) — Sepals and lobes of the leaves nar-
row, and with a slight hoary silkiness. North
America ; where it is a low-growing shrub, not
above 18 in. high. It was also found by Pallas
in Siberia. The handsomest variety of the M7. p. f. tenuiioha.
species.

j* 2. P. GLA^BRA Lodd. The glabrous Potentiila.

Identification. Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 914. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 584. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 561.
Synonymcs. P. fruticbsa alba Busch, according to Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 914.
Engravings. Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 914. ; and our Jig. 548.

Spec. Char., $c. Frutescent. Branches
pendulous, purple. Leaves pinnately
cut into 5 entire lobes. Flowers ter-
minal, white, of the size of those of
the wood strawberry (Fragaria vesca).
(Dec. Prod.) A beautiful little shrub.
Siberia. Height 2ft. to 4ft. Intro-
duced in 1818. Flowers white ; June
to August. Fruit brown ; ripe in Sep-
tember.

It differs from P. fruticosa in being per-
fectly smooth in all its parts, and in having pendulous branches and undulated
leaves. It thrives best in a mixture of loam and peat, is of slow growth,
and difficult to increase, except by seed.

•** 3. P. SALESO'VI/ Steph. Salesovius's Potentiila.

Identification. Steph., according to Willd. Enum., p. 552. ; Nestl. Pot 31 ;

Lehm. Pot, 35. t 1. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 583.
Engraving. Lehm. Pot., 35. t. 1. ; and our Jig. 549.

Spec. Char., fyc. Habit resembling that of 6V>marum palustre.
Stem suffruticose. Leaves pinnately cut, coriaceous. Lobes
oblong, acutely serrate, pubescent above upon the veins,
whitely tomentose beneath. Stipules lanceolate, very acute,
entire, rather filmy at the edge. Flowers large, white,
upon short peduncles, and grouped. Sepals lanceolate,
very acute, broad, almost as long as the petals, which are
obovate. Bracteoles very narrow, smaller than the sepals.
Receptacle lanuginose. (Dec. Prod.) A low shrub. Siberia.
Height 1 ft. to 2 ft. Introduced in 1823. Flowers white ;
June and July. Fruit brown ; ripe in September.

M9. P.Salesov

Comarum palustre L. (Eng. Bot., t. 172.), Potentiila Comarum Scop., a well
known British plant, found in boggy soils, with some\\ hat ligneous shoots, and
showy flowers of a deep dingy purple, may be added to this order, and may
prove useful in particular situations, on the margins of pcnds.

P. glkbra.

XXVI. ROSA^CEJE :

GENUS XI.

321

COWAVN//J D. Don. THE COWAMA. Lin. Syst. Icosandria Polygynia.

Identification. D. Don, in Sw. Fl. Card., 2d series.

Derivation. In honour ; of James Cowan, a London merchant, who several times visited Mexico
and Peru, whence he introduced a great many plants.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Ovaries 5 — 14. Ovule erect. Styles terminal,

continuous. Achenia adorned with the plumose persistent style. (D. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, evergreen ; wedge-shaped, oblong,

pinnatifid, plaited. Floivers terminal, solitary, almost sessile, red. — Shrub ;

native of Mexico ; very ornamental, but somewhat tender in British gardens.

a. 1. C. PLICA'TA D. Don. The p\a\ted-leaved Cowania.

Identification. Swt. Brit. Flor. Gard.,t. 400.; Card. Mag., 13. p. 452.
Engravings. Swt. Brit. Fl. Card., t, 400. ; and our fig. 550.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves wedge-shaped,
oblong, pinnatifid, plaited. (D. Don.)
A rigid, evergreen, decumbent, much-
branched shrub. Mexico. Height 1 ft.
to 2 ft. Introduced in 1835. Flowers
.lark red ; June and July. Naked
young wood dark brown.

Branches copiously clothed with
stalked glands. Petioles of the leaves
very short, slightly channeled above,
sheathing at the base. Stipules adherent.
Flowers, when protruding from the bud
exactly like those of 7?6sa. This pro-
mising evergreen shrub, being extremely
difficult to propagate, has been lost, for the present, to British gardens.

550. CowaiJta plic&ta.

Sect. IV. RO^SEJE Dec.
GENUS XII.

7?<TSA Tourn. THE ROSE TREE. Lin. Syst. Icosandria Polygynia.

Identification. Tourn. Tnst., 1. p. C3G. t. 408. ; Lin. Gen., 631 . , Lam. 111., t. 440. : Lindl. Ros MOD

8vo, 1820; Pronville's Nomen. Rais., 1818, Monog. Ros., 1824 : Don's Mill 2. p 564
Synonymes. Rhodophora Neck. Elem. ; Rosier, Fr. ; Rosenstock, Gcr. ;' Roozeboom, Dutch ;

Rosajo, Ital. ; Rosal, Span. ; and Roseira, Portuguese.

Derivation. From rhos, red, Celtic ; in reference to the colour of the flowers of most of the species.
Gen. Char. Calyx with the tube contracted at the mouth, and with the seg-
ments usually pinnately divided. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Carpels
numerous, bony, inserted on the inside of the tube of the calyx, which at
length becomes baccate and encloses them. They are dry and indehiscent,
bearing each a style on the inner side. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves compound, alternate, stipulate, deciduous or evergreen ; impari-
pinnate. Stipules attached to the petiole. Prickles simple. Flowers large
showy; red, white, or yellow ; fragrant.

Shrubs, for the most part deciduous ; natives of Europe, and of the tern-

322 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANN1CUM.

perate regions of Africa, Asia, and America, but not of Australia ; and they
have been in cultivation in the Old World, for the beauty and fragrance of
their flowers, from time immemorial. As the culture of roses belongs more
to floriculture than to arboriculture, it will be found given at length in our
Encyclopedia of Gardening, and in the first edition of this work. All the
species may be propagated by cuttings of the roots, cuttings of the young
wood in a growing state, by layers, or by budding or grafting ; and they
will all thrive in loamy soil, dry and rich, rather than poor. The genus .ffosa
is in a state of confusion still greater than that which subsists among the
different kinds of jRiibus ; nor can it well be otherwise, when we consider
that the greater number of kinds in cultivation are garden productions, and
that the wild kinds differ exceedingly according to soil and situation, and have
been chiefly described by botanists from dried specimens. We have adopted the
arrangement in Don's Miller, with the exception of omitting the first section,
Simplicifbliae, now made a separate genus by Dr. Lindley. Where the species
arranged under a section are natives of different countries, it may fairly be
presumed, that there is at least one in each country entitled to be considered a
species ; or, at least, it may be convenient to do so, in the present state of our
knowledge. Nature, it is observed in the Nouveau Du Hamel, " appears scarcely
to have placed any limit between the different species of the rose ; and, if
it is already very difficult to define the wild species, which have not yet been
modified by culture, it is almost impossible to refer to their original type the
numerous varieties which culture has made in the flowers of species already
so nearly resembling each other."

§ i. Ferbces Lindl. Mon. p. 3.

Derivation. From/mw, fierce ; in reference to the branches being thickly beset with prickles.

Sect. Char. Branches clothed with permanent tomentum. Fruit naked. The
plants contained in this section are a truly natural group ; they are low
shrubs, losing their leaves early in autumn, and are then remarkable for
their hoary branches, bristles, ancf numerous prickles. Their fruit is per-
fectly smooth, which separates them from the next section, in which the
fruit is downy. Sepals usually toothed. (Don's Mill.) — Deciduous low
bushes, natives of Caucasus and Kamtschatka.

ju, 1. /?. FF/ROX Lawr. The fiercely -prickled Rose.

Identification. Lawr. Ros.,t. 42. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 565. N

Synonymes. R. kamtschatica Red. Ros. 1. p. 47.; R. kamtschatica /3 feTox Scr. in Dec. Prod. 2.

p. 607. ; R. echinata Dupont.
Engravings. Lawr. Ros., t. 42. ; Red. Ros., 1. p. 47. t. 12. ; and

our fig. 551.

Spec. Char., fyc. Prickles all alike in shape, and
much crowded. Flowers large, red. Fruit glo-
bose, scarlet. (Don's Mill.) A very prickly
shrub. Caucasus. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Intro-
duced in 1796. Flowers large, red ; July and
August. Fruit scarlet ; ripe in September.

Variety.

* R. /. 2 nitens Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 824.,
Scr. in Dec. Prod. ii. p. 607., has shining
pale green glabrous leaves, and pale crim-
son flowers. Deserving a place in collec-
tions on account of its singularity.

_* 2. /?. (F.) KAMTSCHA'TICA Vent. The Kamtschatka Rose.

Identification. Vent. Cels., t. 67. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 565.

Engravings. Vent. Cels., t. 67. ; N. Du Ham., vol. 7. t. 10. f. 2. ; and our fig. 552.

Spec. Char.tfyc. Prickles infra-stipular, falcate, large. Leaves opaque. Flowers
solitary, deep red. Fruit spherical, scarlet, less than that of R. ferox. (Don's

XXVI. ROSA^CE/E : #0VSA.

323

Mill.) Kamtschatka, in dry rocky places. Height 3 ft.
to 4ft. Introduced in 1791. Flowers deep red j June
and July. Fruit scarlet ; ripe in September.

From the appearance of the plants bearing this name in
the extensive collection in Messrs. Loddiges's arboretum,
we should consider it to be only a variety of R. ferox.
It is, however, very distinct, and, from the rich colour of
its flowers and fruit, well deserving a place in collections.

§ ii. Bracteata.

Sect. Char. Branches and fruit clothed with permanent tomentum. This
section is readily distinguished from the last by the woolliness of the fruit.
Leaves dense, usually shining, and prickles placed under the stipules in
pairs. Sepals simple, or nearly so. (Don's Mill.) — Evergreen, or sub-
evergreen bushes. Natives of China and Nepal.

A 3. R. BRACTEA'TA Wendl. The large-bracted Rose.

Identification. Wendl. Obs., 50. ; Red. Ros., 1. p. 35., ic. ; Lindl. Ros. Hon., p. 10. ; Dec. Prod , 2.

p. 6 2.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 505.
Synonyms. Lord Macartney's Rose.
Engravings. Wendl. Hort. Herrenhaus., fasc. 4. t. 22. ; N. Du Ham., 7. t. 13. ; and our fig. 553.

Spec. Char. , fyc. Evergreen. Branches upright, to- •
mentose. Prickles stout, recurved, in many
instances in pairs. Leaflets 5 — 9, obovate, sub-
serrate, coriaceous, glossy, glabrous. Stipules
scarcely attached to the petiole, bristle-shaped,
but fringed. Flowers solitary, terminal, white,
large. Peduncles and calyxes tomentose. Fruit
globose, large, orange red. (Dec. Prod.) Ever-
green. China. Height 5 ft. to 6 ft. Introduced
in 1795. Flowers large, showy, white, solitary,
nearly sessile ; June to October. Fruit orange-
red ; ripe in October.

Itflowers#bundantly,but is rather tender, on which
account it succeeds best when trained against a wall.

Varieties.

* R. b. 2 scabricaulis Lindl. Rosar. Monog. p. 10. (Sims Bot. Mag.,

t. 1377.) — Branches bristly. Prickles smaller than in the species,
and rather straight. China, province of Tchetchiang. (Dec. Prod.)

* R. b. 3 fibre plena Hort. — Flowers double, but never expanding freely.

* R. b. 4 Maria Leonida Hort. — Flowers double, white, yellowish pink

in the centre, expanding freely. One of the finest of autumnal roses.
The species and the varieties, being somewhat tender,
succeed best when trained against a wall. They are very
ornamental from their shining evergreen foliage, as well
as from their flowers.

«». 4. R. MICROPHY'LLA Roxb. The small-leafleted Rose.

Identification. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ined., according to Lindl. Rosar. Monog.,

p. 9. 145, 146. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 602. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 565.
Synonyme. Hoi-tong-hong, Chinese.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 919. ; and our fig. 554.

Spec. Char., Sf-c. Stem almost without prickles. Leaflets
glossy, sharply serrated, veiny beneath, with densely
netted anastomosing veins. Stipules very narrow,
unequal. Flowers double, of a delicate rose colour.
Calyx densely invested with prickles. Sepals short, broadly ovate, echinate,
ending in a point. Prickles having at the base two longitudinal furrows.

Y 2

553. ft. bracteatt.

324

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

(Dec. Prod.) Sub-evergreen. China Height 2 ft. to 3 ft. Introduced in
18?8. Flowers very large, double, and of a delicate blush colour; August
to October. Fruit orange red ; ripe in October.

An interesting little shrub, but somewhat tender,^ like R. bracteata. There
is a variety in the Hort. Soc. Garden called R. in. alba.

„. 5. R. INVOLVCRA'TA Ro.vb. The involucred-corynibed Rose.

Identification Roxh. Fl. Ind. ined., according to Lindl. Rosar. Monog., p. 8. ; Dec. Prod., 2.

p. 602 : Don's Mill., 2. p. 565.
Synonymes. R. Lindley«na Tratt Ros. 2. p. 109 ; «. palustns

Buchan. (Ham.) MSS.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 739. ; and our fig. 555.

Spec. Char., %c. Shoots long, tender. Branches

pale brown, tomentose, scarcely prickly. Leaflets <g~

3 9, elliptical-lanceolate, tomentose beneath.

Stipules hardly attached to the petiole, bristle-
like-fringed. Flowers terminal, mostly solitary,

white. Peduncles and calyxes tomentose. (Dec.

Prod.} Deciduous, branchy. Nepal and China.

Height 3ft. to 4ft. Introd. 1818. Flowers

white ; June and July. Fruit orange red ; ripe

in October.

Seringe seems to consider this as a variety of
R. bracteata. The flowers are in corymbs, sur-
rounded by three or four approximate leaves. The
plants are "rather tender, and succeed best against a
wall, where they flower magnificently. Not com-
mon in collections. Lodd.

5.V>. /?. involucrata.

§ iii. Cinnambmea Lindl. Ros. p. 13.

Sect. Char. Plants setigerous or unarmed, bracteate. Leaflets lanceolate
glandlcss. Disk thin, never thickened. This section is distinguished by its
long lanceolate leaflets without glands, its upright shoots, and compact habit.
Flowers red, never solitary, except by abortion, and always supported by
bracteas. Fruit round, small, red (soon losing its long narrow sepals), and
with small, smooth, shining carpels. The shoots are usually setigerous next
the ground ; but rarely so towards the apex, except in one or two instances.
R. alpina and R. acicularis, of the following division, sometimes have brac-
teas; but their sepals never fall off till the fruit is decayed. Sepals simple,
entire, or nearly so, unless when mentioned otherwise. (Don's Mi/I.) —
Plants of most of the species are in cultivation in British gardens. De-
ciduous rambling bushes ; natives of Continental Europe and North
America, and some of them of Britain.

A. Species Natives of North America.
& 6. R. LU'CIDA Ehrh. The shining-leaved Rose.

Identification. Ehrh. Beitr., 4. p. 22. ; Lindl. Rosar. Monog., p. 17. j
Dec. Prod., 2. p. 602. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 565.

,-mes. R. rubra Iticida Rossig. Ros., t. 7. and t. 25. f. 1 . ; R.
a Jacq. Fragm. 71. ; Rose Turr
Frene, Fr.

ICicida Jacq. Fragm. 71. ; Rose Turneps ; Rosier a Feuilles dc

Engravings. Red. and Thor. Ros., 1. p. 45. ic. ; N. Du Ham., vol. 7.
t. 7. ; and our^. 556.

Spec. Char., fyc. Prickles recurved, or none. Leaflets
5 — 9, lanceolate-elliptical, coriaceous, bluntly ser-
rated, glossy. Stipules dilated, large, finely ser-
rated, and extended as far as to the leaflets.
Peduncles somewhat hispid. Flowers red, and
opening late in the season. Sepals almost entire,

456. /.'. Uicirtn.

ROS.\.

325

appendicled, spreading. Fruit oblately globose, a little hispid or glabrous,
scarlet. (Dec. Prod.) An erect shining leaved shrub. North America,
from New York to Carolina; near Boston, in bogs, and on the edges of
marshes; and in Newfoundland. Height 4 ft. to 6 ft. Introduced in 1724.
Flowers red, overtopped by the leaves and young branches ; June to August.
Fruit bright red ; ripe in October.

A handsome species, on account of its shining foliage, and one which is
very hardy ; but the flowers have a very disagreeable smell.

j» 7. R. NI'TIDA W. The glossy-leaved Rose.

Identification. Willd. Enum., 544. ; Lindl. Rosar. Monog., p. 13. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 603. ; Don's

Mill., 2. p. 565.

Synonymcs. II. Redutea rufescens Thory in Red. Ros. 1 . p. 103. ic. ; the dwarf Labrador Rose
Engravings. Lindl. Rosar. Monog., p. 13. t. 2. ; Redoute Ros.

1. p. 103. ic. ; and our Jig. 557.

Spec. Char., #c. Dwarf and reddish in aspect.
Stem and branches almost covered with slender,
rather equal, prickles. Leaflets 5—9, rather
rigid, lanceolate, glossy. Stipules large, finely
serrated, extending as far as to the leaflets.
Flowers red. Peduncle bristly. Sepals spread-
ing. Fruit bristly, shining, and scarlet. (Dec.
Prod.) A shrub beset with straight red spines.
Newfoundland. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft. Introduced
in 1807. Flowers deep red; June to August.
Fruit depressed, spherical, bright scarlet ; ripe
in September.

This is an interesting plant, from its dwarf
stature, its abundant reddish prickles, its glossy
leaves, its flowers, and its fruit.

j* 8. R. RA^PA Rose. The Turnip-/r«W Rose.

Identification. Bosc Diet. d'Agric. ; Lindl. Rosar, Monog., p. 15. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 602. ; Don't

Mill., 2. p. 565.
Symmymes. II. ttirgida Pers. Ench. 2. p. 49. ; R. /raxini-

f olia Dumont in Cours. Rot. Cult.

Engravings. Red. and Thor. Ros., 2. p. 7. ic. ; and our
fig. 55S.

Spec. Char., $r. Taller than R. lucida, and
spreading. Branches without prickles. Leaf-
lets oblong, undulate, shining. Fruit hemi-
spherical. Closely allied to R. lucida, of
which it is very likely a variety. (Dec. Prod.)
Petals always multiplied, smaller than those
of R. lucida; bright red. Fruit deep red.
Sepals compound. A tall straggling bush.
North America, in the warmer states.
Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced ?. Flowers
double, bright red; June to August. Fruit
deep red ; ripe in October.

Only known in its double-flowered state
in British gardens, where it is a freely growing
hardy plant, with large double flowers.

J, 9. R. PARVIFLO^RA Ehrh.

558. R.Rhp*.

The small-flowered, or Pennsylvania^ Rose.

Identification. Ehrh. Beitr., 4. p. 21.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 565.

Synom/mes. R. humilis Marsh Arb. 136. ; R. carolinitina Mich. Fl. Bar. Amer. 1 p 295.

R

. . . . . . . ar. mer. p . •

Carolina yet% Ait. Hort.Kew. ed. 2. vol.3, p. 260.; Pennsylvania!! Rose, LOUT. Ros. t. 3.' and
t. 60., and of the nurseries.
Engraving. Smith Insect. Georg., 1. p. 49. t- 25.

Spec. Char., fyc. Dwarf. Stipules linear. Prickles acicular. Leaflets lan-
ceolate, smoothish, sharply serrated. Calyxes clammy. Flowers usually

Y 3

326

ARBORETUM ET FUUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

in pairs. (Dan's Mill.) A low weak shrub. North Ame-
rica, on the declivities of hills, in the states of New York
and Carolina. Height 2 ft. Introduced in 1724. Flowers
pale blush ; June to August. Fruit red ; ripe in October.

Variety.

jt R. p. 2 Jlore plena Red. Ros. 2. p. 73., and our Jrs.
559. — Flowers double, pale blush, unexpanded.
A neat little rose, but not in very general cul-
tivation.

& 10. R. FRAXINIFO^LIA Bork. The Ash-leaved Rose.

Identification. Bork. Holz., 301. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 566.

Sunonumes. R. virginiana Mill. Diet. No. 10. ; R. blftnda a. Sol.' MSS. Jacq. Fragm

R. corymb6sa Bone Die. d'Agr. ex Desf. Cat. Hort. Par. p. 272. ? ;

R. alplna 13 Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. vol. 3. p. 265. ; R. alplna laeVis ^ ^

Red. Ros. 1. p. 57., Lawr. Ros. t. 75.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 458. ; Lawr. Ros., t. 75. ; and our fig. 560

Spec. Char., $c. Tall, unarmed. Branches straight,
glaucescent. Leaflets opaque, undulated, and gla-
brous. (Don's Mill.) Branches dark purple, with
a pale blue bloom. Flowers small, red, in few-
flowered cymes. Fruit naked, small, round or ovate,
of a dull pale red. A glabrous shrub. Native
of Newfoundland, and on the north-west coast of
America. Height 4 ft. to 6 ft. Introduced ?. Flow-
ers red ; May and June. Fruit dull pale red ; ripe
in September.

Other North-American Species. — R. Woodsw Lindl.,
R. Carolina Lin., R. Lindleyz Spreng., are described
in our first edition ; and the first two are in Messrs.
Loddiges's collection.

B. Species Natives of Nepal.
at 11. R. MACROPHY'LLA Lindl. The long-leaved Rose.

Identification. Lindl. Ros. Monog., p. 35. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 566.
Engravings. Lindl. Ros. Monog., t. 6. ; and our fig. 56J.

Spec. Char., qc. unarmed. Leaves very long; leaf-
lets 5 — 11, lanceolate. Petioles with a few glands,
which, as well as the leaflets, are woolly beneath.

55W. R. parviflora
flore pleno.

70. t. 105. ;

[eight

Flowers red, on viilous peduncles, and furnished

with a few unequal seta?, as well as the fruit.

Dr. Lindley observes of this rose, that its leaves
are the largest he has ever seen ; that it cannot be
confounded with any thing else ; and that it may be
considered the link between Cinnamomeae and Pimpi-
nellifolue. Horticultural Society's Garden.

C. Species Natives of Continental Ewope.
& 12. R. CINNAMO^MEA Besl. The Cinnamon-scented Rose.

Identification. Besl. Hort. Eyst. Vern. Ord., 6. p. 5. ; Lin. Sp., 703. -. Don's Mill., 2. p. 566.
St/nont/mes. R. fcecundissima Munch. Jlctusv. 5. p. 270., Pi. Dan. t. 1214.; R. majalis Herm.

Diss. 8.
Engravings. Lindl. Ros., t. 5. ; Fl. Dan., t. 1214. ; and our fig. 5C2.

Spec. Char., $c. Tall, cinereous. Branches straight. Prickles stipular,
straightish. Stipules dilated, undulated. Leaflets oblong, obtuse, wrinkled,
tomentose beneath. (Don's Mill.} Flowers solitary, or 2 — 3 together,

xxvi. ROSA^CEJE: /?OXSA.

327

pale or bright red. Fruit round, naked, and crimson.

The double-flowered variety is most common in gar-
dens. An upright shrub. Native of most parts of

Europe, and a doubtful native of England. Height

5 ft. to 6 ft. Flowers pale or bright red ; May and

June. Fruit crimson ; ripe in September.

A very desirable sort, on account of its fragrance,
which resembles that of cinnamon. There is a semi-
double variety ; and the single state is supposed to be
identical with R. majalis below.

Other European Species not Natives of Britain. — R.
frutetorum Bess., R. taurica Bieb., and R. dahurica
Pall., are described in our first edition, and the first two are in Messrs. Lod-
diges's collection.

D. Species Natives of Britain.
jtt 13. R. (c.) MAJA'LIS Retz. The May Rose.

Identification. Retz. Obs. Bot., 3. p. 33. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 566.
Synonymes. R. mutica Fl. Dan. 688. ; ft. spinosissima Garter. Ingr.
78. ; R. collincola Ehr. Beitr. 2. p. 70. ; R. cinnambmea Eng. Bot. 2388.
Engravings. Fl. Dan., t. 688. ; Eng. Bot., t. 2388. ; and our fig. 563.

Spec. Char., fyc. Dwarf grey. Branches straight, coloured.
Prickles scattered, nearly equal. Stipules linear. Leaf-
lets oblontj, flat, glaucous, and tomentose beneath.
(Don's Mill.) A nearly smooth shrub. Flowers usually
solitary, pale red. Fruit orange red, spherical, and
naked. Native of Sweden and Lapland ; and of Britain,
near Pontrfract, in Yorkshire.
Height 3ft. to 4ft. Flowers
pale red ; May and June.

This is supposed by some to be the single state of
R. cinnamomea.

& 14. R. DICKSOXIA^NA Lindl. Dickson's Rose.

Identification. Lindl. Hort. Trans., 7. p. 224. ; Eng. Bot., vol.

p. 51.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 566.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 2707. ; and our fig. 564.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches flexuous, setigerous, armed
with a few slender scattered prickles. Leaflets
folded together, unequal, with coarse double ser-
ratures. Stipules, petioles, and sepals compound.
Styles stretched out, glabrous. (Don's Mill.) A
large prickly shrub. Ireland. Height 5 ft. to 6 ft.
Flowers white or pale pink ; June and July.

if

563. «. majalis.

504. «. Dicksom

§ iv. Pimpinellifblife Lindl.

Sect. Char., fyc. Plants bearing crowded, nearly equal, prickles, or unarmed.
Bractless, rarely bracteate. Leaflets ovate or oblong. Sepals connivent,
permanent. Disk almost wanting. This section is essentially different from
the last in habit, but in artificial characters they approach very nearly. It,
however, may be distinguished by the greater number of leaflets ; which
vary from 7 to 13, and even to 15, instead of from 5 to 7. The flowers
are also universally without bracteas ; except in the R. alpina, R. Sabinz,
R. Doniana, and, perhaps, R. marginata. These, having connivent perma-
nent sepals, cannot be confounded with the preceding division ; nor, on
account of their disk, with the following. There is no instance of stipular
prickles in the present tribe. The sepals are entire, or nearly so, unless

Y 4

328

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BUITANNICUM.

when mentioned otherwise. (Don's Mill.) — Deciduous : forming bushes
partly low and dense, and partly large and rambling. Natives of Britain,
Continental Europe, Asia, and North America.

A. Species Natives of Europe.
& 15. R. ALPINNA Lin. The Alpine Rose.

entfficalfon. Lin. Sp., 703. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 5G7.

s. R. rupestris Crantz Austr. 85. ; R. monspellaca Govern Monsp. 255. ; R. inermis Mill.
Diet. No. 6. , R. hybrida Vill. Dauph. 3. p. 554. j R. lagenaria Vill. 1. c. p. 563. ; R. bifl&ra Krok.
Fl. Sfl. 2. p. 157.
Engravings. Jacq. Fl. Austr., t. 279. ; Lindl. Bot. Reg., t. 474. ; and our fig. 565.

Spec. Char., fyc. Unarmed. Fruit elongated, pendulous. Peduncles hispid.
(Doji's Mill.) Flowers erect, blush-coloured, solitary. Fruit orange red,
oblong or obovate, with long sepals, generally pendulous. An unarmed
shrub. Alps of Austria, hills in the South of France, Silesia, Bohemia
Dauphine, Switzerland, &c. Height 5ft. to 8 ft. Introduced in 1683
Flowers blush-coloured ; June and July. Fruit orange red ; ripe in Sep-
tember.

566. R. a. lae'vls

666. R. alplna.

Varieties. ^ .

& R. a. 2 la? vis Ser., but not of Desv. or Red. ; R. Sangmsorba majons,

&c., Dill. Elth. ; 7?. alpina glabra Desv. ; R. a. vulgaris Red. Ros. 2.

p. 111., and our fg. 566. ; has the stem, peduncles, and cal)X quite

glabrous, and the fruit oblong.
at R. a. 3 speciosa Hort. Drummond's Thornless Rose. — A very beau-

tiful climbing variety, raised by Mr. Drummond in the Cork Botanic

Garden, about 1820.

Other Varieties. Fourteen are described in the first edition of this work,
but they are chiefly of botanical interest.

M 16. R. suxVis Willd. The sweet Rose.

Identification. Willd. Enum. Suppl., p. 37. ; Link Enum., 2. p. 57. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 567.
Engravings. Hayne Abbild., t. 40. ; and our fig. 567.

S2>ec. Char., $c. Stem hispid. Leaves glabrous, glau-

cescent beneath. Peduncles and petioles clothed with

glandular bristles. (Don's Mill.) Petals deep purple,

deeply 2-lobed. Fruit oblong, glabrous. A hispid

shrub". Native country unknown, most probably Eu-
rope. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced in 1818

Flowers deep purple; June and July. Fruit scarlet ,

ripe in September.

This very distinct variety, or perhaps species, of rose
is probably at present wanting in British collections ; for
it must not be confounded with Rosa suaveolens or
with Rosa, suavifolia, both described in Le Botaniste Cul-
tivateur as varieties of R. rubiginosa, or synonymes to that species.

XXVI. ROSACEJE I

329

3fc 17. R. SULPHU'REA Ait. The sulphur-coloured-flowered Rose.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew, 2. p. 201. , Lindl. Ros., t. 77. ; Don's Mill., 2. p 568.

Synonymes. R. hemisphorica Herm. Dt'ss. 18. ; It. glaucoph^lla Ehrh. Beitr. 2. p. 69. ; jRbsa lutea

More pldno Rni. Hist. 1475. No. 31. ; R. lutea Brot. Fl. Lu$. I. p. 337. ; the double yellow Rose.
Engravings. Lindl. Ros. t. 77. ; Bot. Reg., t. 46. ; and our jig. 568.

Spec. Char., $c. Stipules linear, divaricate,
dilated at the apex. Leaflets glaucous, flattish.
Tube hemispherical. (Don's Mill.) Stem
prickles unequal, scattered. A deciduous
shrub. Levant. Height 4 ft. to 10 ft. In-
troduced before 1629. Flowers fine trans-
parent yellow, double ; July.

This sort does not flower freely, except in
open airy situations ; and, if trained against a
wall, exposed to the north or east rath IT than
to the south. Its flower buds are apt to burst
on one side before they expand, and conse-
quently to become deformed ; to prevent this,
the blossom buds should be thinned, and care
taken that they have abundance of light and air.
Watering it freely in the flowering season is found
advantageous ; and the shoots, in general, ought
not to "be shortened. This beautiful species
is said to flower freely, if grafted on the musk
cluster at 8 or 10 feet from the ground ; or it will do well on the China rose.

& 18. R. SANGUISORBTFOXLIA Donn. The Burnet-leaved Rose.

Identification. Dorm Hort. Cant., ed. 8. p. 169. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 569-

Synonymes. R. spinosissima var. t sauguisorbifblia Lindl. Ros. p, 51. ; R. spinos. var. macroph^lla

Ser. in Dec. Prod. 2. p. 609.
Engraving. Onvfig. '., in p.

Spec. Char., fyc. Tall. Prickles nearly equal. Leaflets 9 — 11, oblong, gla-
brous, simply serrated. Fruit globose, depressed, dark. (Don's Mill.) An
erect shrub. Habitat unknown, most probably Europe. Height 3 ft. to 5 ft.
Flowers white; May and June. Fruit black ; ripe in September.

Easily distinguished by the number of its leaflets, the shortness of its pe-
duncles, and by its globose depressed fruit.

Iphurea.

19.

R. GRANTDIFLO^RA Lindl.
Rose.

B. Species Natives of Siberia.
The large-flowered

Identification. Lindl. Ros., p. 5». ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 5G9.
Synonyme. R. pimpinellifblia Bicb. Fl. Taur. 2. p. 394.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 888. ; and our fig. 569.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches without bristles. Prickles
nearly equal, distant. Leaflets flat, glabrous, simply
serrated. (Don's Mill.) A prickly shrub. Siberia.
Height 4ft. to 6ft. Introduced in 1818. Flowers
white ; May and June. Fruit dark ; ripe in Sept.

Differs from R. spinosissima, though scarcely so
much as to render it a distinct species. 669 R.

R. acicularis Lindl., and R. oxyacantha Bicb., are described in our first
edition.

C. Species Natives of North America and Siberia.
•20. R. LUTE'SCENS Pursh. The yellow American Rose.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Araer. Sept., vol. 2. p. 735. ; Lindl. Ros., p. 47. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 568.

Synonyme.
Engravings.

R. hispid* Curt. Bot. Nag. t. 1570.
Lindl. Ros., t. 9. ; Bot. Mag., 1. 1570. ; and our Jig. 570.

330

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Spec. Char., $c. Prickles of the branches crowded, unequal,
slender, reflexed ; of the branchlets, small and nearly equal.
Leaflets flat, glabrous, simply serrated. (Don's Mill.) An
erect shrub. North America and Siberia. Height 4 ft. to
6 ft. Introduced in 1780. Flowers pale yellow; May and
June. Fruit large, ovate, black.

A very distinct variety, or probably species, well deserving
a place in botanical collections.

ja 21. R. MYRIACA'NTHA Dec. The myriad-prickled Rose. 570. «.Iutegceni,.

Identification. Dec. Fl. Fr.. 4. p. 439. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 562.

Synonymes. R. parvif 61ia Pali. Eos. 62. ? ; R. provincial Bieb. Fl. Taur. 1. p. 396. ? ; R spino-

sissima var. t, inyriacantha Ser.in Dec. Prod. 2. p. 608.
Engravings. Lindl. Ros., t. 10. ; and our fig. 571.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Prickles unequal, larger ones dagger-formed. Leaflets glan-
dular, glabrous, orbicular. (Don's Mill.) A diminutive spiny shrub. Siberia,
Tauria, and also Dauphine, and near Montpelier.
Height 1 ft. to 2 ft. Flowers white ; May and
June. Fruit dark ; ripe in September.

Shoots simple and
erect, resembling, in
many respects, R. spi-
nosissima in a stunted
state.

571. R. myriacantha.

572. R. reversa.

« 22. R. REVE'RSA Waldst. et Kit. The reversed-prickled Rose.

Identification. Waldst. et Kit. Hung., 3. p. 293. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 569
Engravings. Waldst. et Kit. Hung., 3. t. 264. ; our fig. 572.

Spec. Char., $c. Prickles setaceous, nearly equal, reflexed. Leaves doubly ser-
rated, pubescent. Fruit hispid. (Don's Mill.) A large rambling shrub.
Hungary, on the mountains of Matra, in stony places. Height 2 ft. to 5 ft.
Introduced in 1816. Flowers solitary, white, tinged with pink; June and
July. Fruit ovate, dark purple ; ripe in September.

D. Species Natives of Britain.

* 23. R. SPINOSI'SSIMA L. The most spiny, or
Scotch, Rose.

Identification. Lin. Fl. Suec., 442. ; Sp., 491.; Don's Mill 2 p 568
Engravings. Eng. Bot., 1. 187. ; Hayne Abbild., t.37.; and our
Jig. 573.

Spec. Char., $c. Prickles unequal. Leaflets flat,
glabrous, simply serrated. (Don's Mill.) A dwarf
compact bush, with creeping suckers. Flowers
small, solitary, white or blush-coloured. Fruit
ovate, or nearly round, black or dark purple. A
very spiny shrub. Europe ; plentiful in Britain.
Height 1 ft. to 2 ft. Flowers white or blush ; May
and June. Fruit purple or black ; ripe in Sept.

Varieties. A great many varieties, cross-breds, and
hybrids have been raised of this rose, with flowers

'•>„•>-

73. H. sp

xxvi. ROSACEJE : JSOXSA.

331

574. R. rubella.

double, semidouble, white, purple, red, and even yellow. The first double
variety was found in a wild state, in the neighbourhood of Perth, by Mr.
Brown of the Perth Nursery, who raised a number of others from seed.
Mr. Austin of the Glasgow Nursery also raised upwards of 50 select vari-
eties ; and, subsequently, the number of these varieties for sale in the nur-
series has become so great, and they are changing their names so often, that
it would be useless to attempt to give a list of them in this work. In Mr.
Rivers's Abridged List of Roses, in the Rose Amateur's Guide, the following
sorts are recommended : Erebus, Guy Mannering, La Neige, Lady Baillie,
Queen of May, True yellow, William the Fourth, and Venus.

-«* 24. R. RUBE'LLA Smith. The reddish Rose.

Identification. Smith Eng. Bot., 2521. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 567.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., 2521. ; and our -Jig. 574.

Spec. Char., $c. Prickles slender, straight, crowded. Fruit
globose. Leaflets glabrous. Peduncles bristly. (Don's
Mill.) A low shrub, with divaricating branches. Eng-
land, in Northumberland, on the sandy sea coast. Height
2 ft. to 3 ft. Flowers either blush-coloured, or white
blotched with pink, delicately fragrant ; July. Fruit
bright scarlet ; ripe in September.
A rare species, nearly allied to R' spinosissima

& 25. R. HIBE'RNICA Smith. The Irish Rose.

Identification. Smith in Eng. Bot, 2196. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 569.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 2196. ; and our Jig. 575.

Spec. Char.,%c. Prickles unequal, slightly hooked, smaller ones
bristle-formed. Leaflets ovate, acute, simply serrated, with
the ribs hairy beneath. Sepals pinnate. Fruit nearly glo-
bular, smooth, as well as the peduncles. (Don's Mill.) A
prickly shrub. Ireland, in the counties of Deny and Down,
in thickets. Height 4 ft. to 6 ft. Flowers small, light bluish ;
June to November. Fruit orange-coloured ; ripe Sept.

_& 26. R. WI'LSON/ Borr. Wilson's Rose.

Identification. Hook. Brit. Flor., p. 228. ; Eng. Bot. Suppl., 2723. ; Don's

Mill., 2. p. 570.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 2723. ; and our fig. 576.

Spec. Char., fyc. Prickles crowded, unequal, straight, inter-
mixed with seta?. Leaflets simply serrated, hairy, their disks
glandless. Sepals simple. Fruit nearly globular. (Don's
Mill.) England, near Bangor Ferry. Height 2ft. to 4ft.
Flowers beautiful dark pink ; June and July.

j» 27. R. INVOLU'TA Smith. The involute-petaled Rose.

Identification. Smith in Eng. Bot., 2068. ; Don's

Mill., 2. p. 569.
Synonyme. R. nivalis Donn Hort. Cant. ed. 1.

p. 170.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 2068. ; and our fig.

577.

Spec. Char., fyc. Prickles very une-
qual, and very much crowded. Leaf-
lets doubly serrated, pubescent.
Petals convolute. Fruit prickly.
(Don's Mill.) Petals pale red, con-
cave. Hebrides, in the Isle of Arran,
and in Glen Lyon. A low shrub.
Height 2 ft. to 3 ft. Flowers pale
red; June. Fruit black; ripe in
576. « w.uo, September.

575. tt.hibirnica

332

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM B KITANN1CUM.

et 28. R. SABI'N/ Woods. Sabine's Rose.

Identification. Woods in Lin. Trans., 12. p. 188. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 569.
Engravings. Borr. in Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2595. ; and our <ig. 578.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Peduncles, calyx, fruit, and branches
bristly. Prickles scattered, straightish. Leaflets
doubly serrated, nearly smooth, with hairy ribs. Se-
pals pinnate. (Don's Mill.) Flower stalks rather
aggregate. Petals fine red. Fruit ovate, bright scarlet.
An upright branchy shrub. Native of Scotland, near
Dunkeld ; of England, in Cumberland, Northumber-
land, and Yorkshire. Height 5ft. to 8 ft. Flowers
red ; July. Fruit bright scarlet ; ripe in September.

Variety. A plant in the Horticultural Society's Garden is named R. S. gracilis.
$ 29. 7?. DOXIA^NA Woods. Don's Rose.

Identification. Woods in Lin. Trans., 12. p. 185. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 570
Synonyme. R. Sablnz ft Lindl. Ros. p. 59.
Engravings- Eng. Bot. Sup., t. 2601. ; and our Jig. .r>79.

Spec. Char., $c. Peduncles bractless, bristly, as well
as the globular fruit and calyx. Stem bristlv and
prickly, like the downy petioles. Leaflets elliptical,
doubly and sharply serrated, hairy on both sides.
Petals spreading. (Don's Mill.) Segments of the
calyx simple. A large shrub. Highlands of Scot-
land, particularly on the mountains of Clova, Angus-
shire. Height 4ft. to 5ft. Flowers pink; June
and July. Fruit red ; ripe in September.

Variety. There is a variety in the Hort. Soc. Garden,
called R. D. horrida ; and Dr. Lindley remarks that
R. Wilsom Borr. (Eng. Bot. Supp. t. 2723.), R.
Sabimana, and R. involuta are all some of the endless varieties of R.
mollis, our R. villosa, No. 35. (Comp. Bot. Mag., i. p. 189.)
This rose was named in honour of Mr. Don of For far.

§ v. Centifblue Lindl.

Derivation. From centum, a hundred, and folium, a leafj because the species contained in this
section agree in character with the hundred-leaved rose, which is so double as to seem to have a
hundred petals.

Sect. Char., fyc. Shrubs all bearing bristles and prickles. Peduncles brac-
teate. Leaflets oblong or ovate, wrinkled. Disk thickened, closing the
throat. Sepals compound. — This division comprises the portion of the
genus 7?6sa which has most particularly interested the lover of flowers. It
is probable that the earliest roses of which there are any records of being
cultivated belonged to this section ; but, to which particular species those
of Cyrene or Mount Pangaeus are to be referred, it is now too late to enquire.
The attar of roses, which is an important article of commerce, is either
obtained from roses belonging to this division indiscriminately, as in the
manufactory at Florence, conducted by a convent of friars ; or from some
particular kind, as in India. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 571. adapted.) Decidu-
ous bushes, generally erectish ; natives of Syria, Caucasus, and Middle of
Europe.

j& 30. R. DAMASCEVNA Mill. The Damascus, or Damask, Rose.

Identification. Mill. Diet, No. 15. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 571.

Synonymes. R. belgica Mill. Diet. No. 17. ; R. calendSrum Munch. Hausv. ex Bork. Holz. 330.,

Ros'sig^ Ros. t. 8. and t. 33. ; R. bffera Potr. Suppl. 6. p. 276., Red. Ros. ]. p. 107. and p. 121. ;

Rose 5 quatre Saisons.
Engravings. Redout. Ros., 1. t. 58.; our fig. 580. of R. d. cocci'nea; and our fig. 581. of R. d. sub-

Spcc. Chart, $c. Prickles unequal, larger ones falcate. Sepals reflexed

72()SA.

333

Fruit elongated. (Don's Mill.) A bushy shrub. Syria. Height 2 ft. to 8 ft.
Introduced in 1573. Flowers large, white or red, single or double ; June
and July. Fruit red ; ripe in September.

Varieties. There are nearly 100 varieties which are classed under this species ;
but it is very doubtful, whether many of them are not hybrids between this
and other sorts. Among the names of the varieties classed under this
head are, the monthly blush ; the blush damask ; the red and white da-
mask ; the red and white monthly ; the incomparable ; the crimson per-
petual ; and, perhaps, the handsomest variety of the species, the quatre
saisons, of which there are six or eight subvarieties ; the royal ; and the
York and Lancaster.

. R. d. cccsinea.

581 . R. damascene subalba.

The present species may be distinguished from R. centifolia by the greater
size of the prickles, the greenness of the bark, the elongated fruit, and the
long reflexed sepals. The petals of this species, and all the varieties of R.
centifolia, as well as those of other species, are employed indiscriminately for
the purpose of making rose-water. R. damascena is extremely beautiful, from
the size and brilliant colour of its flowers.

^ 31. 7?. CENTIFO'LIA Lin. The hundred-petaled, Provence, or Cabbage, Rose.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 704. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 571.
Synonymes. R. provincialis Mill. Diet. No. 18. ; E. polyanthos

Rosaig. Eos. t. 35. ; R. caryophyllea Pair. Sitppl. 6. p. 276. ;

R. unguiculata Desf. Cat. ]?5. ; R. v£rians Pohl Bohim. 2.

p. 171.
Engravings. Rossig. Ros.. t. 1.; Red. Ros., 1. p. 25. t. 1. ; and

ourftg. 582. of the double-flowered variety.

Spec. Char., fyc. Prickles unequal, larger ones
falcate. Leaflets ciliated with glands. Flowers
drooping. Calyxes clammy. Fruit oblong.
(Don's Mill.) A bushy shrub. Eastern Cauca-
sus, in groves. Height 3 ft. to 6 ft. Introduced
in 1596. Flowers white or red; single, but
most commonly double ; June and July.
Fruit red ; ripe in September.

Varieties. Above 100 varieties are assigned to
this species, which are classed in three divi-
sions : —

& R. c. 1 provincialis Mill. ; the Provence,
or Cabbage, Hoses; among which are
the royal and cabbage blush ; the car-

588. R ceufifMI?

ARBORETUM ET FRUT1CETUM BRITANNICUM,

mine ; the cluster ; the Duches.se d'Angou-

leme, a very handsome white rose ; the

Provence, of which there are upwards of

twenty sub varieties ; the prolific ; the

striped nosegay ; and the Versailles.
R. c. 2 muscosa Mill., the Moss Roses ; among

which are the common single (fig- 583.),

the common double, the blush, the dark,

the striped, the white, and the crested moss

(R. c. m. cristata), and many others.
R. c. 4 pomponia J)ec., the Pompone Roses

N. Du Ham, ; R. pomponia Redoute Ros.

p. 65.; among which are the well-known rose

de Meaux, an old inhabitant of the gardens;

the mossy de Meaux^ the dwarf, and small Provence; the rose

de Rheims; and the common and proliferous pompone. These

roses should be cut down every year, when they have done flowering,

that they may send up new shoots every spring to produce flowers.

If this be not done, the principal branches will dry up, and become

bare like those of the bramble.

583. R. c. cristat

This species is distinguished from R. damascena by the sepals not being
reflexed, and the flowers having their petals curved inwards, so as, in the
double state, to give the flower the appearance of the heart of a cabbage,
whence the name of the cabbage rose. Its fruit is either oblong or roundish,
but never elongated. From R. gallica it is distinguished by the flowers being
drooping, and by the larger size of the prickles, with a more robust habit.

j* 32. R. GA'LLICA Lin. The French Rose.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 704. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 603.
Synonymes. R. centifdlia Mitt. Diet. No. 41.; R. sylvatica

Gater. Mont. p. 94. ; R. rdbra Lam. Fl. Fr. 3. p. 130. ; R.

holosericea Rossig. Ros. t. 18.; R. belgica Brot. Fl. Lus. I.

p. 338. ; R. blanda Brot. 1. c.; Rose de Provins, Fr. ; Essig

Rose, Ger.
Engravings. Mill. Ic., t. 221. f. 2. ; Red. Ros., 1. t. 25.; our

fig 584. of the species ; vnAfig. 855., which is of the variety

called the Bishop Rose.

Spec. Cltar.y 8?c. Prickles unequal. Stipules
narrow, divaricate at the tip. Leaflets 5 — 7,
coriaceous, rigid, ovate or lanceolate, de-
flexed. Flower bud ovate-globose. Sepals
spreading during the time of the flowering.
Fruit subglobose, very coriaceous. Calyx
and peduncle more or less hispid with glanded
hairs, somewhat viscose. A species allied to
R. centifolia L., but with round fruit, and
very coriaceous leaflets, with more numerous
nerves, that are a little prominent, and are
anastomosing. (Dec. Prod.) A bushy shrub.
Middle of Europe and Caucasus, in hedges.
Height 2 ft. to 3 ft. Introduced ?. Flowers
red, crimson, or white, single or double ; June
and July. Fruit red ; ripe in August.

Varie&i. The varieties of this species are very numerous ; some of the
principal are, the cramoisie, royal crimson, black damask, Fanny Bias,
glanders giant, gloria mundi, grand monarque, the Dutch, the blush, the
bishop (fig. 585.), and Singleton's, all old favourites in our gardens ; Malta
marbled, several subvaneties ; mignonne, six or eight sorts ; Morocco,
negro, mottled black, Ninon del'Enclos, Normandy ; officinal, or the rose
o, the shops, several varieties ; purple, 14 sorts ; poppy ; velvet, several

xxvi. BOSACEJE: T?O SA.

385

1

-.'

kinds ; ranunculus, rosa
mundi, sultana ; Tuscany ;
the Rosa g. parvifolia, our
fig. 586. The village maid, a
striped rose, introduced by
Mr. Rogers of Southampton,
probably belongs to this
species. Besides these, there
are numerous distinct va-
rieties, which will be found
described in our first edition.

• The petals of some of the va- 686. fl. K. par,ifl4H.
rieties of this rose are used in
medicine, particularly of that called officinal ; which,
though not so fragrant as those of the Dutch hundred-
leaved rose, another variety, are preferred for their
beautiful colour and their pleasant astringency.

$ vi. ViUbsa.

Derivation. From w'llosits, villous ; in allusion to the hairiness of the species.

Sect. Char. Surculi erect. Prickles straightish. Leaflets ovate or oblong,
with diverging serratures. Sepals connivent, permanent. Disk thickened,
closing the throat. — This division borders equally close upon those of
Caninae and Rubiginosas. From both it is distinguished by its root-suckers
being erect and stout. The most absolute marks of difference, however,
between this and Caninae, exist in the prickles of the present section being
straight, and the serratures of the leaves diverging. If, as is sometimes the
case, the prickles of this tribe are falcate, the serratures become more di-
verging. The permanent sepals are another character by which this tribe
may be known from Caninse. Rubiginosae cannot be confounded with the
present section, on account of the unequal hooked prickles, and glandular
leaves, of the species. Roughness of fruit and permanence of sepals are
common to both. (Don's Mill., ii. p. 576.) Deciduous shrubs, mostly
with erectish branches. Natives of Middle Europe, or Britain.

A. Natives of Middle Europe, not of Britain.
& 33. R. TURBIXA^TA Ait. The lurbinate-ca/y-m/, or Frankfort, Rose.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 1. vol. 2. p. 206. ; Dec.

Prod.,^. p. 603. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 576.
Synonymcs. R. campanulata Ehrh. Beitr. 6. p. 97. ; R. fran-

cofortiana Munch. Hausv. 5. p. 24.: R. francfurtensis Rossig.

Ros.t.ll.
Engravings. Jacq. Schb'nbr., 4. t. 415.; Lawr. Ros., t. 69.;

and our Jig. 587.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem nearly without prickles.
Branches smooth. Leaflets 5 — 7, ovate-cor-
date, large, wrinkled in a bullate manner,
serrate, approximate, a little villous beneath.
Stipules large, clasping the stem or branch.
Flowers disposed subcorymbosely, large, vio-
laceous red. Peduncles wrinkled and hispid.
Calyx turbinate, smoothish. Sepals undi-
vided, subspathulate. (Dec. Prod.) An erect-
ish shrub. Germany. Height 4 ft. to 6 ft.
Introduced in 1629. Flowers large, red, and loose ; June and July.

Varieties. R. t. 1 francofurtdna Ser., and R. t. 2 orbcssana Ser., are the com-
monest forms of this species.

/iS7. R. tnrbinfcta.

336

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

& 31. R. A 'LEA Lin. The common white Rose.

Identification. Liu. Sp., 705. ; Laivr. Ros., t. 23. 25. 32.

37.; GEd. Fl. Dan., t. 1215. : Rod. Ros., 1. p. 97. and

p. 17. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 577.
Synonyme. R. usitatfssima Gat. Montavb. t. 94.
Engravings. Lawr. Ros., t. 23. 25. 32. 37. ; CEd. Fl. Dan.,

t. 1215. : Red. Ros., 1. p. 17. and p. 97. ; Gat. Montaub.,

t. 94. ; our fig. 588. of the species ; and fig. 589. of the

double variety common in gardens.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaf-
lets oblong, glau-
cous, rather naked
above, simply ser- -
rated. Prickles

straightish or fal-
cate, slender or
strong, without
bristles. Sepals pin-
nate, reflexed. Fruit
unarmed. (Don's
Mill.) A large
shrub. Piedmont,

Denmark, France, and Saxony. Height 4 ft. to 10 ft. Introduced in 1597.

Flowers large, either white, or of the most delicate blush colour, with a

grateful fragrance ; June and July. Fruit oblong, scarlet, or blood-coloured ;

ripe in September.

Varieties. The garden varieties are very numerous ; and some of the most
beautiful are the double, semidouble, and single blush ; the celestial, a well-
known favourite ; the great, small, and cluster maiden's blush ; the double
thornless ; and the double, semidouble, and single white. The rose blanche
a "coeur vert, the bouquet blanc, and the blanche de la Belgique. are well-
known and beautiful varieties of this species.

B. Natives of Europe and Britain.
Si 35. R. VILLO'SA Lin. The villous-leaved Rose.

Identification. Lin: Sp., 704. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 576.

Synonymes. R. mollis Smith in Eng. Bot. t. 2459. ; R. tomentosa j2 Lindl.

Ros. p. 77 ; R. heterophylla Woods in Lin. Trans. 12. p. 195. ; R. pulchella

Woods I c. p. 196. ; R. pomifera Herm. Diss. 16.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 2459. ; and our fig. 590.

Spec'. Char., fyc. Leaflets rounded, bluntish, downy all over.
Fruit globose, rather depressed, partly bristly. Sepals
slightly compound. Branches without bristles. (Don's
Mill.) A rambling shrub. Europe, in hedges ; in Britain,
in bushy rather mountainous situations in Wales, Scot-
land, and the North of England. Height 5ft. to 6ft.
Flowers red or pink ; July. Fruit purple ; ripe Sept.

Varieties. R. gracilis Woods, R. Sherardi Davies, R. syl-
vestris Lindl., are described in our first edition.
A very variable plant. (See No. 29. p. 332.)

3fe 36. R. TOMENTOSA Smith. The tomentose, or
woolly-leaved, Rose.

Identification. Smith Fl. Brit., 539.; Eng. Bot, 990.; Don's Mill.,

2. p. 576.
Synonymes. R. \\l\bsa. Ehrh. Arb. p. 45., DM Rot Harbk. 2. p. 341.,

Fl. Dan., t. 1458., R. mollissima Bork. Holz. p. 307. ; R. dQbia

Wibel Wirth. p. 263. ; R. villbsa ft Iluds. 219.
Etigravings. Red. Ros., 2. p 39. and p. 88. ; Eng. Bot, 1 990. ,

and our fig. 591.

Spec. Char., %c. Leaflets ovate, acute, more or less
downy. Fruit .elliptical, hispid. Sepals pinnate.

XXVI. ROSA^CEJE I JRO^SA.

337

Prickles slightly curved. Petals white at the base. A rambling shrub. (Don's
Mill.) Europe, in hedges and thickets ; plentiful in Britain. Height 6 ft.
Flowers pink ; June and July. Fruit scarlet ; ripe in September.

§ vii. Hvbiyinbsa Lindl.

Derivation. From rubtginosus, rusty ; the leaves of the species being usually furnished with rust-
coloured glands beneath.

Sect. Char., fyc. Prickles unequal, sometimes bristle-formed, rarely wanting.
Leaflets ovate or oblong, glandular, with diverging serratures. Sepals per-
manent. Disk thickened. Root-shoots arched. The numerous glands on
the lower surface of the leaves will be sufficient to prevent anything else
being referred to this section ; and although R. tomentosa has sometimes
glandular leaves, the inequality of the prickles of the species of Rubigi-
nosae, and their red fruit, will clearly distinguish them. (Don's Mill., ii.
p. 577.) — This division includes all the eglantine, or sweet-briar roses, which
are for the most part erect or erectish bushes with deciduous leaves. Na-
tives of Britain, Middle Europe, and Caucasus.

A. Species Natives of Britain.
& 37. R. RUBiciNOrSA Lin. The maty-leaved Rose, Sweet Briar, or Eglantine.

Identification. Lin. Mant., 2. p. 594. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 604. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 577.

Synonymes. R. suavifolia Lighlf. Scot. 1. p. 201., Fl. Dan. t. 870.; R. Eglantlria Mill. Diet. No. 4.,

Lin. Sp. edit. 1. p. 4<JI. ; R. agrestis Savi Fl. Pis. p. 475. ; R. rubiginosa parviflora Ran. Enum.

135.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 991. ; Lawr. Ros., t. 41. 61. 65. 72. and 74. ; and our fig. 592.

Spec. Char., $c. Prickles hooked, compressed, with
smaller straighter ones interspersed. Leaflets
elliptical, doubly serrated, hairy, clothed beneath
with rust-coloured glands. Sepals pinnate, and
bristly, as well as the peduncles. Fruit obovate,
bristly towards the base. (Don's Mill.) A ram-
bling shrub. Europe, and Caucasus ; in Britain,
in bushy places, on a dry gravelly or chalky soil.
Height 4 ft. to 6 ft. Flowers pink ; June and July.
Fruit scarlet, obovate or elliptic ; ripe in September.
Leaves sweet-scented when bruised.

Varieties. Eleven are described in our first edition.
Some of the best for a rosarium are, the blush,
cluster, double, dwarf, semidouble, mossy, scarle., tree double, and white
semidouble.

& 38. R. MICRA'NTHA Sm. The small-flowered Rose, or Sweet Briar.

Identification. Smith in Eng. Bot., t. 2490. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 578.
Synonyme. R. rubigin6sa /3 micrantha Lindl. Ros. p. 87., with erroneous

synonymes.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t 2490. ; and our figs. 593, 594.

Spec. Char., $c. Prickles hooked, scattered, nearly uni-
form. Leaflets ovate, doubly serrated, hairy, glandular
beneath. Sepals pinnate. Fruit elliptic, rather
bristly, contracted at the summit. Stems straggling.
(Don's Mill.) A bush with arched shoots, and strag-
gling branches. Britain, in hedges and thickets, chiefly
in the South of England. Height 5 ft. to 6 ft. Flowers
small, pale red ; June and July. Fruit coral red, ovate ; ripe in September.

593. «. micrintha.

3D. R. SE^PIUM Thuil. The Hedge Rose, or Briar.

Engravings. Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2653. ; and our fig. 595.

Z

338

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Spec. Char., $c. Prickles slender. Branches flexuous. Leaf-
lets shining, acute at both ends. Flowers usually solitary.
Fruit polished. Sepals pinnate, with very narrow segments.
(Dons Mill.') A densely branched bush. Europe, in hedges ;
in England, near Bridport, Warwickshire. Height 4 ft. to
6 ft. Flowers small, pale yellowish pink ; June and July.
Fruit small, oblong-ovate, scarlet ; ripe in September.

s& 40. R. INODO^RA. The scentless Rose.

Identification. Eng. Bot. Suppl., 2610. . Hood ed. 2. 232.

Synonymes. R. dumet&rum Eng. Bot. 2579.; R. Borren Smith Eng. Fl.

2398 , Don's Mill. 2. p. 580. : R. rubiginbsa var. inodbra Lindl. Ros. Monog. rt.r

101.
Engravings. Eng. Bot. 2579. ; and onrjig. 596.

Spec. Char., $c. Prickles hooked. Leaflets ovate ; doubly serrated, without
glands. Sepals pinnate, often doubly pinnate, deciduous.
Flower stalks aggregate, hairy. Fruit elliptical, smooth.
(Don's Mill.) A stout bush. Britain. Not very un-
frequent in hedges and thickets. Height 6 ft. to 7 ft.
Flowers pink ; June and July. Fruit elliptic, or nearly
globose, scarlet.

The foliage has, notwithstanding the specific name, a
scent more or less faint, according to the number of glands 59(!- R- >nod6ia-
developed in different individuals ; but it resembles rather the turpentine
odour of the plants of the preceding section than the fragrance of the sweet
briar.

B. Species Natives of Middle Europe.
j* 41. R. LU'TEA Dodon. The yellow Eglantine Rose.

Identification. Dodon. Pempt., 187. ; Mill. Diet, No. 11. ; Don's Mill.,

2. p. 577.
Synonymes. R. Eglanteria Lin. Sp. 703, Red. Ros. 1. p. 69. ; R.

fce't'ida Herm. Diss. 18. ; R. chlorophylla Ehrh. Beitr. 2. p. 69. ; R.

cerea Rossig. Ros. t. 2.
Engravings. Lawr. Ros., t. 12. ; Bot. Mag., t. 363. ; Red. Ros., l.p. 69.;

Rossig. Ros., t. 2. ; and our fig. 597-

Spec. Char., $c. Prickles straight. Leaflets deep green.
Sepals nearly entire, setigerous. Petals flat, concave.
Flowers deep yellow, large, cup-shaped, solitary. Fruit
unknown. A branchy shrub. Germany and the South
of France. Height 3ft. to 4ft. Introduced in 1596.
Flowers deep yellow ; June.

Varieties.

JB R. /. 2 subrubra Red. Ros. iii. p. 73., with a fig. — Peduncles rather

hispid and glandular. Leaves and petioles glabrous. Stem prickly

at the base. Prickles unequal, scattered. Petals of a lurid red

above, and yellowish beneath. Stigmas

yellow. (Don's Mill.)
j» R. /. 3 punicea Lindl. Ros. p. 84. ; R. pu-

nicea Mill. Diet. No. 12., Rossig. Ros.

t. 5. ; R. cinnamomea Roth Fl. Germ. i.

p. 217. ; R. lutea bicolor Jacq. Vind. \.

t. 1., Lawr. Ros. t. 6., Sot. Mag. t. 1077. ;

597. Ii. liitea.

R. Eglanteria punfcea Red. Ros. i. p. 71.
t. 24. ; R. Eglanteria bicolor Dec. Fl. Fr.

598. R. 1. punicea.

iv. p. 437. ; and our fig. 598. ; has the
petals scarlet above, and yellow beneath.

M R. /. 4 fibre plena. Williams's double yellow Sweet Briar.— A very
beautiful variety, and a free flowerer, raised from seeds by Mr. Wil-
liams of Pitmaston. Horticultural Society's Garden.

* R. /. 5. Hoggii D. Don in Swt. Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 410. Hogg's yellow

xxvi.

339

American Rose. — Pretty, and a free flowerer. Raised by Mr. Hogg,
nurseryman, in New York, from seeds of the single yellow rose.
Horticultural Society's Garden.

Other Species belonging to this Section. — R. iberica Smith, native of Eastern
Iberia ; R. glutinosa Smith, native of Greece ; R. Klukzz Bess., native of
Tauria ; R. suaveolens Pursh, native of North America ; and R. Montezumrf?
Humb., native of Mexico, are describee! in our first edition.

§ viii. Canlrwe Lindl.

Derivation. From caninus, belonging to a dog : because R. canina is commonly called the dog rose.
The name is applied to this section, because all the species contained in it agree in character with
R. canina.

Sect. Char., $c. Prickles equal, hooked. Leaflets ovate, glandless or glan-
dular, with the serratures conniving. Sepals deciduous. Disk thickened,
closing the throat. Larger suckers arched. ( Don's Mill.) Deciduous, but
some sub-evergreen. — Chiefly bushes, but partly sarmentose and procumbent.
Natives of Britain, Middle Europe, and Asia.

A. Species Natives of Britain.
& 42. R. CANI\\*A Lin. The common Dog Rose.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 704. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 579.

Synonymes. R. dumalis Bechst. Forstb. 241. and 939. ex Rau. ; R. ande-

gavensis Bat. Fl. Main, et Loir. 189., Red. Ros. 2. p. 9. t. 3. ; R. glauca

Lois, in Desv. Journ. ; R. arve"nsis ScArank Fl. Mon. ; R. glaucescens

Mer. Par. ; R. nltens Mer. 1. c. ; R. teneriffensis Donn Hort. Cant.

ed. 8. p. 169. ; R. senticdsa Achar. Acad. Handl. 34. p. 91. t 3.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 992. ; Lawr. Ros., t. 21. 29. ; and our fig. 599.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Prickles strong, hooked.
Leaflets simply serrated, pointed, quite
smooth. Sepals pinnate. Fruit ovate,
smooth, or rather bristly, like the aggregate
flower stalks. (Don's Mill.) A rambling
shrub. Europe generally, and the North
of Africa ; plentiful in Britain, in hedges,
woods, and thickets. Height 6 ft. to 10 ft.
Flowers rather large, pale red, seldom white
Fruit scarlet ; ripe in September.

Variety.

& R. c. 2 aciphylla Lindl. Ros. p. 99. ;
R. aciphyila Rau. 69. with a fig.,
Red. Ros. ii. p. 31. t. 13. ; and our
Jigs. 600, 601.; is a very remarkable
variety, from the straightness of its

599. R. can\na.

.June and JnK

600. «.c.a iph/Jla

shoots, and its singular habit of growth. The
leaves are smooth on both surfaces, and the
flowers are smaller than those of the species.
Other Varieties. Seventeen are described in our
first edition.

Fruit ovate, bright scarlet, of a peculiar and very grateful flavour, especially i f
made into a conserve with sugar. The pulp of the
fruit besides saccharine matter, contains citric acid,
which gives it an acid taste. The pulp, before it is
used, should be carefully cleared from the nuts or
seeds. Numerous varieties.

sfe 43. R. FO'RSTER/ Sm. Forster's Dog Rose.

Identification Smith Eng. Fl., 2. p. 392. ; Bor. in Eng, Bot.

Suppl., 2611. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 580. ^

Synonyme. R. colllna/3 and ? Woods in Lin. Trans. 12. p. 392.
Engravings. Eng. Bot Suppl., t. 2611. ; and our fig. 602.

Spec. Char., fyc. Prickles scattered, conical, hooked.

z 2

340 ARBORETUM ET FKUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Leaflets simply serrated, smooth above, but hairy on the ribs beneath.
Sepals doubly pinnate. Fruit elliptical, smooth, like the aggregate flower
stalks. (Don's Mill.} A large shrub. Native of European hedges ; plenti-
ful in England. Height 6 ft. to 8 ft. Flowers pale red ; June and July.
Fruit scarlet ; ripe in September.

& 44. R. DUMETO'RUM Thuitt. The Thicket Dog Rose.

Identification. Thuil. Fl. Par., 250. ; Bor. in Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2610.; Don's

Synon'ym'ef.' 'fl.'leucantha ft acutiftlia Bast, in Dec. Fl. Fr. 5. p. 535. ; R. sS-
pium Borkh. ex Rau. Enum. 79. ; R. solstitialis Bess. Prim. FL Gall. 324. ;
R. corymbifera Gmel. FL Bad. Als. 2. p. 427.

Engravings. Eng. Bot. Suppl , t. 2610. ; and our Jig. 603.

Spec. Char., $c. Prickles numerous, scattered, hooked.
Leaflets simply serrated, hairy on both surfaces. Sepals
pinnate, deciduous. Peduncles aggregate, slightly hairy
Fruit elliptical, smooth, as long as the bracteas. (Don's
Mill.} A large shrub. Europe, in hedges ; and found in
England, in the southern counties, but seldom in any
abundance. Height 4 ft. to 6ft. Flowers reddish ; June and July,
scarlet ; ripe in September.

& 45. R. SARMEiNTA^CEA Swartz. The sarmentaceous Dog Rose.

Identification. Swartz MSS. ; Woods in Lin. Trans., 12. p. 213. ; Don's

Mill., 2. p. 580.
Synonymes. R. glaucophylla Winch Geogr. Distrib. 45. ; R. canina Roth

FL Germ. 2. p. 560.
Engravings. Curt. Lond., fasc. 5. t. 34. ; and oar fig. 604.

Ipec. Char., fyc. Prickles hooked. Leaflets ovate, doubly
serrated, smooth, glandular. Peduncles aggregate, smooth
or minutely bristly. Sepals pinnate, deciduous. Fruit
broadly elliptic, naked. (Don's Mill.) A rambling shrub.
Europe, common in hedges and bushy places ; plentiful in
Britain. Height 8 ft. to 10 ft. Flowers pink, and fra-
grant ; June and July. Fruit scarlet ; ripe in September.

The fruit is as grateful to the palate, probably, as that of
R. canina, with which this equally common plant is generally
confounded. This is the species most commonly made choice 6<M. R.
of as a stock for garden roses.

& 46. R. CJE^SIA Sm. The grey Dog Rose.

Identification. Smith Eng. Bot., t. 2367. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 580.

Synonymes. .R. canina pubescens Afa. Ros. Suec. Tent. 1. p. 2.; R. canina £ cae'sia Lindl. Ros

D 99
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 2367. ; and our fig. 605.

Spec. Char., fyc. Prickles hooked, uniform. Leaflets
elliptical, somewhat doubly serrated, glaucous, hairy be-
neath, without glands. Sepals distantly pinnate, de-
ciduous. Flower stalks smooth, solitary. Fruit elliptical,
smooth. (Don's Mill.) A rambling shrub. Scotland,
in the Highland valleys, but rare ; at Taymilt, in Mid-
Lorn, Argyleshire ; and in Strath Tay, between Dun-
keld and Aberfeldie, and by the side of Loch Tay. Height
4 ft. to 5 ft. Flowers generally of a uniform carnation hue, but occasionally
white ; July. Fruit scarlet ; ripe in September.

B. Species Natives of Middle Europe.
afe 47, R. RUBRIFO^LIA Vill. The red-leaved Dog Rose.

Identification. Vill. Dauph., 3. p. 549. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 581.

Synonymes. R. multiflbra Reyn. Act. Laus. 1. p. 70. t. 6. ; R. rubicunda Hall. fil. in Roem. Arch.

3. p. 376. ; R. lurida Andr. Ros. ; R. cinnambmea y rubrifblia Red. Ros. 1. p. 134.
Engravings. Bell, in Act. Taur., 1790, p. 229. t. 9. ; Jacq. Fragm., 70. t. 106. ; Red. Ros., 1 p. 3£.

t. 4. ; Lindl. in Bot. Reg., t.430. ; and ourjfe.606.

XXVI. RQSA^CEJE. I KO^SA.

341

Spec. Char., $c. Prickles small, distant. Leaflets ovate, and, as well as
the branches, glabrous, opaque, discoloured. Sepals narrow, entire. Fruit
ovate, globose, smooth. Flowers corymbose. Peduncles smooth. (Don's
Mill.) A large shrub. Dauphine, Austria, Savoy, Pyrenees, and Auvergne,
in woods. Height 5ft to 6ft. Flowers red ; June and July. Fruit scar-
let ; ripe in September.

Stems red. Leaves red at the edges. Flowers
small. Sepals narrow, longer than the petals. A
shrub, producing a pleasing effect in a shrubbery,
from the pinkness of its foliage. At the funeral
of Villars, who first named and described this rose,
branches and flowers of it were cut and strewed
over his grave. There are several varieties described
in our first edition.

C. Species Natives of Asia.
& 48. R. CAUCA^SEA Pall. The Caucasian Dog Rose.

Identification. Pall. Ross., t. 11. ; Lindl. Ros., p. 97. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 579.
Synonyme. R. leucantha Bieb. Fl. Taut: Suppl. 351. ?
Engravings. Lind. Ros., 1. 11. ; and our fig. 607.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Prickles strong, recurved. Leaflets soft, ovate, glaucous.
Calyx and peduncles hispid. Sepals simple. Fruit smooth. Flowers large,
growing in bunches. (Don's Mill.) A robust shrub. Siberia. Height
10ft. to 12ft. Introduced in 1798. Flowers white or pale red; June
and July. Fruit red ; ripe in September.

607. K.caucksea.

609. «. indica Noisettiana.

fife 49. R. I'NDICA L. The Indian, or common China, Rose.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 705. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 581.

Synonymes. R. sinica Lin. Syst. Veg. ed. 13. p. 398. ; R. semperfldrens c&rnea Rossig. Ros. t. 19. ;

R. fndica chinensis semipldna Ser. Mel. 1. p. 31. ; R. reclinata fl6re submultiplici Red. fios. p. 79.;

the monthly Rose, the blush China Rose, the Tea-scented Rose ; Rosier Indien, Rose The, Ft: ;

Indische Rose, Ger.
Engravings. Lawr. Ros., t. 26. ; Red. Ros., 1. p. 51. t. 142., p. 35. t. 15. ; and our fig. 608. above.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem upright, whitish, or green, or purple. Prickles
stout, falcate, distant. Leaflets 3 — 5 ; ovate-acuminate, coriaceous, shining,
glabrous, serrulate ; the surfaces of different colours. Stipules very nar-
row, connate with the petiole, almost entire or serrate. Flowers solitary, or
in panicles. Stamens bent inwards. Peduncle sub-articulate, mostly thickened
upwards, and with the calyx smooth, or wrinkled and bristly. (Dec. Prod.)
Sub-evergreen. China, near Canton. Height 4 ft. to 20 ft. Introd. in 1789

z 3

342

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICU

Flowers red, usually semidouble ; April to November. Fruit red ; ripe

in September.

One of the most valuable of garden roses.

Varieties. There are numerous varieties and hybrids of this beautiful rose.
The following are quite distinct ; and may each be considered the type of
a long list of subvarieties : —

$ R. i. 2 Noisettiana Ser. in Dec. Prod.ii. p. 600., Don's Mill. ii. p. 581. ;
fig. 609. above. — Stem firm, and, as well as the branches, prickly.
Stipules nearly entire. Flowers panicled, very numerous, semi-
double, pale red. Styles exserted. Raised in North America, from an
accidental cross between R. indica and R. moschata, and the plants
being sold to Philip Noisette, his name was given to this variety.
It was first brought to England by Mr. Fraser. This well-known
and very beautiful rose is almost invaluable in a shrubbery, from its
free and vigorous growth, and the profusion of its flowers, which are
continually being produced during the whole summer. Numerous
subvarieties have been raised of the Noisette rose, some of the
most distinct of which are, the R. i. W. purpurca of Redoute, which
has red flowers ; R. i. N. nwea, the Aime Vilert of the French
nurseries, which has double white flowers ; R. ?'.
N. Smfthtt, Smith's yellow Noisette rose, the
flowers of which are very double, of a deeper
yellow than the double yellow China rose (R. i.
ochroleuca), and disposed in clustered corymbs
of from 10 to 22, and are highly fragrant.
& R. i. 3 odoratissima Lindl. Ros. p. 106., Bot. Reg.
t. 864., Don's Mill. ii. p. 582. ; R. odoratissima
Swt. Hort. Sub. Land. ; R. indica fragrans Red.
Ros. i. p. 6. t. 19. ; and our fig. 610. ; the
sweetest, or tea-scented, China Rose ; Rose a
Odeur de The, Fr. ; has semidouble flowers,
of a most delicious fragrance, strongly resembling
the scent of the finest green tea. There are
numerous subvarieties.

R. i. 4 longlfolia Lindl. Ros. p.
folia Willd. Enum. ii. 1079., Red Ros. ii. t. 27. ;
R. semperflorens var.7. N.Du Ham. vii. p. 22. ;
R. salicifolia Hort. ; and our Jig. 611.; has the
stems nearly unarmed, and long lanceolate leaf-
lets.

R. i. 5 pumila Lindl. Ros. p. 106. is a dwarf
variety, with purplish flowers, having ovate
petals.

R. i. 6 caryophyllea Red. Ros. iii. p. 59. has the
flowers in a kind of panicle, and the leaflets
large and thin.

R. i. 7 pannosa Red. has the stems and branches
prickly ; the leaflets ovate, and red beneath, with
the stipules so finely denticulated as to give
them somewhat of a fringed or pannose appear-
ance. Flowers drooping a little, purple on the
outside, and with the inner petals rose-coloured.
R. i. 8 cruenta Red., and Don's Mill. ii. p. 582. ;
differing from the above principally in having
the stems and branches almost unarmed, and the
stipules almost entire.

R. i. 9 Frasenana Hort. Brit. p. 21 1., and Don's Mill. ii. p. 582. — A
hybrid, with double pink flowers.

R. i. odovatissim*.

106. : R. lom-i-

XXVI. ROSA CE2E : RO SA.

343

A R. i. 10 ruga Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1389.,

and our Jig. 612., has double, blush chang-

ging to white, sweet-scented flowers. It

is a hybrid between R. i. odoratissima

and R. arvensis, brought from Italy,

where it was raised by Mr. Clare. It

grows freely, making shoots 10 or 12

feet long in a season.
& R. i. 1 1 ochroleuca Bot. Reg. has large

cream-coloured flowers, deepening almost

into jellow in the centre. It was intro-
duced by Mr. Parks in 1824, and appears

to have been since lost.
& R. i. 12 flavesccns. — This, Mr. Gordon

assures us, is the true tea-scented yellow China Rose, and not the

preceding variety, which is generally considered as such, and con-
founded with it.
* R. i. 13 Blaini D. Don in Swt. Brit.

Fl. Gard. t. 405., and our fig. 613.

— Raised in 1830, by Mr. Blair, from

seeds of the yellow China rose, which

had been fecundated by the pollen of

the Tuscan rose. A robust plant,

remarkable for the size of its leaves

and flowers. Petals purple, but yellow

at the base, especially towards the

centre of the flower. Fragrant, and a

free flowerer.

613. A. i. Blafrti.

& 50. R. SEMPERFLO'RENS Curt. The everflowering China Rose.

Identification. Curt. Bot. Mag., t. 284. ; Smith Exot. Bot., 2. p. 91. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 582.
*•"*»»••""'* R. diversifblia Vent. Cels. t. 35. ; R. bengalensis Pert. Encfi. 2. p. 50. ; R. indica Red.

Synonymes.

614. R. semperflorens.

Ros. 1. p. 49. t 13.
Engravings. Law. Ros., t. 23.; N. Du Ham., vii. t. 18.; and
our fig. 614. of a double French variety.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Branches dark green, armed with
scattered, compressed, hooked prickles, and a
very few glands. An erectish sub-evergreen
shrub. Leaflets 3 — 5, ovate-lanceolate, crenate-
serrated, shining above, but glaucous and slightly
setigerous beneath. Sepals compound, narrow.
Fruit spherical. (Don's Mill.) China. Height
8ft. to 10ft. Introduced in 1789. Flowers
solitary, single, or semidouble, deep crimson;
April to November. Fruit red ; ripe September.

There are some very splendid varieties of this
species, with semidouble crimson flowers. They
are all free growers, and abundant flowerers ; and
few plants are more ornamental
against the walls of a cottage.

« 51. R. LAWRENCE^'AM Swt. Miss Lawrence's China Rose.

Identification. Sweet Hort. Suburb. ; Lindl. Ros., p. 110. : Don's Mill., 2.

p. 582.
Synonymes. R. semperflbrens minima Sims Bot. Mag. t. 1762. ; R. fndica

var. a, acuminata Red. Ros. 1. p. 53. : R. indica Lawrence««« Red. Ros.

2. p. 38.
Engravings. Red. Ros., 1. p. 53. ; and our fig. 615.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Dwarf. Prickles large, stout, nearly
straight. Leaflets ovate acute, finely serrated. Petals
acuminated. (Dons Mill.) A low shrub. China. Height 615 K Iawreiu.,

z 4

344

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

1 ft. Introduced in 1810. Flowers small, single or semidouble, pale

blush ; April to November.

The beautiful little plants called Fairy Roses, or Miniature Roses, in Rivers'*
Abridged List, are nearly all varieties 'of R. Lawrenceana ; and they are well
worthy of culture, from their extreme dwarfness (often flowering when not more-
than 6 in. high), and the beautiful colour of their
miniature rosebuds, the petals of which appear of a
much darker hue than those of the expanded
flower. Rivers enumerates five select varieties, of
which he says the Gloire des Lawrencianas is one of
the prettiest.

_$ 52. R. SERI'CEA Lindl. The silky Rose.

Identification. Lindl. Ros. Monog., p. 105. ; Don's Mill., 2.
Engravings. Lindl. Ros. Monog., t. 12. ; and our fig. 616.
Spec. Char.y $c. Prickles stipular, compressed.

Leaflets? — 11, oblong, obtuse, serrated at the

apex, silky beneath. Flowers solitary, bractless.

Sepals entire, ending in long points. (Don's Mill.)

A shrub. Gossainthan. Height 4 ft. to 6 ft.

Flowers Ppale red. Fruit in peduncles, naked.

§ ix. Systylce Lindl.

Derivation. From sun, together, and stulos, a stile 4 in reference to the styles being connected.

Sect. Char. Styles cohering together into an elongated column. Stipules
adnate. The habit of this section is nearly the same as that of the last
division. The leaves are frequently permanent. (Don's Mill.) Deciduous,
evergreen, or sub-evergreen, and mostly climbing. Natives of Britain,
Middle Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America.

A. Species Natives of Britain, and other Parts of Europe.
.1 Jc 53. R. SY'STYLA Sat. The connate-styled Rose.

Identification. Bat. Fl. Main, et Loir. Suppl., 31. ; Don's Mill . 2. p. 582.

Synonymes. R. colllna Smith in Eng. Bot. t. 1895. ; R. stylbsa Desv. Journ. Bot. 2. p. 317. ;

R. brevistyla Dec. Fl. Fr. Suppl. p. 537. ; R. bibracte^ta Dec. 1.

c. ; R. sy"styla « ovata Lindl Ros. p. 111.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1895. ; and our fig. 617.

Spec. Char.t fyc. Shoots assurgent. Prickles strong,
hooked. Peduncles glandular. Sepals pinnate,
deciduous, Styles smooth. Floral receptacle
conical. (Don's Mill.) A rambling shrub. France
and England, in hedges and thickets ; common in
Sussex ; in the South of Scotland, on hills. Height
6ft. to 12ft. Flowers fragrant, pink or almost
white ; May to July. Fruit scarlet, ovate oblong.

There are several varieties, but they do not differ
materially in appearance from the species.

617. fi.sjstyla

1 jc 54. R. ARVE'NSIS Huds. The Field Rose.

Identification. Huds. Fl. Angl, e& 1. p. 192. ; Dec. Prod , 2. p. 596.

Synonymes. R. sylvestris Hem. Diss. p. 10. ; R. scandens Mcench Weiss. PI. p. 118.; R. herpe-

rhodon Ehrh. Beitr. 2. p. 69. ; R. Halleri Krok. Siles. 2. p. 150. ; R. fusca Mcench Meth. p. 688. ;

R. serpens Ehrh. Arbor, p. 35. ; R. sempervlrens Rossig. Ros. ; R. repens Gmel. Fl. Bad. Als. 2.

p. 418., Jacq. Fragm. p. 69. t. 104. ; R. rampans Reyn. Mem. Laus. 1. p. 69. t. 5.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 188. ; Bot. Mag., t. 2054. ; and our fig. 618.

Spec. Char., $c. Shoots cord-like. Prickles unequal and falcate. Leaves de-
ciduous, and composed of 5 — 7 glabrous, or indistinctly ciliated, leaflets, glau-
cescent beneath. Stipules diverging at the tip. Flowers solitary or globose.

XXVI.

RO^SA.

345

618. «.arvensis

Leaflets ovate,

Sepals almost entire, short. Styles cohering into an
elongated glabrous column. Fruit ovate, or ovate-globose,
coriaceous, crimson, glabrous, or a little hispid, as well as
the peduncles. (Dec. Prod.) Trailing, or climbing, decidu-
ous ; in some situations sub-evergreen. Europe, in many
places ; in England, in hedges and thickets and the
borders of fields, chiefly in the midland counties. Stems
20 ft. to 40 ft. Flowers white ; July. Fruit dark blood-
coloured ; ripe in September.

Varieties. Several varieties are enumerated in catalogues ;
the following appear distinct, and of general interest : —
1 -* fl_ *~- R. a. 2 ayreshirea Ser. R. capreolata
Neill in Edm. Phil. Journ. No. 3. p. 102. —
Sub-everg'reen. Prickles slender, very acute,
sharply serrated, thin, nearly of the same colour on both surfaces.
Peduncles hispid with glanded hairs, or wrinkled. A vigorous-
growing climber, producing shoots sometimes 20ft. in length in
one season, and flowering profusely from the middle of May to the
middle of September. One of the hardiest of climbing roses, and
particularly useful for covering naked walls, or unsightly roofs. Cul-
tivated in British gardens under the name of the Ayrshire Rose.
-I -* R. a. 3 hybrida Lindl. Ros. 113. has semidouble flowers, of a most
delicate flesh colour, and is called, in the nurseries, the double hip
rose ; the term hip rose being applied by gardeners to the com-
monest wild roses.

In open situations, a trailing plant, sometimes rooting at the joints ; but,
in hedges and among bushes, a climber by elongation ; reaching to their tops,
and covering them with tufts of foliage and flowers ; the leaves remaining on
late in the season ; and the fruit often remaining on all the winter. The
shoots are, in general, feeble, much divided, and entangled ; and they gene-
rally produce, here and there, rugged excrescences, which readily take root.

B. Species Natives of Middle Europe.
fl- !U 55. R. (A.) SEMPERVI^RENS Lin. The evergreen (Field) Rose.

Identification.. Lin. Sp., 704.. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 597. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 583.

Synonymes. R. scandens Mill. Diet. No. 8. ; R. balearica Desf. Cat. Pers. Ench. 2. p. 49. ; R.

atrovirens Viv. Fl. Ital. 4. t. 6. ; R. sempervlrens globdsa Red. Ros. 2., with a fig. ; R. semper-

virens var. a, scandens Dec. Fl. Fr. 5. p. 533.
Engravings. Lawr. Ros., t. 45. ; Bot Reg., t. 459. ; and our fig. 619.

Spec. Char., $c. Evergreen. Shoots climbing.
Prickles pretty equal, falcate. Leaves of 5 — 7
leaflets, that are green on both sides, coriaceous.
Flowers almost solitary, or in corymbs. Sepals
nearly entire, longish. Styles cohering into
an elongate pilose column. Fruit ovate or ovate
globose, orange-coloured. Peduncles mostly
hispid with glanded hairs. Closely allied to
R. arvensis, but differing in its being evergreen,
in its leaves being coriaceous ; and in its stipules
being subfalcate, and more acute at the tip.
(Dec. Prod.) A vigorous evergreen climber.
France, Portugal, Italy, at Paestum and other
places, Greece, and the Balearic Islands. Stem
20ft. to 40ft. Introduced in 1629. Flowers
white or pale rose-coloured ; June to August.
Fruit orange-coloured ; ripe in September.

Varieties. Several varieties are enumerated in catalogues ; those which we
consider best worth mentioning are, —

619. R. sempervirer.*.

346

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

'iisa Roxb.

-i -* R. (a.) s. 2 Russelliana, raised from seed by Mr. Sinclair of the New
Cross Nursery. A very strong-growing variety, quite deciduous, with
blush flowers.

-i uk R. (a.) s. 3 Cldrei. The Rose Clare. (Bot. Reg., t. 1438.)— An ele-
gant variety, with deep red flowers. Both these varieties are as
much entitled to be considered species, as many so designated in
this enumeration.

Used for the same purposes as the Ayrshire rose ; from which it differs in re-
taining its leaves the greater part of the winter, and in its less vigorous shoots.

C. Species Natives of Asia, and One of them of Africa.
-A 56. R. MULTIFLOVRA Thunb. The many-flowered Rose.

Identification. Thunb. Fl. Jap., 214. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 598. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 583.
Synonymes. R. flava Donn Hort. Cant. ed. 4. p. 121. ; R. florida Pair. -Suppl. ; R. clif
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 1059. ; Bot. Reg., t. 425. ; and our fig. 620.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches, peduncles, and calyxes
tomentose. Shoots very long. Prickles slender,
scattered. Leaflets 5 — 7, ovate-lanceolate, soft,
finely wrinkled. Stipules pectinate. Flowers in
corymbs, and, in many instances, very numerous.
Buds ovate globose. Sepals short. Styles
protruded, incompletely grown together into a
long hairy column. (Dec. Prod.) A deciduous
climbing shrub. Japan and China. Stems 10 ft.
to 30 ft. Introduced in 1822. Produces a
profusion of clustered heads of single, semi-
double, or double, white, pale red, or red, flowers J3j
in June and July. Fruit bright red; ripe in
September.

Varieties.

± R. m. 2 Grevillei Hort. R. Roxburgh^
Hort. ; R. platyphylla Red. Ros. p. 69. ;
The Seven Sisters Rose. (Our/g. 621.)
— A beautiful variety, with much larger and more double flowers,

621. R . 1 1 HI 1* i flora Urevi llei

of a purplish colour. No climbing rose better deserves cultivation

xxvi. /ZOSACE/E: RO SA.

347

against a wall. It is easily known from R. multiflora by the fringed
edge of the stipules; while those of the common R. multiflora (fig.
621. a) have much less fringe, and the leaves are smaller, with the
leaflets much less rugose. The form of the blossoms and corymbs is
pretty nearly the same in both. A rapid-growing variety, producing
shoots 18 ft. to 20ft. long in a season, flowering profusely for two or
three months, but only of three or four years duration.
I R. wz. 3 Boursaulti Hort., Boursaulfs Rose, is placed, in Don's Miller,
under this species ; though it differs more from the preceding variety
than many species do from each other. It is comparatively a hard-
wooded durable rose, and valuable for flowering early and freely
This is a very remarkable rose, from its petals having a reticulated
appearance.

The species is very distinct, and produces numerous blossoms, which con-
tinue expanding for two months. The first variety, when well grown against a
wall, forms one of the most beautiful of wall roses. This variety and the
species may be considered as rather tender, but they will not thrive under
glass.

1 Jc 57. R. BRUNOX#// Lindl. Brown's Rose.

Identification. Lindl. Ros. Monog. p. 120. t. 14. ; Dec. Prod., 2

p. 598.

Si/nonyme. R. Br6wmY Spreog. Syst, 2. p. 556.
Engravings. Lindl. Rosar. Monog., t. 14. ; and our^g. 622.

Spec. Char., $c. Shoots trailing. Prickles of the stem
stout and arched. Leaflets 5 — 7, lanceolate, pilose
on both surfaces ; the under one glandulous, and
of a different colour from the upper one. Stipules
narrow, acute. Inflorescence corymbose. Pedun-
cles and calyxes pilose, and a little hispid. Sepals
entire, narrow, and longish. Styles cohering into a
very long pilose column. Fruit ovate. Leaves
simply serrated. Flowers in terminal bunches.
(Dec. Prod.) A rambling shrub. Nepal. Stems
10 ft. to 12ft. Introduced in 1822. Flowers white
or pale red ; June and July.

1 J: 58. R. MOSCHA^TA Mill. The Musk Rose.

Identification. Mill. Diet., No. 13. ; Red. et Thor. Ros., 1. p. 33. ic., and p. 99. ic. ; Lindl. Rosar.

Monog. p. 121. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 598. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 583.
Synonymes. R. opsostemma Ehrh. Beitr. 2. p. 72. ; R. glandulifera Roxb.
Engravings. Red. et Thor. Ros., 1. p. 33. ic., and p. 99. ic. ; v

and our Jig. 623.

Spec. Char., $c. Shoots ascending. Prickles
upon the stem slender, recurved. Leaflets
5 — 7, lanceolate, acuminate, nearly glabrous,
the two surfaces of different colours. Stipules
very narrow, acute. Flowers, in many in-
stances, very numerous ; white, with the claws
of the petals yellow ; very fragrant. Lateral
peduncles jointed, and, as well as the calyx, /;
pilose, and almost hispid. Sepals almostpin- *
nately cut, long. Fruit red, ? ovate. (JJec.)
A rambling shrub. North of Africa, extend-
ing across the continent from Egypt to Mo-
gador ; and in Madeira. Stems 10 ft. to 12 ft.
Introduced in 1596. Flowers white ; July to 62.1.

October.

622. R Brunbnit.

Varieties

-I 3. R. w. % fibre plena G. Don. — Flowers double.

348

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

624. Rm. nirea.

j^ R. m. 3 nivea Lindl. (Bot. Reg., t.

861.; and our fig. 624.) /?. nivea

Duponty not of Dec. ; R. m. ? var.

rosea Ser. in Dec. Prod. — Leaflets

3 — 5, ovate-cordate, subacuminate,

large. Flowers disposed in an im-
perfectly corymbose manner. Pe-
duncle and- calyx a little hispid.

Petals white, or pale rose-coloured,

large, obcordate. This is a very

beautiful variety : the petals are

white, with a most delicate, yet

rich, tinge of blush.
_& js R. »;. 4 ncpalensis Lindl. (Bot. Reg.,

t. 829. ; and our fig. 625.) differs

from the species in having longer

and acuminated sepals. Raised at

Claremont, from Nepal seed, in 1824

Other Varieties. In Rivers's Abridged List of
Roses, published in 1840, the kinds recommended
are, the Fringed, Princesse de Nassau, and Tea-
scented ; the latter a hybrid, with large flowers of
a pure white, with a peculiar habit and perfume.
The branches of the musk rose are generally
too weak to support, without props, its large
bunches of flowers, which are produced in an
umbel-like manner at their extremities ; and hence
the plants require very little pruning. Being
rather tender, it does best against a wall. The
musky odour is very perceptible, even at some
distance from the plant, particularly in the eve-
ning ; and this musk gives the peculiar odour to the
626. R.m.nepai*nsis. Persian attar of roses.

D. Species Natives of North America.
.* 59. R. TZUBIFO'LIA R. Br. The Bramble-leaved Rose.

Identification. R. Brown in AiL Hort. Kew., ed. 2. vol. 3, p. 260. ; Lindl. Rosar. Monog.., p. 123. ic. ;

Dec. Prod., 2. p. 598.
Engravings. Lindl. Rosar. Monog., t. 15. ; and our fig. 626.

Spec. Char., tyc. Stems ascending. Branches
glabrous. Prickles scattered, falcate. Leaves
pubescent beneath. Leaflets 3, ovate-lanceo-
late, serrate. Stipules narrow, entire. Flowers
very small, of a rosy colour, mostly solitary.
Buds ovate. Sepals ovate, short, simple. Pe-
duncles and calyxes a little hispid. Styles
cohering into a tomentose club-shaped column,
as long as the stamens. Fruit pea-shaped.
fDec.} A shrub. North America. Height
3ft. to 4ft. Introduced in 1830. Flowers
pale red ; August and September. Fruit scarlet ;
ripe in October.

626. R. rubifolia.

§ x. Banksianae Lindl.

Identification. Lindl. Ros.. p. 125. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 584

Derivation. So called in consequence of all the species contained in this section agreeing in cha-
racter with R. BankszV^, a rose named in honour of Lady Banks.

Sect. Char., $c. Stipules nearly free, subulate, or very narrow, usually deci-
duous. Leaflets usually ternate, shining. Stems climbing. The species of

XXVI.

JJOSA.

349

628. R. sinica

this section are remarkable for their long, graceful, and often climbing shoots,
drooping flowers, and trifoliolate shining leaves. They are particularly dis-
tinguished by their deciduous, subulate, or very narrow stipules. Their
fruit is very variable. (Don's Mill.) — Kambling shrubs, deciduous, or sub
evergreen; somewhat tender in British gardens, where they only succeed
when planted against a wall. Natives of China.

L 60. R. SI'NICA Alt. The trifoliate-leaved
China Rose.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew.,

ed. 2. vol. 3. p. 261. ; Lindl.

Ros., p. 126. t. 16. j Don's

Mill., 2. p. 584.
Synonymes. R. trifoliata Bosc

Diet, ex Poir. ; R. ternata

Pair. Suppl. 6. p. 284. ; R. che-

rokeensis Bonn Hort. Cant.

ed. 8. p. 170. ; R. nivea Dec.

Hort. Monsp. 137., Red. Ros.

2. p. 81. with a 'fig. ; R. hys-

trix Lindl. Monog. ; It. laevi-

gata Michx.
Engravings. Lindl. Ros., 1. 16. ;

Hook. Bot. Mag., 2847. ; Bot.

Reg., 1922. ; our Jig. 627. after

Redoute ; and Jig. 628. after

Bot. Reg.

Spec. Char., $c. Stipules setaceous, deciduous. Cauline prickles equal, falcate.
Petioles and ribs of leaves prickly. Peduncles and fruit beset with straight
bristles. Sepals entire, permanent. Flowers white, solitary. Fruit elliptic,
orange-red. Disk conical. (Don's Mill.) A rambling sub-evergreen shrub.
China. Height 6ft. to 8ft. Introduced in
1759. Flowers \vhite; May and June. Fruit
orange red ; ripe in September.

-B. 61. R. BA'NKS/^ R. Br. Lady Banks's Rose.

Identification. R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2. vol. 3. p. 256. ;

Lindl. Rosar. Monog., p. 131. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 601.
Synonymes. R. Banksmwa Abel Chin. 160., ; R. inermis Roxb. ?
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 1954. ; Red et Thor. Ros., 2. p. 43.

ic. ; and our Jig. 629.

Spec. Char., fyc. Without prickles, glabrous, .smooth.
Leaflets 3 — 5, lanceolate, sparingly serrated, ap-
proximate. Stipules bristle- like, scarcely attached
to the petiole, rather glossy, deciduous. Flowers in
umbel-like corymbs, numerous, very double, sweet-
scented, nodding. Tube of the calyx a little
dilated at the tip. Fruit globose, black. (Dec.
Prod.) A climbing deciduous shrub. China.
Stems 10 ft. to 30 ft. Introduced in 1807.
Flowers white ; June and July. Fruit black.

629. R. Banksfar.

630. ft. Bankste idtea.

Variety.

1 R. B. 2 lutea Lindl. (Bot. Reg., t. 1105.,
and our jig. 630.) has the flowers of a
pale buff colour, and is a very beautiful
variety.

This is an exceedingly beautiful and very re-
markable kind of rose ; the flowers being small,
round, and very double, on long peduncles, and
resembling in form the flowers of The double French
cherry, or that of a small ranunculus, more than
those of the generality of roses. The flowers of
R. Bankske alba are remarkably fragrant 5 the scent
strongly resembling that of violets. Plants of neither
variety thrive in *he atmosphere of the metropolis.

350

ARBORETUM ET FUUTICETUM BRITANN1CUM.

Icroc&rpa.

Some which had attained a large size at Kew, and other places in the neigh
bourhood of London, were killed by the winter of 1837-8.

g_ 62. R. MICROCA'RPA Lindl. The small-fruited Rose.

Identification. Lindl. Ros. Mon., 130. t. 18. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 601.

Synonyme. R. cymosa Tratt. Ros. 1. p. 87.

Engravings. Lindl. Rosar. Monog., t. 18. ; and our fig. C31.

Spec. Char.) Sfc. Prickles scattered, recurved. Leaf-
lets 3—5, lanceolate, shining, the two surfaces
different in colour. Petioles pilose. Stipules
bristle-shaped or awl-shaped, scarcely attached to
the petiole, deciduous. Flowers disposed in di-
chotomous corymbs. Peduncles and calyxes gla-
brous. Styles scarcely protruded higher than the
plane of the spreading of.the flower. Fruit globose,
pea-shaped, scarlet, shining. Allied to R. Banks^.
(Dec. Prod.) A rambling sub-evergreen shrub.
China, in the province of Canton. Height 8 ft. to
10ft. Introd. 1822. Flowers white, numerous, small ; May to September.

J 63. R. HY'STRJX Lindl. The Porcupine Rose.

Identification. Lindl. Ros Monog., p. 129. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 594.
Engravings. Lindl. Ros. Monog., 1. 17. ; and our fig. 632.

Spec. Char., fyc. Prickles on branches unequal,
crowded, larger ones falcate, small ones straight.
Stipules very narrow, united half way, the free part
deciduous. Leaflets three, smooth, ovate, shining,
simply serrated, with a few prickles on the middle
nerve. Sepals nearly entire ; permanent. Fruit
bristly. (Don's Mill.) A rambling shrub, with
flagelliform branches. China and Japan. Flowers
large, solitary. Fruit oblong purple.

Other Species and Varieties of Rosa. — In the cata-
logue of Messrs. Loddiges, 147 species are registered,
of all of which, with one or two exceptions, there are living plants. The
garden varieties in the same collection amount to about 1500. There is
indeed no end to the garden varieties, new ones being every year raised
from seed, and old varieties every year disappearing. New species are also
occasionally introduced, and several have been lately raised in the Hort.
Soc. Garden from Himalayan seeds. For species we recommend the cul-
tivator to have recourse to the collection of Messrs. Loddiges, and for garden
varieties to the most fashionable nurserymen of the time. In Rivers's Abridged
List of Roses, 1840, he recommends, as a selection for small gardens : — Pro-
vence roses, 7 ; moss roses, 8; hybrid Provence roses, 7 ; hybrid China roses,
20; French roses, 16; Rosa alba, 9 ; damask roses, 6; Scotch roses, 8;
sweet briars, 5 ; Austrian briars, 2; Ayrshire roses, 6 ; Rosa multiflora, 3 ;
evergreen roses, 7 ; Boursault roses, 4 ; Banksian roses, 2 ; hybrid climbing
roses, 4; perpetual roses, 12; Bourbon roses, 7; China roses, 15 ; tea-scented
roses, 1 1 ; miniature roses, 5 ; Noisette roses, 12 ; musk roses, 3 ; Macartney
roses, 3 ; .Rosa microphylla, 3. In all, 185 sorts ; which would form a very
efficient rosarium.

Soil and Situation adapted for Roses.

The common wild roses will grow in very poor soil, provided it be dry;
but all the cultivated sorts require a soil naturally light and free, and more or
less enriched. The situation should be open and airy, exposed to the east,
or, in warm situations, to the north, rather than to the south ; because the
intensity of the sun's rays Accelerates too rapidly the expansion of the flowers,
and also diminishes the colour and fragrance of the petals. A rose-garden,

xxvi. ROSACEJE: RO'SA.

fully exposed to the sun during the whole day, may have a useful degree of
shade given to it by the distribution of a few standard roses of not less than
8 or 10 feet in height ; or by the introduction of frames of wood or wire, in
the forms of obelisks, gnomons, crosses, columns surmounted by globes, or
cones, on which climbing roses may be trained. These would produce no
bad effect by their drip, and yet by their shadow, which would vary with the
position of the sun, they would afford a salutary protection to the dwarf
roses by which they were surrounded; and thus produce, in some degree, the
same object as a cool situation and exposure. The rose is one of those plants
that will not thrive in the neighbourhood of towns where the prevailing fuel
is pit-coal ; hence the roses grown within a circle of ten miles of the metro-
polis are much inferior in beauty to those grown at double that distance.

In country residences, roses are generally distributed in the margins of
shrubberies along witn other flowering shrubs: but, considering the culture
they require, it is impossible they can thrive in such a situation ; and, even if
they did thrive, the kind of beauty which they would produce would be of a
character so different from that of a general shrubbery, as to require their
exclusion from it. The only roses fit to be planted in a shrubbery are the
single kinds, in their wild state. Roses, and all other kinds of shrubs 4>r
trees, that are far removed from a state of nature, and valued for something
produced by art, either in their flowers, fruit, habit, or leaves, should be grown
in situations where the art which produced the artificial effect can be em-
ployed. Hence all fruit-bearing trees and shrubs should be grown in orchards,
in kitchen-gardens, or in some place by themselves, so as to admit of pro-
perly cultivating the soil, and managing the plants. Roses, and all double-
flowering shrubs, ought, in like manner, to be grown by themselves ; and the
same principle will apply to shrubs having any peculiarity in their foliage, and
even in their mode of growth. The continuation of the peculiarity may not
always require a rich soil ; on the contrary, it will generally be found to have
been produced by a soil and situation of a peculiar nature : but that peculi-
arity of soil it is as much the object of art to imitate, as it is to form the rich
soil, and favourable situation, which produce large or double flowers, or large
and succulent fruit, or variegated leaves. Hence, to cultivate roses properly,
they must be grown either in groups by themselves on a lawn, or in a flower-
garden ; or be connected into a system of groups or beds, in a rosarium, or
rose-garden. On this subject, and on the pruning, and general treatment of
roses, we must refer to the first edition of this work, where it will be found
given at great length, illustrated with numerous diagrams, having reference to
propagation, training, pruning, the formation of rosariums, for which several
plans are given, and the destruction of insects.

Rosarium, or Rosetum. — Where jt is intended to plant a collection of roses,
the best effect will be produced by devoting a group to each section ; such as
one to moss roses, another to Noisettes, a third to Scotch roses, &e. These
groups ought generally to be planted with dwarfs rather than standards; be-
cause the former are more conveniently looked upon by the spectator : but a
handsome standard may, frequently, occupy the centre of each group, if it is
a circle or a square; and two or three in« line, or radiating from a point, if
it is of a long or an irregular form. Sometimes a group may be surrounded
by a row of standards, which, in that case, should have clear stems, not less
than 7 ft. high, through which the dwarf roses may be seen by persons walking
round the group. Standard roses, in general, have the best effect when formed
into an avenue along the margin of a walk; and for this purpose they are
very suitable for common flower-gardens, where the groups, instead of being
planted with dwarf roses, are filled with herbaceous plants. The sizes of the
different groups in a rosarium ought to be proportioned to the number of va-
rieties belonging to the section to be planted in each, the bulk which they
attain, and their habit of growth. For these purposes, the Abridged List of
Messrs. Rivers may be taken as a basis; and, as it contains 27 groups, these
may i>e represented by 27 beds of different dimensions.

352 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

GENUS XIII.

LO'WE A Lindl. THE LOWEA. Lin. Syst. Icosandria Polygynia.

Identification. Lindl. Bot. Reg., t. 1261.
Synonyme. Rb&a sp. Pall, and Lindl. in Ros. Monog.

Derivation. In compliment to the Rev. Mr. Lowe, Travelling Bachelor of the University of Cam-
bridge. (Lindley in Sot. Keg. t. 1261.)

Gen. Char., $c. Calyx with the tube contracted at the mouth. Petals 5.
Stamens and Carpels numerous as in .Rosa. Leaf simple, exstipulate.
Prickles often compound. (Lindl.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; serrated. Flowers yel-
low, marked with purple. — An undershrub. Native of Persia.

j* 1. L. BERBERivcfLiti Lindl. The Berberry-leaved Lowea.

Identification. Lindley in Bot. Reg., t. 1261.

Synonymes. /?6sa simplicifulia Sal. Hori. AUert. 359., R. berberifoMa. Pall., Lindl. Rosarum

Monog. p. 1. French edition, p. 23., Dec. Prod. 2. p. 602., Spreng. Syst. 2. p. 546., Wallroth Monog.

p. 25.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1261. ; Redoute Ros., 1. t. 2. ; and our fig. 633.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves undivided, without stipules, obovate-cuneated,
serrated at the tip. Prickles decurrent, and of the colour of ivory. Sepals
entire, subspathulate. Petals yellow, marked with purple at the base.
(Dec. Prod.) An undershrub. Persia, near Amadan,
where it abounds in saltish soil ; and also in fields at
the bottom of Mount El wend, and in the Desert of
Soongaria. Height 2 ft. Introd. in 1790. Flowers yellow
and purple ; June and July. Somewhat difficult of cul-
ture, and not a free flowerer j but it is readily propagated
by budding on the dog rose, or by seeds, which it pro-
duces on the Continent in abundance in common soil.

Varieties. Several are described in Dec. Prod., and some
hybrids have recently been raised between this species
and some kinds of J?6sa.

633. L.terim'fdlia.

Sect. V. PO^ME^E Lindl.
GENUS XIV.

Lindl. THE THORN. Lin. Syst. Icosandria Di-Pentagynia.

Identification. Lindl. in Lin. Trans., 13. p. 105. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 626. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 598.
Synonymes. Cratae^gus and Mespilus sp. of Lin. and others ; Neflier, Alisier, and Aubepine, Fr. ;

Dooiwi, Uzbeer, and Mispel, Ger. ; Doom, Dutch ; Crataego, Ital. ; and Espino, Span.
Derivation. From kratos, strength ; in reference to the hardness and strength of the wood.

Gen. Char. Calyx with an urceolate tube, and a 5-cleft limb. Petals orbicu-
lar, spreading. Ovarium 2 — 5-celled. Styles 2 — 5, glabrous. Pome fleshy,
ovate, closed ; the calycine teeth, or the thickened disk, containing a bony
putamen. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, chiefly deciduous, but in part evergreen :
angular or toothed. Flowers in corymbs, usually white. Bracteas subulate
deciduous. Fruit red, yellow, or black. Decaying leaves yellow, or reddish
vellow.

xxvj. MOS\CEIE:

353

Trees or shrubs, small, deciduous, sometimes evergreen ; mostly natives of
Europe and North America, and some of them of Asia and the North of
Africa. One of them, the common hawthorn, is well known throughout
the Middle and North of Europe, as a hedge plant. The species all flower
and fruit freely ; and the wood of all of them is hard and durable, and the
plants of considerable longevity. Almost all the flowers are white, and the
fruit is generally red ; though in some sorts it is yellow, purple, black, or
green. All the species ripen fruit in the neighbourhood of London, most
of them abundantly; by which, or by grafting or budding on the common
hawthorn, they are generally propagated. When the species which have
naturally a dwarf habit of growth are intended to assume the character of
low trees, they are grafted standard high upon C. Oxyacantba, C. coccinea,
or on some other of the strong-growing kinds ; in consequence of which prac-
tice, this genus furnishes a greater number of handsome small trees for orna-
mental grounds than any other ligneous family whatever. All the species
will grow on any soil that is tolerably dry ; but they will not grow vigorously
in a soil that is not deep and free, and rich rather than poor. Whether as
small trees or as shrubs, they are all admirably adapted for planting grounds
of limited extent ; and especially for small gardens in the neighbourhood of
large towns.

§ i. Coccinea;.

Sect. Char., $c. Leaves cordate, lobed, acutely serrated. Flowers and fruit
large. The plants also large, and of free and vigorous growth.

^ 1. C. COCCI'NEA L. The scarlet-fruited Thorn.

Identification* Lin. Sp., 682. ; Pursh Amer. Sept, 1. p. 337. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 627. ; Don's Mill.,

2. p. 599.
Synonymes. C. aestivalis Booth ; 3/espilus testivalis Walt. Fl. Car. ; M. coccinea Mill. Nouv. Dtt

Ham. ; thornless American Azarole ; Neflier ecarlate, Fr. ; scharlachrothe Mispel, Ger. ; Laz-

zeruolo rosso, Hal.
Engravings. Pluk., t 46. f. 4. ; Dend. Brit., t. 62. ; Bot. Mag., t. 3432. ; ourjSg. 677. in p. 386. ;

the plate in Arb. Brit, 1st edit., vol. yi.; and our//g. 634.

Spec. C/iar., Sfc. Disks of leaves cordate-ovate, angled with lobes, acutely
serrated, glabrous. Petioles and calyxes pubescent, glanded. metals or.

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

biculate. Styles 5. Fruit scarlet, eatable. (Dec. Prod.) A low tree. North
America, from Canada to Carolina, in hedges and woods. Height 15ft.
to 20ft. Introduced in 1683. Flowers white; May and June. Fruit
large, round, or somewhat pear-shaped, scarlet ; ripe in September. De-
caying leaves yellow, inclining to scarlet. Naked young wood dark-coloured ;
old wood with a whitish bark.

Varieties. It would be easy to procure as many varieties of this species as
there are of the common hawthorn, by raising some thousands of plants
every year from seed, and selecting from the seed-beds plants indicating
any 'peculiarity of leaf or of habit ; but, as in the nurseries the most rapid
way of producing saleable plants of this, and all the other species and va-
rieties of Crataevgus, is found to be by grafting on the common hawthorn,
very few seedlings are raised, and the varieties in cultivation are only the
three or four following : —

¥ C. c. 2 cordllina. C. corallina Lodd. Cat. ; the C. pyriformis and C. pec-
tinata of some collections. (^.678. in p. 387.) — The leaves and
the entire plant are, perhaps, rather smaller than in the species ;
the habit of the tree is decidedly more upright and fastigiate ; and
the fruit is smaller, long, and of a fine coral red ; whence the name
is probably derived, though, in the first edition of the Hort. Soc.
Catalogue, it is called the red-branched hawthorn. The plants at
Messrs. Loddiges's, however, exhibit only a slight degree of redness
in the branches of the young wood.

y C. c. 3 indentdta. C. indentata Lodd. Cat. ; C. georgica Doug. (jig. 678.
in p. 387.) — The leaves are smaller, and less lobed, than those of
the species ; the plant is also weaker, of upright habit, and with a
smooth clear bark. It is very prolific in flowers and fruit.
If C. c. 4 mamma Lodd. Cat. C. c. spinosa Godefroy ; C. acerifolia Hort. ;
C. ? flabellata Hort. — The leaves are larger than those of any other
variety ; and the fruit is also large. As we have not seen living
plants of C. flabellata, but only dried specimens sent from Terenure
and the Humbeque Nursery, we are not absolutely certain that C.
flabellata and C. c. maxima are the same ; but we feel quite certain
that they both belong to C. coccinea. We are informed that the C.
flabellata of some nurseries is C. tanacetifolia ; which certainly
has its leaves more flabellate, or fan-like, than any variety of C.
coccinea.

t ¥ C. c. 5 neapolltana Hort. -Mespilns constantinopolitana Godefroi/.
— Plants were in Messrs. Loddiges's collection in 1837.

¥ 2. C. GLANDULO'SA W. The glandular Thorn.

Identification. Willd. Sp., 2. p. 1002., not of Michx. ; Pursh Amer. Sept., 1. p. 337. ; Dec. Prod , 2.

p. 627. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 599.
Synonymes. ? C. sanguinea Pall. Fl. Ros. 1. t. 11. ; ? Mespilus rotundifblia Ehrh. Beilr. Z. p. 20. :

Perils glanduldsa Mcench ; C. rotundifolia Booth.
Engravings. ? Pall. Fl. Ross., 1. t. 11. ; Lod. Bot. Cab., t. 1012 ; Dend. Brit., t. 58. ; our fig. 680

in p. 388. j the plate of this species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our fig. 636.

Spec. Char., eye. Leaves with the disk obovate-wedge-shaped, angled, gla-
brous, glossy. Petioles, stipules, and sepals glanded. Fruit oval, scarlet ;
nuts 4 — 5 ; flesh hard and dry. (Dec. Prod.) A low tree. North Ame-
rica, in Canada and on the Alleghany Mountains, and also found on the
Rocky Mountains. Height 12ft. to 15ft. Introduced in 1750. Flowers
white ; May and June. Fruit scarlet ; ripe in September.

Varieties.

¥ C. g. 2 succulenta Fisch., Mespilus succulenta Booth, has the fruit
larger than that of the species, and succulent, juicy, and eatable.
We have seen only one plant of this variety ; but we were assured
by the late M. Fischer of Gottingen, that there are several in the
botanic garden there, and in various other collections in Germany.

xxvi.

: CRATTE^GUS.

?f C. g. 3 subvillosa, C. subvillosa Fisch.,
(our fig. 636., and fig. 681. in p. 388.)
is apparently another variety of the pre-
ceding sort, or, perhaps, of C. cocci nea.
It is very distinct in appearance, from
its villous twisted leaves, and stunted
tortuous shoots ; but, from its having
been only three or four years in the
country, very little is known of its habit
of growth, which seems to be rather
more loose than that of C. glandulosa.
There are plants in the Horticultural
Society's Garden, and in Messrs. Lod-
diges's arboretum.

Differs from the preceding sort in the stipules
and calyxes being glandular, and in the head of
the tree forming a dense mass of small twigs.
Being a small compact tree, of somewhat conical
or fastigiate habit, and of comparatively low
growth, and yet very prolific in flowers and fruit,
it is well adapted for small gardens ; and, being
at the same time full of branches and very spiny,
it is better calculated than many other kinds of American CVatae^gus for
field hedges.

€35. C. g. subvillosa.

forming

636. C. gland

§ ii. Punctdtte.

Sect. Char. Leaves not lobed, large, with many nerves. Bark white, or ash-
coloured. Fruit large, or smallf

2 3. C. PUNCTA^TA Ait. The doited-fruited Thorn.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew,, 2. p. 169. ; Jacq. Hort.Vind., 1. and 28. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1.

p. 338. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 627. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 598.
Synonymes. C. Crfis-galli Du Roi ; Afespilus cuneifolia Ehrh. Bei'r. 3. p. 21. ; M. punctata Link

Enum. ; M. cornifolia Lam. Encyc. 4. p. 444.
Engravings. Jac. Hort., 1. t. 28. ; our figs. 682. and 683. in p. 389. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit.,

vol. vi. ; and our fig. 637.

A A 2

856

ARBORETUM ET FKUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

637. C. punctata.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves obovate-wedge-shaped, glabrous, serrated. Calyx
a little villose ; its sepals awl-shaped, entire. Fruit usually dotted. (Dec.
Prod.) A small tree. North America, in the woods and swamps of Vir-
ginia and Carolina ; where, according to Pursh, it grows to a handsome
size, particularly the variety having yellow fruit. Height 15ft. to 30 ft.
Introduced in 1746. Flowers white j May and June. Fruit scarlet ; ripe
in September. Leaves dropping yellow. Naked young wood grey.

Varieties. There are four forms of this species in British gardens.

¥ C. p. 2 rubra Pursh, C. edulis Ronalds (Jig. 682. in p. 389.) is the

most common, and is a spreading tree, growing to the height of

from 15 ft. to 30 ft., with red fruit, and, when old, with few thorns.
¥ C. p. 3 rubra stricta Hort., C. p. stricta
. Ronalds, has the fruit red, like the pre-

ceding sort ; but the general habit of

the plant is fastigiate, like that of the

following sort.
* C. p. 4 aurea Pursh, C. p. flava Hort.,

C. dulcis Ronalds, C. edulis Lodd. Cat.,

C. pentagyna flava Godefroy (fig. 682.

in p. 389.), is a tree like C. p. rubra,

with yellow fruit, and also, when old,

with few thorns.
¥ C. p. 5 brevispma Doug., and our Jig. 638.

— A very handsome fastigiate tree, with

large, very dark purplish red fruit.

Hort. Soc. Garden.

The wood is so hard that the Indians of the west coast of America make
wedges of it for splitting trees.

¥ 4. C. PYRIFOVLIA Ait. The Pear-tree-leaved Thorn.

Synonymes. *C. leucophlce'os (white-barked) Mcench Weiss, p. 31. t. 2. ; C. radiata Lodd. Cat.
edit. 1836 ; C. tomentbsa Du Roi Harbk. 1. p. 183. ; C. latiftlia Pers. ; Mespilus latifdlia Lam.
T^flSkl: PV,444' ; M- Calpodendron Ehrh. Eeitr. \ M. pyriftlia Link Enum. ; M. cornifblia Pair.-,
C. latifbha Ronalds ; C. cornifblia Booth ; Lazzarollo perino, ItaL

xxvi. ROSA^CEJE:

357

Engravings. Mcench Weiss., p. 31. t. 2.; Wats. Dend. Brit, t. 61.; Bot. Keg., t. 1877.; our
Jig. G84. in p. 389. ; the plate of the species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. \i. ; and our Jig. 639.

Spec. Char., Sec. In some instances spiny, in some without spines. Leaves
ovate-elliptical, incisely serrated, obscurely plaited, a little hairy. Flowers
3-styled. Calyx slightly villose ; its sepals linear-lanceolate, serrated.
(Dec. Prod.) A low tree, generally spineless. North America, from Penn-
sylvania to Carolina, in woods and rocky places. Height 20 ft. to 25 ft.
Introduced in 1765. Flowers white ; June and July, rather later than
C. punctata. Fruit small, yellowish red ; ripe early in September, and
more eagerly sought after by birds than those of any other species.

' 639. C.j>yriftlia.

The leaves of young trees are larger, and the fruit smaller, than those
of most other species; the leaves are also more strongly plaited, having the
appearance of being furrowed from the midrib to the margin. When the fruit
is not eaten by birds, it shrivels, turns black, and remains on the tree through-
out the winter. The leaves drop early, of a rich yellow.

§ ill. Macracdnthce.

Sect. Char. Leaves large, ovate-oblong, slightly lobed and serrated, with nu-
merous nerves, and subplicate. Fruit small. Spines very long. Tree
vigorous and spreading.

t 5. C. MACRACA'NTHA Lodd. Cat. The long-spined Thorn.

Synonymes. C. glandulbsa fi macrantha Lindl., Bot. Reg., t. 1912. ; C. splna longfssima in the

Hammersmith Nursery ; C. joyriflbra Torrey ; see Bot. Reg. t. 1957.
Engravings. Bot Reg., t. 1912. ; ourjig. 685. in p. 390. j the plate of this species in our Arb. Brit.,

1st edit, vol. vi. ; and our fig. 640.

Spec. Char., $c. Spines longer than the leaves, and numerous. Leaves
ovate-oblong, somewhat acuminate, slightly lobed and bluntly serrated,
nerved, and subplicate. Fruit small, or middle-sized, of a shining red,
and very succulent when ripe. Tree open, spreading, and of very vigorous

A A 3

358

ARBORETUM ET FHUT1CETUM BUI TANNICUM.

640. C. luacracihitha

growth. The shoots straight, and tending upwards at an angle of 45°.
North America, and the most common species in the northern states.
Height 10ft. to 30ft. Introduced in 1819. Flowers white; May and
June. Fruit scarlet, rather smaller than that of C. coccinea ; ripe in Sep-
tember.

Variety.

£ C.m.2 minor (fig. 686. in p. 390; ) only differs from the species in
having smaller fruit. There are plants at Somerford Hall, Staf-
fordshire.

Raised from American seed, in 1819, in the nursery of Messrs. Falla, at
Gateshead, near Newcastle ; whence it was sent to the Edinburgh Botanic
Garden, under the name of the large American azarole.

$ iv. Ortts-g&Ui.

Sect. Char. Leaves without lobes, obovate-oblong or obovate-lanceolate,
more or less serrated, and of a dark shining green, with petioles margined
by the decurrence of the leaf. Fruit small, or middle sized, round, dark
green till nearly ripe, and, when ripe, scarlet. Spines very long, and bent
like the spur of a cock.

If 6. C. CRU'S-GA'LLI L. The Cock's-spur Thorn.

Identification. Lin. Sp., p. 632. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 626. ; Fursh Fl. Amer. Sept., i. p. 338. ; Don's

Mill., 2. p. 598.
Svnonymes. C'ratae^gus Iticida Wang. Am. t. 17. f. 42., and Mill. Diet. ; C. cuneifolia Lodd. Cat. ;

Mespilus Idcida Ehrh. Beitr. ; M. Crus-gfelli Pair. ; M. hyemalis Walt ; M. cuneifblia Mcench;

Neflier Pied de Coc, Fr. ; glanzende Mispel, Ger. ; Lazzarollo spinoso, Ital.
Engravings. Wang. Am., t. 17. f. 42. ; Dend. Brit., t. 56. ; our fig. 687. in p. 391. ; the plate of the

species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and oar fig. 641.

Spec. Char., fyc. Spines long. Leaves obovate-wedge-shaped, nearly ses-
sile, glossy, glabrous, falling off late. Stipules linear. Lobes of the calyx
lanceolate, arid somewhat serrated. Styles 2. Fruit scarlet. (Dec. Prod.)
A low tree. North America ; common in woods' and hedges, and on the
banks of rivers, from Canada to Carolina. Height 15 ft. to 20 ft. Intro-

XXVI. RO8ACE&: CRATM GUS.

359

cluced in 1691. Flowers white; May and June. Fruit small, green, and
at length scarlet; ripe in September and October. Leaves retained
longer than in most of the species ; so that in the South of England it ap-
pears a sub-evergreen, retaining also its showy fruit through the winter.

arieties.

3- C. C. 2 splendem Dec. Prod., Ait. Hort. Kew. ii. p. 170., Pluk. t. 46.
f. 1. C. arbutifolia and C. splendens Lodd. Cat. (fig. 688. in p. 391.)
— Leaves obovate-wedge-shaped, and shining; and, being produced
in abundance, the plant has a splendid appearance.

f C. C. 3 pyracant/iifblia Dec. Prod., Ait. Hort. Kew. ii. p. 170 C.pyr&~
canthifblia Lodd. Cat. ; .Mespilus lucida Dum. Cours. Hot. Cult. ed. 2.
v. p. 448. (fig. 693. in p. 391. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit.,
vol. vi.; and our Jiff. 642.) — Leaves oblong, with the upper part lan-

642. C. C.-g. pyracantiiifoiia.

ceolate ; the lower part tending to wedge-shaped. This, even when
only 3 or 4 years grafted, forms a singular little old-looking tree,
spreading like a miniature cedar of Lebanon.
A A 4

389 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

* C. C. 4 salicifolia Dec. Prod., Ait. Hort. Kew. ii. p. 170. C. salicifolia.
(fia. 691. in p. 391. ; and the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit, vol. vi. ;
and our fig. 643.) — Leaves oblong, with the upper part lanceolate ;

043. C. C.-g. wlicifolia.

the lower part tending to wedge-shaped. This forms a low flat-
headed tree, like the preceding variety. A plant in Messrs. Lod-
diges's arboretum, in 1835, after being five years grafted at a foot
from the ground, was not quite 5 ft. high. The miniature trees of
this variety are admirably adapted for children's gardens.
¥ C. C. 5 linedris Dec. Prod. Mespilus linearis Desf. Arb. ii. p. 156.,
Pair. Suppl. iv. p, 70.; C. linearis Lodd. Cat. (fig. 690. in p. 391.)

— Leaves linear-lanceolate. Spines, or thorns, few and shortish.
Styles 1 — 2. Fruit of a yellowish red.

• C. C. 6 ndna Dec. Prod. JUespilus nana Dum. Court. Suppl. p. 386.

— Branchlets tomentose in some degree. Leaves oval-lanceolate ;
the under surface paler than the upper. A shrub, or, when trained
to a single stem, a miniature tree.

This species, being one of the first introduced into England, has been more,
cultivated than any other American thorn ; and on the whole it is one of the
most splendid in appearance, from its smooth, shining, dark green foliage, and
the great abundance of its fine white flowers, and dark red fruit which remains
long on the tree. In the South of England, and in the climate of London, in
warm sheltered situations, where the soil is rich and moist, it retains its leaves
and fruit through great part of the winter, so as to appear quite evergreen.

¥ 7. C. (C.) GVALiFoYiA Horn. The oval-leaved Thorn.

Identification. Hornem. Hort. Hafn. Suppl., 52. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 627. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 598.
Synonyme. C. elliptica Lodd. Cat. ; C. Crus-gllli ovalif&lia Bot. Reg. 1. 1860.

Engravings. Bot" Reg., t. 1860. ; our fig. 692. in p. 391. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit.
1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our Jig. 644.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oval, serrated, a little pilose on both surfaces, and
shining on the upper one. Stipules half-heart-shaped, incisely serrated,
with glanded serratures. (Dec. Prod.) A low tree. North America. Height
15ft. to 20ft. Introd. in 1810. Flowers white. A very distinct variety of
C. Crus-galli, with a loose spreading habit of growth, and broad leaves.

XXVI. ROSA CEM '. CRATJE GUS.

361

644. C. C. ovalifoha.

*t 8. C. (C.) PRUNIFO'LIA Bosc. The Plum-leaved Thorn.

Identification. Bosc ined. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 627. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 598.

Synonym.es. MespiJus /arunifdlia Poir. Diet. 4. p. 443. ; C. caroliniana Lodd. Cat. ; Lazzeruolino,
Ital.

645. C. C. prunifolia.

Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1868. ; our fig. 689. in p. 391. ; the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit.,
1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our fig. 645.

36-2

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITAN NICUM.

Spec. Char., $c. Lea/es with the disk broadly ovate, unequally serrated, and

glabrous ; the petioles bearing a few glands. Sepals with glanded serratures.

Peduncle and calyx a little villose. Seeds 2 in a pome. (Dec. Prod.) A

low tree. North America. Height 15ft. to 20 ft. Introduced in 1818,

or before. Flowers white ; May and June. Fruit scarlet.

Differs from the preceding variety in having broader and shorter leaves, a

more compact and fastigiate habit of growth, and rather more thorns on the

branches. The leaves of this and the preceding kinds die off of a much

deeper red than the narrow-leaved varieties, which often drop quite green,

yellow, or of a yellowish red.

§ v. Nigrce.

Sect. Char. Leaves middle-sized, deeply lobed. Lobes pointed. Fruit round,
black or purple. Tree rather fastigiate, with few or no spines. Bark
smooth.

¥ 9. C. NIVGRA Waldst. et Kit. The black-fruited Thorn.

Identification. Waldst. et Kit. PI. Rar. Hung., t. 61. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 628. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 599.
Synonymes. 3/espilus nlgra Willd. Enum. 524. ; C. carpatica Lodd. Cat.

Engravings. Waldst. et Kit. PI. Rar. Hung., t. 61. ; Jig. 694. in p. 392. ; the plate of this species in
Arn. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our fig. 646.

646. C. nlgra.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves sinuately lobed, and serrated, somewhat wedge-
shaped, though truncately so, at the base ; whitely villose beneath. Stipules
oblong, serrately cut. Calyxes villose ; the lobes slightly toothed. Styles
5. Fruit black. (Dec. Prod.) A low tree. Hungary. Height 15ft. to
20ft., throwing up numerous suckers from its widely spreading roots, which
soon cover the ground with a forest of bushes. In England, where it is
generally propagated by grafting on the common thorn, it forms a very
handsome, upright, somewhat fastigiate tree, from 20 ft. to 30 ft. high, put-
ting forth its leaves, in mild seasons, in February or March. Introduced in
1819. Flowers white; April and May. Fruit black; ripe in July and
August.

Variety. C. fusca Jacq., judging from a seedling plant in the Hort. Soc.

Garden, appears to belong to this species.

Nightingales are said to be attracted by this tree, probably because it is par-
ticularly liable to be attacked by insects, and because numerous caterpillars

368

are to be found on it about the time when the nightingale is in full song. The
same property of attracting nightingales is ascribed to the common hawthorn,
in La Theorie du Jardinage, #c., published in 1709.

¥ 10. C. PURPU'REA Bosc. The purple-branched Thorn.

Identification. Bosc ined. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 628. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 599.
Synonyme. C. sanguinea Hort.

Engravings. Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 60. ; our Jig. 695. in p. 392. ; the plate of this species in Arb.
Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our Jig. 647.

647. C purpurea.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches dark purple. Leaves ovate, cuneate at the base,
lobed with broad lobes, serrated, glabrous, or pubescent beneath. Stipules
somewhat circular, serrated with glanded serratures. {Dec. Prod.) A
shrub or low tree. Altaic Mountains. Height 6 ft. to 10 ft. Introduced
in 1822. Flowers white; early in April ; being the very first species of Cra-
t<ENgus that comes into flower in the neighbourhood of London, excepting
always the Glastonbury thorn. Fruit dark red or purple, sometimes yellow,
very succulent ; ripe in July.

Variety.

*f C. p. 2 altdica ; C. altaica Led., Lod. Cat. (fig. 696. in p. 393.) ; has the
leaves somewhat larger than the species, and they appear a little
earlier.

It forms an upright, rigid, rather slow-growing tree, without thorns. It has
a few small branches, and is not densely clothed with leaves. It has a starved
and somewhat stunted appearance, and is readily known by the purple colour
of its young shoots. The bark of the old wood is of a dark purple or brown
colour, and rough and scaly. The fruit is small, round, and most commonly of
a dark purple ; but it varies to pale yellow, or a milk white, and red, on the
same plant. It ripens about the end of July, and is very soft and juicy, but
soon drops off. The tree is interesting from its early flowering, and the dark
colour of the anthers of its flowers, which contrasts strongly with the white-
ness of the petals. The leaves are also large, and of a peculiar shape.

§ vi. Dougldsii.

Sect. Char. Leaves small, and not lobed as in the preceding section ; furnished
with numerous parallel nerves, somewhat like those of C. punctata. Spines

364

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

rather numerous and rigid. Fruit small, and djirk purple ; pulp soft and
watery.

If II. C. DOUGLASS// Lindl Douglas's Thorn.

Identification. Bot. Reg., t. 1810.; Lod. Cat., edit. 1832.

Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1810. ; our fig. 697. in p. 393.; the plate of the species in Arb. Brit.,
1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our fig. 648.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches ascending. Spines rigid, straightish, now short,
now very long. Leaves some obovate, some oval, gashedly serrated, acute ;
at the base wedge-shaped, glabrous ; in the autumn, remarkably leathery,
and they then acquire a purplish cast, and are shining. (Lindl.) A shrub
or low tree. North- West America. Height 10ft. to 15ft. Introduced in
1827. Flowers white ; May. Fruit small, dark purple ; ripe in August.
Decaying leaves purplish, leathery, shining, falling off early, like those of
C. punctata and C. joyrifolia. Naked young wood purplish.
This is a very distinct sort, more particularly as it respects the colour of

the fruit, and the colour and texture of the leaves. The general habit of the

plant is fastigiate ; and it is one of the latest kinds in leafing in the spring.

The flowers and fruit are produced in great abundance, and both are very

ornamental.

§ vii. Fldvce.

Sect. Char. Leaves small, obovate, slightly lobed, and serrated. Flowers fre-
quently solitary. Spines numerous, straight, and more slender than in any
other division. Fruit top, or pear, shaped ; yellow, or greenish yellow.

% 12. C. FLA'VA Ait. The yellow-footed Thorn.

Identification, Ait. Hort. Kew., 2. p. 169. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept.. 1. p. 338. ; Dec. Prod., 2.

p. 628. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 600.
Synonymes. C. glandulfcsa Michr. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1. p. 288., not of Walt. ; Jfespilus Michauxn

Pers. Syn. 2. p. 38. ; C. caroliniana Pair. Did. 4. p. 442. ; C. flavissima Hort. ; C. ? turbinata

Pursh.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1939. ; fig. 698. in p. 394. ; the plate of the species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit.,

vol. vi . ; and our fig. 649.

Spec. Ckar., fyc. Disks of leaves obovate-wedge-shaped, slightly lobed, cre-
nately serrate, upon short petioles. Stipules glanded. Flowers mostly
solitary. Sepals glanded. Fruit top-shaped, yellow, or yellowish green,
Nuts 4 in a fruit. (Dec. Prod.) A low spreading tree. North America,

365

C49. C. fl&va.

Don's Mill., 2. p. 599.
' mteaPoir.

from Virginia to Carolina. Height 15 ft. to 20ft. Introduced in 1724-.
Flowers white ; May. Haws yellow ; ripe in October. Decaying leaves
rich yellow.

The flowers and the fruit are neither produced in abundance, nor make any
great show ; but the tree has a marked character from its general form, arid
the horizontal tendency of its branches.

¥ 13. C. (F.) LOBA'TA JSosc. The \obed-Ieaved Thorn.

Identification. Bwc ined. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 628. ; Don'
Si/nonymes. Mespilus lobata Pair. Suppl. 4. p. 71. ; C, 1
Engravings. Fig. 699. in p. 394. ; and our fig. 660.

Spec. C/ia/-., $c. Branches
a little villose. Disks
of leaves ovate, une-
qually serrated, or
lobed, slightly downy
beneath, upon verv
short petioles. Sti-
pules cut. Flowers in
loose corymbs. (Dec.
Prod.) A tree closely
resembling C. flava in
general appearance.
Native country sup-

¥osed to be America,
leight 10ft. to 15ft.

Introduced in 1819.

Flowers white ; May.

Fruit green ; ripe in October.

Differing from C. flava in having some of the leaves with larger lobes, and
some of the spines larger. The flowers are sparingly produced, amongst dense
tufts of leaves ; and the fruit, which is green when ripe, is still less abundant.
It is pear-shaped, and very different from that of every other kind of Crataevgus,
except C. flava and C. f. trilobata.

650. C.f. lobata

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

* 14. C. (F.) TRILOBA'TA Lodd. Cat. The three-lobed-leaved Thorn.

Identification. Lodd. Cat., edit. 1832.
Synonyme. C. spinosissima Lee.
Engraving. Fig. 700. in p. 395.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate-cuneate, notched and serrated. Petioles
slender. Surface flat, shining, somewhat veined. Branches small, thickly
beset with slender thorns. Habit spreading. A hybrid, raised from seed
in the Hammersmith Nursery, about 1820, or before. It forms a tree in
general appearance resembling C. flava, but with the branches much less
vigorous, and more thorny. The fruit is yellow, slightly tinged with red ;
and what distinguishes it from the two allied sorts is, that its leaves die off,
in autumn, of an intensely deep scarlet.

§ viii. Apiifolitf.

Sect. Char. Leaves deltoid, or somewhat resembling those of the common
thorn. The fruit is also of the same colour ; but the tree has a totally dif-
ferent habit, having the shoots loose and spreading, weak, and almost without
thorns.

¥ 15. C. ^PIIFO'LIA Michx. The Parsley-leaved Thorn.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 287., not of Med. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 627. ; Don's Mill.

•2. p. 599.

Synonymes. C. Oxyac&ntha Walt . Carol. 147. ; C. cpiifblia major Lodd. Cat.
Engravings. Fig. 702. in p. 395.; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. : and our fig. 651.

Spec. Char.y $c. Leaves deltoid, cut into lobes that are acute and incisely
toothed. Pedicels in the corymb villose, mostly simple. Tube of calyx
villose. Sepals obscurely serrated. Fruit scarlet. (Dec. Prod.) A low
spreading tree with flexible branches. Virginia and Carolina, in moist woods.
Height 10ft. to 20 ft. Introduced in 1812. Flowers white; May and June.
Haws scarlet ; ripe in October. Decaying leaves rich yellow.

Variety.

4 C. a. 2 minor, C. apiifolia Lodd. Cat. (fig. 701. in p. 395.), has the
leaves smaller than those of the species, and more fringed at the

XXVI. ROSA^CEJE '. CRATVE^GUS.

367

edges, like those of the common parsley ; but this fringed appearance
is by no means constant, either in the variety or in the species. This
variety forms a most ornamental low bush ; or, when grafted standard
high, a beautiful pendent tree.

§ ix. MicrocarpfE.

Sect. Char. Fruit small, round, red. Flowers small, produced in corymbs,
later in the season than in any of the other species. Spines few, but some-
times very large.

¥ 16. C. CORDAVTA Mill. The heart-shaped-leaved Thorn.

Identification. Mill. Ic., t. 179. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 628. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 599.

Synonymes>. M. Phaenopynrm Linn. ; M. cordata Mill. ; C. populitblia Walt. Car. 147., and

Pursh Sept. 1. 337. ; 3/espilus acerifolia Pair. Diet. 4. p. 442.
Engravings. Mill. Ic., t. 179.; Wats. Dend Brit- 1. 63. ; Bot. Reg., t. 1151. ; fig. 703. in p. 396.

the plate of this species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our fig. 652.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Disks of leaves cordate- ovate, angled by lobes, glabrous
Petioles and calyxes without glands. Styles 5 in a flower. (Dec. Prod.}
A compact, close-headed, small tree, with leaves of a deep shining green.
Canada to Virginia, in hedges and rocky places. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft.
Introduced in 1738. Flowers white, in numerous terminal corymbs ; May
and June. Fruit small, scarlet ; ripe in October.
A very distinct and handsome species.

* 17. C. SPATHULA'TA Elliott. The spathula-shaped-leaved Thorn.

Identification. Elliott Fl. S. Car., 1. p. 552.; Lodd. Bot. Cat., t. 1261.
Synonymes. C. microcarpa Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1846. ; C. fldrida Godefroy.

Engravings. Bot. Cab., t. 1261.; Bot. Reg., t. 1846. ;fig. 704. in p. 396. ; the plate of the species
in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our fig. 653.

Spec. Char., $c. Subspinose. Leaves in fascicles, oblong cuneated, 3-cleft,
lobed and crenated, smooth, shining. Corymbs many-flowered. Calyx
smooth; segments ovate, quite entire. Fruit ovate, subrotund, smooth,

308

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BKITANNICUM.

653. C. spathulata.

5-celled ; shell thin. (Lindl.} A low tree ; in England a shrub, unless
when grafted standard high. Georgia and Carolina. Height 12 ft. to 15 ft. ;
in England 6 ft. to 8 ft. Introduced in 130P. Flowers white ; May and
Jane. Fruit bright red ; ripe in October.

Variety.

t C. s. 2 georgica . C. georgica Lod. — Leaves 5-lobed, on longer foot-
stalks, and rather smaller than the species. This variety and the
species were killed to the ground in the winter of 1837-8. (See Gard.
Mag , vol. xvi. p. 3.)

A slow-growing, very neat, little bush or tree, with slender, smooth, droop-
ing branches, and something of the habit of C. Oxyacantha. Its leaves have a
very handsome appearance, and are remarkably shining, and deep green : they
usually grow in clusters ; have a long stalk, tapering upwards into a blade,
which is sometimes nearly entire, with only a tooth or two at the end ; some-
times they are 3-lobed, with crenated segments ; and occasionally they are
deeply 3-parted ; their form is always more or less spathulate. The stipules
of the more vigorous branches are large and leafy. The flowers are white,
and appear at the same time as those of C. cordata. The fruit is rather
abundant, but small.

§ x. Azaroli.

Sect. Char. Fruit large, round or pear-shaped; good to eat; yellow or
red ; the yellow fruit generally produced on fastigiate species or varieties ;
and the red on trees with a spreading and rather a drooping head. Leaves
wedge-shaped, 3-cleft or more, shining, pubescent or hairy. Spines few or
none.

¥ 18. C. AZARO'LUS L. The Azarole Thorn.

Identification. Lin. Sp., C83. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 629. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 600.

Synonymes. PJrus Azarblus Scop. Cam. No. 59?., J. Bauh. Hist. 1. p. 67.; M^spilus Axarblus

All. Fed., N. Du Ham. 4. p. 158. ; Neflier Azarole, Neflier de Naples, E'pine d'Espagne, Poin-

mettes a deux Closes, Fr. ; Azarol Mispel, Ger. ; Azzeruolo, Ital.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 4. t. 42. ; Bot. Rep., t. 579. ; fig. 705. in p. 397. ; the plate in Arb. Brit.,

1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our fig. 654.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves pubescent, wedge-shaped at the base, trifid ; lobes
blunt, and with a few large teeth. Branchlets,corymbs, and calyxes pubescent.

XXVI. JZOSA%CE^E : CRATjE'GUS.

369

(554. C. AzarMiu.

Sepals obtuse. Styles 1 — 3 Fruit globose, scarlet. Seeds usually two ;
and hence the name, common at Montpelier, pommettes a deux closes. (Dec.
Prod.) A low tree, never found wild as a bush. South of France and
Italy, in small woods and in rough places. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft ; in Eng-
land 10ft. to 20 ft. Introduced in 1656. Flowers white; May and June.
Fruit red ; ripe in September. Leaves drop with the first frost, without
much change of colour.

Varieties. In the Nouvcau Du Hamcly six varieties are enumerated, viz. : — 1.
Mespilus Aroma, with the leaves hairy beneath ; 2. Azarole, with large deep
red fruit ; 3. Azarole, with yellowish white fruit ; 4. Azarole, with long
fruit of a whitish yellow ; 5. Azarole, with double flowers ; and, 6. the
White Azarole of Italy. With the exception of the first-mentioned, none
of these varieties, as far as we know, are in British gardens.

The fruit, when ripe, is mealy, and somewhat acid ; and, in Italy and the
Levant, it is occasionally sent to table.

¥ 19. C. (J.) MAROCCA^NA Fers. The Morocco Thorn.

Identification. Pers. Syn., 2. p. 37. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 628. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 600.

Synonymes. DeCandolle expresses a doubt whether C. matira Lin.fil. Sup. 253. be not a synonyme

of this species ; Sarrour, Arabian.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., 1855. ; fig. 707. in p. 397. ; the plate in Arb. Brit, 1st edit*, vol. vi. ; and

our Jig. 655.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves wedge-shaped, 3-lobed, and pinnatifid, glabrous,
glandless. Stipules cut, rather palmately. Flowers upon long peduncles,
in terminal glabrous corymbs. Sepals obtuse. Styles 2. (Dec. Prod.) A
handsome pyramidal low tree, with dark-coloured branches. Palestine, on
Mount Sinai and St. Catherine; and ? Morocco. Height 15ft. to 35ft.
Flowers pure white, very fragrant ; May and June. Fruit scarlet ; ripe in
October.

Closely resembling C. Azarblus, but smaller in all its parts. It produces its
leaves very early in the season, in mild winters even in January ; and it retains
them very late. It is a small, but decided tree, and may be considered one
of the handsomest species of the genus. Horticultural Society's Garden

B B

370 AHBOIIETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANN1CUM

6,V>. 0. (/!.} marocchna.

y 20. C. /fitoxNiA JF/ow?. The Aronia Thorn.

Identification. Rose ined. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 629. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 601.

Synont/mes. 4/espilus /frdnja Willd. Envm. Suppl. and N. Du Ham. 4. p. 158.; C. Azarblus /3

^'rf/d. Sp. ; C. ffssa /.orfrf. Cat.
Engravings. Pococke's Travels, t. 85.; Hot. Ileg, 1897. ; .fig.lOG. in p. 397. ; the plate in Arb.

Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and ouryFg. 650.

Spec. Char., $c. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves pubescent on the under sur-
face, wedge-shaped at the base, 3-cleft ; lobes obtuse, entire, each ending

XXVI. .ROSA CE.E : CRAT^GUS.

371

in 3 obtuse mucronate teeth. Fruit yellow. (Dec. Prod.) An erect-branched
low tree. Greece and the Levant. Height 15 ft. to 20 ft. Introduced in
1810. Flowers white ; May and June. Haws yellow, smooth, large, suc-
culent, agreeable to eat ; ripe in August and September, and hanging on
the tree till the leaves drop in November or December. Naked young
wood dark-coloured.

Remarkable for the abundance of its large yellow fruit, which are good to
eat, and have been made into excellent tarts with Siberian crabs.

^ 21. C. ORIENT A' LTS Bnsc. The Eastern Thorn.

Identification. Bosc ined. ; Bot. Rep., t. 590. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. GOO.

Synoni/mes. jl/cspilus orientalis Tourn. and Pair. Suppl. 4. p. 72. ; C. odoratissima Bot. Rep. and

Led. Cat. ; C. tanacetifblia var. /3 taurica Dec. Prod. 2. p. 629.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., 1885. ; fig. 708. in p. 398. ; the plate in Arb. Brit, 1st edit., vol. vi. ; sod

our fig. 657.

6.37 • C. orientals.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches whitely tomentose. Leaves 3-lobed, downy be-
neath ; the two side lobes ovate, and having tooth-like incisions at the tip ;
the middle lobe trifid. Stipules broad and cut. (Dec. Prod.) A low spread-
ing tree. Levant. Height 15ft. to 20 ft. Introduced in 1810. Flowers
white ; May and June. Haws numerous, large, yellowish red or coral
colour, very agreeable to the taste; ripe in August and September, and re-
maining on sometimes after the leaves.

Variety.

*t C. o. 2 sangninea, C. sanguinea Schroder Index Sem. Hort. Acad. Gott.
1834, C. orientalis Lindl. Sot. Reg. t. 1852., and jig. 709. in p.
398., has the fruit of a very dark purplish red, or port wine, colour.
Dr. Lindley considers this " the genuine Mespilus orientalis of
Tournefort, with villous celery-like leaves, and a large, purple, 5-
cqrnered, smooth fruit," which description, we think, indicates rather

B B 2

372

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

the following species. It is a native of the Crimea, and the parts
bordering on the Black Sea ; and was introduced in 1810. On ac-
count of the colour of its fruit, and the abundance in which it is
produced, it deserves a place in every collection.

Readily distinguished from most other species by its very hoary branches,
which are loose, rambling, crossing each other, and somewhat pendulous. It
is late in producing its leaves, and also its flowers : the latter generally appear
with those of C. tanacetifolia, about the end of May (in 1836, on the 17th of
June).

¥ 22. C. TANACETIFOLIA Pers. The Tansy-leaved Thorn.

Identification Pers Syn., 2. p. 38. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 629. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 601.

Synonymes. Mespilus tannacetifolia Poir. Diet. 4. p. 440., and N. Du Ham. ; M. pinnata Dum

Cours., Sm. Exot. t. 85. ; DeCandolle doubts whether 3/espilus Cchidna Dum. Cours. Suppl.

p. 286. be different from this species ; Lazzeruolo turco, Hal.
Engravings. Bot. Rep., t. 591. ; Sm. Exot. Bot., t. 85. ; Bot. Reg., 1884. ; fig. 710. in p. 398. ; the

plate in" Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our fig. 658.

C. tanacetifolia.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves pinnatifidly cut, hairy ; lobes oblong, acute, having
a few teeth. Sepals acutish, reflexed, hairy. Styles 5. Fruit globose,
yellowish green. (Dec. Prod.~) A robust-growing fastigiate tree, with up-
right rigid branches, commonly terminating in thorny points. Levant. Height
20 ft. to 30 ft. Introduced in 1789. Flowers white ; May and June. Haws
large, yellow ; ripe in October.

Varieties.

t C. t. 2 gldbra Lodd. (fig. 71 1. in p. 398. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st
edit., vol. vi. ; and our fig. 659.) has shining leaves, and fruit about
half the size of that of the species, of a reddish yellow. A hybrid
between C. tanacetifolia and C. Oxyacantha. Introduced from Ger-
many about 1810.

$ C. t. 3 CW-siana. .Mespilus Celsiana Dumont de Cours., vol. vii. p. 286. ;
C. t. 3 "Leedna Arb. Brit. 1st ed. ; C. incisa Lee. (fig. 712. in
p. 399. ; plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit.; and our ^g. 660.) — Some-
what resembling C. orientals ; but the leaves much larger, and more
deeply cut, and the trees of a more robust, erect, and fastigiate habit.
Fruit large, yellow. Cultivated by Cels, and supposed by Dumont de
Courset to be a native of Persia or the Levant. Erroneously said
to have been raised in the Hammersmith Nursery. A splendid tree,

XXVI. ROSA CEJE : CRAT^TGUS.

373

659. C. t. glabra.

most striking in appearance, from its large and deeply cut foliage, and its
strong, upright, vigorous shoots.

374

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

The leaves and calyxes are covered on both sides with long hairs. The
globular slightly compressed fruit has somewhat the appearance of being
ribbed like a melon ; is larger than that of any other species of the genus, ex-
cept C. /ironia and C. mexicanaj greenish yellow when ripe ; and easily dis-
tinguishable by the bracteas generally adhering to it. The foliage is the latest
in appearing of any of the species, except C. orientalis, frequently equally late.

§ xi. Heterophylla.

Sect. Char. Leaves cuneate, and sub-persistent. Fruit long, middle-sized,
and crimson.

¥ 23. C. HETEROPHY'LL A Flugge. The various-leaved Thorn.

Identification. Flugge Ann. Mus., 12. p. 423. t. 38. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 629. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. GOO. :

Lindl. in Bot. Reg., t. 1847.
Si/nonymes. C. neapolitana Hort.

Sneravings. Ann. Mus., 12. t. 38. ; Bot. Reg., t. 1161. and t. 1847. ; fie. 713. in p. 399. ; the plate
iii Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our Jig. 6G1.

661. C. heterophylla.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves bright, falling off late, lanceolate-cuneate, toothed
at the apex, 3-cleft ; segments serrate. Tube of the calyx fusiform. Cymes
many-flowered. Flowers 1-styled. Fruit ovate, including one nut, with a
hard bony shell, and one seed. Stipules large, pinnatifid. (Lindl.) A low
tree, with ascending branches. Native country uncertain, most probably
the South of Europe ; possibly a hybrid between the common hawthorn,
and the azarole, or some other species. Height 10 ft. to 20 ft. Cultivated
in 1816. Flowers white, produced in great abundance ; May. Fruit rich
crimson, resembling in shape that of the common hawthorn, but narrower ;
ripe in September and October.

A very handsome and most desirable species ; producing its leaves and
flowers early in the spring, and retaining its leaves and fruit till the first
autumnal frosts.

XXVI. ROSA. CEM I CHATJE GUS.

375

§ xii. Qxyacantlice.

Sect. Char. Leaves obovate, trifid, or variously cut.
corymbs. Fruit generally red.

Flowers numerous, in

24. C. OXYACA'NTHA L.

The sharp-thorned Crataegus, or common
Hawthorn.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 683. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 628. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 600.

Synonymes. The Pyracantha of the Greeks ; A/espilus Oxyacanthi Gcertn. and N. Du Ham. ;
E'pine blanche, noble E'pine, Bois de Mai, Scuelleir Aubepine, Neflier Aubepine, Fr.\ Hagedorn,
gemeiner Weissdorn, Ger. ; Hagetoan, Dan. ; Hagctorn, Swed.; Acanta da siepe, Azzarolo sal-
vatico, and Bianco Spino, Hal. ; Espino bianco, Span. ; White Thorn, Maybush, Quick, Quickset,
May.

Derivation. Booth derives the word Haw from hage, or h<eg, a hedge; consequently he makes
hawthorn signify hedgethorn. Quick signifies live; and was, probably, applied, from live hedges
made of hawthorn being used instead of fences of dead branches of trees. Whitethorn, from the
profusion of its white flowers and its being thorny, or possibly from its white bark, as compared
with that of the blackthorn, Prunus spinbsa. May and Maybush have refersnce both to the time of
flowering of the plant, and to its use in the May or floral games. The French name Aubepine,
refers to its flowering in spring, or in what may poetically be called the morning of the year ;
aube signifying the dawning of the day.

Engravings. Gzertn. Fruct., 2. t. 87. ; Eng. Bot., t. 2054. ; y*ff.715. in p. -100. ; the plats in Arb.
Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our Jig. 662.

662. C. Oxyacintha.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves obovate- wedge-shaped, almost entire, or trifid or cut,
glabrous, rather glossy. Corymbs of several flowers. Sepals glandless,
acute. Styles 1—3. (Dec. Prod.) A shrub or low tree. Europe, com-
mon in hedges, and varying much in different situations. Flowers white ;
May. Haws red or scarlet ; ripe in September.

Varieties. These are very numerous, and some of them very distinct. In the
following enumeration we have confined ourselves to such as we have ac-
tually seen in the Hort. Soc. Garden, or in the arboretum of Messrs.
Loddiges.

A. Varieties differing from the Species in the general Form and Mode of Growth,
t C. O. 2 stricta Lodd. Cat., C. O. rfgida Ronalds, (the plate in Arb. Brit. ,

II B 4

376

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BIUTANNICUM.

663. C. O. stricta.

1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our^g. 663.) has the shoots upright, and the
general habit as fastigiate as that of a Lombardy poplar. It was
discovered in a bed of seedlings in Messrs. Ronald's Nursery, about
1825, and forms a very distinct and desirable variety.
C. O. 3 pendula Lodd. Cat. has drooping branches. A very marked
variety of this kind, which was selected from a bed of seedlings by
General Monckton, is said to be in the collection of thorns at Somer-
ford Hall.

664. C. O. rcghiae.

C. O. 4 regince Hort. Queen Mary's Thorn. (The plate of the tree in
Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi.; and ourjtfg. 864) — The parent tree is in

XXVI. ROSA^CEJE I CRATJEGVB. 377

a garden near Edinburgh, which once belonged to the Regent Murray.
It is very old, and its branches have somewhat of a drooping cha-
racter ; but whether sufficiently so to constitute a variety worth
propagating as a distinct kind appears to us very doubtful. (Lodd.)

*t C. O. 5 Celsiana Hort. is also somewhat fastigiate in its habit ; but it is
a much more slender-growing plant; and we have never seen a spe-
cimen in a situation where it could display its natural form and mode
of growth.

^ C. O. 6 cctpitata Smith of A} r differs from the species chiefly in being
of a somewhat more fastigiate habit, and in producing its flowers in
close heads, mostly at the extremities of its branches.

If C. O. 7 flexub&a Smith of Ayr has the small branches twisted in a zig-
zag manner. Horticultural Society's Garden.

B. Varieties differing in the Colour of the Flowers.

¥ C. O. 8 rosea Hort.; E'pinier Marron, Fr. (fig. 725. in p. 401.) ; has
the petals pink, with white claws, and is a well-known and very
beautiful variety.

% C. O. 9 punicea Lodd. Cat., C. O. rosea supeVba Hort., has larger pe-
tals, which are of a dark red, and without white on the claws.

C. Varieties differing in the Developement or Structure of the Flowers.

* C. O. 10 multiplex Hort., C. O. flore pleno Hort. (Jig. 722. in p. 401.),
has double white flowers, which die off of a beautiful pink ; and
which, being produced in great profusion, and lasting a long time,
render this a most desirable variety : accordingly, it is to be found
in almost every shrubbery and garden.

*£ C. 0. 1 1 punicea Jlore pleno Hort. — Flowers double, nearly as dark and
brilliant as C. O. punicea. Imported in ? 1832, by Mr. Masters of
- Canterbury.

¥ C. O. 12 monogyna, C. monogyna Jacq., has flowers with only one
style, like C. O. sibirica, but does not flower early like that variety.

¥ C. O. 13 apetala Lodd. Cat. — This remarkable variety has the flowers
without petals, or very nearly so.

D. Varieties differing in the Time of Flowering.

¥ C. O. 14 prcecox Hort., the Glastonbury Thorn, comes into leaf in

January or February, and sometimes even in autumn ; so that occa-
sionally, in mild seasons, it may be in flower on Christmas-day.
¥ C. O. 15 sibirica, C. sibirica Lodd. Cat., C. monogyna L.

(fig. 665.), is an early leafing variety, a native of Siberia.

In mild seasons, it begins to put forth its leaves in

January ; and in dry summers it

loses them proportionately soon

in the autumn. On account of

its early leafing and flowering, it

well merits a place in collections.

The flowers have only one style ;

but, as there are other varieties

having only one style which do

not flower early, we have not

adopted Linnaeus's name of C.

monogyna to this variety, but «6s. c. o. «iwrica.

to another, a native of Britain,

which does not flower earlier than the common hawthorn.
If C. O. 16 transylvanica Booth, from the plant in the Hort. Soc. Garden,

appears to be nearly, if not quite, the same as C. O. sibirica.

378 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

E. Varieties differing in the Colour of the Fruit.

¥ C. O. 17 melanocarpayC. ffssa Lee, C. Oxyacantha platyphylla Lodd.
Cat., C. platyphylla Lindl. in Sot. Reg. 1. 1674., (fig. 718. in
p. 400. j the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi., and our fig. 666.)

666. C. 0. melanocarpa.

also has the fruit black, as the name implies. It differs from the
preceding variety chiefly in being of more vigorous growth ; in having
its leaves of a deep rich green, and in flowering a week later. A
splendid low tree, deserving a place in every collection.

667. C. O. Olircri.lna

C. O. 18 Oliver&na- C. Oliveriawa Bosc, Dec. Prod. ii. p. 630., and

XXVI. ROSA^CEJE I CRAT^GUS.

379

Don's Mill. ii. p. 601.; C. OlivenVz Lodd. Cat. ; C. orientalis Lodd.
Cat., Bot. Reg. t. 1953. (fig. 719. in p. 400. ; the plate in Arb. Brit.,
1st edit., vol.vi. ; and our Jig. 667.) ; has the leaves small and hoary,
and the fruit also small and black. A very distinct variety. Hort. Soc.

C. O. 19 a urea Hort., C. flava Hort. (fig. 723. in p. 401.), has the
leaves like C. O. obtusata, and the fruit roundish, and of a golden
yellow. This is a very distinct variety, and ought never to be omitted
in collections.

C. O. 20 aiiraniiaca Booth is said to have orange-coloured fruit ; but
there are only small plants of it in the London gardens. Mr. Wil-
son found, in Ayrshire, a variety with greenish orange fruit. (HookC)

C. O. 21 leucocarpa, a variety with white haws, is said to have been
discovered in a hedge near Bampton, in Oxfordshire ; but we have
never seen it.

F. Varieties differing in having the Fruit woolly.

C. O. 22 eriocarpa Lindl., C. eriocarpa Lodd. Cat. (fig. 720. in p. 400. ;
the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi.; and our fig. 668.), is a robust

668. C. 0. eriocarpa.

rapidly growing variety, with large leaves, and strong thick shoots ;
a clear white bark, and few thorns. It is very prolific in flowers,
and the fruit which succeeds them is woolly in its young state, but
not large. If ever the hawthorn should be cultivated for its timber,
to supply the wood-engravers as a substitute for box, this variety
and C. O. melanocarpa will deserve the preference. Hort. Soc.

G. Varieties differing in the Form of the Leaves.

C. O. 23 obtusata Dec. Prod.; Mespilus Oxyac&ntha integrifolia
Wallr. Sched. 219. ; C. oxyacanthoides Thuill. Fl. Par. 245., Bot.
Reg. t. 1128., Dec. Fl. Fr. iv. p. 433.; C. Oxyacdntha Fl.Dan. t.
335.; the French hawthorn, (fig. 714. in p. 399.; the plate in Arb.
Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our fig. 669.) — Leaves rather rhomb-

ndivided, or wit

shaped at the base, obovate, un<

with three obtuse lobes,

380

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

669. C. 0. obtus&ta.

crenate, of the same colour on both surfaces. Styles 1 — 3. Fruit
containing more than 1 seed. Distinguished from the species by its
smaller, obovate, less cut, flat, and shining leaves. C. lucida Smith
of Ayr, C. oxyacanthoides lucida Sweet, is scarcely or not at all dif-
ferent from this variety.

C. O. 24 quercifolia Booth (Jig. 721. in p. 401.) appears very distinct
in regard to foliage.

670. C. O. laciniata.

C. O. 25 laciniata, C. laciuiata Lodd. Cat. (fig. 716. in p. 400.; the

XXVI. ROSlCcEJE '. CllATJR^GUS. 381

plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our fig. 670.), has finely cut

leaves ; the shoots are comparatively slender, the plant less robust,

and the fruit smaller, than in the species. It is a very distinct and

elegant varietv-
¥ C. O. 26 pteri&fb&z, C. joterifolia Lodd. Cat. (fig. 717. in p. 400.),

resembles the preceding, but the leaves are longer in proportion to

their breadth, and more elegantly cut.
5t C. O. 27 oxyphylla Monckton. — Leaves much larger than those of the

species. Raised by General Monckton, at Somerford, in ? 1837.

Horticultural Society's Garden.

H. Varieties differing in the Colour of the Leaves.

It C. O. 28 foliis aureis Lodd. Cat., C. lutescens Booth, has leaves varie-
gated with yellow ; but they have generally a ragged and diseased
appearance, when fully expanded ; though, like those of most other
variegated deciduous plants, when first opening in spring, they are
strikingly showy and distinct.

^ C. O. 29 foliis argenteis Hort. has leaves variegated with white ; but,
like the preceding variety, it cannot be recommended as handsome at
any other period than when the leaves are first expanding.
¥ (\ O. 30 lucida. — We apply this name to a very distinct and very
beautiful-leaved variety, which forms a standard in the southern
boundary hedge of the Hort. Soc. Garden, and which, we trust, will
soon be propagated in the nurseries. The leaves are large, regularly
cut, somewhat coriaceous in texture, and of a fine shining green.
The plant is of vigorous growth.

The common hawthorn, in its wild state, is a shrub or small tree, with a
smooth bark and very hard wood. The rate of growth, when the plant is
young, and in a good soil and climate, is from 1 foot to 2 or 3 feet a year,
for the first three or four years ; afterwards its growth is slower, till the
shrub or tree has attained the height of 12 or 15 feet, when its shoots are
produced chiefly in a lateral direction, tending to increase the width of the
head of the tree rather than its height. In a wild state, it is commonly
found as a large dense bush ; but, pruned by accident or design to a single
stern, it forms one of the most beautiful and durable trees of the third rank
that can be planted: interesting and valuable for its sweet-scented flowers
in May, and for its fruit in autumn, which supplies food ibr some of the
smaller birds during part of the winter. In hedges, the hawthorn does not
flower and fruit very abundantly when closely and frequently clipped ; but,
when the hedges are only cut in at the sides, so as to be kept within bounds,
and the summits of the plants are left free and untouched, they flower and
fruit as freely as when trained as separate trees. The plant lives for a cen-
tury or two, and there are examples of it between 40 ft. and 50 ft. in height,
with trunks upwards of 3 ft. in diameter at 1 ft. from the ground.

The wood of the hawthorn is very hard, and difficult to work : its colour
is white, but with a yellowish tinge ; its grain is fine, and it takes a beautiful
polish ; but it is not much used in the arts, because it is seldom found of suf-
ficient size, and is, besides, apt to warp. It weighs, when green, 68 Ib. 12 oz.
per cubic foot ; and, when dry, 57 Ib. 5 oz. It contracts, by drying, one
eighth of its bulk. It is employed for the handles of hammers, the teeth
of mill-wheels, for flails and mailets, and, when heated at the fire, for canes
and walking-sticks. The branches are used, in the country, for heating
ovens ; a purpose for which they are very proper, as they give out much heat,
and possess the property of burning as readily when green, as in their dry
state. They are not less useful in the formation of dead hedges, for the
protection of seeds, or of newly planted live hedges or single trees ; and
they will last a considerable time without decaying ; especially when they have
been cut in autumn. The leaves are eaten by cattle, which, nevertheless, pay

382 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

some regard to the spines by which they are defended. The fruit is astringent.
By far the most important use of the hawthorn is as a hedge plant. For
this purpose, it is planted in single or in double lines, most commonly along
the margin of a ditch ; though, however convenient this may be with respect
to fencing the plants when young, and draining the soil, it is a great draw-
back to their progress afterwards, by preventing their roots from extending
themselves, except on one side ; and, by the drainage of the ditch, it also
deprives them of their natural share of moisture. Wherever thorn hedges
are planted, and intended to thrive, the ground ought to be trenched at
least 2 ft. in depth, manured if poor, and the plants inserted on a flat sur-
face, so as to receive and retain the whole of the moisture that falls from the
heavens.

The hawthorn will do no good unless planted in a soil naturally dry and
fertile, or that has been rendered so by art. The plant is never found natu-
rally on a wet soil ; and, if planted on such a soil, it soon becomes stunted,
and covered with lichens and moss. The situation should be airy ; but it
will grow either in exposed places, or in such as are sheltered, and even some-
what shaded, by other trees. In cases of this kind, however, it neither forms
a handsome tree, nor a close thick hedge.

The species is almost always propagated by seeds, but sometimes by cut-
tings of the roots ; which, when about half an inch in thickness, and 1 ft. or
18 in. in length, and planted with the root end undermost, speedily make
large plants. Where old thorn plants are taken up, the roots may always be
used for forming new hedges ; but it must be acknowledged that, as they do
not all send up shoots equally, some remaining a year in the ground before
they do so, the preferable mode is to plant them in a nursery for the first
year ; or, if this is not done, they ought to be planted thick, so as to make
allowance for some not pushing till the second year, and some not pushing
at all.

When the hawthorn is to be raised from seed, the haws should not be
gathered till they are dead ripe ; which will be in October or November. As
many haws contain more than one seed, they ought not to be put in the
ground entire, but, if they are to be sown immediately, they must be mace-
rated in water till the pulp is separated from the nuts ; and the latter should
then be mixed with dry sand, to keep them separate, and to enable the sower
to scatter them equally over the surface. But, as the seeds do not come up
till the second year, a saving of ground is made by keeping them the first
year in a heap, technically called a rot-heap, mixed with a sufficient quantity
cf soil, to prevent them from heating, and to facilitate the decomposition of
the pulp. These heaps are kept in the open air, and exposed to the full
influence of the weather; care being taken to turn them over frequently, at
least once a month, so as to equalise this influence. When the seeds are
not to be prepared in a heap, they should be sown in November or Decem-
ber, as soon as separated from the pulp j but, when they are to be separated
by decomposition in a heap, they need not be sown till the February, or even
the March, of the second year ; by which means fifteen or sixteen months' use
of the soil is saved. They may be sown thinly in beds, the seeds being scat-
tered so as to lie about I in. apart every way, and covered about a quarter of
an inch. The nursery culture required is mere routine. Hawthorns ought
always to be two years transplanted before they are employed for hedges ;
younger and untransplanted plants, though cheaper to purchase, are always
the most expensive to the planter, as they require temporary protection for a
longer period. As stocks, hawthorn plants may be treated like stocks for
fruit trees ; and the different species and varieties may be budded and grafted
on them, either for dwarfs or standard high, in a similar manner. Not only
the different species of CVatae^gus, but those of .Mespilus, tforbus, Pyrus, and
even -Malus, Cydonia, Ameldnckicr, Eriobotrya, and others, may be grafted on
the common hawthorn ; and in this way field hedges might be rendered
ornamental, and even productive of useful fruits.

xxvi. TZOSA'CE^E: CRAT^NGUS,

383

671. C.panrifbHa.

§ xiii. Parvifblite.

Sect. Char. Leaves small, ovate, serrated or notched, but scarcely lobed.
Fruit green, or greenish yellow ; rather large, hard.

& 25. C. PARVIFO'LTA Ait. The small-leaved Thorn.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 2. p. 169. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 627. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 598.
Synonymes. Mespilus axillaris Pers. Syn. 2. p. 37. ; M. tomentosa Pair. Diet. 4. p. 443 '• M xan-

thocarpos Lin.jil. Suppl. 254. ; M. parvifblia Wats. Dend. Brit. ; Crate'gus tomentbsa Lin. So.

682., Trew Ehr. t. 17. ; C. uni-

flbra Du Rot; C. turbinata

Pursh ; C. viridis, axillaris, be-

tulifdlia, florida, linearis, Lodd.

Cat. ; Gooseberry-leaved Thorn;

Lord Iley's Thorn.
Engravings. Trew Ehr., t. 17.;

Dend. Brit., t. 65. ; our fig. 671. ;

and fig. 727. in p. 402.

Spec. Char., $-c. Leaves
oval-lanceolate, incisely
serrated, and pubescent.
Flowers mostly solitary.
Branchlets and calyxes
villose. Stipules bristle-
like. Sepals serrated,
Fruit almost top-shaped,
yellow, or yellowish
green. Nuts 5. (Dec.
Prod.) A low shrub.
North America, New Jersey to Carolina, in sandy shady woods. Heigh
4ft. to 6ft. Introduced previously to 1713. Flowers white; May and
June, rather later than in most other spe-
cies. Haws large, greenish yellow ; ripe in
November, often hanging on the tree all
the winter.

Varieties.

& C. p. 2 fiorida, C. florida Lodd. Cat.
(fig. 726. in p. 402., and our fig.
672.), has the leaves and fruit some-
what smaller and rounder than those
of the species.
& C. p. 3 grossularwpfotia, C. linearis

Lodd. Cat. (fig. 728. in p. 402., and our fig. 673.), has the leaves
lobed, and somewhat like those of the gooseberry.

These varieties run so much into
one another, that, unless they are
seen together in a living state, as
in Messrs. Loddiges's arboretum,
it is difficult to distinguish them
from the species, or from each
other ; for, however different the
leaves may appear in our figures
(see p. 402.), all the forms of these
may occasionally be found on the
same plant: and some plants of
each variety are wholly without
spines, while in others the spines
are very numerous. As all of them
are small plants, with flowers large
in proportion to the size of the
leaves, they are well adapted for exemplifying the genus Crataevgus in a minia-
ture arboretum.

672. C. p. fldrida.

384

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

& 26. C. VIRGI'NICA Lodd. The Virginian Thorn.

Identification. Lodd. Cat., ed. 1830, and ed. 1836.

Syno-nymes. C. virginiiina Hurt., C. spathulata Michx. and Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1890. ; C. viridis

Uort.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1890. ; fig. 729. in p. 402.; and our Jig. G74.

Spec. Char*, $c. Leaves obovate, cuneate, glabrous, shining, notched, but
not lobed ; small. Fruit round, rather larger than a common haw, green.
A low shrub. Virginia. Height 4ft. to 5ft. Introduced in 1812. Flowers
white ; June. Fruit green ; October, often remaining on the branches
during the winter.

674. C. virginicn.

The plant bears a general resemblance to C. spathulata (No. 17.) in its foliage
and habit of growth ; but the foliage of the latter is lobed, while that of the
former is entire. The fruit of C. virginica is, also, six times larger than that
of C. spathulata; and is of a dark green, while the other is of a bright red.
The blossoms and fruit of C. virginica are, also, produced in corymbs of twos
and threes ; while those of C. spathulata consist of a considerable number of
flowers. The species differ, also, in the foliage ; which in C. spathulata has
long winged footstalks, while in C. virginica the footstalks are short and slen-
der. (See the leaves of C. virginica Jig. 729. in p. 402., and of C, spathulata
/g.704. in p. 396.)

§ xiv. Mexicdna.

Sect. Char. Leaves large, oval-lanceolate, notched and serrated. Fruit large,
green or greenish yellow.

$ f 27. C. MEXICA'NA Moc. et Sessc. The Mexican Thorn.

Identification. Moc. et Sesse Fl. Mex. icon, inedit.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 629. ; Swt. Brit. Fl.-Gard.,
2d ser. t. 300. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 601.

Synonymes. C. stipuliicea Lodd Cat., see Gard. Mag. ix. p. 630. ; C. Lambert?a«rt Hort.
Engravings. Swt. Brit. Fi.-Gard., 2d ser. t. 300. ; Bot. Reg., 1. 1910. ;
plate of this species in Arb. Brit, 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our Jig. 675.

Reg., 1. 1910. ; our Jig. 730. in p. 402. • the

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oval-lanceolate, notched and serrated ; acuminate,
somewhat ciliated at the base. Petioles short, channeled, and with a
winged margin. Stipules stalked. Corymbs terminal. Petals scarcely
longer than the calycine teeth. Stamens varying from 10 to 15. Styles
2, or rarely 4. Fruit large, pale green, or yellowish, when ripe; and,
with the leaves, remaining on the tree all the winter in sheltered situa-
tions. Handsome, and resembling a small apple, but not good to eat. A
low tree ; evergreen against a wall, and sub-evergreen as a standard in the
climate of London, and southwards. Mexico, on table lands. Height 20 ft.
to 30ft.; in British gardens 10ft. to 15ft. Introduced in 1824. Flowers
large, white ; June. Fruit large, pale green, ripening against a wall in October.

XXVI. ROSA CEJE : CRAT2E GUS.

885

675. C. mexicina.

A remarkable and very handsome species, resembling, in general appearance.
Mespilus grandiflora.

§ xv. Pyracantha.

Sect. Char. Leaves oval-lanceolate, glabrous, entire, small, evergreen. Fruit
numerous, of a bright coral colour.

* 28. C. PYRACA'NTHA Pers. The fiery Thorn, or Pyracantha.

Identification. Pers. Syn., 2. p. 37. ; Pall. Fl. Ross., 1. p. 29. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 626. ; Don's Mill.,

Synonymes. Mespilus Pyracfintha L. ; evergreen Thorn ; Buisson ardent, Fr. ; immergriine Mis-
pel, Ger. ; Agazzino, Ital.

Engravings. Lob. Icon., 2. p. 182. f. l.j Pall. Fl. Ross., t. 13. f. 2. ; N. Du Ham., 2. t. 20. No. 2. ;
and our fig. 676.

Spec. Char., tyc. Evergreen. Leaves glabrous, ovate-lance-
olate, crenate. Lobes of the calyx obtuse. Styles 5.
Fruit globose, scarlet, ornamental ; continuing a good while
upon the plant ; which, on account of the colour of its
fruit, and of its being a shrub, is called in France Buisson
ardent. (Dec. Prod.) An evergreen shrub. South of
Europe, in rugged places and hedges. Height 4 ft. to 6 ft.
Introduced in 1629. Flowers white; May. Fruit red;
ripe in September.

Variety.

a C. P. 2 crenulata. C. crenulata Hort. — A plant bearing

this name in the Hort. Soc. Gard. differs very little from the species.
The flowers and fruit are produced in large corymbs, which are very orna-
mental ; and the fruit remains on all the winter, especially when the shrub is
trained against a wall. The berries are bitter, and are not so greedily eaten
by birds as those of some other kinds, unless in very severe winters. The
plant is very hardy, and, in the open garden, forms a handsome evergreen bush ;
and, if grafted standard high on the common hawthorn, it would form a most
desirable evergreen low tree.

C C

,386 ARBORETUM ET FllUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Crattfyus coccinea. The scarlet-fruited Thorn,

Leaves and fruit of the natural size.

677

XXVI. .ROSA CE^E : CltATJE GUS.

387

^gus coccinea cordllina, and C. c. indentdta. The cord-fruited

Thorn, and the indented~/eaw?e? Thorn.
Leaves ^ and fruit of *K the natural si2e.

678

679

liilUulllllll

C C 2

388

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Craks^gus glandulosa, and C. g. subrillosa. The glandular Thorn, and

the subvillose-leaved glandular Thorn.
Leaves and fruit of the natural size.

XXVI. .ROSA CEJE I tfRATJEXSUS.

389

Cratafgus punctdta, and C. yyrifblia. The dotted-/rw/fec? Thorn, and

the Fear-leaved Thorn.
Leaves and /TVyA<\ ^' l"1 °^ l'ie "^ natural size.

m •, i nnv

C. pyrifblia,
from an old
tree.

684.

c c 3

090

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

^gus macracdntha. The long-spined Thorn.
Leaves and fruit of the natural size.

C. m. minor

XXVI. flOSACEJE! CRAT^E GUS.

391

Cratafgus Crus-gdlli, et var. The Cock's-spur Thorn, and its varieties.
Leaves and fruit of the natural size.

G87

. Crfis-galli.

092

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

Craf&^gus nigra, and C. purpurea. The black -fruited Thorn, and the

purple-branched Thorn.
Leaves ^jmnTrhjrmtnjm^ , and fruit of the natural size.

XXVI. ROSA CE1E I CRATJE GUS.

393

purpurea altaica, and C. Dougldsn. The Altaic purple-
branched Thorn, and Douglas's Thorn.
Leaves and fruit of the natural size.

696

Douglas^

394

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Cratch gus fiava, and C. lobdta. The yellow -fruited Thorn, and the
lobed-leaved Thorn.

Leaves and fruit of the natural size.

XXVI. ROSA CEJE '. CRATJF^GUS.

395

Cratefgits trilobdta, and C. apiifolia. Th« three-lobed-/eafed Thorn,
and the Parsley-leaved Thorn.

Leaves and fruit
iftfhU. of the natural size. S«. .*' :

396

ARBORETUM ET FRUT1CETUM BRITANNICUM.

Cratcfgus corddta, and C. spathulata. The heart-shaped-leaved

Thorn, and the spathu]a-s/iaped-leaved Thorn.

Leaves and fruit of the natural size.

704

ۥ spathuliUa-

xxvi.

: CRATM'GUS.

397

Cratcfgus Azarolus, C. Ardnia, and C. maroccana. The Azarole

Thorn, the Aronia Thorn, and the Morocco Thorn.

Leaves and fruit of the natural size.

705

398 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

fgus orientdlis, et var., and C. tanacetifolia, et var. The Eastern

Thorn, and the Tansy-leaved Thorn, with Varieties.
Leaves and fruit of the natural size.

!uiiitiliiii4lJ

399

Crattegus tanacetifolia Zeeana, C. heterophylla, and C. Qxyacdntha
obtusata. Lee's Tansy-leaved Thorn, the various-leaved Thorn, and
the obtusC'/em^ee? Hawthorn.

Leaves and fruit of the natural size.

400

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Oxyacdntha, et var. The common Hawthorn, and Five of

its Varieties.
Leaves and fruit of the natural size.

XXVI. ROSA. CEJE ! CRAT^E GUS.

401

Cratafgus Qxyacdntha var. Five Varieties of the Hawthorn.
Leaves and fruit of the natural size.

0 C. rbsea.

D D

40*2 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Cratafgus parvifolia, C. p.florida, C.p. grossulariafblia, C. virginica,
C. mexicana. The small-leaved Thorn, the Florida Thorn, the Goose-
berry-leaved Thorn, the Virginian Thorn, and the Mexican Thorn.
Leaves and fruit of the natural size.

xxvi. ROSA^CEJE: PHOTI'NIA.
GENUS XV.

STRANV,EVSL4 Lindl. THE STRANV^SIA. Lin. Syst. Icosandria
Di-Pentagjnia.

Identification. Lindl. in Bot. Reg.
Synonyme. Crataevgus in part.

Derivation. In honour of the Hon. W. T. H. Fox Strangways, F.H.S., &c., a botanical amateur,
who possesses a rich collection.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-LOothed. Petals 5, concave, sessile, spreading, villous
at the base. Stamens 20, spreading. Ovary villous, superior, 5-ceiled ;
cells containing 2 ovules. Fruit spherical, enclosed by the calyx, contain-
ing a superior, 5-valved, hard, brittle, dehiscent capsule. Seeds oblong.
Testa cartilaginous. (Lindl.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, evergreen ; lanceolate, serrated.
Flowers corymbose. — An evergreen tree ; native of the temperate parts
of Asia j in Britain a rather tender shrub.

* 1. S. GLAUCE'SCENS Lindl. The g\aucous-leaved Stranvaesia.

Identification. Lindl. in Bot. Reg., t. 1956.
Syncmyme. Cratae'gus glauca Wall. Cat. 673.

Engravings. Bot.

731 . StranvaeVa glaucescens.

eg., t. 1956. ; SLndourfigs. 731. and 732.

Spec. Char., tyc. Leaves lance-
olate, coriaceous, serrated,
pointed at the base ; midrib
and nerves on the under side,
as well as the young twigs,
hairy. Corymbs somewhat
woolly. Pedicels 3 or 4 times
as long as the bud. (Lindl.)
An evergreen shrub ; in Nepal,
a tree 20 ft. high. Introduced
in 1828. Flowers white ; July.
Fruit small, yellowish red ; ripe
in October.

Somewhat tender when treated
as a standard in the open garden ;
but, when trained against a wall,
forming a very handsome ever-
green. Propagated by grafting on
Crataevgus.

732 S. giauc^scens.

GENUS XVI.

L*J

PHOTI'NIA Lindl. THE PHOTINIA. Lin. Syst. Icosandria Di-Pentagynia.

Identification. Lindl. in Lin. Soc. Trans., 13. p. 103.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 631. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 602.

Synonyme. Crataevgus sp. L.

Derivation. From photeinos, shining ; in al'-ision to the lucid surface of the leaves.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals reflexed. Ovarium semiadherent, vil-
lous, 2-celled. Styles 2, glabrous. Pericarp 2-celled, enclosed in the fleshy
calyx. Testa cartilaginous. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, evergreen j quite entire, or serrated.

D D 2

404

ARBORETUM ET FRL TICETUM BIUTANNICUM.

Flowers white, disposed in terminal corymbose panicles. Fruit small,
smooth. — Evergreen trees ; natives of Asia and America, requiring the
same garden treatment as Cratsevgus (on which all the species may be
grafted), except that the species are somewhat more tender, and are best
grown against a wall even in the climate of London,

» 1. P. SERRULA'TA Lindl. The serrulated- leaved Photinia.

Identification. Lindl. in Lin. Soc. Trans., 13. p. 103. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 631.; and Don's Mill., 2.

p. 602.

Synonyme. Cratacvgus glabra Thunb. Fl. Jap. 205., Bot. Mag., Lodd. Bot. Cab., Colla Hort. Ripul.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 2105. ; Bot. Cab., t. 248. ; Colla Hort. Ripul., t. 36. ; the plate of this

species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol.vi. : arid our fig. 733.

733. T'hotfnia serrulatn.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oblong, acute, serrulated. Pedicels longer than the
calyx. Buds large, red. {Dec. Prod.) An evergreen shrub or low tree. Ja-
pan and China. Height 12 ft. to 15 ft. Introduced in 1804. Flowers
white ; April and May. Fruit ? ; rarely produced in England.

The young shoots and leaves are remarkable for their deep red, or ma-
hogany colour ; and the decaying leaves exhibit this colour much more in-
tensely, mixed with a fine yellow or scarlet. Altogether it forms a very-
splendid plant, when trained against a wall ; or, in warm sheltered situations,
as a standard. It is commonly grafted or budded on thorn stocks ; and it
also does well upon quince stocks. In the neighbourhood of London it flowers
between the middle of April and the middle of May ; but it has not yet pro-
duced fruit in England. The largest and oldest plants are at White Knights,
where it was planted in 1804 ; and, in 1835, formed a large bush or tree,
nearly 15 ft. high.

« 2. P. ^RBUTIFO^LIA Lindl. The Arbutus-leaved Photinia

Identification. Lindl. in Lin. Soc. Trans., 13. p. 103. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 631. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 602.
Synonyme. Crataevgus wrbutifblia Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. vol. 3. p. 232.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 491. ; and our fig. 734.

XXVI.

COTONEA'STER.

405

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves with the disk oblong-
lanceolate, acute, distantly serrated, six times
longer than the petiole, which is red. The pani-
cle, in this species, is not corymbose. (Dec.
Prod.} An evergreen shrub or low tree. Cali-
fornia. Height 10 ft. to 20ft. Introduced in
1796. Flowers white; July and August. Fruit?.

A very desirable evergreen for walls, hitherto
comparatively neglected in British gardens. Horti-
cultural Soci-
ety's Garden.

754 P. arbutifoiia.

3. P. INTEGRIFO^LIA Lindl.
entire-leave;! Photinia.

The

Identification. Lindl. in Lin. Trans., 13. p. 103. ;

Don's Mill., 2. p. G02.
Synonyme. Pyrus integerrima Watt, ex D. Don

Prod. Fl. Nep. p. 237.
Engraving. Our fig. 735. from a specimen in the

Linnsean herbarium.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves elliptic, acu-
minated, quite entire. Panicle dif-
fuse. Pedicels bractless. Ovary
3-ce!led ; cells biovulate. (Don's
Mill.} An evergreen tree. Nepal.
Height 20 ft. Introduced in 1820.
Flowers white ?.

Requires the protection of a wall,
which it well deserves, on account of
the beauty of its foliage.

735. P. integrtfblia.

f 4. P. DUVBIA Lindl. The doubtful Photinia.

Identification. Lindl. in Lin. Trans., 13. p. 104. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 602.

Synonymes. Mespilus bengalensis Roxb. ; M. tinct6ria D. Don Prod. Fl. Nep. 238. : Cratse'gus

sr.icola Ham. MSS.
Engravings. Lin. Trans., 13. t. 10. ; and our fig. 736.

Sjiec. Char., fyc. Leaves lanceolate, distantly ser-
rated. Panicle corymbose, pilose. Fruit 2-celled.
Seed 1, large, and clothed with a loose testa.
Fruit sometimes 1-celled from abortion, and 2-
seeded. (Don's Mill.} An evergreen tree. Nepal.
Height 20ft. Introduced in 1821. Flowers
white ?.

It appears nearly allied to Raphiolepis. Hamil-
ton states that the bark is used, in Nepal, to dye
cotton red. Culture and management as in the
preceding species.

GENUS XVII.

736. P. dfcbia.

COTONEA'STER Mod.

Lin. Syst. Icosandria

THE COTONEASTER.
Di-Pentagynia.

, p LmdL in Lin' Soc' Trans" ia p" 10L; Dec- Prod->

Vespilus sp. Lin. ; Neflier cotonneux, Fr. ; Quitten-Mispel, Ger. ; Cotognastro Ital
Derivation. Cotoncaster, a sort of barbarous word signifying quince-like. The nuince was palled
Cotonea by Plmy : and «,/«•, a corruption of ad instar, is used occasionally to express similitude

D D 3

Synmyu-es.

406 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

The genus, and C. frigida in particular, is not unlike the quince in its leaves. (Lindley in Sot
Reg.t. 1187. and 1229.)

Gen. Char. Flowers polygamous from abortion. Calyx turbinate, bluntly
5-toothed. Petals sho'rt, erect. Stamens length of the teeth of the calyx.
Styles glabrous, shorter than the stamens. Carpels 2 — 3, parietal, biovu-
late, enclosed in the calyx. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate or exstipulate, deciduous or evergreen ;
generally woolly beneath. Flowers in corymbs, lateral, spreading, furnished
with deciduous subulate bracteas. Petals small, permanent. — Shrubs or low
trees. Natives of Europe, America, and Asia.

The species are very desirable garden shrubs or low trees, from the
beauty of their foliage, their flowers, and their fruit ; the fruit of C. frigida
and C. aff inis, in particular, being produced in great abundance, and being of
an intense scarlet colour, have a very splendid appearance, and remain on
the trees the greater part of the winter. The cotoneasters are all readily
propagated by seeds, cuttings, layers, or grafting on C. vulgaris, on the com-
mon quince, or on the hawthorn. Though the greater part of the species are
natives of Asia, yet in Britain they are found to be as hardy as if they were
indigenous to the North of Europe, more especially those of them that are
true evergreens. Not one of them was killed by the winter of 1837-8 in the
Hort. Soc. Garden.

§ i. Leaves deciduous. Shrubs.
& 1. C. VULGA'RIS Lindl. The common Cotoneaster.

Identification. Lindl. in Lin. Soc. Trans., 13. p. 101. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 632. ;

Don's Mill., 2. p. 603.
Synonymes. Mespilus Cotoneaster Lin. Sp. 686., (Ed. Fl. Dan. t. 112. ;

Nt flier cotonneux, Ft: ; Quitten-Mispel, Ger. ; Sakiagnolo, Ital.
Engravings. (Ed. Fl. Dan., t.U2. ; Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2713. ; and our
Jig. 737.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate, rounded at the base.
Peduncles and calyxes glabrous. (Dec. Prod.) A de-
ciduous shrub. Europe and Siberia, on the sunny parts
of subalpine hills. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft. in a wild state ;
in cultivation 4ft. to 5ft. Cultivated in 1656. Flowers
white, slightly tinged with pink ; April and May. Fruit
red or black ; ripe in July and August. 737> c.

Varieties. The following three forms of this species are to be met with, both
in a wild state, and in gardens : —

& C. v. \erythrocarpa Led. Fl. Alt. ii. p. 219. has the fruit red when

ripe.
& C. v. 2 melanocarpa Led., Tlfespilus Cotoneaster Pall. FL Ross. p. 30.

t. 14., M. melanocarpa Fisch., C. melanocarpa Lod. Cat., has the

fruit black when ripe.
& C. v. 3 depressa Fries Nov. Suec. p. 9., Dec. Prod. ii. p. 632., is rather

spiny, with lanceolate acutish leaves, and fruit i^ A

including 4 carpels. It is a native of the rocks of

Sweden near Warberg.

& 2. C. (v.) TOMENTO'SA Lindl. The tomentose, or woolly,
Cotoneaster.

Identification. Lindl. in Lin. Soc. Trans.. 13. p. 101.: Dec. Prod 2 D

632.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 603.
Synonymes. J/espilus tomentbsa Willd. Sp. 2. p. 1012., not Lam. ; M. erio-

c&rpa Dec. Fl. Ft: Synops. and Suppl. No. 3691.
Engraving. Our fig. 738. from a specimen in the British Museum.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves elliptical, obtuse at both ends.
Peduncles and calyxes woolly. (Dec. Prod.) A decidu-
ous shrub, like the preceding species, of which it appears
to us to be only a variety, found wild on the rocks

XXVI.

407

of Jura, and in other parts of the Alps of Switzerland ; and in cultivation
in British gardens since 1759.

& 3. C. (v.) LAXIFLO^RA Jacq. The loose-flowered Cotoneaster.

Identification. Jacq. ex Lindl. Bot. Reg., t. 1305. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 604.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1305. ; and our figs. 739. and 740.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oblong, obtuse at both
ends, smooth above, and woolly beneath.
Cymes panicled, pilose. Calyxes quite
smooth. Flowers pink. (Don's Mill.}
Branches brownish purple, with an ash-
coloured cuticle, which peels off. A de-
ciduous shrub, flowering in April, and having
the same general appearance and habit as C.
vulgaris, but differing from it in having large
loose racemes,and in the colour of its flowers,
and their greater number. It was raised in
the Garden of the Horticultural Society,
from seeds sent by Professor Jacquin of
Vienna, in 1826. Its native country is
unknown.

73'J. C. (v.)la*iflor

Variety.

m C. (v.) 1. 2 uniflora Fischer,
Garden.

740. c. (

-Flowers solitary. Horticultural Society's

& & 4. C. DENTICULAVTA. The toothed-leaved Cotoneaster.

Identification. H. et B., vol. vi. p. '214.

Engravings. H. et B., vol. vi. t. 566. ; and our fig. 741 .

Spec. Char. , $c. Leaves elliptic, or obovate-elliptic,
rounded on both sides, mucronate-cuspidate, den-
ticulate at the apex, coriaceous, smooth above,
tomentose, pubescent and hoary beneath. Co-
rymbs simple. Flowers sub-dodecandrous, with
1 — 2 stigmas. Calyx woolly tomentose. (H. et
B.) A shrub, apparently sub-evergreen, and very
like C. vulgaris. Mexico, on elevated plains
near Actopa, at the height of 6000 ft. Height
?5ft. to 6ft. Introduced in 1839. Flowers
white ; September. Fruit ?. Raised in the Hor-
ticultural Society's Garden from seeds sent home
by M. Hart w eg.

741. C.Uenticulfc

§ ii. Sub-evergreen or deciduous. Tall Shrubs or low Trees.
m 5. C. FRI'GIDA Wall. The frigid Cotoneaster

Identification. Wall, ex Lindl. Bot. Reg., t. 1229. ; «nd Don's Mill., 2. p. 604.

Synonyme. Pyrus Nussia Ham. in Prod. Fl. Nep. p. 237., Dec. Prod. 2. p. 634.

Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1229. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit., vol. vi. ; and ourfig. 742.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branchlets woolly. Leaves elliptical, mucronate, coriaceous,
crenulated, glabrous, woolly beneath when young. Corymbs paniculate,
terminal, white, and woolly. Pomes spherical. {Dec. Prod.} A sub-ever-
green shrub or low tree. Nepal, on the higher mountains of the northern
region. Height 10ft. to 20ft. Introduced in 1824. Flowers of a snowy
white, produced in great abundance ; April and May. Fruit crimson, or
bright red ; ripe in September, and generally remaining on the trees great
part of the winter.

A remarkably robust-growing, sub-evergreen, low tree, producing shoots 3 or
4 feet long every season, when young ; and, in 3 or 4 years from the seed,
becoming very prolific in flowers and fruit. As the fruit, with the greater part

1> D 4

408

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICKTUM BR1TANNICUM.

742. C.frigida.

of the leaves, remains on all the winter, the tree makes a splendid appearance
at that season ; and, in sheltered situations, in the neighbourhood of London,
it may be considered as an evergreen. It is very hardy ; the specific name of
frigida being given to it on account of the coldness of the locality in which it
was found. It is propagated by grafting on the common hawthorn.

1 6. C. (F.) AFFIVNIS Lindl. The related (to C. frigida) Cotoneaster.

743. C. If., affi'nis.

xxvi. ROSACEM: COTONEA'STER.

409

Identification. Lindl. in Lin. Soc. Trans., 13. p. 101. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 632. : and Don's Mill., 2.

p. 603.
Synonymcs. 3/espilus integerrima Hamilt. MSS. ; M. affhiis D. Don Prod. Fl. Nep. 238. ; ? C ku-

mana in Lodd. collection.
Engravings. The plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit, vol. vi. ; and our fig. 743.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves ovate, with a small mucro at the tip, and tapered at
the base. Peduncles and calyxes woolly. (Dec. Prod.) A sub-evergreen
shrub or low tree. Nepal, at Chittong, in the lower country. Height 10 ft.
to 20 ft. Introduced in 1828. Flowers white ; April and May. Fruit
bright red, or deep crimson ; ripe in September, and remaining on the
trees great part of the winter.
A robust shrub or low tree, in general habit and appearance so like the

preceding sort, as to induce us to think that they are only different forms of

the same species. They are, however, different in foliage, and on that account

worth keeping distinct.

% * 7. C. ACUMINA'TA Lindl. The acuminated-feam/ Cotoneaster.

Identification. Lindl. in Lin. Soc. Trans., 13. p. 101. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 632. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. G03
nyrne. Mespilus acumina~ta Lodd. Bol. Cab. t. 919.

,-avings. Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 919. : Lin. Soc. Trans., 13. t 9. ; the plate of this species in Arb.
it., 1st edit, vol. vi. ; and our fig. 744.

744. C. acumlnkta.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate, acuminated, rather pilose on both surfaces.
Peduncles glabrous, 1 — 2, rather reflexed, shorter than those of C. vulgaris,
C. tomentosa, or C. affivnis. Calyxes glabrous. (Dec. Prod.) A sub-
evergreen shrub or low tree. Nepal. Height 10ft. to 15ft. Introduced in
1820. Flowers white ; April and May. Fruit scarlet ; ripe in September,
and remaining on the plants all the winter.

A vigorous-growing, fastigiate, leathery-leaved shrub, or very handsome
sub-evergreen low tree ; very distinct, and a most desirable species.

¥ 8. C. NUMMULA^RIA Lindl. The money-\\ke-leaved Cotoneaster.

Identification. Lindl. in Hort. Trans., 6. p. 396.

Synonymes. C. elliptica Hort. ; Eriobotrya elliptica Lindl. ; Mtspilus Cuile Hort. ; ?C. l*Vis i*

Lodd. collection.

Derivation. Probably from the roundness of the leaf, resembling the general form of coins.
Engravings. The plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our fig. 745.

410

ARBORETUM P:T FHUTICETUM BIUTANNICUM.

745. C. nummu&ri

Spec. Char., fyc. Disk of leaf flat, orbicular, or elliptical, ending in a mucro,
in some instances emarginate. Petiole of about the length of the stipules,
which are linear-lanceolate, membranous, and soon fall off. Bark, buds,
flower buds, stipules, petiole, the under surface of the disk of the leaf, and
part of the upper surface of the midrib, tomentosely hairy, while in a young
state ; the bark, petioles, midrib on its upper surface, and calyx, become
glabrous when old. Flowers in axillary cymes, few in a cyme. Style and
carpel, which has a bony shell, mostly solitary. Erect, branched in a spread-
ing manner; branchlets straight, slender. An elegant low sub-evergreen
tree. Nepal, in the mountainous region. Height 10 ft. to 15ft. Intro-
duced in 18241. Flowers white ; April and May. Berries numerous, black ;
ripe in September.

A very handsome species, distinguished at first sight from the others by its
spreading habit of growth and smaller leaves.

§ ill. Leaves evergreen., leathery. Low Shrubs, with prostrate
Branches; Ira Hers, but not properly Creepers.

e_ 9. C. ROTUNDIFOVLIA Wall. The round-leaved Cotoneaster.

Identffi cation. Wall. Cat. ; Lindl. Bot. Reg., 1229.
Synonymes. C. microph^lla ft UVa-firsi Lindl.

Bot. Reg. t. 1187. ; C. LPva-tirsi Hort. ; the

Bearberry-leaved Nepal Cotoneaster.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1187- ; and our Jigs.

746. and 747.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves roundish, pi-
lose beneath, evergreen. Peduncles
1-flowered. Producing its white flow-
ers in April and May. (Don's Mill.)
An evergreen shrub. Nepal, on
mountains. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. In-
troduced in 1825. Flowers white,
with the backs of the petals often

746. C. rotundifV.lia.

747. C. rotundif6lia.

xxvi. ROSACEJE: AMELA'NCHIER.

411

pinkish ; April and May. Fruit bright scarlet ; ripe in August, and remain-
ing on all the winter.

A most desirable shrub for a small garden, for clothing a naked wall, cover-
ing rockwork, or grafting standard high, so as to form a pendent evergreen tree.
«_ 10. C. (R.) MICROPHY'LLA Wall. The small-leaved Cotoneaster.

Identification. Wall, ex Lindl. Bot. Reg., 1. 1114. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 604.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 11 14.; and our Jig.T48.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oblong, obtuse, pubescent
beneath, evergreen. Peduncles usually 1 -flowered.
(Don's Mill.) A prostrate evergreen shrub, closely
resembling the preceding species, and in our opinion
only a variety of it. Nepal. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft.
Introduced in 1824. Flowers white; May and June.
Berries bright scarlet ; ripe in August, and remaining
on all the winter.

It is exceedingly hardy, and forms a fine plant on

rockwork, or on a lawn, where it has room to extend 748> Ct ,r0 micr0phyiia.
itself. A plant of C. microphylla, at High Clere,

of about 10 years' growth, was, in 1835, 6 ft. high, and formed a dense bush,
covering a space 21 ft. in diameter. Another, at Redleaf, was, in 1837, nearly
as large. Grafted standard high on the thorn, or any of its congeners, this
shrub forms a singular and beautiful evergreen drooping tree : or it will cover
a naked wall nearly as rapidly as ivy ; and it possesses a decided advantage
over that plant, and particularly over the variety called the giant ivy, in its
shoots, which may be prevented from extending many inches from the face of
the wall, and, consequently, being not likely to injure the plants growing near
it. Were the practice of training trees and shrubs in architectural or sculp-
tural shapes again to come into fashion, there are few plants better adapted for
the purpose than this and the preceding sort of Cotoneaster.

tt. 11. C. (R.) ^UXIFO'LIA Wall. The JBox-leaved Cotoneaster.

Identification. Wall, ex Lindl. Bot. Reg., t. 1220. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 604.
Engraving. Our Jig. 749. from a living specimen.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate, woolly beneath,
evergreen. Peduncles 2 — 3-flowered, woolly.
Flowers white. (Don's Mill.) A native of
Neelgherry; introduced in 1824; and ap-
parently a variety of C. rotundifolia, from
which it differs in having the peduncles 2-
and 3-flowered, but scarcely in any thing
else.

Variety.

m.

749. C. (r.) Mixifolia.

C. (£.) 2 margindfa, C. marginata
Lindl., has rather larger leaves,
which are covered thickly on the under side and margin with a dense
white tomentum. Raised in the Horticultural Society's Garden in
1 838, from seeds received from Dr. Falconer of Saharunpore.

GENUS XVIII.

AMELA'NCHIER Med

Identification. Med. Gesch., 1793.
Don's Mill., 2. p. G04.

, THE AMELANCHIER.

Di-Pentagynia.
Lindl. in Lin. Soc. Trans., 13. p. 100

Lin. Syst. Icosandria

Dec. Prod., 2. p. 632.;

412

ARBORETUM ET FUUTICETUM BRITANN [CUM.

Synonymea. A/espilus /,. ; Pyrus W. ; ^rbnia Pers.

Derivation. According to Clusius, Amelancier is the old Savoy name for A. vulgaris. (E. of PL)
Amelaucier is the Savoy name for the medlar.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals lanceolate. Stamens rather shorter than
the calyx. Ovarium of 10-cells, or of 5 bipartite ones. Ovula 10, solitary
in the partitions of the cells. Styles 5, joined together a little at the base.
Pome, when mature, 3 — 5 celled. Seeds 3 — 5 ; endocarp cartilaginous.
(Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; serrated. Flowers white,
in racemes. Bracteas linear lanceolate, deciduous. — Small trees, natives of
Europe, America, or Asia.

In British gardens, they are cultivated for their flowers, which are white,
abundant, showy, and produced early in the season ; for their fruit, which
ripens in June ; and for the deep red, or rich yellow hue, which their foliage
assumes in autumn. They are propagated by grafting on the hawthorn or the
quince; or the weaker on the stronger-growing species of the genus.

¥ 1. A. VULGA'RIS Mcench. The common Amelanchier.

Identification. Mcench Methv 682. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 632. ; Don's Mill., 2. p.

Synonymes. 3/espilus Amelanchier Lin. Sp. 685., Jacq. Fl. Austr. t. 300. ;
Willd. Sp. 2. p. 1015. ; ^r6nia rotundifblia Pers. Syn. 2. p. 39. ; Cratsc'gu
S6rbus Amelanchier Crantz ; Alisier Amelanchier, Amelanchier des Bois, N "
Fr. ; Felsenbirne, Ger. ; Pero cervino, Jtal.

Engravings. Jacq. Fl. Austr., t. 300. ; Bot. Mag., t. 2430. ; and our fig. 750.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Leaves roundish-oval,
bluntish, downy beneath, afterwards
glabrous. Fruit dark blue. (Dec. Prod.)
A deciduous low tree. Continent of
Europe, the Alps, Pyrenees, and at Ton- -f
tainbleau in France. Height 15ft. to
20ft. Introduced in 1596. Flowers
white ; March and April. Fruit black,
soft and eatable; ripe in July. Decaying
leaves bright yellow.

A most desirable low tree, on account
of its early and numerous flowers, which
cover the tree like a white sheet, about the
middle of April, and, in very mild seasons,
even in March.

604.

Pyrus Amelanchier
ic'gus rotundifolia Lain. ;
, Neflier a Feuilles rondes,

750. Ameltittclrier vulg&ris.

* *£ 2. A. (v.) BOTRYA'PIUM Dec. The Grape-Pear, or Snowy-blossomed
Amelanchier.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 632. ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 202. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 604.
Synonymes. Afespilus canadensis Lin. Sp. 185. ; A/, arbdrea Michx. Arb. 2. t. 66. ; C'ratae'gus race-
mbsa Lam. Diet. 1. p. 84. ; Pyrus Botryapium Lin. fiL Suppl. p. 255. ; ,4r6nia Botryapium Pers.
St/n. 2. p. 39. ; the Canadian Medlar, Snowy Mespilus, June Berry, wild Pear Tree ; Alisier de
Cboisy, Amelanchier de Choisy, Alisier £ Grappes, Fr. ; Traubenbirne, Ger.

Engravings. Schm. Arb., t. 84. ; Willd. Abbild., t. 79. ; Krause, t. 56. ; the plates of this species,
in a young and an old state, in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; our fig. 751., from a specimen taken
from the tree in the Horticultural Society's Garden, with the leaves and flowers fully expanded :

and figs. 752. and 753., copied from

Michaux's North American Sylva ;

fig. 751. showing the plant in spring

before the flowers are fully opened ;

and fig. 752. showing the plant in

fruit. Both differ in some respects

from fig. 753. See Sir W. J. Hooker's

remarks under A. ovalis, No. 4.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ob-
long-elliptical, cuspidate,
somewhat villous when
young, afterwards glabrous.
(Dec. Prod.) A deciduous
shrub or low tree, closely

751. A. <v.) Botrv&pium.

75*. A. (

XXVI. ROSA^CEMl AMELA1 NCHIER. 413

resembling the preceding species ; and by some bo-
tanists considered as only a variety of it. America.
Height in America SO ft. to 40 ft., with a trunk
10 in. to 12 in. in diameter; in England 20ft.
to 30ft. Introduced in 1746. Flowers white;
April. Fruit purple, agreeable to eat ; ripe in the
beginning of June. Decaying leaves rich yellow.

A very ornamental tree, from its profusion of
blossoms early in April, and from its rich autumnal
foliage; and even the fruit is not altogether to be
despised, either eaten by itself, or in tarts, pies, and
puddings. The wood is white, and it exhibits no dif-
ference between the heart and the sap : it is longitu-l
dinally traversed by small bright red vessels, which
intersect each other, and run together : a physiolo-
gical peculiarity which, Michaux observes, occurs also
in the red birch.

& ¥ 3. A. (v.) SANGUI'NEA Dec. The blood-coloured Amelanchier.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 633. ; Lindl. in Bot. Reg., t. 1171. ; Hook. Fl. Bor Amer, 1.

p. 203. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 604.
Synont/mes. Pyrus sanguinea Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1. p. 340. ; ^rbnia sangufnea Nutt. • Afesnilus

canadensis -y rotundif blia Michaux Fl. Bor. Amer.l. p. 391. ^

Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1171. ; and our figs. 754. and 7-r:5.

753. A. (v.) Botryapiu

754. A. (v.) sanguinea.

755. A. (y.) sangufnea,

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oval, obtuse at both ends, mucronate, finely serrated,
somewhat heart-shaped at the base. Flowers few in a raceme. Calyx gla-
brous. Petals linear, obtuse. Fruit eatable. (Dec. Prod.) A deciduous
tree or large shrub. Hudson's Bay. Height 10 ft. to 20ft. Introduced
in 1824. Flowers white; April. Fruit dark purple, full of blood-coloured
juice j ripe in July. Decaying leaves rich yellow.

This plant differs from A. (v.) Botryapium in the fewer flowers, much shorter
raceme, and shorter, broader, and more ovate petals ;
in the young leaves being perfectly destitute of pubes-
cence, and the head somewhat fastigiate.

* ? 4. A (v.) OVA'LIS Dec. The oval-/t>d Amelanchier.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 632. ; Don's MiJL, 2. p. 604.
Synomjmes. Cratas'gus spicata Lam. Diet. 1. p. 84. ? ; Jfespilus

Ameldncfiier Walt. Car. p. 184. ; A. parvifl6ra Dove. MS. • M.

canadensis var. a. ovalis Michx. Am. 1. p. 291 • Ptrus ov^lis

'

.

Sp. 2. p. 1014 ;. ^rdnia ovalis Pers. Syn. 2. p. 240. ; Amelan-
chier du Canada, Alisier 3 E'pi, Fr. ; rundblattrige Birne, Ger.
Engraving. Fig. 756. from a living specimen.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves roundish-elliptical, acute ;
when young, rather velvety beneath ; when adult,
glabrous. Raceme coarctate. Petals obovate. Calyx
pubescent. (Dec. Prod.) A large deciduous shrub
or low tree. North America, from Lake Huron to

414

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

the Rocky Mountains. Height 10 ft. to 20 ft. Introduced in 1800. Flowers
white ; April. Fruit purple ; ripe in July. Decaying leaves rich yellow.

Varieties.

$& ¥ A. (v.) o. 2 subcordata Dec. ; ^4ronia subcordata Raf. ; JJ/alus micro-
carpa Raf. — A native of mountains near New York. (Dec. Prod.)

& *£ A. (v.) o. 3 semi-integrifolia Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. p. 201. — Leaves for
the most part separated at the apex. A native about the Grand
Rapids, and at Fort Vancouver, on the Columbia.

Sir Wm. J. Hooker is disposed to agree with Dr. Torrey, who suspects this
to be only a variety of A. Botryapium ; and he adds that Michaux seems to
have included A. Botryapium and A. vulgaris under his A. canadensis. The
wood of A. ovalis, according to Dr. Richardson, is prized by the Cree Indians
for making arrows and pipe stems; and it is thence termed by the Canadian
voyagers Bois de fleche. Its berries, which are about the size of a pea, are the
finest fruit in the country ; and are used by the Cree Indians both in a fresh
and in a dried state. They " make excellent puddings, very little inferior to
plum-pudding." (Hook. FL Bor. Arner., i. p. 203.)

& % 5. A. (v.) FLO'RIDA Lindl. The flowery Amelanchier.

Identification. Lindl. Bot. Reg., 1. 1589.; Card. Mag., vol. ix. p. 484.

Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1589. ; and our figs. 758. to a scale of 2 in. to 1 ft., and fig. 757. of the
natural size.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oblong, obtuse at both ends, coarsely

serrate in the terminal portion, glabrous in every state.

Bracteas and stipules feathery at the tip, soon falling off.

Flowers in upright racemes, many in a raceme. Calyx gla-
brous externally ; its segments longer
than, or at least as long as, the
stamens. (Lindl.) A handsome
hardy deciduous shrub or low tree,
in habit and general appearance like
A. (v.) Botryapium, but at once
recognised as distinct by its fastigiate
habit of growth, and by the short-
ness of its stamens. North America,
on the north-west coast. Height

10ft. to 20ft. Introduced in 1826. Flowers white; May. Fruit purple;

ripe in August. Decaying leaves rich yellow.

Variety.

j» A. (v.) f. 2 parvifblia, the A. parvifolia of the Horticultural Society's
Garden, is of a dwarf habit, not growing above 3 or 4 feet high, and
has smaller leaves.

The leaves somewhat resemble those of the hornbeam ; the petals vary in
length, some having measured more than f of an inch. In general habit, it is
somewhat more fastigiate than the other sorts, unless we except A. sangulnea,
to which, Dr. Lindley observes, it is very near akin. Possibly a distinct spe-
cies, but we doubt it.

GENUS XIX,

.flfE'SPILUS Lindl. THE MEDLAR. Lin. Syst. Icosandria Di-Pentagynia.

Identification. Lindl. in Lin. Trans., 13. p. 99. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 633. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 604.
Synonymes. Mespilus sp. of Lin. and others ; Mespil6phora sp. of Neck. ; Neflier, Fr. ; Mispel

Ger. ; Neepolo, ItaL
Derivation. From mesos, a half, and pilos, a bullet ; fruit resembling half a bullet.

xxvi.

: AMELA'NCHIER.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-cleft, the segments foliaceous. Petals nearly orbicular.

Di&k large, full of honey. Styles 2 — 5, glabrous. Pome turbinate, open ;

5-celled. Endocarp bony. (Don's Mill.}

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; lanceolate, serrulated.

Floivers large, nearly sessile, usually solitary, white. Bracteas permanent. —

Trees ; in a wild state furnished with spines. Natives of Europe.

The first species is cultivated for its fruit, which is eatable, and the seeds of
which are accounted anti-lithic. The second species is an ornamental shrub
or low tree, of the general character of a CVataevgus. Both are propagated by
grafting on the quince, the wild pear, or the common hawthorn ; and both
grow freely in any common soil, rather moist than dry.

¥ 1. M. GERMA'NICA L. The German, or common, Medlar.

Identification. Lin. Sp.. 684. ; Pall. Fl. Ross., t. 13. f. 1. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 633. ; Don's Mill., 2.

p. 605.
Engravings. Pall. FL Ross., 1. 13. f. 1. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit, 1st edit., vol. vi. ;

and our fig. 759.

759. Jtf&pilus germ&nica.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves lanceolate, tomentose beneath, undivided. Flowers
solitary. {Dec. Prod.) A deciduous tree of the second rank. Europe
and the West of Asia, in bushy places and woods ; and said to be found,
also, in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, and about Chester, in England ; apparently
in a truly wild state in Sussex. Cultivated in 1596. Flowers white ;
May and June. Fruit brown ; ripe in October and November. Decaying
leaves dark brown, or yellow.

Varieties. DeCandolle gives the following forms of this species, which may
be considered as natural varieties : ^ —

416 ARBORETUM ET FRUTJCETUM BRJTANNlCUM.

¥ M. g. 1 sylvestris Mill. Diet. No. 1. — Spiny. Fruit small. It loses

its spines in a state of cultivation.
t M. g. 2 stricta Dec., Ait. Hort. Kew. ii. p. 172., Dod. Pempt. 801.—

Spineless. Leaves doubly serrated.
^ M. g. 3 di/usa Dec., Ait. Hort. Kew. ii. p. 172., Du Ham. Arb. Fr. i.

t. 3. — Thornless. Leaves nearly entire. Fruit, in many instances,

abortive of seeds.

In the Horticultural Society's Fruit Catalogue, the following four culti-
vated sorts are given, which may be considered as artificial varieties : —

1. Blake's large-fruited Medlar.

2. Dutch Medlar. — Fruit the largest of any.

3. Nottingham^ or common, Medlar. — Fruit obovate, middle size, and of

the best quality : the only sort worth cultivating for its fruit in
England.

4. The stoneless Medlar. — Fruit small, and of little merit.

The fruit of the medlar is not eaten till in a state of incipient decay, when
it is very agreeable to some palates ; though it is, as Du Hamel observes,
more un fruit de fantaisie, than one of utility. A number of trees of the dif-
ferent varieties may be seen in the orchard of the Horticultural Society's
Garden, where they have taken very picturesque shapes.

¥ 2. M. SMI'TH// Dec. Smith's Medlar.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 633. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 605.

Synonymes. M. grandiflora Smith Exot. Bot. 1. p. 33. ; M. lobata Pair, Hook, in Sot. Mag. t. 3342.
Engravings. Smith Exot. Bot., 1. 1. 18. ; Eot. Mag., t. 3442. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit.,
1st edit., vol. vi.j and our fig. 760.

760. Af&pilus Smithii.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oblong, elliptic, serrated, pubescent on the nerves
beneath. Flowers usually solitary. (Don's Mill.) A deciduous tree with
rambling irregular branches. Native country unknown. Cultivated in
1800. Height 15ft. to 20ft. Flowers white; May and June. Fruit
reddish brown ; ripe in October.

As hardy as the common medlar, and well deserving a place in ornamental
plantations for the beauty of its flowers, which are produced in great pro-
fusion. The general aspect and habit of the tree are those of a (7rataevgus ;
and, indeed, it is by many persons considered as more properly belonging f0
that genus than to Mespilus.

xxvi. ROSA^CEJE: PY^RUS. 417

GENUS XX.

PY'RUS Lindl THE PEAR TREE. Lin. Syst. Icosandria Di-Pentagynia.

Identification. Lindl. Lin. Soc. Tr., 13. p. 97. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 633. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 605.
Synonymes. Pfrus Mains, and Sdrbus, Town. ; .Pyrus and SOrbus Lin. ; PyrOphorum and Apy-
r6phorum Neck.

Gen. Char. Calyx with an urceolate tube, and a 5-lobed limb. Petals
roundish. Styles usually 5, rarely 2 or 3. Pome closed, 5-celled. Puta-
men cartilaginous. Seeds 2 in each cell. Testa cartilaginous. (Don's Mill.}
Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous, or sometimes sub-ever-
green ; entire, serrated, or pinnately divided. Flowers numerous, in
cymes. Bracteas subulate, deciduous.

Low trees, and some shrubs ; almost all deciduous ; natives of Europe,
Asia, and North America. Some of them are in great estimation throughout
the world for their fruit ; and others are cultivated chiefly for their flowers.
Under the genus Pyrus, botanists have lately united the Linnaean genera
Pyrus and Sorbus, together with several species formerly included under
-Mespilus, Crataevgus, and other genera.

Some of the species of Pyrus are, and have been for ages, the most univer-
sally cultivated of all ligneous plants ; the apple and the pear being highly
esteemed fruits, both in the temperate and transition zones of both hemi-
spheres. These, and all the species of the genus, are propagated by grafting
on the wild varieties of each division.

§ i. Pyrophorum Dec.

Sect. Char. Petals spreading, flat. Styles 5, distinct. Pome more or less
top-shaped, or subglobose, without a concavity at the base. Pedicels simple,
umbeled. Leaves simple, not glanded. (Dec. Prod.y ii. p. 633.) This sec-
tion comprehends all the pears, properly so called.

3f 1. P. COMMUXNIS L. The common Pear Tree.

Identification. JLinn. Sp., 686. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 633. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 605.

Synonymes. P. A'chrns Gcertn. Fruct. 2. p. 44. t. 87. ; P. sylvestris Dod. Pempt. 800. ; Pyraster

Ray Syn. 452. ; Poirier, Fr. ; gemeine Birne, or Birnebaum, Ger. ; Pero domestico, Ital. ; Pera,

Span. ; and Gruschka, Russian.
Engravings. Blackw. Herb., t. 453. ; Eng. Bot., t. 1784. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit.,

1st edit, vol. vi. ; and our Jig. 761.

Spec. Char.y $c. Branches and buds glabrous. Leaves ovate, serrated, gla-
brous upon both surfaces. Flowers corymbose. (Dec. Prod.) A deciduous
tree of the middle size. Europe, in woods and waste places, from the east
of Russia to the west of England. Height 30 ft. to 50 ft. rarely 70 ft. In cul-
tivation from time immemorial. Flowers white, never tinged with pink like
those of the apple ; April and May. Fruit in a wild state green, turning
yellowish in November. Decaying leaves rich yellow or reddish yellow.

Varieties. DeCandolle mentions two forms of the wild species, compara-
tively permanent ; to which we have added several others, the result of cul-
tivation, and which are more or less accidental or temporary. To these we
might have subjoined a class of wild pears with hoary leaves, such as P.
nivalis, P. salicifolia, &c., which we consider as varieties, or races, though
commonly treated as species ; but we have preferred giving them afterwards
as distinct sorts.

¥ P. c. 1 A^chras Wallr. Sched. p. 213. — Spiny. Leaves woolly when
young, but afterwards glabrous ; tire disk ovate, acuminate, entire ;
the petiole long. Tube of the calyx woolly when young, afterwards
becoming glabrous. Pome with its basal part long.
E E

419

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

761. PJrus commimis.

If P.c. 2 Pyraster Wallr. Sched. p. 214., Gsertn. Fr.t.87. f. 2.— Spiny.
Leaves roundish, acute, sharply serrated, glabrous even when young.
Tube of the calyx, while young, glabrous. Pome rounded at the
base.

¥ P. c. Sfoliis variegatis has variegated leaves.

¥ P. e. kfructu variegdto has the skin of the fruit variegated with yellow
and white.

% P. c. 5. sanguinolenta, the sanguinole Pear, has the flesh of the fruit red
or reddish ; and, though small and gritty, is not bad to eat. when ripe.

^ P. c. Gflore pleno, Poire de 1'Armenie Bon. Jard. p. 43., has double
flowers.

It P. c. l.jaspida; Bon Chretien a Bois jaspe" Bon. Jard. edit. 1836,
p. 424. ; has the bark of the wood striped with yellow.

*fc P.c.S satwa Dec. — Without spines. This is the cultivated variety,
of which there are very numerous subvarieties in gardens. For
these DeCandolle refers us to Miller's Dictionary, and to Du
Hamel's Des Arbres Fruitiers ; but, at the present time, by far the
most complete collection in the world, of cultivated pears, is in the
garden of the London Horticultural Society ; and they are described
in the Fruit Catalogue (edit. 1831) of that body. From this cata-
logue Mr. Thompson has made for us the following selection of sorts
which are at once deserving of culture as ornamental trees, and as
producing fruit of first-rate excellence.

Subvarieties.

Beurre Diel. — Leaves large, and flowers very large. A hardy tree,
somewhat fastigiate in its shape ; a great bearer, and deserving of
extensive cultivation on account of its fruit, independently altoge-
ther of its handsome shape and large flowers.

Beurre de Bans (not Beurree ranee, as commonly written, which means
rank, or rancid). — Branches spreading, or pendulous. The best
very late pear yet known. It bears very well as a standard.

Bezi de la Motte. — Leaves remarkably narrow.

Glout Morceau. (fig. 762.) — Branches spreading. Head pyramidal. A
hardy tree, and a great bearer. The fruit of most excellent flavour,

xxvi. JZOSA'CEJE : p\rnus.

410

762. P. c. var. Glout Morceau

and hanging late on the tree. There is a plate of this variety in the
Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi.

Napoleon. — Leaves broad and shining. Blossoms large. The tree
vigorous, and a good bearer. The fruit excellent.

Swan's Egg. — A handsome pyramidal tree, and an excellent bearer. The
fruit roundish, or obovate. This is one of the commonest pear
trees in the market-gardens about London ; and we have introduced
the name here, from having ourselves observed the handsome shapes
taken by the trees. The fruit, however, as compared with that of
the above sorts, is not worth cultivating.

T7ie Jblloimng Scotch pears are recommended by Mr. Gorrie, as
forms adapted for landscape scenery ; but little can be said in favour
of their fruit, as compared with that of the new Flemish varieties*

The Senvie, the Golden Knap, and the Elcho take fastigiate forms ; the
latter more especially, Mr. Gorrie says, may be called the Lombardy
poplar of the pear tribe. These trees generally attain the height
of from 45 ft. to 50 ft. in as many years, in the Carse of Gowrie, in
Perthshire.

The busked Lady and the Pow Meg take spreading orbiculate forms, such
as wiH assort with the A^cer Pseudo-Platanus, and may be called the
oaks and elms of the pear family. (See Card. Mag., vol. iv. p. 11.)

The pear tree, in a wild state, has a pyramidal-shaped head, with thorny
branches, at first erect, and afterwards curved downwards and pendulous.
The roots are few, and descend perpendicularly, with few lateral ramifications,
except in shallow and rich soil. The leaves vary exceedingly in different
soils, and in different parts of Europe and Asia : in Britain they are generally
green, and slightly tomentose, and do not differ greatly in magnitude ; but in
the woods of Poland, and in the vast steppes of Russia, the leaves of the
wild pear trees are commonly white with down, and vary so exceedingly in
their dimensions, as to include what are called the willow-leaved, the sage-
leaved, the elaeagnus-leaved, and other narrow-leaved varieties, which by

E E 2

420 ARBORETUM ET FRUT1CETUM BRITANNICUM.

many are considered to be species. The fruit of the pear, in a wild state, is
seldom more than a fourth part of the size of even the most ordinary culti-
vated varieties ; and it is also austere, and unfit to eat. The plant is always
found on a dry soil, and more frequently on plains than on hills or moun-
tains ; and solitary, or in small groups, rather than in woods and forests. The
rate of growth is 2 or 3 feet a year for the first 6 or 7 years ; in 10 years
it will attain the height of 20 ft. in gardens ; and in 30 years the height of
50ft., with a trunk from 1 ft. to 18 in. in diameter ; which may be considered
its average dimensions in Britain. The tree is of great longevity. M. Bosc
says that he has seen trees that were considered to be more than 400 years
old ; and Mr. Knight believes that there are trees of the Teynton squash
(a famous perry pear) which existed as early as the beginning of the fifteenth
century. All writers on trees, from Theophrastus to the present day, agree
that, as the tree grows old, it increases in fruit fulness ; which is, ind*eed,°the
case with most other trees.

The wood of the wild pear is heavy, strong, compact, of a fine grain, and
slightly tinged with red. It weighs, green, 79 Ib. 5 oz. per cubic foot ; and,
when dry, from 49 Ib. to 53 Ib. This wood, in common with that of all the
.ffosacege, is liable to have its natural colour changed by steeping it in water ;
which ought, therefore, to be avoided when it is intended for particular pur-
poses. It is readily stained black, and then so closely resembles ebony as to be
scarcely distinguishable from it. When it can be obtained, it is much used by
turners and pattern-makers ; also for joiners' tools, and to make various
articles which are dyed black in imitation of ebony. As fuel, the wood of
the pear is excellent, producing a vivid and durable flame, accompanied by
.intense heat. It also makes excellent charcoal. The leaves, according to
Withering, afford a yellow dye, and may be used to give a green to blue cloths.
The great use of the pear tree, however, is as a fruit tree. The fruit is used
in the dessert, and for stewing and preserving. It is also occasionally used in
tarts, though very inferior for this purpose to apples. In France and Belgium,
the fruit is very generally dried in ovens, in which state it forms an article of
commerce both domestic and foreign, and will keep a year. It is also dried in
this manner in Russia; and, when stewed, is excellent, either as a substitute
for pies and puddings, or as forming part of the dessert. It is essential that
the soil should be dry ; and, where the tree is intended to grow large and be
productive, it ought to be deep and good. There are few trees better adapted
for being grown in hedgerows than the fastigiate-growing varieties of pear,
because their roots descend perpendicularly, and can, therefore, never inter-
fere with the plough ; and the heads, whether fastigiate or spreading, it is
known from experience, do very little injury to pasture If, therefore, fasti-
giate-growing trees, producing excellent sorts of fruit, were planted in all
hedges, a very great benefit would result to the proprietors and to the public.
The wild pear is continued by seed ; and the varieties cultivated for their
fruit are budded or grafted on stocks of different kinds. For the poorer
soils, and exposed situations, stocks of the wild pear of the given locality must,
doubtless, be the best, because they must be the hardiest : but it is found from
experience, and it is consistent with physiological principles, that, on good
sons, or where the pear is to be cultivated entirely as a fruit tree, both the
tree and the fruit will grow larger when the stock is a seedling pear of some
vigorous-growing variety. When dwarf trees are required, the pear is grafted
on the quince, the medlar, or the thorn ; or on the mountain ash, or some
other species of Sorbus. It grows remarkably well on the common haw-
thorn ; though, unless the graft be made under ground, it does not form a
very safe and durable tree ; because, as the scion increases faster in diameter
than the stock, it is liable to be blown off. When the graft, however, is
made close to the surface of the ground, or immediately under the surface,
the root swells in nearly the same proportion as the scion, and there is no
danger of the tree being blown down, or of its not being sufficiently long-
lived.

xxvi. ROSACEJE : PYVRUS.

421

¥ 2. P. (c.) SALVIFO'LIA Dec. The Sage-leaved,
Aurelian, or Orleans, Pear Tree.

Identification. Dec. Fl. Fr., 531., in a note ; Prod., 2. p. 634. ;

Don's Mill., 2. p. 622.
Synonyme. Poiner Sauger D'Ourch in Bibl. Phys. Econ. Mai

1817 p. 299.
Engravings. Bob. Reg., 1482. ; and our fig. 763.

Sf,*c. Char., $c. Branches thick. Buds tomentose.
Leaves lanceolate, entire, tomentose all over
when young ; when adult, glabrous on the upper
surface. Fruit thick, long, fit for making perry.
Wild and cultivated about Orleans, in France.
(Dec. Prod.} Introduced by the London Horti-
cultural Society, in 1826; and, in our opinion,
only a variety of the common wild pear. 763- p- («•) *aivif&ua.

? 3. P. (c.) NIVAVLIS Lin.fil. The snowy-leaved Pear Tree.

Identification. Lin. fil. Suppl., 253. ; Jac. Fl. Austr.,

t. 107. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 634. ; Don's Mill., 2. p.

623.
Engravings. Jacq. Fl. Austr., t. 107. ; and our fig. 764.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oval, entire, obtuse,
white and silky beneath. Corymbs ter-
minal. Fruit globose, very acid, except
when ripe and beginning to decay, when
it becomes very sweet. (Dec. Prod.} A
native of the Alps of Austria, where it
grows to the height of 10 or 12 feet. It
was introduced into the Horticultural
Society's Garden in 1826, or before ; and
is already 15 ft. high, forming a very hand-
some white-foliaged tree ; though, as we
think, decidedly only a variety, or race, of
the common wild pear. 764 p.(c.)

t 4. P. (c.) SINA'ICA Thoum. The Mount Sinai Pear Tree.

765. P. (c.) siniica.

Thouin Mem. Mm., 1. 170. t. 9. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 634. ; Don's Mill. 2 p 622
E E 3

4-22

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

St/nonymes. P. Sinai Desf. Arb. 2. p. 144., N. Du Ham. 6. t. 57. ; P. persica Pers. Syn. 2. p. 40. ;

the Mount Sinai Medlar.
Engravings. Mem. Mus., 1. t. 9. ; N. Du Ham., G. t. 57. ; Dend. Brit, t. 49. ; the plate in Arb.

Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi . ; and our Jig. 7G5.

Spec. Char., $c. Very much branched, and spreading. Bads whitishly pu-
bescent. Leaves ovate-oblong, subacute, very minutely crenated ; whitishly
pubescent beneath, above glabrous and almost shining ; falling off late.
(Dec. Prod.) A native of Mount Sinai, whence it was brought to the Paris
Garden early in the present century, and introduced into England in 1820.
It so closely resembles the preceding sort, as hardly to be distinguishable
from it ; and we have no doubt that seeds of either, if sown to a consider-
able extent, would produce plants of these and several other kinds.

.

P. (c.) SALICIFOVLIA L. The Willow-leaved Pear Tree.

Identification. Lin. Suppl., 255. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 635. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 622.

Synonymes. P. elceagnifolia Pall. ; P. orientalis Horn. Suppl. 52. ; P. (C.) elreagnifolia Arb. Brit.

1st edit. p. 889.
Engravings. Pall. Itin., 3. p. 374. t. N. f.3. ; Fl. Ros., 1. t. 9.; and our fig. 766.

Spec. Char., fyc. Buds whitely toraentose.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, entire,
hoary, particularly upon the under sur-
face. The disk three times as long as the
petiole. Flowers upon short pedicels,
disposed in corymbs, a few in a corymb.
{Dec. Prod.) A native of Siberia, com-
mon in the deserts between the rivers
Cuina and Terec ; and found, also, on
Caucasus, and in Persia, generally ac-
companied by C. Oxyacantha and Prunus
spinosa. It was introduced into England
in 1780; and forms a very distinct va-
riety; attaining the height of 20 or 25
feet. There are fine trees of this sort,
20 ft. high, at White Knights.

¥ 6. P. (c.) /JMYGDALIFO'RMIS Vtt. The Almond-shaped Pear Tree.

Identification. Vill. Cat. Strasb.,322. ; Dec. Suppl.. 531 . : Dec Prod.

2. p. 634. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 622.

Synonymes. P. sylvestris Magnol. Bot. 215. ; P. salicifblia Lois. Not. 79.
Engraving. Our fig. 767.

Spec. Char., fyc. Spiny. Buds tomentose. Leaves
oblong, acute, entire ; tornentose all over when young ;
when adult, glabrous on the upper surface. The disk
six times longer than the petiole. Flowers in co-
rymbs. (Dec. Prod.) Wild in rough places in France,
in Provence, Dauphiny, and Languedoc; and very
closely resembling the preceding sorts. It was intro-
duced in 1810 ; and the finest plant that we know of
it, in the neighbourhood of London, is at Kenwood ;
where it is 22 ft. high, with a very irregular picturesque
head, and many of the side branches sweeping the
ground. In May, it is completely covered with white
blossoms, and in autumn with small green fruit, which
drop off with the first severe frost. 757. P. (c.>amygdaiifijrmis

¥ 1. P. SINE'NSIS Lindl. The Chinese Pear Tree.

Identification. Lindl. Hort. Trans., 6. p. 396. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 622.

Synonymes. P^rus communis Lois. Cochin, p. 321. ; P. sinica Royle lllustr. p. 207. ; Ri vulgo Nas
Japanese, Ktzmpf. Amcen. fasc. 804. ; the Sandy Pear, Snow Pear, Sand Pear: Sha Lee, Chinese.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t 1148. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our fig. 768.

'Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves cordate, apiculated, shining, serrated, and when
young, pubescent beneath. Peduncles corymbose. Calyx glabrous inside.
Fruit warted and bony. (Don's Mill.) A deciduous tree of the middle size.

XXVL

: PYRUS.

425

P. sin&isis.

China and Cochin China. Height 15ft. to 20ft. Introduced in 1820.
Flowers white, slightly tinted with pink. Fruit large, edible, yellowish
green when ripe ; rarely seen in England.

Differs from the common pear in having longer and greener branches, and
larger, more lucid, and almost evergreen leaves ; insipid, roundish, warted,
very gritty fruit ; and a calyx, the inside of which is destitute of the down that
is found on all the varieties of the European pear. The fruit is perfectly
hardy, and it is ornamental ; but it is worthless as a fruit tree, It vegetates
very early in spring ; when it is easily recognised by the deep rich brown of its
young leaves and shoots.

% 8. P. BOLLWYLLERIA'NA Dec. The Bollwyller Pear Tree.

424

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Identification. Dec. Fl. Fr. Suppl., p. 530. ; Prod., 2. p. 634. ; N. Du Ham., 6. p. 191.; Don's Mill.,

2. p. 522.
Synonymes. P. bollwylleriana J. Bauh. Hist. 1. p. 59. ic. ; P. Pollverta Lin. Mant. 234. ; P. au-

ricnlaris Knoop Pomol. 2. p. 38. t. 4., according to Reichenbach.
Engravings. 3. Bauh. Hist., ic. ; Knoop Pomol., 2. p. 38. t. 4., according to Reichenbach ; N. Du

Ham., 6. t. 58. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our fig. 769.

Spec. Char., $c. Buds downy. Leaves ovate, coarsely serrated, tomentose
beneath. Flowers many in a corymb. Fruit top-shaped, small, yellowish
within. (Dec. Prod.) A deciduous tree of the middle size, with but few
ascending thick coarse branches. France, at Bollwyller on the Rhine, in
hedges, but rare ; possibly a hybrid between the pear and apple. Height
10ft. to 20ft. Introduced in 1786. Flowers white ; April and May. Fruit
greenish brown ; ripe in September.

A very distinct variety, with large rough leaves, having somewhat the ap-
pearance of those of the apple. The fruit is turbinate, small, orange yellow,
and unfit to eat. The tree produces fewer branches than any other species or
variety of pear; and these branches are upright, thick, and rigid.

¥ 9. P. VARIOLO'SA Wall. The \ariab\e-leaved Pear Tree.

Identification. Wall. Cat. 680. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 622.

Synonyme. P. Pdshia Ham. ex Herb. Lin. Soc.

Engravings. The plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. : and our fig. 770.

770. P. variol&sa.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate, acuminated, crenated, glabrous in the adult
state, on long petioles ; when young, clothed with yellowish tomentum
beneath. Umbels terminal. Pedicels and calyxes woolly. (Don's Mill.)
A deciduous tree. Nepal and Kamaon. Height, in its native country, 40 ft.
to 50ft.; in England 10ft. to 15ft. Introduced in 1825. Flowers white,
slightly tinged with pink ; April and May. Fruit pear-shaped ; ripe in Oc-
tober, and remaining on the tree in the climate of London all the winter ;
eatable, like that of the medlar, in a state of incipient decay.

In the open air, in mild winters, this species is sub-evergreen ; and, against a
wall, in the Horticultural Society's Garden, it is completely so. It forms a
very handsome tree, but is rather tender, having been killed to within a few feet
of the ground, in several places in the neighbourhood of London, by the winter

XXVI. flOSACEJE: PY RUS.

425

of 1837-8. It has ripened fruit in the Fulham Nursery, which is brown when
ripe, and which, according to Dr. Royle, is not eatable until it is somewhat
decayed. The veins of the leaves, and the entire plant, are tinged with reddish
brown. The young seedlings of this species, and also the root shoots from
plants cut down, have the leaves cut like a Cratae'gus or Sorbus.

? 10. P. MICHAU'X// Bosc. Michaux's Pear Tree.

Identification. Bosc in Poir Suppl., 4. p. 432. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 6'23.
Engraving. Our fig. 771. from a specimen in Dr. Hooker's herbarium.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oval, quite entire, acutish, glabrous on
both surfaces, and shining above. Peduncles usually twin,
when bearing the fruit thick and woody. Fruit globose.
(Dons Mill.) A deciduous tree. North America. Height
15 ft. to 20 ft. Introduced in 1837. Flowers ?.

There are plants of this species in the Hort. Soc. Garden,
and in some of the London nur-
series j but they are too small to
enable us to form any judgement
as to the kind of tree which they
will ultimately form.

£ 11. P. I'NDICA Colebr. The Indian Pear Tree.

Identification. Colebr. Wall. PI. Ear. Asiat., 2. 1. 172. ; Don's

Mill., 2. p. 622.
Engravings. Wall. PI. Rar. Asiat., 2. t. 172. ; and our fig. 772.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate, or ovate-cordate,
acute, serrulated, glabrous, white beneath, as
well as the petioles and calyxes ; in the young
plants lobed. Claws of the petals shorter than
the calyx. Umbels sessile, few-flowered. Styles
villous at the base. (Don's Mill.) A d jciduous
tree. Bengal, on the mountains of Sylhet.
Height 15 ft. to 20 ft. In trod. ?. Flowers white ;
Ma}-. Fruit about the size of a wild pear; ripe
in October. m. F . indica.

771. P. Michaftxu.

§ ii. Malus.

Sect. Char. Petals spreading, flat. Styles 5, more or less strictly connate at
the base. Pome mostly globose, depressed, and invariably having a conca-
vity at its base. Flowers in corymbs. Leaves simple, not glanded. (Dec.
Prod.) — This section includes all the apples and crabs.

12. P. J/ANLUS L. The common, or wild, Apple Tree.

P. 105. ; Dec.

Synonymes. P. Mtlus mltis Wallr. Sched. p. 215. ; Malus commanis Dec. Fl Fr • Pommier com-
mun, Fr. ; gemeine Apfelbaum, Ger. ; Pero Melo, and Melo Porno Hal.

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 179. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi ;
and our fig. 773.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate,, acute, crenated, woolly on
the under surface. Flowers in corymbs. Tube of calyx
woolly. Styles glabrous. (Dec. Prod.} A deciduous tree.
Europe in woods and wastes ; frequent in hedges.
Height 20 ft. to 30 ft., sometimes 50 ft. In cultivation as a
fruit tree from time immemorial. Flowers white, tinged
with pink ; May. Fruit red and yellow ; ripe in October.
Decaying leaves brownish.

Cultivated in gardens, it is wholly, or conjointly with other
species or races, the parent of innumerable varieties, termed,

426

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

generally, in England, cultivated apple trees; and in France, pommiers doux.
or pommiers a couteau. We adopt the specific name .Mains, to indicate
what may be called the normal form, for the sake of convenience, though many
of the cultivated varieties are derived not only from the wild apple, or crab,
of Europe, but from the crabs of Siberia. We shall designate these crabs as
varieties of P. .Mains, and afterwards make a selection from the cultivated
sorts, of such as we think suitable for being planted for their timber, or as
ornamental trees.

¥ 13. P. (M.) ACE'RBA Dec. The sour-fruited Apple Tree, or common Crab.
Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 635. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 623U

774. P. (M.) acfcrbe.

Synonymes. P^rus Malus austfera Wallr. Sched. '215.; Malus acerba Merest Fl. Par. 187., Dec.
Suppl. 530. ; M. communis sylvestris Z>e*/. ; P. Malus sylvestris Fl.Dan. t. 1101. ; P. Malus Smtt*
Eng. Bot. t. 179. ; Pommier sauvageon, Fr. ; Holzapfelbaum, Ger. ; Melo salvatico, Ital.

Engravings. FL Dan., t. 1101. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., voL vi. ; and our fig. 774.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate, acute, crenated, glabrous even when young.
Flowers in corymbs. Tube of the calyx
glabrous. (Dec. Prod.} A native of woods
and way sides in Europe. This form, ac-
cording to DeCandolle, yields many sub-
varieties with sour fruit, called, in Britain,
cider apples ; and in France, generally, pom-
miers a cidre.

¥ 14. P. (M.) PRUNIFOYIA W. The Plum-
tree-leaved Apple Tree, or Siberian Crab.

Identification. Willd. Sp., 2. p. 1018. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p.635.;

Don's Mill., 2. p. 646.
Synonymes. P. Malus ft Ait. Hort. Kew. 2. p. 175.; ? Malus

hybrida Desf. Arb. 2. p. 141.
Engravings. Mill. Ic., t. 269. ; and our fig. 775.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate, acuminated,
serrated, glabrous. Peduncles pubescent.
Tube of calyx glabrous. Styles woolly at 77f> P. (AM FrunifiUa

XXVI. ROSA^CEJE ! PYVRUS.

4-27

the base ; and, as appears from Mill. Ic.y t. 269., with the styles twice as
long as the stamens, and the fruit subglobose, yellowish, and austere. (Dec.
Prod.) A native of Siberia; introduced in 1758.

According to Mr. Knight, some of the finest varieties raised by him are from
cultivated apples fecundated with the blossoms of this tree. The progeny,
he found, formed more hardy trees than any other kinds, and produced earlier
and more highly flavoured fruit.

? 15. P. (M.) BACCARA L, The berry-like-fruited Apple Tree, or
Siberian Crab.

Identification. Lin. Mant., 75. ; Amm. Ruth., t. 31. ; Pall. Fl. Ross., 1. 10. ; Dec Prod., 2. p. 635.

Don's Mill., 2. p. 646.

Kynom/me. Afalus baccata Dcsf. Arb. 2. p. 141.
Engravings. Amm. Ruth., t. 31. ; Pall. Fl. Ross., t. 10. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ;

and oar Jig. 776.

776. (P. Jtf.)baccita.

Spec. Char., Sec. Disks of leaves ovate, acute, equally serrated, glabrous, the
length of the petiole. Flowers grouped. Sepals deciduous. (Dec. Prod.)
A native of Siberia and Dahuria, and only differing from the preceding sort,
of which it is, doubtless, a subvariety, in not having a persistent calyx.

t 16. P. (M.) DIOI'CA W. The dioecious-*™^ Apple Tree.

Identification. Willd. Arb., 263. ; Spec. 5., p. 1018. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 635. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 646.
Synonymes. P. ap^tala Munch. Hausv. 5. p. 247., on the authority of Willdenow ; Jl/alus dioica

Audib. Cat.
Engraving. Our Jig. 2088- in p. 1106.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oval, serrated, tomentose beneath. Flowers, in many
instances, solitary. Sexes dioecious, by defect. Calyx tomentose. Petals
linear, the length of the sepals. Styles glabrous. (Dec. Prod.) Not differ-
ing in external appearance from a crab or apple tree. Horticultural Society's
Garden.

t 17. P. (M.) ASTRACA'NICA Dec. The Astrachan Apple Tree.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 635. ; Don's Mill. 2., p. 646.

Synonymes. Malus astracanica Dum. Cours. ed. 2. 5. p. 426. ; Transparent de Moscovie ; Glace de

Zelande; the transparent Crab of English nurseries.
Engraving. Our fig. 2089 in p. 110*.

Spec. Char., fyc, Leaves oval-oblong, acute, partially doubly serrated ; pale

428 ARBORETUM ET FRUT1CETUM BRITANN1CUM.

beneath, and the nerves there villose ; above glabrous, except being slightly
downy on the midrib. A native of the country around Astrachan, on the
testimony of gardeners. (Dec. Prod.) A very ornamental tree, from the
beauty of its fruit, which it produces freely, and which is also good to eat.

Varieties of P. M.alus cultivated for their Fruit. From the above forms, we
think it may safely be presumed, that all the apples cultivated for the dessert or
the kitchen have been obtained, either by selection from seedlings, or by
cross-fecundation ; and that no other wild sort has been used, unless, perhaps,
we except Pyrus coronaria ; which, however, we have never heard of as being
employed In cross-fecundation. These garden, or cultivated, varieties, as will
hereafter appear, are very numerous ; but the following selection of sorts,
which are handsome-growing trees, or have fruit of a particular character, has
been made for us by Mr. Thompson, of the Horticultural Society's Garden,
from the collection under his care : —

The Red Astrachan. The tree is middle-sized, with a branchy head ; the fruit
is of a bright red, with a fine bloom like that of a plum. This is one form of
the sort which DeCandolle has designated as P. astracanica: our No. 19.
'The White Astrachan, or transparent Crab of Moscow. The tree resembles
the preceding sort, but has the branches tending upwards when young, and
afterwards becoming pendulous. The fruit is of a wax colour, with a fine
bloom on it, and is almost transparent. This is another form of P. (M.)
astracanica. It is known in English nurseries under the name of the trans-
parent crab.
The Black Crab is a tree of the middle size, with very dark small fruit of no

value as such.

The Court pendu plat is a remarkably dwarf-growing tree, and so late in flower-
ing, that the leaves are expanded before, or at the same time as, the flowers ;
and, consequently, the latter are seldom, if ever, injured by frost : for which
reason, it is commonly called by gardeners the wise apple. Grafted on the
French paradise stock, the tree may be kept of a size not larger than that of
a gooseberry bush ; in which state it will bear fruit in abundance and of good
flavour.
The Lincolnshire Holland Pippin is remarkable for the large size of its blossoms.

Its fruit keeps till February.

The Tulip Apple is a great bearer of fruit which is of a very bright red.
The Violet Apple has fruit of a violet colour, covered with a bloom like that of

the plum.

The Cherry Crab, or Cherry Apple, is a subvariety of P. (M.) baccata. The
tree is spreading, with drooping branches ; and the fruit is numerous, and
about the size and colour of a large cherry.
The Supreme Crab has fruit rather larger than the preceding sort. The tree is

of robust growth, and the branches are somewhat erect.

Bigg's Everlasting Crab was raised in the Cambridge Botanic Garden, by Mr.
Biggs, the curator, from seeds received from Siberia in 1814. It is a vi-
gorous-growing tree, with pendulous branches and abundance of fruit,
which, in form and character, are intermediate between P. (M.) jorunifolia
and P. (M.) baccata, and which remain on the trees long after Christmas.
In sheltered situations, and mild winters, this tree appears almost a sub-
evergreen.

The apple tree, whether in a wild state or cultivated, is by no means so
handsome in form as the pear tree, though its blossoms are much more orna-
mental, and are, besides, fragrant. It seldom grows above half the height of
the pear tree ; the oldest apple trees known in Europe not being above 30 or
35 feet in height. The trunk is generally crooked, and the branches rambling
horizontally when young, and when old becoming pendulous. The diameter of
the head is also often greater than the height of the tree. The apple tree is
much more liable to the canker, and other diseases, than the pear tree. The
wood of the apple tree, in a wild state, is fine-grained, hard, and of a brownish

xxvi. .ROSA'CE^E : PYVRUS.

colour; and that of the cultivated apple tree is said to be of a still finer and closer
grain, which is a result of cultivation contrary to what is usual. The weight
of the wood of the apple tree varies much according to the locality in which
it is grown. In a green state, it weighs from 48 Ib. to 66 Ib. per cubic foot ;
and it loses from an eighth to a twelfth of its bulk in drying, and about a tenth
of its weight. The wood of the cultivated tree weighs heavier than that of
the wild tree, in the proportion of about 66 to 45. The tree, as an object in
landscape scenery, cannot be recommended as harmonising well with other
forms ; but, as it has a character of its own, and as the fruit is of the greatest
use to the poor, as well as to the rich, it deserves introduction into every
hedgerow and every orchard. For hedgerows, it is more especially desiraMe,
as, though not so fastigiate as the pear, it does very little injury to the crops
by its shade; and it may be added, that, in nurseries and market-gardens, the
former more especially, young trees of almost every kind thrive under the
shade both of the apple and the pear. The crab is used as a stock for the cul-
tivated apple, and for all the other species and varieties of this division of the
genus ; but, as we have before observed, it will not serve as a stock for the
pear, or any of the plants included in that or the other divisions of Pynis.
In France, and also in some parts of Germany, the thorny wild apple, or crab,
is formed into live hedges, the branches of which, according to Agricola, are
inarched into each other, in order to give them more strength to resist cattle.
The fruit of the crab, in the forests of France, is a great resource for the
wild boar; and it is a!so given in that country to swine and cows. A drink
of it, called boisson, is made in some parts of France, as well as in England ;
and verjuice is a well-known description of vinegar produced from the most
austere of the fruit. The bark affords a yellow dye ; and the leaves are eaten
by horses, cows, sheep, and goats. Pomatum, according to Gerard, was so
called from its being anciently made of the pulp of apples beaten up with
" swine's grease" (lard) and rose-water. The uses of the apple as an eatable
fruit are very numerous, and well known. The apple, as a fruit tree, will do
no good, except in a fertile soil and a sheltered situation. All the best apple
orchards of England, and more especially those of the cider districts, it has
been observed by geologists, follow the tract of red sandstone, which stretches
across the island from Dorsetshire to Yorkshire It has been observed in
Ireland (see Dub/in Soc. 7'rans.), that the best orchards there are on lime-
stone gravel ; and, in Scotland, that the few orchards which are to be found
in that country are on soils more or less calcareous. On the Continent, the
two districts most famous for apple trees are Normandy and the Vale of
Stuttgard ; and the subsoil, in both countries, is well known to be limestone.
In short, every kind of fruit, to be brought to perfection, requires a soil more
or less calcareous.

The propagation and culture of the apple are the same as those of the
pear tree. Wild crabs, like wild pears, are gathered when they are fully ripe,
and either laid in a heap to rot, or passed between fluted rollers, and the
crushed fruit pressed for the juice, which is made into an inferior kind of cider
or perry, and the seeds are afterwards separated from the pomace by macer-
ation in water and sifting. The apple, like the pear, may be grafted on the
common thorn ; but it does not form nearly so desirable a tree on that stock
as the pear does, and therefore crab stocks are always to be preferred. As
a fruit tree, where it is intended to be grown as a dwarf, the paradise stock
effects for it what the quince does for the pear, and the Cerasiis Mahdleb for
the cherry. (See Encyc. of Gar d., edit. 1835.)

5 f 18. P. CORONA^RIA L. The garland^ozumng Apple Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 687. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 635. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 647.
Synonymes. A/alus coronaria Mill. ; Crab Apple, the sweet-scented Crab. Amer.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 6. pi. 44. f. 1. ; Bot. Mag., t. 2009. ; Michx. Arb., 2. t. 65. ; the plate in
Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our fig. 777.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves broadly ovate, rounded at the base, subangulate,
serrated, smooth. Peduncles in corymbs, glabrous. Flowers odorous,

430

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

777. P. ooronkria.

white, becoming purple before they drop off. The fruit is flatly orbiculate,
of a deep green when it falls from the tree, and becoming yellow after lying
some time on the ground. (Dec. Prod.) A deciduous or sub-evergreen treL3.
North America, from Pennsylvania to Carolina, and more especially abundant
in the back parts of Pennsylvania and Virginia. Height 15ft. to 18 ft., with
a trunk 5 or 6 inches in diameter ; sometimes 25 ft. high. Introduced in
1724. Flowers white, tinged with pink, violet-scented ; May. Fruit green,
in no state fit to eat ; ripe in October. Decaying leaves green, violet-
scented, dropping off by the first severe frost ; but in mild winters remain-
ing on till spring.

In British gardens, the leaves and the fruit are retained much longer on the
tree than is the case with the European crab ; so much so, that in very mild
seasons, and sheltered situations, it might be almost considered sub-evergreen.
The deep green and flat round form of the fruit, and the lobed and veined
character of the leaves, render this sort of J/alus easily distinguished from
every other ; and this distinctiveness of character, and the fragrance of the
blossoms, together with the lateness of their appearance (which is in the end
of May), render it a most desirable tree in every shrubbery, however small.

t t 19. P. (c ) ANGUSTIFO^LIA Ait. The narrow-leaved Apple Tree.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew.. 2. p. 276. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. 24. : Dec. Prod., 2. p. 635. ;

Don's Mill., 2. p. 647.
Synonymes. P. coronaria Wang. Amer. 61. t. 21. f. 47., upon the authority of Willdenow, and Wats.

in Dend. Brit. ; A/alus sempervirens Desf. Arb. 2. p. 141. ; P. pumila Hort.

Engravings. Wang. Amer., 61. t. 21. f. 47. ; N. Du Ham., 6. t. 43. f. 1. ; Wats. Dend., 1. 132. ; Bot.
Keg., t. 1207. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our fig. 778.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves glossy, lanceolate-oblong, dentately serrated, tapered
and entire at the base. Flowers in corymbs. (Dec. Prod.) A deciduous
tree, sometimes sub-evergreen. Carolina, in woods. Height 15 ft. to 20 ft.
Introduced in 1750. Flowers pale blush; May or June. Fruit green;
ripe in October.
Differs from the preceding sort in having the leaves narrower and the

fruit much smaller, in being more decidedly sub-evergreen, and in having

XXVI. ROSA. CEJE I PY RUS,

4c31

778. P. (c.) angustiftlia.

lead-coloured speckled branches. Notwithstanding all these points of dif-
ference, however, it bears such a general resemblance to P. coronaria, that
we cannot doubt its being only a variety of it. The fruit is intensely acid, like
that of P. coronaria ; but it is much narrower and smaller.

f 20. P. SPECTA'BILIS Ait. The showy-flowering wild Apple Tree, or
Chinese Crab Tree,

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 2. p. 175. ; Curt. Bot. Mag., t. 267. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 635. ; Don's

Mill., 2. p. 646.
Synonymes. Jtfalus spectabilis Dc$f. Arb. 2. p. 141., N. Du Ham. 6. p. 141. ; Malus sinensis Dum.

Cours. ed. 2. 5. p. 429.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 267. ; N. Du Ham., 6. t. 42. f. 2. ; the plate of the species in Arb. Brit.,

1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our fig. 779.

Spec. Char^ $c. Leaves oval-oblong, serrated, smooth. Flowers in sessile
umbels, many in an umbel ; large, and very elegant ; at first of an intense
rose-colour, but afterwards of a pale one. Tube of calyx smooth. Petals
ovate, clawed. Styles woolly at the base. (Dec. Prod.) A deciduous
tree, thickly crowded with upright branches, which at length become spread-
ing. China. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft. Introduced in 1780. Flowers pink,
large, showy ; April and May. Fruit greenish yellow, and unfit to eat till
it is in a state of incipient decay.

This is by far the most showy of all the different species of Pyrus, both of
this and of the other sections. The flowers are sernidouble, and of a pale
rose-colour ; but before they are expanded, the flower buds, which are large,
appear of a deep red. In this state the tree is extremely beautiful. The
stamens and pistils are much more numerous than in the other species ; the
former sometimes exceeding 40, and the latter 20. The fruit is small, irregu-
larly round, angular, and about the size of a cherry : it is of a yellow colour
when ripe, but is without flavour, and is only fit to eat when in a state of
incipient decay ; at which period it takes the colour and taste of the medlar.
No garden, whether large or small, ought to be without this tree.

432

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

779. P. spect&bilis.

Species of which there are only very young Plants in British Gardens.

P. Sieversii Led. Fl. Alt. 2. p. 222., Don's Mill. 2. p. 647. ; P. nov. sp.
Sievers in Pall. Nord. Beitr. 7. p. 292. ; is a bush, with many stems rising from
the same root ; with ovate leaves, rather tomentose; and umbellate flowers, suc-
ceeded by very acid fruit. A native of Siberia.

P. ? Schottn Ledeb. — Plants in the Hort. Soc. Garden.

P. stipuldcea Hort. — Plants in the Hort. Soc. Garden, raised from seeds
received from the Himalayas.

§ iii. AV ia Dec.

Sect. Char., Sfc. Petals spreading, flat. Styles mostly 2 — 3. Pome globose.
Flowers in racemose corymbs ; the peduncles branched. Leaves simple,
not glanded, whitely tomentose beneath. (Dec. Prod., ii. p. 635.) — Decidu-
ous trees, natives of different parts of Europe, and of Asia ; chiefly found
on dry, calcareous, or clayey soils, and varying much under cultivation.
The species and varieties are in a state of great confusion.

21. P.

Ehrh. The White Beam Tree.

Identification. Ehrh. Beitr., 4. p. 20. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 636. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 647.

Synonymes. Cratffi'gus A*r\& var. « Lin. Sp. 681.; Mespilus A"r\& Scop. ; Sorbus .4 Via Crantz
Austr. 1. t. 2. f. 2., Bauh. Hist. 1. p. 65. ; ^Tria Theophrastt L'Obel ; white wild Pear, white
Leaf Tree, red Chess-Apple, Sea Ouler, Cumberland Hawthorn, Gerard; Alisier Allouchier,
Alisier blanc, Fr. ; Mehlbeerbaum, or Mehlbaum, Gcr. ; Aria, or Sorba montana, Ital. ; Mostaco,
Span. ; Axelbeer, Dan. ; Oxilbeer, Swed.

Derivation. A*ria, the name given to this tree by Theophrastus, is probably from the name of that
country in Asia. The White Beam Tree is a pleonasm, beam being the Saxon word for tree. The
word Allouchier is from allonchion, the cog of a wheel, the wood of the tree being much used for
that purpose in France. Mehlbaum is literally the meal tree, from the mealy appearance of the
under side of the leaves.

Engravings. Crantz Austr., 1. 1. 2. f. 2. ; Eng. Bot., t. 1858. ; Fl. Dan., t. 302.

Spec. Char.t Sfc. Leaves ovate, doubly serrated, tomentose beneath, with ap-
pressed white tomentum. Corymbs flat. (Dec. Prod.) A deciduous tree-

XXVI. ROSA^CEJE : PYVRUS.

433

Varieties.

t P. A. 1 obtusifolia Dec. Prod. ii. p. 636., and Fl. Dan. t. 302. ; P. A
ovalis Hort.- — Leaves broadly ovate, and obtuse.

If P. A. 2 aculijblia Dec. Prod. 1. c. Cratae'gus longifolia N. Du Ham.
4. t. 34. ; ? JPyrus alpina Willd. Enum. 527. —The leaves are ovate-
oblong and acute.

* P. A. 3 undulata Lindl. Hort. Trans, vii. p. 234., and the plate in
Arb. Brit. 1st edit. vol. vi., and our fig. 780., has the leaves flat, oval-

780. P. AVi& undul&ta.

lanceolate, broad, undulated, unequally and deeply serrated, acumi-
nated, and cobwebbed above.

¥ P. A. 4 angustifoha Lindl. 1. c., P. A. longifolia Hort., has the leaves
oval, obtuse, concave, somewhat simply serrated, woolly above.

t P. A. 5 rugosa Lindl. 1. c. — Leaves large, ovate-elliptic, doubly ser-
rated, shining above and wrinkled, white beneath.

t P. A. 6 cretica Lindl. 1. c. P. A. rotundifolia Hort. ; P. grae'ca Hort. ;
P. A. edulis Hort.; C'rataevgus gree'ca Hort. — Leaves flat, orbicu-
larly elliptic, crenately serrated, retuse, cuueated at the base ; smooth
above, and hoary beneath. Branches cobwebbed.

t P. A. 7 bullata Lindl. Hort. Trans, vii. p. 234., P. A. acuminata
Hort., has the leaves concave, elliptic, acuminated, blistered ; closely
serrated at the apex, but entire at the base.

The rate of growth, when the tree is young and in a good soil, is from 18 in.
to 2 ft. a year : after it has attained the height of 15 or 20 feet it grows much
slower ; and, at the age of twenty or thirty years, it grows very slowly j but
is a tree of great duration. T^e roots descend very deep, and spread very
wide ; and the head of the tree is less affected by prevailing winds than almost
any other. In the most exposed situations, on the Highland mountains, this
tree is seldom seen above 10 or 15 feet high ; but it is always stiff and erect.

F F

434 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

In Britain it is later in coming into leaf than any other indigenous tree, except
the ash. It bears lopping, and permits the grass to grow under it.

The wood is very hard, of a fine close grain, yellowish white, and susceptible
of a high polish. In a green state, it has a strong smell, which it retains, in a
slight degree, even after it is dried. It weighs, in that state, 55 Ib. 6 oz. per
cubic foot. It may be stained of any colour, and is much used in the smaller
manufactures, such as making handles to knives and forks, wooden spoons,
&c. ; and for musical instruments, and various turnery articles. It was uni-
versally employed as cogs for wheels till cast iron became generally substituted
for it. The leaves are eaten both by goats and sheep. The fruit is acid and
astringent ; but it is not disagreeable to eat, when it is in a state of incipient
decay? Dried, and reduced to powder, it has been formed into a sort of
bread, which has been eaten, both in France and Sweden, in years of great
scarcity. Fermented, the fruit affords a beer ; or, by distillation, a powerful
spirit. It is greedily eaten by small birds ; on which account the trees are
ordered to be preserved in the French forests, that the number of birds may
be increased, in order to keep down the insects. The fruit is also the food of
squirrels; and, when it drops, of the wild boar, the deer, the hedgehog, &c.

As an ornamental tree, the white beam has some valuable properties. It is
of a moderate size, and of a definite shape ; and in summer, when clothed
with leaves, it forms a compact green mass, till it is ruffled by the wind, when
it suddenly assumes a mealy whiteness. In the winter season, the tree is at-
tractive from its smooth branches, and its large green buds. When the tree
is covered with its fruit, it is exceedingly ornamental. Among the different va-
rieties enumerated, P. A. cretica is by far the most distinct : but all of them
are well deserving of cultivation.

A calcareous and dry soil is essential ; and the tree will not attain a timber
size unless it is placed in an airy situation. The situation may be exposed to
the highest and coldest winds that prevail in this country, and yet the tree
will never fail to grow erect, and produce a regular head ; and, for this reason,
no tree is better adapted for sheltering houses and gardens in very exposed
situations.

The species may be raised from seed, and the varieties be grafted on stocks
of the species of the pear, of the Crataexgus, and even of the quince and med-
lar ; which trees, it is almost unnecessary to add, may be reciprocally grafted
on the white beam tree. When plants are to be raised from seed, the seeds
should be sown as soon as the fruit is ripe ; otherwise, if kept till spring, and
then sown, they will not come up till the spring following. When it is incon-
venient to sow them immediately after they are gathered, they may be mixed
with soil, and treated like haws (see Pyrus aucuparia) ; and, if sown in the
March following, they will come up the same season. The varieties may be
propagated by cuttings, or by layering ; but they root by both modes, with
great difficulty. Layers require to be made of the young wood, and to remain
attached to the stool for two years.

¥ 22. P. (A.} INTERMEDIA Ehrh. The intermediate White Beam Tree.

Identification. Ehrh. Beitr., 4. p. 20. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 636. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 647.
Synonymes. Cratas'gus 4Via /3 Lin. Sp. 681. ; C. scandica Wahlenb. Fl. Ups. 165. ; C. suecica Ait,
Hort. Kew. 167. ; Alisier de Fontainebleau, Fr. ; Schwedischer Mehlbaum, Ger.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate, incisely lobed, tomentose beneath, with white
appressed tomentum. Corymbs flat. Fruit eatable. (Dec. Prod.) A de-
ciduous tree. Europe, in France, Germany, and Sweden, and also in Wales
and Scotland. Height 15 ft. to 20 ft. Flowers and fruit as in the preceding
kind.

Varieties. DeCandolle has described the two following forms of this species : —

¥ P. (A.) i. 1 latifolia. Cratae'gus latifolia Poir. Diet. 4. p. 444., Du

Ham. Arb. 1. t. 80., N. Du Ham. 4. t. 35.; Sorbus latifolia Pers. ;

CYata2vgus dentata ThuU. Fl. Par. — Leaves broadly ovate. A native

of the woods of Fontainebleau.

XXVI. ROSA CEJE I PY RUS.

435

* P. (A.) i. 2 angustifoHa. P. edulis
Willd. En. p. 527. (Wats. Dend.
Brit., t. 52. ; and our Jig. 781.) —
Leaves oblong, wedge-shaped at
the base.

These trees bear so close a resemblance
to P. A'ria, as to leave no doubt in our
mind that they are only varieties and
subvarieties of that species. They are
found in a wild state in France, Germany,
and Sweden ; and perhaps also in the
Highlands of Scotland, where, according
to Sir W. J. Hooker, P. A\ia varies in
having the leaves more or less cut at the
margin. They are all well deserving of cul-

ture.

781 . P. (A.) intermedia angustifolia.

23. P. VESTI'TA Wall. The clothed White Beam Tree.

Identification. Wall. Cat., 679. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 647.

Synonymes. P^rus nepalensis Hort. ; 66rbus vestlta Lodd. Cat. edit. 1836; P. crenata D. Dt

Prod. Fl. Nep. p. 237., Bot. Reg. t. 1655.
Engravings Bot. Reg. t. 1655. ; Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and ova figs. 782, 783, and 784.

782. P. vestlta.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves, cymes, and young branches, clothed with white
tomentum. Leaves elliptic, or obovate-elliptic, acuminated, serrated to-
wards the apex. Corymbs branched and terminal. Flowers white.
Fruit greenish brown. (Don's Mitt.) A deciduous
tree of the middle size. Nepal and Kamaon, at

elevations of from

9,000 to 12,000 ft.

Height 20 ft. to

30 ft. Introduced

in 1820. Flowers

white ; May and

June. Fruit brown j

ripe in October.

Decaying leaves of

a beautiful straw-
coloured yellow or

brown.

FF 2

7S4. P. ves.lt*.

J83 P. resttta.

436

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

This tree is remarkable for the rapidity of its growth, its long broad leaves,
and their woolly whiteness j and also for being one of the very latest trees,
whether foreign or indigenous, in coming into leaf; being later than either the
mulberry or ash. The leaves are conspicuous, on their first expansion, for their
whiteness, particularly underneath ; and in autumn, before they drop off, for
their fine yellow colour.

§ iv. Torminaria Dec.

Sect. Char., fyc. Petals spreading, flat, having short claws. Styles 2 — 5,
connected, glabrous. Pome scarcely at all juicy, top-shaped at the base,
truncate at the tip ; the sepals deciduous. Leaves angled with lobes ; in
the adult state glabrous. Flowers in corymbs. The peduncles branched.
(Dec. Prod., ii. p. 636.) — Trees of the same general character, in regard to
habit and constitution, as P. A^ria.

¥ 24. P. TORMINA^LIS Ekrk. The gr'iplng-fruited Service Tree.

Identification. Ehrh. Beitr., 6. p. 92. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 636. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 647.

Synonymes. Cratas'gus torminalis Lin. Sp. 681., Smith Eng. Bot. t. 298., Fl. Dan. t. 798., Jacq.

Fl. Austr. t. 443. ; Sorbus torminalis Crantz Austr. p. 85. ;'the Maple-leaved Service Tree ; Ali-

sicr de Bois, Fr. ; Elzbeerbaum, Ger. ; Ciavardello, or Mangiarello, Ital.
Engravings. Jacq. Fl. Austr., t. 443. -, the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and mvtfig. 785.

785. P. torminalis.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves cordate-ovate, feather-nerved, pinnatifidly lobed ;
when young, slightly downy beneath ; when adult, glabrous ; the lobes acu-
minate and serrated, the lowest divaricate. Seeds cartilaginous. (Dec. Prod.)
A deciduous tree. Britain in woods, and throughout the Middle and
North of Europe, and Western Asia. Height 40 ft. to 50 ft. Flowers white ;
May and June. Fruit red ; ripe in November. Decaying leaves yellowish
brown. Naked young wood purplish, marked with white spots.
The leaves, which are on long footstalks, are cut into many acute angles,
like those of some species of maple. They are nearly 4 in. long, and 3 in.
broad in the middle, bright green above, and slightly woolly underneath!
The flowers are produced in large bunches at the end of the branches; and
they are succeeded by roundish compressed fruit, not unlike common haws,
but larger, and of a brown colour when ripe. The tree is of slow growth,
and in this respect, and most others, it resembles P. JVia ; but it is less
hardy. The wood resembles that of P. ;f ria, but is without its peculiarly
strong smell. It weighs, when newly cut, 65 Ib. to the cubic foot, and when

XXVI. ROSA^CEJEl PYXRUS-

437

dried, 48 Ib. 8 oz. It is employed for all the different purposes to which that
of P. A^ria, is applicable, and is considered rather preferable as fuel, and for
charcoal. The fruit is brought to market both in England and France ; and,
when in a state of incipient decay, it eats somewhat like that of a medlar.
As an ornamental tree, its large green buds strongly recommend it in the
winter time, as its fine large-lobed leaves do in the summer, and its large and
numerous clusters of rich brown fruit do in autumn. It will grow in a soil
not poorer, but more tenacious and moist, than what is suitable for P. A'riii ;
and it requires a sheltered situation. It seems more liable to the attacks of
insects than that species, and does not thrive so well in the neighbourhood of
London. It is propagated exactly in the same manner as P. A^ria. There
being no varieties, it dees not require to be continued by grafting.

¥ 25. P. RIVULA^RIS Dougl. The River-side Wild Service Tree.

Identification. Dougl. MS. Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 203.; Don's Mill, 2. p. 647.
Sijnonyme. Pow-itch, the name of the fruit in the language of the Chenook tribe of Indians.
Engravings. Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer., t. 68. ; and our figs. 786. and 787.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves
ovate, entire, and angu-
lar, somewhat 3-lobed, ra-
ther acuminated, acutely
serrated, pubescent be-
neath. Corymbs terminal,
simple. Calyces hairy, and
densely tomentose inside.
Styles 3 — 4, connected
at the base. (Don's Mill.)
A low deciduous tree.
North-west coast of
North America, at Nootka
Sound, and other places.
Height 15 ft. to 20 ft.
Introduced in 1836.
Flowers white ; April and
May. Fruit small, subglobose, red or yellow ; ripe ?.
The fruit is used as an article of food, and the wood is employed for making

wedges, and is so hard as to be susceptible of a fine polish. Horticultural

Society's Garden.

§ v. Eriolobus Dec.

Sect. Char. Petals spreading, flat, with
short claws, and with about 3 teeth at
the tip. Styles 5, long ; at the base very
hairy, and somewhat connected. Pome
globose, glabrous, crowned with the
lobes of the calyx, which are tomentose
upon both surfaces. Leaves palmately
lobed, glabrous. Flowers upon un-
branched pedicels, disposed in corymbs.
(Dec. Prod., ii. p. 636.)

£ 26. P. TRILOBA^TA Dec. The three-
lobed-lcaved Pear Tree.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2, p. 636.; Don's Mill., 2

p. 648.
Synonume. Cratae^gus trilobSta Labill. Dec. 4. p. 15.

t.10., Pair. Suppl. \. p. 291.
Engravings. Labill. Dec., 4. t. 10. ; and our fig. 789.

Spec. Char.t $c. Leaves glabrous, palmately

F F 3

787. P. rivu&ris.

788. P. tri!*t,ita.

438

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

lobed ; the middle lobe 3-lobed ; the side lobes, in many instances, 2-
lobed ; the secondary lobes serrated. (Dec. Prod.) A deciduous tree. A
native of Mount Lebanon ; growing to the height of 20 ft. ; said to have
been introduced in 1810; but of which we have not seen a plant.

VI

. Sorbus Dec.

Sect. Char., fyc. Petals spreading, flat. Styles 2 — 5. Pome globose, or top-
shaped. Leaves impari-pinnate, or pinnately cut. Flowers in branched
corymbs. (Dec. Prod.)— Trees growing to the height of from 20ft. to 40ft.
or upwards. Natives of Europe, North America, and the Himalayas. For
the most part very hardy, and of easy culture in common soil.

If 27. P. AURICULA'TA Dec. The auricled Service Tree.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 636. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 648.
Synonyme. Sorbus auriculata Pers. Syn. 2. p. 39.
Engraving. Our Jig. . in p.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves of 3 pairs of leaflets, and an odd one, hirsute be-
neath ; 2 — 4 of the lowest leaflets distinct, the rest connate with the odd
one into an ovate one, which is crenate. Corymb compact. (Dec. Prod.)
A deciduous tree. Egypt. Height 20ft. to 30ft. Introduced in 1800.
Flowers white ; May. Fruit ?.

We have not seen this plant, which is, perhaps, only a variety of P. pin-
natifida.

* 28. P. PINNATI'FIDA Ehrh. The pmnatiftd-leaved Service Tree.

Identification. Ehrh. Beitr., 6. p. 93. ; Smith in Eng. Bot ., t. 2331. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 63G.
Synonymes. Sdrbus hybrida Lin. Dec. 6. ; P^rus rtfbrida Smith Fl. Brit., not of Willd. ; the

Bastard Service Tree.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 2331. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our fig. 789.

789. P. pinnat

Spec. Char., ftc. Leaves pinnately cloven, or cut, or almost pinnate at the
base. The petiole on the under side, and the peduncles, hoarily tomentose.
Pome globose, scarlet. (Dec. Prod.) A deciduous tree. Gothland, Thu-
ringia, and Britain, on mountainous woody places. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft.
Flowers white ; May and June. Fruit red ; ripe in September.

Varieties.

If P.p. 2 lanuginosa has the leaves more woolly than those of the species.

xxvi. .ROSA'CE^S: PYVRUS.

439

i P.2>> 3 pendula, £6rbus hybrida pendula Lodd. Cat., has the head loose^

and the branches somewhat pendulous ; the fruit red. H. S.
3f P.p. 4 arbuscula Dec., Poir. Suppl. v. p. 144. — Dwarf. Leaflets
glabrous in a measure, obtuse ; the outermost usually connate. A
native of Germany. Perhaps a variety of P. aucuparia. (Dec. Prod.)
P. pinnatifida, according to DeCandolle, is a hybrid between P. inter-
media and P. aucuparia. Culture as in P. yf ria.

¥ 29. P. AUCUPA^RIA Gcertn. The Fowler's Service Tree, or Mountain Ash.

Identification. Gaertn. Fruct., 2. p. 45. t. 87. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 637. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 648.

Synonymes. S6rbus aucuparia Lin. Sp. 683. ; Mespilus aucuparia AIL; Quicken Tree, Quick Beam,
wild Ash, wild Service, Wichen Tree, Rowan Tree, Kowne Tree, Roan Tree, Roddan, Routry
Mountain Service, Witchen, wild Sorb, Whichen, Whitten, Wiggen tree ; Sorbier des Oiseleurs,
or Sorbier des Oiseaux, Fr. ; Vogel Beerbaum, Ger. ; Sorbo salvatico, Ital.

Derivation. The Latin name, P. aucuparia (the Fowler's Pyrus) ; the French names, Sorbier des
Oiseleurs (the Bird-catcher's Service), and Sorbier des Oiseaux (the Bird Service) ; and the Ger-
man name, Vogel Beerbaum (the Bird's Berry Tree) ; are all derived from the use made of the
berries by bird-catchers, in all countries where the tree grows wild, and from time immemorial, to
bait springes with. It is called the Mountain Ash, from its growing on mountains, and the pinnce
of its leaves bearing some resemblance to those of the common ash. Witchen, and all its deriv-
atives, bear relation to supposed powers of the tree, as a protection against witches and evil
spirits.

Engravings. Gsertn. Fruct., 2. t. 87. ; Eng. Bot.: t. 337. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit.,
1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our fig. 790.

790. P. aucup&ria.

Spec. Char.y $c. Buds softly tomentose. Leaflets serrated, slightly glabrous.
Pomes globose. (Dec. Prod.) A low tree. A native of almost every part
of Europe. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft. Flowers white ; May. Fruit red ;
ripe in September.

Varieties.

* P. a. 2fructu luteo has yellow berries, and is continued by grafting.

If P. a. Sfoliis variegdtis has variegated leaves.

% P. a. 4<fastigidta has the branches upright and rigid Horticultural

Society's Garden.

The mountain ash forms an erect-stemmed tree, with an orbicular head-
When fully grown, like every other description of Pyrus, it assumes a some-
what formal character ; but in a young state, its branches are disposed in a
more loose and graceful manner. The tree grows rapidly for the first three
or four years ; attaining, in five years, the height of 8 or 9 feet ; after which it

FF 4

440 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

begins to form a head, and in ten years will attain the height of 20 ft.
This head will continue increasing slowly, though the tree seldom grows much
higher, for the greater part of a century ; after which, as it appears by the
oldest trees that we have observed or heard of in Scotland, the extremities
of the branches begin to decay. The tree will not bear lopping, but grass
arid other plants grow well under its shade. The wood, when dry, weighs
51 Ib. 12 oz. per cubic foot. It is homogeneous, fine-grained, hard, capable
of being stained any colour, and of taking a high polish ; and it is applied to
all the various uses of P. AYia and P. torrninalis, when it can be obtained of
adequate dimensions. In Britain, the tree forms excellent coppice wood,
the shoots being well adapted for poles, and for making excellent hoops ; and
the bark being in demand by tanners. As it will grow in the most exposed
situations, and rapidly, when young, it forms an admirable nurse tree to the
oak, and other slow-growing species ; and, being a tree of absolute habits ;
that is, incapable of being drawn up above a certain height by culture, it has
this great advantage, that, after having done its duty as a nurse, instead of
growing up with the other trees, and choking them, it quietly submits to be
over-topped, and destroyed by the shade and drip of those which it was
planted to shelter and protect. It may be mentioned, as somewhat singular,
that the alpine laburnum, though naturally a much lower tree than the moun-
tain ash, will, when drawn up in woods, attain twice the height of the latter
tree. The fruit of the mountain ash is greedily devoured by birds : and, in
various parts of the North of Europe, these berries are dried and ground into
flour, and used as a substitute for the flour inade of wheat, in times of great
scarcity. In Livonia, Sweden, and Kamtschatka, the berries of the moun-
tain ash are eaten, when ripe, as fruit ; arid a very good spirit is distilled from
them. As an ornamental tree, the mountain ash is well adapted for small
gardens ; and it is also deserving of a place in every plantation, where the
harbouring of singing-birds is an object. In the grounds of suburban gardens in
the neighbourhood of the metropolis, the mountain ash forms almost the only
tree that makes a great display by means of its fruit ; for, though many species of
Cratae^gus would be equally effective in this respect, they have not yet become
sufficiently well known to the planters of such gardens. One great advan-
tage of the mountain ash, in all gardens, is, that it never requires pruning, and
never grows out of shape. The mountain ash will grow in any soil, and in the
most exposed situations, as it is found on the sea shore, and on the tops of
mountains, in Forfarshire, as high as 2500 ft. Plants are almost always raised
from seed, which should be gathered as soon as it is ripe, to prevent its being
eaten by birds, which are so fond of it as to attack it even before it is ripe.
When gathered, the fruit should be macerated in water till the seeds are sepa-
rated from the pulp, and they may be then sown immediately ; but, as they will,
in that case, remain 18 months in the ground before coming up, the common
mode adopted by nurserymen is, to mix the berries with light sandy soil, and
spread them out in a layer of 10 iu. or 1 ft. in thickness, in the rotting ground ;
covering the layer with 2 or 3 inches of sand or ashes, and allowing them to
remain in that state for a year. They are then separated from the soil by
sifting, and sown in beds of light rich soil, being covered a quarter of an inch.
The plants having large leaves, the seeds should not be dropped nearer toge-
gether than 2 in., which will allow the plants to come up with sufficient
strength. They may be sown any time from November to February, but not
later: they will come up in the June following, and, by the end of the year,
the strongest plants will be 18 in. high, and fit to separate from the others, and
to plant out in nursery lines.

!£ 30. P. AMERICA'NA Dec. The American Service.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2. p. 637. ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 204. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 648.
Synonymes. Sdrbus americana Ph. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1. p. 341., Willd. Enum 520.; S. americana

var. /3 Michx. Fl. Amer. p. 290. ; P. canadensis Hort.
Engravings. Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 54. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit, 1st edit., vol. vi. ;

and our fig. 791. S

XXVI. ROSACEJE I PY RUS.

441

791. P. americana.

Spec. Char.y $c. Leaflets acute, almost equally serrated, glabrous, as is the
petiole. Pomes globose, of a purplish tawny colour. (Dec. Prod.} A
tree, closely resembling the common mountain ash. Canada and New-
foundland, in woods. Height 15ft. to 20ft. Introduced in 1782. Flowers
white ; May. Fruit bright scarlet ; ripe in September. Decaying leaves
yellowish green. Naked young wood dark purplish.

It is, apparently, a more robust-growing tree than the European mountain
ash, with larger leaves, shining above, and smooth beneath ; but, in reality, it is
more tender. Though it has been many years in the country, we do not
know of a large, old, handsome specimen of it any where. It is propagated
by grafting on the common mountain ash. On account of the brilliant colour
of the fruit, and the large size of the bunches in which it is produced, this
species well deserves a place in collections.

*t 31. P. MICROCA'RPA Dec. The small-fruited Service.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 2 p. 636. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 648.

Synonymes. Sorbus aucuparia at, Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2. p. 291. ; S. micrantha Dum.Co
'p. 464. ; S. microcarpa Ph. Fl. Amer. Sept. 1. p. 341.

urs. ed. 2.

p. 464 .
Engravings.

rpa
Our^g.2090. in p.

1107.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaflets glabrous, acuminate, unequally incisely serrated ;
the teeth tipped with a bristle-like mucro. Petiole glabrous. Pome glo-
bose, scarlet. (Dec. Prod.) A large shrub or low tree. North America,
Carolina to New York. Height 10 ft. to 12 ft. Introduced ?. Flowers
white ; May and June. Fruit scarlet, small ; ripe ?.

According to Pursh, this species is very distinct from P. americana ; from

44-2

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

which it is distinguished by the young branches being covered with a shining
dark brown gloss, and by having small scarlet berries. — We have never seen it.

t 32. P. SO'RBUS Gcertn. The True Service.

Identification. Gsertn. Fruct., 2. p. 45. t. 87. ; .Dec. Prod., 2. p. 637.

Synonymes. S6rhus domestica Lin. Sp. 6H4. ; Pyrus domestica Smith in Eng. Bot. t. 350., Wallr.

Ann. Bot. 145., Don's Mitt. 2. p. 648. ; the Whitty Pear Tree ; Cormier, or Sorbier cultive, Fr. ;

Speyerlingsbaum, or Sperherbaum, Ger. ; Sorbo domestico, Ital.
Engravings, Eng. Bot., t. 350. ; Gaertn. Fruct., 2. t. 87. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ;

and our Jig. 792.

792. P. Sdrbus.

Spec. Char., fyc. Buds glabrous, glutinous, acuminate. Leaflets serrated, vil-
lose beneath, but becoming naked when old. Pome obovate, pear-shaped.
(Dec. Prod.) A tree of the middle size. Europe, chiefly of the middle
region ; found also in some parts of Barbary, particularly in the neigh-
bourhood of Algiers ; and by some considered a native of Britain. Height
30 ft. to 60 ft. Flowers white ; May. Fruit brown ; October. Decaying
leaves yellowish brown. Naked young wood grey, like that of the com-
mon mountain ash.

Varieties. In Du Hamel and the Dictionnaire des Eaux et Forets, eight vari-
eties of the true service are described ; but in British gardens only the two
following sorts are cultivated : —

*t P. S. 2 ma/iformis Lodd. Cat., la Corme-Pomme, Fr., has apple-shaped
fruit. Of this variety there are trees which bear abundantly in the
Horticultural Society's Garden, and in the Hackney Arboretum.
% P. S. 3 pyriformis Lodd. Cat., la Corme-Poire, Fr., has pear-shaped
fruit ; and of this, also, there are fruit-bearing trees in the places
above referred to.

A tree, in foliage and general appearance, closely resembling the mountain
ash ; but attaining a larger size, and bearing much larger fruit, of a greenish
brown colour when ripe. In France this tree attains the height of 50 or
60 feet : it requires two centuries before it reaches its full size ; and lives to
so great an age, that some specimens of it are believed to be upwards of 1000
years old. It grows with an erect trunk, which terminates in a large pyrami~
dal head. This tree is readily known from the mountain ash, in winter, by

XXVI. ROSA^CEM I PYSKUS. 443

its buds, which are smooth and green, instead of being downy and black ; in
the beginning of summer, by its leaflets being broader, downy above, and also
beneath ; and, in autumn, by its pear or apple shaped fruit, which is four or
five times the size of that of P. aucuparia, and of a dull greenish brown
colour. It is said to be 30 years before it comes into a bearing state when it
is raised from the seed ; but, when scions from fruit-bearing trees are grafted on
seedling plants, or on the mountain ash, they come into bearing in a few years
as in the case of other fruit trees. (See Card. Mag., iv. p. 487.) The wood
of the true service is the hardest and the heaviest of all the indigenous woods,
of Europe. It weighs, when dry, no less than 72 Ib. 2 oz. per cubic foot.
It has a compact fine grain, a reddish tinge, and takes a very high polish ; but
it must not be employed until it is thoroughly seasoned, as otherwise it is apt to
twist and split. It is much sought after in France, by millwrights, for making
cogs to wheels, rollers, cylinders, blocks and pulleys, spindles and axles ; and
for all those parts of machines which are subject to much friction, and re-
quire great strength and durability. In France, it is preferred to all other
kinds of wood for making the screws to wine-presses. In France, the fruit,
when beginning to decay, is brought to table ; though it is not highly prized,
and is more frequently eaten by the poor than the rich. In Britain, the tree
is chiefly to be recommended as one of ornament and rarity. A good, free,
deep, dry soil, and a sheltered situation, are essential, wherever it is at-
tempted to grow this tree in Britain. From the specimens in the neighbour-
hood of London, it does not appear to suffer from the climate, after it has
been five or six years planted ; but it is rather difficult to establish young
plants. Seeds may be procured in abundance from France ; and from them
stocks may be raised on which the best fruit-bearing varieties may be grafted.
The true service may also be grafted on the pear, the mountain ash, the haw-
thorn, and other allied species. The graft should be made close to the
ground, or even under it, on the root ; and care should be taken to retard
the scion previously to grafting it, in order that the stock may be somewhat
in advance of it. On the whole, the operation requires to be performed with
the greatest care ; because this is one of the most difficult of all non-resinous
trees to graft successfully. The plants at Messrs. Loddiges's ripen fruit every
year, from the seeds of which numerous young plants have been raised.

¥ 33. P. LANUGINO'SA Dec. The \\oo\\y-leaved Service Tree.

Identitiaition, Dec. Prod., 2. p. 637. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 646.

Synonymes. P. hybrida lanugiudsa Hort. ; Sorbus lanuginbsa Kit. in Litt., and Lodd. Cat.
Engravings. The plate of this species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our Jig. 793. from a tree
in the Horti ultural Society's Garden.

Spec. Char., $c. Buds woolly. Leaflets serrated, woolly beneath. Petiole
woolly. Pome globose (Dec. Prod.) A fastigiate tree of the middle
size. A hybrid, when and whence originated is uncertain. Height 20ft. to
30ft. Flowers white; May. Fruit small, like that of the mountain ash,
but seldom coming to maturity.

The trees of this species in Loddiges's arboretum, and in the Horticultural
Society's Garden, are very distinct from any other sort, and appear to be
hybrids between P. pinnatifida, or perhaps P. »S6rbus, and the common moun-
tain ash. The general form of the tree is fastigiate, with numerous parallel,
rigid, upright shoots. The flowers and fruit resemble those of the mountain
ash, but are smaller : the former are frequently abortive ; and the latter, when
it is produced, is generally without seeds. It is a robust, hardy, vigorous-
growing tree, which comes early into leaf, and is well deserving of a place in
collections. This species, and all the others belonging to the section jSorbus,
graft readily on the common hawthorn ; and, as they make very handsome, small,
round-headed trees, beautiful at every season of the year, common hedges
might be grafted with them at regular distances, and the grafts would grow
up, and become handsome standards.

444 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM 1JRITANNICUM.

79.1. P. lanuginbsa.

¥ 34. P. SPUNRIA Dec. The spurious Service Tree.

Identification. Dec. Prod , 2. p. 637. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 649.

Synonymes. P. hfbrida Mcench Weiss, t. 6. on the authority of Willd. Sp. 2. p. 1 022. ; Sdrbus
sptiria Pers. Syn. 2. p. 39. ; Afespilus sorbifdlia Pair. Suppl. 4. p. 72. ; P. sorbifblia JBosc and
Wats. Dend. Brit. t. 53., but not of Smith ; P. sambucifblia Cham, and Don's Mill. 2. p. 648.

Willd. Sp., 2. p. 1002. ; Wats. Dend. Brit.

Engravings. Mcench Weiss., t 6., on the authority of
t. 53. ; Bot. Reg., t. 1196. ; and ourjfe. 794.

794. P. sptiria.

XXVI. ROSA^CEJE I PY^RUS.

445

Spec. Char., tyc. Leaflets ovate, crenate; 3 pairs, with an odd one, which is
longer than the others : all are hairy beneath. Petiole gland-bearing
upon the upper side. Styles 5. Intermediate, and perhaps a hybrid, be-
tween P. aucuparia and P. orbutifolia. (Dec. Prod.) A low tree, with
rambling, slender, dark-coloured shoots, and fruit resembling that of P. ar-
butifolia. Height 10ft. to 20 ft. In cultivation in 1800. Flowers white
May. Fruit small, black ; ripe in September. Decaying leaves dark
purplish red. Naked young wood purplish.

Variety.

*t P. s. 2 pendula Hort., Sorbus hybrida pendula Lodd. Cat., P. spuria
sambucifolia Hort. Brit, (the plate of this variety in Arb. Brit., 1st
edit. vol. vi.) has pendulous shoots, and is a very distinct and
most interesting kind. There are fine low trees of it in the Hor-
ticultural Society's Garden ; and, if grafted 10 or 12 feet high, in-
stead of only 3 or 4 feet, as it is there, it would form one of the
most beautiful of pendulous trees. It is prolific in flowers, and
dark purple fruit ; and the leaves die off of an intensely dark pur-
plish red. Every hawthorn hedge might be adorned with this tree
by grafting.

Both the species and variety are very desirable small trees for their leaves,
their flowers, and their fruit ; they are readily propagated by grafting on the
common thorn or mountain ash, and require the same soil as that species.

*t 35. P. FOLIOLOVSA Wall. The leafy Mountain Ash.

Identification. Wall. Cat. p. 677. ; PI. Asiat. Rar., 2. p. 81. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 648.
Engravings. Wall. PI. Asiat. Ran, 2. t. 189. ; and our fig. 795.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves pinnate,
with 7 — -8 pairs of elliptic-lan-
ceolate, mucronate leaflets, which
are serrated at the apex, pubes-
cent beneath. Cymes branched,
terminal, pubescent. (Don's
Mill.) A deciduous tree. Ne-
pal, on mountains. Height 15ft.
to 20 ft. Introduced ?. Flowers
white; June. Pome small, obo-
vate roundish, red ; ripe Nov.
This very desirable and probably
quite hardy species, we believe,
has not yet bean introduced, but
it doubtless will soon be so.

P. hircma Wall. Cat. p. 675.,
and Don's Mill. ii. p. 648., is a
native of Nepal, with pinnate
leaves, and numerous leaflets,
rusty beneath ; and with red fruit,
about the size of that of the common mountain ash.

§ vii. Adenorachis Dec.

Sect. Char. Petals spreading, each with a claw, and a concave limb. Styles
2 — 5. Pome globose. Leaves simple, the midrib bearing glands on its
upper surface (which is the character expressed in the sectional name).
Flowers in branched corymbs. — Deciduous shrubs, natives of North
America ; growing to the height of 4 or 5 feet, and prolific in flowers,
followed by red, dark purple, or black, fruit. They are all readily
propagated by division, by suckers, or by grafting on the common hawthorn.

446

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

This section is so unlike the others in habit and general appearance, that
it would be much more convenient to have it as a distinct genus ; say,
Aronia, as it was before that genus was united with Pyrus,

& 36. P. ^RBUTIFO'LIA L.fil. The Arbutus-leaved Aronia.

Identification. Lin. fil. Suppl., 256.; Ph. Sept.

1. p. 339. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 637. ; Don's Mill.,

3. p. 649.
Synonymes. Crate'gus pyrifblia Lam. Diet. 1.

p. 83. ; ^rbnia pyrifblia I'ers. Syn. 2. p. 39. ;

?Cratae*gus serrata Potr. Suppl. 1. p. 292. ; A/es-

pilus arbutifdlia Schmidt Arb. t, 86., Mill. Diet.

t. 109.
Engravings. Schmidt Arb., t. 86. ; and our

fig. 796.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves obovate, lan-
ceolate, acute, crenate, tomentose
beneath, especially when young, the
midrib in each glandulous above.
Calyx tornentose. Pome dark red
or purple. (Dec. Prod.) A decidu-
ous shrub. North America, from
Canada to Carolina, in low copses
and swamps, common. Height 4 ft.
to 6 ft. Introduced in 1700. Flow-
ers white; May. Fruit dark red
or black ; ripe in September. De-
caying leaves intensely dark red, or purplish black.

Varieties.

* P. a. 2 intermedia Lindl. (Hort.

Trans., vii. p. 229. ; Don's Mill., ii.

p. 649. and our fig. 798.) has the

fruit globose and brown,
a P. a. 3 serotina Lindl. (Hort. Trans.,

1. c. ; Don's Mill., 1. c.) has the

leaves shining above, and velvety

beneath; and the fruit late, and

party-coloured.

j

797. P. arbutifblia piimila.

* P. a. 4 punrila, Afespilus purnila
Lodd.Cat. (Krause, t. 86.; and our
figs. 797. and 799.), appears to be
different from the two preceding
varieties. It is a low plant, seldom exceeding 1 ft. or 18 in. in height,

iterm fedia.

XXVI. ROSA CEJE ! PYllUS.

447

and rooting at the joints. The fruit is intermediate
in colour between P. arbutifolia and P. melano-
carpa, being of a reddish black.

A very desirable shrub, frequent in collections, and known
in the nurseries under the name of .Mespilus arbutifolia. It
is prolific in flowers, which are produced in May, and which
are followed by dark red or purple fruit, which, when not
eaten by birds, will remain on the bushes till the following
April or May, when the plant is again in flower. This species,
whether as a bush, or grafted standard high on the common
thorn, is highly ornamental in spring, when it is covered with 799i p. a.
its profusion of white flowers ; in autumn, when its foliage
assumes a deep red or purple ; and in winter, after the leaves have dropped,
when it is still enriched with its persistent fruit. It is propagated by layers,
suckers, or seeds ; but most frequently by suckers. There v/as, in 1835,
a remarkably fine plant of this species, grafted standard high, in Knight's
Exotic Nurs'ery : it had attained the height of 10 or 12 feet ; its branches hung
down gracefully to the ground, not in one mass, but in varied tufts ; and
their appearance in autumn, when they were of an intensely purple red, was
beyond expression interesting and beautiful.

37. P.

MELANOCARPA

The black -fruited Aronia.

Identification. Willd. Enum., 525. ; Ph. Sept., 1. p. 339. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 637. ; Don's Mill., 2.

p. 649
Synomjmes. P. arbutifblia /3 Willd. Sp. 2. p. 1013. ; ^rbnia arbutifblia Pers. Syn. 2. p. 39. ; Mes-

pilus capitata Lodd. \ M. floribunda Lodd. ; M. ptibens Lodd. Cat. 1836.
Engravings. Schmidt Arb., t. 86. ; Krause, t. 79. ; and our fig. 800.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves obovate-oblong, acuminate,
serrated, glabrous beneath ; the midrib glandulous
above. Corymb more crowded than in P. arbutifolia.
Calyx glabrous. Pome black. (Dec. Prod.} A de-
ciduous shrub. North America, in Canada, in bogs,
and on the high mountains of Carolina and Virginia ;
and judging from the plants in the Horticultural
Society's Garden, and in the arboretum of Messrs.
Loddiges, nothing more than a variety of P. ffrbuti-
folia. Height 4ft. to 5ft. Cultivated in 1700.
Flowers white ; May. Fruit large, black, resembling
in taste those of Faccinium pennsylvanicum ; ripe in
September.

Variety.

& P. (a.) m. 2 subpubescens Lindl. (Hort. Trans.,
vii. p. 232. ; Don's Mill., ii. p. 649.), P. m.
xanthocarpa Hort., has the leaves, when
young, tomentose beneath, but glabrous in the adult state.

P. (a.) melanocarpa or its variety, grafted standard high on the common
hawthorn, forms a truly interesting pendulous, and at the same time pictu-
resque, tree ; and we can scarcely sufficiently recommend it for small shrub-
beries and suburban gardens. As its berries are not so greedily eaten by birds
as those of most of the other -Rosaceae, in mild winters they remain on till the
following summer, and mix beautifully with the flowers in June. It grafts
readily on the common hawthorn ; and it, and all the other species and varieties
belonging to the section Adenorachis, might be introduced into our common
hedges by any countryman who could graft, thus rendering them truly orna-
mental.

jok 38. P. (A.) FLORIBU'NDA Lindl. The abundant-flowered Aronia.

Identification. Lindl. Hort. Trans., 7. p. 230. ; Lindl. Bot. Reg., 1006. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 6-19.
Engravings. Lindl. Bot. Reg., t. 1006. ; and our fig. 801.

P. (a.) inclanocnrpa.

448

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Spec. Char., Src. Branches cinereous,
reclinate. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
acute, on long petioles, tomentose
beneath, as well as f.he calyxes.
Fruit spherical. Corymbs many-
flowered, and longer than the leaves.
(Don's Mill.) A shrub resembling
the preceding species, but with more
pendulous branches. Originated in
'gardens. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Cul-
tivated in 1815. Flowers white;
May. Fruit black ; ripe in Septem-
ber.

The leaves die off of a purplish red ; 801. P. (fl., florlWnda.

and the whole plant, from the time of

its leafing till it becomes naked, is highly interesting and ornamental, more
especially when grafted standard high.

j* 39. P. (A.) DEPRE'SSA Lindl. The depressed Aronia.

Identification. Lindl. Hort. Trans., 7. p. 230. ; Don's Mill.,

2. p. 649.
Engraving. Our Jig. 802. from a specimen In Dr. Lindley's

herbarium.

Spec. Char., $c. Stems humble, reclinate.
Leaves oblong, obtuse, tomentose beneath,
as well as the calyxes. Fruit pear-shaped.
Corymbs length of the leaves. (Don's Mill.)
A low shrub, with pendulous depressed
branches. Of garden origin. Height J ft. to
2ft. Cultivated in 1815. Flowers white;
May. Fruit dark purple ; ripe in September.
It is evidently a variety or modification of
the preceding sort ; and, from its profusion of
flowers and fruit, and the purple hue of its
foliage, it is highly ornamental.

& 40. P. (A.) PU'BENS Lindl. The downy-branched Aronia.

Identification. Lindl. Hort. Trans., 7. p. 232.; Don's Mill., 2. p. 649.
Engraving. Our fig. 803. from a living specimen in the Horticul-
tural Society's Garden.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem erect. Branches pubescent.

Leaves oblong or obovate, abruptly acuminated,

smooth. Fruit spherical, and, as well as the ca-

lyxes, quite glabrous. Corymbs loose, and many-

flowered. (Don's Mill.} A bushy shrub, with ro-

bust foliage, and shoots. Of garden origin. Height

4ft. to 5ft. Cultivated in 1810. Flowers

white ; May. Fruit round, large, dark purple ;

ripe in September.

This and the following kind have much of the
robust foliage and habit of P. Chamaemespilus, and
well deserve a place in collections.

P02. P. (a.) deprgssa.

41. P. (A.) GRANDIFO'LIA Lindl. The large-
leaved Aronia.

sos. p. <«.) ptt«n».

Identification. Lindl. Hort. Trans., 7. p. 232. ; Lindl. Bot. Reg., 1154. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 649.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1 154. ; and our.figs. 804. and 815.

Spec. Char., ftc. Stem erect, and, as well as the branches, smoothish. Leaves

xxvi, T?OSAVCE;E : PY'RUS

449

oblong, or obovate,
acute, glabrous.
Fruit spherical,
and, as well as the
calyxes, glabrous.
Corymbs few-flow-
ered, coarctate.
Fruit with a villous
disk. (Don's Mill.)
A bushy shrub. Of
garden origin, pro-
bably a hybrid be-
tween P. arbutifolicc and P. Chama3inespilus.
Height 4 ft. to 5 ft. Cultivated in 18 1 0. Flow-
ers white ; May and June. Fruit dark purple ;
ripe Sept. Decaying leaves purple and yellow.

It bears a profusion of flowers, and dark purple fruit; and, on that account,
and also on account of the purple tinge of its leaves, it is highly ornamental.
Dr. Lindley considers it as the most valuable species of this division of Pjrus
that has hitherto been described.

80-4 . P. (a ) grandifolia.

P. (a.) grandif61i

§ viii. Chamtfmespilus Dec.

Sect. Char. Petals upright, conniving, concave. Styles 2. Pome ovate.
Leaves simple, glandless. Flowers in a capitate corymb. (Dec. Prod.)

3fc 42. P. CHAMMEME'SPILUS Lindl. The dwarf
Medlar.

Identification. Lindl. in I .in. Soc. Trans., 13. p. 98. ; Dec.

Prod., 2. p. 637. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 649.
Synonymes. Cratae'gus Chamaem^spilus Jacq. Austr. t. 231. ;

Mespilus Chamtein^spilus Lin. Sp. 685. ; S6rbus Chama?-

m<?spilus Crantz Austr. 83. t. 1. f. 3. ; the bastard Quince ;

niedriger Mispelbainn, Ger. ; Camenespolo, Ital.
Engravings. Jacq. Austr., t. 231. ; Crantz Austr., 83. 1. 1. f.

3. ; and our fig. 806.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Leaves ovate, serrated, gla-
brous ; except bearing on the under surface,

when young, down, which is deciduous. (Dec.

Prod.) A stiff-branched shrub. Europe, in

rough mountainous places. Height 5ft. to

6 ft. Introduced in 1683. Flowers white,

tinted with rose ; May and June. Fruit round,

orange-coloured, or red ; ripe in September.

This species forms a compact bush, and flow-
ers and fruits in the greatest abundance, and
hence it merits to be much more extensively
introduced into collections than it appears to
have hitherto been. -It grafts beautifully on
the common hawthorn ; and, indeed, whoever
has a quickset hedge may have a collection of
all the species of this genus.

Other Species ofPyrus. — P. almfdtia Lindl. in Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 98. Leaves
glabrous, roundish, feather-nerved, and rather glaucous beneath. Fruit black
and sugary. North America, at Fort Mandon. — P. tomentosa Dec. Prod. ii.
p. 637. ; ATalus tomentosa Dum. Cours. ed. 2. v. p. 438. Allied to P. bac-
cata ; but the flowers, as well as fruit, are unknown. Siberia. — P. rubicunda
Hoffmans. (Ferz., 1824, p. 192.; Dec. Prod.,ii. p. 637.) Leaves oval-acu-
minate. Fruit partly red and partly yellow. Native country unknown.

G G

P. Chamaemespilus.

459

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

GENUS XXI.

CYDCTNIA Tourn. THE QUINCE TREE. Lin. Syst. Icosandria
Di-Pentagynia.

Identification. Tourn. Inst., 632. t. 435. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 638. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 650.
Synonymes. Pyrus sp. Lin. ; Coignassier, Fr. ; Quittenbaum, Ger. ; Cotogno, Ital.
Derivation. From its native place, Cydon, in Candia.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals orbicular. Stamens erect. Styles 5. Pome
closed, 5-celled ; cells cartilaginous, many-seeded. Seeds covered with mu-
cilaginous pulp. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; serrated or entire. Flowers
large, solitary, or few together in a kind of umbel. — Low deciduous trees or
shrubs, natives of Europe and Asia ; easily propagated by layers, or by graft-
ing on the common thorn. Common soil, rather moist than dry.

*t 1. (7. VULGA'RIS Pers. The common Quince Tree.

Identification. Pers. Syn., 2. p. 40. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 638. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 650.

Synonymes. Pyrus Cydonia Lin. Sp. 687., Jacq. Austr. t. 342. ; C. europze^a Sav. Alb. Tosc. 1 . p. 90.

Engravings. Jacq. Austr., t. 342. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our Jig. 807.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate, obtuse at the base, entire, tomentose beneath.
Calyx tomentose ; its lobes serrulated, and a little leafy. Stamens in one
row. (Dec. Prod.) A low tree. South of Europe, in rocky places and
hedges; and by some considered indigenous in Britain. Height 15 ft. to 20 ft.
Cultivated in 1573. Flowers white; May and June. Fruit large, of a fine
orange yellow ; ripe in November.
Varieties.

^ C. v. 1 pyrifbrmis Hort. — Fruit pear-shaped.
^ C. v. 2 maliformis Hort. — Fruit apple-shaped.

XXVI. ROSA CEM I CYDO NIA.

451

It C. v. 3 hisitanica Du Ham. — Broader leaves, and larger fruit, than the
two preceding kinds ; and, being of more vigorous growth, it is
better adapted for being used as a stock for pears.

The quince is a low tree, with a crooked stem and tortuous rambling
branches. It is of moderately rapid growth when young ; attaining, in four
or five years, the height of 6 or 8 feet ; and, in ten or twelve years, the height
of 15 feet : after which it continues to increase in width of head only ; being
very seldom found higher than 15 or 20 feet.

The quince prefers a moist free soil, near water, and a situation open, but
sheltered. In dry soil, neither the tree nor the fruit attains any size ; and,
in situations exposed to high winds, the fruit will not remain on the tree till
ripe. Layers.

¥ 2. C. SINE'NSIS Thouin. The China Quince Tree.

Identification. Thouin Ann. Mus., 19. p. 145. t. 8. and 9. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 638. ; Don's Mill., 2.

p. 650.

Synonyme. Pyrus sinensis Pair. Suppl. 4. p. 452.
Engravings. Ann. Mus., 19. t. 8. and 9. ; the

our fig. "

plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and

S08. CycUmia sinensis.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate, acuminated at both ends, acutely serrated,
when young a little villose, and when adult glabrous. Stipules oblong
linear, serrated ; the teeth glanded. Flowers rosy, becoming red. Calyx
glabrous ; its lobes serrulated, and a little leafy. Stamens in one row. Fruit
egg-shaped, large, hard, almost juiceless, and greenish. Seeds in each cell
about 30, with many abortive. {Dec. Prod.) A very handsome low tree,
very distinct in appearance from the common quince, from the shining sur-
face of its leaves, and the regular serratures of their margins. China.
Height in China 20 ft. ; in England 10ft. to 12ft. Introduced in 1818.
Flowers white or pale red; May and June. Fruit egg-shaped, greenish,
hard, and nearly dry ; ripe in October.

G G 2

452

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

810. C'.javonica.

flfe 3. C. JAPO'NICA Pers. The Japan Quince Tree.

Identification. Pers. Syn., 2. p. 40. ; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 638. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 650.

Synonymes. ? P$ru& japonica Thunb. Fl. Jap. 207., and Bot. Mag. t. G92. ; ChsenomSles japonica

Lindl. Lin. Trans. 13. p. 98.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t..G92. ; Morris Fl. Consp., 1. 1. ; our/%. 809. ; andy?g. 810. showing the fruit.

Spec. Char., 8?c. Leaves
oval, somewhat cuneated,
crenately serrated, gla-
brous upon both surfaces.
Stipules kidney-shaped,
and serrated. Flowers
mostly 2 — 3 together,
rarely solitary. Calyx
glabrous ; its lobes short,
obtuse, entire. Stamens
in two rows. (Dec. Prod.)
A rambling deciduous
shrub. Japan and China.

Height 5 ft. to 6 ft. Introd. in 1815. Flowers scar-
let ; produced the greater part of the year. Fruit
green, very fragrant, but not eatable ; ripe in Oct.

Varieties.

& C. j. 2 flore dlbo has cream-coloured, or very pale red, flowers, and

forms a very distinct kind when in blossom.

Sfe C. j. 3 fl. semi-plena has red flowers, somewhat semidouble. There
are plants of this kind in the Kensington Nursery.

One of the most desirable deciduous shrubs in cultivation, whether as a
bush in the open lawn, trained against a wall, or treated as an ornamental
hedge plant. It has also been trained up with a single stem as a standard ;
and, in this character, its pendent branches and numerous flowers, give it a
rich and striking appearance, especially in early spring. It is difficult to unite
with its congeners by grafting ; but, if it could be grafted standard high on the
pear, the hawthorn, or even on the common quince, it would form a most de-
lightful little tree. Readily propagated by layers or suckers, and it also grows
by cuttings,

c.jap<jnica.

ORDER XXVII. CALYCANTHAVCE^E.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx coloured, many-parted. Segments in many series, unequal.
Corolla none. Stamens indefinite, in several series. Anthers adnate, * ex-
trorse. Styles exserted. Carpels 1-seeded, enclosed within the fleshy tube
of the calyx. Albumen none. Agrees with JZosaceae in fruit, and Granateae
in leaves, but differs from both in the absence of petals ( G. Don.)

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous ; feather-nerved, rough.
Flowers axillary. — Deciduous shrubs, natives of Asia and America.
CALYCA'NTHUS. Stamens 12, deciduous.
CHIMONA'NTHUS. Stamens 5, persistent.

GENUS I.

CALYCA'NTHUS Lindl. THE CALYCANTHUS, or AMERICAN ALLSPICE.
Lin. Syst. Icosandria Polygynia.

Identification. Lindl. in Bot. Reg., t. 404. ; Nees Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. Bonn., 11. p. 107.; Dec.
Prod., 3. p. 2. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 652.

XXVII. CALYCANTHA^CE^E : CALYCArNTHUS.

453

Synonymts. Calycanthi sp. Lin., Lam., Willd. ; Biittnerm Du Ham. Arb., 1. p. 114., not of Lin. ;
Beurren'a Ehret Plot. t. 13.; Bastena Adans. Fam. 2. p. 294. ; Pompadoura Buchoz ; Caly-
canthe, Fr. ; Gewiirzstrauch (spice shrub), Kelch Blume, Ger. : Calicanto, Ital.

Derivation. From kalux, a calyx, and anthos, a flower; the calyx is coloured, and resembles a
corolla. The name allspice was given to it by the inhabitants ox Carolina, from the strong aro-
matic smell of the bark.

Gen. Char. Lobes of calyx disposed in many series, imbricate, lanceolate,
all somewhat coriaceous and coloured. Stamens unequal, deciduous,
12 outer ones fertile. Acfienia numerous. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; entire, coriaceous.
Flowers axillary, rising after the leaves, of a lurid purple colour, and
sweet-scented, as well as the bark and leaves.

Deciduous shrubs, natives of North America ; propagated, in England, by
layers. DeCandolle states that the removal of the terminal leaf bud of a
shoot causes the production of two new flower buds ; and that by this practice
a succession of flowers, during the whole summer, may be obtained when
desirable. (Dec. Prod.}

* 1. C. FLO'RIDUS L. The flowery Calycanthus, or Carolina Allspice.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 718. ; Nutt. Gen. Amer., 1. p. 312. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 2. : Don's Mill., 2-

p. 652.
Synonymes. C. sterilis Walt. Car. 151.; sweet-scented Shrub, in Carolina ; common American

Allspice ; Calycanthe de la Caroline, Fr. ; Carolinische Kelch Blume, Ger. ; Pompadur, Ital.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 503. ; Du Ham. Arb., 1. t. 45. ; Lam. 111., t. 446. f. 1. ; Guimp. Abb.

Holz., t.4. ; ouryzg. 810. ; andj%. 811. showing the fruit.

Spec. Char., $c. Wood
of the trunk, and es-
pecially of the root,
intensely camphor-
scented. Branches
spreading ; branchlets
tomentose. Leaves
oval, tomentose be-
neath. Flowers mostly
abortive. Fruit top-
shaped. (Dec. Prod.)
A dense orbiculate
bush. Carolina, on the
shaded banks of rivu-

811. Calycantbus fldridus. lets> Heigh|. g ft ^ g ft>

Introduced in 1726. Flowers dusky, purple, scented ; May to August.
Fruit brown, rarely seen in England. General aspect of the foliage, in
summer, dark brownish green. Decaying leaves bright yellow. Naked
young wood dark brown.

Varieties. DeCandolle gives two forms of this species : —

* C. f. 1 oblongus, leaves oblong (Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2,, 3, p. 282.) ; and

* C. f. 2 ovate*, leaves roundishly ovate (Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2., 3.

p. 282.).

The following varieties are in Loddiges's Catalogue for 1836; and plants
of most of them are in their arboretum, and in that of the Horticultural
Society : —

^ C. f. 3 asplenifolius has cut leaves.

* C. f. ^ferax has fertile flowers.

& C. f. 5 glaucus has leaves somewhat glaucous.

3fe C. f. 6 inodoms has flowers nearly scentless.

36 C. f. 7 longifolius has elongated leaves.

Sfc C. f. 8 variegatus has variegated leaves.

The flowers grow singly on short peduncles at the extremity of the
branches ; they have two series of narrow thick sepals, which spread open,
and turn inward at the top, like those of the anemone or clematis. It thrives.

G G 3

812. C. flcjnck

454

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

813. c.(f.)giaucus

best in a light, rich, sandy soil, kept rather moist, and in a shady situation.
The varieties differ very slightly from each other.

& 2. C. (F.) GLAU'CUS Willd. The glaucous-leaved Calycanthus, or fertile-
flowered American Allspice.

Identification. Willd. Enum., 559. ; Pursh Fl. Sept. Amer., p. 357.; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 2.
Synonyme. C. ftrlilis Walt. Car. 151., Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 404., Guimp. Abb. Holx. t. 5., Don's

Mill. 2. p. 652.

Engravings. Hot. Reg., t. 404. ; Guimp. Abb. Holz., t. 5. ; and our
fig. 813.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches spreading. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, glaucous beneath, pubescent.
Flowers less odorous than those of C. floridus.
(Dec. Prod.) A dense orbiculate bush. Carolina,
on mountains. Height 6 ft. to 8 ft. Introduced
in 1726. Flowers lurid purple ; May to August.
Fruit, leaves, and young wood as in the preceding
species.

Variety.

& C.g.Zoblongifblius Nutt. Gen. Amer. i. p. 3 12.,

Dec. Prod. Hi. p. 2. C. oblongifolius Hurt.

Brit. — Leaves ovate-lanceolate, elongated.

A native of North Carolina, on mountains. (Dec. Prod., iii. p. 2.)
Closely resembling C. floridus in general appearance ; and requiring the
same soil and culture. According to Pursh, the flowers are like those of C.
floridus ; but their scent is not so agreeable, and is more faint. Whether
there is much difference between this sort and C. f. 5 glaucus, we have not
had an opportunity of ascertaining ; the plant in Messrs. Loddiges's arbore-
tum not having flowered. We have therefore retained the description of this
kind as a species, in deference to Pursh, DeCandolle, and G. Don, though we
strongly suspect that they are identical.

& 3. C. (F.) L^VIGA^TUS Willd. The glabrous-feared Calycanthus, or Ame-

rican Allspice.

Identification. Willd. Enum. , 559. ; Willd. Hort. Berol., t. 80. ; Pursh Fl. Sept. Amer., p. 358. ;

Nutt. Gen. Amer., 1. p. 312. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 2. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 652.
Synonymes. C. ferax Micfix. Fl. Bar. Amer. 1. p. 305.; C. pennsyl-

vSnicus Lodd. Cat.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 481. ; and our fig. 814.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches strictly upright. Leaves
oblong or ovate, and gradually acuminated, slightly
wrinkled ; the upper surface rough to the touch,
the under one glabrous and green. (Dec. Prod.)
A dense orbiculate bush. Pennsylvania, Virginia
and Carolina, on mountains. Height 3 ft. to 5 ft.
Introduced in 1806, and resembling the two pre- ^
ceding sorts in appearance and culture, but with
the leaves more pointed. Very probably the C. f.
4 ferax of the preceding page. 814 c (f>) lsEVi(?{itus>

GENUS II.

CHIMONA'NTHUS Lindl. THE CHIMONANTHUS, or WINTER-FLOWER.

Lin. Syst. Icosandria Polygynia.
Identification. Lindl. Bot. Reg., t. 404. and 451. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 2. ; Don's Mill., 2. p C52.

XXVI I. CALYCANTHA^CE^E : CIIIMONA'NTHUS.

455

Synonytnes. MeratfVz Nees Art. Soc. Nat. Bonn. 11. p. 107. ; Calyoanthi sp. Linn.

Derivation. From cheimon, winter, and ant/ius, a flower ; in allusion to the season of its flowering.

Gen. Char. Lobes of calyx imbricate, oval, obtuse ; outer ones in the form of
bracteas ; inner ones larger, and appearing like a corolla. Stamens nearly equal,
permanent, the five outer ones fertile, connate at the base. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; entire. Flowers rising be-
fore the leaves, in the axils of the leaves of the preceding year ; very sweet-
scented; yellowish, but purplish inside. Bark and leaves without scent.

A deciduous shrub, a native of Japan ; remarkable for the fragrance of its
flowers, which are produced from December till March, even in the open
garden, in the neighbourhood of London, and more especially if the plant
is trained against a wall. The blossoms are produced singly, in the axils
of the leaves, on the shoots of the preceding 3 ear, and also on spurs pro-
ceeding from the old wood. The soil, culture, &c., are the same as for
Calycantfius.

& 1. C. FRAVGRANS Lindl. The fragrant-flowered Chimonanthus.

Identification. Lindl. Bot. Reg., t. 404. 451. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 2, ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 652.
Synonymes. Calycanthus praa cox Lin. Sp. 1718., Ait. Hart. Kew. ed. 1. vol. 2. p. 220. t. 10., Curt.

Bot. Mag. t. 4GG., Lam. III. t. 445. t. 2. ; Meratm fragrans Nees Act. Soc. Nat. Bonn. 11. p. 107. ;

O'bai, or Robai, Kcempf. Amcen. 879. ic. ; the Winter-Flower ; Calycante de Japon, Fr» ; Japa-

nische Kelch Blume, Ger.
Engravings. Kffimpf. Arecen. ic. ; Ait. Hort., Kew., ed. 1. vol. ii. t. 10. ; Bot. Mag., t. 466. ; Lam.

111., t. 445. t. 2. ; and o\\rfig. 815.

Spec. Char., fyc. Bark and leaves scentless. Flowers protruded before the
leaves, solitary in the old axils of leaves, extremely odorous, yellowish, and
purple within. Fruit flask-shaped, or thicker above the
base, and in the upper part tapered into a cylindrical
neck. {Dec. Prod.) A deciduous shrub. Japan. Height
6 ft. to 8 ft. as a bush,
twice that height when
trained against a wall.
Introduced in 1 776.
Flowers yellowish and
purple within ; December
to March. Fruit flask-
shaped. Decaying leaves
greenish. Naked young
wood light grey.

8i5. C.friRraus.

816. C. fragrans grandiflbrus.

Varieties.

* C.f. 2grandiflorus Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 451. ; and our/g. 816.— Flowers

larger, and more spreading. Fruit oblong, tapered at the base.

(Dec. Prod.)

» C.f. 3 liiteus Hort. has the flowers yellow both inside and outside.
& C.f.kparvrflorvs Hort. — A distinct late-flowering variety. Plants

in the Horticultural Society's Garden.

The flowers, which are produced in the greatest abundance from November
till March (as the name, winter-flower, implies), and which are delightfully and
refreshingly fragrant, scent the air to a considerable distance round the tree.
It is grown in most choice gardens for its flowers ; a few of which are
gathered daily, and placed in the drawingroom or boudoir, in the same man-
ner as violets. The plant is generally propagated by layers ; but it frequently
produces seeds, from which many plants have been raised. The variety C. f.
grandiflorus has the flowers rather less fragrant than the species, but they are
much more ornamental. No garden whatever ought to be without this shrub.
North of London, it deserves a wall as much as any fruit tree; at least,
judging from the measure of enjoyment which it is calculated to afford : and,

G G 4

456 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

south of London, it may be planted as a standard bush on the open lawn, or
in the shrubbery.

ORDER XXVIII. GRANATAVCE^E.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx 5 — 7-cleft, tube turbinate, limb tubular ; aestivation val-
vate. Petals 5 — 7. Stamens indefinite, free. Style filiform. Stigma capitate.
Fruit large, spherical, divided horizontally into two compartments, lower
part 3-celled; upper part 5 — 9-celled. Seeds numerous, covered with
pellucid baccate pulp. Albumen wanting. Differs from .Afyrtaceae in the leaves
being without dots. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, opposite or alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; lanceolate,
entire. Flowers terminal, scarlet. — Shrubs or low trees, natives of Africa.

GENUS I.

7JUVNICA Tourn. THE POMEGRANATE TREE. Lin. Syst. Tcosandria

Monogynia.

Identification. Tourn. Inst., t.401.; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 3. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 653.

Synonymes. The Carthaginian Apple ; Grenadier, Fr. ; Granate, Ger. ; Melograno, Ital ; Grana-
dos, Span.

Derivation. Punica is said, in the Nouveau Du Hamel, to be derived either from puniceus, scarlet,
in allusion to the scarlet colour of the flowers ; or from the same word, or Punicus, both signify-
ing " of Carthage ;" near which city, Pliny tells us, it was first found.

Gen. Char. Same as that of the order.

Leaves simple, opposite, sometimes whorled or alternate, exstipulate, deci-
duous ; oblong, entire. Flowers terminal, scarlet, with numerous stamens.
— Low deciduous trees or shrubs, indigenous to Africa, and naturalised in
the South of Europe.

*t l. P. CTRANA'TUM L. The common Pomegranate Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 676. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 3. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 653.
Engravings. Bot Mag., t. 1832. ; and our fig. 817.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem arboreous. Leaf lanceolate. (Dec. Prod.) A
deciduous tree. Mauritania, whence it may have migrated into the South
Europe, where it is now perfectly indigenous. Height, in France and Italy,
15 ft. to 30 ft. ; in England generally trained against a wall, where it attains
double that height when there is room.
Introduced in 1548. Flowers scarlet;
June to September. Fruit globose, in
warm seasons sometimes ripened in No-
vember.

Varieties.

*t P. G. 1 rubrum Dec. Prod. iii. p. 3.
(Trew Ehret, t. 71. f. 1. ; Poit. et
Turp. Arbr. Fr., 22.; Schkuhr.
Handb., t. 131. b.; Sims Bot. Mag.,
t. 1832.; and our Jig. 817.) has the
flowers red ; pulp of fruit reddish.
Wild in Mauritania and the South
of Europe, and enduring even the
coldest winters. (Dec. Prod.ym. p.3.) gl - Pi Granktum rttaiun.

XXVIII. <7RANATANCE^E. XXIX. !TAMARICAVCE,E. 457

sfe P. G. 2 rubrum fibre pleno Trew Ehret t. 71. f. 2. has double red

flowers. It is common in gardens, and is a little more impatient of

cold than the preceding variety. (Dec. Prod., iii. p. 4.)
» P. G. 3 albescens Dec. Prod. iii. p. 4., Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 16. — Petals

white. Calyx slightly yellowish. Pulp of the fruit of a pale red.

It is cultivated in gardens, and is rather more tender than P. G.

riibrum. (Dec. Prod., iii. p. 4.)
« P. G. 4 albescens fibre pleno Dec. has double flowers, which are nearly

white. It is cultivated in gardens, and is the tenderest of all the

forms of the species. (Dec. Prod., iii. p. 4.)
* P. G. Sfidvum Hort. has the flowers yellow, but is rare in gardens.

A tree, in magnitude and ligneous character, bearing considerable resem-
blance to the common hawthorn. In the South of France, and in Spain and
Italy, it grows to the height of 1 8 or 20 feet ; forming a very branchy twiggy
tree, seldom found with a clear stem, unless it has been pruned up. In a
wild state, about Marseilles, it forms a thorny bush ; but, in the gardens about
Nice and Genoa, it is a very handsome small tree, much admired both for
its flowers and its fruit. In the South of Europe, the pomegranate is culti-
vated for its fruit j and, in some places, as a hedge plant. It is also grown as
an ornamental tree ; the stem being trained to the height of 6 or 8 feet, and
the head .after wards allowed to spread, and droop down on every side. The
single wild pomegranate will grow in almost any soil ; but the double-flowered
varieties, and the species when it is intended to bear fruit, require a rich free
soil. Whether the object be flowers or fruit, the head of the tree should be
thinned out, and so cut as to multiply, as much as possible, short slender
shoots ; on the points of which alone the flowers are produced. The plant
is easily propagated by cuttings of the shoots or of the roots, by layers, or
by grafting one sort on another. The double variety grafted on the single is
more productive of flowers than when raised by cuttings or layers ; and in
good rich soil, judiciously supplied with water, it will continue producing its
large scarlet flowers for four or five months. When the plant is raised from
seeds, they ought to be sown immediately on being removed from the fruit ;
because they very soon lose their vital powers.

a 2. P. (G.) NAVNA L. The dwarf Pomegranate.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 676. ; Sims Bot. Mag., t. 634. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 4. ;

Don's Mill., 2. p. 653.

Syncmymes. P. ainericana nana Tourn. ; P. Granatum niinum Pers.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 634. ; Trew Ehret, t. 71. f. 3. ; and our fig. 818.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem shrubby. Leaf linear. (Dec. Prod.)
A low deciduous bush ; said to be a native of the Cari-
bee Islands and of South America, about Demerara. In-
troduced in 1723. Flowers red; June to September.

Without doubt, only a variety of P. 6rranatum. sia. />. (o.)n4na.

ORDER XXIX. TAMARICAVCE^E.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx 4 — 5-parted. Petals^ — 5. Stamens^ — 5 or 8 — 10, free
or monadelphous. Style short. Stigmas 3. Capsule trigonal, 3-valved, 1-
celled, many-seeded. Placentas 3 at base of cell, or along the middle of the
valves. Seeds comose at apex. Albumen none. Near Frankeniawre in
Thalamiflorae.

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous or sub-evergreen ; linear-
lanceolate. Flowers small. — Shrubs. Natives of Europe, Asia, and Africa ;
of easy culture in light sandy soil. The genera in British gardens are two,
which are thus contradistinguished : —

458 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

TA'MARIX. Stamens 4 — 5. Hairs on the seeds simple.
MYRICAXRIA. Stamens 10. Hairs on the seeds feathery.

GENUS I.

1
j

TA'MARIX Desv. THE TAMARISK. Lin. Syst. Pentandria Trigynia.

Identification. Desv. Ann. Sc. Nat., 4. p. 348. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 95. j Don's Mill., 2. p. 725.

Synonymes. The species of Tamarix of authors that have 4 stamens and 5 stamens ; T amaris, Fr. ;
Tamarisken, Ger. ; Tamarice, Ital.

Derivation. So called, according to some, from the plants growing on the banks of the river Tama-
ras, now Tambra, on the borders of the Pyrenees ; or, according to others, from the Hebrew
word tamaris, cleansing, on account of their branches being used for brooms.

Gen. Char. Calyx 4 — 5-parted. Petals 4 — .5. Stamens 4 — 5, alternating with
the petals, almost free. Ovarium tapering to the apex. Stigmas 3, long,
divaricate, glandular, and oblique at the apex. Seeds erect, inserted nearly
at the base of the valves ; tufted ; tuft composed of numerous simple hairs
arising from the apex. (Don's Mill.')

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous or sub -evergreen ; linear,
stem-clasping, very small ; adult ones diaphanous at the apex. Flowers
in spikes, and usually disposed in panicles, small, red, seldom white.

Tall shrubs, natives of Europe, the North of Africa, and the West of Asia ;
sub-evergreen in British gardens ; and highly valuable, as standing the sea
breeze in situations where few other ligneous plants, and no other flowering
shrubs, will grow. The whole plant is very bitter, and the young shoots were
formerly employed as a tonic, and as a substitute for hops in brewing beer.

mm 1. T. GAELIC A L. The French Tamarisk.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 386. ; Mill. Ic. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 96. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 726.

Synonymes. T. narbonensis Lou. Ic. 2. t. 218. ; Z'amartscus gallicus All. ; Tamariscus perrtandrus

Lam. Ft. Fr., not of Pall. ; Mirice, Ital.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., vol. vii. t. 59. ; and our Jig. 819.

Spec, Char., $c. Glabrous, glaucous. Leaves minute, clasping the
stem or branch, adpressed, acute. Spikes of flowers lateral,
somewhat panicled, slender, 5 times longer than broad. (Dec.
Prod.) A sub-evergreen shrub, frequent in sandy places in
the middle and South of Europe, and in the South of England.
Height 5 ft to 10ft., sometimes twice that height. Flowers
pinkish ; May to October.

Varieties. In the Linntza, 2. p. 267., 6 varieties are described, for *£
which we refer to our first edition, as the plants are not in cul-
tivation in Britain, and indeed appear to us not worth keeping distinct.
T. gallica prefers a deep, free, sandy soil ; and will only attain a large size
when it is in such a soil, and supplied with moisture from the proximity of some
river, or other source of water. It is valuable as thriving on the sea shore, where
few other shrubs will grow ; as being sub-evergreen ; and as flowering' late in
the season, and for several months together. It is readily propagated by cut-
tings, planted in autumn, in a sandy soil, with a northern exposure. In
favourable situations in France and the South of Europe, it grows to the
height of 15 or 20 feet ; and there are instances, both in Britain and on the
Continent, of its growing as high as 30 ft., and this, we suppose, has given rise
to the alleged variety, '/'. g. arhorea. In the South of Russia, and in Tartary,
the species assumes a great variety of forms according to the soil and situa-
tion ; the tops of the dwarf plants are there eaten by sheep, and the stems of
the larger ones used as handles for whips.

XXIX. rAMARICA^CEjE. XXX. PHILADELPHA^CE^E. 4'59

GENUS II.

MYRICAVRTA Desv.

THE MYRICARIA.
Decandria.

Lin. Syst. Monad elphia

Identification. Desv. Ann. Sc. Nat, 4. p. 349. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 97. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 727.

Synonymes. The species of 7'amarix of authors that have monadelphous stamens.

Derivation. From murike, the Greek name of the tamarisk, derived from muro, to flow ; the

species being generally found on the banks of running streams ; or from the flowing of the sap as

manna.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens 10, alternate ones shorter
than the rest ; filaments monadelphous from the base to about the middle.
Stigmas 3, sessile, in a head. Seeds inserted in a line along the middle of
the valves, tufted at one end ; hairs of tuft feathery. (Doris Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; linear or oblong, be-
coming gradually broader towards the base, sessile. Floivers in simple,
solitary, terminal spikes.

Sub-evergreen shrubs, not growing to half the height of Tamarix gallica,
and readily distinguished from it by their longer and thicker leaves, placed at
a greater distance from one another on the stem ; and by their larger flowers,
which have 10 stamens. Propagation and culture as in the preceding genus.

«t 1. M. GERMA/NICA Desv. The German Myricaria, or German Tamarisk.

Identification. Desv. Ann. Sc. Nat., 4. p. 349. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 97. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 727.

Synonymes. 7'amarix germanica Lin. Sp. 386. ; T'amarfscus decSndrus
Lam. Fl. Fr. ; 7'amarix decandra Mcench ; Tamariscus germanicus Lob.
Ic. 2. t. 218. ; Tamaris d'Allemagne, Fr. ; Deutschen Tamarisken, Ger. ;
Tamarigia piccola, Ital.
Engravings. Mill. Ic.. t. 262. f. 2.; and our fig. 820.

Spec. Char., fyc. Fruticulose, glabrous. Leaves linear-lanceo-
late, sessile. Spikes of flowers terminal, solitary. Brae-
teas longer than the pedicels. Capsules ascending. (Dec.
Prod.) An evergreen shrub, with upright slender branches.
Europe, in inundated sandy places, and
the banks of rivers ; and in .Asia, on
Caucasus, and the Himalayas. Height
6 ft. to 8 ft. Introduced in 1582.
Flowers pinkish ; June to September.

& 2. M. DAHITRICA Dec. The Dahurian Myricaria.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 3. p. 98. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 728.

Synonyme. 7'amarix dahurica Willd. Act. Berol. No. 16.

Engraving. Our fig. 821. from a specimen in Dr. Lindley's herbarium.

Spec. Char., fyc. Shrubby, glabrous. Leaves linear, al-
most oblong, sessile, slightly spreading. Spikes of flow-
ers lateral, ovate-cylindrical, thick, blunt, with scales at
the base. Bracteas extending as far as the flowers. (Dec.
Prod.) Siberia, beyond the Baikal ; and in Dahuria. In-
troduced in 1816, and closely resembling the preceding
species.

Sal) M. germanica.

ORDER XXX. PHILADELPHA^CE^E.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx tube turbinate, limb 4 — 10-parted. Petals 4 — 10,
aestivation convolutely imbricate. Stamens numerous. Styles distinct or
combined. Stigmas numerous. Capsule half inferior, 10-celled, many-seeded.

460 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Seeds subulate, heaped at the angles of the cells ; each furnished with a loose
membranous aril. Albumen fleshy. Differs from Afyrtacege in the arillate
albuminous seed, and in the toothed dotless leaves. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous ; toothed, serrated, or
sometimes entire. Flowers large, white, showy. — Shrubs, natives of Europe,
Asia, and America. Three genera are hardy in British gardens, which are
thus contradistinguished: —

PHILADE'LPHUS. Calyx 4 — 5-parted. Petals 4 — 5. Stamens 20 — 40. Styles

4—5. Capsule 4— 5-celled.
DEU'TZ/^. Calyx 5 — 6 cleft. Petals 5 — 6. Stamens 10 — 12. Filaments

tricuspidate. Styles 3 — 4. Capsule 3— 4-celled.
DECUMA'RIA. Calyx 7—1 0-toothed. Petals 7— 10. Stamens 21 — 30. Style

1. Capsule 7— 10-ce!led.

GENUS I.

j dfr I

PHILADE'LPHUS L. THE PHILADELPHIA, or MOCK ORANGE.
Lin. Syst. Icosandria Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 614. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 205. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 807.

Synonymes. Syringa Tourn. Inst, t. 389., not of Lin.; Philadelphia, Fr. ; Pfeifenstrauch (Pipe

Shrub), Ger. ; Filadelpho, Ital. ; Pipe Privet, Gerard \ the Syringa of the gardens.
Derivation. Philadelphia is a name used by Athenasus for a tree which cannot now be identified :

Bauhin applied it to this genus. Instead of the common trivial name Syringa, applied to this

genus in gardens, as its English name, we have substituted its generic name, Philadelphus ;

Syringa being the generic name of the lilac.

Gen. Char. Calyx tube obovate, turbinate ; limb 4 — 5-parted. Petals 4 — 5.
Stamens 20 — 40, free, shorter than the petals. Styles 4 — 5, sometimes
connected, and sometimes more or less distinct. Stigmas 4 — 5, oblong or
linear, usually distinct, rarely joined. Capsule 4 — 5-celled, many-seeded.
Seeds scobiform, enclosed in a membranous arillus, which is fringed at one
end. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous ; oval, acuminate, serrated
or entire. Flowers white, usually sweet-scented, disposed in corymbose
cymes, or somewhat panicled on the extremities of the lateral shoots, rarely
axillary and bracteate.

Deciduous shrubs, natives of Europe, North America, and Asia ; culti-
vated for their very showy white flowers ; most of which have a strong scent,
resembling, at a distance, that of orange flowers, but, when near, disagreeably
powerful. The species are in a state of utter confusion : there are probably
only three : one a native of the South of Europe, or possibly of some other
country ; one of North America ; and one, P. tomentosus, of Nepal. All
the kinds are of the easiest culture in any tolerably dry soil ; and they are all
propagated by layers, or by suckers or cuttings.

§ i. Stems stiff and straight. Flowers in Racemes.
& 1. P. CORONA^RIUS L. The garland Philadelphus, or Mock Orange.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 671. ; Schrad. Diss. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 205. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 807.
Synonymes. Syringa suaveolens Mcench Meth. 678. ; Wohlriechender, Pfeifenstrauch, Ger. ; Fior

angiolo, ItaL
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t 391. ; Schkuhr Handb., 1. 121. ; Lam. 111., t.420. ; and our fig. 822.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate, acuminate, serrately denticulate, 3-nerved,
rather glabrous, but hairy upon the veins beneath ; inflorescence racemose.
Flowers sweet-scented. Lobes of the calyx acuminate. Styles distinct

xxx. PHILADELPHA'CE^E : PHILADE'LPHUS.

461

822. P. coron&rius.

almost from the base, not exceeding the stamens
in height. (Dec. Prod.) A dense fastigiate bush.
Native country uncertain; according to some, the
South of Europe, but not common there. Height
10 ft. to 12 ft. Introduced in 1596. Flowers white,
sweet-scented ; May and June. Fruit brown ;
ripe in September. Decaying leaves yellowish
green.

Varieties. This species varies', in having its leaves
sometimes perfectly glabrous beneath, and some-
times slightly pubescent along the nerves ; and, be-
sides, as follows : —

& P. c. 1 vulffdris Schkuhr Handb. t. 121., Lam. 111. t. 420., Dec. Prod,
iii. p. 205. — A shrub of about the height of a man. Leaves ovate-
oblong, large, and rather distant.

j* P. c. 2 nanus Mill. Diet. 2. — A shrub, 2 ft. high ; its branches and
leaves crowded, and its flower-bearing branches incurved. It very
seldom flowers.
& P. c. 3 fibre plena Lodd. Cat. is a dwarf plant, like the above, but with

double flowers.

m P. c. 4f variegatus Lodd. Cat. has the leaves variegated with white or
yellow, and is one of the few varieties of deciduous shrubs which
preserve, through the summer, a tolerably healthy appearance with
their variegation.

The shoots are clothed with a white bark, and interiorly they have a very
large pith. The leaves are rough, and of a deep green above, though they are
pale beneath. The flowers come out from the sides and ends of the branches,
in loose bunches, before any of the other species of the genus. The flowers
smell like those of the orange, and the leaves taste like the fruit of the cucum-
ber. It will grow in almost any situation, whether open or shady ; and it is
easily propagated by division of the root, and by suckers, layers, or cuttings.

& 2. P. (c.) INODOVRUS L. The scentless^ow^ra/ Philadelphia, or Mock Orange.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 671. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 329. ; Dec. Prod, 3.

p. 206.
Synonymes. Syringa inodbra Mcench; P. laxus in vaiious English

gardens ; Silindia senz' odore, Ital.

Engravings. Catesb. Car., 2. t. 84. ; Bot. Mag., t. 1478. ; and our
Jfc.823.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, per-
fectly entire, 3-nerved, usually feather-nerved.
Flowers singly, or in threes. Style, at the very
tip, divided into 4 oblong stigmas. {Dec. Prod.} A
large rambling shrub. Apparently of garden
origin, or possibly from North America. Height
5ft. to 10 ft. Cultivated in 1738. Flowers large,
white, scentless ; June and July. Fruit brown ; ripe
in September.

Not altogether so hardy as P. coro-
narius ; though it appears to be only a variety of that species.

& 3. P. (c.) ZEY'HERJ Schrad. Zeyher's Philadelphus, or
Mock Orange.

Identification. Schrad. Diss. Philad. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 205.; Don's Mill., 2.

p. 807.
Engravings. Schrad. Diss. Philad. ic.£ and our ./?£. 824. from the Museum

of the Jardin des Plantes.

Spec Char., $c. Not so tall as P. c. vulgaris. Leaves ovate,
acuminate, serrately denticulate, rounded at the base, 3-
824. P. (c.) ze^heri. nerved, hairy upon the veins beneath. Inflorescence some-

823. P. (c.) inod&rus.

462

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

what racemose. Flowers fewer and larger than in P. c. vulgaris, and scent-
less. Lobes of the calyx long, acuminate. Style deeply 4-cleft. It differs
from P. c. vulgaris, chiefly in its leaves being rounded at the base, and
in its flowers being fewer, larger, and scentless. (Dec. Prod.) North Ame-
rica. Horticultural Society's Garden.

& 4. P. VERRUCOVSUS Schrad. The warted Philadelphus, or Mock Orange.

Identification. Schrad. Diss. Philad. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 205. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 807.
Synonyme. P. grandiflbrus Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 570., Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 570. ; and our fig. 82o.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves elliptic-ovate,
acuminate, denticulate, pubescent with
hairs beneath, and bearing beneath,
upon the midrib and primary veins,
warts at the base of the hairs. Similar
warts are, also, on the peduncles,
pedicels, and calyxes. Inflorescence
racemose. Lobes of the calyx acumi-
nate. Style, at the very tip, 4-cleft.
(Dec. Prod.) A large vigorous-grow-
ing somewhat fastigiate shrub. North
America, or possibly a garden pro-
duction. Height 8 ft. to 10 ft. Culti-
vated in 1800, or before. Flowers
white ; May and June. Fruit brown;

ripe in September. 825. p< Verruc6sus.

Young shoots twice the thickness of those of P. coronarius, and having a
somewhat more fastigiate habit. When in flower, this sort and the two fol-
lowing make a splendid appearance ; the plants, in fine seasons, being so
entirely covered with bloom as scarcely to show the leaves.

5. P. (v.) LATIFOVLIUS Schrad.

The broad-leaved Philadelphus, or Mock
Orange.

Identification. Schrad. Diss. Philad. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 206. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 807.
Synonyme. P. pubescens Cels. Hort., Lois.

Herb. Amat. t.%3%.
Engravings. Lois. Herb. Amat., t. 208. ; and

our fig. 826.

Spec. Char., $c. Bark whitish.
Leaves broad-ovate, acuminate,
toothed, nerved with about 5
nerves, and pubescent with hairs
beneath. Flowers in racemes.
Lobes of the calyx acuminate.
Style 4-cleft at the very tip. (Dec
Prod.) A large rambling shrub,
but still somewhat fastigiate, and
crowded with branches. North
America, or probably a garden pro-
duction. Height 10ft. Cultivated
in 1815, or before. Flowers white ;
May and June. Fruit brown ; ripe
in September.

Distinguishable by its bark being
whitish ; and by its leaves, especially
those of the younger branches, being

more broadly ovate; and by the 826. P. (v.} Iatlf61ius

hairs they bear not being based by
warts. A tolerably distinct variety, splendid when in flower.

XXX. PH1LADELPHA CEM : PHILADELPHIA.

463

827. P. floribundus.

«fe 6. P. (v.) FLORIBU'NDUS Schrad. The abundant-flowered Philadelphus,
or Mock Orange.

Identification. Schrad. Diss. Philad.; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 205. ;

Don's Mill., 2. p. 807.
Engravings. Schrad. Diss. Philad., ic. ; and our fig. 827. from

a specimen in DeCandolle's herbarium.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate-oval, and with a
long acuminate tip, serratcly toothed, 3-nerved,
pubescent with hairs beneath. Inflorescence
subracemose. Flowers 5 — 7, showy, slightly
scented. Lobes of the calyx long and acumi-
nate. Style 4-c!eft at the very tip. (Dec. Prod.)
A shrub like the preceding. Of uncertain origin.
Cultivated in 1815 or before.

& 1. P. SPECIO^SUS Schrad. The showy -flow-
ered Philadelphus, or Mock Orange.

Identification. Schrad. in Dec. Prod.,

3. p. 206. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 807. ;

Bot. Reg., vol. 23.
Si/nont/mes. P. grandiflfcrus of German gardeners ; P. graudiflbrus laxus

of other gardeners.
Engravings Schrad. Diss. Philad., ic. ; Bot. Reg., t. 2003. ; and our

fig. 828.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate, rarely oval-ovate, long
acuminated, sharply serrate, toothed, clothed with hairy
pubescence beneath. Flowers solitary or by threes.
Style deeply 4-cleft, exceeding the stamens. Lobes of
calyx with very long acumens, tube nearly terete.
(Don's Mill.) A vigorous-growing shrub, with ascend-
ing branches gently bending at their extremities, and
loaded with snow-white flowers of the largest size
and scentless. Origin uncertain. Height 10 ft. to 14 ft.

Cultivated in 1815 or before. Flowers white ; June.

The handsomest species of the genus, and at present rare in British
gardens. Horticultural Society's Garden.

& 8. P. GORDON/^ NUS Lindl. Gordon's Philadelphus or Mock Orange.

Identification. Lindl. in Bot. Reg., 1839, No. 32.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., 1839, t. 32. ; and our fig. 829.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches pendulous, scaly, the young
shoots pubescent. Leaves ovate, acute, coarsely den-
tate, hairy beneath. Racemes terminal, compact, 5 — 9-
flowered. Ovary half superior. Style 4-cleft. Calyx spread-
ing from the fruit. (Lindl.) A hardy vigorous-growing shrub,
having a weeping appearance in consequence of producing
numerous slender side shoots. America, on the north-
west coast, on the Columbia River, in woods. Height 8ft.
to 10ft. Introduced in 1823. Flowers white, scentless, very
hairy ; end of July. Fruit large, smooth ; ripe in October. 829. p. Gord'onia»««.

The leaves are bright green, rather small, ovate, pointed, 3-nerved at the
base, and coarsely serrated. The flowers are large, pure white, and produced
in great profusion. The species is readily known by its deeply serrated
leaves, its nearly superior fruit, its broad spreading calyx, and the compact
manner in which its flowers are arranged. It is the latest in flowering of all
the species, and one of the most showy. It was not at all injured by the
severe winter of 1 837-8. It grows in any common soil, and is readily in-
creased from seeds, or by cuttings of the half-ripened shoots in August. It
was named in compliment to Mr. Robert Gordon, foreman of the arboretum,
in the Hort. Soc. Garden, who has paid great attention to this genus.

828. P. speci6iu«.

4-64 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

§ ii. Stems more slender, rambling, twiggy, and loose. Flowers
solitary, or *2 or 3 together.

& 9. P. LA'XUS Schrad. The loose-growing Philadelphia, or Mock Orange,

Identification. Schrad. Diss. Philad. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 206. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 807.
Synonymes. P. humilis Hortul. ; P. pubescens I.odd. Cat. edit. 1836.

Engravings. Schrad. Diss. Philad., ic. ; Bot. Heg., 1839, t. 39. ; and our Jig 830. from a plant in
the Horticultural Society's Garden.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oval-ovate and with a
long acuminate tip, toothed, pubescent with
hairs beneath. Flowers solitary, 2 or 3 together.
Lobes of the calyx very long, acuminate. Style
4-cleft. Stigmas about level with the stamens.
(Dec. Prod.) A low straggling shrub. North
America. Height 4ft. to 5ft., but covering
double that space upon the ground with its long
slender deep brown shoots. Introduced about
1830. Flowers white, most commonly solitary
and almost scentless.

The leaves are smaller than is usual in the genus,
very sharp-pointed, with the toothing unusually
sharp ; the uppermost leaves become gradually
narrow, till those immediately below the flowers
are not unfrequently linear and entire. As this
species leafs early, the young shoots are apt to be

killed by frost, and when this takes place no flowers are produced that season*
as it is from the ends of the lateral shoots that blossoms always appear in this
genus. (Sot. Reg.)

fife 10. P. (L.) GRANDIFLO^RUS Wllld. The large-flowered Philadelphus,
or Mock Orange.

Identification. Willd. Enum., 1. p. 511. ; Schrad. Diss. Philad. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 206.

Synonymes. P. inod6rus Hortul. ; P. laxus Lodd. Cat. edit. 1836.

Engravings. Guimp. Abb. Holz., t. 44. ; Schrad. Diss. Philad., ic. ; and our fig. 831.

Spec. Char., %c. Epidermis of the branches of
a reddish brown colour. Leaves ovate, with a
long acuminate tip, denticulate, 3-nerved, hairy
upon the veins, and with groups of hairs in the
axils of the veins. Flowers about 3 together, or
solitary ; scentless. Lobes of the calyx long,
acuminate. Styles concrete into one, which ex-
tends beyond the stamens. Stigmas 4, linear.
(Dec, Prod. ) A vigorous-growing shrub. North
America. Height 10ft. to 12ft. Introduced in
1811. Flowers white; June and July.

We have given this description and figure from
Schrader and Guimpel, because in 1837 there was a
plant in the Hort. Soc. Garden which answered to
it, and which differs from P. speciosus in the leaves being nearly entire.

& 11. P. HIRSUVTUS Nutt. The hairy-leaved Philadelphus, or Mock Orange.

Identification. Nutt. Gen. Am., 1. p. 301. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 2~6. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 808.
Synonymes. P. villdsus Lodd. Cat. ; P. gracilis Lodd. Cat.
Engravings. Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 47. ; and our figs. 832, 833.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oblong-ovate, acute, dentate, 5-nerved, hairy on both
surfaces, whitish on the under one. Flowers singly, or by threes. Styles
concrete to the tip. Stigmas undivided. (Dec. Prod.) A straggling sar-
mentose shrub. America, in Tennessee. Height 3 ft. to 5 ft., but spreading

xxx. PHILADELPHAXCFJE:

several times that distance by its long shoots, which
sometimes grow from 6 ft. to 10 ft. in a season. Intro-
duced in 1820. Flowers white, scentless; middle of
July.

Very hardy, uninjured by the
winter of 1837-8, and striking
readily from half-ripened cut-
tings planted in sandy loam in
shady situations and* covered
with' a hand-glass. Grafted
standard high, it would form a
very ornamental object.

832. P. hirstitu*.

833. P. hirsfctm.

& 12. P. TOMENTO'SUS Wall. The \voo\\y-leaved Philadelphus, or Mock

Orange.

Identification. Wall. Cat., 3658. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 807.
Synonymes. P. nepalensis Lodd. Cat. edit. 1836; ? P. trifl6rus Royle.

Engravings. Royle Illust., t. 46. f. 1. ; our fig. 834. from Royle; And Jig. 835. from a specimen In
the Linnaean herbarium.

Spec. Char., tyc. Leaves
ovate, acuminated, denti-
culated, tornentose be-
neath. Racemes terminal.
Pedicels opposite. Lobes
of calyx ovate, acute.
(Don's Mill.) A rambling
shrub. Nepal and Kamaon.
Height oft. to 6ft. In-
troduced in 1822. Flow-
ers white; July.

P. triflorus, Royle observes, is, probably, only P. tomentosus in a less
advanced state. According to Mr. Gordon, P. triflorus is very distinct from
P. tomentosus, and quite hardy.

P. mexicdnus Schlecht. in Linnaea 13. 418., Plant. Hart. 61., and Bot Reg.
Chron. 1840, No. 70., was raised from seeds in the Horticultural Society's
Garden in 1840, and is probably hardy.

GENUS II.

834. P. tomentosus.

375. P. tomem6sus.

DEU'TZ/^ Thunb. THE DEUTZIA. Lin. Syst. Decandria Trigjnia.

Identification. Thunb. Nov. Gen., 19. ; Jap. p. 10.; Juss. Gen., 431. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 80&
Synonymes. Philadelphus in part, Leptospermum in part.
Derivation. Named in honour of John Deutz, a Dutch naturalist.

Gen. Char. Calyx tube campanulate, tomentose ; limb 5 — 6-cleft. Petals
5 — 6, oblong. Stamens 10. Filaments tricuspidate. Styles 3 — 4, longer
than the corolla. Stigma simple, club-shaped. Capsule globular, truncate,
perforated, somewhat 3-cornered, scabrous ; 3 — 4-valved, 3 — 4-celled.
Seeds several in each cell. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous ; petiolate, ovate, acumi-
nated, serrated, wrinkled, and veined ; scabrous from stellate fascicles of
down. Flowers white, in compound panicles ; peduncles and pedicels
tomentose and scabrous. — Much-branched shrubs, with the branches
purplish and villous ; natives of Asia ; of the same culture as Philadelphus.

466

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

& 1. I). SCAVBRA. The scabrous Deutzia.

Identification. Lin. Syst., p. 425. ; Thunb. Jap., t. 185. ; Don's Mill., 2.

Engravings. Thunb. Jap., t. 24. ; Bot. Reg., 1. 1718. ; and our fig. 836.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate, acuminated, serrated,
scabrous from stellate down. Flowers in compound
panicles ; peduncles and pedicels scabrous. Calycine
lobes short and bluntish. (Don's Mill.) A sar-
mentose, showy, free-flowering shrub. Japan.
Height 4ft. to 6 ft. Introduced in 1822. Flowers
white ; May and June. Fruit brown ; ripe in Sep-
tember. Decaying leaves yellowish brown. Naked
young wood purplish brown,

jt 2. D. (s.) CORYMBO\SA. The corymbose-flowered
Deutzia.

Identification. R. Br. in Wall. Cat., 3652. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 808.
Synonymes. D. cane"scens Sieboldt; jPhiladelphus corymbbsus Wall.
Engravings. Royle Illust., t. 46. fig. 2. ; and our fig. 837.

Spec. Char., $c. Glabrous. Leaves ovate, acuminated,
cuspidately serrated. Panicles corymbose, trichoto-

mous. Panicle and outside of calyx dotted. Teeth of
calyx short and rounded. Teeth of filaments, shorter
than the anthers. (Don's Mill.) A sarmentose shrub.
Nepal, on mountains. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Introd. in
1830. Flowers white, sweet-scented, produced in
abundance ; May and June. Fruit ?. Decaying leaves
yellowish brown. Naked wood brown.

D. staminea R. Br., Philadelphia stamlneus Wall.,
has entire, scabrous, lanceolate leaves, and white sweet-
scented flowers. A native of Nepal, on high mountains ;
but not yet introduced.

837. D. ($.) corymbbsa. &• Srunon\3. Watt., Leptospermum scabrum Wall.,

has ovate leaves, and axillary white flowers. It is a
native of Kamaon, but has not yet been introduced. All these are pro-
bably only varieties of one form.

836. Defrtzta scabra.

GENUS III.

r "

DECUMA'RIA L. THE DECUMARIA. Lin. Sy.it. Dodecandria
Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 597. ; Lam. 111., t. 403. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 808.

Synowyme. Forsyihta Walt, not of Vahl.

Derivation. From decuma, a tenth ; in reference to the prevailing number, in some of the parts
of fructification, being ten. In DeCandolle's description of the genus, it is stated that the teeth
and nerves of the calyx, the petals, the stigmas, and the cells of the capsule, are each usually ten.

Gen. Char. Calyx tube campanulate; limb 7 — 10-toothed. Petals oblong,
equal in number to the teeth of the calyx, and alternating with them. Sta-
mens thrice the number of the petals, disposed in one series. Style 1.
Capsule ovoid, connate with the calyx. Seeds numerous, oblong. (Don's Mill.)
Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous ; glabrous, entire or toothed
at the apex. Flowers white, sweet-scented, disposed in terminal corymbs,
sometimes dioecious. Leaf buds beset with short rufous pili. — Sarmentose
shrubs, natives of North America.

XXXI. NITRARIACE.E : NITRA^RIA.

467

838. D. barbara.

They will grow in any dry soil, and are readily propagated bj cuttings of the
half-ripened wood.

jc 1. D. BA'RBARA L. The barbarous Decumaria.

Identification. Lin. Sp., No. 1668. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 328. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 206.

Synonymes. D. radlcans Mcencli Met/t. 17. ; D. Forsythza Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1. p. 282. ; D.

prostrata Lodd. Cat.
Engravings. N. Du Ham.s 6. t. 20. ; and our figs. 838. and 839.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate-ob*
long, acute at both ends, gla-
brous, entire or toothed at the
tip. Buds hairy with short ru-
fous hairs. {Dec. Prod.) A
sarmentose shrub seldom seen in
a vigorous state in British gar-
dens. America, and Lower Ca-
rolina, in shady woods. Height 4 ft. to 5 ft. ;
against a wall 10 ft. to 12ft. Introduced in
1785. Flowers white, in corymbose panicles,
sweet-scented ; July and August.
Variety.

-* D. b. 2 sarmentosa Dec. Prod. iii. p. 206- ;
D. sarmentosa Bosc Act. Soc. Hist. Nat.
Par.'i. p. 76. t. 13., Pursh. Sept. 1. p. 328.; Forsythz<z scandens Walt.
Car. 154. — Lower leaves rounded ; upper leaves ovate-lanceo-
late. (Dec. Prod.) A native of moist shaded places in Virginia and
Carolina, where, in company with .Zizyphus volubilis, it ascends the
tallest cypress trees in the cedar swamps. Larger in all its parts than
the species.

The flowers are only produced in favourable situations ; and the plant
seldom rises above 4£ or 5 feet, in the open air, in the climate of London.

839. D. barbara.

ORDER XXXI. NITRARIAXCE^.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx 5-toothed, inferior, fleshy. Petals 5, inflexed ; aestivation
valvate. Stamens 15. Anthers innate. Ovarium superior, 3- or more
celled. Stigma terminated by as many lines as there are cells in the ova-
rium. Fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded, opening by 3 or 6 valves. Albumen
none. Differs from Ficoideae in aestivation of petals. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate or opposite, exstipulate, deciduous ; small,
generally in fascicles. Flowers small, greenish white. — Low shrubs, natives
of Asia.

GENUS I.

NITRAXRIA L.

THE NITRARIA. Lin. Syst. Dodecandria Monogynia.

Lam. 111., t. 403. ; Gjertn. Fruct., 1. 1. 58. ; Dec. Prod.,

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 6

p. 456. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 155.
Derivation. So named by Schober, from one of the species being discovered in certain nitre-works

In Siberia, along with other saline plants.

Gen. Char. The same as that of the order.

Leaves simple, alternate or opposite, exstipulate, deciduous; oblong
entire, small-fascicled. Flowers small, white, in panicled racemes. — Shrubs,
with white bnrk ; natives of Siberia.

H H 2

468

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Seldom rising more than 3 ft. in height ; and, in British gardens, thriving
best in a dry soil, composed partly of lime rubbish, which should be, about
once a year, strewed with a thin coat of salt. Propagated by cuttings.

j* 1. N. SCHO'BER/ L. Schober's Nitraria.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 638. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 456. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 155.
Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oblong, perfectly entire. Drupes
ovate. (Dec. Prod.) A low bushy shrub, varying with
branches spiny, and branches smooth. Russia, in the neigh-
bourhood of salt lakes. Height 1 ft. to 3 ft. Introd. in 1788.
Flowers white ; May to August. Fruit blackish blue or red,
rather larger than peas ; rarely seen
in England.

Varieties.

.at N. S. 1 sibirica. N. sibirica
Pall. VI. Ross, t 50. f. A.,
and our fig. 840. — Fruit of a
blackish blue colour. Siberia,
Hort. Soc. Garden.
j» N~. S. 2 cdspica. N. caspica
Pall. Flora Ross. t. 50. f.
B., and our fig. 841 . — Fruit
red. Leaves longer. Young
branches pubescent. Fruit larger, and much
more acute. Hort. Soc. Garden.

840. N. Schdberi siMrica.

N. tridentdta Desf., a native of Africa, is described in our first edition,
but is rather tender in British gardens.

N. S. casyica.

ORDER XXXII. GROSSULAXCEJE.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx 4 — 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens 4 — 5. Anthers introrse.
Ovarium 1-celled, with two opposite parietal placenta. Style 2- 3-, or 4-
cleft. Fruit succulent, crowned by the persistent calyx, many-seeded.
Seeds arillate. Albumen horny. Differs from Cactaceae in definite stamens,
albuminous seed, calyx, corolla, and habit. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous; lobed or cut, plaited
•when folded in the bud. Flowers axillary, or terminal, greenish, whitish
yellow or red. — Shrubs ; natives of Europe, Asia, and North America ; all
included in the genus Ribes.

GENUS I.

LJ

Identification. Lin. Gt

L. THE RIBES. Lin. Syst. Pentandria Monogjnia.

1. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 477. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 177.
synonymes. urossuiana lowrn. j Chryspb6trya, Calobdtrya, Core6stna, and Ribes Spach : Gro-

seiller, Fr. ; Johannisbeere, Get: ; Kruisbes, Dutch ; Uva Spina, Ital. ; Grossella, Span.
Derivation. The word Ribes is from the name of an acid plant mentioned by the Arabian

physicians, which has been discovered to be the .ffheum Ribes ; Grossularia is from the Latin

grossulus, a little unripe fig.

Gen. Char.

The same as that of the order.

XXXII. GROSSULASCE^ : RI^BES. 469

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; lobed or cut, plaited
while in the bud. Flotvers greenish white, yellow, or red ; very rarely uni-
sexual. There is one bractea at the base of each pedicel, which is cut more
or less ; and two much smaller ones, called bracteoles, under each ovarium.
— Unarmed or spiny shrubs ; natives of Europe, Asia, and North America ;
two of which (the common currant and gooseberry) are well known in
British gardens, for their valuable fruits.

Many of the sorts here set down as species are, we have no doubt, only
varieties ; but, as we are not able to refer these to their aboriginal forms, we
have followed the usual authorities, and more especially the nomenclature
adopted in the Horticultural Society's Garden. All the species of Ribes
strike root readily from cuttings ; and grow freely in any soil that is tolerably
dry ; but, as they are only ligneous in a subordinate degree, and are but of a
temporary duration under any circumstances, they require to be grown in dug
beds or borders, and are, therefore, more fitted for scientific collections or
flower-borders, than for general shrubberies, undug arboretums, or lawns.
The most showy species are Ribes sanguineum and aureum, and their varieties.
R. speciosum has a singular fuchsia-like appearance when in blossom ; and R.
multiflorum, though the flowers are greenish, is remarkably elegant, on ac-
count of the long many-flowered racemes in which they are disposed.

§ i. Grossularice Ach. Rich. Gooseberries.

Synonymes. Groseiller a Maquereau, Ft: ; Stachclbeere Strauch, Ger. j Kruisbes, Dutch ; Uva
Spina, Ital. ; and Grosella, Span.

Sect. Char., $c. Stems, in most instances, prickly. Leaves plaited. Flowers
in racemes ; 1, 2, or 3, m a raceme. Calyx more or less bell-shaped. (Dec.
Prod., iii. p. 478.) — Shrubs with prickles; and with the leaves and fruit
more or less resembling those of the common gooseberry.

A. Flowers greenish white.
j* 1. R. OXYACANTHOI'DES L. The Hawthorn leaved Gooseberry.

Identification. Pursh Sept., 2. p. 165. ; Berlandier in Mem. Soc. Phys. Gen., 3. pars 2., not of

Michaux.

Engravings. Mem. Soc. Phys. Gen., 3. pars 2. t. 1. f. 1. ; Dill. Elth., t. 139. p. 166.; and our
fig. 842.

Spec. Char., Sic. Infra-axillary prickles

larger, and mostly solitary; smaller "^^^^^' is/i*r\

prickles scattered here and there. .^K&^^fe^ - JVrL/1
Leaves glabrous, their lobes dentate, IV\v\l? V",/

their petioles villous, and a little hispid.
Peduncles short, bearing I — 2 flowers.
Berry globose, glabrous, purplish blue.
(Dec. Prod.) A prickly shrub. Canada,
on rocks. Height 2ft. to 3ft. In-
troduced in 1705. Flowers greenish ;
April. Fruit small, red and green, or
purplish blue; ripe in August; and
agreeable to eat.

This shrub varies much in the number
and colour of its prickles, and its more
or less dense ramification and pubes-
cence. The fruit resembles that of the
common gooseberry. It is not common in British gardens, the R. oxya-
canthoides of Michaux (R. lacustre Poir.) being different from it. Perhaps
it is only one of the wild states of the common gooseberry ; which varies so
very much when in a state of culture, that it is reasonable to suppose that it
will vary much also in a wild state.

H H 3

470

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BIUTANNICUM.

843. R. setosum.

tt 2. R. sETo'suai Lindl. The bristly Gooseberry.

Identification. Lindl. Dot. Reg. ; Hook. Fl. Amer., 1. p. 230. ;

Don's Mill., 3. p. 177.
Engravings. Lindl. Bot. Reg., t. 1237. ; and our fig. 843.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches beset with dense bristles.
Prickles unequal, subulate. Leaves roundish,
cordate at the base, pubescent, 3— 5-lobecl,
deeply crenated. Peduncles 2-flowered, some-
times bracteate. Calyx tubularly campanulate,
with the segments linear, obtuse, and spreading,
twice the length of the petals, which are entire.
Berries hispid. (Don's Mill.) A prickly shrub.
North America, on the banks of the Saskat-
chawan. Height 4ft. to 5ft. Introduced in
1810. Flowers greenish ; April and May.
Fruit as in the preceding species.

j» 3. R. TRIFLOVRUM W. The 3-flowered Gooseberry.

Identification. Willd. Enum., 1. p. 51.; Dec. Prod., 3.

p. 479. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 177.
Synonymes. R. stamineum Horn. Enum. Hort. Hqfn.

p. 237. ; R t. majus Hort.
Engravings. Mem. Soc. Phys. Gen., 3. pars 2. t. 1. f. 4. ;

and our fig. 844.

Spec. Char., SfC. Infra-axillary prickles soli-
tary. Leaves glabrous, 3 — 5-lobed, incisely
dentate. Peduncles bearing 1 — 3 flowers.
Pedicels long. Bracteas membranaceous,
sheathing. Calyx tubularly bell-shaped. Pe-
tals spathulately obcordate. Berries reddish,
glabrous. (Dec. Prod.) A prickly shrub.
North America. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Intro-
duced in 1812. Flowers whitish ; April and
May. Fruit reddish, glabrous ; ripe in July
and August.

Easily distinguished from R. fynosbati by its
smooth fruit, narrow flowers, and exserted stamens.

^ 4. R. (T.) NI'VEUM Lindl. The snowy-flowered Currant-like Gooseberry.

Identification. Lindl. in Bot. Reg., 1. 1692.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1692. ; and our fig. 845.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Branches
prickly, the prickles soli-
tary, or in pairs, or in
threes. Leaves glabrous,
roundish, entire at the
base, having in the out-
ward part 3 blunt lobes
that are crenately cut.
Flowers about 2 together,
on peduncles. Sepals re-
flexed. Stamens very pro-
minent, conniving, hairy,
longer than the style.
(Lindl.'} A prickly shrub.
North America, on the
north-west coast. Height
4ft. to 5ft. Introd. 1826.
Flowers white, pendulous ;
April and May. Fruit deep
rich purple, about the size of the black currant ; ripe in July and August.

845. R. (t.)niveum.

xxxii. GROSSULA'CEA, : RISES.

471

The bush bears some similarity to R. triflorum. The fruit resembles a
small smooth gooseberry ; " but its flavour is very different : it is entirely des-
titute of the flatness which is more or less perceptible in even the best goose-
berries; in lieu of which it has a rich subacid, vinous, rather perfumed, flavour,
which is extremely agreeable. The fruit is rather too acid to be eaten raw ; but,
when ripe, it makes delicious tarts, and would, probably, afford an excellent
means of improving the common gooseberry by cross breeding." (Lindl.) R.
niveum, apart from these considerations (which, however, will probably lead
to its culture in the kitchen-garden), is, from its white pendulous flowers, a
valuable addition to our ornamental hardy shrubs.

jj 5. R. (T.) CYNO'SBATI L. The Dog-Bramble Gooseberry.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 292. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 479. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 178.

Si/n&ta/me. R. ? trifloi um var.

Engravings. Mem. Soc. Phys. Gen., 3. pars 2. t. 1. f. 3. ; and our/;g. 84G.

Spec. Char., fyc. Infra-axillary
prickles 1 — 2. Leaves 3 — 4-lobed,
softly pubescent. Peduncles bear-
ing 2 — 3 flowers. Calyx campanu-
lately cylindrical. Petals small,
much shorter than the stigmas and
stamens. Style simple, toward the
middle hairy, rarely glabrous. Berry
prickly. (Dec. Prod.) A prickly
shrub. Canada, on mountains ; and
also Japan. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. In-
troduced in 1759. Flowers whitish;
April. Fruit reddish.

Varieties. There are two forms of
this species : —

* R. (t.) C. Ifructuglabro, with

whitish flowers and smooth fruit. Native of Hudson's Bay.
j» R. (t.) C. 2fructu aculedto, with prickly branches and fruit, and flowers
pubescent and purplish. Native of Lake Huron.

Hardly differs from R. divaricatum, except in the broader tube of the
corolla, and the shorter stamens.

j* 6. R. (T.) DIVARICA^TUM Dougl. The spre&ding-branched Gooseberry.

Identification. Dougl. in Bot. Reg., t. 1359. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 178. ; Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836.
Si/nonymes. R. ? triflbrum var. ; R. ? Grossularia var. triflbra subvar.
Engravings. Bot. Keg., t. 1359. ; and our fig. 847.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches divaricate, bristly,
at length naked. Spines 1 — 3 together, axil-
lary, deflexed, large. Leaves roundish, 3-lobed,
deeply toothed, nerved, glabrous. Peduncles
3-flowered, drooping. Calyx funnel-shaped;
with the segments at length spreading, and
twice the length of the tube. Style and sta-
mens exserted. (Don's Mill.) A large prickly
shrub, with ascending branches. North Ame-
rica, on the north-east coast, common on
the banks of streams near Indian villages.
Height 5ft. to 7ft. Introduced in 1826.
Flowers white ; April. Fruit black, smooth,
spherical, agreeable to eat ; ripe in July.

Nearly allied to R. triflorum, of which, like
R. Cynosbati and some of the following sorts, it is, probably, only a variety.

H H 4

846. A. (t.) Cyttdsbati.

847. «. (t.) divariciktum.

472

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

_* 7. ft. (T.) IRRI'GUUM Dougl. The well-watered Gooseberry.

Identification. Dougl. in Hort. Trans., 7. p. 516. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 178.

Sunonume. R. ? triflorum var.

Engraving. Our fig- »48- from a plant in the Horticultural Society's Garden.

Spec. Char., fyc. Prickles axillary, ter-
nary. Leaves cordate, somewhat 5-
lobed, toothed, ciliated, pilose on
both surfaces, nerved. Peduncles 3-
flowered, beset with glandular hairs.
Calyx campanulate. Segments linear,
about equal in length to the tube.
Berries glabrous, spherical, half an inch
in diameter, smooth, juicy, and well-
flavoured. (Don's Mill.) A prickly
shrub. America, on the north-west
coast, on moist mountains and rocks,
near springs and streams. Height 3 ft.
to 4 ft. Introduced in 1820. Flowers
white ; April. Fruit reddish, glabrous ; ripe in August.

848. R' (t.) irriguum.

j» 8. R. HIRTE'LLUM Michx. The slightly hairy-branched
Gooseberry.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p.m.; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 479. ; Don's

Mill., 3. p. 178.
Engraving. Our fig. 849 . from a specimen in the Lambertian herbarium.

Spec. Char., fyc. Spines infra-axillary. Branches sparingly
hispid, with short hairs. Leaves small, cleft half-way down
into 3 dentate lobes. Peduncles 1 -flowered. Berries glabrous.
(Dec. Prod.) A prickly shrub. Canada and Virginia, on
rocky mountains. Height 3ft. to 4ft. Introduced in 1812.
Flowers greenish white ; April and May. Fruit red j ripe
in August.

849. Jt.hirtelhin*-

jk 9. R. GRA'CILE Michx. The slender-branched Gooseberry.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Araer., 1. p. 111. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 479.
Engraving. Our fig. 850. from a specimen in the Lambertian herbarium.

Spec. Char., $c. Infra-axillary spine very short. Petioles
of leaves slender. Disks cut into acute lobes. Peduncles
slender, upright, bearing about 2 flowers. Calyx glabrous,
tubularly bell-shaped. Berries glabrous, purple or blue ;
of exquisite flavour. (Dec. Prod.) A prickly shrub.
North America, on the mountains of Tennessee, and in
mountainous meadows from New York to Virginia.
Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced in 1812. Flowers
850. R.gncciie. whitish; April and May. Fruit purple or blue, high-

flavoured ; ripe in July and August.

j* 10. R. ACICULA'RE Smith. The acicular-
spined Gooseberry.

Identification. Smith in Rees's Cycl. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 178.

Svnonyme. R. ITva-crispa Sievers in Pull. Nord. Beytr. 7.

p. 274., ? Pall. Fl. Ross. 2. p. 37.
Engravings. Led. Fl. Ross. AIL 111., t. 230. ; and our fig. 851.

Spec. Char., $c. Very prickly. Prickles sti-

Prickles

pular, 3 — 5-parted. Leaves rather pubescent,
nearly orbicular, 3 — 5-lobed. Lobes bluntish,
deeply serrated. Peduncles usually l-flowered,
bracteolate in the middle. Calyx campanulate,
smoothish. Berries bractless, and, as well as the

XXXII. GROSSULA^CE^E I RINSES.

473

styles, quite glabrous. Stem erect or procumbent. Petals white. Berries
glabrous. (Don's Mill.) A prickly shrub. Siberia, on stony, rocky, moun-
tainous places. Height 1 ft. to 2ft. Introduced ? 1815. Flowers whitish ;
April and May. Fruit yellowish or purplish ; grateful to the taste ; ripe
in July and August. Horticultural Society's Garden.

ji 11. R. GROSSULAXRIA L. The common Gooseberry.

Identification. Lin. Sp., p. 291. ; Smith's Engl. Bot., t. 1292. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 179.
Symmymes. R. ITva-crfspa (Ed. Fl. Dan. 546. ; Grossularia hirsuta Mill. Diet. No. 2. ; R. UVa-

crispa var. 5. satlva Dec. Fl. Fr. 4. p. 408. ; Feaberry, Cheshire and the North of England ;

Feabes, Norfolk ; Grozert in Scotland ; Groseiller a Maquereau, Fr. ; Griselle in Piedmont ;

gemeine Stachelbeere, Ger. ; Uva Spina, Ital.
Derivation. LTva-crispa signifies the rough grape. Feaberry is a corruption of fever-berry, from

the fruit being formerly, according to Gerard, considered a specific against fevers ; Feabes, or

Feapes, is an abbreviation of feaberry. Grozert is evidently taken from the French name.

Groseiller a Maquereau is from the Latin name Grossularia, and the use made of the fruit as a

sauce for mackerel. Stachelbeere signifies prickly berry ; and Uva Spina, the prickly grape.

Gooseberry is from gorse berry, from the prickliness of the bush resembling that of the gorse,

or furze ; or, more probably, from the use made of the fruit as a sauce to young, or green,

geese.
Engravings. Eng. Bot, t, 1292. ; and OUT Jig. 852.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Prickles 2 or 3 under each bud.
Branches otherwise smooth, and spreading or
erect. Pedicels 1 — 2-flowered. Leaves 3 — 5-
lobed, rather villous. Bracteas close together.
Calyx campanulate, with reflexed segments,
which are shorter than the tube. Petals rounded
at the apex, glabrous, but bearded in the throat.
Style always beset with long down. (Don's
Mill.) A prickly spreading shrub. Europe and
Nepal, in woods and hedges. Height 2ft. to
4 ft. Flowers greenish ; April. Fruit com-
monly red, sometimes yellow or green; ripe
in August.

Varieties.

* R. G. 2 LTva-cnspa Smith
Engl. Fl. ii. p. 333. ; R. tTva
crispa Lin. Sp. 292., Smith
Engl. Bot. t. 2057. (our fig.
8.52.); Uxva-crispa Fuch. Hist.
t. 187. ; UVa spina Math.

Valgr. 1. t. 151. f. 1. ; R. UVa-crfspa var. 1 sylvestris
Berlandier ; has the berries smooth,
j* R. G. 3 spinos'tesima Berl. MSS. has the branches thickly

beset with spines.

jt R. G. 4 reclindta Berl. MSS., R. reclinatum Lin.
291., Grossularia reclinata Mill. Diet. No. 1., has tl
branches rather prickly, and reclinate.

j* R. G. 5 Besseriaua Berl. MSS., R. hybridum Besscr
Prim. Fl. Gall. Austr. p. 186., has the branches prickly,
and the fruit pubescent, intermixed with glandular R,
bristles. Native of Cracow, in hedges. crisPa-

j* K. G. 6 subinermis'Berl, MSS. — Plant nearly glabrous. Bark smooth,
brown. Prickles axillary. Flowers and leaves small. Native about
Geneva. Perhaps a subvariety of R. G. reclinata.

-** R. G. 7 macrocdrpa Dec. Prod. iii. p. 478. — Stigmas often longer
than the petals. Flowers and berries large.

j» R. G. 8 bractedta Berl. MSS. — Berries clothed with 2 — 4 5

straight, coloured, nearly opposite, bracteas and bristles, resembling
sepals, which fall off before the berry arrives at maturity. (Don's

852. R. Grossularia.

sepals,
Mill.)
j* R. G. 9 himalaydnus, R. himalayanus

Royley was raised in the

474

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Horticultural Society's Garden in 1838, and seems hardly different
from the species. (Gard. Mag., 1839, p. 4.)

Other Varieties. Till lately, botanists made even the rough and the smooth-
fruited kinds of the cultivated gooseberry two distinct species, as may be
seen by the synonymes to R. ITva-crispa above; though it was re-
corded by Withering, that seeds from the same fruit would produce both
rough and smooth-fruited plants. If varieties were to be sought for among
the sorts in cultivation, they would be found almost without number.
The following selection of garden varieties has been made solely with refer-
ence to the habit of growth of the plants : —

The Red Champagne, or Ironmonger, has the branches erect and fasti-

giate, and will form a handsome bush, 6 or 7 feet high.
Horseman's Green Gage is a most vigorous-growing plant, with a spread-
ing head, and will form a bush 10 ft. high.

The Red Rose is a vigorous-growing bush, with a pendulous heatl, but
seldom rising higher than 3ft., unless trained to a stake to some
height before it is allowed to branch out.

B. Flowers red.
j* 12. R. SPECIO'SUM Pursh. The showy-flowered Gooseberry.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 731. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 478. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 185.
Synonymes. R. stamineum Smith in Rees's Cycl., Dec. Prod. 3. p. 477. ; ?R. tuchsiotdes Fl. Mex.,

ic. ined. ; R. triacanthum Menzies.
Engravings, Sw. Fl.-Gard., 2d ser., t. 149. ; and our fig. 854.

82)00. Char., fyc. Shrub prickly. Prickles
infra-axillary, triple. Branches hispid.
Leaves with petiole short, and disk
wedge-shaped at the base, rounded
at the outer end, indistinctly 3-lobed,
incisely crenate, glabrous, and nerved.
Peduncles longer than the leaves, and
bearing 1 — 3 flowers. Pedicels and
germens hairy with glanded hairs.
Bracteas rounded or very obtuse.
Flowers of a deep red. Calyx cylin-
drical, 4-parted ; the lobes oblong, ob-
tuse. Petals of tlie length of the lobes
of the calyx. Stamens 4 ; in length
double that of the calyx. Filaments
red. Style as long as the stamens,
simple, red. (Dec. Prod.) A very
prickly-branched shrub, with a brownish red aspect. America, on the
western coast, and in California. Height, in a wild state, 3 ft. to 4 ft. ; in
cultivation twice that height in rich deep soil. Introduced in 1829. Flow-
ers deep red ; May and June. Fruit red ; ripe ?.

The shining leaves and large crimson glittering blossoms (resembling those
of the fuchsia) of this species render it a most desirable acquisition to the
flower-garden and shrubbery. The leaves, in favourable situations, are fre-
quently retained during great part of the winter ; so that it may almost be
considered as an evergreen. It will grow by cuttings of the old or young wood,
but not so readily as most other species ; and, therefore, it is generally pro-
pagated by pegging down the shoots quite flat, and covering them with an inch
of soil, as recommended for the propagation of the common plum for stocks.
Plants of this species do not grow so rapidly as most others of the gooseberry
sections ; and their branches arch over and droop in such a manner, as not to
display the flowers to advantage, unless the branches are raised at least to the
level of the eye. For this reason, the plant ought either to be grown on
elevated rock work, or trained to an espalier or wall.

351. A. speci'jsum.

XXXII. GUOSSULA CE^E : RISES.

475

dfe 13. R. MENZIE'S// Ph. Menzies's Gooseberry.

Identification. Pursh Sept., 2. App. p. 732. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 185.

Synonyme. R. fdrox Smith in Rees's Cycl.

Engraving. Our Jig. 855. from a specimen in the Lambertian herbarium.

Spec. Char., $c. Very prickly. Spines 3-partite. Leaves
cordate, truncate at the base, 5-lobed, serrated, wrinkled
from veins, clothed with pubescence beneath. Peduncles
usually 1 -flowered. Calyx cylindrically campanulate, deeply
5-parted, glandular. Stamens 5, enclosed. Style a little
exserted. Germens and peduncles prickly. (Don's Mill.}
A very prickly shrub. North California and at Port Tri-
nidad. Height 4 ft. to oft. Introduced in 1830. Flowers
bright red or crimson, glandular, as showy as in the pre-
ceding species ; May and June. Fruit red ; ripe ?.

855. ft. iVienziesii.

R. microphyllum H. B. et Kunth is a native of the moun-
tains of Mexico, at an elevation of 4200 ft., with the leaves
small and nearly reniform, and the peduncles very short and 2-flowered. It
grows to the height of from 4 ft. to 6 ft.

§ ii. Botrycarpum Dec.

Sect. Char. Fruit disposed in racemes ; the plants having the prickles of the
preceding section (Grossularia), and the racemose flowers of the following
section (Ribesia). (Don's Mil/., iii. p. 185.) Plants intermediate between
gooseberries and currants.

& 14. R. ORIENT AVLE Poir. The Eastern Currant-like Gooseberry.

Identification. Poir. Encycl. Suppl., 2. p. 856. ; Desf. Arb., 2. p. 88. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 185.
Engraving. Our Jig. 856. from a living specimen in the Birmingham Botanic Garden .

Spec. Char., $c. Plant rather prickly. Leaves 3 — 5-
lobed, somewhat reniformly orbicular, cut, hairy ; lobes
rather deep, obtuse. Petioles hairy. Racemes erect-
ish, few-flowered. Bracteas longer than the flowers.
Style bifid at the apex. Flowers greenish yellow. Fruit
Ike those of the currant. (Don's Mill.) A vigorous-
growing shrub. Syria. Height 4 ft. to 6 ft. Intro-
duced in 1824. Flowers greenish yellow ; April and May.
Fruit red ; ripe in September.
The plant in the Birmingham Botanic Garden does ssc. «. orientate.

not agree altogether with the description, and may possibly be some other

species.

& 15. R. SAXA'TILE Pall. The rock Currant-like Gooseberry.

Identification. Pall. Nov. Act. Petr., 10. p. 726. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 185.
Synonyme. ?R. alplnum Sievers in Pall. Nord. Beytr. 7. p. 345.
Engravings. Led. Fl. Ros. Alt. 111., t. 239. ; and our fig. 857.

Spec. Char., 8fc. Prickles scattered. Leaves roundish-cunei-
form, bluntly 3-lobed. Racemes erect. Bracteas linear, shorter
than the pedicels. Calyx flat, scabrous. Sepals small, of a livid
green colour. Flowers small, greenish purple. Petals spathu-
late. Berries smooth, globose, bractless, dark purple when
mature, full of edible pulp, rarely so large as common currants, -.
but like them. (Don's Mill.} A bushy shrub. Siberia. Height
4ft. to 5ft. Introduced in 1819. Flowers small, greenish
purple ; April and May. Fruit dark purple ; ripe in August.

857'

16. R. DIACA'NTHA L.fil. The twin-prickled Currant-like Gooseberry.

Identification. Lin. fil. Suppl., p. 157. ; Dec. Prod., 3 p. 479.
Engravings. Schmidt Baum., t. 97. ; and our fig. 858.

476

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

858. ft. DiacAntha.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stipular prickles twin.
Leaves with a disk shorter than the petiole,
and wedge-shaped, perfectly glabrous, and
parted into 3 lobes which are dentate.
Flowers upon long pedicels, in long upright
racemes. Bracteas the length of the flowers.
Sepals rounded, yellowish. Petals small,
roundish. Berry ovate or globose, red.
(Dec. Prod.) A spiny shrub. Dahuria and
Siberia, in rocky places. Height 4 ft. to 5 ft.
Introduced in 1781. Flowers yellowish
green ; May and June. Fruit ovate, red ;
ripe in August.

A very distinct sort, easily known by its
cuneated leaves and yellowish flowers. In
Messrs. Loddiges's collection there is a fasti-
giate-growing variety.

* 17. R. LACU'STRE Poir. The lake-side
Currant-like Gooseberry.

Identification. Poir. Encycl. Suppl., 2. p. 856. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 478. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 178
Synonyme. ?R. oxyacantholdes Michx. Flor. Bor. Amer. 1. p. 111.
Engraving. Our Jig. 859. from a plant in the Horticultural Society's Garden.

Spec. Char., fyc. Infra-axillary prickles ma-
nifold ; the stem hispid with minute
prickles. Leaves lobed beyond the middle ;
glabrous beneath, rather pilose above.
Petioles villous. Peduncles ? upright,
? reflexed, bearing 2 — 3 flowers upon
hispid pedicels. Flowers small, yellowish
green. Germen hispid. (Dec. Prod.) A
very prickly shrub. Canada and Virginia,
in moist places. Height 4 ft. to 5 ft. In-
troduced in 1812. Flowers small, yellow-
ish ; April and May. Fruit purplish black,
about the size of the common black cur-
rent ; ripe in August.

Variety.

afe R. /. 2 echindtum; R. echinatum
Dougl. MSS., and Arb. Brit. 1st
edit. p. 992. ; R. armatum Horf. ;
has the stems prostrate, while those of the species are upright and
rather slender.

The flowers are those of the currant, and the prickly stems those of the
gooseberry. The fruit is about the size of black currants, in pendulous racemes,
purplish black, shining, clothed with hairs, and unpleasant to the taste. The
plant forms rather a spreading trailing bush, and is therefore more adapted
for spreading over rockwork or stones, than for standing erect by itself. Horti-
cultural Society's Garden.

§ iii. Ribesia Dec. Currants.

Synonymes. Rtbes sp. Lin. and others ; Calobotrya, Coreosma, and Rebis Spach ; Groseilles en
Grappes, or Groseillier commun, Fr. ; Johannisbeere, Ger. ; Bessenboom, Dutch ; Ribes, Ital.

Sect. Char. Shrubs unarmed. Racemes, for the most part, many-flowered.
Leaves plicate. Calyx campanulate or cylindrical. (Don's Mill., iii. p. 185.)
Shrubs, the branches of which are without prickles, and the leaves and
fruit of which resemble those of the currant more than those of the goose-
berry.

XXXII. GROSSULA CEJE : RI BES.

477

860. Aruhrom.

A. Floivers greenish, or greenish yellow, or reddish ; and Fruity in a wild
State, red.

& 18. JR. RU^BRUM L. The common red Currant.

idtritffication. Lin. Sp., 290. ; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 481. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 187.

'Synimymes. R. vulgare N. Du Ham. ; Groseillier commun, Fr. ; gemeine Johannisbeere, Ger.

Aalbessen Boom, Dutch ; Ribes rosso, Ital.
Engravings. Smith Engl. Bot., t. 1289. ; Krauss, t. 48. ; and our fig. 860.

Spec. Char.) fyc. Leaves cordate, bluntly 3 — 5-lobed,
pubescent beneath, when young, usually rather to-
mentose, glabrous above. Racemes drooping. Brae-
teas ovate, shorter than the pedicels. Calyx flatly
campanulate, spreading. Sepals obtuse. Petals ob-
cordate. Fruit quite glabrous. Flowers yellowish.
(Don's Mill.} An upright shrub. Europe and Siberia,
in woods ; and throughout Canada to the mouth of
the Mackenzie ; in the North of England and in Scot-
land, in mountainous woods, and about the banks
of rivers. Height 4 ft. to 6 ft. Flowers greenish yel-
low ; April and May. Fruit red ; ripe in July.

Varieties. De Candolle gives the following forms of this
species : —

g R. r. 1 sylvestre Dec. Fl. Fr. iv. p. 406 Leaves and berries small.

Lobes of leaves short.
& R. r. 2 hortense Dec. 1. c. R. rubrum Lois. Nouv. Diet. iii. — Leaves

large, sometimes variegated. Berries sweeter and larger than in

var. 1. Cultivated in gardens.
& R. r. 3 cdrneum Berl. MSS. ex Dec. Prod. iii. p. 481. R. rubrum

domesticum 2 baccis carneis Wallr. Sched. p. 106. — Leaves rather

tomentose beneath. Sepals red. Cells of anthers distant. Berries

pale red.
Sk It. r. 4 variegdtumDec. Prod. iii. p. 481., Wallr. 1. c., has the berries

beautifully variegated ; or, rather, distinctly striped with white and

red. In cultivation in Austria, and well deserving of a place in

every collection, from the beauty and singularity of its fruit.
ai R. r. 5 album Desf. Cat. Bot. p. 164. —Berries white.
u R. r. 6 foliis luteo variegdtis Du Ham. has the leaves variegated with

yellow, and the fruit red.
a* R. r. 7 foliis dlbo variegdtis Du Ham. has the leaves variegated with

white, and the fruit white.
& R. r. 8 sibtricum Oldaker. The Russian currant. — Of vigorous growth.

The propagation, culture, &c., of the currant, as a fruit shrub, will be found
given at length in our Encyclopedia of Gardening, and in our Suburban Horti-
culturist.

j* 19. R. (R.) ALPI^NUM L. The alpine red
Currant.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 291.; Dec. Prod., 3. p. 480. ;

Don's Mill., 3. p. 186.
Synonyme. R. diolcum Masters.
Engravings. Schmidt Baum., t. 96. ; and ourfig. 861.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves with 3 — 5 lobes, ob-
tuse, hairy above, shining beneath. Racemes
grouped. Bracteas lanceolate, inflated, spar-
ingly glandulose, mostly larger than the
flowers. Petals minute, as if in abortion.
Anthers more or less sessile. Styles con-
nate. Berries red. (Dec. Prod.) A
spreading shrub. Alps of Europe and Si- 861. «.(r.Mplmim.

478

ARBORETUM ET FRUTiCETUM BRITANNICUM.

beria ; and found in Britain, in woods, both in England and Scotland,

Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Flowers greenish yellow ; April and May. Fruit red ;

ripe in July.
Varieties. Berlandier has described two forms of the species, and Dr. Lindley

has added a proper variety.

j» R. (r.) a. 1 sterile Wallr. Sched. p. 108. R. dioicum Mcench Meth.
— Flowers many in a raceme, and densely disposed, flat, destitute ot
a germen, soon falling off. Anthers almost sessile, acute, bearing
pollen.

j* R. (r.) a. 2 bacdferum Wallr. Sched. p. 108. — Flowers few in a
raceme, rather salver-shaped . Anthers upon obvious filaments, Pirn-
perfect. Style bifid to a small
extent. Germen obvious.
j» R. (r.) a. 3 pumilum Lindl. in
Hort. Trans, vii. p. 244., and
our Jig. 862. — In every re-
spect the same as the species,
but not one third of the size,
never exceeding ; 2 ft.in height,
even when cultivated in gar-
dens. The leaves are deeply
cut, the flowers small, and
the fruit seldom produced. 862- *• (*•) '

J* R. (r.) a. 4 fbliis variegdtis Hort. has variegated leaves. Horticultural
Society's Garden.

M 20. R. (R.) PETRJEVUM Wulf. The rock red Currant.

Identification. Wulf. in Jacq. Misc., 2. p. 36. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 187.

Synonymes. R. alplnum Delarb. Auvergn. p. 1G6. ; Ribes coralline, Ital. ; the woolly-leaved Cur-
rant, the red Marshmallow-leaved Currant.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 705. ; and our fig. 863.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves acuminated, 3 — 5-
lobed, rather cordate, deeply serrated, on
long petioles, pilose above. Racemes
erect, crowded, rather pubescent. Brae-
teas shorter than the pedicel. Sepals obtuse.
Petals obcordate, small, white. Berries
large, deep red, with an acid taste. Fruiting
racemes pendulous. (Don's Mill.) A spread-
ing shrub. Alps of Carinthia, Savoy, and on
almost all the mountains of the continent of
Europe. In England, it is found near Eg-
gleston and Conscliffe, in the county of
Durham ; and in Scotswood Dean, North-
umberland. Height 3ft. to 4ft.
Flowers greenish yellow ; May.
Fruit red ; ripe in July.

& 21. R. (R.) SPICAXTUM Robs. The
spiked-flowered red, or Tree, Currant.

Identification. Robs, in Lin. Trans., 3. p. 240-

t. 21.; Smith Engl. Bot., t 1290. ; Don's

Mill, 3. p. 187-

Synonyme. The Tree Currant
Engravings. Lin. Trans., 3. p. 240. t. 21.;

Eng. Bot., t. 1290.; Berl., I.e., t.2. f. 16. ;

and our fig. 864.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Leaves roundish-
cordate, 3 — 5-lobed, covered with
soft hairs above, and with tomen-
tum beneath. Racemes erect.

863. R. (r.) petraeMim.

XXXII. GROSSULAVCE^E : EI^BES. 479

Flowers more or less pedicellate. Bracteas obtuse, tomentose, much shorter
than the pedicels. Sepals roundish-cuneated. Petals oblong. Styles bifid.
Berries glabrous, globose, and in colour and taste resembling those of R. ru-
brum. (Don's Mill.) An upright shrub. North of England, in woods near
Richmond in Yorkshire, and Piersbridge and Gainford in Durham. Height
4 ft. to 6 ft. Flowers greenish yellow ; April and May. Fruit red ; ripe
in July.

The tree currant affords a fruit rather smaller, and more acrid, than the
common red currant ; but by crossing and cultivation it might, no doubt, be
greatly improved ; and, from its comparatively tree-like habits, might be a
more convenient fruit shrub in respect to the crops around it.

.1* 22. R. (R.) CARPA'THICUM Kit. The Carpathian red Currant.

Identification. Kit. in Schuites CEstr. Fl., 2. ed. 1. p. 432. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 187.
Synonyme. R. acerrimum Rachel ex Rccrn. et Schuites 5. p. 493.
Engraving. Our Jig. . in p.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem erect. Leaves 5-lobed, cordate. Racemes pendulous,
and, as well as the calyxes, pubescent. Petals flattish, smaller than the
calyx. (Don's Mill.) Carpathian Mountains. Height 4 ft. Perhaps only
a variety -of R. rubrura.

Sfe 23. R. (R.) MULTIFLO^RUM Kit. The many-flowered red Currant.

Identification. Kit. in Rcem. et Schuites Syst, 5. p. 493., but not of H. B. et Kunth : Don's Mill.

3. p. 187.

Synonymcs. R. spicatum Schuites (Estr. FL ed. 1. p. 433. ; R. wtifblium Hort.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 2368. ; and our fig. 866.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves 5-lobed,
cordate, tomentose beneath.
Racemes very long, pendulous,
drooping. Bracteas shorter
than the flowers. Petioles
length of leaves. Petals wedge-
shaped. Styles bifid, and some-,
times distinctly trifid. (Don's
Mill.) A spreading shrub, with
vigorous branches and large
leaves. Croatia. Height 4 ft. to
6 ft. Introduced in 1822. Flow-
ers greenish yellow ; April and
May. Fruit small, red ; ripe in

July. 865. R (r.) multifl6rum.

The long racemes of flowers, the vigorous growth of the shoots, the large
leaves, and the luxuriant habit of the plant, altogether render this a very orna-
mental sort. From the luxuriance of the flowers and leaves, and of the plant
generally, fruit is seldom produced ; and, when it appears, it is generally of
small size. On account of the gracefulness of the long drooping racemes of
flowers, it well deserves a place in collections.

.a, 24. R. (R.) ALBINE'RVUM Michx. The white-nerved-/<?aw?d red Currant.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Air.er., 1. p. 110. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 187.
Engraving. Our fig. 2092 in p.l 107 •

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves short, petiolate, deeply and acutely lobed, smoothish,
with whitish nerves. Racemes recurved. Flowers small. Berries red,
glabrous. (Don's Mill.) A shrub. Canada and the Catskill Mountains, in
the state of New York. Height 4 ft. Introduced ?. Flowers greenish
yellow ; April and May. Berries red ; ripe in July.

& 25. R. ACUMINA^TUM Wall. • The pointed-leaved Currant.

Identification. Wall. Cat. ; Royle Illust, p. 225. ; Don's Mill.. 3. p. 187.
Engraving. Omfig. 866. from a specimen in the Linnsean herbarium.

480

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUAJ.

Spec. Char., %c. Branches glabrous. Leaves glabrous
above, but with a few scattered hairs beneath, 3 — 5-lobed ;
lobes acuminated, serrated. Racemes axillary, erect.
Peduncles pubescent. Berries nodding. Calyx campa-
nulate. Petals rounded at the apex. (Don's Mill.) A
smooth shrub. Nepal, on Sirmore and Emocli. Height
4 ft. to 6 ft. Introduced ? in 1837. Flowers greenish
yellow ; April and May. Fruit red, about the size of that
of the red currant ; ripe in July.

26. R. (R.) TRI'FIDUM Michx.
Currant.

The trifid-calyxed red

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer.,

p. 110. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 186.
Engraving. Our fig. 867. from a specimen

in Sir W. J. Hooker's herbarium.

(r.) acuminktum.

867. «. (r.)trflidum.

Spec. Char,, fyc. Leaves smooth, moderately lobed.
Racemes loosely many-flowered, pubescent. Flow-
ers small. Calycine segments rather trifid. Ber-
ries hairy, red. Lobes of leaves acutish. Ra-
cemes weak, nearly like those of R. rubrum, but
the flowers smaller. Petals purplish, spathulate,
rounded at the apex. (Don's Mill.) A prostrate
shrub. North America, near Quebec, and at Hud-
son's Bay. Height 1 ft. to 2 ft. Introduced in
1823. Flowers purplish ; April and May.

B. Flowers greenish yellow, sometimes with the Tips of the Sepals and Petals
red. Fruit black.

at 27. R. NIVGRUM L. The black Currant.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 291. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 190.

Synonymes. R. 61idum Mcench Meth. 683. ; Capis and Poivrier, Fr. ; schwartze Johannisbeere

Ger. ; Ribes nero, Ital.
Engravings. Engl. Bot., t. 1291. ; and our fig. 868.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves dotted from glands beneath, 3 — 5-lobed. Racemes
loose. Bracteas minute, subulate or obtuse, much shorter than the pedi-
cels. Petals oblong. Calyx campanulate, with reflexed segments. Flowers
whitish, or yellowish green. Calyx often of a rich brownish red colour,
or pink. Stamens sometimes more than 5, in which case there are fewer
petals ; so that when there are 10 stamens there are no petals. This
change of petals into stamens is just the reverse of the process by which
single flowers become double ; and it is the only fact of the kind which has
hitherto been observed. Stigmas bifid. Berries globose, black, glandular.
(Don's Mill.) A shrub with smoothish branches, strong-smelling leaves.

xxxn. GROSSULA'CE/E: RISES.

481

Europe. Height 4 ft. Flowers yellowish green ; April and May.

l.

Fruit

dark purple; ripe in June and July.
Varieties.

& R. n. % bdcca fldvida Hort. — Supposed to be a hybrid between the

black and white currants, and to have been originated near Batht

previously to 1827. The fruit is of a dingy greenish yellow ; but

the plant has the habit and general appearance of R. nigrum.

3k R. n, 3 bdcca mridi Hort. has the fruit green when ripe. This variety

is common in Russia in a wild state. Hort. Soc. Garden.
& R. n. 4ifoliis variegdtis Vilm. — Leaves variegated with yellow streaks.
Garden Varieties. Six of these are enumerated in the Horticultural So-
ciety's Fruit Catalogue of 1831, the best of which are the black Naples and
the large black. The fruit of the former variety is very large and handsome,
more especially when the plant is grown in deep rich soil, and in a situation
rather shady and moist.

The leaves, fruit, and the entire plant are powerfully diuretic. The treat-
ment of the black currant, as a fruit tree, will be found in the Encyclopedia
of Gardening, and in the Suburban Horticulturist.

& 28. R. (N.) TRI'STE Pall. The sa.d-colmtred9 or dark-blossomed, black

Currant.

Identification. Pall. Nov. Act. Pet., 10. p. 378- ; Don's Mill., 3. p

Synonymy R. altaicura Lodd. Cat.

Engraving. Our Jig. 869. from a living specimen.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves 5-lobed. Branches simple,
twiggy, bearing leaves and racemes of flowers at
the apex. Racemes pendulous, both when in
flower and in fruit. Corollas flattish, of a dull
brownish red on the outside, and yellowish
inside. Petals revolute. Berries small, black,
insipid. Root creeping. (Don's Mill.) A low
shrub. Siberia, on the Mongol Mountains.
Height 2 ft. to 3 ft. Introduced in 1820. Flow-
ers brownish red and yellow ; April and May.

869. R. (n.) tri

Fruit black ; ripe in July,
colour of the flowers.

Differs from R. nigrum only in the dull brown

29. R. (N.) FLO'RIDUM L'Herit.

Identification. L'H^rit. Stirp., 1. p. 4. ; Ph. Sept., 1. p. 164. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 190.
Synonymes. R. nigrum 2. Lin. Sp. 291.; R. pennsylvani<
vatum Michx. Fl. Bar. Amer. 1. p. 109., according to Torrey ; Ribtsium nigrum, &c., DiU. Elth.

The flowery black Currant.

164. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 190.
Ivanicum Lam. Diet. 3. p. 49. ; R. recur.

2. t. 244. f. 315.
Engravings. Schmidt Baum., t. 92. ; and our fig. 870.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves full of resinous glands,
3 or 5-lobed, cordate, doubly serrated. Ra-
cemes pendulous, pubescent. Bracteas linear,
longer than the pedicels. Calyx tubularly
campanulate, glabrous : with the segments ob-
tuse, and at length reflexed. Germens and
black berries oval-globose, glabrous. This is
in many respects nearly allied to R. nigrum;
but its more copious and denser flowers, and
especially their long bracteas, and more tubular
calyxes, will always distinguish it : the solitary
pedicel, too, at the base of the flowers, is want-
ing in this species. Petals oblong, rather erose
at the apex ; greenish yellow. (Don's Mill.)
A large shrub. Canada to Virginia, in hedges
and woods. Height 4ft. to 6ft. Introduced
in 1729. Flowers pale yellow; April and
May, Fruit black ; ripe in July.

i j

870. R. (n.) fldridmu.

482

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Varieties.

* R. (n.) f. 2 grandiflornm Hort. R. rigens Michx. Fl. Bar. Amer

i. p. 110., Ph. Sept. \. p. 136. — Flowers and racemes larger than

those of the species.
& R. (n.) f. 3 parviflorum Hort. R. americanum

Mill., R. pennsylvanicum Cels., R. campanulatum

Hort. — Flowers smaller, and the racemes shorter.

30. R. (N.)

PROCU'MBENS Pall.
black Currant.

The procumbent

.) proci'imbens

Identification. Pall. Fl. Ross., 2. p 35. t. 65. ; Don's Mill.. 3. p. 186.
Synonyme. R. polycarpon Gmel. Syst. Veg. p. 419.
Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ros., 2. p. 35. t. 66. ; and our^. 871.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves bluntly lobed ; lobes serrated,
lateral ones a little cut. Racemes erect. Peduncles
long, setaceous. Segments of the limb of the flower
pubescent, acute, of a purplish colour. Anthers hardly
rising from the calyx. Flowers flatfish. Berries very
grateful to the taste, rufescent when ripe. (Don's Mill.)
A procumbent shrub. Siberia, in moist places. Height
1 ft. to 2 ft. Introduced in 1804. Flowers greenish yel-
low ; May and June. Fruit brownish ; ripe Aug. 371. «.<

jc 31. R. (N.) PROSTRAVTUM Lin. The prostrate black Currant.

Identification. L'Herit. Stirp., 1. p. 3. t. 2. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 186.
Synonymcs. R. glandulSsum Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 1. p. 279. j R. canadense I.odd.
Engravings. Schmidt Baum., t. 95. ; and our fig. 872.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves deeply cordate, 5 — 7-lobed,
glabrous. Lobes acutely cut, doubly serrate, naked on
both surfaces. Racemes erect, loose, slender. Brae-
teas small, obtuse, much shorter than the pedicels,
which are beset with glandular bristles. Calyx ro-
tate. Germens and berries beset with glandular
bristles. Berries large and black. (Doris Mill.) A
prostrate shrub. Newfoundland, throughout Canada,
and in the woods on the Rocky Mountains. Height
1 ft. to 3 ft. Introduced in 1812. Flowers greenish
yellow ; April and May. Fruit black ; ripe in July.

Variety.

j^ R. (n.) p. 2 laxiftorum. R. affi^ne Dongl.
MSS.y R. laxiflorum Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept.
ii. p. 731. — Racemes pubescent. Pedicels
divaricate. A very distinct sort. North- west coast of America.

'& 32. R. (N.) RESINO'SUM Pursh. The resinous black Currant.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 163. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 186.

Synonymes. R. orientale Catros ; R. reclinatum Hort.

Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 1583. ; Berl., 1. c., t. 2. f. 10. ; and our Jig. 873.

Spec. Char., Sj-c. All herbaceous parts of the shrub bear hairs
tipped with resinous glands. Leaves 3 — 5-lobed, roundish.
Racemes erect. Calyx flattish. Petals bluntly rhomboid.
Bracteas linear, longer than the pedicels. Flowers greenish
yellow. ? Berry hairy and black. Perhaps the flowers are
dioecious. (Doris Mill.) A spreading shrub. North America,
on the mountains. Height 3ft. to 5ft. Introduced in 1800. 873.fl.(njresin&sum.
Flowers greenish yellow ; April and May. Fruit black ; ripe in July.

jtn 33. R. (N.) PUNCTAVTUM Ruiz et Pav. The dotted-/<?at>^ black Currant.

Identification. Ruiz et Pav. Fl. Per., 2. p. 12. t. 233. f. a. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 187,
Synonyme. R. glandulbsum Ruiz et Pavon Fl. Per. t. 233. f. 6., but not of Alt. ; Don's Afttf., 3.
p. 189., on the authority of Mr. Gordon, of the Horticultural Society.

2. R. (n.) prostratum.

xxxii. GROSSULAVCE;E : RICHES.

483

Engravings. Lindl. Bot. Reg., t. 1278. and 1058. ; and our figs. 874, 875.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves 3-
lobed, serrated, beset with
resinous glands beneath, as
are also the bracteas. Ra-
cemes longer than the leaves,
either drooping or erect.
Bracteas euneate-oblonfj,
obtuse, at length reflexed.
Calyx campanulate, yellow-

• I * T» • II 1- *

R. (n.) iranctatuin.

ish. Berries oblong, hairy,
black, and dotted. Petals
small, yellow. (Don's Mill.) A sub-evergreen shrub. 875. *. <n,
Chili, on hills. Height 3ft. to 4ft. Introduced in 1826. Flowers
April and May. Fruit black ; ripe in July.

) punctktum.

yellow ;

The leaves are shining, and of a yellowish green, and, when rubbed, have
an agreeable odour. The short close bunches of rich yellow flowers are pro-
duced in the axils of the leaves. The plant throws up suckers from the roots :
a circumstance which distinguishes it from almost every other species of the
genus in British gardens. Dr. Lindley has given two figures of this species in
the Botanical Register : one, t. 1658., of the wild plant, in which the spikes are
pendulous, or nodding ; and the other, t. 1278., of the cultivated plant, in which
the spikes are erect. He observes that it is hardy enough to live in a dry
border without protection, and that it is a rather pretty evergreen shrub. H. S.

* 34. R. (N.) HETERO'TRICHUM Meyer.
Currant.

The variable-haired

Identification. Meyer in Led. Fl. Ros. Alt. Illus., 1. p. 270. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 187-
Engravings. Led. Fl. Ros. Alt, Illus., t. 235. ; and our fig. 876.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem erectish. Leaves pubescent, bristly,
and glandular, nearly orbicular, 3-lobed ; lobes obtuse, toothed.
Racemes erect. Pedicels equal in length to the bracteas.
Calyx flat, pubescent. Berries puberulous, glandless, bract-
less. (Don's Mill.') An upright shrub. Altaia, on rocks, at the
foot of the mountains. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft. Introduced in
1837. Flowers purple ; April and May. Fruit like that of the
red currant, but orange-coloured;

876.«.h*ter«$trichum. rjpe jn AugUSt.

flfc 35. R. (N.) BRACTEO^SUM Dougl. The bracteate
Currant.

Identification. Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 232.; Don's Mill., 3.

Engraving. Our fig. 877. from a specimen in Sir W. J. Hooker's
herbarium.

Spec. Char., %c. Leaves on long petioles, cordate,
deeply 5 — 7-lobed; lobes acuminated, cut, doubly
serrated, hispid above, but full of resinous dots
beneath ; racemes often terminal, at length re-
flexed. Pedicels erectly spreading, pubescent,
exceeding the spathulate bracteas. Calyx rotate,
glabrous. Petals minute, roundish. Germens and
berries full of resinous dots. (Don's Mil/..) A
large shrub. North-west coast of America, at
the confluence of the Columbia with the ocean.
Height 5 ft. to 8 ft. Introduced ?. Flowers pur-
plish yellow ; April and May. Fruit about the
size of the red currant, greenish, hairy.
A very remarkable and elegant shrub, with leaves

i i 2

877. ft. (n.) bractcdsum.

484

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

resembling those of the common sycamore, and nearly as large.
to be desired that it could be introduced into British gardens.

It is much

36. R. VISCOSI'SSIMUM Pursh.

The very clammy black Currant.

191.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Araer. Sept., 1. p. 163. ; Don's Mill., 3.
Synonyme. Coredsma viscosfssima Spach Ann. des Scien. Nat. 183&.
Engravings. Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 234. t. 74. ; and our Jig. 878.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves cordate, obtuse, 3 — 5-
lobed, deeply crenated. Viscid and glandular
pubescence. Glands on both surfaces. Ra-
cemes erect, corymbose. Bracteas linear -oh-
ovate, rather shorter than the pedicels, which
are clothed with glandular hairs. Calyx tubu-
larly campanulate, with erectly spreading obtuse
segments. Germens and fruit ovate-oblong,
clothed with viscid hairs. Berries oblong-ovate,
black. Flowers large and white. (Doris Mill.)
An upright shrub. North America, on the
Rocky Mountains, towards the sources of the
Columbia ; also on the summits of the hills
near the Spokan and Kettle Falls, at an eleva-
tion of 8000 ft. above the sea. Height 4ft to 8 ft. Introduced in 1826.
Flowers whitish or yellowish ; April and May. Fruit black ; ripe in July.

A very fine and remarkable species, somewhat difficult to keep.

* 37. R. (N.) HUDSONIA'NUM Richardson. The Hudson's Bay black
Currant.

Identification. Richards in Frankl. First Journ., cd. 2. append, p. 6. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 190.
~ lonyme. R. petiolare Dougl. Hort. Trans. 7. p. 514.

graving. Our fig. 879. in flower, andfig. 880. in fruit, from a specimen in Dr. Lindley's herbarium.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches erect.

Leaves 3-lobed, quite glabrous

above, full of resinous dots

beneath, and, as well as the pe-
tioles, villous. Germens dotted.

Berries globose, glabrous.

black. Racemes erect, pubes-
cent. Bracteas short. Seg^

ments of the calyx, which is

campanulate, spreading. Flow-
ers small. Petals white. The

fruit, and peculiar odour of

the plants, are those of R.

nigrum. (Doris Mill.) An

erect shrub. North America,

from Hudson's Bay to the

Rocky Mountains, in the west,

and as far north as lat. 57°,

including the mountains of

Columbia, about the Kettle

Falls. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. In-
troduced in ? 1820. Flowers whitish ; April and May. Fruit black; ripe
in July. Horticultural Society's Garden.

& 38. R. GLACIATE Wall. The icy black Currant.

Identification. Wall Cat., No. 6833. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 189.
Engraving. Our fig 881. from a specimen in the Linntean herbarium.

Spec. Char.y $c. Bracteas smooth. Leaves glabrous above, but with few
scattered bristly hairs beneath, cordate at the base, 3 — 5-lobed at the apex ;

879. A. (n.) hudionianum.

880. R. ( n . ) hudgoni&num .

XXXII.

485

lobes acute, serrated. Petioles long, serrated at
the base. Racemes drooping. Calyx campanu-
late. Petals longer than the calyx. Flowers white.
Berries black. (Doit* Mill.) A shrub. Nepal, on
Emodi and Gossainthan. Height 4ft. to 6ft. In-
troduced in 1823. Flowers white ; April and May.
Fruit black ; ripe in July. Hort. Soc. Garden.

j* 39. R. INE'BRIANS Lindl. The intoxicating
Currant.

Identification. Lindl. in Bot. Reg., t. 1471. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 19D.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1471. ; and our Jig. 882.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves roundish, deeply 3 — o-lobed,
and deeply toothed, truncate at the base, glandular
on both surfaces. Petioles pubescent. Peduncles
3 — o-flowered, pendulous. Flowers aggregate. Calyx 881<

tubular, glandular, with the
segments recurved. Calyx
greenish white, with the tube
4 lines long. Leaves smelling
like those of R. floridum. (Don's
Mill.) An upright shrub. North
America. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft.
Introduced in 1827. Flowers
greenish white; April. Fruit
amber-coloured ; ripe in July.

This species was received from
Mr. Floy of New York, under the
name of the intoxicating currant,
but without any other account of

W;V its properties. The berries may

Wg^^B^ "• "">"•>"*• probably possess some narcotic

^Str^w^ quality.

_* 40. R. CE'REUM Dougl. The waxy-leaved Currant.

Identification. Dougl. in Hort. Trans., 7. p. 512. : Don's Mill., 3. p. 190.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1263- ; and oar Jig. 883.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves small, cordate,
lobed, serrated, clothed with glandular
pubescence, glabrous, glaucous, full of white
glands above. Racemes pendulous, rather
capitate. Bracteas ovate, adpressed to
the germens, which are glabrous. Flowers
nearly sessile, cylindrical, rather angular.
Calycine segments small, reflexed. (Don's
Mill.) A low bush. North-west America,
on the banks of the Columbia, and its
southern tributary streams, from the Great
Falls to the Rocky Mountains. Height 2 ft.
to 3ft. Introduced in 1«27. Flowers
whitish ; April. Fruit amber ; ripe in
July.

In its small foliage and few-flowered ra-
cemes, this species resembles the gooseberry
tribe ; but it has no thorns. The flowers
are rather large and white, with a slight
tinge of green, and are rather downy. White waxy dots like scales cove the
upper surface of the leaf ; whence the specific name.

i i 3

486

ARBORETUM ET FKUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

C. Flowers deep red. Fruit black.
& 41. R. SANGUI'NEUM Pursh. The bloody, or red, flowered Currant.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 164. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 191.
Stmonumes. R. wzalvaceum Smith in Rees's Cycl. ; Calob6trya sangufnea Spaclt.
Engravings. Hort. Trans., 7. t. 13. ; Bot. Reg., t. 1349. ; and our fig. 884.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves cordate, somewhat 5-lobed,
serrated, veiny, smoothish above, but clothed
with villous tomentum beneath. Racemes droop-
ing, pubescent, twice the length of the leaves.
Calyx tubularly campanulate, with oblong, obtuse,
spreading segments, exceeding the petals, which
are red, and quite entire. Bracteas obovate-spa-
thulate. Berries turbinate, hairy. (Don's Mill.)
A large branchy smooth shrub. North-west coast
of America, in rocky situations, by the sides of
streams. Height 4 ft. to 8 ft. Introduced in 1826.
Flowers deep rose ; March and April. Fruit pur-
plish, with a glaucous bloom ; ripe in August.

Varieties.

& R. *. 2 glutinosum. R. glutinosum Benth.

Hort. Trans. 2d ser. vol. i. p. 476., R. angustum JDougl. MS.
(Our fig. 885.)— The foliage is destitute of down, and slightly vis-
cous. The racemes are rather larger than in the species, and the
flowers are of a very pale rose colour. This variety comes into leaf
a month before the species.

884. R. s?.nsnineum.

885. R. s. glutinusum.

880. R. s. malv&ceum.

(Our fig. 886.)
loth

dfc R. s. 3 malvdceum. R. malvaceum Benth. I.e.

— Leaves rough and hispid on the upper side, and clothed un
derneath with a whitish cottony down. The racemes of flowers are
shorter and closer ; and each flower is almost sessile on the common
stalk. In colour, the flowers are rather darker than those of .ft. s.
glutinosum, and have more of a lilac tinge.

& R. s. 4 dtro-rubens Hort. — Flowers and racemes rather smaller, and
of a much deeper and darker red, than those of the species.
Horticultural Society's Garden.

By far the most ornamental species of the genus. It is easily propagated,
and as hardy as the common black currant. It flowers profusely ; and, com-
ing into bloom early in the season, forms the most splendid bush to be seen
in British shrubberies, from the middle or end of March to the beginning or
middle of May. A great many seeds were sent over by Mr. Douglas, a num-
ber of which were distributed by the Horticultural Society ; and the plants
produced from them have varied in the colour of their flowers, from pale pink to
deep red. The plants, also, seed freely in this country ; and hence a pumber
of varieties have been originated by nurserymen, independently of R. s.
?»alvaceum and R. s. glutinosum, which differ from the species, not only in
the shades of colour of their flowers, but also in their leaves. The variety
which has the darkest-coloured flowers is R. s. atro-riibens.

xxxn.

487

42. R. AXTRO-PURPU'REUM Meyer. The dark-purple-Jlowered Currant.

Identification. Meyer in Led. Fl. Ross. Alt. 111. t. 231. ; Fl. Alt., 1. p. 268. :

Don's Mill., 3. p. 191.
Engravings. Led. Fl. Ross. Alt. 111., t. 231. : our fig 887. from a living plant

in the Birmingham Botanic Garden. ; andjig. 888. from Ledebour.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem erect. Leaves pu-
bescent, nearly orbicular, cordate, 3 — 5-
lobed ; lobes acute, serrated. Racemes
drooping. Pedicels exceeding the bracteas.
Calyxes campanulate, ciliated. Berries
glabrous, and bractless ; dark purple, and
the size of those of the common cur-
rant. (Don's Mi/I.) An upright shrub.
Altaia, on mountains and subalpine
places on the river Ursal ; and also at the
river Tscharysch. Height 4 ft. to 6 ft.
Flowers deep purple ; April and May.
Fruit dark purple ; ripe in July.

Varieties.
& R.

R. itro-purpinreum.

a. 1.

Flowers deep purple. Leaves rather pubescent beneath,

but smooth and glabrous above, as well as the branches.
& R. a. 2. — Leaves rather pubescent beneath, but hispid from bristles

above, as well as the petioles and stems. Found near the river

Volschoi Ulegumen.
afe R. a. 3. — Flowers paler. Leaves pubescent above, but most so below.

Branches smooth.

§ iv. Symphocatyx Dec.

Derivation. From sumphuo, to grow together, and kalux ; in reference to the sepals of the calyx
of the species belonging to this section.

Sect. Char. The calyxes tubular, and yellow. The racemes many-flowered.
Leaves compassing the bud. Unarmed shrubs. (Dec. Prod., iii. p. 483.)

3fe 43. R. AU'REUM Pursh. The goldenrfowered Currant.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 164. ; Don's Mill. ,3. p. 191.
Sunonymcs R. palmatum Desf. C. Hort. Paris. ; Chrjsobotrya revoluta Spach.
Engravings. Berl., 1. c., t. 2. f. 23. ; Bot. Reg., t. 125. ; and our fig. 889.

Spec. Char., $c. Quite glabrous. Leaves 3-lobed ;
lobes divaricate, with a few deep teeth, shorter than
the petioles, which are ciliated at the base. Calyxes
tubular, longer than the pedicels. Tube slender. Seg-
ments oblong, obtuse. Petals linear, much shorter than
the calycine segments. Bracteas linear, length of the
pedicels. Style entire. Berries glabrous. Flowers
golden yellow. Fruit yellow, seldom black, and of
an exquisite flavour. (Don's Mill.) An upright branchy
shrub, which before blowing has the appearance of a
species of 6YataeAgus. North-west America, in light
gravelly soils, from the Great Falls of the Colum-
bia River to the mountains, and on the southern
branches. Height 6 ft. to 8 ft. Introduced in 1812.
Flowers yellow ; April and May. Fruit yellow, seldom black ; ripe in
August.

Varieties.

A R. a. 1 pro* cox Lindl. in Hort. Trans, vii. p. 242. R. fragrans Lod.
(Bot. Cab., t. 1533.; and our Jig. 890.) — Flowers earlier. Leaves
cuneated at the base, pubescent beneath ; lobes deeply serrated,
i i 4

889. A. atireu

488

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BKITANNICUM,

R. fragrans.

ish beneath

891. R. a. serdtini

Berries copious,
earlier, turbinate. '
Racemes bracteate.
R. a. 2. villosum Dec.
Prod. iii. p. 483.
R. longiflorum Fra-
ser's Cat. 1813. —
Leaves rather vil-
lous.

R. a. 3 serotinum
Lindl. 1. c., and our
fig. 891. — Flowers
late. Leaves of vari-
ous forms, smooth-
lobes deeply ser-
rated. Berries few, late, and round
in shape. Racemes naked.
All the forms of this species are highly ornamental, from their fine, large,
bright yellow flowers, which are produced in abundance; and their smooth,
glossy, yellowish green leaves. The plants are, also, more truly ligneous, and
of greater duration, than those of most other species of Ribes. Next to R.
sanguineum, and its varieties, they merit a place in every collection.

& 44. R. (A.) TENUIFLOVRUM Lindl. The slender-flowered Currant.

Identification. Lindl. in Hort. Trans., 7. p. 242. ; Bot. Reg., 1274. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 191.
Synonymes. R. aureum Colla Hort. Rip. Append. 3. t. 1. f. A. ; R. fl&vum Berl. in Dec. Prod. 3.

p. 483. ; R. missouriensis Hort. ; Chrysobotrya Lindley£»a Spach.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1274. ; and our fig. 892.

Spec. Char.y $c. Unarmed, quite glabrous. Leaves
roundish, 3-lobed, mealy ; lobes bluntly toothed
at the apex. Racemes pendulous, many-flow-
ered. Calyx tubular, glabrous, longer than the
pedicels, coloured. Petals quite entire, linear,
one half shorter than the segments of the calyx,
which are oblong and obtuse. Bracteas linear,
length of the pedicels. Berries glabrous. (Don's
Mill.} An upright branchy shrub. North
America, on the rocky tracts of the Columbia,
near the head waters of the Missouri. Height
6 ft. to 8 ft. Introduced in 1812. Flowers yel-
low ; April and May. Fruit purple or yellow ;
ripe in August.

Varieties.

& R. (a.) t. \fructu nigro. — Berries changing from yellow to red, and

finally acquiring a deep blackish purple colour.

& R. (a.) t.2fructu luteo. — Fruit yellow; always retaining the same
colour.

In habit, this species is more erect than R. aureum, and has the young
wood more thinly clothed with leaves; its wholeappearance is also paler, during
the early part of the season. The flowers are not more than half the size of
R. aureum ; and have entire, not notched, petals. The fruit is about the size
of the red currant, of an agreeable flavour, but possessing little acidity.

& 45. R. (A.) FLA'VUM Coll. The yellow-flowered Currant.

Identification. Coll. Hort. Ripul. Append., 3. p. 4. t. 1. f. /3. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 191.

Synonymes. R. aureum 3 sanguineum Lindl. in Hort. Trans. 7. p. 242. ; R. palmatum Desf. Hort.

Par. ; R. aureum Ker Sot. Reg. t. 125., but not of Pursh ; Chrysob6trya intermedia Spach
Engravings. Coll. Hort. Ripul. Append., 3. p. 4. t. 1. f. 2. ; and our figs. e93. and 894:

Spec. Char., Sfc. Unarmed, quite glabrous. Young leaves 3-lobed; adult

892. /Ma.)tenuifI6rum.

XXXIII. ESCALLON/^ CEJE '. /'TEA,

489

ones usually 5-lobed,
deeply toothed, about
equal in length to the
ciliated petioles. Ra-
cemes short, 4 — 5 flow-
ered. Calyx tubular,
much longer than the pe-
dicels. Tube slender.
Segments rather spathu-
late, reflexed. Petals one
half shorter than the ca-
lycine segments. Bracteas

elliptic". Berries obiong, glabrous. Flowers yellow.

(Don's Mill.) An upright shrub. North America.

Height 6 ft. to 8 ft. Introduced in 1812. Flowers

yellow ; April and May. Fruit purple or yellow ;

ripe in August.

A very ornamental species, of vigorous growth, fine
shining foliage, and of greater duration than many
species of Rtbes.

S93. R. flavum.

ORDER XXXIII.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, forming a tube by their cohesion,
finally separating ; aestivation imbricated. Stamens definite. Disk epigynous,
surrounding the base of the style. Ovarium 2-celled, containing two large
placentas in the axis. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule crowned by the calyx and
style, dehiscing at the base. Seeds numerous, minute. Albumen oily. The
cohering petals, oily albumen, and situation of placentas separate this from
Grossulariacese. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous or evergreen ; lanceolate
serrated or entire. Flowers, terminal in spikes or racemes. — Shrubs, natives
of North and South America, of which two genera are in British gardens,
which are thus contradistinguished : —

/''TEA. Stigma capitate. Capsule compressed.
ESCALLOVN/^. Stigma peltate, 2-lobed. Capsule baccate.

GENUS I.

/XTEA L. THE ITEA. Lin. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 275. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 6. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 396.
Synonymes. Cedrdla Lour. ; Diconangia Michx.

Derivation. It«a is the Greek name of the willow, which is given to this genus on account of the
quick growth of the /'tea virginica.

Gen. Char. Calyx bell-shaped, with 5 teeth, persistent. Petals 5, their sesti-
vation valvate. Stamens 5, shorter than the petals. Both petals and stamens
inserted upon the tube of the calyx. Teeth of calyx, petals, and stamens,
alternate with one another. Ovary not connate with the calyx. Styley at
first, seemingly one ; afterwards it parts into two portions : hence, there are
rather 2 styles connate. Stigmas capitate, mostly divided by a furrow. Car-
pels two, connate into a capsule of 2 cells, that has 2 furrows, and parts
from bottom to top. Seeds in two rows along the introflexed margins of the
carpels. (Dec. Prod.)

490

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; lanceolate, toothed.
Flowers small, white, in simple terminal racemes. — A shrub, native of
North America.

54 1. /. VIRGI'NICA L. The Virginian Itea.

Lin. Sp., 289. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 196.
N. Du Ham., 6. t. 9. ; Bot. Mag., t. 2409. ; and our

Identificatioi

Engravings.

fig- 895.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves lanceolate, acutely toothed.
Racemes simple, terminal. (Don's Mill.) A deci-
duous shrub. Pennsylvania to Carolina. Height
3 ft. to 5 ft. Introduced in 1744. Flowers white;
June to August. Carpels brown ; ripe in October-
It may be propagated by cuttings, but more rea-
dily by layers, suckers, or seeds, which are annually
imported from America ; and it thrives best in a
sandy or peaty soil, kept moist. The plant, to be
kept in vigour, should have the old wood frequently
cut down to the ground. When grown in a situation
that is rather moist, its flowers make a fine appear-
ance late in the season, when there are few other
shrubs in blossom.

GENUS II.

/. TJrginica.

ESCALLONN7J Mutis. THE ESCALLONIA. Lin. Syst. Pentandria
Monogynia.

Identification. Mutis in Lin. fil. Supp., t. 21. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 2. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 192.

Synonyme. Stereoxylon Ruiz et Pav. Fl. Per. Prod. p. 38.

Derivation. From Escallon, the pupil and companion of Mutis, during his travels in New Spain.

Gen. Char., fyc. Calyx tube semiglobose, adnate to the ovarium ; limb
5-toothed or 5-lobed. Petals 5, arising from the calyx. Stamens 5 ; an-
thers ovate-oblong. Stigma peltate. Style filiform, permanent. Capsule
baccate. Seeds numerous. (Doris Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, sub-evergreen ; serrated or entire,
full of resinous glands. Flowers terminal, bracteate, variously disposed,
white or red. — Sub-evergreen shrubs, natives of South America, more espe-
cially of Chili. Propagated with the greatest ease by cuttings ; and growing
freely in any common soil.

Sb * 1. E. RU^BRA Pers. The red-lowered Escallonia.

Identification. Pers. Ench., 2. p. 235. ; Hook. Bot. Mag., t. 2890. , and Don's Mill., 3. p. 193.
Synonyme. Stereoxylon rubrnm Ruiz et Pav.

Engravings. Ruiz et Pavon Fl. Per., 3. t. 236. f. b. ; BoL Mag.
t. 2890. j and our Jig. 896.

Spec. Char., $c. Shrubs smoothish ; branches erect,
when young clothed with glandular villi. Leaves
obovate-oblong, acuminated, serrated, full of resin-
ous dots beneath. Peduncles 2 — 7-flowered, brac-
teate. Lobes of calyx denticulated. Petals spathu-
late. (Don's Mill.) A sub-evergreen shrub. Chili,
on the mountains of Colocolo, and in the fissures of
rocks, and about Valparaiso. Height 3 ft. to 6 ft.
Introduced in 1827. Flowers red ; July to
September.

Varieties. In the Bot. Misc., iii. p. 252., three forms are recorded : —

m * E. r. 1 glabriuscula Hook, et Arn., with glandular branches, leaves

XXXIII.

491

highly pubescent, and red flowers, which may be considered as the

species.
a * E. r. 2 albiflora Hook, et Am., E. glandulosa Sot. Cab. t. 291.,

with white flowers.
& ^ E. r. 3 pubescens Hook, et Arn., with pubescent branches, and red

flowers.

Very desirable shrubs for training against a wall.

& » 2. E. MONTEVIDE'NTSIS Dec. The Monte Video Escallonia.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 4. p. 4. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 194.

Synonyme. E. floribunda var. & montevidensis Schlecht. in Linncea \. p. 543. ; E. bifida Link ct

Otto Abbild. t. 23.
Engravings. Link et Otto Abbild., t. 23. ; Bot. Reg., 1467. ; and our fig. 897.

Spec. Char., $c. Shrub glabrous. Branches erect. Leaves
oblong, cuneated at the base, acutish, finely serrated, full
of resinous dots beneath. Panicle terminal, many -flow-
ered, crowded, intermixed with foliaceous bracteas.
Lobes of calyx acute, rather denticulated. Petals obo-
vate, oblong. (Don's Mill.) A sub-evergreen shrub.
Brazil, in many places, but especially on the sandy banks
and pastures of the Uruguny. Height 6 ft. to 10 ft. In-
troduced in 1827, Flowers white, very like those of
the hawthorn, with a style which becomes double the
length of the fruit after flowering ; July to September.

Variety.

41 & E. m. 2 floribunda, E. floribunda H. B. et Kunlh,
is a native of New Granada, on the Andes, with
white flowers, and shining leaves, which are clammy
when young. A very distinct variety considered
by some as a species.

This species forms a remarkably vigorous-growing bush,
with long, flexible, rope-like shoots, and is very prolific in
flowers. It is so hardy as to have stood through several
winters, as a bush, in the open ground of the Kensington Nursery, though it
was killed by the winter of 1837-8.

tt 3. E. ILLINI^TA Presl. The varnished Escallonia.

Identification. Presl Reliq. Haenk. vol. ii. p. 49. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 193.
Engravings. Presl 1. c., t. 59. ; Bot. Reg., t. 1900. ; and our, fig. 898.

Spec. Char., fyc. Quite glabrous. Branches spreading,
anointed with resin. Leaves petiolate, obovate or ob-
long obtuse, crenulated, attenuated at the base, beset
with glandular dots above, and clammy. Panicle termi-
nal, many-flowered, leafy. Petals on long claws. Cap-
sule turbinate, 5-nerved. (Don's Mill.) An evergreen
shrub. Chili, at the streamlet of Los Lunes. Height 3 ft.
to 6ft. Introd. 1833. Flowers white; Aug. and Sept.
The whole plant emits a powerful odour, which to some

persons resembles the smell of swine, and to others that of

melilot or fenugreek. One of the hardiest species of the

genus, and, like all the others, well deserving a place in

collections.

Other Species of Escallonia. — E. resinosa Pers., Slere-
Sxylon resinosum Ruiz ct Pavon (Don's Mill., iii. p. 94.),
s a native of Peru, on the cold parts of hills, which
tood out at Kew for five years, till it was killed by the winter of 1837-8

492

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

E. pulverulenta Pers., Stereoxylon pulverulentum Ruiz et Pav., is a
shrub, hairy in every part, with white flowers ; growing to the height of 8 or
10 feet. It is a native of Chili; and plants of it were in the Horticultural
Society's Garden from 1831 till 1837-8. Twenty other species are described
in Don's Miller, iii. p. 193. to p. 195., all natives of South America, and proba-
bly as hardy as those above mentioned ; but it does not appear that any of
them have been introduced.

ORDER XXXIV. SAXIFRAVGE.E,

TRIBE HYDRA'NGE,E.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx 4 — 5-parted. Petals 5, inserted between the lobes of the
calyx. Stamens 5 or 10. Disk perigynous. Ovarium of 2 to 5 carpels.
Stigmas sessile. Fruit 1 — 2-celled. Seeds numerous, minute. Albumen
fleshy. Absence of stipules distinguishes this from ^osaceae and Cunow-
dcece. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous. Flowers in large co-
rymbs, pink or white, often sterile. — Suffruticose shrubs, natives of North
America and Asia. Easily propagated by cuttings, and growing freely in any
soil that is rather moist.

GENUS I.

HYDRA'NGEA L.

THE HYDRANGEA.

Di-Trigynia.

Lin. Syst. Decandria

Identification. Lin. Gen., 557.; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 13. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 232.
Synonymes. Hydr&ngea, and Hortensza Juss. ; Idrangea, Ital.

Derivation. From hudor, water, and aggos, a vessel ; with reference to some of the species which
grow in water ; or, as some suppose, from the capsule resembling a cup.

Gen. Char. Flowers generally deformed ; but some of them hermaphrodite
and fertile. Calyx tube hemispherical, 10-ribbed, rather truncate,
adnate to the ovarium ; limb permanent, 5-toothed. Petals 5, regular.
Stamens 10. Styles 2, distinct. Capsule 2-celled, with introflexed valves,
crowned by the teeth of the calyx and styles, flattish at the top, opening by
a hole between the styles. Seeds numerous, reticulated. (Don's Mitt.}

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous ; serrated or lobed. Flow-
ers corymbose, pink, or yellowish white ; the marginal ones sterile, and
large, in consequence of the teeth of the calyx being dilated into broad,
petal-like-coloured segments ; the rest of the sterile flower partially abor-
tive. — Shrubs, natives of North America and Asia.

A. Species Natives of North America.
& 1. H. ARBORE'SCENS L. The arborescent Hydrangea.

Identification. Lin. Sp., p. 5G8. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 232. ; Lodd. Cat., ed.

1836.
Synonymes. H. vulgaris Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1. p. 268. ; H. frutesceus

Mcench Meth. 1. p. 106.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 437. ; and our fig. 899.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves ovate, rather cordate ; superior
ones lanceolate, coarsely toothed, pale and puberulous
beneath. Corymbs flattish. Flowers nearly all fertile.
Flower buds obtuse. Flowers white, small, having an
agreeable odour. (Don's Mill.) A low shrub. Penn-

899. H, arborf'scens.

XXXIV. SAXIFRAXGE/E : HYDRANGEA.

493

900. H. (a.) corclkta.

sylvania to Virginia. Height 4ft. to 6 ft. Introduced in 1736. Flowers
white, having an agreeable odour ; July and August.
Variety.

st H. a. 2 discolor Ser. in Dec. Prod. 4. p. 14. — Leaves almost white

beneath from tomentum.
It prefers a moist soil, and is readily propagated by division of the roots.

st 2. H. (A.) CORDA'TA Pursh. The cordate-leaved Hydrangea.

Identification. Pursh Sept., 1. p. 309., exclusive of the synonyme

of Michx. ; Don'sMill., 3. p. 232
Engravings. Wats. Dendr. Brit., t. 42. ; and our fig. 900.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves broadly ovate, acuminated,
rather cordate at the base, coarsely toothed,
glabrous beneath. Flowers all fertile, small,
white, and sweet-scented. (Don's Mill.) A low
shrub. Carolina, on mountains, and on the banks
of the Missouri, above St. Louis. Height 6 ft. to
8 ft. Introd. in 1806. Flowers white ; July, Aug.
Variety.

St H. (a.) c. 2 georgica, H. georgica Lodd. Cat.,
differs from the species in flowering a little
later, and being rather more robust.
We agree with Torrey, in thinking this merely a variety of H. arborescens.

st 3. H. NI'VEA Michx. The snowy-leaved Hydrangea.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 268. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 232.
Synonyme. H. radiata Wai. Fl. Car. 251., ex Michx., but not of Smith.
Engravings. Wats. Dendr. Brit., t. 43. ; and our fig. 901.

Spec. Char., Sfc, Leaves cordate, oval, acuminated,
sharply toothed, clothed with white tomentum, or pu-
bescence, beneath. Corymbs flattish. Sepals of sterile
flowers entire. Flower buds depressed. Flowers
white, rather large. (Don's Mill.) A low suffrutescent
shrub. North America, on the Savannah River.
Height in America 4 ft. to 6 ft. ; in England 2 ft. to
3 ft. Introd. 1786. Flowers white ; July and August.
Variety.

St H. n. 2 glabella Ser. in Dec. Prod. 4. p. 14. — Leaves nearly glabrous
beneath. Flowers all fertile. This variety has, probably, originated
in culture.

a 4. H. QUERCIFO'LIA Bartram. The Oak-leaved Hydrangea.

Identification. Bartram Trav., ed. Germ., p. 336. t. 7.;

Don's Mill., 3. p. 233.
Synonyme. H. radiata Smith Icon. Pict. 12., but not of

Walt.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 975. ; and our fig. 902.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves large, ovate, ser-
rately lobed, and toothed, pilose beneath.
Corymbs rather panicled, flattish. Sepals
of sterile flowers entire. Flower buds
depressed. Flowers white. Sterile, or
outer, ones of the corymbs large. (Don's
Mill.) A shrub. Florida. Height 4 ft.
to 6 ft. in America ; 2 ft. to 3 ft. in Eng-
land. Introduced in 1803. Flowers
white ; June to September.

This is by far the most interesting of the
North American hydrangeas, from its large,
deeply lobed, and sinuated leaves; and its 9°2- H. yuercifdiia.

901. H. nivea.

494

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRfTANNICUM.

fine, large, nearly white corymbs of flowers, which are sterile, and appear
from June till they are destroyed by frost. Culture as in the other species ;
but it is essential that the situation be sheltered, and the soil kept some-
what moist, otherwise the leaves are not perfectly developed, and the branches
are apt to be broken off by high winds.

B. Species Natives of Asia.
& 5. H. HETEROMA'LLA. D. Don. The diverse-haired-leaved Hydrangea.

Identification. D. Don Prod. Fl. Nep.,

p. 211. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 233.
Engraving. Our fig. 903. from a specimen in

the Linneean herbarium.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oval, acu-
minated, sharply serrated, to-
mentose beneath, 5 in. long, and
nearly 3 in. broad. Corymbs su-
pra-decompound, diffuse, pilose.
Sepals of sterile flowers roundish
oval, quite entire. Flowers white.
(Don's Mill.) A shrub. Ne-
pal, at Gossainthan. Height 4 ft.
to 6ft. Introduced in 1821.
Flowers white ; ? July, August.

A very vigorous-growing plant
in its native country, and probably
as hardy in British gardens as some
of the North American species.

& 6. H. ALTI'SSIMA Wall. The tallest Hydrangea.

Identification. Wai. Tent. Fl. Nep., 2. t. 50. : Don's Mill.

3. p. 233.
Engravings. Wall. 1. c., t. 50. ; and our fig. 904.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate, acuminated,
serrated, smoothish. Corymbs flattish. Ste-
rile flowers few, on pilose peduncles; alabas-
tra, or fertile flowers, conical. (Don's Mill.)
A rambling shrub, which, according to Dr.
Royle, climbs lofty trees. Nepal, on moun-
tains. Height?. Introduced in 1839. Flow-
ers white ; ? July, August.

Other Species of Hydrangea. — //. Hortensia
Sieb., H. hortensis Smith, a well-known orna-
ment of gardens, is suffrutescent and hardy in
the S. of England. Even in the climate of Lon-
don it lives in sheltered situations in the open 904> H altfS5ima
garden, because, though frequently killed to the

ground, it always springs up again, and even flowers. — H. vestita Wall., a
native of Nepal, is probably as hardy as H. aldssima, and would be a most
desirable introduction.

ORDER XXXV. UMBELLANCE^E.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx entire or toothed. Petals 5, entire, emarginate, or 2-
lobed, each usually drawn out into a replicated or involuted point.
Stamens 5. Ovarium 2-celled. Styles 2. Fruit of 2 separating pericarps,
adhering by their faces to the carpophore. Fruit ribbed or winged. Peri-

xxxv. UMBELLA'CE^E : #UPLEU RUM.

495

carps 1 -seeded. — Habit alone is sufficient to distinguish this order.
(IX Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen or sub-evergreen ; quite
entire. Floivers greenish yellow. — There are only one or two ligneous
ripeeies hardy in British gardens, and these belong to the genus -Bupleurum.

GENUS I.

1MJPLEUVRUM Tourn. THE BUPLEURUM, or HARE'S EAR.
Lin. Syst. Pentandria Digjnia

Httntification. Tourn. Inst., 309. t. 163. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 127. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 296.
Synonymes. Ten6rm and .Buprestis Sprcng. Syst. 1. p. 880. : Bupliore, or Oreille de Liivre, Fr. ;

Hasenohrlien, Ger.
Derivation. From bous, an ox, and pleuron, a side ; from the supposed quality of swelling cattle

that feed on some of the species of the genus. The name of Hare's Ear, which is preserved in the

French and German, has reference to the shape of the leaves.

Gen. Char. Calyx margin obsolete. Petals roundish, entire, strictly involute,
with a broad retuse point. Fruit compressed from the sides. Seed
teretely convex, flattish in front. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves as in the order. — Smooth shrubs, natives of Europe and Africa,
and some of Asia. Only one hardy species is in cultivation in British gardens,

& * 1. B. FRUTICO^SUM L. The shrubby Bupleurum, or Hare's Ear.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 343. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 301. ; Webb Iter Hispan., p. 44.

Synonymes. Tenorm fruticbsa Spreng. in Schulles Syst. 6. p. 376. ; Z?uprestis fruticbsa Spreng.

Mag. ; Seseli Eethiopicum Bauh. Pin. JG1- ; Seseli friitex Mor. Umb. 16.
Engravings. Sibth. Fl. Grasc.. t. 263. ; Wats. Dendr. Brit., t. 14. ; and our^gs. 905. and 900.

Spec. Char.y <$c. Shrubby, erect-
branched. Leaves oblong, attenu-
ated at the base, coriaceous, 1-
nerved, quite entire, sessile. Leaves
of involucre oblong. Ribs of fruit
elevated, acute. Vitta? broad. Bark
of branches purplish. Leaves of a
sea-green colour. (Don's Mill.) A
neat sub-evergreen glaucous shrub.
Portugal, Spain, the South of France,
about Nice, Corsica, Sicily, Mauri-
tania, and Thessaly. Height 3ft.
to 4 ft. in a wild state ; 6 ft. in
British gardens. Introduced in
1596. Flowers yellow ; July and
August.

905. B. frutic&sum.

It is readily propagated by cuttings, 906. B.frutic6sun].
is of free growth in any dry cal-
careous soil, and is particularly vigorous on the sea
coast in Kent. The blue glaucous hue of its smooth shining foliage renders
it a desirable addition to every collection. If planted in an open airy situ-
ation, in a deep soil, not moist, and allowed to extend itself on everv side, it
would soon form a large hemispherical bush, highly ornamental during winter
from its evergreen foliage, and during summer from its bright yellow flowers.

B. frvtescens L. (Cav. Icon., ii. t. 106. ; and our Jig. . in p. .) has

slendei elongated branches, and linear-subulate, stiff, striated leaves. It is a
native of Mauritania in Spain, and also at Tarragona.

B. gibraltdrica Lam. Diet., B. arborescens Jacq. (Ic. rar., ii. t. 351. ; and
our^g.2094. in p. 1 108.) grows to the height of 3 ft., and has fragrant flowers.

496

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

ORDER XXXVI. ARALIAyCE^.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx entire or toothed. Petals 5 or 10 ; aestivation vahate.
Stamens same, or double the number of petals. Anthers peltate. Ovarium
of 2 or more cells; cells 1-seeded. Styles numerous, usually distinct. Berry
crowned by the limb of the calyx. Albumen fleshy. — Differs from the
Umbellaceae in inflorescence, numerous styles, and baccate, generally many-
celled fruit.

Leaves simple or compound, alternate, stipulate, deciduous or evergreen ;
serrated or entire. Flowers small, greenish.

The genera belonging to this order, which contain ligneous plants, are
Aralia and jffedera, the former rather suffruticose than permanently woody :
their characteristics are as under : —

ARABIA L. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Styles 5, expanded. Berry 5-celled.
//E'DERA Swartz. Petals 5 — 10. Stamens 5 — 10. Styles 5 — 10, conniving.
Berry 5— 10-celled.

GENUS I.

ARAVLIA L. THE ARALIA, or ANGELICA TREE. Lin. Syst. Pentandria

Pentagynia.

Identification. D. Don Prod. Fl. Nep., p. 185., in a note ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 257. ; Don'g Mill., 3.
p. 388.

Synonymes. Aralia sp. Lin. ; Araliae veree Blum.

Derivation. According to some, from ara, annoyance, the spines being very troublesome in its
native country to travellers ; but, according to others, a name of unknown meaning, under which
one species was sent to Fagon, at Paris, from Quebec, in 1764, by one Sarrazin, a French phy-
sician.

Gen. Char. Calyx margin very short, entire or toothed. Petals 5, free,
and expanded at the apex. Stamens 5. Styles 5, expanded, spreading divari-
cately. Berry 5-celled, usually torose. Pyrence chartaceous. (Don's Mill.)
Leaves compound, imparipinnate, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; large,
rough. Flowers white, or greenish j in umbels, usually disposed in panicles.
— Suffrutescent shrubs, with prickly branches and leaves, and with large
pith. Natives of North America and Japan.

st 1. A. SPINOVSA L. The spiny Aralia, or Angelica Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp., p.

392.; Don's Mill., 3. p. 389.;

Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836.
Synonymes. Aralie, Fr. and

Ger. ; Angelica spinosa,

Ittil. ; Spikenard, N. Amer.
Engravings. Schmidt Arb.,

t. 102. and t 103. : Wats.

Dend. Brit., t. 116.; and

our^. 907.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem
arboreous and prick-
ly. Leaves doubly
and trebly pinnate.
Leaflets ovate, acu-
minated, and deeply
serrated. Panicle
much branched, beset
with velvety stellate
down. Umbels nu 907. A. spines*

xxxvi. ARALIA'CE^E : #E'DERA. 497

merous. Involucre small, of few leaves. Petals white and reflexed. Styles
5, divaricate, arched. Fruit 5-ribbed. (Don's Mill.) An erect suffrutes-
cent plant, with the habit of a tree. Carolina and Virginia, in low, fertile,
moist woods. Height 10ft. to 12ft. Introduced in 1688. Flowers
greenish white ; August and September.

An infusion of the fruit, in wine or spirit, is considered an effectual cure for
the rheumatism. In British gardens, this species is propagated by cuttings of
the roots ; and, from its large doubly and trebly pinnate leaves, it forms a
singularly ornamental plant, with a spreading, umbrella-like head, when stand-
ing singly on a lawn. After the plant flowers, the stem commonly dies down
to the .ground, like that of the raspberry, and, like it, is succeeded by suckers.
Pursh " mentions a variety in which the petioles of the leaves are without
prickles."

& 2. A. JAPO'NICA Thunb. The Japan Aralia.

Identification. Thunb. Jap., p. 128. ; Blume Bijdr., p. 371. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 389.
Engraving. Our.^.2091 . in p.l 107-

Spec. Char., $c. Stem shrubby, unarmed. Leaves petiolate, 7-nerved, 7-lobed ;
lobes ovate, serrated at the apex. Panicles terminal. Peduncles umbel-
liferous. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous in the adult state, but when young
woolly on both surfaces. (Don's Mill.) A sutfrutescent erect shrub. Japan,
near Nagasaki. Height 5 ft. to 6 ft. Introduced in 1838. Flowers white
Fruit striated.

GENUS II.

HE'DERA Swartz. THE Ivy. Lin, Syst. Pent-Decandria, and Pent-

Decagynia.

Identification. Swartz Fl. Ind. Occ., p. 581. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 261. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 391.
Synonymes. Aralia sect. Gymndpterum Blum. Bijdr. p. 871. ; Hedera. and Aralia sp. Lin. ; Lierre,

Fr. ; Ephen, Ger. ; Edera, Ital.
Derivation. Various etymologies have been proposed for the word Hldera ; but the most probable

supposition appears to be, that it is derived from the Celtic word hedira, a cord. The English

word Ivy is derived from the Celtic word, iw, green.

Gen. Char. Calyx margin elevated or toothed. Petals 5 — 10, not cohering
at the apex in the form of a calyptra. Stamens 5 — 10. Styles 6 — 10, con-
niving, or joined in one. Berry 5 — 10-celled. (Dons Mttl.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; lobed. Flowers umbellate
or capitate. Fruit dark purple, or black.
Evergreen shrubs, climbing by the clasping roots produced by their stems,

or creeping on the ground when without support. Natives of Europe and Asia.

fl_ 1 . H. //EVLIX L. The common Ivy.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 292. ; Dec. Prod , 4. p. 261. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 391.

Derivation. Helix is derived from eileo, to encompass, or turn round ; in reference to the clasping
stems, which, however, are not twining.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Stems climbing, throwing out roots from their sides to any
object next which they may be placed. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous,
shining, with 5 angular lobes ; those on the old upright and rectangular
branches, which form the tops of the plants, ovate, acute, quite entire.
Umbels simple, pubescent. (Don's Mill.) A well-known evergreen climber
and creeper. Europe and Britain, in woods. Stem 20 ft. to 60 ft. Flowers
greenish yellow, or greenish ; October and November. Fruit black ; ripe
in April.

Varieties. DeCandolle has enumerated three forms of this species which are
independent of the varieties cultivated in British gardens : —

498

ARBORETUM ET FKUT1CETUM BRITANNICUM.

908. a. H. vulgfcris.

ft. H. H. 1 vulgdris Dec. (Eng. Bot.,t. 1267. ,
and our fig. 908.) has the pedicels
clothed with stellate down, and the fruit
black. This is the commonest form of
the ivy, throughout Europe, in a wild
state; and there are varieties of it with
white and yellow variegated leaves, in
gardens.

fi. H. H. 2 canartcnsis Dec. ; H. canariensis
Willd. BeroL Mag. ii. p. 170. I. 5. f. 1. ;
the Irish Ivy, or Giant Ivy, of British
gardens ; has the pedicels scaly with pu-
bescence. Floral leaves subcordate ;
those of the creeping branches 5-lobed
and larger than those of the common
ivy. Fruit ? red, or black. Canary
Islands. Introduced in ? 1800, or before.

A. H. H. ? 3 chrysocarpa, Dec., H. poetica

C. Bauh., H. chrysocarpos Dalech., H. Zhonysias J. Bank., H.
Helix Wall., is a native of the North of India, with yellow fruit.
It differs from the common ivy in its yellow fruit, and in being of
more gigantic growth; in the leaves being more cuneated at the
base; and in the pedicels being scaly. Hort. Society's Garden.
The Varieties in British Gardens, additional to the above, are : —

i. H. H. 4 fbliis argenteis Lodd. Cat. The Silver-striked Ivy.

i- H. H. 5 fbliis aurcis Lodd. Cat. The Goldcn-siriped Ivy.

fl- H. H. 6 digitdta Lodd. Cat. The palmate, or Hand-shaped, Ivy.

i- H. H. 7 arborescens Lodd. Cat. The arborescent, or Tree, Ivy. — This
variation is merely an extension of the flowering shoots, which are
entire-leaved, and take an arborescent character ; and, when a portion
of them is cut off, and has rooted as a separate plant, it will sometimes
produce an upright bush, which will retain its arborescent form for
many years. Sooner or later, however, it resumes its native habit,
and throws out rambling, or creeping, shoots, with 5-lobed leaves
like the common ivy.

A variety with white berries is mentioned by Theophrastus, Pliny, Virgil,
and Dioscorides.

The ivy will grow in any soil or situation, but thrives best when somewhat
shaded. The common British variety, and its sub-varieties, are the best
kinds for supporting themselves on walls, especially when young; at which
period the giant ivy seldom throws out rootlets, though it does so subsequently.

ORDER XXXVII. #AMAMELIDAVCE,E.

ORD CHAR. Calyx 4-lobed or repandly toothed. Petals 4, linear, rarely
wanting ; aestivation involutely valvate. Stamens 8, short, those opposite
the petals barren. Ovarium half-inferior. Styles 2 — 3. Capsule 2-celled,
2-valved. Ovules bifid. Albumen horny. The flowers are sometimes dioe-
cious, and sometimes polygamous. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, bistipulate, deciduous ; toothed or serrated.
Flowers yellow or white. — Shrubs, deciduous ; natives of North America.

JHAMAME^LIS L. Calyx 4-lobed, furnished with 3 — 4 scales outside. Capsule

coriaceous, 2-celled,
FOTHERGI'LL/I L. Calyx campanulate, 5 — 7-toothed. Anthers in the form

of a horseshoe. Capsule 2-lobed, 2-celled.

XXXVII. J7AMAM£LIDACE^S I

499

GENUS I.

Uil

//AMAMEVLIS L. THE HAMAMELIS, or WYCH HAZEL.
Lin. Syst. Tetrandria Digynia.

Identification. Liu. Gen., 169.; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 268.; Don's Mill., 3. p. 396.

Synonymes. Trilopus Mith. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. 8 App. ; Hamamelide, Hal.

Derivation. jF/amamdlis is a name by which Athenaeus speaks of a tree which blossomed at the
same time as the apple tree ; the word being derived from hama, together with, and metis, an
apple tree. The modern application seems to be from the #amamelis having its blossoms accom-
panying its fruits (mela) ; both being on the tree at the same time.

Gen. Char. Calyx 4-lobed, adhering to the ovarium at the base, furnished
with 2—3 scales on the outside. Petals 4, long, alternating with the teeth
of the calyx. Stamens 4-, alternating with the petals. Ovarium free at the
apex. Capsules coriaceous, 2-celled, 2-valved. Arils 2 in each capsule.
Seed oblong, shining. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, bistipulate, deciduous ; ovate or cuneated,
feather-nerved, nearly entire. Flowers nearly sessile, disposed in clusters,
in the axils of the leaves, girded by a 3-leaved involucruiu. Petals
yellow. — Shrubs or low trees, deciduous; natives of North America;
interesting from producing their flowers in the autumn, which remain on
during the winter.

sfc ¥ 1. H. VIRGI'NICA L. The Virginian Hamamelis, or Wych Hazel.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 4. p. 268. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 396. ; Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836.

Synonymes. Hamamelie de Virginie, Fr. ; Virginische Zaubernuss, Get: ; Pistacchio nera della

Virginia, Ital.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 7. t. 60. ; Bot. Cab., t. 598. ; and our Jig. 909.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves obovate, acutely toothed, with
a small cordate recess at the base. (Don's Mill.) A
deciduous shrub. Canada to Florida; in dry and
stony situations, but frequently near water. Height
20 ft. to 30 ft. with a trunk 6 in. or more in dia-
meter. Introduced in 1736. Flowers yellow; be-
ginning of October to the end of February.

Varieties.

afc ¥ H. v. 2 parvifblia Nutt. — Leaves smaller, ob-
long ovate, and a more stunted habit than
the species. Pennsylvania, on mountains. In
British gardens, when planted in peat soil, this
forms a very handsome little shrub ; and is
peculiarly valuable from being densely covered
, with fine yellow flowers throughout the winter,
fife *r" H. v. 3 macrophylla. H. macrophyila Pursh.
— Leaves nearly orbicular, cordate, coarsely
and bluntly toothed, and scabrous from dots beneath. Western
part of Georgia, and North Carolina, on the Katawba Mountains.
Introduced in 1812, and flowers from May to November.
In British gardens, it has been but little cultivated, notwithstanding the sin-
gularity of its appearance in autumn and winter ; when it is profusely covered
with its fine rich yellow flowers, which begin to expand before the leaves of
the previous summer drop off, and continue on the bush throughout the
winter. After the petals drop off' in spring, the persistent calyxes remain on
till the leaves reappear in April or May. It will grow in any light free soil,
kept rather moist; and it is propagated by layers and by seeds; which last,
though rarely produced in Britain, are frequently sent to this country from
America. They ought to be sown immediately on being received, as they are
often two years before they come up.

K K 2

909. H. virginica.

500 ARBORETUM ET FRUT1CETUM BRITANNICUM.

GENUS II.

FOTHERGI'LL/I L. THE FOTHERGILLA. Lin. Syst. Icosandria Digynia.

Identification. Lin. fil. Suppl., p. 42. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 269. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 397.

Derivation. In memory of John Fothergill, M.D., an eminent physician and patron of botany, who
introduced many new plants, and cultivated an excellent collection in his grounds, at Ham House,
at Stratford-le-bow, in Essex. He was, besides, one of the most charitable men of his time.

Gen. Char. Calyx campanulate, adhering to the ovarium at the base, some-
what truncate, with 5 — 7 callous subrepand teeth. Petals wanting. Stamens
about 25. Styles 2. Capsule adnate to the base of the calyx, 2-lobed,
2-celled, 1-seeded. Seed bony. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, bistipulate, deciduous ; feather-nerved, clothed
with soft starry down. Flowers white, sweet-scented, sessile, anthers
yeUow ; in terminal ovate spikes, having a solitary bractea under each
flower ; those bracteas at the base of the spike are trifid, and those at its
apex are nearly entire.

Shrubs, deciduous, of which there is only one species, but several varieties.
Natives of North America.

si 1. F. ^LNIFOVLIA L. The Alder-leaved Fothergilla.

Identification. Lin. fil. Suppl., 257. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 269. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 397.
Synonymes. F. Garden/ Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 313. ; //amam&lis monofca Lin. ex Smith in
Rees's Cycl. rol. xrii.

Spec. Char., fyc. See the generic character. The flowers, which are white
and sweet-scented, appear before the leaves ; the latter resembling those of
the wych hazel. A low deciduous bush. North America, Virginia to
Carolina, in shady woods on the sides of hills. Height 3 ft. to 6 ft. In-
troduced in 1765. Flowers white, sweet-scented ; April and May.

Varieties. The following are very distinct : —

* F. a. 1

obtusa Sims Bot. Mag. t. 13*1., Pursh Sept. 1
major Bot. Cab. t. 1520. ; F.
fllnifolia Lin. Jil. Supp. 257. ;
and our^g. 910. ; has obovate
leaves, downy beneath.
F. a. 2 acuta Sims, Pursh Sej)t. 1.
p. 335.; F. Gardem' Jacq. Icon,
rar. t. 100. (Bot. Cab, t.
1507.), has narrow leaves,
nearly entire, white from down
beneath.

F. a. 3 major Sims Bot. Mag.
t. 1342., Pursh Sept. 1.
p. 335. (Bot. Cab., t. 1 520. ;
and our j£g. 911.) has leaves
ovate-oblong, somewhat cor-
date at the base, very black and
serrated at the apex ; when
young, tomentose beneath.

335.; F.

In British gardens the fothergillas thrive best in moist sandy peat. They
are propagated by seeds, which are sometimes ripened in this country, but
are generally received from America. The varieties are increased by layers.
The fothergillas are naturally somewhat tender, and though not impatient of
cold, yet they are easily injured by the proximity of other trees or bushes,
and by excessive drought or perpetual moisture.

xxxvin. CORNANCE^E: CO'RNUS.

501

ORDER XXXVIII. CORNAVCE^E.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx 4-lobed. Petals 4 ; aestivation valvate. Stamens 4.
Style filiform. Stigma simple. Drupe baccate, enclosing a 2-celled nut.
Seeds solitary in the cells. Albumen fleshy. — Differs from Caprifoliaceae tribe
£ambiiceae, in the polypetalous corolla and drupaceous fruit. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, opposite, rarely alternate, ex stipulate, deciduous, or
sub-evergreen ; ovate or oval, entire. Flowers white or yellowish. — Shrubs
or low trees : natives of Europe and Asia.

CO'RNUS L. Flowers in cymes. Stamens 4. Style 1 . Pome baccate.

BENTHA^MT/Z Lindl. Flowers disposed in involucrated heads. Fruit con-
stituted of many pomes grown together.

GENUS I.

CO'RNUS L. THE DOGWOOD. Lin. Syst. Tetrandria Monogynia.

Tourn. Inst., 641. t. 410. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 271. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 398.
Corniolo, Ital.

Identification.

Synonymes. Cornouiller, Fr. ; Hartriegel, Ger. , ^^nnu/iu, ^m...

Derivation, From cornu, a horn ; the wood being thought to be as hard and as durable as horn.
Hartriegel signifies hard rail, or hard wood. The name of Dogwood is applied to this genus,
because, as Parkinson says, in his Paradisus, the fruit of most of the species is not fit even for
dogs ; but it is more likely to have been given to it from the astringent properties of the bark and
leaves, a decoction of which was formerly used as a wash for curing the mange, £c., in dogs.

Gen. Char. Calyx tube adhering to the ovarium ; limb small, 4-toothed.
Petals 4, oblong, sessile, valvate in aestivation. Stamens 4. Style 1. Drupe
baccate, marked by the vestiges of the calyx, containing a 2-celied, rarely

'

3-celled nucleus. Seeds solitary, pendulous. (Don's

Leaves simple, opposite, except in C. alternifolia, exstipulate, deciduous ;
entire, feather-nerved. Flowers sometimes capitate and umbellate, involu-
crated; sometimes corymbose and panicled, without involucra. Petals
white, rarely yellow. — Trees under the middle size, and shrubs, deciduous;
natives of Europe, Asia, and North America.

Most of the species ripen their fruit in England ; but they are usually pro-
pagated by suckers, or by layers or cuttings. The wood of all the species
makes the very best charcoal. Common soil, and most of the species will
thrive in the shade of other trees.

i. Nudiflbrce Dec.

Derivation. From nudus, naked, and flos, a flower ; the inflores-
cence being without an involucre.

Sect. Char. Flowers corymbose or panicled, without
an involucre.

A. Leaves alternate.

* t l.C. ALTERNIFOVLIA L. The alternate-leaved
Dogwood.

Identification. Lin. fil. Suppl., p. 125. ; L'Herit. Corn., No. 11. ;

Don's Mill., 3. p. 398.
Synonyme. C- alterna Marsh.
Engravings. Guimp. Abb. Holz., t. 43. ; Schmidt Baum., 2. t. 70. ;

and our fig. 912.

Spec. Char.y Sfc. Leaves alternate, ovate, acute,
hoary beneath. Corymbs depressed, spreading.
Branches warted. Pomes purple, globose, about
the size of a grain of pepper. Leaves on long
petioles. Branches green or reddish brown. (Don'

K K 3

912. C. aJternif61ia.

502 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANN1CUM.

Mill.) A smooth deciduous shrub or low tree. North America, from
Canada to Carolina, in shady woods on river banks. Height 15 ft. to 20 ft.
Introduced in 1760. Flowers white; May to July. Fruit purple; ripe
in October. Decaying leaves reddish yellow. Naked young wood green-
ish or reddish brown.

This species is easily known from every other, even at a distance, by the
horizontal umbelliferous character assumed by the branches, which are also
dichotomous, with clusters of leaves at the joints ; and the general colour
is that of a lively green. The leaves are generally alternate, but not unfre-
quently opposite.

B. Leaves opposite.

& 2. C. SANGUI'NEA L. The blood-red-leaved, or common, Dogwood.

Identification. Lin. Sp., p. 171. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 399. ; Lodd. Cat, edit. 1836.

Synonymes. C. fce'mina Raii Syn. 460. ; Virga sanguinea Matth. Palgr. 1. p. 236. ; Female Cor-
nel, Dogberry Tree, Hound Tree, Hound's-berry Tree, Prickwood, Gaten or Gatten Tree, Gater
or Gatter Tree, Catteridge Tree, wild Cornel ; Cornpuiller sauvage, sanguin, or feir.elle, Puine
or Bois punais, Fr. ; rother Hartriegel, Get: ; Sanguinello, Ital.

Derivation. This species is called fce'mina, and Female Cornel, because it bears fruit when very
young ; whereas Cornus mas produces male blossoms only till the tree is 15 or 20 years old. Vfrga
sanguinea is literally the bloody twig, alluding to the colour of the shoots, though they are not
nearly so red as those of Cdrnus alba. The names of Dogberry Tree, Hound Tree, &c., arise
from the same source as Dogwood. (See above.) Prickwood alludes to the use of the wood for
skewers ; Gaten Tree is a corruption of Gatr treow, the Saxon name for this species ; or, as
some suppose, it is derived from gayta, the Spanish word for a pipe, the wood of this tree being
more hollow, or full of pith, than that of C. mfis. Catteridge, and all the other somewhat similar
names, are derived from Gaten. Chaucer calls the fruit Gaitres berries, evidently from the same
origin. The French names of Puine, and Bois punais, bug-wood, are from the strong and un-
pleasant smell of the bark and leaves ; and also because a decoction of them forms a wash to
destroy bugs. Rother Hartriegel signifies red hard rail, or red hard wood.

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 249. ; Fl. Dan.,t. 481. ; N. Du Ham., 2. t. 44. ; and our Jig. 913.

Spec. Char.y Sfc. Bracteas straight. Leaves ovate, acute,

smooth and green on both surfaces. Corymbs flat.

Branches of a dark red when full grown. Leaves 2

to 3 in. long. Flowers greenish white, unpleasantly

scented. Petals revolute at the sides. Fruit dark

purple, and very bitter. (Don's Mill.) A large shrub.

Europe and the North of Africa, in hedges and thickets,

especially on a chalk and limestone soil ; plentiful in

Britain, in like situations ; and also said to grow in

North America, near the lakes of Canada and near

New York; but it hits probably been introduced

there. Height 4 ft. to 15 ft. Flowers white ; June.

Fruit dark purple ; ripe in August and September. f->is. c. sanguinea.

Decaying leaves deep red. Naked young wood gree::.
Varieties.

& C. s. 2 Purskn Don's Mill. 3. p. 399. ; C. sangufnea Pursh, Schmidt
Baum. 2. t. 66. ; has the flowers with yellow anthers, and the
berries a dark brown. Lakes of Canada, and near New York ; and
only differs from the C, sanguinea of Europe in having the leaves
pubescent, and in being of larger stature.

* C. s. 3/dliis variegdtis Lodd. Cat. has the leaves variegated with white
and yellow, and occasional streaks of red. A plant lately received
into Messrs. Loddiges's collection, named C. candidissima fol. var.,
appears, from the leaves, to be identical with this variety. C. can-
didissima, in the same collection, appears from its leaves to be
nothing more than C, sanguinea.

One of the commonest shrubs in old shrubberies ; and easily known from
all the other kinds of Cornus by the abundance of its dark purple fruit, and
the intensely dark red of its leaves before they drop off in autumn. It is from
this last circumstance, we suppose, that the specific name of sanguinea has
been given to it, though it is much more obviously applicable to C. alba, on
account of the redness of its shoots. C. purpurea would be a much better

XXXVIII. C'ORNA'CEJE I CO'RNUS.

503

name as contrasted with C. alba, both names applying to the fruit. The wood,
which is hard, though not nearly so much so as that of Corn us mas, was
formerly used for mill-cogs, and for various purposes in rustic carpentry ; and
it still makes excellent skewers for butchers, toothpicks, and similar articles.
The bark tastes like apples.

& 3. C. A'LBA L. The white-fruited Dogwood.

Identification. Lin. Mant., p. 40. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 399.

Synonymes. C. stolonifera Michx. Fl. Bar. Amer. 1. p. 109. ; C. tat&rica Mill. Icon. t. 104.

Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., i. t. 34. ; and our fig. 914.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches recurved. Branchlets
glabrous. Leaves ovate, acute, pubescent, hoary
beneath. Corymbs depressed. Branches of a
fine red colour. Fruit white, or bluish white.
(Don's Mill.) A large shrub. Siberia, at the
rivers Oby and Irtysch, among bushes, &c. ;
North America, from Virginia to Canada, on the
banks of rivers and lakes ; and also in North
California. Height 4 ft. to 10 ft. Introduced in
1741. Flowers white; May to July. Fruit
white or bluish white ; ripe in September. De-
caying leaves red or reddish yellow. Naked
young wood intensely red or coral colour.
Varieties.

& C. a. 2 circindta Don's Mill. iii. p. 399., C.

circinata Cham, et Schlecht. in LinruEa iii.

p. 139., has the berries of a lead colour.

from Lake Huron to lat. 69° N.
an C. a. 3 sibirica Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836, has the shoots of a fine orange

red, covered with a delicate bloom. It makes a splendid appearance

in the winter season.

Interesting in summer, from its fine large leaves and white flowers ; in au-
tumn, from its white fruit, which are about the size and colour of those of the
mistletoe ; and in the winter and spring, from the fine red of its young shoots.

* 4. C. (A.) STRI'CTA Lam. The straight-branched Dogwood.

Throughout Canada, and

Identification. Lam. Diet. ,3. p. 116. ; Don's Mill., 3.
Synonymes. C. fastigiata Michx. Fl. Bar. Amer. 1. p.

cyanocarpos Gmel. Syst. Veg. 1. p. 257. ; C.

but not of Lam.
Engravings. Schmidt Baum., 2. t. 67. and our Jigs. 915, 916.

, C. sanguinea Walt., but not of Lin. ; C.
Hort. Par. ; C. ca?riilea Meerb. Icon. 3.,

915. C. va.) strict*.

Spec. Char., Sec. Branches straight,
fastigiate. Leaves ovate, acuminated,
glabrous, green on both surfaces ;
when young, hardly pubescent be-
neath. Corymbs convex, somewhat
panicled. Branches reddish brown.
Anthers blue. Pomes globose, soft,
blue on the outside, but white in-
side. (Don's Mill.) An upright shrub.
North America, from Carolina to Ca-
nada, frequent on the banks of rivers ;
also in Mexico, between Tampico and
Real del Monte. Height 6 ft. to 10 ft.
rarely 20ft. . Introd. 1758. Flowers
white; June and July. Fruit blue
without and white within ; ripe in
October. Decaying leaves reddish
green. Naked young wood green, or rusty green.
K K 4

916. C. (a.) stricta.

504

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Varieties.

& C. (a.) s. 2 asperifoKa, C. asperifolia Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836, if not iden-
tical with the species, differs from it but very slightly.

•tt C. (a.) s. 3 sempervtrens, C. sempervirens Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836, closely
resembles the species, but differs from it in retaining its leaves through-
out a part of the winter.

& ^ 5. C. (A.) PANICULA^TA L'Herit. The panicled^/owm'wg Dogwood.

Identification. L'Herit. Corn., No. 10. t. 5. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 308.

Synonymes. C. racembsa Lam. Diet. 2. p. 116. ; C. fce'mina Mill. Diet. No. 4. ; C. citrifdlia Hurt.

Par.
Engravings. Schmidt Baum., 2, t. 68. ; and our Jig. 917.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Branches erect. Leaves ovate,
acuminated, glabrous, hoary beneath. Corymb
thyrsoid. Ovarium silky. Branches pale pur-
plish. Pomes roundish, depressed, watery,
white, 3 lines in diameter. The dots on the
under side oF the leaves, which are only seen
through a lens^ ftear bicuspidate short, adpressed
hairs. Tube of calyx pubescent (Don's Mill.)
A large shrub. Canada to Carolina, in swamps
and near rivulets, among other bushes. Height
4 ft. to 6 ft. in America ; 20 ft. to 25 ft. in cultiva-
tion. Introduced in 1758. Flowers white ; July
and August. Fruit white ; ripe in October. De-
caying leaves reddish brown. Naked young wood
purplish.

Varieties.

& C. p. 2 dlbida Ehrh. Beitr. iv. p. 16. —

Leaves elliptic-lanceolate.
& C. p. 3 radidta Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. i.

p. 109. — Corymbs sterile, foliiferous.

& 6. C. (A.) SERI'CEA L'Herit. The silky Dogwood.

Identification. L'Herit. Corn., No. 6. t 2. ; Don's Mill., 3. p 399.

Synonymes. C. lanuginbsa Michx. FL Bar. Amer. 1. p. 92. ; C. alba Walt. Fl. Car, 88., but not of
Lin ; C. caerulea Lam. Diet. 2. p. 116. ; C. <4mbmum Du Roi Harbk. 1. p. 165. ; C. rubiginosa
Ehrh. Beitr. 4. p. 15. ; C. ferruginea Hort. Par. ; C. candidissima Mill. ; C. cyanoc&rpos Mcench,
but not of Gmel.

Engravings. Schmidt Baum., 2. t. 64. ; and our fig. 918.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches spreading.
Branchlets woolly. Leaves ovate,
acuminated, clothed with rusty pubes-
cence beneath. Corymbs depressed,
woolly. Pomes bright blue. Nut
compressed. (Don's Mill.} A large
shrub. Canada to Carolina, in swampy
woods and on river banks. Height
5ft. to 8ft. Introduced in 1683.
Flowers white; June and July. Fruit
bright blue ; ripe in October. Decay-
ing leaves rusty brown. Naked young
wood brown and green.

Variety.

& C. (a.) s. 2 oblongi/olia Dec. Prod.

iv. p. 272., C. oblongifolia Rafiin in Litt., has leaves oblong and
glabrous above.

This sort is very distinct from the two preceding ones, and comes nearer,
in general appearance, to C. alba than they do ; but it is a weaker plant, and
smaller in all its parts than that species. The two preceding sorts, C. (a.)

917. C. (a.) panic

918. C. a.) sericea.

XXXVI H. CORNAVCE.£ I CC/RNUS.

505

919. C. (a.j arcuate.

stricta and C. (a.) paniculate, have much narrower leaves, and a more compact
fastigiate habit of growth, than any other species or variety of the genus. C.
(a.) paniculata is the handsomest of the three sorts for a small garden, as it is
easily kept of a small size, and in a neat shape, and it flowers profusely.

¥ 7. C. (A.) CIRCINA'TA IS Kent. The rounded-leaved Dogwood.

Identification. L'Herit. Corn., p. 7. No. 8. t. 3. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 399.

Synonymes. C. tomentosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1. p. 91. ; C. rugbsa Lam. Diet. 2. p. 115.; C.

virginiana Hort. Par.
Engravings. Schmidt Baum., 2. t. 69. ; and our fig. 919.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches waited. Leaves
broadly oval, acuminated, clothed with hoary
tomentum beneath. Corymbs depressed,
spreading. Branches slightly tinged with
red. Leaves broad, waved on their edges.
Flowers white, as in most of the species.
Pomes globose, at first blue, but at length
becoming white. (Doris Mill.} A large shrub.
North America, from Canada to Virginia, on
the banks of rivers ; and probably of Cali-
fornia. Height 5ft. to 10ft. Introduced
in 1784. Flowers white; June and July.
Fruit at first blue, and then turning white ;
ripe in October. Decaying leaves rusty
brown. Naked young wood green, tinged with red.

Readily distinguished from all the other sorts, by its broader leaves, and its
rough waited branches.

¥ 8. C. OBLO'NGA Wall. The oblong-leaved Dogwood.

Identification. Wall, in Roxb. Fl. InA, 1. p. 432. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 398.
Synonyme. C. paniculata Hamitt. ex D. Don Prod. Fl. Nep. p. 140.
Engraving. Our Jig. 920. from a specimen in Dr. Lindley's herbarium.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oblong, acuminated,
acute at the base, glaucous, and rather sca-
brous beneath, with many excavated glands
along the axils of the ribs and nerves. Co-
rymbs spreading, panicled. Young shoots
clothed with short adpressed hair. Leaves
4 in. to 6 in. long, and 1 in. to l£in. broad.
Petioles about an inch long. Flowers white
or pale purplish, fragrant. Calyx clothed
with adpressed silvery hairs, as well as the
pedicels and petals. Ovarium 3-celled. Pome ovate-oblong. (Don's Mill.)
A large shrub. Nepal, about Narainhetty, Katmandu, and the Valley of
Dhoon. Height 10ft. to 15ft. Introduced in 1818. Flowers white or
purplish, fragrant.

§ ii. Involucratce Dec.

Derivation. From involucrum, an involucre, with which the heads of flowers are severally sur-
rounded.
Sect. Char. Flowers disposed in heads or umbels, surrounded by coloured

involucres, which are usually composed of 4 leaves. {Dec. Prod.) Trees,

with yellow umbelled flowers.

t 9. C. MA'S L. The male Dogwood, the Cornel, or Cornelian Cherry Tree.

Identification. Lin. So , 171. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 400. ; Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836.

Sunonumes. C. mascula VlUrit. Corn. No. .4. ; Long Cherry Tree ; Cornelia ; Cornouiller male,

Cornes, Corneilles, Fr. ; Kernel Kirsche Hartriegel, Ger. ; Corgnolo, Ital
Derivation. The name of mas has been applied to this species since the days of Theophrastus ; in

all probability, because young plants are barren for many years after they show flowers ; these

506

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

flowers being furnished with stamens only. For an opposite reason, the name of Cornus fce'mina
was given to C. sanguinea. (See p. 502.) The name of Cornelian Cherry relates to the beautiful
colour of the fruit, which resembles that of a cornelian.
Engravings. Black., t. 121. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our Jigs. 921.and 922.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Branches sraoothish. Leaves oval,
acuminated, rather pubescent on both surfaces.
Flowers protruded before the leaves. Umbels about
equal in length to the 4-leaved involucre. Flowers
yellow. Fruit elliptic, of a bright shining scarlet co-
lour, the size and form of a small olive or acorn, very
styptic in its immature state. (Don's Mill.) A large
shrub or low tree. Europe, Britain excepted, and
in the North of Asia, in hedges and among bushes.
Height 12ft. to 20 ft. Introduced in 1596. Flow-
ers yellow ; February to April. Fruit cornelian-
coloured ; ripe in October and November. Decay-
ing leaves reddish green. Naked young wood brownish green.

rarieties.

¥ C. m. 2fructu ceres coloris N. Du Ham. ii. p. 162. has the fruit of a

wax colour.
If C. m. 3 vanegatus has the leaves edged with white or yellow.

921. C. mils.

n9.2. Cdrnus mis.

The wood has been, in all ages, celebrated for its hardness and durability ;
and it is at the same time tough and flexible. In a dry state, it weighs 69 Ib.
5 oz. to the cubic foot. The small branches are said to make the most durable
spokes for ladders ; wooden forks for turning the grain on barn floors, and for
making hay ; hoops, butchers' skewers, and toothpicks. The wooden forks
are made by selecting branches which divide into three near the extremity;
and, after cutting the branch to a proper length, which is commonly about 5
or 6 feet, the bark is taken off, and the three branches which are to form the
prongs are bent so as to form a triangle, like the wooden corn forks of Eng-
land. In this state they are put into a hot oven, where they are kept till they
are hardened, so as to retain the shape given to them. Similar hay and straw
forks are made of the nettle tree in France, and of the willow in various parts
of England, by the same procedure. The fruit, when thoroughly ripe, is some-

xxxvin.

507

what sweet, and not disagreeable to eat ; and, on the Continent, it is frequently
used in confectionery, and for making marmalades. As an ornamental tree,
the cornel is valuable, not only on account of its early flowering, and the fine
display made by its ripe fruit, but because it is a low tree, never growing out
of bounds, and one which, after it has attained the height of 10 or 12 feet, is
of slow growth, and of very great duration. For these last reasons, it is par-
ticularly suitable for small suburban gardens, in which it will form a fit associate
for small trees of CVataevgus, Herberts, T^hamnus, 2?uonymus, //amamelis, &c.
Seeds ; but layers or suckers come much sooner into a flowering state. There
are remarkably fine specimens of this tree in the old French gardens in the
neighbourhood of Paris, and also in the old gardens of Germany.

% 10. C. FLO'RIDA L. The Florida Dogwood.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1661. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 400.

Synonyme. Virginian Dogwood.

Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 526. ; Schmidt Baum., 2. t. 52. ; and our fig. 923.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches shining. Leaves ovate, acuminated, pale beneath,
beset with adpressed hairs on both surfaces. Flowers umbellate, pro-
truded after the leaves. Leaves of involucre large, roundish, retuse,
or nearly obcordate. Pomes ovate. Leaves of involucre white. Flow-
ers greenish yellow, and very large. Pomes scarlet, about half the size of
those of C. mas ; ripe in August. (Don's Mill.} A large shrub or low
tree. Carolina to Canada, in woods ; and on the
banks of the Columbia, near its confluence with
the sea. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft. Introduced in
1731. Flowers large, yellowish white ; April <?
and May. Fruit scarlet ; ripe in August. De-
caying leaves yellowish green. Naked young
wood brownish green.

Cornus florida is universally allowed to be the
handsomest species of the genus. It thrives best in
a peat soil, which must be kept moist ; and the
situation should be sheltered, though the foliage of
the plants must be fully exposed to the influence of
the sun, otherwise they will not flower. Cuttings
or layers, both of which readily strike root. 923.

Cornus grdndis Schlect. A small tree or shrub. Chico, in ravines. Intro-
duced in 1838 by Hartweg, and probably hardy. " It has a beautiful foliage ; the
leaves being from Sin. to 5 in. long, smooth and deep green above, hoary with
down on the under side." The flowers are in small heads, and the fruit as large
as a sloe, and purplish black, covered with bloom. (Lot. Reg. Chron., 183.9.)

C. officindlis, a native of Japan, is figured by Sieboldt (t. 50.), and will pro-
bably prove hardy.

GENUS II.

Lin. Syst. Tetrandria

BENTHAvM//i Lindl. THE BENTHAMIA.
Monogynia.

Identification. Lindl. in Bot. lleg., t. 1579.
Synonyme. C6rnus sp. Wall., Dec., and G. Don.

Derivation. Named in honour of George Bentham, Esq., F.L.S., Secretary to the Horticultural
Society ; and nephew of the celebrated moralist and jurist, Jeremy Bentham.

Gen. Char. Flowers ciisposed in heads, each head attended by an involucre
which consists of 4 petal-like parts, and resembles a corolla. Calyx with a
minute 4-toothed limb. Petals 4, flesh}-, wedge-shaped. Stamens 4. Style
1. Fruit constituted of many pomes grown together ; endocarp in each
pome with 2 cells. Seals solitary and pendulous in each cell. (Lindl.)

508 ARBORETUM ET FRUT1CETUM BRITANNICUM.

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, sub-evergreen ; entire. Flowers large,
white. — A large shrub or low tree. Himalayas. Culture as in Cornus.

If 1. B. FRAGI'FERA Lindl. The Strawberry-bearing Benthamia.

Identification. Hort. Trans., 2d series, 1. p. 458. ; Lindl. in Bot. Reg., t. 1579.

Synonymes. C. capitata Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1. p. 434., Don's Mill. 3. p. 399. ; Chung-wa, in

Nepal ; Bhumowro, in Serampore.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1579. ; Hort. Trans., 2d series, 1. t. 17. ; and our fig. 924.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches spreading, smooth.
Leaves lanceolate, acuminated at both ends, on
short petioles, rather rough with small ad-
pressed down. Flowers sessile, densely aggre-
gate, forming a round head girded by a 4-leaved
scabrous involucrum. (Don's Mill.) A large
sub-evergreen shrub or low tree. Nepal, in
Gossainthan. Height 10ft. to 15. ft. Intro-
duced in 1825. Flowers large, yellowish white ;
June. Fruit large, about the size of that of the
common arbutus, reddish ; ripe in October ;
yellowish white within, not unpleasant to eat
Young shoots whitish green.

Rather tender in the climate of London, though 924> B' fragifera'

it forms a fine evergreen in some parts of Cornwall : perhaps it might be ren-
dered hardier by grafting it on Cornus sanguinea. Readily propagated either
from seeds or cuttings, and of easy culture in loamy soil, kept moist.

Benthamis. japonica is figured by Sieboldt (t. 16.), and is probably hardy.

ORDER XXXIX. LORANTHANCEJE.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx calyculate, entire or lobed. Petals 4 — 8, distinct or co-
hering ; aestivation valvate. Stamens 4 — 8, opposite the petals, or more or
less adnate to them. Style absent or present. Stigma capitate. Berry
1 -celled, 1 -seeded, crowned by the calyx. Albumen fleshy. Flowers gene-
rally unisexual. The habit, and the stamens being opposite the petals,
distinguish this from Caprifoliaceae and Cornaceae. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, evergreen ; entire. Flowers small,
whitish, or purplish. — Shrubs, parasitical or terrestrial. Europe and Japan.

The hardy ligneous plants are included in the genera Hscum, Loranthus,
and Aucuba.

Pi's CUM L. Flowers dioecious or monoecious. Margin of the calyx ob-
solete. Petals usually 4, connected at the base in the male flowers, but free
in the female. Berry globular, viscid, of 1 cell.

LORA'NTHUS L. Flowers dioecious or hermaphrodite. Margin of calyx
entire. Petals 5 — 6, linear, reflexed.

AU'CUBA Thunb. Flowers dioecious. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 4, ovate
lanceolate. Fruit fleshy, 1-seeded.

GENUS I.

PI'SCUM L. THE MISTLETOE. Lin. Syst. Monce^cia, or Dioe^cia,
Tetrandria.

Identification. Tourn. Inst., p. 609. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 277.; Don's Mill., 3. p. 402.

XXXIX. LORANTHAXCE^E I n'sCUM. 509

Synonymes. Misseldine, Gui, or Guy, Fr. ; MistI, or Missel, Ger. ; Visco, or Vischio, Ital. ; Lega-

modoga, S/wm.
Derivation. Piscus, or viscum, is the Latin for birdlime, which is made from the berries ; and

Mistletoe is by some supposed to be derived from mist, the German word for dung, or slimy dirt,

and by others from mistelta, the Saxon name for the plant.

Gen. Char. Calyx a slight border in the male flowers, more evident in the
female. Corolla in the male flowers gamopetalous, in 4 deep, ovate, acute,
equal divisions ; in the female flower of 4 ovate, equal, deciduous petals.
Anthers in the female flowers none; in the male flower 4, compressed. Ova-
rium ovate. Stigma sessile. Berry globular. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, opposite, rarely alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; undi-
vided, entire, rigid. Flowers in fascicles or spikes, greenish. Berries white.
— An evergreen shrub, parasitical on trees. Europe; in Britain, England.

£ \. V. A'LBUM L. The white-fruited, or common, Mistletoe.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1451. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 277. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 403.

Engravings. N. Du Ham., 1. t. 115. ; Eng. Bot., t. 1470. ; Baxt. Brit. PI., t. 40. ; and our fig. 925.,
which exhibits a portion of a male plant, marked m, and of a female plant in fruit, marked/.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem much branched, forked; with sessile intermediate
heads, of about 5 flowers. Branches terete. Leaves obovate-lanceolate,
obtuse, nerveless. (Don's Mill.) A parasitical shrub, forming a confused
tuft of branches with a yellowish green aspect. Europe and England, on
trunks and branches of trees, most frequent on Ttosaceae. Height 2 ft. to
3ft. Flowers greenish yellow ; May. Berry white; ripe in December.
The leaves vary considerably in different plants, as may
be seen in Jig. 926., which contains engravings of three
different specimens. The durability of the plant is very
great ; for, when once established on a tree, it is seldom
known to cease growing while the tree is in life ; but,
when it dies, or the branch on which it is rooted decays,
or becomes diseased, the death of the mistletoe imme-
diately follows. The trees on which the mistletoe
grows belong to various natural orders ; and, indeed, it
would be difficult to say on what dicotyledonous trees
it will not grow. In England, it is found on jTiliaceae,
^4ceraceae, .Kosaceae, Cupuliferae, *Salicaceae, Oleaceae, and, we believe, also
on Conifers. It is found on the oak at Eastnor Castle (see Card.
Mag., vol. xiii. p. 206.) ; and in the neighbourhood of Magdeburg we saw
it growing in immense quantities on Pinus sylvestris in 1814. In France, it
grows on trees of all the natural orders mentioned, but least frequently on the
oak. It does not grow on the olive in France, though it abounds on the
almond. In Spain, it grows on the olive ; as it does in the neighbourhood
of Jerusalem ; and, in the latter locality, is found the variety with red fruit,
which is perhaps a Loranthus.

The mistletoe is propagated by the berries being, by some means or other,
made to adhere to the bark of a living tree. The common agency by
which this is effected is supposed to be that of birds ; and more especially
of the missel thrush, which, after having satisfied itself by eating the berries,
wipes off such of them as may adhere to the outer part of its beak, bv rubbing
it against the branch of the tree on which it has alighted ; and some of the
seeds are thus left sticking to the bark. If the bark should be smooth, and not
much indurated, the seeds will germinate, and root into it the following spring ;
that is, supposing them to have been properly fecundated by the proximity
of a male plant to the female one which produced them. The first indication
of germination is the appearance of one or more radicles, like the sucker of
a house fly, but larger; as at h i, in Jig. 926., which are front views, and at
k I in the same figure, which are side views, taken from mistletoe berries,
which were stuck on the upright trunk of a cherry tree in our garden at
Bayswater, in March, 1836, and germinated there, as they appeared on the
2()th of May of the same year. When the white, viscous, pulpy matter of the
mistletoe berry is removed, the kernel, or seed, appears of a greenish colour, and

510

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

flat ; sometimes oval,
at other times triangu-
lar, and at other times
of various forms, in j£g.
926., a is the male blos-
som magnified; b, the fe-
male blossom magnified ;
d, a berry cut through,
transversely ; e, a seed
divided vertically, show-
ing the two embryos ; g,
the embryo magnified ;
h, the two embryos, with
the two radicles germi-
nating ; it a single radi-
cle ; k, a side view, or
section, of the two radi-
cles ; and /, a side view,
or section, of the single
radicle. Our mistletoes,
at Bayswater, are now
(Aug. 1840) from 4 in.
to 8 in. in length, with
4 or 5 pairs of leaves,
after having been four
years sown. Mr. Moss, a
nurseryman at Malvern,
has succeeded in grafting the mistletoe standard high on young apple and
pear trees, and also on poplars and willows. The grafts should be made in the
first or second week in May ; and they should never be lower than 5 ft. from
the ground, or higher than 10 ft. Where the stock is not more than \ in. in
diameter, an incision is made in the bark, into which a scion of mistletoe,
pared thin, is inserted, having a bud and a leaf at the upper end. In grafting
longer pieces, a notch should be cut out of the stock ; an incision made
below the notch ; and a shoulder left on the scion to rest on the notch, in the
manner of crown grafting. In every case, there must be a joint on the lower
extremity of the scion. The mistletoe may also be propagated by budding,
taking care to have a heel of wood and a joint at the lower extremity of the
bud. (See Gard. Mag.t vol. xiii. pp. 206. and 285.)

926. V. &lbum.

GENUS II.

LORA'NTHUS L. THE LORANTHUS. Lin. Syst. Pentahexandria Mono-

gynia.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1672. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 671. ; Dpn's Mill., 3. p. 409.

Derivation. From lorutn, a lash made of leather, and antfios, a flower ; alluding to the long linear
shape and leathery substance of the petals.

Gen. Char. Floivers dioecious or hermaphrodite. Calyx cup-shaped, adnate,
with an entire border. Petals 5 — 6, linear, reflexed. Stamens inserted into
the middle of the petals. Filaments short. Anthers globose. Style thickish.
Stigma simple. Berry globose, 1 -celled, 1-seeded. {Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, opposite or nearly so, ex stipulate, evergreen . entire,
rigid. Flowers in spikes, axillary and terminal. — An evergreen shrub,
parasitical on trees ; native of Austria.

XXXIX. LORANTHA^CE^ : AU'dJBA.

511

£ 1. L. EUROpjEvus L. The European Loranthus.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1672. ; Jacq. Fl. Austr., t. 30. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 409.
Engravings. Jacq. 1. c. ; oar Jig 927., and our Jig. 928. of the natural size

927. L.europae^us

Spec. Char., tyc. Plant glabrous,
much branched. Branches te-
rete. Leaves opposite, petiolate,
oval-oblong. Racemes terminal,
simple. Flowers dioecious, of 6 petals. (Don's Mill.') An evergreen parasitical
shrub, with the habit of Tiscum album. Austria, Hungary, Italy, and
Upper Siberia, on oak and sweet chestnut trees. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft.
Introduced in 1839. Flowers greenish ; May. Berries oval, white or yel-
lowish ; ripe in December.

Berries of this plant were received from M. Charles Rauch of Vienna, by
his brother, M. Francis Rauch, and sown on trees in the Horticultural So-
ciety's Garden, and also in our garden, at Bayswater, in January, 1839,
though they have not yet vegetated.

GENUS III.

AU'CUBA Thunb. THE AUCUBA. Lin. Syst. Dice'cia Tetrandria.

Identification. Thunb. Fl. Jap , p. 4. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 274. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 433.
Synonymes. Aucuba Kasmpf. Amoen. 5. p. 775. ; Eubasis Salisb. Prod. p. 68.
Derivation. Aucuba is the Japanese name.

Gen. Char. Flowers dioecious. Calyx closely adhering, with the margin a
little elevated, and 4-toothed ; teeth obtuse, very short. Petals 4, decidu-
ous, alternating with the calycine teeth, inserted in the margin of the
elevated fleshy 4-angled disk. Stamens 4. Ovarium cylindrical. Style very
short, thick, terete. Berry fleshy, 1 -seeded. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, evergreen ; petiolate, coriaceous.
Floivers small, panicled.

An evergreen shrub or low tree ; Japan ; with dichotomous or verticillate
branches, in the manner of those of Loranthus and Tiscum. The male
blossom is unknown. Only the female state of this plant is in British
gardens.

« 1. A. JAPO'NICA Thunb. The Japan Aucuba.

Identification. Thunb. Fl. Jap., p. 64. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 274. ; Don's Mill.,
Synonymes. Eubasis dich6tomus Salisb. Prod. p. 68. ; spotted-leaved Lauri
Engravings. Thunb. Icon. Fl. Jap., t. 12. and 13. ; Bot. Mag., t. 1197.; an

-, _. p. 433.
._irel, Japan Laurel,
and our Jig. 929.

512

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BHITANNICUM.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate-lan-
ceolate, acuminated, toothed, cori-
aceous, glabrous, shining, pale green ;
beautifully spotted with yellow,
having the midrib rather prominent,
the rest of the leaf reticulately
veined. Petioles articulated with
the branches, and dilated at the
base. (-Don's Mill.) An evergreen
shrub. Japan. Height 6 ft. to 10ft.,
and probably much higher in warm
sheltered situations. Introduced in
1783. Flowers dark blood-coloured ;
May and July. Berries red ; ripe
in March ; not yet seen in England.

As hardy as, or hardier than, the
common laurel ; and, what is a very
valuable property in England, it will
endure coal smoke better than
almost any other evergreen.' It is readily propagated by cuttings; and
grows freely in any soil tolerably dry, advancing steadily by shoots of from
6 in. to 9 in. long every season.

ORDER XL. CAPRIFOLIA CEJE.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla monopetalous ; tube short ; limb 5-
lobed ; aestivation valvate. Stamens 5, adnate to the corol!a, and alternat-
ing with its lobes. Ovarium 3-celled. Style exserted. Stigmas 3, distinct, or
combined. Berry pulpy, rarely dry, crowned by the calyx, 1 or many celled.
Seeds solitary, twin or numerous in the cells. Albumen fleshy. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, or compound, generally exstipulate, deciduous, or ever-
green. Flowers terminal, corymbose, or axillary. — Shrubs or low trees,
natives of Europe, North America, and Asia, which may be arranged in
two sections as under : —

Sect. I. SAMBU'CEJE Humb. et Kth.

Sect. Char. Corolla monopetalous, regular, rotate, with 5 segments only
connected a little at the base; rarely tubular. Style wanting. Stigmas 3,
sessile.
SAMBU'CUS Tourn. Corolla rotate, urceolate. Berry roundish, pulpy, 1-celled,

3 — 4- seeded, hardly crowned.

FIBU'RNUM L. Corolla rotate, subcampanulate, and tubular. Berry 1-
seeded, crowned by the calycine teeth. Low deciduous trees or shrubs ;
partly evergreen.

Sect. II. LONICE'RJSJS Brown.
Sect. Char. Corolla monopetalous, more or less tubular, usually irregular

Style filiform, crowned by three distinct or concrete stigmas.
DIERVI'LI^ Tourn. Calyx bibracteate at the base, 5-parted. Corolla 3-cleft.

Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. A low deciduous shrub.
LOM'CER,* Desf. Tube of calyx 5-toothed. Corolla 5-parted, usually irre-
gular. Berry 3-celled. Cells few-seeded. Deciduous and evergreen shrubs,
many of them twiners.

SYMPHORICA'RPOS G. Don. (Symphoria Pers.) Calyx 4 — 5-toothed. Co-
rolla almost regular. Berry crowned by the calyx, 4-celled, two of them
empty, and the other two containing 1 seed each Deciduous shrubs.

XL. CAPRIFOLIAVCE,£ I SAMBU\:US.

513

LEYCESTEVR/^ Wall. Calyx 5- parted, irregular. Corolla 5-parted. Berry 5-
celled, crowned by the calyx. Cells many-seeded. A rambling sub- ever-
green shrub.

Sect. I.

GENUS I.

SAMBITCUS Tourn. THE ELDER. Lin. Syst. Pentandria Trigynia.

Identification. Tourn. Inst.. 376. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 321. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 436.
Synonyme. Phyteuma Lour. Cock. p. 138., but not of Lin.

Derivation. From sambuke, which the Latins have changed to sambuca, a musical instrument
which is believed to have been made of elder wood.

Gen. Char., $c. Calyx small, but divided into 5 deep segments, permanent.
Corolla rotate, urceolar, 5-lobed ; lobes obtuse. Stamens 5, about the
length of the corolla. Filaments awl-shaped. Anthers roundish, and heart-
shaped. Style none. Stigmas 3, obtuse. Berry globular, pulpy, of 1 cell,
containing 3 — 5 seeds, which are convex on the outside, and angular
inside. (Don's Mill^)

Leaves compound, opposite, bistipulate, deciduous ; stalked : leaflets
toothed, pinnate, or jagged, often biglandular at the base. Flowers white
or purplish, in terminal cymes, which are in some flat, and in others thyrsoid.
Berries purplish, cathartic. — Those plants of the genus which have pinnate
or jagged leaflets, are not true species, but only varieties; all the true species
having only toothed leaflets.

Trees, low, deciduous, natives of Europe and North America ; ornamental
for their compound leaves, and large terminal cymes of flowers ; which are
succeeded by purplish, red, white, or green berries, from which a wine is made.
All the species are of easy culture, in good soil, rather moist and loamy ; and
they are all readily propagated by cuttings.

A. Leaves pinnate. Flowers cymose or corymbose.
t 1. S. Ni\3RA L. The common, or black-fruited, Elder.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 385. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 437.

J»30. Sambiiciu nigra.

Synonymes. Bourtry. or Bour Tree, Arntree, Scotch: Sureau, F) . ; Hollander, Ger. ; Sainbuco
Ital. ; Sauco, and Sabuco, Span. ; Flaeder, Swed. ; Hylde, Dan.

L L

514

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Engravings. N. Du Ham., 1. t. 55. ; Eng. Bot., t. 476. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit.,
1st edit, vol. vi. ; and our figs. 9o-0. and 931.

Spec. C/iar., $c. Arboreous. Leaves pinnate.
Leaflets usually 5, smooth, deep green, ovate or
oblong-oval, acuminated ; the lower leaves some-
times trifoliolate. Cymes with 5 main branches.
Branches, after a year's growth, clothed with
smooth grey bark, and filled with a light spongy
pith. Flowers cream-coloured, with a sweet but
faint smell. Berries globular, purplish black.
Stalks reddish. (Don's Mill.) A low tree. Eu-
rope, and part of Asia, in hedges, coppices, and
woods ; and plentiful in Britain, in like situations.
Height 20 ft. to 30 ft. Flowers cream-coloured ;
June. Berries purplish black; ripe in Septem-
ber. Decaying leaves yellowish green. Naked young wood whitish green.

931. S. nlgra.

Parietiet.

¥ S

t S
¥ S

. n. 2 virescens Dec. Prod. iv. p. 322. ; S. virescens Desf. Arbr. Fr. i.

p. 348. — Fruit yellowish green.

. n. 3 leucocarpa. — Fruit white.

. n. 4 lacinidta; S. laciniata Milt. Diet. No. 2. (Lob. Icon., 2. t. 164.

f. 2. ; and our Jig.
932) ; the Parsley-
leaved Elder; has the
leaflets cut into fine
segments. The hand-
somest of all the va-
rieties.

932. S. n. lacinihta.

93S. S. n. foliis argfinteis.

t S. n. 5 rotundifolia. — Leaves trifoliolate. Leaflets petiolate, roundish,
serrated. Corymbs few-flowered. Cultivated in the Chelsea Garden.

* S. n. 6 monstrosa, S. monstrosa Hort., has the branches striped.
Flowers of from 5 — 15 parts; and with from 5 — 15 stamens. Stig-
mas 5 — 12. Berries irregular.

5f S. n. 7 foliis argenteis (fig. 933.) has the leaves variegated with white,
and forms a striking and lively-looking plant in a shrubbery.

% S. n. 8 foliis liiteis has the leaves slightly variegated with yellow.

The elder is cultivated in some parts of Kent for its fruit, which is much
in demand for making elder wine. The flowers and bark are much used by
herbalists ; and the wood of old trunks, being very hard, is used as a substi-
tute for that of box and dogwood. The young shoots, having large pith, are
made into pop-guns, and the pith is used by electricians in various experiments.
The plant, both in Britain and on the Continent, is sometimes used for forming
hedges, and also as a nurse plant for plantations exposed to the sea breeze.
In the latter capacity, it has the great advantage of growing rapidly the first
five or six years, and afterwards of being easily choked by the trees it has
nursed up. The elder will not thrive except in a good soil, kept somewhat
moist ; and it will not flower and fruit abundantly, unless the situation be

XL. CAPRIFOLIA CEJE : SAMBU CUS.

515

open, and fully exposed to the light and air. The plant roots so readily from
cuttings and truncheons, that, where the soil is tolerably moist, a plantation
or a hedge may be made at once, by the use of the latter, instead of employ-
ing rooted plants.

& 2. S. CANADE'NSIS L. The Canadian Elder.

Llentification. Lin. Sp., 385. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 436.
Engravings. Schmidt Baum., 2. t. 142. ; and our Jig. 934.

Spec. Char., fyc. Frutescent. Leaves
pinnate or sub-pinnate. Leaflets
about 4 pairs, and an odd one ;
oblong, oval, stiffish, acuminated,
more or less pubescent beneath,
sometimes appendiculated at the
base. Cymes of 5 main branches.
Flowers almost scentless. Berries
deep bluish black. (Don's Mill.) A
shrub, nearly sufFruticose. Canada to
Carolina, in swamps and near hedges.
Height 4 ft. to 6 ft. Introduced in
1761. Flowers white; July and
August. Fruit bluish black ; ripe in
September.

A bush, in foliage resembling the
common elder, but it is less hardy, and,
in Britain at least, never assumes any
thing of a tree character.

934. S. canad^nsis.

B. Leaves pinnate. Floiuers panicled.
m 3. S. RACE3iovSA L. The racemose-flowered Elder.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 386. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 438.

Synonymies. S. montana Cam. Epit. 976. ; S, cervlni Tabern. 1029. ; Sambuco montana, flat.

Engravings. Jacq. Icon. Rar., 1. p. 59.; N. Du Ham., 1. t. 56. ; and our fig. 935.

Spec. Char., fyc. Shrubby. Leaves pinnate.
Leaflets 5, membranous, oblong, acumi-
nated, serrated, unequal at the base.
Petioles glabrous. Panicle ovate. Leaves
pale green, pretty smooth. (Don's Mill.)
A low tree or large shrub. Middle and
South of Europe and Siberia, on moun-
tains. Height 10ft. to 12 ft. Introduced
in 1596. Flowers whitish green ; April
and May. Fruit scarlet ; ripe in August.
Variety.

* S. r. 2 laciniata Koch in Dec. Fl. Fr.

Supp. p. 3000. — Leaflets jagged.

A native of the Palatinate of the

Rhine.

This tree has a splendid appearance
when covered with its panicles of fine,
large, scarlet fruit, which resemble minia-
ture bunches of grapes of the most bril-
liant scarlet. Its large leaves, with their deeply serrated pinnae, are also
very ornamental. It grows as freely as the common elder, and deserves a
place in every collection ; though it is very seldom found, in British gardens,
of such a size as to display its beauty. We should think it would succeed if
budded on the common elder ; and, as that species is abundant in many places,

L L 2

S. racemosa.

516

ARBORETUM ET FRUT1CETUM BRITANNICUM.

plants might be trained to a single stem, and budded with S. racemosa standard
high. It is very ornamental in the Paris gardens.

flfc 4. S. (R.) PU"BENS MicJix. The downy Elder.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 181. ;

Don's Mill., 3. p. 438.
Synonymes. S. racembsa Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1.

p. 279., but not of Lin. ; S. pubescens Lodd. Cat.
Engravings. Our fig. 936. from a living plant in

the Chelsea Botanic Garden.

Spec. Char., $c. Shrubby. Leaves pin-
nate. Leaflets 5, membranous, ovate-
lanceolate, or oblong, acuminated,
serrated, pubescent, but chiefly on
the under side. Panicle thyrsoid.
(Don's Mill.} A large shrub or low
tree. Carolina to Canada, on the
highest mountains. Height 6 ft. to
10 ft, sometimes 12 ft. Introd. 1812.
Flowers whitish ; April and May.
Berries red ; ripe in August.

Closely resembling S. racemosa, of
which it is probably only a variety. Sir
W. J. Hooker mentions a variety with 7 leaflets, which may be designated
S. (r.) p. 2 heptaphylla.

GENUS II.

936. S. (r.) i>til>ens

f L*

— l — I t laai
riBU'RNUM L. THE VIBURNUM. Lin. Syst. Pentandria Trigynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., p. 370. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 323. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 438.

Synonymes. O'pulus, Fiburnum, and Tinus, Town. Inst. p. 607. t. 376. and 377.; ^ibtirnum and
0 pulus, Mcench Melh. p. 505. ; Viorne, Fr. ; Schneeball, Ger. ; Viburno, Ital.

Derivation. According to Vaillant, the word Fiburnum is derived from the Latin word vi'eo, to tie ;
on account of the pliability of the branches of some species. Viburna, in the plural, appears to
have been applied by the ancients to any shrubs that were used for binding or tying.

Gen. Char. Calyx limb small, permanent. Corolla rotate, somewhat cam-
panulate, or tubular, with a 5-lobed limb. Stamens 5, equal. Stigmas 3,
sessile. Berry ovate or globose, 1-seeded from abortion, crowned by the
calycine teeth. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, opposite, stipulate, chiefly deciduous, but partly evergreen ;
petiolate. Flowers in terminal corymbs; usually white, but sometimes
verging to a rose colour. Decaying leaves red and yellow. — Shrubs; natives
of Europe, Asia, and North America ; of easy culture and propagation, by
seeds or layers, in any common soil.

$ i. Tmus Tourn.

Synonymes. Lentago Dec. Prod. 4. p. 324. ; Fiburnum Moench Meth. p. 505.

Sect. Char., fyc. Leaves quite entire, or toothed. Style almost v/anting ; stig-
mas 3, sessile.

* 1. V. TYNus L. The Laurustinus.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 383. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 324. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 438.

Synonymes. V. Zauriforme Lam. Fl. Fr. 3. p. 363. ; Tlnus Tourn. Inst. p. 607. t. 377- ; Tinus Zauri.
folia Borkh. in Rcem. Arch. I. pt. 2. p. 20. ; the Laurustine, wild Baie Tree, Gerard-, Viorne,
Laurier Tin, Fr. ; Lorbeerartiger Schneeball, or Schwalkenstrauch, Ger. ; Lagro salvatico, and
Lauro Tino, Ital.

Derivation. Laurustinus is from laurus, a laurel, and ttnus, the Latin name of the plant ; the word
laurus being added, by old authors, from the supposition that this shrub belonged to the same
family as the iaurus tiobilis, or sweet bay. Lorbeerartiger is laurel- like.

Engravings. N. Du Ham., 2. t. 37- ; Bot. Mag., t. 38. ; and our^g. 937.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate-oblong, quite entire, permanent ; having the

XL. CAPRI FOLA^CE^ : FIBI/RNUM. 517

ramifications of the veins beneath, as
well as the branchlets, furnished with
glandular hairs. Corymbs flat. Flowers
white, but rose-coloured before ex-
pansion, and sometimes afterwards for
a little time. Berries dark blue. (Don's
Mill.) A compact evergreen shrub.
South of Europe, and North of Africa.
Height 8 ft. to 10 ft. Introduced in
1596. Flowers white ; December till
March. Berries dark blue ; ripe in June.

Varieties.

* V. T. 2 hirta Ait. Hort. Kew. ii.
p. 166. ; V. Tmus Mill. Diet.
No. 4.; V. liicidum Mitt., Pers.,

and Schultes. — Leaves oval-ob- 937. Kibfirnum

long, hairy beneath and on the
margins. The flowers of this variety appear in autumn, and con-
tinue on the shrub all the winter. A native of Portugal and Spain,
and the vicinity of Nice. Very distinct, from the comparative
roundness of its leaves, and the hairiness both of the leaves and
branches.

m V. T. 3 liicida Ait. 1. c. — Leaves ovate-oblong, glabrous on both sur-
faces, shining. The cymes, as well as the flowers and leaves, are
larger than those of the common sort, and seldom appear till the
spring. When the winters are sharp, the flowers are killed, and
never open unless they are sheltered. This is quite a distinct variety,
with fewer and more spreading branches than the common kind, and
much larger leaves, which are shining. There is a subvariety of it
with leaves more or less variegated with white. It is a native about
Algiers, and on Mount Atlas.

* V. T. 4 virgdta Ait. 1. c., Clus. Hist. No. iii. with a fig. — Leaves ob-
long-lanceolate, pilose on the margins, as well as on the under surface.
It is a native of Italy, about Rome and Tivoli, &c.

« V. T. 5 stricta Hort. has a somewhat erect and fastigiate habit. Horti-
cultural Society's Garden. There is also a variegated subvariety.
One of the most ornamental of evergreen shrubs, the foliage tufting in
beautiful masses, and covered with a profusion of white flowers which com-
mence expanding in November, and continue flowering till April or May. In
British nurseries, it is frequently, for expedition's sake, increased by layers ;
but all the varieties are readily propagated by cuttings, taken off in autumn,
and planted in a sandy soil, on a northern border. In two years, these cuttings
will form saleable plants of the smallest size. The variety V. T. lucida, being
somewhat more difficult to strike than the others, is generally increased by
layers, which are made in autumn, and root in a year.

§ ii. Viburnum Tourn.

Synonyms. Lentago Dec. Prod. 4. p. 424.

Sect. Char., $c. Leaves deciduous. All the flowers fertile, and equal in shape
and size, except in V. lantanoides. Corolla rotate. Fruit oval.

& ± 2. V. LENTAXGO L. The Lentago, or pliant-branched, Viburnum.

Identification. Lin. Sp., p. 384. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 325. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 440.

Synonymes. Tree Viburnum, Canada Viburnum ; Viorne a Rameaux pendans, Viorne luisante,

Fr. ; Birn-blatteriger Schneeball, Ger. ; Canadische Schwalkenbeerstrauch, Schwalkenstrauch,

Hayne.
Engravings. Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 21. ; Schmidt Baum., 3. t. 17G. ; and our fig. 838.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves broad-ovate, acuminated, sharply serrated, glabrous.
Petioles with narrow curled margins. Corymbs terminal, sessile. Serratures

LL 3

518

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

of leaves hooked a little, and somewhat cartilagi-
nous. (Don's Mill.) A robust shrub or low tree.
New England to Carolina, among hedges and on
the borders of woods ; and found throughout Ca-
nada. Height 6ft. to 10ft. Introduced in 1761.
Flowers white ; July. Fruit black j ripe in Sep-
tember. Decaying leaves purple red and yellow
Naked young wood yellowish and reddish green.

In British gardens, this species forms, when pruned
to a single stem, a handsome small tree, flowering
freely and producing abundance of fruit, which is
greedily eaten by birds. Propagated by layers, or by
seeds.

& £ 3. F. (L.) PRUNIFO'LIUM L. The Plum-tree-leaved Viburnum.

Identification. Lin. Sp , 383. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 325. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 440.
Synonyme. V. Lentago Du Rot.

Engravings. Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 23. ; N. Du Ham., 2. t. 38. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit,
vol. vi. ; and our fig. 939.

938 V. Lentago.

939. V. ( L.) prunltohum.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves roundish-obovate and oval, glabrous, rather mem-
branous, crenately serrated, ending in a short acumen. Petioles marginate,
glabrous. Cymes sessile. Berries ovate or roundish. (Don's Mill.) A large
shrub or low tree. New England to Carolina, in hedges and fields ; and also
Canada, about Lake Huron. Height 8 ft. to 10 ft. Introduced in 1731.
Flowers white ; May and June. Fruit dark blue ; ripe in September.

& *£ 4. V. (L.) PYRiroYiuM Poir. The Pear-tree-leaved Viburnum.

Identification. Poir. Diet, 5. p. 658. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 325. ; Don's Mill.,

3. p. 440.
Engravings. Dend. Brit., t. 22. ; and our figs. 940. and 941.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate, acutish,
glabrous, subserrated. Petioles smooth.
Corymbs somewhat pedunculate. (Don's
Mill.) A large shrub or low tree. Penn-
sylvania, New Jersey, &c., on the banks
of rivers. Height 5ft. to 8ft. Intro-
duced in 1812. Flowers white ; May and
June. Fruit ovate oblong, black j ripe in
September. 941. K. (LOpjnfoiium.

XL. CAPRIFOLIA CEJE : HBITRNUM.

519

Resembles the preceding species, but is not so straggling in its growth.

& ¥ 5. V. (L.) NU'DUM L. The naked-corymbed Viburnum.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 383. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 325. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 440.

Kunonume. V. pyrifdlium Poir.

Engravings. Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 20. ; Mill. Icon., 274. ; and our fig. 842.

Spec* Char., $c. Leaves oval-oblong, angular at
the base, bluntish, with revolute obsoletely cre-
nulated margins, quite glabrous. Petioles beset
with scale-like scurf or down. Corymbs pedun-
culate, not involucrate. (Don's Mill.) A large
shrub or low tree. Canada to Georgia, in
swamps, particularly on a sandy soil. Height
6 ft. to 10 ft. Introduced in 1752. Flowers
whitish ; May to June. Fruit globose, black or
dark blue ; ripe in September.

Variety.

& *t V. (L.) n. 2 squamatum ; V. squamatum

Wittd. Enum. (Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 24. ;

and our fig. 943.) ; has the surface, mid-
ribs, and petioles of the
leaves scaly (whence
its name), and their
margins crenate, sub-
dentate. The pedun-
cles and pedicels are
also covered with
minute ferruginous
scales j and the leaves
are smaller, and of a
bluer green than those

943. K.(L.)n. squamatum. Qj' y^ nucJmn.

Sir W. J. Hooker says of this species, that he cannot satisfy himself of
permanently distinguishing characters between it and V. Lentago and V. pru-
nifolium. We think all the four varieties of the same form.

& % 6. V. CASSINOI^DES L. The Cassine-like Viburnum.

Identification. Lin. Sp., p. 384. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 326. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 440. ;

Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836.
Synonyme. V. punctatum Rafin.
Engraving. Our fig. 944. from a specimen in the Lambertian herbarium.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute at both
ends, crenated, glabrous above, with subrevolute edges.
Under side of leaves, as well as the petioles, which are
keeled, and branches, which are te-
tragonal, covered with scurfy dots.
Corymbs sessile. (Don's Mill.) A
large shrub or low tree. New York
to Carolina, in swamps. Height 3 ft.
to 5 ft. in America; 10 ft. to 12ft. in
England. Flowers white ; June and
July. Fruit ovate, bluish black ; ripe in September.

942. V. (L.)nud

944. V. ca«tino\i\es.

7. V. (£.) L-EVIGA^TUM WHld.

Viburnum.

The smooth

Identification. Willd. Sp., 1. p. 1491. Dec. Prod., 4. p. 326. ; Don's

Mill., 3. p. 440.
Synonymes. V, cassinoldes Du RoiHarbk. 2. p. 486. ; V. lanceolatum Hill,

JHort. Kew.t. 19.; Fiburnum carolinianum Hort.; Cassine parSgua Lin.

Mant. 220.; Cassine cor ymbbsa Mill. 7co«.t.83.f.l.; Thfcamericano, Ital.
Engravings. Mill. Icon., t. 83. f. 1. ; and our fig. 945.

L L 4

945. K. (c.) Iserig^tum.

520

ARBORETUM KT FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, smooth, remotely
or unequally serrated, cuneated at the base, and quite entire, glabrous.
Branches tetragonally 2-edged, and also glabrous. Corymbs sessile. (Don's
Mill.) A large shrub or low tree. Virginia and Carolina, near the sea
coast. Height 10ft. to 14ft. Introduced in 1724. Flowers white; June
and July. Fruit black ; ripe in September.

Sfc It 8. V. LANTA'NA L. The Wayfaring Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp., p. 384. ; Dec. Prod.. 4. p. 326. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 440.

Synonymes. V. tomentbsum Lam. Fl. Fr. 3. p. 363. ; wild Guelder Rose, pliant-branched Mealy

Tree ; Viorne cotonneuse, Camara, Viorne commune, Coudre-moinsinne, Moncienne, Fr. ;

Schlingstrauch, wolliger Schneeball, or Schwalkenitrauch, Ger. ; Lentaggiue, Hal.
Engravings. Eng. Bot, t. 331. ; Jacq. Austr., t. 341. ; and our Jig. 946.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves cordate, rounded, finely
serrated, veiny, clothed beneath, but more sparingly
on the upper side, with starry mealy pubescence,
like that on the branches, petioles, and peduncles.
Under side of leaves and branches white from mealy
down. Cymes pedunculate, broad, flat, of nume-
rous crowded white flowers. Bracteas several,
small, acute. (Don's Mill.} A large shrub or low
tree, with copious, opposite, round, pliant, mealy
branches. Europe and the West of Asia, in low
woods and hedges, chiefly on calcareous soils.
Height 12ft. to 15ft, Flowers white ; May and
June. Fruit compressed in an early state, red on
the outer side, yellow, and finally black, with a little
mealy astringent pulp ; ripe in August and Septem-
ber. Decaying leaves of a fine deep red.

Varieties.

& t V. L. 2 grandifolia Ait., V. L. latifolia Lodd. Cat., has leaves larger

than those of the species, and, according to some, ought to constitute

a separate species itself. Mr. Gordon thinks this variety the same

as V. (L.) Ian tan oid es.
3i ^ V. L. 3 foliis variegatis Lodd. Cat. has leaves variegated with white

and yellow.

It grows rapidly when young, often producing shoots 5 or 6 feet long, from
stools in coppice woods ; but becoming stationary when it has attained the
height of 12 or 15 feet, which it does in 5 or 6 years; and, when pruned to
a single stem, forms a handsome durable small tree. In Germany, the shoots
of one year are employed in basket-making, and for tying faggots and other
packages ; and those of two or three years old are used for tubes to tobacco-
pipes. Plants may be raised from seeds, which should be laid up in a heap
in the rotting-ground, like haws ; for, if sown immediately after being gathered,
they will not come up for 18 or 20 months.

& ^ 9. V. (L.) LANTANOIVDES Michx. The Lantana-like Viburnum, or
American Wayfaring Tree.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 179. ;

Dec. Prod., 4. p. 326. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 441.
Synonymes. ? V. Lantana $ grandifolia Ait. Hort.

Kcw. ed. 1., vol. i. p. 392. ; V. grandifdlium

Smith in Rees's Cycl. No. 14. ; V. Lantana /3

canadensis Pcrs. Ench. 1. p. 327. ; Hobble Bush,

Amer.
Engravings. Bot. Cab., t. 1070. ; and our Jig. 947.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves roundish-cor-
date, abruptly acuminated, unequally
serrated; serraturesawnless. Branches,
petioles, and nerves of leaves clothed
with powdery tomentum. Corymbs
terminal, almost sessile. Fruit ovate.

XL. CTAPIIIFOLIAVCE,E !

521

(Don's Miller.) The outer flowers of the corymbs are abortive and
radiant ; a circumstance, as Sir W. J. Hooker observes, noticed by few
botanists. A shrub or low tree, very like V. Lantana, but of more humble
growth, and the leaves are larger, and tomentose. Canada to Carolina,
principally in the forests called Beech Woods, about Quebec and Lake
Huron. Height 5ft. to 10ft. Introduced in 1820. Flowers white ; June
and July. Fruit first red, afterwards black. Hort. Soc. Garden.

* 10. V. (L.) DAHUVRICUM Pall. The Dahurian Viburnum.

Identification. Pall. Fl. Ros.,p. 52. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 328.;

Don's Mill., 3. p. 442.
Synonymes. Lonicera mongdhca Pall. Fl. Eos. 1. t. 38. f.

t. 58. f. F. G. ; C6rnus daurica Laxm.
Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ros., t. 38., and t. 58. f. F. G. ;

Gmel. Sib., 3. t. 25. ; and our fig. 948.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves ovate, somewhat
cordate at the base, crenately serrated,
.beset with stellate down, as well as the
branchlets. Corymbs dichotomous, few-
flowered. Corollas tubular, somewhat fun-
nel-shaped, bluntly 5-toothed. Berry 5-
seeded. (Don's Mill.) A shrub resembling
V. Lantana. Dahuria. Height 6 ft. to 8 ft.
Introduced in 1785. Flowers yellowish
white ; June and July. Fruit at first red,
but afterwards black and sweet ; ripe in
September. Horticultural Society's Garden.

A tolerably distinct variety ; but, in our
opinion, by no means entitled to be con-
sidered a species.

•* 11. V. (?L.) CGTiNiFoYiuM D. Don. The Cotinus-leaved Viburnum.

Identification. D. Don Prod. Fl. Nep., 1. p. 141. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 327. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 441.
Synonyme. V. Muttaha Ham. in D. Don Prod. Fl. Nep. 1. p. 141.

Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1(550. ; and our fig. 949. from the plant in the Horticultural Society's
Garden, and fig. 950. from the Bot. Reg.

Sjiec. Char., fyc. Leaves
roundish oval, quite
entire, clothed with
stellate tomentum on
both surfaces, grey
beneath, as well as
the branches. Co-
rymbs terminal, wool-
ly. Flowers white.
(Don's Miller.) A
shrub. Himalayas, at
the height of from
5000ft. to 7000ft.,
30° N. lat. Height
6ft. to 8ft. Intro-
duced in 1832, or be-
fore. Flowers white,

tinted with pink ; April and May.

In general appearance it closely resembles V. Lantana ; but the flowers are
much larger, and more tinted with pink ; and neither flat nor bell-shaped, but
of a distinct obconical figure.

m 12. V. DENTAVTUM Lin. The toothed- leaved Viburnum.

v- 'M dah&ricum.

949. V. (? 1.) cotinifolium.

950. r.(?l.>CotlniBli«m.

Dec. Prod., 4. p. 326. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 441.

rt. Kew. 1. p. 3
Bor. Amer. 1. p. 179. ; Arrow-wood ; Viorne dentee, Fr.

Identification. Lin. Sp., p. 384
Synonymes. V. dentatum lucidutn Ait. Ho

Engravings. Jacq. Hort. Vind., 1. t. 36.

.,
1. p. 372. ; V. dentatum glabellum Michx. Fl.

Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 35. ; and our figs. 951. and 952.

522

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM,

?. Char., Sfc. Partly glabrous. Leaves ovate,
and nearly orbicular, plicate, coarsely and den-
tately serrated, with the nerves thick and fea-
thered, glabrous on both surfaces. Cymes or
corymbs pedunculate. Berries small,
and nearly globose, of a dark blue
colour, and crowned by the calyx.
(Don's Mill.) A large shrub. New
York to Carolina, in mountain
woods ; and also in Mexico. Height
4ft. to 6ft. Introduced in 1763.
951. v. denutum. Flowers white ; June and July.
Fruit small, nearly globose, dark
blue, arid crowned by the calyx ; not very frequently ripened in England.

Varieties. In the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges, are plants named V. d.
pubescens, V. d. foliis variegdtis, V. acumindtum, V. hmgifolium, and V. mon-
tanumy which are either varieties of, or identical with, this species.

.1* 13. V. (D.) PUBE'SCENS Pursh. The downy Viburnum.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 202. ; Dec. Prod., 2

p. 326. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 441.
Synonymes. V. dentatum /3 pubescens Ait. Hort. Kew. 1. p. 168. ;

y. dentatum semi-tomentbsum Mich. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1. p. 179. ; V.

tomentbsum Rafin. Med. Rep. 2. p. 860. ; V. vill&sum Rnfin. in

De$f. Journ. \. p. 228. ; V. Rafinesqu&««»» Schultes Syst. 6.

p. 630.
Engraving. Qurfi*. 953. from a specimen in the British Museum.

jS/jer. Char., $c. Pubescent. Leaves ovate, acumi-
nated, on short petioles, coarsely serrate-toothed,
villous beneath, with the nerves feathered and pro-
minent. Corymbs pedunculate. (Don's Mill.) A low
shrub. Virginia and Carolina. Height 3ft. In-
troduced in 1736. Flowers white ; June and July.
Fruit small ovate ; smaller in every part than V.
dentatum. The fruit is dark blue, but sparingly
produced ; the leaves die off yellow and red. 953, r. (do ,1Ub&cens.

J* 14. V. NI'TIDUM Ait. The shining-leaved Viburnum.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., I. p. 371. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 202. ; Dec.

Prod., 4. p. 326. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 440. ^

Engraving Our fig. 954. from a specimen in the Lambertian herbarium.

Spec. Char., $c. Quite glabrous. Leaves linear-lanceolate, shining
above, obsoletely serrated or entire. Branches tetragonal. (Doris
Mitt.) A low shrub, with small leaves. Carolina and Georgia,
in sandy barren woods. Height 2ft. to 4ft. Introduced in
1758. Flowers white ; May and June. Fruit; ?. H. S.

Judging from the plant in the Horticultural Society's Garden, this is
a very distinct species, and its smooth shining yellowish green leaves
render it more ornamental than most of the others of this section.

§ iii. O'pulus Tourn.

Identification. Tourn. Inst., t. 376. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 328. ; Moench Meth., p. 605.

Sect. Char. Outer flowers of the corymbs radiant and sterile, much larger

than the rest, which are fertile. Seed obcordate. (Don's Mill.) Leaves

mostly 3-lobed, and deciduous.

a 15. V. (TpULUS L. The Guelder Rose.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 384. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 328. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 442.

Synonymes. V. lobStum Lam. Fl. Fr. 3. p. 363. ; O'pulus glandul&sus Moench Meth. p. 505. ; O'pu-
lus Raii Syn. 460.; Sambucus aqu&tica Bauh. Pin. 456. ; Marsh Elder, Rose Elder Water Elder;

XL. <?APRIFOL1AVCE,£ :

523

956. K. O'pulus.

Viorne-Obier, 1'Obier d'Europe, Fr. ; Schwalkenbeer Strauch, Wasserholder, Schneeball, Ger. ;

Derivation ° ' Altered from Populus, the poplar, from some supposed resemblance between the
leaves of the plant and those of the poplar. The English name, Guelder Rose, is derived from
Guelderland, where the double-flowered variety was first originated.

Engravings. Engl. Bot., t. 332. ; N. Du Ham., 2. t. 39. ; and our/fg. 955.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Quite glabrous in every
part. Leaves broad, 3-lobed, acumi-
nated, unequally serrated, veiny. Petioles
beset with glands towards the top, and
several oblong leafy appendages lower
down. Cymes pedunculate, white, with
linear bracteas; with several of the
marginal flowers dilated, flat, radiant,
and without stamens or pistils. Seed
compressed. (Don's Mill.) A shrub or
low tree. Europe, and part of Asia, in
moist hedges and swampy thickets ; fre-
quent in Britain, and also in Sweden, as
far north as lat. 61°. Height 6ft. to
12 ft. in a wild state, and higher in
gardens. Flowers white ; May and
June. Fruit elliptical, crowned by the
limb of the calyx, bright red, very juicy,
but bitter an'd nauseous. Decaying
leaves beautiful pink or crimson. Naked young wood smooth, green.

Varieties.

& V. O. 2 sterilis Dec. Prod. iv. p. 328., Don's Mill. iii. p. 442. V. O.
7'dseum Rcem. et Schult. Syst. vi. p. 635. ; the Snow-ball Tree, or
Guelder Rose; Rose de Gueldres, Pellotte de Neige, Boule de
Neige, Poire molle, Fr. ; Schneeballe, Ger. — The specific name
roseum is applied on account of the form of the flowers, and not
because of their colour. Layers, sometimes by suckers, or it might
be grafted on the species.

^ V. O. Sfoliig variegdtis Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836 has the leaves variegated
with white and yellow.

at V. O. 4 ndna Hort. — A very distinct little plant, scarcely 1 ft. in height.
Horticultural Society's Garden.

The Guelder rose, in a wild state, is not remarkable for the beauty of its
flowers ; but its bright red berries, which ripen in September, and which, to-
wards the middle of October, assume a beautiful pink, almost compensate for
the inferiority of the species to the variety in point of flowers. The leaves of
both die off' of a fine red on the first approach of frost. The snow-ball tree,
or the Guelder rose ( V. O. 2 sterilis), is one of the most ornamental shrubs,
or low trees, that can be planted in a pleasure-ground.

m 16. V. (O.) ^CERIFO'LIUM L. The Maple-leaved Guelder Rose.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 383. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 203. ; Dec. Prod.,

4. p. 327. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 442.
Engravings. Vent. Hort. Cels., t.72. ; Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 118. ; and

our fig. 956.

Spec. Char., &c. Branchlets and petioles pilose. Leaves
ovate-cordate, usually 3-lobed, acuminated, sharply
and loosely serrated, downy beneath. Petioles gland-
less, and, when young, stipulaceous at the base, and
rather tomentose. Corymbs terminal, pedunculate,
not radiant. (Don's Mill.) A low shrub. New Eng-
land to Carolina, in rocky mountainous situations.
Height 4ft. to 6ft. Introduced in 1736. Flowers
white ; May and June. Fruit black, oval, and com-
pressed ; ripe in September.

5-24

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

17. V. (O.) ORIENTAVLE Pall. The Eastern Guelder Rose.

Pall. Ross., t. 58. f. H. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 328. ; Don's Mill., 3.
O'pulus orientSlis fblio amplfssimo tridentato Town. Cor. p. 42.

Identification.

p. 442.
Synont/me
Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., t. 58. f. H. ; and our yfe.957

(O.) orlentMe.

968. V. (0.) Oiycdccos.

Spec. Char.y %c. Leaves 3-lobed, acuminated, coarsely and
bluntly toothed. Petioles glandless, glabrous. Corymbs
terminal, not radiant. Fruit oblong, compressed. Seed oval,
furnished with two channels on both sides, as in V. Lantana.
(Don's Mill.) A low shrub. Georgia, in Asia Minor, in
woods, on the mountains. Height 6ft. to 10ft. Intro-
duced in 1827. Flowers white ; July. Fruit ; ?. 957. r

at 18. V. (O.) OXYCO'CCOS Pursh. The Cranberry/nwferf Guelder Rose.

Identification. Pursh Sept., 1. p. 203. ; Dec. Prod., 4.

p. 328. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 442.
Synomjmes. V. opuloldes MUhl. Cat. 32. ; V. trilobum

Marsh. Arb. p. 162. ; V. O'pulus americana Ait. Hort.

Kew. 1. p. 373.
Engraving. Our fig. 958. from a specimen in the Lam.

bertian nerbarium.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Leaves 3-lobed, acute
behind, 3-nerved. Lobes divaricate, acu-
minated, coarsely and distantly serrated.
Petioles glandular. Cymes radiant. (Don's
Mill.) A large shrub or low tree. New
York and New Jersey, on mountains and
throughout Canada, to the arctic circle.
Height 6 ft. to 12 ft. Flowers white ;
July. Fruit subglobose, red, of an agree-
able acid, resembling that of cranberries,
for which they are a very good substitute ;
ripe in September.

Varieties.

3fc V. (O.) O. 2 subintegrifolius Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. i. p. 281., Don's

Mill. iii. p. 442. — Leaves but little cut, very pubescent beneath. A

native of the banks of the Columbia.
& V. (O.) O. 3 mollis. V. molle Michx.

Fl. Bor. Amer. i. p. 180., Don's

Mill. iii. p. 442. ; V. alnifolium

Marsh Arb. p. 162. (Our Jig. 959.)

— Leaves nearly orbicular, cor-
date, plicate, toothed. (DorisMill.)

Fruit oblong ovate, red.
Very like V. O'pulus, and there can be
no doubt but that it is only the American
form of that species. The fruit is com-
paratively large, and not disagreeable to the taste. Were a great number of
seedlings grown till they produced fruit, and then the plant producing the
largest and best-flavoured fruit selected and propagated by extension, the
cranberry-fruited guelder rose might be cultivated in our kitchen-gardens and
orchards for the same purpose as the common cranberry. We have no doubt
whatever that its fruit would be soon as much relished by the public as the
cranberry ; and, as the guelder rose is less difficult in regard to soil and situa-
tion than that plant, a crop of fruit might be depended on with greater
certainty. At all events, this and similar experiments offer interesting and
useful employment to the amateur who has nothing better to do.

& 19. V. (O.) EDU^LK Pursh. The edible-fruited Guelder Rose.

Identification. Pursh Sept., 1. p. 203. ; Dec. Prod , 4. p. 328. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 442.

959. V. (O.) O. mdlle.

XL. CAPIIIFOLIA CE1E I DIEUVI

525

Synonyme. V. 0'pulus edillis Michx. Fl.

Bor.Amer. l.p. 180.
Engraving. Our Jig. 9CO. from a specimen

in Dr. Lindley's herbarium.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves 3-lobed,
bluntish behind, and 3-nerved.
Lobes very short, denticulately
serrated ; serratures acumi-
nated. Petioles- glandular.
Outer flowers of corymb ra-
diant. A smaller and more
upright shrub than the pre-
ceding species. The berries of
the same colour and size ; but,
when completely ripe, more
agreeable to eat, and frequently
employed as a substitute for
cranberries. It does not seem
to differ much from V. Oxy-
coccos, except in the broader
base of the leaf. (Don's Mill.)
Canada to New York, on the
banks of rivers. Height 5 ft.
to 10ft. Introduced in 1812.
Flowers white ; July. Fruit
as in the preceding species.

Sect. II.

GENUS III.

\

DIERVl'LL^ Tourn. THE DTERVILLA. Lin. Syst. Pentandria
Monogynia.

Identification. Tourn. Act. Ac. Par., 1706. t. 7. f. 1. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 330.
Synonymes. Lontcera sp. L. ; Welgela Thunb. Fl. Jap. p. 6. ; \Veigel?a Pers. Ench. 1. p. 176.
Derivation. Named by Tournefort, in compliment to M. Dierville, a French surgeon, who was the
first to introduce D. canadensis into Europe.

Gen. Char. Calyx tube oblong, bibracteate at the base ; limb 5-cleft.
Corolla funnel-shaped, 3 — 5-cleft, spreading twice the length of the calyx.
Stamens 5, somewhat exserted. Stigma capitate. Capsule oblong, acute,
1-celled. Seeds numerous, minute. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous ; ovate, acuminated, ser-
rated". Flowers in axillary peduncles, bibracteate, usually dichotomotis. —
Shrubs, deciduous. North America. Common soil, and suckers. Five
species, natives of Japan, and figured by Sieboldt, are probably hardy, but
they have not yet been introduced.

j* 1. D. CANADE'NSIS Willd. The Canadian Diervilla.

Identification. Willd. Enum., 1. p. 222. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 330. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 444.
Svnonvmes Lonicero Diervillrt Lin. Mat Med. p. 62. ; D. Tournefortz/ Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer.

ip 107. ; D. hamilis Pers. Ench. 1. p. 214. ; D. IQtea Pursh Sept. 1. p. 162. ; D. trliida Mcench

Meth. 492. ; D. acadiensis Du Ham. Arb. 1. t. 87.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 1796. ; Schmidt Baum., t. 116. ; and our Jigs. 961. and 962.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves on short petioles, ovate, acuminated, serrated, and,
as well as the oetioles, glabrous. Fruit a dry brown capsule. Root

526

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM,

creeping, throwing up suckers. (Don's
Mill.) A bushy shrub. Carolina,
New England, and Newfoundland, on
rocks and the highest mountains. Height
3 ft. to 4< ft. Introduced in 1739. Flowers
yellow ; June and July. Fruit brown ;
ripe in September.

961. D. canadeusis.

962. D. canadensis.

There are a number of varieties of this species, differing in respect to the
size of the flowers and of the leaves, but they are not worth keeping distinct.

GENUS IV.

LONFCEIU Desf.

Identification. Desf. Fl. Atl.,
ymes. Lonicera sp. Lin

THE LOMCERA, or HONEYSUCKLE.
Pentandria Monogynia.

p. 183. ; Dec. Prod, 4. p. 330. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 444

Lin. Syst.

212.;

Synonymes. Lonfcera sp. Lin., and many authors ; Caprifolium and Xylusteum Juss. Gen. p.

Xylosteum, Caprifolium, Chamaecerasus, Periclymenum Town. Inst. t. 378. and 379. ; Caprifblium

and Lonicera Rcem. et Schult. Syst. ; Lonfcero and Xylosteum Torrey Fl. Un. St. ; Chevre-

feuille, Fr. ; Geissblatt, Honeigblume, and Lonicere, Ger.
Derivation. Named after Adam Lonicer, a German, who was born in 1528, and died in 1556. There

was another Lonicer, John, who wrote comments on Dioscorides.

Gen. Char. Calyx tube 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, campanulate, or funnel-
shaped, with a 5-cleft, usually irregular, limb. Stamens 5. Style filiform.
Stigma capitate. Berries 3-ceiled. Seeds crustaceous. (Doris Mill.)

Leaves simple, opposite, stipulate, deciduous, or evergreen ; sometimes
connate, entire, occasionally runcinate in the same species. Flowers ax-
illary, or capitate, variously disposed. — Shrubs, erect or twining; natives of
Europe, the North of Africa, Asia, and America.

The greater number of the species and varieties are of easy culture in
British gardens, in common garden soil ; and they are all propagated by
cuttings, or some of them more readily by layers. The flowers of some of
'the species are highly fragrant and ornamental ; and that of the common
European honeysuckle is supposed to have given rise to one of the most
beautiful ornaments of Grecian architecture. Cf The honeysuckles offer an easy
opportunity of improvement, by intermixing the fragrant and more vigorous
with the yellow and the scarlet." (Herb. Amaryll. p. 363.) The genus Lo-
nicera of Linnaeus was separated by Rcemer and Schultes into the genera
Lonicera and Caprifolium ; but they were reunited by DeCandolle, whose
arrangement has been followed by Sir W. J. Hooker and O. Don, and is
adopted by us on the present occasion. The distinctive characters of the
sections are as follows : —

Caprifd/ium. Plants twining. Flowers in capitate whorls.
Xylosteum. Plants twining or erect. Flowers axillary.

§ i. Caprifolium Dec.

Identification. Dec. Fl. Fr., 4. p. 270. ; Prod., 4. p.
Synonymes. Caprifdlium Juss. Gen. 212. ; Lonfcera

331.

Torr. Fl. Un. St. 1. p. 242., but not of Schult.

XL. CAPHIFOLIA^E.E : LONl'CERv/. 527

Derivation. From caper, a goat, and folium, a leaf ; in reference to the climbing habit of the
species ; or, as appears much more probable, because goats are fond of browsing on its leaves.

Sect. Char. Berries solitary, while young 3-celled, but when mature usually
1-celled, crowned by the tube of the calyx, which is permanent. Flowers
disposed in capitate whorls. Twining shrubs, mostly deciduous ; natives of
Europe, the North of Africa, China, Nepal, and North America ; all of
easy culture, and tolerably hardy, but none of them of long duration.

A. Floivcrs ringent. — Caprifolium Tourn. Inst., p. 608.
_$ 1. L. PERICLY'MENUM L. The Woodbine, or common Honeysuckle.

Identification. Lin. Sp., p. 247. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 331. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 445.

Synonymes. Periclymenum Ger. Emac. p. 891. ; Periclymenum germanicum Riv. Mon. Irr.
t. 122. ; P. hortense Gesn. Icon. Pict. fasc. 1. 38. t. 7. f. 49. ; Caprifblium Periclymenum Rcem. et
Schult. 5. p. 262. ; Caprifblium sylyaticum Lam. Fl. Fr. 3. p. 365. ; Caprifolium Rail Syn. p. 458. ;
Woodbind ; Chevrefeuille des Bois, Fr. ; wildes gemeines Geissblatt, Ger. ; gewoone Kamper-
foelie, Dutch ; Madre Selva, Ital. and Span.

Derivation. Perielymenum, from peri, round about, and kulio, to roll. Woodbine is a corruption
of woodbind, and both allude to the habit of the common sort, of winding itself round every tree
and shrub within its reach, and binding them together. In the time of Chaucer, the woodbine
was considered as the emblem of true love, from this property. The name of Honeysuckle has
reference to the fondness of children for this plant, who amuse themselves with drawing the
trumpet-shaped corollas from the calyx, to suck the honey from the nectary. Chevrefeuille and
Geissblatt both signify literally, goat's leaf. The Spanish and Italian names, Madre Selva, wood
mother, and the Dutch name Kamperfoelie, the champion mace, seem to have little relation to
the plant.

Engravings. Engl. Bot., t. 800. ; Schmidt Arb., t. 107. ; and our Jig. 963.

Spec. Char., 6fc. Leaves all separate, deciduous, sometimes
downy, glaucous beneath, ovate, obtuse, attenuated at the
base ; upper ones the smallest. Heads of flowers all ter-
minal, ovate, imbricated. Flowers ringent. There are va-
rieties of this species with either smooth, pubescent, or
variegated leaves; and, when the plant grows by the sea
side, they are occasionally more glaucous and rather succu-
lent. Corollas externally deep red ; or, in the earlier-flower-
ing varieties, all over buff-coloured ; in the maritime plant,
smaller and greenish. Berries nearly globular, accompanied Ae.

/ r\ » Tl/r-77 \ A • ' i-i 963.L.Pcncl/menum.

by permanent bracteas. (Dons Mill.) A twining deciduous
shrub, which always turns from east to west. Europe ; common in hedges,
groves, and thickets ; plentiful in Britain. Stem 15 ft. to 30 ft. Flowers
rich yellow ; June and July, and, in moist summers, also in August,
and sometimes in September. Fruit deep red, bitter and nauseous ; ripe
in September.

Varieties.

-i L. P. 2 serotinum
Ait. Hort. Kew.,
i. p. 378. Peri-
clymenum ger-
manicum Miller
Dictionar. No 4.,
(Schmidt,Oester.
Baumz. t. 108.;
and our fig. 964.)
— Branches gla-
brous. Flowers

late, and reddish. 964. L. P. serdan

This, the Iat3 red

honeysuckle, produces a greater number of flowers together than
either the Italian (No. 3.) or Dutch honeysuckle, so that it makes a
finer appearance than either of them during its period of flowering.
Introduced in 1715.

J£ L. P. 3 belgicum. Periclymenum germanicum Mill. Diet. No. 4. —
Branches smooth, purplish. Leaves oblong-oval, of a lucid green
above, but pale beneath, on long petioles. Flowers in terminal ver-
ticillate heads ; each flower arising out of a scaly cover, reddish on

523 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

the outside, and yellowish within ; of a very agreeable odour. This,
which is commonly called the Dutch honeysuckle, may be trained
with stems, and formed into heads ; which the wild sort cannot, the
branches being too weak and trailing for the purpose.
3 L. P. 4> qi(ei*cifdlium Ait. Hort. Kew., the Oak-leaved Honeysuckle,
has the leaves sinuated like those of an oak. Found wild in several
parts of England. There is a subvariety of this, with the leaves
slightly marked near the margin with yellow. The flowers are like
those of the species.

All the varieties of the common honeysuckle are beautiful and fragrant ;
and, either trained against a wall, twining round a pole and over a parasol
top, or climbing and rambling among bushes, form great ornaments to gardens.
They are propagated by cuttings ; but a large proportion of these do not suc-
ceed, owing to the tubular shoots admitting the wet during winter, and rotting
the upper part of the cutting, that the more common mode of propagation is
by layers. Both layers and cuttings are made in the autumn, as soon as the
leaves have dropped ; and they become sufficiently rooted in one year. (See
Encyc. of Gard., edit. 1835.)

-A 2. L. CfAPRiFOvLiUM L. The Goat's-leaf, or pale pcrfoliate, Honeysuckle.

Identification, Lin. Sp., p. 246. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 331. ; Don's Mill ,3. p. 444.

Synonymes. Pericl^menum perlbliatum Ger. Emac. p. 891. ; Chevrefeuille des jardins, Fr. ; Durch-

wachsene, Ger. ; Caprifolio, Ital.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 799. ; and our fig. 965.

Spec. Char., $c Leaves deciduous, obovate,
acutish, glaucous ; uppermost ones broader
and connate. Flowers ringent, terminal, dis-
posed in capitate whorls. Stems twining
from left to right. Buds acute, glaucous.
The lower leaves are distinct, and somewhat
stalked; two or three of the upper pairs united;
the uppermost of all forming a concave cup.
Flowers in one or more axillary whorls, the
uppermost whorl terminal; with a central
bud, 6 in each whorl, highly fragrant, 2 in.
long, with a blush-coloured tube. Berries
each crowned by an almost entire calyx.
(Don's Mill.) A deciduous twining shrub.
Middle and South Europe, even to the river
Tereck in Siberia, and on Mount Caucasus,
in woods, hedges, and thickets ; in England,
it has been occasionally found in similar
situations, in an apparently wild state Stem
15 ft. to 20 ft. Flowers blush-coloured ;
May and June. Fruit elliptical, tawny or orange-coloured ; ripe September.

J 3. L. (C.) ETRU'SCA Santi. The Etruscan Honeysuckle.

Identification. Santi Viagg., 1. p. 113. t. 1. j Dec. Prod., 4. p. 331. ;

Don's Mill., 3. p. 444.
Synonymes. L. etrtisca Hort. Fl. Austr. 1. p. 298. ; Caprifblium

etruscum Room, et Schult. Syst. 5. p. 261. ; Pericl^menum Gouan

Hort. p. 101. ; Caprif61ium it&licum perfoliatum pra2vcox Tourn.

Inst. p. 608. ; The Italian Honeysuckle ; Mansorino, Ital.
Engravings. Sauti Viagg., 1. p. 113. 1. 1. ; and our %. 966.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves deciduous, obovate, obtuse,
pubescent; lower ones on short petioles, upper ones
connately perfoliate, acute, glabrous. Flowers dis-
posed in verticillate heads, with usually about three
heads on the top of each branch ; glabrous.
(.Don's Mill.) A deciduous twining shrub. South of
France, Sicily, Valais, Carniola, and Dalmatia,
on hills. Stem 15ft. to 20ft. Introduced ? 1700.

XL. C'APRI FOLIA CE^E : LON1

520

Fruit ?.

Caprifolium balearicum Dnw.

Flowers purplish on the outside, yellow within, scented ; May and June.
Fruit yellow ; ripe in August.

i. 4. L. IMPLE'XA Ait. The interwoven, or Minorca, Honeysuckle.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 1. p. 231. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 331. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 444.
Synonymes. Caprifolium implexum Rccm. et Schult. Syst.5. p. 261. ; Vincibosco sempreverde, Hal.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 640. ; and ourfig. 967.

Spec. Char., $c. Quite glabrous. Leaves
permanent, evergreen, glaucescent ; lower
ones oblong, distinct ; middle ones per-
foliate ; uppermost ones connate, forming a
hollow roundish cup. Flowers disposed
in capitate whorls, ringent ; purplish before
they open, but becoming paler on the out-
side as they expand, white on the inside;
but finally changing to yellow, as in the
common woodbine. (Don's Mill.) A twin-
ing evergreen shrub. Balearic Islands,
and Sicily. Stems. 10ft. to 15ft. Intro-
duced in 1772. Flowers purplish, finally
changing to yellow ; June to September.

Variety.

i- L. i. 2 balearica Viv. Camb. p. 84.

Cours. Bot. Cult., ed. 2. vol. iv. p. 358.'; L. balearica Dec. Fl. Ft.
Suppl. 499. ; L. Caprifolium Desf. FL Alt. i. p. 183, — Lower leave?
somewhat cordate ; upper ones connate, obovate, glaucous beneath.
Evergreen. Bark of branches violaceous, clothed with glaucous
bloom. Flowers 4 — 6 in a head, large, cream-coloured, 15 in, to
18 in. long.

_l 5. L. FLAVA Sims. The yellow-JZoivcred Honeysuckle.

Identification. Bot. Mag., t. 1318. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 332. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 445.

Synovymes. Capnfdlmm flavum EU. Sketch. 1. p. 271. ; Caprifblium Frasen' Pursh Sept. 1. p. 271.

Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 1318. ; and our fig. 968.

Spec.^ Char., fyc. Quite glabrous. Branches
twining a little. Leaves ovate, sometimes
glaucous beneath, with cartilaginous margins ;
upper leaves connately perfoliate. Flowers
in terminal verticillate heads. Corollas rather
ringent; with oblong obtuse lobes. Flowers
bright yellow, but, as they fade, becoming
orange-coloured; very fragrant (Don's Mi/I.)
A twining, deciduous shrub. Paris Moun-
tains, in South Caro-
lina; and the Cats-
kill Mountains, New
York. Stem 10ft. to
12 ft. Introduced in
1810. Flowers bright
yellow ; June and

9G8. L. flava. Juty' Fl*uit ?.

A very desirable species, from the large size, rich
yellow colour, and grateful fragrance of its flowers ;
but somewhat tender, and, even in the neighbour-
hood of London, requiring the protection of a wall.

6. L. (F.) PUBE'SCENS Sweet.
Honeysuckle.

The pubescent

Identification. Sweet Hort. Brit, p. 1P4. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 332.
Don's Mill., 3. p. 445.

M M

969. L. (fi) puWsccrtf .

530

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Synonymes. Caprifolium pubesoens Goldie in Edin. Pkil. Journ. 1822, April, p. 323 ; L. hirsClta

Eaton Man. Bat. Ed. 3. p. 341. ; L. Goldii Spreng. Syst. 1. p. 758.
Engravings. Hook. Exot. Fl., t. 27. ; Hot. Mag., t. 3103. ; and owe fig. 969.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves broad-ovate-elliptic, on short petioles, pubescent
and ciliated, glaucous beneath ; upper ones connately perfoliate. Spikes or
racemes composed of verticillate heads of flowers. Corollas beset with
glandular pubescence. Flowers yellow. (Don's Mill.) This appears to
hold the place in the more northern parts which L. fiava does in the south ;
of which, indeed, Dr. Torrey suspects it to be a variety. {Hook. Fl. Bor.
Amcr., p. 282.) A deciduous twining shrub. North America, in Massa-
chusetts, Vermont, New York, and Canada, in many places. Stems 10ft.
to 12 ft. Introduced in 1822. Flowers yellow ; June and July. Fruit?.
It appears hardier than the preceding sort.

_£ 7. L. PARVIFLOVRA Lam. The small-flowered Honeysuckle.

Identification. Lam. Diet, 1. p. 728. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 332. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 445.

Synonymes. Caprifolium parvifldrum Pursh Sept. 1. p. 161. ; LonieeM dioica Lin. Syst. Veg. ed.

13. p. 181. ; L. mddia Murr. Nov. Comm. Gott. 1776 p. 28. t. 3. ; Caprifolium bractebsum Michx.

Fl. Bor. Amer. 1. p. 105. ; Caprifblium diofcum Rocm. et Schult. Syst. 5. p. 2GO. ; Caprifblium

glaucum Mcench ; glaucous Honeysuckle ; ChSvrefeuille dioique, Fr. ; Meergriines Geissblatt,

Ger. ; Middelboore Kamperfoelie, Dutch.
Engravings. Krauss, t. 27. ; and our figs. 970. and 971.

970. L. parvif!6ra.

Spec. Char., fyc. Quite glabrous. Leaves
elliptic, sessile ; lower ones somewhat
connate ; upper ones connately perfoliate,
very glaucous beneath. Flowers disposed
in verticillate heads. Corollas glabrous,
with tubes gibbous
at the base on one
side. Filanlents ra-
ther hairy. Flow-
ers yellow, and
smaller than in any
of the foregoing
species, but vary-
ing exceedingly in
their colour ; for
there is a variety "a=*? 4-

mentioned by Mi- 971. L. parvifiora.
chaux in which

they are purple. (Doris Mill.) A deciduous twining shrub. New England to
Carolina, in rocky shady situations; frequent in Canada. Stem 10ft. to
15ft. Introduced in 1776. Flowers small, yellow ; June and July. Fruit
scarlet.

-i 8. L. (p.) DOUGLASS/I Dec. Douglas's Honeysuckle.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 4. p. 332. ; Hook. Fl. Bor.

Amer., 1. p. 282. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 445.
Synonyme. Capriffclium Dougl&SM Lindl. Hort. Trans. 7.

Engraving. Our fig. 972. from a specimen in Dr. Lindley's
herbarium.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves oval, acute at both
ends, petiolate, glabrous, ciliated, tomentose
on the outside ; upper ones connate. Flow-
ers disposed in capitate whorls. Stigmas
exserted. Stamens enclosed. Corollas
pubescent, bilabiate, deep orange red.
Leaves 4 in. to 6 in. long, deep green.
(Doris Mill.) A deciduous twining shrub.
Western coast of North America, on the
banks of the Saskatchawan. Stems 10 ft.
to 15 ft. Introd.1824. Flowers deep orange
yellow ; July to September. Fruit ?.

XL.

531

973. L. hispidula.

974. L. hispidula

^ 9. L. HISPI'DULA Dougl. The bristly Honeysuckle.

Identification. Dougl. MSS.

Synonyms. Caprifolium hispidulum Lindl. Sot. Reg.

Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1761. ; and our figs. 973. and 974.

Spec. Char.) $c. Hispidly pilose.
Umbels pedunculate. Corolla
smooth, bilabiate, longer than
the tube of the limb. Sta-
mens exserted. Leaves peti-
olate, cordate-ovate, obtuse,
glaucous beneath, sessile to-
wards the summit. Stem
slender. Flowers small.
(Lindl.~) A prostrate shrub.
North-west America, in woods.
Stem 2 ft. to 3 ft. Introduced
in 1826. Flowers rose-co-
loured, nearly scentless ; July
and August. Fruit ?.

A very rare species, quite
different from all the other
honeysuckles. Tn common soil it can scarcely be kept alive ; but in peat
and loam it grows as readily as any other hardy American plant.

-$ 10. L. GRA^TA Ait. The pleasant, or evergreen, Honeysuckle.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 1. p. 231. ; Dec. Prod. 4. p. 332. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 446.
Synonymet. Caprif fclium gra^tum Pursh Sept. \. p. 161.; L. virginiana Marsh Arb. 136.: ?7>cri-

clymenum americanum Mill. Diet. No. 7. ; Caprifolio sempreverde, Itat.
Engravings. Hort. Angl., p. 15. No. 10. t. 8.; and OUT fig. 975.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves permanent, obovate, rather mucronate,
glaucous beneath, and reticulately veined, glabrous ; upper
ones cormately perforate. Spikes composed of approximate
whorls of flowers. Corollas ringent. Branches reddish
brown. Flowers inclining to scarlet on the outside, accord-
ing to Pursh. Corolla ringent, reddish on the outside, and
yellow inside. Berries red. (Don's Mill.) A sub-evergeen
twining shrub. Carolina to New York, on the mountains,
rambling among rocks, in shady moist situations, but rare.
Stems 15 ft. to 20ft. Introd.
1730. Flowers yellow, red,
and white ; June or July to Sep-
tember, and sometimes till the
commencement of frost. Fruit
red ; ripe in September.

The plant is of

plant is of vigorous
growth, with woody stems, and
will live longer than most of the
other species. It is inferior in
vigour only to L. japonica, the •
Caprifolium flexudsum of the nurseries.

975. L. grata.

B. Limb of Corolla nearly equal. — Pcrictymenum
Tourn.

-i 11. L. SEMPERVI^RENS Ait. The evergreen
Trumpet Honeysuckle.

Identification, Ait. Hort. Kew., 1. p. 230. ; Dec. Prod., 4.

p 332. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 446.
Synonymes. Capri folium sempervlrens Mfchx. Fl. Bar. Amer.

1. p. 105. ; fericlymenura sempervlr^ns Mill. Diet. No. 1. •,
M M 2

S7G. L. sempervlrerx

532

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM B1UTANNICUM.

.dlaternus sempervlrens KcehL ex Stcud. ; Pericl^menum virginlacum Riv. Man. 116.; Madre
Selva de Virginia, Ital.
Engravings. Hurt. Angl., t. 7. ; Krauss, t. 1. ; and our fig. 976.

Spec. Char., $c. Quite glabrous. Leaves persistent, sub-evergreen, obovate
or ovate, glaucous beneath ; upper ones connately perfoliate. Spikes nearly
naked, composed of whorls of flowers. Tube of corolla ventricose on the
upper side; lirnb nearly regular, with 5 roundish lobes. Branches brown.
Leaves deep green above, 2 in. long and 1 in. broad. Whorls of flowers
usually 3, at the top of each branch. Flowers of a beautiful scarlet out-
side, and yellow inside, about 1 in. long, inodorous. There are several
varieties of this species, particularly one with an almost upright stem.
(Don's Mill.) A sub-evergreen twining shrub. New York to Carolina,
in dry stony woods. Stems 6 ft. to 10 ft. Introduced in 1656. Flowers
scarlet ; from May till August. Fruit reddish yellow ; ripe in September.

Varieties.

-i L. s. 2 major Ait. Curt. Bot.
Mag. 1781. (Schmidt Baum.
t. 104. ; and our fig. 977.) —
Leaves roundish, and flowers
very large, and of a brilliant
scarlet.

i L. s. 3 minor Ait. Sims Bot.
Mag. 1753. (Ker Bot. Reg.
t. 556. ; and our fig. 978.)
L. connata Meerb. Icon. t.
11.? — Leaves oblong, acute
at both ends ; upper ones ob-
tuse, perfoliate. Flowers small,

and scarlet both outside and inside.
L. s. 4 Brownii Gordon. — Flowers larger

and brighter than those of the species.

A very desirable variety.

978. L. s minor.

The fine scarlet flowers of this species, and the length of time during which
they are produced, render it a very desirable one; but it is somewhat tender,
and rather capricious in regard to situation. It will not thrive in clayey or
wet soil ; neither in the smoke of cities, nor in a confined situation. It grows
well in sand, but still better in sandy peat.

^ 12. L. CILIO'SA Pair. The ciliated-leaved Honeysuckle.

Identification. Poir. Suppl., 5. p. 612. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 332. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 446.
Synonymes. Caprifblium cilibsum Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1. p. 160. ; L. ciliata Dietr. Lex. S

4. p. 263.
Engraving. Our fig. 979. from a specimen in the Lambertian herbarium.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Upper part of the branches hairy on one
side. Leaves coriaceous, reticulated, ovate, on short petioles,
glaucous beneath, and ciliated on the margins ; upper ones con-
nately perfoliate. Spikes composed of approximate verticillate
heads of nearly sessile flowers. Tube of corolla hairy, ven-
tricose in the middle ; limb nearly equal. Peduncles beset
with glandular hairs. (Don's MUl.} A deciduous twining shrub.
North America, on the banks of the Kooskoosky. Stem 6 ft.
to 12ft. Introduced in 1825. Flowers deep yellow; July
and August. Fruit ?. 979. L. Cili6sa.

_$ 13. L. OCCIDENTALS HooJc. The Western Honeysuckle.

Identification. Hook Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 282. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 446.

Synonymes. Caprifolium occidental Lindl. Sot. Reg. 1. 1457. ; Caprifblium ciliosum Douglas MSS.

Engravings, Bot. Reg., 1. 1457. ; and our./??. 980.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oval, almost sessile, glabrous, ciliated, glaucous

XL. CAPRI FOLIANCE^E: LONI'CER^.

533

L. pilosa.

beneath ; upper ones connately perforate. Flowers dis-
posed in verticillate heads. Corolla glabrous, with an
elongated tube, which is gibbous above the base; the
limb nearly equal. Stamens almost enclosed. (Don's
Mill.) Branches and peduncles glabrous. A decidu-
ous twining shrub. Fort Vancouver, on the Columbia.
Stems 6ft. to 12ft. Introduced in 1824. Flowers
large, orange red ; June, July, and
August. Fruit ?.

A great acquisition to our gardens;
quite different from L. pubescens, L.
parviflora, and L. Douglaszz ; and, if
9so. L. Occidents tne presence or absence of hairs in
the corolla are to be depended on,
it is also different from L. ciliosa, which inhabits nearly
the same country.

L. pilosa. Willd., Dec. Prod. iv. p. 233., Caprifolium
villosum H. B. et Kunth Nov. Gen. Amer. iii. p. 427.
t. 298. (and our Jig. 981.), is a native of New Spain,
in cold places, with purple flowers, not yet introduced.

§ ii. Xylosteum Dec.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 4. p. 333. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 446.

Synonymes. Xylosteon Jiiss. Gen. 212. ; Lonicera Roam, et Schult. Syst. 5. p. 19. ; Xylosteon and

Chamtecerasus Tourn. Inst. p. 609. ; Xylosteum and Isika Adans. Fam. 2. p. 501. ; Cobce'rt Neck

Elem. No. 219. ; the Fly Honeysuckle j Hackenkirsche, Ger. ; Hondsbezien or Hondskarsen'

Dutch.
Derivation. From xylon, wood, and osteon, a bone ; the wood of L. Xyl6steum being as hard as

bone.

Sect. Char., $c. Pedicels axillary, 2-flowered, bibracteate at the apex. Berries
twin, distinct, or joined together more or less ; 3-celled in the young state;
rarely 2- celled in the adult state. The limb of the calyx is generally de-
ciduous, therefore the fruit is usually not crowned. (Don's Mill.) Climb-
ing or erect shrubs, deciduous, with leaves never connate. Of the easiest
culture, and extremely hardy.

A. Ovaries and Berries altogether distinct. Stems twining. Flowers irregular. —

Nintooa Dec. Prod. iv. p. 33.
Derivation. Nintoo, or Sintoo, is the name of L. japonica in China.

-i 14. L. CONFU'SA Dec. The confused Honeysuckle.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 4. p. 333. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 446.

Synonymcs. Nintooa confusa Swt. Hort. Brit. ed. 2. ; Lonicera japonica Andr. Sot. Rep. t. 583. ;

Nintoo, Sintoo, Keempf. Amcen. 5. p. 785. ; Caprifdlium japdnicum Loud. Hort. Brit, let ed.
Engravings. Andr. Bot. Rep., t. 583. ; Dot. Reg., t. 70. ; and am fig. 982.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches twining, pubescent.
Leaves ovate, acute, rounded at the base,
downy on both surfaces, as well as the pedun-
cles. Peduncles axillary, longer than the
petioles, 2-flowered, opposite, disposed in
something like a thyrse at the tops of the
branches. Calycine segments ovate, and, as
well as the corollas, pubescent. The flowers
are snow-white at first, but gradually change
to a golden yellow colour ; hence it is called
Suikadsara and Kinginqua, that is gold and
silver flowers, by the Japanese. Corolla about
an inch long, bilabiate. (Don's Mill.) A de-
ciduous twining shrub. Japan, China, and the Himalayas. Stem 10 ft. to

M M 3

982. L. confusa.

534

ARBORETUM ET FllUTICE I UM BKITANNICUM

15ft. Introduced in 1&05, Flowers silvery uhite, changing to gold colour,
June and July. Fruit ?.

It is somewhat tender ; nevertheless, it will grow and flower freely against
an open wall in the neighbourhood of London ; and the extraordinary fra-
grance of its flowers, which are produced in the greatest abundance, well
entitles it to a place in every collection.

-$ 15. L. LONGIFLONRA Dec. The long-flowered Honeysuckle.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 4. p. 333. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 447.

Synonymes. Capritblium longiflorum Saline ; Nintoba longifl&ra Swt. Hort. Brit.

ed. 1 ; Caprif61ium jap6nicum D. Don Prod. Fl. Nep. 140. j Cuprifblium nepak'nse

Loud. Hort. Brit. 79.
Engravings. Bot. Reg , 1. 1232. ; and our^s. 983. and 984.

Spec. Char., fyc. Glabrous in every part.
Branches twining. Leaves petiolate, ob-
long-lanceolate, shining above, and pale
beneath. Peduncles short, 2-flowered,
about the length of the petioles. Tube
of corolla very long and filiform ; limb
bilabiate. Flowers several inches long, at
first snow-white, but finally changing to a
golden yellow colour. (Don's Mill.) "A de-
ciduous twining shrub. China and Nepal.
Stem 10ft. to 15ft. Introduced in 1826.
Flowers snow white, changing to gold
colour; July to September. Fruit?.

A very showy species, but it is somewhat a84- f|<>r1aonsii
tender in British gardens.

-i 16. L. JAPO'NICA Thunb. The Japan Honeysuckle.

Identification. Thunb. Fl. Jap., p. 89. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 447.

Synonymes. "Nintooa japonica Swt. Hort. Brit. ed. 2. ; L. chindnsis Hort. Kew. ; L. flexubsa Lodd.

Bot. Cab. 1037. ; L.glabrata Roxb. ; Caprifdlium chinense Loud. Hort. Brit.-^ C. flexudsum Hort.

Engravings. Dend. Brit., 1. 117. ; Bot. Cab., t. 1037. ; Bot Reg. t. 712. ; and our figs. 985. and 986.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stems twining, flexuous, hairy.
Branchlets opposite, very hairy, bearing 2 leaves
and 2 sessile flowers at the base of each. Leaves
about an inch long, petiolate,
ovate, acutish, villous, pale be-
neath ; uppermost ones the small-
est. Corolla tubular, irregular,
about an inch long, red and vil-
lous on the outside, and white
inside, sweet-scented, equal in
length to the stamens. (Don's
Mill.) A twining shrub. China,
Japan, and the Himalayas. Stems
15ft. to 30ft. Introduced in 1806.
Flowers yellow and red ; July to
September.

Perhaps the most valuable species of the genus, next to the indigenous
one. It is nearly evergreen, apparently as hardy as the common woodbine,
and of far more robust habit of growth ; and, probably, a much longer-
lived plant. Its flowers, which are produced for several months together, are
exceedingly fragrant ; and, by pruning and watering, it may be kept in flower
in the open garden from April to November, and in a conservatory through-
out the year. No garden whatever, whether large or small, should be without
this species. Intending purchasers of this species will find that plants in pots
are much to be preferred, though they are one half dearer ; because, if they

. L.jap<5nica.

986. L. jai><5nica.

XL. CAPRlFOLlA CEA; : LONI

535

are turned out into a large mass of prepared light
rich soil, and placed against a wall, the ball being
broken, and the roots spread carefully out in every
direction, the shoots will cover several square yards
of wall the first summer, and flower abundantly.

L. longifolia Hort. and our jig. 987., of which there
are plants in the London gardens, probably belongs
to this section. The plants are apparently only half-
hardy. Fruit blue.

987. L. Iongif61i

B. Berries distinct, or usually connate together at the Base, and diverging at the
Tip. Corolla hardly gibbous at the Base, or equal. Erect deciduous shrubs. —
Cha»uzcerasi Dec.

Derivation. The name signifies a kind of false cherry ; the fruit of some of the species resemble
cherries. (Dec. Prod. iv. p. 335.)

* 17. L. TATA"RICA Lin. The Tartarian Honeysuckle.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1. p. 247. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 335. ; Don's Mill., 3- p. 448,

Synonymes. Xyl6steum cordatum Mcench Meth. p. 502. ; X. tataricum Dum. Cours.

Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., t. 36. ; Jacq. Icon., t. 37. ; Bot. Reg., t. 31. ; and our figs. 988 and 989.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Quite glabrous, erect. Leaves cordate-
ovate, hardly acute. Peduncles shorter than the leaves.
Berries distinct when young, and nearly globose, but
at length connate at the base.
Flowers rose-coloured, short, some-
what gibbous at the base. Fruit
black, with one of the berries usually
abortive. Bracteas 2, linear-seta-
ceous. Peduncles 2-flowered. (Don's
Mill.) An upright shrub. Tartary.
Height 4 ft. to 6 ft. Introduced
in 1752. Flowers purplish; April
and May. Berry bright red ; ripe
in August.

988. L. tatarica.

989. L. tatiirica.

Varieties.

^ L. t.2 albijlora Dec. Prod. iii. p. 335. L. pyrenaica Willd. Baumz.,

p. 181. — Flowers and fruit white.
& L. t. 3 rubriflora Dec. 1. c. L. grandiflorum Lodd. Cat. ; L. sibirica

Hortul. ex Pers. Ench. — Flowers and fruit red.
a* L. t. 4 lutea Lodd. Cat. has yellowish flowers and yellow fruit.
3fc L. t. 5 latifolia Lodd. Cat. has broad leaves.

This is one of the most hardy of European shrubs, and one of the few
which grow in the open gardens of Petersburg and Stockholm, without pro-
tection during winter. In British gardens, the plant is very common, and it is
valued for its early leafing and flowering. It will grow in any soil, and almost
in any situation, and is readily propagated bv cuttings.

jn 18. L. (T..) MVGRA L. The black-fruited Honeysuckle.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 247. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 335. ; Don's

Mill., 3. p. 449.
Synonymes. 6'aprifolium rbseum Lam. Fl. Ft: 3. p. 368. ;

Chamascerasus nigra Delarb. Fl. Auv. ed. 2. p. 130. ; Ci-

liegia salvatica, Ital.
Engravings. Jacq. Aust, t. 314. ; Schmidt Baum., t. 110.;

Gesn., fasc. 37. t. 8. f. 48.

Spec Char., S?c. Erect. Leaves oval-oblong
or elliptic, on short petioles, rather vil-
lous when young, but nearly glabrous in the
adult state. Peduncles 2-flowered, elongated,

MM 4

990. L. ft.) n. campaniflfcra. 991.

536 ARBORETUM ET FIIUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

shorter than the leaves. Corolla reddish, and pubescent on the outside,
but whitish on the inside. Bracteas 4, under the ovaries; the two outer
ones lanceolate, and the inner quadrifid. Berries black, globose, joined
together at the side. (Don's Mill.) An erect shrub. Middle Europe, in
subalpine woods, as in France, Switzerland, Austria, Silesia, Piedmont,
&c. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced in 1597. Flowers whitish ; March
to May. Fruit black ; ripe in August.
Variety.

M L. (O n. 2 campaniftora ; Xylo.steum campaniflornm Lodd. Cab. t.

1361., and our Jigs. 990, 99L ; has the flowers bell-shaped.
& 19. L. (T.) CILIAVTA Miihl. The ciliated-/eam/ Honeysuckle.

Identification. Miihl. Cat., p. 22. ; Dec Prod., 4. p. 335. ; Don's Mill. ,3. p. 448.

Synonymes. Xylosteum oiliatmn Pursh Sept 1. p. Hii. ; I- tatferica Michx. Fl. Amer. 1. p. 106.

but not of Lin. ; L. canad^nsis Rcem. et Schult. Syst. 5. p. 260.
Engraving. Our Jig. 992. from a living specimen.

Spec. Char., fyc. Erect. Leaves ovate or oblong,
cordate, thin, ciliated, villous beneath in the
young state. Peduncles elongated. Bracteas
2, ovate, three times shorter than the ovaries,
which are distinct. Corolla bluntly spurred at
the base; with short, nearly equal lobes. Ber-
ries distinct, red, divaricate. Flowers white,
with a tinge of red or yellow ; tube ventricose
above; limb with short acute segments; style
protruded. (Don's Mill.) An erect shrub.
Canada to Virginia, and throughout Canada,
on mountains among rocks, in rich soils.
Height 4- ft. to 6 ft. Introduced in 1824.
Flowers reddish or yellowish white ; June, July. 992. L (t.)

dt 20. L. PYKENA'ICA L. The Pyrenean Honeysuckle.

Identification. Lin. Sp., p. 248. ; Dec. Prod., 4 p. 335. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 448.
Snnm. Caprif&lium pyreuaicum Lam. Fl. Fr. 3. p. 366.: Xylosteum pyrenaicum Tourn. lust
"• 609.

Engraving. Our Jig 993. from a specimen in the British Museum.

Spec. Char., $c. Glabrous, erect. Leaves obovate-lanceolate,
acute, glaucous beneath. Peduncles 2-tiowered, shorter
than the leaves. Bracteas oblong-linear, foliaceous. Flowers
almost regular. Berries globose, distinct. Corolla white,
twice the size of that of L. Xylosteum, funnel-shaped :
limb 5-cleft, flat ; with equal, ovate, obtuse segments.
(Don's Mill.) An erect shrub. Pyrenees, on calcareous
rocks, in exposed situations. Height 4 ft. to 5 ft. Intro-
duced in 1739. Flowers white ; May. Berries white.

j» 21. L. PUNI'CEA Sims. The crimson-flowered
Honeysuckle.

Identification. Sims Bot. Mag., t. 2469. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p.335. ;

Don's Mill., 3. p. 448.

Synonyme. SymphoricSrpos puniceus Swt.
Engravings. Bot Mag., t. 2469. ; and our^g. 994.

Spec. Char , fyc. Erect. Leaves ovate, subcor-
date at the base, cf the same colour on both
surfaces. Peduncles axillary, and almost ter-
minal, 2-flowered, shorter than the leaves.
Tube of corolla rather gibbous at the base ;
segments of corolla nearly equal, irregularly
arranged, 3 one way and 2 another. Berries
distinct ?. Leaves sometimes three in a whorl
on the young shoots. (Don's Mill.) An erect
shrub. Native country unknown. Height 2 ft. lf)| l unicc

XL. CAIMUFOLIANCE,E:

537

to 4- ft. Cultivated in 1822. Flowers deep red, scarlet, or crimson ; April
and May. Fruit ?.

gi 22. L. XYLO'STEUM L. The bony-wooded, or upright, Fly Honeysuckle.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 248. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 335. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 448.

Synonymes. Caprifolium dumetdrum Lam. Fl. Fr. 3. p. 367. ; Xylosteum dumetbrum Mcench Meth.

p. 502. ; Gisilostio, Ital.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 916. ; Fl. Graec., t. 223. ; and our^fg. 995.

Spec. Char., $c. Erect, downy. Leaves
ovate, acute, petiolate, soft. Peduncles
2-flowered, shorter than the leaves.
Bracteas hairy, double ; the two outer
ones lanceolate, spreading ; inner a small
concave scale under each germ. Berries
oval, distinct, 1 -celled, 6-seeded. Flowers
small, cream-coloured, downy. Calyx of
5 obtuse lobes. Berries scarlet. (Don's
Mill.) An upright shrub. Europe, to
Caucasus, in thickets, hedges, and rocky
places, and by the sides of woods.
Height 8ft. to 10ft. Cultivated in 1596,
Flowers cream-coloured; July. Fruit
scarlet; ripe in September. Naked young
wood greyish white.

Varieties.

& L. X. 2 leucocdrpum Dec. Prod. iv.
p. 335. has white berries.

& L. X. 3 xanthocdrpum Dec. 1. c. has the berries yellow.

m L. X. 4 mclanocdrpum Dec. 1. c. has black berries.

Linnasus says that it makes excellent hedges in a dry soil ; that the clear
parts between the joints of the shoots are used in Sweden for tobacco-pipes ;
and that the wood, being extremely hard, makes teeth for rakes, &c., and yields
only in beauty to that of L. tatarica for walking-sticks. It is one of the oldest
and hardiest inhabitants of British shrubberies. In the English garden, or
rather park, at Munich, it is planted in masses and groups, along with other
masses and groups of Cornus alba, Salix vitellina, and Fiburnum O'pulus ;
and, in the winter time, the whitish-grey bark of its shoots contrasts finely
with the red, yellow, or brown, bark of the shrubs mentioned.

* 23. L. HI'SPIDA Pall. The hispid Honeysuckle.

Identification. Pall, ex Willd. MSS. : Led. Flor. Ross Alt

111., t. 212. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 449.
Engravings. Led. 1. c. ; and our Jig. 996.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches hispid. Leaves ovate,
ciliated, petiolate, glabrous on both surfaces.
Peduncles 2-flowered. Bracteas ovate-elliptic,
exceeding the berries. (Don's Mill.) An up-
right shrub. Siberia, on the Altaian Moun-
tains. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft. Introduced ?.
Flowers greenish white, pendulous ; May and
June. Berries distinct, purple; ripe in August.
Branches opposite, glabrous or bristly, brown-
ish. Leaves 1± or 2 inches long, and 1 in. broad,
glabrous on both surfaces, cordate at the base.

m 24. L. FLEXUO'SA Thunb. The flexible-
stemmed Honeysuckle.

Identification. Thunb. in Lin. Trans., 2. p. 330., but not of

Lodd., nor Ker ; Don's Mill., 3. p 449.
Syiwnymes. L. nlgra Thunb. Fl. Jap. p. 89., but not of Lin. ;

L. brachy'poda Dec. Prod. 4. p. 335.

538

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM,

Engraving. Our^r- . in p.

Spec. Char., $c. Erect, branched. Branches very villous at the apex. Leaves
ovate-oblong, acute, on short petioles, glabrous ; petioles villous ; nerves of
leaves puberulous. Flowers axillary, few, almost sessile. Berries globose,
glabrous. Stems flexuous. Leaves about an inch long ; upper ones the
smallest. Peduncles hardly a line long. Berries distinct, ovate, acuminated,
black. (Don's Mill.) An erect deciduous shrub. Japan. Height 4 ft. to
5ft. Introduced in 1806. Flowers?; June and July. Berries black ; ripe?.

C. Berries either distinct or joined together. Corolla very gibbous at the Base.
Erect bushy Shrubs. — Cuphdntha Dec.

Derivation. From kuphos, gibbous, and anthos, a flower ; in reference to the flower being gibbous
on one side at the base.

j» 25. L. INVOLUCRA'TA Banks. The involucrated Honeysuckle.

Identification. Banks Herb, ex Spreng. Syst, 1. p. 759. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 336. ; Don's Mill., 3

Sijnonyme. XylSsteum involucratum Richards, in Frank. First Journ. ed. 1. append, p. 6.
Engravings. Our Jigs. 997, 998, 999.

997, 998, 999. L. involucrata.

Spec. Char., $c. Erect. Branches acutely tetragonal. Leaves ovate or oval,
petiolate, membranous, beset with appressed hairs beneath. Peduncles
axillary, 2 — 3-flowered. Bracteas 4 ; two outer ovate, two inner broad,
obcordate, at length widening, clothed with glandular pubescence. Corolla
pubescent, gibbous at the base on the outside ; yellowish, tinged with red.
8tyle exserted. (Don's Mill.) An erect shrub. North-west America,
between lat. 54?° and 64° (but probably confined to the vicinity of the
Saskatchawan) ; thence to the Rocky Mountains. Height 2ft. to 3ft. In
traduced in 1824. Flowers yellowish, tinged with red ; May. Fruit ?.

j» 26. L. LEDEBOU'R// Eschsch. Ledebour's Hone}-
suckle.

Identification. Eschsch. Mem. Act. Soc. Petersb., 10. p. 284. : Hook.

et Arn. in Beech Voy. pt. p. 145. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 449.
Engraving. Our Jig. 1000. from a living specimen.

Spec. Char., $c. Erect. Branches elongated, acutely
tetragonal. Leaves ovate or oblong, somewhat acu-
minated, stiff, pubescent, tomentose on the nerves.
Peduncles axillary, 2 — 3-flowered. Bracteas 4 ; 2 outer
ones ovate ; 2 inner broad obcordate, pubescent, at
length increasing in size. Corollas gibbous at the base
on the outside. Berries distinct. (Don's MM.) An
erect deciduous shrub. California. Height 2ft. to
3 ft. Introduced in 1838. Flowers yellow, tinged
with red ; June and July. Berries dark purple; ripe
in September.

Very nearly allied to L. involucrata.

XL. CAPRIFOLIAVCE^E I LONl't'ElM.

539

D. .Berries two on each Peduncle, joined together in one, which is bi-umbilicate
at the Apex. Erect, bushy, deciduous Shrubs. — Isikse Adam.

Derivation. A name, the origin of which is unknown, employed by Adanson to designate this
division of the genus.

3k 27. L. ALPI'GENA H. The alpine Honeysuckle.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 248. ; Dec. Prod.. 4. p. 336. ; Don's

Mill., 3. p. 449.
Synonymes. Caprifolium alplnum I, am. Fl. Fr.; Caprifolium

alpigenum Gtertn. Friict. 1. p. 136. Is^ka alpigena Bbrck. ;

Isika lucida Mcench ; Xylosteum alpigenum Lodd. Cat. ; 6*ha-

majcerasus alpigena Delarb. ; Cherry Woodbine j Hecken-

kirsche, Ger. ; Chamaeceraso, Ital.
Engravings. Jacq. Fl. Aust., t. 271 ; N. Du Ham., 1. t. 16. ; and

our Jigs. 1001. and 1002.

Spec. Char., fyc. Erect. Leaves oval-lanceolate
or elliptic, acute, glabrous or pubescent, on very
short petioles, rather ciliated. Peduncles 2-flow-
ercd, shorter than the leaves. Corolla gibbous
at the base, and greenish yellow tinged with red
or purple. Berries red, and of the size and
appearance of those of a cherry ; whence it is
called cherry woodbine by Johnson. Leaves
large. (Don's Mi//.) A large, upright, deciduous
shrub. Middle and South of Europe, in sub-
alpine places and mountains. Height 5ft. to
8 ft. Introduced in 1596. Flowers greenish
yellow, tinged with red ; April and May. Fruit
red ; ripe in August.

Variety.

g L. a. 2 sibirica Dec. Prod., iv. p. 336. L.
sibirica Vest in Rcem. et Schult. Syst. 5.
p. 259. — Lower leaves rather cordate.
Peduncles thickened a little under the
flowers. Like most other varieties of
trees and shrubs, natives of the West of
Europe, and also indigenous to Siberia, coming into leaf and flower
a week, or more, earlier than the species.

_»* 28. L. (A.) MICROPHY'LLA Willd. The small-leaved Honeysuckle.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 4. p. 336. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 450.
Synonymes. L. alpfgena Sievers ; L. montana, and L. mexicana Hort.
Engravings. Led. Fl. Ros. Alt. 111., t. 213. ; and our Jig. 1003.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves elliptic, acute at both ends, glaucous

beneath, rather villous on both surfaces, and sometimes

rounded at the base. Peduncles

2-flowered, and shorter than the

leaves. Corollas greenish yellow.

Berries joined, of a reddish orange

colour. The epidermis falls from

the branches. (Don's Mill.) An

erect shrub. Eastern Siberia.

Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced
in 1818. Flowers greenish yellow; April and
May. Fruit reddish orange ; ripe in August.

j» 29. L. OBLONGIFO'LIA Hook. The oblong-leaved
Honeysuckle.

Identification. Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 284. 1. 100. ; Don's

Mill., 3. p. 450.
Sirnonyme. Xylosteum oblongifblium Goldie in Edin. Phil. Journ.

6.p 232
Engravings. Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. 1. 100. ; and our fig. 1004.

1001, 1002. L.

540

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

Spec. Char., $c. Erect. Leaves oblong or oval, clothed with velvety pu-
bescence beneath. Peduncles elongated, erect. Bracteas obsolete. Tube
of corolla hairy, gibbous at the base on one side. Limb unequal, deeply
2-lipped ; the upper lip 4-toothed, and the lower one nearly entire. Berries
joined in one, which is bi-umbilicate at the top, bluish black in the dried
state, and about the size of a pea. (Don's Mill.) An erect shrub. Island
of Montreal, in the St. Lawrence, about Montreal ; Lake Winnipeg ; and
the western parts of the state of New York. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Intro-
duced in 1823. Flowers yellow ; April and May. Fruit bluish black ; ripe
in August. Horticultural Society's Garden.

at 30. L. C^ERU'LEA L. The bins-berried Honeysuckle.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 349. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 337. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 450.

Synonymes. L. vill6sa MliM. Cat. p. 22. ; Xyl6steon villosum Mtchx. Fl. Bar. Amer. 1. p. 106. ;

X. SoKmis Eaton Man. Bot. p. 518. ; L. velutlna Dec. Prod. 4. p. 337. ; L. altaica Pall Fl. Ross.

t. 37. ; Xylosteum caruleum canadt'nse Lam. Diet. 1. p. 731 . ; X. canadense Du Ham. Arb. 2.

p. 373. ; Caprifdlium caeruleum Lam. Fl. Fr., Chamaccerasus casrCHea Delarb. Fl. Au. ; L. py-

renaica Pall. Fl. Ross, p. 58 ; L. Pallasii Led. Fl. Uoss. Alt. 111. t. 131. Ciliegia alpina, Ital.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 1965. ; Pall. Fl. Ross., t. 37. ; Led. Fl. Ross. Alt. 111., t. 131. ; and our

figs. J005. and 1006.

Spec. Char., $c. Erect. Leaves oval-oblong, ciliated, stiffish, densely clothed
with pubescence while young. Peduncles~short, 2-flowered, reflexed in the
fructiferous state. Bracteas 2, subulate, longer than the
ovaria. Tube of corolla glabrous, short, gibbous on one
side at the base ; lobes of limb short, nearly equal. Ber-
ries closely joined in one, which is
bi-urnbilicate at the apex. Flowers
greenish yellow, tubular. Berries
elliptic or globose, dark blue, and
covered with a kind of bloom. Bark
of young shoots purplish. There
is no difference between the Ame-
rican and European plants of this
species. (Z)o«'s Mil/.) An erect

1005. L. ceeridea.

1006. L. caerulea.

shrub. Euroi

ope, and throughout the woody country of British North
America, as far as lat. 66° ; and of Siberia and Kamtschatka. Height
3ft. to 5 ft. Introduced in 1629. Flowers greenish yellow; March and
April. Fruit dark blue ; ripe in August.

m 31. L. ORIENT A^LIS Lam. The Oriental Honeysuckle.

Identification. Lam. Diet., 1. p. 731. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 337. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 450.

Synonymes. L. caucasica Pall. PL Ross. 1. p. 57. ; L. carulea Gtild. Itin. 1. p. 423., Chamaecorasus

orientals /aurifblia Tourn. Cor. p. 42.
Engraving. Our fig. 1007 from Tournefort's specimen in the British Museum.

Spec. Char., $c. Erect. Leaves on very shor
petioles, ovate-lanceolate, acute, quite entire,
smoothish. Peduncles 2-flowered, shorter than
the leaves. Bracteas 2, setaceous. Berries
joined in one, didymous and bi-umbilicate at
the apex, 10-seeded. Leaves stiffish, veiny,
larger than in L. caerulea. Flowers greenish
yellow. (Don's Mill.) An erect shrub.
Iberia and Asia Minor, in woods. Height
3ft. to 5 ft. Introduced in 1825. Flowers
greenish yellow ; April to June. Berries
black or dark blue j ripe in September.

.a 32. L. IBE'RICA Bieb. The Georgian Honeysuckle.

Identification. Bieb. 11. Taur., and Suppl., 395. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 337. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 450.
Synonyme. Xylosteon iWricum Bieb. Cent. PL Ear. 1. t. 13. ex Suppl., and Load. Cat. ed. 1836.
Engravings. Bieb. Cent. Fl. rar., 1. t. 13., ex Suppl. ; znAfigs. 1008. 1009. from living specimens.

Spec. Char., $c. Erect. Leaves petiolate, cordate, roundish, tomentose or

XL. CAPRIFOtlA'CE-ffi: SYMPHORICA RPOS.

541

1008. L. il^rics.

pubescent. Peduncles 2-flowered, shorter than the
leaves. Bracteas oblong, ciliated. Berries joined
together to the middle, globose. Corollas lucid, of
the form of those of L. alpigena. Ovarium touien-
tose. Leaves like those of Cotoneaster vulgaris
(Don's Mill.) An erect
shrub. Georgia, about
Tcflis. Height 3ft. to
4ft. Introduced in 1824.
Flowers greenish yellow;
April and May. Fruit
blood-coloured, some-
times pointed as in Jig.
1008.; ripe in August.

A very neat little bush,
which makes very good
garden hedges.

1 009. L. ibferioa.

GENUS V.

r

LJ&JLlL

SYMPHOTUCA'RPOS Dill. THE ST. PETER'S WORT. Lin. Syst.
Pentandria Monogynia.

Identification. Dill. Elth., p. 371. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 338. ; Don's Mill, 3. p. 451.

Synonymes. Symphoridirpa Neck. Elem. p. 220. ; Symphbria Pers.Ench.l. p. 214. ; Anisanthus

W illd. Rel. ; Lonicera sp. Lin.
Derivation. From sumpkoreo, to accumulate, and karpos, fruit ; species bearing the fruit in groups.

How it obtained the name of St. Peter's Wort we have not been able to ascertain.

Gen. Char. Calyx tube globose; limb small, 4 — 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-
shaped, almost equally 4 — 5-lobed. Stamens 5, hardly exserted. Stigmas
semiglobose. Ovarium adnate. Berry 4-celled. (Don's Mi/I.)

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous ; oval, quite entire. Flowers
on short peduncles, axillary or many together, bibracteate, small, white or
rose-coloured, on short pedicels. — Shrubs erect, bushy, oppositely branched ;
natives of Europe and North America; of the easiest culture in common
garden soil; and readily increased by suckers, which they throw up in abun-
dance.

& 1. S. VULGA'RIS Michx. The common St. Peter's Wort.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 100. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 339. : Don's Mill., 3. p. 451.
Synonymes. Lonicera Symphorica"rpos Lin. Sp. 249. ; S. parviflbra Desf. Cat. ; Symphoria conglo-

merata Pers. Ench. 1. p. 214. ; Symphbria glomerata Pursh Sept. p. 162.
Engravings. Schmidt Baum., 1. 115. ; and our Jig. 1010.

Spec. Char.y $c. Flowers disposed in axillary
capitate clusters, composed of nearly sessile
racemules. Corolla white. Berries red, size
of hempseed ; but, in America, according to
Pursh, the flowers are small, red and yellow,
and the berries purple. Branches brown,
smooth. Leaves elliptic ovate, obtuse, glau-
cous, and pubescent beneath. The berries are
numerous, and ripen in winter. (Don's Mill.) \
An erect bushy shrub. Virginia, Carolina,
and Pennsylvania, in sandy dry fields. Height
3ft. to 6ft. Introduced in 1730. Flowers
small, red and yellow ; August and September.
Fruit purple; ripe in December.

542

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Variety.

& S. v. 2 Joliis variegatis, S. glomerata foliis variegatis Lodd. Cat., has
the leaves finely variegated with green and yellow.

sb 2. S. MONTA'NUS Hinnb. et Bonp. The Mountain
St. Peter's Wort.

Identification. Humb. et Bonp. Nov. Gen. et Spec., 3. p. 332. ; Dec.

Prod., vol. 4. p. 339.
Synonymes. Symphoria montana Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1. p. 757. ; S. glau-

cescens Don 'a Mill. 3. p. 452.
Engravings. Maund's Botanist, 1. 1. 20. ; and oar fig. 1011.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate, acute, slightly mu-
cronate, rounded at the base, pubescent "beneath.
Flowers axillary, mostly solitary. A dense erect sub-
evergreen shrub. Mexico, on mountains, 7000 to
8000 ft. of elevation. Height 5 ft. to 6 ft. Intro-
duced in 1829. Flowers pinkish ; August to Oc-
tober. -Fruit globose white ; ripe in December.

A very desirable shrub, perfectly hardy, and almost
evergreen. It commences flowering in August, and
does not cease till it is checked by frost. Layers in
common soil. 1011. s.montjina.

& 3. S. RACEMO\sus Michx. The racemose^ozwm/ St. Peter's Wort, or

Snowberry.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., I. p. 107. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 339. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 451.
Synonymes. Symphdria racembsa Pursh Sept. 1. p. 162. ; ?S. elongata, and S. heterophylla i'resl

in Herb. Heenke ; S. leucocarpa Hort.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 2211. ; Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 230. ; and ova fig. 1012.

Spec. Char., fyc. Flowers disposed in nearly terminal,
loose, interrupted racemes, which are often leafy. Co-
rolla densely bearded inside. Style and stamens enclosed.
Leaves glaucous beneath. Corolla rose-coloured. Ber-
ries large, white. (Don's Mill.) A bushy shrub, with
numerous ascending shoots. North America, on moun-
tains, near Lake Mistassins, on the banks of the Missouri,
and various other places. Height 4ft. to 6ft. Intro-
duced in 1817. Flowers rose-coloured; July to Sep-
tember. Fruit large, white ; ripening in October, and
remaining on great part of the winter.

The S. elongatus and S. heterophyllus Presl in Herb. Htenke, which were
collected about Nootka Sound, do not differ from this species, in which the
lower leaves are sometimes deeply sinuated. In small gardens, this shrub is
rather troublesome, from the numerous suckers it throws up from the roots ;
but, as its flowers are much sought after by bees, and its berries are excellent
food for game ; that habit, when it is planted for these purposes, is found
rather advantageous than otherwise. For
single specimens in small gardens, it might be
desirable to graft it on Lonicenz Xylosteum,
or some allied species of suitable habit. So
grafted, standard high, it would form a very
elegant little tree.

ji 4. S. OCCIDENT A'LIS Richards. The Western
St. Peter's Wort.

Identification. Richards, and Frankl. 1st Journ., edit. 2.,

app. p. 6. ; Hook. Fl. Bor Amer., 1. p. 285.
Synonyme. Wolf-berry, Amer.
Engraving. Our fig. 1013. from a specimen in Sir W. J.

Hooker's herbarium.

Spec. Char., fyc. Spikes dense, terminal
and axillary, drooping. Corolla and seg-

X!,, CAPRIFOLIA'CE/E : LEYCESTE RIA.

545

menr* densely hear/led inside. Style and stamens a little exserted. (Don's
Mill.) A dense shrub, bearing a close resemblance to S. racemosus. Bri-
tish North America, in the woody country between lat. 54° and 64°. Height
4- it. to C ft. Introduced ?. Flowers pinkish ; July to September. Fruit
white ; October, and remaining on during the winter.

Distinguished from S. racemosus by the larger, less glaucous, more rigid, and
denser foliage, and by the flowers being arranged in dense drooping spikes,
longer than in S. racemosus, and by the prominent style and stamens.

GENUS VI.

LEYCESTE'R/^ Wall. THE LEYCESTERIA. Lin. Syst. Pentandria
Monogynia.

Identification. Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind., 2. p. 181. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 338. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 451.

Derivation. Named by Dr. Wallich after his friend William Leyces'.er, formerly chief judge of the
principal native court under the Bengal Presidency ; " who during a long series of years, and in
various parts of Hindoostan, has pursued every branch of horticulture with a munificence, zeal,
and success, which abundantly entitle him to that distinction."

Gen. Char. Calyx with an ovate tube, and an unequal, 5-parted, per-
manent limb. Segments unequal, small, linear, glandularly ciliated. Co-
rolla funnel-shaped ; having the
tube gibbous above the base,
and the limb campanulate, and
divided into 5 ovate nearly equal
lobes. Stamens 5. Stigma capi-
tate. Berry roundish, 5- celled.
(Don's Mill)

Leaves simple, opposite, exsti-
pulate, sub-evergreen ; ovate-
lanceolate, acuminated, petiolate,
smooth, entire, membranous,
glaucous, with an obtuse sub-
cordate base. Petioles pilose.
Flowers white, with a tinge of
purple ; disposed in whorls,
forming short leafy drooping
racemes, which terminate the
branches and branchlets. Brae-
teas large, foliaceous, purplish,
pubescent and ciliated, lanceo-
late, acuminated; generally 6
under each whorl of flowers.
Berries deep purple, approach-
ing to black, as large as a com-
mon-sized gooseberry. Shrub
large, rambling, with elongated
fistular branches, which rise
from scaly buds. Native of
Nepal.

This genus appears to be inter-
mediate between Capnfoliacea?
and /2ubiacea3 ; but from the last
it is distinguished by the want of

1014. Levcest^formcsa.

544 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNIOVM.

& 1. L. FORMOVSA Wall. The beautiful Leycesteria.

Identification. Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind., 2. p. 182. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 338. ; Don's Mill , 3. p. 431.
Si/nonyme. HamehVi connata Puerari MSS.
Engravings. Plant. As. Rar., 2. t. 120. ; and our fig. 1014.

Spec. Char., Sfc. As in Gen. Char. A large, rambling, sub-evergreen sbrub.
Nepal, on mountains ; between 6000 ft. and 8000 ft. high, among forests
of pine and oak. Height in England, against a wall, 6 ft. to 8 ft. Introduced
in 1824. Flowers white, with a tinge of purple; August to October. Fruit
purple j ripe in October.

Trained against a wall, this shrub has proved quite hardy, but in our cloudy
atmosphere it has rather disappointed expectation in the colour of its bracteas,
which are much less brilliant than they appear to be in the Himalayas. Cut-
tings or seeds, which are ripened freely, in common soil.

ORDER XLI. 7ZUBIAvCEj£.

ORD. CfJAR. Calyx with a variable limb. Corolla monopetalous, with a
variable limb, but generally 4 — 5-lobed ; aestivation twisted or valvate.
Stamens equal in number to the segments of the corolla, and more or less
adnate to its tube. Anthers introrse. Ovarium 2- or many-celled, crowned
by the limb of the calyx. Style 1. Stigmas 2. Fruit baccate or capsular.
Cells I — 2- or many-seeded. Albumen horny and fleshy. (G. Don.}

Leaves simple, opposite, or 3 in a whorl, stipulate, deciduous. Sti-
pules short, distinct, or a little combined. Flowers on peduncles, naked,
rising from the axils of the leaves, or from the tops of the branches ; heads
globose, in consequence of the flowers being sessile, and seated on a sessile
piliferous receptacle.

This order includes a great number of genera ; but there is only one of
these that contains any ligneous species truly hardy in British gardens.

GENUS I.

1

CEPHALA'NTHUS L. THE BUTTON-WOOD. Lin. Syst. Tetrandria
Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 113. ; Gasrtn. Fruct, 2. t. 86. Lam. 111., t. 59. ; Juss. M«?m. Mas.,
6. p. 402. ; Rich. Diss., with a fig. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 538. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 610. : Lodd Cat., ed.
1836.

Syntmymes. Cephalante, Pr. ; Knopflaura Ger. ; Cefalanto, Ital.

Derivation. From kephale, a head, and anthos, a flower ; in allusion to the flowers being disposed
in globular heads.

Gen. Char. tyc. Calyx with an obversely pyramidal tube, and an angular
5-toothed limb. Corolla with a slender tube, and a 4-cleft limb; lobes
erectish. Stamens 4, short, inserted in the upper part of the tube, hardly
exserted. Style much exserted. Stigma capitate. Fruit inversely pyra-
midal, crowned by the limb of the calyx, 2 — 4-? celled, and separating into
2 — 4 parts ; cells, or parts, 1-seeded, indehiscent, and sometimes empty by
abortion. Seeds oblong, terminating in a little callous bladder. (Don's Mill.}
— A shrub, with terete branches ; native of North America.
Leaves and Flowers as in the order.

& I. C. OCCIDENTALS L. The Western Button-wood.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 138. ; Dec. Prod., 4. p. 538. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 610.
Synonymes. C. oppositifolius Moench Meth. p. 487. ; Swamp Globe Flower, Amer.
Engravings. Du Ham. Arb., 1. 1. 54. ; Schmidt Arb., 1. t. 45. ; and our figs. 1015. and 1016.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves opposite, or 3 in a whorl, ovate or oval, acuminated.

XLIJ. COMPOsriVE.

Peduncles much longer than the
heads, usually by threes at the
tops of the branches. Petioles
reddish next the branches. Heads
of flowers globular, size of a mar-
ble. Stipules deciduous.

Cephalanthus occidentals.

Mill.) A bushy shrub. Canada to Florida, in marsh} places. Height
3ft. to 6ft. Introduced in 1735. Flowers yellowish white ; July and
August. Fruit brownish ; ripe in October.

Variety.

& C. o. 2brachypodus Dec. Prod. iv. p. 539. — Leaves elliptic- oblong,
3 in a whorl, on short petioles. Petioles 3 — 4* lines long. There are
varieties of this, with either glabrous or downy branches. North of
Mexico, near Rio de la Trinidad and Bejar.

It will grow in common garden soil, but -prefers peat kept moist ; and is
propagated chiefly by seeds, but will also grow by cuttings and layers. It is
an interesting shrub, from its curious round heads of flowers, and from the
lateness of the season at which these appear.

ORDER XLII. COMPO'SIT^.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx limb membranous or wanting ; or divided into bristles,
paleae, or hairs. Corolla 5-toothed or 5-lobed, tubular, ligulate, or bilabiate
on the top of the ovarium. Anthers combined, rarely free. Ovarium 1-
celled, 1 -seeded. Style 1. Stigmas 2. Fruit an achenium, crowned by
the limb of the calyx. Albumen none. Characterised by the cohesion of
the anthers, and the arrangement of the flowers in involucrated heads on
a common receptacle. (£r. Don.)

Leaves simple, or compound, stipulate or exstipulate, deciduous or ever
green. Flowers grouped in heads ; those in each head so disposed, and so
environed by an involucre composed of bracteas that corresponds to a
calyx, as to seem to constitute but one flower.

The genera that include hardy ligneous species are mostly natives of Eu-
rope and North America : they are all of the easiest propagation and culture
in any common garden soil, and are thus contradistinguished : —
ST^;HELINN^ Lessing. Flowers bisexual. Receptacle with chaffy projections.
.BA'CCHARIS R. Br. Flowers dioecious, all tubular. Receptacle naked. Pap-
pus pilose.
J^VA L. Flowers monoecious, ail tubular. Receptacle flat paleaceous. Achenia

naked, but horned.
SANTOLIVNA L. Receptacle furnished with somewhat flower-clasping paleae.

Achenia naked.
AnT£Mi'siA Cass. Receptacle chaffless. Achenia naked. Heads discoid.

N N

546

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

SENEVCIO Lessing. Receptacle naked, or alveolate. Styles penciled. Pap-
pus pilose, caducous.

MUTI'S/.^ Cav. Receptacle naked, Achenia somewhat beaked. Pappus of
many series, feathery.

With the exception of J?accharis, there is scarcely a plant belonging to
the order Compositae which is truly ligneous, and at the same time hardy in
British gardens, and sufficiently bulky for a general arboretum. Where an
arboretum is planted on a lawn, and where it is not intended to cultivate the
soil about the roots of the plants, there is not a single genus in this order, with
the exception of that mentioned, which could with propriety be introduced.
Even the common southernwood, if not planted in dug soil or on rock work,
would soon become stunted, and would ultimately die off. Nevertheless, in a
technical enumeration of trees and shrubs, these species could not be omitted.

GENUS I.

Lessing, THE STJEHELINA. Lin. Syst. Syngenesia
^Equalis.

Identification. Lessing Synops. Gen. Compos., p. 5. ; Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2., vol. 4. p. 512.
Synonyme. Staeheline, Fr. and Ger.

Derivation. So named in honour of John Henry Steefielin, and his son Benedict, Swiss botanists
and physicians.

Gen. Char., fyc. Heads homogamous, equal-flowered. Involucrum cylindrical,
the scales imbricated and adpressed. Receptacle flat, paleaceous; the
paleas narrow, persistent, hardly concrete at the base. Corolla 5-cleft, re-
gular. Filament glabrous. Anthers appendiculate at top, bisetose at the
base : the tails more or less bearded. Style bearded on the thickened part.
Stigmas concrete at base, and free at apex, obtuse. Fruit oblong, areolate
at apex. Pappus in one series, the hairs combined at the base into 4 or 6
bundles. (G.Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; linear, hoary or silky
beneath Flowers in terminal spikes, usually naked. — Subshrubs, ever-
green ; South of Europe , of easy culture in dry soil, and propagated by
cuttings or seeds.

a. 1. S. DU^BIA L. The doubtful, or Rosemary-
leaved, Stsehelma.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1176.: Less. Syn. Gen. Compos., p. 5 ;

Willd. Sp. PI., 3. p. 1783.
Synonyme. S. rosmarinifblia Cass., according to Less. Syn. Gen.

Compos., p. 5.
Engravings. Ger. Prov., p. 190. t. 6.; Lam. 111., 6G6. f. 4. ; and

ourfif,'. 1017.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves sessile, linear, finely
toothed, tomentose beneath. Inner bracteas
of the involucre lanceolate, elongate. (Willd.)
An evergreen undershrub. South of Europe.
Height 2 ft. to 3 ft. Cultivated in 1640. Flowers
purple, fragrant ; June and July.

GENUS II.

1017. StseheUivj d&bia.

/?A'CCHARIS R. Br. THE BACCHARIS, or PLOUGHMAN'S SPIKENARD.
Lin. Syst. Syngenesia Superflua.

Identification. Less. Syn. Gen. Compos., p. 204.; Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2., vol. 5. p. 25.
Synunymes. Bacchai.te, Fr. ; Baccharis, Ger.

XLII. coMPo'srrffii: TM'CCHARIS. 547

Derivation. From Bacchus, wine ; because of the vinous odour of Us root. Pliny says the root
smells of cinnamon : but as the ancients sometimes boiled down their wines, and mixed them with
spices, these wines may have had an odour similar to that of the root of the baccharis.

Gen. Char., fyc. Heads many-flowered, dioecious. Corolla homogamous, tubular.
Receptacle naked, seldom subpaleaceous. Involucrum subhemispherical, or
oblong, in many series, imbricated. Corollas of the male flowers 5-cleft,
dilated at the throat ; anthers exserted, tailless ; style more or less abor-
tive. Corolla of the female flowers filiform, subtruncate ; style bifid, exserted ;
anthers wanting. Achenia generally furrowed, or ribbed. Pappus pilose, of
the male in one series, of the female in one or many series. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; oblong lanceolate,
notched, serrated, or entire. Flowers terminal. — Shrubs, of short duration ;
natives of North America ; of common culture and propagation.

& 1. B. HALIMIFO'LIA L. The Sea- Purslane-leaved Baccharis, or the
Groundsel Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1204. ; Willd. Sp. PI., 3. p. 1915.
Synonyme, Sene"cio arborescens Hort. Kew.

Engravings. Schmidt Baum., t. 82. ; Du Ham. Arb.. t. 35. ; and our
Jig- 1018-

Spec, Char., $c. Leaves obovate, crenately notched
on the terminal portion. (Willd.) A large rambling
shrub. Maryland to Florida, on the sea coast. Height
8ft. to 10 ft. Introduced in 1683. Flowers white,
with a tint of purple, and resembling those of the
groundsel, but larger ; September to November.

Chiefly remarkable for the glaucous hue of its
leaves, in consequence of the whole plant being co-
vered with a whitish powder. Its general appearance
accords with that of the genus ^'triplex, and the
shrubs of both families are, accordingly, well calcu-
lated for being grouped together. baccharis Aali-
mifolia will grow in any common soil which is
tolerably dry, attaining the height of 6 or 8 feet in
3 or 4 years ; and forming a large, loose-headed,
robust-looking bush, of from 10ft. to 12ft. in height,
and 12 or 15 feet in diameter, in 10 years. Cut-
tings, in dry soil and an open situation.

j» 2. B. (H.) ANGUSTIFOVLIA Pursh. The narrow-leaved Baccharis, or
Ploughman's Spikenard.

Identification. Pursh Sept., 2. p. 523.

Engraving. Our Jig. 1019. from a specimen in the Lambertian herbarium.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves narrow, linear, entire. Panicle com-
pound, many-flowered. Involucre small. (Pursh.) A sub-
evergreen shrub, of less vigorous growth, and somewhat
more tender, than the preceding species. Carolina to
Florida, on the sea coast, and on the banks of the Mississippi.
Height 3ft. to 4> ft. Introduced in 1812. Flowers white; July
to September.

Neither the flowers nor the leaves of this or the preceding
species can be said to be either beautiful or ornamental ; partly
because they, as well as the seeds, bear a strong general re-
semblance to the leaves, flowers, and seeds of the common 1019- *:r<*o «"•
groundsel, a weed of tiresome occurrence in gardens, and with
which all our associations are the reverse of those of rarity or elegance
Add also that groundsel trees can hardly be considered as truly ligneous plant«"
for which reason we consider them wanting in that dignity of character which
belongs to all plants truly woody.

N N 2

548 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

GENUS III.

PVA L. THE IVA. Lin Svst. Syngenesia Necessaria.

Identification. Lin. Gen. PL, 1429. ; AH. Hort. Kew., ed. 2., vol. 5. p 181.
Derivation. Uncertain. Perhaps from Yua, a name used by the elder botanists.

Gen. Char., fyc. Flowers monoecious, male and female on the same head :
female ones few on the same head, in a single series around the circum-
ference, they are tubular or campanulate ; the male flowers are numerous
in the disk, they are tubular and 5-toothed. Involucrum usually 3 — 5-
leaved, campanulate. Scales ovate, in one series ; rarely imbricate, with
3 or 4 series of scales. Receptacle flat, beset with linear or linear spathu-
late paleae. Styles on the female flowers subulate, exserted, rather hispid ;
those of the males shorter, and thickened at top. Achenia of the disk
abortive, those of the ray a little compressed, naked, but furnished with
horns. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous ; lanceolate, serrated.
Flowers in terminal heads, solitary or three together, constituting a folia-
ceous terminal raceme. — Suffrutescent deciduous shrubs, with the habit of
Artemisia, but readily distinguished by the monoecious flowers. Indigenous
in North America, on the banks of rh
species in British gardens.

j» 1. /. FRUTE'SCENS L. The shrubby Iva.

Identification. Lin. Amcen. Ac., 3. p. 25. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 3. p. 2387. ; Pursh

Sept., 2. p. 580.
Synonymes. ^gerato afflnis peruviana frutescens Phtk. Aim. 12. t. 27. f. 1. ;

Bastard Jesuits' Bark Tree
Engravings. Pluk. Aim., 12. t. 27. f. 1 . ; and our fig. 1020.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves lanceolate, deeply serrated, rough
with dots. (Willd.) A suffruticose deciduous bush, of
little or no beauty in the popular sense of that word. New
England to Florida, on the sea coast. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft.
Introduced in 1711. Flo-wers greenish white; August
and September.
In sheltered dry situations it is tolerably hardy ; but, when

freely exposed in moist soil, it is apt to be killed to the

ground in severe winters. Cuttings. The Pva frutescens

can, however, hardly be considered a truly ligneous plant.

rivers. There is only one shrubby

1020 /. frut^sc*

GENUS IV.

SANTOLFNA Tourn. THE SANTOLINA, or LAVENDER COTTON. Lin. Syst.
Syngenesia ^Equalis.

Identification. Tourn., t. 260. ; Lin. Gen. PL, 1278. ; Less. Syn. Gen. Compos., p. 259.

Synonymes. Santoline, Fr. ; Heiligenpflanze, Ger. ; Santolina, Ital.

Derivation. From sanctus, holy, and linum, flax ; so called from its supposed medical qualities.

Gen. Char.y $c. Heads many-flowered, sometimes homogamous, and some-
times heterogamous. Flowers of the ray few ; female, from abortion ; some-
what ligulate. Receptacle convex, subhemispherical, furnished with oblong
half-flower-clasping palea3. Involucrum usually campanulate, with im-
bricate adpressed scales. Tube of corolla usually produced at the base

XLII.

4RTEMl'sf4.

549

below into a ring or hollow, which girds the top of the ovarium. Achenia
oblong, subtetragonal, quite glabrous. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; small, linear, toothed, in
rows. Flowers capitate, bractless ; yellow, rarely white. — Diminutive
evergreen undershrubs, natives of the South of Europe, and aromatic in
all their parts ; of easy culture, and propagation by cuttings, in any poor
sandy soil, but of short duration.

t 1. S. CHAMJECYPARI'SSUS L. The Dwarf Cypress Santolina, or common
Lavender Cotton.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1179.; Willd. Sp. PI., 3. p. 1797. ; Ait. Hort. Kew.,

ed. 2. vol. 4. p. 517.

Synonym's. Petit Cypres, Fr. ; Ahrotano femmina. Ital. ; Cj pressenkraut, Gcr.
Engravings. Lam. 111., 671. t. 3. ; and our fig. 1021.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches tomentose.
Leaves hoary, toothed ; the teeth ob-
tuse, and in four rows. Each peduncle
bearing a single head of flowers, which
has a downy involucre. (Willd.) A
low evergreen bush. South of France,
in poor dry soils. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft.
Introduced in 1573. Flowers yellow;
July.

The lavender cotton was common in gar-
dens in Gerard's time, who says it is acrid, bitter, and aro-
matic, and has much the same qualities as southernwood. It
was formerly employed as a vermifuge, but is now disused.

Other Species. — S. squarrosa W., S. viridis W., and S.
Yosmarinifolia L. (our fig. 1022.), are in gardens, but they
are better adapted for being treated as herbaceous plants
than as shrubs.

GENUS V.

1021. S. Chamiecypa-
rissus.

ARTEMl'SIA Cass. THE ARTEMISIA. Lin. Syst. Svngenesia Superflua.

Identification. Cassini, according to Leasing in his Synop. Gen. Compos., p. 264. ; Ait. Hort. Kew.,

ed. 2., v. 5. _p. 2.
Derivation. From Artemis, one of the names of Diana; or, as some suppose, from Artemisia, the

wife of Mausolus ; there is a cypress-like and drooping character in some of the species, that may

be associated with the latter etymology.

Gen. Char., fyc. Heads discoid, homogamous or heterogamous. Flowers of the
ray in one series, usually female, 3-lobed. Style bifid, exserted. Flowers
of the disk 5-toothed, hermaphrodite, or sterile or male from the abor-
tion of the ovarium. Involucrum imbricate ; scales dry, with scabrous margins.
Receptacle chaffless, flattish or convex, naked or hairy. Achenia obovate,
naked, with a minute epigynous disk. — Herbs or undershrubs. The spe-
cies are nearly all dispersed through the northern hemisphere. Leaves
alternate, variously lobed. Heads disposed in spikes or racemes, and the
spikes or racemes usually disposed in panicles. Corollas yellow or purple.
Plants more or less bitter or aromatic. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple (apparently compound), alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ;
deeply cut and divided. Flowers terminal. — Woody or suffrutescent ever-
green plants, natives of Europe and Asia ; all of them highly fragrant and
aromatic, and of the easiest culture in any dry soil.

550

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

n. I. A. /^BRO'TANUM L. The Abrotanum Artemisia, or Southernwood.

Identification. Lfn. Sp., 1185. ; Willd. Sp. Pi, 3. p. 1818. ; Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2. vol. 5. p. 3.

Synonymes. /(brdtanum mas Dod. Pempt. 21. ; Old Man ; Armoise Aurone, Aurone des Jardins, la
Citronelle, la Garderobe, Fr. ; Eberraute, Werrauth, Stabwurtz, Gartenwurtz, Ger. ; Abrotano,
Ital., Span., and Port.

Derivation. The Greek name for this plant is Abrotonon, which is variously derived from abroton,
incorruptible ; from abroton, unfit for food ; from the soft delicacy (abrotes) of its appearance ; or
from abros, soft, and tonos, extension, because it is extended, or grows in a very soft manner.
Why Linnaeus and others write it Abrotanum is not known. The name of Old Man, doubtless,
has reference to its grey and powdery appearance. It is called Garderobe in French, from its
being used to prevent moths from getting into clothes-presses and wardrobes. Eberraute is boar's
rue; and Wermuth, wormwood ; Stabwurtz means staff root ; and Gartenwurtz garden root.

Engravings Blackw., t. 55. ; Woodv., 356. t. 119. ; and our Jig. 1023.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem straight. Lower leaves bipinnate,
upper ones pinnate, with the segments hair-like. Calyxes
pubescent, hemispherical. (WiUd.) A suffruticose bush.
South of Europe, Siberia, Syria, and China. Height
3 ft. to 4 ft. in low situations, and in mountains not above
half that height, with the branches recumbent. Introduced
in 1596. Flowers yellowish ; August to October.

Varieties.

a. A. A. 2 humile Hort. is a low-growing spreading
shrub, found on mountains in the South of Europe,
and retaining its dwarf habit for some years in
British gardens.

a. A. A. 3 tobolsfcidnum Hort., A. tobolskiana Lodd.
Cat., was introduced from Siberia in 1820 or be-
fore, and is a much more vigorous-growing variety, and larger in all
its parts, than the species.

Well known for its fragrance, which appears to proceed
from glandular dots in the leaves.

Other Species. — A. arborescens L., a native of the South
of France and the Levant, is said to attain the height
of 6 or 8 feet, but it is more suffrutescent than A.
Abrotanum. A. procera Willd., South of France, is
equally ligneous with the common southernwood, and
grows to the height of 5 or 6 feet in the Paris garden,
where it stands the winter without protection. A. San-
tonica, L., and our fig. 1024., is a low spreading bush, not
exceeding a foot in height.

1023. A. Xbr<5tanum.

1024. A. SanWnica.

GENUS VI.

Lin. Syst. Syngenesia

_— reut, Ger.
naked when ihe

SEXE'CIO Lessing. THE SENECIO.
Superflua.

Identification. Less. Synops. Gen. Compos., p. 391.

Synonymes. Cineraria Lessing Synops. Gen. Compos, p. 389. ; Senecon Fr - Kreuzk
seedfdTop. 5Cne*'an °ldman; the recePtacleP <* the flowed being feftna]

Gen. Char $c. Heads homogamous, discoid, or heterogamous. Flowers of the
ray ligulate, female. Involucre in one series, sometimes naked, and some-
time calculated by accessory scales. Scales usually sphacelate at apex with
subscanous margins, frequently marked by two nerves on the back.' Re-
eeptacle destitute of palea3, naked or alveolate. Styles of hermaphrodite

XLII. COMPO'SITJE !

551

flowers truncate, and penciled at apex. Achenia beakless, wingless, nearly
terete, and sulcately angular. Pappus pilose, in many series, caducous ;
bristles erect, nearly equal, very slender, scarcely scabrous. — Herbs or
shrubs, very variable in habit. * Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary, co-
rymbose, or panicled. Ligulae of heads yellow, rarely purple or white ;
the disks usually yellow. (G. Don.^)

Leaves simple, apparently compound, alter-
nate, exstipulate, evergreen ; pinnatifid. Flowers
terminal. — A sutfruticose bush, native of the
South of Europe.

n 1. S. CINERARIA Dec. The Cineraria-like
Senecio, or Sea Ragwort.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 6. p. 355. j Sweet Hort. Brit, ed. 3.

p. 384.
Synonymes. Cineraria maritima Lin. Sp. 1244; Jacoba^a ma-

ritima Bonp. ; Sicilian Ragwort ; Cineraire, Fr. ; Meerstrands

Aschenpflanze, Gcr. ; Cenerina, Ital.
Engravings. Flor. Gra;c., t. 871. j and our fig. 1025.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves pinnatifid, tomentose be-
neath ; the lobes obtuse, and each consisting of
about 3 obtuse lobelets. Flowers in panicles.
Involucre tomentose. (JVil/d.) A suffru-
tescent bush, remarkable for the white mealy
aspect of its rambling branches and foliage. South of Europe, on the
sea coast and on rocks. Height 3 ft. to 4* ft. Introduced in 1596. Flowers
yellow, ragwort-like ; June to August.

Unless planted in very dry soil, it is liable to be killed to the ground in se-
vere winters ; but such is the beauty of its whitish, large, and deeply sinuated
foliage, at every season of the year, that it well deserves a place on rockwork
or against a wall, where it may be associated with Solanum marginatum, and
any other ligneous whitish-leaved species of that genus.

GENUS VII.

1025. S. Cineraria.

MUTI'S/,4 Cav.

THE MUTISIA. Lin. Syst.
Superflua.

Syngenesia Polygamia

Identification. Lin. til. Sup. Plant. ; Dec. Prod., 7, p. 4. ; Cav. Icon., 5. p. 64. ; Hook. Bot. Misc.,

1. p. 7.
Derivation. Named by Linnaeus after his learned friend and correspondent, Don Jose Celestino

Mutts, chief of the botanical expedition to New Grenada.

Gen. Char., fyc. Heads heterogamous, unequal-flowered. Involucre of many
series of flat imbricated scales ; outer ones shorter. Receptacle naked.
Flowers of the disk hermaphrodite, those of the ray female. Corollas bila-
biate, the tube 5 — 10 — 15-nerved; those on the disk rather tubular, the
throat not distinct from the tube; outer lip of the limb tridentate, inner
one bipartite : the outer lip of the ray flowers large, ligula-formed, and
tridentate at apex ; under one bipartite, with linear lobes. Anthers wanting
in the ray flowers ; those in the disk exserted, long-tailed. Style cylindrical,
bifid. Achenia beaked, ribbed, long, and glabrous ; the paleae being confer-
ruminated at the base, fall off altogether or in one piece. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple or apparently compound, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ;
entire or serrated ; the common petiole usually drawn out at the end into a
tendril. Flowers purple, rose-coloured, or yellow. — Climbing shrubs,
natives of South America, requiring the protection of a wall in the climate
of London.

N N 4

552

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

ft. ]. M. LATIFOVLIA D. Don.

Identification. D. Don in Lin. Trans., 16. p. °70. ; Brit

Fl. Card., 2d series, t. 288.
Engravings. Swt. Brit. Fl. Card., 1. c. ; and our./z£. 1026.

Spec. Char.y Sfc. Stem winged. Wings broad,
leafy. Leaves cordate- oblong, dentate-
spinose, woolly beneath. Involucre scaly,
append ic ul ate. Pappus arranged in a double
series, feathery, equal, truncate at the apex.
(D. Don.) A climbing evergreen shrub.
Valparaiso in Chili, on hills, among bushes.
Stem 10ft. to 15ft. Introduced in 1832.
Flowers pink, or rosy, and yellow ; Septem-
ber and October.

A very singular and at the same time beau-
tiful shrub, which no collection ought to be
without, where there are a wall and a dry soil.

The broad-leaved Mutisia.

1026. Mutisia latifolia.

Other Species. — M. \licifolia, M. inflexa,
M. linearifofia, M. runcindta, and M. sub-
spinosa, are figured and described in Hooker's
Botanical Miscellany, vol. i. ; and M. arach-
noidea Mart, is figured m Bot. Mag , t. 2705.
Most of these species would probably live against a wall in a warm situation,
on a dry soil. At all events M. latifolia is tolerably hardy, having stood out
several years in the climate of London, without the slightest protection ; and
as it represents a family of climbers so very different from every other hitherto
cultivated in British gardens, we cannot but strongly recommend it to every
one who is curious in plants.

ORDER XLIII.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx and Corolla each with 4 — 5 segments. Stamens 4 — 5 —
8 — 10, inserted variously, but alternately with the segments of the corolla,
where not more numerous than they. Anthers t in most, with 2 cells.
Ovary with its cells, in most, agreeing in number with the segments of the
calyx or corolla. Style and stigma undivided. Seeds many. Albumen
fleshy. Embryo erect, slender.

Leaves simple, opposite or whorled, stipulate or exstipulate, deciduous or
evergreen ; entire or serrated. Inflorescence variable, the pedicels generally
bracteate. — Shrubs, deciduous and evergreen, and some of them low trees ;
natives of most parts of the world ; and containing many of our finest and
most ornamental harpy shrubs in British gardens.

All the species have hair-like roots, and require a peat soil, or a soil of a
close cohesive nature, but which is yet susceptible of being readily pene-
trated by the finest fibrils which belong to any kind of "plants. Peat,
thoroughly rotted leaf mould, or very fine loamy sand, are soils of this
description, and are accordingly required, more or less, for all the plants of
this order. The hair-like roots of the li'ricacege soon suffer, either from a
deficiency or a superfluity of moisture; and hence an important part of their
culture in gardens consists in keeping the soil in which they grow equally
moist. In transplanting hair-rooted plants, they are very apt to suffer from
their slender fibrils coming in contact with the air : but, fortunately, these
fibrils are so numerous, and so interlaced with each other, as to form a kind
of network, which encloses and supports a portion of the soil in which they
grow ; and the plants are, consequently, almost always sent from the nurseries

XLIII. milCA^CEJE. 553

with small balls of earth attached to them. All the species are readily propa-
gated by seeds, layers, or cuttings.

The following characteristics of the genera, and of the groups which they
form, are deduced from Don's Miller, in which the whole order has been
remodel led by Professor Don : —

Sect. I. J£RI'CE;E.

Sect. Char. Calyx not connate with the ovary, except in GaulthenVz. Disk
nectariferous, hypogynous. Fruit, in most, a capsule. Inflorescence, in
the bud state, naked.

§ i. ERI'CEJE NORMA^LES. Calyx and Corolla each with 4 Segments. Corolla
permanent. Stamens 8. Fruit with 4 Cells.

-EnrcA D. Don. Filaments capillary. Anthers not protruded beyond the
corolla ; the cells short, opening by an oblong hole. Stigma peltate.
Leaves needle-shaped, scattered, or in whorls.

GYPSOCA'LLIS Sal. Filaments flat. Anthers protruded beyond the corolla
the cells opening by an oblique hole. Stigma simple. Leaves needle-shaped,
in whorls.

CALLU NA Sal. Corolla shorter than the calyx. Filaments dilated. Anthers
not protruded beyond the corolla, with two small appendages at the base :
their cells end in a point, and open lengthwise. Leaves arrow-shaped at
the base, obtuse at the tip ; in transverse section triangular, imbricate in
4 rows*

§ ii. ANDROME'DE^. Corolla deciduous. Stamens, in most, not protruded
beyond the Corolla.

A. The following 7 Genera have all been instituted out of the Genus Andromeda.',
and all have 10 Stamens, 1 Pistil, and Fruit that has a loculicidal Dehiscence.

ANDRO'MED^ L. Calyx with 5 acute segments. Corolla globose, with a
contracted 5-toothed mouth. Filaments bearded. Anthers with short,
1-awned cells. Stigma truncate. Leaves linear lanceolate. Flowers in
terminal umbel-like groups.

CASSIA OPE D. Don. Calyx with 5 leafy segments. Corolla bell- shaped,
5-cleft. Filaments glabrous. Anthers with short, tumid, 1-awned cells.
Stigma obtuse. Capsule with its valves bifid at the tip. Small heath-like
shrubs. Leaves imbricate. Flowers solitary.

CASSA'NDR^ D. Don. Calyx bibracteate, 5- cleft. Corolla oblong, with a
contracted 5-toothed mouth. Filaments glabrous. Anthers with cells
elongated at the tip, and tubular there. Stigma annulated. Leaves with
short petioles, and elliptic oblong disks, that have peltate scales on both
surfaces. Flowers axillary, disposed as if in racemes along the terminal
parts of the branches.

ZENO'BU D. Don. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla bell-shaped, with a revolute
5-lobed limb. Filaments glabrous. Anthers with cells elongate, tubular,
and 2-awned at the tip. Stigma truncate. .Leaves dilated, with the
margins usually toothed. Flowers in racemes.

LYO'N/^ Nutt. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate or tubular, with a contracted
5-toothed mouth. Filaments short, flat, downy. Anthers with membra-
nous cells that open lengthwise. Stigma obtuse. Capsule 5-cornered.
Flowers for the most part terminal, disposed in racemose panicles.

LEUCO'THO.E D. Don. Calyx with 5 leafy segments. Corolla tubular,
toothed. Filaments flat, downy. Anthers with short truncate cells.
Stigma large, capitate. Flowers white, in racemes.

PfERis J). Don. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular or ovate, with a con-
tracted, 5-toothed, revolute mouth. Filaments dilated, furnished with 2
bristles at the tip. Anthers with short incumbent cells that open length-

554 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

wise. Stigma truncate. Leaves coriaceous. Flowers drooping, terminal,
racemose.

B. Capsule with the Dehiscence scpticidal.

PHYLLO'DOCE Sal. Calyx with 5 segments. Corolla globose, with a con-
tracted 5-toothed mouth. Stamens 10, not protruded. Filament? slen-
der, glabrous. Anthers with short truncate cells. Stigma peltate, with
5 tubercles.

BRYA'NTHUS Gmel. Calyx 5-leaved, imbricate. Corolla deeply 5-parted,
spreading. Stamens 10, shorter than the corolla. Filaments flattened,
glabrous. Cells of anthers short, awned behind. Stigma obtuse. Capsule
5-celled.

DABCE'C/^ D. Don. Calyx with 4 segments. Corolla oval, inflated ; its
mouth 4-toothed. Stamens 8, enclosed. Filaments dilated, glabrous.
Anthers linear, sagittate at the base, their cells parallel, loosened at the
apex, opening lengthwise. Stigma truncate. Capsule 4- celled.

C. Calyx and Corolla each with 5 Segments. Stamens 10, not protruded beyond

the Corolla.

J'RBUTUS Camer. Corolla globose or ovate, with a small reflexed border.
Anthers compressed at the sides, opening at the tip by 2 pores, fixed by
the back beneath the tip, and there furnished with 2 reflexed awns. Ovary
with 5 cells, ovules in each cell many. Berry externally granulate.

JRCTOSTA'PHYLOS Adans. All as in ^f'rbutus, except that the fruit is not
externally granulate, and that the cells, which are 5 in number, include
each but 1 seed.

PERNE'TTY^ Gaudichaud. Corolla globose, with a revolute limb. Anthers
with the 2 cells 2-lobed at the tip, the lobes bifid. Hypogynous scales 10,
3-lobed, surrounding the ovary. Berry with 5 cells and many seeds.

(TAULTHE'R/^ L. Corolla ovate, inflated. Anthers bifid at the tip, each
lobe with 2 awns. Ovary half-inferior. Hypogynous (? perigynous) scales
10, usually united at the base. Capsule with 5 cells, the dehiscence
loculicidal.

EPIG^EVA L. Corolla salver-shaped. Capsule with 5 cells.

CLEVHRA L. Corolla so deeply 5-parted as to seem 5-petaled. Filaments
membranous. Capsule with 3 cells, many seeds, and a loculicidal dehis-
cence.

D. The Characteristics as under.

PHALEROCA'RPUS D. Don. Calyx 4-cleft, with 2 bracteas at its base. Co-
rolla short, campanulate, 4-cleft. Stamens 8. Filaments ? hairy. Anthers
semibifid. Hypogynous disk 8-lobed or 8-toothed.

Sect. II.

Sect. Char. Calyx not connate with the ovary. Disk nectariferous, hypo-
gynous. Buds of inflorescence resembling strobiles in form, and in
being scaly. Leaves flat, callous at the extremity of the midrib.

#HODODE'NDRON D. Don. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat funnel-

shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens 5 — 10. Anthers opening by terminal pores.

Capsule 5-Velled, 5-valved, opening at the tip.
KA'LM/^ L. Corolla of the shape of a wide-spread bell, and with 10 cavities

on the inside, in which the anthers of 10 stamens repose before shedding

their pollen. Capsule 5-celled. Dissepiments marginal.
MENZIE^S//* D. Don. Calyx 4-cleft. Corolla globose, 4-cleft. Stamens 8.

Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved.
AZA'LEA D. Don. Calyx 5-parted Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens 6.

Cells of anthers opening lengthwise. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, opening

at top.

XLIII. ERICA^CEJE ! ERl^CA. 555

LEIOPHY'LLUM Pers. Calyx and corolla deeply 5-parted. Stamens 10,
exserted. Anthers lateral, opening lengthwise on the inside. Capsule 5-
celled, 5-valved, opening at the tip.

Z-E'DUM L. Calyx minute, 4-toothed. Corolla in 5 segments, so deep as to
seem petals. Stamens 5 — 10, exserted. Anthers opening by pores at the
tip. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the base. Seeds terminating
in a wing at each end.

Sect. III. FACCINIE\E.

Sect. Char. Calyx connate with the ovary. Disk nectariferous, perigynous.
Fruit a berry.

FAOCI'NIUM L. Calyx 4 — 5-toothed. Corolla pitcher-shaped or bell-shaped,
4 — 5-cleft. Stamens 8 — 10. Anthers 2-horned ; and, in some, furnished at
the back with spreading spurs or bristles. Berry globose, 4 — 5-celled,
many-seeded.

OXYCO'CCUS Pers. Calyx 4-cleft. Corolla 4-parted, with the segments
somewhat linear and revolute. Stamens 8. Filaments conniving. Anthers
tubular, tripartite. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded.

Sect. L

§ i. ^ricece normdles.

In British gardens all the species are propagated by layers or division, or
by cuttings from the points of the growing shoots planted, but not deep,
in pure sand, and covered with a hand-glass. All the plants require a peaty
soil, mixed with sand ; a cool subsoil, moist rather than dry ; and an open
airy situation. They also require to be renewed every 3 or 4 years.

GENUS I.

JERFCA D. Don. THE HEATH. Lm. Sysl. Octandria Monogynia.

Identification. D. Don in Edinb. New Phil. Journ., 17. p. 152. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 790.
Synonymes. Erica, sp. of Linneeus and other authors ; Bruyere, Fr. ; Heide, Ger. ; Erica,

Ital.
Derivation. The erica of Pliny is altered from the ereike of Thepphrastus, which is derived from

eretko, to break ; from the supposed quality of some of the species of breaking the stone in the

bladder.

Gen. Char. Calyx 4-parted, with a naked base. Corolla globose or urceolate,
with a 4-lobed limb. Stamens enclosed. Filaments capillary. Anthers
bifid ; cells of anthers opening by an oblong hole, awned or crested at the
base or mutic. Stigmas peltate. Capsule 4-celled, many-seeded. (Don's
Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate or verticillate, exstipulate, evergreen ; linear or
chaffy. Flowers terminal, fascicled, or racemose. Pedicels scaly. — Shrubs,
diminutive, evergreen, with hair-like roots ; natives of Europe.

a. 1. E. TE'TRALIX L. The four- leaved Heath.

Identification. Lin. Sp., ed. 2. p. 507. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 792.

Ximonumes. E. botulifdrmis Sal. in Lin. Soc. Trans. 4. p. 369. ; E. barb&rica Rait Syn. 471. ; E.

pumila Park. Theatr. 1483. No. 5. ; E. Tetralix rilbra Hort. Eric. Woburn. p. 25. ; the cross-

leaved Heath ; Sumpf Heide, Ger. ; Scopa di Fior rosso, Ital.
Engravings. Curt. Fl. Lond., fasc. 1. t. 21. ; Eng. Bot, t. 1314. ; and our fig. 1027.

556

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1027 E. Wtralix.

Spec. Char., $c. Plant of a greyish hue. Leaves ciliated,
4 in a whorl. Flowers in terminal heads. Corolla
ovate-globose, about 3 lines long, downy at the tip outside.
Spurs of anthers lanceolate. (Don's Mill.) A diminutive
evergreen bush. North of Europe, in boggy or moory
ground ; plentiful in Britain. Height 6 in. to 1 ft. Flowers
red ; July to September.

Varieties.

«. E. T. 1 riibra Hort. Eric. Woburn. p. 25. — Corolla

pale red.
«. E. T. 2 carnea London's H. B. — Corolla of a flesh

colour.
a. E. T. 3 alba Hort. Eric. JWoburn. p. 25. — Corolla

white.
a. E. T. 4 Mackmana. E. Mackaidna Bab. Fl. Hiber.

p. i8i. — It has the leaves and calyx of E. ciliaris, and the flowers
of E. Tetralix ; probably a hybrid between the species. Ireland.
The badge of the clan Macdonald, and the species most commonly used for
making besoms.

«. 2. E. CINE REA L. The grey Heath.

Identification. Lin. Sp., ed. 2. p. 501. ; Don's Mill, 3. p. 795.

Synonymcs. E. mutabilis Salisb. in Lin. Trans. 4. p. 369. ; E. humilis Neck. Gall. 182. ; E. tenui-

f61ia Ger. 1198. ; E. cinerea riibra Hort. Eric. Woburn. p. 5. ; Scopa, Hal.
Engravings. Curt. Fl. Lond., fasc. 1. t. 25. j Engl. Bot., t. 1015. ; and our fig. 1028.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves 3 in a whorl. Corolla ovate-urceo-
late. Flowers verticillate, on the naked stems. Crests of
anthers ear-formed. Corolla 3 lines long, purple, changing
to blue as it fades. This is easily distinguished from E. Tetralix
by its glaucous deep green hue, and deep purple or sometimes
white flowers. (Don's Mill.) A diminutive evergreen shrub.
Europe, but not in the south, nor in the extreme north ;
plentiful in Britain. Height 6 in. to 1 ft. Flowers purple,
changing to blue as they fade ; July to September.

Varieties.

a. E. c. 2 atropurpiirea Lodd. Bot. Cab. 1409. — Plant

dwarf. Flowers deeper purple.
tt E. c. 3 alba Lodd. Cat. — Flowers white.
a. E. c. 4 pallida Lodd. Bot. Cab. 1507. — Flowers pale

purple.

tt. E. c. 5 carnescens Lodd. Cat. — Flowers flesh-coloured.
tt. E. c. 6 prolifera Lodd. Cat. — Flowers proliferous.
tt. E. c. 7 stricla Lodd. Cat. — Branches erect.

The badge of the clan Macalister. Readily distinguished from E. Tetralix
by its glabrous deep green hue, and deep purple flowers.

* 3. E. AUSTRAYIS L. The southern Heath.

Identification. Lin. Mant., p. 231. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 795.
Synonyme. E. pistillaris Sal. in Lin. Soc. Trans. 6. p. 368.
Engravings. Andr. Heaths, 3. t. 21.; Bot. Cab., t. 1472. ; and our
fig. 1029.

Spec. Char., fyc. A shrub, 3 ft. to 6 ft. high. Leaves
4 in a whorl, scabrous, spreading, mucronate.
Flowers terminal, small. Corolla purplish red,
3 lines long, with a curved funnel-shaped tube, and
a recurved limb. Pedicels beset with gemmaceous
bracteas. Anthers crested. (Don's Mill.) An erect
pyramidal shrub. Spain and Portugal. Height 5 ft.
to 7 ft. Introduced in 1 769. Flowers red ; April

tO AugUSt.

1028. E. cinerea.

1029. E.austratis.

XLII1. JgRlCA CEJC : GYPSOCA LL1S.

557

One of the most showy of all the arboreous heaths, and flowering pro-
fusely when planted in an open situation.

«. 4. E. CILIA'RIS L. The ciliate-leaved Heath.

Identification. Lin. Sp., ed. 1. p. 354. ; Don's Mill., p. 798.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 484. ; Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2G18. ; and our
fig. 1030.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves 3 in a whorl, ovite, glan-
dularly ciliate, spreading, rather remote. Flowers
terminal, subracemose, directed to one side. Brae-
teas sessile, approximate to the calyx. Segments
of calyx spathulate, ciliate. Corolla smooth, ovate,
more ventricose on the upper side, 4 lines long,
pale red. Style prominent. (Don's Mill.) A
diminutive evergreen shrub. Portugal, and Eng-
land, in Cornwall. Height 6 in. to 1 ft. Flowers
pale red ; August and September.
A comparatively rare and very beautiful species.

GENUS II.

GYPSOCA'LLIS Sal. THE GYPSOCALLIS, or MOOR HEATH.
Lin. Syst. Octandria Monogynia.

Identification. Salisbury's MSS. ; D. Don in E. Phil. Journ., 17. p. 153. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 800.
Synonyme. JSricea? sp. of other authors.

Derivation. " From gnpsos, lime, and kallislos, most beautiful ; the species are very elegant, and
generally inhabit calcareous districts." (Don's Mill.)

Gen. Char. Calyx 4-parted, glumaceous, naked at the base. Corolla cam-
panulate, or short tubular, with a dilated mouth. Stamens exserted ; fila-
ments flattened or filiform. Anthers bipartite, having the cells mutic at the
base, distinct and substipulate, dehiscing by an oblique pore. Stigma simple.
Capsule 4-celled, many-seeded. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; acerose, whorled, lateral
or terminal. Floiuers crowded. — Shrubs, diminutive, evergreen; natives of
Europe and Africa. This genus is easily distinguished from .Erica, by the
exserted anthers, flattened filaments, and simple stigma.

e. 1. G VA'GANS Sal. The wandering Gypsocallis, or Cornish Moor Heath.

Identification. Sal. MSS. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 800.

Stinonymes. E. vegans Lin. Mant. 2. p. 230. ; E. vaga Sal. in Lin. Soc. Trans. 6. p. 344. ; E.

multifi6ra Huds. Fl. Anglica \. 66. ; E. didyma Stokes in Wither trig's Bot. Arrangement 400. ; E.

purpuriscens Lam. Diet. 1. p. 488.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 3. ; Bull. Fl. Par., t. 203. ; and our fig. 1031.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem glabrous. Leaves 4—5 in a whorl, con-
tiguous, glabrous. Flowers small, upon footstalks, axillary, ,*
mostly 2 in an axil, and those of any branch seeming as if dis- "
posed 'in a raceme, from the flowers being stalked and produced
from axils near one another. Bracteas remote from the calyx.
Corolla short, bell-shaped. (Don's Mill.) A diminutive ever-
green shrub. England, in Cornwall ; and the South of France
and North of Africa. Height 6 in. to I ft. Flowers pale purplish
red ; July to September.

Varieties. _

n. G. v. 2 pallida. — Corolla pale red. (Don's Mill.)
«. G. v. 3 rubescens Bree, Loud. H. B. ed. 2. p. 588. — Corolla rubescenU

553

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

it. G. v. 4 purpurasccns Bree, Loud. H. B. ed. 2. p. 588. — Corolla

purplish.

«. G. v . 5 alba. — Flowers axillary. Corolla white. (Don's Mill.)
•a, G. v. 6 tenclla. — Flowers terminating the small branches. Corolla

white. (Don's Mill.)

SL 2. G. MULTIFLOVRA D. Don. The many-flowered
Gypsocallis, or Moor Heath.

Identification. D. Don in Ed. Phil. Journ., July 1834. ; Don's Mill., 3. p.801.
Synonymes. Erica, multifldra Lin. Sp. ed. 1 p. 355. ; E. juniperifolia, £c.

Garidel Aix. p. 160. t. 32. ; E. multiflfira longipedicellata Wcndl. Eric.

fasc. 5. p. 7. ; E. peduncularis Prcsl ; Scopa grande rosso, Ital.
Engravings. Bot. Cab., t. 1572. ; and our fig. 1032.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves 4 — 5 in a whorl, glabrous, linear.
Flowers axillary, disposed in a racemose corymb.
Bracteas remote from the calyx. Corolla 1| to 2 lines
long, pale red, bell-shaped, with a reflexed limb. Pe-
dicel twice as long as the corolla. Anthers black,
their orifices near the tip. (Don's Mill.) A diminutive
evergreen shrub. France, Spain, and the South of
Europe generally. Height 1 ft. to 2 ft. Introduced
in 1751. Flowers pale red; May or June; and,
under favourable circumstances, till November or De-
cember. Capsule brown.

Like other heaths, to flower freely, it requires to be
kept in a cool, open, airy situation, in which it will attain
the height of 2 ft.

«. 3. G. CA'RNEA D. Don. The ftesh-colour-Jlowered Gypsocallis, or Moor

Heath.

Identification. D. Don in Edinb. New Phil. Journ., July, 1834 ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 801.
Synonymes. .Erica carnea Lin. Sp. ed. 2. p. 504. ; E. herb£cea Lin. Diss. No. 57. : E. saxatilis Sal
in Lin. Soc. Trans. 6. p. 343.

Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. U. ; Jacq. Fl. Austr., 1. f. 31. ; Bot.
Cab., t. 1452. ; and our .figs. 1033.

Spec. Char., $c. Stems and branches prostrate.
Leaves 3 — 4 in a whorl, linear, glabrous,
sharply reduplicate. Flowers axillary, droop-
ing, disposed in racemes, and directed to one
side, pale red. Bracteas remote from the
calyx. Corollas conical, 2^ lines. Anthers
with an orifice extending from the middle to
the tip. (Don's Mill.) A diminutive, pro-
cumbent, evergreen shrub. South of Germany
and Switzerland, and North Wales. Height
6 in. Cultivated in 1763. Flowers pale red ;
1033. G. camea. January to April.

a 4. G. MEDITERRANNEA D. Don. The Mediter-
ranean Gypsocallis, or Moor Heath.

Identification. D. Don in Edinb. New Phil. Journ., July, 1834:

Don's Mill., 3. p.801.
Synont/mt's. Er\cn mediterranea Lin. Mant. p. 229. ; E. lugubris

Sal. in Lin. Soc. Trans. 6. p. 343.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 471. ; and our fig. 1034.

Spec. Char., fyc. A shrub, 4 ft. to 6 ft. high. Leaves
4 — 5 in a whorl, linear, cuneate, glabrous. Flow-
ers axillary, disposed in the manner of a raceme,
directed to the lower side, so nodding Bracteas
above the middle of the pedicels. Corolla pitcher-
shaped, red. Anthers dark, foraminose from the

559

middle. (Don's Mill.} A pyramidal shrub. South of Europe, in the region
of the Mediterranean ; and Cunnemara, on the western coast of Ireland.
Height 4 ft. to 6 ft. sometimes 10 ft. Cultivated in 1596. Flowers red,
with dark anthers ; March to May.

The hardiest of arboreous heaths in British gardens ; though plants at
Syon, which had stood upwards of half a century, and were above 10 ft.
high, were killed to the ground by the winter of 1837-8.

GENUS III.

CALLITNA Sal. THE CALLUNA. Lin. Syst. Octandria Monogynia.

Identification. Salisbury in Lin. Soc. Trans., 6. p. 317. ; Don's Mill, 3. p. 828.

Synonyme. Er\c& sp. Lin. and others.

Derivation. The name of Calluna is derived from kalluno, which, as Sir J. E. Smith observes, " is
doubly suitable ; whether, with Mr. Salisbury and Dr. Hull, we take it to express a cleansing
property, brooms being made of ling ; or whether we adopt the more common sense of the word,
to ornament or adorn, which is very applicable to the flowers." (Eng. Flora, ii. p. 224.)

Gen. Char. Calyx 4-parted, membranous, coloured, furnished with 4 bracteas
at the base. Corolla campanulate, 4-lobed, shorter than the calyx. Stamens
enclosed. Filaments dilated. Anthers bipartite, biappendiculate at the base;
cells of anthers mucronulate, dehiscing lengthwise. Stigma capitate. Capsule
with a septicidal dehiscence. Seeds ovoid, smooth. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; acerose, trigonal, obtuse,
very short, imbricating in 4 rows, having the margins revolute, and the
base sagittate. Flowers disposed in long, terminal, spicate racemes. — Under-
shrub, small, spreading ; native of Europe on poor soils.

ju 1. C. VULGAVRIS Sal. The common Ling, or Heather.

Identification. Salisb. Lin. Trans., 6. p. 317. ; Eng. Flora, 2. p. 224. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 828.
Synonymes. Erica, vulgaris Lin. Sp. p. 501. ; la Bruyere, Fr. ; Heide, Ger. ; Lyng, Dan. ; Liung,

Szced. ; Brentoli, Cecchia, or Scopa, Ital. ; Brezo, Span. ; Urze, Port. ; Weresk, Kuss.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1013. ; and our fig. 1035.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves 3-cornered in a transverse section of
them, arrow-shaped at the base, obtuse at the point, revolute in
the lateral margins, imbricate in 4 rows. Flowers disposed in
long, terminal, spicate racemes. (Don's Mill.) A small, spread-
ing, evergreen shrub. Europe, plentiful in Britain. Height
6 in. to 3 ft. Flowers purplish ; July to September.

Varieties.

ju. C. v. 1 purpiirea. — Flowers purplish red.

•u C. v. 2 spiiria. — Branches tufted. Racemes short. Flow-

ers purplish red.
*~ C. v. 3 decumbens. — Branches decumbent. Racemes short. Flowers

purplish red.
a~ C. v. 4 tomentosa. — Leaves and branches woolly. Flowers purplish

red.

*~ C. v. 5 alba. — Flowers white, less crowded. Corolla shorter.
*~ C. v. ftflore plena. — Flowers double, pale purplish red.
X- C. v. 1 foliis variegdtis. — Leaves variegated. Flowers purplish.
*-. C. v. 8 aurea. — Leaves variegated with yellow.
ft- C. v. 9 coccinea. — Flowers deep red.
!U C. v. \Qspicata. — Racemes long. Flowers red or white,
t, C. v. \ 1 and 12 — Two varieties are mentioned by Sir W. J. Hooker,

as being in cultivation in the Glasgow Botanic Garden, where they

have retained their differences for years. They have both pubes-

560 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

cent branchlets : but the one has deep red flowers, and was received
from Aberdeenshire ; and the other, which was received from Arran,
has white flowers, that appear later than those of the other varieties.
The first may be called C. v. 11 dtro-nlbens, and the second C. v. 12
serotina.

Very ornamental, either as detached bushes, or as edgings to beds and
borders, in sandy or eaty soil.

§ ii. Andromedeas.

All the species are propagated by layers, and some of them also by divi-
sion, though most of them might, doubtless, be rooted in sand from the points
of the growing shoots, as in the preceding section ; but layers soonest make
saleable plants. They all require a soil more or less peaty, and a situation
cool, open, and moist, rather than dry and airy. Most of the genera are of
comparatively short duration, though some species of Andromeda and A'v-
butus attain an almost tree-like size, and endure many years.

GENUS IV.

ANDRO'MEDJ L. THE ANDROMEDA. Lin. Syst. Decandria Monogynia.

Identification. D. Don in Edinb. New Phil. Journ., 17. p. 157. : Don's Mill., 3. p. 828.

Synonyme. Polifblia Buxbaum Cent. 5. p. 5. t. 55. f. 1. ; Andromeda sp. L.

Derivation. Andromeda was the name of the daughter of Cephalus, king of Ethiopia. How a

plant came to .be named by Linnaeus after this personage, will be found given at length in our

first edition.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-cleft. Segments acute, simple at the base. Corolla
globose, with a contracted 5-toothed mouth. Stamens 10, enclosed; fila-
ments bearded ; cells of anthers short, furnished with I awn each. Stigma
truncate. Capsule with a loculicidal dehiscence. Placenta 5-lobed ; lobes
simple. Seeds elliptic. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; linear lanceolate, mu-
cronulate. Flowers terminal, umbellate, reddish or snow white. — Under-
shrubs, evergreen, spreading ; natives of Europe and North America.

CL 1. A. POLiFoYiA L. The Poly-leaved Andromeda, or Moorwort.

Identification. Lin. Sp.. 564. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 829.

Synonymcs. jRhododendron polifolium Scop. Cam. No. 482. ; wild Rosemary, Poly Mountain,

Marsh Cistus, Moorwort, Marsh Holy Rose ; Androme'de, Fr. and Ger.
Engravings. Lin. Fl. Lapp., t. 1. f. 3. ; Eng. Bot., t. 713. ; and our fig. 1036.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oblong, glaucous beneath.
Corollas ovate, flesh-coloured or pale red. Seg-
ments of calyx ovate, spreading, white, sometimes
tipped with red. (Don's Mill.} A diminutive ever-
green shrub. Northern countries of Europe, on
turfy bogs ; and also in Britain ; North America,
from Canada to Pennsylvania. Height 6 in. to
1 ft. Flowers white, tipped with red ; May to Sep-
tember. Capsule brown.

Varieties.

**• A. p. 1 angustifolia Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1591.,

and our Jig. 1037., has narrow leaves,
u. A. p. 2 ericQtdes has the habit of a heath.
«. A. p. SgrandiJZdra Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1714., and our Jig. 1038., has

large flowers.

XLIII.

CASSI\)P£.

06 1

«. A. p. 4 lati/olifi Locld. Bot. Cab. t. o46., and ow fig. 1039., has broad

leaves, and is a larger plant,
a. A. p. 5 minima has small flowers.

J037. A. p. angustif61ia. 103S. A.p.granaiflova.

tt. A. p. 6 revolida Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 725., and our /g. 1040., has

flowers bent back.

tt. A. p. 7 scotica is common in Scotland.
«. -4. p. 8 stricta has the branches erect.

Cultivated in gardens in moist peaty soil ; and it is only in such a soil,
in an open airy situation, that it can be preserved for any length of time.

«. 2. A. .KOSMARINIFO^LIA Pursh. The Rosemary-leaved Andromeda.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Aroer. Sept., 1. p. 291. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 829.
Synonyme. A. polifblia Miciix. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2. p. 254.
Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., 2. p. 53. t. 70. f. B. ; and oar fig. 1041.

Spec. C/iar.t $c. Leaves linear- lanceolate, convex, re-
volute, white beneath, and canescent above. Corollas
nearly globose. Calycine segments oblong red. Flow-
ers white, tinged with red. (Dons Mill.) A diminu-
tive evergreen shrub. Newfoundland and Labrador.
Height 6 in. to 1 ft. Introduced ? 1790. Flowers white,
tinged with red ; June.

Andromeda Drummondn Hook., Gard. Mug. 1840
p. 4., is a slender-growing plant, with the young leaves
and shoots covered with a scurf, like that which is found
on the J?lseagnus. Horticultural Society's Garden.

and

1041. A . » -osmwinifiM

GENUS V.

CASSrOP-E D. Don. THE CASSIOPE. Lin. Syst. Decandria Monogynia.

Identification. D. Don in Edinb. New Phil. Journ., 17. p. 157. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 829.
Synonyme. Andrdmeda sp. Lin., Pall.

Derivation. From Cassiope, wife of Cepheus, and mother of Andromeda, whose foolish boast that
her beauty was superior to that of the Nereides, provoked the wrath of Neptune.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-leaved; leaves imbricated at the base. Corolla campanu-
late, 5-cleft. Stamens 10, enclosed ; filaments glabrous ; cells of anthers
short, tumid, furnished with one awn each. Style dilated at the base.
Stigma obtuse. Capsule with a loculicidal dehiscence ; valves bifid at the
apex. Placenta 5-lobed ; lobes simple. Seeds oblong, compressed, shining.
(Don's Mill.}

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; very small, acerose,
imbricated. Floivers solitary, pedunculate, rose-coloured, lateral or ter-
rnjnal — Shrubs, small, heath-like; natives of Asia and North America.

Sw I. C. HYPNOIDES D. Don. The Hypnum-like Cassiope.

Identification. D. Don in fid. Phil, Journ., 17. p. 157. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 829.

Svnonyrne. Andr6med« Aypnoldes Lin. Sp. 5G3.

Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., t. 73. f. 2. ; Bot. Mag., t. 2936. ; and our^. 1042.

Spec. Char., Sfc. A small creeping shrub, resembling a kind of moss. Leaves

o o

562

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

loose, flat, and needle-like. Flowers small, with a red calyx
and white corolla, (Don's Mill.) A diminutive creeping ever-
green shrub. Lapland, Denmark, and Siberia, on the moun-
tains, where it covers whole tracts of land ; and on the
north-west coast of North America. Height 6 in. Intro.
1798. Flowers white, tinged with red; June and July.
Rare in British gardens.

«. 2. C.TETRAGOVNA D.Don. The 4f-cornerccW'ra;ze//<?</ Cassiope.

Identification. D Don in Ed. New Phil. Jour., 17. p. 157. ; Don's Mill., 3.p. 829.
Synonyme. Andr6med« tetrngbna Lin Sp. 563.

Engravings.
Jig.

Pall. Fl. Ross., t. 73. f. 4. ; Bot. Mag., t. 3181. ; and our

1042. C. Aypnolde*,

1013. C. tetragjua.

Spec. Char., &;c. Leaf obtuse, minutely ciliated, its
margin rcvolute, in such a manner as to render
the leaf tumid, and somewhat 2-celled. Leaves
adpressedly imbricate in 4 rows, and into a 4-
cornered column, of which the stem or branch is
the axis and support. (Don's Mill.) A diminutive
creeping evergreen shrub. Lapland, Siberia, North
America, from Canada to the north-west coast.
Height 6 in. Introduced in 1810. Flowers white,
tinged with red : March and April. Lodd.

«. 3. C. LYCOPODioYDES D. Don. The Club-Moss-like Cassiope.

Identification. D. Don in Ed. Phi}. Journ., 17. p. 157. ;

Don's Mill., 3. p. 829.

Synonym*. Andr6med« lycopodioldes Pall. Fl. Ross. p. 55.
Engravings. Pall. Ross., 1. c., t. 73. fig. 1. ; and our Jig. 1044.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Leaves ovate, adpressed, im-
bricated in 4 rows. (Don's Mill.) A diminu-
tive, evergreen, moss-like, creeping shrub.
Siberia, and the Island of St. Lawrence.
Height 6 in. Introduced ?. Flowers red ;
1044. c. lycopodioWes, June and July.

n. 4. C. .ERICOIDES D. Don. The Heath-like Cassiope.

Identification. D. Don in Edinb. New Phil. Journ., 17. p. 157. ; Don's Mill, 3.

p. 829.

St/nonyme. Andr6med« ericoldes Pall Ross. p. 56.
Engravings. Pall. Ross,, 1. c., t. 73. f. 3. ; and our fig. 1045.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves awned, setosely ciliated. Peduncles
glabrous. (Don's Mill.) A diminutive creeping, evergreen
shrub. Dahuria and Kamtschatka. Height 6 in. Intro-
duced ?. Flowers not seen.

C. fastigiata D. Don, a native of Nepal, and C. RedowsJci
G. Don, a native of the East of Siberia, are described in our
first edition, but they have not yet been introduced.

GENUS VI.

1045. C. cricW.es.

J

CASSA'NDR^ D. Don. THE CASSANDRA. Lin. Syst. Decandria
Monogynia.

Identification. D. Don in Edinb. New Phil. Journ., 17. p. 167. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 830.

Synonyme. Andr6meda sp. Lin. and others.

Derivation. The name of a daughter of Priam and Hecuba.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-leaved, bibracteate at the base ; leaflets imbricated afe

XLIII.

ZENOVBI^.

563

the base. Corolla oblong, with a contracted 5-toothed mouth. Stamens 10,
enclosed ; filaments glabrous, simple at the base ; cells of anthers elon-
gated, and tubular at the apex, niutic. Stigma annular, with a 5-tubercled
disk. Capsule with a loculicidal dehiscence. Placenta 5-lobed ; lobes
simple. (Doris Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; acerose, on short pe-
tioles. Flowers axillary, on short pedicels, drooping, snow white, disposed
in the manner of racemes at the tips of the branches. — Undershrubs,
evergreen ; natives of Europe, Asia, and North America.

DL 1. C. CALYCULA^TA D. Don. The calyculated Cassandra.

Identification. D. Don in Edinb. New Phil. Journ., 17. p. 157. ; Don's Mill.. 3. p. 830.

Synonyme. Andr6med« calyculata LA-i. Sp. 565.

Engravings. Pall. Fl. lloss., 2. t. 71. f. i. ; Bot. Cab., t. 1464. ; and omfig. 104C.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves elliptic-oblong, bluntish, ob-
soletely serrulated, rusty beneath. Racemes recurved,
leafy. Bracteas of the calyx (these constitute the
calyculus, or secondary and outer calyx, implied by
the term calyculata) broad, ovate, acuminate. Co-
rollas oblong-cylindrical. (Don's Mill.) A low
evergreen shrub. North America,
from Canada to Virginia, and also
in the North of Europe and Si-
beria. Height 1 ft. to 2 ft. Introd.
in 1748. Flowers white ; April
and May.

Varieties.

a. C. c. 1 ventricosa Sims Bot.

Mag., t. 1 286. — Corolla in- 1047. c. c. lataaia.

1016. C.calyculata flatC.l.

n. C. c. 2 latifolia Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 530., and our Jig. 1047. — Leaf broad.
«t C. c.3 nana Sims Bot. Mag. t. 862., Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 826. Dwarf.

M 2. C. (c.) ANGUSTIFOVLIA G. Don. The narrow-
leaved Cassandra.

Identification. Don's Mill., 3. p. 830.

Synonytnes. Andr6med« calyculata /3 angustifblia Ait. Hort. Kew. 2.

p. 70. ; A. angustifolia Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1. p. 291. ; A. crispa

Desf. e.t Link.
Engraving. Our fig. 1048.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, the
edges somewhat waved and revolute, the under
surface rusty. Racemes recurved, leafy. Bracteas
of calyx minute. Corollas oblong-ovate. (Don's
Mill.) A low evergreen shrub. Carolina and
Georgia, in open swamps. Height 2 ft. Intro-
duced in 1748. Flowers white ; April and May.

GENUS VII.

101S c <c0 angU6(Ifo,ia

ZENO'BIJ D. Don. THE ZENOBIA. Lin. Syst. Decandria Monogynia.

Identification. D. Don in Edinb. New Phil. Journ., July, 1834; Don's Mill. 3. p. 830.

Synonyme. Andr6meda sp. Michaux.

Derivation. From Zenobia, a queen of Palmyra, distinguished for her virtue and learning.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla carnpanulate ; limb revolute, 5-lobed.
Stamens 10; filaments glabrous, dilated at the base; cells of anthers

o o 2

564

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

elongated, tubular, biaristate at the apex. Stigma truncate. Capsule
with a loculicidal dehiscence. Placenta 5-lobed; lobes cuneated, thick, a
little arched. Seeds angular. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous; scattered, dilated, with
the margins usually toothed. Flowers racemose- Pedicels solitary or
aggregate. — Undershrubs, deciduous; natives of North America.

j» 1. Z. SPECIOUS A D. Don. The showy-flowered Zenobia.

identification. D. Don in Edinb. New Phil. Journ., July, 1834 ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 830.
Synonyme. Andr6meda specidsa Ultdi.r. Fl. Bar. Amer. 256.
Engravings. Bot. Cab., t. 551. ; and our fig. 1049.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oval, obtuse, mucronate, crenate, or serrate, veiny.
Flowers white, drooping, disposed in racemes.
Branches in the flower-bearing part naked of leaves.
(Don's Mill.) A low deciduous shrub. North
Carolina, in swamps. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft. Introduced
in 1800. Flowers large, white; June.

HMD. Z.speciosa.

Z. s. 2 nitida. A. s. nitida Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. i. p. 294-. ; A.
cassinefolia Vent. Malm. 79.; and our Jig. 1050. — Leaves oblong-
ovate, serrate, green on both surfaces. Flowers white.
t Z. s. 3 pulverulenta. A. specidsa pulverulenta Pursh \. c. ; A. pul-
verulcnta Bartram Itin. 476. ; A. cassineiolia ft Vent. Hort. Cels. 60.;
A. specidsa var. y glauca Wats. Dend. Brit. t. 26. ; A. dealbata
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1010.; A. ovata Soland MS. in Herb. Banks. ;
and OUT fig. 1051. — Leaves roundish-ovate, distantly crenate, co-
vered with white powder, as are the branches. Flowers white.

GENUS VIII.

|i

LYO'N/4 Nutt. THE LVONIA. Lin. Syst. Decandria Monogynia.

Identification. Nutt. Gen. Araer., 1. p. 268. ; Ed, Phil. Journ., 17. p. 158. : Don's Mill 3 p 830

Synonyme. Andromeda sp. Lin. and variotis authors.

Derivation. In commemoration of John Lyon,^n indefatigable collector of North American plants

who fell a victim to a dangerous epidemic amidst those savage and romantic mountains which

had so often been the theatre of his labours.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla, ovate or tubular, with a 5-toothed con-
tracted mouth. Stamens enclosed ; filaments flattened, dilated, very short,
downy ; cells of anthers membranous, dehiscing lengthwise, altogether
mutic. Style robust, pentagonal, fusiform, thickened at bottom. Stigma
simple, truncate. Capsule pentagonal, 5-celled, with a loculicidal dehis-

XLIII. ERICACEJE I

565

cence ; margins of valves closed by 5 other external nerve valves. Seeds
acicular, imbricated. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen or deciduous; usually
membranous and downy. Flowers for the most part terminal, disposed in
racemose panicles. — Shrubs, natives of North America.

A. Leaves evergreen.
* 1. L. FERRUGI/NEA Nutt. The rusty-looking Lydnia.

Identification. Nutt. Gen. Amer., p. 266.; Don's Mill., 3. p.
~ ionym.es. Andrdmeda ferruginea Walt. Fl. 138. ; A. fei
' Miclix. Fl. Bar. Amer. 1. p. 252.

830.
rruginea /3 fruticbsa

1052. L. ferruginea.

Si/no?/

Miclix. Fl. L
Engravings. Vent. Malm., t. 80. ; and our Jig. 1052.

Spec. Char., $c. Shrubby, evergreen. Leaves on long pe-
tioles, coriaceous, obovate, usually obtuse, quite entire, with
hardly revolute edges, and covered with brown, umbilicate,
bran-like scales, as is every other part of the plant. Flowers
axillary, 3 or 5 together, upon pedicels. Corolla small,
ovate, globose, white inside, rusty-looking outside. (Don's
Mill.) An evergreen shrub. Georgia, Florida, and Mexico,
in pine woods. Height 3ft. to 5 ft. Introduced in 1784.
Flowers white ; June and July.

* 5 2. L. RI'GIDA Nutt. The rigid-leaved Lyonia.

Identification. Nutt. Gen. Amer., 1. p. 2GG. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 830.

Synonymes. Andromeda ferruginea Willd. Sp. 2. p. 609. ; A. ferruginea 1 arborescens Michx. Fl.

Bar. Amer. 1. p. 252. ; A. rigida Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1. p. 292.
Engravings Bot. Cab., t. 430. ; and our fig. 1053.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves crowded, coriaceous, rigid ; their petioles short ;
their disks cuneate-lanceolate, acute, entire, convex, with revolute edges,
and clothed with brown, umbilicate, bran-like scales, as is
every other part of the plant. Flowers produced, in Britain,
in April and May ; axillary, several together. Corolla globose,
white inside. Closely akin to L. ferruginea ; but the two
are distinguishable by their different habits, especially by
their times of flowering. (Don's Mill.) An arborescent
evergreen shrub or low tree. Carolina and Florida, in barren
sandy woods. Height 15ft. to 20ft.; in British gardens
3ft. to 5ft. Introduced in 1744. Flowers white; April
and May. Capsule brown.

Nearly allied to the preceding species, but of a different habit,
and flowering at a different season.

«_ 3. L. MARGINALIA D. Don. The marginated-leaved Lyonia.

Identification. D. Don in Edinb. New Phil. Journ., 17. p.

159. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 830.
Synonymes. Andrdmeda marginata Du Ham. Arb. ; A

coriacea Willd. Sp. 2. p. 613., Ait.
ncc. 1. . 1

Ear. 3. t. 465.

ea Willd. Sp. 2. p. 613., Ait. Hort. Kew. 2. p. 70. ; A.
lucida Lam. Encyc. 1. p. 157. ; A. mariiina Jacq. Icon.

1(!64. L. marginhta.

Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 1095. ; Jacq. Icon. Rar. t 465. •,
and our Jig. 1054.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branch-
lets indistinctly 3-
sided. Leaves coria-
ceous, oval, acuminate, /
quite entire, glabrous,
and very finely punc-
tured ; with the mid-
rib running throug'h
the deflexed margin..
Flowers upon pedi-
o o 3

1055. L. m. rubra.

566

AKBORETUM ET FKUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

eels, axillary, aggregate. Calyx of a dark red colour, its segments long, linear.
Corolla cylindrical, pale red. (Doits Mill.) A small evergreen glabrous
shrub. Carolina and Florida, in sandy forests. Height 2ft. Introduced
in 1765. Flowers white; June and July.

Variety.

«. L. m. 2 riibra Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 672., and our Jig. 1055. — Flowers
• deep red.

B. Leaves deciduous.

jt 4. L. MARIA'NA D. Don. The Maryland Lyonia.

Identification. D. Don in Ed. Phil. Journ., 17. p. 159. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 831.
Synonymc. Andr6meda mariana Lin. Sp. 564.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 1579. ; and our fig. 1056.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves deciduous, oval, acutish at both ends, entire,
glabrous, rather coriaceous, paler beneath. Flower-bearing branches
almost leafless. Flowers on
pedicels, aggregate, large, white,
sometimes tinged with red.
Calyx leafy. Corolla ovate-
cylindrical. Capsule conoid.
(Don's Mill.) A deciduous low
shrub. New England to Florida,
in woods and dry swamps, espe-
cially in sandy soil. Height
2 ft. or upwards. Introduced
in 1736. Flowers large, white,
sometimes tinge, 1 with red ;
May to August.

1056. L.martena.

Variety.

1067. L. in. obliSnga.

L. m. 2 oblonga Swt.,and our Jig. 1057., has oblong leaves.
5. L. RACEMOVSA D. Don. The racemose-flowered Lyonia.

Identification. D. Don in Edinb. New Phil. Journ., 17. p. 159.

Don's Mill., 3 i> 831.
Sifnonymes. Andromeda racembsa Lin. Sp. 564., L'Hdrit. Stirp.

2. t. 13, ; A. paniculdta Walt. Car. 138., Gronov. Virg. 67.
Engravings. L'H£rit. Stirp., 2. t. 13. ; and our Jig. 1058.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves deciduous, oval-lanceolate,
acute, serrulate, membranous, glabrous. Flowers
white. Spikes terminal, secund, elongated, simple,
or branched. Bracteas linear, acute, two at the
base of a calyx, which is acute. Corolla cylin-
drical. (Don's Mill.) A deciduous shrub. Ca-
nada to Carolina, in bogs and swamps. Height
3 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced in 1736. Flowers white,
sweet-scented; June and July

A very desirable spe-
cies. According to Pursh
ior.8. L. racemosa. it is reckoned one of the

finest shrubs in America, from the graceful ap-
pearance of its flowers, and their fine odour.

¥ 6. L. ARBO'REA D. Don. The Tree Lyonia.

Identification. D. Don in Edinb. New Phil. Journ., 17. p. 159.,

Don's Mill .,3. p. 831.

Synonymc. Andr6meda arbbrea Lin. Sp. 565.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 905. ; and our Jig. 1059.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches taper. Leaves de-
ciduous, oblong, acuminate, serrate, with rnu_

XLIIi. £RICANC£^E : LYO

567

cronate teeth, glabrous, acid. Flowers in terminal panicles of many
racemes. Corollas white, ovoid-cylindrical, downy. (Don's Mill.) A
deciduous tree. Pennsylvania to Florida, in the valleys of the Alleghany
Mountains. Height in America 40 ft. to 60 ft., ; in England 10ft. to 20 ft
Introduced in 1752. Flowers white ; June and July.

The leaves have a very pleasant acid taste, from which the species has beta
called the sorrel-tree. In America they are frequently made use of by hunters
in the mountains to alleviate thirst.

1060. L. vaniculJita.

7. L. PANICULA'TA Nutt. The pamcled-JZowered Lyonia.

Identification. Nutt. Gea Amer., 1. p. 266.; Don's Mill., 3. p. 831.
Synonyme. Andromeda paniculata Lin. Sp. 564.

Engravings. L'Herit. Stirp. Nov., 2. t. 12. ; Dend. Brit., t. 37. ; and our
fig, 1060.

Spec. Char., $c. Downy. Leaves deciduous, obovate-
lanceolate, narrowed to both ends, almost entire, the
upper surface of the older leaves nearly glabrous.
Flower-bearing branches terminal, panicled, nearly-
naked of leaves. Flowers small, in peduncled ra-
cemes. Corollas nearly globose, dawny, white. (Don's
Mill.) A deciduous shrub. Canada to Carolina, in all
swamps and woods. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced in
1748. Flowers small, white ;
June and July.

j* 8. L. SAUCIFO LI A Wats. The Willow-leaved
Lyonia.

Identification. Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 3cS.
Engravings. Dend. Brit, t. 38. ; and our fig. 1061.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves alternate, long-lanceolate,
acuminate, scarcely serruhite, shining, strewed with
a few short gland-like hairs. Racemes of flowers
compound, alternately sessile on the terminal
branches. Flowers white, 1-petalecl, globular, con-
tracted at the mouth. (Wats.) A desirable species,
nearly allied to L. paniculata, but which is less
remarkable in point of floral beauty, than for its
fine shining foliage. Native country ?. Height 3 ft.
to 4 ft. Flowers white ; June and July.

1062. L. (p.) frondota.

jt 9. L. (P.) FRONDOXSA Nutt. The branchy Lyonia.

Identification. Nutt. Gen. Amer., 1. p. 267. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 831.
Synonyme. Andromeda frondbsa Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1. p. 295.
Engraving. Oar fig. 1062. from a specimen in Dr. Lindley's herbarium.

Spec. Char., fyc. Densely villose with whitish hairs.
Leaves deciduous, oblong or oblong ovate, blunt or
acutish, often rusty, prominently veined; the lateral
margins revolute, entire, and rough. Flowers white, in
a terminal leafly panicle. Corollas globose, hispid or
downy. (Don's Mill.) An upright deciduous shrub.
Virginia and Carolina. Height 3 ft. Introduced in
1806. Flowers white ; May and June.

jjt 10. L. (P.) MULTIFLO'RA Wats. The many-flowered Lyonia.

Identification. Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 128. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 831.
Engravings. Dend. Brit., t. 128. ; and our fig. 1063.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves deciduous, narrow, lanceolate, serrate, sprinkled with
hair-like atoms. Flowers numerous, small, white, disposed in terminal pa-
• o o 4

568

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

nicies, that are composed of numerous grouped
racemes. (Don's Mill.) An upright deciduous
shrub. North America. Height 2 ft. Introduced
in 1812. Flowers white ; July.

j» 11. L. (P.) CAPRE^EFO'LIA Wats. The Goat-
Wiilow-leaved Lyonia.

Identification. Wats. Dend.

Brit., t. 127.; Don's Mill.,

3. p. 831.
Engravings. Dend. Brit., t.

1-27.; and our fig. 1064.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves
ices. L. (P.) muitiffta.. deciduous, coriace-

ous, elliptic, with a

short acuminate termination, serrulate, and
sprinkled with short fleshy hairs. Flowers dis-
posed in racemes and corymbs that are mixed,
lateral, and leafy. Corollas rather silky, globu-
lar, coarctate. (Don's Mill.) An erect decidu-
ous shrub. North America. Height 2 ft. to
3 ft. Introduced in 1812. Flowers white; July.

1061. L. d>.) capreaefolia.

GENUS IX.

D

LEUCO'THCXE D. Don. THE LEUCOTHOE. Lin. Syst. Decandria
Monogynia.

Identification. D. Don in Edinb. New Phil. Journ., 17. p. 159. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 831.

Synonyme. Andrdmecia sp. of previous authors.

Derivation. Leucothoe was a beautiful nymph, beloved by Apollo; who was buried alive by her
father when he discovered her amour, and changed into the tree that bears the frankincense by
her lover. (Ovid. Met., iv. 196.) Leucothoe was also a name given to Ino after she was changed
into a sea deity.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-leaved ; leaves imbricated at the base. Corolla tubular,
5-toothed. Stamens enclosed ; filaments dilated, flattened, downy ; cells of
anthers short, truncate, mutic. Stigma simple, capitate. Capsule with a
loculicidal dehiscence. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; coriaceous, dentately spi-
nulose. Flowers white, racemose, axillary, or terminal. — Shrubs, evergreen,
low ; natives of North America.

a. 1. L. AXILLAVRIS D. Don. The BxiHary-racemed Leucothoe.

Identification. D. Don in Edinb. New Phil. Journ., 17. p. 159. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 832.

Synonymes. Andr6meda axillaris Solander in Hort. Kew. 2. p. 89,

No. 2., on the authority of Mr. Gordon.
Engraving. Ourjig. 1065.

Spec Char., $c. Leaves oblong or oval, acumi-
nate ; in the outward part of its length carti-
laginous in the margin, and serrulate with
mucronate teeth ; upper surface glabrous, under
surface covered with glandular hairs. Young
branches clothed with powdery down. Flowers
white, in short, spicate, sessile, axillary racemes,
attended by scaly bracteas. Corolla ovate cylin-
drical. Filaments ciliated, very short, Capsule de-
pressed, globose. (Don's Mill.) Alow evergreen
shrub. Virginia to Georgia, on mountains. Height
2 ft. to 3 ft. Introduced in 1 765. Flowers
white ; May and June.

A. CatestoeV Walt. Car. fasc.

1065. L. axillaris.

XLIII.

: LEUCOTHCXE.

569

Variety.

L. a. 2 longifoKa. Andromeda longifolia Pursh Sept. i. p. 293., Sims
Bol. Mag. t. 2357. ; A. Walten Willd. — Leaves linear-lanceolate,
very long. (Don's Mil/.)

~. L. SPINULOVSA G. Don. The spinulose-toothed-leaved Leucothoe.

Identification. Don's Mill., 3. p. 832.

Synonymes. Andromeda spinulosa Pursh Sept. 1. p. 293. ; ? A. Catesb<z?V

Walt. FL Car. p. 137.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 1955. ; Bot. Cab., t. 1320. ; and our fig. 1066.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves glabrous, coriaceous, ovate-
oblong, rounded at the base, gradually narrowed to the
tip, acuminate, serrulate with teeth that are spinulose
in some degree. Flowers white, disposed unilaterally
and rather loosely, in subspicate, axillary, subsessile
racemes, and attended by scaly bracteas. Corolla short,
ovate-cylindrical. It resembles L. axillaris D. Don in
several respects. (Don's Mill.) A low evergreen shrub.
Lower Carolina. Height 2ft. Introduced in 1793.
Flowers white ; May and June.

1066. L. spinu!6sa.

n. 3. L. ACUMINA'TA G. Don.

Identification

The acuminate-leaved Leucothoe.

Don's Mill., 3. p. 832.
Synonymes. Andromeda acuminata
Iticida Jacq. Icon. Kar. 1. t. 79. ; A. populifolia Lam. Encycl. 1.

Andromeda acuminata Ait. Hort. Kew, 2. p. 70. ; A.

p. lyo. : A. reucuiaia nan. ri. \^ar. i«>/. ; A. lurniosissmia
Bartr. ; A. Zaurina Michx. FL Amer. Bst. 1. p. 253. ; Pipe-stem-
wood, Amer.

Engravings. Exot. Boi., t. 89. ; Jacq. Icon. Rar., i. t. 79. ; and
our fig. 1067.

Spec. Char., 8>c. Glabrous. Stems hollow. Leaves
ovate-lanceolate, gradually narrowed to the tip,
entire or unequally serrate, shining, nettedly
veined, coriaceous. Flowers white, numerous,
upon pedicels, drooping; disposed in racemes that
are axillary, very short, corymbose, and nearly
naked. Corolla cylindrically ovate. (Don's Mill.)
An erect evergreen shrub. Georgia and Florida,
in sandy swamps. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft. Introd. 1765.
Flowers numerous, white; July and August. 1057. L. acuminata.

«. 4*. L. FLORIBU'NDA D. Don. The numerous-flowered Leucothoe.

Identification. D. Don in Edinb. New Phil. Journ., 17. p. 159. ; Don's Mill., 3.

p. 832.

Synonymc. Andr6meda floribunda Lyon Herb. Sept. 1. p. 293
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 807. ; Bot. Mag., t. 1566. , and our fig. 1068.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Glabrous. Leaves ovate oblong, acute,
finely serrulate, appressedly ciliate, coriaceous. Flowers
white, numerous ; disposed unilaterally in racemes that are
axillary and terminal, and constitute
panicles. Pedicels with 2 bracteas.
(Don's Mill.) An erect evergreen
shrub. Georgia, on mountains. Height
2 ft. to 3 ft. Introduced in 1812.
Flowers white ; May and June.

Extremely difficult to propagate, therefore rare. Pro-
lific in flowers, when covered with them very beautiful.
Layers, which do not root under two or three years.

a. 5. L. SPICAVTA G. Don. The spicate-racemcd
Leucothoe.

Identification. Don's Mill., 3 p. 832.

Synonynte. Andromeda spicata Wats. Dend. Brit. t. 30.

Engravings. Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 36- ; and our fig. 1069. 1009. \j. S1.icata.

1068. I., tloribunda.

570

ARBORETUM ET FRUTH'E'J'UM BRITANNICUM.

Spec. Char.y tyc. Glabrous, except that the branchlets are beset with short
white hairs. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, acute, ovate, or taper at the base,
serrated. Flowers white, disposed unilaterally in long lateral and terminal
racemes. (Don's Mill.) An erect evergreen shrub. Canada to Florida.
Height 2 ft. Introduced in ? 1812. Flowers white ; June.

GENUS X.

n

PFER1S D. Don. THE PIERIS. Lin. Syst. Decandria Monogynia.

Identification. D. Don in Edinb. New Phil. Journ., 17. p. 159. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 832.
Synonyme. Andromeda sp. IVallich.

"Derivation Pieris, a general appellation of the Mus^s, who were called Pierides, from their birth-
place, Pieria, in Thessaly.

Gen. Char. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla tubular or ovate, with a con-
tracted, 5-toothed, revolute border. Stamens enclosed ; filaments dilated,
bisetose at top ; cells of anthers short, incumbent, dehiscing lengthwise.
Style robust, pentagonal. Stigma truncate. Capsule with a loculicidal de-
hiscence. Seeds scobiform. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, evergreen ; coriaceous. Floivers droop-
ing, terminal, racemose. — Shrub or low tree, evergreen, native of Nepal.

1 1. P. OVALIFO"LIA D. Don. The oval-leaved Pieris.

Identification. Ed. Phil. Journ., 17. p. 159. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 832
Synonymes. Andrdmeda ovalifblia Asiat. Res. 13. p. 391. ; A. capriclda

Hamilton MSS.
Engravings. Asiat. Res., 13. p. 391. ; and our fig. 1070.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oval, acuminated, 2 in. to 4 in.
long, 1 in. to 2 in. broad, rounded at the base, entire,
downy when young. Flowers upon downy pedicels,
and disposed unilaterally in lateral, leafy, lengthened
racemes, many in a raceme. Racemes numerous.
Segments of calyx ovate and acute. Corolla oblong,
downy, pale flesh-colour. (Don's Mil/.) An evergreen
low tree. Nepal, at Suembu and Sirinagur. Height
20 ft. to 40 ft. ; in British gardens 2 ft. to 3 ft. In-
troduced in 1825. Flowers white ; May. 1070. P. Ovaufoiia.

GENUS XI.

PHYLLO'DOC£ Sal.

THE PHYLLODOCE.

Monogynia.

Lin. Syst. Decandria

Identification. Sal. Par., t. 36. ; D. Don in Ed. Phil. Journ., July, 1834 ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 832.

Syiumymes. Andrdmeda sp. L. ; Menziesm sp. Swartz, Smith.

Derivation. Phyllodoce, the name of one of the nymphs of Cyrene, daughter of the river Peneus.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla globose, with a contracted 5-toothed
mouth. Stamens 10, enclosed: filaments slender, glabrous ; cells of anthers
short, truncate, mutic. Stigma peltate, 5-tuberculate. Capsule 5-celled,
with a septicidal dehiscence. Seeds compressed, shining. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; linear, obtuse, spreading.
Flowers terminal, solitary, or many together in a kind of umbel. — Shrubs,
evergreen, very diminutive. Natives of the North of Europe, Asia, and
North America.

XLIII. VRICA^CEM I BRYA'NTHUS.

571

Identification

1. P. :TAXIFOVLIA Sal. The Yew-leaved Phyllodoce.

Sal. Par., t. 36. ; Don's Mill.
Synonymet.

3. p. 833.
Menzi

dsw cjerulea Swz. in Lin. Soc. Trans. 10.

p. 377. ; Andrdmedfl czerulea Lin. Sp. p. 563. ; A. /axifblia Pall.
FI. lloss. p. 54 ; Erica caerilea Willd. Sp. 2. p, 393.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 2469. ; Bot. Cab., t. 164. ; and our
fig. 1071.

Spec. Char., qc. Leaves with denticulated margins.
Peduncles aggregate, glanded. Segments of the
calyx acuminate. Anthers one third of the length
of the filaments. Corolla blue or purple ; red, on
the authority of Pursh, in the species as fbutid in
North America. (Don's Mill.} A low, trailing, ever-
green, heath-like shrub. Europe, North America,
and Asia ; in Scotland on dry heathy moors, rare.
Height 6 in. Flowers red ; June and July.

<u 2. P. EMPETRIFO'RMIS D. Don. The Empetrum-like
Phyllodoce.

Identification. D. Don in Ed. Phil Journ., July, 1834 ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 833.
Synonyme. Menziesza tfiupetriftirmis Smith in Lin. Soc. Trans. 10. p. 280.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 3176. ; and our Jig. 1072.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves with denticulated margins. Pedun-
cles aggregate, sparingly glanded. Segments of the calyx
ovate, obtuse. Corolla pale red. Anthers the length of
the filaments. (Don's Mill.) A low, trailing, heath-like
evergreen shrub. North America. Height Gin. Introduced
in 1810. Flowers pale red; June and July. p.

GENUS XII.

BRYA'NTHUS Gmel.

THE BRYANTIIUS.

gynia.

Lin. Syst. Decandria Mono-

Identtftcation. Gmel. Sib., 4. p. 133. t. 57. f. 3. ; Phil. Journ., 17. p. 160. ; Don's Mill, 3. p. 833.
Synoni/mes. Andr6meda sp. Lin. ; Menziesm Swartz and Pursh ; Erica sp. Thunb.
Derivation. From bryon, a moss, and anthos. a flower.

Gen. Char., $c. Calyx 5-leaved, imbricate. Corotta deeply 5-parted, spread-
ing. Stamens 10, shorter than the corolla; filaments flattened, glabrous j
cells of anthers short, mutic, or awned behind, dehiscing by a terminal
hole. Stigma obtuse. Capsule 5-celled, with a septicidal dehkscence, many-
seeded. Seeds ovoid, shining, with a keeled raphe. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; small, crowded, spreading,
flatfish. Flowers terminal, solitary, or somewhat racemose. — Shrubs, small,
trailing, evergreen. Natives of Asia and North America ; rare in British
gardens.

<u 1. B. GME'LINZ D. Don. Gmelin's Bryanthus.

Identification. D. Don in Ed. Phil. Journ., 17. p. 160. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 833.

Synonymcs. Menzidsz'a bryantha Swarlz in Lin. Trans. 10. p. 378. ; Andr6meda bryantha Lin.

Mant 238. ; Erica bryantha Thunb. Diss. No. 8. ; Bryanthus repens serpyllifblia Hbre rdseo

Gmtl. Sib. 4. p. 133. t. 57. f.
Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., p. 57. t. 74. f. 1. ; and our^. 1073.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branchlets pruinose. Leaves with denticulated margins.
Peduncles glandular, many-flowered. Anthers mutic. Style filiform. (Don's
Mill.) A trailing, moss-like, evergreen, diminutive shrub. Kamtschatka,
about Port Ochotsk, and of Bern-ing's Island, where it grows in thick masses
covering a great extent of surface, like wild thyme ; and various other

572

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

and in
larger

places, in mosses and bogs, with jE'mpetrum. Height
6 in. Introduced?. Flowers red; June.

<u 2. B. STE'LLER/ D. Don. Steller's Bryanthus.

Identification. D. Don, L c. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 833.

Synonymes. Andromeda Stelleriana Pall. Fl. Ross. p. 58. t. 74. f. 2. ;

Menzidsi'a empetrif6rmis Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1. p. 265., but not of

others.
Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., p. 58. t. 74. f. 2. ; and our fig. 1074.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Branchlets
glabrous. Leaves with ob-
solete crenulated edges.
Flowers solitary, nearly
sessile. Anthers 2-horned
behind. Style conical.
Flowers pale red. (Don's
Mill.) A trailing diminu-
tive evergreen shrub.
North-west coast of Ame-
rica, on the Rocky Moun-
tains, and near the mouth
of the Columbia River,

the Island of Sitcha. Height 6 in. Introduced ?. Flowers pale red,

than in B. Gmelim ; June.

GENUS XIII.

1074. B. St<5.1leri.

DABCE CIA D. Don. THE DABCECIA. Lin. Sysl. Octandria Monogynia.

Identification. D. Don in Edinb. New. Phil. Journ., 17. p. 160. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 833.
Synonymes. Erica sp. Lin. ; Andromeda sp. Lin. ; MenzieVa sp. Juss.
Derivation. D. jt?olif61ia D. Don is called, in Ireland, St. Dabeoc's heath.

Gen. Char. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla oval, ventricose ; limb 4-toothed. Sta-
mens 8, enclosed ; filaments dilated, glabrous. Anthers linear, sagittate
at the base ; cells of anthers parallel, loosened at the apex, dehiscing
lengthwise. Stigma simple, truncate. Capsule 4-celled, with a septicidal
dehiscence. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; acerose, elliptic, flat,
clothed with white tomentum beneath. Flowers terminal, racemose, purple.
— A shrub, evergreen, diminutive, bushy ; native of Ireland and the Pyrenees.

tt. 1. D. POLIFONLIA D. Don. The Poly-leaved Daboecia.

Identification. D. Don in Edinb. New Phil. Journ., 17. p. 160. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 833.

Synonymes. Andrfimeda Dabce'czYz Lin. Syst. 406. ; Erica Dabce'cz'a Lin. Sp. 509. ; Menziesza
Dabce'c/a Dec. Fl. Gall. 674.; .Erica hibernica, &c., Raii Hist. 3. Suppl. 244. ; Menziesz'a po-
lifolia Juss. Ann. Mus. 1. p. 55. ; Facci'nium cant&bricum Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 1. p. 143.; Irish
Whorts, Cantabrian Heath, St. Dabeoc's Heath.

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 35. ; Sweet's Brit. Fl.-Gard., 2. s. t. 276. ; and our Jigs. 1075. and 1076.

Spec. Char., Sf-c. Leaves elliptic, flat,
clothed with white tomentum beneath.
Flowers in terminal racemes. (Don's
Mill.) A bushy, heath-like, evergreen
undershrub. Ireland and the Pyre-
nees, on the sides of mountains and
dry heaths, where it is very ornamental.
Height 1 ft. to 2 ft. Flowers purple ;
June to September.

Variety.
1075. D.poiif6iia. j* D. p. 2 flore albo Swt. Brit. Fl.

XLIII. ERICACEAE: ARBUTUS.

573

Gard. 2d ser. t. 276. — Flowers white. Discovered in Cunne-
mara, in 1820, growing along with the common variety.

"GENUS XIV.

,4'RBUTUS Corner. THE ARBUTUS, or STRAWBERRY TREE. Lin. Syst.
Decandria Monogynia.

Identification. Camer. Epit., p. 163. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 834.

Synonymes. yindrachne G'ws. ; ^f'rbutus sp. Lin. Gen. No. 750. ; Arbousicr, Fr. ; Sandbeere,

Gt-r. ; Abbatro, Ital.
Derivation. From ar bois, austere bush, Celtic ; in allusion to the austere quality of the fruit.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla globose, or ovately campanulate ; limb
5-cleft, reflexed. Stamens 10, enclosed. Anthers compressed on the sides,
dehiscing by two pores at the apex, fixed by the back beneath the apex,
where they are furnished with two reflexed awns. Ovarium seated on a
hypogynous disk, or half-immersed in it, 5-celled ; cells many-seeded. Style
1. Stigma obtuse. Berry nearly globose, granular. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; serrated or entire. Flowers
in racemes, terminal, panicled, pedicellate, bracteate, with white or flesh
coloured corollas. — Trees and shrubs, evergreen ; natives of Europe, Asia,
and America.

They are of easy culture, in sandy loam, or loam and peat ; and they are
readily propagated, the common kinds by layers, cuttings, or seeds, and the
rarer and tenderer sorts by grafting on those that are more common and hardy.
All the species have the outer bark more or less tinged with red, and scaly.

m % I. A. CTNEDO L. The Unedo Arbutus, or Strawberry Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 566. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 134.

Synonymes. L'Arbousier commun, Arbousier des Pyrenees, or Fraisier en Arbre, Fr. ; Erdbeere-

artige Sandbeere, Ger. ; Koinaa, Mod. Greek.
Engravings. Eng. Dot., t. 2377. ; and our Jig. 1077.

Spec. Char., Sf-c. Arboreous. Branch-
lets clothed with glandular hairs.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, glabrous,
serrulated. Flowers nodding. Pe-
duncles smooth. (Don's MM.) An
evergreen shrub or low tree. South
of -Europe, Palestine, and Ireland,
in the county of Kerry, near the
Lake of Killarney, on barren lime-
stone rocks, where the country
people eat the fruit. Height 10 ft.
to 20 ft. Flowers white ; Septem-
ber and December. Fruit large,
scarlet ; ripe in December.

Varieties.

» f A. U. 1 albus Ait. Hort.
Kew. ii. p. 71. — Flowers
white. This is the com-
mon sort, raised in nurseries by seed. The flowers are sometimes
of a greenish or yellowish white, and sometimes reddish. The
colour of the fruit, also, varies in a similar manner.

* i A. U. 2 ruber Ait. Hort. Kew. ii. p. 7 1 . — .Flowers reddish. This
is the handsomest variety in cultivation. It is commonly propagated
by layers, or by grafting on the species, and sometimes by cnttin.es.

« A. U. Splcnus Ait. Hort. Kew. ii. p. 71. — Flowers semidouble.

1077. jl'rbutus UViedo,

574

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

* A. U. 4 scliizopetalus. — Corolla cut into more than the number (5) of

segments constant to the corolla of the species. Hort. Soc. Garden.

* A. U. 5 integrijvlius. (SirnsBot. Mag., t. 2319. and our

fig. 1978.) — Leaves entire. Hort. Sdc. Gard.
m A. U. 6 crispus. — Leaves curled and cut, and the

plant dwarf,
a A. U. 7 salicifoKus — Leaves narrow, very distinct.

The common arbutus will grow to the height of 20 or 30
feet ; but, unless pruned to a single stem, it assumes more the
character of a huge bush than that of a regular-headed tree.
The rate of growth, when young and properly treated, will
average 1 ft. a year for the first 10 years ; and the plant is v^k f /
of considerable durability. It will thrive in any tolerably free "^ y,^'
soil ; though it seems to grow fastest, and attain the largest
size, in deep sandy loam. It will grow either in open or 1078 f^!"1^""
sheltered situations, but does not thrive under the shade
of trees. The species is readily propagated by seeds, which should be
sown, as soon as they are separated from the pulp of the fruit, in pots of light,
rich, sandy soil, or heath mould, and then placed in the shade, where they can
be protected from the frost and the sun. Plants raised from seed do not ge-
nerally flower till 5 or 6 years old. The double and the scarlet-flowered, and
all the other varieties, are propagated by
layers, by grafting, or by cuttings of the
wood in a growing state, taken off in July,
and treated like cuttings of heath.

Z m 2. A. IIY'BRIDA Ker. The hybrid-
Arbutus, o?% Strawberry Tree.

Identification. Ker Bot. Reg., t. G19. ; Don's Mill., 3.

p. 834.

Synonyme. A. andrachnolcles Link Enum, 1. p. 395.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 619. ; the plate in Arb. Brit.,

1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our Jigs. 1079. and 1080.

Spec. Char.) fyc. Branchlets pilose. Leaves
oblong, acute, serrated, glabrous. Panicle
terminal, pendulous, downy. Flowers

white. Calyx glabrous. (Don's Mill.) ,079. ^.h>,brida.

An evergreen shrub or low tree. Origi-
nated in gardens about 1800. Height 10ft. to 20ft. Flowers white ; Sep-
tember to December. Fruit scarlet ; rarely produced.

This hybrid appears to
have been originated be-
tween the first and the
third species, and to be in-
termediate between them
both in appearance and
constitution. It is less
tender than No 4., and
more so than No. 3. In
British gardens it is very
ornamental from
its foliage and
flowers ; but, as
might be expected,
it rarely perfects
fruit. Propagated
by grafting on the
common species.

10SO. /I. hvliritla.

XLIII.

A*CE&: ARBUTUS.

575

Variety.

<£ * A. h. 2 Millcr\ (A. Miller* Mayes in West of England Journal of
Science and Lit., Jan. 1835; and Gard. Mag., xi. p. 259.) was raised
from seed in the Bristol Nursery, from the scarlet-flowered variety of
A. t/Yiedo and A. ^ndrachne. The flowers are of a delicate pink,
the leaves are large, and the plant vigorous.

Apparently a hybrid between A. CTnetlo and A. ^fndrachne. It grows as
rapidly as the A. CAiedo, forms fully as large a tree, is more beautiful in its
flowers, which are in larger panicles, and is nearly as hardy.

j «i 3. A. ^NDRA'CHNE L. The Andrachne Arbutus, or Strawberry Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 5P(J. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 834.

Snoiiymes. A. integrifclia Lam*; ^ndrSchne Theophrast/ Clus. Hist. 1. p. 48. ; Jndrachne Park.
This is the Adrachne of Theophrastus ; and it is called Adrachla in modern

t. 2024. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. : and

Theatr. 1490. f. 2.
Greek.

Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 113. ; Bot. Mag
ourjl[>s. 1081. and 1082.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oblong, bluntish, entire in some, a little serrated in
others, glabrous. Panicles terminal, erect, clothed with viscid down. Flowers

1081. A. Xndr&chne.

greenish white. Fruit like that of A. CTnedo. (Don's Mill.) An evergreen
shrub or low tree. Greece, Asia Minor, and Tauria. Height 20 ft. to SO ft.
Introduced in 1724. Flowers greenish white; March and April. Fruit like
that of A. CTnedo ; ripe in December.

Variety.

1084. A. /JndriVchne.

m A. A. 2 serratifolia, A. ser-
ratifolia Nois., (Lodd. Bot.
Cab., t. 580. ; and our fig.
1083.) has the leaves ser-
rated, and narrower than
those of the species. The
flowers are yellowish, and
disposed in rather large
terminal clusters.

It differs from the common arbutus in having
much longer leaves, smooth, coriaceous, and shining,
and but slightly if at all serrated, and polished ; but
the outer bark cracks, and peels off in very thin

576

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

papery layers annually, by which alone it is readily distinguished from the
common arbutus. The plants, when young, are somewhat tender ; but, it
kept in pots till 2 or 3 feet high before they are planted out, they will endure
the winters in the neighbourhood of London without any protection ; and
will grow nearly as rapidly as the common arbutus, becoming eventually much
larger and finer trees.

1 ft 4. A. PROCEVRA Douglas. The tall Arbutus, or Strawberry Tree,

Identification. Lindl. Bot. Reg., 1. 1573.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1573. ; and our fig. 1084.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oblong, serrated, or entire,

smooth ; petioles smooth. Racemes terminal,

panicles secund. (Lindl.} A small evergreen

tree; in British gardens an evergreen bush, with

fine broad glossy foliage. North-west coast of

North America. Height 10 ft. to 20 ft. In-
troduced in 1825. Flowers delicate, greenish

white; May. Fruit like that of the common

arbutus.

Nearly allied to A. ^ndrachne ; but differing in
the form and serratnres of its leaves, and in the JjjjSijQ
form and size of its flowers. The root shoots are /
covered with scattered bristles, as also are the leaf "~
stalk, and the leaves themselves on such shoots are
very strongly serrated. 1034

«*. A. TOMENTO'SA Pursh. The downy Arbutus, or Strawberry Tree.

ursh Fl. Amer. Sept
Synonyme. .^rctostaphylos tomentbsa

. A. toniei

Variety.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 282.; Don's Mill., 3. p. 835.
Synonyme. ^rctostaphylos tomentbsa Lindl. Bot. Reg., t. 1791.
Engravings. B.ot. Mag., t. 3320. ; Bot. Reg., 1. 1791. ; and our fig. 1085.

Spec. Char., fyc. The whole plant, except the flowers, downy
while young. Branches hispid. Leaves with short and
hispid petioles, midribs hispid, and disks oval, acute, sub-
cordate at the base, and clothed with white tomenturn
beneath. Flowers bracteated, disposed in somewhat headed
racemes, which are axillary, and shorter than the leaves.
Corolla campanulately pitcher-shaped, pure white. (Dcm\
Mill) A low evergreen shrub. West coast of North
America. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft.
Flowers pure white ; Dec.

Introduced in 182G.

«- A. t. 2 niida Hook, et Arnott in
Beech. Voy. Pt. Bot. 144., Hook.
Fl. Bor. Amer. 2. t. 129. f. 4. —
The plant is quite destitute of long
stiff hairs.

* 6. A. DENSIFLO'RA H. B. et Kunth. The'
densely fld Arbutus, or Strawberry Tree.

Identification. H. B. et Kunth Nov. Gen. Amer., 3. p. 280.

t. 260. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 835.
Engravings. H. B. et Kunth Nov. Gen. Amer., 3. p. 280.

t. 260. ; and our fig. 1086.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches angular, pilose.
Leaves 4 in. to 5 in. long ; their petioles
long, pilose ; their disks oblong, acute,
sharply toothed, coriaceous, glabrous above,
and shining beneath, clothed with brown-
tinged down, and the middle nerve with long
rusty-hued hairs. Flowers crowded, disposed

10SG. X.iiensifl

XLIII. £RICACETE: ^RCTOSTA PHYLOS. 577

in panicles that are terminal and composed of approximate racemes. Pedi-
cels furnished with 3 bracteas at the base. Corolla oval, white. Filaments
dilated and pilose at the base. (Don's Mill.) A robust shrub or low tree.
Mexico, on the eastern declivities between La Plata and Xalapa. Height
20ft.; in British gardens 5ft. to 10ft. Introduced in 1826. Flowers
white ; December.

Other Species apparently hardy. — A. speciosa Dickson, Gard. Mag. 1840,
p. 4. Leaves lanceolate, finely serrated, glaucous on the under side, and bright
green above. Probably a large bush or small tree. Mexico, 1837. Another
species, and also A. nepalensis Royle, have been raised in the H. S. Garden.

GENUS XV.

JRCTOSTA'PHYLOS Adans. THE BEARBERRY. Lin. Si/st. Decandria

Monogynia.

Identification. Adans. Fam. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 835.
Synonymes. UNva-ursi Dod., Tourn. ; ^4'rbutus sp. Lin.
Derivation. From arktos, a bear, and staphule, a grape.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla globose or ovate- campanulate; limb
5-cIeft, reflexed. Stamens 10, enclosed ; filaments dilated at the base, and
pilose. Anthers compressed at the sides, dehiscing by two pores at the
apex, fixed by the back beneath the middle, where they are furnished with
two reflexed horns. Ovarium seated on the hypogynous disk, or half-
immersed in it, usually 5-celled, rarely 6 — 9-celled ; cells 1-seeded. Styles 1.
Stigma obtuse. Drupe nearly globose. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alte nate, exstipulate, evergreen or deciduous ; entire
or serrated. Flowers in terminal racemes, pedicellate bracteate. Corollas
white or flesh-coloured. Drupes red or black. — Shrubs or subshrubs,
deciduous or evergreen, low or trailing ; natives of Europe or America.
*~ 1. A. UVA-U'RSI Spreng. The common Bearberry.

Identification. Spreng. Syst., 2. p. 827. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 835.-

Synonymes. //'rbutus UVa-ursi Lin. Sp. 566. ; ,4'rbutus Auxifblia Stokes Sot. 509. ; TTva-tirsi
fiuxifolia Sal. in Gray's Arr. 2. p. 400. ; Bearberries, and Bear-whortleberries, Eng. ; Baren-
traube, or Barenbeere, Ger. ; Beerenduuif, Dutch; la Basserole, Fr. ; Uva d'Orzo, Ital.; Uva
de Oso, Span. ; Uva de Urso, Port. ; and Uva Ursi in the works of most old botanists.

Engravings. Engl. Bot., t. 714. ; Schmidt Baum., t. 138.; and our^g. 1087.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stems procumbent. Leaves per-
manent, obovate, quite entire, coriaceous, shining,
resembling those of the common box. Flowers
fasciculate ; pale red, or white with a red mouth ;
growing in small clusters at the extremities of
the branches. Drupe 5-celled. (Don's Mill.)
A trailing evergreen shrub. Canada and New
England in rocky situations, and in the Island of
Unalascha ; also in the middle of Europe ; and
upon dry heathy mountains throughout the High-
lands and Western Isles of Scotland. Height 1 ft. ;
trailing stems 2 ft. to 4 ft. Flowers pale red ; May and June. Berries
red ; ripe in September.

Variety.

«u A. U. 2 austriaca Lodd. — Leaves somewhat larger than those of
the species.

The berries are filled with an austere mealy pulp, and serve as food for
grouse and other birds in Britain ; and in Sweden, Russia, and America, they
form a principal part of the food of bears. The whole plant is powerfully
astringent : it abounds in the tannin principle ; and, both in Sweden and

578 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM 1JRITANN1CUM.

America, it has been used for tanning leather, and dyeing it an ash-grey
colour. On rockwork in gardens it is very ornamental.

«u 2. A. AT. PI' N A Spreng The Alpine Bearberry.

>preng. Syst, 2. p. 287. ; 1
Synonyme. ^'rbutus alplna I.in. Sp. 566.

Identification. Spreng. Syst., 2. p. 287. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 836.
Synonyme. ^f'rbutus alplna I.in. Sp. 566.
Engravings. Engl. Bot., t. 2030. ; and our fig. 1088.

Spec. Char., %c. Stem procumbent. Leaves obovate, acute, wrinkled, ser-
rated, deciduous. Racemes terminal. Pedicels rather hairy. The flowers
grow in reflexed racemes, and are pure white. (Don's Mill.} A trailing
evergreen siirub. Denmark, Switzerland, Siberia, Lap-
land, £c. ; the Highlands of Scotland, on dry moors ;
also in Canada, &c. Height 1 ft. ; shoots 2 ft. to 4 ft.
Flowers in reflexed racemes, pure white ; April to June.
Fruit black, of the size of a sloe, with a taste somewhat
resembling that of black currants, but more mawkish :
ripe in September.

In British gardens, it has long been a favourite peat-
earth trailing shrub, requiring an airy situation. It does

. . .° . \9 *• • • /» T t i 1088. A. a/pnia.

not thrive in the immediate vicinity of London, nor where

it is much sheltered ; but, either on rockwork, in beds of dry peat, or in

moist peat, it grows with great luxuriance, and occasionally ripens fruit.

A. pungens H. B. et Kunth (Don's Mill., lii. p. 836.) is a native of Mexico,
in elevated places, near Moran and Villalpando, where it forms a branchy
shrub, about a foot in height. Introduced in 1839. Hort. Soc. Garden.

GENUS XVI.

PERNE'TTYJ Gaud. THE PERNETTYA. Lin. Syst. Decandria.
Monogynia.

Identification. Gaud, in Frey. Voy., p. 454. t. 67. ; Don's Mill., 3 p. 836

Derivation. Named after Dom Pernetty, the author of the Account of a Voyage to the Falkland
Isles ; a work remarkable for its interest, as well as for its candour and exactness. Tlie original
species of this genus was mentioned by this traveller under the name of " Bruyere a feuilles
pointues." (Lindl. in Bot. Reg.)

Gen. Char. Calyx inferior, 5-parted. Corolla globose ; limb 5-parted, re-
volute. Stamens 10, almost hypogynous, enclosed; filaments thickened at
the base. Cells of anthers bifid, and dehiscing at the apex. Ovarium free,
depressed, globose, 5-celled ; cells many-seeded ; hypogynous scales or
glands 10, 3-lobed, forming a ring round the ovarium, and alternating with
the stamens. Style terminal, short. Stigma convex, obsoletely 5-lobed.
Berry propped by the rather fleshy calyx. Seeds minute, oblong-ovate.
(Don's MM.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, evergreen ; very small, approximate.
Flowers axillary, solitary, drooping, with bracteate peduncles. — Shrubs,
evergreen, small, spreading, much branched ; natives of Europe and America.

tj. 1. P. MUCRONA^TA Gaud. The mucronate-leaved Pernettya.

Identification. Gaud, in Ann. Sc., 5. p. 102. ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 836.

Synonyme. ,4'rbutus mucronata Lin.fil. Suppl. p. 239.

Cravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1675. ; Bot. Mag., t. 3093. ; and our fig. 1089.

Spec. Char., tyc. Leaves ovate, cuspidate, denticulately serrulate, stiff, shining
on both surfaces. Pedicels axillary, bracteate, about equal in length to the
leaves. Flowers white, drooping. (Don's Mill. ) A neat little evergreen
shrub. Terra del Fuego, Cape Horn, and the Straits of Magellan. Height
'£ ft. to 3 ft. Introduced in 1828. Flowers white; May.

XLIII. JEriICANCEjE : GAULTHE^R/^.

579

Variety,

n. P. m. 2 Cummingii, P. Cummingw Lodd.,
differs from the species in having larger,
less serrated, and more ovate leaves.
A hardy evergreen shrub, of considerable beauty,
on account of the neat appearance and dark colour of
its foliage.

t, 2. P. PILO'SA G. Don. The pilose, or hairv,
Pernettya.

Identification. Gard. Mag., 10. p. 286. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 837. ; Bot.

Mag.,t.3l77.

Synonyms, ,4'rbutus pildsa Graham.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 3177- ; and our fig. 1C90.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem pilose, pro-
cumbent. Leaves ovate-elliptic,
ciliately serrulated, coriaceous, with-
out a mucro, and callous at the point. Pedicels axillary,
1-flowered, elongated, deflexed. Corolla ovate, with blunt
revolute teeth, white. (Don's Mill.) A prostrate ever-
green shrub. Mexico. Height 6 in. to 1 ft. Introduced in
1828, or before. Flowers white ; May.

P. microphylla Gaud. (Don's Mill, m. p. 336.), ^'rbutus
microphylla Forst., A. serpyllifolia Lam., is a native of the
Straits of Magellan, where it grows to the height of 2 or 3
feet, but has not yet been introduced.

P.pumtta Gaud. (Bot. Reg., May, 1834), J'rbutus pumila
Forst., is a native of Magellan, introduced in 1820. Horti-
cultural Society's Garden.

GENUS XVII.

1090. P. piltea.

GAULTHEVR/^ L. THE GAULTHERIA. Lin. Syst. Decandria
Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 551. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 839.

Derivation. So named by Kalm, from Gaulthier, a physician and botanist of Canada.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla ovate, with a short 5-cleft limb. Stamens
10, enclosed. Anthers bind at the apex ; lobes biaristate. Style 1. Stigma
obtuse. Hypogynous scales 10, obsolete, or connate at the base. Capsule
depressedly globose, 5-celled, 5-furrowed, covered by the calyx, which is
sometimes baccate ; valves septiferous in the middle. Placentas adnate to
the base of the column. Seeds numerous, covered by a reticulated testa.
(Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; toothed, ciliated. Flowers
axillary and terminal, racemose, rarely solitary; pedicels bibracteolate. Co-
rollas white, rose-coloured, or scarlet. Filaments usually hairy. — Shrubs,
evergreen, procumbent ; natives of America.

^ \. G. PROCU'MBENS L. The procumbent Gaultheria.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 565. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 839. ; Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836.

Synonymes. Partridge Berry, Mountain Tea, Spring Winter-Green. Smith's History of Nova Scotia.
Engravings. Andr. Bot. Rep., 116. ; Kalm Amcen., 3. p. 14. t. 1. f. 6. ; Du Ham. Arb., 1. p. 286.
t 113. ; Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 82. ; Sim's Bot. Mag., t. 1896. ; and ourj^. 1091.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem procumbent. Branches erect, naked at bottom, but
with crowded leaves at top. Leaves obovate, acute at the base, finely and

p p 2

580

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

ciliately toothed. Flowers few, terminal, nutant.

(Don's Mill.) A very small evergreen shrub. Canada

to Virginia, in dry woods, on mountains, and in

sandy places. Height 6 in. Introduced in 1762.

Flowers white; July to September. Berries red;

remaining on the plant great part of the winter.

A very pretty little shining-leaved plant, improperly
termed procumbent, which makes very ornamental
edgings in peat soil, kept moist ; in which soil alone
it can be well grown. The leaves, if properly cured,
make a most excellent tea.

1091. G. procuinbens.

a. 2. G. SHA'LLON Pursh. The Shallon Gaultheria.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 283. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 839.

Engravings. Pursh Sept., 1. fig. ; Bot. Mag., t. 2843. ; Bot. Reg., t. 14] 1. ; and our Jig. 1092.

Spec. Char., $c. Procumbent, hairy on the stems. Leaves ovate, subcordate,
serrated, glabrous on both surfaces. Racemes secund, bracteate, clothed
with rusty down. Branches warted, clothed with rusty down when young.
Leaves broad, abruptly acuminated. Pe-
dicels scaly. Corolla white, tinged with
red, downy, urceolate, with a closed limb.
Berries globose, acute, fleshy, purple.
(Don's Mill.) A procumbent evergreen
shrub. North America, on the Falls of the
Columbia, and near the Western Ocean.
Height 2ft. to 3ft. Introduced in 1826.
Flowers white, tinged with pink ; May.
Fruit purple ; September.

This plant grows in the shade of close i092. G. skdihn.

pine forests, where hardly any thing else

will thrive. The berries are much esteemed by the natives, on account
of their agreeable flavour. In the North of England, and in Scotland, the
plant has already been employed as undergrowth in artificial plantations, for
the sake of the shelter and food which it affords for game.

GENUS XVIII.

L. THE EPIGJSA. Lin. Syst. Decandria Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 550. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 84] .

Synonymes. Afemecylum Mich. Gen. 13. ; May Flower, Nova Scotia.

Derivation. From epi, upon, and gaia, the earth ; the plant creeps upon the surface of the ea

Gen. Char. Calyx large, 5-parted r furnished with 3 bracteas at the base.
Corolla salver-shaped, with a 5-parted spreading
Stamens 10. Capsule 5-celled, many-seeded.

. . , r .

Corolla salver-shaped, with a 5-parted spreading limb ; tube villous inside.
Stamens 10. Capsule 5-celled
Placenta 5-parted. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, ever-
green ; entire. Flowers axillary and terminal,
in dense racemes. — A shrub, evergreen, creep-
ing, tufted ; native of North America.

ik 1. E. REOPENS L. The creeping Epigsea.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 565. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 841. ; Lodd.

Cat, ed. 1836.
Engravings. Bot. Rep., 102. ; Bot. Cab., ICO. ; and our./fg. 1093.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Branches, petioles, and nerves of

XLIII.

CI.ETHRA.

581

leaves very hairy. Leaves cordate-ovate, quite entire. Corollas cylin-
drical. Flowers white, tinged with red, very fragrant. (Don's Mill.) A
creeping evergreen shrub. Nova Scotia to Carolina, on shady rocks and
in stony woods, on the sides of hills, and at the roots of pines. Height
6 in. Introduced in 1736. Flowers white, tinged with red, very fragrant ;
May to July.

Variety.

*r E. r. 2 ruUc'inda Swt. Fl. Brit. 2d ser. t. 384. has brilliant pink

flowers. Raised from seed, 1836.

Succeeds in peat soil, kept rather moist, and protected with a frame or
hand-glass, or with snow, during very severe frosts.

GENUS XIX.

PHALEROCA'RPUSG.-Dow. THE PHALEROCARPUS. Lin. Syst. Octan-
dria Monogynia.

Synonymes. J'accfnium Lin. ; Gaulthena Pursh ; Oxycoccus Nutt. ; ^4'rbutus Lam.
Deriv

Identification. Don's Mill., 3. p. 341.
onymes. Faccfnium Lin. ; Gaulth
ivation. From phaleros, white, and karpos, a fruit ; in reference to the colour of the berries.

Gen. Char. Calyx 4-cIeft, bibracteate at the base. Corolla short, campanulate,
4-cleft. Stamtns S ; filaments hairy ?. Hypogynous disk 8-toothed. An-
thers semibifid. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen; small, roundish-oval, acute.
Flowers axillary, solitary, nearly sessile, white. — A shrub, creeping, ever-
green, of diminutive size, with hispid branches and the habit of wild thyme.

ifc, 1. P. SERPYLLIFO^LIUS G. Don. The Wild-Thyme-leaved Phalerocarpus.

Identification. Don's Mill., 3. p.
Synonymes. Faccinium hispidu

\841.
ilum Lin.

500. ; Gaulthena serpyllifblia Pursh Sept. 1. p. 283.

t. 13. ; ^'rbutus filifdrmis Lam. Diet. 1. p. 228.; Oxycoccus hispidulus Pers.
Engravings. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. t. 23. ; Pursh Sept., t. 13. ;
and our fig. 1094.

Spec. Char., $c. Berries white, produced in consider-
able quantities, aromatic, not very acid, and rather
insipid than agreeable. The shrub has the same
aromatic taste and smell as Gaulthena procum-
bens. (Don's Mill.) A creeping evergreen shrub.
Canada to Pennsylvania ; and more particularly
where cedars and other evergreens are predomi-
nant ; and growing always amidst ^Sphagnum.
Height 6 in. Introduced in 1815. Flowers white;
April and May. Berries white.

GENUS XX.

1094. P. *erpyllif61ius.

CLETHRA L. THE CLETHRA. Lin. Syst. Decandria Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 553. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 841.
Cuelldria Ruiz et Pav. Syst. 105.

rivation. From klethra, the Greek name of the alder ; alluding to a supposed resemblance in
the leaves.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla so deeply 5-parted as to appear pen-
tapetalous. Stamens 10, enclosed, or nearly so. Anthers behind, at length
infiexedly pendulous and obverse, cordate, mucronate at the apex, mutic.

p p 3

582

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Don's Mill., 3. p. 841. ; Pursh
dcnuclata Ait. Hort. Kew. 2.

Ovarium free. Styles straight. Stigma trifid. Capsule girded by the calyx,
3-celled, with a loculicidal dehiscence ; cells many-seeded. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous; serrated. Flowers in
racemes, terminal, solitary, or panicled, bracteate, with white corollas. —
Shrubs, deciduous ; natives of North America. From the appearance of
the plants in British gardens, we are strongly inclined to think that all the
sorts may be referred to one species. Peat soil kept moist.

j» 1. C. ,*LMFOVLIA L. The Alder-leaved
Clethra.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 566.

Sept., 1. p. 301.
St/nonyme. C. alnifolia var.

p. 73.
Engravings. Schmidt Baum., t. 47. ; and our fig. 1095.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves cuneate-obovate, acute,
coarsely serrated above, glabrous on both
surfaces, and of the same colour. Racemes
spicate, simple, bracteate, clothed with hair/
tomentum. (Don's Mill.) A deciduous shrub.
New England to Virginia, in swamps. Height
3ft. to 4ft. Introduced in 1731. Flowers
1095. c. ainifolia white ; July and September.

ji 2. C. (A.) TOMENTO^SA Lam. The downy Clethra.

Identification. Lam. Diet., 2. p. 46. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 842. ; Pursh

Fl. Amer. Sept. 1 . p. 301 .

Synonymes. C. rclnifolia/S pubescens Ait. Hort. Kew. 2. p. 73. ; C.
' incana Pers. Ench. 1. p. 482.
Engravings. Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 39. ; and our Jigs. 1096, and 1097.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves cuneate-obovate, acute, finely
serrated at top, clothed with white
tomentum beneath. Racemes spi-
cate, simple, bracteate, villously to-
mentose. (Don's Mill.) A decidu-
ous shrub. Virginia and Carolina,
in swamps. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft.
Introduced in 1731. Flowers white ;

1096.

1097. c. (a. , tomentisa.

jt 3. C. (A.) PANICULA'TA

The panicled-flowered Clethra.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 2. p. 73. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 842. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 302.
Engraving. Our Jig. 1098. from a specimen in the British Museum.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves narrow, cuneate-lanceolate, acute,
acuminately serrated, glabrous on both surfaces. Panicle
terminal, elongated, composed of racemes, and clothed with
white tomentum. (Don's Mill.) A deciduous shrub. Ca-
rolina. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced
in 1770. Flowers white ; July to October.

4. C. (A.) ACUMINAVTA Michx. The acu-
minated-/^'^ Clethra.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor., Amer. 1. p. 260. ; Don's

Mill., 3. p. 842. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 3C2.
Rynonyme. C. tnontana Bartr. Cat.
Engravings. Bot. Cab., t. 1427. ; and our fig. 1099.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oval, acuminated,
bluntish at the base, serrated, glabrous on
k°tn surfaces, rather glaucous beneath. Ra-
cemes spicate, almost solitary, bracteate,
clothed with white tomentum. Flowers resembling those
of C. aluifolia. (Don's Mill.) A large shrub or low 1099. c. («.>

xi, in. ^RICA*CEA: : RHODODE'NDRON. 583

tree. Carolina, on hhih mountains. Height 10ft. to 15ft. Introduced
in 1806. Flowers white; July to October.

j» 5. C. (/*.) SCA'BRA Pers. The rough-leaved Clethra.

Identification. Pers. Ench., 1. p. 482. : Don's Mill., 3. p. 842. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 302.
Engraving. Our Jig. 2093. in p. 1107.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves broad, cuneate-obovate, acute, scabrous on both sur-
faces, coarsely serrated; serratures hooked. Racemes spicate, sub-panicled
bracteated, finely tomentose. (Don's Mill.) A deciduous shrub. Western
parts of Georgia. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced in 1806. Flowers
white ; July to October.

Sect II.

The Jtfhodoreae include genera of some of the most singularly ornamental
evergreen and deciduous peat-earth shrubs that adorn our gardens ; for what
would our American grounds be without rhododendrons and azaleas ? The
culture of all the species is nearly the same; they all require peat-earth, or,
at least, thrive best in it ; and some of them will not live without it. They
may all be propagated by cuttings of the growing shoots, planted in fine sand,
and covered with a glass, or by layers; but the best plants of all the spe-
cies are procured from seed. The varieties can, of course, only be continued
by cuttings or layers ; and the stools for these require to be planted in beds
of peat, which should be kept tolerably moist. The seeds, if ripened in this
country, should be sown soon after gathering; and those imported from Ame-
rica, immediately on being received : because, though the seeds of all the JSri-
caeeae will retain the vital principle for several years, yet the longer they are
kept out of the soil, the less likely they are to germinate, and the greater
will be the risk of losing some of them. They should be sown in pots or
boxes, or in a border shaded from the direct influence of the sun ; and kept in
a uniform state of moisture, and protected from the frost. In sowing, the
surface of the soil should previously be made quite smooth, and gently
pressed down, or watered tiil it has settled to a level surface; and, after the
seeds have been equally distributed over this surface, they should be covered
with no more soil than is barely requisite to conceal them from the eye.
Seeds sown in autumn will germinate in the following spring, and be fit for
transplanting into nursery lines or pots by the autumn, or by the spring of the
following year. These directions will apply generally to all the species, but
are more particularly applicable to those which are perfectly hardy. In
France, some of the species have been increased by herbaceous grafting.

GENUS XXL

7£HODODE'NDRON L. THE RHODODENDRON, or ROSE BAY. Lin. Syst.
Penta-Decandria Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 548. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 843.

Simonymes. Azalea sp. of authors ; JZhodora Lin. ; Chamferhododendros Tourn. Inst. t. 373. ;

Rhododendron, Fr., Ital., and Span. ; Alpbalsam, Gcr.
Derivation. From rkodon, a rose, and dcndron, a tree ; in reference to the terminal bunches of

flowers, which are usually red, or rose-colour.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat funnel-shaped, or campanu-
late, rarely rotate or 5-parted ; limb 5 cleft, somewhat bilabiate; upper lip the
broadest, and usually spotted. Stamens 5 — 10, usually exserted, declinate.
Anthers opening by two terminal pores. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, rarely

p p 4

584 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

10-celled and 10-valved as in 7?. arboreum, with a septicidal clehiscence at

the apex. Placentas simple, angular. Seeds compressed, scobifonn,

winged. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous, or evergreen ; quite

entire, terminated by a sphacelate apex, or yellow gland. Flowers terminal,

corymbose, showy. — Shrubs, usually evergreen ; natives of Europe, Asia,

and North America.

In the Azalea division of this genus the species are almost entirely decidu-
ous, with quite entire alternate leaves, terminated by a withered tip, or yellow
gland ; and terminal, corymbose, showy flowers. All the species thrive best
in sandy peat, kept rather moist ; and they are propagated chiefly by layers
and seeds.

§ i. Ponticum D. Don.

Sect. Char. Limb of calyx short, 5-lobed. Corolla campanulate. Stamens 10.
Ovarium 5-celled. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen. (Don's Mill., iii. p. 843.)

* 1. R. PO'NTICUM L. The Pontic Rhododendron, or Rose Bay.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 562. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 843.

Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., 1. p. 43. t. 29. ; Bot. Mag., t. 650. ; and our fig. 1100.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, glabrous on
both surfaces, attenuated towards the thick petioles,
with a streak on the upper surface, of a wide lanceolate
form. Racemes short, corymbose. Leaves sometimes
becoming ferruginous beneath. Corolla purple or
purplish pink, large ; with ovate, acute, or lanceolate
segments. Calyx minute, 5-toothed, somewhat carti-
laginous. (Don's Mill.) An evergreen shrub ; Pontus
(now Armenia), in Asia Minor. Height 10 ft. to
12ft. Introduced in 1-763. Flowers purple; May
and June. Capsules brown ; ripe in September. 110^ fl. p<5nticum.

Varieties.

M.R. p. 2 obtiisum Wats. Dend. Brit. t. 162., Don's Mill., has the leaves
subcordate, coriaceous, obtuse, and the calyx very
short, and unequally and undulately crenated. It
grows from 3 ft. to 4 ft. high, and has purple flow-
ers. Wild in Armenia.

a R. p. 3 myrtifolium Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 908. (and our
fig. 1101.), Don's Mill., has the leaves small, and
the flowers purple. It is a native of Gibraltar.
« R. p. 4 Smithn Swt. Brit. Fl.-Gard. n. s. t. 50.,
Don's Mill., has the leaves lanceolate, and clothed
with white tomentum beneath ; corymbs many-
flowered ; ovarium to-
mentose, and 10-celled.
The flowers are of a rosy purple, ap-
proaching to crimson, elegantly spotted
with black. A hybrid, raised by Mr. Smith,
at Coombe Wood, from the seed of R.
ponticum, impregnated by the pollen of
R. arboreum.

R. p. 5 Ldw'ii Gard. Mag. vol. xi. p. 190. —
Corolla white ; the upper segments marked
by a few dull scarlet spots. This is a
most striking variety, originated by M.
Jacob Makoy.
» R. p. 6 azaleotdea ; R. azaleoides DesJ. ;

R. p. /3 subdeciduum Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 1102. «. p. Ma!eeid

XLIII.

BHODODENDRON.

585

379., and our fig. 1 102. ; is a hybrid between JR. ponticum and

some species of Azalea with fragrant blossoms. It was originated

about 1 820, and is a favourite in collections.
* R. p. 1 fragrans Chandler (Herb. Amaryll. p. 356.) was raised in

the Vauxhall Nursery.
Nursery Varieties. The following are cultivated by Messrs. Loddiges : —

R. p. album.

R. p. ca?rulescens.

R. p. fronddsum.

R. p. obtusum.

angustifdlium.
angustissimum.

contortum.
erf spurn.

grandiflbrum.
incarnatum.

ovatum.
pygmae'um.

arbutif&Iium.

fl. pleno.

intermedium.

rfiseum.

bromel?'^/o//ww

fol. argenteis.

kal m ic^f^lium

salicifblium

bullatum.

fol. aureis.

macrophyllum.

spectabile.

cassmefolium.

fol. marginatis.

nivaticum.

z/iolaceum.

The -Rhododendron ponticum is the commonest species of the genus in
British gardens, where it grows to the height of from 5ft. to 15ft., or up-
wards ; forming a dense bush, which will spread over a large space, if it be
allowed abundance of room. In proper soil, if kept moist, the plant will
make shoots, when young, of 1 ft. or more in length in a season, attaining the
height of 4 or 5 feet in 5 or 6 years : but afterwards it grows more slowly ;
and, when a large bush, seldom makes shoots above 6 in. in length. It ap-
pears to be of considerable durability. In cool, loamy or sandy, and some-
what moist soils, it is planted in woods as ornamental undergrowth, and
succeeds perfectly, both in England and Scotland. It will grow in almost
any soil ; but, in England, it seems to thrive best in sandy peat, or deep
sandy loam. In the common manured earth of gardens it succeeds worse
than in unmanured loams of a close texture, even strong clays, particularly
if the latter be kept moist. The want of tenacity of the manured garden soil
alluded to, more especially in a dry season, seems not to allow it to cohere
sufficiently to the small hair-like roots of this order of plants, to enable their
very minute spongioles to imbibe nourishment from it.

* 2. R. MA'XIMUM L. The largest Rhododendron, or American Rose Say.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, p. 563. ; Don's Mill., 3.

p. 843. ; Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836.
Engravings. Lam. 111., 364. ; Schmidt Baum., 1. 121. ;

and our fig. 1103.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Arborescent. Leaves
elliptic-oblong, acute, convex, bluntish
at the base, whitish or rusty beneath,
glabrous. Calycine segments oval-
obtuse. Segments of corolla roundish.
Flowers pale red, in umbellate co-
rymbs, studded with green, yellow, or
purple protuberances. (Don's Mill.)
An evergreen shrub. Canada to
Carolina, on the mountains, near rivu-
^e*s an(^ lakes, upon rocks and barren
soils. Height 10ft. to 15ft. Intro-

duced in 1736. Flowers pale red, and yellowish ;

June to August, Capsules brown ; ripe in

September.

Varieties.

* R. m. 2 album Hori. — Flowers pure white,
and is comparatively rare in British gar-
dens.

ai R. TO. 3 hybridwa Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3454.
(and our fig. 1104.) R. fragrans Hort.,
R. hjbridum Lodd. Cat. — Supposed to
be a hybrid originated by fertilising the
common white glaucous-leaved Azalea
with the pollen of R. maximum. This

1103. /{.maximu

586

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

variety has fragrant flowers% and, according to Sir W. J. Hooker, is
" amply worthy of a place in every garden and shrubbery."
Readily known from R. ponticum and R. catawbiense by the rusty under
surface of the leaves, and the comparatively pale green of the entire plant. It
neither grows nor flowers so freely in British gardens as the other species.

«» 2 3. R. (M.) PURPU^REUM G. Don. The purple-Jtoivered Rhododendron,
or American Rose Bay.

Identification, Don's Mill., 3. p. 843.

Synonymes. R. maximum y purpiireum Pursh Fl. Amer, Sept. 1. p. 297.; R. p6nticum macro-

phjllum Lodd. Cat.
Engraving. Our Jig. 2096. in p. 1108.

Spec. Char., <$c. Leaves large, oblong-elliptic, flatfish, acute, bluntish at the
base, green, and glabrous on both surfaces. Segments of corolla oblong
and obtuse. Calycine segments obtuse. This shrub approaches near to
R. ponticum ; but it differs in its foliaceous calyx, and otherwise. It
grows to an immense size; its stem being often found 18 in. and more in
diameter ; and its foliage triple the size of that of any other species. (Don's
Mill.) A large evergreen shrub, or low tree. Virginia and Carolina, on
the highest mountains, near lakes. Height 25 ft. ; in England seldom seen
otherwise than as a shrub. Introduced?. Flowers large, purple; May
and June. Rare in British gardens.

» 4. #. Pi/RSHi/ G. Don. Pursh's Rhododendron, or American Rose Bay.

Identification. Don's Mill., 3. p. 843.

Si/nonyme. fl. maximum £ album Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1. p. 297.

Engraving. Our Jig, 1105. from a specimen in Dr. Lindley's herbarium.

Spec. Char., $c. Arborescent.
Leaves cuneate-lanceolate,
flat, glabrous, tapering gra-
dually to the base, paler
beneath. Calycine seg-
ments oval, obtuse. Seg-
ments of corolla roundish
oblong. Flowers white, and
smaller than those of R.
maximum. (Don's Mill ) An
evergreen shrub. New Jersey
and Delaware, in shady cedar
swamps. Height 6 ft. to 8 ft.
Introduced in 1811, but not
common in collections. Flow-
ers white ; June to August. The latest of all the rhododendrons in British
gardens. Horticultural Society's Garden.

1105. R. Purshit.

5. R. CATAWBIE/NSE Michx.
Catawba Rhododendron.

The

Identification. Michx Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 258. ;

Don's Mill., 3. p. 843.
Engravings. Hot. Mag., t. 1671.; Bot. Cab., t.

Ii76. ; and our fig. 1106.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves short- oval,
rounded, and obtuse at both ends,
glabrous, of a different colour be-
neath. Calycine segments elongated
oblong. Flowers purple, disposed
in umbellate corymbs. (Don's Mill.)
A large evergreen shrub.* Virginia
and Carolina, particularly near the
head waters of the Catawba River.
Height 4 ft. Introd. in 1809 and

XLIII. ERICA^CEIE: BHODODE'NDRON.

587

now one of the most common species, and the hardiest, in gardens. Flowers
rosy lilac ; June to August. Capsule brown ; ripe in September.

Varieties.

tt R. c. 2 Russeirianum Brit. Fl.-Gard. 2d ser. t. 91. — Leaves oblong
finely tomentose beneath. Corymbs many-flowered. Flowers of a
bright rosy red, approaching to crimson. A hybrid raised from the
seed of R. catawbiense, impregnated by the pollen of R. arboreum,
by Mr. Russell of Battersea. A very splendid variety, but some-
what tender.

n. R. c. 3 tigrinum Hort. — A variety with a corolla much resembling that
of R. c. Russelh'awwwj, but with obvious spots on the inside.

It is of more robust growth than either R. ponticum or R. maximum, but,
in other respects, seems intermediate between them. There are many hybrids
in cultivation between it and the former species, though without names.

«. 6. R. CHRYSA'NTHUM L. The golden-jloivered Rhododendron.

Identification. Lin. Svst., 405., Suppl., 237. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 843.
St/nonymc. R. officinale Salisb. p. 121. t. 54.
Engravings. Salisb. Par. Lond., t. 80. ; andourj^. 1107.

Spec. Char.y $c. Leaves acutish, attenuated at the base, oblong, glabrous,
reticulately veined, and of a rusty colour beneath. Flowers and buds
clothed with rusty tomentum. Pedicels hairy. Calyx hardly any. Seg-
ments of the corolla rounded. Ovarium tomentose.
Branches decumbent, beset with rusty stipule-formed
scales. Flowers handsome, large, drooping, revolute,
rather irregular, yellow. Stigma 5-lobed. (Don's Mill.)
A low evergreen undershrub. Siberia, on the "highest
mountains ; and Caucasus and Kamtschatka. Height
6 in. to 1ft. Introduced in 1796, but not common
in collections, being very difficult to keep. Flowers
yellow ; June and July. 1107. R.

It requires to be grown in rather moist peat, kept firm, in an open
airy situation.

«. 7. R. CAUCA'SICUM Pall. The Caucasian Rhododendron.

Identification. Pall. Fl. Ross., 1. p. 46. t 30. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 844.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. J145. ; and our fig. 1108.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate-oblong, clothed with
rusty tomentum beneath, rugged and green above.
Peduncles hairy. Bracteas elongated, tomentose.
Ovarium downy. Root creeping. Branches pro-
cumbent. Flowers purple or white, disposed in
umbellate corymbs. Corollas rotate, with wavy
rounded segments. (Don's Mill.) A compact ever-
green shrub. Caucasus, on high rocks, near the
limits of perpetual snow. Height 1 ft. Introduced
in 1803, but rare in collections. Flowers white
or purple ; August.

Varieties. The following hybrids are among the handsomest rhododendrons
in cultivation : —

B. R. c. 2 stramineum Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3422. — Corollas straw-co-
loured. A plant of this variety in the Glasgow Botanic Garden, in
April, 1835. was 2 ft. high, and 3 ft. in diameter, with the extremities
of its fine leafy branches terminated with clusters of large, beautiful,
straw-coloured flowers. The climate of Scotland seems to suit this,
and some of the other species found in the coldest parts of the
Russian empire, better than that of the South of England.

e. R. c. 3 pulcherrwium Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1820. f. 2.— A hvbrid ob-

1108. R. caucisicnra.

588

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

tained by Mr. Waterer of the Knaphill Nursery, between R. arbo-
reum and R. caucasicum, in 1 832 ; a most beautiful variety, quite
hardy, and an abundant flowerer.

R. c. 4 Nobleanum Hort. (Bot. Reg., t. 1820. f. 1.) is a hybrid, very
much like the preceding one in all respects, except that its flowers
are of a deep and brilliant rose colour.

L 8. R. PUNCTA^TUM Andr. The Potted-leaved Rhododendron.

Identification. Andr. Bot. Kep., 36. ; Vent. Cels., 1. 15. ; Don's

Mill., 3. p. 844.
Synonymes. R. ferrugineum var. minus Pers. Ench. 1. p. 478. ; R.

minus Michx. Fl. Bar. Amer. 1. p. 258. ; R. punctatum var.

minus IVats. Dend. Brit. 162. A.
Engravings. Andr. Bot Rep., 36. ; Dend. Brit., t. 162. A. ; and

our Jig. 1109.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oval -lanceolate, acute at
both ends, glabrous, beset w!th rusty resinous
dots beneath. Pedicels short. Calycine teeth
short. Segments of corolla ovate, a little undu-
lated. Flowers pink,
disposed in umbellate
corymbs. Corollas fun-
nel-shaped. Capsules
elongated. (Don's
Mill.} A low ever-
green shrub. Carolina,
on mountains, parti-
cularly at the head
waters of the Savannah
River. Height 4 ft.
Introd. 1786. Flowers
nog. «. punctktum. pink; July and August. mo. «.P. majus.

Variety.

«. R. p. 2 majus Ker. (Bot. Reg., t. 37. : and our Jig. 1110.) — Leaves
and flowers larger.

«. 9. R. FERRUGI'NEUM L. The rusty-leaved Rhododendron.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 562. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 844.
Engravings. Bot. Cab., 65. ; and our Jig. 1111.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oblong, attenuated at both ends, glabrous, shining
and green above, but thickly beset with rusty dots beneath. Calycine seg-
ments dentately ciliated. Leaves like
those of the box tree ; when young, cili-
ated with a few hairs at bottom. Flowers
of a beautiful rose colour or scarlet, dis-
posed in umbellate corymbs, marked with
ash-coloured or yellow dots. Corollas
funnel-shaped. Filaments hairy at bottom.
(Don's Mill.) A low evergreen shrub.
Alps of Switzerland, Austria, Savoy, Dau-
phine, and Piedmont ; where this species
and R. hirsutum terminate ligneous vege-
tation, and furnish the shepherds with
their only fuel. Height 1 ft. Introduced
in 1752. Flowers rose-coloured or scarlet ; May to July.

Variety.

«_ R./. 2 album Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836.— Flowers white.

«L 10. R. (?F.) HIRSU'TUM L. The hairy Rhododendron.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 562. ; Don's Mill.. 3. p. 844.

Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 1853. ; Bot. Cab., t. 479. ; and our fig. 1112-

R. ferrugineur

XLIII.

.RHODODE'NDRON.

589

1112. fl.(f)hirsiitum.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic,
acutish, ciliated with rusty hairs on the margins,
glabrous above, dotted and hairy beneath. Calycine
segments fringed, bearded. Flowers pale red or
scarlet, disposed in umbellate corymbs. Corollas
funnel-shaped. (Don's Mill.) A low evergreen
shrub. Alps of Switzerland, Austria, Styria, Dau-
phine, &c. Height 1 ft. to 2 ft. Introduced in 1656.
Flowers pale red or scarlet ; May to July.

Variety.

a. R. (/.) h. 2 variegatum. — Leaves edged with
yellow. Possibly only a variety of the pre-
ceding species.

«. 11. R. SETO'SUM D.Don. The bristly Rhododendron.

Identification. D. Don in Wern. Soc. Trans., 3. p. 408. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 844.
Engraving. Our Jig. 1113. from a specimen in the herbarium of Professor DeCandolle.

Spec. Char., $c. Branchlets beset with bristles. Leaves oval, mucronate,
bristly on the margins and under surfaces. Pedicels beset with glandular
hairs. Calycine segments rounded, coloured,
naked, crenulated. A small, stiff; much-branched
shrub. Leaves half an inch long. Flowers
purple, size of those of R. dauricum, disposed in
umbellate corymbs. Calyx purple. Filaments
bearded at the base. Stigma capitate. (Don's
Mill.) A low evergreen shrub. Nepal, in Gos-
sainthan. Height 6 in. to 1 ft. Introduced in
1825, but rare. Flowers purple ; May.

«. R. macropliyllum D. Don (G. Don's Mill., iii.
p. 843.) is a native of the north-west coast of
North America, where it was collected by Mr.
Menzies j and there are specimens in Mr. Lam-
bert's herbarium ; but the plant has not yet been

introduced. The petioles of the leaves are 1 in., and their disks from
7 in. to 8 in. long j and the flowers are smaller than those of R. maximum, and
white.

§ ii. Booram.

Derivation. The name of R. arbbreum in Nepal.

Sect. Char., $c. Limb of calyx 5-lobed. Corolla campanulate. Evergreen
trees or shrubs, natives of the Himalayas, and other mountainous regions
of Northern India. One species is hardy in British gardens.

* 12. R. CAMPANULA'TUM D. Don. The bell-shape^otmrc? Rhododendron.

Identification. D. Don in Wern. Mem., 3. p. 409. ; Prod. Fl. Nep., p. 153. ; Don's Mill., 3. p, 844.
Engravings. Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 1944. ; Swt. Fl.-Gard., 2d s., t. 241. ; and our fig. 1114.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves elliptic-oblong, mu-
cronate, rusty beneath, rather cordate at the
base. Segments of corolla flat, emarginate.
Ovarium 6-celled, glabrous. Under surfaces
of leaves clothed with fine scaly pubescence,
at first of a purplish hue, then changing to
nearly white, and afterwards to a deep fer-
ruginous brown. Flowers copious, disposed
in corymbose clusters. Pedicels glabrous.
Bracteas fringed. Corollas large, pale pink,
changing to white, having the upper lip
marked with irregular purple spots. Fila-
ments bearded at the base. This species
surpasses all others in the size of its m4. R,

1113. S. set6sum.

590 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

flowers, except one found in Java by Dr. Horsfield. (Dons Mill.) A
glabrous evergreen shrub. Nepal, on Gossainthan. Height 3 ft. to 5 ft.
Introduced in 1825. Flowers pale pink, changing to white ; April.

A beautiful and very distinct species, and quite as hardy in British gardens
as any of the American kinds.

Rhododendron arboreum Smith. — Several hybrids between this species and
R. ponticum and R. catawbiense have been raised, but those only between
the American and the more northerly European species have been found
tolerably hardy.

R. a. venustum D. Don (Brit. Fl.-Gard. May, 1835, 2d ser. t. 285.) is a
hybrid, and an exceedingly showy and interesting plant. It was raised by
Mr. Wm. Smith, nurseryman, Norbiton Common, near Kingston, Surrey,
from seeds of R. caucasicum that had been fertilised by the pollen of R.
arboreum ; and appears sufficiently hardy to survive our winters with a little
protection.

§ ill. Pogonanihum.

Derivation. From pogon, a beard, and anthos, a flower ; throat woolly inside.

Sect. Char. Limb of calyx short, 5-lobed. Corolla salver-shaped, with a cy-
lindrical tube, and a spreading limb. Stamens 5, enclosed. Ovarium 5-celled.
Evergreen shrubs. Leaves coriaceous.

«. 13. R. ANTHOPO^GON D. Don. The bearded-flowered
Rhododendron.

Identification. D. Don in Mem. Wern. Soc., 3. p. 409. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 845.

Synonyms. It. aromaticum Wall. Cat.

Engravings. Royle Illust., t. 64. f. 2. ; and our fig. 1115.

Spec. Char., $c. Branchlets downy. Leaves oval, rusty
beneath from lepidoted tomentum. Corollas with a woolly
throat. Shrub much branched. Leaves ending in a
reflexed mucro, naked above. Flowers glomerate, sulphur-
coloured. Pedicels short, lepidoted, and resinous. Caly-
cine segments rounded at the apex, with villous margins.
Segments of corolla roundish, with undulated curled
margins. Filaments glabrous. Stigma clavate. (Don's Mill.}
An upright evergreen shrub, with the habit of R. dauricum.
Nepal, on Gossainthan. Height 1ft. to l£ft. Intro-
duced in 1820. Flowers yellow ; April and May.

A very interesting species, from the colour of its flowers
and their early appearance. Plants have survived the
winter of 1837-8 in the Hackney Arboretum. 1115

§ iv. Lepipherum D. Don.

Derivation. From lepis, a scale, and phero, to bear ; leaves covered with small scales.

Sect. Char. Limb of calyx dilated, 5-lobed. Corolla campanulate or rotate.
Stamens 10. Ovarium 5-celled. Leaves membranous; sometimes deciduous,
but generally persistent. Shrubs, evergreen or deciduous ; natives of Eu-
rope, North America, and the Himalayas.

!U 14. R. LAPPO'NICUM Wahl. The Lapland Rhododendron.

Identification. Wahl. Fl. Suec., p. 249. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 845.

St/nonymcs. Azalea lapponica Lin. Fl. Suec. p. 64., Sp. t. 214. ; A. ferruginea Hort.

Engravings. Bot. Mag., t 3106. ; and our fig. 1116.

Spec. Char., fyc. Shrub branched, procumbent. Branches divaricate. Co-
rollas rotately funnel-shaped. Young branches obscurely pubescent, warted.
Leaves oblong, obtuse, stiff, beset with honeycomb-like dots, yellowish and
scaly beneath ; deep green above ; and pale green, and at length yellowish,
beneath j thickly beset with hollow dots on both surfaces, which are covered

XLIII. .ERICACEAE: RHODODENDRON.

591

by umbilicate permanent scales. Flowers crimson,
disposed in umbellate corymbs, 5 — 6 together, sur-
rounded by large dotted scales, or bracteas. Calyx
covered with yellow scales, ciliated. Segments of
corolla unequal, and undulated. Stamens 5 — 8, equal-
in length to the corolla. Stigma capitate, 5-lobed.
Filaments hairy at the base. (Don's Mill.) A procum-
bent evergreen shrub. Europe, Asia, and North America,
in the Arctic regions. Height 6 in. to 1 ft. Introduced in
1825. Flowers crimson ; May.

fife 15. R. DAU'RICUM L. The Dahurian Rhododendron.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 562. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 845.

Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ro.iS., 1. p. 47. t. 32. j Bot. Mag., t. 836. ; and our
Af. 1117.

1116. R. lappdnicum.

Spec, Char.y fyc. Leaves deciduous ; oblong, attenuated at both ends, glabrous,
but sprinkled with rusty scales, especially beneath. Limb of calyx 5-toothed.
Corollas rotate. Roots knobbed, abounding in fibres. Stems twisted
and knobbed in the wild state. Petioles downy. Leaves dotted on both
surfaces, but ferruginous beneath. Before they fall in autumn, they become
of a dusky red colour. The flowers rise before the leaves,
from the tops of the branches, from buds which are com-
posed of concave downy scales. (Don's Mill.) A deciduous
shrub. Siberia, peculiar to the alpine tracts of Eastern
Asia. Height 2ft. to 6ft. Introduced in 1780. Flowers
purple ; December to March.

Variety.

& * R. d. 2 atromcns Ker. (Bot. Reg., t. 194 ; Bot. Mag.,
t. 1888.) — Sub-evergreen. Leaves deep green, and
shining above ; persistent. Siberia.

Very desirable low shrubs, from their flowering so early in
the season ; but, to thrive, they require peat soil. ni?. R.dauricum.

R. lepiddtum Wall. (Royle Illust., p. 260. t. 64. f. 1. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 845.)
is a native of Nepal, with the habit of R. dauricum, but with leaves of a
thinner texture; and with every part of the plant beset with ferruginous
scale-like dots. It grows to the height of 2 or 3 feet, but has not yet been
introduced.

§ v. Cham&cistus D. Don.

Derivation. From chamai, on the ground, and cislus, the rock rose; plants with the habit of
species of Helianthemum.

Sect. Char. Limb of calyx foliaceous, 5-cleft. Corolla rotate. Stamens 10.
Ovarium 5-celled. Diminutive, prostrate, evergreen
shrubs, with small membranous leaves.

!U 16. R. CAMTSCHA'TICUM Pall. The Kamtschatka
Rhododendron.

Identification. Pall. Fl. Ross., 1. p. 48. t 33. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 845.
Engravings. Grael. Sib., 4. p. 126. No. 13. ; and OUT Jig. 1118.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves obovate, acutish, 5-nerved,
naked, ciliated ; peduncles hairy, usually twin. Caly-
cine segments ciliated, foliaceous. Corollas purple,
rotate. (Don's Mill.) A prostrate evergreen shrub.
Kamtschatka and the Aleutian Islands, in muddy
places on the mountains. Height 6 in. to 1 ft. In-
troduced in 1802, but rare in British gardens. Flow-
ers purple ; July. 1118. R. camtscM

592 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

*~ 17. R. CHAMJECI'STUS L. The Ground-Cistus Rhododendron.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 562. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 854.

Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 488. ; Bot. Cab., t. 1401. ; and our Jig. 1119.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, attenuated at both ends, stimsh, glau-
dularly ciliated. Peduncles usually
twin, and, as well as the calyxes,
beset with glandular hairs. Corollas
rotate, pale purple. (Don's Mill.)
A dwarf tufted evergreen shrub, with
small leaves, about the size of those
of a species of Helianthemum. Alps
of Austria, Carniola, Mount Baldo,
and near Salzburg ; and in Eastern
Siberia. Height 6 in. Introd. 1786.
Flowers purple ; May and June.

§ vi. Pentanthera D. Don.

Synonyms. Az&lea L.

Derivation. From pente, five, and anthera, an anther ; flowers pentandrous.

Sect. Char. Limb of calyx short, 5-lobed. Corolla funnel-shaped. Sta-
mens 5. Ovarium 5-celled. Leaves deciduous. This group includes the
hardy azaleas of the gardens, which have mostly deciduous leaves, and are
quite distinct in their appearance from the plants of the preceding groups of
this genus, which are all evergreen and sub-evergreen. After Mr. Don's name,
we have given the name previously applied, and then the common English
name, leaving them to be adopted by the practical gardener, if he should
think fit. At the same time, those who prefer following Mr. Don have onl)
to pass over the names which we have put in parenthesis.
& 18. R. FLA'VUM G. Don. (AZALEA PO'NTICA L.) The Pontic, or common,

Azalea.

Identification. Don's Mill., 3. p. 847.

Synonymes. Azalea pontica Lin. Sp. 1669. ; Azalea arbbrea Lin. Sp ed 1 D 150

Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 2.383. ; and our Jig. 1120.

Spec. Char., fyc. Flowers leafy, clammy. Leaves
ovate oblong, pilose, ciliated. Corolla funnel-
shaped. Stamens very long. (Don's Mill.) A
deciduous shrub. Levant, Pontus, Caucasus,
Asiatic Turkey, &c. Height 4 ft. to 6 ft.
Introduced in 1793. Flowers yellow ; May
and June.

Varieties and Hybrids. There are a great number
of varieties of this species in the gardens, dif-
fering principally in the colour of their flowers,
and the hue of the leaves. The flowers of the
species are of a fine bright yellow ; but those
of the varieties are of all shades, from yellow
to copper, or orange colour ; and they are some-
times of a pure white, or of white striped with yellow and red. Besides,
as this species seeds freely, and is easily cross-fecundated with the North
American species, an immense number of varieties of it have been origin-
ated in British and Continental gardens. The varieties and hybrids which
are considered as belonging to Azalea pontica, which are given in Loddiges's
Catalogue for 1836, are the following, but new kinds are originated everv
year, and we therefore refer to the yearly catalogues of nurserymen.

A. p. 2 alba. 4 crocata. 6 flammea. 8 glafica. 10 ochrole&ca. 12 tricolor.

3 aurantia. 5 ctiprea. 7 ftilgens. 9 ignescens. 11 pallida.

j* 19. R. NUDIFLO'RUM Torr. ( AZA'LEA NUDIFLO'RA /,.) The naked-flowered Azalea.

Identification. Torr. Fl. Un. St., 1. p. 140. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 847.

XLIII. ERIQA^CEJE ! flHODODE'NDRON.

Synonymes. Azalea nudiflbra Lin. Sp. 214. ; Azalea joericlymenoldes Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1

p. 115. ; the American Honeysuckle ; May Flowers, and wild, or upright, Honeysuckle, Amer.
Engraving. Our fig. 1121. from a living specimen.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, nearly smooth, and green on both
surfaces, ciliated on the margins, having the midrib bristly beneatL, and
woolly above. Flowers rather naked, not clammy,
scarlet, pink, white, striped, variegated, red, purple,
&c., disposed in terminal clustered racemes, ap-
pearing before the leaves. Tube of corolla longer
than the divisions. Teeth of calyx short, rather
rounded. Stamens much exserted. (Dorfs Mill.)
A deciduous shrub. Canada to Georgia, on the
sides of hills. Height 3ft. to 4ft. Introduced
in 1734. Flowers of various colours ; April to
June. Capsule brown.

It is the parent of numerous varieties, and, in con-
junction with the preceding species, of many beautiful
hybrids. 1121> R. nudm6rum.

Varieties and Seedlings.

& R. ra. 1 coccineum D. Don. Azalea n. coccinea Sims Bet. Mag. t
180. — Flowers scarlet, and the leaves lanceolate. It is a native
of Georgia, near Savannah.

& R. n. 2 rutilans D. Don. A. n. rutilans
Ait. Hort. Kew. p. 319. ; A. periclyme-
noides rutilans Pursh. Fl. Amer. Sept. \.
p. 152., and our Jig. 1122. — The flowers
are deep red. Calyxes minute.
& R. w. 3 carneum D. Don. A. n. carnea Ait.
1. c., Sot. Reg. t. 120. ; A. p. car.nea
Pursh 1. c. — The corollas are pale red,
having the tube red at the base, and the
calyx foliaceous.

t R. n. 4 album D. Don. A. n. alba Ait. 1.
c. ; A. p. alba Pursh. — The flowers white,
and the calyx middle-sized.
R. n. 5 papilionaceum D. Don. A. p. pa-
pilionacea Pursh. — Flowers reddish, with
the lower segment white, and the calyx
foliaceous.

R n. 6 partltum D. Don. A. p. partita
Pursh. — The flowers are pale red, 5-
parted, even to the base.
R. n. 7 polydndrum D. Don. A. p. poly-
andra Pursh 1. c. — Flowers o''
a rose colour, short. Stamens
10 — 20. It is found near Phi-
ladelphia.

Varieties and Hybrids chiefly raised at
High Clere.

«3fe R. n. 8 Govenianum D. Don
(Brit. Fl.-Gard., iii. t. 263. ; and
our Jig. 1 1 23.) — The branches
tomentosely downy. Leaves
evergreen or deciduous, oblong,
acute, downy while young, but
glabrous in the adult state, and
recurved at the apex. Tube of
corolla a little shorter than

Q Q

R. n. rutilana.

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

the segments. Flowers delicate light purple, disposed in ter-
minal racemose corymbs. It is a hybrid raised from the seed of A.
nudiflora impregnated by the pollen of a hybrid raised between R.
ponticum and R. catawbiense.

R. n. 9 rubrum Lodd.Boi. Cab. t. 51. — Flowers red.

R. n. 10 eximlum D. Don. — Raised, in 1829, from seeds of R. nudi-
florum coccineum inajus, to which pollen of Rhododendron arboreum
had been applied. It resembles its female parent, having very little
affinity with R. arboreum, except in its evergreen leaves and decan-
drous flowers.

R. n. 11 thyrsrflorum Bot. Reg. 1367., and our fig. 1124. — Raised at
High Clere in 1835 or before.

R. n. 12 sdntillans Bot. Reg. 1461., and our fig. 1125.— Raised at
High Clere in 1835 or before.

R. n. 13 Seymoun Bot. Reg. 1975., and our fig. 1126.— Raised at
High Clere in 1835 or before.

1124. R. n thyrsiflinnn.

1125. R. n. scintfllans.

1126. R. n Sey

Varieties and Hybrids assigned to A. nudiflora in Loddiges's Catalogue for 1836
are the following : —

A. n. 2 ilba et rtibra.

3 amce^na.

4 bl&nda.

5 cfirnea.

6 carol inia"na.

7 Coburgj'rt.

8 color^ta.

9 conspicua.

10 crispa.

11 cumula.

12 discolor.

13 fastigiata.

14 fl&re plfeno.

15 flrtrida.

16 glob&sa.

17 grandiflbra.

18 inchna.

19 incarn^ta.

20 mir&bllis.

21 mont^na.

22 ochroletica.

1127. A.n. rosea.

A. n. 23 pallida.

24 palliddsa.

25 papilionacea.

26 periclymenoldes.

27 purpurascens.

28 purpiirea.

29 r6sea. (Jig. 1127.)

30 ruberrima.

31 rubicunda.

32 rilbra.

33 rtifa.

34 riltilans.

35 serotina

36 stamlnea.

37 stell^ta.

38 tricolor.

39 varia.

40 varlabilis.

41 varieg^ta.

42 versicolor.

43 v iolacea.

ja 20. R. (N.) BI'COLOR G.Don. (A. (N.) Bi'coLOR.p«rsA.)
fiowered Azalea.

Identification. Don's Mill., 3. p. 847.

Synonymes. Azalea bfcolor Pursh Sent. 1. p. 158. ; Aaalea nudifldra

var. bfcolor Ait. Hort. Kew. 1. p. 319.
Engravings. Trew Ehret, 48. ; and our./?£. 1128.

Spec. Char., tyc. Leaves oblong, clothed on both sur-
faces with fine hoary pubescence, not bristly on the
nerve. Flowers small, not clammy, naked, smaller
and more slender than those of most of the other
species. Tube of corolla hardly longer than the
segments. Calyxes very short; having one of

The two-coloured-

XLIII.

#HODODE'NDRON.

595

the segments linear, and 4 times longer than the rest. Filaments ex-
serted. Branchlets hispid. (Don's Mill.') A deciduous shrub. Carolina
and Georgia, on barren sandy hills. Height 3ft. to 4ft. Introduced in
1734. Flowers red and white ; May.

3fe 21. R. (N.) CALENDULA'CEUM Torr. (A. (N.) CALENDULAY-EA Michx.) The
Marigold^ozwmi Azalea.

Identification. Torr. Fl. Un. St., p. 140. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 847.
Synonymes. Azalea calendulacea Michx. Fl. for. Amer. 1. p. 156. ; A.

nudiflbra var. coccinea Ait. Hort. Kew. 319.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 172. ; Bot. Cab., t. 1394. ; Bot. Keg., t. 1454. ;

and our fig. 1129.

Spec. Char.) $c. Leaves oblong, pubescent on both sur-
faces, but afterwards hairy. Flowers large, not
clammy, rather naked. Teeth of calyx oblong. Tube
of corolla hairy, shorter than the segments. (Don's
Mill.) A deciduous shrub. North America, from
Pennsylvania to Carolina. Height 2 ft. to 6 ft. In-
troduced in 1806. Flowers yellow, red, orange-
coloured, or copper-coloured ; May and June.

Varieties.

st R. c. 2 MorteriiSwt. Fl.-Gard. 2d s. 10. — A hybrid between R. calen-

dulaceum and one of the red varieties of R.

nudiflorum, of which there are two subvarieties;

one with a flesh-coloured corolla, having the

upper segment orange-coloured, edged with

flesh-colour, called R. Morten's carneum ; and

another, called R. Mortem var. prae'stans, with

pale copper-coloured flowers, tinged with blush.
& R. c. 3 fidgidum Hook. A. c. ftigida Hort. —

Corollas of an orange-red colour, with bright

green leaves, which spread out beneath the

c rymbs of flowers, and form a rich back-
ground to them.
& R. c. 4 lepidum Bot. Reg. t. 1402, and our

fig. 1130. — Raised at High Clere. mo. *.c.Wpidum.

j* 22. R. CANE'SCENS G. Don. ( A. CANE'SCENS Michx.) The canescent Azalea,

1129. R. (n.) catendul&ceum.

Identification. Don's Mill., 3. p. 848.

MX. Fl. Bor. 1. p. 150., Ph. Sept. 1.
Engraving. Lodd. Bot. Cab. 441. ; and oar fig. 2097. in p. 1108.

Synonymes. Azalea canescens MX. Fl. Bor. 1. p. 150., Ph. Sept. 1. p. 152. ; A. viscbsa pubescens Lod.

Spec. Char., Sf-c. Leaves obovate-oblong, downy above, and tomentose be*
neath, not bristly on the middle nerve. Flowers not clammy, nearly naked.
Tube of corolla hardly shorter than the segments. Teeth of calyx very-
short, rounded, obtuse. Stamens hardly exserted. (Don's Mill.) A deci-
duous shrub. Lower Carolina, on the banks of rivers. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft.
Introduced in 1812. Flowers rose-coloured; May and June.

& 23, R. VISCO^SUM Torr. (A. viscous A z,.) The clammy-
flowered Azalea.

Identification. Torr. Fl. Un. St., p. 140. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 847.
Synonyme. Azalea viscdsa Lin. Sp. 214.
Engraving. Our fig. 1131.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oblong- obovate, acute, smooth
and green on both surfaces, ciliated on the margins,
having the midrib bristly. Flowers produced in
terminal clusters ; and clammy, leafy, and hairy.
Tube of corolla as long as the segments. Teeth of
the calyx short, rounded. Stamens hardly longei
than the corolla, (Don's Mill.) A deciduous shrub.

qq, 2

596

ARBORETUM I£T FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Canada to Georgia, in swamps and shady woods. Height
2ft. to 6 ft. Introduced in 1734. Flowers white, sweet-
scented ; July and August.

Varieties and Hybrids.

& R. v. 2 ornatum Swt. Fl.-Gard. 2d s. t. 137. (and
our fig. 1132.)— A hybrid raised from the seed of
R. viscosum ft rubescens, fertilised by the pollen
of Rhododendron ponticum. It is evergreen or
sub-evergreen, as are all the hybrids of similar
parentage.

The Varieties and Hybrids of A. viscosa, in Loddiges's Catalogue for 1836,
are as follows : —

A. v. 2 alba.

3 crispa.

4 dealbata.

A. Varieties.

5 penicillata.

6 pras'cox.

7 pubescens.

8 variegata.

9 vittata.

10 Fiolae odbre.

B. HybridfB altaclerenses. Hybrids raised at
High Clere in 1830 or before.

11 amae'na.

12 actinata.

13 Aurora.
11 basil issa.

15 calod<5ndron.

16 calocoryphe.

17 CartbmYi. (Jig. 1133.)

18 chariessa.

19 coccinea nobilis.

20 eudae^mon.

21 euprepes.

22 Govdma.

23 Herbert^wo.

24 imperatrix.

25 inclyta.

26 ;"asminod6ra.

27 lepida.

28 ochroleuca.

29 poikila.

30 p6ntica Howard.

hexapla.

31 pulcheila.

32 regalis

33 rugens.

34 thyrsifldra.

1133. A. T. Cartoroa.

C. Hybrids belgicfs. Hybrids raised in Belgium in 1829 or befo,

35 Agate.

36 albo pleno.

37 amabilis.

38 fltmarantina.

39 amoenlssima.

40 ardens.

41 atro-rtibens.

42 aun'ui tia maxima.

43 bland in a.

44 calendulacea glob&sa.

insigiiis.

nbva.

superba.

45 cardon.

46 coccinea maxima

specidsa.

47 concinna.

48 corfiscans.

49 crbcea.

glob6sa.

50 cru^nta

51 cQprea.

alba.

eximia.
globbsa.

splendens.

52 decorata.

53 decus hortftrum.

54 dulcfido.

55 electa.

electa maxima.

rabra.
5G elegantissima.

57 exquisita.

58 FerrockzY.

59 flamboyante.
GO ffilgida.

Gl fulva.

62 glbria mtindi.

maxima,
minor.

63 Guliehnus primus.

64 hybrida coccifera.

coccinea.
nivea.

65 incarnata maxima.

riibra.

66 lepida.

67 liitea rubicdnda.
G8 magnifica.

fi9 maritima incarnata

70 miniata.

71 mirabilis.

72 mlxta triumphans.

73 monica.

74 Morterz'i.

75 nfe plus ultra.

76 nobilis.

77 noritas antillescens.

78 noritata.

79 optima.

80 ornata pallida.

81 picturata.

82 pontica globosa.

Konink.
tricolor var.

83 prsDstantissima.

84 pulchella.

85 punlcea.

86 recqui.

87 reglna b^lgica.

88 restantissima.

89 rfgida incarnata.

90 robusta.

91 rubra aurantia.

fulva.

92 rubricata.

93 sanguinea.

94 Saturm.

95 severa,

96 speci6sa.

97 speciosissima.

98 splendens.

99 splendida.

100 sulphurea.

101 superba.

102 tricolor Jacobr.

Wolff.

103 triumphans

104 variegata.

105 venusta.

1 06 venusti'ssima.

107 versicolor.

j* 24. R. (v.) GLAU'CUM G.Don. (A. (v.) GLAUVCA Pursh.) The glaucous-
leaved Azalea^

identification. Don's Mill., 3. p. 848.

Synonymcs. Azalea glauca Pursh Sept. 1. p. 154. ; Azalea viscosa var. fioribiinda Ait. ttort. Kew,

1. p. 3J9.
Engravings. Dend, Brit., t. 5. ; and our fig. 1134.

XLIII. EIUCA'CEJE: .RHODODE'NDRON.

597

Spec. Char., Sfc. Branchlets hispid. Leaves oblanceolate,
acute, glabrous on both surfaces, glaucous beneath, cili-
ated on the margins, having the midrib bristly. Flowers
very clammy, leafy. Tube of corolla twice longer than
the segments. Calyx very short. Filaments about equal
in length to the segments of the corolla. (Don's Mill.)
A deciduous shrub. New England to Virginia, in
swamps in clayey soil. Height 2 ft. Introduced in 1734.
Flowers white ; June and July.

This shrub is dwarfer than any of the other North
American species of Azalea ; and it produces its fragrant
white flowers in great abundance. Nuttall considers it as only a variety of
R. viscosum, differing in nothing but in the under surface of the leaves being
glaucous; in which opinion we concur.

& 25. R. (v.) HI'SPIDUM Torr. (A. (v.) HI'SPIDA Pursh.) The hispid Azalea.

Identification. Torr. Fl. Un. St., p. 140. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 847.

Synonymes. Azalea hispida Pursh Sept. 1. p. 154. ; Azalea visc&sa var. glauea Ait. Hort. Kew. 1.

p. 319. ?
Engravings. Dend. Brit., t. 6. ; and our fig. 1135.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches straight, very hispid. Leaves
long-lanceolate, hispid above, and smooth beneath,
glaucous on both surfaces, ciliated on the margins,
having the nerves bristly beneath. Stamens 5 — 10.
Flowers very clammy, leafy. Tube of corolla wide,
scarcely longer than the segments. Teeth of
calyx oblong, rounded. Filaments exserted. (Don's
Mill.) A deciduous shrub. New York and Pennsyl-
vania, on the borders of lakes on the highest part of
the Blue Mountains. Height 10 ft. to 15 ft. Intro-
duced in 1734. Flowers white, rose-coloured before
expansion ; July and August.
Readily distinguished from the other hardy azaleas by 1135' *' M h5spidum'

its bluish appearance.

jn 26. R. (v.) NI'TIDUM Torr. (A. NI'TIDA Pursh.) The glossy-leaved Azalea.

1136. R. (v.) nitidum.

Identification. Torr., 1. c ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 847.
Synonyme. Azalea nitida Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1. p. 153.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 414. ; and our fig. 1136.

Spec. Char,, Sjc. Branches smoothish. Leaves oblanceo-
late, rather mucronate, coriaceous, smooth on both
surfaces, shining above, having the nerve bristly beneath,
with revolute ciliated margins, smaller than in any
other species. Flowers clammy, leafy. Tube of corolla
a little longer than the segments. Calyx very short.
Filaments exserted. (Don's Mill.) A deciduous shrub.
New York to Virginia, in deep mossy swamps on the
mountains. Height 2 ft. to 4ft. Introduced in 1812.
Flowers white, tinged with red ; June
and July. Capsule brown.

The

& 27. R. SPECIOVSUM G.Don. (A. SPECIO'SA Willd.)

showy Azalea.

Identification. Don's Mill., 3. p. 848.

Synonymes. Azalea specidsa Willd. Enum. p. 10. ; A. coccfnea Lodd. Bot.

Cab. t. 624.
Engravings. Bot. Cab., t. 624. ; Dend. Brit., t. 116. ; and our fig. 1137.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches hairy. Leaves lanceolate,
ciliated, acute at both ends. Calyx pubescent. Corolla
silky, with obtuse, ciliated, lanceolate, undulated segments,

QQ 3

1137. R speciftsum.

598

ARBOKETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

Stamens exserted. (Don's MM.} A deciduous shrub. North America.
Height 2 ft. to 6ft. Introduced in 1812. Flowers scarlet; June and July

& 28. R. ARBORE'SCENS Torr. (A.ARBORE'SCENSP««A.) The arborescent Azalea

Identification. Torr., 1. c. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 847.

Synonymes. Azalea arborescens Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1. p. 153. ; A. arbbrea Bart. Cat.

Engravings. Our fig. 1138. from a specimen in the herbarium of Professor DeCandolle.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves obovate, rather obtuse,
smooth on both surfaces, glaucous beneath, cili-
ated on the margins, having the midrib almost
smooth. Flowers not clammy, leafy. Tube of
corolla longer than the segments. Calyx leafy,
with the segments oblong and acute. Filaments
exserted. (Don's Mill.) A deciduous shrub or
low tree. Pennsylvania. Height 10ft. to 15 ft.
Introduced in 1818. Flowers rose-coloured ; June
and July.

Pursh says it forms, with its elegant foliage, and
large, abundant, rose-coloured flowers, the finest
ornamental shrub he knows. The flowers are not so
pubescent as those of the other species. The scales
of the flower buds are large, yellowish brown, and surrounded with a fringed
white border.

1138. fi. arborescens.

§ vii. R/iodwa D. Don.

Identification. Don's Mill., 3. p. 848.

Derivation. From rhodon, a rose ; in reference to the colour of the flowers.

Sect. Char. Limb of calyx 5-toothed. Corolla bilabiate ,
upper lip broadest, and 2 — 3-cleft; lower one biden-
tate. Stamens 10. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved. Leaves
deciduous. (Don's Mill.)

j» 29. R. J?HODOVRA G. Don. (#HODO'RA CANADE'NSIS L.)
The Canada Rhodora.

Identification. Don's Mill., 3. p. 843.
Synonyme. ./Zhoddra canadensis Lin. Sp. 561.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 474. ; and our fig. 1139-

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oval, quite entire, pubescent and
glaucous beneath. Flowers in terminal clusters or
racemose umbels, pale purple, and protruded before
the leaves. (Don's Mill.) An erect deciduous shrub.
Canada, Newfoundland, and on the mountains of New
York and Pennsylvania, in bogs. Height 2ft. In-
troduced in 1767. Flowers pale purple; April and
May. Capsules brown ; ripe in August.

GENUS XXII.

1130. R. fihodira.

J

KA'LMIA L. THE KALMIA. Lin. Syst. Decandria Monog/nia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 545. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 850.
Synonyme. American Laurel.

Derivation. Named by Linnaeus in honour of Peter Kalm, professor at Abo, in Sweden ; author of
Travels in America in 1753.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-shaped ; under side of limb pro-
ducing 10 cornute protuberances, and as many cavities on the upper side, in

XLIII.

599

which the anthers lie, or are concealed. Capsule 5-celled, many-seeded ; dis-
sepiments marginal. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, or ternately verticillate, exstipulate, entire, ever-
green ; buds naked. Flowers in terminal, racemose, compound corymbs, but
in K. hirsute solitary and axillary. Pedicels long, 1-flowered, tribracteate at
the base ; external bractea originating from the rachis. Anthers opening by
two oblique truncate pores. — Undershrubs, evergreen; natives of North
America; poisonous in all their parts, and often fatal to cattle.

* 1. K. LATIFO'LIA L. The broad-leaved Kalmia.

t., 1. p. 296. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 850.
ush, Calico Flower,

Identification. Lin. Sp., 560. ; Pursh Si
Synunymes. Mountain Laurel, Calico

Amer.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 175. ; Schmidt Baum., t. 1(J6. ; and

our Jig. 1140.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves on long petioles,
scattered or 3 in a whorl, oval, coriaceous,
smooth, and green on both surfaces. Co-
rymbs terminal, downy, and viscid. (Don's
Mill.) An evergreen glabrous shrub. Ca-
nada to Carolina, on the sides of stony hills.
Height 3ft. to 10ft. Introduced in 1734.
Flowers white, tinted with pale pink, deli-
cately spotted ; June and July

This shrub, in its native soil, continues flow-
ering great part of the summer; but it is only
in particular places where it thrives. These are
generally rocky, sterile, and near water. Leaves
of this species are poisonous to cattle and
sheep, but not to deer. mo. K.iatif6iia.

u. 2. K. ANGUSTiFoYiA L. The narrow-leaved Kalmia.

Identification Lin. Sp., 561. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 296. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 850.

Synonyme. Sheep Laurel, Amer.

Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 331. ; Bot. Cab., t. 502. ; and our fig. 1141.

Spec. Char., %c. Leaves petiolate, scattered or 3 in a
whorl, oblong, obtuse, rather rusty beneath. Corymbs
lateral. Bracteas linear. Peduncles and calyxes
clothed with glandular pubescence. (Don's Mill.) A
low shrub. Canada to Carolina, in bogs, swamps, and
sometimes in dry mountain lands. Height 1 ft. to 2 ft.
Introduced in 1736. Flowers dark red ; May to
July. Capsule brown ; ripe in September.

Variety.

a. K. a. 2 ovdta Pursh Fl.
Amer. Sept. i. p. 296. —
A native of New Jersey,
on the mountains, with broader leaves and a
taller stem than the species.

ja 3. K. GLAU'CA Ait. The glaucous-leaved Kalmia.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2. p. 64. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 296. ;

Don's Mill., 3. p. 850.

Synonyme. K. »olif61ia Wangh. Act. Soc. Berol. 8. p. 129. t. 5.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 177- ; Bot. Cab., t. 1508. ; and our fig. 1142.

Spec. Char., $c. Branchlets somewhat 2-edged. Leaves
opposite, on short petioles, oblong, smooth, glaucous
beneath, with revolute edges. Corymbs terminal,
compound, bracteate. Pedicels and calyxes ^gla-
brous. (Don's Mill.) A very handsome, upright,
small shrub. Canada, in bogs, and on the borders

Q Q 4-

gustifolia

600

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM JBR1TANNICUM.

of the mountain lakes of New York and Pennsylvania, and of the Island
of Sitcha. Height 1ft. to 2ft. Introduced in 1767. Flowers pale red;
April and May. Capsule brown ; ripe in September.

Variety.

tt. K. g. 2 rosmarinifolia Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. i. p. 296. — Leaves linear,
more revolute on the margins, and having the under surface green.

The flower is comparable to a miniature parasol : the corolla to the cover-
ing, the stamens to the rays that keep the covering distended, and the style to
the handle.

«_ 4. K. CUNEAVTA Michx. The wedge-shaped-leaved Kalmia.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 257. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 29C. ;

Don's Mill., 3. p. 850.
Engravings. Our Jig. 1143. from a specimen in the Museum of the Jardin

des Plantes.

Sj)ec. Char., fyc. Leaves scattered, sessile, cuneate-oblong,
glandularly pubescent beneath, minutely armed at the
apex. Corymbs lateral, few-flowered. Branches twiggy,
disposed in sessile, lateral, fastigiate clusters. (Don's
Mill.) A small evergreen shrub. Carolina, on moun-
tains. Height 1 ft. to 2 ft. Introduced in 1820.
Flowers white, and red at the bottom ; May and
ins. K. cuneiua. June. Capsule brown ; ripe in September.

«. 5. K. HIRSU'TA Walt. The hairy Kalmia.

Identification. Walt. Fl. Carol., 138. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 296. : Michx. Fl.

Bor. Amer., 1. p. 257.
Synonyme. K. ciliata Bartr. Itin. 1&.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 138. ; and our fig. 1144.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches, leaves, and calyxes very hairy.
Leaves opposite and alternate, almost sessile, elliptic.
Peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered, longer than the
leaves. (Don's Mill.) A beautiful little shrub. South
Carolina and Georgia, in barren pine woods. Height
2ft. to 3 ft. Introduced in 1786. Flowers large, red;
June to August. Capsule brown ; ripe in October.
Somewhat difficult to cultivate in British gardens.

GENUS XXIII.

MENZIEVS/J Smith. THE MENZIESIA. Lin. Syst. Octandria Monogynia.

Identification. Smith Icon, ined., 56. ; D. Don in Ed. Phil. Journ. 17 p 170

Derivation. Named in honour of Archibald Menxies, F.L.S., fte., surgeon and naturalist to the

expedition under Vancouver ; in which he collected many specimens of plants on the north-west

coast of America, New Holland, Van Diemen's Land, &c.

Gen. Char. Calyx 4-lobed. Corolla tubular or globose ; limb very short, 4-
lobed, revolute. Stamens 8, enclosed. Filaments subulate, glabrous. Cells
of anthers parallel, connate, mutic at the base, and opening each by an
oblique foramen at the apex. Stigma obtuse. Capsule ligneous, 4-celled,
with a septicidal dehiscence. Placenta 4-lobed. Seeds scobiform. (Don's
Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous; very small, membra-
nous, glaucous beneath. Flowers in numerous terminal 1-flowered fas-
cicled pedicels. — Undershrubs, deciduous ; natives of North America.

XLIII. JBRICA'CE^: AZALEA.

601

1145. M. ferruginea.

j* 1. M. FERRUGI'NEA Smith. The rusty-jtoiuered Menziesia

Identification. Smith Icon, ined., 1. p. 56. t. 56. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 264.;

Don's Mill., 3. p. 850.

Synoni/me. M. urceola~ris Salisb. Par. Land. No. 44.
Engravings. Smith Icon, ined., 1. p. 56. t. 56. ; and our fig. 1145.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Corolla urceolate, with rounded lobes.
Leaves and branches hairy. Leaves obovate-lanceolate.
(Don's Mill.) A deciduous shrub. North-west coast
of America, particularly on the Columbia River, and on the
Island of Sitcha. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced in
1811. Flowers rusty colour ; May and June.

& 2. M. GLOBULA\RIS Salisb. The globular-flowered Menziesia.

Identification. Salisb. Par. Lond., t. 44. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 264. ; Don's Mill.,

3. p. 850.
Synonymcs. M. SmithzY Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. p. 235. ; Azalea pilbsa Lam.

III. 494. ; M. pilbsa Pen. Ench. 1. p. 420.
Engraving. Our Jig. 1146.

Spec. Char., fyc. Corolla globose, with rounded lobes.
Leaves and branches hairy. Leaves lanceolate. (Don's
Mill.) A deciduous shrub. Virginia and Carolina, on
high mountains ; plentiful on the Cacapoore Mountains,
near Winchester, in Virginia. Height 3 ft. to 5 ft. In-
troduced in 1806. Flowers yellowish brown.

GENUS XXIV.

1146. M.globulkris.

AZA'LEA D. Don. THE AZALEA. Lin. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia.

Identification. D. Don in Edinb. Phil. Journ. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 830.

Synonymes. Azalea procumbens Lin. and many authors ; Loiseleun'a Desf. ; Chamasledon Link

Enum. l.p. 210.
Derivation. From azaleas, dry, or arid ; in reference to the habitation of the plant.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, campanulate, 5-cleft. Stamens
5, equal, shorter than the corolla. Cells of anthers opening by a terminal
pore. Styles straight, enclosed. Capsule 5-celled, with 5-cloven pointed
valves, whose inflexed edges form the double partitions. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, evergreen ; small, elliptic, glabrous,
with revolute margins. Flowers pedicellate, rising in fascicles from the axils
of the upper leaves, small, red. — A shrub, evergreen, procumbent, small, gla-
brous, with the habit of wild thyme ; native of Europe and North America,
on mountains.

j< 1. A. PROCU'MBENS L. The procumbent Azalea.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 205. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 154. ; Don's

Mill., 3. p. 851.
Synonymes. ChameelSdon procfimbens

Link Enum. 1. p. 210. ; Loiseleun'a pro-

cumbens Desf.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 865. ; Bot. Cab.,

t. 762. ; Bot. Misc., 2. p. 64. t. 53. ; and

our fig. 1147. from Lod. Bot. Cab., and

fig. 1148. from N. Duham.

See Gen. Char.

Spec. Char., $c.

A procumbent evergreen shrub.
Europe, on mountains; plentiful
in the Highlands of Scotland,
and in the alpine regions of dif-
ferent parts of North America.
Height 6 in. Flowers small,
rose-coloured ; April and May.

1148. A. pfoc6mbeBI.

602

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Requires to be grown in sandy peat, either in a border or in pots, and in
an airy situation.

GENUS XXV-

LEIOPHY'LLUM Pers. THE LEIOPHYLLUM. Lin. Syst. Decandria
Monogynia.

Identification. Pers. Ench., 1. p. 477. ; Spreng. Syst., 2. p. 276. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 851.
Synonymes. Ammyrsine Pursh Sept. \. p 280. ; Flschera Swartz ; iedum 6uxif61ium Berg., Ait.
Derivation. From leios, smooth, andphullon, a leaf; in reference to the smoothness of the leaves.

Gen. Char. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla 5-petaled. Stamens 10, ex-
serted. Anthers opening by 2 terminal pores. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved,
dehiscing at the apex. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; small, convex, oval,
glabrous, shining. Flowers white, disposed in terminal corymbs. — A shrub,
small, erect, bushy, very ornamental from the delicacy of its leaves and the
abundance of its white flowers ; native of North America, on mountains.

«. 1. L. THYMIFO^LIUM Pers. The Thyme-leaved Leiophyllum.

Identification. Pers. Ench., 1. p. 477. ; Spreng. Syst, 2. p. 215. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 831.
Synonymes. L&dum iuxifolium Bergius in Act. Pctrop. 1779 p. 1. t. 3. f. 2. ; Z,£dum tfiymifolium
Lam. Diet. 3. p. 459. ; Ledum serpyllifblium L'Herit. Stirp. Nov. 2. t. 10. ; Ammyrsine fiuxifblia
Pursh Sept. 1. p. 301. ; Sand Myrtle, New Jersey.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 531. ; Bot. Cab., t. 52.; and ou
Jig. H49.

Spec. Char.y fyc. See Gen. Char. An elegant
little evergreen shrub. New Jersey, and the
mountains of Carolina, particularly on the
highest summits of the Catawba ridge. Height
6 in. to 1 ft. Introduced in 1736. Flowers
white, rendering it highly ornamental ; May
and June.

Li. prostrdtum. Ammyrsine prostrata Swt.y
Loud, Hort. Brit. No. 28221. ; A. Lyom Swt.
Hort. Brit. ed. 1830 p. 344.— Branches spread-
ing. Leaves oblong.

1 ] 49. L. thymifoliu

GENUS XXVI.

.LE^DUM L. THE LEDUM. Lin. Syst. Decandria Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 546. ; Gaertn. Fruct., 2. p. 145. t. 112. ; Juss. Gen., 159. ; Nutt. Gen.
Amer., 1. p. 275.

Derivation. Ledon was the name applied by the ancients to a plant producing the substance called
labdanum, and now known by the name of Cistus Lddon. In foliage, the Lddum of modern bo-
tanists bears some distant resemblance to the plant of the ancients.

Gen. Char. Calyx minute, 4-toothed. Corolla 5-petaled; spreading.
Stamens 5 — 10, exserted. Anthers opening by two terminal pores. Cap-
sule sub-ovate, 5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the base, pedicellate. Seeds
numerous, flat, linear, scabrous, furnished with a membranous wing at
each extremity. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; coriaceous, with revo-
lute margins, and tomentose on the under surface. Flowers white, disposed
in terminal corymbs ; pedicels bracteate at the base. — Shrubs, evergreen,
low, procumbent, or dwarf, exhaling a peculiar scent when bruised ; natives
of Europe or North America.

XLIII.

603

a. 1. L. PALU'STRE L. The Marsh Ledum.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 651. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 300. ; Don's Mill.,

3. p. 851.
Sy 'louymes. /.edum sileslacum Clus. Pan. 68. ; .Kosmarinum syl-

vestre Cam. Epit. 546.
Engravings. Schmidt Baum., t. 136. ; Bot. Cab., t. 560. ; and our

fig. 1150.

Spec. Char.., $c. Leaves linear, with revolute mar-
gins, clothed with rusty tomentum beneath.
Stamens 10, longer than the corolla. Leaves
resembling those of rosemary. (Don's Mill.} An
erect evergreen shrub. Canada, in swamps, and
round the mountain lakes of New York ; in
Kotzebue's Sound, &c. ; also the North of Europe,
as Denmark, Silesia, &c. Height 2 ft. Introduced
in 1762. Flowers white ; April and May.

Variety.

*t. L. p. 2 decumbens Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2.
vol. iii. p. 48. — A decumbent shrub, a
native of Hudson's Bay.

«L 2. L. LATIFO'LIUM Ait. The broad-leaved Ledum, or Labrador Tea.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 2. p. 65. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 300. ; Don's

Mill., 3. p. 861.
Synonymes. L. grcenlandicam Retz. Obs. 4. p. 2fi.; L. palustre Michx.

Fl. Bor. Amer. 1. p. 259.; Labrador Tea, Amer.

Engravings. Schmidt Baum., t. 164. ; Bot. Cab., t. 534. ; and our
fig. M61.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves linear-oblong, with replicate
margins, clothed with rusty tomentum beneath. Sta-
mens 5, about the length of the corolla. Flowers
white. (Don's Mill.) A larger and broader-leaved
evergreen shrub than L. palustre. Canada, in mossy
swainps ; and Greenland, Labrador, Newfoundland, and
Hudson's Bay. Height 2ft. to 4ft. Introduced in
1763. Flowers white; April and May.

The leaves are said to be used in Labrador, as a sub-
stitute for tea. Bees are very fond of the flowers.

it. 3. L. CANADE'NSE Lodd. The Canadian Ledum.

Identification. Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 1040. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 851.
Engravings. Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 1049. ;"and our fig. 1152.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate-petiolate, white beneath.
Flowers disposed in terminal umbellate corymbs,
large. (Don's Mill.) A low evergreen shrub. Canada,
in swamps. Height 6 in. Introduced in 1812. Flowers
white ; Ap 1'il and May.

n.«. /-canauense.

Sect. III. FACCINIE\& D. Don.

Identification. D. Don in Edinb. Phil. Journ., 17. p. 152. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 851.

Sect. Char., fyc. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary connate with the calyx. Disk peri-
gynous, nectariferous. Fruit baccate. Gemmation scaly. The genera in
this section agree with Faccinium in the ovary adhering to the calyx.
(Don's Mill.) Deciduous and evergreen shrubs, natives of Europe and
North America ; cultivated in peat soil, and propagated, generally, by di-
vision of the plant, but sometimes by layers, and, when necessary, by
cuttings or seeds.

604

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

GENUS XXVII.

KAC

J

JCI'Nl

:UM

jtf

11

LJ ^J

£$&

<fflfr,

A

m

IJSBL!

A

L. THE WHORTLEBERRY. Lin. Syst. Oct-Decandria
Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 191. ; Ait. Hort. Kew., 2. p. 355. ; Pursh Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 282 ; Juss.

Gen., 162. ; Nutt. Gen. Amer., 1. p. 263. ; Lam. 111., 286. ; Gaertn. Fruct., t. 28. ; Don's Mill., 3.

p. 851.

Synonymes. Fltis idze^a Tourn. Inst. t. 377. ; Airelle, Fr. ; Heidelbeere, Ger.
Derivation. An ancient Latin name, but whether of a berry or a flower has been a point in dispute

among critics, as well as its etymology.

Gen. Char. Calyx 4 — 5-toothed. Corolla urceolate or campanulate, more
or less deeply 4 — 5-cleft; limb reflexed. Stamens 8 — 10, hypogynous.
Anthers 2-horned, dehiscing at the summits, and sometimes furnished at
the back with two spreading spines or bristles. Style longer than the sta-
mens. Stigma obtuse. Berry globose, depressed at top, 4 — 5-celled,
many-seeded. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous or evergreen ; membranous,
often beset with resinous dots. Flowers pedicellate, and solitary, simply
racemose, or tufted, drooping, inodorous, tinted with various shades of red
or pink, never blue, scarcely yellowish, generally very elegant. Berries
black, purple, bluish, or red, generally eatable. — Shrubs, low, suffruticose,
gemmaceous ; natives of Europe or North America.

The species are in a good deal of confusion, from the whole of them never
having been studied together in the same garden. We have followed the
arrangement of G. Don, as the latest and best, not having had an opportunity
ourselves of examining all the species said to be in cultivation in British
gardens.

A. Leaves deciduous.

a. Pedicels \-flowered, usually solitary, rarely twin, or fasciculate.

j* I. V. MVRTI'JLLUS L. The Little-Myrtle-Me? Whortleberry, or common
Bilberry, or Bleaberry.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 498. ; Smith Engl. Fl., 2. p. 219. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 851.
Engravings. Engl. Bot., t. 456. ; Fl. Dan., t. 974. ; and our Jig. 1153.

Spec. Char., fyc. Pedicels solitary, 1 -flowered. Leaves serrated, ovate, smooth.
Stem acutely angular, smooth. Calyx hardly divided. Corolla globose
generally 5-cleft, of a very delicate, waxy, pink hue. (Don's Mill.) A low
deciduous shrub. North of Europe, on heaths, stony moors, and mountain
woods ; North of Africa and Asia ; and at Nootka Sound and Nova Scotia, in
America. Plentiful in Britain and Ireland, and also in Iceland ; and pro
cumbent about the subalpine zone in England,
where it rarely produces flowers. Height 6 in.
to 2 ft. Flowers delicate, waxy, pink ; May.
Berries bluish black, about the size of currants,
and covered with a mealy bloom ; ripe in
October.

Variety.

•*» V. M. 2 bacds dlbis Booth has white
fruit. Plants of this variety were dis-
covered in 1835 in the Black Forest.

The berries are eaten in tarts, or with cream,
or made into jelly, in the northern and western
counties of England and Scotland ; and, in other
parts of the country, they are made into pies and

XLIII. ERICA^CEJE : TACCl'NIUM.

605

puddings. Their juice has been employed to stain paper or linen purple.
In autumn, many kinds of game live upon them, and the plant affords them
shelter. In gardens, it may be cultivated in sandy peat, kept moist, in a situ-
ation airy, but somewhat shaded.

* 2. V. ULIGINO'SUM L. The Bog Whortleberry, or great Bilberry.

Identification. Lin. Spec., 499. ; Smith Eng. Fl., 2. p. 210. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 851.

Synonyme. Myrtillus grandis Bauh. Hist. \. p. 518.

Engravings. Fl. Dan., t. 231. Eng. Bot., t. 581. ; and our fig. 1154.

Spec. Char., fyc. Pedicels somewhat aggregate, 1-flowered. Leaves obovate,
entire, smooth. Branches terete. Taller than the common bilberry,
and of a more glaucous hue. Leaves glaucous be-
neath. Flowers flesh-coloured, with 8 long-horned
stamens. (Don's Mill.) A low deciduous shrub.
North of Europe, North America, and North of Asia,
in marshy mountain heaths and alpine bogs. Height
1 ft. to 2ft. Flowers flesh-coloured ; April and May.
Berries large, juicy, black, and covered with a mealy
bloom ; ripe in October.

The berries are agreeable, but inferior in flavour to
those of V. Myrtillus; eaten in large quantities, they
occasion giddiness, and a slight headache. In France
they are used to colour wines red ; and in Siberia and
Sweden they furnish an ardent spirit that is highly vola- n64. v ,
tile and intoxicating. They afford excellent sustenance
to game. In gardens, it may be cultivated like the preceding species.

-UK 3. V. ANGUSTIFOVLIUM Ait. The narrow-leaved Whortleberry.

Identification, Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2., vol. 2. p. 356. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 852.
Synonyme. V. myrtilloides Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1. p. 234.
Engravings. Bet. Mag., t. 3447. ; and our fig. 1155.

Spec. Char.y $c. Pedicels scattered, mostly solitary, 1-flowered, naked.
Leaves lanceolate, nearly entire, downy at the ribs and
margins. Berries large, and known by the name of
bluets. (Don's Mill.) A low deciduous shrub. Ca-
nada, about Hudson's Bay and Labrador; and the
high alpine woods of the Rocky Mountains, from the
Atlantic to the Pacific. Height 1 ft. to 2 ft. Intro-
duced in 1776. Flowers flagon-shaped, yellowish green,
or white tinged with red ; April and May. Berries

large, globose, blackish purple, highly esteemed by the
inhabitants of the countries where the plant is indige-
nous ; ripe in October.

1155. V. angustifolium.

j* 4. V. C^ESPITO'SUM Michx. The tufted Whortleberry

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 234. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 852.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 3429. ; and our Jig. 11 56.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Flowers lateral, solitary, nearly sessile.
Leaves somewhat wedge-shaped, rounded, obtuse,
serrated, membranous, very smooth. A little shrub,
with many crowded stems, from 2 in. to 4 in. high,
very smooth in every part. Corolla of a short urceo-
late form. Berries nearly sessile, globose. (Don's
Mitt.) A small deciduous shrub, with crowded stems.
Hudson's Bay, in the Island of Sitcha, and on the Rocky
Mountains. Height 6 in. Introduced in 1823. Flowers
numerous, exceedingly delicate and beautiful, white,
with a deep tinge of blush ; May. Berry blue black,
with a glaucous bloom ; ripe in October. n56. v. ca!Spiti>*uni.

606

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANKICUM.

b. Flowers in sessile Tufts.
j* 5. V. GALE'ZANS Michx. The Gale-like Whortleberry.

Identification. Mich. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 232. ; Don's Mill., 3.

p. 853.

Synonyme. V. galif6rmis Smith in Bees' s Cycl. No. 16.
Engraving. Our Jig. 1157. from a specimen in the Lambertian

herbarium.

Spec. Char., $c. Flowers on very short stalks, in
sessile tufts. Leaves sessile, lanceolate-wedge-
shaped, slightly serrated, downy. Calyx pointed.
Corollas ovate, much contracted at the mouth.
Style prominent. Michaux describes this shrub
as having the aspect of jlfyrica Gale, with slight
downy branches. Leaves varying. The pedicels,
shorter than the flowers, burst from a bud composed
of numerous crowded scales. (Don's Mill.) A low
deciduous shrub. Virginia and Carolina, in shady
woods and swamps. Height 2ft. Introduced in
1806. Flowers yellowish white; May and June.
Berry small, globular, black ; ripe in October.

j* 6. V. TENE'LLUM Ait. The delicate Whortleberry.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2., vol. 2. p. 358. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 853.
nyme. V. pennsylvanicum Lam. Diet. p. 74.

V, gait*

ngravmgs. Dend. Brit., t. 35. ; Bot. Mag., t. 3434. ; our fig. 1158. from Watson, and fig. 1159.
from Bot. Mag.

Spec. Char., fyc. Flowers in dense sessile tufts. Leaves

nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acuminated, finely

serrated, smooth, except the rib and margins.

Branches angular, with a downy line on each side.

Calyx of 5 deep acute seg-

ments. (Don's Mill.) A low,

very branching, deciduous

shrub. New England to Vir-

ginia, on dry hills, on gravelly

soil. Height 2 ft. Introduced

in 1772. Flowers pale red or

white ; May. Berries large,

bluish black, extremely sweet

and pleasant ; ripe October-.
Variety. The mountains of Pennsylvania produce an immense variety of this
species, remarkable for the size and shape of the fruit, leaves, and flowers.
Leaves sometimes 1 in. long. (Don's Mill.)

j4 7. V. UGU'STRINUM Michx. The Privet-like
Whortleberry.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 2o3. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 853.
Engraving. Our fig. 1160. from a specimen in the Lambertian herbarium.

Spec. Char., Sf-c. Flowers in tufts, and nearly sessile ; as
are the leaves, which are also erect, lanceolate, mucro-
nate, finely serrated, veiny and downy. Corolla longish
and ovate. Branches angular. (Don's Mill.) An erect
deciduous shrub. Pennsylvania to Virginia, in dry
woods, and common on the mountains. Height 2 ft. to
3ft. Introduced in 1812. Flowers purplish red ; May
to July. Berries black; ripe in October. n60. v. /Ig48trinuin.

1158. V. tenelium.

Identification.
Engraving.

c. Flowers disposed in Racemes.
j* 8. V. PA'LLIDUM Ait. The pale-flowered Whortleberry.

Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2., vol. 2. p. 355. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 853,
1161. from a specimen in the British Museum.

XLIII. ERICA CE1K : FACCI NIUM.

607

1161. V. pdllitlum.

11C2. V, arboreum.

Spec. Char., $c. Racemes bracteate. Corolla cylin-
drically bell-shaped. Leaves ovate, acute, finely
serrated. (Don's Mill.) A low deciduous shrub.
North America. Height 2 ft. Introduced in 1772.
Flowers whitish ; May and June.

3fe 9. V. ARBO'REUM Marsh. The Tree-like Whortle-
berry.

Identification. Marsh, in Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p, 230. ; Don's

Mill., 3. p. 853.

Synonyme. V. diffisum Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. vol. 2. p. 356.
Engravings. Bot. Cab., t. 1885. ; and ourfig. 1162.

Spec. Char., fyc. Pedicels axillary and solitary, or
terminal and racemose, naked. Leaves ovate, acute,
with slight glandular serratures ; polished above,

and rather downy beneath. Corollas bell-shaped, acute. Stamens the length
of the tube. Berries globular, almost dry. Branches terete, downy while
young. (Don's Mill.) An elegant deciduous shrub, with the habit of a tree
North Carolina to Florida, in dry woods, on the rocky
' banks of rivers. Height 10 ft. to 20 ft. Introduced in
1765. Flowers white, tinged with red ; June and July.
Berries black ; ripe in November.

This species joins the solitary-flowered species with the
racemose-flowered species ; the axillary flowers being soli-
tary and pedicellate, and the terminal ones racemose. In
British gardens, it flowers and fruits freely in peat soil.

jn 10. V. STAMI'NEUM L. The /owg-stamened Whortleberry.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 498. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 853.

Sunonymes. V. album Pursh Sept. 1 . p. 285. ; V. elevatum Banks Herb. ; Deer Berry, Amer.

Engravings. Andr. Bot. Rep., t. 263. ; and our fig. 1163.

Spec. Char., fyc. Racemes downy, with oval
bracteas as long as the flowers. Anthers
2-horned on the back, twice as long as the
spreading bell-shaped corolla. Leaves ellip-
tic, acute, entire, glaucous, and rather
downy beneath. Stem 2 ft. high, with
numerous green branches, which are downy-
while young. Leaves \\ or 2 inches long,
on very short downy stalks. Flowers de-
candrous, copious, white, having linear
anthers, which are horned near the base.
The bracteas resemble the leaves, but are
much smaller. (Don's Mi/I.) A low de-
ciduous shrub. New England to Florida.
Height 1 ft. to 2 ft. Introduced in 1772.
Flowers white ; May and June. Berries greenish or white ; ripe in October.

Variety.

^ V. s. 2 album H. B. et Kunth Nov. Gen. Amer. iii. p. 267. — The leaves
are larger, and ciliated on the nerves beneath, and on the margins.
Corolla campanulate and white. It is a native of Mexico, in woods,
between Pachuca and Real del Monte, where it seldom grows above
6 in. high.

j» 11. V. DUMO'SUM Ait. The bushy Whortleberry.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2., vol. 2. p. 356. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 853.

Synonymes. V. frondosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1. p. 230. ; V. htftellum Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2.

vol '2. p. 357.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 1106. ; Bot. Rep., t. 112. ; and our fig. 1164.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Racemes downy, with oval bracteas, and the pedicels with

GOB

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1164. K. dumd.sum.

2 lanceolate bracteoles. Leaves obovate, mucronate, entire,
downy, and viscid. Ovarium hairy. Corolla bell -shaped,
obtuse, longer than the stamens. Branches round. Leaves
l|in. long. Calycine segments fringed. (Don's Mill.)
A low bushy deciduous shrub. New Jersey to Florida, in
dry sandy woods, particularly in pine forests. Height 2 ft.
to 3 ft. Introduced in 1774. Flowers white, tinged with
pink, rather large; June and July. Berries black, globular ;
ripe in November.

Variety.

_a V. d. 2 humile Wats. Dend. Brit. t. 32. — Thv flowers
are white ; anthers red ; pedicels solitary, axillary.
Shrub, 6 in. high.

& 12. V. CORYMBO^SUM L. The corymbose-Jlotvered Whortleberry.

Identification. Lin, Sp., 499. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 853. ; Hook, in Bot. Mag., t. 3433.

Synonymes. V. amce^num Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. vol 2. p. 358. ; V. disom6rphum Michx. Fl. Bor.

Amer. 1. p. 231. ; V. elevatum Hort. ; V. Slbum Lam. Diet. 1. p. 1-3.
Engravings. Dend. Brit, 1. 123. ; Bot. Rep., 1. 138. ; Bot. Mag., t. 3433. ; and our^s. 1165. and 1166.

Spec. Char., $c. Flowering branches almost leafless. Racemes corymbose,
drooping, with membranous bracteas, which are shorter than the downy
flower stalks. Leaves elliptic, acute, minutely serrated, smooth, with downy
ribs. (Don's Mill.) Leaves l^in. to 2 in. long, tipped with a glandular
point. Racemes rising from the branches of the preceding year, and seldom
accompanied by leaves. Bracteas reddish, membranous, and fringed. Caly-
cine segments broad and shallow. Corollas white or reddish, cylindrically
urceolate, rather angular, and contracted at the mouth. Stamens 10, downy.
Anthers enclosed, having a double pouch at the base, but no spurs. This
species has a number of varieties, in size, shape, and. colour of the leaves,
flowers, and fruit. A tall deciduous shrub. Canada to Carolina and
Georgia, in swamps and wet woods. Height 4 ft. to 7 ft. Introduced in
1 765. Flowers white or reddish ; May and June. Berries black, insipid,
used in tarts like those of the cranberry ; ripe in October.

1 165 K. corymbfcsum.

1166. V. corymb&sum

1167. V. c.virRJitum.

Varieties.

* V. c. 2 virgatum Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. vol. 2. p. 358., Don's Mill.

3. p. 854. ; and our fig. 976, — The flowers are white, tinged with

crimson or pale red; very elegant, and smaller than the species.

Racemes short, lateral, and terminal. Virginia and Carolina, in

swamps ; where it grows 2 ft. high.
a V. c. 3 fuscdtum Ait. Hort. Kew. 1. c. V. formosum Andr. Bot. Rep

t. 97. ; V. virgatum Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 33., but not of Ait. : and our

XLIII.

FACCI'NIUM.

609

fig. 1 168. — The flowers striped with red and
white, and the calyx downy. Lower Carolina
and Georgia, in swamps.

ft V. c. 4 angustifoliuin, V. virgatum var. angusti-
folium Wats. Dcnd. Brit. t. 34. — The loaves
narrow, lanceolate, and acuminated at both ends,
sessile, besprinkled with brown, minute, pedicel-
late glands beneath, and hairy on the midrib
above. Flowers almost white. This variety,
like the preceding ones of V. corymbosum, is
very handsome, and very distinct ; and, in
British gardens, of easy culture, in sandy peat
soil, which, however, as in all similar cases,
must be kept cool, and of an equable degree of
moisture.

M 13. V. ALBIFLO^RUM Hook. The white-flowered
Whortleberry.

Identification. Hook, in Bot. Mag., 3428. ; Card. Mag., vol. 11. p. 475.

Synonyme. V. album Lam. ?

Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 3428. ; and our fig. 1169.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oval-lanceolate, obscurely ser-
rulate, membranous, pilose beneath, with spreading *
hairs, especially on the midrib and primary veins. nes. v. c. fus<&tu:n.
Flower-bearing branches leafless. Racemes a little

corymbose, directed to one side, drooping, bracteated
with shortly deciduous bracteas. Calyx spreading,
with a tendency to be reflexed. Corolla broadly oval.
Ovary wholly inferior. (Hooker.} A small deciduous
shrub, with spreading branches. North America. Height
1 ft. to 2ft. Introduced ? 1820. Flowers white ; May.

The affinity of this very pretty species is undoubtedly

with V. corymbosum, but the half-superior ovary of V.

corymbosum, and the wholly inferior one of V. albiflorum,

and other points of difference implied in those noticed in

the specific character above,

have induced Sir W. J.

Hooker to think that the

two are permanently dis-

tinct. In the Botanic Gar-
den, Glasgow, it fruits abundantly every year, and
the fruit is very good to eat.

j» 14. V. MARIA'NUM Wats. The Maryland
Whortleberry.

Identification. Wats. Dend. Brit, 1. 124. ; Don's Mill., 3 p. 854.
Synonyme. V. marilandicum Lodd.

Cat. ed. 1836.
Engravings. Dend. Brit., t. 124. ; and

our fig. 1170.

Spec. Char., fyc. Racemes lateral, numerous, many-flow-
ered. Corolla cylindrical, contracted at the mouth.
Leaves elliptic, coriaceous, glabrous, distinctly and
minutely denticulated. Flowers decandrous. (Don's
Mill.) A low deciduous shrub. North America. Height
3ft. to 4 ft. Introd. 1812. Flowers white; May and
June.

j» 15. V. GRANDIFLO'RUM Wats. The great-flowered
^^ Whortleberry.

1171 V. granclifl6rum. Identification. Wats. Dend. Brit.,t. 125. f. A. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 854.

R R

1169. V. albifl&rum.

1170. F.marttnum.

610

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1172. V. grandiflorum.

Engravings. Dend. Brit., t. 125. A.; and our fig. 1171. from a plant at
Messrs. Loddiges, and fig. 1172. from Watson.

Spec. Char., fyc. Racemes terminal, 3 — 4-flowered. Corollas
cylindrical, contracted at the mouth. Leaves lanceolate,
finely serrated, attenuated at both ends, glabrous. Flow-
ers decandrous. (Don's Mill.) A low deciduous shrub.
North America. Height IA ft. Introduced in 1812.
Flowers white ; July and August. Berries purple ; ripe
in November.

j» 16. V. (G.) ELONGA'TUM Wats. The elongated Whortleberry.

Identification. Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 125. B. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 854.
Engravings. Dend. Brit,, t. 125. B. ; and our fig. 1173.

Spec. Chm\, fyc. Corymbs few-flowered, bractless. Pedicels
downy. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, serrulated, each tipped
by a glandular hair, and having a few hairs on the nerves.
Branchlets downy. Corollas with reflexed teeth. (Don's
Mill.) A low deciduous shrub. North America. Height
3ft. to 4ft. Introduced in 1812. Flowers white ; July and
August. Berries purple ; ripe in November.

j* 17. V. (G.) MINUTIFLO'RUM Wats. The minute-flowered Whortleberry.

Identification. Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 125. c. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 854.
Engravings. Dend. Brit., t. 125. c. ; and our fig. 1174.

Spec. Char., $c. Racemes terminal, few-flowered. Corollas
cylindrical, with erect teeth. Leaves rather coriaceous,
bluntly subserrated, each tipped by a gland. (Don's
Mill.) A low deciduous shrub. North America.
Height 1 ft. Introduced in 1812. Flowers white; July
and August. Berries purple ; ripe in November. " 1174- r. (B.) minuuflirum.

j» 18. V. GLAXBRUM Wats. The glabrous Whortleberry.

Identification. Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 125. D. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 854.
Engravings. Dend. Brit., t. 125. D. ; and our fig. 1175.

Spec. Char., fyc. Spikes lateral. Corollas campanulately
cylindrical. Leaves elliptic, entire, glabrous. (Don's Mill?)
A delicate, beautiful, and perfectly smooth deciduous plant
North America. Height 1 ft. Introduced in 1812. Flowers
rose-coloured ; July and August. Berries purple ; ripe in
November. n75. K.giabrum.

M 19. V. FRONDO'SUM L. The frondose Whortleberry.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 499. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 854. ; Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836.
Synonymes. V. glaticum Michx. Fl. Bur. Amer. 1. p. 231. ; Blue Tangles, Amer.
Engravings Andr. Bot. Rep., t. 140. ; and our fig. 1176.

Spec. Char., fyc Racemes loose. Bracteas obovate,
not half so long as the slender pedicels, which bear
2 small linear bracteoles in the middle. Leaves
obovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, smooth. Flowers
small, almost globular, and white, Branchlets
frondose (that is, abounding in leaves), terete,
smooth, and slender. Leaves 2 in. to 3 in. long,
glaucous beneath, and sprinkled with minute resin-
ous dots. Racemes lateral, from the former year's
wood. Flowers drooping, greenish white, and
shaped like those of the lily of the valley, but
smaller. Anthers not prominent. (Don's Mill.) A
low deciduous shrub. New Jersey to Carolina, in
woods. Height 3 ft. Introduced in 1761. Flowers
white ; May and June. Berries blue, globular, eatable ; ripe in October.

XLIII.

TACCTNIUM.

611

resinous dots.

Variety.

ji V./. 2 venustum Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2 vol. ii. p. 357. V. frondosum
var. 3 lanceolatuni Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. i. p. 786. — The leaves
are lanceolate, and acute at both ends.

js 20. V. RESIN ovsuai Ait. The resinous Whortleberry.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2., vol. 2. p. 357. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 854.
Synonyme, Andr6inedrt baccata Wangh, Amer. t. 30. f. 69.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 1288. ; and our fig. 1177.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Racemes leafless, viscid, downy, with lanceolate bracteoles
on the pedicels. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, bluntish, entire, covered with
Calyx in 5 deep ovate segments, longer than the ova-
rium. Branches round, and downy when young.
Leaves usually 1 1 in. long, bright green on both
sides, and rather viscid. Racemes lateral, upon
last year's wood, and drooping. (Don's Mill.)
A low deciduous shrub. Canada to Carolina,
in woods and on mountains.
Height 2 ft. Introduced in
1 782. Flowers greenish yellow ;
May and June. Berries black,
1177. r.redn6n.m. eatable ; ripe in October.

Varieties.

J4 V. r. 2 rubescens Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. i. p. 286.,

Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 1288. — Corollas reddish.
ji V. r. 3 lutescens Pursh I. c. V. parviflorum Andr. Bot.

Rep. t. 125. (our Jig. 1178.) — Leaves lanceolate,

and the flowers reddish yellow.

1178. V. r. liu&cen?.

ai 21. V. ^RCTOSTA'PHYLOS L. The Bear's-Grape Whortleberry.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 500. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 854.

Engraving. Our fig. 1179. from the plant in the Horticultural Society's Garden.

Spec. Char., $c. Racemes lateral. Bracteas all at the baseof the pedicels.
Leaves elliptic, acute, minutely serrated, hairy beneath. Stamens as long as
the corolla, which is bell-shaped, with very hairy filaments. Calyx slightly
5-lobed. Young branches downy on both sides. Leaves 2| in. long. Ra-
cemes from the wood of the preceding year, below the
fresh leafy shoots, drooping, rather hairy ; each com-
posed of 6 — 10 pendulous flowers, of a dirty white
colour, tinged with purple. Anthers spurred at the
base. Corollas bell-shaped, hairy. (Don's Mill.) A
large deciduous shrub. Coast of the Black Sea.
Height 8ft. to 10ft. Introduced in 1800. Flowers
white, tinged with purple j May and June. Berries
purple ; ripe in October.

Commonly grown only as an ornamental shrub, yet it
might be cultivated for' its fruit, which is produced in
very great abundance, is agreeable to the taste, and
makes excellent tarts. All the garden culture required
is, to place the plants in sandy peat, or in peat and leaf
mould, kept moist. There seems to be a good deal of
confusion, in British gardens, between this species and the
following one.

& 22. V. (? A.) PADIFOYIUM Smith. The Bird-Cherry-leaved Bear's-Grape

Whortleberry.

Identification. Smith in Rees's Cycl., No. 22. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 854.

R R 2

1179. V. ^rctostaplijlos.

612

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Synonymes. V. ^rctost&phylos Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 30. ; V. maderense LinkEnum. p. 375. ; V.

cauclicum Wort. ; V. pkdffblium caucasicum llort. Soc. Cat. of Fruit edit 1826 p. 203.
Engravings. Bot. Rep., t 30. ; Bot. Mag., t. 974. ; and our fi«s. 1180. and 1181., andfig. 1182. from

a specimen in the Hammersmith Nursery.

Spec. Char., $c. Racemes lateral. Bracteas all at the base of the pedicels
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrulated, smooth on both surfaces, except
the midrib. Stamens nearly as long as the bell-shaped corolla, with smooth
slightly fringed filaments. Calyx 5-lobed. Corollas larger than those of

xi\ U82

1180

H81

1180, 1181,1182.

V. Jrctostaphylos, pale green, with a purple tinge : sometimes it appears to
be all over purple externally. (Don's Mill.) A large deciduous shrub. Cau-
casus, and Madeira on the loftiest parts of the island. Height 6 ft. to 10 ft.
Introduced in 181.1. Flowers pale green, tinged with purple ; June to
August. Berries black, juicy, eatable, and agreeably acid ; ripe in October.

B. Leaves evergreen.

a. Flowers racemose.

«. 23. V. CARACASA^NUM H. B. et Kunth. The Caraccas Whortleberry.

Identification. H. B. et Kunth Mov. Gen. Amer., 3. p. 266. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 855.
Engraving. Our fig. 1183. from a specimen in the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes.

Spec. Char.y Sfc. Racemes axillary, twice as long as the leaves. Flowers
secund, octandrous or decandrous. Leaves elliptic, acute, crenulated,
coriaceous, glabrous, shining above. Anthers 2-horned
on the back. Branchlets angular, glabrous. Leaves
shining above, 9 — 10 lines long. Racemes crowded
at the tops of the branches. Corolla campanulate,
glabrous, reddish white, with a 4 — 5-parted limb.
Segments ovate, acutish. Filaments membranous,
ciliated. (Don's Mill.) A low evergreen shrub. South-
ern declivity of Mount Silla de Caraccas. Height 2 ft.
to 3 ft. Introduced in 1825. Flowers reddish white ;
May and June. Berries ?. nsa. v.

24. V.

ID^VA L. The Mount Ida Whortleberry, or Cowberry.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 500. ; Eng. Fl., 2. p. 220. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 855.

Synonymes. Htis idaeva rubra Cam. Epit. 136. ; the red Whortleberry.

Engravings. Bot. Cab., t. 1023. ; Eng. Bot., t. 598. ; FL Dan., t. 40. ; and our fig. 1184.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Racemes terminal, drooping, with ovate concave bracteas,
which are longer than the pedicels. Leaves obovate, revolute, minutely
toothed, dotted beneath. Corolla bell-shaped. Root creeping, woody.
Stems ascending, a span high. Young branches terete, downy. Leaves
like those of box, but darker. Flowers pale pink, 4-cleft, octandrous. An-
thers without spurs. Berries blood-red, acid, austere, and bitter ; less
palatable than either the cranberry or bilberry. (Don's Mill.) A diminutive
creeping evergreen shrub. Europe, Siberia, and North America, in many

XLIII. ERICA'CEJE : FACCI'NIUM.

613

places, more especially in barren woods and heaths. Height 6 in. ; in shel-
tered places, 1 ft. Flowers pale pink ; May and June. Berries blood red ;
ripe from August to October.

The berries are scarcely to be eaten raw : but they are made into pies in
Derbyshire ; and, in Sweden, a rob, or jelly, is made from them, which is eaten
with all kinds of roast meat. In Sweden, this pre-
serve is also considered an excellent medicine in
colds, sore throats, and all irritations of the mouth
or fauces. In Siberia, the berries are macerated,
during the autumn and part of the winter, in water ;
and afterwards they are eaten in a raw state, and
fermented along with barley or rye, and a spirit
distilled from them ; or with honey, and a wine pro-
duced. Sweetmeats are also made of them with
honey or sugar, which, in 1814, we found in frequent
use in Moscow, at balls and masquerades. In Sweden
and Norway, the plant 58 said to be used in gardens
for edgings, as box is In Central Europe; and, in
British gardens, it is sosrsetimeB so applied to Ameri-
can beds and borders, and in other cases where the
soil is peat. From its smooth shining foliage, and 1184. K. ntis id(eVl.

the beauty of its flowers and fruit, the latter being

retained on the plant for several months, it forms a more beautiful and
varied edging than box, provided clipping can be dispensed with.

u. 25. V. (V.) tfuxiFo'Liujvr Salisb. The Box-leaved Whortleberry.

Identification. Salisb. Par., t. 4. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 856.

Synonyme. V. brach^cerum Michx. Fl. Bar. Arner. 1. p. 234.

Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 928. ; Bot. Cab., t. 648. ; and our figs. 1185. and 1186.

Leaves petiolate, obo-
Stems tufted. Corollas

Spec. Char., fyc. Racemes axillary, of few flowers.

vate, toothed or crenated, smooth on both surfaces.

roundish-ovate. Filaments glandular. Stigma

capitate. Flowers white, delicately striped with

red. (Don's Mill.) The leaves are, however,

smooth, even, and not dotted on the under side.

Corollas globular, contracted at the mouth, not

bell-shaped. Stamens 10. Anthers spurless at

the base, discharging their pollen by lateral, not

by terminal, aper-
tures. A hand-
some little ever-
green shrub, in
stature and gene-
ral aspect resem-
bling Face. Fitis
idae'a. Western

near Winchester

and the Sweet Springs. Height Gin. Introd. 1794. Flowers white, delicately
striped with red ; June. Berries red ; ripe in October.

*~ 26. V. (? F.) JfYRTiFovLiUM Michx. The Myrtle-
leaved Whortleberry.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 229. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 856.
Engraving. Our Jig. 1187. from a specimen in the Museum of the Jardin
des Plantes.

Spec. Char., $c. Creeping, quite smooth. Leaves petio-
late, oval, shining, revolute, sparingly and minutely
toothed. Racemes axillary, nearly sessile, of few flowers.
Corolla bell-shaped, somewhat inflated, minutely 5-
toothed. Anthers without dorsal horns. (Don's Mill.) \m v. (K.)myrtifciium.

R R 3

614

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BIUTANNICUM.

Michaux describes the berries as small, globose, crowned by the calyx,
black, on short stalks. A low, creeping, evergreen shrub. Carolina.
Height 6 in. Introduced in 1812. Flowers pink ; May to July. Berries
black ; ripe in October.

JU 27. V. NI'TIDUM Andr. The glossy-leaved Whortleberry.

Identification. Andr. Bot. Rep., t. 480. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 289. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 856.
Engravings. Curt. Bot. Mag., t. 1550. ; and our fig. 1188.

Spec. Char.t $c. Racemes terminal, corymbose. Bracteas
shorter than the pedicels. Leaves elliptic-obovate, acute,
crenated, smooth, and shining. Corollas cylindrical. Stems
either erect or diffuse. Leaves \ in. to 1 in. long, paler
and veiny beneath. Pedicels, bracteas, and calyx, very
smooth, of a shining red or purple colour. Calyx of 5
broad, but rather shallow, segments. Corollas ovate,
oblong, white or pink, with 5 slightly spreading teeth, de-
candrous. The branches are downy on two opposite sides.
(Don's Mill.) A decumbent evergreen shrub. Carolina.
Height 1 ft. Introduced in 1794. Flowers white or pink ;
May and June. Berries ?. uss.

IU 28. V. CRASSIFO'LIUM Andr. The thick-leaved Whortleberry.

Identification. Andr. Bot. Rep., t. 105. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 289. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 856.
Engravings. Bot. Rep., t. 105. ; Curt. Bot. Mag., t. 1152. ; and our
fig. 1189.

Spec. Char., $c. Racemes lateral and terminal, corymbose.
Bracteas shorter than the pedicels. Leaves elliptic,
crenated, smooth, paler and veiny beneath. Corolla bell-
shaped. Stem diffuse. A hairy shrub, requiring some
shelter from our variable winters and springs. Leaves
not an inch long, with a little minute pubescence on
the midrib and petioles. Flowers 5-cleft, decandrous,
prettil y variegated with pink and white, drooping, on red
corymbose stalks. Stamens hairy. (Dim's Mill.) A
trailing evergreen shrub. Carolina. Height 6 in. In-
troduced in 1787. Flowers pink and white; May and
June. Berries ?. usa.

«L 29. V. OVA^TUM Pursh. The ovate-leaved Whortleberry.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 290. : Hook, et Am. in Beech. Voy., Pt. Bot., p. 114. ;
Don's Mill., 3. p. 856. ; Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836.

Kngravings. Bot. Reg. 1354. ; our Jig. 1190. from a living speci-
men, and flu. 1191. from Bot. Reg.

Spec. Char., $c. Racemes axillary
and terminal, bracteate, short.
Leaves on short petioles, oblong,
ovate, acute, revolute, serrated,
smooth, coriaceous. Corolla cylin-
drical, campanulate. Calyxes acute.
Shrub much branched. Branches
hairy, as well as the petioles.
(Don's Mill.) A beautiful ever-
green shrub. Banks of the Co-
lumbia River, and on the north-
west coast of America. Height
2ft. to 3 ft. Introduced in 1826.
Flowers pink ; May. Berries black,
ii9o. r.ovatum. size of a pea.

«. 30. V. CANADE'NSE Richards. The Canada Whortleberry.

Identification. Richards in Franklin 1st Journ., Append. ; Don's Mill. ,3. p. 856.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 3446. ; and our fig. 1192.

XLIII. ERICA CEJE: OXYCO'CCUS. 615

S/;<?c. Char., tyc. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, quite entire, downy.
Racemes terminal. Flowers in racemes of from 4 to 6 in
each. Style enclosed. Corolla short, and campanulate,
white, tinged with red. Stem much branched. Leaves
often 1 in. long. Berries blue black, agreeable to the
taste. It may be readily known from V. corymbosum by
its dwarf size, leafy flowering branches, and campanulate
corolla ; from V. pennsylvanicum by its large quite entire
leaves, and wider mouth to the corolla; and from both
by its leaves being very hairy. A low, branchy, evergreen
shrub. Canada. Height 6 in. to 1 ft. Introduced in 1834.
Flowers white, tinged with red ; May. Berries?. im K. canader.se?

b. Flowers disposed in scaly Tufts, nearly sessile.
«. 31. V. TkTvRSTNi^TEs Michx. The Myrsine-like Whortleberry.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 233. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 290. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 856.
Engraving. Our fig. 1193. from a specimen in Sir W. Hooker's herbarium

Spec. Char., fyc. Flowers in terminal and lateral
tufts. Leaves sessile, oval, mucronate, obscurely
serrated, smooth and shining above, and rather
hairy and dotted beneath. Stem erect, much
branched. Corolla oblong-ovate. (Don's Mill.)
Slightly downy branches. Leaves glandular be-
neath. Tufts of flowers axillary, with purple
scales. Calycine segments scarlet. Stamens 10.
A beautiful little evergreen shrub. Carolina and
Florida, in dry sandy woods. Height 6 in. to
1 ft. Introduced ?. Flowers purple ; May and
June. Berries ?.

Varieties.

«. V. M. 2 lanccoldtus Pursh Sept. 1 . p. 290 Leaves lanceolate, acute

at both ends.
«. V. M. 3 obtusus Pursh 1. c.— Leaves roundish-obovate.

^ 32. V. HUMIFUXSUM Grah. The trailing Whortleberry.

Identification. Graham in Edinb. Phil. Journ. June, 1831 ; Don's Mill 3 D 857.
Engraving. Our Jig. 1194. from a living specimen.

Spec. Char., $c. Pedicels axillary, solitary, 1-flowered,
furnished with many bracteas. Leaves evergreen, ovate,
acutish, quite entire, glabrous on both surfaces, ciliated.'
Stem prostrate, creeping. Flowers decandrous. An-
thers obtuse, mutic. Branchlets downy. Flowers
drooping. Corollas campanulate, white, often partially
tinged with red outside, with reflexed teeth. Stigma
capitate. Filaments glabrous, flattened. (Don's Mill.)
A creeping evergreen shrub. North America, on the
Rocky Mountains. Height 3 in. to 6 in. Introduced in 1194' r- hurnifUsum-
J827. Flowers white, tinged with red; May. Berrv ? purple, edible, well
flavoured ; ripe in October.

Of hardy species of Faccfnium not yet introduced seven are described
in our first edition.

GENUS XXVIII.

OXYCO'CCUS Pers. THE CRANBERRY. Lin. Syst. Octandria Monogynia.

Identification. Pers. Syn., 1. p. 419. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 263. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 857.

R R 4

616 ARBORETUM ET FllUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

Synonyme. Faccinium sp. of Lin. and others.

Derivation. From oxus, sharp, and kokkos, a berry ; in reference to the sharp acid taste of the
berries.

Gen. Char. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla 4-parted, with nearly linear revolute
segments. Stamens 8, with connivent filaments. Anthers tubular, 2-parted.
Berries many-seeded. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, sub-evergreen ; small. Flowers pro-
duced at the base of the spring branchlets, in short gemmaceous racemes ;
pedicels filiform, conspicuously bibracteate. Berries red, rarely white, acid. —
Shrubs, small, prostrate, creeping, growing in sphagnous morasses. Natives
of Europe and North America.

-u. 1. O. PALU'STRIS Pers. The Marsh, or common, Cranberry.

Identification. Pers. Ench., 1. p. 419. ; Don's Mill., 3 p. 858.

lonymes. O. vulgaris Pursh Sept. 1. p. 263., O. europa;vus Nutt. Gen. Amer. 1. p. 251.; Fac-
cfnium Oxyc6ccus Lin. Sp. 500. ; Faccinium Oxycuccus var. at ovalifolius Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer.
1. p. 228. ; Faccinia palustris Ger. Emac. 1419.; Oxycoccum Cord. Hist. 140. 2. f. 1. ; Moss-
berries, Moorberries, Fenberries, Marshworts, or Whortleberries, Cornberries, Eng. ; Airelle
canneberge, Fr. ; gemeine Moosebeere, Ger.

Derivation. The name of Cranberry is supposed to be given from the peduncles of the flowers being
crooked at the top, and, before the expansion of the flowers, resembling the head and neck of a
crane (Smith and Withering) ; or because they are much eaten by cranes.

Engravings. Fl. Dan., t. 80. ; Eng. Bot., t. 319. ; and our fig. 1195.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stems filiform, trailing. Leaves small, ovate, entire, acute,
smooth, with revolute margins. Pedicels terminal, 1-flowered, of a delicate
pink or rose colour. Segments of corolla oval. Leaves convex, and dark
shining green above, and glaucous beneath. Stems reddish. Pedicels
few together, about the tops of the branches, red, slightly hoary. Corolla
pink, with reflexed oblong segments. Stamens with purple downy filaments,
and yellow anthers. Berries pear-shaped, globular, often spotted, crimson,
of a peculiar flavour, with a strong acidity, grateful. (Don's Mill.) A low,
trailing, sub-evergreen shrub. Europe, Siberia, and North America, in turfy
mossy bogs on the mountains. Height 3 in. to 6 in. Flowers pink ; May
and June. Fruit crimson ; September, remaining on during the winter.

The plant is readily increased by laying
sandy soil on its shoots, at the distance of
5 or 6 inches from its main stem, when it
will send down roots abundantly. When it
is to be grown for its fruit, a bed of peat
soil should be prepared in an open airy situ-
ation, where it can be kept moist ; or the
margin of a pond may be made choice of,
and the plants planted there in peat soil, in
a bed encircling the pond, 1 or 2 inches ^
above the level of the water, and about 1 ft.
distant from it. The cranberry may also be 1195. o. palustris.

grown in beds of dry sandy peat ; and it is

alleged by some who have tried this method in British gardens, that the fruit
produced, though smaller in quantity, is of a better flavour

^ 2. O. MACROCA'RPUS Pursh. The large-fruited, or American, Cranberry.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p 263. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 858.

Synonymes. Faccinium macrocarpum Ait, Hort. Kew. ed. 1. vol. 2. p. 13. t.7. ; Faccfnium his-
pidulum Wangh. Amer. t. 30. f. 67. ; Faccinium Oxycoccus ft oblongifdlius Michx. Fl. Bor.

Amer. 1 . p.

Engravings. Dend. Brit, t. 122. ; Bot. Mag., t. 2586.; our fig. 1196., and our fig. 1197. from Bot.
Mag.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stems filiform, trailing. Leaves elliptic-oblong, nearly flat,
and obtuse, distantly sub- serrulated on the margins, glaucous beneath, downy
at the points when young. Segments of the corolla linear-lanceolate.
Flower-bearing branches erect, proliferous. Pedicels lateral. Points of
young leaves, peduncles, and the margins of the calyx and bracteas, downy,
Berries spherical, red, often remaining throughout the winter. (Don's Mill.}

XLIV. ST\RACEJE.

617

A trailing shrub, resembling the preceding species,
but larger and more robust. Canada to Virginia, in
bogs, principally on a sandy soil; and also fre-
quently found on high mountains. Height 6 in.
Introduced in 1760.
Flowers pink ; May to
July. Berries spheri-
cal, red or purple ;
ripe in October, and
remaining on through-
out the winter.

1196. O. macrocarpus.

1197. O. macrocarpus.

i Variety.

<u O. m. 2 foliis va-
riegdtis Hort.,
Faccinium rna-
crocarpura fol.
var. Lodd. Cat.,
has variegated
leaves, and is
a very ornamental plant for keeping in pots, or on moist rockwork.

The fruit is used like that of the common cranberry ; and like that species
the plant may be propagated by cuttings taken from the points of the growing
shoots, and planted in sand under a hand-glass ; or by layers, or division.
This species is more frequently cultivated in British gardens for its fruit than
the European cranberry ; according to some, because the fruit is larger, and
according to others, because the fruit is not only larger,
but better flavoured.

a. J* 3. O. ERE'CTUS Pursh. The erect Cranberry.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 264. ; Don's Mill., 3. p. 858.
Synonyme. Faccinium erythrocarpum Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1. p. 227.
Engravings. Dend. Brit., t. 13. : and omfig. 1198.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oval, acuminated, serrulated,
and ciliated. Pedicels axillary. Corolla, before expan-
sion, long and conical, at length revolute. Stem erect.
Branches flexuous. Leaves membranous, somewhat
hairy. Flowers red. Berries scarlet (Watson says
black), quite transparent, and of an exquisite taste.
Very different in habit from the other species. (Don's
Mill.) An erect sub-evergreen shrub. Virginia and
Carolina, on lofty mountains. Height 2 ft. Introduced
in 1806. Flowers red ; May and June. Berries scarlet
or purple ; ripe in October.

ORDER XLIV. STYRANCEJE.

OltD. CHAR. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, usually 5 — 6-cleft ; a?st-
vation valvate. Stamens 10, rnonadelphous at the base, adnate to the corolla.
Ovarium superior, 3-celled. Stigma 2-lobed. Drupe nearly dry, containing
a 1- celled I — 3-seeded nut. Albumen fleshy. The superior ovarium, and
more deeply divided corolla, separate this from Haleszacere. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; usually toothed, turning
yellow when dry. Flowers axillary, either solitary or clustered, with scale-
like bracts, white or cream-coloured. — Trees or shrubs, usually clothed with
stellate tomentum ; natives of Asia and North America.

613 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

GENUS I.

STYHAX L. THE STORAX. Lin. Syst. Decandria Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 595.; Tourn., t. 369. ; Juss. fien., 156.; Gasrtn. Fruct., 1. p. 284.

t. 59. ; Lindl. Nat. Syst. Bot., 2d edit., p. 228. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 4.
Synonymes. Alibocifier, Fr. ; Storax, Ger.
Derivation. The word sturax, applied to this plant by Theophrastus and E/ioscorides, is a mere

alteration of assthirak, the Arabic name of S. omcinSle.

Gen. Char., $c. Calyx permanent, campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla monope-
talous, funnel-shaped, deeply 3 — 7-cleft, but usually 5- or 6-cleft, valvate in
aestivation. Stamens 10, exserted ; filaments monadelphous at the base,
adnate to the tube of the corolla. Anthers linear, 2-celled, dehiscing length-
wise inwardly. Ovarium superior, 3-celled, many-ovuled, erect. Style 1 .
Stigma obsoletely 3-lobed. Drupe nearly dry, containing a 1-celled, 1 — 3-
seeded nut. Testa of seed double ; inner cobwebbed, outer spongy. (Don's
Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; entire or serrated.
Flowers racemose, bracteate, white or cream-coloured. — Low trees or shrubs ;
natives of Asia or North America.

They require a soil rather light than otherwise, on account of their hair-like
roots ; and to be placed against a wall, in the climate of London, when it is
intended that they should flower freely. In affinity, as well as in general ap-
pearance, this genus approaches near to that of Hales/a ; and there is such
a close general resemblance among all the allied species of •S'tyrax, that they
may possibly be only varieties of one form. Seeds or layers.

¥ & 1. S. OFFICINAVLE L. The officinal Storax.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 635. ; N. Du Ham., 7. p. 7. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 4.
Synonymes. Lagomelia, Modern Greek ; Sturax kalamites, Ancient Greek
Engravings. Bot. Rep., 631. ; Bot. Cab., 928. ; and our fig. 1199.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate, clothed with hoary hairs beneath, shining and
green above. Racemes simple and axillary, 5 — 6-flowered,
shorter than the leaves. Leaves about 2 in. long. Flow-
ers white. Drupe ovate globose. (Don's Mill.) A de-
ciduous shrub or low tree. Syria and the Levant.
Height 12 ft. to 15ft. against a wall; as bushes, in the
climate of London, seldom half so high. Introduced in
1597. Flowers white, resembling those of the orane,
but smaller ; June and July. Drupe ovate, greenish ;
ripe in October.

It well merits a place against a wall, on account of the
beauty of its pure white flowers, and the great profusion
in which they are produced. A light sandy soil, rich
rather than poor, suits this species best ; and it is gene-
rally propagated by seeds obtained from the South of,
France. It will also grow by layers, and by cuttings. Its
rate of growth, for the first ten years, is not above 8 or
9 inches a year.

¥ * 2. S. (o.) GRANDIFONLIUM Ait. The large-leaved Storax.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 2. p. 75. ; Pursh Sept., 2. p. 450. ; Don's Mill 4 p 4
Synonymes. S. officinale Walt. Fl. Carol. 140. ; S. graudifldrum Michx. Fl. Bur. Amer. 2. p. 41.
Engraving*. Bot. Cab., t. 1016. ; Dend. Brit., t. 129. ; and our Jig. 1200.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves broad, obovate, acuminated, green above, but clothed
with hoary tomentum beneath. Lower peduncles solitary, 1-flowered.
Flowers white. (Don's Mi/I.) A deciduous shrub or low tree ; growing in

XLIV. STYRA CEJE I STY RAX.

619

S. (o, ) grandifoliu

woods, on the banks of rivers, from Virginia
to Georgia. Height 8 ft. to 10 ft. Intro-
duced in 1765. Flowers white ; June to
August.
Halesza diptera, the leaves of which closely

resemble those of Styrax grandifolium, but

differ from it in not being downy beneath, is

frequently sold for it in the nurseries.

j* 3. S. (o.) L/EVIGA*TUM Ait. The smooth-
leaved Storax.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kevv., 2. p. 72. ; Willd. Sp. PI.,

2. p. 624. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 4.
Synonyncs. S. octfindrum L'Htlrit. Stirp. Nov. 2. t. 17. ;

,!?. giabrum Cav. Diss. 6. p. 340. t. 188. f. 1. ; S. laeVe

Walt. Fl. Carol. 140.; S. americanum Lam. Diet. 1.

p. 82.

Engravings. Bot. Cab., t. 960. ; Dend. Brit., t. 40. ; our
Jig. 1201., and fig. 1202. from a plant in Messrs. Lod-

diges's collection.

Spec. Cliar.y $c. Leaves oval-lanceolate, acute at both ends, glabrous on both
surfaces, toothed. Peduncles axillary, or twin, 1-flowered. Stamens from
6 to 10. (Don's Mill.)
A deciduous shrub,
bearing a close resem-
blance to S. officinale,
but smaller in all its
parts. South Carolina
and Virginia, in swamps.
Height 3 ft. to 4 ft.
Introduced in 1765.
Flowers white ; July
and August.

In fine seasons, the
flowers are succeeded by
fruit about the size of a red
currant, or of the fruit of
the nettle tree.

1201. S. (o.) laevigJitum.

1202. S. (o.) laeTigitum.

3fe 4. S. (o.) PULVERULE'NTUM Michx. The powdery Storax.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 41. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 4.

Synonyme. S. laevigatum Bot. Mag. t. 921.

Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 921. ; Dend. Brit., t. 41. ; and our fig. 1203.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves almost sessile,
ovate or obovate, obtuse, clothed with
powdery tomentum beneath. Flowers
axillary, and nearly terminal by threes,
on short pedicels. (Don's Mill.) A
deciduous shrub, bearing a close resem-
blance to S. grandifolium. Virginia and
Carolina, in woods. Height 4 ft. to 6 ft.
Introduced in 1794. Flowers white ;
June to August.

1203. S. (o.) pulvtiu'^tum.

ORDER XLV.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla campanulate, 4-lobed. Stamens 12 —
16; monadclphous at the base, and adnate to the corolla. Ovarhim inferior.
Style and Stigma simple. Drupe dry, with 2 — 4 winged angles, contain-

620

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

ing a 2 — 1-celled nut. Cells 1-seeded. Albumen fleshy. — The inferior
ovarium is sufficient to distinguish this from all nearly allied orders. (G.
Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; serrated or nearly entire.
Flowers in fascicles, pedicellate, drooping, white. — Trees or large shrubs,
deciduous ; natives of North America.

GENUS I.

HALEVS/^ Ellis. THE HALESIA, or SNOWDROP TREE. Lin. Syst.
Dodecandria Monogynia.

Identification. Ellis in Lin. Gen., No. 596. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 6.
Synonyme. Halesie, Fr. and Ger.

Derivation. Named by Ellis in honour of the learned and venerable Stephen Hales, D.D. F.R.S.,
author of Vegetable Statistics.

Gen. Char., fyc. Corolla monopetalous, ventricosely campanulate, with a
4-lobed erect border. Stamens 12 to 16; filaments combined into a tube
at the base, and adnate to the corolla. Anthers oblong, erect, 2-celled, de-
hiscing lengthwise. Ovarium inferior. Style 1. Stigma simple. Drupe
dry, corticate, oblong, with 2 — 4 winged angles, terminated by the perma-
nent style ; containing a 2 — 4-celled putamen, which is acute at both ends.
Cells 1-seeded. Seeds attached to the bottom of the cells.

Leaves, fyc., as in the Order. Flowers in lateral fascicles, pedicellate,
drooping, white. — Trees, deciduous ; natives of North America ; very hardy
in England ; thriving best in peat soil kept moist, and ripening seeds, from
which, or from layers, they are readily propagated.

3t 1. H. TETRA'PTERA L. The four-w\nged-fniited Halesia, or common
Snowdrop Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 636. ; Ellis in Phil. Trans., vol. 51. p.931. t. 22. f. A. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 6.
Synonymcs. The Snowdrop Tree, Silver Bell Tree, Amer.

Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 910. ; Bot. Cab., t. 1173. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and
our figs. 1204, 1205.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminated, sharply serrated. Pe-
tioles glandular. Fruit with 4 wings. Leaves acuminated, with the middle
depressed. Flowers pure white, 9 — 10 in a fascicle,
drooping, resembling those of the snowdrop. The
wood is hard and veined ; the bark is of a darkish
colour, with many irregular fissures. {Don's Mill.)
A low deciduous tree. South Carolina, along the
banks of rivers. Height 15ft. to 30ft. Introduced
in 1756. Flowers white ; April and May. Fruit
brown ; ripe in October, and remaining on great part
of the winter.

Its flowers, which resemble those of the snowdrop,
are produced in great ^abundance. The tree is one of
the hardiest, and, at the same time, one of the most
ornamental of the American deciduous trees. The rate
of growth, for the first five or six years, is 12 or J 8
inches, or more, a year ; and in ten years it will attain
the height of 12 or 15 feet, if properly treated ; but, as
it is generally kept too dry, it is seld'om seen at above
half this height at that age. It ripens seeds freely in 1204 H tetr4 tera
this country ; from which, or from imported seeds, it
is readily increased. The seeds often remain above a year in the ground.

XLV. HALES/^f CEJE \ HALK

6-21

¥ 2. H. (T.) PARVIFLOXRA Michx. The small-flowered Halesia, or
Snowdrop Tree.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 40. ; Pursh Sept, 2.

p. 450. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 6.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 952. ; and our fig. 1206.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate, oblong, acute, nearly
entire. Flowers octandrous. Fruit clavate,
slightly winged. Leaves downy, glaucous be-
neath. Racemes panicled. Flowers white,
drooping. Calycine teeth ovate. (Don's Mill.)
A low deciduous tree. Florida. Height 10ft.
Introduced in 1802. Flowers white ; May. Hor-
ticultural Society's Garden.
Obviously a seminal variety of the preceding

Species. 1206. H. (t.) parvifl&ra.

2 3. H. DI'PTERA L. The two-winged-/nwferf Halesia, or Snowdrop Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL. 636. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 7.
Engravings. Bot. Cab., t. 1172.; and our fig. 1207.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Leaves ovate, acute, serrated. Petioles
smooth and even. Pedicels elongated. Fruit with 2
large opposite wings, and 2 obsolete ones. Flowers
octandrous. Leaves much larger than those of either
of the preceding species. (Don's Mill.) A low deciduous
tree. Georgia and Carolina, in shady places, on banks
of rivers. Height 10ft. Introduced in 1758. Flowers
white ; April and May.
The leaves of this species are broad, resembling those

022 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BIIITANNICUM.

of /Styrax gvandifolium, with which, as it does not frequently flower in a
young state, it is generally confounded in nurseries.

ORDER XL VI. SAPOTACE1E.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx regular, persistent. Corolla of as many lobes as there
are divisions in the calyx, rarely double or triple that number, deciduous.
Stamens epipetalous, distinct, definite ; fertile ones equal in number to the
segaients of the calyx, alternating with the segments of the corolla ; sterile
ones, when present, alternating with the fertile ones. Ovarium many-celled.
Cells 1-seeded. Berry many-celled, or only 1-celled by abortion. Seeds
nucamentaceous. Testa bony, scraped in front. Albumen fleshy. (G. Don.}
Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulatc, deciduous or evergreen ; quite
entire, coriaceous. Flowers axillary. — Shrubs or low trees ; natives of Africa
and America. The genera are two, and in British gardens they require a wall.

Calyx 10-parted. Corolla 5-cleft. Drupe containing a 2 — E-
celled nut.

Calyx and Corolla 5-parted. Stamens 10. Berry 1-seeded

GENUS L

ARGA'NIA Roem. et Schultes. THE ARGANIA, Lin. Syst. Pentandria

Monogj'nia.

Identification. Rcem. et Schultes Syst., 46. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 27.
Synonymes. Sideroxylou spindsum Lin. ; 1'Argan, Ft: ; Eisenholz, Get,
Derivation. From organ, the aboriginal name of the tree.

Gen. Char., fyc. Calyx 5 — 10-cleft: the leaflets, or rather scales, roundish,
concave, disposed in a double series. Corolla cup-shapedt 5-parted, with
ovate-lanceolate subemarginate segments ; having 5 petal-like linear-subulate
segments adhering to the base of the corolla, and alternating with its
segments. Stamens 5, filiform, length of corolla, and adnate to its base.
Anthers incumbent, ovate, keeled on the back. Ovarium conical, hairy.
Style glabrous, length of stamens. Stigma simple. Drupe ovate, terminated
by the style, 2 — 3-celled. Cells 1-seeded. Seeds hard, smooth, having a
longitudinal furrow inside. (Dons Mill.')

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, sub-ever-
green ; entire. Flowers lateral, axillary, scattered
or crowded, sessile. Corolla greenish yellow.
Fruit dotted with white, size of a plum, full of
white milky juice. — Tree or large shrub, sub-
evergreen ; native of Morocco, and somewhat
tender in British gardens.

t * 1. A. SIDERO'XYLON Rcem. et Schultes. The
Iron-wood Arg^inia.

Identification. Rcem. et Schultes Syst., 4. p. 502. ; Don's Mill.,

4. p. 28.
Synonymes. Sideroxylon spinosum Lin. Sp. p. 279. ; Elseodfen-

dron A'rgan Retz. Obs. 6. p. 26. ; .Rhamnus pentaph^llus

Jacq. et Boccone, Schousb. Mar. p. 89. ; .Rh&nnus siculus Lin.

Syst. 3. p. 227.
Engravings. Comm. Hort., t. 83. ; and our fig. 1208.

Spec. Char., fyc. An evergreen tree of middle size,
with a bushy head. Branches terminated by
strong spines. Leaves lanceolate, entire, bluntish, 1208. "A. sja«osyu>n.

XLVI. SAPOTACEJE I #UMEVLIA.

623

glabrous, paler beneath ; the lower ones in fascicles. Flowers lateral, and
axillary, scattered or crowded, sessile. Corolla greenish yellow. Fruit dotted
with white, size of a plum, full of white milky juice. ("Don's Mill.) A low
sub-evergreen tree. Morocco, in woods. Height 15ft. to 20 ft. against
a wall ; not half that height as a bush. Introduced in 1711. Flowers
greenish yellow.

It will stand our winters as a standard, but thrives best when planted
against a wall. Horticultural Society's Garden.

GENUS II.

Tit

2?UMENLIA Swartz. THE BUMELIA. Lin. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia.

Identification. Swartz Prod., p. 49. ; Fl. Ind. Occ., 1. p. 493. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 29.

Synonymcs. ^'chras sp. Lin., Pair. ; Sideroxylon sp. Lam. and others ; Chrysophyllum sp. Aubl.

and others ; Hochstamm, Ger.
Derivation. From boumclia, the Greek name for the common ash.

Gen. Char., fyc. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with a short tube, and a 5-parted
limb, furnished with 2 scales at the base of each segment. Stamens 5, in-
serted in the tube of the corolla, and opposite its segments, having as
many membranous scales, or sterile filaments, alternating with them. Ova-
rium 5-celled. Cells 1-ovuled. Stigma simple. Drupe ovate, 1-seeded.
Seed albuminous. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, sub-evergreen ; scattered, entire.
Flowers in axillary and lateral peduncles, usually 1-flowered, crowded in
fascicles, whitish. — Trees, in British gardens shrubs; natives of South
America. Common soil ; and cuttings of the young wood "in sand, under a
hand-glass.

1. B. LYCIOIVDES Gcertn.
Bumelia.

The Box-thorn-like

Identification. Gaertn. fil. Carp., 3. p. 127. t. 120. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 30.
Synonymes. Siderdxylon /ycioldes Du Ham. Arb. 2. p. 260. t. 68. ; S.

Iffi've Wait. Fl. Carol, p. 100. ; Lyciiildes sp. Lin. Hort. Cliff: p, 488.
Engravings. Du Ham., 2. p. 260. t. 08. ; and our fig. 1209., and fig. 1210.

of natural size.

Spec. Char.,

1209. B. /vciSkles.

Spin}'. Leaves broad-lanceolate, blunt-
ish, tapering to the base, glabrous.
Flowers in axillary fascicles. Spines
subulate. Leaves 2 in. long, decidu-
ous, a little silky while young.
Flowers greenish white. Segments
of corolla ? trifid : perhaps from the
two scales inside each segment.
(Don's Mill.) A sub-evergreen shrub.
Carolina, in shady woods. Height
8ft. to 10 feet. Introduced in 1758.
Flowers greenish white.

Scarcely injured by the winter of
1837-8, in the Hort. Soc. Gard.; and
from this, and also from the beauty of
its foliage and flowers, deserving to be
much more generally introduced.

1210. B./yci8ide».

j* 2. B. RECLINA^TA Vent. The rcclmate-branehed Bumelia.

Identification. Vent. Choix, t. 22. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 155. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 30-
Synonyme. Sider6xylon reclinatum Michx. Fl. Bar. Amer. 1. p. 122.

624

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Engravings. Vent. Choix., t. 22. ; and our fig. 1211.

Spec. Char., $c. Spiny, bushy, diffusely reclinate.
Leaves small, obovate, quite smooth. Flowers in
axillary fascicles. Young branches terminated by a
long spine. Leaves alternate, or in fascicles. Corolla
and scales serrated. Sterile filaments subulate, entire.
Drupe ovate. (Don's Mill.) A small straggling shrub.
Georgia, on the banks of rivers. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft.
Introduced in 1806. Flowers small, white ; January. 1211. B. recUnJlu.

fife 2 3. B. TE\NAX Willd. The tough-branched Bumelia.

Identification. Willd. Sp., 1. 1085. ; Enum., p. 248. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 30.

Synonymes. B. chrysophylldldes Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1. p. 155.; Sider6xylon tenax Lin. Mant.
p. 48. ; S. sericeum Walt. Fl. Car. p. 100. ; S. chrysophylloldes Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. \. p. 123. ;
Chrysophyllum carolinense Jacq. Obs. 3. p. 3. t. 54. j C. glabrum
Juss.
Engravings. Jacq. Obs., 3. t. 54. ; and our fig. 1212.

Spec. Char.y $c. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, of a
rusty silvery colour beneath, silky. Flowers in
axillary fascicles. Branches very tough. Bark
white. Leaves deciduous. Calycine and corolline
segments ovate obtuse. Segments of nectary
trifid. Stamens the length of corolla. Drupe
oval. (Don's Mill.) A low tree, in England a
shrub. Carolina, in dry situations. Height 20 ft.
Introduced in 1765. Flowers small, white, pro-
duced freely ; July and August.
Killed to the ground, by the winter of 1837-8, in
1212, B. tenax. tne Hort. Soc. Garden.

2 4. B. LANUGINOVSA Pursh. The woolly-leaved
Bumelia.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1 . p. 155. : Don's Mill., 4. p. 30.

Synvnymes. Sideroxylon lanuginbsum Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1. p. 123.;
S. tenax Walt. Fl. Car. p. 100.

Engraving. Our fig. 1213., from a specimen in Dr. Lindley's herba-
rium.

Spec. Char.t Sfc. Rather spinose. Branchlets spreading,
downy. Leaves oval-lanceolate, glabrous above, and
woolly beneath, but not silky. Flowers in axillary fasci-
cles ; very nearly allied to B. tenax, but differs in the
leaves being woolly beneath, not silky, often obtuse.
(Don's Mill.) A small tree. Carolina and Georgia,
in humid situations among bushes. Height 10 ft. to
15ft. Introduced in 1806. Flowers greenish yellow.

£ 5. B. OBLONGiForLiA Nutt. The oblong-leaved Bumelia.

Identification. Nutt. Gen. Amer., 1. p. 135. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 30.
Engraving. Our fig. 2095- in p. 1108.

Spec. Char., fyc. Spiny. Leaves smooth, oblong, obtuse, deciduous. Flowers
conglomerate, nearly sessile, very numerous. Scales, or sterile filaments,
trifid. Tree with numerous twisted branches. Calycine segments ovate,
concave. Drupe purple. Wood fetid. (Don's Mill.) A low tree. North
America, on the Mississippi, near the lead mines of St. Louis. Height
18ft. to 20ft. Introduced in 1818. Flowers greenish yellow, produced
in abundance ; July and August.

ugin6sa.

ORDER XLVII.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx 3- or 6-parted, persistent. Corolla deciduous, 3- or 6-
parted ; stivation imbricate. Stamens definite, epipetalous, 6 or 12» ov

XLVII.

Z)IOSPY ROS.

625

more. Ovarium m any- cell ed ; cells 1 — 2-seeded. Style usually divided.
Stigmas bifid or trifid. Berry few-seeded by abortion. Albumen cartila-
ginous. The double stamens, pendulous ovule, and unisexual flowers,
distinguish this order. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; quite entire, coriaceous.
Flowers axillary, peduncles solitary.

GENUS I.

Z>1OSPYVROS L. THE DATE PLUM. Lin^Syst. Polygamia Dio2*cia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 1161. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 38.

t-ynonymes. .E'benus Comm. ; Guaiac&na Tourn. 371. ; Ptequeminier, Fr. ; Dattelpflaume, Gcr,
Derivation. Diospuros (dios, divine; and puros, wheat,) was a name given by the ancients to the
common gromwell (Lithospermum officinale). Its application to the date plum probably arose
from confounding the Greek puros, wheat, with the Latin pyrzts, a pear tree, to the fruit of which
the date plum may have been thought to bear some resemblance.

Gen. Char,, fyc. Floivers polygamous. Calyx deeply 4-cleft, sometimes 3- or
6-cleft. Corolla urceolate, 4-cleft ; sometimes 3- or 6-cleft. Male floiuers
having the stamens inserted by. pairs into the base of the corolla, twice the
number of its segments, with double or twin filaments, and the rudiment
of a pistil. Hermaphrodite flowers having fewer and sterile stamens. Ovn-
rinm'S — 12-celled ; cells 1 -seeded. Berry globose, with a spreading calyx
which is at length reflexed. (Dow's Mill.)

Leaves, as in the Order. Flotuers white, or pale yellow. — Trees or
shrubs ; natives of the So:ith of Europe or North America. Seeds j and
the American kinds in peat/ soil kept moist.

X 1. D. LoVus L. The European Lotus, or common Date Plum.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1510. ; Willd. Sp., 4. p. 407. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 38.

Sijnonymes. Pseudolotus Ma/th.; Guaiacana patavlna Tourn. ; Italian Lignum Vitae, Wood of

Life, Pockwood, Bastard Menyn wood, Gcraa-d; Date of Trebisonde ; Plaqueminier, faux Lotier,

Fr. ; Italianische Dattelpflaume, Gfr.

1214. D. I/otus.

Engravings. Pall. Fl. Koss., 1. p. 20. t. 58.; Wangh. Amer., 84. t. 28 f. 68. ; the plates in
Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our fig. 1214.

S S

626

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oblong, acuminate, downy beneath ; leaf buds hairy
inside. Flowers small, reddish white. Fruit size of a cherry, yellow when
ripe, sweet with astringency: it is recommended as a cure for diarrhoea.
(Don's Mill.) A low tree. Caucasus, the woods of Hyrcania, and the
whole coast of the Caspian Sea, and Mauritania. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft.,
and sometimes much higher. Introduced in 1596. Flowers reddish, or
yellowish white ; July. Fruit yellow ; ripe in October.
The leaves are of a beautiful dark glossy green above, and, when mature,
and exposed to the air, assume a purplish hue beneath : they do not change
colour in autumn, but drop off simultaneously with the first attack of sharp
frost. Ripening its fruit freely in the South of France and Italy, seeds have
been readily procured ; and the plant has never be'en rare in British collec-
tions ; but, as it is somewhat tender, there are few la ge specimens of it. It
grows at the rate of 12 or 18 inches a year, for the first ten years, especially if
the soil in which it is planted is free and loamy, and rich rather than poor.

¥ 2. D. VIRGINIANNA L. The Virginian Date Plum, or Persimon.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1510. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 39.

Synonyme. Guaiac&na Catesb. Car. 2. t. 76.

Engravings. Dendr. Brit., t. 146. ; the plates in Arb. Brit., 1st edit. ; and omjig. 1215.

D. virgin&na.

Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminated, glabrous, shining above,

XLVIII. OLEA'CE^E. 627

and paler beneath, reticulately veined. Petioles short and curved, and, as
well as the branchlets, downy. Leaf buds glabrous. Flowers quadrifid,
rarely quinquefid. Flowers pale yellow. (Don's Mill.) A low tree. United
States. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft. in the neighbourhood of London, but much
higher in the United States. Introd. in 1629. Flowers pale yellow ; July.
Fruit yellow ; ripe about the time the tree drops its leaves in November.
The persimon is readily distinguished from the European date plum, by
its leaves being nearly of the same shade of green on both surfaces ; while
those of the latter are of a dark purplish green above, and much paler, and
furnished with somewhat of a pinkish down, beneath. The leaves of the per-
simon vary from 4? in. to 6 in. in length ; and, when they drop off in the
autumn, they are often variegated with black spots. It is rather more tender
than the preceding species ; and, to thrive, requires a peaty or soft soil, kept
somewhat moist.

t 3. D. (v.) PUBF/SCENS Pursh. The downy -leaved Virginian
Date Plum.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 265. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 38.

Synonyme. D. virginiana var. Michx. Arb. For.

Engraving. Our Jig. 1216., from a specimen in Dr. Lindley's herbarium.

Spec. CJiar., fyc. Leaves oblong, acute, downy beneath.
Petioles long. Fruit few-seeded. (Don's Mill.) A low
tree. Virginia, Carolina, and Georgia. Height 20 ft. to
30ft. Introduced in 1812. Flowers pale yellow; July.
Horticultural Society's Garden.

Other Kinds of hardy Diospyros. — There are several names
in the catalogues of American nurserymen, and in 1836
there were plants corresponding to these names in the
Hort. Soc. Garden. These we have examined, and we are
perfectly satisfied that they are only slight variations of D.
virginiana, and, in short, that this is the only North American
species. D. lucida, D. intermedia, D. digyna, and D. 1216. D. (Tt) pub&ccns.
stricta are included in the above remarks.

ORDER XLVIII.

OfiD. CHAR. Flowers hermaphrodite, sometimes dioecious* Calyx divided,
permanent. Corolla 4-cleft ; sometimes 4-petaled. Petals connected by
pairs, rather valvate in estivation ; sometimes wanting. Stamens 2, alter-
nating with the segments or petals. Anthers 2-celled ; cells dehiscing length-
wise. Ovarium simple, guarded by no glandular disk, 2-celled ; cells 2-seeded.
Ovules pendulous, collateral. Style simple or wanting. Stigma bifid or
undivided. Fruit drupaceous, baccate or capsular, often 1-seeded by abor-
tion. Seeds with dense copious albumen. Embryo middle-sized, longitudi-
nal, straight. Cotyledons foliaceous, half free. Radicle superior. Plumule
inconspicuous. — Trees and shrubs, natives of both hemispheres, and for the
most part deciduous. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple or compound, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous or evergreen ;
entire or serrated. Flowers racemose or panicled, terminal or axillary, with
opposite unibracteate pedicels.

The Syringa supplies some of our most beautiful deciduous shrubs, and the
Xrigustrum and Phillyrea some useful evergreens. Some of these, as J^raxi-
nus, are timber trees. All the species are remarkable for the production of
numerous white fibrous roots, in dense masses, near the surface of the

s s 2

628 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

ground, in consequence of which they are all easily transplanted when young,
and injurious to plants growing under them when full grown. The genera are
arranged in 3 sections.

Sect. I. OLEVIN/E.

Sect. Char. Corolla short, monopetalous, campanulate or urceolate, 4-cleft.
Stamens 2, with short filaments, and erect anthers. Fruit drupaceous.
Shrubs with simple leaves, more or less coriaceous, and in some species
evergreen.

LIGU'STRUM Tourn. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens enclosed. Stigma

bifid. Berry globose, containing two chartaceous nuts.
PHILLY'REA Diosc. Corolla campanulate. Stamens a little exserted. Stigma

thickish. Berry globose.
CHIONA'NTHUS Lin. Calyx 4-parted. Segments of corolla linear. Stamens

enclosed. Stigma trifid. Drupe containing a striated 1 -seeded nut.

Sect. II. SYRI'NGE&.

Sect. Char. Corolla funnel-shaped or campanulate, 4 — 5-parted. Stamens
2, short. Fruit capsular, 2-celled. Deciduous shrubs. Leaves simple.

SYRI'NGA Lin. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-parted. Stamens
enclosed. Stigma bifid. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds compressed,
with membranous margins.

FONTANE^S/J Labill. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla of 2 petals. Stamens elon-
gated, and stigma bifid. Capsule papery, indehiscent. Cells 1 -seeded.

Sect. III. FRAXINJE\E.

Sect. Char. Flowers polygamous. Calyx 4-parted or wanting. Stamens 2,
short. Anthers dehiscing externally. Stigma nearly sessile, bifid. Fruit
2-celled, compressed, winged at the top* usually 1-seeded. Trees deci-
duous, with compound leaves.

.FRA'XINUS Tourn. Flowers polygamous. Petals wanting. Samara l-celled.
O'RNUS Pcrs. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Petals 4. Samara
2-celled.

Sect. I. OLESIN^.
GENUS I.

ZJGU'STRUM Tourn. THE PRIVET. Lin. Syst. Diandria Monogynia.

Identification. Tourn. Inst., t. 3G7. ; Lin. Gen., No. 9. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 44.

Synonymcs. Troene, Fr. ; Rainweide, Ger.

Derivation. Said to be from ligo, to tie ; in reference to its flexible branches.

Gen. Char. Calyx short, tubular, 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, with the
tube exceeding the calyx, and the limb 4-parted. Stamens 2, with short
filaments, inserted into the tube of the corolla. Style very short. Stigma
obtuse, bifid. Berry globose, containing 2 chartaceous 1-seeded nuts.
Albumen hardish. Embryo inverted. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, opposite, ex stipulate, evergreen or deciduous ; entire, gla-
brous. Flowers terminal, compound, in thyrsoid racemes. — Shrubs or low
trees ; natives of Europe or Asia.

Readily propagated by cuttings in common soil.

XLVIII. OLEA'CE^E : ZIGU'STRUM.

629

& » ¥ i 1. L. VULGAXRE Trag. The common Privet.

Identification. Trag. Hist., 1005. ; Lin. Sp., 1. p. 10. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 44.

Synunymes. L. germanicum Bauh. Hist. 475. ; Prini, or Prim-print ; Troene, Puine blanc, Fr. ;
gemeine Rainweide, Ger. ; Ligustro Olivella, Itnl.

Derivation. This plant was anciently called prim, or prim-print, from its being used for verdant
sculptures, or topiary work, and for primly cut hedges. Puiae blanc seems to imply a "little
white shrub," from the whiteness of the blossom of the privet ; which is alluded to by Virgil and
other poets, but which soon vanishes, and changes to brown, when exposed to the direct influence
of the sun. The German name is combined of rain, green, and weide, a willow ; alluding to its
being supple like the willow, and nearly evergreen. Oliveila seems to signify the little olive. The
common English name of Privet may have been given to it from its being frequently planted in
gardens to conceal privies.

Engravings. Engl. Bot., t. 7G4. ; Baxt. Brit. Fl. PI., vol. 2. t. 119. ; and our figs. 1217. and 1218.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous. Racemes compound,
coarctate. The flowers are sweet-scented, white at first, but soon change
to a reddish brown. Berries dark purple, almost black. (Don's Mill.)
A sub-evergreen shrub. Britain, in hedges and woody wastes. Height 6ft.
to 10ft. Flowers white; June and July. Berries
dark purple ; ripe in November, remaining on all the
winter.

1217. L. vulgare.

1218. L. vulgare.

1219. L. \. scmtiervlreus

Varieties.

3fe L. v. 2 leucocdrpum. — Berries white.

& L. v. 3 xanthoc&rpum. — Berries yellow.

3fe L. v. 4> chlorocarpum. — Berries green.

1 & L. v. 5 sempervirens. L. italicum Mill., and our

fig. 1219. ; the Italian, or evergreen, Privet. —

'This is a most desirable variety for shrubberies ;

and it is so distinct, -that it was considered by

Miller as a.jspecies.
& L. v. 6 variegdtum. — Leaves variegated with

yellow.
3fe L. v. 7 angustifolmm. — Leaves narrow.

The leaves, in exposed situations, and on poor soils, are deciduous ; but in
sheltered situations, and more especially when the plant is cultivated in gardens,
they remain on throughout the winter. From its property of growing under the
drip of trees, it forms a good sub-evergreen undergrowth, where the box, the
holly, or the common laurel, would be too expensive, or too tedious of growth.
The privet has been long used in the court-yards of dwelling-houses, for con-
cealing naked walls, and preventing the eye from seeing objects or places which
it is considered desirable to conceal from the view. It thrives well in towns
where pit-coal is used ; and the best hedges surrounding the squares of Lon-
don are of this shrub. It is admirably adapted for topiary work, and in Italian
gardens, in a British climatCj it forms as good a substitute for the olive, as the
common laurel does for the orange. The privet grows best in rather a strong
loam, somewhat moist ; and it attains the largest size in an open situation ;
but it will grow on any soil, and under the shade and drip of deciduous trees.
In British nurseries, it is almost always raised by cuttings, which not only pro-
duce larger plants of the species in a shorter period, but continue the varieties
with greater certainty. When plants are to be raised from seed, the berries

s s 3

630

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

should be treated like haws, and kept a year in the rot-heap, or sown imme-
diately after being gathered, as, if otherwise treated, they will not come up for
18 months. As shrubs, privet plants require very little pruning ; but, as low
trees, they must have the side shoots from the stem carefully rubbed off when-
ever they appear. Treated as hedges, or as verdant sculptures, they may be
clipped twice a year, in June and March ; and, every five or six years, the sides
of the hedges ought to be severely cut in, one side at a time, so as to remove
the network of shoots, which, in consequence of continual clipping, forms on
the exterior surface, and which, by preventing the air from getting to the main
stems, would in time seriously injure the plants.

34 * ¥ 4 2. L. SPICA'TUM Hamilt. The spiked-flowered Privet.

Identification. Hamilt. MSS. ex D. Don Prod. Fl. Nep., p. 107. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 45.
Synonymes. L. nepalcnse Wall, in Rox. Fl. Ind. 1. p. 151. ; L. lanceolatura Herb. Lamb.
Engravings. PL Asiat. Rar., 3. p. 17. t. 231. ; and OUT Jig. 1220 .

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves elliptic, acute, hairy
beneath, as well
as the branchlets.
Flowers crowd-
ed, almost sessile,
spicate, disposed
in a thyrse, hav-

ing the axis very
u • x> «.

hairy. Bracteas

minute. (Don's
Mill.) A sub-
evergreen shrub.
Nepal, on moun-
tains. Height
6 ft. to 8 ft. In-
troduced in 1823.
Flowers white ;

1S«0. L. spicfrtum. June and July.

Variety.

g m L. s. 2 gldbrum Hook, in Bot. Mag. t. 2921., and our fig. 1221. — A
native of Nepal, where it is called Goom gacha. The trunk and limbs
are covered with warts, but the young branches are glabrous.
Though commonly treated as a green-house plant, there can be little doubt
of its being as hardy as L. lucidum, the species to be next described. It
should be grafted on the common privet ; and, if planted in a dry soil and
rather sheltered situation open to the sun, it will be the more likely to make
no more wood than what it can ripen before winter.

& * £ 1 3. L. LuViDuai Ait. The sinning- leaved Privet, or Wax Tree.

Identification. Ait. Hort, Kew., 1. p. 19. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 45.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 2565. ; and our fig. 1222.

Spec. Char., ^c. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminated, shining above. Panicles
thyrsoid, spreading much. Leaves broad. Flowers white. This tree affords
a kind of waxy matter. (Don's Mill.') A low sub-evergreen tree. China.
Height 10ft. to 20ft. Introduced in 1794. Flowers white; September and
October : and, as in the preceding species, not followed by fruit in England.

Variety.

* 1 L. /. 2 floribundum Donald's Cat., and our Jig. 1223., has larger
bunches of flowers than the species.

A very handsome low sub-evergreen tree ; or, when it is not trained to a
single stem, a large showy bush.

XLVJ11. OLEA^CEJE : PHlLLY'llEA.

631

1222. L. lucidum.

1223. L. \. fioribandum.

1224. L. aalicifolium.

L. salicifolium. — A plant to which this name might be
suitable was in the arboretum at Kew from 1823 to the
winter of 1837-8, when it was killed; and there are also
young plants of it in the Horticultural Society's Garden,
of one of which fig. 1224. is a specimen.

& L. japonicum Thunb. Fl. Jap. p. 17. t. L, and our fig.
1225.; L. latifolium Vitm. ; is a native of Japan, with oblong-
ovate grooved leaves, and white flowers, growing to the
height of 6 or 8 feet. — L. nepalcnse has oval-lanceolate ser-
rated leaves, and is a very distinct species. H. S.

GENUS II.

1925. L. japdnicuir,.

PHILLY'REA Tourn. THE PHILLYREA. Lin. Syst. Diandria Monogynia.

Identification. Tourn. Inst., 367. ; Lin. Gen., No. 19. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 45.

Synonymes. Filaria, Fr. ; Steinlinde, Ger.

Derivation. From phullon, a leaf ; or from Philyra, the mother of Chiron, who was changed into a tree.

Gen. Char., fyc. Calyx small, tubular, 4 toothed, permanent. Corolla short,
campanulate, rotate, 4-cleft, deciduous. Stamens a little exserted, with short
filaments. • Style simple. Stigma thickish. Drupe globose, containing a 2-
celled nut ; one of the cells usually abortive. Seed solitary in each cell.
Albumen rather farinaceous or fleshy. (Don's Mill.}

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, evergreen ; mostly entire. Flowers
in axillary racemes, greenish white. Drupes black, globose.
Shrubs or low trees, evergreen ; natives of the South of Europe, and of
some parts of Western Asia. In British gardens they have been in cultivation
for nearly three centuries, they are all most desirable evergreen shrubs, on ac-
count of their shining dark green leaves, and the fragrance of their numerous
white flowers. They are propagated by cuttings or layers, and will grow in
any common garden soil. When raised from seeds, the berries should be pre-
pared in a rot-heap like haws. By general observers, the phillyrea is frequently
confounded with the alaternus ; but the species of that genus have their leaves

K s 4

632

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

placed alternately on their branches, whereas in the phillyrea they are opposi
All the kinds in cultivation are nothing more than varieties of one species.

* I. P. MEVDIA L. The intermediate, or lance-leaved, Phillyrea.

Identification. Lin. Sp., p. 10. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 45.

•"' var. j mfedia Lapcyr. PL Pyr. p. 4. ; P.

Synonymes. P. latifblia

/igustrifdlia Mill. Diet. No. 4. ; P. he'vis Tenure Sijll. p. 9. ; P.
latifolia var. A. figustrifblia Poll. PI. Ver. 1. p. 7.
Engravings. Kerner, t. 774. ; N. Du Ham., 2. t. 27. ; and our
Jig. 1226.

Spec. C/iar., $c. Leaves lanceolate, quite entire,
or a little serrated in the middle, triple-nerved,
veinv. (Don's Mill.} An evergreen shrub. South
of Europe. Height 10 ft. to 15ft. Introduced
in 1597. Flowers greenish white; May and June.
Berries black j ripe in October.

Varieties.

* P. MI. 2 virgata Ait. Hort. Kew. 1. p. II. —

Leaves lanceolate. Branches erect. "

* P. m. 3 buxifolia Ait. Hort. Kew. 1. p. II.

— Leaves oval-oblong, bluntish.

* 2. P. (M.) ANGUSTIFO^LIA L. The narrow-leaved Phillyrea.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1. p. 10. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 45.

Synonymes. P. obliqua Tenore Syll., p. 9. ; P. mddia Tenore Fl. Neap. 3. p. G.

Engravings. Lara. 111. 8. 3. ; and our ftg. 1227.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves linear-lanceolate, quite entire.
Branches beset with elevated dots. Leaves obsoletely
veined. (Don's Mill.) An
evergreen shrub. Italy and
Spain. Height 8ft, to 10ft.
Introduced in 1597. Flowers
greenish white ; May and June.

/'. (m.? ansustifblia.

1228. P. a. rosmarimfolia.

Varieties.

« P. a. 2 lanceolata Ait.
Hort. Kew. i. p. 11. —
Leaves lanceolate, and
branches erect.
* P. a. 3 rosmarinifolia Ait.
Hort. Kewensis ; and
our fig. 1228. — Leaves
lanceolate-subulate, elongated. Branches straight.
» P. a. 4 bracliiata Ait. Hort. Kew. i. p. 11. — Leaves oblong-lanceolate
shorter than in the other varieties. Branches divaricate.

* 3. P. (M.) LIGUSTRIFO'LIA Ait. The Privet-leaved Phillyrea.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 1. p. 11.; Don's Mill., 4. p. 45.

Synonymes. P. virgata Willd. Enum. 1. p. 12.; P. niddia var. A. Willd. Sn.

1. p. 42. ; Phillyrea iii. Clus. Hist. p. 52.
Engravings. Lob. Icon., 2. p. 131. ; and our^?g. 1229.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, subserrated in the
middle, obsoletely veined. Branches erect. (Don's Mill.)
An evergreen shrub. Spain and the South of France.
Height 10 ft. to 15 ft. Introduced in 1596. Flowers
white ; May and June.

1229. P. (m.) figus-
trifolia.

« 4. P. (M.) PE'NDULA Ait. The drooping-6r«wc^<?^ Phillyrea.

Identification. Ait. Hort., Kew., 1. p. 11 . ; Don's Mill, 4. p. 45.
Synont/me. P. media y Willd. Sp. 1. p. 43.
Engraving. Our fig. 0000. in p. OCOO.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, obsoletely serrated at the
apex, veiny. Branches drooping (Don's Mill.) An evergreen shrub South

XLVIII. OLEA^CEMl PUILL\'REA.

632

of Europe. Height 10ft. to 15 ft. Introd. 1597. Flowers greenish white ;
May and June.

« 5. P. (M.) OLE^EFOVLIA Ait. The Olive-leaved Phillyrea.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 1. p. 11. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 46.

Synoni/mes. P. media 5 ^4«7. Hort. Keic. 1. p. 11. ; P. racembsa Link Jahrb. 1. p.

160.
Engravings. Pluk., t. 310. f. 1. ; and our fig. 1230.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, almost entire, obtuse,
narrowed at the base, veiny. Branches erectish. (Don's Mill.)
An evergreen shrub. South of Europe. Height 10 ft. to 15ft.
Introduced in 1597. Flowers greenish white ; May and June,

* 6. P. (M.) LATIFOVLIA L. The broad-leaved
Phillyrea.

ipentification. Lin. Sp., 10. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 46.

Synonymes. P. latifblia /3 serrata Poll. Fl. Ver. 1. p. 7. ; P. lati-

iolia /3 Ten. Fl. Neap. 3. p. 6. ; P. spinosa Ten. Syll. p. 9. No.

2. ; P. latifblia /3 spi.nbsa Seg. Ver. 2. p. 273.
Engravings. Smith Fl. Gra?c., t. 2. ; and our fig. 1231.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate, rounded at the base,
serrated, veiny. Young leaves sub-cordate at the
base. (Don's Mill.) A low sub-evergreen tree ;
in England a shrub. South of Europe. Height
20ft. to 30ft. Introduced in 1597. Flowers
greenish white ; May and June.

* 7. P. (M.) UE'VIS Ait. The smooth Phillyrea.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 1.

p. 12. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 46.
Synonymes. P. latifblia var. A.

Willtl. Sft. I. p. 43. ; P. latifolia

Mill. Diet. No. 1
Engravings. Du Ham. Arb., 1. 125. ;

and our fig. 1232.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves

elliptic-oblong, almost en- 123K p" (m° lat*61ia'
tire, veiny, bluntish ; an inch or more in length, a
little narrowed at the base, blunt, and with a small
mucro at the point. (Don's Mill.) An evergreen
shrub. South of Europe and North of Africa.
Height 10ft. to 20ft. Introduced in 1597.
Flowers greenish white ; May and June.
The leaves are smoother than those of any other

variety.

1*52. /'. (

8. P. (M.) OBLI^QUA Ait.

The oblique-leaved Phillyrea.

Ait. Hort. Kew., 1. p. 12. ; Don's Mill.,

12o5. f. (m.j obliqua.

Identification.

4. p. 46.
Synonymes. P. latifblia -y H'illd. Sp. 1. p. 43. ; P. fo-

liacea Link Jahrb. 1. p 54. ; Phillyrea ii. Clus. Hist.

p. 52.
Engraving. Oar fig. 1233.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves lanceolate-oblong,
serrated, acute at both ends, veiny,
bent obliquely. Leaves like those of
.Myrica. (Don's MUl.) An evergreen
shrub. South of Europe. Height 10 ft.
to 12ft. Introduced in 1579. Flowers
greenish white ; May and June.

9. P. (M.) SPINO'SA Mill. The spiny, or Nolly-leaved,
Phillyrea.

Identification. Mill. Diet., No.
p. 46.

.; Ait. Hort. Kew., 1. p. 12. ; Don's Mill., 4. 1234.

spindsa.'

634 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM JSR1TANN1CUM.

Sunoni/mes. P. zlicifblia Willd. Enum. 1. p. 13.; P. Iatif61ia ,8 spinusa Willd. Sp. \. p. 43. ; P.

latifolia longifdlia Link Jahrb. 1. p. 54. ; Phill^rea i. Clus. Hist. p. 51.
Engravings. Pluk. Phyt., t. 310. f. 4. ; and our fig. 1234., from a specimen in the British Museum.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate-oblong, rounded at the base, acute, sharply
and cuspidately serrated, glabrous, flat, veiny. {Don's Mill.) An evergreen
shrub. South of Europe. Height 10 ft. to 20 ft. Introduced in 1597.
Flowers greenish white ; May and June.

GENUS III.

CHIONA'NTHUS L. THE SNOW-FLOWER, or FRINGE TREE. Lin. Syst.
Diandria Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 21. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 50.
Synonymes. Chionanthe, Fr. ; Schneeblume, Ger.

Derivation. From c/iion, snow, and anthos, a flower ; in reference to the snow-white flowers of the
species.

Gen. Char.y tyc. Calyx small, 4-parted, or 4-toothed. Corolla with a short
tube and a 4-parted limb j segments of the limb long and linear. Style hardly
any. Stigma 2-lobed. Anthers almost sessile. Drupe baccate, containing
a striated nut. Seeds albuminous. (Don's MUL}

Leaves simple, exstipulate, deciduous ; opposite, entire. Flowers in ra-
cemes, simple or compound, terminal or axillary, snow-white. — Trees or low
shrubs, natives of North America.

This genus differs from CTlea, principally in the figure of the segments of
the corolla, and in its leaves being deciduous. The only hardy species is a shrub
or low tree, a native of North America.

afe ¥ 1. C. VIRGI'NICA L. The Virginian Snow-Flower, or Fringe Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp., p. 11. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 7. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 50.
Tree, Amer. ; Arbre de N

Si/nonymes. Snowdrop Tree, Amer. ; Arbre de Neige, Fr. : Schneeblume, Ger.
Engravings. Bot. Cab., t. 1204. ; the portrait of a plant in the arboretum of Mess
scale of 1 in. to 4 ft. ; in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., p. 1206. ; and OUT fig. 1235.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Racemes terminal. Pe-
duncles 3-flowered. Flowers pedicellate.
Leaves lanceolate, glabrous, resembling
those of a deciduous magnolia. Drupe
purplish. (Don's Mill.} A large deciduous
shrub or low tree. Pennsylvania and
Carolina, in boggy woods. Height 10 ft.
to 30 ft. Introduced in 1796, Flowers
white ; May to July.

Varieties.

« ? C. v. 2 latifolia Catesb. Car. t. 69.,

Kern. Abbild. t. 607. C.v. montana

Pursh Sept. 1. p. 8. — Has the

leaves oval-lanceolate, coriaceous,

glabrous ; panicles dense; drupes

oval. Carolina. Introduced in 1736.
& ¥ C. v. 3 angustifolia Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. vol. i. p. 23. C. trifida

Moench. — Has the leaves lanceolate and glabrous. Horticultural

Society's Garden.
& * C. v. 4 maritima Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. i. p. 8. C. maritima Lodd.

Cat. ed. 1836. — A native of North America, in boggy woods by the

sea side ; having the leaves obovate-lanceolate, membranous, and

pubescent ; the panicles very loose ; and the drupes elliptic.

XLVIII. OLEA CE.E : S YRI NGA.

635

It requires to be grown in moist soil, either sandy peat or ?andy loam, and
in a sheltered situation. It may be propagated by layers ; but as seeds are
easily imported from America, and as the plant does not root very readily,
that mode is not often adopted. It may also be propagated by grafting on the
common ash.

OrLEA. — Though most of the species of this genus are too tender to stand
the open air in Britain, yet there is one variety of the common olive, obtained
from Nikita in the Crimea, which has lived
through the winter of 1837-8, as a standard,
in the Horticultural Society's Garden, and
O. americana L. (Jig. 1236.) has lived
against a wall at Messrs. Loddiges. This
tree is the devil- wood of the Americans, a
native of the southern states, as far north
as Norfolk in Virginia. It is sometimes
found as high as 30 or 35 feet; but its
ordinary height is 10 or 12 feet. The leaves
are 4 or 5 inches long, of a shining light
green ; and they remain on two or three
years. The flowers are very small, of a
pale yellow, and strongly scented ; appear-
ing about the end of April. The fruit is
round, about twice the size of the common
pea ; and, when ripe, of a purple colour,
approaching to blue. It ripens in America
in October, and remains attached to the tree during a great part of the winter,
forming a fine contrast to the foliage.

1236. OHea americana.

Sect. II.

GENUS IV,

SYRI'NGA L. THE LILAC. Lin. Syst. Diandria Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 22. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 51.

Synonymes. Lilac Tourn. Inst. t. 372., Juss. Gen. p. 105. ; Lilas, Fr. ; Flieder, Ger. ; Lilaco, Ital.

Derivation. From sirinx, the native name in Barbary. The tubes of the finest Turkish pipes are
manufactured from the wood of this shrub ; and also from that of the Philadelphus coronarius,
to which the name was originally given. Hence the old English name of Pipe Tree, which was
applied both to the Philadelphus and the Syringa. Lilac is from lilac, or lilag, the Persian word
for a flower.

Gen. Char., fyc. Calyx small, 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a 4-
parted limb. Stamens 2, enclosed. Stigma trifid. Capsule ovate, com-
pressed, 2-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded; valves navicular, with a narrow
dissepiment in the middle. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; entire. Flowers in
thyrsoid terminal panicles, oppositely branched, purple or white. — Shrubs
or low trees ; natives of Europe or Asia.

Highly valued in the gardens of temperate climates for the beauty and
fragrance of their flowers, and the profusion in which these are produced
in spring. The natural mode of propagating is by suckers, which all the
species produce in abundance ; and they will all grow in any common soil. All
the species may be grafted on the ash (See Gard, Mag.^ 1840, p. 37.)

636

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRIT ANN I CUM.

ft 1. S. VULGAVRIS L. The common Lilac.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 11. ; Don's Mill., 4. p 51.

Synony-tncs, Lilac rtug&tia Gcertn ; Pipe Privet, or Pipe Tree ; Lilas commun, Fr. \ gemeiner

Flieder, Ger. ; Lilla, or Lilac turco, Ital.
Engravings. Lam. 111., t. 7. ; Schmidt Baum., t. 77. ; N. Du. Ham., t. 61.

Spec. Char.y %c. Leaves ovate- cordate, acuminated. (Don's Mill.) A de-
ciduous shrub. Persia and Hungary, on chalky precipices in the Cverna
valley, and Mount Domoglet, as well as on the whole group of rocks along the
Danube. Height 8ft. to 10ft. Introduced in 1597. Flowers purple
or white ; May. Fruit brown ; ripe in September.

Varieties.

"ife S. v. 1 ccerulea Clus. Hist. i. p. 56 , Krause t. 26., and our fig. 1238.

— Flowers blue. There is a subvariety with the leaves imperfectly

variegated.

3k S. v. 2 \ioldcea Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 183., and our
fig. 1237. — Flowers purple. The Scotch Lilac, so

culled, because it was first recorded in Sutherland's

Catalogue of the Edinburgh Botanic Garden.
3fe S. v. 3 alba. — Flowers white. This variety flowers

earliest.
& S. v. 4 alba major Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. —Flowers

larger than those of the previous variety.
& S. v, 5 alba plena. S. plena Lod. Cat. — Flowers double.
Sfe S v. 6 rubra Lodd. Cat. — Flowers red
£ S. v. 7 rubra major Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836, the Lilas

de Marly of the French gardeners, has flowers

larger than the parent variety. 1237. s. v. «ioiacea.

Other Varieties. A number of plants have been raised from seed bv
Mr. Williams of Pitmaston, of which there are six sorts, tolerably distinct,
in the Horticultural Society's Garden. The French nurserymen are also
in possession of some new seedlings ; but none of all that we have ob-
served are so well deserving of culture as the common blue, the violet, the
red, and the white.

The common lilac grows to the height of 20 ft. and upwards in good free
soil; and, though it naturally sends up abundance of suckers in every
direction, so as to form a dense mass of stems, yet, when these are cleared
away as they appear, and only one stem left, it
may be trained to form a very handsome small tree,
beautiful when in leaf, and preeminently so when
in flower. The rate of growth is considerable,
varying, according to the soil and situation, from
18 in. to 3 ft. in a year, for the first three or four
years. The duration is not jreat; probably between
twenty and thirty years in rich soils, and between
forty and fifty in such as are dry and comparatively
poor. Plants which are never allowed to produce
suckers of any size, and in which the bunches of
flowers have been thinned out, ripen seeds ; and
these, according to Miller, produced plants which
are true to their varieties. In some parts of Britain,
and various parts of Germany, it is mixed with
other shrubs, or planted alone, to form garden
hedges ; and, as a proof of its hardiness, we may
mention that there are hedges of it by the road-
sides, in the neighbourhood of Ulm and Augsburg,
in the elevated, and consequently cold, region of
Bavaria. Mixed with sweet briars, sloe thorns, scarlet thorns, Guelder rose

XLVIII. OLEA'CEJE: SYRI'NGA.

637

1240. S. JosikseVi.

trees, &c., it forms beautiful hedges to cottage gardens, where there is abun-
dance of room.

* 2. S. JosiKjE\4 Jacq. Josika's Lilac.

Identification. Jacq. in Bot. Zeit., 1831, t. 67. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 51.

Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 3278. ; Bot. Reg., t. 1733. ; Botanist, t. 24. ; and our^gs. 1239. and 1240

Spec. Char.,fyc. Leaves el-
liptic-lanceolate, acute,
ciliated, wrinkled, gla-
brous, on short petioles,
white beneath. Flowers
purple. (Don's Mill.)
An upright deciduous
shrub. Transylvania,
in shady places near
water. Height 6 ft. to
12- ft. Introd. in 1835.
Flowers purple ; May.
Naked young wood
purplish green.

* 3. S. PE'RSICA L. The Persian Lilac.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 11. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 51.

Synonymes. Lilac minor Moench ; Lilac pdrsica Lam. ; Lilas de Perse, Fr. ; Lilac di Persia, Ital.

Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 486. ; and our fig. 1242.

Spec. C/tar., tyc. Leaves small, lanceolate,
entire. Flowers purple. (Don's Mill.) A
deciduous shrub. Persia. Height 4 ft. to
6ft. Introduced in 1640. Flowers purple;
May and June.

Varieties.

a S. p. 2 alba Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. —
Leaves lanceolate, entire. Flowers
white.

& S. p. 3 laciniata Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836,
Bot. Cab. 1107., and our fig. 1241.
S. capitata Gmel. Itin. iii. p. 304.

t.32. f. 1., Schmidt. JBaum. ii. p. 79.; Lilas
a Feuilles de Persil, Fr. — This variety
has some of its leaves pinnatifidly cut,
and nearly all of them cut in some
manner.

^ S. p. 4 salvifolia Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836 has
the leaves somewhat hoary, like those of
the common sage.

One of the most common, and, at the same time,
one of the most ornamental, of our low deciduous
shrubs. It is frequently planted in pots, and forced
so as to come into flower at Christmas. In Paris,
it is said, they retard the Persian lilacs, by placing
them in an icehouse in December, and keeping them
there till the September or October following, when
they will come into bloom without the aid of artificial
heat about Christmas. ( See Gard. Mag., vii. p. 247.)
Layers and suckers, which are produced in great
abundance in any common garden soil.

* 4. S. ROTHOMAGE'NSIS. The Rouen Lilac.

Synonymes. S. dtibia Pers. Ench. 1. p. 9. ; Lildceum rothomag^nse Renault Ft. de I'Ornc p. 100.

1241. S. p. laciniata.

1242. S. pi'rsica.

638

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BlUTANNICUM.

1243. S. rothomag^

S. media Dum. Cours. 1. p. 709. ; Lilas Varin N. DuHam.; S. chia&isis Willd. Sp. 1. p. 48.,
Don's Mill. 4. p. 51. ; S. sibfrica Hort. ; the Siberian Lilac Hort.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 2. t. 63. ; and our Jig. 1'243.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate-lanceolate.
Flowers purple. (Don's Mill.} An inter-
mediate plant between S. vulgaris and S.
persica. A shrub, from 6 ft. to 8 ft. high ; a
hybrid between S. vulgaris and S. persica ;
raised at Rouen by M. Varin, the director
of the Botanic Garden there. Introduced
in 1795. Flowers purple ; May and June.

Varieties.

Si S. r. 2 Lilas Royal Bon Jardin. 1836,
has the flowers more compact than
the species.

& S. r. SsaugeanaHort. ; Lilas sauge, Fr. ;
differs from the Lilas Varin in having
the flowers more red and more beau-
tiful. S. coccinea and £ chinensis
rubra Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836 appear to
be identical with this variety, or very slightly different.

It is of very vigorous growth, and a most
abundant flowerer ; and, in favourable soils
and situations, it will attain the height of 10 or
12 feet.

S. Emodi Wall. Cat. No. 2831., Don's
Mill. iv. p. 51., Royle Illust. p. 267. t. 65.
f. 2., and our fig. 1244., has the leaves ellip-
tic-oblong, glaucous beneath, attenuated at the
base, and acuminated at the apex. Branches
warted. Thyrse terminal and panicled. Cap-
sules almost cylindrical. The bud-scales per-
manent at the base of the year's shoots. A
shrub, 8ft. to 10 ft. high, native of Kamaon,
towards the Himalayas, with purple flowers.
This very ornamental and desirable plant has
lately been raised in the H. S. Gardens from
seeds received from the Himalayas. ,244> s,Emi>di.

GENUS V.

FONTANE'S/^ Labil). THE FONTANESIA. Lin. Syst. Diandria Monogynia.

Identification. Labill. PL Syr., dec. 1. p. 9. t. 1. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 81.

Derivation. Named after Rene Louiche Des Fontaines, author of Flora Atlantica, 2 vols. 4to,
Paris, 1798-99, and several other works.

Gen. Char., $c Calyx 4 — 6-parted, permanent. Corolla 4 — 6-parted, de-
ciduous. Stamens 2, elongated. Stigma bifid, hooked. Capsule a 2 — 4-
winged, 2-celled, papery, indehiscent samara j cells l-seeded. (Don's Mill.)
Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, sub-evergreen ; lanceolate, flowers
in ^axillary racemes, whitish yellow. — Shrubs with the habit of Phillyrea
media, natives of Asia, and forming a connecting link between .Fraxinieae
and Oleinae. Layers, in common soil.

XLVI1I. 0LEANCE7E t FRA'xiNUS. fiS9

Sit * ¥ 1 1 F. PHILLYREOI'DES Labill. The Phillyrea-
like Fontanesia.

Identification. Labill. Syr., dec 1 . p. 9. t. 1. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 51.
Engravings. Bot. Cab., t. 1308.; and our fig. 1245.

Spec. Char.,$c. See Gen. Char. A sub-evergreen shrub
or low tree. Syria between Laodicea and Mount Cas-
sis, and Sicily. Height 10 ft. to 14ft. Introduced
in 1787. Flowers greenish white, turning to brownish
yellow ; June, and remaining on the tree two or
three months.

Readily propagated by layers, by cuttings, or by
grafting on the common privet. Grafted standard
high on the ash, it would form a very handsome
clrooping-branched tree.

Sect. III. I*'KAXINIE\E.
GENUS VI.

n

J^RA'XINUS Tourn. THE ASH. Lin. Syst. Polygamia DioeVia.

Identification. Tourn. Inst., 343. ; Lin. Gen., No. 11GO. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 53.

Synonymes. Frdne, Fr. ; Esche, Ger. ; Frassino, Ital.

Derivation. The derivation of .Fraxinus given in Don's Miller is, from phrasso, to enclose ; the ash
having been formerly used for making hedges. Linnaeus derives it from phraxis, a separation,
because the wood splits easily. Others derive it from frangitur, because the young branches are
easily broken ; or which may have been applied ironically, in allusion to the extreme toughness of
the old wood. None of these derivations, however, appears very satisfactory. The English name
of Ash may be derived either from the Saxon word cese, a pike ; or from the colour of the bark of
the trunk and branches, which resembles that of wood ashes.

Gen. Char., fyc. Flowers polygamous. Calyx none, or 4-parted, or 4-toothed.
Corolla none. Stamens 2, in the male flowers. Anthers sessile, or on short
filaments, dehiscing outwardly. Female flowers the same, except that they
have no stamens, but have each a pistil that has a bifid stigma. Frtdt,
or samara, 2-celled, compressed, winged at top. Cells 1-seeded. (Don's Mi//.)
Leaves compound, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous; unequally pinnate.
Flowers in lateral racemes, greenish yellow. Fruit, or samara, 2-celled,
compressed, winged at top. — Trees ; natives of Europe, part of Asia, and
North America.

The species are raised from seeds ; and the varieties chiefly by grafting on
.FYaxinus excelsior, but partly also from seeds. There is a great tendency in
all the species to sport into varieties ; and many of what are by botanists
described as species are, in our opinion, not entitled to that distinction.
All the ashes are of easy culture in good soil, and in a sheltered situation.
The European ash is one of our most valuable timber trees, as is the Ame-
rican ash in North America.

A. Leaflets broad, smooth or shining on the upper surface. Natives of Europe.
*£ 1. F. EXCE'LSIOR L. The taller, or common, Ash.

Identification. Lin. Sp., p. 1509. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 53.

Synonymes. F. apetala Lam. III. t. 858. f. 1. ; F. rostrata Guss. Fl. Rar. p. 374. ; F. O'rnus Scop.
* Cam. No. 1249.; F. erbsa Pers. ; F. crispa Base ; le Frene, Fr.; Aesche or Esche, Ger. and

Dutch ; Ask, Dan. and Swed. ; Frassino, Ital. ; Fresno, Span. ; Freixo, Port. ; Jas, Jasen, or

Jassen, Russ. ; JEse, Sax.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1692. ; the plates in Arb. Brit, 1st. edit., vol. vi. ; and our fig. 1246.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaflets almost sessile, lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, ser-
rated, cuneated at the base. Flowers naked. Samara obliquely emarginate
at the apex. The leaves have generally 5 pairs of leaflets, but sometimes 6.

640

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANN1CUM.

The flowers are produced in loose spikes, from the sides of the branches.
Ou some there are only female flowers ; on others, hermaphrodite ones ;
and on others, male ones ; while on some trees the flowers are found in
two of these states, or in all of them. (Don's Mill.) A large deciduous
tree. Europe. Height 30 ft. to 80 ft. Flowers greenish yellow ; March
and April, before the leaves appear. Samara brown ; ripe in October.
Decaying leaves brown and yellow. Naked young wood ash grey.

124C. r . excelsior.

Varieties. These are very numerous ; we shall give first those which are allowed
to be varieties by botanists, and afterwards indicate those which are treated
by botanists as species, and which we have accordingly kept distinct, but
which we are decidedly of opinion are nothing more than varieties.

* F. e. 2 pendula Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. vol. v. p. 475., Lodd. Cat. ed.
1836; Frene Parasol, Fr. ; the plate in Arb. Brit. 1st. edit. vol. vi.,
and our Jig. 1247. — Branches pendulous. Discovered, about
1750, at Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire ; and subsequently in a wood
in Argyllshire. (See Gard. Mag., vol. xiv. p. 124.)
¥ F. e. 3 aurca Willd. Enum. p. 1059. F. aurea Pers. Ench. ii. p.
604., Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — Bark of the trunk and branche? yellow
and dotted ; and the leaflets sessile, lanceolate, unequally serrated,
acuminated, cuneated at the base, and glabrous. It is conspicuous,

XLVIII. 0LEA CE1E '. FRA XINUS.

641

particularly in winter, not only from
the yellow colour of its bark, but
from the curved contorted character
of its branches, which somewhat
resemble the horns of an animal.

F. e. 4 aurea pendula. — Bark yellow,
and the branches as pendulous, and
of as vigorous growth, as those of
F. e. pendula.

F. e. 5 crispa. F. crispa Bosc, F. atro-
virens Desf. Arb.'i. p. 104. — Leaves

dark green, crumpled, and curled. The darkness of the green of
the leaves is remarkable ; and this and their crumpled appearance,
combined with the rigid stunted character of the whole plant, render
it a strikingly grotesque object.

*if F. e. Qjaspidea Willd., Lodd.' Cat. ed. 1836. — Bark of the trunk and
branches streaked with reddish white.

? F. e. 7 purpurascens Descemet (F. purpurea Hort.). — Bark purple.
Horticultural Society's Garden.

* F. e. 8 argentea Desf. Arb., Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — Leaves variegated

with white.

!£ F. e. 9 lutea. — Leaflets edged with yellow.
¥ F. e. 10 erosa Pers. Ench. i. p. 604. — Leaflets erosely toothed.

* F. e. 11 horizontals Desf., Pers. Ench. i. p. 604., Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836.

— Branches spreading horizontally.

* F. e. 12 verrucosa Desf., Pers. Ench. i. p. 604., Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836.—

Branches warted.

¥ F. e. 13 verrucosa pendula. — Branches warted and pendulous. Hor-
ticultural Society's Garden.

¥ F. e. 14 ndna Lod. Cat. ed. 1836. F. e. humilis, and F. Theophrastz
Hort. — The leaves resemble those of the common ash, but the
leaflets are much smaller and closer together, and the plant seldom
exceeds 3ft. in height.

2 F. e. \5fung6sa Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — Bark fungous-like.

'* F. e. 16 verticittdta Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — Leaves whorled.

¥ F. e. 17 vtilosa nova Descemet. — Leaves villous.

Other Varieties. There are several in the Catalogue of Messrs. Loddiges,
and in other collections, but we do not think them worth enumerating.

The common ash is one of the noblest of our forest trees, attaining a height
of from 80 ft. to 100 ft., and enduring several centuries. No deciduous tree

T T

642

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

whatever, in cultivation in British plantations, is more injurious to plants
growing under it, from its numerous fibrous roots, which, rising close to the
surface, exhaust the soil, and prevent the vegetation of almost every other
plant, except those that have also fibrous roots. It always grows best in good,
somewhat calcareous soil; which, though not boggy, is generally adjoining
water. The most profitable age for felling the ash appears to be from 80 to
100 years, but it will continue pushing from stools or from pollards, for above
100 years. The timber of the ash is very elastic ; so much so, that a joist
of this timber will bear more before it breaks than one of that of any other
tree indigenous to Europe. It weighs, per cubic foot, 64 Ib. 9 oz. \vhen green,
and 49 Ib. 8 oz. when dry. The value of the timber is increased by the rapi-
dity of its growth; and, as in the case of the sweet chestnut, the wood of
young trees is more esteemed than that of old ones. Since the use of iron
became so general in the manufacture of instruments and machines, the value
of the ash is somewhat diminished, at least in Britain ; it still, however, ranks
next in value to that of the oak, and is held even to surpass it for some pur-
poses. It is much in use by the coachmaker, the wheelwright, and the manu-
facturer of agricultural implements. It is highly valued for kitchen tables and
steps of stairs, as it may be scoured better than any other wood, and is not
so liable to run splinters into the scourer's fingers. Young ash is particularly
valuable for hop-poles, hoops, crates, handles to baskets, rods for training plants,
forming bowers, for light hurdles, and for wattling fences ; and also for walk-
ingsticks. The species is always propagated by seeds, and the varieties by
grafting. The samaras, or keys, are generally ripe in October; when they
should be gathered, and taken to the rotting-ground, where they should be
mixed with light sandy earth, and laid in a heap of a flat form, not more than
10 in. thick, in order to prevent them from heating. Here they should be
turned over several times in the course of the winter ; and in February they
may be removed, freed from the sand by sifting, and sown in beds in any mid-
dling soil. The richness or quality of the soil is of little consequence ; but it
should be well broken by the rake, and the situation should be open, to pre-
vent the plants from being drawn up too slender. The seeds may be deposited
at the distance of half an inch every way, and covered a quarter of an inch
with soil. Sown in February they will come up in May or June.

% 2. F. (E.) HETEROPHY'LLA. Vahl. The various-leaved Ash.

Identification. Vahl Enum., 1. p. 53. ; Don's Mill, 4. p. 54.

Synonymes. F. siinplicifolia Willd. Sp. 4. p. 1098. j F. monoph^lla Detf. Arb. 1. p. 102. ; F. sim-

plicifolia Hort. ; F. excelsior £ diversi-

f61ia Ait. ; F. excelsior var. t Lam.

Diet. 2. p. 554. ; F. excelsior /3 hetero-

phf lla Dec. : F. integrifdlia and diver.

sif61ia Hort.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 247G. ; the

plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st

edit, vol. vi. ; and our Jig. 1249.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves simple
or trifoliate, dentately ser-
rated. Samara oblong-lance-
olate, 1 in. long, obtuse and
emarginate at the apex.
Leaves usually simple, but
sometimes with 3 or 5 leaflets
3 — 4 in. long, ovate, sub-
cordate, or acuminate at the
base and apex. Branches
dotted. Buds black. (Don's
Mttl.^) A tree, attaining nearly
the same dimensions as the
common ash, and without
doubt only a variety of it W48. f. (e., h. variesata.

XLVIII. OLEAVCE^E: FRA'XINUS.

643

F. (<?.) h. 2 variegdta. (Jig. 1248.)— Leaves variegated; discovered in
1830, at Eglantine, near Hillsborough in,
the county of Down, in Ireland.

If 3. F. (E.) ANGUSTIFO'LIA Bauh. The narrow-
leaved Ash.

Identification. Bauh. Hist., 1. pt. 2. p. 177. : Vahl Enum 1 D 52 •

Willd. Sp., 4. p. 1100. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 65.
Synonyme. F. salicifdlia Hort.
Engraving. Our fig. 1250,

Spec. Char., $c. Leaflets sessile, lanceolate, remotely
denticulated. Samaras in 3—4 pairs, from l|in.
to 2 in. long, lanceolate, entire at the apex and
acute, obtuse at the base. Branchlets green,
dotted with white. Buds brown. Peduncles
below the leaves, solitary, 2 in. long. Flowers
naked. (Don's Mill.) A tree. Spain. Height
30ft. to 50ft. Introduced Pin 1815. Flowers
greenish white. Hort. Soc. Garden, and Lod. mo F (e) angustif6Ua

B. Leaflets small, smooth or shining above. Natives of the South of Europe
the North of Africa, or the West of Asia.

% 4. F. PARVIFO'LIA Willd. The small-leaved Ash.

Identification. Willd. Sp., 1. p. 1101.; Tenore Syll., p. 9. No. 5. ; Don's Mill 4 p 54

T T 2

644

ARBORETUM ET FRUT1CETUM BRITANNICUM.

Engravings. Willd. Berl. Baumz., p. 155. t. 2. f. 2. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st. edit., vol. vi. ;
and our fig. 1251.

12.51. F. parvifolia.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaflets 5 — 7 pairs, sessile, roundish ovate and oblong, at-
tenuated at the base ; quite entire at the base, but sharply serrated at the
apex, mucronate. Flowers naked. Branches purplish, trigonal at the top.
(Don's Mill.) A deciduous tree. Levant. Height 30 ft. to 40 ft. Introd.
1822. Flowers greenish yellow ; April and May. Samara smaller than
those of the common ash ; ripe in October. Hort. Soc. Garden, and Lod.

t 5. F. (p.) ARGE'NTEA Lois. The s\\very-leaved Ash.

Identification. Lois. Fl. Gall., 697. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 54.
Our fig. 2098. in p. 1108.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves with usually 3 pairs of rather coriaceous, elliptic,
ovate, shortly cuspidate, bluntly toothed leaflets, on short petiolules. Leaves
silvery grey. (Don's Mill.) A deciduous tree.
Corsica, in the fissures of rocks. Height 30 ft.
to 40 ft. Introduced in 1835. Flowers greenish
yellow ; April and May.

This variety must not be confounded with F.
e. foliis argenteis, which is merely a variegation
of the common ash (F. excelsior).

? 6. F. (p.) OXYCA'RPA Willd. The sharp-fruited
Ash.

1100. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 55.
Fl. Taur. 2. p. 450. ; F. O'rnus

Identification. Willd. Sp., 4.
Synonumes. F. oxyphylla Bi,

Pall. Itin. Taur.
Engraving. Our fig. 1252. from a living specimen.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaflets 2—3 pairs, almost
sessile, lanceolate, acuminated, serrated, gla-
brous. Flowers naked. Samara lanceolate,
attenuated at both ends, mucronate. Branchlets
green, with white dots. Buds brown. (Don's

1252. F. (p.) oxycarpa.

XLV1II. OLEACE1E I .FllA'xiNUS.

645

Mill.) A deciduous tree. Caucasus. Height 30 ft. to 40 ft. Introduced
in 1815. Flowers greenish yellow ; May.

Of all the varieties of the small-leaved ash, this appears to us to be the
most beautiful. The leaves are of a dark glossy green, and are produced in
tufts at the ends of the branches.

¥ 7. F. PA'LLIDA Bosc. The pale-barked Ash.

Identification. Bosc ex Spreng. Syst., 1. p. 96. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 56.
Engraving. OUT Jig. 2099- in P- 1109.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves with 3 pairs of glabrous, almost sessile, ovate-lan-
ceolate, toothed leaflets. Branches yellow. (Doris Mill.) In Don's Miller
this kind is stated to be a native of North America ; but in the Horticul-
tural Society's Garden, and in the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges, the
plants to which this name is affixed obviously belong to F. excelsior.

¥ 8. F. Z,ENTISCIFOXLIA Desf. The Lentiscus-leaved Ash.

Identification. Desf. Cat. Hort. Par., p. 52. ; Willd. Sp., p. 1101.

Synonymes. F. tomariscifolia Vahl Enum. 1. p. 52., Don's Mill. 4. p. 54. ; F. parvifblia Lam.

Diet. 2. p. 540. ; F. aleppensis Pluk. Phyt. 182. f. 4.
Engravings. Pluk. Phyt., 182. f. 4. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and

our Jig. 1263.

Spec. Charac., fyc.
Leaflets petio-
late, oblong and
lanceolate, sharp-
ly serrated, the
serratures mu-
cronate ; 4 — 5
pairs according
to Vahl ; 6—7
pairs according
to Willd. ; £ in.
long, terminal
one smaller than
the lateral ones.
Branches dark
purple. Buds
brown. Flowers
naked. Samara
narrow, gradually
widening to the
apex, and retuse
there. (Don's
Mill.) A decidu-
ous tree. Aleppo.
Height 30 ft. to
50 ft. Introd uced in 171 0.

1853. F. <entiscift>lia.

Flowers greenish yellow ; May and June.

Variety.

F. 1. 2 pendula has slender pendulous branches, and forms a very
elegant tree. Introduced in 1833. Hort. Soc. Garden, and Lod.

C. Leaves and Leaflets large, glaucous, and downy beneath. Natives exclusively
of North America; and, in Britain, chiefly to be considered as ornamental
trees.

From carefully observing all the kinds of American ash in the Horticul-
tural Society's Garden, and in the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges, we are
convinced they are all variations of one and the same species. The most dis-
tinct of these, as far as respects the leaves, appear to be F. a. pubescens
and F. a. juglandifolia ; and, as far as respects the shoots, F. a. quadrangu-

646

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

lata. Seeds of the eight following kinds are annually imported from America
by the London seedsmen, and the plants, in general, come up tolerably true.
This may also be said of some of the varieties of which we have only given
the names.

¥ 9. F. AMERICANA Willd. The American Ash.

Identification. Willd. Sp., 4. p. 1102.; Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. p. 59.
Synonymes. F. acuminata Lam., Don's Mill. 4. p. 56., Pursh Sept. 2.

Synonymes. F. acuminata Lam
white Ash, green Ash, Amer.

p. 9. ; F. discolor Mnhl. ;

Engravings. "Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. t. 118. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit,
and out figs. 1254. and 1255.

1st edit. ;

1254. F . americkna.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaflets 7, petiolate, oblong, acuminate, shining above, quite
entire, glaucous beneath. Flowers calyculate. (Don's Mill.) A deciduous
tree. Canada to Carolina, in woods.
Height 60 ft. to 80 ft. Introduced in
1723. Flowers greenish yellow;
May. Samaras rarely produced.

Variety.

f£ F. a. 2 latifolia has broader
leaves than the species.
Hort. Soc. Garden, in 1835.

Early in spring, the leaflets are
covered with a light down, which gra-
dually disappears, till, at the approach
of summer, they are perfectly smooth,
of a light green colour above, and
whitish beneath. This difference in
the colour of the surfaces of the
leaflets is peculiar to this species ;
and hence it has been named F. dis-
color. It is also called the white ash
from the colour of its bark, by which
it is easily distinguished, in America,
from the other sorts indigenous there.
In Britain, all sorts of American ash
are readily known from .FYaxinus
excelsior, by their lighter bark, and by
the paler green of their leaves. 1255. *-. amwicana.

¥ 10. F. (A.) PUBE'SCENS Watt. The downy Ash.

Identification. Walt. Fl. Car., p. 254. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 9. : Don's Mill., 4. p. 56.

Synonymes. F. nigra Du Roi Harbk. ed. 2. vol. 1. p. 398. ; F. tomentbsa Michx. N. Amer. Syl. 3.

p. 63. ; red Ash, black Ash, Amer.
Engravings. Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. t. 119. ; and our Jig. 1256.

XLV1II.

FRA'XINUS.

647

Spec. Char., $c. Leaflets 3 — 4 pairs, petio-
late, elliptic-ovate, serrated, downy or
tomentose beneath, as well as the petioles
and branches. Flowers calyculate. Ra-
cemes rather compound. Calyx campanu-
late. Samara narrow, lanceolate, obtuse,
with a short mucro at the apex, 2 in.
long. Stamens 2 — 3 — 4. (Don's Mill.)
A deciduous tree. North America. Height
30ft. Introduced in 181 1. Flowers green-
ish yellow ; May.

Though Michaux has described the leaflets
as denticulated, yet in his figure, of which
Jig. 1256. is a reduced copy, they are per-
fectly entire, as they are for the most part in
the living plants at Messrs. Loddiges.

Varieties.

* F. (a.) p. 2 longifolia Willd. Sp. iv.

p. 1 103., Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. i.

p. 9., Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836; F.

pennsylvanica Marsh. ; has the

leaflets . ovate-lanceolate, attenu- 1256- *"•(»•) pub&cen*.

ated, somewhat serrated.

* F. (a.) p. 3 latifblia Willd., Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. i. p. 9., has the

leaflets ovate, broad.

* F. («.) p. 4 subpubescens Pers. Ench. ii. p. 605. Pursh Fl. Amer.

Sept. i. p. 9. ; ? F. subvillosa Bosc ; has the leaflets petiolate, elliptic-
oblong, acuminated, sharply serrated, downy beneath ; common
petioles glabrous.

The length of the annual shoots, and the spaces between the buds, are one
half those of F. americana ; and the tree is of smaller size, and slower
growth. The leaves are from 12 in. to 15 in. long, downy on the under sur-
face ; and, on insulated trees, this down becomes red on the approach of
autumn, both on the leaves and shoots of that year; whence, probably, the
name of red ash. The bark of the trunk is of a deep brown, and the heart-
wood of a brighter red than that of the white ash.

11. F. (A.) SAMBUCIFO'LIA Vahl.
E!c!er-leaved Ash.

The

Identification. Vah) Enum., 1. p. 51. ; Pursh Sept.,

1. p. 8. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 54.
Synonymes. F. nlgra Mcench ; F. crispa Hort. ; the

black Ash, Water Ash, Amer.
Engravings. Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. t. 122.: and

our figs. 1257. and 1258.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaflets 3 pairs, 3 in. to
4 in. long, acute at both ends, sessile,
ovate-lanceolate, serrated, having the
axils of the veins villous beneath. Young
branches green, beset with black dots.
Buds brown or blue. Flowers like
those of the common ash. (Don's Mill.)
A deciduous tree. Canada to Carolina.
Height 60 ft. to 70 ft. in America ; in
England 30 ft. Introduced in 1800.
Flowers greenish yellow ; May.

Variety.

If F. («.) s. 2 crispa Lodd. Cat. ed.

1836 has the leaves curled. Lod.

T T 4

1257. F. (a.)^ainbucifolia.

648

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM URITANNICUM.

The buds are of a deep bine, and the young shoots are
sprinkled with dots of the same colour, which disappear as the
season advances. The leaves, at their unfolding, are accompanied
by scales, which fall after two or three weeks: they are \~2 or
15 inches long when fully developed ; and the leaflets are sessile,
of a deep green colour, smooth on the upper surface, and coated
with red down on the main ribs beneath. When bruised, they
emit an odour like that of the leaves of the elder. The sa-
maras resemble those of the blue ash (P. quadrangulata), and
are nearly as broad at the base as at the summit. The black
ash is easily distinguished from the white ash by its bark,
which is of a duller hue, less deeply furrowed, and has the
layers of the epidermis applied in broad sheets l*58bucff &»?!»! *"

t 12. F. (A.) QUADRANGULA^TA Michx. The quadrangular-iraHrfo'rf Ash.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 255. ; Pursh Sopt., 1. p. 8. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 55.
Synonymes. F. tetragona Cels ex Dum. Cours. ; F. quadrangularis Lodd. Cat. oil. 1836 ; blue Ash,
' Amer.
Engravings. Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. t. 123. ; and OUT figs. 1259. and 1260.

Spec. Char*, <frc. Leaflets almost sessile, elliptic-lanceolate, serrated, downy
beneath. Samara blunt at both ends. Branches quadrangular. (Don's
Mill.) A deciduous tree. Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Height GO ft.
to 70 ft. Introduced in 1823. Flowers greenish yellow ; May.

Variety.

t F. (a.) q. 2 nervosa Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — Leaves with conspicuous
nerves.

The leaves are from 1 2 in. to 18 in.
long, and are composed of 2, 3, or 4
pairs of leaflets, with an odd one.
The leaflets are large, smooth, oval-
acuminate, distinctly toothed, and sup-
ported by short petiolules. The young
shoots to which the leaves are attached
are distinguished by 4 opposite mem-
branes, 3 or 4 lines broad, and of a
greenish colour, extending through
their whole length. This
character disappears in the
third or fourth year, leaving
only the traces of itsexist-
ence. The seeds are flat
from one extremity to the
other, and a little narrowed
towards the base. Readily
distinguished from all the
other varieties of American
ash, as far as we have been
able to observe these in the
neighbourhood of London, by
the bark of the trunk, which
cracks and separates at the
edges into thin plates, much
in the same way aa that of the white American oak (Quercus alba).

¥ 13. F. (A.) /UGLANDIFOVLIA Lam. The Walnut-leaved Ash.

Identification. Lam. Diet., 2. p. 543. ; Pursh Sept, 1. p. 9. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 55.

Synvwmes. F. viridis Michx. N. Amer. SyJ. 3. p. 65. t. 120. ; F. c6ncolor Muhl. ; the green Ash,

A/icA*. ; western black Ash, P««A.
Engravings. Michx. N. Amer. SyL, 3. t. 120. ;, the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our

%*. laCl. and 1262.

1*39. F. (a.) quadrangulfcu.

xi, viu. m,KAv<i:/K: / KA'XINUS.

649

Sj)ec. Char. i $c. Leaflets :i — I pairs, .Sin. long, membranous, glabrous, but
not shining, eaiiescc'iit beneath, downy in the axils of the veins, stalked,
elliptic-lanceolate, serrated, glaucous beneath. Petioles glabrous. Branches
glabrous, and, like the buds, greyish brown. Flowers calyculate. Calyx
4-toothed. Corymbs pendulous. Samara linear. (Don's Mill.) A de-
ciduous tree. Canada to North Carolina ; found in shady wet woods, and
cliiv.fly in the western districts. Height 30 ft. to 50 ft. Introduced in 1724.
Flowers greenish yellow ; May.

Variety.

5f F. (a.) j. 2 tvOntegtrrma Vahl Enum. i. p. 50. .F.juglandifolia (3 sub-
^errata /IV/A/. ; F. earoliniana Wangcnh. Amer. p. 81. ex Willd. Du
Roi Harh/c. ed. 2. vol. i. p. 400. ex Vahl., F. Novae-A'ngliae and
F. earoliniana Mill. Diet. Nos. 5, 6. ? — Leaflets nearly entire.

The green ash is easily
recognised by the brilliant
colour of its young shoots ;
and by its leaves being nearly
of the same colour on both
surfaces. From this uniform-
ity, which is rarely observed
in the foliage of trees, Dr.
Muhlenburg applied the spe-
cific name cdncolor ; and Mi-
chaux gave this tree the popular

1261. /•'. (a.)Juglamliaila.

1SGS. F. (a.)Jug]andifulia.

name of the green ash. The leaves vary in length from Gin. to 15 in.
with from 2 to 4 pairs of leaflets, and an odd one, according to the
vigour of the tree, and to the coolness of the soil in which it grows. The
leaflets are petiolated, and distinctly denticulated. The seeds are small ; and
the tree does not attain a great size. There is a splendid specimen 70 ft.
high on the banks of the Thames, adjoining Pope's villa, which is that figured
in our first edition.

2 14. F. (A.) CAROLINIA'NA Lam. The Carolina Ash.

Identification. Lam. Diet., 2. p. 643. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 9. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 55. ; Lodd. Cat.,

Synonymes. F. excelsior Walt. Fl. Car. p. 254. ; F. serratifblia Michx.fil. Arb. p. 33. ; F. lanceo-

Itlta liorkh. ; shining Ash, Amer.
Engraving. Our fig. 2100. in p. 1109.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaflets 2—3 pairs, oval, petiolate, serrated, glabrous and
shining above. Flowers calyculate. Branches glabrous, and, like the buds,
brownish. Racemes loose, l£in. long, often twin from the same bud.
Pedicels numerous, umbellate. Calyx small, campanulate. (I)orfs Mill.,
adapted.) A deciduous tree. Pennsylvania to Carolina. Height 30 ft. to
50ft. Introduced in 1783. Flowers greenish yellow ; May andJune.

650 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM B1UTANNICUM.

This is a very remarkable variety, readily distinguished by the large size of
its leaflets, which are nearly round, but acuminated, and seldom consist of
more than two pairs, with an odd one. The samaras are unlike those of any
of the preceding sorts ; being flat, oval, and often almost as broad as they are
long. In spring, the lower surface of the leaves, and the young shoots, are
covered with down, which disappears as the summer advances. H. S., Lod.

If 15. F. (A.) EPI'PTERA Valil. The wing-topped-smfcrf, or two-coloured,.

Ash.

Identification. Pursh Sept., 1. p. 8. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 55.
St/nonymes. F. canadensis Gtzrtn. Fruct. 1. p. 222. t. 49. ; F. 16ncea Bosc.

Engravings. Gsertn. Fruct., 1. t. 49. ; the plate "of this tree in Arb. Brit.. 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and
our fig. 1263.

12G3. F. (a.) epiptera.

Spec. Char.y $c. Leaflets lanceolate-elliptic, subserrated, opaque, and downy
beneath on the veins. Samara cuneated, obtuse and emarginate at the apex,
and terete at the bottom. Young branches green, covered with white dots.
Bark chinky. Flowers calyculate. Buds brown. (Don's Mill.) A de-
ciduous tree. Canada to Carolina. Height 50ft. Introduced in 1823.
Flowers greenish yellow ; May. Lod. and Hort. Soc. Garden.

• y 16. F. (A.) PLATYCA'RPA Vahl. The broad-fruited Ash.

Identification. Vahl Enum., 1. p. 49. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 9. : Don's Mill., 4. p. 55. : Lodd.. Cat.,

ed. 1836.

Synonymes. F. caroliniana Catesb. Car. t. 80. ; the Carolina Ash, Amer.
Engravings. Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. fig. 124. ; and our figs. 1264. and 1265.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaflets almost sessile, very distinctly serrated, elliptic-lan-
ceolate, 2 in. long and 1 in. broad ; having the larger veins villous beneath.
Samara elliptic-lanceolate, 2 in. long, acute at both ends. (Don's Mill.) A
deciduous tree. Virginia and Carolina. Height 30ft. to 50ft. Intro-
duced in 1724. Flowers greenish yellow ; May.

XLVITI. OLEA CEJE : 0 RNUS.

651

Very easily known
from all the other
American ashes, by
the leaves dying off,
in the autumn, of a
fine purple. Loci,
and Hort. Soc.

Other alleged Ame-
rican Species. — F
(a.) expansa Willd.,
F. (a.) mixta Bosc,
F. (a.) pulverulenta
Bosc, F. (a.) rubi-
cunda Hose, F. (a.)
iongifolia Bosc, F.
(a.) viridis Bosc, F. (a.) cinerea
Bosc, F. (a.) alba Bosc, F.
(a.) Richardz' Bosc, F. (a.)
ovata Bosc, F. (a. ) nigra Bosc,
F. (a.) elliptica Bosc, F. (a.)
fusca Bosc, F. (a.) rufa Bosc,
F. (a.) pannosa Vent, et Bosc,
F. BOSCM G. Don, F. (a.)
joolemoniifolia Poir., F. (a.)
triptera Nutt., F. chinensis

Roxbn F. Schiededna Schlecht. are described in our first edition, and plants
of most of them may be had at Messrs. Loddiges's, and in other London
nurseries. Except the last two they are only varieties, and in our opinion
not worth keeping distinct.

GENUS VII.

O'RNUS Pers. THE FLOWERING ASH. Lin. Syst. Diandria Monogynia,
or Polygamia Dioe^cia.

Identification. Pers. Ench., 1. p. 8. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 6. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 56.

Synonymes. jFraxinus sp. of the older authors ; le Frene a Fleurs, Fr. ; die bliihende Esche, Ger. ;

Orno, Ital. ; Oren, Hebrew ; Oreine melia, Greek.
Derivation. From oros, the Greek word for a mountain.

Gen. Char., $c. Flowers hermaphrodite, or of distinct sexes. Calyx 4-parted
or 4-toothed. Corolla 4-parted ; segments long, ligulate. Stamens with
long filaments. Stigma emarginate. Samara I -celled, 1-seeded, winged.
(Don's Mill.)

Leaves compound, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous ; impari-pinnate.
Floiuei-s in tevminal or axillary panicles.

Trees, deciduous ; natives of Europe, North America, and Asia ; in British
gardens, propagated by grafting on the common ash, and sometimes by seeds.

4 1. O. EUROP^A Pers. The European Flowering, or Manna, Ash.

Identification. Pers. Ench., 1. p. 9. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 56.

Synonymes. fYaxinus O'rnus Lin. Sp. 1510.; F. O'rnus and F. paniculata Mill. Diet. No. 3, and

No. 4. ; F. florifera Scop. Corn. No. 1250. ; F. botryoldes Mor. Prcelud. 265. ; F. vulgatior Segn.

Ver. 2. p. 290.
Engravings. Fl. Graec., 1. t. 4. ; N. Du Ham., t. 15. j the plates of this species in Arb. Brit., 1st

edit, vol. vi. j and our^g. 1266.

Sf>ec. Char., $c. Leaves with 3 — 4< pairs of lanceolate or elliptic, attenuated,
serrated, stalked leaflets, which are entire at the base, vilious or downy

652

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

beneath. Flowers complete or hermaphrodite, greenish white. Pedun-
cles axillary, solitary, shorter than the leaves. Young branches purplish
or livid, with yellow dots. Buds cinereous. (Don's Mil!.} A deciduous tree.
South of Europe. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft. Introduced in 1 730. Flowers
white ; May and June. Samara brown ; ripe in October.

1265. O'rnus europae^a.

A very handsome small tree, and a free flowerer. It and also the following
species, and probably all those of both the genera Fraxinus and O'rnus, ex-
travasate sap, which, when it becomes concrete, is mild and mucilaginous.
This sap is produced in more abundance by O'rnus europae^a and O. rotundi-
folia, than by any other species ; collected from these trees, it forms an
article of commerce under the name of manna, which is chiefly obtained from
Calabria and Sicily, where the tree abounds.

¥ 2. O. (E.) ROTUNDIFO'LIA Pers. The round-leafleted Flowering,
or Manna, Ash.

Identification . Pers. Ench., 2. p. 605. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 57.
Sunonymes. .Fraxinus rotundifolia Ait. Hort. Kcw. 3. p. 445. ; F. mannifera
~'~ V. Aim. 182. f. 4.

and our figs. 1267.

1267. o. (e.) rotundifolia.

Hort. Pluk. Aim. 182. f. 4.

Engravings. Willd. Baum., t. 2. f. 1. ; Pluk. Aim., p. 4
and 1268.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves with 3 — 5 pairs of roundish-ovate,
bluntly serrated, almost sessile leaflets, which are
narrow at the base, rather small, and glabrous.
Petioles channeled. Flowers with purplish pe-
tals, polygamous. Peduncles axillary. Branches
and buds brown. The flowers come out in the
spring, before the leaves, like those of other
species of this genus, as well as of that of Frax-
inus. (Don's Mill.) A low tree. Calabria and the
Levant, &c. Height 16 ft. to 20 ft. ; in England
30 ft. to 40ft. Introd. 1697. Flowers white ; April.

XLVIII. OLEA'CEJE: O'RNUS.

653

O'rnus amencana Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836.

1269. O. <e.) amerfcana.

¥ 3 O. (E.) AMERICANA Pursh. The American Flowering Ash.

Identification. Pursh Sept., 1. p. 9. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 57

Si/nonymcs. F. americana Linn. Sp. 1510. ? ; " "'- -

Engraving. Our fig. 1269.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves

with 2 — 5 pairs of oblong

or ovate - acuminated,

shining, serrated leaflets,

each 3 in. to 5 in. long,

and 2 in. broad, and hav-
ing the larger veins rather

villous, glaucous, and

paler beneath, the odd

one rather cordate. Flow-
ers with petals, disposed

in terminal panicles.

Branches brownish grey.

Buds brown. Samara

narrow, obtuse, mucro-

nate. (Don's Mill.) A

tree. North America.

Height 30 ft. to 40 ft.

Introd. in 1820. Flowers

white; April and May.

A more robust-growing
plant than O. europa?"a.

3f 4. O. FLORIBU'NDA G. Don. The abundant-flowered Flowering Ash.

Identification. G. Don in Loud. Hort. Brit., p. 12. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 57.
Synonymc. Fraxinus floribunda D. Don Prod. FL Nep. p. 106.
Engravings. Wall. PI. Rar. Asiat., 2. t. 277. ; and our Jig. 1270.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves with 2 — 3 pairs of elliptic-oblong, acuminated,
serrated, glabrous, stalked leaflets, and an odd one, varying much in figure,
the terminal, or odd,
one the largest. Pa-
nicles terminal, com-
pound, thyrsoid.
Samara linear, or
narrow - spathulate,
obtuse, and entire.
Bark ash-coloured,
dotted. Branchlets
compressed. (Don's
Mill.) A deciduous
tree. Nepal. Height
30 ft. to 40 ft. In-
trod. 1822. Flowers
white ; April.

There was a plant
of this species in the
Horticultural Socie-
ty's Garden, against
the conservative wall,
which died in the
spring of 1836. mo. o.florib6nda.

O. stridta Swt. ; -Fraxinus striata Hose, Don's Mill. 4. p. 57. ; is a native of
North America, said to have been introduced in 1818, but we have not seen
the plant nor a figure of it.

654

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

ORDER XLIX. JASMINAVCE^E.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx tubular, divided or toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-cleft ;
aestivation imbricate and twisted. Stamens epipetalous. Ovarium 2-celled.
Cells 1-seeded. Style 1. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a didymous berry, or a
biparted capsule. Albumen sparing, or wanting altogether. This differs
from Oleineae, to which it is nearly allied, by the erect ovula, structure of
seeds, and aestivation of corolla. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple or compound, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous or ever-
green ; ternate or imparipinnate, with the petioles for the most part articu-
lated. Flowers opposite, in corymbs. — Shrubs, deciduous or evergreen ;
natives of Europe, Asia, and America.

GENUS I.

3BH

JASMFNUM Forskoel. THE JASMINE. Lin. Syst. Diandria Monogynia.

Identification. Forskoel -iEgyp. Arab., p. 59. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 59.

Synonymes. Mongorium Lam. ; Jessamine ; Jasmin, Fr. and Ger. j Schasmin, Ger. ; Gelsomine,
Ital. ; Jazmin, Span.

Derivation. Linnaeus derives this name from ton, a violet, and osme, smell : but the scent of the
flowers has no resemblance to that of the violet. Forskoel, in his JEgi/p. Arab. p. 59., says that
it is taken from the Arabian name of the plant, Ysmym, which appears much more probable.

Gen. Char., $c. Calyx tubular, 5 — 8-toothed or 5 — 8-cleft. Corolla 5— 8-cleft.
Stigma 2-lobed or bifid. Berry didymous, having one of the lobes usually
abortive. Seeds without albumen. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple or compound, opposite, exstipulate, mostly sub-evergreen ;
mostly entire. Petioles articulated. Flowers white or yellow, axillary or
terminal, odoriferous. — Shrubs, usually sub-evergreen, and twining or ram-
bling ; natives of Europe, Asia, or Africa. Propagated readily by cuttings
in common garden soil, and usually grown against walls.

« « 1 . J. FRUVTICANS L. The Sprig-producing, or shrubby, Jasmine.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1. p. 9., Syst., ed. 14. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 63.
Synonyme. J. heterophyllum Mcench, Lob. Adv. p. 389. f. 390.

Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 461. ; Schmidt Baum., 3. t. 148.; our fig. 1271., anAfig. 1272. from a
living specimen.

Spec. Char., tyc. Leaves alternate, trifoliolate, and
simple, glabrous ; leaflets obovate or cuneiform,
obtuse. Branches an-
gular. Calycine seg-
ments subulate. Pe-
duncles terminal, by
threes. Corolla yel-
low, with oblong ob-
tuse segments. (Don's
Mill.) A sub-ever-
green shrub. South of
Europe, and through-
out the Levant.
Height 6ft. to 8ft.
Introduced in 1570.
Flowers yellow ; May
to October. Fruit
black ; ripe Nov.

A very desirable sub-evergreen, either for planting in borders, or against
walls ; flowering freely, and ripening abundance of fruit. It sends up numerous
suckers ; which, when it is desired that the plant should assume a garden-

i

1271. J. firtticans.

1272. J. frutican».

XLIX.

: /ASM^NUM.

655

1273. J. htimlle.

esque character, should all be removed, leaving the branches to proceed from
a single stem, or from two, three, or any other small and limited number ot
stems.

j* «. 2. J. HU'MILE L. The humble, or
Italian yellow, Jasmine.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1. p. 9. ; Vahl Enum., 1.

p. 33.; Don's Mill., 4. p. 63.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 350. ; Schmidt Baum.,

t. 149. ; and our Jig. U73.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves alternate, acute,
trifoliolate, and pinnate. Branches
angular. Calycine segments very
short. Plant glabrous. Peduncles
terminal, twin or ternary, 3-flowered.
Corolla yellow, with oblong obtuse
segments. (Don's Mill') An erect
sub-evergreen shrub. Madeira. Height
3 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced in 1656.
Flowers yellow; June to September.

st * 3. J. HETEROPHY'LLUM Roxb. The various-leaved Jasmine.

Identification. Roxb. Fl. Ind., 1. p. 99. and 164. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 63.
Synonymes. J. arbureum Hamilt. MSS. ; Goojee and Javana in Nepal.
Engravings. Wall. PI. Asiat. Rar., 3. t. 275. ; and OUT Jig. 1274.

Spec. Char., fyc. Arbore-
ous. Leaves alternate,
simple or trifoliolate,
oblong-elliptic or broad-
ovate, and acuminated,
waved, lucid, firm, gla-
brous. Panicles termi-
nal, trichotomous, fas-
tigiate, corymbose, and
downy. Calyx urceo-
late, with short subulate
teeth. Segments of the
corolla oblong, equal to
the tube in length.
Leaves variable. (Don's
Mill.} A middle-sized
tree ; in England a sub-evergreen shrub. Nepal. Height 6 ft. to 20 ft.
Introduced in 1820. Flowers bright yellow, fragrant; July and August.

"V

1274. J. heterophjllum.

& * 4. J. REvonfTUM Ker. The revolute-
Jlowered Jasmine.

Identification. Ker Bot. Reg., t. 178. ; Don's Mill., 4.

p. 64.
Synonymes. J. chrysanthemum Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1. p. 93. ;

the Nepal yellow Jasmine.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 178. ; Bot. Mag., t. 1731.;

Bot. Cab., t. 966. ; and our Jig. 1275.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves alternate, pinnate.
Leaflets 5 — 7, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic,
glabrous, on short petiolules. Corymbs
terminal, compound. Calycine teeth very
short, mucronate. Branches angular, gla-
brous. Leaves shining, and flowers bright
and yellow, and very fragrant. (Don's
Mill.) A rambling sub-evergreen shrub.
North of Hindostan and Nepal, on

1275. J. reroltitum.

656

ARBORETUM KT FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM,

mountains. Height 10 ft. to 15ft. Introduced in 1812. Flowers bright
yellow, very fragrant ; May to October.
Readily propagated by cuttings, and a free grower
and flowerer in any common soil and exposure.

& * 5. J. (R.) PUBI'GERUM D. Don. The downy
Nepal Jasmine.

Identification. D. Don Prod. Fl. Nep., p. 106. ; Don's Mill., 4.

p. 64.
Synonymes. J. Vfallichitlnum Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1409. ; Climali-

swa, Nepalese.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1409. ; and owe fig. 127G.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves alternate, pinnate. Leaflets
7 — 9 . ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acuminated,
sessile, downy while young. Branches angular,
downy. Peduncles elongated, 1-flowered, termi-
nal, subcorymbose, downy. Teeth of calyx short.
Segments of corolla 5 — 6, obtuse. Flowers yel-
low, and smaller than those of J. revolutum.
(Don's Mill.) A rambling sub-evergreen shrub.
Nepal. Height 10 ft. to 12 ft. Introduced in

1827. Flowers yellow ; May to October. me , {j) pubigerum.

So closely resembles the preceding one, that we cannot doubt its being only

a variety of it.

JL L 6. J. OFFICINA^LE L. The officinal, or common, Jasmine.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1. p. 9. ; Vahl Enum., 1. p 34. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 63.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 31. ; Schmidt Baum., 3. t. 150. ; and our fig. 1277.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves opposite, pinnate ; leaflets ovate, acuminated, ter-
minal one longest. Young buds erection. Plant glabrous. Branches
angular. Calycine segments 5, subulate. Corolla white, 4 — 5-cleft, sweet-
scented. (Don's Mill.} A climbing shrub, evergreen from the colour of its
shoots. Malabar to Georgia and Mount Caucasus, in woods. Stems 40 ft.
to 50 ft. Introd. 1596, or long before. Flowers white, highly odoriferous ;
June to August. Fruit black, only produced occasionally in England.
Varieties,

1 fl- J. o. 2 foliis argenteis Lodd. Cat. — Leaves

striped with white.
JL A. J. o. 3 foliis aureis Lodd. Cat. — Leaves

striped with yellow.

1 fi. J. o. 4 floribus plenis Hort. — Flowers
double, very rare.

The common jasmine generally loses its leaves in
the winter season, especially in exposed situations;
but, as its young shoots are of a fine deep green, and
the plant is generally covered with them, it has the
appearance at that season of an evergreen. The
shoots are frequently produced 7 or 8 feet in length,
and upwards, in one season.

1277. J. officinWe.

ORDER L.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla 5-lobed, deciduous ; Eestiva-
tion imbricate. Stamens 5, epipetalous. Ovarium solitary or twin, usually
many-seeded. Styles 1 or 2. Stigmas, where 2, applied to each other.
Fruit follicular, drupaceous, or baccate ; solitary or twin ; 1- or many-
seeded. Albumen generally present. — Distinguished from Asc\epiade<z in the
structure of the anthers and stigmas. {G. Don.)

Flowers

L. ^POCYNAHCE^E : Fl'NCA. 657

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, evergreen; entire, shining. Fh.
axillary. — Trailing, suffruticose, evergreen shrubs ; natives of Europe.

GENUS I.

iJ

FTNCA L. THE PERIWINKLE. Lin. Syst. Pentandria Monogjnia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 295. ; Juss., 144. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 95.

Si/noni/mes. Pervinca Tour^i. t. 45. ; la Pervenche, Fr. ; Suungriin, Ger. ; Vinca, or Fior da

Mor'to, Jtal.
Derivation. In Don's Miller, this word is said to be derived from vinco, to conquer ; because the

species subdue other plants by their creeping roots, or bind them by their runners : but a much

better origin seems to be from vinculum, a baud, on account of the suitableness of the shoots for

the purpose of making bands.

Gen. Char., $c. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped ; tube longer than the
calyx ; throat bearded ; segments of the limb flat, oblique, truncate at the
apex. Stamens 5, inserted in the throat, enclosed. Anthers ending each
in a hairy membrane at the apex, which connive over the stigma. Stigma
bearded, seated on a flat orbicular disk, which is grooved round the cir-
cumference. Glands 2, alternating with the ovaries, glabrous, as well as
they. Follicles 2, erect, terete, narrow, dehiscing lengthwise, few-seeded.
Seeds cylindrical, naked. Albumen fleshy. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves as in the Order. Flowers axillary, solitary, alternate, pedunculate ;
blue, purple, or white. — Shrubs, evergreen, sufFruticose, creeping or trail-
ing ; natives of Europe ; of the easiest culture ; and readily propagated by
division, layers, or cuttings : valuable in pleasure-grounds, as thriving under
the dense shade of trees and shrubs.

^ 1. V. MA'JOR L. The greater Periwinkle.

Identification. Lin. Sp., p. 304. ; Don's Mill.j 4. p. 95. ; Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836.

Synonumes. Tinea media Dcliie ; Pervfnca major Scop. Cam. No. 274.

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 514. ; Baxt. Brit. Fl. PL, vol. 2. t. 158. ; and our figs. 1278. and 1279.

Spec. Char,, $c. Stamens erectish. Leaves ovate, acute, ciliated. Calycine
teeth linear-subulate, ciliated, usually with a small tooth on each side at
the base. Segments of corolla broad, obovate.

1278. V. major.

This species is larger in all its
parts than the following sort.
Flowering stems erect ; barren
ones trailing. (Don's Mill.) A
low, trailing or creeping, suf-
fruticose evergreen. Middle
and South of Europe, and
apparently wild in some parts
of Britain. Height 2 ft., form-
ing a dense, dark green, low,
trailing bush, growing freely
under the shade of other trees,
and producing its fine blue
flowers from March to Sept.

1279. V. major.

Variety.

V. ?n. 2 variegata Hort. — Leaves variegated with white and yellow.
ik 2. F. MI'NOR L. The less Periwinkle.

»"• '• M

,, ,. ,6. , »d our ^ UK

Spec Char., Sfc. Stems procumbent. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous.

u u

658

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Calycine segments linear-lanceolate, bluntish.
Segments of corolla broadish at top. Flow-
ering stems usually erect. Flowers void of
scent. Corolla blue, with white throat,
varying to purple and white ; of a smaller
size than that of V. major. (Don's Mill.)
A trailing evergreen undershrub. Europe ;
in many places in Britain, in hedges and
woods, in rather damp situations. Flowers
blue ; March till September.

Varieties.

&r V. m. 2 fbliis argenteis Lodd. Cat. —

Leaves variegated with white.
3U- V. m. 3 fbliis aureis Lodd. Cat. — Leaves

variegated with yellow.
SW V. m. ^ fibre dlbo Lodd. Cat. —Flowers

white.
!IW V. m. bflorepleno Lodd. Cat — Flowers

double.
aw V. TO. 6 fore pumceo Lodd. Cat. —

Flowers red.
At V. m. 7 acutiflbra Bert. — Leaves ovate

acute at both ends j margins glabrous .

Segments of corolla oblique ; ovate-
acuminate. South of Europe. Flowers blue ; March and April.

ORDER LI.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla 5-lobed ; aestivation usually
imbricate. Stamens 5, epipetalous. Pollen masses equal in number to the
cells of the anthers, which are 2 or 4, and fixed to fine processes of the
stigma. Ovarium twin. Styles 2, crowned by one stigma. Fruit of 2
follicles. Seeds numerous, imbricate, furnished with a tuft of hair at the
umbilicus. Albumen thin, — The pollen being combined into a definite
number of waxy masses separates this order from all other dicotyledonous
orders. (Cr. Don.)

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous ; shining, entire. Flower*
subumbellate. — Twining shrubs ; natives of South Europe and Asia.

GENUS I.

PERI'PLOCA L. THE PERIPLOCA.

R. Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc., 1. p. 57.
Periploca Fr. ; Schlinge, Ger. ; Periploca, Ital.

Lin. Syst. Pentandria Digynia

Don's Mill.. 4. p. 163.

Identification.

Synonymes.

Derivation. From peripleko, to wrap about ; in allusion tc the twining stems.

Gen. Char.y fyc. Corolla rotate. Throat furnished with 5 awned scales, which
alternate with the segments of the corolla. Filaments distinct. Anthers
cohering, bearded on the back. Pollen masses applied to the dilated tops
of the corpuscles of the stigma, solitary, or composed of 4 confluent ones.
Stigma almost mutic. Follicles cylindrical, much divaricate, smooth. Seeds
comose. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves as in the Order. Flowers subcorymbose, interpetiolar. — Shrubs,

LI.

I PEIll'PLOCA,

659

deciduous, twining, glabrous ; natives of the South of Europe ; and propa-
gated by cuttings of the root or shoots, or by layers,

.J 1 . P. GR^CA L. The Greek Periploca.

Identification. Lin. Sp., p. 309. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 163. ; Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836.

Si/nonymes. P. maculata Moencfi, Schmidt Baum. 1. t. 46. ; Silk Tree ; Apocino serpeggiante,

Ital.
Engravings. Fl. Grzec., t. 249. ; Bot Reg., t. 803. ; and our figs. 1281. and 1282.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves varying from ovate to lanceolate, 3 in. to 4 in. long.
Corymbs on long peduncles. Flowers hairy inside. Branches brown.
Segments of corolla linear, rounded at the
apex, greenish outside and brownish inside,
and clothed with copious short hairs. (Don's
Mill.) A deciduous twining shrub. South of
France, Bithynia ; found also about Bursa, and
on Mount Athos. Stems 20 ft. to 30 ft. Intro-
duced in 1597. Flowers
rich velvety brown ; July
and August.

The remarkable colour

and rich velvety appearance

of the flowers, the elegant

form of the leaves, and the

facility with which the plant

can be made to cover an

extensive space, render it

useful for arbours, &c. ; but
the odour of the flowers is considered unwholesome, and even dangerous to
those who are long exposed to it.

-£ 2. P. ANGUSTIFO'LIA Labill. The narrow-leaved Periploca.

Identification. Labill. PI. Syr., dec. 2. p. 13. t. 7. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 163

tnonymes. P. rigida Viv. ; P. laevigata Vahl.
igravings. Labill. PI. Syr., dec. 2. p. 13. t. 17. ; and our fig. 1283.

pec. Char., $c. Leaves veinless, nar-
row-lanceolate, glabrous, persis-
tent. Cymes trichotomous. Flow-
ers purplish inside, pale yellow
beneath and round the mouth,
with a white spot in the middle.
Leaves 1 in. long. (Don's Mill.)
A twining shrub. Tunis, o n Mount
Schibel Jsekel ,• and of the Island
of Lampedosa, at the sea side,
near Laodicea. Stem 20 ft. to
30ft. Introduced in 1800, and

1282. P. grse^ca.

1883. P. angustittlia.

PHYSIA'NTHUS dlbens Mart.,(Bot. Reg., 1. 1759. ; and our
fig. 1285.), a ligneous climber from Buenos Ayres, has stood
out against a wall in the Horticultural Society's Garden, and
in some of the London nurseries,
during the winter of 1838-1839. It
is a plant of very interesting and
uncommon aspect, and not only
flowers freely, but produces its ovate
pointed fruit (fig. 1284.), which, be-
ing in clusters and large, has a very
singular appearance. Introd. 1830.

U 17 2

1981. T. ilhens.

660 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

ORDER LIT. BIGNON/^fC^^.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx divided or entire. Corolla tubular, generally irregular,
4, — 5-lobed. Stamens 5, but either 1 or 3 of them are sterile. Ovarium 2-
celled, guarded by a glandular disk. Stigma bilamellate. Capsule 2-valved,
2-celled. Dissepiment parallel or contrary. Seeds compressed, winged.
Albumen none. — The structure of the fruit and placentation of the seeds
readily distinguish this order from its allies. (G. Don.)

Leaiies simple or compound, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous or sub-
evergreen ; serrated or entire. Flowers terminal and axillary. — Shrubs,
climbing by tendrils ; natives of North America and China.

The genera which contain hardy species are thus distinguished : —

BiGNONN//4 Tourn. Calyx 5-toothed. Dissepiment of the fruit parallel.
TE'COMA Juss. Calyx 5-toothed. Dissepiment of the fruit contrary.
CATA'LPA Juss. Calyx 2-parted. Dissepiment of the fruit parallel.

GENUS I.

BIGNOvN/y* Tourn. THE TRUMPET FLOWER. Lin. Syst. Didynamia
Angiosplrmia.

Identification. Tourn. Inst., 72. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 216.

Synonymes. Bignone, Fr. ; Trompetenblume, Ger. ; Bignonia, Ital.

Derivation. Named by Tournefort in compliment to Abbd Bignon, librarian to Louis XIV.

Gen. Char., fyc. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, rarely entire. Corclla with a
short tube, a campanulate throat, and a 5-lobed bilabiate limb. Stamens 4,
didynamous, that is, 2 long and 2 short; with the rudiment of a fifth.
Lobes of anthers divaricate. Stigma bilamellate. Capsule silique-formed,
2-celled ; having the dissepiment parallel with the valves. Seeds disposed
in 2 rows, imbricate, transverse, with membranous wings. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves compound, opposite, sub-evergreen ; conjugate, stipulate, tri-
foliolate. Flowers axillary, usually panicled. — Shrubs, usually scanderit,
furnished with tendrils. The only hardy species is a deciduous climber, a
native of North America ; and easily propagated by cuttings of the roots,
or shoots, in common soil.

1 1. B. CAPREOLA'TA L. The tendriled Bignonia, or Trumpet Flower.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 870. ; Hort. Cliff., 317. ; Don's Mill., 4.

'p. 217.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 864. ; and our fig. 1286.

Spec. Char., $c. Climbing. Leaves conjugate ; leaflets
cordate-oblong ; lower ones simple. Tendrils small,
trifid ; the lobes bifurcate. Peduncles axillary, 1-
flowered, crowded. Calyx entire. Corollas reddish
yellow. Follicles flattened, 1 ft. long. (Don's Mill.)
A climbing deciduous shrub. North America, in
the more southern parts. Stem 15 ft. to 20 ft.
Introduced in 1710. Flowers orange brown; June
and July.

A very ornamental wall climber, but it requires a
sheltered situation and favourable exposure, in order
to flower freely. In sheltered situations, in a climate
not colder than that of London, it forms a very desirable shrub for covering
latticework, either forming the support of a verandah, or the sides and roof
of a berceau or bower.

L1I. BIGNON-WCS^: TEfCOMA. 661

GENUS II.

TE'COMA Juss. THE TECOMA. Lin. Syst. Didynamia Angiospermia.

Identification. Juss. Gen., p. 139. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 223.

Syiwnyme. Bignon/a sp. of Lin. and others.

Derivation. From Tecomaxochitl, the Mexican name of one of the species.

Gen. Char., fyc. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla with a short tube
and a campanulate throat ; limb 5-lobed, bilabiate. Stamens 4, didynamous,
that is, 2 long and 2 short ; with the rudiment of a fifth sterile filament.
Sligma bilamellate. Capsule siiique-formed, 2-celled, having the dissepi-
ment contrary to the valves. Seeds disposed in 2 rows, imbricate, winged,
transverse. (Don's Mill )

Leaves compound, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous ; imparipinnate.
Flowers terminal, panicled, orange or scarlet. — Shrubs, scandent, decidu-
ous ; natives of Asia and North America.

The only hardy species yet introduced is a deciduous climbing shrub, quite
hard)', and readily propagated by cuttings of the shoots or roots.

-i 1. T. RADIVCANS Juss. The rooting- branched Tecoma, or Trumpet Flower.

Identification. Juss. Gen., p. 139. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 225.

Synonymes. Bignbn/a radicans Lin. Sp. 871. ; Bignbma radicans major Hort. ; Gelsemium Clematis
Barrel. Icon. 59. ; Bignonm /raxinifdlia Catesb. Car. ; Jasmin de Virginie, Fr. ; Wurzeln Big-
nonia, Ger. ; Esschenbladige Bignonia, Dutch. ; Gelsomino americano, Hal.

Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 485. ; and our fig. 1287.

Spec. Char., fyc. Climbing, glabrous. Branches
rough, rooting. Leaflets 9, ovate, acuminated,
coarsely serrated. Racemes terminal, corymbose,
on long peduncles. Tube of corolla 5 times
longer than the calyx. (Don's Mill.) A robust
deciduous climber, which fixes itself to trees or
walls by its roots, like ivy. Carolina, Florida, and
Virginia. Steins 20ft. to 30ft. Introduced in
1640. Flowers scarlet and orange-coloured, large ;
August and September.

Variety.

.1 T. r. 2 major Hort. has the flowers larger and
of a darker scarlet; the leaves, also, differ
considerably, both in size and shape. Ca-
rolina ; August. Introduced in 1724.

In British gardens it grows vigorously, producing n,7. r.rad-,cans.

tufts of leaves and fine flowers abundantly at the
extremity of the branches, but is rather apt to become naked below.

.1 2. T. GRANDIFLO^RA $wt. The great-flowered Tecoma.

Identification. Sweet's Hort. Brit., p. 14. ;-Don's Mill.,

4. p. 225.
Synonymes. Bigndm'a grandifl6ra Thunb. Fl. Jap.

253. ; B. chinensis Lam. Diet. 1. p. 424. ; Rjotsjo

K<einpf. Amcen. p. 856. ; Incarvillea grandifloja

Sprcng Syst. 2. p. 836. ; Tung-von-fa, Chinese.
Engravings. Banks Icon. Kasmpf., t. 21.; and our

fig. 12S8.

Spec. Char., $c. Slightly scandent, glabrous.
Leaflets? — 9, ovate, acuminated, coarsely
serrated, attenuated at the base. Pani-
cles terminal, pendulous. Calycine seg-
ments lanceolate, length of the tube of
the corolla. Branches rooting. Young
shoots spotted with dark purple. Leaves

u u 3

662

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

6 in. to 10 in. long. Petioles marginate. Flowers pendulous, forming ter-
minal cross-armed panicles, large, of a tawny orange colour on the outside,
and of a tolerably bright reddish orange colour inside, with brighter streaks.
Nectary a glandular crenated ring. Anterior lobe of stigma recurved.
(Don's Mill.) A climbing deciduous shrub. China and Japan. Stem 20 ft.
to 30ft. Introduced in 1800. Flowers orange-coloured ; July and August.
Almost as hardy as Tecoma radicans, which it greatly resembles, but of a

slighter habit, though it has much larger flowers, and is altogether a very

splendid plant.

GENUS III.

CATA'LPA Juss. THE CATALPA. Lin. Syst. Diandria Monogjnia.

Identification. Juss. Gen., 138., ed. Usteri, p. 155. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. '/30.

Synonymes. Bigndnw sp. of Lin. and others ; Bignone Catalpa, Fr. ; gemeine Trompetenbluroe,

Ger.
Derivation. The Indian name of a species of BSgnbm'dr.

Gen. Char., fyc. Calyx 2-parted. Corolla campanulate, with a ventricose
tube, and an unequal 4-lobed limb. Stamens 5, 2 of which are fertile, and
3 of them sterile. Stigma bilumellate. Capsule silique-formed, long, cylin-
drical, 2-valved. Dissepiment opposite the valves. Seeds membranously
margined, and pappose at the base and apex. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, opposite, or disposed 3 in a whorl, exstipulate, deciduous ;
entire. Floivers terminal, panicled, white. — A tree, deciduous ; native of
North America; of easy culture in common soil, and propagated by imported
seeds or cuttings of the roots.

y I. C. SYRINGJEFO^I\ Sims. The Lilac-//7ce-leaved Catalpa.

Identification. Sims Bot. Mag., t. 1094. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 230.

Synonymes. Bignbm'a Catalpa Lin. Sp., 868. ; Catalpa bignonipVe* Walt. Fl. Car. p. G4. ; C.

cordifblia Null. Gen. Amer. 1. p. 10. ; Bois Shavanon, Catalpa de l'Amerique, Fr. ; Trompcten-
bauin, Ger. ; Catalpa-boom, Dutch.

LIII. iyOLANAVCE^E I £OLAXNUM. 663

Derivation. The French of Upper Louisiana call this tree Bois Shavanon, from its being found in
abundance on the banks of the river SAavanon, now called the Cumberland. Catdlpa is supposed
to be a corruption of Catawba, an Indian tribe that formerly occupied a great part of Georgia and
the Carolinas.

Engravings. Schmidt Baum., 1. 1. 14. ; the plates in Arb. Brit., 1st edit, vol. vii. ; and our^.1289

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves cordate, flat, 3 in a whorl, large and deciduous. Branches

strong. Panicles large, branchy, terminal. (Don's Mill.) A deciduous tree.

Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, on the banks of rivers. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft.

sometimes 60ft. Introduced in 1726. Flowers white, marked with purple and

yellow ; July and August. Capsules remarkably long, narrow, and horny.

The catalpa is generally propagated by seeds, which are imported from

America ; but it will grow readily from cuttings of the root ; and, of course,

plants so raised will flower much sooner than those which are raised from seed.

The tree is of rapid growth till it attains the height of 20ft., which, in deep

free soil, in the neighbourhood of London, it does in 10 years.

ORDER LIII. 5OLANANCE^.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla 5-cleft, usually regular ; aestiva-
tion imbricate or plicate. Stamens 5, rarely 4, epipetalous. Style 1. Fruit
2 — 4-celled, capsular or baccate. Albumen fleshy. Regular flowers, arched
or spiral embryo, plicate aestivation of corolla, and equal stamens, distinguish
this order from its allies. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous or sub-evergreen ; oblong,
and sometimes pinnately divided. Floivers solitary or numerous. — Shrubs,
deciduous or sub-evergreen; natives of Europe, Asia, and South America;
readily propagated by cuttings in any common soil, not over moist.

The few ligneous or sufFruticose hardy plants contained in this order are
included in the genera Solanurn, Lycium, and Crabowskia, which are thus
characterised : — .-

£OLA>JUM Pliny. Anthers connivent, dehiscing by pores at the anex. Berry
2-celled, rarely 4-celled.

.LY'CIUM L. Anthers usually exserted, and not connivent, opening length-
wise. Berry 2-celled.

CiiABo'wsKLii Schlecht. Drupe containing two 2-celled bony carpels. Cells
1-seeded.

GENUS I.

<SOLAVNUM Tourn. THE NIGHTSHADE. Lin. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia.

Identification. Tourn. Inst., p. 149. t. 62. ; Lin. Gen., No. 251. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 400.
Synonymes. Melcnetna Tourn. Inst. p. 151. t. 65. ; Pseudo-C&psicum Mosnch Meth. p. 476. ;

Nycterium Vent. Jard. Malm. p. 85. ; Aquirtia Jacq. Amer. p. 15. t. 12. ; Morelle, Fr. ; Nacht-

schatten, Ger. ; Solano, Ital.
Derivation. The first use of the word Solanum occurs in the writings of Tragus, who applied it to

Chenopbdium hybridum. It is said to be derived from solari, to console. The Greeks called our

European solanums struchnoi, a name which Linnaeus transferred to the genus of tropical shrubs,

Strychnos, to which the nux vomica belongs.

Gen. Char^ 8$c. Calyx permanent, 5-, rarely 4-, cleft. Corolla rotate, rarely
campanulate, 5-, rarely 4-, cleft. Anthers oblong, connivent, opening by 2
pores at the apex. Berry almost globose, 2 — 3 — 4-celled, but usually
2-celled. (Don's Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous or sub-evergreen ; undi-
vided, sinuated, lobed, imparipinnate, or decompound. Flowers in peduncles,
solitary or numerous, simple or multifid, axillary or extra-axillary, — Shrubs,

U 17 4

664 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANN1CUM.

suffrutescent, scandent, deciduous or sub-evergreen ; natives of Europe.
Asia, or South America ; of the easiest culture in common soil.

.1 1. S. DULCAMA'RA L. The Bitter-sweet, or woody, Nightshade.

Identification. Lin. Sp , p. 264. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 409.

Syiwnymes. S. scandens Neck. Gallo-Bel. 119.; Dulcamara flexubsa Mce-nch MeCh. p. 514. ; S.
'scandens seu Dulcamara Town. Inst. p. 149. ; Amara dulcis Gerard Emac. 350. ; Dulcis amara
Trag. 816. ; Glycypicros seu Dulcamara Bauh. Hist. 2. p. 109. icon. ; la Morelle grimpante, lleg-
•aau/t Bot. Icon.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 565. ; Baxt. Brit. Fl. PI., vol. 2. t. 110. ; and our fig. 1290.

Spec. C/iar.f fyc. Shrubby, scandent, flexuous. Leaves ovate-cordate; su-*
perior ones hastate. Corymbs almost opposite the leaves. Shrub gla-
brous. Leaves cordate ; superior ones hastate, all quite entire. Corymbs
panicled. Corolla violet-coloured, with reflexed segments, each segment
furnished with "2 green spots at the base. "Berries elliptic, red. (Don's Mill.)
A climbing deciduous shrub. Europe, Asia, and North America, in hedges
and among bushes ; plentiful in Britain. Stem 6 ft. to 8 ft. Flowers violet ;
June and July. Berry red ; ripe in September.

Varieties.

1 S. D. 1 \iolacca Hort. Eyst. p. 385. t. 384, No. 3. — Corollas violet.

-i S. I). 2 alba Lin. Fl. Suec. p. 66. — Corollas white. Lodd.

1 S. D. 3 cdrnea Cels. Ups. 32. — Corollas flesh-coloured.

.1 S. D. 4 plena Tourn. Inst. 149. — Corollas double.

.4. S. D. 5 variegdta Munt. fig. 156. — Leaves variegated.

.1 S. D. 6 hirsuta Don's Mill. iv. p. 409. j S. littorale Hort. — Plant hairy
or downy. Flowers violet. Found on the sea coast. Lodd.

-1 S. D. 7 rupestris Schmidt Fl. Boh. p. 69. — Stem erect. Leaves ovate,

quite entire. Kacernes few-flowered, dichotomous. Bohemia.
The stems of this species are roundish, branched,
twisted, and climbing by elongation, among other
shrubs, and m hedges, to the height of 6 or 8 feet,
or upwards. When bruised, broken, or rubbed,
they yield a strong and peculiar odour, not unlike
that which proceeds from rats and mice. The
roots smell like potatoes ; and both roots and
stalks, upon being chewed, first cause a sensation
of bitterness, which is s,oon followed by a con-
siderable degree of sweetness, whence the specific
name. The berries are poisonous ; and, as they
are common in hedges, they are very frequently
eaten by children, on whom they operate by excit-
ing violent vomiting and purging, Trained to a
single stein to the height of 6 or 8 feet, and sup-
ported by a strong iron rod, with a parasol top, 1290< s- Dulcan>kra-
this common hedge weed might form a very handsome gardenesque pendulous
tree ; or it might covec a domical bower.

* t- 2. S. CRI'SPUM R. $ S. The c\\rled-leaved Sojanum.

Identification. Rcem. et Schult. Sp. PI., 4. p. 595. ; Don's Mill,, 4. p. 414
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1516. ; and our fig. 1291.

Spec. Char., 8fc. Stem shrubby. Leaves ovate, subcordate, wavedly curled,
acuminate. Flowers corymbose. (Rcem. et Schult.) Leaves all simple,
undivided, ovate, or cordate, acuminate, petiolate, slightly curled at the
margin ; younger leaves powdery, but full-grown ones green. Cymes many-
flowered, terminal, all the parts powdery. Bracteas none. Calyx short,
5-toothed. Corolla middle-sized, of a bluish lead-colour. Anthers equal,
yellow. (Lindl.) A large sub-evergreen rambling shrub. Chiloe, in waste
places and hedges. Height 15ft. to 30 ft. Introduced in 1830. Flowers
bluish coloured ; May to September.

: LY'CIUM.

665

A. hardy vigorous-growing, plant, of a
much more ligneous character than S.
Dulcamara, sub-evergreen, and covered
with flowers nearly the whole summer.
As it will grow in any soil, and is readily
propagated by cuttings, it promises to be
of great value as an ornamental climber,
for rapidly covering naked walls. If tied
to a stake, and thus forced to grow erect,
it will throw out a great number of lateral
branchlets, at the end of every one of
which is produced a bunch of flowers.

The art of hybridisation has not yet
been practised with the shrubby species of
6'olanum, otherwise it is not improbable
that some hybrids might be originated be-
tween the South American and the British
species, which would be as hardy as those
which have been described.

GENUS II.

LiJ iL ^

LY'CIUM L. THE Box THORN. Lin. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 1262. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 457.

Synonymcs. Jasminoides Niss. in Act. Gall. 1711.; Matrimony Vine, Amer. ; Lycien, Fr. ; Eocks-
dorn, Ger. ; Licio, Hal. One species, L. barbarum, is commonly called the Duke of Argyll's tea
tree, from the circumstance of a tea plant (Thea viridis) having been sent to the Duke of Argyll
at the same time as this plant, and the labels having been accidentally changed.

Derivation. Derived from Lycta, in Asia Minor ; hence the lukion of Dioscorides ; a name given by
him to a thorny shrub, which was supposed by Dr. Sibthorp to have been the .Rhamnus infectbrius,
but which Dr. Royle, with greater probability, regards as identical with a species of Btrberis
which he has denominated Herberts Z/ycium.

Gen. Char. Calyx urceolate, regularly 5-toothed, or irregularly 3 — 5- cleft,
permanent. Corolla funnel-shaped or tubular ; limb 5- or 10-cleft, or toothed,
imbricate in aestivation, sometimes plicate. Stamens 5, usually exserted ;
filaments bearded, and widened at the base. Anthers cordate, dehiscing
lengthwise. Berry roundish, 2-celled. Seeds numerous, reniform. (Don's
Mill.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; entire or nearly entire,
solitary or in fascicles. Flowers in peduncles, extra-axillary or terminal,
solitary, twin, or umbellate, rarely corymbose ; white, yellow, rose-coloured,
purple, or blue. — Shrubs, deciduous, scandent, and usually somewhat spinose ;
natives of Europe, Asia, and Africa ; readily propagated by cuttings of the
branches or of the roots.

1 1. L. EUROPIUM L. The European Box Thorn.

Identification. Lin. Syst, 228. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 458.

Si/nonymes. L. salicifiSlium Mill. Diet. No. 3. ; Jasminoides aculeatum Mich. : Spino santo, Spino di
' Cristo, Ital.
Engravings. Mich. Gen., t. 105. f. 1. ; Mill. Icon., t. 171. f. 2. ; and our fig. 1292.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches erect, loose. Buds spinescent. Leaves fascicled,
obovate-lanceolate, obtuse, or spathulate, bent obliquely. Flowers twin or
solitary. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens exserted, but shorter than the
limb. Calyx 5-cleft, ruptured at the side. Corollas pale violet, reticulated
with red veins ; tube greenish. (Don's Mill.) A rambling shrub, with long
. slender shoots, and prone to throw up innumerable suckers. South of
Europe. Stem 20ft. to 30ft. Introduced in 1730. Flowers violet;
May to August. Fruit bright scarlet or yellow; ripe in September.

666

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

L. euroj.ee um

Valuable for covering, naked walls, as it grows with
extreme rapidity, and flowers and fruits freely, in almost
any soil or situation. Established plants, in good soil,
will make shoots 10 or 12 feet in length in one season ;
and the plant, when trained against a house or high
wall, will reach the height of 30 or 40 feet, as may be
seen in some courts in Paris. Trained to a strong
iron rod, to the height of 20 or 30 feet, and then allowed
to spread over an umbrella head, it would make a
splendid bower. Its shoots would hang down to the
ground, and form a complete screen on every side,
ornamented from top to bottom with ripe fruit, which is
bright scarlet or yellow, and very showy; with unripe
fruit, which is of a lurid purple; or with blossoms, which
are purple and white. Some idea of the quantity of ripe
and unripe fruit, and of blossoms, which may be found
on a shoot at one time, may be formed from Jig. 1292.,
which is only a portion of a shoot, the upper part of
which (not exhibited in the figure) contained two or
three dozen of fruit, all ripe at once.

Varieties. There is a variety with yellow fruit, and
another with the fruit roundish ; and> in our opinion,
L. barbarum, chinense, ruthenicum, Shawz, and
Trewianum, all of which we have seen in Loddiges's
arboretum, and in the Paris gardens in 1840, are
nothing more than variations of the same form.

-i 2. L. (E.) BA'RBARUM L. The Barbary Box Tiiorn.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 277.; Don's Mill., 4. p. 458.

Synonymes. L. Aalimifblium Mill. Diet. No. 6. ; L. barbarum » vulgare

Ait. Hort. Kew. 1. p. 257. ; the Duke of Argyll's Tea Tree.
Engravings. Dend. Brit., t. 9. ; and our fig. 1293.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Branches depend-
ent. Buds spiny. Leaves lan-
ceolate, flat, glabrous, acute.
Flowers twin, extra-axillary, pe-
dicellate. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Stamens exserted, about equal in
length to the limb. Branches
angular. Buds often without
spines. Calyx 2— 3-lobed. Co-
rolla with a purple limb, and
yellowish base. Stigma 2-lobed.
Berry ovate, yellow. Stamens
bearded near the base. There is
a variety of this, having livid or
pale corollas, and reddish yellow
berries. (Don's Mill.) A climbing
deciduous shrub. North of Asia,
Africa, and South of Europe.
Stem 20ft. to 30ft. Introduced in 1696.
and other particulars as in L. europae'a.

.* 1 3. L. (E.) CHINE'NSE Mill. The Chinese Box Thorn.

Identification. Mill. Diet., No. 5. : Don's Mill., 4. p. 458.

Synonymes. L. barbarum ft chinense Ait. Hort. Kew. 1. p. 257. ; L.

barbarum Lour. Cock. 1. p. 165. ?; L. ovStum N. Du Ham. 1. p. 107.
Engravings. Dend. Brit., t. 8. ; and our fig. 1294. from the N. Du

Ham., and fig. 1295. from a living specimen.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches pendulous, prostrate, striated.
Buds spinescent. Leaves by threes, ovate, acute,

1293. /.. (e.) birbari

Flowers

i.m.

.LY'CIUM.

667

L. (e.) chinense.

1 4. L. (E.)

1295 L. (e.) chinfose.

attenuated at the base. Pe-
duncles much longer than
the calyx, which is entire.
Stamens exserted. Nearly
allied to L. ruthenicum ; but
differs in the leaves being
broad-ovate. Shoots very
long. (Don's Mill.) A climb-
ing deciduous shrub. China,
about Pekin and Canton ;
and of Cochin-China. Stem
8 ft. to 10 ft. Introduced ?.
Flowers purple ; May to Au-
gust. Fruit orange-coloured ;
ripe in August.

Resembles L. europae'um,
but is a smaller weaker plant.

G. Don. Trew's Box
Thorn.

Identification. Don's Mill., 4. p. 458. ; Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836.
Synonymes. L. barbarum Lam. Diet. 3. p. 509., ex Pair. Suppl. 3.

p 427. ; L. chinense N. Du Ham. 1. p. 116.
Engraving. Our Jig. 21 02. in p. 11 10.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches diffuse, angular. Buds
spinose. Leaves petiolate, lanceolate, acute. Pe-
cuncles 1-fiowered, solitary or twin, extra-axillary .
Calyx 2 — 3-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens
exserted. This species differs from L. chinense
MM. in the spines, and from L. barbarum in the
leaves. Branches rufescent. Spines few. Corolla fine purple, with a white
star in the centre. Filaments pilose at the base. Berry ovate. (Dons
Mill.) A climbing deciduous shrub. China. Stem 6 ft. to 10ft. Introduced
in 1818. Flowers purple ; May to August.

Judging from the plants in the Hackney arboretum, this kind is scarcely, if
at all, different from L. europae\im.

J. 5. L. (E.) RUTHE'NICUM Murr. The Russian Box Thorn.

Identification. Murr. Comm. Goett., 1779, p. 2. t. 2. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 458.
Synonymes. L. tat&ricum Pall. Fl. Ross. \. p. 78. t. 49. ; Lycien de Ja

Kussie, Fr.
Engravings. Murr. Comm. Goett. 1779, p. 2. t.2. ; and our fig. 1296.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches dependent. Buds spines-
cent. Leaves linear-lanceolate, fleshy, obtuse, attenu-
ated at the base, solitary, or sub-fasciculate. Peduncles
longer than the calyx. Calyx with 5 unequal teeth.
Stamens exserted, equal to the limb. Calyx usually
irregularly 5-toothed, rarely 2 — 3-lobed, as in L.
barbarum. Corolla with a white tube and purplish
limb. Leaves grey, like those of L. afrum. (Don's
Mill.) A climbing deciduous shrub. Siberia, in nitrous
places ; on the Wolga, and in Hvrcania. Stem 6 ft. to
10ft. Introduced in 1804. Flowers white ; June to
August.

Variety.

-I L. r. 2 caspicum Pall. Fl. Ross. t.49. f. A. —
Leaves shorter. Buds more spinose. Flowers
smaller. Native about the Caspian Sea. 1SW6 L.le.)n

S

668

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1297. L. (e.) lanceo-
latum.

l'<!98 L. (e.) lanceo&tum.

1 6. L. (E.) LANCEOLA'TUM Poir. The lanceolate- leaved Box Thorn.

Identification. Poir. Suppl., 3. p. 429. ; Don's Mill. 4. p. 458.
S,/nonu»/e. L. europium ft Dec. Fl. Fr. No. 2699.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., t. 32. ; and our figs. 1297. and 1298.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches dependent, reflexed.
Buds spinescent. Leaves lanceolate, nearly ses-
sile, acute at both ends. Flowers
solitary, extra-axillary, pedicel-
late. Corolla funnel-shaped. Sta-
mens exserted. Calyx unequally
5-toothed. Corolla purple, with
a white bottom. Berry oblong,
red. (Don's Mill.) A climbing
deciduous shrub. Naples, Greece,
&c. Stem 6ft. to 10ft. Intro-
duced ?. Flowers purple; May to
August. Berry red ; August.

_A 7. L. (? E.) TURBINAVUM Du Ham. The turbinate-fruited Box Thorn.

Identification. N. Du Ham., 1. p. 119. t. 31. : Don's Mill., 4. p. 458.
Synom/mes. L. Aalimifdlium Mill. Diet. No. 6. ? ; L. bfirbarum ft. Dec. Fl.

Fr. No. 2700.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., t. 31. ; and our figs. 1299. and 1300.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stems erect, fascicled. Branchlets
dependent, terete. Buds spiny.
Leaves sessile, lanceolate, acumi-
nated. Flowers aggregate, pedi-
cellate, extra-axillary. Corolla
funnel-shaped. Stamens exserted.
Calyx trifid. Berry red, and turbi-
nate. Corolla violaceous, with a
white bottom. (Don's Mill.) A
climbing deciduous shrub. China.
Stem 6 ft. to 10 ft. Introduced in
1709. Flowers violet; May to

1299. L. (?e.) turbijiatum. AugUSt. 1300. L. (?e.) turbinatum.

J 8. L. A'FRUM L. The African Box Thorn.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 277. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 459.
Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 354. ; and our figs. 1301. and 1302.

Spec. Char., $c. Erect, spiny. Leaves fascicled, linear,
canescent, attenuated at the base, obtuse, fleshy. Flowers
almost axillary, solitary, drooping. Corolla tubular, 3 times
longer than the calyx. Stamens enclosed. Bark grey-
coloured ; the smaller branches frequently spiny. Leaves
glaucous. Filaments bearded near the base, as in all
the true species. Stigma slightly 2-lobed. Corolla
violaceous, rich purple above. Berry globose, vio-
laceous. Calyx 5-toothed. (Don's Miller.) An
erect, spiny, deciduous or sub-evergreen shrub. Spain,
North of Africa, Palestine, Syria, Egypt, and Arabia
Felix. Height 6ft. to 10ft. Introduced in 1712.
Flowers purple ; May to July. Berry dark blue or
black ; ripe in August.

1502. L. fcfrum.

130 1
Variety.

-1 L. a. 2 rigidum. L. rlgidum Booth. — Leaves long, linear,

glaucous ; shoots rigid. Possibly a distinct species. Native country
unknown, but probably from China,' or the North of India. Received
from Messrs. Booth, in 1838.

The most ornamental species of the genus ; and, though rather tender, it

LIII. SOLANA CEJE : CRABO'WSKI^.

609

well deserves a place in every collection against a
wall. There are large and handsome plants, on a
wall, in the Chelsea Botanic Garden, which were
uninjured by the winter of 1837-8.

Other Species of Lycium. — There were in the
Horticultural Society's Garden, in 1838, plants
named L. ovaium and L. spatuldtum, but they
appear to us nothing more than varieties of L.
barbarum. — L. obovdtum (fig. 1303. from a specimen
received from the Liverpool Botanic Garden) was
raised there from a seed which Mr. Shepherd picked
from a dried specimen received from Peru in
1836. The flowers are of a dark purple and very
showy, and the plant has stood against a south
wall through the winters of 1837, 38, and 39, with-
out any protection.

GENUS III.

1303. I,, obovatum.

CRABO'WSKU Schlecht.

THE CRABOWSKIA.
Monogynia.

Lin. Syst. Pentandria

Identification. Schlecht. in Linnaea, 7. p. 72. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 480.

Synonymes. .Lyeium sp. Lin. ; Ehret/a sp. L'Herit.

Derivation. In honour of Dr. H. Crabowski, one of the editors of Flora Silesiaca.

Gen. Char. Calyx subcampanulate, regularly 5-toothed, valvular in aestiva-
tion. Corolla with a short, funnel-shaped tube, and a 5-parted limb. Seg-
ments of the limb spreading or reflexed, four of which are convolute in
aestivation, the fifth external, with the margins covering the edges of those
near it. Stamens 5. Filaments free. Drupe propped by the permanent
calyx. (Don's Mill.)

"Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; entire. Flowers sub-
corymbose, from the fascicles of leaves, or the tops of the branchlets ; whitish
yellow. — A shrub, deciduous, with axillary spines, rambling, with the habit
ofZ/ycium; native of Peru. Culture as in Zycitim.

.1 1. C. BOERHAAVI^FO^L/J Schlecht. The Boerhaavia-leaved Crabowskia.

Identification. Schlecht. in Linnzea, 7. p. 72. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 480.

Synonymes. .Lycium boerhaavz^/o&wra Lin. Suppl. p. 150.; Ehretm Aalimifblia L'Herit. Stirp. 1.

p. 45. t. 83. ; Lycium heteroph^llum Murr. Comm. Gb'tt. 1783 p. 6. t. 21. ; Jasmintildes spindsum

Du Ham. Arb.'l. p. 306. No. 5. ; Lycium panicule, Fr.
Engravings. L'Herit. Stirp., 1. 1. 83. ; and our^. 1304.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves coriaceous, glaucescent, with
a saltish bitterish taste. Corolla white, having the
throat veined with green. Stamens white. Stigma
green. Nuts the form of those of Coffea arabica,
convex on one side, marked by a slender furrow in
the middle, obtuse at top, and perforated by two
roundish holes at the base : hence it is tridentate,
the first tooth from the middle of the back, the
other two from the sides : sometimes, but only bv
abortion, 1 -celled. Albumen copious, fleshy. (Dons
Mill.} A rambling deciduous shrub. South of
Brazil, in woods. Height 6 ft. Introduced in 1780.
Flowers white ; April and May
The whole plant has a mealy white appearance ; by

670

ARBOllETUM ET FflUTICETUM BRITANN1CUM.

which, and by the singular twisted form of its leaves, it may be known at
first sight from any species of Lycium.

ORDER LIV. SCROPHULAHIA^CE^E.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx 4 — 5 -parted, persistent. Corolla deciduous, irregular, or
bilabiate, or regular ; aestivation imbricate. Stamens 2 or 4, usually di-
dynamous, rarely equal. Ovarium 2-celled. Style ] . Stigma 2-lobed or
undivided. Fruit usually capsular, rarely baccate, 2-celled, 2 — 4-valved
many-seeded. Albumen copious. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous ; reticulately veined.

The hardy genera in British gardens are Buddies and Paulown/a, which are
thus contradistinguished : —

BU'DDLE^. Calyx 4-cleft. Corolla tubular, 4-cleft, regular. Stamens 4, equal.
PAULO" WN/^. Calyx 5-cIeft. Corolla sub-bilabiate, 5-cleft. Stamens 4, di-

dynamous.

GENUS I.

BU'DDLE^ L. THE BUDDLEA. Lin. Syst. Tetrandria Monogynia,

Identification. Liri. Gen , No. 140. ; Don's Mill., 4. p. 596.

Derivation. Named by Dr. Houston in honour of Adam Buddie, a botanical amateur, who is often

mentioned in Ray's Synopsis, and whose dried collection of British plants is preserved in the

British Museum.

Gen. CJiar., fyc. Calyx 4-cleft, equal. Corolla tubular ; limb 4-cleft, regular.
Stamens 4, equal, enclosed. Stigma capitate or clavate. Capsule 2-celled,
2-valved ; valves bifid. Placenta
central, at length free.

Leaves as in the Order. Flowers
terminal ; capitate, spicate, or pani-
cled ; orange - coloured. — Shrubs,
deciduous or nearly sub-evergreen,
rambling, usually with quadrangular
branches, natives of South America.
Readily propagated by cuttings or
layers, in any light rich soil, in a dry
sheltered situation, or, in the North
of England, against a wall.

afe 1. B. GLOBO\SA L. The Globe-
flowered Buddlea.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 1. p. 150.; Don's
Mill., 4. p. 597.

•/mes. Buddleo globifldra N. Du Ham. 1.
. t. 25. ; B. capitata Jacq. Col. 2. p. 332. ;
Icon. Rar. t. 307. ; Pal-
quin Feuillee It., 3. p.
51.t.38.; Buddleiaglo-
buleux, Fr. ; Kopltra-
gende Budleje, Ger.
Engravings. Bot Mag.
t. 174. ; N. Du Ham., 1.
p. 85. ; andour^fes. 1305.
and 1306.

Spec. Charac., Sfc.
Branches tetra-
gonal, clothed with
hoary tomentum, ISOG. B.Kiob6sa

LIV. SCROPHULARIA^CE^E : PAULOXWN/yf. 671

as well as the under sides of the leaves. Leaves lanceolate, acuminated,
crenated, petiolate. Heads of flowers globose, pedunculate. A large, spread-
ing, deciduous shrub. Chili. Height 12 ft. to 15ft. Introduced in 1774.
Flowers bright yellow, in globe-like heads, fragrant ; May to July.
Very ornamental, but, being somewhat tender, it requires, north of London,
a warm sheltered situation, and a dry soil.

GENUS II.

PAULO'WN/J Sieb. THE PAULOWNIA. Lin. Syst. Didynamia
Angiospdrmia.

Identification. Sieboldt Fl. Jap., t. 10.

Synonymes. Bignbnw Thun. Fl. Jap. p. 252., Willd. Sp. PI. 3. p. 290., Pers. Syn. 2. p. 170. ;

Incarvfllea Sprang. Syst. Veg. 2. p. 836. ; Kirri, Japanese, Kaempf. Aracen. p. 152. ; loo, Hak-

too, Chinese.
Derivation. Named by Dr. Sieboldt in honour of Her Imperial and Royal Highness, the Hereditary

Princess of the Netherlands.

Gen. Char., $c. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla tubularly campanulate,
with a 5-eleft sub-labiate limb. Stamens 4, didynamous. Stigma trun-
cate. Capsule woody, 2-celled, 2-valved. Valves septicidal. Seeds nu-
merous, each surrounded by a wing, attached to a fixed placenta on the
back of the dissepiment. Albumen fleshy. (Sieb.)

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous ; petiolate, entire. Flowers
purple or lilac, in terminal panicles. — A deciduous tree, with the habit and
general appearance of Catalpa syringtefolia ; native of Japan.

¥ 1. P. IMPERIALS Sieb. The imperial Paulownia.

Identification. Sieb. Fl. Jap., t. 10.

Synonymes. Bignbmo tomentdsa Thun. Fl. Jap. p. 252., Willd. Sp. PL 3. p. 290., Pers. Syn. 2.

p. 170. ; Incarvillea tomentosa Spreng. Syst. Veg. 2. p. 836. ; Kirri, Japanese, Ksmnf. Amcen.

p. 859., ; Too, Hak-too, Chinese.
Engravings. Kasmpf. Amcen., fig. in p. 860. $ Fl. Jap., t. 10. ; and our figs. 1307. and 1308.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate, cordate at the base, acute, undivided or 3-
lobed, densely clothed with soft hairs beneath. Flowers panicled ; calyx
covered with rusty tomentum. (Sieb.) A magnificent deciduous tree ; Japan,
in the southern provinces, in exposed places. Height 30 ft. to 40 ft., with a
trunk 2 ft. to 3ft. in diameter, in Japan. Introduced in 1840. Flowers pur-
plish ; April, in Japan.

The branches are few,
but strong, and proceed-
ing from the trunk at
right angles. The flowers
are in large bunches,
which look, at a distance,
like those of the horse-
chestnut ; while the indi-
vidual flowers, in form,
size, and colour, resem-
ble those of Digitalis
purpurea. The tree was
introduced into Europe
in 1837, and in the Jar-
din des Plantes there is
a specimen which has
stood out three winters,
In July, 1840, it was
1307. P. imperial*. nearly 1 2 ft. high, and in isos. p.

619.

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANN1CUM.

all respects closely resembled a catalpa. It is readily propagated by
cuttings of the roots or shoots ; flowers vigorously in any common soil,
tolerably dry, and will doubtless speedily become as common as the catalpa
throughout Europe. Horticultural Society's Garden.

ORDER LV.

ORD. CHAR. Calyx tubular, persistent, 5-cleft or 5 — 10-toothed, regular, or bi-
labiate. Corolla tubular, bilabiate ; the upper lip undivided or bifid, and the
lower one trifid. Stamens 4, didynamous, 2 of which are often sterile, inserted
under the sinuses of the lower lip. Lobes of anthers usually divaricated.
Ovaria 4, naked, seated on a glandular disk, and connected with the base
of the style. Stigma bifid. Achenia 4, or fewer. Albumen wanting, or sparing.
— The opposite leaves, free 4-lobed ovarium, bilabiate corolla, and
didynamous stamens distinguish this order from .Soragineae ; and the 4-lobed
ovarium separates it from Kerbenaceae and ^canthaceae, &c. (G.Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; small, crowded. Flowers
axillary or terminal. — Low shrubs, for the most part so small as to be
treated as herbaceous plants ; natives chiefly of the South of Europe.
Though there are a number of genera belonging to this order containing
species which are technically ligneous, yet there are none that can popularly
be considered as shrubs fit for an arboretum, with the exception of Phlomis
fruticosa, Ttosmarinus officinalis, Z/avandula Spica, and 5alvia officinalis ;
these plants are so well known, that we consider it unnecessary to do more
than give figures of them, with the following slight notices : —

Pklomis fruticosa L (N. Du Ham., 6. t. 40. ; Bot.
Mag., t. 1843. ; and ourfg. 1309.), Jerusalem Sage,
is a native of Spain, with yellow flowers, appear-
ing in June and July. This is a greyish evergreen
shrub, growing 4 or 5 feet high, and, in dry soils,
enduring 10 or 12 years. The flowers are pro-
duced in large whorls, and have a very conspicuous
appearance. The plant well merits
a place in collections, on account
of the remarkable appearance of
its foliage, independently altogether
of its flowers.

\losmarimis officinalis L. (Fl
Graec., 1. 1. 14. ; and our fig. 1310.)
is a well-known evergreen shrub,
a native of the South of Europe,
which has been an inhabitant of
our gardens since 1548. There

are plants of it in different gardens in the neighbourhood
of London, which, as bushes in the open border, in 5 or 6
years have attained the height of as many feet, and breadth
in proportion ; thus forming very handsome evergreen
bushes. As the plant flowers from January to April, it
forms, when so treated, a very desirable garden ornament.
There are, also, a variety with the leaves variegated with
gold colour, and a silvery-leaved variety; but these are
often rather weaker, and more dwarf, than the species.

Lavdndula Spica L. (N. Du Harn., 3. t. 42. ; and our Jig.
1 3 1 1 .), the common Lavender, is a well-known fragrant shrub,
a native of the South of Europe and North of Africa, which
like the rosemary, has been long an inhabitant of British gar-
dens, In deep, dry, calcareous soils, it will grow to the height ism

1?09. Phldinis fruticosa.

LVI.

673

of 3 ft., and form a compact hemispherical bush,
flowering abundantly every year The flowers are
generally purple, but there
is a variety with white
flowers; and L. latifolia
Ehrh., which is not uncom-
mon in gardens, and which
has lilac flowers, though
treated by some as a spe-
cies, is probably nothing
more than another variety.
«L Sdlvia officindlis L.
(N. Du Ham., 6. t. 25. ; and
our fig. 1312.) is a well-
known suffruticose plant,
which, though seldom seen
above 2 ft. in height, yet,
in deep sandy soil, will
grow to the height of 5 or

6 feet, and produce a stem as thick as a man's leg.
South of Europe, and has been known in British gardens from time imme-
morial, and when grown in masses, and abounding in racemes of flowers, it is
very ornamental.

Lavandula Splca.

iaofl;.

It is a native of the

ORDER LVI. FERBENAVCE^.

QRD. CHAR. Calyx tubular, persistent. Corolla tubular, deciduous, irregular.
Stamens 2 or 4 ; when 4, didynamous, rarely equal. Ovarium 2 — 4-celled.
Style 1. Stigma bifid or undivided. Fruit drupaceous or baccate. Al-
bumen wanting or very sparing. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, opposite, stipulate, deciduous ; digitate. Flowers terminal.
— Shrubs, deciduous ; natives of the South of Europe. Propagated by
seeds, cuttings, or layers, in common soil.

GENUS L

FTTEX L. THE CHASTE TREE. Lin. Syst. Didynamia Angiospermia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 790. ; N. Du Ham., 6. p. 115*

Synonymcs. Gatilier, Fr. ; Kerrechbaum, Ger. ; Vitice, Ital.

Derivation. From vieo, to bind, as with an osier ; in reference to the flexibility of the shoots.

Gen. Char., Sfc. Calyx short, 5-toothed. Corolla bilabiate ; upper lip bifid,
lower one trifid ; middle segment of the lower lip the largest. Stamens 4,
didynamous, ascending. Stigma bifid. Drupe containing a 4-celled nut.
Cells 1-seeded.

Leaves as in the Order. Flowers in terminal racemes, panicled, bluish
white. — Shrubs, deciduous, natives of the South of Europe.

& 1. V. .^GNUS CA'STUS L. The officinal, or true, Chaste Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 890. ; Lam. Diet., 2. p. 611.

Syiwnymes. J£le6gnum Theophr&sti Lob. Icon. 2. 138. ; ^'gnus castus Blackw. ; Piper agrestis
' Gerard ; Arbre au Poivre, Poivre sauvage, Fr. ; Pepe di Monaci, Ital.
Engravings. Blackw. Herb., t. 129. ; N. Du Ham., 6. t. 35. ; and our fig. 1313.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves opposite, digitate, 7 — 5-lobed : leaflets lanceolate,
mostly quite entire, hoary beneath. Racemes terminal, panicled. Flowers
verticillate. (Wttld.} A low deciduous shrub. Sicily, Naples, the North of

x x

674

ARBORETUM ET FRUT1CETUM BR1TANNICUM.

Africa, and Egypt. Height 5 ft. to 6 ft. Introd. 1570.
Flowers white, bluish white, or reddish white ; Sept.
Variety.

& V. A. 2 latifilia Mill. (N. Du Ham., vi. p. 1 16.)
has the leaflets broader and shorter than
those of the species. The spikes of flowers
are shorter, and the flowers are always blue.
South of France and Italy.

Its flowers have an agreeable odour ; but the leaves
have an unpleasant smell, although aromatic. No
seeds are produced in England. The plant grows
freely in any soil that is tolerably dry ; and it is
readily propagated by cuttings, put in in autumn, and
protected with a hand-glass. In the Paris nurseries it
is frequently raised from seeds received from Italy,
and both in France and England the plant sometimes
1313. v. .4'gnus cdstus. produces suckers.

& 2. V. (A.) INCI'SA Lam. The cut-leaved Chaste Tree.

Identification. Lam. Diet., 2. p. 612. ; Willd. Sp., 3. p. 392. ; N Du Ham.,

6. p. 116.

Synonyms. V. Neeundo Bot. Mag. t. 364.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 364. ; and our Jig. 1314

Spec. Char., 8?c. Leaves digitate, composed of five leaflets,
subpinnatifid. (Lam.) A deciduous shrub. China.
Height 4 ft. to 5 ft. Introduced in 1758. Flowers
bluish, purplish, or whitish ; July to September.

This supposed species, though not common in British
gardens, is quite hardy in the Jardin des Plantes, where it
grows with great vigour, and flowers profusely. Distin-
guished at a glance from the preceding and" following
species, by its long linear fine deep green leaflets.

& 3. V. ARBO'REA Rox. The arboreous Chaste Tree.

Identification. Rox. Flor. Ind., vol. 3.

p. 73. ; Royle Illust, vol. 1. p. 292.
Engravings. Our fig. 1315. from a living

specimen in the Jardin des Plantes.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves digitate ; leaflets ovate,
acuminate, dentate. A large shrub ; in its native
country a small tree. India. Height 30 ft. ; in
the Paris Garden 5ft. Introduced ?. -Flowers
purplish ; July and August.

Readily known from the preceding sorts by its
much broader leaves, shorter, and of a paler green.
According to Royle, this species in the Himalayas
yields a hard and durable timber, much used and
esteemed. The plant, in the Paris Garden, grows
with great vigour, and is quite hardy, but does
not flower freely.

1315. F. arborec.

SUBDIVISION II. MONOCHLAMY'DEJE.

Perianth simple.

ORDER LVII. CHENOPODIA^CEjE.

ORD. CHAR. Perianth deeply divided, and persistent ; aestivation imbricate
Stamens equal in number to the divisions of the perianth, or opposite them,

LVII. CHENOPODIAVCE^E : CHENOPOVDIUM.

675

or fewer, inserted in the bottom of the perianth. Ovarium 1-seeded, usually
free. Style 2 — 4-cleft, rarely simple. Stigmas undivided. Pericarp mem-
branous, valveless, seldom baccate. Embryo inarching a farinaceous albumen;
or spiral or forked, without albumen. — Only distinguished from Jmaran-
thaceae in the insertion of the stamens. (G. JDon.)

Leaves simple, alternate, or opposite, exstipulate, deciduous or sub-ever-
green ; entire or lobed. Flowers terminal. — Shrubs, natives of the South of
Europe and North America. The genera are three, which are thus
contradistinguished : —

CHENOPO^DIUM L. Flowers hermaphrodite. ^ '

^'TRIPLEX L. Flowers polygamous.

DIOXTIS Schreb. Flowers mono2cious.

GENUS I.

CKENOPO'DIUM L. THE GOOSEFOOT. Lin. Syst. Pentandria Digynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 121., but with some modification since.
Synonymes. Salsola sp.~; Anserine, Fr. ; Gause Fuss, Ger. ; Chenopodio, Ital.
Derivation. From the Greek words chen, a goose, and podion, a little foot ; many of the species
having large angular leaves extremely like the webbed foot of a waterfowl.

Gen. Char., fyc. Flowers bisexual. Calyx inferior, with 5 sepals, permanent.
Stamens 5, hypogynous. Anthers with round lobes. Styles 2. Stigmas
obtuse. Fruit a utricle, invested by the calyx. (G. Don)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous or sub-evergreen ; generally
lobed, bearing a friable unctuous scurf. Flowers axillary, in leafy spikes
or naked panicles, numerous, small, green. — Shrubs, deciduous or sub-
evergreen ; natives of the South of Europe ; of the easiest culture in any
dry soil, and readily propagated by cuttings.

ti. 1. C. FRUTICOVSUM Schrad. The shrubby Goosefoot, or Stonecrop Tree.

Identification. Schrader, according to G. Don in Hort. Brit.

Sal-sola fruticbsa Lin. Sp. PI. 324. ; the shrubby Glasswort ;
Soude en Arbre, Fr. ; strauchartiges Salzkraut, Ger. ;
Sopravvivolo legnoso, Ital.

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 635. ; Flor. Graec., t. 255. ;
and our Jigs. 1316. and 1317.

Spec. Char., fyc. Shrubby, upright, ever-
green. Leaves semicylindrical, bluntish,
imbricate. (j$mt&.) A low, sub-evergreen,
glaucous shrub. South of Europe, and
England, on the sea coast. Height 3 ft.
to 4ft. Flowers greenish, axillary ; July
and August.

Not unworthy of a place in gardens or
shrubberies, being sub-evergreen and tolera-
bly hardy, remarkable for the glaucous hue of
the leaves, and very durable. The branches
,316 afruticosum. are very brittle, and apt to break off.

ynonymes

«- 2. C. PARVIFOVLIUM R. & S.

1317. C. fruticosum.

The small-leaved Goosefoot.

Identification. Rcem. et Schult. Syst. Veg., 6. p. 266.

Snonmes. C. fruticbsum Bieb. in Fl. Taur.-Cauc. 1. p. 181., exclusively of all the synonymes ; C

microphvllum Bieb. in Suppl. to Fl. Taur.-Cauc. 1. p. 275. ; Sals&la fruticdsa Bieb. Casp. p. 149
App. No. 22., Pall. It. 3. p. 524. ; SuaSda microphylla Pall. Illust. 3. t. 44.
Engravings. Pall. 111., 3. t. 44. ; and OUT Jig. 1318.

Spec. Char., $c. Imperfectly evergreen, frutescent, much-branched, spreading,
glabrous, about 2 ft. high. Leaves taper, oblong, obtuse, glaucescent, fleshy ;

x x 2

676

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

the lower half an inch long, the floral ones shorter.
Flowers of the shape of those of C. mantimum,
three together, attached to the petiole above its
base, not bracteated. The sepals that attend the
fruit are equal and convex at the back. (Bieb.) A
sub-evergreen shrub, frequent in plains of Eastern
Caucasus, towards the Caspian Sea, and near the
salt river Gorkaja, where it is believed to be dele-
terious to horses. Height 3 ft. Introduced in 1825,
but very seldom found in collections.

GENUS II.

1318. C. parvifdliura.

J

^'TRIPLEX L. THE ORACHE. Lin. Syst. Polygamia Monoecia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 745. ; Eng. Flor., 4. p. 255.
Synonymes. Arroche, Fr. ; Melde, Ger. ; Atriplice, Ital.

Derivation. From ater, black ; according to some by antiphrasis, in reference to the whitish, or
mealy, hue of the plants.

Gen. Char., fyc. Floiuers some bisexual, some female ; those of both kinds
upon one plant. — Bisexual flower with the calyx inferior, and 5 sepals. Stamens
5, hypogynous. Anthers with round lobes. — Female flower with the calyx
inferior, deeply divided into two large, flat, equal or nearly equal, lobes.
Ovary compressed. Fruit a utricle, invested by the calyx, which is now
enlarged. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate or opposite, stipulate, sub-evergreen ; undivided
or jagged, bearing a meal-like scurf. Flowers in axillary or terminal spikes,
numerous, small, greenish. — Shrubs, subevergreen, natives of Europe, with
imperfectly woody branches, and succulent leaves, white or glaucous from
being covered with a mealy powder j of easy culture and propagation in
any common garden soil.

& * 1. A. JFJA'LIMUS L. The Halimus Orache, or Tree
Purslane.

Identification. Lin. Hort. Cliff., 469. ; Mill. Diet., No. 2.

Synonymes. Jftlimus latifolius sive fruticdsus Bauh. Pin. 120. ; 7/alimus i.

Clus. Hist. 1. p. 53. ; the broad-leaved Sea Purslane Tree; Arroche, Fr.;

strauchartige Melde, Ger.
Engravings. Park. Theatr., 724. t. 2. ; Ger. Emac., p. 522. f. 1.; and our

fig. 1319.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem shrubby. Leaves
alternate or opposite, their figure
partaking of an oblong and a rhomb,
entire. ( Willd.) A loose, rambling,
sub-evergreen, glaucous shrub. Spain,
Portugal, Virginia, and Siberia.
Height 5 ft. to 6 ft. Introduced in
164-0. Flowers small, purplish ; July
and August.

The young branches are covered
with a smooth white bark, which be-
comes grey, and peels off lengthwise,

as the tree gets old. The branches are very brittle,

and have but little pith. The leaves are soft, white,

and silvery. It seldom flowers in Britain.

JU 2. A. PoRTULACoYDES L. The Purslane-like, or

shrubby, Orache, or Sea Purslane.
Identification. Lin. Fl. Suec., 828. 919. : Eng. Flor., 4. p. 266. 1320. A. portulacOWes.

1319. A. tfdlinr.us.

LVIII. POLYGONAXCE;E.

677

Synonymes. 7/alimus sccundus Clus. Hist. 54. f. ; H. vulgaris Ger. Emac. 523. f. ; 7/alimus seu
Portulaca marina Bauh. Pin. 120. ; ^'triplex maritima, //alimus et Portulaca marina dicta, au-
gustifdlia, Ran Syn. 153. ; the narrow-leaved Sea Purslane Tree.

Engravings. Eng. Bot, t. 231. ; and our fig. 1320.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem shrubby, spreading. Leaves opposite, obovate-lan-
ceolate, entire. Flowers generally unisexual; those of both sexes upon
one plant. (Smith.) A low sub-evergreen shrub, of a silvery glaucous hue.
Northern shores of Europe ; and, in Britain and Ireland, occasionally
found in muddy places by the sea side. Height 1 ft. to 2 ft. Flowers
yellow j July and August.

The leaves are less silvery than those of the preceding species ; and the
whole plant much smaller.

GENUS III.

DIO'TIS Schreb. THE DIOTIS. Lin. Syst. Monce'cia Tetrandria.

Identification. Lin. Gen. PL, ed. Schreber, No. 1423. ; Eng. Flor., 3. p. 402.

Synonymes. Ceratoldes Tourn. ; A'xyris Z,m. j Ceratosp£rmum Pers.

Derivation. From dis, twice, and ous, otos, an ear. The calyx of the female flower ends In two
segments, which fancy may compare to ears, although they more resemble horns : and this second
idea is doubtless that referred to in Tournefort's generic name Ceratoldes, from keras, a horn,
gen. keratos, and eidos, likeness.

Gen. Char., <fyc. Flowers unisexual. — Male flower with the calyx inferior,
and 4 permanent petals. Stamens 4, inserted at the bottom of the calyx ;
opposite to, and prominent beyond, the sepals. — Female flower with the
calyx inferior, deeply divided, and ending in two horns, permanent. Fruit
a utricle, villous at the base.

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; lanceolate, entire, bearing
hoary pubescence. Flowers in axillary groups, in leafy spikes, yellowish. —
Shrub, deciduous, native of Siberia and Tartary, of easy culture in any dry
soil ; propagated by layers or cuttings inserted
in the soil, and covered with a hand-glass.

JN 1. D. CERATOIVDES W. The two-horned-
calyxed Diotis.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 368.

Synonymes. A'xyris Ceratoldes Lin. Sp. PI. 1389. ; Cerato-

spermum pappdsum Pers. ; A'xyris fruticbsa, fldribus fceml-

neis lanatis, Gmel. Sib. 3. p. 17. No. 10. t. 2. f. 1. ; Achy-

ranthes pappdsa Forsk. Descr. 48. ; Krascheninnikbvm

Giildenst. in Act. Petrop. 16. p. 548. t. 17. ; t/rtlca fbliis

lanceolatis, tominlnis hirsiitis,Roy.Lugdb.^lO.; CeratSldes

orientalis fruticdsa 2?laeagni folio Tourn. Cor. 52. ; Orien-

talisches Doppelohr, Ger.
Engravings. Jacq. Ic. Rar., 1. 1. 189.; and our fig. 1321.

Spec. Char., $c. See Gen. Char. A low deciduous
shrub, with recumbent branches. Siberia and
Tartary. Height 2 ft. Introduced in 1780.
Flowers apetalous, yellow, sweet-scented ;
March and April. 1381_ D. Cerato)des.

ORDER LVIII. POLYGON A

ORD. CHAR. Perianth divided ; aestivation imbricate. Stamens definite,
inserted in the base of the perianth. Ovarium free, 1-seeded. Styles or

stigmas numerous. Fruit naked or coyered. Albumen mealy. The erect

ovulum and superior radicle separate this order from Phvtolacese and
Chenopddeae. (G. Z)on.)

x x 3

678

ARBORETUM ET FKUTICETUM BRITANNICUM

Leaves simple, alternate, with cohesive stipules, deciduous or sub-
evergreen ; when young, rolled backwards. Flowers occasionally unisexual,
often in racemes. — Low suffruticose shrubs, natives of the South of Europe
and Asia, included in three genera, which are thus contradistinguished : —
TRAGOPY'RUM Bieb. Calyx 5-sepaled. Stamens 8. Styles 3.
V^TRAPHA'XIS L. Calyx 5-sepaled. Stamens 6. Styles bifid.
CALLI'GONUM L. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens 16. Styles 3 — 4, united at

the base.

GENUS I.

TRAGOPY'RUM Bieb.

THE GOAT-WHEAT.
Trigynia.

Lin. Syst. Octandria

Identification. Bieb. Flor. Taurico-Caucas., 3. p. 284.

Synonyme. Polygonum Lin. Hort. Ups. 95.

Derivation. Tragos, a goat, and puros, wheat. The 3-cornered fruits of such of the Polygonaceas
as have them are comparable, with some allowance, to wheat ; and goats may feed upon those of
the Tragopyrum, or upon the shrubs themselves ; or it may be that the name has been invented
a? one readily distinctive from the name Fagopy^rum, now the name of a genus that includes the
different kinds of buck- wheat

Gen. Char., fyc. Calyx inferior, with sepals that are imbricate in aestivation,
permanent ; the two exterior smaller, the three interior investing the fruit,
which is an achenium, that is, 3-cornered in a transverse section of it.
Stamens 8. Styles 3. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous or sub-evergreen ; spathu-
late. Flowers in axillary racemes.. — Shrubs, small, sub-evergreen, suffru-
tescent; natives of the South of Europe, Asia, and America; propagated by
seeds or layers in dry soil.

The species are extremely interesting and beautiful little shrubs, and it is
much to be regretted that they are so very seldom seen in collections. Though
they require heath soil, and some little time to be firmly established, yet
when once they are so, from their compact neat habit of growth, very little
care will be necessary afterwards. They never can require much pruning ;
are quite hardy ; and, provided the soil be not allowed to get too dry in the
heat of summer, they are always certain of flowering freely.

*~ ~* 1. T. LANCEOLA^TUM Bieb. The lanceolate-leaved Goat- Wheat.

Identification. Bieb. Fl. Taurico-Caucas.

Synonymes. Polygonum frutescens Willd. Sp. PI. 2. p. 440. ; strauchartiger Knoterig, Ger.

Engravings. Gmel. Sib., 3. t. 12. f. 2. ; Bot. Reg., t. 254. ; and our Jig. 1322.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem spreading widely.

Leaves lanceolate, tapered to both ends,

flat. Ochrea lanceolate, shorter than the

internode. The 2 exterior sepals reflexed,

and the 3 interior ones obcordate.

Flowers octandrous, trigynous. A low,

branchy, sub-evergreen shrub. Siberia and

Dahuria. Height 1 ft. to 2ft. Introd. 1770,

but rare in collections. Flowers whitish

and rose-coloured ; July and August.

Branches twiggy. Leaf with a frosty hue,
spathulate-lanceolate, nearly 1 in. long, se-
veral times longer than broad ; its edge ob-
scurely indented. The petiole short. The
calyxes are whitish, variegated with rose
colour, and persistent ; and of the 5 sepals
to each flower, the 3 that invest the ovary 1322 T lanceoutll

LVIII. POLYGONA CEJF. : ^TRAPHA'XIS.

679

after the flowering become more entirely rosy. The pedicels, erect while
bearing the flower, after the flowering become deflexed, and render the fruit
pendulous. The plant forms a hemispherical bush 2 or 3 feet high ; which,
during great part of July and August, is covered with its beautiful white
flowers, tinged with pink ; and forms a truly admirable object. It thrives
best in peat soil, and is worthy of a prominent place in the most select
collections of shrubs.

-Jc 2. T. JJUXIFO'LIUM Bieb. The Box-leaved Goat- Wheat.

Identification. Bieb. Fl. Taurico-Caucas.

Synonymes. Polygonum crfspulum var. at, Sims Bot. Mag, t. 1065. ; P.

caucasicum Hojffniannscgg.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 1065. ; and our Jig. 1323.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaf obovate, obtuse, tipped with a
short mucro ; the lateral margins undulated and re-
flexed, glabrous. Ochreas with 2 awns. A decumbent
shrub. Siberia. Stems 2 ft. Introduced' in 1800.
Flowers white ; July. Fruit red ; ripe in September.

The leaves are of a light green colour, rather rounded
in outline, about 1 in. in diameter, and deciduous. The
flowers are produced in long racemes, are nodding and
white. The fruit is enclosed by the 3 inner sepals, which
become, as the fruit ripens, of a rosy colour.

1323. T. 6uxif61ium.

J* 3. T. POLY'GAMUM'iSjpr.

Identification. Spreng. Syst. Veg., 2. p. 251.
Synonymes. Poljrgonum polygamum Vent. Ccls. t. 65.
Engravings.

The polygamous-seared Goat- Wheat.

P. parvifdlium Nutt. Gen. I. p. 256.

Vent. Cels., t. 65. ; and our fig. 1324.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves spathulate-linear. Ochreas
lanceolate, shorter than the internodes. Flowers in
branched racemes, whose rachises are thread-shaped.
Styles distinct. (Spreng.^) A diminutive upright shrub.
Carolina, in sandy wastes. Height 6 in. to 1 ft.
Introduced in 1810. Flowers small, greenish white;
July and August.

T. polygamum Spr. differs from T. lanceolatum
Bieb., especially in the following points : stem very
much branched ; leaf spathulate ; sexes polygamous ;
sepals expanded during the flowering ; and ochreas
entire at the top. The polygamous condition of the
sexes consists in the flowers of the same plant being
some bisexual, some female. In^g. 1324. a is a stamen,
b the pistil, and c the bisexual flower.

T. maritima, a species from North America, was sent
to the Horticultural Society by Mr. Douglas, in 1826.

1324. T. polyganmm

GENUS II.

U

>ITRAPHA'XIS L. THE ATRAPHAXIS. Lin. Syst. Hexandria Digynia.

Identification. Schreb. Lin. Gen., No. 612. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 2. p. 248.

Synonymes. ^'triplex Tourn. ; Strauchmelde, Ger.

Derivation. According to some, from a privative, and trepko, to nourish ; in allusion to the fruit
which, though in form like that of the buck-wheat, is unfit for food; according to others para to
athroos auxein, from its coming up quickly from seed, viz. on the eighth day.

Gen. Char., $c. Calyx inferior, of 4 leaves, in an outer smaller pair, and an

x x 4?

680 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

interior pair, the latter resembling petals ; or 4-parted, with the lobes
equal. Stamens 6. Stigmas 2, in one species ; style bifid, in the other.
Fruit compressed, in one species ; roundish, in the other. (Cr. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, sub-evergreen ; small, more or less
ovate. Flowers terminal, white, tinged with pink. — Shrubs, spinose, low,
decumbent ; natives of the South of Europe. Culture as in Tragopyrum.

J* I. A. SPINOZA L. The spine-branched Atraphaxis.

Identification. Lin. Hort. Cliff., 138. ; Willd. Sp. PI., 2. p. 248.
Synonyme. ,4'triplex orientalis, frutex aculeatus, fibre pulchro, Tourn.

Cor. 83.
Engravings. Dend. Brit., t. 119. ; and our fig. 1325.

Spec. Char., fyc. Spinose, with the branches ascending,
horizontal, or deflexed. Leaves glaucous, ^ in. long,
or less ; disk ovate, acute, petiole short. Calyx of 4
leaves. ( Willd:) A low sub-evergreen shrub. Borders of
the Caspian Sea and the Levant. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft.
Introd. 1732. Flowers white, tinged with pink;
August. Seeds brown, occasionally ripened.

It thrives best in sandy peat, and is propagated
by layers. So elegant and rare a plant deserves
a place in every choice collection.

-" 2. A. UNDULA'TA L. The waved-leaved
Atraphaxis.

1325. X.spin&sa. Identification. Lin. Hort. Cliff., 137. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 2. p. 249.

Engravings. Dill. Elth., t. 32. f. 36. ; and our fig.13'26.

Spec. Char., fyc. Less rigid than A. spinosa, and not spiny. Leaves
ovate, waved at the edges, and of a greener hue. Calyx 4-parted,
lobes equal, ovate, and concave. Stamens lanceolate. Style bifid.
Fruit roundish. (Willd.) Alow shrub. Cape of Good Hope. i.m
Height 6 in. to 1 ft. Introd. 1732, rare. Flowers whitish; June and July.

GENUS III.

CALLl'GONUM L. THE CALLIGONUM. Lin. Syst. Dodecandria Tetra-

gynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 680. ; Willd. Sp. PI., 2. p. 926.
Synonymes. Pallasza L., Pterococcus Pall.

Derivation. Kallos, beauty, gonu, a knee ; in description of the neat and jointed character of the
branches.

Gen. Char., fyc. Calyx inferior, persistent, turbinate in the lower part, ending
upwards in a 5-parted spreading border ; the two outer lobes rather smaller.
Stamens about 16 ; the filaments slightly united at the base, and then
diverging. Anthers peltate. Germen 4-sided, acuminate. Styles 4 or 3.
Stigmas capitate. Fruit an achenium, that has 4 sides and 4 wings. (G.
Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; caducous, minute.
Shoots rush-like, smooth, green. Flowers in groups, whitish. — Shrub erect,
evergreen from the colour of the shoots -, natives of Siberia. Layers.

sfc 1. C. PALLA'SL* L'Herit. Pallas's Calligonum.

Identification. L'Hdrit. Stirp., 2. p. 37. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 2. p. 927.

Synonymes. Pterococcus aph^llus Pall. Voy. 2. p. 738. t. 8. ; Calligonum nolygonoldes Pall. Itin.

3. p. 536. ; Pallasza caspica Lin. fil. Suppl. 252. Savigny in Encycl. ; PallSsz'a Pteroc6ccus Pall.

Fl. Ross. 2. p. 70. t. 77, 78. ; Caspischer Hackenknopf; Ger.
Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., 2. t. 77, 78. ; and OUT figs. 1237. and 1238.

Spec. Char., fyc. Fruit winged; wings membranous, curled, and toothed.

LIX. ZAURACE^E: XAU'RUS.

681

( L'Herit.) A low shrub, evergreen from the colour of its
shoots. Banks of the Caspian Sea, and on gravelly hills
near the Wolga, at Astracan. Height 3 ft. to 4- ft. Introd.
1780. Flowers whitish ; May.
Fruit crimson ; July; succu-
lent, acid, and eatable.

A very curious plant, well de-
serving the attention of collectors
of botanical rarities. Though long
since introduced, it is now lost to
1327. c. panto*,. British gardens.

ORDER LIX. £AURAxCEj£.

ORD. CHAR. Perianth 4 — 6-cleft ; aestivation imbricate. Stamens definite,
perigynous : opposite the segments, but often double their number, in two
series. Anthers adnate, 2 — 4-celled. Ovarium free, 1 -seeded. Style and
Stigma simple. Fruit a berry or drupe. Albumen none. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, seldom opposite, evergreen or
deciduous ; entire, or very rarely lobed. Inflorescence panicled or umbeled. —
Trees or shrubs, deciduous or evergreen ; natives of Asia and North America,
and one of them of the South of Europe. Propagated by seeds or layers.

GENUS L

.LAU'RUS L. THE LAUREL, or SAY, TREE. Lin. Syst. Enneandria
Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 503., in part.

Synonymes. Sassafras and Benzdin, C. G. Von Esenbeck ; Daphne, Greek ; Laurier, Fr. ;
Lorbeer, Ger.

Derivation. From laus, praise ; in reference to the ancient custom of crowning the Roman con-
querors with laurel in their triumphal processions There appears some doubt of the iaurus
nobilis being the Laurus of the Romans, and the Daphne of the Greeks. (.See Daphne.)

Gen. Char., fyc. Sexes polygamous or dioecious. Calyx with 6 sepals.
Stamens 9 ; 6 exterior, 3 interior, and each of them having a pair of gland-
like bodies attached to its base. These last have been deemed imperfect
stamens. Anthers adnate ; of 2 cells in most of the species, of 4 unequal
ones in the others : each cell is closed by a vertical valve that opens
elasticallv, and often carries up the pollen in a mass. Fruit a carpel, pulpy
externally and including one seed. Cotyledons eccentrically peltate. (Willd.)
Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous or evergreen ; entire or
lobed. Flowers in small conglomerate umbels or bracteate racemes. —
Shrubs or low trees, deciduous or evergeen ; natives of the South of Europe,
North of Africa, and America. Propagated by seeds or layers.

A. Leaves evergreen.
1. L. NO'BILIS L. The noble Laurel, or Sweet Say.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 529. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 2. p. 479.

Synonymes. Laurus Camer.t Tourn., Dodon., Ray ; L. vulgaris Bauh. Ptn. 460. ; Laurier commun,

Laurier franc, Laurier d'Apollon, Laurier a Sauce, Fr. ; gemeine Lorbeer, Ger ; Alloro, Ital.
Engravings. Flor. Grsc., t. 365. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ; and our fig. 1329.

Spec. Char., fyc. Evergreen. Flowers 4-cleft. Sexes dioecious. Leaves

682

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

lanceolate, veiny. (Willd.) An evergreen low tree or large shrub. Italy,
Greece, and North of Africa. Height 30ft. to 60 ft. Introduced in 1562, or
before. Flowers white or yellow ; April and May. Berry very dark purple ;
ripe in October.

Varieties.

a L. n. 2 unduldta Mill. — A low shrub, seldom growing higher than 4 or
6 feet, with leaves waved on the edges, which is stated in the Nouveau
Du Hamel to be hardier than the species.

* L. n. 3 salicifblia Swt. L. n. angustifolia Lodd. Cat. — A shrub, rather
higher than the preceding variety, with long narrow leaves, not so
thick as those of the species, and of a lighter green.
«i L. n. 4 variegdta Swt. L. n. fol. var. Lodd. Cat. — Leaves variegated.
«t L. n. 5 latifolia Mill. — Leaves much broader and smoother than
those of the species. This is the broad-leaved bay of Asia, Spain,
and Italy, and it is generally considered as too tender for the open
air in England.

«t L. n. 6 crispa Lodd. Cat. — Leaves somewhat curled.
a L. n. ! Jlore pleno N. Du Ham. — Flowers double.
An evergreen tree, or rather enormous shrub, sometimes growing to the
height of 60 ft., but always displaying a tendency to throw up suckers ; and
rarely assuming a tree-like character. The leaves are evergreen, and of a firm
texture ; they have an agreeable smell, and an aromatic, subacrid, slightly bit-

m

1329. ZMros n(5bilis.

terish taste. The plant requires a good free soil, and it will not thrive in the
open air, in a climate much colder than that of the environs of London. It
is generally propagated by layers ; but, as the berries are ripened in the South
of England, and can be had in abundance from France, the species is very

LIX. Z,AURAVCE^E I ZAl/RUS.

683

generally increased from seeds, and the varieties only raised from layers or
cuttings.

t 2. L. CAROLINE'NSIS Catesb. The Carolina Laurel, or Red Bay.

Identification. Catesb. Car., 1. p. 63. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 276. ; Spreng. Syst., 2. p. 665.

Synonymes. L. Borbon/a Lin. Sp. 529., Syst. 383. ; L. axillaris Lam. -, Borbbnm sp. Plum. Gen.
4. ic. 60., Pe>sea BorbbmYz Spreng. ; the broad-leaved Carolina Bay ; Laurier rouge, Laurier
Bourbon, Laurier de Caroline, Fr. ; Carolinischer Lorbeer, rother Lorbeer, Ger.

Engravings. Catesb. Car., t. 63. ; Michx. N. Arner. Syl., 2. t. 82. ; N. Du Ham., 2. t. 33. ; and
our fig. 1330. after Michaux, and jig. 1331. after Du Hamel.

Spec. Char., $c. Evergreen. Leaves oval, lanceolate, slightly glaucous be-
neath. Flowers in peduncled axillary groups. (Spreng.) An evergreen
tree, in England a somewhat tender shrub. Virginia to Louisiana. Height
60ft. to 70ft. in America; 5ft. to 10 ft. in England. Introduced in 1739.
Flowers whitish ; May.

1330. L. carolin&isis.

1331. L. carolinen&is.

Varieties.

t L. c. 2 glabra Pursh. — Leaves slightly glabrous.
t L. c. 3 pubescens Pursh. — Leaves slightly pubescent,
i L. c. 4 obtiisa Pursh. — Leaves ovate-obtuse.

Only suitable for warm or sheltered situations, or for being placed against a
conservative wall.

3. L. G'ATESB/jV/f Michx.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1.

Sept., 1. p. 275.
Synonymes. L. aestivalis Lin. Spec. 529. ; L. enervis Mill.

Diet. No. 8. ; L. Euosmus aestivalis Nutt. Gen. 1. p. 259. ;

Pond Bush, Amer. ; Sommer Lorbeer, Ger.
Engravings. Catesb. Car., t. 28. ; and our Jig. 1332.

Spec. Char., $c. Evergreen. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate, glossy. Flowers in a terminal
panicle. Fruit ovate. (Spreng. Syst.) An
evergreen shrub. Sea coast of Georgia and
Carolina. Height 5ft. to 10 ft. Introduced
in 1820. Flowers white ; May. Berries
black, based by red calyxes, on thick red
peduncles ; never seen in England.
We are uncertain as to the hardiness of this
species, not having seen living plants, except
in the green-house of the Jardin des Plantes.

Catesby's Laurel, or Red Bay.

p. 244. ; Spreng. Syst., 2. p. 265. ; Pursh Fl. Amei.

1332. L. Catesbwnn.

B Leaves deciduous.
£ 4. L. SA'SSAFRAS L The Sassafras Laurel, or Sassafras Tree.

Identification. Lin. Hort. Cliff., 154. ; Willd. Sp. PI., 2. p. 485. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 277.

684

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Synonymes. Tdrnus mas odorata, folio trifido, margiae piano. Sassafras dicta, Plulc. Aim. 120 t. 222.

f. 6. ; Sassafras arbor, ex Florida, flculneo folio, Bauh. Pin. 431. ; Sassafras sp. C. G. Neet Von

Esenbeck : Persea Sassafras Spreng. ; Laurier Sassafras, Fr. ; Sassafras Lorbeer, Ger. ; Sas-

sofrasso, Ital.
Engravings. Catesb. Car., 1. t. 55. ; N. Du Ham., 5. t. 114. : plates in Arb. Brit., 1st ed. vol. vii. :

and ourf.g. 1333.

Spec. Char., fyc. Sexes dioecious. Arborescent. Leaves and flowers pro-
duced from the same buds. Buds, younger branches, and the under surface
of the leaves, pubescent. Leaves entire, or with 2 — 3 lobes. Veins pro-
minent on the under side. Flowers in corymbose conglomerate racemes.
Anthers with 4 unequal cells. In the female flower, additionally to the pistil,
are 6 gland-like bodies, like those in the male flowers. (Nutt.) A decidu-
ous tree. South Carolina. Height 40 ft. to 50ft. Introduced in 1633.
Flowers greenish yellow, slight, odoriferous ; April and May. Berries
bright deep blue, contained in small dark red cups ; ripe in September.

The sassafras tree often grows, even in England, to the same height as in
America. The leaves, which vary very much in size and shape, are covered,
when they first appear, with a soft woolly down ; they are generally deeply
lobed, on long footstalks, and of a pale green ; they fall off early in autumn of

1333. /,. Sdttafran.

an intense red and yellow. Any free soil, rather moist than dry, will suit this
species, which is generally propagated from imported seeds. These should be
sown, or put in a rot-heap, as soon as received, as they remain a year, and
sometimes two or three years, in the ground, before they come up. It may
also be propagated by cuttings of the roots, or bv suckers, which the roots of

LIX. ZAURACE^E :

685

old trees throw up in great abun iance. The situation where the tree is finally
planted should be sheltered ; and, in the North of England and in Scotland,
to insure fine foliage, it should be planted against a wall.

a 5. L. BENZOIN L. The Benzoin Laurel, or Benjamin Tree.

Identification. Lin. Hort. Cliff., 154. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 2. p. 435. ; Pursh, 1. p. 276.

Synanymes. Arbor virginiana citreae vel limonii folio, benzoinum fimdens, Comm. Hort. 1. p. 189.

t. 97.; Z-aurus zestivalis Wangh. Amer. 87. ; L. Pse\nlo-Benzdin Mich. Fl. Amer. 1. p. 243. ; L.

Euosmus Benzdin Nutt. Gen. 1. p. 259. ; Benzoin sp. C. G. Nees Von Escnbeck ; Spjce Bush,

Spice Wood, or wild Allspice, Amer., according to Nuttall ; Laurier faux Benzoin, Fr. ; Benzoin

Lorbeer, Ger.
Engravings. Comm. Hort., 1. t. 97. ; Pluk. Aim., t. 139. f. 34. ; and our fig. 1334.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves cuneate-obovate,

entire, the under side whitish and partly

pubescent, deciduous. Sexes polygamous.

Flowers in umbels. Buds and pedicels

of the umbels glabrous. Leaves without

nerves, ovate, acute at both ends. ( Willd.)

A deciduous shrub. Virginia. Height

10ft. to 12 ft. Introduced in 1688. Flow-
ers yellowish green ; March and April.

Berries scarlet ; seldom or never seen on

the plants in England.

In British gardens, it forms a rather
tender peat-earth shrub, handsome from its
large leaves, but seldom thriving, except
where the soil is kept moist and the situa-
tion sheltered. It is propagated from im-
ported seeds, which require to be treated
like those of .Laurus Sassafras ; by layers ;
or, with difficulty, by cuttings.

1331. L. Benzoin.

j* 6. L. (2?.) DIOSPY'RUS Pers. The Diospyrus-/z7re Laurel, or Bay.

Identification. Pers. Syii., 1. p. 450. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 276.

Synonymes. L. Euosmus Diosp^rus Nutt. Gen. 1. p. 259. ; L. cfiospyroldos Michx. Fl Bor. Amer.

1. p. 243. ; ? L. melissaefblia Walt. Fl. Car. 134.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 1470. ; and our Jig. 1335.

Spec. Char., fyc. Habit low, surculose, twiggy.
Leaves oblong-oval, and entire, the under side
veiny and pubescent, deciduous. Flower buds
and pedicels villous. Sexes dioecious. (Nutt.*) A
running, twiggy, deciduous shrub. Virginia and
Carolina, iu swamps. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft. Intro-
duced in 1810. Flowers greenish yellow; April.
Berries scarlet or purple ; rarely seen in England.

Leaves opaque, oblong-oval, attenuated towards
the base, entire, the under side veiny and pubescent,
deciduous. Scales of the buds purple, villous.
Younger branches villous. This species so closely
resembles L. Benzoin, as to leave no doubt in our
mind that it is only a variety of it.

& 7. L. GENICULA'TA Michx. The knee-flexed-fo-ancfod Laurel, or Bay.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 244. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 276.

Synonymes. L. Euosmus geuiculata Nutt. Gen. 1. p. 259. ; L. zcstivalis Wittd. Sp. PI. 2. p. 484.,

according to Pursh.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 1471. ; and our fig. 1336.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches divaricate and flexuous. Leaves cuneate-oblong,
mostly obtuse, about 1£ in. long, in many instances less than half an inch
wide, entire, glabrous, except upon the under side near the base. Flowers

686

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

in terminal small umbels, that are upon
conspicuous footstalks and smooth. An-
thers unequally 4-celled. Sexes polyga-
mous. (Nutt.) A deciduous shrub, with
the branches flexuous, grey, smooth, and
so remarkably divaricated as to give a cha-
racteristic appearance to the ponds which
they border. Virginia to Florida, in sandy
swamps, and on the margins of lagoons.
Height 8ft. to 12ft. Introduced in 1759.
Flowers yellow ; April and May. Berries
globose, scarlet ; rarely seen in England.

1336. L. gcniculatd

ORDER LX. THYMELA'CE^E.

ORD. CHAR. Perianth tubular, coloured, 4 — 5-cleft, often furnished with scales
in the throat. Stamens usually 8, sometimes 4, rarely 2, inserted in the throat
of the perianth. Ovarium superior, 1-seeded. Stigma undivided. Fruit
nucamentaceous or drupaceous. Albumen thin, fleshy, or none. (G. Don.)
Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous or evergreen ; entire,
coriaceous. Flowers terminal or axillary, showy, fragrant. — Shrubs or sub-
shrubs ; natives of Europe, Asia, and America; propagated by seeds, layers,
or grafting. The genera are two, which are thus contradistinguished: —

DA'PHNE L. Calyx 4-parted. Stigma capitate. Fruit pulpy.
DI'RCA L. Calyx 4-toothed. Stigma pointed. Fruit dry.

GENUS I.

DA'PHNEI,. '

Identification. Liu. Gen., 192.
Synont/mes. Thymelae'a Tou

ft

&

rjfti

«%_

CHE DAPHNE. Lin. Syst. Oc

; Eng. Flora, 2. p. 228.
rn. Inst. t. 366., Gcertn. t. 39. ; D

). ; Daphne, Fr. ; Seidelbast, Ger. ;
uafne, Ital.

Derivation. Daphne is considered by some botanists to have been the Greek name of the TZuscus
racembsus, or Alexandrian laurel, into which it is fabled that Daphne was changed. " Why the
name has been applied to the shrubs now called Daphne, it is not easy to say." (Lindl. Sot. Reg.,
t. 1177.) It is stated in Rees's Cyclopedia, under .Laurus, that L. nobilis " is certainly the
Daphne of Dioscorides, and consequently the classical laurel. It is still called by the same name
among the modern Greeks;" this is also the popular belief. (See St. Pierre's E'tudes de la
Nature, Lempriere's Class. Diet., &c. &c.) Supposing the Daphne to have been the Z,aurus
ndbilis, or bay tree, it is easy to account for its being applied to this genus, the D. Mezereum
being formerly called the dwarf bay in England ; and nearly all the species retaining the names 01
laureole and laureola in France and Italy.

Gen. Char. Calyx inferior, somewhat salver-shaped ; in most, of some other
colour than that of the leaves, and, from its shape and colour, resembling a
corolla ; segments of its limb 4, deep, ovate, or oblong, imbricate in aestiva-
tion. Stamens 8, in two rows ; the filaments with but a short part distinct
from the tube of the calyx ; the anthers not prominent beyond it. Ovary
solitary. Style very short. Stigma capitate. Fruit an ovate carpel, pulp)'
externally. Seed I. (Wi/ld.)

Leaves simple, in most alternate ; if not alternate, opposite, exstipulate,
deciduous ; entire. Flowers terminal or axillary, mostly in groups, highly
fragrant. — Undershrubs, evergreen and deciduous ; natives chiefly of Europe,
but partly also of the cooler parts of Asia, including Japan and China.
The odour of some of the species is very agreeable. They are all beautiful,
and rather difficult to propagate, except by seeds, or grafting on D. Laureola
They thrive best in heath soil.

LX. THYMELA^CE^ I

687

A. Leaves deciduous.
j» 1 D. MEZE^REUM L. The Mezereon Daphne, or common Mezereon.

Identification Lin. Sp. PI., p. 509. ; Willd. Sp. PI., 2. p. 415. ; Eng. Flora, 2. p. 228.

Synonymes. Spurge Olive, Spurge Flax; Flowering Spurge, Parkinson; Dwarf Bay, Gerard ;
Laureole femelle, Bois gentil, Mezereon, Bois joli, Fr. ; gemeiner Seidelbast, or Kellerbalz,
Ir^r. : Peperachtige Daphne, Dutch ; Laureola femina, Biondella, Camelia, Ital. ; Laureola hem-

Derivation. Mezereum and Mezereon are said to be derived from madzaryon, the Persian name

for this shrub.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1381. ; CEd. Fl. Dan., t. 208. ; and our Jig. 1337.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves lanceolate, deciduous. Flowers distributed over
the branches in threes mostlv, and in pairs and fours, expanded before the
leaves are protruded. ( Willd.} A low, fastigiate, deciduous shrub. North of
Europe, in woods ; and in the South and West of England, but rare. Height
3 ft. to 4 ft. Flowers red ; February, March, or April. Berries red ; ripe
in August or September.

Varieties.

j* D. M. 2 fibre dlbo. — Flowers white, and fruit yellow.
.1* D. M. 3 autumndle. — Habit spreading ;

also with larger leaves than the species,

and producing its flowers in autumn. A

most desirable shrub, being commonly

covered with its gay pinkish blossoms

from November to March.

The whole shrub is poisonous to human beings,
though the berries are favourite food for finches
and other birds, more especially the robin. It
is of easy culture, and generally propagated
by seeds ; * which, if suffered to get dry before
they are sown, will remain two years in the
soil ; but which, if sown in autumn immediately
after gathering them, generally come up the fol-
lowing spring. The best time for transplanting
this shrub is in October, as it begins to vegetate
very soon after Christmas. It thrives most in a
loamy soil, and in an open situation ; and, when
it is properly treated, and has room, it will in 8
or 10 years form a bush 5 or 6 feet high, and 7 or 8
feet in diameter. The white variety is commonly ,337. Di Xutreum,

selected from seedlings, after they have come into

flower ; or the seeds from white-flowered plants are sown, which are generally
found to come true.

jt, 2. D, ALTA'ICA Pall. The Altaic Daphne.

Identification. Pall. Fl. Ross., 1. p. 53. t. 35. ; Willd. Sp. PI., 2. p. 422.

Synonymes. Daphne altaique, Laureole de Tartarie, Fr. ; Sibirischer Seidelbast, Ger.

Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., 1. t. 35. ; Bot. Mag., t. 1875. ; Bot. Cab., t. 399. ; and our Jig. 1338.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves obovate-lanceolate,
glabrous. Flowers sessile, in terminal umbels,
about 5 in an umbel. Bark reddish brown
in colour. Leaves oblong, broader towards
the upper extremity, and narrowed down-
wards, of a somewhat glaucous and yellowish
green, the latter colour prevailing most while
they are young. Lobes of the calyx revolute.
(Sims.) A low deciduous shrub. Altaic Alps,
in Siberia. Height 1 ft. to 3 ft. Introduced
in 1796. Flowers white, scentless ; April and
May. Berries red ; ripe in September. 1338 n a||ftlcat

683

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM

4-1

j* 3. D. ALPI' NA L. The Alpine Daphne.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 510., Syst., 371. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 2. p. 418.
Si/nonymes. The Alpine Chamelea Marsh. Plant. 2. p. 112. ; Daphne

des Alpes, Fr. ; Alpen Scidelbast, Get: ; Olivella, Ital.
Engravings. Bot. Cab., t. 66. ; and our Jig. 1339.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves lanceolate, a little obtuse,

tomentose beneath, deciduous. Flowers sessile,

aggregate. (Willd.) A low, branchy, deciduous shrub.

Alps of Switzerland, Geneva, Italy, and Austria.

Height 2 ft. Introduced in 1759. Flowers white,

very fragrant ; May to July. Berries red ; ripe in

September.

Quite hardy, and very suitable for rockwork ; as the
roots fix themselves deeply into the crevices of the
rocks.

B. Erect. Leaves persistent. Flowers lateral.

10. 4. D. LAUREVOLA L. The Laureola Daphne, or
Spurge Laurel.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL. 510.; Willd. Sp. PL, 2. p. 418. ; Eng. 1339. D.alplna.

Flora, 2. p. 229.

Synonymes. Daphnoldes vSrum, vel Laurdola, Gesn. fasc. 1. 7. t. 6. f. 9. ', LaurSola Rah Syn. 465.,
Ger. Em. 1404. ; rhymelae'a Laurdola Scop. Cam. 2. n. 4G3. ; the evergreen Daphne ; Laureole
male, Laureole des Anglais, Fr. ; immergruner Seidelbast, Ger. ; Cavolo di Lupo, Ital.

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 119. ; Jacq. Austr., t. 183. ; and omfig. 1340.

Spec. Char., 8fc. Evergreen. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, smooth. Flowers
in axillary, simple, drooping clusters, that are shorter than the leaves : flowers
in each about 5. Calyx obtuse. (Smith.) A low, bushy, evergreen shrub.
Britain, and most other parts of Europe, in woods. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft.
Flowers yellowish green; January to March. Berries oval, green first,
changing to black ; ripe in September.
Though not showy in its flowers, it is a valuable plant for a shrubbery, from

its being evergreen, and from its thick, glossy, shining leaves. It thrives best

in the shade, and will flourish in situations under the drip of trees, where few

other plants would grow. If exposed to the

sun, the leaves turn back with a kind of twist;

and, instead of their natural pure deep green,

they assume a brownish tinge. The berries are

a favourite food of singing-birds : though, as

DeCandolle observes in the Flore Francaise,

they are poisonous to all other animals. The

spurge laurel is propagated by seeds, like the

mezereon ; but, as they will remain two years in

the ground before they vegetate, they are gene-
rally treated like haws, and kept for some time

in the rotting-heap. It may also be propagated

by cuttings ; but not readily. It is much used in I340_ c. j,aur6ola.

nurseries, as a stock on which to graft the more

tender species of the genus; but as, like all the other daphnes, it has few

roots, it requires to be transplanted with care.

* 5. D. PO'NTICA L. The Pontic Daphne, or twin-lowered Spurge Laurel.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 511. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 2. p. 419.

Synonymes. TTiyraelae'a pontica, citrei foliis, Tourn. Ilin. 3. p. 180. t. 180. ; Laureole du Levant,

Fr. ; Pontischer Seidelbast, Ger.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 1282. ; and our Jig. 1341.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, glabrous. Flowers bractless,
glabrous, in many-flowered upright clusters, each of the long partial stalks
of which bears two flowers. Lobes of the calyx lanceolate, long. (Spreng.)
A low, spreading, branchy, evergreen shrub. Asia Minor. Height 4 ft. to
5 ft. Introd. 1759. Flowers greenish yellow ; April and May. Berries ?

LX. THYMELA CE^E : DA PHNE.

689

Varieties.

* D. p. 2 rubra Hort. — Flowers red. Supposed to be a hybrid, and

rather more tender than the species.

* T). p. 3 foliis variegatis Lodd. Cat. 1836. — Leaves variegated.

The whole plant, in general appearance, strongly
resembles the common spurge laurel : but the
leaves are more oval, and shorter; and the flow-
ers, which are disposed in twos instead of fives,
are yellower, and of a sweeter scent. The
leaves somewhat resemble those of the lemon
tree, especially in colour ; whence Tournefort's
trivial name. When bruised, they smell like
those of the elder. It thrives best in soil similar
to that usually prepared for American plants, on
the shady side of a wall, or in some other shel-
tered situation. 1341. c. p<5ntica.

«. 6. D. THYMEL^A Vahl. The Thymelaea, or Milkwort-like, Daphne.

Identification. Vahl Symb., 1. p. 28. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 2. p. 416.

Synonymes. Thymelaea foliis polygalae glabris Bauh. Pin. 463. ; T. alplna gl&bra, flosculis subluteis

ad foliorum ortum sessilibus, Pluk. Aim. 366. t. 229. f. 2. ; Sanamunda viridis vel elabra Bauh

Prod. 160. ; Sanamunda glabra Bauh. Hist. L p. 592. ; Passerlna ThymelaeNa Dec. •

the Wild Olive ; La Thymelie, Fr. ; astloser Seidelbast, Ger.
Derivation. I'hymelaj'a is probably derived from thy?nos, poison, and elaia, or elcea,

the olive tree, in reference to the poisonous qualities of the plant, and its slight

resemblance to the olive.
Engravings. Ger. Prov., t. 17. f. 2. ; Pluk. Aim., t. 229. f. 2. ; and ouryzg-. 1342.

Spec. Char., fyc. Evergreen. Stem much branched. Branches
simple, warted. Leaves lanceolate, broader towards the tip,
crowded, glaucous. Flowers axillary, sessile. (Vahl.) A low,
much-branched, evergreen shrub. Spain, and in the neighbour-
hood of Montpelier. Height 3ft. Introduced in 181.5; but
rare in collections. Flowers yellowish green ; February to April.
Berries small, yellowish ; ripe in August.

The plant requires a situation warm and dry; and to be grovui
in sandy peat, kept in an equable degree of moisture.

«. 7. D. TA'RTON-RAI'RA L. The Tarton-raira, or silvery. leaved, Daphne.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 510. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 2. p. 417.
Synonymes. Thymelae'a foliis candicantibas et serici instar mol-

libus Bauh. Pin. 463. ; Tarton-Raire Gallo-provincia? Monspeli-

ensium Lob. Ic. 371. ; Sanamtinda argentata latifdlia Barr. Ic.

221. ; Passerlna Tarton-raira Schrad. ; the oval-leaved Daphne ;

Laureole blanche, Fr. ; Silberblattriger Seidelbast, Ger.
Engravings. Fl. Graeca, t. 354. ; and our fig. 1343.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves persistent, obovate, nerved,
silky, hoary. Flowers sessile, lateral, aggregate,
imbricated with scales at the base. ( Vahl Symb.)
A branching low evergreen shrub. South of
France. Height 2 ft. to 3 ft. Introduced in 1739.
Flowers small, yellowish ; May to July.

Remarkable for the smallness and silki-
ness of its leaves, and the white appearance
of the whole plant ; its branches are weak,
irregular, and scarcely ligneous ; it requires
a warm dry situation, exposed to the sun,
and is therefore very suitable for rockwork.

8. D. (? T.) PUBE'SCENS L.
pubescent Daphne.

6fi. ; Willd. Sp. PI

The

134Z. D. Tdrion rafra.

Identification. Lin. Mant., 6(5. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 2 p. 417.

Synonymes. rhymela^a italica, Tarton-raire Gallo-provinciae similis, sed peromnia
' major, Micheli, cited in Titti Cat. Hort. Pisani ; behaarter Seidelbast, Ger.

Y Y

690

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNIC M.

Engravings. Tilli Cat. Hort. Pisani, t. 49. f. 2. ; and oar fig. 1344.

Sjjec. Char., $c. Stems pubescent, simple. Leaves linear-lanceokte, almost
mucronate, alternate, nearly deciduous. Flowers axillary ; 5, or tewer, in
an axil; sessile, narrow, shorter than the leaf; the tube thread-shaped and
downy. It seems different from D. TTiymelae^a, and was found in Austria
by Jacquin. (Willd.) Introduced in 1810.

*L 9. D. (? T.} TOMENTO'SA Lam. The tomentose Daphne.

Identification. Lam. Diet. ; N. Du Ham., 1. p. 26.

Synonymes. Passer'ma villbsa Lin. ; Laureole cotonneuse Lam. Encyc. 10.

Engraving. Our fig. 1345. from a specimen in the Lambertian herbarium.

Spec. Char., fyc. Flowers sessile, axillary. Leaves oblong-
obtuse, covered with tomentum on both sides. (Lam.) A low
shrub, very nearly allied to D. Tdrton-raira, but larger in all
its parts, and with more obtuse leaves, which are covered
with tomentum, instead of a silky down. Asia Minor and
the Levant. Height 2ft. to 3ft. Introd. 1800. Flowers white;
May. Berries ?.

C. Erect. Leaves persistent. Flowers terminal.

a. 10. D. eoLLi'NA Smith. The Hill-inhabiting Daphne, or Neapolitan
Mezereon.

Identification.

Synonymes. D. collina « Bot. Reg.' t. 822.,'? D. £uxif61ia Vahl Symb.

Smith in F]_. Graeca, t. 359. ; Willd. Sp. PI., 2. p. 423.

xif61ia Vahl Symb. 1. p. 5
lines, Laureole a Feuilles de Saiite, Fr. ; Stumpfblattriger Seidelbast, Ger.

29. ; Daphne des Col-

Engravings. Fl. Graeca, t. 359. ; Bot. Cab., 1. 1348. ; and our fig. 1347.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves obovate, glabrous and glossy
above, and hirsutely villous beneath. Flowers in
terminal groups. Calyx externally silkily villous ;
its lobes ovate, obtuse. (Wikstrom.) An upright,
low, evergreen shrub. On low hills, and on the
banks of rivers, in the South of Italy. Height 2ft.
to 3ft. Introduced in 1752. Flowers pinkish;
January to June. Berries ?.

Variety.

*L D. c. 2 neapolitdna Lindl. D. neapolitana
Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 710., and OUT fig. 1346.—
Differs from the species chiefly in the want
of pubescence on the under surface of the
leaves. A very pretty plant
originated in a sport from the
species, and in cultivation since
1822. Much admired for the
fragrance of its purple and white
IMG. D. c. neapolitana. flowers during winter.

Grafted plants, grown in a border sheltered from
the north by a wall, thrive well ; and form thick bushes,
with nearly level heads, covered with flowers.

tL 11. D. (c.) OLEoVDES L. The Olive-like Daphne.

Identification. Lin. Mant., 66. ; Willd. Sp. PI., 2. p. 423.

Synonymes. Chamaedaphnoldes cretica Alpin. Exot. 44. t. 43. ; Thyme1**a cretica olea; folio

utriusque glabro Tourn. Cor. 41. ; Daphne salicif61ia Lam. Encycl.3. p. 423.: Laureole a Feuilles

d' Olivier, Fr. ; Oelbaumblattriger Seidelbast, Ger.
Engravings. Alpin. Exot., t.43. ; Bot. Mag., t. 1917. ; Bot. Cab., t. 299. ; and our fig. 1348.

Spec, Char., $c. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, terminated with a minute mucro,
glabrous upon both sides. Flowers terminal, sessile, a few together, and
surrounded by leaves that in some measure involucrate them. (Bot. Mag.)

13S7. D. collina.

LX. THYMELANCE^ :

691

1349. D. (c.)

1348. D. (c.) oleoldes.

Intro-

A low evergreen shrub. Crete. Height 2ft. Introd. 1818.
Flowers white during the greater part of the year.

It is less showy in its flowers than D. collina; but is
deserving of cultivation from its nearly glossy and pointed
leaves, and neat habit of growth.

*- 12. D. (c.) SERI'CEA Vahl. The silky-leaved Daphne.

Identification. Vahl Symb., 1. p. 28. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 2. p. 423.

Synonymes. Thymelae'a cretica oleae folio subtus villoso Tourn. Cor. 41 . ;

Daphne oleajfblia Lam. Encycl. 3. p. 424. : Seidenartiger Seidelbast, Ger.
Engraving. OUT fig. 1349. from a specimen in the Lambertian herbarium.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves lanceolate, bluntish,
glabrous above, villous beneath. Flowers
terminal, aggregate, villous, sessile. Lobes of
the calyx obtuse. It differs from D. (c.)
oleoides in its leaves being villous beneath, in
the number of its flowers, and in the lobes of
the calyx being oblong. (Willd.) A low ever-
green shrub. Candia and Naples. Height 1 ft. to 2 ft.
duced in 1820 ; but we have not seen the plant.

ML 13. D. STRIA'TA Trat. The striated-calyxed Daphne.

Identification. Tratt. , Spreng. Syst. 2. p. 237.

Engraving. Our fig. 1350. from a specimen in Dr. Lindley's herbarium.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves subspathulate-linear, sessile, tipped
with a small mucro, glabrous. Flowers terminal, aggregate,
sessile, glabrous, striated. Lobes of the calyx acute. (Spreng.')
A low evergreen shrub. Switzerland and Hungary. This
plant is said to have been introduced in 1819, and to have
purplish flowers ; but we have never seen it.

D. Erect. Leaves persistent. Floivers in Racemes.

«- 14. D. GNI'DIUM L The Gnidium, or Flax-
leaved, Daphne.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 31 1 . ; Mill. Diet., n. 7. ; Willd.

Sp. PL, 2. p. 420. ; Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836.
Synonymes. JTiymelae'a foliis lini Bauh. Pin. 463. ; Spurge

Flax, Mountain Widow Wayle ; Daphne Gnidium, Lau-

r£ole a Panicule, Fr. ; Rispenblattrtger Seidelbast, Ger. ;

Camelea, Ital.
Engravings. Bot. Cab., t. 150. ; and our fig. 1351.

Spec. Char., tyc. Evergreen. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, with a cuspidate tip. Flowers in
terminal panicled racemes. (Willd.) A low
evergreen shrub. Spain, Italy, and Narbonne.
Height 2ft. Introduced in 1797. Flowers
fragrant, pink ; June to August. Berries small,
globular, red j ripe in September. 1351. D. Gnidium.

E. Prostrate. Leaves persistent. Flowers terminal, aggregate.
«u 15. D. CNKO'RUM L. The Garland-flower, or trailing, Daphne.

Identification.

ed. 1836.
Synonymes. Cnebrum Matth. Hist. 46., Clus. Hist.

Seidelbast, Ger.
Engravings. Jacq. Aust., 5. t. 426. ; Bot. Mag., t. 313. ; Bot. Cab., t. 1800. ; and our fig. 1352.

Spec. Char., fyc. Evergreen. Stems trailing. Leaves lanceolate, glabrous,
mucronate. It flowers twice a year. The flowers are terminal, aggregate,
sessile, red upon the up
leaves. (Willd.) A trail

Lin. Sp., 511., Syst., 371. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 2. p. 422. ; Bot. Mag., t. 313. ; Lodd. Cat.

Thymelee des Alpes, Fr. ; wohlriechender

1< TT At^t^ H. J V*c*x . JbMV AlVf VT ^1 O CU \_, LV I 11 1 JU Icll j dtiiil CiiClLt,

)per side, and the groups of them are surrounded by
iling evergreen shrub. Switzerland, Hungary, the

Y Y 2

692

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

Pyrenees, Mount Balrlo, Germany, and France. Height 1 ft. Introduced
in 1752. Flowers bright pink, sweet-scented; April, and again in Sep-
tember. Berries white, small, globose, seldom produced in England.
Varieties.

«U D. C. 2 fdliis variegdtis. — The leaves have

a narrow portion of yellow at the edges.
9^ D. C. 3 fibre albo. — Flowers white.

The prettiest species of the genus, more especially
when grafted ! or \\ foot high on D. iaureola. It is
also valuable for rock work, and growing in pots,
on account of its dwarf habit, and the beauty and
delightful fragrance of its flowers. For ordinary
purposes it is propagated by layers, and it thrives
best in peat soil kept rather moist. i352. D.

GENUS II.

Lin. Syst. Octandria

DI'RCA L. THE DIRCA, or LEATHER-WOOD.
Monogynia.

N. Du Ham., vol. iii. p. 193. ; Bot. Reg., t. 292.

Lin. Amcen. Acad., 3. p. 12.
Thymela^a Grow. Virg. 155.

Identification.
Synonyme. '.
Derivation. From dirke, a fountain ; the plant growing in watery places.

Gen. Char. Calyx inferior, funnel-shaped, ending in 4 — 5 unequal teeth, pale
yellow, resembling a corolla. Stamens 8. Styles thread- shaped. Stigma
a simple point. Fruit a dry carpel. ( Willd.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; coriaceous. Flowers
terminal, appearing before the leaves, yellowish. — A shrub of a yellow aspect,
and with the habit of a miniature tree ; native of Virginia. Peat soil kept
moist ; and it is readily propagated by imported seeds, or by layers.

j* 1. D. PALU'STRIS L. The Marsh Dirca, or Leather-wood.

Identification. Lin. Amoen. Acad., 3. p. 12. ; Willd. Sp. PI, 2.

p. 424. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 268.
Synonymes. Moorwood ; Bois de Cuir, Bois de Plomb, Pr. ;

Sumpf Lederholz, Ger.
Engravings. Lin. Amoen. Acad., 3. t. 1. f. 7.; Bot. Reg., t.

292. ; and ourj^. 1353.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves lanceolate, oblong,

alternate, pale green, villous beneath, and

deciduous. ( Willd.) A low deciduous branchy

shrub, with the habit of a miniature tree.

Virginia. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced in

1750, and common in collections of peat-earth

shrubs. Flowers yellow ; March.

The whole plant has a yellow aspect, and the
flowers are of a brighter yellow than the leaves,
without the admixture or contrast of any other
colour j thus producing a monotonous ap-
pearance rare among plants. The flowers are
produced while the plant is leafless, and, in
England, they are seldom, if ever, followed by
seeds. The bud of the shoot of the same year
is enclosed in the bud of the inflorescence. The
young plants are very liable to be eaten by snails
Propagated by layers, which require two yearn to
root properly, or by American seedn.

LXI.

NY'ss.4.

693

ORDER LXI. SANTALACE^E.

ORD. CHAR. Perianth superior, 4 — 5-cleft, coloured inside; aestivation
valvate. Stamens 4 — 5, opposite the segments of the perianth, and inserted
in their bases. Ovarium inferior, 1-celled, 2 — 4-seeded. Style 1. Stigma
generally lobed. Fruit 1-seeded, nucumentaceous or drupaceous. Albumen
fleshy. Flowers polygamous. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; entire. Flowers in co-
rymbs, pedunculate. — Trees or shrubs, deciduous ; natives of North America
and the South of Europe ; propagated by seeds. The hardy species are
two, which are thus contradistinguished : —

NY'SS^ L. Flowers polygamous. Stamens 5.
OSY RIS L. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 3.

GENUS L

NY'SS.4 L. THE NYSSA, or TUPELO TREE. Lin. Syst. Polygamia Dice'cia;
or, according to Smith in Rees's Cyclopaedia, Decandria Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 551. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 1112.

Derivation. From Nyssa, a water nymph so called ; a name given to this plant by Linnaeus,
because " it grows in the waters." (Hart. Cliff.) Tupelo appears to be an aboriginal name.

Gen. Char. Flowers oisexual and male, upon distinct plants, and apetalous.

— Bisexual flower of the calyx connate. Stamens 5. Ovary ovate. Styles

simple. Stigma acute. Fruit a roundish drupe. — Male jlower with the

calyx 5-parted. Stamens 5 — 12. (G.Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous; oblong or lanceolate,

entire. Flowers axillary, peduncled, greenish white. Fruit red, or blackish

purple. — Trees, deciduous ; natives of North America ; requiring moist

soil.

Several sorts have been described by botanists, probably all referable to
two, or at most three, species, viz. N. biflora, N. candicans, and N. tomen-
tosa, the last two being very nearly allied. The trees which have flowered in
England have, as far as we are aware, only produced male blossoms ; but, to
compensate for the want of fruit, the foliage of all the species of the genus
dies off of an intensely deep scarlet. The different sorts are almost always
raised from American seeds.

* 1. N. BIFLO'RA Michx. The twin-flowered Nyssa, or Tupelo Tree.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 259. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. Ilia

Synonymes. N. aquatica Lin. Sp. PI. 151 h ; N. caroliniana L. ; N. integrifblia Ait. Hort. Kew. 3,

p. 446. ; N. pedunculis uniflbris Gron. F»-g. 121.; Mountain Tupelo Mart. Mill.; Gum Tree,

Sour Gum Tree, Peperidge, Amer.
Engravings. Catesb. Car., 1. 1. 41. ; Mich. Arb., t. 22. ; and our^gs. 1354. and 1355.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate-oblong, entire, acute at both ends, glabrous.
Female flowers two upon a pe-
duncle. Drupe short, obovate;
nut striated. (Michx.) A decidu-
ous tree. Virginia and Carolina,
in watery places. Height 40 ft. to
45 ft. Introduced in 1739. Flow-
ers greenish ; April and May.
Fruit black, about the size of a
pea, never seen in England.

In British gardens it does not
appear that much pains have ever
been taken to encourage the growth 13S6. N. biffin*

Y Y 3

694

ARBORETUM ET FRUTJCETUM BR1TANNICUM.

of this or any other species of Nyssa ; for though there are abundance of
plants to be procured in the nurseries, yet there are very few of a tree-like
size to be seen in pleasure-grounds. To insure the prosperity of the tree,
it ought always to be planted in moist peat, or near water.

The hairy-leaved Nyssa, or Tupelo Tree.

p. 258.; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 1112. ; Pursh Sept., 1.

± 2. N. (B.) VILLOXSA Michx.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer.,

1356. N. (b.) vil!6sa

1357. N. (b.) villdsa.

Synonymes. N. sylvatica Mich. N. Amer. Syl. 3. p. 33. ; N. multiflbra Wangenh. Amer. 46. t. 16.
f. 39. ; N. montana Hort. ; N. pedunculis multifldris Gron. Virg. 121. ; Sour Gum Tree, Black
Gum, Yellow Gum, Amer. ; haariger Tulpelobaum, Ger.
Engravings. Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. t. 110. ; and our figs. 1356. and 1357.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oblong, entire, acute at
both ends ; with the petiole, midrib, and edge
villous. Female flowers about three upon a
peduncle. Peduncle of female flowers long,
and for the most part two-flowered. Nut
small, ovate, obtuse, striated. {Michx.') A
deciduous tree. Carolina to
Georgia. Height 60 ft. to
70ft.; in England 10ft. to
15ft. Introduced in 1824,
and occasionally met with in
collections. Flowers green-
ish ; April and May. Fruit
black, as in the preceding kind.

t 3. N. (B.) CA'NDICANS Michx. The \vhitish-leaved Nyssa, or Ogechee

Lime Tree.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 259. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 1113.

Synonymes. N. capitata Walt., Ait. Hort. Kew., Michx. N. Amer. Syl. 3. p. 43. ; N. coccinea Bar-
tram ; Sour Tupelo Tree, Ogechee Lime Tree, Wild Lime ; weisslicher Tulpelobaum, Ger.
Engravings. Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. t. 113. ; and our fig. 1358.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaf with the petiole very short, and the disk oblong,
wedge-shaped at the base, nearly entire,
whitish on the under surface. Female
flowers one upon a peduncle. It varies,
with its leaves obovate, entire, or rarely
subdentate. The male flowers are grouped
into little heads. The bracteas attending
the female flowers are short ; the calyx of
these flowers is tomentose ; its lobes are
short. The drupe is oblong. {Michx.) A
deciduous tree. Carolina, on the banks of
rivers, particularly the Ogechee. Height
30 ft. Introduced in 1806. Flowers green-
ish yellow ; April and May. Fruit dark blue ;
ripe in September. 1353. N. <b.> candies.

% 4. N. (B.) GRANDIDENTA'TA Michx. The deeply-
toothed-leaved Nyssa, or Large Tupelo Tree.

Identification. Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. p. 40.

Synonymes. N. tomentbsa, and N. angullzans, Michx.
Fl. Bor. Amer.*2. p. 259. ; N. denticulata Ait. Hort.
Kew. 3. p. 446. ; N. angulbsa Pair. ; N. uniflura
Wangenh. Amer. p. 83. ; Wild Olive, Amer. ; Vir-
ginian Water Tupelo, Mart. Mill.

Engravings. Catesb. Car., 1. 1. 60. ; Michx. N. Amer.
Sylva, 3. t. 112. ; and our fig. 1359., and fig. 1360.
showing the nut.

Spec. Char., 8?c. Leaf with a long petiole
and a disk that is oblong, acuminate,
distantly serrate, and invariably toothed
1359. N. (b.)grandidcntata. w'th a large pointed tooth. Female

LXII.

CE7E.

695

flowers one upon a peduncle. Bracteas rather longer than the ovary.
Lobes of the calyx wedge-shaped. Drupe oblong. (Michx.) A decidu-
ous tree. South Carolina and Georgia. Height 70 ft. to 80 ft. ; in
England I Oft. to 12ft. Introduced in 1735. Flowers greenish; April
and May. Fruit dark blue ; ripe in September.

GENUS II.

OSY RIS L. THE OSYRIS, or POET'S CASIA. Lin. Syst. Dioe'cia Triandria.

Identification. Lin. Gen. PI. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 715.
Synonyme. Casia Garner., Lob., Alpin., Gesn.

Derivation. The Osuris of Pliny and Dioscorides is so named from oxos, a branch ; from the length
and pliability of the branches.

Gen. Char. Floivers apetalous, unisexual, at least in effect ; those of the two
sexes upon distinct plants. — Male. Flowers borne in lateral racemes, about
3 — 5 in a raceme, and disposed in 1 — 2 pairs, with a terminal odd one.
Calyx spreadingly belt-shaped, 3-parted ; its aestivation valvate. Nectary
disk-like, 3-cornered. Stamens 3, arising from the nectary, alternate to its
angles, and opposite to the lobes of the calyx. Anthers of 2 separate lobes
that open inwards. — Female. Flowers solitary. Calyx urceolate ; its tube
connate with the ovary ; its limb free, 3-cleft. Style single. Stigmas 3.
Fruit globose, fleshy, exteriorly crowned by the limb of the calyx, and the
remains of the style. Carpel with crustaceous brittle walls. ( Willd.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous or sub-evergreen ; entire,
small, linear lanceolate. Flowers white, peduncled. — Shrub, deciduous
or sub-evergreen ; native of South of Euiope.

j* 1. O. A'LBA L. The white-Jtoivered Osyris, or Poet's Casia.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1450. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 715.

Synonymes. O. fbliis linearibus acQtis Lccfl. It. 169. ; O. frutescens baccifera
Bauh. Pin. 212. ; CSsia poetica Monspeliensium Cam. Epit. 26. ; C3sia Latinb-
rum Alp. Exot.41.; Casia Monspelii dicta Gesn. Spit. 50.; weisse Osyris,
Ger.

Engravings. Lam. 111., t. 802. ; and our fig. 1361.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem roundish, striated. Leaves alternate,
linear-lanceolate, 1 in. long, entire, glabrous. Flowers upon
the branchlets, peduncled. (Willd.) A low, spreading, deci-
duous or sub-evergreen shrub. Italy, Spain, Montpelier, and
Carniola. Height 3ft. to 4ft. Introduced in 1793. Flowers
white ; July and August. Drupe red, about the size of a pea.

The long supple branches of this shrub were formerly used
for brushes, and they are still used in making crates, or
packing-cases, in the South of Europe. Propagated by seeds,
and grown in dry soil, but somewhat difficult to preserve.

ORDER LXII.

ORD. CHAR. Perianth tubular, entire, 2 — 4-lobed, persistent. Stamens 3 — 4
to 8, alternating with the segments. Anthers nearly sessile, introrse. Ovarium
free, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Style short. Stigma simple, subulate, glandular,
or tongue-shaped. Fruit enclosed in the pulpy, persistent, enlarged tube
of the perianth. Albumen thin or fleshy. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate or opposite, exstipulate, deciduous; oblong or
lanceolate, entire. Flowers axillary. — Shrubs or low trees, deciduous ;

Y Y 4

696 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

natives of Europe, Asia, and North America ; propagated by seeds, or cut-
tings of the roots, in dry soil. The genera are three, which are thus
contradistinguished : —

^'L^EA'CNUS Tourn. Flowers polygamous. Calyx 4-lobed. Stamens 4.

//IPPO'PHAE L. Flowers dioecious. Calyx of 2 petals. Stamens 4.

SHEPHE'RD/^ Nutt. Flowers dioecious. Calyx 4-cleft. Stamens 8.

GENUS I.

.ELjEA'GNUS Tourn. THE EL;EA'GNUS, OLEASTER, or WILD Ours
TREE. Lin. Syst. Tetrandria Monogynia.

Identification. Tourn. Cor., 51. ; N. Du Ham., 2. p. 87.

Synonymes. Chalef, Fr. ; Wilde Oelbaum, Ger. ; Eleagno, Hal.

Derivation. " The elaiagnos of Theophrastus was a plant with hoary leaves, growing in marshy
places in Arcadia, and was probably a species of Salix, although certainly not S. baby!6nica, as
Sprengel has stated it to be. It was named from its resemblance to the elaia, or olive, from which
it differed in not bearing fruit. Dioscorides writes elteagros, which means the wild olive; and
some botanists have adopted this reading, which is most likely the true one. The plants to which
the name £laeagnus is now applied are also something like the olive. The French call the E\seag-
nus, chalef ; a slight alteration according to Golius, of khalcf, the Arabic name of the willow ;
but more probably of kalaf, the Persian name of the £leeagnus itself." (Lindley in Bot. Reg.,
t. 1156.) Oleaster is a Latin word, which is interpreted a wild olive tree; and perhaps it is
derived from olea, an olive tree, and tnstar, likeness.

Gen. Char., $c. Flowers some bisexual, some male only ; both kinds on
one plant. — Bisexual floiuer. Calyx resembling, internally, a corolla, tu-
bular below, bell-shaped above, with a slightly spreading lobed deciduous
limb. Lobes mostly 4 ; the tubular part includes the ovary and part of the
style, and bears at its mouth a conical crown, through which the style
passes. Style long. Stigma clavate, or coiled. Stamens arising from the
bottom of the bell-shaped part, shorter than it, alternate with its lobes ;
the filaments adnate to it, except at their tip. Ovary oblong. Fruit an
achenium — Male flower. Calyx resembling, internally, a corolla, bell-
shaped, with a limb of 4 — 6 — 8 lobes. Stamens of the number of the
lobes, otherwise as in the bisexual flower. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipu late, deciduous; bearing, as does the bark
of growing shoots, scales or stars of hairs. Flowers axillary, pediceled. Fruity
in some, edible. — Shrubs or low trees, deciduous ; natives of Europe, Asia,
and North America ; which grow freely in any soil tolerably dry, and are
readily propagated by seeds, layers, or cuttings.

* 1. E. HORTE'NSIS Bieb. The Garden Elasagnus, Oleaster, or Wild
Olive Tree.

Identification. Bieb. Fl. Taur. Cauc.. p. 113.

Synonymes. E. angustifblia L., Willd. Sp. PI. 1 . p. 688. ; E. songarica Fisch. ; E. inermis Mitt. Diet.

No. 2. ; E. argenteus Mcench Meth. p. 638. ; E. orieutalis Delisle ; ? E. argentea Wats. Dend.

Brit. t. 161.; Jerusalem Willow; Olivier de Boheme, Chalef a Feuilles etroites, Fr. ; schmal-

blattriger Oleaster, Ger. ; Albero di Paradise, Ital.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 1. 1. 89. ; Bot. Reg., 1. 1156. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ;

and our Jigs. 1362. and 1303.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves lanceolate, hoary all over, as are the shoots of the
current year, with stars of hairs of a hoary colour. Branches brown and
smooth, more or less spiny. Leaves 2 in. to 3 in. long ; upon the upper surface
whitish green, and upon the under one very hoary. Flowers 2 or 3 together,
axillary, upon short peduncles, fragrant : bisexual flowers 4-cleft, interior of
a pale yellow ; male ones 5- or more cleft, interior of a golden yellow.
Both are furnished on the exterior with stars of hairs, like the under
surface of the leaves. A large deciduous shrub or low tree. South of
Europe, in Bohemia, France, Spain, the Levant, Tartary, and various parts
of Asiatic Russia3 Height 15ft. to 20 ft. Introduced in 1633. Flowers
pale yellow, fragrant ; May. Fruit red brown colour, something like a
date ; ripe in October.

LXII

697

1362. E. h. angustif61i

Varieties,

± E. h. 1 angustifolia Bieb. E. angustifolia L.
(fig. 1362.) — Leaves lanceolate,
shining. Fruit insipid. This is
the most common sort in British
gardens.

*t E. h. 2 dactyliformis. — Leaves lan-
ceolate, shining. Fruit date-
shaped, eatable.

± E. h. 3 orientalis. E orientalis L.
(Pall. Fl. Ross., i. t. 5. ; and our
fig. 1363.) — Branches not spiny.
Fruit date-shaped, eatable ; almost
as large as that of a jujube, and
used in the dessert in Persia, where
it is called zinzeyd. The flowers
are more fragrant than those of 1: i3>
• E. h. angustifolia. Horticultural Society's Garden.
1' E. h. 4 spinosa. E. spinosa L. — Branches spiny. Leaves lanceolate.

Fruit insipid. Nepal. Horticultural Society's Garden.
The silvery whiteness of the foliage of this tree renders it a most con-
spicuous object in plantations ; and hence, in any landscape where it is wished
to attract the eye to a particular point, it may be usefully employed.

& 2. E. ARGE'NTEA Ph. The silvery-leaved Elaeagnus, or Wild Olive Tree.

Identification. Pursh Sept., 1. p. 114. ; Nutt. Gen. Amer., 1. p. 97. ; Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836.
Synonyme. Missouri Silver Tree, V. S. of N. Amer.

Engraving. Our Jig. 1364. from a dried specimen, which Mr. Shepherd of the Liverpool Botanic
Garden received from Mr. Nuttall.

Spec. Char., fyc. Not spiny. Leaves waved, oval-oblong, rather
acute, glabrous on both surfaces, and covered with silvery
scales. Flowers aggregate, nodding. Sexes apparently dioe-
cious. Fruit roundish-ovate, about the size of a small cherry,
cartilaginous, covered with silvery scales, having 8 grooves ;
the flesh dry, farinaceous, eatable ; the nucule subcylindric, its
exterior part consisting of a tenacious woolly integument.
A bushy deciduous shrub or low tree. Hudson's Bay ; and
found on the argillaceous broken banks of the Missouri,
near Fort Mandan. Height 8ft. to 13ft. Introduced in
1813. Flowers yellow ; July and August.
According to Pursh, Shepherdza argentea Nutt. resembles
the Elaeagnus argentea Pursh so

much, without the fruit, that, in this state, one

might easily be mistaken for the other.

& E. sa/icifolia ? D. Don (fig. 1S66.) is a
species apparently very distinct, and tolerably
hardy, of which we
have only seen one
plant about 3ft. high,
in the arboretum at
Kew. It promises to ^^
be a most valuable ad-
dition to our nearly "~
hardy shrubs.

at JLlcsdgnus conferta
Hort., and our^g.1365.
from a living plant in

1565. E. conferta. the Horticultural So- 1366. E. aalicif61i

698 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

ciety's Garden, promises to be hardy ; but the only plants which we have
seen are too young to enable us to decide with certainty.

GENUS II.

//IPPO'PHAE L. THE HIPPOPHAE, SEA BUCKTHORN, or SALLOWTHORN.
Lin. Syst. Dice^cia Tetrandria.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 517., in parf.

Synonymes. Rhamnoides Tourn. Cor. 53. ; Argoussier, Fr. , Haffdorn, or Sanddorn, Ger. ; Ip-
pofae, Ital. ; Espino amarillo, Span.

Derivation. Hippophaes, or Hippophues, was the name of a shrub mentioned by Theophrastus and
Dioscorides ; and which is supposed to be the same as the hippophyes of Pliny. The derivation
is supposed to be from hippos, a horse, and pfiao, to brighten ; and, as according to the Nouveau
Du Hamel the plant was employed by the Greeks as a medicine for horses, it may have been given
to them to make their coats sleek and shining, and have thus procured its name.

Gen. Char., fyc. Flowers unisexual, dioecious. — Male flower. Calyx -arched,
seeming as if constituted of two leaves connate at the tip. Stamens 4, not
extended out of the calyx. — Female flower. Calyx tubular, cloven at the
top, including the ovary, and becoming at length succulent. Style short.
Stigma long. Fruit a polished achenium, furrowed at one side, with an
acid juice. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; narrow, entire, scaly, and
silvery, especially beneath. Flowers axillary, pedunculate, small. Fruit
succulent, eatable. — Shrubs or low trees ; natives of Europe and Asia.
Ornamental in British gardens, on account of their grey silky foliage, and
of their berries. Propagated by seeds, layers, or suckers, in common soil ;
and valuable in scenery as attracting attention by their white aspect, and
standing the sea breeze.

¥ a 1. H. RHAMNOI'DES L. The Buckthorn-like Hippophae, Sea Buckthorn,
or Sallowthorn.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1452. ; Smith Eng. Flora, 4. p. 238. ; Eng. Bot., t. 425.

Synonymes. Rhamnoides florifera sfelicis f61io Tourn. Cor. 53. ; Rhamnoides fructifera Raii Syn.
445. ; Argoussier faux Nerprun, Fr. ; Weidenblattriger Sanddorn, Ger. ; in the Alps of Swit-
zerland it is called Arve, or Saule £pineux.

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 425. ; Fl. Dan., t. 265. ; N. Du Ham., 6. t. 80. ; and our fig. 1367.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches each ending in a
spine. Leaves linear-lanceolate, mostly blunt-
ish, dark green, and minutely dotted, not
scaly on the upper side ; silvery as well as
scaly on the under one. (Smith.) A low
deciduous tree or large shrub. Europe, on
sandy sea coasts ; in England, in various
places on the east and south-east coast ; but
not in Scotland. Height 15ft. to 20 ft. Flowers
yellow ; May. Berries bright orange-co-
loured, and produced in great abundance ;
ripe in September, and remaining on the
tree as long as the leaves, and frequently till
the following spring.

Varieties.

X & H. R. 2 angustifoKa Lodd. Cat. ed.1836.
(The plate of this tree in Arb. Brit.,
1st edit., vol. vii. ; and our Jig. 1368., of
the female sex.) — The leaves are obvi-
ously more narrow than those of the species ; the young branches
are pendulous ; and the tree is highly ornamental, more especially
when in fruit.

LX1I.

CE1E I //IPPC/PHAE.

699

1368. H. R. angustifblia.

* & H. #. 3 sibirica. H. sibfrica Load. Cat. ed. 1836. —Appears to differ
very little, if at all, from the species.

In British nurseries, plants are commonly increased by suckers, which are
produced in abundance ; and a deep sandy soil is suitable for growing the
plant to a large size. It may be planted in elevated and exposed situations,
and on the sea coast, where few other trees will grow.

t * 2. H. SALICIFO'LIA D. Don. The Willow-leaved Hippophae, Sea Buck-
thorn, or Sallowthorn.

Identification. Don Prod. Fl. Nep , p. 68.

Synonyme. H. conferta Wall, in MSS. of the Catalogue of the Linncean Society's Indian Herbarium,

Royle's Must. p. 323.
Engraving. Our fig. 1369. from a living specimen.

Spec. Char., $c. Without thorns, up-
right, branched. Leaves lanceolate,
obtuse, whitely tomentose, as are the
branchlets. A large deciduous shrub
or low tree. Sirinagur, in Nepal. Height
15ft. to 20 ft. Introduced in 1822.
Flowers and fruit as in H. Rham-
noides.

A much more robust species than
H. Rhamnoides, though probably more
liable to be injured by frost. The shoots
produced in one season, from a plant
cut down, are 5 or 6 feet in length, and
the leaves about twice the length of
those of the common species, much less
silvery, and closely resembling those of
»Salix viminalis. The aspect of this species
is less white than that of H. Rhamnoides. 13G9. // ,aiicifbua.

700 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

GENUS III.

SHEPHE'KD/4 Nutt. THE SHEPHEHUIA. Lvn* Syxt. Dice'cia
Octandria.

Identification. Nutt. Gen. Amer., 2. p. 240.

Synonyme. Hippophae L., as to the species S. canadensis Nutt.

Derivation. Named by Nuttall, in honour of the late Mr. John Shepherd, curator of the Botanic

Garden of Liverpool, a horticulturist to whose exertions, and the patronage of the celebrated

Roscoe, that institution owes its present eminence.

Gen. Char., Sf-c. Flowers unisexual, dioecious. Male flower. Calyx 4-cleft.
Stamens 8, included within the calyx, alternate with 8 glands. — Female
flower. Calyx bell-shaped ; its limb 4-parted, flat, the portions equal ; its
tube adnate to the ovary. Style}. Stigma oblique. (G.Don.)

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, deciduous ; entire, with silvery scales.
Flowers axillary, aggregate; the female ones smaller than the males, and
sometimes racemose at the ends of the branches. Berries diaphanous,
scarlet, acid, eatable. — Shrubs or low spinescent trees, deciduous, with
the aspect of -Elaeagnus ; native of North America. Culture, in British
gardens, as in //ippophae.

st ¥ 1. S. ARGE'NTEA Nutt. The silver-leaved Shepherdia.

Identification. Nutt. Gen. Amer., 2. p. 240.

Si/nonymes. #ipp6phae argentea Pursh Sept. \. p. 115. ; Missouri Silver Leaf, and Buffalo Berry
Tree, Amer. \ Rabbit Berry, and Beef Suet Tree, Amer. Indians ; Graise de Buffle, or Buffalo

Fat, Frencl ~
Engravings.
original specit
of Liverpool.

Spec. Char., tyc. Leaves oblong-ovate, ob-
tuse ; on both surfaces glabrous, and
covered with silvery peltate scales.
(Pursh.) A small tree. North America,
on the banks of the Missouri, and its
tributary streams. Height 12 ft. to 18 ft.
Introduced in 1818. Flowers yellow;
April and May. Berries scarlet, diapha-
nous, acid ; ripe in September.

Its fruit, which is much relished in 1371. s.argtetea.
America, is about the size of the red
currant, much richer to the taste, and forms one con-
tinued cluster on every branch and twig.

The Canadian Shepherdia.

Fat, French Traders.

Our fig. 1370. ; and fig. 1371- from the
len sent by Nuttall to Mr. Shepherd

1370. s.ar^ntea.
2. S. CANADE'NSIS Nutt.

Identification. Nutt. Gen. Amer., 2. p. 241.

Synonyme. Hipp6phae canadensis Lin. Sp. PI. 1453., Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 744.,

Pursh Sept. 1. p. 119.
Engraving. Our fig. 1372. from a living specimen.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate, or cordate-ovate, opposite ;
green, and nearly glabrous upon the upper surface ; upon
the under one stellately pilose, silvery, and scaly ; the
scales rusty, deciduous. Branches opposite. Flowers
disposed in upright racemes between the first leaves, and
of half the length of these. (Nutt.) A deciduous shrub.
North America, on the borders of lakes, in the western
parts of the state of New York, in Canada, and along the
St. Lawrence to its source. Height 6 ft. to 8 ft. Intro-
duced in 1759, but not frequent in collections. Flowers
yellow ; April and May. Berries yellow, sweetish, but
scarcely eatable ; ripe in August.

LXIII. ^RISTOLOCHIA'CE^ : ^RISTOLO CHIA.
ORDER LXIII. ^RISTOLOCHIA^CE^E.

701

ORD. CHAR. Perianth superior, 3-cleft, equal or unequal. Stamens definite.
Ovarium inferior, many-celled. Style short. Stigma divided. Fruit cap-
sular or baccate. Albumen fleshy. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; cordate, entire. Flowers
axillary. — Twining deciduous shrubs ; natives of North America.

GENUS I.

^RISTOLOVCHIA L.

THE BIRTHWORT. Lin. Syst. Gynandria
Hexandria.

Identification. Schreb. Lin. Gen., No. 1383. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 151.

Synonymes. Aristoloche, Fr. ; Osterluzey, Ger.

Derivation. Aristoldchia was the name of a plant mentioned by Dioscorides, and considered as of

sovereign use in the disorders incident to childbirth : it is derived from ariston, best, and lochia,

parturition.

Gen. Char., $c. Calyx of some other colour than green, and in colour and
texture resembling a corolla ; in its lowest part connate with the ovary ;
inflated above this part, then tubular, and ending in an expanded border,
which has 3 segments, and these are valvate in aestivation. Stamens 6, ad-
hering to the style and stigmas. Style 1. Stigmas 6, radiating. Capsule
with 6 cells and numerous seeds.

Leaves as in the Order, exstipulate, deciduous. Flowers yellow, brown,
dark brown, and, in some, spotted on a yellow ground. — Shrubs, twining ;
natives of North America; of easy culture in any common soil that
is dry.

J 1. A. SIVPHO L'Herit. The Siphon-like, or Tube-lowered, Birthwort.

Identification. L'Herit. Stirp. Nov., 13. t. 7. ; Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 155.

Synonymes. A. macrophylla Lam. Encycl. 1. p. 252. ; Aristoloche Syphon, Fr. ; grossblattrige Os-
terluzey, Ger. ; Pipe Vine, or Birthwort, Amer. ; Sifo and Pipa. Ital.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 4. t. 10. ; Bot. Mag., t. 534. ; and om fig. 1373.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem twining. Leaves
cordate, acute. Bractea of the pe-
duncle ovate. Corolla ascending ;
its limb in 3 equal portions, not ex-
panding flat, brown. (Willd.) A
deciduous twining shrub. Alleghany
Mountains, from Pennsylvania to
Carolina. Stem 15ft. to 30 ft. In-
troduced in 1763. Flowers yellowish
brown ; May and June.

Striking from the magnificent ap-
pearance of the leaves, and remark-
able for the form of its flower, which
is bent like a siphon ; for the trifid
border of its corolla, and for the very
large bractea placed on the middle of
the peduncle. The roots are woody,
and have the smell of camphor. The
stems, branches, and twigs are also
strongly scented, as are the flowers.
In British gardens, this species, to
grow freely, requires a deep free soil,

702

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

dry rather than moist, and a warm situation. It is
propagated by division of the root, by suckers, or by
seeds, which are sometimes received from North America.

Jl 2. A. (s.) TOMENTO^SA Sims. The tomentose Birthwort.

Identification. Sims in Bot. Mag., t. 1309. ; Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 1369. ; Bot. Cab., t. 641. ; and our fig. 1374.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem twining. Leaves cordate, downy
beneath. Peduncle solitary, without a bractea. Co-
rolla with its tube twisted back, and much more deeply
divided than in A. sipho, expanding flat, and yellow,
with the mouth of the tube of a deep purple. A
twining deciduous shrub. North America. Height
10ft. to 20ft. Introd. 1799. Flowers as in A. sipho.

1374. A. tomentoss..

ORDER LXIV.

ORD. CHAR. Flowers unisexual. Perianth lobed or wanting, furnished inside
with hypogynous glandular or scale-formed appendages. Stamens definite
or indefinite, free or monadelphous. Ovarium superior, 2 — 3-celled. Stylet
equal in number to the cells. Stigmas man}', distinct or combined. Capsule
of 2 — 3, or more, 2-valved cells or cocci. Seeds solitary or in pairs,
arillate, suspended. Albumen fleshy. (G. Don.}

Leaves simple, alternate or opposite, stipulate or exstipulate, deciduous
or evergreen ; quite entire. Flowers solitary, aggregate, terminal, lateral,
or axillary. — Shrubs or small trees, natives of Europe and North Ame-
rica, which are thus contradistinguished : —

STILLING/,* Garden. Flowers monoecious, in spikes. Style 1. Stigmas 3.

Z?u'xus Tourn. Flowers monoecious, in heaps. Styles 3. Stigmas 3.

GENUS I.

STILLI'NG/^ Garden. THE STILLINGIA. Lin. Syst. Monce'cia
Monadelphia.

Identification. " Stillingia was sent under that name to Linna?us, by the celebrated Dr. Alexander
Garden." (Smith in Rees's Cyclop.) Lin. Mant., 19. ; Schreb. Lin. Gen., 658.

Derivation. Named by Dr. Alexander Garden in honour of Mr. Benjamin Stillingfieel, author of
a work entitled Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Natural History, &c., partly translated from the
writings of Linnaeus.

Gen. Char. Flowers unisexual ; males in a spike, females at the base of the
same spike ; ? dioecious. — Male. Flowers seven together. Calyx like a
corolla, of one piece, funnel-shaped, its margin jagged. Stamens 2 — 3, pro-
minent; the filaments slightly connected at the base. — Female. Involucre
1-flowered. Calyx superior, shaped as in the male. Style thread-shaped.
Stigmas 3. Fruit a regma, surrounded at the base by the involucre a little
enlarged, somewhat turbinate, 3-lobed.

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; entire. Flowers in spikes,
terminal or lateral. — Shrubs, deciduous, milky j natives of North America.

j* 1. S. ZIGU'STRINA Willd. The Privet-leaved Stillingia.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 588. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 608.

Our fig. 1375. from a specimen in Sir W. J. Hooker's herbarium.

Engraving,

Spec. Char.

fyc. Shrubby. Leaf consisting of a petiole, and a disk that is

LXIV.

703

oval- lanceolate, pointed at both ends, and entire. Male flowers upon very

short pedicels. Female flowers ?. Male flowers disposed in spikes, part

lateral, part terminal, and having a 3-cleft,

rather flat, calyx, and 3 stamens that have

kidney-shaped anthers ; bracteas 1 — 2-glanded

and 1 -flowered. (Nutt.) A deciduous shrub.

Carolina and Georgia, in shady woods. Height

3ft. to 4ft. Introduced in 1812. Flowers

yellowish ; June and July.

We are not aware that this species is now in
existence, in a living state, in England.

GENUS JI.

BU'XUS Tourn. THE Box TREE. Lin. Syst. Moncercia Tetrandria.

Identification. Tourn. Inst., t. 345. ; Eng. Flora, 4. p. 132.

Synonymes. Buis, Fr. ; Buxbaum, Buchsbaum, Ger. ; Bossolo, Ital.

Derivation. From pufcnos, dense ; in reference to the hardness and closeness of the wood ; or,
perhaps, to the denseness of the foliage. The Greeks called the boxes made of this wood, which
were highly esteemed for their durability, pyxides; and hence, probably, arose the word pyx,
which is used for the chest containing the Host in the Roman Catholic church.

Gen. Char. Flowers unisexual, monoecious. — Male. Calyx of 4 minute leaves.
Stamens 4, inserted under the rudiment of a pistil. — Female. Flowers singly,
at the tip of groups of male ones. Calyx as in the male. Styles 3. Stigmas
3. Fruit a regma, leathery, beaked with the styles, (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, evergreen ; entire, smooth, stalked.
Flowers axillary, aggregate, whitish. Fruit green. — Shrubs or small trees,
evergreen, with rigid leaves and whitish buds ; natives of Europe and
Asia ; of easy culture in any soil that is tolerably dry ; and propagated freely
by division of the plant, by cuttings, or by seeds.

1*1.1?. SEMPERVI^RENS L. The evergreen, or common, Box Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1394. ; Smith Eng. Flora, 4. p. 133. ; Baxt. Brit. Flow. PL, 2. t. 142.
Synonymes. l?uxus Raii Syn. 445. ; Buis commun, Bois beni, Fr. ; Buchsbaum, Ger. ; Busso,

Bossolo, Ital.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1341. ; and our Jig. 1377.

Spec. Char., fyc. Disk of leaf ovate, convex ; footstalk slightly downy at the
edges. Anthers ovate-arrow-shaped. (Smith.) A low evergreen tree. Eu-
rope; in England, on Boxhill in Surrey, Chequers in Buckinghamshire,
and other places, apparently wild. Height 15 ft. to 30ft. Flowers whitish ;
April and May. Fruit greenish j ripe in August.

Varieties and Subvarieties.

1 B. s. 1 arborescens Mill. Diet. No. 1. Buis arborescent, Fr. ; hoch-
stammige Buchsbaum, Ger. — Arborescent. Leaves ovate. This is
the most common form of the species.

1 B. s. a. argentea Hort. — Arborescent. Leaves ovate, varie-
gated with a silvery colour.
1 B. s. a. aurea Hort. — Arborescent. Leaves ovate, variegated

with a golden colour.
? B. s. a. margindta Hort. — Arborescent. Leaf ovate, with a

margin of a golden colour.

? B. s. 2 angustifolia Mill. Diet. No. 2. — Arborescent. Leaves lan-
ceolate.

1 B. s. a. variegata Hort. — Arborescent. Leaves lanceolate,
variegated.

704

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

«. B. s. 3 sujfruticosa Mill. Diet. No. 3. B. hiimilis
Dod. Pempt. 782. ; JB. s. nana N. Du Ham.
i. p. 83.; and our Jig. 1376. ; Buis nain, Buis
a Bordures, Buis d'Artois, Buis de Hollande,
petit Buis, Fr. ; zwerch Buchsbaum, Ger. —
Dwarf. Leaves small, obovate. This is the
kind usually cultivated for edgings in Eu-
ropean gardens.

ifc B. s. 4 myrtifoBa Lam. Encyc. — Dwarf. Leaves
small, oblong, narrowish. A pretty little plant ;
generally quite low, but, under favourable cir-
cumstances, growing to a considerable size.

B. s. suffruticosa.

In a wild state, the box seldom exceeds the height of 12 or 15 feet in Bri-
tain ; but in Turkey and Asia Minor trees of it have been found as high as
25 ft. The thickness of the trunk is very considerable in proportion to its
height, and, in full-grown trees, varies from 6 in. to 8 in. in diameter. The tree
will bear the knife patiently, and is therefore, and from the closeness of its
habit of growth, well adapted for clipped hedges, and all kinds of verdant ar-
chitecture and statuary. It grows slowly, rarely making shoots of more than
6 or 8 inches annually. But the tree is of great longevity ; and so hardy,
that it is almost the only evergreen, exclusive of the Conifers, that will stand
in the open air, without protection, in the gardens of Paris, Berlin, and Vi-
enna. The wood of the box is remarkably heavy ; weighing, when newly cut,
80 Ib. 7 oz. per cubic foot, and, when perfectly dry, 68 Ib. 12 oz. and 7 gr. It
is the only European wood that will sink in water : it is yellow, very hard,
and susceptible of a fine polish. The wood was formerly much used in Eng-
land in cabinet-making and inlaying, as it still is in France ; and, also, in both
countries, for musical and mathematical instruments, combs, and various arti-
cles of turnery. The principal use of the boxwood, however, at present, is for
wood-engraving ; and for this purpose it is an important article of commerce.
The different kinds of box tree are propagated by seeds, cuttings, and layers.
When the seeds are to be sown, they should be gathered the moment the cap-
sules appear ready to open, and sown immediately in light rich earth, well
drained. Cuttings of from 4 in. to 6 in. in length should be put in, in autumn,
in a sandy soil, and a shaded situation, and in a year they will be fit to trans-
plant into nursery lines. Layers may be made either in the spring or autumn,
and either of the young or old wood. The dwarf box used for edgings is
propagated by being taken up, divided, and
replanted. Box edgings are best planted
early in spring, because the frost in winter
is apt to destroy those leaves which have
been cut in trimming the plants. Box
edgings and hedges may be clipped at al-
most any season, except midwinter. Some
gardeners prefer trimming box edgings in
June, just when the plants have nearly
completed their year's shoots ; because they 1377. B. sempet^ttm.

will afterwards make shoots of ± in. or 1 in.

in length, or, at all events, protrude a few leaves, and thus, in a week or two,
conceal all appearance of the use of the shears. When this practice is
followed, it is necessary to go over the edgings or hedges in July, in order to
cut neatly off with the knife any shoots that may have been protruded too far ;
taking care not to cut the leaves.

1 2. B. BALEA'RICA Willd. The Balearic Box.

Identification. Willd. Arb., 50., Sp. PI., 4. p. 337. ; ? Lam. Encyc., 1. p. 505.

Synonymes. B. s. var. gigantea N. Du Ham. 1. p. 82. ; Minorca Box ; Buis de Minorque, Buis de

Mahon, Fr. ; Balearischer Buchsbaum, Ger. ; Bossolo gentile, Ital.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., pi. 23. f. 1. ; and our Jigs. 1378. and 1379.

LXV. ARTOCA'RPE.E : MOVRUS.

705

Spec. Char., $c. Disk of leaf oblong ; footstalk glabrous. Anthers arrow-
shaped, linear. (Willd.) An evergreen tree; in England a large shrub.
Minorca, Sardinia, Corsica, and Turkey, on rocky surfaces. Height 80 ft.
in England 15 ft. to 20 ft. Introduced in 1780. Flowers yellowish green ;
July. Fruit greenish ; ripe in October.

A very handsome species, with leaves three times as
large as those of B. sempervirens, and a straight smooth
trunk. The leaves, when the plant is fully exposed to the
air, are of a much paler green than those of the common
box ; but, when they are in the shade, they are of an
intensely deep green. The wood is of a brighter yellow
than that of the common
box, and, being of a coarser
grain, it is inferior to it for
engraving on. It is im-
ported from Constantino-
ple in large quantities.
The ' plant is propagated
by cuttings, which, if placed
in sandy soil under glass,
or in heat, generally strike

root in about two months after being taken off.

treated like those of the common box.

8. B. balea"rica.

1379. B. balearica.

Cuttings will also succeed, if

ORDER LXV. ARTOCA'RPEjE.

ORD. CHAR. Flowers unisexual, disposed in heads or catkins; perianth
usually divided, but sometimes tubular and entire. Stamens solitar}' or
several. Ovarium free, 1 — 2-celled. Ovulum orthotropous. Style 1. Stigma
bifid. Fruit a sorosis. Seeds solitary. Albumen thin. Radicle superior.
(G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate or exstipulate, deciduous ; lobed, ser-
rated or entire. Flowers axillary, obscure. — Trees, deciduous, chiefly of
the middle size; natives of Europe, Asia, and North America. The genera
in British gardens are thus contradistinguished : —

MOVRUS Tourn. Flowers monoecious. Calyx 4-sepaled. Stamens 4. Fruit

a sorosis.
BROUSSONE'T/^ L'Herit. Flowers dioecious. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4.

Stigmas tapering. Fruit a sorosis.
MACLuxR/4 Nutt. Flowers dioecious. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4. Fruit

a sorosis.
Fi'cus Tourn. Flowers polygamous. Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens 3 Stigmas

2. Fruit a sycon.
BO^RY^ Willd. Flowers dioecious. Calyx 4-cleft. Stamens 2—3. Stigmas

capitate. Fruit pulpy.

GENUS I.

Tourn. THE MULBERRY TREE. Lin. Syst. Monoe'cia Tetrandria.

Identification. Tourn. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 368.
Synonymes. Murier, Fr. ; Maulbeere, Ger. ; Moro, Ital.

Derivation. Several derivations have been given for the word Mbrus ; some suppose it to be taken
from the Greek word morea, or moron, signifying a mulberry or blackberry ; others derive it from

706

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

mauros, dark ; and Sir J. E. Smith suggests that it may have been taken by antiphrasis from
moros, foolish, the mulberry tree, from its slowness in putting out its leaves, being anciently con-
sidered the emblem of wisdom. The Morea, in the Levant, is said to be so called from the
resemblance of the shape of that peninsula to the leaf of a mulberry

Gen. Char., fyc. Flowers unisexual, mostly monoecious, in some dioecious or
polygamous. — Male flowers in axillary spikes. Calyx of 4 equal sepals,
imbricate in aestivation, expanded in flowering. Stamens 4 Female
Jlowers. Calyx of 4 leaves, in opposite pairs, the outer pair the larger, all
upright and persistent, becoming pulpy and juicy. Stamens 2, long. (G.
Don.)

Le'aves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; large, mostly lobed and
rough. Flowers greenish white. Fruit the aggregate of the ovary and the
calyxes, constituting what is termed a mulberry. — Trees, deciduous ;
natives of Europe, Asia, and North America. Propagated by cuttings or
layers, or by large truncheons, in good soil.

The leaves of all the species will serve to nourish the silkworm ; but M.
alba, and its varieties, are considered much the best for this purpose.

1 . M.

Pair. The black-fruited, or common, Mulberry.

Identification. Poir. Ency. Meth., 4. p. 377. ; Lin. Sp. PL, 1398 ; Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 369.
Synonymes. Mbrus Dod. Pempt. 810. ; M. fructu nlgro Bauh. Pin. 459.

Engravings. Dend. Brit., t. 159. ; N. Du Ham., 4. t. 22. : the plate in Arb. Brit , 1st edit, vol. vii. ;
and our fig. 1380.

Spec. Char., fyc. Sexes monoecious, sometimes dioecious. Leaves heart-
shaped, bluntish, or slightly lobed with about o lobes ; toothed with unequal
teeth, rough. ( Willd.) A deciduous tree. Persia. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft.
Introduced in 1548. Flowers greenish white ; June. Fruit oblong, red
or black ; ripe in August.

Variety.

*t M. n. 2 lacinidta Mill. Diet. No. 2. has the leaves jagged rather than cut.

In Britain, the common mulberry always assumes something of a dwarf or

stunted character, spreading into very thick arms, or branches, near the

1380. Aforusnigra

ground, and forming an extremely large head. It is a tree of very great
durability ; the trees at Syon being said to be 300 years old, and some at

LXV.' ARTOCA'RPE^E : MOVRUS. 707

Oxford and other places being supposed to be of nearly equal antiquity. It
is also wonderfully tenacious of life ; the roots of a black mulberry, which
had lain dormant in the ground for twenty-four years, being said, after the ex-
piration of that time, to have sent up shoots. The wood is considered of but
little value in France, except for firewood : it is less compact than even that
of the white mulberry ; and weighs only 40 Ib. 7 oz. the cubic foot. Cattle
eat the leaves, and all kinds of poultry are very fond of the fruit. Silkworms
feed on the leaves in Persia, but in cold climates they are considered unsuit-
able for them. In England, the fruit is generally eaten at the dessert; and
it is considered of a cooling aperient nature when ripe. The tree will grow in
almost any soil or situation that is tolerably dry, and in any climate not much
colder than that of London. North of York, it generally requires a wall. It
is very easily .propagated by truncheons or pieces of branches, ft or 9 feet in
length, and of any thickness, being planted half their depth in tolerably good
soil ; when they will bear fruit the following year. Every part of the root,
trunk, boughs, and branches may be turned into plants by separation: the
small shoots, or spray, and the small roots, being made into cuttings ; the large
shoots into stakes ; the arms into truncheons ; and the trunk, stool, and roots
being cut into fragments, leaving a portion of the bark on each.

¥ 2. M. A'LBA L. The \vh\te-fruited Mulberry Tree.

Identification. Lin. Hort. Cliff, 441. ; Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 368. ; N. Du Ham., 4. p. 87.
Synonymes. M. c&ndida Dod. Pempt. 810. ; M. frtictu albo Bauh. Pin. 459. ; M. alba fructu ininori

albo insulso Du Ham. Arb. 2. p. 24.
Engravings. T. Nees ab Esenbeck Gen. PI. Fl. Germ., fasc. 3. No. 5. f. 1 — 6., the male ; the

plate iu Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ; and our fig. 1382.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves with a deep scallop at the base, and either heart-
shaped or ovate, undivided or lobed, serrated with unequal teeth, glossy,
or at least smoothish ; the projecting portions on the two sides of the
basal sinus unequal. {Willd.) A deciduous tree. China. Height 20 ft.
to 30 ft. Introduced in 1596. Flowers greenish white ; May. Fruit white or
pale red ; ripe in September.

Vatic ties.

t st M. a. 2 multicaulis Perrottet in
Ann. de la Soc. Lin. de Paris Mai
1824 p. 129., Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836 ;
M. tatarica Desf., but not of Lin. /-
or Pall.; M. bullata Balbis ; M.
cucullata Hort. ; Chinese black
Mulberry, Amer. ; Perrottet Mul-
berry ; many-stalked Mulberry; Mu-
rier Perrottet, Fr. ; Murier a Tiges
nombreuses, Murier des Philippines,
Ann. des Sci. i. p. 336. pi. 3. ; and
our fig. 1381. ; Moro delle Filip-

fine, Hal. — Considered, both in
taly and France, as by far the best
variety for cultivation as food for the silkworm.

X M. a. 3 Morettiana Hort., Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. Dandolo's Mulberry.
— Fruit black and very large. Leaves perfectly flat, deep green,
shining, thin, and perfectly smooth on both surfaces. Its leaves
rank next to those of M. a. multicaulis as food for silkworms.

3t M. a. 4 macrophylla Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. M a. latifolia Hort.; M.
hispanica Hort. ; Murier d'Espagne, Feuille d'Espagne, Fr. — This
variety produces strong and vigorous shoots, and large leaves, some-
times measuring 8 in. long, and 6 in. broad, resembling in form those
of M. nigra, but smooth, glossy, and succulent.

¥ M. a. 5 romdna Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. M. a. ovalifolia; Murier re-
main, Fr. — Bears a close resemblance to the above sort.

* M. a. 6 nervosa Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. M. nervosa Son Jard. 1836,
z z 2

708

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

M. subalba nervosa Hort. — Leaves strongly marked with thick

white nerves on the under side.
¥ M. a. 7 itdlica Hort. M. italica Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — Leaves

lobed. The plant bearing this name in the Jardin des Plantes has

the soft wood, or cambium, of the current year's shoots of a deep

red, when the bark is removed.
¥ M. a. 8 rosea Hort, Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. The small white Mulberry ;

Milrier rose, Feuille rose, Fr. — One of the kinds called in France

a wild variety.
¥ M. a. 9 columbdssa Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. Columba, Fr. — Small

delicate leaves, and flexible branches.
% M. a. 10 membrandcea Lodd. Cat. ed. 1 836. Murier a Feuille de Par-

chemin, Fr. — Large, thin, dry leaves.
¥ M. a. 11 sinensis Hort. M. sinensis Hort. ; M. chinensis Lodd. Cat.

ed. 1836 ; the Chinese white Mulberry, Amer. — A large-leaved

variety.
& M. a. 12 pumila Nois. ? M. a. nana Hort. Brit. — A shrub, seldom

exceeding 10 ft. high.

Other Varieties. All the above sorts are in the arboretum of Messrs.
Loddiges ; but in the catalogues of foreign nurserymen there are several
other names, most of which will be found enumerated and described in our
1st edition, including M. constantinopolitana Poir. (M. byzantina Sieb.),
which we believe to be nothing more than a rather distinct variety of M. alba.

1382. Jfftrus £lba.

The white mulberry is readily distinguished from the black, even in winter,
by its more numerous, slender, upright-growing, and white-barked shoots. It
is a tree of much more rapid growth than M. nigra, and its leaves are not
only less rough and more succulent, but they contain more of the glutinous
milky substance resembling caoutchouc, which gives tenacity to the silk pro-
duced by the worms fed on them. The rate of growth of young plants is
much more rapid than that of M. nigra ; plants cut down producing shoots
4 or 5 feet long in one season ; the tree attaining the height of 20 ft. in five
or six years ; and, when full grown, reaching to 30 or 40 feet. Its duration
is not so great as that of M. nigra. The white mulberry is more tender than

LXV. ARTOCA RPE^E I MO RUS.

709

Morns nigra, and requires more care in choosing a situation for it. Calcare-
ous soil is said to produce the best silk ; and humid situations, or where the
roots of the tree can have access to water, the worst. A gravelly or sandy
loam is very suitable ; and trees grown on hilly surfaces, and poor soils, always
produce superior silk to those grown in valleys, and in rich soils. The tree is
propagated by seeds (sown as soon as they are gathered), cuttings, layers,
and grafting.

2 3. M. (A.) TATA'RICA Pall. The Tartarian Mulberry Tree.

Identification. Pall. Fl. Ross., 2. p. 9. t.

52. ; Lin. Sp. PI., 1399. ; Willd. Sp.

PI., 4. p. 369.
Engravings. Pall. FJ. Ross., 2. t. 52. ;

and our fig. 1383. ; both sprigs taken

from one tree.

Spec. Char., %c. Leaves with
a shallow scallop at the base,
and either heart-shaped, ovate,
or lobed ; serrated with equal
teeth, smooth ; the projecting
portions beside the sinus
equal. (Willd.) A tree re-
sembling M. alba L., and
perhaps only a geographical
variety of that species. On the
banks of the rivers Wolga
and Tanais, or Don. Height
20ft. Introduced in 1784.

Flowers greenishwhite; June. 1383< JM«.)

Fruit reddish or pale, of no good flavour, though it is eaten raw in
Tartary, as well as dried, or made into a sweetmeat ; ripe in September.

t 4. M. RU'BRA L. The red-fruited Mulberry Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1399. ; Pursh Sept., 2. p. 639. ; N. Du Ham , 4. p. 91.

1384. A/orus rubra.

z z 8

710 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Sunonymes. M. virginica Pluk. Aim. p. 253. ; M. pennsylvanica Nois. Arb. Fruit.
Engravings. Wangenh. Amer., t. 15. f. 35. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ; and our
fig> 1384-

Spec. Char., fyc. Sexes polygamous or dioecious. Spikes of female flowers
cylindrical. Catkins of male flowers of the length of those of JBetula. alba
L. Leaves heart-shaped, ovate, acuminate, 3-lobed or palmate ; serrated
with equal teeth, rough, somewhat villous ; under surface very tomentose,
and, in consequence, soft. ( Willd.) A deciduous tree. Canada to Florida.
Height 40 ft. to 70 ft. Introduced in 1629. Flowers greenish yellow ;
July. Fruit long, red, and pleasantly tasted ; ripe in September.

Variety.

3f M. r. 2 scdbra. M. scabra Willd., Nutt. ; M. canadensis Pair.
Lam. Diet. 4. p. 380. — Leaves rough on both surfaces. Horti-
cultural Society's Gardens.

Very distinct from any of the preceding species, in the spreading umbel-
liferous appearance of the branches, and the flat, heart-shaped, very rough-
surfaced leaves, which are almost always entire, but which, nevertheless, are
occasionally found as much lobed and cut as those of any other of the genus.
As a tree ornamental from its very singular form, it deserves a place in every
pleasure-ground ; and it is particularly adapted for giving interest to the
scenery of a suburban garden.

GENUS II.

BROUSSONEvT//f Vent. THE BROUSSONETIA. Lin. Syst. Dioe'cia
Tetrandria.

Identification. Vent. Tabl. du Regne Veget., 3. p. 547. ; Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 743.
Synonymes. J/6rus S£bo Kaempf., Lin. ; Papyrus Encyc. Bot. 5. p. 5., Lam. III. Gen. t. 762.
Derivation. Named in honour of P. N. V. Broussonet, a French naturalist, who wrote numerous
works on natural history.

Gen. Char. Flowers unisexual, dioecious. — Male flowers in pendulous cylindrical
catkins ; each flower in the axil of a bractea. Calyx shortly tubular, then
4-parted. Stamens 4, elastic. — Female flowers in peduncled, axillary, up-
right, globular heads. Calyx tubular, its tip with 3—4 teeth. Style lateral.
Stigma taper. Fruit club-shaped, consisting of the integument in which the
ovary was enclosed, and now become very juicy; and of a 1 -seeded oval
utricle, with a crustaceous integument, and enclosed within the juicy inte-
gument. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; lobed variously or en-
tire, hairy, large. Flowers greenish, axillary. — Tree, deciduous ; native of
Japan and the Pacific Isles ; culture as in the mulberry.

* 1. B. PAPYRI'FEKA Vent. The Paper-bearing Broussonetia, or Paper

Mulberry.

Identification. Vent. Tabl. du Rfcgne Vfeget., 3. p. 547. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 743.

Synonyme. Mdrus papyrifera Lin. Sp. PI. 1399.

The Sexes. Both the male and female plants are in the Horticultural Society's Garden, and in the

arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 2. t. 7. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ; and our fig. 13?5.

Spec. Char., $c. See Gen. Char. A deciduous low tree or large shrub.
China, Japan, and the South Sea Islands. Height 10 ft. to 20 ft. Intro-
duced in 1751. Flowers greenish white ; May. Fruit oblong, dark scarlet,
and sweet, but rather insipid ; ripe in August.
Varieties.

* B.p.2 cuculldta. B. cucullata Bon Jard. 1833 p. 919. ; B. spatulata
Hort. Brit. ; B. navicularis Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — A sport, found on

LXV. ARTOCARPE.E : MACLU

711

1385 B. papyrifera.

a male plant in the Jardin des Plantes, which has its leaves curved
upwards, like the hood of a Capuchin, or the sides of a boat.
& B. p. 3 frucfu dlbo. — Fruit white.

A very singular tree, from the great variation in the form of its leaves, and
also from its flowers and fruit. In general aspect it has the appearance of a
mulberry, but it is less hardy than the species of that genus.

GENUS III.

MACLLTR,4 Nutt. THE MACLURA. Lin. Syst. Dice cia Tetrandria.

Identification. Nutt. Gen. N. Amer. Plants, 2. p. 233. ; Lindl. Nat. Syst. of Bot., p. 178.
Synonyme. T6xylon Eafinesque in 1817, Card. Mag. vol. viii. p. 247.

Derivation. Named by Nuttall, in honour of William Maclure, Esq., of the United States ; an
eminent natural philosopher.

Gen. Char. Flowers unisexual, dioecious. — Male flowers in a racemose panicle.
Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, or 3. — Female flowers closely aggregate upon
an axis, and forming a globular head that is borne upon a short axillary pe-
duncle. Calyx oblong, urceolar, apparently with 4 lobes at the tip. Style
thread-shaped, downy, protruded nearly an inch beyond the calyx. Fruit
an achenium about f in. long, compressed, with the tip blunt. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous j ovate, entire. Flowers
small, yellow. — Tree, deciduous ; native of North America ; with a fruit as
large as an orange, and when ripe of the same colour ; propagated by layers,
cuttings of the roots, or grafting on the common mulberry.

1 1. M. AURANTI'ACA Nutt. The Orange-like^^ed Maclura, or
Osage Orange.

Identification. Nutt. Gen. N. Amer. PI., 2. p. 234.
Synonymes. Bow- wood, Yellow Wood, N. Amer.
The Sexes. Both male and female plants are in the Horticultural Society's Garden, and in the

Hackney arboretum.
Engravings. Appendix to Lambert's Monog. on the Genus Pinus, 2. p. 32. ; and our fig. 1386. in

which a is the female flower, and b the male ; the fruit is figured of the nat. size in our 1st edit.

Spec. Char. See Gen. Char. A deciduous widely spreading tree, with spiny
branches. In the Arkansas, and on the banks of the Red River, on deep

z z 4

712

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

fertile soils. Height 30 ft. to 60 ft. Introduced
in 1818. Flowers yellowish green ; June. Fruit
resembling a large Seville orange ; ripe in October.
Neither flowers nor fruit have yet been produced
in England.

The leaves are ovate acuminate, of a bright
shining green, broad, with a cuspidate point, 3 or
3| inches long, and about 2 in. broad. The petiole
is often 1 in. long. The spines are simple, rather
strong, about 1 in. in length, and produced in the
axils of the leaves. The fruit, when ripe, is of a
golden colour, and on the tree has a splendid appear-
ance ; but, though eatable, it does not appear to be
any where used for human food. The wood is of a
bright yellow, very fine-grained, elastic, and on that
account used by the southern tribes of the American
Indians for bows.

1386. M. aurantiaca.

GENUS IV.

Tourn. THE FIG TREE. Lin. Syst. Polygamia Dioe'cia.

Identification. Tourn. ; T. Nees ab Esenbeck Gen. PI. Fl. Germ., fasc. 3. ; Willd. Sp. PI., 4.

p. 1131.

Synonymes. Figuier, Fr. ; Feigenbaum, Ger. ; Fico, Ital.
Derivation. Some derive Flcus from foecundus, on account of its abundant bearing ; and others

from sukos (Greek), or fag (Hebrew), the names for the fig tree in those languages. The fig tree

has nearly the same name in all the European languages.

Gen. Char. Flowers monoecious, inserted upon the interior surface of a hol-
low globular or pear-shaped fleshy receptacle, in whose tip is an orifice
closed with small scales ; those in the upper part male, the rest female.
— Male flowers. Calyx 3-parted. Stamens 3. — Female flowers. Calyx 5-cleft.
Stigmas 2. Fruit a utricle. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous; lobed. Stipules large, con-
volute. Flowers within the fruit. — Tree, deciduous ; native of the South
of Europe and Asia ; sap milky; cuttings in good soil.

1 1. F. CA'RICA L. The common Fig Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1513. ; Willd. Sp., 4. p. 1131. ; N. Du Ham., 4. p. 198.
Synonymes. F. communis Bauh. Pin. 457. ; F. humilis and F. sylvestris Tourn. Inst. 663. ; Fi-
guier commun, Fr. ; gemeine Feigenbaum, Ger.

Engravings. N. Du Ham., t. 53. ; the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ; and our
fil- 1387.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves palmate and subtrilobate ; rough above, pubescent
beneath. ( Willd.) A low deciduous tree. Asia, on the sea coast. Height
15 ft. to 30 ft. Cultivated in Britain from time immemorial.; and ripening
its fruit against walls, in the climate of London, in the month of September.

Varieties. Botanically, the common fig may be considered as existing in three
different states: — 1. Wild, in which the leaves are comparatively small,
and not much cut ; and the fruit small, and sometimes blue and sometimes
white. 2. Cultivated, with very large leaves, very deeply cut, such as the
Blue Ischia and the Brunswick fig, and other sorts ; the fruit of some of
which is white, and of others dark. 3. Cultivated, with very large leaves,
not much cut, as the White Marseilles fig, and others with fruit of different
colours. Those who are disposed to go farther may form three subvarieties
under each of these heads, according as the fruit is blue or black, red or
purple, yellow, white, or green. The garden varieties are very numerous ;

LXV. ARTOCA RPE^ : BO

713

1387. FicusCarica.

for which, and their treatment, see the Encyc. of Gard., and the Suburban
Horticulturist.

GENUS V.

W. THE BORYA. Lin. Syst. Dice'cia Di-Triandria.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 711. ; Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2., vol 5.

Synonymes. Ad&lia Michx. Fl. Sor. Amer. 2. p . 223. ; Bigelbvza Smith in Rees's Cyclop. Addenda.

Derivation. Named in honour of Bory de St. Vincent, who visited the Mauritius and the Isle of
Bourbon, to examine their botany. Smith, in Rees's Cyclopaedia, objects to the name of Bdryo
being applied to this genus, because La Billardie"re had previously given the same name to another
genus ; and he suggests the substitution of the name of Bigeldvza, in commemoration of Dr.
Bigelow of Boston, author of the Ftorula Bostoniensis, and of the American Medical Botany.

Gen. Char., Sfc. Flowers unisexual, dioecious. — Male flowers. Calyx minute,
in 4 deep segments. Stamens 2 — 3. — Female flowers. Calyx inferior, in
4 deep segments, deciduous. Style short. Stigma capitate, depressed.
Fruit pulpy, oval, oblong. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, opposite, or nearly so, exstipulate, deciduous ; entire.
Fhivers axillary, fascicled, bracteated, minute. — Shrubs, deciduous, natives
of North America, with the aspect of the common privet. Propagated by
cuttings, and quite hardy.

* I.E. ZIGU'STRINA Willd. The Privet-like Borya.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PL, 4 p. 711. ; Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2., vol. 5.

Synonymes. Adelia /igustrina Michx. Fl. Bar. Amer. 2. p. 224. ; Bigeldvto figustrina Smith in

Rees's Cyclop. Addenda.

The Sexes. The plants bearing this name in Loddiges's arboretum have not yet flowered.
Engraving. Our fig. 1388. from a living specimen.

Spec. Char., fyc. In habit and leaves somewhat resembling iigustrum vul-
gare L. Leaves with very short petioles, and disks that are lanceolate-
oblong, entire, somewhat membranous. Fruit rather shortly ovate. (Michx.)
An erect deciduous shrub. North America, in thickets about rivers, in the
countries of the Illinois, Tennessee, &c. Height 5ft. to 10ft. Introd. 1812.
Flowers greenish ; July and August.

714

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1388. B. figtistrina.

Apparently a fit associate for Zagustrum, Fontanesza,
and Prinos.

a* 2. B. (? L.) ACUMINA TA Willd. The acuminate-
leaved Borya.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 711. ; Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2., vol. b.
Synonymcs. Adelia acumin&ta Michx. Fl. Ear. Amer. 2. p. 225. t. 48. ;

Bigel6vza acuminhta Smith in Rees's Cyclop. Addenda.
The Sexes. Uncertain which is in England.
Engravings. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. t. 28. ; and our fig. 1389.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves mem-
branous, lanceolate in almost
a rhombic manner ; but most
tapered to the outward end;
1^ in. long, serrulate. Male
flowers several together in small
sessile tufts, encompassed with
several ovate bracteas. Fe-
male flowers stalked, very small.
Fruit pendulous, elliptic-oblong, nearly 1 in. long
before it is ripe, tapered to the tip in a beak-like
manner. It appears that the taper lateral branches
form something like thorns. (Michx.) Carolina and
Georgia. An erect shrub, on the banks of rivers.
Height 5 ft. to 10 ft. Introd. 1812. Flowers greenish.
The only difference which we can observe between

B. acuminata and B. /igustrina is, that the former

has the leaves of a paler green, and much larger.

The plant bears a general resemblance to a privet,

or a large Persian lilac.

at 3. B. (L.) PORULO'SA Willd. The Pore-k/ce-dotted-kaved Borya.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 711. ; Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2., vol. 5.

Synonymes. Adelia porulbsa Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2. p. 224. ; BigeUwo porulbsa Smith in Recs's

Cyclop. Addenda ; ? B. ovata Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836.
The Sexes. Uncertain which is in England.

Engravings. Our fig. 1390. from a specimen in the British Museum, and fig. 1391.
from a specimen in Sir W. J. Hooker's herbarium.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves coriaceous, sessile,
lanceolately ovate, but with a blunt point,
entire ; the lateral edges revolute ; under
surface rather rusty, and punctured with
little holes. (Michx.) A shrub, like the
preceding kinds. Georgia and Florida.
Introduced in 1806.

The plants in the collection of Messrs.
Loddiges differ from B. /igustrina chiefly in
1390. B. </.) porui&sa. the leaves being shorter. ,1391. B. (l.} porul6sa.

1389. B. (? I.) acuminata.

ORDER LXVI. t/LMA^CE^E.

ORD. CHAR. Flowers pedicellate, hermaphrodite or polygamous, collected into
loose small heads. Perianth free, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, opposite the lobes.
Ovarium solitary. Stigmas 2. Fruit indehiscent, 2-celled, membranous, com-
pressed, winged. Seed solitary in the cells, pendulous. Albumen none. (G.
Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; serrated or entire. Flowers
axillary, on short peduncles, small. — Trees, deciduous, chiefly of large
size ; natives of Europe, Asia, and America ; included in three genera,
which are thus contradistinguished : —

LXVI. £7LMAXCE,E : U'LMUS. 715

E7'LMUs L. Flowers polygamous. Fruit a samara.
PLA'NER^ Gmelin. Flowers polygamous. Fruit dry.
CE'LTIS Tourn. Flowers polygamous. Fruit a drupe,

GENUS I.

tTLMUS L. THE ELM. Lin. $yst. Pentandria Digym'a.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 123. ; Sm. Engl. Fl., 2. p. 1, 2. and 19.

Synonymes. Orme, Fr. ; Ulm, or Riister, Ger. ; Olrno, Ital.

Derivation, f/'lmus is supposed to be derived from the Saxon word elm, or ulm ; a name which is
applied, with very slight alterations, to this tree, in all the dialects of the Celtic tongue. Ulm is
still one of the German names for the elm ; and the city of Ulm is said to derive its name from
the great number of elm trees that are growing near it. There are above forty places in England
mentioned in the Doomsday-Book, which take their names from that of the elm ; such as Barn
Elms, Nine Elms, &c.

Gen. Char., $c. Flowers in lateral groups, proceeding from peculiar buds,
and protruded before the leaves ; bisexual ; moncecious. Calyx reddish,
distinct from the ovary, top-shaped or bell-shaped, of one piece, but having
5 or 4—8 segments, which imbricate in estivation ; remaining until the
fruit falls. Stamens as many as the segments. Style short or wanting.
Stigmas 2, acuminate. Fruit a samara, with a membranous wing. (G. Don.)
Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; serrate, feather-nerved,
harsh to the touch, generally unequal at the base. Flowers small, whitish
or reddish. Decaying leaves rich yellow. — Trees, deciduous ; natives of
Europe, Asia, and North America. The species are propagated by seeds,
and the varieties by grafting.

The elm is remarkable for the aptitude of the different species to vary from
seed ; so much so that it is extremely difficult to say, in this genus, which are
species and which are varieties ; or even to what species the varieties belong.
To us it appears, that there are only two British sorts which are truly distinct ;
viz. U. campestris and U. montana. U. americana, and, perhaps, some
other of the American species may also be distinct. Great attention has been
paid to this genus by Mr. Masters of Canterbury, who has raised many sorts,
both from American and European seeds, and whose collection will be found
described in the 1st edition of this work, and in the Gard. Mag. vol. xiii.
p. 28. U. glabra and U. major seem intermediate between U. campestris
and U. montana. U. effusa appears very distinct ; but is probably only a
variety of U. campestris. Of all the numerous varieties which may be pro-
cured in British nurseries, the best kinds for cultivation for their timber
appear to be, the Huntingdon elm (U. m. glabra vegeta), and the Wych elm
( U. montana) ; and for ornament the weeping elm ( U. montana pendula),
the sub-evergreen elm (£7. campestris virens), and the twiggy elm (C7. cam-
pestris viminalis). The sucker-bearing elms are chiefly the varieties of U.
campestris, and these seldom produce seeds ; but U. montana, and U. m.
glabra, and their varieties, which never throw up suckers, produce seeds in the
greatest abundance every year. U. campestris does indeed produce seeds
occasionally, though rarely, in England ; and the U. c. viminalis is a British
seedling, raised by Mr. Masters. In France, U. campestris ripens seeds
much more freely, and these have given rise, in that country, to innumerable
varieties. The whole genus, it will readily be conceived, is in a state of great
confusion. See Arb. Brit., 1st edit., p. 1409.

f 1. U. CAMPE'STRIS L. The English, field, or common small-leaved, Elm.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 327. ; Sm. Engl. Fl., 2. p. 20.

Synonymes. tf'lmus Atinia Pliny Nat. Hist. lib. 16. cap. 17. and lib. 17. cap. 11. ; U. minor, folio

angusto scabro, Ger. Emac. 1480. f. ; Olmo pyramidale, Ital.
Engravings. Engl. Bot, t. 1886. ; N. Du Ham., 2. t. 42. ; the plates in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ;

and our fig. 1394.

716 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves doubly serrated, rough. Flowers nearly sessile, 4-cleft.
Samara oblong, deeply cloven, glabrous. (Smith.') A large deciduous tree.
England, France, and the warmer parts of Europe. Height 60 ft. to 80 ft.
Flowers Brownish ; March and April. Samara yellow ; ripe in May.

Varieties.

A. Timber Trees.

*t U. c. I vulgdris. U. campestris Hort. Dur. — Very twiggy ; pale
smooth bark ; of irregular growth in some plants, with almost hori-
zontal branches, where no others are near to force the shoots up-
wards. In some soils, it is very subject to decay at the joints. The
bark is leaden-coloured while young, splitting into long thin strips
with age. A bad variety to cultivate for timber.

If U. c. 2 latifolia Hort. — Leaves broader than in the species, and ex-
panding very early in spring.

If U. c. 3 alba Masters. — Of upright growth. The old bark cracks in
irregular long pieces, and becomes very pale with age. Shoots with
the bark tinged with red, and the footstalks of the leaves quite red.
Leaves shining, and doubly and deeply serrated, bearing a very near
resemblance to those of U. effusa. A valuable timber tree.

If U. c. 4 acutifolia Masters. — Growth, during its early stages, very like
the last, but stronger. The leaves, in old specimens, more tapering,
and the branches more pendulous. Bark like the last. This appears
very common in some parts of Essex, Suffolk, and Norfolk. Also a
good timber tree.

*f U. c. 5 stricta Hort. Dur. Red English Elm. — One of the most
valuable timber trees of the small-leaved kinds. Growth very rigid.
The timber is excellent ; and the tree forms poles of equal diameter
throughout.

*t U. c. 6 virens Hort. Dur. Kidbrook Elm. — Almost evergreen in a
mild winter ; and, as such, is the most ornamental tree of the genus.
It must not, however, be depended upon as a timber tree, because,
in some autumns, the frost kills the shoots. The bark is red, and
the tree of spreading habit. This, like the last-mentioned kind,
grows well upon chalk,

If U. c. 7 cornubiensis Hort. U. stricta Lindl. Synop. p. 227., Lodd. Cat.
ed. 1836; the Cornish Elm. — An upright-branched tree ; the trunk
and branches, when young, having a somewhat flexuose appearance,
which disappears as it grows old. The leaves are small, strongly
veined, and coriaceous. Branches bright brown, smooth when young,
and very compact. This variety, in the climate of London, is a
week or fortnight later in coming into leaf than the common elm,
from which, and from all the other varieties, it is readily distin-
guished by the bark of old trees, which never scales off, but tears
as under, exhibiting its fibrous construction, in the manner of the
bark of the sweet chestnut. There are many fine trees of this va-
riety in Kensington Gardens.

? U. c. Ssarniensis. U. sarniensis Lodd. Cat. 1836 ; the Jersey Elm. —
A free-growing variety, differing very little from the species.

"if U. c. 9 tortuosa. U. tortuosa Lodd. Cat. 1836 ; ? Orme tortillard,
Fr. ; the twisted Elm. — The wood of the tortuous parts of the trunk
is valuable for the naves of wheels, and is much used for that
purpose in France. It is the only elm which grows freely by cut-
tings, and is generally so propagated in the French nurseries. See
Arb. Brit., 1st edit., p. 1379.

B. Ornamental or curious Trees.
* U.i?. \0f6liis variegdtis Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — This variety, which

LXVI. ULMA^CEJE : f/LMUS.

717

nu\y be called the silver-leaved elm, has the leaves striped with white,

and, in spring, is very ornamental.
"* U. c. 11 betukefolia. U. Aetulasfolia Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836.— Leaves

somewhat resembling those of the common birch.
% U. c. 12 vimindlis Hort. Dur. p. 66. U. viminalis Lodd. Cat. ed.

1836. (The plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii.) — Small leaves,

and numerous slender twig-like branches. It is a very distinct and

elegant variety ; and easily recognised, either in summer or winter.

Raised, in 181 7, by Mr. Masters.
¥ U. c. 13 parvifolia. U. parvifolia Jac. PI.

Rar. Hort. Schcenbr. iii. p. 261. t. 262.; U.

microphylla Pers. ; U. pumila var. (3 (transbai-

cale'nsis) Pall. Ross. i. p. 76. t. 48.; U. pumila

Willd.Sp.PL i.p. 1326.; U. p. foliis parvis, &c.

Pluk. Aim. p. 293. ; U, humilis Enum. Stirp.

Ruth. p. 180. No. 260. (Our/g. 1392.) —

A tree, according to Pallas, who mentions

several varieties of it, very common in all

the woods of the South of Russia, and vary-
ing in height from that of a middle-sized tree

to that of a diminutive shrub, according to

the soil and climate in which it grows.
*t U. c. \± planifolia. U. planifolia Hort. (The

plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit.,

vol. vii.) — A handsome small tree, closely

resembling the preceding variety. 1392' * c" parvlf6Ua'

* U. c. 15 chinensis. U. chinensis Pers. i. p. 291. No. 9., Ream, et Schult.

Syst. Veg. vi. p. 303. ; The de 1'Abbe Gallois, Orme nain, Fr. ;

(Our Jig. 1393.) — A low bush, introduced from

China, but when is uncertain. Rather tender.

Horticultural Society's Garden.
*t U. c. 16 cucullata Hort. — Leaves curiously curved,

something like a hood. Hort. Soc. Garden.
If U. c. 17 concavesfoKa Hort. — Resembles the preceding

kind. Hort. Soc. Garden.
¥ U. c. 18 foliis aureis Hort. — Leaves variegated with

yellow.
3f U. c. 19 nana Hort. — A very distinct variety, said not

to grow above 2 ft. high in ten or twelve years. Hort.

Society's Garden.

Other Varieties. In Messrs. Loddiges's Catalogue, ed. 1836,
U. c. foliis maculdtis, U. dubia, U. viscosa, and some others, are
enumerated, and in our first edition twelve French varieties i393. v.c.
are described, to which might be added, the Orme peduncule
of the French, which appears to be our U'lmus effusa, though we have doubts
on this subject.

The common English elm is, perhaps, more frequently to be found in the
parks and pleasure-grounds of the English nobility and gentry, than any other
tree, except the oak. It is of a tall upright habit of growth, with a straight
trunk, 4 or 5 feet in diameter when fully grown, and attaining the height of
60 or 70 feet or upwards. The wood loses a great deal in drying : weighing,
when green, nearly 70 Ib. the cubic foot; and, when dry, not more than
48i Ib. It is of a brownish colour, and is hard and fine-grained. It possesses
greater lateral adhesion, and less longitudinal toughness, than that of U.
montana, and, consequently, does not crack so much as that sort in drying.
In ship-building it is valuable for forming the blocks and dead eyes, and other
wooden furniture of rigging, being particularly suitable for these purposes,
from its hard and adhesive nature, and indisposition to crack or split when

718

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNlCt'M,

1394. U. campestris.

exposed to sun or weather. The great use of the
English elm, however, in ship-building, is for
keels. In light land, especially if it be rich, the
growth of the tree is very rapid ; but its wood
is light, porous, and of little value compared with
that grown upon strong land, which is of a closer
stronger texture, and at the heart will have the
colour, and almost the hardness and heaviness, of
iron. The common elm produces abundance of
suckers from the roots, both near and at a great
distance from the stem ; and throughout Europe
these afford the most ready mode of propagation,
and that which appears to have been most gene-
rally adopted till the establishment of regular
commercial nurseries ; the suckers being procured
from the roots of grown up trees, in hedgerows,
parks, or plantations. In Britain, the present
mode of propagation is by layers from stools, or
by grafting on the U. montana. The layers are
made in autumn, or in the course of the winter,
and are rooted, or fit to be taken off, in a year.
Grafting is generally performed in the whip or splice manner, close to the
root, in the spring ; and the plants make shoots of 3 or 4 feet in length the
same year. Budding is sometimes performed, but less frequently. The great
advantage of grafting is, that the plants never throw up suckers, unless
indeed the graft is buried in the soil. The tree bears the knife better than
most others, and is not very injurious to grass growing under it. The leaves
are eaten by most kinds of cattle.

t 2. U. (c.) SUBEROSA Mcench. The Cork-barked Elm.

Identification. Ehr. Arb., 142. ; Willd. Sp. PL, p. 1324. ; Engl. Fl., 2. p. 21.

Synonymes. U. campestris Woodv. Med. Bot. 1. 197. ; U. campestris and Theophr&stz Du Ham.

Arb. 2. p. 367. t. 108. ; U. vulgatissima folio lato scabra Ger. Emac. 1480. f. ; V. montana Cam.

Epit. t. 70., upper fig. ; common Elm Tree, Hunt. Evel. Syl. p. 119.; 1'Orme Liege, 1'Orme

fungeux, Fr.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 2161. ; Du Ham. Arb., 2. t. 108. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol.

vii. ; and ova fig. 1395.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves pointed, rough, doubly
and sharply serrated. Flowers stalked, 4—5*
cleft. Samara almost orbicular, deeply
cloven, glabrous. Branches spreading ; their
bark corky. (Smith.) A deciduous tree,
taller and more spreading than the common
English elm. England. Height 60 ft. to 80 ft.,
and sometimes 100ft. Flowers and samara
as in the preceding kind.

Varieties.

¥ U. (c.) s. 1 vulgdris. U. suberosa Hort.

Dur. ; the Dutch cork-barked Elm. —

This, except the American elm and

the Canterbury seedling ( U. montana

major glabra), is the quickest-growing

of any that Mr. Masters cultivates. It

is, moreover, valuable on account of its

growing well upon the Kentish chalks ; and it keeps its leaf till late

in the autumn. It is a tree of large growth. Many of the elms at

Windsor are of this kind.
¥ U. (c.) s. 2 foliis variegdtis Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. U. suberosa variegata

Hort. Dur. — Precisely like the last, except in its variegation.
IF U. (c.) s. 3 alba. U. suberosa alba Masters. — A low tree, of more

1395. U. (c.) suberosa.

LXVI. UXMAXCFJE:

719

compact growth than the two preceding varieties ; and often growing
into an oval, or, rather, cone-shaped head. Young shoots pubes-
cent. Foliage thickly set. Bark much wrinkled, and becoming
white with age.

* (J. (c.) s. 4 erecta Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — Has a tall narrow head,
resembling that of the Cornish elm ; but differs from that tree in
having much broader leaves, and a corky bark.

¥ U. (c.) s. 5var. The broad-leaved Hertfordshire Elm, Wood, nursery-
man at Huntingdon. — The shoots show some tendency to become
corky, which, in our opinion, determines this variety to belong to U.
(c.) suberosa, rather than to U. montana or U. (m.) glabra.

2 I . (c.) s. 6 war. The narrow-leaved Hertfordshire Elm, Wood. —
Leaves and shoots differing very little from those of U. campestris.

* 3. U. (c.) MA^JOR Smith. The greater, or Dutch Cork-barked, Elm.

Identification. Sm. Engl. Bot., t. 2542. ; Sm. Engl. Fl., 2. p. 21.

Synonymes. U. hollandica Mill. Diet. ed. 8. No. 5. ; U. major hollandica, &c., Fluff. Aim. 393. :

U. major, amplibre fdlio, &c., Du Ham. Arb. 2. p. 368. ; Tilia mas Matth. Valer. 1. 158. f. : U.

latifdlia Mich*. N. Amer. Syl. 3. t. 129. f. 2.
Engravings. Engl. Bot., t. 2542. ; N. Amer. Syl., 3. t. 129. f. 2. ; the plate of this tree in Arb.

Brit., 1st edit,, vol. vii. ; and our fig. 1396.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves rough, unequally and rather bluntly serrated.
Flowers nearly sessile, 4-cleft. Samara obovate, slightly cloven, glabrous.
Branches drooping, the bark corky. (Smith.)
A deciduous tree, with widely spreading
branches. England. Height 50 ft. to 70 ft.
Flowers and samara as in the preceding kinds.

The branches spread widely, in a drooping
manner, and their bark is rugged, and much
more corky than even the foregoing. Leaves on
short thick stalks, larger and more bluntly ser-
rated than the last ; rough on both sides, espe-
cially beneath ; but the hairy tufts at the origin
of each transverse rib are very small. Segments
of the calyx short and rounded. Stamens 4.
Samara obovate, with a very small rounded
sinus, not reaching half so far as the seed. This
appears to be the kind brought over by Wil-
liam III. from Holland ; which, from its quick
growth, was, at first, much used for hedges and
formal rows of clipped trees ; but, when the
Dutch taste in gardening declined, the tree was
no longer cultivated ; as its wood was found
very inferior to that of most other kinds of elm. 1396. Vt (c-) mhjor

* 4. U. EFFU'SA Willd. The spreading-branched Elm.

Identification. Willd. Arb., 393. ; Sp. PI., 1. p. 1325. ; Duby et Dec. Bot. Gall., 1. p. 422.
Synonymes. U. ciliata Ehrh. Arb. 72. ; U. pedunculata Lam. Diet. No. 2. ; U. octandra Schk. Bot.

Handb. 178. t. 67. ; U. folio latissimo, &c., Buxb. Hal. 340. ; U. laeMs Pal. Ross. vol. 1. p. 75. ;

1'Orme pedoncule, Fr.
Engravings. Hayne, t. 29. ; the plates of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol viL ; and our fig. 1397.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves mostly resembling those of the U. montana, but
quite smooth on the upper side ; unequal at the base, doubly serrated,
Flowers on drooping stalks. Stamens in a flower 6 — 8. Samara elliptic,
deeply cloven, strongly fringed with coarse dense hairs. (Smith.) A
deciduous tree with ascending shoots, which spread at the extremities.
Europe, chiefly in the South of France, and in the Caucasus. Height 50 ft.
to 60ft. Introd. ? 1800. Flowers and samara as in the preceding kinds.

This species is very distinct, even when the tree is bare of leaves, as will
be seen by comparing the winter tree of it in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii..

720

ARBORETUM ET FRUT1CETUM BRITANNICUM.

1397. V. cftusa.

with that of U. montana major depicted at
the same season. In spring and summer, it
is equally marked by the long drooping pe-
duncles of its flowers, and its hairy samaras.
Its leaves are large, and of a beautiful light
shining green tinged with red, and with red
veins. The buds are long, sharply pointed,
and greenish ; while in the U. campestris they
are short, obtuse, and covered with greyish
hairs. As a tree of ornament, it is well worth
cultivating for the beauty of its leaves, for the
distinct character of its spray in winter, and,
indeed, for its general appearance at all sea-
sons. Propagated by grafting on U. montana.
The largest tree of this species in England is
at White Knights, in front of the mansion.

¥ 5. U. MONTAVNA Bauh. The Mountain, Scotch, or Wych, Elm.

Identification. Bauh. Pin., 427- ; Sm. Engl. Bot., t. 1827,

Synonymes. U. glabra Huds. ed. 1. 95. ; U. effQsa Sibth. 87. ; U. scabra Mill. Diet. No 2. , U.

nuda Ehrh. ; U. campe"stre Willd. Sp. PI. p. 1324. ; U. campestris latifdlia Hort. Par. ; Wych

Hazel of old authors.
Engravings. Engl. Bot., t. 1887. ; Fl. Dan., t. 632. ; the plates of some of the varieties in Arb.

Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ; and our fig. 1399.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves pointed, rough, broad, and doubly serrated. Flowers
on longish peduncles loosely tufted, 5 — 6-cleft. Samara somewhat orbi-
cular, slightly cloven, naked. Branches drooping at their extremities;
their bark smooth and even. (Smith.) A spreading deciduous tree, with
smooth bark. Britain, and various parts of Europe. Height 50 ft. to
60 ft. Flowers reddish ; April and May. Samara brown ; ripe in June.

Varieties. The varieties of the Scotch elm are extreme!}- distinct, and very
handsome trees, some well worth cultivating in a useful, and others in an
ornamental, point of view.

A. Timber Trees.

% U. m. 1 vulgdris. — Tree spreading ; seldom exceeding 40 or 50 feet
in height, except when drawn up by other trees.

¥ U. m. 2 rugbsa Masters. U. rugosa Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — Bark reddish
brown, cracking into short regular pieces, very like that of /4"cer
campestre. Tree of spreading growth, and moderate size.

3£ U. m. 3 major Masters. (Plate in Arb. Brit. 1st edit. vol. vii.) — The
tree is of upright and rapid growth, with few branches ; and, in
some stages, approaching the habit of the common Scotch elm, but
of a more tapering form. The leaves fall almost a month sooner
than those of the following sort.

If U. m. 4 minor Masters. — Compared with U. m. major, is of a more
branching and spreading habit, of lower growth, with more twiggy
shoots ; and these are more densely clothed with leaves, which are
retained long in the autumn.

*? U. m. 5 cebennensis Hort. The Cevennes Elm. — Habit spreading, like
that of U. m. vulgaris ; but it appears of much less vigorous growth.
Horticultural Society's Garden.

2 U. m. 6 nigra. U. nigra Lodd. Cat. ; the black Irish Elm. — A spreading
tree, with the habit of U. montana vulgaris, but with much smaller
leaves. It is by some considered as a variety of U. campestris ; but,
as it ripens seeds in Ireland, we are inclined to think it belongs to
what may be called the seed-bearing section of the genus, and, con-
sequently, to U. montana.

t U. m. 7 austrdlis Hort. — Leaves rather smaller, and habit of growth
more pendulous than the species.

LXVI ULMACEX. I

7 '21

B. Ornamental or curious Varieties.

U. w. 8 pendnla. U. pendula Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836 ; U. glabra decum-
bens Hvri. Dur. ; U. horizontalis Hort. ; U. rubra in the Horticul-
tural Society's Garden, in 1 835. (Plate of this tree in Arb. Brit.,

V. m. pgndula

1st edit., vol. vii. ; and our j£g. 1398.) — This is a beautiful and highly

characteristic tree, generally growing to one side, spreading its

branches in a fan-like manner, and stretching them out sometimes

horizontally, and at other times almost perpendicularly downwards,

so that the head of the tree exhibits great variety of shape.

¥ U. m. Qfastigidta Hort. U. glabra replicata Hort. Dur. ; U. Fordzz

Hort. ; U. exoniensis Hort. ; the Exeter Elm, Ford's Elm. (Plate

in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii.) — A very remarkable variety, with

peculiarly twisted leaves, and a very fastigiate habit of growth. The

leaves, which are very harsh, feather-nerved, and retain their deep

green till they fall off, enfold one side ot the shoots.

* U. m. 10 ciispa. ? U. crispa Wdld.\ the curled-leaved Elm. — Of a

slender and stunted habit of growth. Horticultural Society's Garden.

Other Varieties. Several might be taken from catalogues, both timber

trees and curious plants ; but the former, such as U. montana vegeta Lindl.,

we think may be best classed under U. m. glabra, and the latter are of so

little merit, that we hardly think them worth recording in this work. A

variety or variation was discovered in a wood near Verrieres, in which the

soft wood, or cambium, of the current year's shoots appears of a deep red

when the bark is removed. It retains this peculiarity when propagated by

extension ; and there are plants of it in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris.

A similar variation occurs in .Mbrus italica. (See p. 708.)

The Scotch elm has not so upright a trunk as the English elm; and it soon
divides into long, widely spreading, somewhat drooping branches, forming a
large spreading tree. In Scotland, where the tree abounds, both naturally
and in artificial plantations, the wood weighs less than that of the English elm,
and is more coarse-grained. Nevertheless, Sang observes, it is always prized
next to the wood of the oak. It is used, he adds, by the ship-builder, the

3 A

722

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1399. £7. montana.

boat-builder, the block and pump maker, the cartwright, the cabinet-maker
and the coach-maker. The timber, Matthews observes, has much sap-wood,
and great longitudinal toughness ; but, from the great quantity of sap-wood,
and want of lateral adhesion, it splits considerably when dry. The tree has
a peculiar fan-like spread of the branches, often tending to one side, and
most perceptible in young trees. Hence, when grown up, there is ge-
nerally a slight bending in the stem,
which renders it very fitting for floor-
timbers of vessels ; the only part of a
ship, except the bottom plank, to which
it is applicable, as it soon decays above
water. Its great toughness and strength,
however, render it fit for floors. The soil in
which this elm most luxuriates is a deep
rich loam ; but that in which it becomes
most valuable, is a sandy loam lying o-n
rubble stone, or on dry rock. In wet tilly
clays, it soon sickens. It does not produce
suckers like the English elm ; but, accord-
mg to Boutcher, it roots more readily from
layers than that species. The most ready
mode of propagating it, however, is by seeds,
which are produced in great abundance, and
are ripe about the middle of June. They
ought to be gathered with the hand before
they drop, as, from their lightness and winged appendages, they are very apt
to be blown away by the wind. The seeds may either be sown as soon as
gathered, in which case, many plants will come up the same season ; or they
may be thinly spread out to dry in the shade, and afterwards put up into bags
or boxes, and kept in a dry place till the following March or April.

1 6. U. (M.) GLA'BRA MM. The smooth-leaved, or Wych, Elm.

Identification. Mill. Diet, ed. 8., No. 4. ; Sm. Engl. Fl., 2. p. 23.

Synonymes. U. montana /3 Fl. Br. 282. ; U. folio glabro Ger. Emac. 1481 . f . : U. campestris var.

3. With. 279. ; the feathered Elm.
Engravings. Engl. Bot., t, 2248. ; and our fig. 1400.

Spec. Char., $c Leaves elliptic-oblong, doubly
serrated, smooth. Flowers nearly sessile, 5-cleft.
Samara obovate, naked, deeply cloven. (Smith.)
Branches spreading, rather drooping, smooth,
blackish, scarcely downy in their earliest stage of
growth. Leaves smaller than any of the preced-
ing (except U. campestris), as well as more
oblong ; strongly serrated, very unequal at the
base, not elongated at the extremity ; their sub-
stance firm, or rather rigid ; the surface of both
sides very smooth to the touch, and without any
hairs beneath, except the axillary pubescence of
the ribs, which often forms a narrow downy line
along the midrib. Flowers nearly sessile, with 5
short, bluntish, fringed segments, and as many
longish stamens, the anthers of which are round-
ish heart-shaped. Samara smaller than most other
species, obovate, cloven down to the seed, smooth,
often reddish. A tall, elegant, deciduous tree.
Britain, chiefly in England, in woods and hedges ;

and forming the most common elm in some parts of Essex. Height 60 ft.
to 80 ft. Flowers and samara as in the preceding sort.
It bears seeds in nearly as great abundance as U. montana, and it does not

LXVI. ULMA^CEM: £TLMUS. 723

throw up suckers ; which convinces us that it is only a variety of that species.
The propagation, culture, &c., of U. glabra and its varieties are the same as in
the preceding sort ; but, to preserve the latter distinct, they ought to be grafted.

Varieties. In consequence of U. glabra ripening seeds in different parts of
England, many varieties have been raised from it, most of which are distin-
guished by great rapidity of growth. It is difficult to determine, in every
case, whether the varieties of U. (m.) glabra are not nearer to U. montana,
than to that sub-species ; and, in some instances, they appear to partake of
the character of U. campestris and U. (c.) suberosa. T. A. Knight, Esq.,
informs us that from seeds of one variety of U. (m.) glabra, viz. the Down-
ton elm, which were ripened in the cold climate of that part of Shropshire,
he " raised plants which are so perfectly similar to the U. suberosa*, and
which approximate so nearly to the character of the U. glabra, that " he
does "not doubt but that the U. campestris, U. suberosa, U. glabra, and
three or four other varieties which" he has " seen in different parts of
England, are all varieties only of the same species."

A. Timber Trees.

*£ U. (w.) g. ] vulgdris. The common smooth-leaved Elm.

¥ U. (w.) g. 2 vegeta. U. montana vegeta in the Horticultural Society's
Garden ; U. americana Masters ; the Huntingdon Elm, the Chi-
chester Elm, the American Elm in some places, and perhaps the
Scampston Elm. — This is by far the most vigorous-growing kind of
elm propagated in British nurseries, often making shoots from 6 ft. to
10 ft. in length in one season ; and the tree attaining the height of
upwards of 30 ft. in ten years from the graft. Raised at Huntingdon
about 1746, from seed collected in that neighbourhood, by Mr.
Wood, nurseryman there.

¥ U. (w.) g. 3 var. The Scampston Elm. — Variety of U. glabra, and
very little different from the preceding kind.

i U. (?».) g. 4 major. U. glabra major Hort. Dur. ; the Canterbury Seed-
ling. — Of more vigorous growth than the species, and, indeed, a rival
to the Huntingdon elm in quickness of growth. Judging from the
specimens of this variety sent to us by Mr. Masters, we should say
that it belongs fully as much to U. montana as to U. (m.) glabra.

± U. (w.) g. 5 glandulosa Lindl. — Leaves very glandular beneath.

y- U. (m.) g. 6 latifolia Lindl. — Leaves oblong, acute, very broad.

¥ U. (rn.) g. 7 microphylla Hort. U. g. parvifolia.. — Leaves small.
Horticultural Society's Garden.

B. Ornamental or curious Trees.

*t U. (m.) g. 8 pendula. U. campestris pendula Hort. Dur.; the Down-
ton Elm. — Raised in Smith's Nursery, at Worcester, in 1810,
from seeds obtained from a tree in Nottinghamshire. Mr. Knight
of Downton Castle purchased some of these trees ; and one them
turned out to be that weeping variety which has since obtained the
name of the Downton elm.

3t U. (m.) g. 9 variegdta Hort. — Leaves variegated. Hort. Soc. Garden.

¥ U. (m.) g. 10 ramulosa Booth. — Branches mere twiggy than the species.

? 7. U. A'LBA Kit. The whitish-leaved Elm.

Identification. Kitaib., quoted in Rcem. et Schult. Syst. Veg., 6. p. 300.; Willd. Baumz., p. 518.
Engraving. Our Jig. 0000. in p. 0000.

Spec. Char., $c. Bark grey brown ; smooth, not chinky. Leaves with
downy petioles ; and disks oblong, acuminate, 2^ in. long, unequal at the
base, doubly and very argutely serrate ; above, deep green ; beneath, downy,
and becoming obviously whitish. (IVilld.} A large, deciduous tree. Hun-
gary; said to have been introduced in 1834, but we are not aware that the
plant is in British gardens.

SA 2

724

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1401. U. americaiia.

*£ 8. U. AMERICAVNA L. The American Elm.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 327. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 199.

Synonymes. The white Elm, Amer. ; the Canadian Elm, the American white Elm.

Engravings. Michx. North Amer. Sylva, 3. t. 126. ; and our fig. 1401.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaf with the petiole 1 in. tol| in. long, and
hairy with short hairs ; and the disk unequal at the base,
4 in. to 5 in. long, inclusive of a long acuminate point, 2 in.
to 2A in. broad, serrate, and mostly doubly so ; the axils
of the veins underneath joined by a membrane. Flowers
peduncled, effuse, purple ; peduncles short, glabrous.
Stamens 5 and 8. Samara fringed at the edge with
hairs, ovate, acute. This species is readily distinguish-
able from others by the membrane which appears at the
axils of the veins. (Willd.) Young branches brown,
with short very fine hairs. Leaves deeply green above,
almost glossy, rough ; beneath, pale, downy. Flowers
like those of U. effusa. A large tree. New England to
Carolina. Height 80 ft. to 100 ft. Introduced in 1752;
but rarely flowering, and never ripening seeds in England.

Varieties.

t U.a. \rubra Ait. Hort. Kew. i. p. 319. — Branches red. Leaves

ovate, rugose, rough.

¥ U. a. 2 alba Ait. Hort. Kew. i. p. 319., Marsh, p. 250. ? U. molli-

folia (Rcem. et Schitlt.) — Branches whitish. Leaves oblong, rough.

t U.a. 3 pendula Pursh Sept. i. p. 200., Ait. Hort. Kew. i. p. 319.

— Branches pendulous.

t U. a. 4* incisa Hort. (Plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii.) — This
variety differs from the other varieties, in having the leaves some-
what more deeply serrated, and rather smaller, approaching nearer
to those of U. effusa. Horticultural Society's Garden.
¥ U. a. 5fdliis variegdtis Hort. — Leaves variegated. Hort. Soc. Garden.
The white elm delights in low humid situations. The wood is used for the
same purposes as that of the European elm, but it is decidedly inferior in
strength and hardness ; it has also less compactness, and splits more readily.
Propagated by grafting on U. montana, but not common in 'collections.

£ 9. U. (A.) FU'LVA Michx. The tawny-budded, or slippery, Elm.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 172. ; Pursh Sept., 1.
Synonymes. U. rubra Michx. Arb. 3. p. 278. ; Orme gras, French i

red Elm, red-wooded Elm, Moose Elm.
Engravings. Michx. North Amer. Sylva, 3. t. 128. ; and our fig. 1402.

Spec. Char., fyc. Resembles the Dutch elm. Branches rough, whitish.
Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, nearly equal at the base, more or less
cordate there; serrate with unequal teeth, rugose, very rough, hairy on
both surfaces : they are larger, thicker, and
rougher than those of U. americana. Leaf buds
tomentose, with a tawny dense tomentum : they
are larger and rounder than those of U. ameri-
cana. Scales of the buds that include the flowers
downy. Peduncles of flowers short. Samara
not fringed, very like that of U. campestris;
orbicular, or obovate. (Michx.) Leaves variable
in shape and serratures, but more downy than
the other North American elms. Stamens 5 — 7.
Stigmas purplish. Samara, when young, downy
on both sides. A tree bearing a strong resem-
blance to the Dutch elm. Canada to Carolina.
Height 50 ft. to 60 ft. Introduced ? 1815.
Flowers and samara as in preceding species. 1402. u. (a.) aiv

.200.

Canada and Upper Louisiana ;

LXV1. <7LMA CE1E t

Distinguished from the white American elm by its buds, which are largei
and rounder ; and which, a fortnight before their developement, are covered
with a russet down. It is less abundant than the white American elm ; and
the two species are rarely found together, as the red elm requires a substantial
soil, free from moisture, and even delights in elevated and open situations.
The heart-wood is coarser-grained and less compact than that of U. ameri-
cana, and is of a dull red tinge ; whence the name of red elm. There are
small plants bearing the name of U. fulva, in Loddiges's arboretum ; but they
are scarcely, if at all, distinguishable from U. americana.

*E 10. U. ALA'TA Michx. The Wahoo, or Cork-winged, Elm.

, Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 173. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 200.
Synonymes. U. pumila Walt. Fl. Carol. Ill ; Wahoo, Indians of North America.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 173. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 200.
Synonymes. U. pumila Walt. Fl. Carol. Ill ; Wahoo, Indians of Nort)
Engravings. Michx. North Amer. Sylva, 3. t. 127. ; and our Jig. 1403.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves like those of Carpinus 2?etulus L. Branches
bearing two longitudinal corky wings. Leaves with short petioles, and
disks that are oblong-oval, narrowed to an acute point, almost equal at the
base, toothed. Samara downy, bearing a dense fringe of hairs at the edge.
(Michx.} A middle-sized deciduous tree. Virginia, Carolina, and Georgia.
Height 30 ft. to 40 ft. Introduced in 1820. Flowers and samara as in the
preceding species.

The most remarkable part of this species is, a fungous
appendage, two or three lines wide, attached to the branches
throughout their whole length ; from which the name of
alata (winged) has been given. The wood is fine-grained,
more compact, heavier, and stronger than that of U. ameri-
cana. The heart-wood is of a dull chocolate colour, and
always bears a great proportion to the sap-wood. There
are small plants in Messrs. Loddiges's collection, which,
from the leaves, might be taken for those of U. (c.) su-
berosa ; and the engraving in Michaux, from which fig.
1403. is reduced to our usual scale, closely resembles the
young shoots and leaves of that tree of U. (c.) suberosa
in the Horticultural Society's Garden, of which a plate is
given in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. 1403 u alkta-

GENUS II.

PLA'NEIL4 Gmel. THE PLANERA. Lin. Syst. Polygamia Moncexcia ; or
Tetr-Pent-andria Digynia.

Identification. Gmel. Syst. Nat., 2. p. ? 150. ; Michx. North Amer. Sylva, 3. p. 100.
Synonymef. .Rhamnus Pall., Glildenst. ; f/'lmus, various authors, as to the Planera Richards
Derivation, Named in honour of Planer, professor of botany at Erfurth, who published, in 1788,
a work entitled Index Plantarum Agri Erfordiensis, in one volume 8vo.

Gen. Char. Flowers polygamous or monoecious. — Female and bisexual
flowers. Calyx bell-shaped, distinct from the ovary, membranous, green,
of one piece, but having 5-ciliate lobes. Stamens in the bisexual flower
4 — 5, less developed than those in the male flower. Ovary top-shaped,
villous. Stigmas 2, sessile. Fruit roundish, pointed, dry. — Male flower.
Calyx as in the female and bisexual flowers. Stamens 4 — 5. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate or exstipulate, deciduous ; toothed,
feather-nerved. Flowers small, greenish. Fruit small, whitish when ripe. De-
caying leaves yellowish green. — Trees, deciduous, natives of Asia and North
America, with the aspect of the hornbeam, and readily uniting by grafting
with that tree or the elm Bark scaling off like that of the Platanus. Pro-
pagated by grafting on the elm, or by layers in any common soil.

3 A 3

726

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

¥ 1. P. RICHA'RD/ Michx. Richard's Planera, or Zetkoua Tree.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 248. ; Bieb. Fl. Taur. Cauc. Suppl., 1. p. 187.

Synonymes. P. crenata Michx. Mem. sur le Zelkoua ; P. carpinif61ia Wats. Dend. Brit. t. 106. ;
P. creniita Desf. ; .Khamnus carpinifblius Pall. Fl. Ross. ; li. wlmd'des Guldenst. It. 1. p. 313. and
427. ; t/'lmus crenata Korl. Par. ; U. parvifdlia Willd. Baum. ; U. camp^stris Walt. Fl. Carol.

p.
fo

. . . . . . . camp^stris . . .

. iii. ; U. polygama Richard Act. Paris 1781 ; U. nemoralis Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. p. 108. ; U.
foliis crenatis basi asqualibus, fructu ovoideo, non compresso, Poiret Encyc. Meth. iv. p. 611. ; le
Zelkoua, or Orme de Siberia, Fr. ; Richard's Planere, Ger.

Engravings. Pall. FJ. Ross., 1. t. 60. ; Dend. Brit., t. 106. ; the plates of this tree in Arb. Brit, 1st
edit., vol. vii. ; and our fig. 1404.

Spec. Char., fyc. Flowers solitary in the axils of leaves ; and both flowers
and leaves borne on a shoot that is developed in the same year with them-
selves. Petiole of leaf not obvious ; disk of leaf elliptical, unequal at the
base, dentate. (N. Du Ham.) A large deciduous tree. West of Asia, and
upon the shores of the Caspian Sea ; and to Imiretta and Georgia, on the
south of Mount Caucasus. Height 50ft. to 70 ft. Introduced in 1760.
Flowers greenish white ; April and May. Fruit white ; ripe in October.
The base of the trunk does not swell out, like that of most other trees,
its thickness being very little greater at the surface of the ground than it is at
the point of ramification. Like that of the hornbeam, it is marked with
longitudinal furrows, like open gutters. The
head is large, tufted, and very much branched ;
but the branches, though widely extended, are
more slender, and more vertical in their direction,
than is generally the case with forest trees.
The bark of the trunk is not grey and cracked,
like that of the elm or the oak, but resembles
rather that of the hornbeam or beech. In British
gardens, the rate of growth of this tree is
similar to that of the beech or common horn-
beam ; it attaining the height of 20ft. in 10
years. The wood, when cut obliquely, re-
sembles that of the robinia, and presents, like
it, numerous interlacements of fibres. It is
very heavy, and, when dry, becomes so ex-
tremely hard, that it is difficult to drive nails
into it with a hammer. In the countries where
it is abundant, it is employed for the same
purposes as oak;
and it is found

to be even superior to that wood for furniture.
Its colour is agreeable ; it is finely veined ; and
its texture is so compact, and its grain so fine,
as to render it susceptible of the highest polish.

¥ 2. P. GME'LINZ Michx. Gmelin's Planera.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 248. ; Desf. Hist.

des Arbres et Arbriss., 2. p. 446.
Synonymes. P. wlmifolia Michx. Arb. Amer. 3. p. 283. t. 7. ;

P. aquatica Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 967. ; Anonymus aquaticus

arbor, &c. Walt. Carol. 230.
Engravings. Michx. Arb. Amer., t. 7. ; North Amer. Sylva,

3. t. 130. ; Du Ham. Arb., ed. nov., 7. t. 21. : and our Jie.

1405.

Spec. Char., fyc. Flowers in heads, opening
before the leaves are protruded, and borne
on branches or branchlets, developed in some
previous year. Leaf with an obvious petiole,
and a disk ovate-acuminate, equal at the base,
and serrate. A deciduous shrub or low
tree. Kentucky, Tennessee, and the banks
of the Mississippi. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft

1104. P. Richardi.

LXVI. T/LMA CE.E : CE'LTIS.

727

Introduced in 1816; but rare. Flowers small, greenish brown; June.

Fruit brown ; ripe in September.

The leaf is much smaller than that of P. Richardz, and resembles that of
t/'lmus campestris, except in being serrated with equal teeth ; it is of a lively
green on the upper surface, and grey on the under one. Only very small plants
are in British gardens.

GENUS III.

CE'LTIS Tourn.

Identification.

THE CELT is, or NETTLE TREE. Lin. Syst. Polygamia
Monoe^cia, or Pentandria Digynia.

fasc. 3. t. 4.

Tourn. quoted by T. Nees ab Esenbeck, in his Gen. PI. Fl. Germ , mat. «>. \.. ».
Synonymes. jL6tus of Lobel and other authors ; Micocoulier, Fr. ; Ziingelbaum, Ger. ; Celto, Ital.
Derivation. The name of Celtis is said to refer to the tree having been known to the ancient Celts :

and the appellation of Nettle Tree relates to the similarity of the leaves to those of some kind of

nettle (L/rtlca).

Gen. Char. Flowers bisexual, monoecious. Calyx bell-shaped, distinct from
the ovary, 5 — 6-parted, the segments imbricate in aestivation. Stamens
5—6, inserted into the base of the calyx. Filaments incurved. Anthers
cordate, acuminate. Stigmas 2, sessile. Fruit a drupe, subglobose. (G. Don.)
Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; serrate, unequal at the
base, in two ranks, and rough on the upper surface ; with the primary
veins forming an acute angle with the midrib, and extending through a
considerable portion of the disk of the leaf. Flowers small, greenish.
Pulp of the fruit edible. — Trees, deciduous ; natives of Europe, Asia,
and North America.

Varying in size and foliage, but all bearing fruit, which is edible, and,
though small, is remarkably sweet, and said to be very wholesome. Some of
the species, according to Descemet, are very ornamental ; particularly C.
crassifolia, the branches of which assume the character of a fan ; and C,
occidentals, the branches of which droop like a parasol. The wood of C.
australis is valuable ; but that of most of the other species is too weak to be
of any use in the arts. The leaves of all
the species, like those of all the species of
.Diospyros, drop off almost simultaneously,
and thus occasion very little trouble to
the gardener in sweeping them up. Pro-
pagated by layers or seeds.

tir 1. C. ALSTRA'LIS L. The southern
Celtis, or European Nettle Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1478. ; Duby et Dec. Bot.

Gall., l.p. 421.
Synonymes. Z,6tus &rbor Lob. Ic. 2. p. J86. ; Zotus

sive Celtis Cam. Epit. 155. ; Lote tree ; Micocoulier

austral, Micocoulier de Provence, Fabrecoulier, Fa-

breguier des Proven c.aux (see N. Du Ham.) ; Arci-

diavolo, Ital.
Engravings. Du Ham. Arb., 2. t. 8. ; Dend. Brit , t.

105. ; and our fig. 1406.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate-lanceolate,
oblong-lanceolate, or acuminate, argutely
serrated, unequal at the base, rough on
the upper surface ; soft, from down, on
the under one. Flowers solitary. (Willd.)
A deciduous tree. South of Europe,
North of Africa, and Asia. Height 30ft.
to 40 ft. Introd. 1796. Flowers greenish ;
May. Fruit black ; ripe in October.

3 A 4

1406 C. australis

728 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Variety. Brotero, in his Flora Lusitanica, mentions a variety with variegated
leaves, that was found wild in Portugal.

The tree grows rapidly, more especially when once established, and after-
wards cut down ; sometimes producing shoots, in the climate of London,
6 or 8 feet in length. It bears pruning remarkably well, at every age. Its
leaves are very seldom touched by insects, either on the Continent or in
England ; and the fossus Ligniperda and Scolytus destructor, which are so
injurious to the timber of many other trees, never touch either that of Celtis,
that of Planera Richard/', or that of Pyrus Sorbus.

* 2. C. (A.) CAUCA'SICA Willd. The Caucasian Celtis, or Nettle Tree.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 994. ; Poiret in Encycl. SuppL, 3. p.
688. ; Rcem. et Schult Syst. Veg , 6. p. 305.

Engraving. Our fig. 1407, from a specimen in Sir \V. J. Hooker's her-
barium.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oblong, acuminate, serrate with

large teeth, a little narrowed at the base and almost equal

there ; above, deep green ; beneath, pale yellowish ; and

the veins, when seen under a lens, a little hairy. (Willd.)

A tree. Caucasus. Height 30 ft. to 40 ft. Introduced

in ? 1800. Flowers greenish; June. Fruit globose, reddish.

This is very closely akin to C. australis ; but it differs

in its leaves being more ovate, having the acuminate part

shorter, and being glabrous. U07. c. (a , Cauc4sica.

* a 3, C. TOURNEFO'RT// Lam. Tournefort's Celtis, or Nettle Tree.

Identification. Lam. Encycl., 4. p. 132. ; Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 994. ; N. Du Ham., 2. p. 38.
Synonymes. C. orientalis minor, foliis minoribus et crassioribus, fructu flavo, Town. Cor. 42. ; C
orientalis Mill. Diet. No. 3., but, according to the Nouveau Du Hamel, not of Lin., which is

1408. C. Tournefortii.

considered a half-hardy plant in Britain ; Micocoulier du Levant, Micocoulier d'Orient, Fr. ;
Morgenlandischer Zungelbaum, Ger.

Engravings. Tourn. Itin., t. 41. ; the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. : and our
jtg. 1408.

LXVI. ULMA^CEIE : CE^LTIS.

729

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves, when adult, ovate, acute, unequal at the base, crenately

serrate, roughish on the upper surface ; when young, subcordate at the base.

Fruit yellow, becoming brown. A low tree, or large shrub. Armenia.

Height 10ft. to 12ft. Introd. in 1739. Leaves bluntish, rough on both sur-

faces, glossy. Flowering and fruiting at the same time as C. australis.

This species is readily known from all others, in winter, by its forming a

compact upright-branched bush, or low tree ; and, in summer, by the deep

green and dense mass of its rigid-looking foliage. It is rather more tender

than C. australis and C. occidentalis. When propagated by seeds, they should

be sown in autumn, as soon as they are ripe ; as, if not sown till spring, they

generally remain a year or more in the ground. They prefer a moist soil, and

a sheltered situation.

¥ & 4. C. (T.) SINE'NSIS Pers. The China Celtis, or
Nettle Tree.

Identification. Pers. Syn., 1. p. 292.; Rcem. et Schult. Syst. Veg., 6.

p. 306.
Engraving. Our fig. 1409. from a specimen in Sir W. J. Hooker's her-

barium.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves broad-ovate, obtuse, crenate,
largish, glabrous ; veins prominent. (Pers.) A low de-
ciduous tree. China. Height 12ft. to 15ft.

The plant of this kind, in the
Horticultural Society's Garden,
seems to differ very little, if at all,

f™m C>

1409. C. (T.) sinensis.

t 5. C. WILLDENOV/^/I Schultes. Willdenow's
Celtis, or Nettle Tree.

Identification. Roem. et Schult. Syst. Veg., 6. p. 306.

Synonyme. C. sinensis Willd. Enum. Suppl. p. 68., Willd. Baumz.

Engraving. Our fig. 1410. from a specimen in Sir W. J. Hooker's
herbarium.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate, oblong, acuminate,
narrowed to the base, serrate from the middle to the
tip ; above, glabrous; beneath, roughish. (Schultes.)
A deciduous tree. China. Height 10 ft. to 15 ft.
Introduced ?.

UIO. C. IT.) Willdenov&na.

¥ 6. C. OCCIDENT AVLIS L. The western Celtis, or North American Nettle Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1478. ; North Amer. Sylra, 3. p. 45. t. 114.

Synonymes. C. fructu obscuro purpurascente Tourn. Inst. 612. ; C. obliqua Mcench ; Nettle Tree,

Sugar Berry, Amer. ; Bois inconnu, Illinois ; Micocoulier de Virginie, Fr.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 2. t. 9. ; Dendr. Brit., t. 147- ; the plates of this species in Arb. Brit.,

1st edit., vol. vii. ; and our fig. 1411.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate-acuminate, unequal at the base, serrate, rough
on the upper surface, hairy on the under one. Flowers solitary. Leaves
serrate, with equal teeth. Flowers, in the lower part of the branch, 3 in an
axil ; in the upper part, 1 only in an axil. Fruit obscurely purplish. (Rcem.
et Schult.) A deciduous tree, very closely akin to C. australis. Canada to
Carolina, in woods and near rivers. Height 30 ft. to 50 ft. Introduced
in 1656. Flowers small, greenish; May. Fruit purplish; ripe in October.

Varieties.

Z C. o. 2 corddta Willd., Willd. Baumz. p. 82. — Leaves subcordate at

the base, very acuminate ; above, less rough ; beneath, more veiny ;

disk 3 in. to 4 in. long.
¥ C. o. 3 scabriuscula Willd. Sp. PI. iv. p. 995. C. australis Willd. Arb.

56. ; C. ? o. j3 tenuifolia Pers. Syn. 1. p. 292.; C. aspera Lodd. Cat.

ed. 1836 ; C. orientalis Hart. — Leaves shorter, more slender, less

730

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

acuminate ; roughish above, in some instances glabrous ; disk of
leaf 1^ in. to 2 in. long. Louisiana.

Very hardy and ornamental ; and it possesses the property of keeping on
all its leaves very late, and then, like the other species, dropping them all

1411. C. occidentelis.

Identification. Lam. Encycl., 4. p. 132. ; Pursh Sept., 1. p. 200.

C. cordifolia UHtrit. Hort. Par. ; C. cordata Desfont. t. 2. p. 448. ; Hagberry or

at once, so that they may be swept away at one time for litter. C. occiden-
talis is readily known from C. australis by its leaves being larger, and of a
lighter and more shining green, and its wood being of a lighter colour in win-
ter. The leaves also die off sooner, and of a brighter yellow, than those of the
European species. It is more hardy, and is readily propagated by layers or by
seeds in any common soil.

¥ 7. C. CRASSIFO LIA Lam. The thick-leaved Celtis, or Hackberry.

ursh Sept., :
Synonymes. C. cordifolia UHirit. Hort. Par. ; C. cc

Hoop. ash, Amer.; Micocoulier a Feuilles en Ckeur, Fr.
Engravings. Michx. North Amer. Sylva, 3. t. 115. ; N. Du Ham.,

2. t. 9. ; and our Jig. 1412.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves with disks ovate-acumi-
nate, 6 in. long, Sin. to 4 in. broad ; heart-shaped,
auricled and unequal at the base ; serrated with
unequal teeth, rather leathery, rough on both
surfaces. Flowers 1 — 2 upon the peduncle.
Young branches downy. Bark red brown.
Leaves 5 in. long, or more. Petioles slightly
hairy, 3 — 6 lines long. Flowers much like those
of C. australis, upon slender peduncles ; the pe-
duncles of the fruit longer than the petioles.
Fruit of the size of the bird-cherry. (Lamarck.)
A deciduous tree, nearly allied to C. occidentals.
Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee, on the banks
of rivers, and in valleys in fertile soil. Height
20ft. to 30ft. Introduced in 1812. Flowers
greenish ; May. Fruit black ; ripe in October.

1412.

& 8. C. LJEVIGA^A Willd. The glabrous-team* Celtis, or Nettle Tree.

Identification. Willd. Enum. Suppl., p. 68. ; Willd. Baumz., p. 81. ; Rcem. et Schult Syst. Veg.,
6. p. 30.

LXVII.

JUGLANDA

731

Synonymes. Sprengel has suggested, in the Index to his Syst. Veg.,

that glabrata is the epithet fitter for this species than Izevigata :

glabrdta signifies rendered, or become, bald ; lavig&ta, rendered

perfectly even in surface.
Engraving. Our fig. 1413. from a specimen in the Museum of the

Jardin des Plantes.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, subcor-
date at the base, nearly entire ; glabrous on the
upper surface ; roughish upon the veins on the
under one. (Willd.) Louisiana. A very doubtful
species. Not yet introduced.

afc 9. C. PtfaiiLA Ph. The dwarf Celtis, or Nettle
Tree.

Identification. Pursh FL Amer.

Sept., 1. p. 200.; Rcem. et Schult.

Syst. Veg., 6. p. 307. ? C. aspera.
Engraving. Our fig. 1414. from a

specimen in Sir W. J. Hooker's

herbarium.

Spec. Char., tyc. Leaves

ovate, acuminate, serrate with equal teeth ; un-

equal at the base ; downy while young, afterwards

nearly glabrous

on both surfaces.

Flowers 3 upon

a peduncle. Fruit

solitary, ovate.

(Pursh.) A small

straggling decidu-

ous bush. Mary-

land and Virginia, on the banks of rivers.
Height?. Introd. in 1812. Flowers green-
ish ; May. Fruit black ; ripe in October.

C. orientdlis Lin. (R. Mai., 4. t. 40. ; and
our Jig. 1415.) is a native of the Himalayas ;
introduced in 1820. In foliage it resembles
C. occidentals; but we have only seen a
very small plant of it, against a wall, in the
Horticultural Society's Garden.

1415. C. oriental*.

U14. c.pumiia.

ORDER LXVII. JTJGLANDANCEjE.

ORD. CHAR. Flowers unisexual. — Mate flowers disposed in aments, each with a
scale-like oblique, or 2- or 6-lobed, perianth. Stamens hypogynous, inde-
finite. Anthers innate. — Female flowers having a double or single perianth,
which adheres to the ovarium ; the outer one 4-cleft, and the inner of
4 separate parts, when present. Ovarium 1-celled, ovule erect. Styles
1 — 2, or wanting. Drupe fleshy, containing a 1-celled, 2 — 4-valved,
ragged nut. Embryo with cerebriform convolutions, more or less 4-lobed,
covered by a membranous testa. (G. Don.)

Leaves compound, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; with many leaflets.
Flowers axillary, the males in catkins, and the females sessile, or on short
stalks. — Trees, deciduous; natives of Asia and North America; propagated
by seeds. The genera are three, which are thus contradistinguished : —

«/UVGLANS L. Flowers mono3cious. Stamens numerous. Covering of the nut
in 1 piece.

732 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

CAVRYA Nutt. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 4 — 6. Covering, of the nut in

4 pieces.
PTEROCA^RYA Kunth. Flowers monoecious. Stamens numerous. Covering

of the nut winged.

GENUS I.

JITGLANS L. THE WALNUT TREE. Lin. Syst. Monce'cia Polyandria.

Identification. Schreb. Lin. Gen., No. 1446. ; Nutt. Gen. N. Amer. PI., 2. p. 220.

Synonynies. Noyer, Fr. ; Walnuss, Ger. ; Noce, Ital.

Derivation. Juglans is contracted from Jovis, Jove's, and glans, a mast, or acorn ; and was applied
by the Roman writers to this tree, on account of the excellence of its fruit as food, compared with
other masts or acorns ; the only species that was known to the Romans having been the Juglans
rdgia, or common walnut tree.

Gen. Char., fyc. Flowers unisexual, monoecious. — Male flowers in cylindrical,
drooping, solitary catkins. Calyx of 5 — 6 scales. Stamens 18 — 36. — Fe-
male flowers solitary or a few in a group, terminal upon a shoot developed
in the same year. Calyx ovate, including and adhering to the ovary. Petals
4. Stigmas 2 — 3, fleshy. Fruit a drupe. Covering of the nut a fleshy
husk of 1 piece that bursts irregularly. Nut woody, of 2 valves. (G. Don.}
Leaves compound. alternate, exstipulate, deciduous; imparipinnate, of 5 —
19 leaflets, all but the terminal one in opposite or nearly opposite pairs; all
serrate, and all spreading in one plane. Flowers greenish. Decaying leaves
brown. — Trees deciduous, natives of Asia and North America, with coarse-
grained wood ; and fruit, in one species at least, much esteemed at the dessert,
and valuable for the oil which it contains.

The trees belonging to this order bear, with only two to three exceptions, so
close a resemblance to one another in their young state (in which state alone
most of them are to be seen in Britain), that we have been unable to satisfy
ourselves as to what are species, and what are only varieties. Michaux has
arranged the species in the two following sections : —

§ i. Simple Aments. Growth rapid. — 1 . Juglans regia L. 2. J. nigra L.
3. J. cathartica Michx., syn. J. cinerea L. The order of the flowering of
these species in England is, first J. regia, then J. cinerea, in a few days after
which the catkins of J. nigra expand. The order of fruiting is different ; for,
while the fruit of the common walnut begins to drop in the first or second
week in September, that of the black walnut does not fall till the end of the
same month, and that of the grey walnut not till the beginning of October.
To this section may be added J /raxinifolia L., recently separated from Juglans
as the genus Pterocarya.

§ ii. Compound Aments , each Peduncle bearing three. Growth slow. — 1. Ju-
glans olivaeformis Michx. (syn. Carya olivaeformis Nutt.). 2. J. amara Michx.
(C. amara Nutt.). 3. J. aquatica Michx. (C. aquatica Nutt.). 4. J. tomen-
tosa Michx. (C. tomentosa Nutt.). 5. J. squamosa Michx. (C alba Nutt.).
6. J. laciniosa Michx. (C. laciniosa Nutt.). 1. J. porcina Michx. (C. porcina
Nutt.). 8. J. myristicaeformis Michx. (C. myristiciformis Nutt.).

¥ 1. J. REVGIA L. The royal, or common, Walnut Tree.

Identification. Lin. Hort. Cliff., p. 449. ; Willd. Arb., 153. ; Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 455.

Synonymes. Nux. Juglans Dod. Pempt. 816. ; Niix Juglans, seu rdgia vulgaris, Bauh. Pin. 417. •

Noyer commun, Fr. ; Noseguier Provence ; gemeine Walnuss, Ger.
Engravings. Michx. N. Amer. Sylva, t 29. ; the plates ot this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. •

and our Jig. 1416.

Spec. Char.y <Sfc. Leaflets in a leaf, 5 — 9 ; oval, glabrous, obscurely serrated.
Fruit oval, situated upon a short inflexible peduncle. Nut rather oval,
rather even. A large deciduous tree. Persia, in the extensive province of
Ghilan, on the Caspian Sea, between 35° and 40° of latitude. Height 40 ft.

LXVII. JUGLANDA^CE^E : «7U\5LANS. 733

to 60 ft. Tn cultivation in England since 1562, and probably long before.
Flowers greenish; April and May. Fruit with a green husk, enclosing
a brown nut ; ripe in September. Decaying leaves brown.

Varieties.

3t J. r. 2 maxima. JVux Juglans fructu maximo Bauh. Pin. 417. ; Noix
de Jauge Bon Jard. ed. 1836 p. 473. ; Clawnut in Kent, Bannut in
Warwickshire. — This variety has the fruit double the size of that
of the species, being sometimes nearly as large as a turkey's egg ; but,
in drying, the kernel shrinks to one half its size ; and, hence, the fruit
of this variety is not good for keeping, but ought to be eaten directly
after being gathered. The leaves are large, and the tree has a mag-
nificent appearance ; but its timber is not nearly so durable as that
of the common walnut.

¥ J. r. 3 tenera. Nux Juglans fructu tenero et fragile putamine Bauh.
Pin. 417.; Noyer a Coque tendre, Noyer Mesange Bon Jardinier,
\. c., Noyer de Mars in Dauphine ; the thin-shelled, or Titmouse,
Walnut. (See Hort. Trans., vol. iv. p. 517.; and E. of Gard., ed.
1834, p. 942.) — The last name is given to this kind of walnut,
because its shell is so tender, that the birds of the titmouse family
(mesange, Fr.) (Parus major L. ; P. cseruleus L. ; and also P.
ater and P. palustris L.) pierce it with their bills, and eat the kernel,
leaving the remaining part of the fruit on the tree. This variety has
the most delicate fruit of all the walnuts : it keeps longer, and pro-
duces more oil ; but it is not so good a bearer as the other sorts.

¥ J. r. 4 serotina Desf. Nux. Juglans fructu serotino Bauh. Pin. 417.;
Noyer tardif, Noyer de la Saint- Jean Bon Jard. ed. 1836 p. 472.,
Noyer de Mai in Dauphine. — This is a most valuable variety for
those districts where the frosts continue late in spring.

* J. r. 5 lacinidta. jVux Juglans foliis laciniatis Reneaulm, N. Du Ham.
iv. p. 174. ; Juglans heterophylla Hort. ; J./ilicifolia Lodd. Cat. ed.
1836 ; the Fern-leaved Walnut Tree. — Has cut leaves, somewhat
like those of .Fraxinus excelsior salicifolia.

Other Varieties. The above are the most remarkable and valuable of the
varieties of the common walnut; the first three, on account of their fruit;
and the last, as a curiosity, on account of its leaves. But in the Bon Jar-
dinier five others are enumerated ; and in the Horticultural Society's Fruit
Catalogue for 1832 nine are given, of which the most valuable for cultivation
for its fruit is the Highflier ; a variety which was originated at Thetford, in
Norfolk, and which is held in much esteem in that county and in Suffolk.
(Hort. Trans., iv. p. 517. ; and E. of Gard., ed. 1835, p. 942") There is also
the Yorkshire walnut, which is much planted in that county. The varieties
recommended by Mr. Thompson, as having proved the most prolific in the
Horticultural Society's Garden, are : the Round early oval ; the Double large
French, No. 1. above ; the Tender- shelled, No. 2.; and the Thick-shelled.
In the gardens of the Trianon, near Paris, there is a hybrid between Ju-
glans regia and J. nigra, which partakes in an equal degree of the properties
of both species, and has ripened fruit from which young plants have been
raised possessing similar properties. (See Gard. Mag., vol. xvi.)

The wood of the walnut weighs 58 Ib. 8 oz. in a green state ; and when
dried, 46 Ib. 8 oz. It is white in young trees, and in that state is subject to be
wormeaten ; but, as the tree grows old, the wood becomes solid, compact,
easy to work, and acquires a brown colour, veined, and agreeably shaded with
light brown and black. The most valuable part of the walnut is its fruit, which
is much in demand throughout Europe and other parts of the world, for the
table, and for various other purposes. In a young and green state, it is pickled
and preserved ; and, when mature, it is used as food for the poorer classes in
the countries where it abounds, and at the dessert of the richer classes. An oil
is expressed from the kernel in some parts of France. Switzerland, and Italy.

734

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

j.regia.

The species is propagated by the nut ; which, when the tree is to be grown

chiefly for its timber, is best sown where it is finally to remain, on account of

the taproot, which will thus have its full influence on the vigour and prosperity

of the tree. Where the tree is to be grown for fruit on dry soils, or in rocky

situations, it ought also to be sown where it is finally to remain, for the same

reasons. In soils on moist or other-

wise unfavourable subsoils, if sown

where it is finally to remain, a tile,

slate, or flat stone, should be placed

under the nut at the depth of 3 or

4 inches, in order to give the taproot a

horizontal direction ; or, if this pre-

caution has been neglected, after the

plants have come up, the taproot

may be cut through with a spade 6 or

8 inches below the nut, as is sometimes

practised in nurseries with young

plants of the horsechestnut, sweet

chestnut, walnut, and oak. On the

other hand, when the walnut is planted

in soil which has a dry or rocky subsoil,

or among rocks, no precaution of this

sort is necessary : on the contrary, it

would be injurious, by preventing the

taproot from descending, and deriving

that nourishment from the subsoil

which, from the nature of the surface

soil, it could not there obtain. The

varieties may be propagated by bud-

ding, grafting, inarching, or layering, in common soil. The walnut tree attains

the largest size in a deep loamy soil, dry rather than moist ; but the fruit

has the best flavour, and produces most oil, when the tree is grown in cal-

careous soils, or among calcareous rocks : in a wet-bottomed soil, whatever

may be the character of the surface, it will not thrive.

± 2. J. NIVGRA L. The black-wooded Walnut Tree.

Identification. Lin. Hort. Cliff., p. 449. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 456. ; Pursh Sept., 2. p. 636.
Synonymes. The black Walnut, the black Hickory Nut, N. Amer. ; Noyer noir, Fr. ; Noce ncra,

Ital.
Engravings. Michx. Arh., 1.

t. 1. ; Michx. North Amer.

Sylva, t. 30. ; Dend. Brit., t.

158. ; the plate of this tree in

Arb. Brit., 1st edit, vol. vii. ;

and our Jig. 1417.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaflets,
in a leaf, 13 — 17; cor-
date-acuminate, une-
qual at the base, ser-
rated, and somewhat
downy ; lateral ones
upen short petiolules.
Fruit globose, roughish
with minute prominent
points, situated upon a
short inflexible pedun-
cle. Nut globose, some-
what compressed at the
sides, ridged and fur-
rowed. (Michx.*) A
large deciduous tree.

LXVII. /UGLANDA'CE^E : CA RYA.

735

New England to Florida, in fertile soil in woods. Height 60 ft. to 100 ft.

Introduced in 1656. Flowers greenish; April and May. Fruit with a

green husk, enclosing a brown nut.
Varieties, None are in cultivation ; but a hybrid between this species and

J. nigra has been noticed in p. 733.

The growth of the tree is remarkably quick, more so than that of the Eu-
ropean walnut. At 8 or 10 years of age it begins to bear, and age increases
its fertility. No tree will grow under its shade, and even grass is injured by
it. In 40 years, in good soil, it will attain the height of from 50 ft. to 60 ft.
The heart-wood, which is black, remains sound for a long period, when ex-
posed to heat and moisture ; but the sap-wood speedily decays. When pro-
perly seasoned, the wood is strong, tough, and not liable to warp or split. It
is never attacked by worms, and has a grain sufficiently fine and compact to
admit of a beautifurpolish. The tree is universally raised from the nut, which,
after being imported, ought to be sown immediately, as it seldom retains its
vital power more than six months after it has ripened.

y- 3. J. CINE'REA L. The grey-branched Walnut Tree, or Butter-nut.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1415. ; Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 456. ; Pursh Sept , 2. p. 636.

Synonym.es. J. cathkrticn North Amer. Sylva, 1. p. 160—165. t. 31. ; J. oblonga Mill. Diet. No. 3. ;

Oil-nut, Whito Walnut, Amer. ; Noyer cendre, Fr. ; graue Walnuss, Ger.
Engravings. Michx. Arb., 1. 1. 2. ; Michx. North Amer. Sylva, t. 31. ; and our Jig. 1418.

Spec. Char., fyc. Petiole villous. Leaflets, in a leaf, 15 — 17; lanceolate,

rounded at the base, serrate with shallow teeth ; tomentose beneath ; lateral

ones sessile. Fruit oblong-ovate,

with a tapered tip, downy, co-
vered with viscid matter in small

transparent glanded hairs, pen-
dulous on a flexible peduncle.

Nut oval, with an acuminate

tip, very rough with prominent

irregular ridges. (Michx.) A

large deciduous tree. Canada to

Virginia, and on the Alleghany

Mountains. Height 30 ft. to 60ft.

Introduced in 1656. Flowers

greenish; April and May. Fruit

a green husk, enclosing a brown

nut ; ripe in October.

This species grows with equal
rapidity, when young, as the J.
nigra ; but the trunk ramifies at a
less height; and the branches ex-
tending more horizontally than
those of most other trees, and
spreading widely, a large and flat
tufted head is formed, which gives
the tree, in America, more espe-
cially in exposed situations, a most remarkable appearance.

GENUS II.

1418. J. cinferea.

Nuttall. THE CARYA, or HICKORV TREE. Lin. Sy*t.
Monce'cia Tetr-Hex-andria.

Identification. Nutt. Geo, N. Amer. PI., 2. p. 220. ; Lindley Nat. Syst. of Bot., p. 180.

736

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Synant/rnes. Juglans sp. Lin., Wittd., Michx. ; Hicdrius Rafinesque; Hickory, Amer.

Derivation. " Kama (Carya), the walnut tree : the name which the Greeks applied to Juglans
regia." (Nuttall.) The name of Carya was applied to the common walnut by the Greeks, in
honour of Carya, daughter of Dion, king of Laconia, who was changed by Bacchus into that tree.
Diana had the surname of Caryata from the town of Carya, in Laconia, where her rites were
always celebrated in the open air, under the shade of a walnut tree, Plutarch says the name of
Carya was applied to the walnut tree from the effect of the smell of its leaves on the head.

Gen. Char. Flowers unisexual, monoecious. Male, female, and leaves all upon a
shoot developed from one bud in the year of the flowering. The male flowers
borne at the base of the shoot, below the leaves, or in the axils of the lower
leaves ; the female flowers, a few together about the tip of the shoot. — Male
flowers in slender pendulous catkins, that are disposed 3 upon a peduncle.
Calyxa. 3-parted minute leaf. Stamens4<—6. — Female flowers. Calyx including
and adhering to the ovary ; its tip free, and 4-cleft. Stigma sessile upon the
ovary, partly discoid, 2 — 4-lobed Fruit a drupe. Husk fleshy, separating
into 4 equal valves. Nut with 4 or more bluntish angles in its transverse
outline; the surface pretty even. (G.Don.)

Leaves compound, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; imparipinnate, of
5 — 15 leaflets, serrate; all, except the terminal one, in opposite, or nearly
opposite, pairs ; and all spreading in one plane. Flowers greenish. Decaying
leaves brown. — Trees, deciduous ; natives of North America ; the rate of
growth slower than a Juglans, and the bark appearing reticulated.

When propagated, the nuts should, if possible, be planted where the trees
are intended to remain, as most of the species have very long taproots, which
are nearly destitute of fibres. This remark, however, does not apply to C.
amara, which, like Juglans nigra, has abundance of fibrous roots. The pig-
nut (C. porcina) and the mocker-nut (C. tomentosa) are considered to afford
the best timber; and the pacane-nut (C. oliva2formis) decidedly the best fruit,
though the nut in this species is small.

¥ 1 . C. OLIVJEFO'RMIS Nutt. The olive-shaped Carya, or Pacane-nut Hickory.

Identification. Nutt. Gen. N. Amer. PI., p. 221.

Synonymes. Juglans riibra Gcertn. Sem. 2. p. 51. t. 89. ; J. cylindrica Lam. Enci/cl., N. Du Ham.

4. p. 179. ; J. Pecan Muhlenb. in Nov. Act. Soc. Nat. Scrut. Berol. 3. p. 392. ; J. angustif61ia Ait.

Hort. Keiv. ; J. olivaeformis Michx. Fl. Bar. Amer. p. 192. ; Pecan-nut, Illinois Nut, Amer. ;

Pecanier, Pacanus, Noyer Pecanier, Fr.
Engravings. Michx. Arb., 1. t. H.

North Amer. Sylva, 1. t. 32. ; and

our fig. 1419.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaflets, in
a leaf, 13 — 15; ovate-lan-
ceolate, serrate ; lateral ones
nearly sessile, and somewhat
falcate. Fruit oblong, widest
above the middle. Fruit
and nut each with four
angles in its transverse out-
line. Nut in form and ? size
compared with the fruit of
the olive, narrowly elliptical.
(Michx.) A large deciduous
tree. Banks of the Ohio, Mis-
sissippi, and other rivers in
Upper Louisiana. Height
60 ft. to 70 ft. Introduced
in 1766. Flowers greenish ;
April and May. Fruit with
a green husk, enclosing a
yellowish nut.

The shell is smooth and
thin, but too hard to be
broken by the nr«gei\s. The

LXVII. JrUGLANDANCE.£ I CAVRYA. 737

kernel is full, and, not being divided by ligneous partitions, is easily ex-
tracted, and of an agreeable taste. The wood is coarse-grained, and, like
that of the other hickories, is heavy and compact, possessing great strength
and durability. The nuts are exported to the West Indies, and to the ports
of the United States ; and Michaux considers them as more delicately flavoured
than any of the nuts of Europe.

t 2. C. AMA'RA Null. The bitter-mil Carya, or Hickory.

Identification. Nutt. Gen. N. Amer. PL, 2. p. 222

Kynonymes. Jdglans ainkra Michx. Arb. 1. p. 170. , Bitter-nut, White Hickory, Swamp Hickory,

Amer.
Engravings. Michx. North Amer. Sylva, 1. t. 33. ; and our fig. 1420.

Spec. Char., S?c. Leaflets, in a leaf, 7 — 9 ; ovate-oblong, acuminate, serrate
with deep teeth, glabrous ; lateral ones sessile. Sets of catkins in pairs.
Fruit roundish-ovate, bearing, in its upper half, 4 wing-like ridges ; husk
thin and fleshy, softening and decaying, and never becoming ligneous, as in
the other species. Nut subglobose, broader than long, tipped with a mucro.
Seed bitter. (Michx.) A large deciduous tree. New England to Maryland,
in dry woods in fertile soil, on the mountains. Introduced, in 1800.
Flowers greenish ; April. Fruit with a greenish husk, enclosing a white
nut; ripe in October.

The fruit is very small, and produced in great abundance. The husk, which
is thin, fleshy, and surmounted on its upper half by 4 appendages in the form
of wings, never becomes ligneous, like those of the other hickories, but softens

1120. C. amnra.

and decays. The shell is smooth, white, and thin enough to be broken with
the fingers ; the kernel is remarkable for the deep inequalities produced on
every side by its foldings. It is so harsh and bitter, that squirrels and other
animals will not feed upon it while any other nut is to be found.

1 3. C. AQUA'TICA Nutt. The aquatic Carya, or Wafer Bitter-nut Hickory.

Identification. Nutt. Gen. N. Amer. PI., 2. p. 2z2.
Synonyme. Juglans aquatica Michx. Arb. 1. p. 182.
Engravings. Michx. North Amer. Sylva, t. 34. ; and our figs. 1421. and 1422.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaflets, in a leaf, 9 — 1 1 ; narrowly lanceolate, serrate.
Very similar to the leaves of Persica vulgaris Mill. ; the lateral ones sessile.
Fruit peduncled, ovate, with 4 rather prominent ridges at the seams of the
husk. Nut broadly oval, angular, a little depressed at the sides, roughish,
reddish. (Michx.) A middle-sized deciduous tree. South Carolina to
Georgia, in swamps and rice fields. Height 40 ft. to 50 ft. Introduced
in 1800. Flowers greenish ; April. Fruit, with a green husk, enclosing a
reddish nut ; ripe in October.

The water bitter-nut hickory is a tree with rather slender branches. Its
lea es are 8 or 9 inches long, and of a beautiful green : they are composed of 4
or 5 pairs of sessile leaflets, surmounted by a petiolated odd one. The leaflets

3 B

738

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

are serrated, long in proportion to their breadth, and very similar to the leaves
of a peach tree. The husk is thin ; and the nuts are small, somewhat rough,
of a reddish colour, and very tender. The kernel is in folds, and too bitter

14-a. C. aquitica

1422. C. aquiitica.

to be eatable. This species appears to require a great deal of warmth and
moisture. The wood is light, weak, and very far inferior to every other kind
of hickory.

*£ 4. C. TOMENTO'SA Nutt. The tomentose Gary a. or Mocker-nut Hickory.

Identification. Nutt. Gen. N. Amer. PI., 2. p. 221.

Synonymes. Juglans felba Lin. Sp. PI. 1415. according to Willd. Sp. PI., in Pursh's Flora this is
' referred to J. felba Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., C. £lba Nutt. ; J. alba Mill. Diet. No. 4. ; J. toment6sa

Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2. p. 192. ; White-heart Hickory, common Hickory, Amer. ; Noyer dur,

Illinois.
Engravings. Michx. Arb., 1. 1. 6. ; North Amer. Sylva, 1. 1. 35. ; and ova fig. 1423.

Spec. C7iar.t fyc. Petiole downy beneath. Leaflets, in a leaf, 7 — 9; oboyate-
lanceolate, serrate with shallow teeth ; downy and rough beneath ; lateral
ones sessile. Cat-
kin very tomen-
tose. Fruit, on
some trees, glo-
bose, with de-
pressions in the
husk at the su-
tures ; on other
trees, oblong,
with angles at
the sutures. Nut
with 4 — 6 angles
in its transverse
outline, having a
short and capi-
tate beak at the
tip. Shell some-
what channeled.
(Michx.) A
large deciduous
tree. New Eng-
land to Virginia,
and on the Al-
leghany Moun-
tains, in forests where the soil is fertile. Height 50 ft. to 60 ft. Intro-
duced in ? 1766. Flowers pale rose-coloured ; May. Fruit with a green
huks, enclosing a brownish nut ; ripe in November.

1423. C. tomentosa.

LXVII. JUGLANDAVCE#; : CA^RYA.

739

Vattety.

If C. t. 2 maxima Nutt. — Leaflets 7 in a leaf, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
serrulate ; beneath, softly pubescent, and of a paler colour ; terminal
leaflet subpetiolate. Fruit partly globose, of nearly twice the size
ordinary in the species ; as large as an apple. Husk exceedingly
thick. Nut quadrangular, very large ; having a thick shell, and a
mucro that is prominent, quadrangular, and truncate at the tip.
(Nutt.)

The leaves grow so rapidly, that Michaux has seen them gain 20 in. in
18 days. With the first frosts, they change to a beautiful yellow, and fall off
soon after. The fruit is ripe in November, and varies very much in size and
shape. The shell is very thick, and extremely hard ; and the kernel, which is
sweet, though small, is so difficult to extract," because of the strong partitions
which divide it, as to have given rise to the name of mocker-nut. There are
numerous specimens of this tree in the Bois de Boulogne, which were sown
there by Michaux fils in 1822 ; and in 1840, when, we saw them, were from
20ft. to 30ft. high.

¥ 5. C. A'LBA Nutt. The white-nutted Carya, or Shelf-bark Hickory.

Identification. Nutt. Gen. N. Amer. PI., 2. p. 221.

Synonymes. Juglans alba Michx. Fl. Bar. Amer. 2. p. 193. ; J. alba ovata Marsh. Arb. 115. ; J.
squamosa Michx. Arb. 1. p. 190. ; J. compressa Gcertn. Sem. 2. p. 51. ; Shag-bark Hickory, Scaly-
bark Hickory, Kisky Thomas Nut, Amer. ; Noyer tendre, Illinois.

Engravings. Michx. N. Amer. Sylva, 1. t. 36. ; Dend. Brit., t. 148.; the plate of this tree in Arb.
Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ; and our fig.. 1424.

Spec. Char.y $c. Leaflets, in a leaf, 5 — 7 ; oblong-acuminate, argutely serrate ;
villous beneath ; the pair nearest to the base of the petiole rather remote
from it ; terminal leaflet nearly sessile. Catkin glabrous. Fruit depressedly
globose, with 4 longitudinal furrows, in the line of which the husk divides
into 4 valves that become wholly separate. Nut compressed, oblique, 4-
angled in its transverse outline, white. Bark exfoliating in long narrow
strips. (Michx.) A large deciduous tree. New England to Carolina, and
throughout the Alleghany Mountains, in forests where the soil is fertile.
Height 80ft. to 90ft. Introduced in 1629. Flowers greenish; May.
Fruit with a greenish husk, enclosing a white nut ; ripe in November.
The growth of the leaves is so rapid, that in a month they attain their full

length, which, in vigorous trees, is sometimes above 20 in. The fruit is round,

with four depressed seams, and averages, in general, 5^ in. in circumference.

The husk separates entirely from the nut ; and its thickness is so dispropor-

tioned to the size of the nut, as to form a character peculiar to this species

and C. sulcata. The

nuts are white

(whence the name

of C. alba), com-

pressed at the sides,

and marked by

four distinct angles,

which correspond

to the divisions of

the husk. The ker-
nel is fuller and

sweeter than that

of any other Ame-
rican walnut or

hickory, except that

of C. olmeformis ; but it is inferior to the fruit of the European walnut.

¥ 6. C. SULCA'TA Nutt. The furrowed/rm'fed Carya, or Hickory.

Identification. Nutt. Gen. N. Amer. PL, 2. p. 221.

Synonymes. Juglans lacinibsa Michx. Arb. 1. p. 199.; J. mucronata .Mtch*. Ft. Bor. Amer. 2.
p. 192.; J. sulcata Willd. Arb. 154. t. 7.; thick Shell-bark Hickory, Springfield Nut, Gloucester

1424. C. alba.

Nut, Amer.

SB 2

740

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Engravings. Willd. Arb., t. 7. ; Michx. Arb., 1. t. 8. ; North Amer. Sylva, t. 37. ; and our Jig. 1425.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaflets, in a leaf, 7 — 9 ; obovate-acuminate, argutely ser-
rate ; downy beneath. Fruit roundish, having 4 longitudinal ridges that
extend from the tip to the middle, and 4 intervening depressions, or furrows.
Husk dividing from one extremity to the other, in the line of the furrows,
into 4 equal valves. Nut subglobose, slightly compressed, having a long mucro
at the tip, and a shorter stouter one at the base ; yellowish. Bark exfo-
liating in long narrow strips. (Michx.) A large deciduous tree. Alleghany
Mountains, in fertile valleys. Height 60ft. to 80ft. Introduced in 1804.
Flowers greenish j May. Fruit with a greenish husk, enclosing a yellowish
nut ; ripe in November.

The leaves vary in length from 18 in. to 20 in., and are composed of from 7
to 9 leaflets ; whereas in C. alba, the shell-bark hickory, the leaflets are in-
variably 5. The barren catkins are long, glabrous, filiform, and pendulous ;
3 being united on a common petiole, attached to the bases of the young shoots.
The fertile flowers appear, not very conspicuously, at the extremity of the

1425. C. sutcata. x

shoots of the same spring. They are succeeded by a large oval fruit, more
than 2 in. long, and 4> or 5 inches in circumference. It has four depressed
seams, which, at complete maturity, open throughout their whole length for
the escape of the nut. The shell is thick, and of a yellowish hue ; while that
of the C. alba is white.

¥ 7. C. PORCI^NA Nfttt. The Pig-nut Carya, or Hickory.

Identification. Nutt. Gen. N. Amer. PI., 2. p. 222.

Synont/mes. Juglans porclna « obcordata Michx. Arb. 1.
p. 206. ; J. porclna var. with fruit round, and somewhat
rough, Michx. North Amer. Sylva 1. p. 196. ; J. obcor-
data Miihlenb. in Nov. Act. Soc Nat. Swut. Berol. 3.
p. 392. ; Pig-nut, Hog-nut, Broom Hickory.

Engravings. Michx. Arb., 1. t. 9. f. 3, 4. ;" North Amer.
Sylva, 1. t. 38. f. 3, 4.; Dend. Brit., t. 167. ; and our
figs. 1426, 1427. and 1428.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaflets 5—7 in a leaf,
ovate -acuminate, serrate, glabrous, dotted
beneath with dots of resinous matter ; ter-
minal leaflet sessile. Nut obcordate. Fruit
round, somewhat rough. (Michx.) See
our./?g. 1426. a, and/g. 1428. a. A lofty
tree. North America, in the middle,
western, and southern states, on the bor-

LXVII.

741

dcrs of swamps. Height 70 ft. to 80 ft. Introd. 1756. Flowers greenish ;
May. Fruit with a greenish husk, enclosing a brownish nut ; ripe November.

1427. C. porcin

Variety,

C. p. 2 glabra. Juglans porcina (3 ficiformis Michx. Arb. i. p.
J. glabra MuJd. in Nov. Act. Soc. Nat. &c. iii. p. 391. (Oui

209. ;
>ur figs.

1426. b, and 1428. b.) — Husk of the fruit shaped like a small fig,
instead of being round, like the species.
The leaves generally consist
of three pairs of leaflets, and
an odd one. The leaflets are
4 or 5 inches long, acuminated,
serrated, nearly sessile, and
glabrous on both sides. On
vigorous trees which grow in
shady exposures the petiole is
of a violet colour. The husk
of the fruit is thin, of a beauti-
ful green; and, when ripe, it
opens through half its length
for the passage of the nut,
which is small, smooth, and
very hard, on account of the
thickness of the shell. The
kernel is sweet, but meagre,
and difficult to extract, from
the firmness of the partition.
These nuts, in America, are
never carried to market, but
serve for food for swine, ra-
coons, and numerous squirrels which people the forests. The wood is
stronger and better than that of any other kind of hickory. There were
numerous specimens in the Bois de Boulogne in 1840, which were sown
by Michaux fils in 1822.

* 8. C. MYRISTICJEFO'RMIS Nutt. The H3atmeg-\ike-f rutted Carya, or Nutmeg

Hickory.
Identification. Nutt. Gen. Aimer. PL, 2. p. 222.

SB 3

C. porcina.

742

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

129 C. inyrislicoefiS

tnyme. Juglans myristicaeforinis Michx. Arb. 1. p. 211.

ravings. Michx. Arb., 1. 1. 10.; North Amer. Sylva, t. 39. ; and our fig. 1429.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaflets, in a leaf, 9; ^

ovate-acuminate, serrate, glabrous ; the
terminal one nearly sessile. Fruit
ovate, roughish. Nut oval, with a
small point at each end, even, brown
with longitudinal lines of white ; in
which it resembles a nutmeg, which
is the seed of Myristica moschata ;
and hence the epithet myristicasformis.
(Michx.) A large deciduous tree.
South Carolina.

Very little is known of this tree,
which Michaux described from a branch and a handful of nuts, which were
given to him by a gardener at Charleston.

* 9. C. MICROCA'RPA Nutt. The small-fruited Carya, or Hickory.

Identification. Nutt. Gen. N. Amer. PL, 2. p. 221.

Engraving. Our fig. 1430. from a specimen in the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes, at Paris.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaflets, in a leaf, about 5 ; oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously
acuminate, argutely serrulate, glabrous ; glandular beneath ; terminal one
subpetiolate. Fruit subglo-
bose. Husk thin. Nut partly
quadrangular, small ; its shell
rather thin, its mucro obso-
lete and truncate. Fruit
much like that of C. tomen^
tosa, and eatable; but very
small, the nut not exceed-
ing the size of a nutmeg.
Catkins trifid, very long, gla-
brous, without involucre ;
scales 3-parted, their lateral
segments ovate, the central
one linear. Anthers pilose,
mostly 4, sometimes 3, some-
times 5. Female flowers 2
or 3 together ; common pe-
duncle bracteolate. Seg-
ments of the calyx very long,
and somewhat leafy. Stigma
sessile, discoid, 4-lobed, some-
what rhomboidal. (Nuttall)
A large deciduous tree. Phi-
ladelphia, on the banks of the
Scrmylkill.

Other Species of Cdri/a. — C. ambigua (./uglans ambigua Michx.) is de-
scribed in books, but not yet introduced ; C. pubescens Link is supposed to
have been introduced ; and C. rigida («/. rigida Lodd. Cat.) is in the Hacknev
Arboretum, but appears to be only a variety of C. alba. C. integrifolius
Spreng. (Hicorius integrifolius Raftnesque) is probably an imaginary species.
From the circumstance of the species of Juglans and Carya crossing so freelv
with one another, and the seeds of the produce coming true to the cross-
breeds thus produced, it is not unlikely that some of the species, even of the
native woods of America, may have been so originated. The fact stated in
p. 733. respecting a hybrid between JTiglans regia and /. nigra would seem to
justify these remarks/

LXVJI. JUGLANDAVCE^E: PTEROCAXUYA.
GENUS III.

743

PTEROCAMIYA Kunth.

THE PTIiROCARYA.

? Polyandria.

Lin. Syst. Monce'cia

Identification. Kunth in An. Sciences Naturelles, 2. p. 346. ; Lindley Nat. Syst. of Bot., p. 180.
Synonyme. Juglans sp. Lin.

Derivation. Ptc.ron, awing; karua, the common walnut. The fruit has wings ; and, except in
these, resembles that of the walnut.

Gen. Char., $c. Flowers unisexual, monoecious. — Male flowers in spikes.
Stamens in a flower many. — Female flowers in long pendulous spikes, and
distant, sessile, and without bracteas. Calyx connate with the ovary.
Ovary and part of the calyx flagon-shaped, bearing two wings above the
base ; their direction transverse and oblique; cell 1 ; ovule 1, erect. Style
1, very short. Stigmas 2, large, spreading, revolute. Fruit sub-drupa-
ceous, angled ; having two wings, as the ovary*; much tapered to the tip, not
opening ; containing a bony nut, which has 4 cells in its lower part, whose
partitions do not extend to the top. (G. Don.)

Leaves compound, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; leaflets about 17,
sessile, unequal at the base, not dotted, serrate. Fruit small. Decaying
leaves brown. — A tree, deciduous ; native of the eastern part of Caucasus;
propagated by layers, but the plant is somewhat tender.

t 1. P. CAUCA'SICA Kunth. The Caucasian Pterocarya.

Identification. Kunth in Annal. des Scien. Nat., 2. p. 346.

Synuni/mes. Juglans Pterocarya Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2. p. 192., Mey. Verx. Pflanx. Cauc. p 134 •

#hus obscurum Bieb. Fl. Taur. Cauc. No. GOG.; J. /raxinifblia Lamond MS., N. Du Ham A'

p. 182. ; Fraxinus Icevigata Hort. Par.
Engravings. Our fig. 1431. from a seedling plant ; the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit vol

vii. ; said fig. 1432. from a plant in the Horticultural Society's Garden.

/t\

Spec. Char., $c. Leaflets, in a leaf, about 19; ovate-oblong, acuminate,
argutely serrate, glabrous ; each with the lower or hinder side of its base
attached to the petiole. (Lamarck.) A low deciduous tree. Mount Caucasus,
in moist woods. Height 20ft. to 40 ft. Introduced in ? 1800. Flowers
greenish ; May.

3 K 4

744

AHBOKETUM ET FRUT1CETUM BKITANN ICU M.

For small gardens and diminutive arboretums, this tree may
serve very well to exemplify the ,/uglandaceae. Care should
be taken to train it to a single stem, and not to plant it in
soil so rich and moist as to prevent it from ripening its wood.
Perhaps, also, something might be gained in point of hardi-
ness bv grafting it upon the common walnut; either on the
collar "of the stock, in order to form dwarf trees or bushes ;
or standard high, in order to form trees that would from the
first have clear straight stems, and as they would ripen their
wood better, in consequence of growing slower than the
low trees or bushes, so they would perhaps show blossoms
and ripen fruit.

14152. P. caucAsica.

ORDER LXVIII. SALICAVCE.E.

OfiD. CHAR. Flowers unisexual, disposed in aments, one in the axil of each
scale. — Male flowers disposed in cylindrical catkins, with a small gland-like
perianth, and from 2 — 30 stamens, which are sub-adnate to the gland,
generally distinct, rarely monadelphous. — Female flowers disposed in dense
ovate or cylindrical catkins, each with a free simple perianth. Ovarium
superior. 'Style 1. Stigmas 2, often bifid. Capsule I -celled, 2-valved,
many-seeded. Seeds small, pendulous, downy. Albumen none. (6r. Don.)
Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; serrated or entire. Flowers
in catkins. Decaying leaves yellow or black. — Trees deciduous ; natives
of Europe, Asia, and North America. The genera are two, which are
thus characterised : —

L. Bracteas entire. Stamens 1 — 3.
PO'PULUS L. Bracteas jagged. Stamens 8.

GENUS I.

SA'LIX L. THE WILLOW. Lin. Syst. Dioe'cia Diandria.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 514. ; Juss., 408 ; Smith in Rees's Cyclo., vol. 31. ; Fl. Br., 10-39. ; Tourn.,

t. 364. ; Lam., t. 802. ; Gaertn., t. 90.
Synonymes. Harab, Hebrew ; Itea, Gr. ; Salix, Lot. ; Saule, Fr. ; WTeide and Felber, Gr. ; Salcio,

Ital. ; Sauze, Span. ; Wide, Swed. ; Wilge, Flem. ; Withig, Anglo-Sax. ; Willow, Withy, Sallow,

Osier, Engl. ; Saugh, Scotch.
Derivation. From sal, near, and It's, water, Celtic ; in reference to its general habitat. According

to others, from salire, to leap ; on account of the extraordinary rapidity of its growth.

Gen. C/iar., tyc. Bractea to the flower of each sex entire. — Male flower
consisting of 1 — 5 stamens, more in a few species, and of one or more
glands inserted contiguously to the stamens. — Female flower consisting of
a pistil that is stalked or sessile, or nearly sessile, and one or more glands
inserted contiguously to it. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; more or less lanceolate
and serrated. Flowers yellow. Decaying leaves mostly yellow. — Trees
or shrubs, deciduous ; natives of Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America ;
readily propagated by cuttings in any moist soil.

LXVIII. SALICA'CE^E : SA^LIX. 745

The species vary from 2 or 3 inches to 50 or 60 feet, and even to 80 or 90
feet, in height. The branches are round and flexible ; the leaves in all cases
deciduous, and the sexes, with scarcely any exceptions, on different plants.
The appearance of the male plant and the female plant, of the same species,
is generally more or less different ; and hence one of the great difficulties in
the study of this genus, the species of which may be described as in a state
of inextricable confusion. The growth of the dwarfest species, such as S.
herbacea, is slow, and, in its native habitat, not above 1 in. a year, and often
not so much ; that of the larger shrubs, in their native habitats, varies from
5 or 6 inches to as many feet, especially when the plants are young or newly
cut down. The growth of some of the kinds cultivated for basket-making or
hoops, in good soil, when cut down every year or every two years, is often
from 8 ft. to 12 ft. in a single season. The growth of the tree kinds, more
especially of S. alba and S. RussellJawa, is equally rapid when young ; so that
in ten years, in the climate of London, in suitable soil, and within reach of
water, these kinds will attain the height of 50 or 60 feet. The branches of
most of the tree kinds have an upward direction, and have a flame-like motion
in the wind, as in S. alba ; but in others they are spreading, as in S. caprea ; and,
in one instance, drooping in a very decided manner, as in S. babylonica.

Almost all the willows are found naturally either in a cold soil and moist
climate, or, if in a sandy soil, within reach of water. The low-growing kinds
are sometimes, however, found in dry arid soils ; but in such soils they are
never in a thriving state. Willows are very seldom found growing on moist
peat bogs ; the only species observed in such situations by Steele being the
S. caprea and the S. pentandra, and these only sparingly in peat bog that was
dry. All the willows are propagated by cuttings ; though some of the more
rare alpine kinds root with difficulty. Some species propagate very readily
from seeds ; and there can be little doubt that grafting, inarching, and other
similar modes of propagation, would be as successful in this genus as in
most others.

The best kinds of willow for growing as timber trees are : — S. alba, which will
attain the height of from 60 ft. to 80 ft. in 20 years. S. Russell/ana and S.
fragilis, which are frequently confounded ; and, indeed, in external appearance,
differ very slightly from each other except in size : S. Russell&zna growing as
rapidly, arid to as great a height, as S. alba ; but S. fragilis, though it grows
with equal rapidity, not attaining so great a height. S. caprea, and some of its
allied kinds, which grow as rapidly as S. fragilis for three or four years ; and
will attain nearly the same height as that species in the same time ; that is, on
good soil, from 30 ft. to 40 ft. in twenty years : according to Bosc, S. caprea
is the most valuable of all the tree willows grown in France. Other willows
which attain a timber-like size, or about 30 or 40 feet in twenty years, are,
S. triandra, S. rotundata, S. lucida, S. Meyeridna, S. prae^cox, S. Pontederawa,
S. acuminata, S. pentandra, S. vitellina, and S. amygdalina. Many of the
other species, in good soil, if allowed sufficient room, and trained to a single
stem, would attain the size and character of trees ; but with a view to timber,
the four species first mentioned, viz. S. alba, S. Russelh'awa, S. fragilis, and
S. caprea, are alone worth cultivating. The best sorts for coppice-wood are
S. caprea and its allied kinds.

Almost all the species of willows may be grown for basket rods, but some
are greatly preferable to others. The most vigorous-growing basket willow
is, unquestionably, S. viminalis ; and it is also the sort most generally cul-
tivated for that purpose. It has no disadvantage that we are aware of, except
that in told wet seasons, and in a moist soil, it does not always ripen the
points of its shoots. S. rubra, S. Forbydna, S. decipiens, and S stipularis are
excellent species, of less vigorous growth than S. viminalis, which ripen the
points of their shoots perfectly in most seasons : the best of these is,
perhaps, S. Forbydna. S. triandra is nearly as vigorous as S. viminalis. S.
helix, S. vitellina, and S. purpiirea are very desirable species where small

746 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

tough rods are required. Various other sorts might be mentioned ; but these
we consider as by far the most valuable.

As gardenesque objects, all the shrubby species of willow, as well as the
trees, will have most effect when trained to a single stem, if only to the height
of 2 or 3 feet. This alone gives them the character of art. All the trailing
sorts, such as S. herbacea, S. reticulata, &c., to be truly gardenesque, ought
to be grafted standard high for the same reason. For picturesque decoration
in artificial scenery, all the upright shrubby and tree willows may be scat-
tered or grouped along the margin of water ; and all the creeping or trailing
kinds placed on rockwork, and left to take their natural shapes. Such species
of willow as S. pentandra, S. lucida, and one or two others, from having little
of the aspect common to the willow family, and, consequently, their forms not
being associated with the idea of moist soil or water, may be placed near a
house, or in a shrubbery or flower-garden, on account of their fragrance and
early blossoms; but this cannot be recommended with respect to willows in
general, which, whether as shrubs or trees, always convey the idea of the
vicinity of water or of marshy ground.

The great master in the genus .Salix, considered in a botanical point of view,
is Professor Koch ; but, in the present state of our knowledge of this genus
in Britain, we have deemed it best to follow Mr. Borrer, whose groups have
been adopted by Sir W. J. Hooker, and almost all other British botanists.
Those who wish to study Koch's arrangement will find it given at length in
the Arb. Brit., 1st edit., p. 1486. and 1633., in which is also given the arrange-
ment of Hooker. Our descriptions in this abridgement are necessarily exceed-
ingly brief, and we must, therefore, refer the reader who wishes to enter into
the subject at length to our 1st edition, in which p. 14*53. to p. 1636. are occu-
pied with the genus <Salix. In the present edition, through the kindness of
Mr. Borrer, we have indicated the principal species which represent each
group, immediately after the characteristic feature of that group.

Group i. PurpiirecE Koch, Borrer.

Mon&ndrae is the name adopted for this group in Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3. ; but Mr. Borrer considers
Purpureae preferable, because it is taken, like the name of each of the other groups in this arrange-
ment, from the name of a species included in that group. Purpurese, too, is the name given by
Koch to the same group.

Osier Willows, with one Stamen in a Flower. The principal species, according
to Mr. Borrer, are 1 . 4. and 6.

Filament 1, bearing an anther of 4 lobes and 4 cells ; or, in S. rubra, forked,
and each branch bearing an anther of 2 lobes and 2 cells. Germen sessile.
Catkins very compact. — Trees of low stature, or shrubs with twiggy
branches, and leaves that are more or less lanceolate, and serrated, and often
broader upwards. Interior part of the bark, in most, yellow, and very bitter
(Hook. Br. Fl.} The leaves of nearly all of the kinds of this group turn
black in drying. The inner bark of most of the kinds included in this group
is extremely bitter, which renders the plants suitable for banks of rivers,
and other places which are infested by rats, as the bitterness prevents these
animals from eating it.

& 1. S. PURPU'REA L. The purple Willow.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1444. ; Eng. FL, 4. p. 187. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3., p. 417.

The Sexes. Both sexes are figured in Eng. Bot., and are in cultivation in some English collections.

Synonyme. S. purpurea Koch Comm. p. 25.

Engravings. Eng. Bot, t. 1318. ; Hayne Abbild., t. 169. ; our^. 1433. ; zndjig 1. in p. 79J.

LXVIII. SALICA CE.E : SAVLIX. 747

Spec. Char., $c. Branches trailing, decumbent. Leaves
partly opposite, obovate-lanceolate, serrated, very smooth,
narrow at the base. Stamen 1. Stigmas very short,
ovate, nearly sessile. (Smith.) A shrub. Britain. Height
3 ft. to 4 ft. in a wild state ; 5 ft. in cultivation. Flowers
yellow ; March and April ; earlier than the foliage.

Varieties. Koch, in his De Salicibus Europcsis Commentatio,
has described six ; but he includes the S. helix and
Lambert2tf>za (to be described as species below) as two
of them. See Arb. Brit., 1st edit.

Branches of a rich and shining purple, with a somewhat
glaucous hue, and much esteemed for the finer sorts of i433. 8. pun,urea.
basketwork.

& *t 2. S. HEVLIX L. The Helix, or Rose, Willow.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1444. ; Eng. Fl, 4. p. 188. ; Hook. Br. FL, ed. 3., p. 417.

Synonymes. S. purpurea var. Koch Comm. p. 25.; ? S. oppositifdlia Host Sal. Austr. 1. p. 11.
t. 38, 39.

The. Sexes. Both sexes are figured in Sal. Wob., and also in Eng. Sot. ; but Mr. Borrer believes
that the catkins of female flowers represented in the latter are those of S. Yorbyana : if those of
helix, they are much too thick. Mr. Borrer having only seen the male of S. helix, and the
female of S. Lambert/tiwa, is inclined to regard them as the two sexes of one species.

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1343., the male plant ; Hayne Abbild., t. 170. ; and Jig. 2. in p. 791

Spec. Char., $c., Branches erect. Leaves partly opposite, oblong-lanceolate,
pointed, slightly serrated, very smooth ; linear towards the base. Stamen
1. Style nearly as long as the linear divided stigmas. (Smith.) A low,
upright, deciduous tree. Britain. Height 10ft. to 12ft. Flowers yellow;
March and April.

Branches smooth, polished, of a pale yellowish or purplish ash colour,
tough, and pliable; less slender and elongated than those of S. purpurea,
though useful for the coarser sorts of basketwork. The branches, which are
yellow, and the mode of growth, which is erect, render this species easily
distinguishable from the preceding. The name rose-willow relates to rose-
like expansions at the ends of the branches, which are caused by the depo-
sition of the egg of a cynips in the summits of the twigs, in consequence of
which they shoot out into numerous leaves, totally different in shape from the
other leaves of the tree, and arranged not much unlike those composing the
flower of a rose, adhering to the stem even after the others fall off: on this
account this is a very desirable species.

& 3. S. LAMBERTIA^NA Smith. Lambert's, or the Boyton, Willow.

Identification. Smith Eng. Fl., 4. p. 190. ; Hook. Br. FL, ed. 3. p. 417.

Sijnonyme. S. purpurea ,3 Koch Comm. p. 25.

The Sexes. Both are figured in Eng. Bot. and Sal. Wob. Mr. Borrer lias only seen the female of

this, and the male of S. helix, and thinks they are the two sexes of one species.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1359. ; Sal. Wob., No. 3. ; andfig. 3. in p. 791.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches erect. Leaves partly opposite, obovate-lanceolate,
pointed, serrated, smooth ; rounded at the base. Stipules none. Stamen 1.
Stigmas ovate, obtuse, notched, very short, nearly sessile. (Smith.) A low
tree, of the size and habit of S. helix, but very distinct from it at first
sight, particularly in the tender summits of the young growing branches,
which, with their purplish glaucous hue, and some degree of downiness,
resemble those of a honeysuckle.

& 4. S. WOOLLGAR/^'^ Borr. Woollgar's Willow.

Identification. Borr. in Eng. Bot. Supp., t. 2651. ; Hook. Brit. FL, ed. 3., p. 417.

Synonymes. S monandra Sal. Wob. No. 4. ; S. monandra var. Hoffin. Hist. Sal. 1. p. 21. t. 1. f. 1.

The Sexes. The female is figured in Eng. Bot. Supp., and both sexes in Sal. Wob. ; yet Mr. Borrer,

in his elucidation of this kind, published in Eng. Bot. Supp., subsequently to the publication of

Sal Wob., remarks that he is unacquainted with the male flowers.
Engravings. SaL Wob., No. 4. ; Eng. Bot. Supp., t. 2651. ; andfig. 4. in p. 791.

Spec. Char., $c. Erect. Leaves cuneate-lanceolate, serrated, glabrous. Sta-

748 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

men 1. Ovary ovate, very pubescent, sessile, downy. Stigmas nearly
sessile, ovate, scarcely emarginate. {Hook.) An erect bush. Height 6 ft.
to 8 ft. England, about Lewes, Sussex, in hosier holts, but scarcely wild ;
at Kingston upon Thames, apparently wild. Flowers yellow ; May.
A very beautiful species.
& 5. S. FORBY^A^ Smith. Forby's Willow, or the fine Basket Osier.

Identification. Smith Eng. Fl., 4. p. 191.; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3., p. 418.

Synonymes. S. ftssa Lin. Sac. Trans., not of Hoff. (Smith) ; S. rubra /3 Koch Comm. p. 27.

The Sexes. The female is described in Eng. Fl., and figured in Eng. Rot. The male is not known.

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1344. ; Sal. Wob., No. 5. ; N. Abbild., 1. 172. ; an&fig. 5. in p. 791.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches erect. Leaves alternate, with small stipules, lanceo-
late-oblong, with shallow serratures, smooth, rounded at the base, glaucous
beneath. Stamen 1. Style nearly as long as the linear divided stigmas.
(Smith.) An erect deciduous shrub. England. Height 5 ft. to 8 ft. Flowers
yellow; April.

The shoots are slender, smooth, very flexible, and tough ; of a greyish yellow,
not purple, hue ; and very valuable for the finer sorts of wickerwork, for
basket-making, and for bands for tying faggots and packets.

& ¥ 6. S. RU^RA Huds. The red, or green-leaved, Willow, or Osier.
Identification. Huds. Fl. Angl., p. 428. ; Smith's Eng. FL, 4. p. 191. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3., p. 418.
Synonymes. The name rubra seems to be originally given to S. vitelllna, a reddish [? twigged]

'variety of which was confounded with S. riibra Huds. , S. linearis Walker's Essays p. 467., on

the authority of Borrer.

The Sexes. Both are described in Eng. Fl. ; and the female is figured in Eng. Sot. and Sal. Wob.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., 1. 1 145. ; Sal. Wob , No. 6. , and our Jig. 6. in p. 792.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stamens combined below in a mariner which affords a cha-
racter in which it differs from all other British kinds of willow, except S.
Croweawa, and from nearly all the foreign kinds. Mr. Borrer, however, has
observed the same thing occasionally in S. fusca, and in several of the Ci-
nereae. " Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongate, acute, smooth, with shallow
serratures ; green on both sides. Stigmas ovate, undivided." (Smith.) A
large shrub or low tree. England, in low meadows and osier holts, as at
Maidenhead, &c., but rare ; in Scotland, frequent in hedges and osier
grounds. Height 10ft. to 20ft. Flowers yellow ; May and April.

One of the most valuable osiers in cultivation, for bands, crates, basketwork
or wickerwork, and even small hoops.

Group ii. Acutifblia Borrer. (Syn. Pruinosae Koch.)
Willows with dark Bark, covered -with a fine Bloom. Principal species, 7, 8.

Stamens 2, distinct. — Tall shrubs, or becoming trees. Bark of the branches
and shoots of a dark colour ; that of the branches suffused with a whitish
matter, which is the character implied by Koch's term Pruinosae. This
matter is easily rubbed off. The bark is internally yellow, as in Group i.
Foliage of a lively green. Leaves lanceolate, acuminately pointed, serrate,
glossy ; in many instances, downy when young, subsequently glabrous.
Ovary and capsule sessile, or nearly so.

& 2 7. S. ACUTIFO'LIA Willd. The pointed-leaved Willow.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 663 ; Koch Comm., p, 22.

Synonyme. S. wiolScea Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 581. ; but not S. wiolacea Willd., nor the S. cAspica Hort.

The Sexes. The male is figured in Sal. Wob., and is, perhaps, the only one cultivated in British

collections. Koch has implied that the female was unknown to him in any state.
Engravings. Andr. Bot. Rep., 581. ; Sal. Wob., No. 25. ; and our Jig. 25. in p. 791.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminated, smooth, with blunt
unequal serratures, glaucous beneath. Catkins of the male about 1 in.
long. (Willd.') A small tree. Podolia. Height 10ft. to 15 ft. Introduced

LXVIJI. SALICA^CEM: SAVLIX, 749

previously to 1810. Flowers yellow ; March and April, before the ex-
pansion of the leaves.

Branches dark violet-coloured, slender, upright, and covered all over with a
v\ hitish powder, like the bloom of a plum. A very beautiful species.

£ 8. S, DAPHNOI DBS Filters. The Daphne-like Willow.

Identification. Vill. Dauph., 3. p. 765. ; Koch Comm., p. 23.

Synonymes. S. pra;vcox Hoppe in Sturm D. Fl. 1. 25. ; S. bigemmis Hoffin. Germ, 2. p. 260. ; S.
cindrea Host Sal. Auslr. 1. p. 8. t. 26, 27. Mr. Borrer, in a letter, has remarked that Smith has
erroneously cited, in his Flora Brit., S. rfaphuoides Villars as a synonyme of S. cindrea Smith ; and
that this has led Koch to cite S. cin&rea Smith as a synonyme of S. daphnoldes Pillars.

The Sexes. Both sexes are figured in Sal. Wob., and in Host Sal. Austr.

Engravings. Vill. Dauph., 3. t. 50. f. 7- 'i or 3. t. 5. f. 2. ; Host Sal. Aust., 1. t. 26, 27. ; our fig.
1434. in p. 750. j and,%. 26. in p. 796.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves broadly lanceolate, and pointed, with glandular ser-
ratures, smooth, glaucous beneath. Catkins appearing before the leaves.
Ovary sessile, ovate, smooth. Style elongated. (Vill.) A rapid-growing
tree, with dark greyish branches, slightly covered with a powder, or bloom,
similar to that of S. acutifolia ; the branches ascending obliquely. Swit-
zerland and the South of France. Height 25ft. to 30ft. Introduced in
1820. Flowers yellow, from large crimson buds in February.
A very ornamental species, as appears by the engraving in the following page.

± 9. S. POMERA'NICA Willd. The Pomeranian Willow.

Identification. Willd. Enum. Supp., 66. ; Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 153.

Synonyme. S. daphnoldes Villars, var. with narrower leaver, and more slender catkins. (Koch

Comm. p. 23.) Mr. Borrer, in his manuscript list of grouped species, has indicated it as being

probably a variety of S. cfaphnoldes.
The Sexes. The female is described in Sal. Wob.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves lanceolate, tapering at both extremities, serrated ;
smooth and shining above, glaucous underneath. Stipules ovate, serrated;
their margins generally revolute. Catkins about 1 in. long. Ovary ovate,
smooth. Style longer than the parted stigmas. (Willd.) A rapid-growing
tree. Pomerania, Height 20 ft. to 30ft. Introduced in 1822. Flowers
yellow ; February and March.

The branches are long, smooth, round, shining, and copiously covered with
small yellow dots : the preceding year's shoots are covered with a violet-
coloured powder, similar to that on the shoots of S. acutifolia.

Group iii. Triandrte Borrer. (Syn. ^mygdalinae Koch.)
Osier Willows, with three Stamens in a Flower. Prin. sp. 14>> 15.

Stamens 3. Leaves lanceolate, approaching to ovate, serrated, glabrous»
having large, rounded, toothed, more or less deciduous, stipules. Flowers
loosely disposed in the catkin. Pistil stalked. Ovary mostly glabrous. —
Most of the kinds constitute excellent osiers, and become trees if left to
themselves. (Hook.) The kinds may be denominated, generally, the osiers
with 3 stamens in a flower. Most, or all, when in the state of larger shrubs
and trees, have their older bark exfoliated in broad patches, as in P latanus
occidentals L. and P. orientalis L. Most, or all, are ornamental as shrubs,
for their lanceolate, glossy, serrated leaves, and their flowers.

* & 10. S. UNDULA^TA Koch, Hooker. The wavy-leaved Willow.
Identification. Koch Comm., p. 20 ; Hook. Fl. Br., ed. 3., p. 419. ; ? Hayne Abbild., p. 220.
Synonymes. Koch has cited as identical with, or included in, S. undula"ta. the following kinds : —

S. undulata Ehrh. ; S. lanceolata Smith.

The Sexes. The female is figured in Eng. Sot., t. 1436. ; and is described in Eng. Fl.
Engravings. Eng. Bot, t. 1436. ; omfig. 1435. ; sndfigs. 13. and 14. in p. 793.

Spec. Char., 8?c. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate through much of their
length, serrulate at the tip, and minutely crenulate at the base ; at first

750 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1434. S. daphnoides.

LXVIII. £ALICA'CE,£ I

751

1435. S.undutota.

pubescent, but becoming glabrous ; wavy at the edge, or
not. Stipules half-heart-shaped. Catkin peduncled upon
a leafy twiglet. Bractea bearded at the tip. Stamens 3.
Capsule ovate-conical, more or less pubescent or gla-
brous, stalked ; the stalk twice the length of the gland.
Style elongated. Stigmas bifid. (Koch.) A bushy tree.
Germany and England, on the banks of streams. Height
12ft. to 15 ft. Flowers yellow ; April and May.
Varieties.

*t & S. w. 2. S. undulata Forbes in Sal. Wob. No. 13.

y ^ S. u. 3. S. lanceolata Smith Eng. Bot. t. 1436., Eng. Fl. i. v.

p. 168., Forbes in Sal. Wob. No. 14.

¥ & S. u. having the catkins androgynous. — S. undulata occurs in this
case. (Koch Comm, p. 20.)

* II. S. HIPPOPHAEFO'LIA Thuillier. The Sea-Buckthorn-leaved Willow, or
Osier, described in our 1st edit., does not appear to be introduced.

& ¥ 12. S. TRIA'NDRA L. The 3-stamened^cweraf Willow, or Osier.

1436. S. triandra.

752 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1442. ; Eng. Fl , 4. p. 166. ; Hook. Fl. Br, ed. 3., p. 419.

Sunonyme. S. amygdalina, part of, Koch Comm. p. 19.

the Sexes. Both sexes are figured in Eng. Bot. and Sal. Wob.

Engravings. Eng. Bot, t. 1435.; Sal. Wob., No. 15.; our Jig. 1136. ; and fig. 15. in p. 793.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves linear- oblong, serrated, glabrous, rather unequally
sloping at the base. Stamens 3. Ovary stalked, ovate, compressed, gla-
brous. Stigmas nearly sessile. Bractea (or scale) clothed externally with
fine, long, spreading, more or less plentiful hairs. Bractea glabrous. (Hook.
and Smith.) An upright tree. Britain, in wet woods and osier grounds.
Height 20 ft. to 30 ft. Flowers yellow ; May
Leaves always perfectly glabrous. Extensively cultivated for the long

tough rods which it produces when cut down, which are in frequent use for

wickerwork, hoops, &c.

Varieties.

& ± S. t. 2 gallica. The French Willow. — So called, and cultivated, in

Sussex, and the eastern parts of England.

a ¥ S. t. 3 Hoppeana. S, androgyna Hoppe. • — Characterised by having
some catkins composed partly of male and partly of female flowers.
& t S. t. 4. S. triandra undulata Mcrtens, ined. — Approaches to S.
amygdalina.

it ¥ 13. S. HOFFMANN///^ Smith. Hoffmann's Willow, or Oder.

Identification. Smith Eng. FL, 4. p. 168. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3., p. 420.

Synonyme. S. triandra Hoffm., S. Hoffmannulwa Sm., seems to be the S. triandra of German bo-
tanists in general.

The Sexes. The male is figured in Eng. Bot. Suppl. and in Sal. Wob. ; a notice relative to what has
been regarded as the female is given in Eng. Flora.

Engravings. Hoff. Sal., 1. t. 9, 10., and 23. f. 2. ; Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2620. ; and^g. 16. in p. 794.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves ovate-oblong, serrated, smooth, slightly rounded at
the base. Stamens 3. Ovary stalked, ovate, compressed, glabrous. Stig-
mas nearly, sessile. (Smith.) A much-branched deciduous shrub, or crooked
tree. Britain, in Sussex, on the sides of streams. Height 6 ft. to 12 ft.
Flowers yellow ; May.

*t 14. S. ^MYGDA'LINA L. The A\mond-le«ved Willow, or Osier.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1443. ; Eng. FL, 4. p. 169. ; Hook. Br. FL, ed. 3., p. 420.

Synonyme. S. amygdalina, part of, Koch Comm. p. 18.

The Sexes. Both sexes are figured in Eng. Bot. and Sal. Wob.

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1636. ; Sal. Wob., No. 18.; OUT Jig. 1437. ; andfig. 18. in p. 794.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate, serrated, glabrous, rounded, and unequal at
the base. Stamens 3. Ovary ovate, compressed, smooth ; its stalks almost
as long as the bractea. Stigmas nearly sessile. Young branches furrowed.
Down of the seeds shorter, and less abundant, than in S. triandra. A
tree. Britain, on the banks of rivers and ditches. Height 20 ft. to 30 fit.
Flowers yellow ; April and May, and, for the second time, in August.

* 15. S. ViLLARS/^,4 Fliigge et Willd. Villars's Willow, or Osier.

Identification. Fliigge in Litt., quoted in Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 655. ; Smith in Rees's CycL, No. 63.
Synonymes. S. triandra ViUars Delph. 3. p. 762. ; S. amygdalina var. Koch Comm. p. 19.
The Sexes. Both sexes are described by Willd. ; and the male is figured in Sal. Wob.
Engravings. Sal. Wob., No. 17. ; andjig. 17. in p. 794.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves elliptical, rounded at the base, pointed at the tip,

serrated, whitely glaucous beneath. Catkins appearing with the leaves.

Flowers triandrous. Ovary pedicellated, ovate, smooth. Stigmas sessile.

( Willd.) A shrub, with dark violet-coloured, shining branches. Dauphine.

Introduced in 1818. Height 5 ft. to 14ft. Flowers yellow ; April.

Ornamental from its abundant blossoms in early spring, and from its re-
markably neat serrated leaves. (See fig. 17. in p. 794.)

'53

1437. S. anivRdiilina

754

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Group iv. Pentandrce Borrer.
Trees having Flowers with 3 — 5 Stamens. Prin. sp. 16, 17, and 18.

Stamens in a flower more than 3, in most instances 5. Ovary glabrous. —
The plants trees of moderate size. Leaves large, glossy, fragrant, serrated,
and having glands in the serratures, from which a resin exudes. Stamens
in each catkin so numerous and long, as to render the flowers, which, too,
are in perfection at the same time as the foliage, quite handsome, and the
trees, in this condition, more ornamental than those of anv other group.
(Hook.)

*t 16. S. PENTA'NDKA L. The five-stamened^oziwcrf Willow.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1442. ; Eng. Fl., 4. p. 171. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3., p. 420.

nymes. S. pentandra. part of, Koch Comm. p. 13. ; the sweet Willow, or Bay-leaved Willow.

Sexes. Both sexes are figured in Sal. Wob. and Kayne's Abbild., and the male in Eng Sot.,
with two views of an ovary.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., 1. 1805. ; Host Austr., 1. t. 1. f. 2. ; ourfig 1438. ; andfig. 34. in p. 798.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate, pointed, crenate, glandular, glabrous. Foot-
stalks glandular at the summit. Stamens 5 or more, hairy at the base.
Ovary ovate, tapering, smooth, nearly sessile. (Sal.
Wob.} An upright tree. Britain, on the banks
of rivers and in watery places. Height 18 ft. to 20ft.
Flowers yellow ; June.

The flowers are remarkably fragrant, as are the
leaves, especially when bruised : the fragrance, which
is similar to that of the sweet bay (jLaurus nobilis),
but less powerful, is exuded from the resinous crena-
tures of the leaves, and from the barren catkins. It is
one of the most desirable species of the genus for
planting in pleasure-grounds, on account of the fine
display made by the blossoms, their profusion, their
abundant fragrance, the smooth, shining, rich deep green
of the leaves, and the comparatively slow growth and
compact habit of the tree. 1438- s- p«*>t&ndra.

Variety.

*t S.p.2 hermapliroditica. — Catkins more or less hermaphrodite.

¥ 17. S. MEYER/^^ Willd. Meyer's Willow.

Identification. Willd. Berl. Baumz., p. 427. ; Hook. Br. FL, ed. 3., p. 421.

Synonymes. S. cuspidata Schulte ; S. tinctbria Smith ; S. pentandra /3 Linn. ; S. hexSndra Elirh ;

S. Ehrhart/VJna Smith ; S. tetrSndra Willd.
The Sexes. The male is figured in Hayne's Abbild. The female is mentioned in Koch Comm., and

Hooker's Br. Fl., ed. 3., p. 421.
Engravings. Hayne Abbild.,, t. 162. ; our Jig. 1439. ; and fig. 33. in p. 798.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate-elliptic, pointed, glabrous ; green and shining
above, rather pale beneath but not glaucous r serrated ; the serratures of
the young leaves glandular. Stipules soon falling off. Stamens 3 — 4.
Bractea obtuse, yellow. (Willd.) A handsome tree, with brownish smooth
branches, and large broad shining leaves. Pomerania and Sweden, in
meadows, and woody and marshy places. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft. Intro-
duced in 1822. Flowers yellow ; April.
Mr. Borrer states that the insertion of this kind in Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3.,

as a native of Britain, arose from a mistake of his. (See Borrer in Comp. to

Bot. Mag., p. 225.)

^ 18. S. LU'CIDA Muhlenb. The shining-leaved Willow.

Identification. Miihlenb. Nov. Act. Soc. Nat. Scrut. Berol., 4. p. 239. t. 6. f. 7. ; Pursh Fl. Amer.

Sept., 2. p. 615. ; Michx. North Amer. Sylva, 3. p. 81.
Synonyme. S. ForbSsrt Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. 1830.

LXVIII. 5ALICANCE^E : SA^LIX. 755

1439- S. Meyertrfna. 3 C 2

756

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

The Sexes. The male is figured in Sal. Wob., and noticed in our specific character.
Engravings. Nov. Act. Soc. Nat. Scrut. Berol., 4. t. 6. f. 7. ; Michx. North Amer. Sylva, 3. t. 125.
f. 3. ; our fig. 1440. ; mdfig. 32. in p. 798.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate, acuminate, serrated, glabrous ; shining above,
pale beneath ; the serratures resinous. Footstalks glandular. Stipules
large, half-heart-shaped, serrated, and furnished with glands. Catkins of
the male l|in. long, or more. Stamens 3 — 5, bearded at the base. (Sal.

LXVIII. SALICA'CE.E : SA LIX.

757

Wob.') A handsome low-growing tree, with the branches of the preceding
year of a greyish green colour and smooth, and the young twigs of a
yellowish green, somewhat striated or angular at the points. Switzerland,
and, perhaps, North America. Introduced in 1812. Height 20ft. to 30ft.
Flowers yellow ; April and May.

Group v. Fragiles Borrer.
Trees, with their Twigs mostly brittle at the Joints. Prin. sp. 19. 22. and 24.

IttUilW

Stamens 2 to a flower. Ovary glabrous, elongated, seated upon a more or
less obvious stalk. Flowers very loosely disposed in the catkin. Leaves
lanceolate, serrated, glabrous, stipuled. The plants, trees of considerable
size. (Hook. Br. Ft., ed. 2., adapted.)

¥ 19. S. BABYLO'NICA. The Babylonian, or weeping, Willow.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1443 ; Smith in Rees's Cyclo., No. 42. ; Koch Comm., p. 17.
Synonymes. S. propendens . Sering. Sal. Hel. p. 73. ; S. orientalis, &c., Tourn. ; S. ar&bica, &c., C.

Bauh. ; Saule pleureur, Parasol du grand Seigneur, Fr. ; Trauer Weide, Thranen Weide, Ger.
The Sexes. The female is figured in Sal. Wob. ; the male is not known, in a living state, in Britain ;

the plates of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st

unless it be S. b. Napole&na, as suggested in p. 758.
Engravings. Rauw. It, 25. 183. ; our fig. 22. in p. 795. ;
edit., vol. vii. ; and our Jig. 1441.

1441. S. babyldnica.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrated, glabrous ,
glaucous beneath. Catkins protruded at the same time as the leaves.
Ovary ovate, sessile, glabrous. (Willd.) A pendulous-branched tree. Asia,
on the banks oi the Euphrates, near Babylon, whence its name ; and also

3c 3

758

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

of China, and other parts of Asia ; and of Egypt, and other parts of the
North of Africa. Height 39 ft. to 50 ft. Introduced in 1730, or, perhaps,
1692. Flowers greenish yellow ; May.

Varieties. There is one very decided variety, commonly treated as a species
under the name of S. annularis ; and Mr. Castles of the Twickenham Bo-
tanic Garden is of opinion that, exclusive of this variety, there are two
forms of the species in the country, one of which he thinks may possibly
be the male plant. This form, as it appears to be the same as the plant
sent from St. Helena, we shall, till something further has been decided
respecting it, call S. b. Napoleona. The varieties will, therefore, stand as
under : —

S S. b. 1 vulgdrisfam. Hort. — Young shoots pale green, slender, with
an angular twist above the axil of each leaf, and large stipules. It
is the most common weeping willow in the neighbourhood of Lon-
don, and flowers in June.

¥ S. b. 2 Napoleona Hort. — Shoots round, generally reddish, and the
leaves without stipules. Sex female. Probably nothing more than
the common variety. Introduced from St. Helena in ? 1823.
* S. b. 3 crispa Hort. S. annularis Forbes in Sal. Wob. No. 21.,

1442. S. b. crispa,

with a fig. of the female ; the Ring-leaved Willow. Our Jig. 21. in
p. 794. ; and the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ;
and our Jig. 1442. — Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrated, curled
or twisted, glabrous, and glaucous beneath.
A well-known ornamental tree in universal cultivation.

* 20. S. DECI'PIENS Hoffm. The deceptive, White Welsh, or varnished, Willow.

Identification. Hoff. Sal., 2. p. 2. t. 31. ; Eng. Fl., 4. p. 184. ; Hook. Br. FL, ed. 3.
Synonymes. S. amerlna Walker Essays on Nat. Hist. ; S. fragilis, part of, Koch Comm. p. 15.
1 he i>exes. Both sexes are described in Eng. Fl. ; the male is figured in Eng. Bot. and Sal. Wob.
Hoffm. Sal., 2. t. 31. ; Eng. Bot., t. 1937. ; our fig. 1443. ; andjig. 29. p 797

Engravings.
Spec. Char., $c.

Leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrated, very smooth ; floral

LXVIII. SALICACE^E: SA LIX.

759

ones partly obovate and recurved. Footstalks some-
what glandular. Ovary tapering, stalked, smooth. }
Style longer than the cloven stigmas. Branches
smooth, highly polished. (Hofm.) " An upright, but
not lofty tree, distinguished by the smooth clay-
•oloured bark of the last year's branches, which shine
like porcelain, as if varnished ; the shoots of the
present year being stained of a fine red or crimson.
Britain. Height 30 ft. to 40ft. Flowers yellow ; May.

Frequently cultivated for basketwork ; but it well de-
serves a place in ornamental plantations, from the re-
markable appearance of its bark during winter.

^ 21. S. MONTANA Forbes, the Mountain Willow (fig. 19. in p. 794.), is do-
scribed in our first edition, p. 1515.

£ 22. S. FRA'GILIS L. The brittle- twigged, or Crack, Willow.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1443. ; Eng. Fl., 4. p. 1804. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3., p.421
Synonyme. S. fr&gilis, in part, Koch Comm. p. 15.
The Sexes. Both sexes are figured in Eng. Bot. and Sal. Wob.

Engravings. Lin. Fl. Lapp., No. 349. t. 8. f. b. ; Eng. Bot., t. 1807. ; the plate of this tree in Arb.
Brit., 1st edit ; and our fig. 1444.

1443. S. deepens.

1444. S.fHgilis.

Spec. Char., fyc., Leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrated throughout, very
glabrous. Footstalks glandular. Ovary ovate, abrupt, nearly sessile, gla-
brous. Bracteas oblong, about equal to the stamens and pistils. Stigmas
cloven, longer than the style. (Smith.) A tall bushy-headed tree, with the
branches set on obliquely, somewhat crossing each other, not continued in a
straight line outwards from the trunk ; by which character, Sir J. E. Smith
observes, it may readil) be distinguished even in winter. Britain ; common
in hedges. Height 80 ft. to 90 ft. Flowers yellow ; April and May.

3 c 4-

760

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM,

The branches are round, very smooth, " and so brittle at the base, in
spring, that with the slightest blow they start from the trunk ; " whence the
name of crack willow : though, according to Sir J. E. Smith, this is more
or less the case with S. decipiens, and several other species of willows, both
native and exotic.

If 23. S. MONSPELIE'NSIS Forbes (fig. 30. in p. 797.), the Montpelier Willow,
is described in our 1st edit., p. 1517.

2 24. S. RUSSELL/^\V^ Smith. The Russell, or Duke of Bedford's, Willow.

Eng. Fl., 4. p. 186. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed 3., p. 422.

?. fragilis Woodv. \ the Dishley, or Leicestershire, Willow ; in some counties, the

Identification.

Synonymes. ? S.
Huntingdon Willow. S. pendula Ser. ; S. vfridis Fries ; S. rubens Schrank.

The Sexes. The female is figured in Eng. Bot. and Sal. Wob. Smith, in the Eng. Fl., states that
he had not seen the flowers of the male. Dr. Johnston, in his Flora of Berwick upon Tweed,
states that a male tree, which he has deemed of this species, is in " New-water-haugh Plantation."

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1808. ; omfig. 1445. ; and fig. 28. in p. 796.

1445. S. Russelliuna.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves lanceolate, tapering at each end, serrated throughout,
very glabrous. Footstalks glandular or leafy. Ovary tapering, stalked,
longer than the bracteas. Style as long as the stigmas. (Smith.) A large
handsome tree. Britain, in marshy woods. Height 80 ft. to 90 ft. Flowers
yellowish; April and May.

LXVIII. SALICA'CE^E : SAVLIX. 761

T he branches are long, straight, and slender, not angular in their insertion
.ike those of S. fragilis ; and the trees of both species, when stripped of
their leaves, may be distinguished respectively by these marks. The cele-
brated willow at Lichfield, called Johnson's Willow, of which two portraits
are given in our first edition, together with the history of the tree, was
of this species.

¥ 25. S. PURSHIA^NA Borrer, Pursh's Willow, is described in our first
edition, p. 1522.

Group vi. A'lbte Borrer.
Trees of the largest Size, with the Foliage whitish. Prin. sp. 26. and 27.

Stamens 2 to a flower. Ovary glabrous. Flowers loosely disposed in the
catkin. Leaves lanceolate, serrated with glanded serratures ; hairy, espe-
cially while young, with appressed silky hairs, which give to the foliage a
light or whitish hue. — Plants trees of considerable height. (Hook.)

t 26. S. A'LBA L. The whitish -haved, or common white, Willow.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1449. ; Eng. FL, 4. p. 231. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3.
Synonymes. S. alba, part of, Koch Comm. p. 16. ; the Huntingdon, or Swallow-tailed, Willow.
The Sexes. Both are described in Eng. Fl., and both figured in Eng. Bot.

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 2430. ; Host Sal. Aust., 1 . t. 32, 33. ; the plates of this tree in Arb.
Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ; and oar figs. 1446, 1447.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, pointed, serrated, silky on both
sides ; the lowest serratures glandular. Stamens hairy. Germen smooth,
almost sessile. Stigmas deeply cloven. Scales notched. (Smith.) A
large tree. Norway and Sweden, to the Mediterranean Sea ; North-East
and West of Asia ; and introduced into the United States. Frequent in
Britain, and also in Ireland. Height 50 ft. to 80ft. Flowers yellow; May.

Varieties.

£ S. a. 2 ccerulca. S. alba var. Smith Fl. Brit. p. 1072. ; S. caerulea
Smith Eng. Bot. t.2431. ; S. alba & Smith Eng. Fl, iv. p. 231.; the
upland, or red-tinged, Willow, Pontey Profit. Planter, 4th ed., 1814,
p. 72. ; the Leicester Willow, Davy's Agricultural Chemistry, 1st ed.;
Blue Willow, Smith ; and our Jig. 137. in p. 817.
¥ S. a. 3 crispa Hort. — Leaves narrow, contorted and silky.
Z S. a. 4 rosea Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — Aspect reddish.
In the North of Europe, the bark of this tree is used for tanning leather,
and for dyeing yarn of a cinnamon colour ; and the leaves and young shoots are
given to cattle in a green state, or dried like the twigs of the .j

birch, and laid up for winter fodder. The inner bark, like that of
Scotch pine, being kiln-dried, and ground into a fine flour, is
mixed with oatmeal, and made into bread, in seasons of great
scarcity, by the inhabitants of Norway and Kamtschatka. The
branches of the tree are used as stakes, poles, handles to
rakes, hoes, and other implements, and as faggot-wood for fuel.
The timber of the trunk is used for various purposes. It
weighs, in a green state, 70 Ib. 9 oz. per cubic foot; half-dry,
51 Ib. 14 oz. ; and quite dry, 32 Ib. 12 oz.; so as to lose more than
one half of its weight by drying, during which it loses a sixteenth
part of its bulk. It is found an excellent lining for stone-carts,
barrows, &c. It is used in turnery, millwork, coopery, weather-
boarding, £c. ; and the stronger snoots and poles serve for making hoops, han-
dles to hay-rakes, clothes-props (see fig. 169. Encyc. of Colt. Arch.), and various
other instruments and implements ; and the twigs are employed in wicker-
work. The bark, which is thick and full of cracks, is in nearly as great repute

762

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

H47. Salix s'.lba.

for tanning as that of the oak ; and it is also used in medicine, in the cure
of agues, as a substitute for cinchona ; though it is inferior for both pur-
poses to that of S. Russelh'awff. As fuel, the wood of this tree is to that of
the beech as 808 is to 1540 ; but the old bark makes a very useful fuel ; and
both it and the wood will burn when green, in which state the wood is said
to give out most heat. The charcoal is excellent for use in the manufacture
of gunpowder, and for crayons. The ashes are very rich in alkali, containing
more than a tenth part of their weight of that salt. In France, a fine blood-
red colour is obtained from the bark ; and that of the young tree is used in
the preparation of leather for making gloves.

It is justly remarked by Mr. Gorrie, that it adds much to the value of the
•Salix alba, that its propagation and culture are of the most simple description,
and that it will grow luxuriantly in most soils where other trees make but
slow progress. According to Sang, it will thrive well in high and dry

SA'LIX. 763

grounds; and, if planted in the grove manner, in tolerably good soil, perhaps
no other plantation, except larches, would give so quick a return for the
trouble and expense of planting.

^ 27. S. VITELLIVNA L. The yolk-of-egg-coloured, or yellow, Willow,
or Golden Osier.

tdentification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1442. ; Eng. Fl., 4. p. 182. ; Hook. Br. F1M ed. 3., p. 423.
Synonyme. S. Slba Koch Comm. p. 16.

The Sexes. Both sexes are figured in Ens. Jiot., Sal. Wob., and Host Sal. Aust.
Engravings. Hoffm. Sal., t. 11, 12. and 24. f. 1. ; Host. Sal. Aust., t. 30, 31. ; Eng. Bot., t. 1389. ;
the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit. ; Sal. Wob., No. 20. ; andfig. 20. in p. 784.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves lanceolate, acute, with cartilaginous serratures ;
glabrous above ; glaucous and somewhat silky beneath. Stipules minute,
lanceolate, deciduous, smooth. Ovary sessile, ovate-lanceolate, smooth.
Bracteas linear-lanceolate, acute, fringed at the base, longer than the pistil.
(Smith.) A large tree. Britain, in hedges, and cultivated in osier grounds
in many places ; and readily distinguished from all the other sorts, by the
bright yellow colour of its branches. Height 30 ft. to 50 ft. Flowers
yellow; May.

As an ornamental tree, 5alix vitellina is very striking in the winter season,
especially among evergreens. As a shrub, it is not less so, both among ever-
green shrubs and deciduous kinds, having the bark of conspicuous colours.
In the English garden at Munich, extensive masses of this willow are placed in
contrast with masses of the white-barked honeysuckle (Lonicem Xylosteum),
the red-barked dogwood (Cornus alba), and the brown-barked spiraea
rae'a opulifolia).

Group vii.

Extra-European Kinds allied to the Kinds of one or all of the three preceding
Groups. Prin. sp. 28.

Of the willows of Europe Koch has associated the kinds of Mr. Borrer's
groups Pentandras, Fragiles, and A'lbae into one group, which he has
named Fragiles ; and he has pointed out and described, as extra-European
kinds belonging to it, S. occidentalis Bosc, S. nigra Mu/tl., S. babylonica L.,
S. octandra Sieber, and S. Humboldtfawa Willd. Mr. Borrer has included
S. babylonica L. in his group Fragiles. The rest are here collected in a
group by themselves, to which is added S. /igustrina Michx. jun., from the
notice by Mr. Forbes, and also by Michaux, that it is similar to S. nigra.

¥ 28. S. NI'GRA Muhlenb. The black, or dark-branched American, Willow.

Identification. Muhlenb. in Nov. Act. Soc. Nat. Scrut. Berol., 4. p. 237. t. 4. f. 5. ; Pursh Fl

Amer. Sept., 2. p. 614.
Synonymes. S. caroliniana Michx. Fl. Bar. Amer. 2. p. 226. ; S. pentandra Walt. Fl. Car. 243. ;

S. vulg^ris Clayt. Fl. Virg.
The Sexes. Both sexes are noticed in the specific character. Willdenow had seen the male alive,

and both sexes in a dried state.
Engravings. Nov. Act. Soc. Nat. Scrut. Berol., 4. t. 4. f. 5. ; Michx. N. Amer. SyL, 3. t. 125.

f. 1. without flowers ; and^g. 152. in p. 818.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrated, green on both
sides, glabrous, except a downy rib and foot-
stalk. Catkins accompanying the leaves, villous.
Stamens about 5, bearded at the base. Ovary
stalked, ovate-lanceolate, glabrous. Stigmas
divided, the length of the style. (Sal. Wob.)
A tree, with smooth branches, brittle at the
base. Pennsylvania to Virginia, on the banks
of rivers. Height 20ft. Introduced in 1811.
Flowers yellow ; May.

764

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Mr. Forbes observes that S. /igustrina of Michaux differs principally from
S. nigra in its larger stipules, which resemble, as well as the leaves, those of
S. triandra. (Sal. Wob., p. 28.) In Jig. 1448. a shows S. nigra, b S. /igustrina.

& 29. S. HUMBOLDT//^ Willd. (Sal. Wob., No. 8. ; and fig. 8. in p. 792.) is
described in our first edition.

? *t 30. S. BONPLAND/^VA^ Humb. et Bonpl. (Sal. Wob., t. 9. ;
fig. 9. in p. 792.) is described in our first edition.

and

Group viii. Prinmdes Borrer.

Shrubs, mostly Natives of North America, and used in Basket-making.
Prin. sp. 32. and 33.

Kinds all, or all but S. conformis Forbes, natives of North America. The
kinds which Mr. Borrer has placed in this group are S. rigida Muhl., S.
jorinoides Pursh, and S. conformis Forbes. To these S. discolor Willd. and
S. angustata Pursh have been added, from their resemblance to S. pri-
noides.

& 31. S. RI'GIDA Muhlenb. (Sal. Wob., No. 141., a leaf; and fig. 141. in
p. 818.) is described in our first edition.

32. S. PRINOI'DES Pursh.
Willow.

The Prinos-like

Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 613. ; Smith in Rees's

Cycl., No. 26.

The Sexes. The female is figured in Sal. Wob.
Engravings. Sal. Wob., No. 40. ; our fig. 1449. ; and fig. 40. in

p. 800.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oval-oblong, acute, with
distant wavy serratures ; glabrous above, glau-
cous beneath. Stipules half-heart-shaped, deeply
toothed. Catkins villous, protruded before the
leaves. Ovary stalked, ovate, pointed, silky. Style
elongated. Stigmas cloven. (Pursh?) A large
deciduous shrub or low tree. Pennsylvania to
Virginia, on the banks of rivers. Height 6 ft. to
12 ft. Introduced in 1811. Flowers yellow;
March and April.

1449. S.prinBides.

33. S. DI'SCOLOR Muhlenb. (Sal. Wob., No. 147., a leaf; and our^g.

147. in p. 818.) is described in our first edition.

34. S. ANGUSTA'TA Pursh (Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 1 13.) is described in

our first edition.

35. S. CONFO'RMIS Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 24.; and Jig. 24. in p. 795.)

is described in our first edition.

Group ix. Grisea Borrer.
Chiefly Shrubs, Natives of North America. Prin. sp. 40. and 43.

Most of the kinds are natives of North America. S. Muhlenbergz'awa Willd.,

LXVIII. SALICAVCE.£ : SA^LIX. 765

S. cordata Miihlenb., S. falcata Pursh, and S. tristis Ait., are additions to
the kinds which Mr. Borrer has placed in this group. With regard to S.
reflexa Forbes, S. virgata ? Forbes, and S. Lyonz'z ? Schl., included in it by
Mr. Borrer, he remarks, " I am unacquainted with these, and have, perhaps,
placed them in the wrong group."

& 36. S. VIRE'SCENS Forbes. The greenish-leaved Willow, or verdant Osier.

Identification. Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 7.

Kynonyme. Mr. Forbes received the kind from Messrs. Loddiges, under the name S. hippo-

phaefblia, but has substituted the specific name of virescens, as being one more descriptive of the

plant.

The S'xes. The female is described and figured in Sal. Wob.
Engravings. Sal. Wob , No. 7. ; our fig. 14flO. ; and fig. 7. in p. 792.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves linear-lanceolate, serrated, acute,
smooth, green on both sides. Ovary ovate-lanceolate,
scarcely downy. Style divided. Stigmas parted. Stipules
none. (Forbes,) An upright shrub. Switzerland. Height
8ft. Introduced in 1820. Flowers yellow ; April.

& 37. S. REFLE'XA Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 94. ; and our fig. 94. in p.807.)
is described in our first edition.

S. VIRGA'TA Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 12., without flowers ; andour/g.
12. in p. 793.) is described in our first edition.

& 39. S. LYO'N// ? Schl. (Sal. Wob., No. 10., without flowers; and our fig.
10. in p. 792.) is described in our first edition.

j» 40. S. HOUSTOXIA^NA Pursh. Houston's Willow.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 634. ; Smith in Rees's Cyclo., No. 43.

Synonyme. S. tristis Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836.

The Sexes. The male is described in Pursh's specific character, and the female is described and

figured in Sal. Wob.
Engravings. Sal. Wob., No. 11. ; and fig. 11. in p. 792.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves linear-lanceolate, and very finely serrated, glabrous,
shining, and green on both sides. Stipules none. Catkins accompanying
the leaves, cylindrical, villous. Bracteas ovate, acute. Stamens 3 to 5,
bearded half-way up. Branches extremely brittle at the base. (Pursh.)
A low-growing shrub, with slender, roundish, smooth, yellowish branches.
Virginia and Carolina. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced in 1820. Flowers
yellow ; May and June.

& 41. S. FALCA'TA Pursh (Sal. Wob., No. 148,, a leaf; and our/g. 148.
in p. 818.) is described in our first edition.

& 42. S. GRI'SEA Willd. (Ann. of Bot., 2. t. 5. f. 8.) is described in our first

edition.

t Sk 43- S. PETIOLA'RIS Smith. The /ong-petiolated Willow.

Identification. Smith in Lin. Soc. Trans., 6. p. 122.

Synonymes. S. grfsea Willd. var. ;3 subglabrata Koch Comm. p. 21. note *. Koch regards the S.
petiolSris Smith as a var. of S. grfsea ; and it probably is so. (Borrer in a letter.)

The Sexes. The female is figured in Eng. Bot. and Sal. Wob. Smith observes that he " knows
nothing of the male plant." (Eng. Fl.) Mr. Borrer had formerly both sexes growing at Henfield,
having received the male from Mr G. Anderson, but at present he has the female only. ( W. B.)

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1147. ; Sal. Wob., No. 23. ; ourfig. 1451. ; andfig. 23. in p. 795.

Spec. Char., 8?c. Leaves lanceolate, serrated, glabrous; glaucous beneath,
somewhat unequal at the base. Stipules lunate, toothed.
Catkins lax. Bracteas hairy, shorter than the stalks of
the ovate silky ovaries. Stigmas divided, sessile. (Smith.)
A bushy tree, with slender, spreading, flexible, smooth,
purplish or dark brown branches. Scotland, in Angus-
shire and other places. Height 1 2 ft. to 15ft. Flowers
yellow ; April and May.

Easily known from every other species, by its short obtuse
catkins, and long dark leaves. After gathering, the young 45

766

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

leaves especially exhale a strong scent, not unlike the flavour of bitter
almonds, but less agreeable.

si 44. S. PENNSYLVA'NICA Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 95. ; and our fig. 95. in
p. 808.) is described in our first edition.

Jc 45. S. MUHLENBERG/^\V^ Willd. (Sal. Wob., No. 145. ; and our fig. 145.
in p. 818.) is described in our first edition.

^46. S. TRI'STIS Ait. (Sal. Wob., No. 150., a leaf; and our fig. 150. in
p. 818.) is described in our first edition.

* 47. S. CORDA'TA Muhlenb. (Sal. Wob., No. 142., a leaf; and our fig. 142.
in p. 818.) is described in our first edition.

Group x. Rosmarinifolitf Borrer.
Low Shrubs, with narrow Leaves. Prin. sp. 48.

Stamens 2 to a flower. Ovary silky, stalked. Catkins short. Flowers loosely
disposed in the catkin. Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, or toothed with
extremely minute glanded teeth. — Plants small upright shrubs. (Hook.)

& 48. S. #OSMARINIFOVLIA L. The Rosemary-leaved Willow.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1448
p. 423.

Eng. Fl., 4. p. 214. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3.,

1452. S. rosmarinifolia

ynyme. S. /osmarinifblia, part of, Koch Comm. p. 49.

The Sexes. Both are described in Wittd. Sp. PL, and figured in Hayne Abbild.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1365. ; Sal. Wob., No. 87. ; our fig. 1452. ; and fig.
87. in p. 806.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves linear-lanceolate, silky, quite entire,
or with a few very minute glanded teeth, especially the
young leaves. Catkins shortly oblong, curved, lax. Ovaries
stalked, silky, lanceolate-acuminate. Style about as long
as the linear divided stigmas. Bracteas short, villous.
(Hook.) A slender upright shrub. Sweden, Germany,
and the northern parts of Britain. Height 2ft. to 5ft.
Flowers yellow ; April.

J* <* 49. S. ANGUSTIFO'LIA Borrer, Hooker, ? Wulf. The narrow-leaved Willow.

Identification. Borrer and Hook, in Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 2., p. 417. ; ? Wulf. in Jacq. Coll., 3. 48.
Synonymes. S. arbuscula Smith Fl. Brit. p. 1050. ; S. rosmarinifblia <* Koch Comm. p, 49.
The Sexes. The female is described in Eng. Flora, and figured in Eng. Bot. and

Sal. Wob.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1366. ; Sal. Wob., t. 86. ; ourjfe. 1453. ; and fig. 86.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves linear-lanceolate, nearly glabrous,
with minute glandular teeth ; the young leaves silky ; glau-
cous beneath. Catkins ovate, erect. Ovaries ovate-acumi-
nate, densely silky, stalked. Style about as long as the
broad, erect, entire stigmas. Bracteas very villous, nearly
as long as the young ovaries. (Hook.) A low shrub. Scot-
land, on the Clova Mountains, and also near Dumfries.
Height 1 ft. Flowers yellow ; April.

•* 50. S. DECU'MBENS Forbes (Sal. Wob., No 88.; and fig. 88. in p. 806.)
is described in our first edition.

& 51. S. FUSCA'TA Pursh (Fl. Amer. Sept., 8. p. 612.) is described in
our first edition.

1455. S. angustifolia.

LXVIII. SALICA^CE^E I SA*IAX. 767

Group xi. Fusca Borrer.
'Mostly procumbent Shrubs. Prin. sp. 52 and 53.

L.

Stamens 2 to a flower, as far as to the kinds whose male flowers have been
observed. Ovary silky, stalked. Catkins ovate or cylindrical. Leaves
between elliptical and lanceolate; mostly silky beneath ; nearly entire.
— Plants small shrubs. Stem, in most, procumbent. S. fusca L., Hooker,
var. 1., and S. Doqpratt Smiths have a likeness in aspect to the kinds of the
group Purpiireae, except S. riibra Huds. (Hook.)

** 52. S. FU'SCA L. The brown Willow.

Identification. Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 2 , p. 417. ; ? Hayne Abbild., p. 242.

K-i/tumytnes. S. repens Hook, Fl. Scot. 1. p. 284. ; S. ripens Koch, part of, Koch Comm. p. 47.
The Sexes. The female is figured in Hayne Abbild., if the S. Msca of that work is the S. fusca L.
Engravings. Hayne Abbild., t. 184. ; Sal. Wob. ; and our Jig. 83. in p. 806.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stems more or less procumbent. Leaves elliptical or
elliptic-lanceolate, acute; entire, or serrated with minute glanded serra-
tures ; somewhat downy; glaucous, and generally very silky beneath.
Ovary lanceolate, very silk}', seated upon a long stalk. Stigmas bifid.
(Hook.) A decumbent shrub. Britain, on heaths. Height 6 in. to 1 ft.
Stamens yellow ; May.

Varieties.

j* S. f. 1 vulgdris. S. f. var. a Hook. Br. Fl. ed. 2. ; S. fusca Smith
Eng. Sot. t. I960., Forbes in Sal. Wob. No. 83. ; S. repens Koch
ft Koch Comm. p. 47.; and our Jig. 83. in p. 806. — Stem decum-
bent below, then upright, much branched. Leaves elliptic lan-
ceolate.

-* S./. 2 repens. S. f. 0 Hook. Br. Fl. ed. 2. ; S. repens Lin. Sp. PI. 144-7.,
Forbes in Sal. Wob. No. 84. ; and our fg. 84. in p. 836. — Leaves
elliptic-lanceolate, straight, somewhat pointed, nearly entire ; almost
naked above, glaucous and silky beneath. Stipules none. Stem
depressed, with short upright branches.

Jc S./ Sprostrdta. S. f. var. 7 Hook. Br. Fl. ed. 2. ; S. prostrata Smith
Eng. Bot. t. 1959., Forbes in Sal. Wob. No. 82. ; and our fig. 82.
in p. 806. — Leaves elliptic-oblong, convex, somewhat toothed,
with a curved point ; glaucous, silky, and veiny beneath. Stipules
minute. Stems prostrate, with elongated straight branches. Ovary
stalked, ovate, silky. Styles shorter than the stigmas.

-* S./ ^fce'tida. S. f. var. 5 Hook. Br. Fl. ed. 2.; S. fce'tida Smith
Eng. Fl. iv. p. 208. — Stem recumbent. Leaves elliptical.

* S. /. 5 incubacea. S. f. 5 Hook. Br. Fl. ed, 3. ; S. incubacea Lin. Sp.
PL 1447., Forbes in Sal. Wob. No. 79. ; and our/g. 79. in p. 806. —
Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, nearly entire, acute, with a twisted point ;
glaucous and silky beneath. Stipules stalked, ovate, acute. Stem
procumbent. Branches erect. Catkins erect, oblong-cylindrical.
Stalk of the silky ovary about as long as the obovate bractea (scale).
(Borrer.)

JK S./. 6 argent ea. S. f. 6 Hook. Br. Fl. ed. 2. ; S. argentea Smith
Eng. Bot. t. 1364., Forbes in Sal. Wob. No. 78. ; and our fig. 78. in
p. 806. — Leaves elliptical, entire, somewhat revolute, with a re-
curved point ; rather downy above, silky and shining beneath, as
well as the branches. Stem upright. Ovary ovate-lanceolate, silky ;
its silky stalk nearly equal to the linear oblong bractea. Style not
longer than the stigmas.

ARBORETUM ET FKUTICETUM BHITANNICUM.

3fe 53. S. DoxiA^NA Smith. Don's, or the rusty -branched, Willow.
Identification. Smith in Eng FL, 4. p. 213. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3., p. 424. ; Borrer in Eng. Bot-
Thelexes1.' The female is described and figured in Sal. Wob. and Eng. Bot. The male has not yet
Engravings.™^'. Wob., No. 85. ; Eng. Bot., t. 2599. ; our fig. 1454. ; and fig- 85. in p. 806.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, partly opposite,
acute, slightly serrated, even; livid and somewhat silky
beneath. Stipules linear. Branches erect. Catkins erect,
cylindrical. Ovary stalked, silky, longer than the obovate
bearded bractea. (Smith.) A shrub, with straight, wand-like,
round, leafy branches, of a reddish or rusty brown, scarcely
downy, except when very young. Scotland, on moun-
tains. Height 5 ft. to 6 ft. Flowers yellow ; May.

Group xii. Ambigua Borrer.
Shrubs. Prin. sp. 54. and 58.

S. finmarchica Willd. has been added to the kinds included in this group by
Mr. Borrer.

~* tt 54. S. AMBI'GUA Ehrh., Borrer. The ambiguous Willow.

Identification. Borrer in Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2733. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 2., p. 418.

Synonymes. Some are cited under the varieties treated of below ; S. ambigua Koch, part of, Koch

Com?n., p. 49.
The Sexes. Both sexes of var. «, the female of var. ft, the male of

var. y, and the female of var. S are figured in Eng. Bot. Suppl.
Engravings. Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2733. ; and our fig. 1455.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oval, obovate, or lan-
ceolate, slightly toothed, and having a recurved
point j pubescent, somewhat rugose above, glau-
cous and having prominent veins beneath.
Stipules half-ovate, acute. Catkins stalked,
upright, cylindrical. Ovary stalked, densely
silky. Style very short. Stigmas short, at
length cloven. (Borr.) A small decumbent
shrub. Sussex, Essex, and Suffolk ; and various
parts of Scotland. Height 6 in. to 1 ft. Flowers
yellow ; May.

It varies much in the procumbent, ascending, or more erect manner of its
growth, in the paler or darker brown tinge of the twigs, and in the quantity
of pubescence.
Varieties.

-* j» S. a. 1 vulgdris. S. a. « JBorr. in Eng. Sot. Suppl. t. 2733., 5 figures
of the two sexes, and description. — A small straggling shrub, with
branches sometimes procumbent, sometimes rising 1 or 2 feet from
fche ground.

Sfe S. a. 2 major. S. a. j8 major Borrer in Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2733., 3
figures of the female, and description ; ? S. ambigua 0 Hook. Br. Fl.
ed. 2. p. 418. ; S. versifolia Sering. Saules de la Suisse No. 66.,
Monogr. 40. (Borrer.) — Foliage silvery.

» S. a. 3 spathulata. S. a. 7 spathulata Bor. in Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2733.,
where 3 specimens of the male plant are figured and described ;
S. ambigua 7 Hook. Br. Fl. ed. 2. p. 418. ; S. spathulata Willd. Sp.
PI. 4. 700. ; S. spathulata Willd. — Scarcely differs from S. ambigua
vulgaris, except in the narrower base of the leaf.

1455. S. ambigua.

LXVIII. SALICA CEJE I SAXIX.

769

S. a. 4 undulata. S. a. 5 undulata Borrer in -Ewg. -Sof. t. 2733., 4 figures
of the female, and description ; S. spathulata Willd., var. undulata of
Professor Mertens. (Borrer.) — Remarkable for its lanceolate or
almost linear leaves, and distinctly stalked stipules.

? j* 55. S. FINMA'RCHICA

is described in our first edition.

js ? -i* 56. S> VERSI'COLOR Forbes. The various-coloured
Willow.

Identification. Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 77.
The Sexes. The female is described and figured in Sal. Wob.
Engravings. Sal. Wob., No. 77. ; our fig. 1456. ; and our fig. 77. in
p. 806.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves elliptic, almost entire ; greyish
green and villous above, glaucous and pubescent
beneath. Stipules large, ovate. Ovary ovate, stalked,
silky. Style smooth. Stigmas divided. (Forbes.)
A low, depressed or trailing, deciduous shrub. Swit-
zerland. Height 2 ft. Introduced in 1824-. Flowers
yellow ; May.

& 57. S. ^LATERNOI^DES Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 76. ; and ourjtfg. 76. in
p. 806.) is described in our first edition.

sfc ? ¥ 58. S. PKO-TEIEFO^LIA Schl. The Protea-leaved Willow.

Identification. Schleicher, quoted in Hook. Br. Fl., ed 2., p. 419. ; Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 75.
Synonymes. Erroneously referred to S. ambigua in Hook. Br. Fl. ed. 2. (Borrer MSS.)
The Sexes. The female is described and figured in Sal. Wob.
Engravings. Sal. WTob., No. 75. ; and our fig. 75. in p. 805.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves elliptical, entire; villous above, white and silky be-
neath. Stipules ovate, silky. Catkins thick, obtuse. Ovary stalked, ovate,
silky. Bractea obovate, silky. Stigmas undivided. (Sal. Wob.) A hand-
some upright-growing shrub, or low tree. Switzerland. Height 12 ft. to
20ft. Introduced in 1820. Flowers yellow ; April and May.

Group xiii. Reticulate Borrer.

Leaves reticulated and coriaceous. Prin. sp. 59.

FTP?

The characteristics of this group, as adopted in Hook. Br. JP/., are not de-
scribed ; because it consists of only one species, the S. reticulata L., and the
characteristics of this species may be deemed representative of those of the
group.

-* 59. S. RETICULA'TA L. The netted, or wrinkled, leaved Willow.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1446. ; Eng. Fl., 4. p. 200. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 2., p. 419.

The Sexes. Both sexes are figured in Eng Bot. and Sal. Wob., Host. Sal. Aust. and Hayne Abbild

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1908. ; our fig. 1457. ; and fig. 67. in p. 804.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves orbicular, somewhat elliptical, obtuse,
entire, coriaceous, with reticulated veins, nearly glabrous ;
glaucous beneath. Ovary sessile, downy. A procumbent,
shrub, larger than S. herbacea. The young foliage is oftt
floccose. England, and the high mountains in Wales and
Scotland. Height 6 in. Flowers purplish red ; May to
July.

A very pretty little plant, particularly well adapted for 1467t s reticulilta.
forming one of a selection for growing in pots, so as to form
a portable salictum ; or for growing on rockwork.

3 D

770

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Group xiv. Glauca: Borrer.
Small, upright, with soft silky Leaves. Prin. sp. 61. and 62.

u

Stamens 2 to a flower. Ovary very downy, or silky, sessile. — Plants small
shrubs, most of them upright ; all, or most of them, remarkable for their
foliage, which consists of leaves that are oblong-lanceolate, soft, hairy, silky,
and, in most, white and cottony on the under surface. The kinds are very
closely akin, each among the rest. (Hook.) Only S. glauca L., S. arenaria
L., and S. Stuartiana Smith are associated together under the above cha-
racteristics in Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 2. Of the kinds brought together below,
as agreeing more or less in the quality of similarity, Mr. Borrer has indicated
S. elaeagnifolia Forbes (e-laeagnoides Schleicher), S. glauca L., S. sericea
Villars, S. Lapponum L., S. arenaria Z/., S. arenaria L. ? var., S. leuco-
phylla Schleicher ; and S. Stuartiana Smith.

& 60. S. £LJEAGN6YDES Schleicher (Sal. Wob., No. 69. ; and/g. 69. in p. 804.),
is described in our first edition.

.** 61. S. GLAU'CA L. The glaucous Mountain Willow.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1446. ; Eng. Flora, 4. p. 201. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 2., p. 419.
Synonyme. S. appendiculata Fl. Dan. 1. 1056., Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 690.
The Sexes. Both sexes are described in Eng. Fl. ; the female is figured

in Eng. Bot.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1810. ; Sal. Wob., No. 68. ; our fig. 1458. ;

zm&fig. 68. in p. 804.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves nearly entire, elliptic-lanceo-
late ; even, and nearly glabrous above ; woolly and
snowy-white beneath. Footstalks decurrent. Ovary
sessile, ovate, woolly. (Smith.) A low shrub. High-
lands of Scotland. Stem 2 ft. to 3 ft. high, stout,
bushy, with numerous short, round, spreading brown
or yellowish branches, downy in their early state.
Flowers yellow ; May to July.

.* 62. S. SERI'CEA Pillars. The silky Willow.

Identification. Villars Delph., 3. p. 782. t. 51. f. 27. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 688.

Synonyme. S. glauca, a synonyme of Koch Comm. p. 56. " S. sericea of Villars, according to his

own specimens, is the true Lappbnum ; and I have Swiss ones, properly so named, from M.

Schleicher. It is Haller's No. 1643." (Smith in Eng. Fl., 4. p. 202.)

The Sexes. Willdenow has described the female, and noted that he had seen it in a dried state.
Engravings. Vill. Delph., 3. t. 51 . f. 27. ; &nAfig. 74. in p. 805.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Stem prostrate. Leaf oblong-lanceolate, entire, obtuse,
silky and hoary on both surfaces. Catkins silky, stout. Capsules ovate-
oblong, stout, very villous, sessile. Very different from S. glauca L.
Branches brown, glossy. Leaves 2 in. long, covered with long appressed
hairs. Stipules not apparent. Catkins ^ in. long, cylindrical. Bracteas
lanceolate, hairy, caducous. Style short, bifid. Stigmas dilated, bifid.
(Villars.) A shrub. Alps of Switzerland and France. Height 5 ft. to 6 ft.
Introduced in 1820. Flowers yellow ; April and May.

* 63. S. LAPPO'NUM L. The Laplanders' Willow.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1447. ; Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 73.

Synonyme. S. arenaria Fl. Dan. t. 197. (Smith.)

The Sexes. The female is described in Willd. Sp. PI., and described and figured

in Sal. Wob.
Engravings. Lin. Fl. Lapp., t. 8. f. /. ; Sal. Wob., No. 73. ; our fig. 1459. ; and

fig. 73. in p. 805.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves lanceolate, very entire, bluntish ;
hoary above, woolly beneath. Seed-vessels woolly and oblong.
(Forbes.) A decumbent shrub. Lapland. Height 1 ft. In-
troduced in 1812. Flowers yellow ; May and June. H59 s La ,n.im

LXVIII. SALICA CE^E : St\ LIX.

771

* % 64. S. ORTUSIFO'LIA Willd. (Sp. PI., 4. p. 705.) is described in our frst

edition.

®65. S. ARENA'RIA L. (Sal. Wob., No. 70.; and fig. 70. in p. 805.) is
described in our first edition.

Jc 66. S. OBOVA'TA Pursh (Sal. Wob., No. 144., a leaf; and fig. 144. in
p. 818.) is described in our first edition.

& 67. S. CANE'SCENS Willd. (Sp. PL, 4. p. 687.) is described in our first

edition.

& 68. S. STVARTIA^NA Smith (Sal. Wob., No. 72.; and fig. 72. in p. 805.)
is described in our first edition.

-* 69. S. PYRENA'ICA Gouan (Tllustr. 77.) is described in our first edition.
& 70. S. WALDSTEIN/^JV/* Willd. (Sp. PL, 4. p. 679.) is described in our

first edition.

Group xv. Vimindles Borrer.

Willows and Osiers. — Mostly Trees or large Shrubs, with long pliant Branches,
used for Basket-making. Prin. sp. 72. 75, 76. and 82,

Stamens 2 to a flower. Ovary nearly sessile ; in S. mollfssima Ehrh. sessile,
hairy or silky. Style elongated. Stigmas linear, mostly entire. Leaves
lanceolate. — Plants trees of more or less considerable size, with long pliant
branches. (Hook.)

ag 71. S. SUBALPI'NA Forbes (Sal. Wob,, No. 93. ; and fig. 96. in p. 808.)
is described in our first edition.

sfc 72. S. CA'NDIDA Willd. The whitish Willow.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 708. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 608.
The Sexes. The male is described and figured in Sal. Wob.
Engravings. Sal. Wob., No. 91. ; our fig. 1460. ; xnAfig. 91. in p. 807.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long,
obscurely toothed; downy above; beneath densely
downy. Stipules lanceolate, nearly the length of the
footstalks. (Willd.) A shrub. * North America.
Height 5ft. to I Oft. Introduced in 1811. Flowers
yellow ; February and March.

A very handsome species, well deserving a place in
shrubberies, both for its ornamental white leaves, and
very early flowers.

& ? * 73. S. INCAVNA Schranck. The hoary-feat**/ Willow, ? or Osier.
Identification. Schranck Baier (Bavar.) Fl., 1. p. 230. ; Koch Comm., p. 32.
Synonymes. S. riparia Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 698. ; S. lavandulfefolia iMpeyr. Abr. p. 601. ; S. an..

gustifblia Pair, in Du Ham. Arb. ed. 1. 3. t. 29.; S, rosmarinifolia Gouan Hort. 501. ; S. vhninalis

ViU. Delph. 3. p. 785.
The Sexes. Both are figured in Hayne Abbild. : the male is figured

in Sal. Wob., where Mr. Forbes has noticed that he had not seen

the catkins of the other sex. If the kind of Host Sal. Austr. is

identical, both sexes of it are figured in that work.
Engravings. Sal. Wob., No. 90. ; ? Host Sal. Austr., t. 58, 59. ; our

fig. 1461. ; and^. 90. in p. 807.

Spec. Char., tyc. Leaves linear- lanceolate, denticu-
lated, hoary on the under surface with hoary
tomentum. Catkins arched, slender, almost sessile,
subtended at the base with small leaves. Capsule
ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, stalked ; the stalk twice
the length of the gland. Style elongated. Stigmas

3 D 2

772 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

bifid. Bracteas subglabrous, ciliate with short hairs. (Koch.} A shrub, with
leaves bearing a strong resemblance to those of S. viminalis; while the
catkins, branches, and mode of growth are quite different. Alps of France
and Switzerland. Height 5ft. to 6 ft. Introduced in 1821. Flowers
yellow; April.

& 74. S. LINEA^RIS Forbes. The linear-leaved Willow.

Identification. Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 89.

Synonyme. ? S. incana var. linearis Borrer. (Borrer in a letter.)

The Sexes. The male is described and figured in Sal. Wob. Mr. Forbes has

noted that he had not seen catkins of the female.
Engravings. Sal. Wob., 89. ; our fig. 1462. ; and fig. 89. in p. 807.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves linear, villous ; shining above,
cottony beneath ; margins slightly denticulated. Branches
brown. Stipules none. Catkins elliptical, nearly sessile.
Bracteas elliptical, yellow, as are also the anthers. (Sal.
Wob.) A low bushy deciduous shrub, with copious
branches, dark brown or purplish in every stage. Switzer-
land. Height 5 ft. to 10 ft. Introduced in 1820. Flowers
yellow ; April and May.

& i 75. S. VIMINAVLIS L. The twiggy Willow, or common Osier.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1448. ; Eng. F1M 4. p. 228. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3.

Synonyme. S. Iongif61!a Lam. Fl. Fr. 2. 232. (Koch.)

The Sexes. Both sexes are figured in Eng. Sot., Sal. Wob., Hayne Abbi'ld., and Host Sal. Austr.

Both exist in Britain. The male seems less robust and vigorous than the female.
Engravings. Eng. Bot, t. 1898. ; Sal. Wob., No. 133. ; our Jig. 1463. ; and fig. 133. in p. 817.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves linear, inclining to lanceolate,

elongated, taper-pointed, entire, wavy ; snow-white and

silky beneath. Branches straight and slender. Ovary

sessile. Style as long as the linear undivided stigmas.

(Smith.) A large ishrub or low bushy tree. England,

in wet meadows. Height 10 ft. to 20 ft. Flowers

yellow ; April and May.

Readily distinguished from the other species of the
section by the satiny under surface of the leaves ; and
more generally cultivated than any other for basketwork
and hoops. A variety called the Dutch willow, with
brown bark, is preferred where hoops are the object.

& "E 76. S. STIPULA^RIS Smith. The stipuled, or auricled-leaved, Osier, or

Willow.

Identification. Smith Fl. Brit., p. 1069. -, Eng. Flora, 4. p. 230. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 2., p. 420.
The Sexes. Both are described in Eng. Flora, and both are figured in Eng. Bot. and Sal. Wob.
Engravings. Eng. Bot, t. 1214. ; Sal. Wob., 132. ; and fig. 132. in p. 816.

Spec. Char., 8?c. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, slightly wavy, obscurely crenate ;
soft and nearly naked above, white and downy beneath. Stipules half-
heart-shaped, stalked, very large. Gland cylindrical. Ovary ovate, nearly
sessile, as well as the linear undivided stigmas. (Smith.') A large shrub
or low tree. England, in osier holts, hedges, and woods. Height 10 ft. to
20 ft. Flowers yellow ; March.

Twigs upright, tail, soft and downy, of a pale reddish brown, brittle, and
of little or no use as an osier.

77. S. SmnuiSNA Willd. (Eng. Bot., t. 1509. ; Sal. Wob., No. 134., the
female ; and our fig. 134. in p. 817.) is described in our first edition.

78. 6'. MOLLI'SSIMA Ehrh. (Beitr., 6. p. 101.) is described in our first edition.

? % 79. S. HOLOSERI'CEA Hook. (Br. FL ed. 2., p. 421.) is described in our

first edition.

V* 80. S. MICHELIA^NA Forbes (Sal. Wob., t. 135.; and Jig. 135. in
p. 817.) is described in our first edition.

LXV1II. SALICA^CEJEI SA^LJX. 773

3 81. S. FERRUGI'NEA Anderson (Sal. Wob., No. 128.; Eng. Bot. Suppl.,
t. 2665. ; and our^g. 128. in p. 815.) is described in our first edition.

Y 82. S. ACUMINAVTA Smith. The acuminated-leaved, or large-leaved. Sallow,

or Willow.

Identification. Smith Fl. Brit, p. 1068., Eng. Fl., 4. p. 227. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 2., p. 421.
Synonyme. S. lanceolata Scringe.

The Sexes. The female is described in Eng. Fl., and figured in Eng. Hot. and in Sal. Wob.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1434. ; Sal. Wob., No. 131. ; our fig. 1464. in p. 774.; and fig. 131. in
p. 816.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem erect. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, pointed, wavy, finely
toothed, glaucous and downy beneath. Stipules half-ovate, then kidney-
shaped. Catkins cylindrical. Ovary stalked, ovate, hairy. Style as long
as the undivided stigmas. (Smith.) A large shrub or low tree. England,
in wet grounds. Height 25ft. to 30ft. Flowers yellow ; April and May.

A very distinct sallow, soon recognised to be different from S. macrostipu-
lacea by its downy gerraen, and much larger leaves.

Group xvi. Ciiierecc Borrer.

Sallows. — Trees and Shrubs, with roundish shaggy Leaves, and thick Catkins.
Prin. sp. 90. and 97.

Stamens 2 to a flower. Ovary tomentose with silky tomentum. Leaves
mostly obovate, toothed, grey or hoary, more or less wrinkled ; very veiny
beneath ; stipuled branches downy. — Plants trees or shrubs. The group
includes the kinds of willow that are usually called the sallows. (Hook.)
The sallows are known by their obovate or rounded downy leaves, and
thick, early, silken catkins, with prominent, yellow, distinct stamens, 2 to
a flower. (Smith Eng. FL, iv. p. 216.) Not a few of the group Nigricantes
Borrer also have been regarded as sallows. Mr. Borrer, however, states
that he is unacquainted with many of the species, or supposed species, of
this group, and of the group Nigricantes ; and it is highly probable that
many of them are placed wrongly. (Borrer in a letter.)

& 83. S. PA'LLIDA Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 96. ; and fig. 96. in p. 808.) is
described in our first edition.

3184. S. WILLDENOV/^VA^ Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 41.; and Jig. 41. in
p. 801.) is described in our first edition.

3fc 85. S. PONTEDERA^ Willd. Pontedera's Willow.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 661. ; Smith in Rees's Cyclo., No. 18. ; Koch Comm., p. 24.
Synonymes. S. pumila alpina nigricans, folio oleagino serrato, Panted. Comp. 148, 149. ; S. Pon-

teder*? Bellardi App. ad Fl. Fed. 45.

The Sexes. The male is noticed in Koch's specific character ; the female is figured in Sal. Wob.
Engravings. Sal. Wob., No. 43. ; ouffig. 1465. in p. 775. ; andyfe. 43. in p. 801.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves elliptical, serrated, acute, glabrous ; glaucous beneath,
and obtuse at their base ; the midrib, footstalks, and young leaves hairy.
Ovary oblong and downy. (Sal. Wob.) A shrub or low tree. Switzer-
land. Height 12ft. to 13ft. Introduced 1821. Flowers yellow ; April.

¥ 86. S. MACROSTIPULA'CEA Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 130.; and fig. 130. in
p. 815.) is described in our first edition.

sfe t 87. S. INCANE'SCENS ? Schl. (Sal. Wob., No. 120. ; and fig. 120. in
p. 813.) is described in our first edition.

® ¥ 88. S PANNOVSA Forbes (Sal. Wob., 1. 123. ; and fig. 123. in p. 814.) is

described in our first edition.

3D 3

774 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1464. Salix acuminata.

LXVIII. SALiCA^CE^E : SAVLIX. 775

1465. SalU Pontederk;,

3 D 4

776

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

89. S. MUTA'BILIS Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 160.) is described in our first

edition.

90. S. CINE'REA L.

The male is figured in

The grey Sallow, or ash-coloured
Willow.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1449. ; Bug. Fl., 4. p. 215. ; Hook. Br. Fl.

ed. 3.

Synonyme. S. cine'rea var. Koch Comm. p. 36.
The Sexes. Both sexes are figured in Sal. Wob.

Eng. Bot.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., 1. 1897. ; Sal. Wob., No. 125. ; our fig. 1466. ; and

Jig. 125. in p. 814.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem erect. Lower leaves entire ; upper
serrated, obovate-lanceolate; glaucous, downy, and reti-
culated with veins beneath. Stipules half- heart-shaped,
serrated. Ovary silky ; its stalk half as long as the
lanceolate bracteas. {Smith.') A shrub or middle-sized
tree. England, on the banks of rivers, and in moist
woods. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft. Flowers yellow ; April,
and again in September.

AQUA'TICA Smith (Eng. Bot., t. 1437. ; Sal. Wob., No. 127. ; and
our fig. 127. in p. 815.) is described in our first edition.
OLEIFO'LIA Smith (Eng. Bot., t. 1402. ; Sal. Wob., No. 126. ; and

Jig. 126. in p. 814.) is described in our first edition.
GEMINA'TA Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 129.; and /g. 129. in p. 8 15.)

is described in our first edition.
CRI'SPA Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 42. ; and figA2. in p. 801.) is

described in our first edition.
AURIGA L. (Eng. Bot., t. 1487.; Sal. Wob., No. 124, ; and our

fig. 124. in p. 814.) is described in our first edition.
LATIFO'LIA Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 118. ; and/g. 118. in p. 813.)
is described in our first edition.

± 97. S. CA'PRKA L. The Goat Willow, or the great round-leaved Sallow.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1448. ; Eng.

Fl., 4. p. 225. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3.,

p. 429.
Synonymes. Common Black Sallow, Saugh

in Yorkshire, Grey Withy.
Derivation. The name caprea seems to

have originated in the reputed fondness

of goats for the catkins, as exemplified

in the wooden cut of the venerable Tra-

gus, their namesake.

91. S.

92. S.

93. S.

94. S.

95. S.

96. S.

1467. S. caprea.

1468. S. ckprea, male.

LXVIII.

SANLIX.

777

The Sexes. Both sexes are figured in Sal. Wob., and both in Haync Abbild.

Engravings. Hoflm. Sal., t. 3. f. 1, 2. t. 21. f. a. b. c. ; Eng. Bot., t. 1488. ; Sal. Wob., No. 122. ;

our fig. 1467., from the Sal. Wob. ; and fig. 1468. representing the male, auAfig. 14<J9. the female,

both from Host's Sal. Aust., t. 66, 67-

lg. 122. in p. 814

Spec. Char., $c. Stem erect. Leaves roundish-ovate, pointed, serrated,
waved ; pale and downy beneath. Stipules somewhat crescent-shaped.
Catkins oval. Ovary stalked, ovate, silky. Stigmas nearly sessile, and
undivided. Capsules swelling. (Smith.) A moderate-sized tree, with
spreading, round, brown or purplish branches, minutely downy when young.
Britain, in woods and dry pastures, common. Height 15ft. to 30ft.
Flowers yellow, very showy ; April and May.

Leaves larger and
broader than in any
other of the genus ; of
a deep green above, with
a downy rib ; white un-
derneath, or rather glau-
cous, and veiny, densely
clothed with soft, white,
cottony down; generally
broadly ovate, approach-
ing to orbicular, with
a sharp point ; some-
times more elliptical ;
either rounded or slightly
heart-shaped at the base; :;
varying in length from
2 in. to 3 in. ; the margin
wavy, and more or less
strongly serrated. Foot-
stalks stout, downy. Cat-
kins numerous, much
earlier than the foliage,
and almost sessile. This
tree, Sir W. J. Hooker
observes, " distinguishes

itself, in the spring, by 1469. & ciprea> female.

being loaded with hand-
some yellow blossoms before any of its leaves appear. The flowering
branches of this species are called palms, and are gathered by children on
Easter Sunday ; the relics of the Catholic ceremony formerly performed in
commemoration of the entry of our Saviour into Jerusalem.

* 98. S. SPHACELA'TA Smith (Eng. Bot., t. 2333.; Sal. Wob., No. 121.;
121. in p. 813.) is described in our first edition.

Group xvii. Nigricantes Borrer.

Shrubs with long Branches, or small Trees. Mostly Sallows.
109. 111. and 122.

Prin. sp. 105.

A group as difficult to define as are the kinds of which it is constituted.
Stamens 2 to a flower. Ovary stalked, glabrous or silky. Style more or
less 2-cleft. In leaves, many of this kind approach those of the group
Cinereae very nearly, having ovate or obovate ones ; but the leaves are less
wrinkled. — Plants shrubs with long branches, or small trees. (Hook.) The

778 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

term Nigricantes has been applied to this group, not, as it has been sup-
posed, in allusion to the leaves of the kinds of which it is constituted
turning black in drying, but to mark their affinity to S. nigricans Smith, a
well-known individual of their number.

& 99. S. AUSTRA'LIS Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 103. ; and our fig. 103. in
p. 809.) is described in our first edition.

m 100. S. VAUDE'NSIS Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 117.; and our Jig. 117. in
p. 812.) is described in our first edition.

* 101. S. GRISOPHY'LLA Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 119. ; and our fig. 119.

in p. 813.) is described in our first edition.

a 102. S. LACU'STRIS Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 116. ; and our fig. 116. in
p. 812.) is described in our first edition.

at 103. S. CRASSIFO^LIA Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 115. ; and our fig. 115. in
p. 812.) is described in our first edition.

3fe 104?. S. COTINIFO'LIA Smith. The Cotinus, or Quince, leaved Sallow,
or Willow.

Identification. Smith Fl. Br., p. 1066. ; Eng. FL, 4. p. 220. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3., p. 430.
Synonymes. S. spadicea Villars's Dauph. 3777. ; S. phylicifblia var. Koch

Comm. p. 42.
The Sexes. The female is described in Eng. FL, and figured in Ens. Bot.,

and Sal. Wob.
Engravings. Eng. Bot, t. 1403. ; Sal. Wob., No. 114.; our fig. 1470. : and

fig. 114. in p. 812.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Stem erect. Branches spreading, downy.
Leaves broadly elliptical, nearly orbicular, slightly
toothed, glaucous and downy, with rectangular veins
beneath. Style as long as the linear notched stigmas.
(Smith Eng. Fl.) An upright shrub, with straight,
round, brown, downy, moderately spreading branches.
Britain, in woods, and on the banks of rivers. Height
2 ft. to 8 ft. Flowers yellow ; May. 1470. s> C0tinif61ia

® ¥ 105. S. HI'RTA Smith. The hairy-branched Sallow, or Willow.

Identification. Smith Eng. Bot., t. 1404. ; Eng. Fl., 4. 221. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3.

Synonyme. S. plcta Schleicher is the female of S. hirta. (Forbes in Sal. Wob.)

The Sexes. The male is described in Eng. Fl., and figured in Eng Bot. and Sal. Wob. The female

is described in Sal. Wob., and Hook. Br. Ft., ed. 2.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1404. ; Sal. Wob., No. 113. ; and our fig. 113. in p. 811.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem erect. Branches densely hairy. Leaves elliptic-heart-
shaped, pointed, finely crenate, downy on both sides. Stipules half-heart-
shaped, flat, toothed, nearly glabrous. (Smith.) A small tree, remarkable
for its thick, round, hoary branches, clothed very densely with prominent,
close, horizontal, soft, cottony hairs. Britain, in woods and on the banks of
rivers. Height 10ft. to 15ft. Flowers yellow ; May.

* 106. S. RIVULA^RIS Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 102.; and our fig. 102. in

p. 809.) is described in our first edition.
t 107. S. ATROPURPU'REA Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 156.) is described in

our first edition.
sfe 108. S. CORIACEA Forbes (Sal Wob., No. 112.; and our fig. 112. in

p. 811.) is described in our first edition.

a 109, S. NI'GRJCANS Smith. The dark broad-leaved Willow.

Identification. Smith Eng. Bot., t. 1213. ; Eng. Fl., 4. p. 172. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3.

Synonyme. S. jshylicifblia 8 Lin. Sp. PI. 1442.

The Sexes. Smith has described both sexes in Eng. Fl. ; the female from Lapland specimens : the

male is figured in Eng. Bot. and Sal. Wob. The S. nigrescens Schl., female, is figured in Sal.

Woo., as the female of S. nigricans Smith. It does not appear that the flowers of the female have

been found wild in Britain. (Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 2.)
Engravings. Lin. Fl. Lapp., t. 8. f. c. ; Eng. Bot., t. 1213. ; and our fig. 37. in p. 799.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute, crenate ; glabrous, with a

LXVJII. 5"ALICArCE^E : ^AVLIX. 779

downy rib, above ; glaucous beneath. Stamens 2, thrice the length of the
hairy bractea. Ovary lanceolate, downy, on a short downy stalk. (Smith.}
A large bushy shrub, scarcely attaining the height or form of a tree, with
upright, round, stout, rather brittle branches, glabrous, except when young.
Britain, in fens, osier grounds, woods, and thickets. Height 10ft. to 12ft.
Flowers yellow ; April.

* 110. S. ANDERSONZ^^J Smith. Anderson's Willow, or the Green Mountain

Sallow.

Identification, Smith Eng. Bot., 2343 ; Eng. Fl., 4. p. 223. ; Hook. Br. FJ., ed. 3.
Synonyme. S. phylicifdlia var. Koch Cornm.
The fem

The Sexes. The female is described in Eng. Fl., and figured in Eng. Bot. and in Sal. Wob.
Engravings. Eng. Bot, t. 2343. ; Sal. Wob., No. 109. ; and our fig. 109. in p. 811.

Spec. C/iar., Sec. Stem upright. Leaves elliptical, acute, finely notched,
slightly downy, paler beneath. Stipules half-ovate, nearly glabrous.
Branches minutely downy. Ovary glabrous ; its stalks almost equal to
the bractea. Style cloven, longer than the cloven stigmas. (Smith.) An
upright bushy shrub. Scotland, on the Breadalbane Mountains ; and
England, on the banks of the Tyne below Newcastle. Height 6 ft. to 12ft.
Flowers yellow ; April and May.

a 111. S. ZMJVIASCE'NA Forbes. The Damson-leaved Willow, or Sallow.
Identification. Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 157. ; Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2709. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3.
Synonymes. S. damascenifblia Anderson MSS. ; S. johylicifblia Lin.
The Sexes. The female is described in Sal. Wob., and described in Eng. Bot. Suppl. " Mr. Ander-

son possessed both sexes, but we have seen the female only." (Borrer.)
Engraving. Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2709.

Spec. Char., fyc. Upright. Young shoots densely hairy. Leaves ovate, or
rhomboidal, bluntly toothed ; silky when young ; at length nearly glabrous ;
green on both surfaces. Stipules half-heart-shaped. Catkins, with the
flowers in blossom, longer than the floral leaves. Bracteas (scales) ob-
ovate. Ovary stalked, glabrous. Style divided, longer than the diverging
stigmas. (JSorrer.) An upright bushy shrub, nearly allied to S. Ander-
sonidna. Scotland, on the borders of England. Height 6ft. to 12ft.
Flowers yellow ; April.

& 112. S. AXSOXIA^NA Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 107. ; and our fig. 107. in
p. 810.) is described in our first edition.

& 113. S. HELVE'TICA Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 159.) is described in our

first edition.

& 114. S. FI'RMA Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 106.; and our jig. 106. in p. 810.)
is described in our first edition.

* 115. S. CARPINIFO'LIA Schl. (Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 155.) is described
in our first edition.

sfc ± 116. S. ROTUNDAVTA Forbes. The round-leaved Willow, or Sallow.

Identification. Sal. Wob., No. 104.

Synonyme. ? S. rotundif61ia Host.

The Sexes. Both sexes are described and figured in Sal. Wob.

Engravings. Sal. Wob., No. 104. ; our fig. 1471., p. 780. ; andj^r. 104. in p. 809.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves orbicular, bluntly serrated; glabrous and shining
above ; glaucous, reticulated, and slightly hairy beneath. Stipules rounded,
serrated, glandular. Ovary awl-shaped, glabrous, stalked. Style twice
the length of the parted stigmas. (Sal. Wob.) An upright-growing shrub
or low tree. Switzerland. Height 15ft. to 20 ft. Introduced in 1824-.
Flowers yellow ; April and May.

t 117. S. DtTRA Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 105.; and our fig. 105. in p. 810.)
is described in our first edition.

* ¥ 118. S. FORSTERIA^NA Smith. The glaucous Mountain Sallow, or
Forster's Willow.

Identification. Smith Eng. Fl., 2. p. 224. ; Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 110. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3.
p. 431.

780 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BIUTANNICUM

1471. Sklix rotundkta.

LXVIII. SALICAVCE^E I

781

Synonyms. S. phylicifblia var. Koch Comm. p. 41.

The Sexes. The female is described in Eng. Fl., and figured in Eng. Bot. where the style is repre-
sented too short (Smith Eng. Fl. ) ; and in Sal. Wob.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 2344. ; Sal. Wob., No. 110. ; and our^. 110. in p. 811.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem erect. Branches minutely downy. Leaves elliptic-
obovate, acute, crenate, slightly downy, glaucous beneath. Stipules vaulted.
Ovary stalked, awl-shaped, silky. Style as long as the blunt notched stig-
mas. (Smith.) A tall shrub or low tree, with finely downy branches.
Britain, in Scotland, on the Breadalbane Mountains. Height 15ft. to 20ft.
Flowers yellow ; May.

jfc 119. S. RUPE'STRIS Bonn. The silky Rock Willow, or Sallow.

Identification. Bonn Hort. Cant., ed. 5., p. 231. (Smith) ; Eng. FL, 4. p. 222. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3.
The Sezes. Both sexes are described in Eng. Fl., and figured in Eng. Bot., and in Sal. Wob.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 2342. ; Sal. Wob., No. 111. ; and our Jig. 111. in p. 811.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem trailing. Leaves obovate, acute, serrated, flat, even,
silky on both sides. Stipules hairy. Branches minutely downy. Ovary
stalked, awl-shaped, silky. Style as long as the blunt undivided stigmas.
(Smith.) A trailing shrub, with dark-coloured branches, covered with very
fine down when young. Scotland, in woods, and on the banks of rivers.
Height 1 ft, to 2 ft. Flowers yellow ; April.

A perfectly distinct kind. The branches are tough, and suitable for tying
and basketwork.

& 120. S. TENUIFO^LIA L. The thin-leaved Willow.

Identification. Lin. Fl. Lapp., ed. 2., 292. t. 8. f. c. ; Eng. Fl., 4. p. 179.; Hook. Br. FL, ed. 3.;
Borr. in Eng. Bot. Supp., t. 2795.

Synonymes. S. arbuscula Wahlenb. var. Koch Comm. p. 45. " If Koch had known S. tenuifblia
Smith Fl. Br. in the living plant, I think he would have referred it to his own S. /mylicifdlia"
(Borrer in a letter.) S. tenuifolia of Eng. Bot. t. 2186. is S. bfcolor Hook. Br. Fl.

The Sexes. Both sexes are described and figured in Eng. Bot. Supp.; and figured in Sal. Wob.

Engravings. Sal. Wob., No. 50, ; Eng. Bot. SuppL, t. 2795. ; and our fig. 50. in p. 802.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Upright. Young shoots and petioles densely pubescent.
Disks of leaves elliptical or oblong, flat, with a recurved point, crenate,
reticulated with sunken veins, slightly hairy ; glaucous beneath. Stipules
half-heart-shaped. Catkins on a short stalk that bears small leaves. Brae-
tea oblong, shaggy. Ovary glabrous, on a glabrous stalk. Style as long as
the stigmas. A much-branched spreading shrub. England, above the
bridge at Kirby Lonsdale. Height 10ft. to 12ft. Stamens yellow; May.

& *£ 121. S. PROPI'NQUA Borr. The nearly related, or flat-leaved, upright,
Mountain Willow.

Identification. Borr. in Eng. Bot. SuppL, t. 2729. ; Hook.
Br. Fl.,ed.3.

The Sexes. The female is described in the Specific Cha-
racter ; and described and figured in Eng. Bot. S/tppl.

Engravings. Eng. Bot. SuppL, t. 2729. ; and out fig. 1472.

Spec. Char., fyc. Upright. Young shoots
pubescent with minute down. Leaves ellip-
tical, obscurely crenate, nearly flat, nearly
glabrous on both surfaces ; veins slightly
sunken ; under surface pale green. Stipules
small, vaulted, glanded. Ovary stalked,
silky towards the point. Style longer than
the notched stigmas. (Borrer.) An upright
shrub. Britain. Height 4 ft. to 6 ft. Flowers
yellow ; May.

122. S. PETR#:VA Anders.

1472. S. propfnqua.

The Rock Sallow, or Willow.

Identification First distinguished by Mr. G. Anderson. Borrer in Eng. Bot. SuppL, t. 2725.,

Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3»

The Sexes. The female is described and figured in Eng. Bot. SuppL, and in Sal. Wob.
Engravings. Sal. Wob., No. 97. ; Eng. Bot. SuppL, t 2725.; and our fig. 97. in p. 808.

Spec. Char., $c. Upright. Young shoots densely hairy. Leaves oblong,

782

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

serrated, carinate, twisted, reticulated with deeply sunken veins ; beneath,
hairy, glaucous, at length pale green. Stipules large, half-heart-shaped,
flattish, having few glands. Ovary stalked, naked, wrinkled towards the
point. Style divided, longer than the cloven stigmas (Borr.) An upright
shrub. Scotland, on the Breadalbane Mountains, Height 10 ft. to 15ft.
Flowers yellow ; May.
S. petr£eva is nearly allied to S. hfrta Smith Eng. Hot. t. 1404. ; and still

more nearly, perhaps, to S. stylaris of Seringe Monogr. des Saules de la Suisse,

p. 62.

¥ 123. S. AMMANN/^VM Wiild. (Sp. PI., 4. p. 663.) is described in our

first edition.

& 124. S. ATROVIVRENS Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 108. ; and ouvfig. 108. in
p. 810.) is described in our first edition.

& 125. S. STRE'PIDA Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 100. ; and
p. 809.) is described in our first edition.

& 126. S. SO'RDIDA Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 101.; and

p. 809.) is described in our first edition.
& 127. S. SCHLEICHER/^^^ Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 98. ; and our fi

in p. 808.) is described in our first edition.

3fc 128. S. GRISONE'NSIS Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 99. ; and our fig. 99. in

p. 808.) is described in our first edition.

our fig. 100. in
our fig. 101. in
98.

Group xviii. Bicolbres Borrer.

Bushy Shrubsy with Leaves dark green above, and glaucous beneath.
sp. 131. 133, 134. and 142.

Prin.

I Sfe I

Stamens 2 to a flower. Ovaries silky. Leaves between obovate and lanceo-
late, glabrous, or nearly so ; dark green on the upper surface, very glaucous
on the under one. — Plants twiggy bushes. (Hook:)

& 129. S. TENUNIOR Borrer (Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2650.) is described in our

first edition.

130. S. LAXIFLO'RA Borr.
catkined Willow.

The loose-

Identification Borr. in Eng. Bat. Suppl., t. 2749 ; Hook.

Br. Fl., ed. 3.
The Sexes. The female is described and figured in Eng.

Sot. Suppl. The male plant is not known.
Engraving. Eng. Bot. Sup., t. 27-19. ; and our fig. 1473.

Spec. Char., fyc. Upright. Young shoots
slightly pubescent. Leaves glabrous, flat,
broadly obovate, narrower to the base,
slightly toothed, glaucescent beneath ;
upper leaves acute. Stipules small, con-
cave. Flowers loosely disposed in the
catkin. Ovary stalked, bluntish, glabrous
in the lower part. Style as long as the
linear divided stigmas. (Bonder.) A low,
bushy, deciduous tree, or tree-like shrub.
Britain, in various places, both in England
and Scotland. Height 12 ft. to 20 ft
Flowers yellow : April and May.

147.7. S. lawflv-ra.

LXVIII. ,SALICAVCE;E : SA'LIX.

783

¥ 131. S. .LAi/KiNA Smith. The Laurel-fezm/, or shining dark-green, Willow.

Identification. Smith Lin. Soc. Trans., G. p. 122. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 2., p. 425.

Synonymes. S. bicolor Smith Eng. Bot. t. 180(!. ; S. arbuscula Wahlenb. var. Koch Comm. p. 45.

The Sexes. The female is described in Eng. Fl., and figured in Eng.

Bot. and Sal. Wob.

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1806. ; Sal. Wob., t. 38. ; our fig. 1474. ;
. 38. in p. 800.

1174. S. Jafcrina

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves elliptic-oblong, acute, waved,
and slightly serrated, nearly glabrous ; glaucous
beneath. Footstalks dilated at the base. Stipules
pointed, serrated. Bracteas obtuse, hairy, and half
as long as the densely downy, ovate, long-stalked
ovary. (Smith.) A shrub or small tree. Britain, in
various parts ; growing plentifully in woods and
thickets. Height 6ft. to 12ft. Flowers yellow;
March and April.

Sfc 132. S. PA' TENS Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 39. ; and our Jig. 39. in p. 800.)
is described in our first edition.

js 133. S. RADIXCANS Smith. The footing-branched Willow.

Identification. Smith Fl. Brit., p. 1053. ; Hook. Br. FL, ed. 2., p. 428. ; Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2701.

Synonyme. S. phylicifblia Linn. Fl. Lapp. No. 351. t. 8. f. d.

the Sexes. The female is described in Eng. Fl., where Smith has noticed that he had not observed

the catkins of the male. The female is figured in Eng. Sot. and Sal. Wob.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1958. ; Sal. Wob., No. 46. ; and our fig. 46. in p. 802.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, with wavy serratures, very glabrous ;
glaucous beneath. Stipules glandular on the inside. Ovary lanceolate,
stalked, silky. Style twice the length of the stigmas. Branches trailing.
(Smith.) A low, spreading, glabrous bush, whose long, recumbent, brown or
purplish branches take root as they extend in every direction. Scotland, on
the Breadalbane Mountains. Height 1 ft. to 2 ft. Flowers yellow ; May.

& 134. S. BORRERIA^NA Smith. Borrer's, or the dark upright, Willow.

Identification. Smith Eng. FL, 4. p. 174. ; Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2619. ;
Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3.

The Sexes. The male is described in Eng. Fl. and Eng. Sot. Suppl.,
and figured in Sal. Wob. and Eng. Sot. Suppl. Mr. W. Wilson
and Sir W. J. Hooker have found the female at Killin, in Breadal-
bane. ( Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 2.)

Engravings. Sal. Wob., No. 45. ; Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2619. ; our
fig. 1475. ; andfig. 45. in p. 802.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branches erect. Leaves lanceolate,
serrated wiih shallow nearly even serratures, very
glabrous ; glaucous beneath. Stipules lanceolate,
small. Bracteas (scales) acute, shaggy. (Smith.) A
much-branched shrub, decumbent at the base only.
Scotland, in Highland mountain valleys. Height
6ft. to 10 ft. Flowers yellow ; April. 1475. s. Bom™/™.

& 135. S. DAVALL/^^^ Smith (Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2701. ; Sal. Wob.,

No. 47.; and our^g. 47. in p. 802.) is described in our first edition.

afc 136. S. TE'TRAPLA Smith (Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2702. ; Sal. Wob., No. 49.;

and our Jig. 49. in p. 802.) is described in our first edition.

& 137. S. RAMIFU'SCA Forbes, ? Anders. (Sal. Wob., No. 53. ; and our Jig. 53.
in p. 803.) is described in our first edition.

® 138. S. FORBES/^*. Forbes's Willow (Sal. Wob., No. 51.; and oir
Jig. 51. in p. 803.) is described in our first edition.

& 139. S. WEIGEIIA^NA Borr. Weigel's Willow.

Identification. Borr. in Eng Bot. Suppl., t. 2656. ; Hook. Br. FL, ed. 3., p. 434.

Synonyme. S. Wulfeniana Smith Eng. Fl. 4. p. 176.

The Sexes. Both are figured in Eng. Bot. Suppl.; the male in Sal. Hob., as that of S. Wul-

kniana.
Engravings. Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2656. ; our fig. 1475. ; andfig. 48. in p. 802.

784 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves elliptical, rhomboidal, or almost round,
with a short point, obsoletely crenate; glabrous on both sides,
glaucous beneath^ Stipules small. Catkins on short stalks.
Floral leaves small. Bracteas (scales) oblong, hairy, longer than
the hairy stalk of the ovary. Style longer than the stigmas.
(Borrer.j An upright shrub. Britain. Height 10 ft. to 12 ft.
Flowers yellow ; April and May.
A desirable species for small collections, on account of its

roundish foliage.

A 140. S. NI'TENS Anders. The glittering-leaved Willow.

Identification. Anders. MS. ; Smith Eng. Fl., 4. p. 175. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 2., p. 426.
The Sexes. Both sexes are described and figured in Eng. Bot. Suppl.
Engravings. Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2655. ; Sal. Wob., No. 44. ;fig. 1477. ; and
fig. 44. in p. 801.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate or elliptical, acute, slightly
serrated ; nearly glabrous above, with sunk veins ; glabrous
and glaucous beneath. Stipules small. Catkins on short
stalks. Floral leaves small. Bracteas (scales) oblong,
hairy, longer than the hairy stalks of the ovary. Style
longer than the stigmas. (Borr.) An upright shrub,
nearly allied to S. WeigelzVma, and more nearly to S.
Crowedna. England, in Teesdale. Height 5 ft. to 10 ft.
Flowers yellow ; April and May. 1!77- s nUe

& 141. S. CROWEA^NA Smith. Crowe's Willow.

Identification. Smith Eng. Bot., t. 1146. ; Eng. Fl., 4. p. 192. ; Hook. Br., ed. 3.

Synonymes. S. arbtiscula Wahlenb. var. Koch Comm. p. 45. ; S. humilis Sckl. is cited in Sal. Wob.

as the female of S. Crovre&na Smith ; ? S. heterophf Ila Host.
The Sexes. Both sexes are described in Eng. Sot., and figured in Sal. Wob. Mr. Borrer deems the

case of the combination of the filaments to be one monstrous in the species, rather than innate

and characteristic.
Engravings. Eng Bot., t. 1146. ; Sal. Wob., No. 52. ; and our fig. 52. in. p. 803.

Spec. Char., fyc. Filaments combined below. Leaves elliptical, slightly ser-
rated, quite glabrous, glaucous beneath. (Smith.) A bushy shrub, with
many stout, irregularly spreading, glabrous, leafy, brittle, brownish yellow
branches. England, in swampy meadows and thickets. Height 5 ft. to
10ft, Flowers yellow ; April and May.

This (S'alix, when covered with male blossoms, is amongst the most hand-
some of the genus; nor are the leaves destitute of beauty.

& 142. S. BI'COLOR Ehrh. The two-coloured Willow.

Identification. Ehrh. Arb., 118. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 2., p. 427. ; ? Hayne Abbild., p. 238.
Synonymes. S. tenuifblia Smith Eng. Bot., t. 2186., as to the figure ; S. floribunda Forbes.

he Sexes. The male is described in Sal. Wob., and figured in Eng. Bot. and Sal. Wob. ; some
notice of what Mr. Borrer deems the female is given in Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 2.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 2186. ; Sal. Wob., No. 54. ; and our fig 54. in p. 803.

Spec. Char., S(-c. Leaves elliptical ; green and shining above, glabrous and
glaucous beneath ; serrated, ending in oblique points. Stipules crescent-
shaped, serrated. Catkins of the male copious, bright yellow. Filaments
slightly bearded at the base. (Sal. Wob.) A bushy spreading shrub, with
short yellow branches, slightly villous when young ; the older ones rather
a yellowish green, quite glabrous. Britain. Height 6 ft. to 8 ft. Flowers
yellow ; April, and a second time in July.

* 143. S. PHIILYREIFO'LIA Borrer. The Phillyrea-leaved Willow.

Identification. Borrer in Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2660. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 2. p. 417.

The Sexes. Both sexes are described and figured in Eng. Bot. Suppl., the female in the fruit-bearing

state.
Engraving. Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2660. ; and our fig. 1473.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute at each end, strongly ser-
rated, glabrous on both surfaces, glaucous on the under one. Stipules

LXVI1I. SALICA^CE^E :

785

small. Young snoots pubescent.
Bracteas (scales) oblong, hairy,
longer than the glabrous stalk of ^
the glabrous ovary. Style as long a
as the stigmas. In the arrange-
ment of the kinds, this one may
stand between S. bicolor and S.
Dicksonidna, in both of which the
leaves are for the most part obso-
letely serrated, and of a figure
approaching to obovate with a
point. (Borrer.) An upright
much-branched shrub. Highland
valleys of Scotland. Height 4 ft.
to 5 ft. Flowers yellow ; April.

144. S. DICKSOKIA^NA Smith (Eng. Bot., t. 1390.; Sal. \Vob., No. 55.;
and our fig. 55. in p. 803.) is described in our first edition.

Group xix. Vacriniifblia: Borrer.
Small, and generally procumbent, Shrubs. Prin. sp. 145. and 149.

I II — I

1478. S. phillyreif61ia.

Stamens 2 to a flower. Ovary sessile, downy. Leaves bearing a considerable
resemblance to those of a Faccinium ; opaque ; the under surface glaucous.
— Plants, small shrubs, usually procumbent, rarely erect. {Hook. Br. Fl.t
ed. 2., adapted.) It is probable that S. arbuscula L. is the same as one or
more of the four kinds, S. vacciniifolia Walker, S. carinata Smith, S. ^runi-
folia Smith, and S. venulosa Smith. (Borrer, in his manuscript list.)

Jc 145. S. FACCINIIFO'LIA Walker. The Vaccinium-leaved Willow.

Identification. Walker's Essay on Nat. Hist. ; Eng. Fl., 4. p. 194. ; Hook. Br. Fl

Synonyme. S. prunifblia, part of, Koch Comm. p. 59.
The Sexes. Both sexes are figured in E

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 2341. ; Sal.
57. in p. 803.

. Bot. and Sal. Wob.

ob., No. 57. ; our Jig. 1479. ; and fig.

1479. S. tiacciniiRHa.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves lanceolate-ovate, serrated ; glabrous
and even above, glaucous and silky beneath. Capsules
ovate, silky. Stems decumbent. (Smith.) A low decum-
bent shrub, very distinct from S. jorunifblia, of a much
more humble stature, with decumbent, or trailing, long
and slender branches, silky when young, though other-
wise glabrous. Scotland, on Highland mountains. Height
1 ft. to 2 ft. Flowers yellow ; April and May.

ft 146. S. CARINA'TA Smith (Eng. Bot., t. 1363.; Sal. Wob., No. 59.; and
our fig. 59. in p. 803.) is described in our first edition.

M 147. S. PRUNIFO^LIA Smith (Eng. Bot., t. 1361. ; Sal. Wob., No. 56.; and
our fig. 56. in p. 803.) is described in our first edition.

& 148. S. VENULOVSA Smith (Eng. Bot., t. 1362.; Sal. Wob., No. 56. ; and
our fig. 58. in p. 803.) is described in our first edition.

& 149. S. CJE'SIA Villars. The grey-leaved Willow.

Identification. Villars Dauph., 3. 768. ; Smith in Rees's Cyclo., No. 80. ; Koch Comm., p. 59.
Synonymes. S. myrtilloides Wttld. Sp. PI 4. p. 686. ; S. prostrSta Ehrh. PL Select, p. 159.
The Sexes. The female is described and figured in Sal. Wob.

Engravings. Villars Dauph., 3. t. 50. f. 11. ; Sal. Wob., No. 66. ; and our Jig. 66. in p. 804.

3 E

786

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves elliptic or lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, not
shining, entire, and revolute at the edge. Catkin upon a short leafy twiglet
Capsule ovate-conical, tomentose, seemingly sessile, eventually having a
very short stalk. Gland reaching as high as the base of the capsule. Style
shortish. Stigmas ovate-oblong, entire, and bifid (Koch.) — A low strag-
gling shrub. Alps of Dauphine ; and in Savoy, upon the mountain Enzein-
dog. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced in 1824. Flowers yellow ; May,
and again in August.

Group xx. Myrtilloides Borrer.
Small Bilberry-Eke Shntbs, not Natives of Britain. Prin. sp. 150.

This group consists of exotic kinds, and, therefore, does not appear in Hook.
Br. FL ; and, consequently, we cannot quote characteristics thence. In
S. myrtilloides L., we believe that the epithet was meant to express a like-
ness in the foliage to that of Faccinium Myrtillus L. ; and we suppose that
this likeness appertains to each of the kinds of which Mr. Borrer has con-
stituted his group Myrtilloides.

.** 150. S. MYRTiLLoYDES L. The Myrtillus-like, or Bilberry-leaved, Willow.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1446. ; Wahl. Fl. Lapp., p. 267. ; Koch Comm., p. 52.
Synonyme. S elegans Besser En. PI. Volfiyn.p.77. (Koch.)
The Sexes. The female is described in Ree's's Cyclo., and the male partly so.
Engravings. Lin. Fl. Lapp., ed. 2., t. 8. f. i. k. ; and our Jig. 1480.

Spec. Char., tyc. Leaves very various in form, ovate, subcordate at the base,
oblong, or lanceolate ; entire, opaque, glabrous ; veins appearing reticulated
beneath. Stipules half-ovate. Fruit-bearing A

catkin (? catkin of the female in any state)
borne on a leafy twiglet. Bracteas (scales)
glabrous or ciliated. Capsules (? or rather
ovaries) ovate lanceolate, glabrous, upon a
stalk more than four times as long as the
gland. Style short. Stigmas ovate, notched.
(Koch.) The flowers of the female are dis-
posed in lax cylindrical catkins. (Smith.) A
low shrub. Carpathia, Poland, Livonia, Vol-
hynia, and through Russia, Sweden, and
Lapland. Height 2 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced in
1772. Flowers yellow ; April and May.

j* 151. S. PEDICELLA'RIS Pursh (Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 611.) is described in
our first edition.

-* 152. S. PLANIFO'LIA Pursh (Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 611.) is described
in our first edition.

•l-

S. myrtilloides.

Group xxi. WLyrsinites Borrer.
Small bushy Shrubs. Prin. sp. 153. 155. and 159.

LaJUBiJ _J

Stamens 2 to a flower. Ovaries downy. Leaves oval or broadly elliptical,
serrated, small, glossy, rigid. — Plants small and bushy. (Hook. Br. Fl.,
adapted.) It seems to be the case that the epithet Afyrsinites in S. -Myrsi-

LXVIII. SALKA^CkM : SA^LIX. 787

nites L. has been intended to imply a likeness in the foliage of that kind to
that of the ^accinium Myrsinites ; and it may be supposed that this cha-
racter obtains more or less in all the kinds of the group.

j* 153. S. JI/YRsiNf TES L. The Whortleberry-tea^ Willow.

Identification. Lin., cited by Borrer in Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2753., the text ; Fl. Dan., t. 1054.

(Smith.)
Synonymes. S. Afyrsinltes ft, Smith Eng. FL 4. p. 195.; S. arbutifblia Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 682.;

probably S. Macnabz^wa Macgillivray in Jameson's Edinb. Phil. Jour., Oct. 1830.
The Sexes. It is implied in the Spec. Char., &c., that the female is known.
Engraving. FL Dan., t. 1054. (Smith) ; and oar Jig. 1481.

Spec. Char. $c. This has, like S. Aetulifolia, short catkins, and
distinctly serrated leaves ; but these are more acute, and of an
ovate-lanceolate figure ; and the long style seems to afford a dis-
tinctive character. (Borrer.) A low shrub. Scottish mountains.
Height 6 in. to 1 ft. Flowers yellow ; April and May.
Stems and leaves like those of 2?etula nana, very dark, and

almost black when dry. 148i.

j* 154. S. ^ETULIFO'LIA Forster (Sal. Wob., No. 60. ; and/g. 60. in p. 803.)
is described in our first edition.

-* 155. S. PROCI/MBENS Forbes. The procumbent Willow.

Identification. Forbes in Sal. Wob., No. 61. ; Hook. Br. FL, ed. 2., p. 429.

Synonymes. S. laf vis Hook. Br. FL, ed. 1., p. 432. ; S. retusa Wither. Bot. Arr. ed. 4. , 2. p. 49,

The Sexes. The female is described and figured in Eng. Bot. Suppl. and Sal. Wob. The male

plant has not come under our notice. (Borrer.)
Engravings. Bag. Bot. Suppl., t. 2753. ; Sal. Wob., No. 61. ; and ourjffe. 61. in p. 803.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches diverging. Leaves oval, minutely serrated, re-
curved, bright green and shining on both surfaces. Catkins elongated,
thick, cylindrical. Ovary nearly sessile, tapering, obsoletely quadrangular.
Style short, deeply cloven. Stigmas spreading, bifid. (Borrer.) A low
procumbent shrub, extending along the ground, with greenish brown, pu-
bescent, round, shortish branches. Highlands of Scotland. Height 6 in.
to 1 ft. Flowers yellow ; April and May.

Jc 156. S. RETUNSA L. The retuse-leaved Willow.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1445. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 684. ; Hayne Abbild., p. 234.

Synonyme. S. serpyllifolia Jacq. Austr. t. 298.

The Sexes. Both sexes are described in Rees's Cyclo., and thence in Sal. Wob., and

below ; and both are figured in Hayne Abbild. : the male is figured in Sal. Wob.
Engravings. Jacq. Austr., t. 298. ; Sal. Wob., No. 139. ; our Jig. 1482. ; and Jig. 139.

in p. 818.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves obovate, entire, glabrous, shining above.
Catkins of the female oblong, of few flowers. Bracteas (scales)
the length of the oblong smooth ovary. (Smith.) A trailing shrub.
Alps of Germany, Switzerland, France, and Italy. Height
6 in. to 1 ft. Introduced in 1763. Flowers yellow ; May. usa. s.mi,sa.

* 157. S. KITAIBEL//^ Willd. (Sal. Wob., No. 64.; and our Jig. 64-. in
p. 804.) is described in our first edition.

j» 158. S. UVA-U'RSI Pursh (Sal. Wob., No. 151.; and our /g. 151. in
p. 818.) is described in our first edition.

-* 159. S. SERPYLLIFO^LIA Scop. The Wild-Thyme-leaved Wiilow.

Identification. Scop. Cam., No. 1207. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 684. ; Hayne Abbild., 325.
Synonyme. S. retusa Koch y Koch Comm. p. 63.

The Sexes. The male is figured in Sal. Wob., the female in Hayne Abbild.
Engravings. Scop. Cam., t. 61.; Sal. Wob., No. 65. : our Jigs. 1483, 1484.; and
Jig. 65. in p. 804.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire,
glabrous, shining above. Catkins oblong, of few flowers.
Capsules elliptic, glabrous. Stigmas sessile. (Smith.)
A very diminutive shrub. High mountains of France,
Italy, and Switzerland. Height 1 in. to 2 in. Introd. MM! s.«erp,ii
'1483 1818. Flowers yellow ; April and May. aiia-

3E 2

788

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

160. S. CQRDiFoYiA Pnrsh (Sal. Wob., No. 143., a leaf; and fig. 143. in
p. 818.) is described in our first edition.

Group xxii. Herbdcece Borrer.
Very low Shrubs, scarcely rising an inch above the Ground. Prin. sp. 161. and 1 62.

""

There are only two species in this group, the characteristics of which will be
found in their specific characters.

jtt 161. S. HERBA^CEA L. Tbe herbaceous-/oo/mjg Willow.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 2445. ; Eng. Fl., 4. p. 199. ; Hook. Br. FL, ed. 3.

The Sexes. Both sexes are described in Eng. Fl. and figured in Sal. Wob., Hayne Abbild., and

Host Sal. Austr. ; in Eng. Bot., the female in fruit and flower, and bractea (scale) of the male.

Both sexes were living, in 1836, in the Twickenham Botanic Garden.

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1907.; Sal. Wob., No. 62.; and Host Sal. Austr., 1. t. 104.; our
fig. 1485. ; znAfig. 62. in p. 803.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves orbicular, serrated, reticulated
with veins ; very glabrous and shining on both sides.
Ovary stalked, ovate-lanceolate, glabrous. (Smith.) A
diminutive shrub. Britain, on the Welsh and High-
land mountains. Height 1 in. to 3 in. in a wild
state, but much higher in a state of culture. Flowers
yellow ; June.

S. herbacea is the least of British willows, and, ac-
cording to Sir J. E. Smith, the least of all shrubs.
Dr. Clarke, in his Scandinavia, calls it a perfect tree in
miniature ; so small, that it may be taken up, and root,
trunk, and branches spread out in a small pocket-book.

162. S. POLANRIS Wahlenb. The Polar Willow.

Identification. Wahlenb. Suec., p. 636. ; Fl. Lapp., p. 261. ; Koch Comm., p. 64.

The Sexes. The female is described and figured in Sal. Wob.

Engravings. Wahl. FL Lapp., t. 13. f. 1. ; our fi%s. 1486. and 1487. ; and fig. 63. in p. 803.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves ovate, very obtuse, nearly entire, glabrous. Catkins
of few flowers. Stem filiform, or thread-shaped. (Wahlen-
berg.) A diminutive shrub. Lapland. Height 1 in. to Sin.
Introduced in 1820. Flowers yellow ; April, and again in
July.

The branches and leaves of this species are more tender
during the spring than those of S. herbacea ; the stem is 1487>Spolal
almost filiform.

Group xxiii. Hastate Borrer.

Low Shrubs, with very broad Leaves, and exceedingly shaggy and silky Catkins.
(Hook Br. Fl.) Prin. sp. 163. and 164.

\+ v4

1485. S. herbicea.

& 163. S. HASTAVTA L. The halberd-leaved Willow.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1443.; Fl. Lapp., ed. 2,, 293. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 664
The Sexes. The female Is described and figured in Sal. Wob.

Engravings. Lin. Fl. Lapp., ed. 2. t. 8. f. 9. ; Sal. Wob., No. 35. ; our Jig. 1488. ; and fig. 35. in
p. 799.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves ovate, acute, serrated, undulated, crackling, gla-
brous ; heart-shaped at the base, glaucous beneath. Stipules unequally

LXVIII. SALICA CE.E I SA L1X.

789

heart-shaped, longer than the broad footstalks.
Catkins very woolly. Ovary lanceolate, glabrous,
on a short stalk. (Smith.) A tall shrub, or small
spreading tree. Lapland, Sweden, and in Britain
but rare. Height 5 ft. to 10ft. Flowers yellow;
April and May.

Varieties.

& S. h. 2 serruldta. S. hastata Willd. Sp. PL
iv. p. 664. — Leaves broadly ovate, heart-
shaped at the base.

* S. h. 3 malifolia. S. wzalifolia Smith Eng. Bot.
t. 1617. (For a leaf, see our Jig. 36. in
p. 739.) — Leaves elliptic oblong, toothed,
wavy, thin and crackling, very glabrous.
3fe ? j* S. //. 4 arbuscula. S. arbuscula Wahl. FL
Dan. t. 1055., Forbes in Sal.
Wob. No. 138., where there are

a figure and description of the female plant (see our
fg. 1489., also fig. 138. in p. 818.); S. arbuscula |3
Lin. FL Suec. p. 348. ; S. arbuscula y Lin. Sp. PI.
p. 1545., Fl. Lapp. t. 8. f. m. — Leaves lanceolate,
serrated with distant, small, and appressed teeth, or
H8bdSfuia'.ar" almost entire.

14H8. S. hastkte.

j» 164. S. LANA^TA L. The woolly-leaved Willow.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1446. ; Eng. Fl., 4. p. 205. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 2.

The Sexes. Both sexes are described and figured in Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2624. : botli sexes of S.

chrys&nthos Fl. Dan. are figured in Sal. Wob.
Engravings. Lin. Fl. Lapp., ed. 2., t. 8. f. x., t. 7. f. 7. ; Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2624. ; oar fig. 1490. :

and Jig. 71. No. 2. in p. 805.

Spec. Char.y $c. Leaves roundish ovate, pointed, entire ; shaggy on both
surfaces ; glaucous on the under one. Ovary sessile, oblong, glabrous.
Styles four times as long as the blunt divided stigmas. Catkins clothed with
long, yellow, silky hairs. Ovary nearly sessile, lanceolate,
longer than the style. Stigmas undivided. (Hook.) A
low shrub. Scotland, on the Clova Mountains. Height
3 ft. to 4 ft. Flowers yellow ; May.

The splendid golden catkins at the ends of the young
shoots light up, as it were, the whole bush, and are accom-
panied by the young foliage, sparkling with gold and silver.
It yields, also, more honey than any other salix. Grafted
standard high, it would make a delightful little spring-
flowering tree for suburban gardens.

Group xxiv. Miscellanea; A.

Kinds of Sdlix described in Sal. Wob., and not included in any of the preceding

Groups.

165. S.

. (Sal. Wob., No. 146. ; and our/g. 146. in p. 818.)
is described in our first edition.

166. S. ALpfNA Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 149. ; and our jig. 149. in p*
818.) is described in our first edition.
SE 3

790 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BK1TANN1CUM.

Jc 167. S. BERBERlvo^ifL Poll The Berberry-leaved Willow.

Identification. Pall. Fl. Ross., 1. p. 2. 84. t. 82. ; Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 683.

The Sexes. The male is figured in Sal. Wob. ; the female is noticed in the Specific

Character.
Engravings. Sal. Wob., No. 140. ; our fig. 1491. ; zndfig. 140. in p. 818.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves obovate, bluntish, with deep tooth-
like serratures, glabrous, shining, ribbed, and reticulated with
veins on both sides. Capsules ovate, glabrous. (Smith.) A
low shrub. Dauria, in rocky places on the loftiest moun-
tains ; growing, along with jRhododendron chrysanthum, near
the limits of perpetual snow. Height 6 in. to 2 ft. Introduced
in 1824. Flowers yellow ; May.

¥ 168. S. TETRASPE'RMA Roxb. (Sal. Wob., No. 31.; and/g.31. in p. 797.)
is described in our first edition.

i 169. S. t/LMiFo'LiA Forbes (Sal. Wob., No. 158.) is described in our

first edition.

j* 170. S. VILLOSA Forbes (Sal. Wob., t. 92. ; and Jig. 92. in p. 807.) is
described in our first edition.

Group xxv. Miscellanea B.

Kinds of Sdlix introduced, and of many of which there are Plants at Messrs.
Loddiges's, but ivhfch we have not been able to refer to any of the preceding
Groups. r-—— i i

tj

S. albescens Schl., S. alnifolia Host, S. Ammarmiana Willd., S. angustata
Pursh, S. angustifblia Willd., S. ietulina Host, S. candidula Host, S. canes-
cens Lodd., S. cerasifolia Schl., S. chrysanthos (Ed., S. cinnamomea Schl., S.
clethraefolia Schl., S. conifera Wangenh., S. coruscans Willd., S. eydoniaefolia
Schl., S. dubia Hort., S. eriantha Schl , S. /agifolia Waldst. et Kit., S. finmar-
chica Lodd. Cat., S. foliolosa AfzeL, S. formosa Willd., S. fuscata Pursh, S.
glabrata Schl., S. heterophylla Deb., S. humilis Dec., S. Jacquinzz Host, S.
livida Wahlenb., S. longifblia Mu/ilenb., S. ??zespilifolia Schl., S. murina Schl.,
S. wyricoides Muhlenb., S. nervdsa Schl., S. obtusa Link, S. obtusi folia
Willd., S. obtusi-serrata Schl., S. pallescens Schl., S. paludosa L/C., S. persi-
caefolia Hort., S. pyrenaica Gouan, S. joyrifolia Schl., S. recurvata Pursh, S.
salviaefolia Link, S. SchradenVma Willd., S. septentrionalis Host, S. silesiaca
Willd., S. Stdrkedna Willd., S. tetrandra Host. S. Aymelaeoides Host, S.
Trevirana Lk., S. velutina Willd., S. versifolia Spreng., S. vaccinioides Host,
S. Waldsteinwztttf Willd., S. Wulfen^w« Willd.

Appendix.

Kinds of Sdlix described or recorded in Botanical Works, but not introduced into
Britain, or not known by these Names in British Gardens. Descriptions and
reference to figures are given in our first edition, but here we insert only the
names.
S. arctica R. Br., S. desertorum Rich., S. rostrata Rich., S. cinerascens

Link, S. erandifbSia Ser., S. divaricata Pall., S. hirsuta Thunb., S. pedicellata

Desf., S. Integra Thunb., S. japonica Thunb., S. mucronata Thunb., S. rham-

nifblia Pall., S. Seringea/ia Gaudin ; S. serotina Pall.

The plates, which form pages 791. to 818., contain figures of leaves, of the
natural size, from the engravings of willows given in the Salictum Woburnense ;
and against each leaf, or puir of leaves, we have placed the same number, and
the same name, which are given in the Saticlitm.

3. S. Lambettf'awn,

§ i. Adult Leaves serrated, nearly smooth.

OSIERS AND WILLOWS.

5. Forby

791

4. S. monfendra.

\t continued. — Adult Leaves serrated, nearly smooth,

OSIERS AND WILLOWS.

9. f>. Bonplandi^wo.

S. i ubra.

793

i. continued. — Adult Leaves sewated, nearly smooth.

OSIERS AND WILLOWS.

14. S. lanceolclta.

13. S. undulata.

794 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

§ i. continued. — Adult Leaves sorated, nearly smooth.

17. S. Villars/dnfl

19 S. inontana.

LXVIII. SALICA CE.E I SA LIX.
§ i. continued. — Adult Leaves swated, nearly smooth.

OSIERS AND WILLOWS.

795

79f

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

§ i. continued. — Adult Leaves serrated, nearly smooth.

OSIERS AND WILLOWS.

27. S. fragilis.

LXVIII. SALIC

§ i. continued. — Adult Leaves serrated, nearly smooth.
WILLOWS.

797

•Hi

798 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

§ i. continued. — AditJt Leaves serrated, nearly smoolh.

WILLOWS.

S3. S. Meyeriana

34. 5. pentandra.

LXVIII. SALICA'CETE :

'99

i. font'inned. — A'luU Leaves serrated^ nearly stnoofh
WILLOWS

3/5. $. hastata.

800

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

i. continued. — Adult Leaves serrated, nearly smooth.

WILLOWS.

LXVIII. SALtCJ^CEJE : SA LIX.

801

i. continued. — Adult Leaves serrated, nearly smooth.
WILLOWS.

802 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM

§ i. continued. —Adult- Leaves serrated, nearly smooth.

WILLOWS.

50. S. tenmf&lia.

40. .9. tetrapla.

§ i. continued. — Adult Leaves serrated, nearly smooth. 803

WILLOWS.

56. S. prunif&lia. 63. .9. polaris. 62. S, herbkcea. 54. S. floribfinda.

58. S. veuuiosa,

59. S. carinfita.

3F 2

61. S. procumbens.

804 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

§ ii. Adult Leaves entire, nearly smooth.

WILLOWS.

66. 5. myrtilloidt'S.

§ iii. Leaves nil shaggy, woolly, or silky.

WILLOWS.

LXVIII. 6'ALICAVCE^: SAYlX.
§ iii. continued. — Leaves all shaggy, woolly, or silky.

805

75. S vrotea-folia.

806 ARBORETUM ET FllUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

§ in. continued.— Leaves all shaggy, woolly, or silky.

WTT.LOWS. .rffllfll _ 80. S. adsc<Sndens.

81 . S. parvifblia

84. S. repcns.

LXVIII. SALICA CE.E : SA LIX.

807

§ iii. continued. — Leaves all shaggy, woolly, or silky.
JI3. & subalplna. ^ WILLOWS.

SO. K. inca

94. S. reflexa.

3 F 4

808

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BKITAMN1CUM.

§ m. continued. — Leaves all skaggy, wool/y, or silky.

WILLOWS A.VD SALLOWS.

S. grisontiisis. s.

95. S. pennsylvanica

809

§ iii. continued. — Leaves all shaggy, ivoolly, or silky.

loo. s.rtrfpida.B.^jnm ^ SALLOWS. /^ A 102. s. rivuiaris. s.

810 ARBORETUM KT FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

§ iii. continued. — Leaves all shaggy, ivoolly, or silky.

SALLOWS.

105. S. dQra

LXVIII. SALICA^CEM I SA^LIX.

811

§ iii. continued. — Leaves all shaggy, woolly, or silky.
109. S. AndersomVfwa. s. ^mHlR „ ., w nmo 110. S. Forstenawa. s.

81*2 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

114. S. cotiniioiia

§ iii. continued. — Leaves all shaggy, woolly r, or silky.

SALLOWS.

5. crassifblia. s.

LXVIII. .S

813

§ iii. continued. — Leaves all shaggy, woolly, or silky.

SALLOWS.

814

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICLiM.

§ iii. continued. — Leaves all shaggy, woolly, or silky.

SALLOWS.

124. S. atirlta. s.

I.XVIII. SALICA CEJE I SA LIX-

815

§ Hi. continued. — Leaves a/I shaggy, woolly, or silky.

SALLOWS,

816 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

iii. continued. — Leaves all shaggy, luoolly, or silky.

1 Trl.

132. S. stipularis.n.

iii. continued. — Leaves all shaggy, ivoolly, or siUcy. 817

OSIERS AND WILLOWS. 13? 5. C£craiea

Io4. S. Smithidna. o.

3 G

818

J\ iv. Miscellaneous Kinds.

WILLOWS, OSIERS, AND SALLOWS.

Hit. S alplna. s.

142. S. cordata. '

LXVIII. 5ALICANCEJE : PO'PULUS. 819

GENUS II.

PO'FULUS Tourn. THE POPLAR. Lin. Sst. Dicecia Octandria.

Identification. Tourn. Inst., t. 350. ; Lin. Gen., 526. ; Theo. Nees ab Esenbeck Gen. PI. Germ.
Illust. ; Smith's Eng. Fl., 4. p. 242.

Synonymes. Peuplier, Fr. ; Pappel, Ger. ; Pioppo, Ital. ; Poplier, Dutch ; Alamo, Span.

Derivation. Some suppose the word Pdpulus to be derived from pallo, or paipallo, to vibrate or
shake ; others, that the tree obtained its name from its being used, in ancient times, to decorate
the public places in Rome ; where it was called arbor popult, or the tree of the people. Bullet
derives the name also from populus, but says that it alludes to the leaves being easily agitated, like
the people. From tlie Spanish name for this tree, alamo, is derived the word alameda, the name
given to the public walks in Spain, from their being generally planted with poplars.

Gen. Char., Sf-c. Bractea to the flower of each sex laciniated in its terminal
edge. Male flower consisting of a calyx, and 8 stamens at fewest; in many
instances many more. Female flower consisting of a calyx and a pistil.
(G.Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; entire or serrated, with
the disk more or less oblate, and the petiole in most compressed in the
part adjoining the disk. Flowers in catkins, greenish, red, or yellow. Seed
cottony, ripe in a month or six weeks after the appearance of the flowers.
Decaying leaves yellow, yellowish green, or black. — Trees deciduous ;
natives of Europe, Asia, or North America.

They are all of rapid growth, some of them extremely so ; and they are all
remarkable for a degree of tremulous motion in their leaves, when agitated by
the least breath of wind. The catkins of the males of most of the species are
very ornamental, from the red or dark brown tinge of their anthers, and from
their being produced very early in spring, when the trees are leafless. The
females of all the species have their seeds enveloped in abundance of cottony
down ; which, when ripe, and the seeds are shed, adheres to every object near
it ; and is so like cotton wool in appearance and quality, that it has been
manufactured into cloth and paper, though it has been found deficient in
elasticity. The wood of the poplar is soft, light, and generally white, or of a
pale yellow. It is of but little use in the arts, except in some departments
of cabinet and toy making, and for boarded floors ; for which last purpose it
is well adapted, from its whiteness, and the facility with which it is scoured ;
and, also, from the difficulty with which it catches fire, and the slowness with
which it burns. In these respects, it is the very reverse of deal. Poplar, like
other soft woods, is generally considered not durable ; but this is only the case
when it is exposed to the changes of the external atmosphere, or to water.
One of the most valuable properties of the poplar is, that it will thrive in
towns in the closest situations ; and another is, that, from the rapidity of its
growth, it forms a screen for shutting out objects, and affords shelter and
shade sooner than any other tree. All the kinds, whether indigenous or
foreign, are readily propagated by cuttings or layers, and some of them by
suckers. The species which produce suckers may all be propagated by
cuttings of the roots. They all like a moist soil, rich rather than poor, parti-
cularly when it is near a running stream ; but none of them thrive in marshy
soil, as is commonly supposed, though in such situations the creeping-rooted
kinds are to be preferred, as living on the surface.

*t I. P. A'LBA L. The white Poplar, or Abele Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1463. ; Eng. FL, 4. p. 243. ; Hook. Brit. Fl., ed. 2., p. 432.

Synonymes. P. alba latifdlia Lob. Ic. 2. p. 193. fig. 1. ; P. ma-jor Mill. Diet. 8. No. 4. ; P. nivea
mild. Arb. 227. ; P. &lba nivea Mart. Mill. ; the name of Leuke, given to this species by Dios-
corides, is still used among the modern Greeks (see Smith Prod., Sibth. Fl. Gr&ca) ; the great
white Poplar, great Aspen, Dutch Beech ; Peuplier blanc, Ypreau, Blanc de Hollande, Franc
Picard, Fr. ; Aubo, or Aoubero, in some provinces ; weisse Pappel, Silber Pappel, weisse Aspe,
Weissalber Baum, Ger. ; Abeelboom, Dutch.

Derivation. The specific name of White applies to the under surface of the leaves, which, when
quivering in the wind, give the tree a peculiarly white appearance. The English name of Abele

3 G 2

820 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

is derived from the Dutch name of the tree, Abecl ; and this name is supposed by some to be taken
from that of the city of Arhela, in the plains of Nineveh, near which, on the banks of the Tigris
and Euphrates, great numbers of these trees grew. It is said to be the same tree as that mentioned
in the Bible as Abel-shittim, Chittim, Shittim-wood, and Kittim. The Dutch Beech is an old
name, given to this tree, as we are informed by Hartlib, in his Compleat Husbandman (1G59), on
account of ten thousand trees of it having been brought over all at once from Flanders, and
planted in the country places ; where the people, not knowing what they were, called them Dutch
beech trees. The French name of Ypreau alludes to the tree being found in great abundance
near the town of Ypres.

The Sexes. Both sexes are described in the English Flora, and are not unfrequent in plantations.

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1618. ; Hayne Abbild., t. 202. ; the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st
edit., vol. vii. ; and our fig. 1492.

Spec, Ckar.y $c. Leaves lobed and toothed ; some-
what heart-shaped at the base ; snow-white, and

densely downy beneath. Catkins of the female

plant ovate. Stigmas 4. (Smith.) Root creeping,

and producing numerous suckers. Branches very

white, and densely downy when young. Leaves

angular, and generally with three principal lobes,

variously and unequally toothed, blunt-pointed,

veiny ; dark green and smooth above, and covered

with a thick remarkably white down beneath.

The leaves vary very much in form ; and on young

luxuriant branches they are almost palmate. The

leaves are not folded in the bud, and the buds i492. P. 4lba.

are without gum. A large tree. Europe, in woods

or thickets, in rather moist soil. Height 90 ft. Flowers dark brown ;

March. Seed ripe ; May. Decaying leaves dark brown.
Varieties. These are numerous, but the principal one, P. (a.) canescens, being

generally considered as a species, we shall first give it as such ; after enu-
merating the varieties which belong to P. alba.

t P. a. 2 hybrida Bieb. Fl. Taur. Cauc. 2. p. 423. and Suppl. p. 633.
P. alba Bieb. I.e.; ? P. intermedia Mertens ; P. a. crassifolia
Mertens ; and P. grisea Lodd. Cat. 1836. — Appears to be inter-
mediate between P. alba and P. (a.) canescens. It is plentiful in
the neighbourhood of streams in Tauria and Caucasus; whence it
appears to have been introduced into Britain in 1816.
¥ P. a. 3 acerifolia. P. acerifolia Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836 ; P. ^uercifolia
Hort. ; P. palmata Hort. ; P. arembergica Lodd. Cat. 1836 ; P.
belgica Lodd. Cat. 1836. — A very distinct variety of P. alba, with
the leaves broad, and deeply lobed, like those of some kinds of
A^cer.

*t P. a. 4 candicans. P. candicans Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836 ; P. nivea Lodd.
Cat. — A strong-growing variety of P. alba ; probably identical with
P. acerifolia. This is the P. tomentosa of the Hawick Nursery,
and the hoary poplar of the Edinburgh nurseries, where it is propa-
gated by layers.

¥ P. a. 5 (Bgyptiaca Hort. P. a. pallida Hort. ; the Egyptian white Poplar.
— A much weaker-growing plant than any of the preceding varieties.
*£ P. a. 6 pendula. P. a. var. gracilis ramis pendentibus Mertens. — Spe-
cimens of this variety, of both sexes, are in the Linnean herbarium ;
and there are trees of it on the ramparts at Bremen.

* 2. P. (A.) CANE'SCENS Smith. The grey, or common while, Poplar.

Identification. Smith Fl. Brit., p. 1080. ; Eng. Fl., 4. p. 243.

Synonymes. P. alba Mill. Diet. ed. 8. No. 1. ; P. Slba fbliis minoribus Rail Syn. 446. ; P. felba

fdlio minbre Bauh. Hist. v. 1. p. 2. 160. fig. ; Peuplier grisaille, Fr.
The Sexes. Only the female plant is expressly described in the English Flora. The plant in the

Horticultural Society's Garden is the male.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1619. ; Hayne Abbild., t. 201. ; and our fig. 1493.

Spec. C/iar., 8fc. Leaves roundish, deeply waved, toothed; hoary and downy
beneath. Catkins of the female plant cylindrical. Stigmas 8. It is
essentially distinguished from P. alba, as Mr. Crowe first discovered,
by the stigmas, which are 8, spreading in two opposite directions. The

LXVIIl. SALICA^CEJEI PO'PULUS. 821

bracteas of the fertile flowers are, also, more deeply and regularly cut. The
branches are more upright and compact. The leaves are rounder, more
conspicuously 3-ribbed, and less deeply or acutely lobed ; not folded in the
bud, and without gum. They are downy beneath ; but the down is chiefly
greyish, and not so white or cottony as in P. alba : in some instances the
leaves are glabrous. (Smith.) A tree closely resembling the preceding
species, and found in similar situations.

The wood of the white poplar weighs, when green, 58 Ib. 3 oz. per cubic
foot ; and in a dried state, 38 Ib. 7 oz. : it shrinks and cracks considerably in
drying, losing one quarter of its bulk. The wood of P. (a.) canescens is said
to be much harder and more durable than that of P. alba; in the same manner
as the wood of the Tilia europae'a parvifolia is finer-grained and harder than
that of T. e. grandifolia. The wood of both kinds is the whitest of the genus ;
and it is used, in France and Germany, for a variety of minor purposes, par-
ticularly when lightness, either of weight or colour, is thought desirable ; or
where an artificial colour is to be given by staining. It is excellent for form-
ing packing-cases, because nails may be driven into it without its splitting. It
is used by the turner and the cabinet-maker, and a great many toys and small
articles are made of it. The boards and rollers around which pieces of silk
are wrapped in merchants' warehouses and in shops are made of this wood,
which is peculiarly suitable for this purpose, from its lightness, which prevents
it much increasing the expense of carriage. The principal use of the wood of
the white poplar in Britain is for flooring^boards ; but for this purpose it
requires to be seasoned for two or three years before using. For the abele to
attain a large size, the soil in which it is planted should
be loamy, and near water ; though on a dry soil, where
the tree will grow slower, the timber will be finer-grained,
and more durable. In British nurseries, it is commonly
propagated by layers ; which, as they seldom ripen the
points of their shoots, or produce abundance of fibrous
roots the first season, ought to be transplanted into
nursery lines for at least one year before removal to
their final situation. The tree is admirably adapted for
thickening or filling up blanks in woods and plantations ;
and, for this purpose, truncheons may be planted 3 in.
or 4- in. in diameter, and 10ft. or 12 ft. high. Owing to
the softness of the wood, and its liability to shrink and
crack, it is dangerous to cut off very large branches j
and, even when branches of moderate size are cut off,
the wound ought always to be covered over with graft- * j3fH\
ing clay, or some description of plaster, to exclude || '<& \
the air. The tree is considered, both by French and i4i,3. p. (a.)
English authors, as bearing lopping worse than any
other species of the genus ; and, when transplanted, the head should never
be cut off, and not even cut in, unless in cases where the tree is to be planted
in a hot and dry soil.

X 3. P. TRE/MULA L. The trembling-/<?am/ Poplar, or Aspen.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1464. ; Eng. Fl.t 4. p. 244. ; Hook. Fl. Scot, 289.

Synonymes. P. llbyca Kaii Syn. 456. ; P. h^brida Dod. Pempt. 836. ; P. nlgra Trag. Hist. 1033.

fig. ; P. pendula Du Roi ; Aspe ; le Tremble, Fr. ; la Tremola, Alberalla, Alberetto, Ital. ;

Zitter-Pappel, Espe, Ger.

Derivation. The English name of Aspen or Aspe is evidently derived from the German, espe.
The Sexes. Both sexes are described in the English Flora.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t 1909. ; Hayne Abbild., t. 203. ; the plate in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ;

and our fig. 1494.

Spec. Char., $c. Young branchlets hairy. Leaves having compressed foot-
stalks, and disks that are roundish-ovate, or nearly orbicular ; toothed in a
repand manner, downy when young, afterwards glabrous on both surfaces.
Stigmas 4, erect, eared at the base. (Smith.) A large tree, but seldom seen
so high as P. alba. Europe ; in rather moist woods. Height 50 ft. to 70 ft.

3c 3

822 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Flowers brown ; March and April. Seeds ripe ; May. Decaying leaves

dark brown or black.
Varieties.

*t P. t. 2 pendula. P. pendula Lodd. Cat. 1836 ; P. supina Lodd. Cat.
ed. 1836. (The plate of this variety in our first edition, vol. vii. ) — The
only distinct variety of P. tremula that exists in the neighbourhood of
London.

¥ 3 P. /. 3 Itevigdta. P. laevigata Ait. Hort. Kew., Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836.—
Leaves shining, rather larger than in the species.

A rapid-growing tree, rather exceeding the middle size, with a straight clean
trunk, tall in proportion to its thickness ; and a smooth bark, which becomes
grey, and cracks with age. The branches, which extend horizontally, and
are not very numerous, at length become pendulous. The young shoots are
tough, pliant, and of a reddish colour ; and both the wood and the leaves vary
exceedingly, according to the dryness or moisture of the soil in which the
tree is grown. The young shoots and leaves, produced in the form of suckers
from the roots, are greedily eaten by cattle and sheep. The roots, from their
nearness to the surface, impoverish the land, and prevent anything else from
growing on it luxuriantly; and the leaves destroy
the grass. The wood weighs, when green, 54 Ib.
6 oz. ; half-dry, 40 Ib. 8 oz. ; and quite dry, 34 Ib.
1 oz. : it consequently loses two fifths of its weight
by drying. It shrinks by this operation one sixth
part of its bulk, and cracks and splits in an extreme
degree. The wood is white and tender : and it is
employed by turners ; by coopers, for herring casks,
milk-pails, &c. ; by sculptors and engravers ; and
by joiners and cabinet-makers ; and for various
minor uses, such as clogs, butchers' trays, pack-
saddles, &c. As the roots of this tree chiefly
extend close under the surface of the ground, it is
better adapted for soils that are constantly wet
below, than almost any other tree, since its roots,
by keeping so very near the surface, are never out
of the reach of the air, which they would be if they penetrated into soil
perpetually saturated with water. Propagated by cuttings, but not so readily as
most other species. Wherever trees are found, they generally throw up suckers
from which plants may be selected ; or cuttings of the roots may be made use of.

t 4. P. (T.) TRE'PIDA Willd. The North American tremblmg-kc.ved
Poplar, or American Aspen.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 803. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2.

p. 618.
Synonyme. P. tremuloldes Michx. North Amer. Sylva 2. p. 241., N.

Du Ham. 2. p. 184.
The Sexes. A plant of the female is in the London Horticultural

Society's arboretum, where it flowered in April, 1835, though only

5 or 6 feet high. The stigmas were 6 or 8.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 2. t. 53. ; Michx. North Amer. Sylva, 2.

t. 99. f. 1.; andour^g. 1495.

Spec. Char., fyc. Disk of leaf suborbiculate, except
having an abruptly acuminate point; toothed; having
two glands at its base on the upper surface ; silky
while young, afterwards glabrous. Bud resinous.
Petiole compressed. Disk of leaf toothed with
hooked teeth, ciliate. Catkins silky. (Mich.) A
tree. Canada to Carolina, in swamps ; and found
also from Hudson's Bay to the northward of the
Great Slave Lake, as far as lat. 64°. Height 20 ft.
to 30ft. Introduced in 1812. Flowers brown;
April. Seed ripe in May. Decaying leaves dark
brown or black.

LXVIIJ.

Pl/PULUS.

823

Its usual period of leafing, in England, is before that of P. tremula. Among
(he Cree Indians, the wood is esteemed to burn better, in a green state, than
that of any other tree in the country.

^ 5. P. (T.) GRANDIDENTA'TA Michx. The large-toothed-/<?aw?d Poplar,
or North American large Aspen.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Araer., 2. p. 243. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 619.

The Sexes. The female is represented in Michaux's figure.

Engravings. Michx. North Amer. Sylva, 2. t. 99. f. 2. ; and owe fig. 1496.

Spec. Char., <$rc. Leaf, when young, reddish,
villous, afterwards glabrous on both sur-
faces ; the petiole compressed in the
terminal part ; the disk roundish-ovate,
acute, sinuately toothed with large un-
equal teeth, (Pursh.) A tree. Canada.
Height 40ft. to 50 ft. with a trunk 10
or 12 inches in diameter. Introduced in
1772. Flowers Lrown ; April. Decaying
leaves dark brown or black.
Variety.

y- P. (t.) g. 2 pendula Michx. Flor.
Bor. Amer. is said to have pen-
dulous branches. H. S.

The full- formed disk of the leaf is nearly
round, and 2 or 3 inches in width, with large
unequal indentations in the margins. The
most ornamental of all the poplars, when
the leaves expand in spring, from their
deep purplish red colour.

¥ 6. P. GR^CA Ait. The Grecian, or Athenian, Poplar.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 1., 3. p. 407. ; Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 804. ; N. Du Ham., 2.

p. 185.
Derivation. The tree is supposed to be a native of North America, and to be named after the

village called Athens, on the banks of the Mississippi, where the tree grows abundantly. See

Gard. Mat>., 1840, p. 231.
The Sexes. The female is in the London Horticultural Society's arboretum ; and was, some years

ago, in gardens at Bury St. Edmunds, and in the plantations of O. R. Oakes, Esq., at Newton,

near that town. Willdenow, in his Sp. PI., also mentions the male as the only one that he had

seen living. It is doubtful whether the male is in Britain.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 2. t. 54. ; the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit, vol. vii. ; and our

fig. 1497.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Branch round, glabrous. Petiole
compressed. Disk of leaf roundish ovate, having
a shallow sinus at the base, and terminating in an
acute point ; serrated with equal teeth that are
adpressed ; glabrous, except being slightly ciliated
on the edge. (Willd.) A tree, according to Willd.,
wild in the islands of the Archipelago; but, not
being included in the Prod. Flora Grceca, it is more
probably a native of North America. Height 30 ft.
to 60 ft. Seeds ripe in May. Cultivated in Britain
in 1779. Flowers brown ; March and April. De-
caying leaves black.

A handsome vigorous-growing tree, very interesting
when in flower, from its numerous darkish-coloured
catkins, which have the plume-like character of those
of P. tremula, P. trepida, and P. grandidentata. The
leaves, in their form, colour, and general aspect, re-
semble those of P. trepida, but are longer.

3c 4

1497. P. grseVa.

824

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

3* 7. P. NTGRA L. The black-barked, or common black, Poplar.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, t 1464. ; Eng. FL, 4. p. 245. ; Hook. Fl. Scot., 280.

Synonymcs. P. alba Trag. Hist. 1080. fig. ; P. vimfnea Du Ham. Arb. ; P. vistulensis Hort. ;

P. polonica Hort. ; Aigeiros, Greeks Kabaki, Modern Greek ; the old English Poplar, Suffolk;

the Willow Poplar, Cambridgeshire ; Water Poplar ; the female of P. nlgra is called the Cotton

Tree at Bury St. Edmunds ; Peuplier noir, Peuplier Hard, Osier blanc, Fr. ; schwarze Pappel,

Ger.

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1910. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ; and our
fig. 1498.

Spec. Char., $c. Petiole somewhat compressed. Disk of leaf deltoid, pointed,
serrated with glanded teeth, glabrous on both surfaces. Catkins lax,
cylindrical. Stigmas 4, simple, spreading. (Smith.) A tree. Europe,
from Sweden to Italy, on the banks of rivers, and in moist woods ; and
found, also, in the north of Africa. Height 50 ft. to 80 ft. Flowers dark
red ; March and April. Seed ripe in May. Decaying leaves rich yellow.

Variety.

X P. n. 2 viridis Lindl. P. viridis Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — Leaves of a
brighter green than in the species.

The leaves are slightly notched on their edges, of a pale light green ; and
the petioles are yellowish. The leaves are protruded about the middle of
May, much later than those of P. fastigiata, P. alba, or P. (a.) canescens ;
and, when they are first expanded, their colour appears a mixture of red and
yellow. The catkins are shorter than those of P. tremula or P. alba ; they
appear before the leaves, in March and April ; those of the males are of a dark
red, and, being produced in abundance, have a striking effect. The capsules
of the female catkins are round ; and the seeds which they enclose are en-
veloped in a beautiful white cotton. The tree is of rapid growth, especially
in good soil, in moist situations, or on the banks of rivers. In the climate of
London, it attains the height of 30 or 40 ft. in ten years ; and, when planted
for timber, arrives at perfection in from forty to fitty years, beginning to decay
when about sixty or eighty years old. It is readily known from all other species
from the numerous large nodosities on its trunk. It bears lopping ; and, when
treated as a pollard, it produces abun-
dance of shoots. In moist soil, when
cut down to the ground annually, it
throws up numerous shoots, like wil-
lows. The wood is yellow, soft, and,
being more fibrous than that of any
other species of poplar, it splits more
readily than the wood of either P. alba
or P. tremula. It weighs, in a green
state, 60 Ib. 9oz. per cubic foot; half-
dry, 42 Ib. 13 oz. ; and dry, 29 Ib. : thus
losing more than one half its weight by
drying; and it loses, by shrinking, more
than a sixth of its bulk. It is applied
to all the different purposes of that of P.
alba, but its most general use on the
Continent is for packing-cases, more especially for the transport of bottled
wines. In Berlin, the wood produced by knotty trunks, which is curiously
mottled, is much used by cabinetmakers (or making ladies' workboxes, which
are celebrated both in Germany and France. This wood is brought from the
banks of the Vistula, where the tree abounds, and hence the names of
P. vistulensis and P. polonica.

* 8. P. (? N.) CANADE'NSJS Michx. The Canadian Poplar.

Identification. Michx. Arb., 3. p. 298. ; N. Amer. Syl., 2. p. 227.

Synonymes. P. leevigata Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 803., Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. t. 2. p. 619., Sprene. Sust Vee
2. p. 244., but not of Hort. Kew.; P. monilifera Hort. Par., Nouv. Cours, &c. ; Cotton-wood
Michx. ; Peuplier de Canada, Fr. in Nouv. Cours d'Agri. edit. 1822, torn. xi. p. 407.

The Sexes. Willdenow has seen the male living ; Bosc says that only the female is in France.

Engravings. Mich. Arb., 3. t. 11. ; North Amer. Syl., 2. t. 95. ; and our fig. 1499.

1498. P.nigra.

LXVIII. SALICAVCE#: : PO'PULUS.

825

1499. P. (n.) canadensis.

1500. P. canadensis.

Spec. Char., $c. Young branches angled. Petiole compressed. Disk of leaf
roundish ovate, deltoid, acuminate, subcordate at the base, where there are
glands, serrated with unequal teeth, glabrous. The branches are angular,
and the angles form whitish lines, which persist even in the adult age of the
tree. The trunk is furrowed, even in old age ; less so than that of P. an-
gulata, more so than that of P. monilifera. The young buds are gummy.
The catkins of the female are from 6 in. to 8 in. long. (Jkfc&r.) A large
tree. North America, in high rocky places between Canada and Virginia,
and about the western lakes. Height 70 ft. to 80 ft. Introduced in 1769.
Flowers red ; April and May. Seeds ripe in June. Decaying leaves yellow.

In Britain, the Canadian poplar used to be very commonly propagated
in nurseries, and extensively introduced into plantations ; but, within the last

30 years, the black

Italian poplar (P.

monilifera) has

been substituted

for it. Bosc says

that the Canadian

poplar approaches

nearer to P. nigra

than any other

species ; and Mi-

chaux, in 1840,

expressed to us

the same opinion,

and in short that

it was difficult to

distinguish them.

Propagated by cuttings of the young wood, about 18 in. long, put in during
autumn. The first shoots produced from these cuttings are always curved
at the lower extremity, though in a few years this curvature entirely disap-
pears. The same thing takes place with the cuttings of P. monilifera.
*t 9. P. (? N.) ^ETULIFO'LIA Pursh. The Birch-leaved Poplar.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 619. ; Spreng. Syst Veg., 2. p. 244.

Synonymes. P. nlgra Michx. Fl. Amer. Bar. 2. p. 244. ; P. hudsonica Michx. Arb. 3. p. 293. t. 10.

f. 1., North Amer. Syl. 2. p. 230. ; P. hudsoniana Hose, and Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836; American black

Poplar, Amer. ; Peuplier de la Baie d' Hudson, Fr.

The Sexes. It is uncertain whether it is the male or female plant that is in European collections.
Engravings. Michx. Arb., 3. t. 10. f. 1. ; Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 2. t. 96. f. 1. ; and our fig. 1601.

Spec. Char., fyc. Young branches yellow. Branchlets
hairy when young. Petioles yellow, and also hairy
when young. Disk of leaf rhomboid, but much acumi-
nated ; toothed in every part of the edge ; hairy on the
under surface when young, but afterwards glabrous.
The catkins are 4 in. to 5 in. long, and destitute of the
hairs which surround those of several other species.
(Michx.) A tree, found by Michaux on the banks of
the river Hudson, a little above Albany; and by
Pursh about Lake Ontario. Height 30 ft. to 40 ft.
Introduced in ? 1780. Flowers ?.

Tolerably distinct; and forming a small, neat, deep-
green-leaved tree, but in our opinion only a variety of P.
nigra. M. Michaux, in 1840, acknowledged the proba-
bility of this being the case.

*£ 10. P. (? N.) MONILI'FERA Ait. The Necklace-bearing, or black Italian,

Poplar.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 1., 3. p. 406. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 618.

Synonymes. P. virginiana Lin., Desf. Hort. Par., Dum. Bot. Cult, torn 6. p. 400., Nouv. Cours

d'Agri. torn. 11. p. 407. ; P. glandulbsa Mcench Meth. p. 339. ; P. carolinensis Mcench Weissenst.

81., Burgsd. Anleit. 378. ; P. nlgra italica Lodd. Cat. edit. 1836 ; P. nlgra americSna Ibid. ; P.

1501. P. (n>) ietuiifoiia.

8*26 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BUITANNICUM.

acladesca Lindl. in Enc. of Plants, p. 840.; ? P. marylandica Bosc Nouv. Cours, art. Peuplier,

p. 409.; Virginian Poplar, Swiss Poplar, Canadian or Berry-bearing Poplar, Mill.; Peuplier

Suisse, Peuplier triphilon (see Nouv. Cours), Peuplier de Virginie, Dumont.
Derivation. The epithet necklace bearing alludes to the shape of the female catkins, which, in their

capsules, and the manner in which these are attached to the rachis, resemble strings of beads.

Swiss poplar, and black Italian poplar, allude to the tree being very abundant in Switzerland and

the north of Italy.
The Sexes. Both sexes are frequent in British collections, but the male is most abundant. The

female is figured and described by Watson (see Dend. Brit., 1. 102.), who has figured some parts

of the male flower in the same plate. Both male and female are abundant in French gardens ;

the male is known by the petioles of the leaves being red, while those of the female are white.
Engravings. Michx. Arb., 1. 10. f.2.; N. Amer. Syl., 2. t.96. f. 2.; Wats. Dend. Brit., 2. 1. 102.;

the plates of this tree in Arb. Brit. 1st edit., vol. vii.; and our fig. 1502.

Spec. Char., fyc. Shoot more or less angular. Branch round. Petiole
slender, compressed in the upper part ; in some leaves, shorter than the
disk, in others longer. Disk deltoid, glanded at the base, which is sub-
cordate in some leaves, and very obtusely wedge-shaped in others; tip
acute ; edge serrated all round, except in the central part of the base, and
at the acute tip ; the teeth have incurved points ; glabrous except in the
edge, which, at least when the leaf is growing, is ciliate ; edge ultimately
and perhaps early, gristly. Male flowers about 30 in a catkin, upon pe-
dicels. Bractea glabrous. Stamens 16, a little longer than the corolla.
Female flowers about 40 in a catkin. Stigmas 4, dilated, jagged. It is
rather doubtful to what country this poplar is indigenous : Canada is given
as its native country in the Hortus Kewensis ; but in the Nouveau du llamel
it is stated to be a native of Virginia. Michaux. jun., states that neither he
nor his father ever found it wild in America ; and Pursh adds that he has
only seen it in that country in gardens. According to the Hortus Kew-
ensis, it was introduced into Britain by Dr. John Hope, in 1772. It is
a tree, according to Pursh, from 60 ft. to 70 ft. high in America ; but in
Britain it grows to the height of 100 or 120 ft., or upwards ; flowering in
March, and ripening its seeds about the middle of May. Decaying leaves
greenish yellow, or rich yellow.

Varieties,

£ P. (n.) m. 2 Lindleyana Booth. The new waved-leaved Poplar, Hort.
— Leaves rather larger than in the species, and they are somewhat
more undulated. H. S.

t P. (re.) m. Sfoliis variegdtis Hort. — Leaves variegated; conspicuous in

early spring, but afterwards unsightly.
P. monilifera is the most rapid-growing of
all the poplars ; and its timber is equal, if not
superior, in quality to that of any other
species. It comes into leaf, in the climate of
London, in the last week of April, or in the
beginning of May, long after the P. fastigiata,
but about the same time as P. nigra, of which
we believe it to be only a variety, about which
time the male catkins have chiefly dropped off.
The cottony seed of the female is ripe about the
middle of May, and is so abundant, even in
young trees, as to cover the ground under them
like a fall of snow. The rate of growth, in the
climate of London, on good soil, is between
30 ft. and 40 ft. in 7 years ; even in Scotland
it has attained the height of 70ft. in 16
years. The wood may be applied to the
same purposes as that* of the species pre-

, ' l r ., , , ,. ,. , r ,.r 1502. P. <n.) monilifera

viously described ; but, being or larger dimen-
sions, it may be considered as better fitted for being used in buildings. Pon-
tey observes that the tree is not only an astonishingly quick grower, but that
its stem is remarkably straight ; and that, with very trifling attention to side
pruning, it may be kept clear of branches to any required height. For these

LXVIII. SALICANCEjE I PO'PULUS.

827

reasons, he considers it the most profitable of all trees to plant in masses in
a fertile soil, rather moist. At Fontainebleau, the female tree bears fertile
seeds, from which many thousand plants come up annually in the walks, and
are mostly destroyed, though some varieties have been selected from them.

¥ 11. P. FASTIGIA'TA Desf. The fastigiate, or Lombard^, Poplar.

Identification. Desf. Hist. Arb., t. 2. p. 465.

Synonymes. P. dilatata Ait. Hort Ken>. 3. p. 406. ; P. nlgra italica Du Rot Harbk. 2. p. 141. ; P.
italica Mcench Weissenst. 79. ; P. italica dilatata WiUd. ; P. pyramidata Hort. ; P. pann6nica
Jacq. ; P. italica var. carolinensis Burgsdorf ; Cypress Poplar, Turin Poplar, Po Poplar ; Peuplier
d'ltalie, Peuplier pyramidal, Fr. ; Lombardische Pappel, Italianische Pappel, Ger. ; Pioppo
Cypresso, Ital.

The Sexes. Plants of the male are plentiful in England. The female is known to be extant in
Lombardy, whence we received dried specimens and seeds in November, 1836. (See Gard. Mag.,
vol. xii.) M. C. A. Fischer, inspector of the University Botanic Garden, Gdttingen, found, in
1827, a single plant of the female, after having many years before sought fruitlessly for it, among
many thousands of plants around Gottingen. (See Gard. Mag., vol. vi. p. 419, 420.)

Engravings. Thouin and Jaume St. Hilaire, t. 152. ; the plates in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ; and
our fig. 1503. in which a represents the female catkins with the blossoms expanded ; b, the female
catkins with seeds ripe ; c, a portion of the female catkin of the natural size ; d, a single flower of
the natural size ; and e, a single flower magnified.

1503. P. fastigiata.

Spec. Char., Sec. Petiole compressed. Disk of leaf deltoid, wider than
long, crenulated in the whole of the edge, even the base ; glabrous upon
both surfaces. Leaves in the bud involutely folded. A fastigiate tree.

628 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Persia, and apparently indigenous in Italy. Height 100ft. to 150ft. In-
trod. 1758. Flowers red ; March and April. Decaying leaves yellow.
The Lombard}7 poplar is readily distinguished from all other trees of this
genus by its tall narrow form, and by the total absence of horizontal
branches. The trunk is twisted, and deeply furrowed ; and the wood, which
is small in quantity in proportion to the height of the tree, is of little worth
or duration, being seldom of such dimensions as to admit of its being sawn up
into boards of a useful width. The leaves are very similar to those of
P. nigra, and the female catkins to those of P. monilifera ; the male catkins
resemble those of P. nigra, and have red anthers, but are considerably more
slender. One difference between P. fastigiata and P. nigra is, that the for-
mer produces suckers, though not in any great abundance, while the latter
rarely produces any. P. fastigiata, also, in the climate of London, protrudes
its leaves eight or ten days sooner than P. nigra. The rate of growth of
P. fastigiata, when planted in a loamy soil, near water, is very rapid. In the
village of Great Tew, in Oxfordshire, a tree, planted by a man who, in 1835,
was still living in a cottage near it, was 125ft. high, having been planted about
50 years.

¥ 12. P. ANGULA'TA Ait. The angled-branched, or Carolina, Poplar.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 3 p. 407- ; Michx. N. Amer. Sylva, 2. p. 224. ; Pursh Sept., 2.
p. 619.

Synonymes. P. angulbsa Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2. p. 243. ; P. heterophylla Du Hoi Harbk. 2.
p. 150. ; P. macrophylla Lodd. Cat. edit. 1836 ; P. balsamifera Mill. Diet. No. 5. ; Mississippi
Cotton Tree, Amer.

The Sexes. A plant at Ampton Hall, Suffolk, and one in the London Horticultural Society's arbo-
retum, are both of the male sex.

Engravings. Michx. North Amer. Sylva, 2. t. 94. ; Du Ham. Arb., 2. t. 39. f. 9. ; the plates of
this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st. edit., vol. vii. ; and our Jigs. 1504. and 1505.

Spec, Char., $c. Bud not resinous, green. Shoot angled, with wings. Disk
of leaf ovate, deltoid, acuminate, toothed with blunt teeth that have the
point incurved, glabrous : upon the more vigorous shoots, the disk is heart-
shaped, and very large ; branches brittle. (Michx.} A large tree. Virginia,
Florida, and on the Mississippi, in morasses, and on the banks of rivers.
Height 70 ft. to 80 ft. Introduced in 1738. Flowers reddish or purplish ;
March. Decaying leaves greenish yellow.

1504. P. angulkta.

Varieties.

± P. a. 2 nova Audibert. — Hort. Soc. Garden in 1836.
t P. a. 3 Medusa Booth. — Hort. Soc. Garden in 1836.

The shoots of this species, when young, are extremely succulent ; and, as
they continue growing late in the summer, they are frequently killed down
several inches by the autumnal frosts. After the tree has attained the height
of 20 or 30 feet, which, in the climate of London, it does in five or six years,
this is no longer the case ; because the shoots produced are shorter and less
succulent, and, of course, better ripened. According to Michaux, the leaves

LXVIII. SALIC ASCE,£ I PC/PULUS.

829

1505. P. angulata.

when they first un-
fold are smooth and
brilliant, 7 in. to 8 in.
long on young plants,
and as much in
breadth ; while on
trees 30 or 40 feet
high they are only-
one fourth the size.
As an ornamental
tree, it forms a very
stately object ; but, from the brittleness of the branches, they are very liable
to be torn off by high winds. The wood is of little use either in America or
England. Propagated by layers, as it strikes less freely from cuttings than
most of the other species.

¥ 13. P. HETEROPHY'LLA L. The various-s/iaped-lenved Poplar Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1464.; Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 244. ; Pursh Sept., 2. p. 619.
Synoni/mcs. P. magna, foliis amplis, &c., Gron. Virg. 194. 157- ; P. cordifdlia Burgsdorf, Lodd.

Cat. edit. 1836 ; P. argentea Michx. North Amer. Sylva 2. p. 235. t. 97. ; Cotton Tree, Michx.

N. A. S.

The Sexes. Only the male is in British gardens.
Engravings. Michx. North Amer. Sylva, 2. t. 97. ; N. Du Ham., 2. t. 51. ; and our Jig. 1506.

Spec. Char., $c. Shoot round, tomentose. Leaf, while young, tomentose ;
afterwards less so, or glabrous. Petiole but slightly compressed. Disk
roundish ovate, having a small sinus at the base, and being slightly auricled
there (or, as Michaux, jun., has expressed it, with the lobes of the base
lapped, so as to conceal the junction of the petiole), blunt at the tip,
toothed ; the teeth shallow, and having incurved points. Male flowers
polyandrous. Female flowers glabrous, situated distantly along the gla-
brous rachis, and upon long pedicels. {Michx.} A tree. New York to
Carolina, in swamps, and more particularly in the country of the Illinois,
and on the western rivers. Height 70 ft. to 80 ft. in America; 8ft. to 10 ft.
in England. Introduced in 1765. Flowers reddish. Decaying leaves
greenish yellow ; April and May.

We have never seen plants of this species higher than 5 or 6 feet ; though
a specimen tree in the Mile End Nursery, and another at Syon, must have
been planted more than 50 or 60 years ; and though it is said by Bosc to be a
lofty tree in the neighbourhood of Paris.
It is a very remarkable species, from the
particular character of its leaves, which,
though as large as, or larger than, those
of P. angulata, and something resembling
them in outline and in position on the
branches, yet have nearly cylindrical foot-
stalks, and their disks hanging down on
each side from the midrib in a flaccid
manner, not observable in any other spe
cies of the genus. The young branches
and the annual shoots are round, instead
of being angular, like those of P. angulata,
P. canadensis, and P. monilifera. The
leaves, while very young, are covered
with a thick white down, which gradually
disappears with age, till they at last
become perfectly smooth above, and
slightly downy beneath. Propagated by inarching on any of the varieties ol
P. nigra. If this species were grafted at the height of 30 or 40 feet on P.
monilifera, it would form a very singular and beautiful drooping tree.

1506. P. heterophtftla.

830

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

14. P. BALSAMI'FERA L.

The Balsam-bearing Poplar, or Tacamahac

Tree.

Identification. Lin. Syst. Veg., 45. ; Mich. North Amer. Sylva, 2. p. 237. t. 98. ; Pursh Sept., 2.

p. 618.
Synoni/mes. P. Tacamahdca Mill. Diet., No. 6. ; the Tacamahac, Amer. ; le Baumier, Fr. ; Peu-

plief Hard, and also Tacamahac, in Canada ; Balsam Pappel, Ger.
The Sexes. Plants of the male are in English gardens, and trees are occasionally found with male

and female flowers on the same catkin.
Engravings. Michx. North Amer. Sylva, 2. t. 98 f. 1. ; Du Ham. Arb., ed. nov., 2. t. 50. ; Pall.

Fl. Ross., 1. t. 41. ; the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit, vol. vii. ; and our figs. 1507. and

1508, andyfe. 1509. from Pall. Ross.

Spec. C/iar., $c. Shoot round. Bud very gummy. Petiole round. Disk of
leaf ovate-acuminate, or ovate-lanceolate, serrated with depressed teeth ;
deep green on the upper surface, whitish on the under one, and tomentose
there, but rather inconspicuously so, and netted with glabrous veins. Sti-
pules subspinescent, bearing gum. Stamens 16, or more. {Michx.) A
tree of the middle size. North America, in the most northern parts, and
in Dahuria and Altai. Height 40 ft. to 50 ft. ; in America, 80 ft. Introduced
in 1692. Flowers purplish ; March and Apiil. Decaying leaves brown
and black.

ISO", 1£08, 1509. P. halsamifera.

Vai iel'tes.

¥ P. b. 2

vimindlis. P. viminalis Load. Cat. ed. 1836 ; P. salicifolia

Hort.-, P. longifolia Fischer, Pall. Ross. t. 41. B. (Our Jig. 1510.

from a living plant.) — A native of Altai, with

slender twiggy branches, and leaves nearly

lanceolate. Lodd.
^ P. b. 3 latifdlia Hort. — Leaves rather broader

than those of the species. H.S.
* P. b. 4 intermedia Hort., Pall. Fl. Ross t. 41.

A. — A native of Dahuria, with stout, short,

thick branches knotted with wrinkles ; and

ovate, long, and rather narrow leaves ; and

generally attaining only the height of a large

shrub. Hort. Soc. Garden.
*t P. 6. 5 suavcolens. P. suaveolens Fischer, and

Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. ; the new sweet-scented

Poplar of the nurseries. — Said to be more

fragrant than any other form of the species.
$ P. b. Qfoliis variegatis Miller. — Leaves variegated. Hort. Soc. Gard.
The balsam poplar, in the climate of London, is the very first tree that comes

LXIX. 2?ETULAVCE.E : ^LNUS. 831

into leaf ; its foliage is of a rich gamboge yellow, and so fragrant as in moist
evenings to perfume the surrounding air. The tree is remarkably hardy, but,
unless in the vicinity of water, it seldom attains a large size in England, or is
of great duration. Readily propagated by suckers, wnich it sends up in abun-
dance ; or by cuttings, which, however, do not strike so readily as those of the
poplars belonging to P. nigra.

^15. P. CA'NDICANS Ait. The whitish-leaved Balsam-bearing, or Ontario,

Poplar.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 3. p. 406. ; Michx. N Amer. Sylva, 2. p. 239. t. 98. f. 2. ; Pursh

Sept., 2. p. 618.
Synonymes. P. macrophylla Lindl. in Encyc. of Plant* p. 840. ; P. latifblia Mcench Meth. p. 338. ;

P. ontariensis Desf. Hort. Par. ; P. cordata Lodd. Cat. 1836 ; P. canadensis Mcench Weissenst.

81., but not of Michx. which is P. laevigSta H'tlld. ; Balm of Gilead Tree, Boston, North Amer. ;

Peuplier liard, Canada ; Peuplier a Feuilles vernissees, Fr.
The Sexes. The male is in the London Horticultural Society's Garden ; the female is in the Duke

of Wellington's garden at Apsley House, London.
Engravings. Michx. North Amer. Sylva, 2. t. 98. f. 2. ; and our Jig. 1511.

Spec. Char., fyc. Shoot round. Bud very gummy. Stipules gummy. Pe-
tiole compressed in its upper part, hairy in many instances. Disk of leaf
heart-shaped at the base, ovate, acuminate; serrated with blunt unequal
teeth ; 3-nerved ; deep green on the upper surface, whitish on the under
one, on which the veins appear reticulate. Inflorescence similar to that of
P. balsamifera, and the disk of the leaf thrice as large as in that species.
(Michx.) A tree. North America, in the states of Rhode Island, Massa-
chusetts, and New Hampshire. Height 50ft. to 60ft. Introduced in
1772. Flowers purplish ; March. Decaying leaves brownish.
The Ontario poplar bears a close general

resemblance to the balsam poplar : it has the

rigid fastigiate habit of that tree, its fine

fragrance, and its property of throwing up

numerous suckers ; but it differs from it, in

having very large heart-shaped leaves, and in

attaining a larger size, both in its native

country, and in British gardens. The buds

are covered with the same balsamic sub-
stance as those of P. balsamifera ; and the

leaves are of the same fine yellow colour in

spring, though they come out a fortnight

later. Like those of the balsam poplar, they

preserve, at all stages of their growth, the

same shape. Readily propagated by cuttings

or suckers, but the tree will not attain a 1M1. p.c&ndicans.

large size unless on rich soil near water;

though, as the roots creep along the surface, the soil need not be deep.

ORDER LXIX.

ORD. CHAR. Flowers hermaphrodite, or unisexual. Perianth free, 4 — 5 lobed.
Stamens 4—12. Ovarium solitary. Stigmas 2, distinct. Fruit indehiscent,
2-celled, compressed, sometimes expanded into wings at the sides. Seeds
solitary in the cells, pendulous. Albumen none. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; entire or serrated. Flvveri
in terminal catkins. — Trees deciduous; natives of Europe, Asia, and North
America. Propagated by seeds or layers.

The genera are two, which are thus contra-distinguished : —
^'LNUS Tourn. Female catkins cylindrical ; seeds furnished with a membrane

on each side.
J&E'TULA Tourn. Female catkins oval, borne on a branchy peduncle ; seeds

not bordered with membranes.

832

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

GENUS I.
/f'LNDS Tourn. THE ALDER. Lin. Syst. Monce'cia Tetrandria-

LEI

Identification. Tourn., t. 359. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 334. ; Hall. Hist., 2. p. 300. ; Ga
Synonymes. Setalfe species Lin. ; Aune, Fr. ; Erie, Ger. ; Ontano, Ital. ; Aliso, Sp
Derivation. From a£, near, and Ian, the edge of a river, Celtic ; habitat: from the

Gsertn., t. 90.
Span.

he Hebrew, alon,
an oak : or, according to others, from alitur amne, it thrives by the river.

Gen. Char. Barren flowers numerous, aggregate, in a loose cylindrical catkin.
Calyx a permanent wedge-shaped scale, 3-flowered, with two very minute lateral
scales. Corolla composed of three equal florets. Filaments 4, from the
tube of the corolla. Anthers of two round lobes. — Fertile Jlowers fewer,
aggregate, in an oval firm catkin. Calyx a permanent wedge-shaped scale,
2-flowered. Corolla none. Styles 2. Stigma simple. Nut ovate, without
wings. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; serrated or entire. Floivers
terminal, greenish white, appearing earlier than the foliage, in pendulous
catkins. — Trees deciduous, natives of Europe and North America; rarely
exceeding the middle size, and some so low as to be considered shrubs.

With the exception of A. glutinosa laciniata and A. cordifolia, the species
are not very ornamental ; nor is the timber of great value, except for the
charcoal which may be made from it. All the species prefer a moist soil,
or one in the vicinity of water. A. glutino.sa ripens seeds freely, as do most
of the other sorts ; but all the latter are generally propagated by layers. De-
caying leaves dark brown or black, and not very ornamental.

¥ 1. A. GLUTINOVSA GfBi'tn, The glutinous, or common, Alder.

Identification. Gaertn., 2 p. 54. ; Eng. Fl., 4. p. 131. ; Hook. Lond., t. 59.; Scot., 271.
Synonymes. 2?£tulus ,4'lnus Lin. ; B. emarginata Ehrh. Arb. 9. ; yf'lnus Rail Syn. 442. ; Aune,

Fr. ; gemeine Else, or Elser, or schwartz Erie, Ger. ; Elsenboom, Dutch ; Alno, or Ontano,

Ital. ; Aliso, or Alamo nigro. Span.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1508.; Hunt. Evel. Syl., 240. f. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit.,

1st edit., vol. vii. ; and ourjjzg. J514.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves roundish, wedge-shaped, wavy, serrated, glutinous,
rather abrupt ; downy at the branching of the veins beneath. (Smith.) A
deciduous tree. Europe, from Lapland to Gibraltar ; and Asia, from the
White Sea to Mount Caucasus ; and also the North of Africa. Height
30 ft. to 60 ft. Flowers brownish ; March and April. Fruit brown ; ripe
in October. Decaying leaves brownish black, or almost black.
Varieties.

¥. A. g. 2 emarginata Willd. Baum. p. 19. — Leaves nearly round,

wedge-shaped, and edged with light green.
If A. g. 3 laciniata Ait., Willd. 1. c., Lodd.
Cat. ed. 1836. A. g. incisa ffort. (The
plate of a fine tree at Syon, in Arb. Brit.,
1st edit., vol vii. ; and our fig. 1512.) —
Leaves oblong and pinnatifid, with the
lobes acute. Wild in the north of France,
particularly in Normandy, and in the woods
of Montmorency near Paris.
A. g. 4 quercifolia Willd. 1. c. — Leaves

sinuated, with the lobes obtuse.
A. g. 5 oxyacanthtsfblia. A. oxyacanthae-
folia Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. (Our fig.
1513.) • — Leaves sinuated and lobed ;
smaller than those of the preceding va- ^
riety, and somewhat resembling those of
the common hawthorn. IM2. A.g.

LXIX. J?ETULAVCEA: :

833

X A g. 0 macrocdrpa. A. macrocarpa Lcdd. Cat.
1836. — Leaves and fruit rather larger than those
of the species, and the tree is also of somewhat
more vigorous growth.

¥ A. g. 7 foliis variegdtis Hort. — Leaves variegated.

Other Varieties. The following names are applied to
plants in the collection of Messrs. Looldiges : A. nigra,
A. riibra, a native of the Island of Sitcha, A. plicdta, and
A. unduldta.

The alder, in a wild state, is seldom seen higher than 40
or 50 feet ; but, in good soil near water, it will attain the
height of 50 or 60 feet and upwards. A. g. laciniata
forms a handsome pyramidal tree, which, at Syon, has
attained the height of 63 ft. ; and at Woburn Farm, near
Chertsey, is still higher. The rate of growth of the alder,
in a favourable soil and situation, is about 2 or 3 feet a
year for four or five years ; so that a tree 10 years planted
will frequently attain the height of 20 or 25 feet ; and at
CO years the tree is supposed to have arrived at maturity. 15|_
The roots are creeping ; and sometimes, but rarely, they
throw up suckers. The tree does not associate well with others, with the ex-
ception of the ash (Jjaudril.) ; but its shade and fallen leaves are not injurious
to grass. Near water it retains its leaves
longer than any other British deciduous
tree. The wood, though soft, is of great
durability in water. It weighs, when green,
62 Ib. 6 oz. ; half-dry, 48 Ib. 8 oz. ; and
quite dry, 39 Ib. 4 oz., per cubic foot ; thus
losing above a third of its weight by drying,
while it shrinks about a twelfth part of its
bulk. In the Dictionnaire des Eaux et
Forets, the wood is said to be unchange-
able either in water or earth. It is used
for all the various purposes to which soft
homogeneous woods are generally applied ;
viz. for turnery, sculpture, and cabinet-
making ; for wooden vessels, such as basins,
plates, and kneading-troughs ; for sabots,
wooden soles to shoes and pattens, clogs
for women, and similar purposes. At Culzean Castle, Ayrshire, the alder is
used as a nurse plant in situations exposed to the sea breeze. (See Card.
Mag. for 1841.)

For raising the alder from seeds, the catkins should be gathered in dry
weather, as soon as the seeds are matured, and carried to a loft, where they
should be spread out thinly. The proper time of sowing is March ; and
the covering, which ought to be of very light soil, should on no account
exceed a- quarter of an inch in thickness. The plants from spring-sown
seeds will attain the height of from 3 in. to 6 in. the first summer. The
second year they will be double or treble that height ; and in three or
four years, if properly treated, they will be 5 or 6 feet high. The nursery
culture and after-management in plantations have nothing peculiar in them ;
except that, when full-grown trees are to be cut down, it is advisable to disbark
them a year before, that the wood, which is very watery, may be thoroughly
seasoned ; a practice as old as the time of Evelyn. When alders are cut
down as coppice-wood in spring, when the sap is in motion, care should
be taken that the cuts are not made later than March ; and that they are in
a sloping direction upwards. If, at this season, the cuts are made down-
wards, the section which remains on the stool will be so far fractured as,

3 H

Ir14. A. glutinosa.

834

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BIIITANNICUM.

by the exudation of the sap and the admission of the weather, no
to throw up vigorous shoots, and it will decay in a few years.

¥ 2. A. OBLONGA'TA Willd. The oblong-leaved Alder.

lono-ei

Identification. Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 335. ; Baum., p. 20. ;

N. Du Ham., 2. p. 215.

Sunonymes. /i'lnus fol. oblong., &c., Bauh. ; A. fol. ovato-
'lanceol, &c., Mill. Diet. ed. 7. ; langliche Else, Ger.
Engravings. Our fig. 1515. from a specimen in Sir W. J.

Hooker's herbarium; and fig. 1516. from a specimen in

the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes.

Spec. Char.y fyc

Leaves elliptic, somewhat
obtuse, glutinous ; axils
of the veins naked on
the under side.(0W.) A
large deciduous shrub or
low tree. Hungary, Aus-
tria, and Turkey. Height
20 ft. to 30 ft. Intro-
duced in 17^9. Flowers
greenish ; March and
April. Fruit brown ; ripe
in October or November.

Variety.

A. pu-

mila Lodd. Cat.
— The leaves are
somewhat narrower than in the species.

A. oblonjjata.

1516. A. oblcngrtla.

¥ 3. A. INCA'NA Willd. The hoary-/<?awc? Alder.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 335. ; N. Du

Ham., 2. p. 215. ; Hoss Anleilung, p. 190.
Synonymes. B. .4'lnus var. incana Lin. Sp. PI. 1394. ;

B. incana Lin. Suppl. ; B. viridis Fill. Dauph. 2.

p. 789. ; weisse Erie, graue Else, or weisse Eller, U.

Ger.
Engravings. Hayne Abbild., t. 136. ; and our fig.

1517.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves oblong, acute,
pubescent beneath ; axils of the veins
naked. Stipules lanceolate. (Willd.)
A deciduous tree. Lapland, Sweden,
and Prussia ; and on the hills in Aus-
tria, Carniola, the Ukraine, Tyrol, and
Switzerland ; also in North America.
Height 50 ft. to 70 ft. Introduced in
1 780. Flowers greenish ; March and
April. Fruit brown ; ripe in October.

Varieties.

¥ A. i. 2 ladnlata Lodd. Cat ed. 1836. — The leaves are slightly laci-

niated. Horticultural Society's Garden.

^ A. i. 3 glauca. A. glauca Michx. N. Amer. Sylv. ; 2?etula incana var.

glauca Ait. ; Black Alder, Amer. — The leaves are dark green above,

and glaucous beneath ; the petioles reddish. This is one of the

most beautiful trees of the genus.

¥ A. i. 4> angulata Ait. — Leaves green underneath, with the petioles

also of a dark green.

Other Varieties. A. americdna Lodd. Cat., and A. canadensis Lodd.
Cat., appear to belong to this species j but the plants in the Hackney ar-
boretum are so small, that we have not been able to satisfy ourselves that
they are sufficiently distinct to constitute even varieties.

1517. A. inckna.

LXIX. J5ETULANCE^E I ^/LNUS.

835

A. incana differs from the common alder, in the leaves being pointed, in the
leaves and the young wood not being glutinous, in their hoary appearance,
and in the absence of tufts of hair in the axils of the nerves of the leaves
It forms a very handsome tree, will grow in either dry or moist soil, and well
deserves a place in ornamental plantations.

* 4. A. SERRULA'TA Willd. The saw-
leavcd Alder.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 336. ; Pursh

Sept., a. p. 623. ; Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 2. p. 113.
Synonymei, /^etula serrulata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3.

p. 338. ; B. rug6sa Ehrk. Eeytr. 3. p. 21. ; ? A.

americana Lodd. Cat. ed. 1*36 ; ? A. canadensis

Lodd. Cat. 1836; common Alder, Amer. ; Hazel-
leaved Alder.
Engravings. Wang. Amer., t. 29. f. 60. ; Michx. N.

Amer. Syl., t. 75. f. 1. ; and our fig. 1518. from a

living specimen.

Spec. Char.y tyc. Leaves obovate, acu-
minate; veins and their axils hairy on
the under side. Stipules elliptic, ob-
tuse. (Willd.) A deciduous shrub.
North America, in swamps and on
river sides. Height 6 ft. to 10 ft.
Introduced in 1769. Flowers greenish;
March and April. Fruit brown ; ripe
in October or November.

Its leaves are of a beautiful green,
about 2 in. long ; oval, distinctly furrowed
on the surface, and doubly denticulated
at the edge. The wood, when cut into,
is white ; but like that of all the alders,
it becomes reddish when it comes in con-
tact with the air.

1518. A. serrullta.

5. A. UNDULA^TA Willd.

Alder.

The \vaved-lcaved

1519. A. undulkta.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 336. ; Baum., p. 21. ; Lodd

Cat., ed. 1836.
Synortymes. JSetula crispa Ait. Hort. Kew. 3. p. 339. ; B. A'lnus

var. crispa Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2. p. 181. ; A. crispa Pursfi

Fl. Amer. Sept. 2. p. 623, N. Du Ham. 2. p. 216.
Engraving. Our Jig. 1519. from a specimen in the British

Museum.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Leaves oblong, acute, rounded
at the base ; petioles and veins hairy on the
under side ; axils of the veins naked ; stipules
ovate-oblong. (Willd.) A deciduous shrub.
Canada, and on high mountains in sphagnous
swamps in Pennsylvania. Height ? 10 ft. to
15ft. Introduced in 1782. Flowers greenish;
March and April. Fruit brown ; ripe in October .

t 6. A. CORDIFO'LIA Lodd. The heart-leaved Alder.

Identification. Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 1231.

Synonyme. A. cordata Tenors Prod. 54 , Hayne Dend. p. 153.

Engravings. Bot. Cab., t. 1231. ; the plate of this species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit. vol. vii. ; and our
Jg, 1520.

Spec. Char.y $c. Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, dark green and shining
(Tenore.) A tree of similar magnitude to the common alder. Calabria
and Naples, in woods. Height 15ft. to 20ft. Introduced in 1820.
Flowers greenish brown ; March and April, before the developement of the
leaves. Fruit brown ; ripe in October.

SH 2

836

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1520. A. cordifoiia.

A large and very handsome round-headed tree, with broad, deep green,
shining leaves, deeply heart-shaped at the base. It grows with rapidity in dry
soil, and is one of the most interesting ornamental trees that have of late years
been introduced. It is a most distinct species ; and, though a native of the
kingdom of Naples, it is perfectly hardy. It ripens seeds in the climate of
London, and might easily be rendered as common as A. glutinosa.

& 7. A. VI'RIDIS Dec. The green-leaved Alder.

Identification. DeCandolle PI. Fl., 3. p. 304.

Synonymes. A. ovata Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1141.; ^'Inus fruticbsa Schmidt; ^etula ovata Schrank
Sal.'No. 159. ; B. A'lvo-Betu\iB Ehrh. Bcytr. 2. p. 72. ; B. viridis Hort.

Engravings. Dend. Brit. t. 96. ; Bot. Cab., 1. 1141. ; Schmidt CEstr. Baum., 3. 1. 189. ; and ovrfg.
1521., in which a is the ament, or male catkin ; b, the male flower magnified ; c, the stamen mag-
nified ; d, a longitudinal section of the cone or female catkin ; e andg, transverse sections of the
cone, to show the position of the scales ; /, the female catkins ; h, the samara, or seed, with its
wings.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate,
doubly serrated, glabrous. Pe-
duncles of the female catkins
branched. Scales of the stro-
biles having equal lobes, trun-
cate-nerved. (Willd..} A large
deciduous shrub, or low bushy
tree. Hungary, Styria, and
Carinthia, on high mountains ;
and Germany, in the neigh-
bourhood of Saltzburg. Height
5 ft. to 6 ft. Introduced in
1820. Flowers greenish brown ;
March and April. Fruit brown ;.
ripe in August.

This plant is considered by
many botanists as intermediate
between the alders and the birches.
It agrees with the alders, in hav-
ing the peduncles of the female
catkins ramose; and in general
appearance it resembles the A'lnus incana in a young state : but it belongs
to the birches, by the parts of its fructification, and by the somewhat greater
number of its stamens.

LXIX.

837

1522. A. barbata.

1523. A. subcordata.

Other Species of A'lnus. A. barbata Meyer (our
fig. 1522.), A. obtusifolia Royle, is very abundant
on the banks of the Jumna and Tonce. A.
elongdta Royle occurs in Cashmere ; and A. ne-
palensis Wall. (PI. As. Rar. t. 131.) on the moun-
tains surrounding
the valley from
which it was named.
(Illust. p. 341.) It
appears probable,
that A. nepalensis, a
tree from 30 ft. to
4 0 ft. high, may prove
sufficiently hardy to
bear the climate of
London. A. subcor-
ddta Meyer (owe fig.
1523.) was raised
from seeds in the
Birmingham Bo-
tanic Garden in
1838 ; and A.jorullensis in the Horticultural Society's Garden in 1839.

A. acumindta Humb. et Bonpl. (Mem. Mus. vol. xiv. p. 464. t. 22. ; our fig.
1524.) has the leaves ovate, or ovate-oblong, acuminate, roundish at the base,

doubly serrated, glabrous above ; the
veins downy beneath. Panicle naked.
Female catkins terminal. (Mirb.) A
tree. Peru. Leaves 3 in. to
long, and l£in. to 3 in. broad.

A. castaneifo-
lia Mirb. (Mem.
Mus. vol. xiv. t.
21. ;and our^g.
1525.) has the
leaves oblong-
elliptic, blunt,
repand, or ob-
long- lanceolate,
erose or den-
tate, petiolate ;
glabrous above;

the axils of the veins downy beneath, panicle leafy at the
base. Male catkins leafy, erect. (Mirb.) A tree. Tarma
in Peru. Leaves 3 in. to 5 in. long, and 10 lin. to 15 lin.
broad. Stipules small, glabrous, membranaceous, linear-lanceolate. Male
catkins 1 in. to 2 in. long, more slender than in A. glutinosa, and 4 or 5 in
a panicle. Female catkins about 2 in. long, 4 or 5 on a common pedicel.
(Mem. Mus., xiv. 464.)

GENUS II.

6 in.

1525. A. castaneifolia.

SISMSU

J?E'TULA Tourn. THE BIRCH. Lin. Syst. Monoe'cia Polyandria.

Identification. Tourn., t. 360. ; Lin. Gen., 485. ; Fl. Br., 1011.

Synonymes. Bouleau, Fr. ; Betula, Ital. ; Abedul, Span. ; Betulla, Port. ; Birke, Ger. ; Berk,

Dutch ; Birk, Danish and Scotch ; Bi'irk, or Bork, Swedish ; Beresa, Russian ; Brzoza, Polish.
Derivation. From betu, its Celtic name ; or, according to others, from the Latin word batuere, to

3 H 3

838

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

beat ; from the fasces of the Roman lictors, which were always made of birch rods, being used to
drive back the people. Pliny derives the name from bitumen.

Gen. Char., $c. Barren flowers. Catkins cylindrical, lax, imbricated all
round with ternate concave scales the middle one largest, ovate. Corolla
none. Filaments 10 to 12, shorter than the middle scale, to which they
are attached. Anthers roundish, 2-lobed. — Fertile flowers. Catkins similar
hut more dense ; scales horizontal, peltate, dilated outwards, 3-lobed, 3-
flowered. Corolla none. Germen compressed. Styles 2. Stigma simple.
Nut oblong, deciduous, winged at each side. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous; serrated or entire. Flower,1;
whitish, in pendulous catkins. — Trees or shrubs, deciduous, with round
slender branches, and the bark in most species in thin membranous la} ers.
Natives of Europe, Asia, and North America.

The species are generally found in mountainous rocky situations in the middle
of Europe ; but they grow wild in plains and peaty soils in the northern regions.
The common birch is one of the hardiest of known trees ; and there are only
one or two other species of ligneous plants which approach so near to the
North Pole. They all ripen seeds in the climate of London ; and are all of the
easiest culture in any ordinary soil ; but, being hair-rooted, they do not grow so
well in very strong clays ; nor do plants of this genus, when raised from layers
or cuttings, grow so freely as in the case of most other genera. The leaves
of the birch having little succulency, and being astringent and aromatic, are
very rarely subject to the attacks of insects. The wood of all the species is
much less durable than the bark. The leaves of most of the species die off of
a rich yellow, and some of them of a deep red or scarlet.

Leaves small. Natives chiefly of Europe.
*t 1. B. A'LBA L. The white, or common, Birch.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1393. ; Engl. Fl., 4 p. 153. ; Hook. Br. Fl., 3d ed., p. 41 1.
Synonymes. B. pubescens Ehrh. Arb. 67. ; Setula Raii Syn. 445. ; B. aetnensis Rafi. ; Bouleau

commun, Fr. ; gemeine Birke, Ger. ; Bedollo, Ital.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 2198. ; and our fig. 1528.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate, acute, somewhat deltoid, unequally serrated,
nearly glabrous. (Smith.) A deciduous tree. Europe, more especially
in the colder regions ; a diminutive shrub in the extreme north, but a
tree from 50 ft. to 60 ft. high in the middle regions. Flowers whitish ; in
Lapland, in May ; and in the Apennines, and in England, in February and
March. Fruit brown ; ripe in September and October. Decaying leaves
rich yellow, scarlet, or red.

Varieties.

± B. a. 2 pendula Smith. B. pendula Roth
Germ. \. p. 405. pt. 2. p. 476. ; B. verrucosa
Ehrh. Arb. 96. ; B. pendulis virgulis Loes.
Prnss.; the weeping Birch. — A well-known
tree, distinct from the species in having the
shoots more slender, smoother, and pendu-
lous. (See the plate of the young;
tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol.
vii.)

B. a. 3 pubescens. B. pubescens
Ehrh. Beitr. vi. 98. (Our flg.
1526.) — The leaves covered
with white hairs.

B. a. 4 pontica. B. pontica Lodd.
Cat. ed. 1836. (Our/%. 1527.)
— Leaves somewhat larger than
in the species, and the plant of

1626. B. a. pubescens. more robust gl'OWth.

LXIX.

JSE'TULA.

839

¥ B. a. 5 nrticifolia. B. wrticifolia Zock/. C#/. — Leaves deeply laciniated,

serrated, and hairy.
y. B. a. 6 dalecdrlica L. Supp. 416. — Leaves almost palmate, with the

segments toothed ; " cut like those of hemp," according to Bosc.
^ B. a. 7 macrocarpa Willd. — Female catkins twice as long as those of

the species.
If B. a. 8 foliis variegdtis Dumont. — Leaves blotched with yellowish

white.

Other Varieties. B. daurica appears to be a variety of -B. alba, stunted from
the climate in which it grows ; and the same observation will apply to B.
sibirica, and some others, enumerated in the Catalogue of Messrs. Loddiges,
for 1836. B. excelsa and B. nigra of some of the London gardens are mere
varieties of the common birch, and quite distinct from the species described
by botanists under these names, which are natives of America. (See Gard.
Mag., vol. xi. p. 502. 689.) B. undulata, B. Thouimawa, and B. Fischer*
also appear to us to belong to B. alba ; but the plants being exceedingly
small, we are not able to determine this with certainty.
The rate of growth of the common birch is considerable when the tree is
young, averaging from 18 in. to 2 ft. a year for the first 10 years ; and young
trees cut down to the ground often make shoots 8 or 10 feet long in one season.
The duration is not great, the tree attaining maturity, in good soils, in from
forty to fifty years; but, according to Hartig, seldom lasting in health till it at-
tains a hundred years. The wood is white, shaded with red; of a medium
durability in temperate climates, but lasting a long time when it is grown in the
extreme north. The grain of the wood is intermediate between coarse and
fine. It is easily worked while green ; but it chips under the tool when dry.
It weighs, when green, 65 Ib. 6 oz. ; half-dry, 56 Ib. 6 oz. ; and dry, 45 Ib. 1 oz.
Though the birch may be propagated by layers and even by cuttings, yet
plants are not readily produced otherwise than by seed ; and those of certain
varieties, which are procured from layers or by inarching, never appear to
grow with the same vigour as seedlings. Birch seed ripens in September and
October, and may be either gathered and sown immediately, or preserved in
a dry loft, and sown in spring. Sang directs particular attention to be paid
to gathering the seeds only from weeping trees ;
and this we know to be the directions given to
the collectors employed by the nurserymen in
the north of Scotland. If the seeds are to be
sown immediately, the catkins may be gathered
wet ; but, if they are to be kept till spring,
they ought not to be gathered except when
quite dry ; and every day's gathering should be
carried to a dry loft and spread out thinly, as
they are very apt to heat when kept in sacks
or laid up in heaps. The seeds should be sown
in very fine light, rich soil, in beds of the usual
width, and very slightly covered. Boutcher
says : — « Sow the seeds and clap them into the
ground with the back of the spade, without any
earth spread over them, and throw a little peas
haulm over the beds for three or four weeks, till
the seeds begin to vegetate. The peas haulm
will keep the ground moist, exclude frost, and
prevent the birds from destroying the seeds."
(Treat, on Forest Trees, p. 113.; " It is scarcely
possible," Sang observes, " to cover birch seeds too little, if they be covered
at all." The plants, if sown in autumn, will come up in the March or April
following. If sown in spring, they will come up in May or June ; which, in
very cold climates, is a preferable season. If any danger is apprehended

3 H 4

840

ARBORETUM ET FHUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

from moisture in the soil during winter, the alleys between the beds may be
deepened, so as to act as drains. In the nursery lines, the plants require
very little pruning, and their after-care, when in plantations, is equally simple.

& ¥ 2. B.(? A.) DAUVRICA Pall. The Daurian Birch.

Identification. Pall. Ross., 1. p. 60. ; Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 463. ; N. Du

Ham., 3. p. 204.
Synonym.es. B. excelsa canadensis Wang. Beitr. p. 86. ; Bouleau de

Siberie, Fr.
Engravings. Pall. Ross., 1. t. 39.; Willd. Baum., t. 1. f. 3. and 4. ; and

our fig. 1529.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate, narrow at the base,
quite entire, unequally dentate, glabrous. Scales of
the strobiles ciliated on their margins ; side lobes
roundish. (Willd.) A deciduous tree. Dauria, and
part of Asiatic Siberia ; but not in European Siberia,
nor in Russia. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft. Introduced
1796. Catkins whitish brown, larger than those of the
common birch ; February and March Fruit brown;
ripe September. Decaying leaves red or yellow.

Variety.

B. (? A.) d. 2 parvifdlia Hayne Dend. p. 167.—
Leaves smaller than those of the species.

1530. B. fruticosa.

& 3. ^.(?^.)FRUTICO'SA Pall. The shrubby Birch.

Identification. Pall. Ross., 1. p. 62. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 466. ; N.

Du Ham., 3. p. 208.
Synonymes. B. humilis Schrank Sal. p. 56. ; B. quebecct:ns;s

Schrank der Gesells. Naturf. Freunde, 5. p. 196.
Engravings. Pall. Ross., 1. 1. 40. ; Dend. Brit., t. 154. ; and our

fig. 1530.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves roundish-ovate, nearly
equally serrate, glabrous. Female catkins oblong.
(Willd.) A deciduous shrub. Eastern Siberia,
Germany, and Canada. Height 5 ft. to 6 ft. in
moist situations, but much higher on mountains.
Introduced in 1818. Catkins whitish brown ;
February and March. Fruit brown ; ripe in
October or November.

.a 4. B. (? A.) purMiLA L. The hairy dwarf Birch.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 467. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 622. ; N. Du Ham., 3. p. 207.

Synonyme. B. n^na Kalm Kin. 2. p. 263.

Engravings. Jacq. Hort. Vind., t. 122. ; Dend. Brit., t. 97. ; and our Jig. 1531.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches pu-
bescent, without dots. Leaves
roundish ovate, on long foot-
stalks, densely clothed with
hairs on the under surface.
Female catkins cylindrical.
(Willd.') A deciduous shrub.
Canada, in bogs, and on high
mountains in New York and
Pennsylvania. Height 2 ft.
to 3 ft. Introduced in 1762.
Catkins whitish ; May and
June. Fruit brown.
The root is red, and is used

for veneering and inlayiiu

5. JS. NA'NA L.

1531. B. (?A.) pfcmila

The dwarf Birch.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1394. ; Eng. FL, 4. p. 154. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 262.

LXIX.

841

1532. B. n&na.

Synor.ymcs. B. nana Suecbrum Bromel. Chi. Goth. 11. ; B. palustris pumila, &c., Cels. Act. Suec.
' 1732, 3.
Engravings. Am. Acad., 1. 1. 1. ; Eng. Bot., t. 2326. ; and our fig. 1532.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves orbicular, crenate, reticulated with
veins beneath. A shrub, with numerous branches, slightly
downy when young, and beset with numerous, little,
round, firm, smooth, sharply crenated leaves, beautifully
reticulated with veins, especially beneath ; and furnished
with short footstalks, having a pair of brown lanceolate
stipules at their base. Catkins erect, stalked, cylindrical,
obtuse ; the barren ones lateral, and the fertile ones ter-
minal. Scales of the latter 3-lobed, 3-flowered, permanent.
Stigmas red. (Smkh.) A bushy deciduous shrub. Lapland,
Sweden, Russia, and Scotland, in Europe, and Hudson's
Bay, and other parts of Canada, in America ; on moun-
tains, but almost always in boggy places. Height 2 ft.
to 3 ft. ; in British gardens 6 ft. to 8 ft. Catkins whitish
green ; April and May. Fruit brown ; ripe in October.

Variety.

tL B. n. 2 stricta Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836, is somewhat more erect in habit
than the species.

a. 6. B. (? N.) GLANDULO'SA Michx. The glandular-branched Birch.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 180.; Pursh Fl.

Amer. Sept., 2. p. 622.
Engraving. Our Jig. 1533. from a specimen in the British

Museum.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches beset with glandular
dots, glabrous. Leaves obovate, serrate, quite
entire at the base, glabrous, almost sessile.
Female catkins oblong ; scales half 3-cleft.
Seeds round, with narrow margins. (IVilld.) A
handsome little deciduous shrub. Canada, about
Hudson's Bay ; and on the borders of lakes on
the high mountains of New Jersey and Pennsyl-
vania. Height 2 ft. Introduced ?.

Corresponds in America with the B. nana of
Europe, and probably only a variety of that spe-
cies. Catkins whitish ; May. 1533< B.(?n.)glandul6sa.

Leaves large. Natives of North America.
¥ 7. B. POPULIFO'LIA Ait. The Poplar-leaved Birch.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 3. p. 336. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., vol 2. p. 620 • Michx N

Amer. Syl., vol. 2. p. 97.
Synonymes. B. acuminata Ehrh. Beit. 6. p. 98. ; B. lenta Du Rot Harb. Baum. ed. 1. p. 92. : white

Birch and Oldfield Birch, Amer.
Engravings. Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 2. p. 97. ; Michx. N. Amer. Syl., vol. 2. t 71. ; and our fig.

1534.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves deltoid, much acuminated, unequally serrated, quite
smooth. Scales of the strobiles having roundish side lobes. Petioles
glabrous. ( Willd.) A tree, in every respect closely resembling B. alba,
but growing with less vigour, and not attaining so large a size as that spe-
cies. Canada to Pennsylvania, in barren rocky woods. Introduced in
1750. Flowers greenish white ; April and May.

Varieties.

t B. p. 2 lacinidta. B. laciniata Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — Leaves large,

shining, and deeply cut.

£ B. p. 3 pendula. B. pendula Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — Spray drooping,
like that of the wet-ping variety of the common birch.

842

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1534. B. pcpulifolia.

A very graceful tree, with rather broader
leaves than the common birch. The wood is
very soft, brilliant when polished, and perfectly
white ; but it speedily decays, and, in America,
is employed for no purpose, not even for fuel.
The twigs are too brittle for common brooms.
When the plants are raised from seed, they
make very handsome trees ; and, as seed is
freely produced, this mode ought always to be
adopted ; but plants from layers seldom attain
any magnitude.

t 8. B. PAPYRAVCEA Ait. The Paper Birch.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 3. p. 337. ; N. Du Ham.

3. p. 205. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 621.
Synonymes. B. papyrifera Michx. Fl. Bar. Amer. 2. p. 180. ;

B. lanceolata Hort. ; B. rubra Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836; B.

canadensis Lodd. Cat. ; B. nlgra of the Paris nurseries ;

Canoe Birch, white Birch, Amer. ; Betula da carta, Ital.
Engravings. Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 2. t. 35. ; the plate of

this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ; and our figs. 1535.

and 1536.

Spec. Char.y $c. Leaves ovate, acuminate,
doubly serrate ; veins hairy beneath ; petiole
glabrous. Female catkins on long footstalks,
drooping; scales having the side lobes short, somewhat orbiculate. (Willd.)
A deciduous tree. North America. Height 60 ft. to 70 ft. Introduced in
1750. Flowers greenish white; May and June. Fruit brown; ripe in
October. Decaying leaves greenish yellow.

Varieties.

¥ B. p. 2 fusca. B. fusca Bosc. — Leaves smaller than those of the spe-
cies, and less downy.
X B. p. 3 trichoclada Hort. — Branches extremely hairy, and twigs in

threes ; leaves heart-shaped. Horticultural Society's Garden.
* B. p. 4 platyphylla Hort. — Leaves very broad. Hort. Soc. Garden.
The branches are much less flexible than those
of the common birch, and are more ascending in
direction. The bark, in Canada and the district

of Maine, is em-
ployed for many

purposes. It is

placed in large

pieces immediately

under the shingles

of the roof, to

prevent the water

from penetrating

through it. Bas-
kets, boxes, and

portfolios are made

of it, which are

sometimes embroi-
dered with siik of

different colours.

Divided into very

thin sheets, it forms

a substitute for

paper; and, placed

between the soles of the shoes, and in the crown of the hat (as the bark of
the birch of Europe is in Lapland), it is a defence against humidity. But the
most important purpose to which it is applied, and one in which it is replaced

1535. B. papyracea.

1536. B. papyracea.

LXIX.

: #E'TULA.

843

by the bark ot no other tree, is the construction of canoes. The plant
usually known by the name of B. papyracea, in the London nurseries, is the
B. rubra of Michaux, jun., the B. lanulosa of Michaux, sen., and our B. nigra,
No. 9. This mistake has arisen from the bark of B. nigra, even in trees not
above 1 in. in diameter, separating from the trunk, and rolling up in very thin
paper-like lamina-.

2 9. B. NI'GRA L. The black Birch.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 464. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 2. p. 621. ; N. Du Ham., 3. p 203.
Synonymes. B. lanulbsa Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2. p. 181. ; ? B. rubra Michx. Arb. 2. p. 162.; B.

angulata Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836; red Birch, Amer. ; Betula da Canoa, Ital.
Engravings. Dend. Brit., t. 153. ; Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. t. 3. ; Bot. Cab., t. 1248. ; the plates

of this tree in Arb. Brit. 1st edit., vol. vii. ; and our figs. 1537. and 1538.

Spec. Char., fyc. Ler.ves rhomboid-ovate, doubly serrated, acute ; pubescent
beneath, entire at the base. Scales of the strobiles villose ; segments
linear, equal. (Willd.) A deciduous tree, with the bark rising in very
thin paper-like laminae.

pa,
Jer

1538. B. nigra.

New Jersey to Carolina.
Height 60 ft. to 70 ft. In-
troduced in 1736. Flow-
ers greenish white ; May .
Fruit brown ; ripe in June.

The epidermis is red-
dish, or of a cinnamon

colour. The petioles are

short and downy. The

leaves, on young trees, are

about 3 in. long, and 2 in.

broad, of a light green on

the upper surface, and

whitish beneath, though on

old trees they are much

smaller : they are doubly

denticulated at the edge,

very acuminate at the sum-
mit, and terminated at the base in an acute angle, more regular than is seen in
the leaf of any other tree. The female catkins in America are 5 or 6 inches long,
straight, and nearly cylindrical ; about London, they are not half the size.

* 10. B. EXCE'LSA H. Kew. The tall Birch.

Identification. Ait.

Hort. Kew., 3. p.

337. ; Pursh Fl.

Amer. Sept., 2. p.

261. ; N. Du Ham.,

3. p. 203.
Synonymes. B. lutea

Michx. N. Amer. Syl.

2. 103.; ?B. nigra Du

Roi Herb. Baunt. 1.

p. 148. ; yellow Birch,

Amer.
Engravings. Michx.

N. Amer. Syl., 2.

103. ; Wats. Dend.

Brit., t. 95. ; N. Du

Ham.,3.t.52.;Willd.

Baum., t. 1. f. 2. ;

and our fig. 1539.

from Michaux, and
fin. 1540. from the

Nouv. Du Ham.

Spec. Char., $c.
Leaves ovate,
acute, serrated ;
petioles pubes-
cent, shorter
than the pedun- 1M0. fl.em?]sa

1>3?, tt. excel**.

844

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

cles. Scales of the strobiles having the side lobes roundish (Willd.) A
deciduous tree. Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania. Height 70 ft. to 80 ft.
Introd. 1767. Flowers greenish white ; May. Fruit brownish ; ripe in October.

The young shoots and leaves, at their unfolding, are downy. Towards the
end of summer, when fully expanded, the leaves are perfectly smooth, except
the petiole, which remains covered with fine short hairs. The leaves are about
3^ in. long, and 2^ in. broad; oval, acuminate, and bordered with sharp
irregular teeth. The epidermis is of a brilliant golden yellow ; and the leaves,
the bark, and the young shoots, have all an agreeable taste and smell, similar
to those of the pliant birch (B. lenta), though they lose it in drying. In its
fructification, this species nearly resembles B. lenta.

¥ 11. B. LE'NTA L. The pliant Birch.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 464. ; Pursh Fl. Amer Sept., 2. p. 621. ; N. Du Ham., 3. p. 205.

Synonymes. B. carpinifolia Ehrh. Beitr. 6 p. 99. ; B. nlgra Du Roi Herb. 1. p. 93 ; the plant is
under both these names, and also under that of B. lenta, in Loddiges's arboretum ; black Birch,
Cherry Birch, Canada Birch, Sweet Birch, Mountain Mahogany, Amer. ; Bouleau Merisier, Fr. ;
Betula della Virginia, Hal.

Engravings. Wang. Beitr. t. 15. f. 34. ; Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 2. 106. ; and our fig. 1541.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves cordate-ovate, acutely serrated, acuminate ; petioles
and nerves hairy beneath. Scales of the strobiles smooth, having the side
lobes obtuse, equal, with prominent veins. (Willd.) A deciduous tree.
Canada to Georgia. Height
60ft. to 70 ft. Introd. 1759.
Flowers greenish white ;
May and June. Fruit
brown ; ripe in November.

According to Pursh, this
is an elegant and large tree,
the most interesting of its
" the
Mi-

chaux strongly recommends
the tree for cultivation, on a
large scale, in the north of
France, in England, and in
Germany ; and to the lovers
of curious trees, "as emi-
nently adapted, from the
beauty of its foliage and the
agreeable odour of its flow-
ers, to figure in their parks
and gardens."

Species of Birch lately introduced. — In Royle's Illustrations several species
ol birch are mentioned as occupying the loftiest stations in the mountains
of Nepal, and other parts of the Himalayas : B. Bhojputtra Wall., B. nitida,
B. cylindrostachya, B. resinifera Royle, and B. acuminata Wall.

B. Bhojputtra Wall. The Indian Paper Birch. Leaves oblong-acute,
with nearly simple serratures, somewhat heart-shaped at the base; their
stalks, veins, and twigs hairy. Female catkins erect, cylindrical, oblong.
Bracteas smooth, woody, two-parted, blunt, much longer than the fruit, which
has narrow wings. A tree, found on the Alps of Gurwal, in Kamaon, where
its thin delicate bark furnishes the masses of flexible laminated matter, of
which great quantities are brought down into the plains of India, for lining
the tubes of hookahs ; and which is used by the mountaineers, instead of
paper, for writing upon. (Wall. Plant. As. Rar., vol ii. p. 7.) The bark of
this species is of a pale cinnamon colour. Raised in the Hort. Soc. Gard. in 1840.

B. acuminata Wall. Leaves ovate lanceolate, sharply serrated, taper-

genus, on account of
excellence of its wood.

LXX. CORYLA^CE^E. 845

pointed, smooth, dotted beneath ; leaf-stalks and twigs quite smooth ; ripe
catkins very long, pendulous, cylindrical, crowded ; the rachis, and the
bracteas, which are auricled at the base, downy. Found on many of the
mountains of Nepal, and in the great valley of that country, following the
course of rivers. The flowers and fruit are produced from December to
April. It forms a very large and noble tree, from 50 ft. to 60 ft. high, of an
oval shape, being covered with branches from its base. The wood is stated
by Dr. Wallich to be greatly esteemed by the inhabitants, who employ it for
all sorts of purposes where strength and durability are required. ( Wall. PI.
As. Rar., t. 109.) Doubtless as hardy as the preceding species.

B. nitida. The shining Birch. Leaves oblong, taper-pointed, with fine
double serratures, the twigs and leaf-stalks hairy. Femaie catkins pendulous,
cylindrical, crowded. Bracts three-lobed, hairy, with the lengthened middle
lobe longer than the fruit. A tree, found in Kamaon.

B. cylindrostdchya. Leaves oblong, taper-pointed, heart-shaped, with fine
double serratures ; twigs, leaf-stalks, and veins downy ; female catkins pen-
dulous, very long, cylindrical ; fruit deeply two-lobed ; bracts linear lanceolate,
blunt, membranous, with two teeth at the base, fringed with hairs. A tree,
found in Kamaon. Most probably hardy, and, like the preceding species, if
not already introduced it will very soon be so.

ORDER LXX. CORYLAVCE^, OR CUPULI'FEILE.

ORD. CHAR. Flowers unisexual. — Male flowers disposed in cylindrical catkins.
Perianth small, scale-formed. Filaments usually free. — Female flower. In-
volucrum various, 1- or many-flowered. Perianth many-toothed, adhering
to the ovarium. Ovarium 1- or many-celled, containing many ovula.
Styles 2 — 3, or multiplied. Stigma,1! distinct. The involucrum, after flores-
cence, becoming enlarged, and enclosing, in part or altogether, the pericarps
which are either solitary or many together. Acorns, or nuts, 1-celled, 1-
seeded, by abortion. Seed pendulous. Albumen none. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous or evergreen; lobed,
serrated, or entire. Flowers in catkins, bracteate, sometimes pedunculate. —
Large trees, deciduous and evergreen ; natives of the temperate regions of
every part of the world.
The hardy ligneous genera belonging to this order are six, which are thus

contradistinguished : —

QUE'RCUS Lin Monoecious. — Male flowers in loose pendulous catkins. Sta-
mens 5 — 10. — Female flowers within an involucrum, which is composed of
numerous imbricate scales combined into a cup, which at length surrounds
the acorn at the base.

.FA'GUS Tourn. Monoecious. — Male flowers in dense pendulous catkins. Stamens
8. — Female flowers 2, within a 4-lobed involucrum, which at length encloses
the triangular nut echinated with soft spurs outside.

CASTA'NEA Tourn. Polygamous. — Male flowers clustered in long cylindrical
catkins. Stamens 5 — 20. Hermaphrodite flowers about 3 within an involu-
crum, which is covered outside with branchy spines, and at length encloses
a roundish nut. Stamens 12. Stigmas penciled.

CA'RPINUS Tourn. Monoecious. — Male flowers in long cylindrical catkins
having the scales ciliated at their bases. Stamens 8 — 14. — Female flowers
in loose strobiles or cones, each composed of a 3-lobed, 2-flowered, scale-
formed involucrum. Stigmas 2. Nut bony at the base of the scale.

O'STRYA Michx. Monoecious. — Male flowers in long cylindrical catkins,
each flower consisting of a scale and a branched filament. — Female flowers
in strobiles, each composed of a scale-formed imbricated involucrum.
Stigmas 2. Nut bony, at the base of the scale.

CO'RYLUS Lin. Monoecious. — Male flowers in long cylindrical catkins, which
are composed of 3-lobed deltoid scales. Stamens 8. Anthers 1-ceiled. —

846

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

Female flowers numerous, enclosed in a scaly bud.
length surrounded by a lacerated involucrum.

Nut oval, smooth, at

GENUS I.

I

r

QUE'RCUS L. THE OAK. Lin. Syst. Monce'cia Polyandria.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 495. ; Juss., 410. ; Fl. Br., 1025. ; Tourn., t. 349. ; Lam., t. 779.

Synonymes. /Mex Tourn. ; Suber Tourn. ; Derw, Celtic ; Aaack, or Ac, Saxon; Al, Alon, or Allan,
Hebrew ; Drus, Greek ; Chene, Fr. ; Eiche, Gcr. ; Eik, Dutch ; Quercia, Ital. ; Encina, Span.

Derivation. From qucr, fine, and cuez, a tree, Celtic, according to Lepelletier : but, according to
others, from the Greek word choiros, a pig ; because pigs feed on the acorns. The Celtic name
for this tree (Derw) is said to be the root of the word Druid (that is, priest of the oak), and of the
Greek name Drus. The Hebrew name for tne oak ( Al, or Alon) is said to be the origin of the old
English word llan (originally signifying an oak grove, or place of worship of the druids, and after-
wards, by implication, a town or parish), and also of the Irish words clan and dun. In the Book of
Isaiah, xliv. 14., idols are said to be made of Allun, or Alon ; that is, of oak. (Lowth's Trans.)

Gen. Char., fyc. Flowers unisexual. — Males disposed in long, slender, pen-
dulous catkins, in groups. Each flower consists of 8 or more stamens,
and these are attended by 6 — 8 bracteas, that are coherent at the
base, and resemble a 6 — 8-parted calyx. — Female flowers erect on ax-
illary peduncles, a few upon a peduncle. Each flower consists of a pistil,
whose ovary, and the basal part of whose style, are invested with an
adnate calyx toothed at the tip. Style short. Stigma 3-lobed. Fruit an
acorn ; its lower part having an imbricate cup. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous or evergreen ; entire, serrated,
or lobed. Flowers greenish white. — Trees, chiefly large and deciduous ;
natives of Europe, Asia, and America.

The oaks, in point of usefulness to man, are only to be equalled by the
pine and fir tribe. The latter may be considered the domestic, and the
former the defensive, trees of civilised society. The oak is never found in
perfection, except in a good soil, and in a temperate climate. Like almost
all other plants, it will thrive in a deep sandy loam or in vegetable soil, but
to attain its full size, and to bring its timber to perfection, it requires a soil
more or less alluvial or loamy ; and the European oaks are always most
luxuriant, and produce the best timber, on a soil somewhat calcareous. No
oak, in the temperate climates, is found of a large size at a great elevation
above the level of the sea, or where the climate is very severe in spring. In
the Himalayas, and in Mexico, oaks are found of large size on mountains ; but
then the climate, naturally hot, is only rendered temperate by elevation. All
oaks whatever are impatient of spring frosts. The wood of most of the
species of oaks is, comparatively with that of other trees, hard, compact,
heavy, tough, and durable ; and, in most, the entire plant, and more espe-
cially the bark, leaves, and fruit, abound in astringent matter and in tannin.
The wood of the larger-growing European kinds, and more especially of
the group Robur, is considered superior to all other European or American
woods for ship-building. The wood of Q. alba, and that of Q. virens, are
most esteemed for the same object in America. The wood of the group C'erris is
also employed in ship-building in Turkey and Greece. The oak is generally
propagated by seed, and time will be gained by sowing acorns where the
plants are intended finally to remain. Varieties are propagated by inarching
or whip-grafting, the latter being performed close to the surface of the ground
on the collar of the plant ; and the graft afterwards earthed up. All the
American deciduous oaks may be grafted on Q. Cerris, and all the evergreen
oaks, both European and American, on Q. Z^lex. The mode of raising oaks
from the acorn is the same in all the species. The acorns need not be
gathered from the tree, but may be collected from the ground immediately
after they have dropped ; and, as in the case of other tree seeds, they may
be either sown then, or kept till the following spring. If they are to be kept,

LXX. CORYLA'CE^E : QUE'RCUS. 847

they should be made perfectly dry in the sun ; or in an airy shade mixed with
dry sand, in the proportion of three bushels of sand to one bushel of acorns,
or with dry moss ; and then excluded from the air and vermin, by being put
into barrels or boxes, or laid up in a cellar, or buried in heaps, and covered
with a sufficient thickness of earth to exclude the weather. If the acorns
are to be transported from one country to another, the same mixing with
dry sand or dry moss, and exclusion from the air, are adopted ; but the
more certain mode of retaining the vital principle in acorns is, to mix them
with moist earth, or with moist live moss (Sphagnum) : in either of the
latter mediums, they will germinate during a long voyage ; but no evil will
result from this, provided they are sown immediately on their arrival. When
acorns are to be sown in a nursery, the soil ought to be thoroughly prepared
and rendered fine ; aad, after the earth is drawn off the beds, or the drills
opened, the acorns may either be scattered over the beds, or along the drills,
so that the nuts may be about 2 in. apart; and, to regulate this distance
with greater certainty, the sand may be separated from the acorns with a
sieve. In either case, the acorns, before covering, must be patted down with
the back of a spade in the beds, and with the back of a wooden-headed
rake in the drills. The covering, which ought to be of well-broken soil,
should vary in depth, according to the size of the acorn; l^in. being enough
for those of the largest size, such as those of the groups 726bur, A'lbas, &c. ;
and Jin. for those of the smallest size, such as those of the groups 7xlex,
Phellos, &c. No mode of depositing acorns in the soil can be worse than
that of dropping them in holes made by a dibber. The acorn drops into
the hole, and becomes wedged by its sides before it gets to the bottom ; and,
if the upper extremity of the acorn should be downwards instead of upwards,
it can hardly be expected to grow. For this reason, the dibber should only
be used in pulverised soils ; and the point of the instrument should be of a
diameter greater than the length of the largest acorn which has to be dropped
into the hole. As acorns are greedily devoured by vermin, and especially by
land rats and mice, they ought to be sown in an open part of the nursery, not
near hedges, ditches, or hous.es ; and where, whether in nurseries or in fields
intended to become oak woods, much danger is apprehended from vermin, thev
ought not to be sown till late in March, so as to lessen the period between the
depositing of the acorn and its becoming a plant.

As all oaks, when young, are remarkable for throwing down long and vigo-
rous taproots, and producing few lateral ones, they ought to be sown where
they are finally to remain, especially if the subsoil be good, and other cir-
cumstances not unfavourable ; but, as this cannot always be the case, it is
customary among nurserymen to transplant the oak at one or two years'
growth, removing great part of the taproot ; some of them, however, shorten
the taproot without removing the plant, by inserting the spade obliquely
in the soil, so as to cut through the roots, at from 6 in. to 8 in. beneath
the surface ; an operation most conveniently performed when the oaks are
sown in drills ; because in that case the spade can first be inserted all along
one side of the drill, and then all along the other. The French nurserymen,
when acorns, walnuts, and other tree seeds which send down very long tap-
roots, are to be reared with a view to being transplanted, sometimes germinate
them in moist earth, or in sawdust, placed in a temperature of 50° or 60° ;
and, after the radicle has been protruded two or three times the length of the
acorn or nut, pinch off its extreme point before the seed is committed to the
soil. This treatment, which is applicable, as we have seen in the case of the
horsechestnut (see p. 125.), to most large-seeded trees, has the effect of im-
mediately causing the taproot to throw out numerous lateral fibres ; which
is highly favourable for transplantation, though it is not so for the rapid
growth of the tree for the first year or two afterwards. To counteract its
effect in this respect, when the tree is planted where it is finally to remain, and
has grown there two or three years, it ought to be cut down to the ground ;
after which it will throw up vigorous shoots, and send down perpendicular

848 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

roots i and if from the shoots one is selected to form the future tree, and the
others carefully rubbed off, the tree will advance at as rapid a rate as if it had
been sown where it was intended finally to remain ; and, in cases where the
subsoil .is bad, much more so.

In the future culture of the oak, the trees generally require side-pruning
when the object is a straight clean trunk. As most of the species grow erect,
the hardier deciduous kinds are well adapted for hedgerows ; but, as many
of the American kinds are comparatively tender, they are most advantageously
cultivated in masses. The group /"lex forms excellent evergreen hedges, and
most of the species belonging to it endure the sea breeze. The Nepal species,
as far as they have hitherto been introduced, require, even in the climate of
London, the protection of a wall.

We have arranged the species in the following groups : —

A. Leaves deciduous.
A. Natives of Europe.

§ i. RO^BUR. British Oaks. Leaves lobed and sinuated ; dying off of a

yellowish or russet brown. Bark rough. Buds ovate. Fructification annual.

Cups imbricate.
§ ii. CE'RRIS. Turkey Oaks. Leaves lobed and sinuated, or dentated ; in

some varieties sub-evergreen ; always dying off of a dirty white. Bark rough.

Buds furnished with linear stipules. Fructification biennial. Cups echi-

nate, ramentaceous, or scaly-squarrose.

B. Natives of North America.

§ iii. A'LBJE. White Oaks. Leaves lobed and sinuated ; dying off more or
less shaded with a violet colour. Bark white, and scaling off in thin laminae.
Fructification annual. Cup imbricate or echinate. Nut oblong, generally large.

5) iv. PRIVNUS. Chestnut Oaks. Leaves dentate ; dying off of a dirty white,
or of a rich yellowish orange. Bark white, rough, and scaling off. Fructifi-
cation annual. Cup imbricate. Nut ovate, rather large.

§ v. RUVBR^. Red Oaks. Leaves lobed, sinuated, and deeply cut, mucro-
nated ; dying off of a deep red, scarlet, or purple. Bark blackish ; smooth
or furrowed, but never scaly. Fructification biennial. Nut ovate, and with
a persistent style. Cup imbricate, large in proportion to the nut.

§ vi. NINGR;E. Black Oaks. Leaves obtusely and very slightly lobed ; with
mucros, which generally drop off when the leaves have attained their full
size ; leaves dying off of a blackish green, or very dark purplish red, and
in America frequently persistent. Bark quite black, smooth, or furrowed ;
but never scaly. Fructification biennial. Cup imbricate. Nut with a per-
sistent style, and sometimes marked with dark lines.

§ vii. PHE'I.LOS. Willow Oaks. Leaves quite entire ; dying off without
much change of colour ; but in America sometimes persisting during two
or three years. Young shoots straight and wand-like. Bark very smooth,
black, and never cracked. Fructification biennial. Cup imbricate and
shallow. Nut roundish and very small.

B. Leaves evergreen.
A. Natives of Europe.

§ viii. /XLEX. Holm, or Holly, Oaks. Leaves ovate or oval, entire or ser-
rated, with or without prickly mucros. Bark smooth and black, or rough
and corky. Fructification biennial. Cup imbricate. Nut ovate, acumi-
nate ; sometimes very long in proportion to the cup.

B. Natives of North America.

§ ix. VIRE/NTES. Live Oaks. Leaves oblong-lanceolate; dentate and vari-
ously cut when young, but on full-grown trees quite entire. Bark smooth,
black. Fructification biennial. Cup imbricate. Nut long.

LXX. CORYLANCE;E : QUE'RCUS.

849

C. Natives of Nepal and Mexico.

§ x. LANA'T.E. Woolly-leaved Oaks. Leaves oval, oblong, or lanceolate ;
serrated or dentate ; woolly beneath.

A. Leaves deciduous.

A. Natives of Europe.
§ i. Hobur. British Oaks.

Sect. Char. Leaves lobed and serrated ; dying off of a yellowish or russet
brown. Bark rough. Buds ovate. Fructification annual. Cups imbricate.
— Trees from 30 ft. to above 100 ft. high.

y 1. Q. PEDUNCULAH-A Willd. The common, or peduncled, British Oak.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PI., No. 65. ; Ehr. Arb., 77. ; PI. Off., 169.

Synonymes. Q. A'6bur Lin. Sp. PI. 1414., Eng. Bot. t. 1342. ; Q. R. pedunculatum Mart. Ft. Rust.
' jerm. 1. p. 408. ; Q racem&sa N. Du I

Ham. 7. p. 177. ; Q. cum longo
pedunculo Bauh. Pin. 420. ; Q. 7/efneris Dalech. Hist. 4. ; Quercus Fuchs Hist. 229. ; Q. navalis

t. 10. ; Q. foe'mina Roth Ge
pedunculo Bauh. Pin. 420. ;
Burnet ; White Oak ; Chene blauc Secondat, p. 16. t. 3. ; Chime pldoncule ou a Grappes, Chene

Burnei ; W nite Oak ; Chene blanc Secondat, p. 16. t. 3. ; Chene p£doncule ou a Grappes, Chene

femelle, Gravelin, Fr. ; Stiel Eiche, rriih Eiche, Thai Eiche, Lohe Eiche, Wald Eiche, Ger. ;

Eschio, Quercia gentile, Ital. ; Encina roble, Span.
Derivation. The French and German names signify the white oak, the bunch-fruited oak, tho

female oak, the stalked oak, the early oak (alluding to the production of the leaves), the valley

oak, the tanning oak, and the wood oak.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1342. ; N. Du Ham., 7. t. 54. ; Willd. Abbild., t. 140. ; the plates of this

tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ; and OUT fig 1542.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves on short footstalks, oblong, smooth, dilated upwards ;
sinuses rather acute ; lobes obtuse. Stalks of the fruit elongated. Nut
oblong. (Willd.} A large deciduous tree. Europe and Britain. Height
50ft. to 100ft., with spreading tortuous branches and spray, and, when
^ standing singly, with a head often broader than it is high. Flowers

greenish and white; April. Nut brown; ripe September.

Varieties.

pedunculate.

Q. p, 2 pubescens Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — Leaves downy beneath.

Q. p. 3 fasligiata. Q. fastigiata Lam. ; Q. pyramidalis Hort. ; Chene
Cypres, Chene des Pyrenees, Fr. (The plate of this tree in Arb. Brit.,
1st edit., vol. vii. ; and our Jig. 1543.) — A handsome deciduous tree,
resembling in general form the Lombardy poplar. It is found in the
valleys of the Western Pyrenees, and in the Landes near Bordeaux,
though but sparingly, and frequently comes true from seed. In British
gardens it grows most rapidly and vigorously when grafted on the
species, or on Q. sessiliflora.

Q. /. ^pendula. Q. pendn^a Lodd. Cat. 1836 ; the Weeping Oak. —
Branches decidedly penuulous. The largest tree of this variety that
3 i

850

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM,

we know of, in England, stands in the park at Moccas Court, Here-
fordshire, and is, perhaps, one of the most extraordinary trees of the
oak kind in existence. It generally comes true from seed. (See
Gard. Mag. vol. xii. p. 368.)

1544. 0. p heteroph/ll*.

LXX. CORYLANCE,E I QUE'RCUS.

851

* Q. p. 5 hcterophylla. Q. salicifolia Hort., Q. laciniata Lod. Cat., Q./ili-
cifolia Hort., Q. Fennesse Hort. (Our fig. 1544.) — In this variety
the leaves vary exceedingly in magnitude, in shape, and in being lan-
ceolate and entire, cut at the edges, or deeply laciniated.

¥ Q. p. Qfoliis variegatis Lodd. Cat. — Leaves variegated with white, with
some streaks of red. When finely grown, a very ornamental tree.

t Q. p. 7 purpurea. Q. purpurea Lodd. Cat. — Young shoots, and the foot-
stalks of the leaves, tinged with purple. Young leaves, when they first
come out, almost entirely purple, and very striking. A tree, which is
among the oaks what the purple beech is among the beeches. There
is a specimen 30 ft. high at Arno's Grove, Southgate.

Other Varieties. Q. p. Hodginsw, Q. p. cinerea, and Q. p. dulcis are
described in our first edition. The varieties of British oaks which might
be selected from extensive woods of that tree are without end.

Quercus pedunculata, both in Britain and on the Continent, is generally
found on better soil than Q. sessiliflora ; and its wood splits more easily, and
is lighter, than the wood of that species. In France, the chene-a-grappes is
always planted in preference to the chene-rouvre, where the soil is sufficiently
good. When both oaks are planted together in good soil, the red oak (Q.
sessiliflora) outgrows the white oak (Q. pedunculata) ; and, when either oak
grows on particular descriptions of soils, with bad subsoils, the wood assumes
a brown or dark colour, and is found, when worked up, to be of comparatively
short duration. Hence, a good deal of confusion has arisen as to the com-
parative value of the wood of these two species. For splitting, the white oak
is to be preferred ; and, with respect to durability, we believe that depends
more on the soil, and on the rapidity or slowness of growth, than on the
species. (See Arb. Brit., 1st edit., p. 1731. to p. 1842.; and Gard. Chron.,
vol. i. p. 70.)

^ 2. Q. SESSILIFLORA Sal. The sessile-flowered Oak.

Identification. Sal. Prod., 392. ; Smith Fl. Br., No. 2. a ; Eng. Bot., t. 1845.

Synonymies. Q. 7J6bur Willd. ; Q. R. var. sessile Mart. Fl. Rust, til.; Q. sessilis Ehrh. Arb.
87.; Q. platyphyllos, mas et foem., Dalech. Hist. 2,3.; Q. latifolia mas, &c., Bauh. Pin., Rait
Syn. 440. ; Q. regalis Burnet ; ? Q. australis Cook ; Q. mannifera, the Manna Oak, Lindl. Bot.
Reg. 1841 ; Q. mong61ica Ibid, and Gard. Chron. vol. i. p. 35. ; the Red Oak, Chestnut oak, Bay
Oak ; Chene male, Secondat ; Chene roure or rouvre, Durelin, Fr. ; Stein Eiche, gemeine Eiche,
spat Eiche, "Winter Eiche, diirr Eiche, roth Eiche, Berg Eiche, Ger. ; Quercia vera, and Quercia
commune, Ital ; Rohle, Span.

1545 Q. sessihflora.

Derivation. The name of Chestnut Oak is given to this species, because its wood is supposed by
some to resemble that of the sweet chestnut, as do the leaves in a slight degree, of some of the
varieties. The French names imply the male oak, the red oak, and the hard oak. The German

3 i 2

852

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICLM.

names, the stone oak ; the common oak, the late oak, in allusion to its lateness in leafing ; the
winter oak, from its frequently keeping on its leaves during winter ; dry oak, probably from the
leaves remaining en the tree after they have become dry and withered ; red oak, from the colour
of its wood ; and hill oak, from its being more abundant on hilly ground than the Q. pedunculata.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 1845. ; N. Du Ham., 7. t. 52. ; Willd. Abbild., t. 130. ; the plate of this
tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ; and our fig. 1545.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Leaves on longish footstalks, deciduous, oblong, smooth ;
sinuses opposite, rather acute ; lobes obtuse. Fruit sessile. Nut oblong.
(Smith.) Leaves, when young, pubescent beneath. (Willd.) A large decidu-
ous tree, readily distinguished from the preceding species, even at a distance,
by the less tufted appearance, and generally paler green, of its foliage during
summer ; and, in winter, by its less tortuous spray and branches, by its
lighter-coloured bark, by its larger buds, and by its frequently retaining its
leaves, after they have withered, till the following spring.
Varieties.

¥ Q. s. 2 pubescens. Q. s. var. 0 Smith Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 150. ; Q. pu-
bescens Willd. Sp. PI. iv. p. 450. ; Q. R. lanuginosum Lam. Diet. i.
p. 717. ; the Durmast, Mart. FL Rust. t. 12. — Leaves downy be-
neath. Fruit sessile, but sometimes subsessile.

y Q. s. 3 macrocdrpa. Q. .Kobur ma-
crocarpum Sooth, (Our fig.
1546.) — Fruit large. Lodd.

1546. Q. s. macroclrpa.

1M7. Q. s. falkenbt-rgfosis.

* Q. s. 4 falkenbergensis. Q. falkenbergensis Sooth, Forbes Hort.
Tour p. 5., and Arb. Brit. 1st edit. p. 1926. (Our fig. 1547.)— Leaves
small and serrated. Fruit small. Plant stunted. Found on the hills
of Falkenberg by Mr. Booth in 1832, and introduced in 1837.
If Q. s. 5 australis. Q. ? australis Link in Spreng. Syst. Quer. No. 59,,
and Arb. Brit, 1st edit. p. 1925. (Our fig. 1548.)— Leaves large,
regularly lobed, and evergreen or sub-evergreen. Introduced by
Capt. S. E. Cook (now Widderington) in 1835, and possibly a dis-
tinct species, but we think not. Horticultural Society's Garden.
Other Varieties are mentioned by Bosc and some French authors, and in
the Gardener's Magazine, vol. xii p. 571., and Arb. Brit., 1st edit., p. 1737.,
fifteen are described as having been found by the Rev. W. T. Bree in War-
wickshire, in the district called the Forest of Arden.

Quercus sessilifldra is generally the only British oak found in poor soil ;
for example, on the high grounds on the south bank of the Thames between
Greenwich and Gravesend. On the poor soils of the north and middle of
France, it is the only oak which is indigenous. The oaks of the Bois de
Boulogne are entirely of this species ; as are those in the woods of Meudon,
and throughout the whole of the extensive Forest of Fontainebleau. In
Britain it is also frequently found in rich soil, with or without Q. peduncu-
lata ; but the latter species* is never found indigenous on soils so poor as those
in which Q. sessiliflora is found. fSee our first edition.)

LXX. CORYLA'CE^E : QUE RCUS.

AN/

S53

1518. Q. •. au« trills.

¥ 3. Q. PYRENA'ICA Willd. The Pyrenean Oak.

Identification. Willd. ; N. Du Ham., 7. p. 179. ; Rees's Cycl., .No. 75.

Synonymes. Q. Taiizin Pers. ; Q. nlgra Thore Chlor. ; «. TOsa Bosc ; Q. stolonifera Lapeyr. \

Q. tomentbsa Dec. ; Chene noir, Secondat ,- Chene-tauzin, Fr.
Engravings. Secondat, Mem. du Chene, t. 2. and t. 5. ; N. Du Ham., 7. t. 56. ; and our fig. 1549.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oblong, pinnatifid ; stalked ; downy beneath ; some-
what heart-shaped and unequal at the base ; lobes obtuse, slightly toothed.
Fruit stalked. {Willd.) A low tree, technically deciduous, but retaining
its withered leaves throughout the winter, and till they are pushed off' by
the expanding buds in the following summer. Pyrenees. Height 20 ft. to
30 ft. Introduced in 1822. Flowers greenish white ; May and June.

Readily known, from its infancy upwards, from
every other oak, in spring, by the dense covering of
woolly down that is spread over its young leaves,
which, on their first appearance (in the climate of
London, three weeks later than those of the com-
mon oak), are of a reddish tinge. The leaves are
retained during the winter, when they appear curled
up, and at the extremities of the shoots remind one
of the carved work in wood of the sculptor Gibbons.
The roots run near the surface, and throw up nu-
merous suckers. The wood, which weighs 60 Ib. per
cubic foot, is of great hardness, toughness, and dura-
bility, but apt to warp ; the bark furnishes the best
of all tan. It is one of the most ornamental of
oak.s, and being of .small stature it ought to find a
place in every collection, instead of which it is com-
paratively rare in England. Several varieties are mentioned in the New
DuHamel.

¥ 4. Q. J?'SCULUS L. The Esculus, or Italian, Oak.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1414. ; N. Du Ham., 7. p. 176. ; Rees's Cycl , No. 70.
Synonymes. Ph&gus £'sculus, mas et fcem., Dalech. Hist. 5. ; Chene grec, Fr.
Derivation. From esca, food. The Esculus of the classics is by some taken for the beech tree ;

but the Q. ^E'sculus of Linnaeus is now believed to be the Phagos of Theophrastus, which he ex.

pressly says is a kind of oak.

Engravings. The plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ; and our fig. 1550

3 i 3

1549. Q.

854

ARBORETUM ET F11UT1CETUM BlUTANN ICUM,

1550. «. B'sculus.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate-oblong, sinuated, smooth ; paler beneath ; seg-
ments bluntish, somewhat angular at the base. Fruit nearly sessile. Calyx
scaly, hemispherical. (Smith.) A deciduous tree of the middle size. South
of Europe. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft. Introduced in 1739. Flowers greenish
white ; May. Acorns brown ; ripe in October.

A very handsome species, quite hardy, and deserving a place in every col-
lection. There are large specimens of it in Whitton Park.

3f 5. Q. (E.) APENNI^NA Lam. The Apennine
Oak.

Identification. Lam. Diet. Encycl. 1. p. 725. ; N. Du Ham.,

7. p. 177. ; Bosc Mem. sur les Chenes.
Synonymes. Q. conglomerata Pers. ; Chene hivernal, Fr.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 7. t. 53.; and our fig. 1551.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oval-oblong, petiolated,
sinuated, pubescent beneath, bordered with
obtuse lobes, somewhat angular. Acorns
oval, disposed along a short peduncle.
(Lam.} The leaves are exceedingly woolly
beneath ; the acorns small, almost globular,
and sometimes borne to the number of 8
or 10 on one peduncle, not above I in. in
length. The tree does not attain a large
size, seldom exceeding the height of 20 It.
Not yet introduced ; but apparently only a
variety of Q. JS'sculus ; or perhaps even

identical With it. 1551. Q. ar*nnina.

§ ii. Cerris. Mossy -cupped, or Turkey, Oaks.

Sect. Char. Leaves lobed and sinuated, or dentated ; more or less persistent ;
in some varieties, sub-evergreen or evergreen ; always dying off of a dirty
white or paper brown, never with any tinge of red or yellow. Buds fur-
nished with linear stipules. Fructification generally biennial. Cups echi-
nate, ramentaceous, or scaly, squarrose.

¥ 6. Q. CE'RRIS L. The bitter, or mossy-cupped, Oak.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1415. ; N. Du Ham., 7. p. 182. ; Rees's Cycl., No. 83.

Synonymes. Q. crinlta a, and fi, Lam. Diet. 1. p. 718. ; Q. //aliphlce\>s Juss. in Hort. Par. ; Q.
burgundiaca, &c., Bauh. Pin. 420. ; Q. Cerris Plinit, &c., Lob. Icon. 2. 156., Dod. Pempt. 831.,
Ger. Emac. 1345. ; C'errus Dalech. Hist. vol. 1. p. 6. ; the Turkey Oak ; the Iron, or Wainscot,
Oak ; Chene Cerris, Chene chevelu, Chene de Bourgogne, Fr. ; Burgundische Eiche. Cerr-eiche,
Ger. ; Cerro Ghiande amare, Hal.

LXX. CORYLA'CE^E: QUE'RCUS,

855

Derivation. The specific appellation Haliphlceos was applied by Pliny to an oak with very bitter
acorns : but it may be derived from kalis, enough, and phloios, bark ; in reference to the tendency
to corkiness in the bark. The Iron Oak alludes to the weight of its wood, which is much heavier
than that of the common oak. The term Wainscot Oak refers to its suitableness for lining the
walls of rooms, from the Dutch words, ward, a wall ; and schorten, to suspend.

Engravings. N. Du Ham., 7. t. 57. ; the plates of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ; and
our Jigs. 1552. and 1553.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves on very short
stalks, oblong, deeply and unequally
pinnatifid ; hairy beneath ; lobes lanceo-
late, acute, somewhat angular. Stipules
longer than the footstalks. Calyx of the
fruit hemispherical, bristly. (Smith.) A
large deciduous tree, attaining the same

1553. Q. C6rris.

1552. Q. Cerris.

height as the British oak, but of much
more rapid and vigorous growth. France,
Italy, Spain, Austria, and the Levant.
Introduced in 1735. Flowers greenish
white ; April. Acorns brown ; ripe in
October of the second year, and some-
times in the autumn of the first year.

Varieties. There is a great tendency in this species to sport ; so that
many varieties may be selected from every bed of seedlings. It also ap-
pears to hybridise with facility, especially with Q. tfuber ; and from this
cross the numerous race of varieties known as the Lucombe or Exeter
oaks, the Fulham oaks, and the Ragnal oaks have been raised. There are
also some varieties of Q. Cerris which appear to owe their origin to geo-
graphical circumstances ; such as Q. C. austriaca, and Q. C. crinita. The
varieties cultivated in British nurseries may, for practical purposes, be ar-
ranged as deciduous, sub-evergreen, and evergreen.

* Foliage deciduous.
a. Leaves pinnatifid or sinuated. Cups of the Acorns mossy.

? Q. C. 1 vulgdris. Q. C. frondosa Mill. Diet. ed. 5. (see fig. 1552.,
and the plates of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii.) —
Leaves pinnatifidly sinuated, and the cups covered with soft moss.
Of this variety there is an endless nlimber of subvarieties. Fig.
1552. may be considered as the normal form : Jig. 1554. has the
leaves more deeply sinuated : fig. 1553. is from a specimen cf great
3 i 4

856

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANN1CUM,

beauty, sent us by John Thomas Brook,
Esq., of Flitwick House : and Jig.
1555., copied from the figure given
in Olivier's Travels, is the Q. crinita
var. £ Lam. Diet. i. p. 718. ; Q. Tour-
nefort-K Willd. No. 74. ; Q. orientalis
latifolia, &c., Town. Cor. 40., Voy.
ii. p. 172.; Q. Cerris Oliv. Voy. i. p.
221., Eng. ed. ii. p. 5. and t. 12. ;
and Q. /jTaliphlcevos Bosc Mem. sur
les Ckenes. Fig. 1556. shows portraits
of three leaves, taken from a specimen
of Q. ferris vulgaris gathered in the
arboretum at Milford in 1835, and
there erroneously named Q. lusitanica.
We have observed a similar diversity of appearance in the leaves

of an old tree of Q. t'erris in the grounds at

Buckingham Palace.

Itftrii

1555. Q. C. vulgiiris.

1556. Q. C. vulgkris.

Q. C. 2 pendula Neill in Lauder's Gilpin, vol. i. p. 73. — Branches pen-
dulous. The handsomest tree of this variety in Britain is proba-
bly that at Hackwood Park, 40 ft. high, from a specimen of which
fig. 1557. was taken. The branches not only droop to the ground,

but, after touching it, they creep
along the surface to some distance,
like those of SopKbra japonica
pendula, p. 196.

Q. C. 3 lacinidta. (/£. 1558.)— There
is a fine tree of this interesting
variety in Hackwood Park.

1657. «. C. pendula.

1558. Q. C. lacinikta.

Q. C. 4 variegata Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836. — Leaves variegated,
b. Leaves dentate. Cups of the Acorns bristly.

Q. C. 5 austriaca. Q. austriaca Willd. No. 76. ; Q. Cerris Host Syn.
520., a and (3 No. 28. ; (^. crinita y ££rris Lin., Lam. Diet. i. p.

LXX. CORYLAVCE^E : QUE'llCUS. 857

718.; Q. calyce hispido, &c., Bank. Pin. 420. (The plate of this
tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ; and our fig. 1559.) — Leaves on
longish stalks, ovate-oblong, slightly but copiously sinuated ; downy
and hoary beneath ; lobes short, ovate, acute, entire. Stipules
shorter than the footstalks. Calyx of the fruit hemispherical, bristly.

1559. Q. C. austriaca.

(Smith.} Sir J. E. Smith observes that this tree is " generally mis-
taken for Q. Cerris, from which nothing can be more certainly dis-
tinct ;" we admit their distinctness, but no one who has seen the
two trees together in the Horticultural Society's Garden can, we
think, doubt their being only differ-
ent forms of the same species.
Austria, Hungary, Carniola, Italy,
and other parts of the South of
Europe, in stony mountainous
places. Height and other particu-
lars as in the species.

Q. C. 6 cdna major. Q. cana major
Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836 (fig. 1560.) ;
the hoary-leaved bitter, or Turkey,
Oak. — Resembles Q. austriaca in
the form of its leaves ; but they
are much more downy beneath.

Q. C. 7 cana minor. Q. cana minor 1%0' «•*«*» "

Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — Resembles the preceding kind, but has narrower
leaves.

Q. C. 8 Ragnal. Q. Ragnal Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836 ; the Ragnal Oak.
— This variety has rather narrower and more deeply cut leaves than

858

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM

Q. C. cana major ; but, in other respects, scarcely differs from that
variety.

** Foliage sub-evergreen. Leaves dentate. Acorns with bristly Clips.
The leaves remain on the tree through a great part of the winter, retain-
ing their vitality and greenness. In mild winters, the leaves do not
begin to drop till March or April ; and, even in severe winters, a part of
them, on the sheltered side of the tree, continue green till near the
end of that month.

1561. Q. C.

Q. C. 9 fulhamensis. Q. C. dentata Wats. Dend. Brit. t. 93. ; Q. C.
hybrida var. dentata Swt. ; the Fulham Oak. (See the plates of this
tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ; and our^g. 1561.) — Leaves,
alternate, ovate-elliptic, largely dentated ; the dents obtuse-angular

1562 Q. C. Lucoml)e<

LXX. CORYLAV€E^ I

859

their sides excurved, and their vertices shortly mucronate. (Wats.)
This is a fine broad-leaved sub-evergreen variety, of which there is a
magnificent specimen in the Fulham Nursery.

*t Q. C. 10 f. latifolia Hort. — Leaves broader than those of the preceding
variety.

1£ Q. C. 11 Lucombeana. Q. Lucombearaa Swt. ; Q. exoniensis Lodd.
Cat. ed. 1836 ; the Lucombe Oak, the everg een Turkey Oak, the
Devonshire Oak, the Exeter Oak. (See the plate of this tree in
Arb. Brit., 1st edit.; and our fig. 1562.) — Raised by Lucombe,
nurseryman at Exeter, from seeds of the species sown about
1762, and so closely resembling Q. C. fulhamensis as scarcely to be
worth keeping distinct.

*#* Foliage evergreen, or very nearly so. Leaves varying from dentate to
sinuate. Cups of the Acorns bristly.

This section consists entirely of subvarie-
ties of the Lucombe Oak, which differ
from the parent in being nearly evergreen.

1 Q. C. 12 L. crispa. Q. Lucombeawa

crispa Hort. ; the new Lucombe Oak.

(fig. 1563.) — Leaves somewhat

curled at the edges, and the bark

corky,
i Q. C. 13 L. suberosa. Q. L. suberosa

Hort. — Leaves somewhat longer

than in the preceding variety, and the

bark double the thickness ; that from

a specimen sent us measuring 2 in. in

thickness.
1 Q. C. 14 L. incisa. Q. L. incisa Hort.

— Leaves longer, and somewhat more

deeply cut, than those of the preced-
ing varieties.
1 Q. C. 15 L. dentdta. Q. L. dentata

Hort. — A fine large-leaved evergreen

variety, lately raised in the Exeter

Nursery.

1563. Q. C. L. crispa.

i Q. C. 16 heterophylla. Q. L. heterophylla Hort. (fig. 1564.)— Foliage
very variable j also a recent production of the Exeter Nursery.

The Turkey oak is a free-growing tree, with straight vigorous branches,
which take a much more upright direction than those of the British or com-
mon oak ; and both branches and twigs are, in every stage of the tree's growth,
wholly free from the tortuous character of those of that species. The trunk
is also straighter ; but the branches, at their junction with it, being remark-
able for an unusual degree of expansion, the trunks of middle-aged trees, as
it is observed in the Dictionnaire des Eaux et Forets, often appear gibbous.
The bark is comparatively smooth and dark when young, but corky as it grows
old ; and it is reckoned less liable to chap and crack than that of the common
oak. The leaves are of a beautiful bright shining green, somewhat glaucous or
hoary beneath ; and they vary so exceedingly in size and shape in different
trees raised from seed, that almost every individual, if described from the
leaves alone, might be constituted a distinct species : they have short foot-
stalks, and are most readily distinguished from those of oaks of every other
section by their small buds, and the numerous linear persistent stipules which
proceed from them. The acorns are sessile, or on very short footstalks ; and
they are easily known by the bristly or mossy clothing of their cups. They
are remarkably bitter and austere ; a circumstance noticed by Pliny. The

860

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1564. Q. C. heterophjMla.

wood and bark are by
some considered as
having the same pro-
perties as those of the
British oak ; but, as it
is only about a century
since the tree was in-
troduced into this
country, very few spe-
cimens have attained a
sufficient size to be cut
down for timber, and
very little experience
has been obtained on
the subject. The tree
is one of very great
beauty, both in point
of form and foliage;
and, being of great
rapidity of growth, it
is equalled by few for
ornamental plantations.
The foliage of some
varieties is persistent,
like that of the beech
and the hornbeam : and
of others, supposed to
be hybrids, it is sub-evergreen, or so near being completely evergreen, as to be
retained on the trees till May. The species, and most of the varieties, ripen
acorns in England, from which plants are raised with great facility ; but the
varieties, like those of every other oak, being very liable to sport, can only be
continued by grafting or by layers. The stocks employed may be either those
of Q. Cerris, or of the common British oak ; and the grafting may be per-
formed in the whip manner, with as great certainty of success as in grafting
common fruit trees.

t 7. Q. .^'GILOPS L. The ^Egilops, or Valonia, Oak.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1414. ; N. Du Ham., 7. p. 175.

Synonym.es. Q. orientals, &c., Town. Cor. 40. ; JK'gilops sive Cerrus mas C. Bauhin, Second at ;

Velani Tourn. Voy. 1. p. 128. ; Glans Cerri Dalech. Hist. 1. p. 7. the great prickly-cupped Oak;

Chene Velani, Fr. ; Chene Velanfede Bosc ; Knopper Eiche, Ger. ; Vallonea, Ital.
Engravings. Mill. Ic., 2. t. 215. ; Oliv. Travel., t. 13. ; N. Du Ham., 7. t. 51. ; the plates of this

tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ; and our Jig. 1565.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Leaves ovate-oblong, with bristle-pointed tooth-like lobes;
hoary beneath. Calyx of the fruit very large, hemispherical, with lanceo-
late, elongated, spreading scales. (Smith.) A low deciduous tree. Islands
of the Archipelago, and throughout all Greece. Height 20 ft. to 50 ft.
Introduced in 1731. Flowers greenish white; May. Acorns large, brown,
with numerous lanceolate scales, very ornamental ;*ripe in October.

Varieties.

*t Q. JE. 2 pendula Hort. — Branches drooping.

¥ Q. M. 3 latifolia Hort. — Leaves rather broader than those of the
species.

One of the most splendid species of the genus. In British nurseries it is
not very common, but it is quite hardy, never injured by frost, and acorns
may be imported in abundance from the South of France. The cups and
acorns are annually exported from the Levant in large quantities, and are
in great demand for tanning, being said to contain more tannin in a given
bulk of substance than any other vegetable. A tree of this species at Syon,

,XX.

861

though under 30 ft. in height, bears acorns annually ; which, however, do not
always ripen.

B. Natives of North America.

The American oaks being generally propagated in Europe by acorns im-
ported from America, we shall here give a comparative view of the acorns ol
some of the common kinds. Fig. 1560. represents acorns of the natural size,

1566. Acorns of the natural size.

of all the kinds that were imported by Mr. Charlwood of London, seedsman,
in the year 1836 ; but, that year being unfavourable for the ripening of acorns
in America, fewer sorts were imported than usual, and the nuts of these few
are under the average size. In this figure, a is the acorn of Quercus alba ;
b, that of Q. macrocarpa, with the cup on ; c, that of Q. obtusiloba ; d, Q.
/-Vinus tomentosa ; e, Q. P. purnila ; /, Q. tinctoria ; g, Q, nigra ; h, Q.
Phellos ; and ?', Q. palustris. Most sorts of the American oak in Messrs. Lod-

862

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

diges's collection (the most complete in Europe, unless we except that of M.
Vilmorin,) are propagated by grafting on the common oak, close to the
ground ; and largely earthing up the grafts afterwards, so as to leave only the
points of the scions exposed to the air. This earthing up not only preserves
a uniform degree of moisture round the graft ; but the earth employed being
taken from the adjoining surface, and consequently having been heated by the
sun, produces an immediate increase of temperature round the graft, which
gives an impulse to the rising sap, and so accelerates vegetation. We had the
advantage, in August, 1840, of examining all the American oaks in the Bois
de Boulogne, in company with M. Michaux, who sowed the acorns in 1822 ;
and we there observed, as we had previously done in the Hackney Arboretum,
that much the most rapid, vigorous, and erect growing species was Q. pa-
lustris ; next Q. coccfnea, which resembles Q. palustris, but with leaves on a
larger scale ; then Q. rubra ; and, next to that species, Q. nigra and Q. tine-
toria. Q. alba is not in the Bois de Boulogne, the acorns, as M. Michaux
informed us, rarely retaining their vitality during the time requisite 20 years
ago to bring them to Europe.

§ iii. A'lbce. White American Oaks.

Sect. Char. Leaves lobed, and sinuated, not mucronated ; broadest at the
upper extremity ; dying off more or less shaded with a violet colour. Bark
white, or whitish brown, cracking and scaling off in thin laminae. Fructifi-
cation annual. Cups imbricate or echinate. Nut oblong, generally large.

3f 8. Q. A'LBA Lin. The American white Oak.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1414. ; Pursh, vol. 2. p. 633. ; Michx. Quer., No. 4. t. 5.

Synonymes. Q. alba virginiana Park. T/ieat. Sot. ; Q. a. pinnatifida Walt. Carol, p. 230. No. 10. ;

Q. paltistris Marsh, p. 120. No. 3. ; Chene blanc de 1'Amerique, Fr. ; weisse Eiche, Ger.
Engravings. Cat. Carol., 1. t. 21. f. 2. ; Michx. N. Amer. Syl., vol. 1. 1. 1. ; the plate of this tree in

Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ; and our fig. 1569.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves oblong, pinnatifidly serrated ; pubescent underneath :
lobes linear-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, attenuated at the base. Fruit pedun-
culated. Calyx somewhat cup-shaped, warty, and flattened at the base.
Acorn oval. ( Willd.) A large deciduous tree. North America. Height
60ft. or upwards. Introduced in 1724. Flowers greenish white ; April.

Varieties. The elder Michaux gives the two following forms of this species,
the leaves of both of which are shown vnfig. 1567. copied from Michaux's
Histoire des Chenes Ameriques : —

$ Q. a. 1 pinnatifida Michx. (Hist, des
Chenes Amer., t. 5. f. 1. ; and our fig.
1567. a.) Q. alba Ban. Cat. Stirp.
Virg. ; Q. virginiana Catesb. Carol, i.
p. 21. t. 21.; Q. a. palustris Marsh.
p. 120. No. 3. — The usual form of
the species, and com-
mon from Canada to
Florida. Fig. 1568.
is a sprig and acorn
of Q. alba pinnati-
fida, taken from Mi-
chaux's North Ameri-
can Sylva, vol. i. t. 1 . ;
and the acorn without
its calyx is shown in
fig. 1566. at a.

Q. a. 2 repdnda Michx. (Hist, des Chenes, t. 5. f. 2. ; and our fig.
1567. b. — Found wild in the forests of Carolina, and sometimes oc-
curring in seed-beds of Q. alba in Europe. Fig. 1569. is from a sprig

pinnatifida.

. Q. a. pinnatifida.

LXX. CORYLAXCE7E : QUE'RCUS.

863

repanda.

apparently of this variety, grown in the Horticultural Society's
Garden, under the name of Q. alba. In Messrs. Loddiges's arbo-
retum is an oak named Q. squamosa, from a specimen of which Jig.
1570. was taken. This tree, which is 20 ft. high, has exactly the

1570. Q* a. repunda.

appearance, bark, and habit of growth of Q. alba, and as it only
differs from it in the shape of the leaves, it is doubtless only a vari-
ation of this variety.

The American white oak, according to Michaux, bears most resemblance to
Q. pedunculata. The leaves, he says, are regularly and obliquely divided into
oblong rounded lobes, destitute of points or bristles ; and the indentations are
the deepest in the most humid soils. Soon after their unfolding, the leaves
are reddish above, and white and downy beneath ; when fully grown, they are
smooth, and of a light green on the upper surface, and glaucous underneath.
In the autumn they change to a bright violet colour. Michaux adds that this
is the only American oak that retains some of its withered leaves till spring.
The acorns are large, oval, and very sweet ; and they are contained in rough,
shallow, greyish cups. They are borne singly, or in pairs, on long peduncles,
attached, as in all the species with annual fructification, to the snoots of the
season. The bark of this species is white (whence the name) and scaly ;
and on young trees it appears divided into squares, but on old trees into
plates laterally attached. The wood is reddish, somewhat resembling that of
the British oak, but lighter, and less compact. The rate of growth of this

864

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

tree, in British gardens, even where the soil is good and the situation shel-
tered, may be considered as slower than that of the common oak ; but when
grafted on the common oak it grows freely, and ripens its shoots, so as soon
to form a handsome tree.

¥ 9. Q. (A.) OLIVJEFO'RMIS Michx. The Olive-shape-fniitcd American

Oak.

Identification. Michx. Arb., 2. p. 32. ; N. Amer. Syl., 1. p. 32. ; Pursh F!. Amer. Sept. 2. p. 63*2.

Synonyme. The mossy-cup Oak, Amer.

Engravings. Michx. Arb., 2. t. 2.; N. Amer. Syl., 1. t. 3. ; and our Jig. 1571.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oblong, smooth ; glau-
cous beneath ; deeply and unequally pin-
natifid, Fruit elliptic-ovate, on short
footstalks. Calyx cup-shaped, fringed, and
nearly covering the acorn. {Michx.) A
deciduous tree on the Hudson, and in
Genesee, but rare Height 60 ft. to 70 ft. ;
and, according to Michaux, with a spreading
head, and an imposing aspect. Introduced
1811.

The bark is white and laminated ; but the
tree is chiefly remarkable for the form and
disposition of its secondary branches, which
are slender and flexible, and always inclined
towards the earth. The leaves are of a light
green above, and whitish beneath : they re-
semble those of the white oak in colour, but
differ from them in form ; being larger, and
very deeply and irregularly laciniated, with
rounded lobes, so different in shape, that it is
impossible to find two leaves that are alike.
In all probability only a variety of Q. alba.

1571. Q. (a.) olivsefdrmh.

I1 10. Q MACROCA/RPA WHld. The large fruited American Oak.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 433. ; Pursh, 2. p. 632. ; Michx. Quer., No. 2.

Synonymes. The over-cup white Oak, Bur Oak, Amer. ; Chene S gros Glands, Chene fris<5, Fr. ;

gross-fruchtige Eiche, Ger.
Engravings. Michx. Quer., No. 2. t. 2, 3. ; N. Amer. Syl., 1. t. 4. ; the plate of this tree in Arb.

Brit., 1st edit., vol. viii. ; and our fig 1572.

Spec- Char., Sec. Leaves downy
beneath, lyrate, deeply and sinu-
ately lobed ; the lobes obtuse and
spreading, and the upper one
much dilated. The calyx deep,
cup-shaped, scaly, and fringed
with bristles. Acorns thick and
ovate. (Willd.) A beautiful de-
ciduous tree, laden with dark
tufted foliage. Kentucky and
Tennessee. Height 60 ft. ' Intro-
duced in 1800.

The leaves are larger than those
of any other American oak, being fre-
quently 15 in. long, and Sin. broad:
they are notched near the summit,

and deeply laciniated below. The 1572. Q, m8crocfi.n>a.

acorns (fig. 1566.6), which are also

larger than those of any other American species, are oval ; and enclosed for two
thirds of their length in a thick rugged cup, which is generally bordered along

LXX. CORYLA'CE^E : QUE'RCUS.

865

1573. Q. obtusflcba.

its upper edge with fine, long, flexible filaments. The bark of the young
branches is frequently covered with a yellowish corky substance, like that
which is found on the liquidambar and some kinds of elm.

X 11. Q. OBTUSI'LOBA Michx. The bhint-\obed-leaved, or Post, Oak.

Identification. Michx. Quer., No. 1. t. 1. ; Pursh, 2. p. 632. ; Michx. Arb. Am., 2. p. 36.
Synonymes. Q. stellata Willd, Sp. PI. 4. p. 452. ; Iron Oak, Box white Oak, American Turkey

Oak (so called, because the acorns, which are sweet, are eaten by the wild turkeys), upland white

Oak, Amer.
Engravings. Michx. Quer., No. 1. t. 1.; N. Amer. Syl., 1. t. 9. ; the plate of this tree in Arb.

Brit., 1st. edit., vol. vii. ; and our fig. 1573.

Spec. Char.,fyc. Leaves oblong, slightly pubescent beneath, sharply wedge-
shaped at the base : lobes obtuse, the lower ones deeply sinuated, and the
upper ones dilated, and slightly
bilobed. Calyx hemispherical.
Fruit oval, and rather small
(Michx.) A deciduous tree. New
Jersey and Philadelphia. Height
40 ft., with a trunk not more
than 15 in. in diameter. In-
troduced in 1819.

The branches are bent into el-
bows at certain distances, which
renders the tree easily distinguish-
able, even when the leaves have
fallen. The bark is thin, and of a
greyish white. The leaves are
coriaceous, and of a dusky green
above, and greyish beneath. In
autumn, the ribs assume a rosy
tint, but never that purplish red
which is observable in those of the
scarlet oak. The acorns (fig. 1566. c), which are produced in abundance,
are small, oval, and three parts covered with a slightly rugged greyish cup.

t 12. Q. LYRA'TA Walt. The lyrate, or over-cupy Oak.

Identification. Walt. Carol., 235. ; Pursh, 2. p. 632. ; Michx. Quer., No. 3. t. 4,
Synonymes. Swamp Post Oak, Water white Oak, Amer.
Engravings. Michx. Quer., No. 3. t. 4. ; and our figs. 1574. and 1575.

Spec. Ckar.y$c. Leaves subsessile, glabrous, lyrately sinuated; much con-
tracted in the middle, but dilated at the summit, and attenuated at the
base : lobes angular ; the upper part of the leaf divided into three lobes,
which are tricuspidate at their extremities. Calyx globula , rough, and
almost covering the acorn. (Michx.) A large deciduous tree. Carolina
and other southern states. Height 50ft. to
80 ft. Introd. 1786.

The leaves are from 6 in. to 8 in. long,
smooth, narrow, lyre-shaped, deeply sinuated,
and borne on short
petioles. The lobes,
especially the upper
ones, are somewhat
truncated. The fo-
liage is thick, and
of a light agreeable
tint ; and the bark
is white. The acorns
are broad, round,
and depressed ; and
the cups, which are
nearly closed over
3 K

1574. Q. lyrata.

1575. Q. lyriila.

866

ARBORETUM KT FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

them, are thin and scaly, each scale being terminated by a short firm point,
or bristle. The largest American oak that thrives in wet ground. (Michx.)

§ iv. Prmus. Chestnut Oaks.

Sect. Char., $c. Leaves dentate, dying off of a dirty white or of a yellowish
orange. Bark white, rough, and scaly. Fructification annual. Cup im-
bricate. Nut oblong, generally large.

¥ 13. Q. PRI'NUS L. The Prinus, or Chestnut-leaved, Oak.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1413. ; N. Du Ham , 7. p. 164. ; Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 195.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oblong-oval, more or less pointed, nearly equally
toothed. Cup somewhat scaly; nut ovate. (Michx.) Trees deciduous,
varying in height from 20 ft. to 90 ft. ; and one of the varieties a low shrub.
In the climate of London the trees grow freely, and promise to attain a con-
siderable size. In general form, they are as handsome as any of the Ame-
rican oaks; but their foliage dies off with very little colour, what there is
being generally of a dirty white or brownish.

Varieties. These are by some authors treated as species; but they are so
obviously alike in their leaves and bark from their infancy upwards, that
there does not remain a single doubt in our minds of their being only
varieties.

¥ Q. P. 1 palustris Michx. Quer. No. 5. t. 6. Q. P. palustris Michx.
N. Amer. Syl. i. p. 46. t. 8. (the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit.,
1st edit., vol. viii. ; and our jig. 1576.) ; Q. Prinus L. Sp. PI. 1413. ;
Q. eastaneaefoliis, &c., Plu/c. Aim. 309. ; the Swamp Chestnut
Oak ; the Chestnut white Oak : and, near Philadelphia, the white
Oak. — Leaves on longish footstalks, obovate. Fruit very large.
Cup moderately hollow, distinctly scaly (A. Michx.) A large deci-
duous tree. Maritime parts of Carolina and other southern states.
Height 80 ft. to 90 ft. Introd. 1 730, The leaves of Q. P. palustris
are of a shining green
above, and whitish and
somewhat wrinkled un-
derneath ; they have ra-
ther long footstalks ; and
are from 8 in. to 9 in.
long, and from 4 in. to
5 in. broad; obovate, and
terminating in an acute
point. They are some-
what wedge-shaped, and
are deeply dentated with
blunt lobe-like teeth from
the summit to the base.
The acorns are of a bright
clear brown, oval, and
larger than those of any other kind of American oak, except Q. macro-
carpa : they are borne on very short peduncles, and are contained
in shallow scaly cups.

* Q. P. 2 monticola Michx. Quer. No. 5. t. 7. (our fig 1577.) Q.P.
montlcola Michx. fit. N. Amer. Syl. i. p. 49. t. 9. ; Q. montana
Willd. Sp. PI. iv. p. 440. ; Q. Prinus Smith in Abb. Ins. of Geor. ii.
p. 163. t.82. ; the Rock Chestnut Oak. — Leaves on short foot-
stalks, rhomboid-oval. Fruit rather large ; cup top-shaped and
rough ; nut oblong. (Michx.) A large deciduous tree. Pennsyl-
vania to Virginia. Height 50 ft. to 60 ft. Introd. 1800. The beautiful
appearance of this tree, according to the younger Michaux, when

1576. Q. P. palustris.

LXX. CORYLA'CE^E : QUE RCUS.

867

1577. Q. P.

growing in a fertile soil, is
owing equally to the sym-
metry of its form and the
luxuriance of its foliage. The
bark on old trees is hard,
thick, and deeply furrowed ;
and the outer bark is equally
good for tanning as the inner
bark. The leaves are 5 or
6 inches long, and 3 or 4
inches broad ; oval ; and uni-
formly dentate, with the teeth
more regular, but less acute,
than those of Q. P.palustris ;
the leaf terminating in a
point. When beginning to
unfold in spring, the leaves

are covered with a thick white down, and they appear somewhat
wrinkled ; but, when fully expanded, they are 'perfectly glabrous,
smooth, and of a delicate texture. The petiole, which is rather
short, is yellow, and the colour becomes brighter and more con-
spicuous in autumn. The acorns are long, of an oblong- oval shape :
they are produced in pairs, on a short peduncle, and are enveloped
for about one third of their length in pear-shaped cups, covered with
loose scales.

Q. P. 3 acumindta Michx. Quer. No.
5. t. 8. (our fig. 1578.) Q. P.
acuminata Michx. fil. N. Amer. Syl.
i. p. 51. t. 10.; Q. Castanea Willd.
Sp. PI. iv. p. 441. ; the yellow Oak.
— Leaves on long footstalks ; obtuse
at the base, sharply serrated. Fruit
of moderate size ; cup hemispheri-
cal. (Michx.) A fastigiate deciduous
tree. Delaware to the Savannah.
Height 70 ft. to 80 ft. Introduced
in 1822. The bark is whitish, very
slightly furrowed, and sometimes
divided into plates. The leaves are
lanceolate, obtuse at the base, and
ending in a sharp point, regularly
toothed, of a light green above, and
whitish beneath. The acorns are small, roundish-ovate, and con-
tained in shallow slightly scaly cups.

Q. P. 4 pumila Michx. Quer. No. 5. t. 9. f. 1.
Q. P. Chinquapin Michx. N. Amer. Syl. i. p.
55. 1. 11. (our fig. 1579.); Q. Chinquapin
Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. ii. p. 634-. ; Q. pv\-
noides Willd. Sp. PI. iv. p. 440. ; the Chin-
quapin, or Dwarf Chestnut, Oak. — Leaves
on shortish petioles ; somewhat lanceolate ;
glaucous beneath. (Michx.) A low deciduous
tree. Northern and middle states. Height
20ft. to 30ft. Introd. 1828. The leaves
are oval-acuminate, regularly, but not deeply,
dentated, of a light green above, and whitish
beneath. The acorns (fig. 1566. c) are en-
closed, for about one third of their length, in
scaly sessile cups they are of the middle size, 1579. «. P.
3K 2

P. acuminhta.

868 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

somewhat elongated, similarly rounded at both ends, and very sweet.
Highly ornamental when in full bloom, and most prolific in acorns
even when only 3 or 4 feet high.

t Q. P. 5 tomentosa Michx. Quer. No. 5. t. 9 f. 2. Q. P. discolor
Michx. N. Amer. Syl.'i. p. 43. t.7. (our Jig. 1580.); Q. bicolor
Willd. Sp. PI. iv. p. 440. ; Q,. Michauxz Nutt. ; the Swamp white
Oak. — Leaves almost sessile, obtusely oval, bluntly toothed ; downy
beneath. (Michx.) A large deciduous tree. United States gene-
rally. Height 60 ft. to 70 ft. In-
troduced in 1800. The leaves are
from 6 in. to 8 in. long, and 4 in.
broad ; entire towards the base,
which is attenuated and wedge-
shaped ; but dilated and coarsely
toothed for two thirds of their
length. The tree is distinguished,
when full grown, by the remarkable
appearance of its leaves ; which are
on the under side silky and of a
silvery whiteness, while the upper
side is smooth and of a bright
green. The acorns (fig* 1566. d) are
long, of a clear chestnut brown, and
contained in rather shallow scaly
cups, edged with short slender fila-
ments. These cups are more downy

within than those of any other oak; and they are borne in pairs, on
peduncles of from 1 in. to 2 in. in length. The bark is scaly, as in
all the preceding varieties, and of a greenish white.

§ v. Rubr&. Red American Oaks.

Sect. Char. Leaves deeply lobed, sinuated, multifid, and mucronated. Bark
dark, and not scaling off. Fructification biennial. Nut ovate, with a per-
sistent style. Cup imbricate, large in proportion to the nut. — Trees, varying
from 80 or 90 feet to 15 or 20 feet in height ; remarkable for the bright
red, deep scarlet, or dark purple, of their foliage, when it dies off in autumn.
Perhaps most of the kinds in this section might be reduced to two or three
species ; but, as they come up tolerably true from seed, we have, for the
cultivator, considered it more convenient to treat them as distinct. The
hardiest and most rapid-growing, and at the same time the most elegant and
ornamental, tree of the section is Q. palustris, which, with its spreading
drooping branches, and its straight erect trunk and spiry top, is, indepen-
dently of its lively scarlet, orange, and red colours in spring and autumn, in
our opinion the most graceful of all oaks, either European or American.

¥ 14. Q. RUVBRA L. The red, or Champion, Oak.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1413. ; Pursh Fl. Araer. Sept., 2. p. 630. ; Michx. Quer., No. 20.
Synonyme. Q. £'sculi divisurS, &c., Pluk. Phyt. t. 54. f. 4.

Engravings. Pluk. Phyt., t. 54. f. 4. ; Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 2. t. 28. ; the plates of this species in
Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. viii. ; and our^s. 1581. and 1582.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves smooth, oblong, sinuated, on long stalks : lobes acute,
sharply toothed, bristle-pointed. Calyx of the fruit flat underneath.
Nut ovate. (Willd.) A large deciduous tree. Canada and the whole of
the North of the United States. Height 80ft. to 90 ft. Introduced in
1739. Flowers greenish white ; May. Acorns brown, occasionally
ripened in England in October.

Varieties. Aiton, in the Hortus Kewensis, 2d ed., mentions two forms of this
species : Q. rubra latifolia, the champion oak, which is the Q. rubra of
Linnseus ; and Q. rubra montana, the mountain red oak.

LXX. CORYLA'CE.E : QUE'RCUS. 869

1581. Q. rubra. 1582. Q. rubra.

The bark is comparatively smooth, of a dark colour, very thick ; and, though
in old trees it cracks, yet it never scales off as in the sections A'lbae and
/Jrinus. The wood is reddish and coarse-grained ; and its pores are often so
large as to admit the entrance of a hair. The leaves, when they first come
out in spring, are of a fine sulphur colour; when fully expanded, they are
smooth and shining on both sides, large, deeply laciniated, and sometimes
slightly rounded at the base, especially on old trees; and, before they fall, they
turn of a deep purplish red. According to the younger Michaux, the leaves
on ^old trees often nearly resemble those of Q. falcata. The leaves of Q.
falcata are, however, always downy beneath ; while those of Q. rubra are
smooth. The leaves of Q. rubra die off of a more purplish red than^those of
most of the other kinds in this section ; but they often become yellow before
they fall. Thev vary much in shape, from the age of the plant, or the soil and
situation in which it has grown. Fig. 1581., copied from the elder Michaux's
Histoire des C/ienes, shows the leaves of a seedling a year old j fig. 1582., from
the same work, those of a tree bearing acorns.

¥ 15. Q. COCCI'NEA Wild. The scarlet Oak.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PI., 4. 446. ; Michx. Fl. Bor. Araer., 2. p. 199. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2.

p. 630.

Synonyme. Q. riibra 0 Ait. ed. 1. 3. p. 357.
Engravings. Wang. Forst., t. 9. ; Michx. Quer., t. 31, 32. ; N. Amer. Syl., 1. t. 25. ; the plate of

this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. viii. ; and our figs. 1583. and 1584.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves smooth, oblong, deeply and widely sinuated, on
long stalks : lobes divaricated, acute, sharply toothed, bristle-pointed. Calyx
of the fruit turbinate, half as long as the nut. ( Willd.') A large deciduous
tree. Pennsylvania to Georgia. Height 80 ft. Introduced in 1691.

The leaves, which are chiefly distinguished from those of Q. rubra by
having longer petioles, are of a beautiful green, shining on both sides ; and,
on old trees, laciniated in a very remarkable manner, having usually four deep
sinuses on each side, very broad at bottom. The leaves begin to change with
the first cold ; and, after several sucessive frosts, turn to a brilliant scarlet,
instead of the dull red of those of Q. rubra. These leaves differ very greatly
in shape at different stages in the growth of the tree. When quite young,
they are scarcely lobed at all, as may be seen by fig. 1583., which is taken
from Michaux's Histoire des Chenes, and represents a seedling a year old ; and
fig. 1584-., a sprig and acorn from an old tree, copied from Michaux. Amidst
all the varieties, however, in the shape of the leaf of the scarlet oak, it may
always be distinguished from that of Q. rubra by the different hue which it
assumes in autumn ; the colour of Q. coccinea being always a bright scarlet,
or yellowish red, of more or less intensity ; and that of Q,. rubra a dull

SK S

870

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1583. Q. coccinea.

1584. Q. coccinea.

crimson, or purplish red. The leaf also bears a greater resemblance to that
of Q. palustris than any other species.

4 16. Q. AMBI'GUA Willd. The ambiguous, or grey. Oak.

Identification. Michx. North Amer. SyL, 1. p. 98. ; Pursh Sept., 2. p. 630., not Hmnboldt.

Synonyme. Q. borealis Michx. N. Amer. Syl. 1. p. 98.

Michx. Arb., t. 24. ; N. Amer. Syl., 1. t. 26. ; the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit

1st

Engravings.
edit., vol viii. ; and our fig. 1585.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves sinuated, glabrous, acute at the base ; sinuses some-
what acute. Cup somewhat shield-shaped. Nut roundish-ovate. (Michx.)
A large deciduous tree. Nova Scotia to Lake Champlain. Height 40 ft.
to 60 ft. Introduced in 1800.

This species bears a close analogy to
the red oak in its foliage, and to the
scarlet oak in its fruit. It has also another
peculiarity in blossoming every year, though
it takes two, three, and in very cold
rlimates four, years to mature its fruit.
The leaves are large smooth, and deeply
sinuated; the indentations being sharper
and more angular than those of the leaves of
Q. coccinea. The acorns are of the middle
size, rounded at the end, and contained in
scaly top-shaped cups. The grey oak is
found farther north than any other Ame-
rican species, and it therefore would seem
to be the best adapted for being cultivated in Britain as a useful tree. The wood
is as coarse and open in its pores as that of the red oak ; but it is stronger
and more durable.

^ 17. Q. FALCA^TA Michx. The Sickle-shaped, or Spanish^ Oak.

Identification. Michx. Quer., No. 16. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 631.

Synonymes. Q. discolor Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 1. 3. p. 358. ; Q. elongata Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 444. :

Q. lyrata Lodd. Cat. 1836 ; Q. cuneata Wang, j Q triloba Willd., Michx. Quer. 14. No. 26. ; Q.

cuneata Wang., Forst. ; the downy-leaved Oak.
Engravings. Michx. Quer., t. 28. ; N. Amer. SyL, 1. 1. 23. ; and omfigs. 1586. and 1587.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves downy beneath, sinuated with three or more some-
what falcate bristle-pointed lobes ; the terminal one elongated and jagged.
Calyx hemispherical. (Willd.) A large deciduous tree. Canada to Georgia.
Height 30 ft. to 80 ft. Introduced in 1763.

This oak is a very remarkable one, from the great difference which exists in

1 585. Q. amWgiia.

LXX. CORYLAVCE^E : QUE'llCUS.

871

its leaves and general appearance in different climates. This difference is so
extraordinary, that nearly all the botanists who have written on the American
oaks have supposed it to be two species. In the Southern States, it forms
a noble tree, 80 ft. high, with a trunk 4 or 5 feet in diameter ; while in New
Jersey the tree is never above 30 ft. high, with a trunk only 4 or 5 inches
thick. The bark is thick, black, and deeply furrowed ; and the wood is reddish
and coarse-grained, with open pores, like that of the red oak. The leaves are
also extremely different ; on the trees in
the south, they are falcate.'like those in fig.
1586., copied from the plate of this tree
in the North American Sylva, i. t. 23. ; in

1686. q. falcata.

1587. <?. falcata.

New Jersey, the leaves are three-lobed (like those shown in fig. 1587.6,
from the Histoire des Chenes}, except a few on the summit, which are
slightly falcated. Generally the lower branches of all trees of this species,
growing in moist and shaded situations, have their leaves trilobed ; while
those on the upper branches are falcated, with their lobes even more arched
than those in fig. 1586. This remarkable difference led the elder Michaux
to describe the specimens which he had found growing in very cold bad land
as Q. triloba ; and on the young shoots of these specimens he frequently found
leaves deeply denticulated or lobed, like those of Q. rubra or Q. coccinea, as
represented at a in fig. 1587. The acorns are small, round, brown, and
contained in slightly scaly, shallow, top-shaped cups, supported on short
peduncles : they resemble those of Q. Banfstert, and, like them, preserve the
power of germination for a long time.

18. Q. TINCTO'RIA Willd. The Quercitron, or Dyer's, Oak.

Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 444. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 629.
Synonymes. Q. virgini^na, &c., Pluk. Phyt. t. 54. f. 5. ; Q. discolor Wild. Arb. 274. ; the black

Identification.

Oak, Amer. ; Chene des Teinturiers, Fr.
Engravings. Michx. Quer., t. 24. ; the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ; and our
Jig. 1588.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves downy beneath, obovate-oblong, dilated, widely
sinuated : lobe short, obtuse, slightly toothed, bristle-pointed. Calyx of
the fruit flat underneath. Nut globose. (Willd.} A large deciduous tree.
United States generally. Height 80ft. to 100ft. Introduced in 1800.

Varieties. Michaux, in his Chenes de VAmenque, gives the two following forms
of this species : —

*i Q. t. \ angulosa Michx. Q. americana Pluk. Aim. p. 309. ; Q. velu-

tina Lam. Diet. ; Q. tinctoria Bart. Trav. p. 37. ; the Champlain

Oak. — Leaves smooth, lobed with angular lobes. Cup top-shaped.

Nut globose, and depressed at the summit. Shores of Lake

3K 4-

872

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Champlain, in Pennsylvania, and high mountains in Carolina and
Georgia.

^ Q. t. 2 sinuosa Michx. Quer. t. 25. — Leaves deeply sinuated. Cup flat
and turbinated. Nut ovate. Native of South Carolina and Georgia.
The trunk is straight, and is covered with a deeply furrowed bark of mid-
dling thickness, but always black, or of a very deep brown colour ; whence
probably the tree derives its common name in America, viz. the black oak.
The dark hue of the bark easily distinguishes this tree from Q. rubra, Q. coc-
cinea, and Q. ambigua, in the northern provinces • but, in the southern ones,

1588. Q. tinctoria.

Q. falcata having bark of the same colour, Q. tinctoria can only be dis-
tinguished by its buds, which are longer, more acuminate, and more scaly,
than those of the former species. The inner bark of Q. tinctoria, if chewed,
is very bitter, and gives a yellow tinge to the saliva, which is not the case with
the bark of Q. falcata. The wood is reddish, coarse-grained, and porous,
like that of all the red oaks. The leaves are large, deeply laciniated, and
resemble those of Q coccinea, but they have fewer lobes, never exceeding
four or five ; while the leaves of the old trees of Q. coccinea have from five
to seven : they are also less openly and roundly sinuated, less shining, and of a
duller green ; and, during a part of the summer, have their surfaces roughened
with small glands, which are visible to the eye and sensible to the touch, and
which are also found on the young shoots. In autumn, the leaves of young
trees turn to a dull red ; but those on old trees become yellow, or of a yel-
lowish brown, beginning with the petiole. The wood is used as a substitute
for the white oak, and the bark for tanning, and for dyeing leather a brilliant
}e'low.

T 19. Q. PALU'STRIS Willd. The Marsh, or Pin, Oak.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PI , 4. p. 446 ; Michx. Quer., No. 19. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 031.
Si/nonymes. Q. montana Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836 ; Q. Barrister?' Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836.
Engravings. Michx. Quer., t. 33, 34. ; N. Amer. Syl., 1. t. 27.;

the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. viii. ; and our

fig- 1589.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves smooth, oblong, deeply
and widely sinuated, on long stalks ; lobes dis-
tant, parallel, acute, sharply toothed, bristle-
pointed ; forks of the veins densely woolly be-
neath. Calyx of the fruit flattened. Nut nearly
globose. (Willd.) A large deciduous tree.
Northern States of North America. Height
80 ft. Introduced in 1800.

The tree, when young, assumes an agreeable
pyramidal shape; and its far-extending drooping
branches, and light and elegant foliage, render it,
in our opinion, the most graceful of all oaks. The
bark on the oldest trees of Q. palustris is scarcely
ever cracked : on young trees it is perfectly smooth.

LXX. C'OUYLAvCEjE : QUF/ROUS.

873

1590. Q. paiistris.

The wood is coarse-grained, and resembles that of the red oak. In the cli-
mate of London, the tree is remarkably hardy, and its rate of growth is much
more rapid than that of every other American oak, unless we except Q. am-
bigua, which is very rarely to be met with. This may be rendered obvious
at a glance, by inspecting the line of oaks at Messrs. Loddiges's, where there
are three trees, marked Q. palustris, Q. Banisteri, and Q. montana, (all of
which are the Q. palustris of Michaux,) which are above 30ft. high, which is
several feet higher than any of the others, with the single exception of Q. ambi-
gua. The same result as already mentioned (p. 862.) is observable in the Bois
de Boulogne. The leaves are much smaller than those of the other species of this
section : they are smooth, of a pleasing green, supported on very long petioles,
and, on old trees, are very deeply laciniated. On young trees, they are much
less so, as will be seen by./fg. 1589., copied from Michaux's Hutovre des
C/tenes, in which a is a seedling of one year old, and b a leaf from a tree two
years old. The acorns (j%. 1566. i) are small, round, and contained in
flat shallow cups.

-* 20. Q. CATESB^Y Willd. The Barren. Scrub, or Catesby's, Oak.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p 446. ; Michx. Quer., No. 17. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 630.
S-unonymes Q. rubra /3 Abb. and Smith Ins. 1. p. 27. ; Q. £'sculi divisdra, &c., Cat. Car. 1. t. 23.
Engravings. Michx. Quer., t. 29, 30. ; and our figs. 1591. and 1592.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves smooth, oblong, wedge-shaped at the base, deeply
and widely sinuated, on short stalks : lobes 3 or 5, divaricated, acute, 2- or
3-cleft, bristle-pointed. Calyx of the fruit turbinate, half as long as the
nut. (Willd.) A deciduous shrub or low tree. Carolina and Georgia.
Height 15 ft. to 30 ft. Introduced in 1823.

The general appearance of this tree is stunted : its trunk is crooked, divid-
ing into branches at 2 or 3 feet from the ground, and covered with a thick,
blackish, deeply furrowed bark The foliage is open, and its leaves are
large, smooth, thick, and coriaceous towards the close of summer, deeply
and irregularly laciniated, and supported on short petioles. With the first
frost, they change to a dull red, and fall the ensuing month. The acorns are

874

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM,

Q. CatesbaV.

1592. Q. Catesb«.Ai.

pretty large, of a blackish colour, and partly covered with a fine grey dust,
which is easily rubbed off between the fingers : they are contained in thick
cups, swollen towards the edge, with the upper scales bent inwards. The
leaves vary very little, as will be seen by fig. 1592., in which a represents a
seedling of one year's growth, and b a leaf from a plant two years old.

$ vi. Nlgrce. Black American Oaks.

Sect. Char., $c. Leaves wedge-shaped, or imperfectly lobed ; mucronated, but
the mucros generally dropping off when the leaves have attained their full
size. Leaves dying off of a blackish green, and in America frequently per-
sistent. Bark black, and not scaling off. Fructification biennial. Nut
ovate, with a persistent style, and sometimes marked with dark lines. — Trees
from 20ft. to 40 ft. high; and one of them, a miniature tree, often not
exceeding 3 ft. in height. Rate of growth less rapid than in the preceding
sections.

* 21. Q. NfGRA L. The Black Jack Oak.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1413. ; Michx. Quer., No. 12. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 629.
Synonymes. Q. marylandica, &c., Rait j Q. ferruginea Michx. N. Amer. Syl. 1. p. 79. t. 20. ; Q.
'aqu&tica Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836 ; Barrens Oak, Amer.

wings. Michx. Quer., t. 22, 23. ; and our fig. 1593.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves wedge-shaped, somewhat heart-shaped at the base ;

dilated, abrupt, and very slightly 3-

lobed at the end ; the middle lobe

shortest, smooth above, rusty be-
neath. Calyx hemispherical, with

membranous scales. Nut roundish

ovate. (Willd.*) A low deciduous

tree. New Jersey, Maryland, and

Virginia. Height 20 ft.' to 30 ft.

Introduced before 1739.

The Black Jack Oak, according to
Michaux, is sometimes 30 ft. high, and
8 or 10 in. in diameter, but commonly
does not exceed half these dimensions.
Its trunk is generally crooked ; and it
is covered with a very hard, thick, and
deeply furrowed bark, which is black
on the outside, though the inner bark
is of a dull red. The head of the tree
is broad and spreading, even in the 1592. o. m«ra.

LXX. CORYLACE^E I

875

1594. Q. nigra,

midst of the woods. The leaves are of a very
remarkable shape, being dilated towards the
summit, like a pear, and armed, when young,
with 3 or 5 bristle-like points, which fall off
when the leaf has attained its full size. Fig.
1594., from Michaux's Histoire des Chenes,
shows these mucros on seedlings of one year's
and two years' growth. The leaves are yel-
lowish, and somewhat downy at their first
unfolding in spring ; but, when fully expanded,
they become of a dark green above, and rusty
beneath : they are also thick and leathery in
their texture. In autumn, they turn of a
blackish red, and fall with the first frost. The
acorns (fig. 1566, g) are large, and half-r covered
with very scaly cups. The specific name of
nigra was given to this oak, by Linnaeus, on
account of the blackness of its bark, and its
general dark appearance.

¥ 22. Q. AQUA'TICA Soland. The Water Oak.

Identification. Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew., ed 1., 3. p. 357. ; Michx. Quer., No. 11.; Pursh Fl.

Amer. Sept., 2. p. 628.
Synonymes. Q. fbliis cuneiformibus, &c., Gron. Pirg. ; Q. fblio non serrato, &c., Cat. Carol. 1. 1. 20. ;

Q.. nigra WiUd. Sp. PI., 1413. ; Q. uligin&sa Wangh. Amer. t. 6. f. 18.
Engravings. Michx. Quer., t. 19, 20, and 21. ; and our fig. 1595.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves wedge-shaped, smooth ; tapering at the base ; dilated
and obscurely 3-lobed at the end ; the middle lobe largest. Calyx nearly
hemispherical. Nut roundish. (Willd.) A middle-sized deciduous tree.
Virginia, Carolina, and Florida. Height 40 ft. to 60 ft. Introd. before 1723.

Varieties.

¥ Q. a. 2 ndna. Q aquatica Smith and Abb. Ins. ii. p. 117. t. 59. ; Q. a.

elongata Ait. Hort. Kew. v. p. 290. ; Q. dentata Bart. Trav. p. 14.

and 28. ; Q. nana Willd. Sp. PI. iv. p. 443. ; the Dwarf jagged

Oak. — Of much lower stature than the species ; and the leaves

nearly sessile, and more distinctly lobed.
1 Q. a. 3 maritima Michx. Quer. No. 11. t. 20. f. 2. Q. hemisphaj'rica

Willd. Sp. PI. iv. p. 443 — Leaves persistent.

1595. Q. aquidca. 1596. Q. aquatica.

Other Varieties. There is no American oak, not even Q. falcata, of which
the foliage is so variable as of this tree. On full-grown trees, the leaves

876

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

are smooth, shining, and heart- shaped, or broad and rounded at the sum-
mit, and terminating in a point at the base, as in Jig. 1595. ; and on young
trees, or on shoots from the roots of old trees, the leaves are oval, toothed,
oblong, and, in short, of all the different forms shown in Jig. 1 595., taken
from the Histoire des Ckenes. In the Hortus Kewensis, five varieties are
enumerated, only differing in the shape of the leaves ; but the elder Michaux
asserts that they cannot be propagated with certainty even by grafting ; and
that all the different kinds may be found on one tree. Even the two we
have given under distinct names, though they are made species by some
authors, are rather variations than varieties.

The bark, on the oldest trees, is smooth, or very slightly furrowed. The
acorns, which are of a dark brown, and are small and extremely bitter, are
contained in shallow slightly scaly cups. The wood is tough ; but it decays
so soon, that it is never used in America, even for fuel.

& t 23. Q. (A.) ILICIFOYIA Wang. The Holly-leaved, or Bear, Oak.

Identification. Wang. Amer., 79. t. 6. f. 17. ; Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2., 5. p. 292.
Synonymes. Q. Bauistert Michx. Quer. No. 15. ; ? Q. aqu£tica

Abbott and Smith Ins. 2. p. 157. ; Black Scrub Oak, Dwarf red

Oak, Amer.
Engravings. Wang. Amer., t. 6. f. 17. ; N. Amer. Syl , 1. p. 21. ;

and our fig. J597.

Spec. Char.y fyc. Leaves obovate-wedge-shaped,
with 3 or 5 deep bristle-pointed lobes, entire,
downy beneath. Fruit stalked, in pairs. (Willd)
A deciduous shrub or low tree. Northern
States of North America. Height 3 ft. to 10 ft.
Introduced in 1800.

This very remarkable little tree is generally found
about 3 or 4 feet high ; but, in favourable situations,
it is sometimes found to reach the height of 8 or 10
feet. The trunk is covered, like the branches, with a
polished bark. The leaves are of a dark green on
the upper surface, whitish beneath, and regularly
divided into 3 or 5 lobes, The acorns are small,
blackish, and longitudinally marked with a few red-
dish lines , and they are so abundant as sometimes
to cover the branches.

1597. «• (a.) flicifulia.

§ vii. Phellos. Willow Oaks.

-AJ

Sect. Char., fyc. Leaves quite entire and lanceolate, dying off without much
change of colour, in England ; but, in America, sometimes persistent for
two or three years. Young shoots straight, spreading, and wand-like.
Bark very smooth, black, and never cracked. Fructification biennial. Cup
imbricate. Nut roundish and very small. — Large trees and shrubs, the least
beautiful in their foliage of the oak family.

& t 24. Q. PHE'LLOS L. The Willow Oak.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1412. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 625. ; Michx. Quer., No. 7.
Synojiymes. Q virgin&na, &c., Pluk. Aim. p. 180 ; Q. /'lex marylandica Raii Hist. PI.
Engravings. Michx. Quer., t. 12. ; the plates of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. viii. ; and
our fig. 1602.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves membranaceous, linear lanceolate, tapering at each
end, entire, smooth, with a small point. Nut roundish. (Smith.) A deci-
duous tree. Philadelphia to Georgia. * Height 60 ft. to 70 ft., in some

LXX. CORYLA CEM '. QUE RCUS.

87'

soils and situations ; and in others a shrub of dimi-
nutive growth. Introduced in 1723.

Varieties.

* Q. P, 1 sylvaticus Michx. Hist, des Chenes, No.

vii. t. 12. (Our fig. 1602.) — The leaves are

long and narrow on old trees, and trilobed

on seedlings, as in fig. 1598. ; and persistent,

or deciduous, according to soil and situa-
tion.
¥ Q. P. 2 latifolius Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. (The 1598. Q. P, Sjlv4tlcus.

plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol.

viii. ; and our fig. 1599.) — A tree, with the leaves rather broader

than those of the preceding form.

1599. Q. P. latifblius.

ft Q. P. 3 hiimilis Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. ii. p. 625., Catesb. i. t. 22.
— Leaves shorter and deciduous. A shrub of low straggling
growth.

j* Q. P. 4 sericeus. Q. Phellos Smith and Abb. Ins. ii. t. 51. ; Q. P.
pumilus Michx. Hist, des Chenes, t. 13. f. 1. and 2.; Q. humilior
salicis folio breviore Cat. Car. i. p. 22. ; the Highland Willow Oak ;
Q. serlcea Willd. Sp. PI. iv. p. 424., Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. ii. p. 626. ;
Q. pumila Michx. N. Amer. Syl. i. t. 17. ; the running Oak. (Our
fig. 1600.) — This curious little oak is the smallest of the genus,
being only 20 in., or at most 2 ft., in height.

& t Q. P. 5 cinereus. Q. P. y Lin. Sp. PI. 1412. ; Q. P. j3 cinereus Ait.
Hort. Kew. ed. 1. iii. p. 354.; Q. humilis Walt. Carol. 234. ; Q. ci-
nerea Willd. Sp. PI. iv. p. 425., Michx. N. Amer. Syl. i. t. 16. ; the
Upland Willow Oak. (Our fig. 1601.) — This kind varies so much.

878 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICU3VT.

1600. Q. P. seric«us. 1601. Q. P. cJnereus.

both in height and general appearance, that individual plants have
frequently been taken for distinct species. It is only found in the
maritime parts of the Southern States, where it is rare, in compa-
rison with many other species.

* Q. P. 6 maritimus Michx. Quer. No. 7. Q. marftima Willd. Sp. PI. iv.
p. 424. — A low shrubby plant, from 3 ft. to 8 ft. high, according
to Pursh ; a native of the sea coast
of Virginia and Carolina. The leaves
are shorter than those of the species,
and are persistent. It is sometimes
called the evergreen willow oak.
The leaves of this species are 2 or 3 inches

long, of a light green, smooth, narrow, entire,

and very similar to those of the willow; whence

the name of the willow oak, by which this

species is known throughout the greater part

of America. The shoots are straight, long,

slender, wand-like, and not crossing one

another so much as in most of the other

kinds of oaks ; so that the tree is almost

as much like the willow in its shoots as its

leaves. The acorns (fig. 1566. h) are small,

round, bitter, and of a dark brown colour :

they are contained in shallow cups, slightly

coated with scales ; and, if kept in a cool place,

they will preserve the power of germination

for several months. Large trees of this species

are not unfrequent in British gardens. isoa. «. ^heiioj.

2 25. Q. (P.) LAURIFO'LIA Willd. The Laurel-leaved Oak.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 427. ; Ait., 2d ed., 5. p. 288. ; Pursh Sept., 2. p. 627.; Michx.

Quer., No. 10.

Synonymet. The Laurel Oak, Swamp Willow Oak.
Engravings. Michx. Quer., t. 17. ; and our fig. 1604.

Spec. Char.y $c. Leaves obovate, entire, smooth, nearly sessile ; tapering at
the base. Nut roundish, even. (Smith.) A deciduous tree. South Caro-
lina and Georgia. Height 50 or 60 feet. Introduced in 1786.

I 'ariely.

2 Q. (P.) 1. 2 hybrida Michx. Quer. No. 10. t. 18, Q. I. 2 obtiisa Ait.

LXX. CORYLA CEM I

879

1604. Q. (P.) feuriftlia.

1603. Q. (P.) I. hybrida.

Hort. Kew. ed. 2. v. p. 288.
(Our fg. 1603.) — Rather more
obtuse leaves than the species.

The whole of the American oaks
belonging to the section Phellos are re-
markable for retaining their leaves, in
particular soils and situations, for two,
three, and in some cases even four, years, without their changing colour ;
differing in this respect, both from evergreens, which change their leaves in
the spring of every year ; and from those de-
ciduous trees which retain their leaves in a
withered state during winter.

* 26. Q. IMBRICA^RIA Willd. The Shingle
Oak.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 428 : Pursh Sept., 2. p.

627. ; Michx. Quer., No. 10.
Synonymes. Q. latifolia Hort. ; Laurel Oak, Filed-Cup

Oak, Jack Oak, Black Jack Oak, A;

Fr.

Imer. ; Chene a" Lattes,

Engravings. Michx. Quer., 1. 15, 16. ; N. Amer. Syl., 1. t.
15. ; and our Jig. 1605.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves elliptic-oblong, acute

at each end, entire, almost sessile ; downy

beneath. Nut nearly globose. (Smith.) A

deciduous tree. Alleghanies, but rare.

Height 40 or 50 feet. Introduced in 1786.

The leaves are long, lanceolate, entire, and

of a shining green. The trunk is branching,

and often crooked ; and the wood, though hard

and heavy, has open pores like that of Q. rubra.

27. Q. HETEROPHY'LLA Michx.

1605. Q. imbric&ria.

The various-leaved, or Sartram's, Oak.

Identification. Michx. Amer. Syl., 1. p. 75. ; Pursh Fl. Amer.

Sept., 2. p. 627.
Engravings,. Michx. Amer. Syl., 1. 18. ; and our Jig. 1606.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves on long footstalks,
ovate-lanceolate or oblong, entire or unequally
toothed. Cup hemispherical. Nut roundish.
(Michx.) A deciduous tree, 30 ft. high, of
which only one individual has been found.
Banks of the Schuylkill, four miles from
Philadelphia. Introduced ? 1820. Horticul-
tural Society's Garden j and at Verrieres, the
villa of M. Vilmorin, near Paris.

Q. agrifolia Willd. (described in Arb. Brit., 1st
edit., p. 1894., after Pursh and others) appears
to be nothing more than Q. coccifera.

1COG. Q. hsterophyila.

880

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANMIGUMi

§ viii.

B. Leaves evergreen.
A. Natives of Europe.
^lex. Holm, or Holly, Oaks.

1EH

Sect. Char. Leaves ovate or oval, sometimes lanceolate, entire or serrated ;
with or without prickly mucros ; downy beneath. Bark smooth and black,
or rough and corky. Fructification biennial. Cups imbricate. Nut ovate,
acuminate ; sometimes very long in proportion to the cup. — Low trees or
shrubs, of great commercial interest, from including the oaks which pro-
duce cork, the kermes insect, and edible acorns.

J 28. Q. /'LEX L. The common evergreen, or Holm, Oak.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1412. ; Ait. Hort. Kew., 5. p. 289.

Syn&nymes. .Tlex arbbrea Bauh. Hist. 1. p. 95. ; 1'Yeuse, or Chene vert, Fr. ; Stein Eiche, Ger. ;

Elice, Ital. ; Encina, Span.
Engravings. Blackw. Herb., t. 186. ; N. Du Ham., t. 43, 44. ; Dend. Brit., t. 90. ; the plates of the

tree in Arb. Brit. 1st edit., vol. vii. ; and our fig.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, coriaceous, entire or serrated ;
hoary beneath. Bark even. Nut ovate. (IVilld.) A middle-sized ever-
green tree, or large shrub. South of Europe, North of Africa, Cochin-
China and other parts of Asia. Height 15 ft. to 30 ft. rarely 60 ft. In cul-
tivation in British gardens from a very remote period. Flowers greenish
white j May. Acorns brown ; ripening the second year.
Varieties. These are very numerous, and frequently very distinct ; and, as
in the case of every species of oak, they might be greatly increased by
selecting from beds of seedling plants.

t Q. I. 1 integrifolia Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — Leaves lanceolate, entire.
J Q. I. 2 serraiifolia Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. (Our fig. 1607.) — Leaves

lanceolate, serrated.

t * Q. I. 3 fagifo/ia Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. Phellodrys Matth. Valgr. i.
p. 189.; /Mex No. 3. Du Ham. Arb. \. t. 224. (Our/g. 1608.) —
Leaves broader and less rigid, more or less undulated, and some-
times slightly serrated.

f «t

1607. Q. I. scrratifolia. 1608. Q. /./agifolia 1C09. Q. I. latifdlia.

Q. I. 4 crispa Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — Leaves wrinkled at the edges.

Q. I. 5 latifolia Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. Q. /. oblonga Hort. (The plate

of this variety in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. viii. ; and our figs. 1609.

and 1610.) — Leaves broad, nearly entire.

Q. I. 6 longifolia Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. Q. /. salicifolia Hort. — Leaves

long and very narrow.

Q. I. 7 variegdta Hort. — Leaves variegated with .white.

LXX. CORYLA CEJE : QUE RCUS.

881

1610. V- L- latifolia.

In favourable situations, in the South of France, Spain, and Italy, and also
in the warmest parts of England and Ireland, the Q. /'lex forms a bushy
evergreen tree, exceeding the middle size. The trunk is generally furnished
with branches from the ground upwards ; and, being concealed by the dense
mass of folia<re borne by these branches, the general
character of the species, even when fully grown, is
that of an immense bush, rather than that of a
timber tree. When judiciously pruned, or drawn
up by other trees, however, it forms a handsome
well-balanced head, on a straight trunk, and with
graceful pendent branches. The roots descend to
a very great depth, altogether disproportionate to
the height of the trunk ; for which reason this oak
is never found indigenous to soil with a wet bottom.
The bark is black, thin, hard, and even ; sometimes
slightly furrowed, but never corky. The leaves vary
exceedingly in shape and size, from 5 in. in length
and nearly 3 in. in breadth (as in Q. I. latifolia
and Q. 7. /agifolia), to 1 in. in length and ^ in.
in breadth (as in Q. I. crispa), or £ in. in breadth and 3 in. in length
(as in Q. 7. salicifolia). In some plants, the leaves are prickly, like those of
the holly ; and, when this is tfie case, the most prickly are nearest the
ground ; a circumstance beautifully exemplified in a fine tree at Purser's
Cross. The colour of the leaves is a dark green ; and, being convex above,
and quite smooth, they have a fine shining appearance. In the climate of
London, seedling plants grow with considerable rapidity ; attaining, in good
loamy soil, from 15 ft. to 20 ft. in height in 10 years from the acorn. As
they become larger, they grow slower ; and, after they have attained the height
of 30 or 40 feet, they increase in width nearly as'much as in height. The
tree attains a great age, remaining in a growing state for several centuries.
The sap wood is whitish ; but the heart, or perfect wood, is of a brown
colour, very close-grained, heavy, and very hard. It weighs 70 Ib. to the
cubic foot, and takes a fine polish ; but twists and splits a great deal in
drying, like most other hard and heavy woods. It is of great duration, and

3 L

1611. Q. JMex.

88«2

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BKITANNICUM.

also of considerable flexibility. Boutclier recommends the tree for making
warm and lofty hedges, 40 or 50 feet high, in a short time. A dry deep soil,
calcareous or sandy rather than clayey, and a situation low rather than
elevated, best suit the ilex. It is exceedingly difficult to propagate, other-
wise than by the acorn ; and no tree is more difficult to transplant, " as the
roots of it, when not interrupted, run as straight down into the earth as a
carrot ;" and hence the best mode is to have the plants raised in small pots,
one in a pot, as is generally practised in the London nurseries.

» 29. Q. (7.) HALLOA TA Desf. The sweet Acorn Oak.

Identification. Desf. All., 2. p. 350. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 432. ; N. Du Ham., 7. p. 157.
ymes. ? ZMex major Clus. Hist. 1. t. 23. ; Chene a Glands doux, Chfine Ballote, Fr.

•ivation. The term Ballota seems to be a modification of the Spanish word bcllota, which means
acorns generally.

Engravings. Our figs. 1612. and 1613., the latter being a sprig, and the former a leaf of the natural
size, both taken from a specimen of the original tree, planted by Desfoutaines in the Jardin des
Plantes, at Paris.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves elliptical, coriaceous, denticulated or entire ; downy
beneath. Bark even. Nut cylindrical, elongated. (Desf.) An
evergreen tree or large bush. Bar-
bary, in Algiers and Morocco.
v Height 20 or 30 feet, with a trunk

from 3 ft. to 6 ft. in circumference.
Introduced in 1696.

Obviously a variety of Q. /lex ;
from which, however, it differs in its
leaves being more rounded at the
ends, and also more white and cottony
beneath, and of a more coriaceous
texture; and in its acorn being of

double the length of that of Q. /"lex, and in having a mild and 1013 Q. ,/.) c«//,v«.

agreeable taste.

t * 30. Q. (/. B.) GRAMU'NTIA L. The Holly-leaved Grammont Oak.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1413. ; N. Du Ham., 7- p. 158.

Synonymes. ? /'lex foliis rotundioribus, &c., Magn. Monsp. 140. ; Chene de Grammont, Fr. ; Wel-
lenblattrige Eiche, Ger. ; Encina dulce, and Gouetta, Span. Captain S. E. Cook suggests that
Q. hispaniea would be the most suitable name for this species, which may be considered as forming
the natural oak of Spain ; whereas the term gramuntia was applied to it by Linnaeus, from its
having been found in the remnant of a wood on the estate of Grammont, near Montpelier, where,
according to DeCandolle, the species no longer exists.

Engravings. Our fig. 1614., from the tree at Purser's Cross ; fig. 1615., an acorn of the natural size,
traced from one that was sent to us by Captain Cook ; and the plate of the tree at Purser's Cross,
in Arb. Brit, 1st edit

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves roundish-elliptical, nearly
sessile, undulated, with deep, spinous, divaricated

IfU. Q. (I. B.) gramuntia.

1615. Q. {I. B.) gramtintia.

1616. Q. (I. B.) g. C<x5k

teeth ; densely downy beneath ; heart-shaped at the base. An evergreen
tree or large bush. Grammont, near Montpelier; and throughout Spain.

LXX. CORYLACEA5: QUE RCUS

883

Height 20ft. to 40ft. Introduced in 1730. Flowers greenish white; June.
Nut brown ; ripe in the autumn of the following year. Apparently nothing
more than a variety of Q. Ballota.

Variety.

1 * Q. (I. B.)£. 2 Cook'n. Q. Cook« Arb. Brit. 1st edit. p. 1926. (Our Jig.
1616.) — Either identical with the species, or a slight variety of it.

A straggling tree, with numerous round grey branches, downy when young.
Leaves scarcely 1 in. long, rigid, broadly elliptical, often nearly orbicular ; very
much undulated at the margin, their deep, broad, spinous teeth pointing every
way, like those of the holly ; the upper surface dark green, rather glaucous,
besprinkled with minute starry hairs ; the under surface densely clothed with
white entangled down. In the Nouveau Du Hamel, great doubts are expressed
as to whether this species is identical wi'h the Q. rotundifolia of Lamarck ;
and whether both sorts may not be merely varieties of Q. /'lex, which we
believe to be the case.

31. Q. COCCI'FERA L. The Kermcs, or Berry-bearing, Oak.

. p. 245. ; /.
Querce del

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1413. ; N. Du Ham., 7. p. 1GO.

Synonymes. IMex coccifera Cam. Epit. 774. ; /. aculeata cocci glandifera Garid. Aix.

coccfgera Ger. Emac. p. 1342. ; Chene aux Kermes, Fr. ; Kermes Eiche, Ger. ;

Kermes, Ital.
Engravings. Garid. Aix., t. 53. ; N. Du Ham., 7. t 46. ; Wats. Dend. Brit, t. 91.; our fig. 1617

from the N. Du Ham., and./2#. 1618. from Watson.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves elliptic-oblong, rigid ; smooth on both sides, with
spreading, bristly, spinous teeth. Fruit on peduncles ; nut ovate. Calyx
with spreading, pointed, somewhat recurved scales (N. Du Ham.) A low
bushy evergreen shrub. South of Europe and the Levant. Height 3 ft. to
5ft. Introduced in 1683. Flowers greenish white ; May. Acorns rarely
ripened in England.

The whole plant resembles a holly in miniature ; but the leaves are of a
paler green, and they vary exceedingly in magnitude. This oak is well known
as producing the kermes, or scarlet grain, of com-
merce. The fruit is but of a very small size the
first year, and does not attain maturity till the

1618. Q coccifera.

end of the second. The nuts are oval, and are enveloped for half their length
in a cup furnished with rough scales terminating in rough points, which are
almost woody, spreading, and a little recurved. Propagated from the acorns,
which are received from the Continental nurserymen.

1 * 32. Q. PSEI/DO-COCCI'FERA Desf. The false Kermes, or
Berry-bearing, Oak.

Identification. Desf. AtL, 2. p. 349. ; N. Du Ham., 7. p. 160.
Synonymes. Chene a faux Kermes, Fr. ; ytechernde Eiche, Ger.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., t. 48. f. 1. ; and our Jig. 16)9.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves elliptic-oblong, rigid, smooth on both
sides, with spiny serratures. Nut ovate. Calyx with flat slightly
spreading scales. (Desf.) " Observed by Desfontaines at Algiers

SL 2

884 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

and about Mount Atlas," where it forms a tree from 13ft. to 20ft. high,
with round branches, clothed with rusty down when young. The leaves are
twice or thrice as long as those of Q. coccifera, thicker, and less wavy, with
much smaller and shorter spinous serratures, rather than teeth. Introduced
? 1820. Horticultural Society's Garden in 1834.

t 33. Q. Suvr,Eii L. The Cork Tree.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1413. ; N. Du Ham , 7. p. 159.

Synom/mes. SClber Cam. Epit. 115. ; S. Prlnus Matth. Valgr. \. p. 127. ; S. Iatif61ium, &c., Du Ham.

Arb. 2. p. 291. ; Chene Liege, Fr. ; Kork Eiche, Ger. ; Sovero, Ital. ; Alcornoque. Span.
Engravings. Hunt. Evel. Syl., t. in p. 362. ; N. Du Ham., 7. t. 45. ; Dend. Brit., t. 89. ; the plate

of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. viii. ; and our Jig. 1623.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate-oblong, bluntish, coriaceous, entire or sharply
serrated ; downy beneath. Bark cracked, fungous. (Wtild.) An evergreen
tree. South of Europe and North of Africa. Height 20 or 30 feet. In-
troduced in 1699. Flowers greenish white; May. Acorns brown ; occa-
sionally ripened in the climate of London.

Varieties. These, we have no doubt, are as numerous as the varieties of Q.
/"lex, in countries where the tree is indigenous. None are in cultivation in
British gardens under any particular name : but, the cork trees having been
all raised from seed, their leaves will be found to vary in magnitude, in
different places, in length relatively to breadth, and in the character of their
margins, which are wavy, serrate, or dentate.

1 Q. S, 2 latifolium. £uber latifolium, &c., Bauh. Pin.
424., Du Ham. Arb. 2. p. 291. t. 80. (The plate of this
tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. viii. ; and our Jig. 1620.)
— Leaves rather broader than in the species, and either
serrated or entire.
t Q. S. 3 angusfifolium. Suber angustifolium Bauh. Pin.

424., Du Ham. Arb. 2. p. 291. t. 81. — The figure in i6so.«.s:iatif«ium.
Dend. Brit. t. 89. (our fig. 1621.) may be considered as this variety,
t Q. S. 4 dentdtum. Q. Pseudo-^uber Hurt. — Leaves large, and va-
riously dentate, as in fig. 1622.

1621. Q. S. ang"slif..lium.

The cork tree bears a general resemblance to the broad-leaved kinds of Q.
/'lex ; of which species some authors consider it only a variety : but, when
full grown, it forms a much handsomer tree ; and its bark alone seems to jus-
tify its being made a species. The outer bark, the great thickness and elasti-
city of which are owing to an extraordinary developement of the cellular tissue,
forms the cork ; which, after the tree is full grown, cracks and separates from
it of its own accord. The inner bark remains attached to the tree, and,
when removed in its young state, is only fit for tanning. The wood of the
cork tree, which weighs 84 Ib. per cubic foot, is used for the same purposes
as that of Q. /'lex ; but it is never found of sufficient size to be of much

LXX. CORYLA'CE^E: QUE'RCUS.

885

consequence. By far the most important product which this tree
yields, is its outer bark, which forms the cork of commerce. The
bark is separated by first making a circular cut round the trunk,
immediately under the main branches, and another at a few inches
above the surface of the ground. The portion of bark intervening
between the two cuts is then split down in three or four places;
care being taken, both in making the circular cuts, and also the
longitudinal ones, not to penetrate the inner bark. This operation is commonly
performed in July, or in the beginning of August, when the second sap flows
plentifully. The tree is now left for 8 or 10 years, when it is again disbarked
as before. In British gardens Q. 5uber is propagated by imported acorns, or
by inarching on Q. /Nlex.

* t 34. Q. PSEU'DO-SU'BER Desf. The False-Cork Oak.

Identification. Desf. At]., 2. p. 348. ; N. Du Ham., 7. p. 174.

Sifnonymcs. Chene faux Lidge, Chene de Gibraltar, Fr. ; Unachte Kork-Eiche, Ger. Bosc states

that he possesses a leaf of Q. Turner?, which was brought to him from Kew by L'Heritier, arid

that it is identical with Q. Pseudo-Suber ; but the leaves of «.

Turner*' are not in the slightest degree hoary or glaucous beneath,

nor has it a corky bark. See No. 35.
Engravings. Sant.Viagg., t. 4.; Spreng. Antiq. Bot , t. 1. ; N. Du

Ham., 7. t 48. f.2. ; and our Jig. 1G25.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate ;
sinuated, dentated, or serrated ; hoary beneath.
Bark fungous, cracked. Nut ovate. Calyx muri-
cated, with lax, recurved, linear scales. (Desf.) A
sub-evergreen tree. Mountains of Tuscany, Spain,
and Barbary, Mount Atlas, and near Tangier.
Height 50 or 60ft. Introduced in 1824.

Variety.

X Q. P. 2 Fontanem. Q. Fontanesn Guss., Arb.
Brit. 1st edit. p. 1925. (Our fig. 1624.)
— Either identical with this species, or a very
slight variety of it.

The bark is corky, though less so than that of Q. Suber. Young branches
downy or hoary ; sometimes smooth, striated. Des-
fontaines describes the bark as fungous, as very thick,
and as being, without doubt, capable of replacing the
cork of Europe. The leaves are oval-oblong, dentated
or serrated ; smooth above, and pubescent beneath,
remaining green a part of the winter ; so that the tree
may be considered as forming the connecting link be-
tween the evergreen oaks and the deciduous ones. Q.
Siiber angustifblium and Q. iS'uber dentatum (p. 884.)
ma ossibl be forms of this secies.

1 62 1 Q 1>. Fontn.e.ii.

ic25. Q. Pseudo suber. may possy

t 35. Q. TU'RNER/ Willd. Turner's Oak.

Identification. Willd. Enum., 975. ; Baumz., p. 339.
Synunymes. Q. h^brida Hort. ; Chene de Turner, Fr. ; Tur-

nersche Eiche, Ger.
Engravings. Willd. Baumz., t. 3. f.2. ; and our fig. 1626 from

a living specimen.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves oblong, mucronate>
dentate; glabrous on both sides; somewhat
wedge-shaped at the base. Branchlets hairy.
(Willd.) A sub-evergreen, or nearly ever-
green tree, apparently a hybrid between Q.
pedunculata and Q. /vlex, having been found
in a bed of seedlings of the former species, in
1 795 or before, in Turner's Nursery, at Hol-
loway Down, Essex. Height 40 ft. to 50 ft.

SL 3

I(ii6. Q. Tiirneri.

886

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Flowers and acorns have been produced in the Mile End Nursery.
The leaves vary considerably in size, but not much in form, or in the cha-
racter of their margins. Readily propagated by grafting on the common oak,
from which, in summer, it can scarcely be distinguished at a distance, as its
branches andleaves are so similar ; but, in winter, its thick, glossy, and strictly
evergreen foliage has a fine effect. On the whole, it is an exceedingly distinct
and very handsome tree, by no means liable to vary in the form of its foliage,
like what may be called the natural species of European and American oaks.
It is rather more tender than Q. Cerris Lucombeana, but, nevertheless, it retains
its foliage nearly as long as that species.

¥ £ 36. Q. HY'BRIDA NA'NA. The dwarf hybrid Oak.

Synonymes. Q. hybrida Lodd. Cat. 1836; Q. " a hybrid between Q. pedunculata and Q. /'lex, in

the Horticultural Society's Garden ; " Q. htimilis Hort. ; Q. n&ua Hort.
Engravings. Our Jigs. 1627. and 1628.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate or oblong, obtusely dentate, smooth, and of
the same colour on both sides. Footstalks short. A sub-evergreen bush.
Found, about 1825, in a bed of seedling oaks in the Bristol Nursery, where
the original plant, in May, 1837, was between 8 ft. and 9 ft. high, with a
trunk 8 in. in circumference at 1 ft. from the ground. Flowers ?.
Tn summer, the leaves, at a distance, bear a considerable resemblance to
those of the common oak ; but, on a nearer inspection, they appear as in fig.
1627. or in Jig. 1628. : the first from the specimen tree in the Hackney arbo-
retum, and the second from the arboretum at Milford. Towards the autumn,

those shoots which have con-
tinued growing exhibit leaves
on their extremities so exactly
like those of Q. Turnen, that
it is altogether impossible to

make any distinction between them. Propagated by grafting on the common
oak. ^g. 1629. exhibits leaves (a, b) taken from the extremities of the
shoots, in different parts of the same plant.

B. Natives of North America.
§ ix. Virentes. Live Oaks.

Sect. Char. Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; dentate, and variously cut when youno-;
but, on full-grown trees, quite entire. Bark smooth, black. Fructification
biennial. Cup imbricate. Nut long. Low trees or shrubs ; rather tender
in Britain, and not attaining a timber-like size north of London.

37. Q. vf RENS Ait.

Identification.

Ait. Hort. Kew., ed.
Ph&llos ? Lt'n' *-

The green, or Live, Oak.

. 626 • Michx Ouer
"

., 3. p. 356. ; Pursh Sept.,
l&| Q.

No

« the piate °f this t

Spec. Cha>\, $c. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, revolute, entire, point-
less ; obtuse at the base ; clothed with starry down beneath. Fruit stalked.
Nut oblong. (IVilM.) An evergreen tree. North America, in the maritime

LXX. C()RYLAVCE^E I QUE'llCUS.

887

parts of the Southern States. Height 30ft. to 40ft. Introduced in 1739.

Flowers and fruit rarely produced in England.

The leaves are oval, coriaceous, of a dark green above, and whitish beneath :
they persist during several years, but are partially renewed every spring. On
old trees, growing wild in the forests, they are always entire, as shown in fig.
1631. ; but, on seedlings of 2 or 3 years old, they are very distinctly toothed,
as in ;%. 1632. On trees growing in cool soils, or reared in plantations, they

are one half larger than those on the trees usually found in a wild state, and
ave often denticulated even on old trees. The acorns are of an elongated oval
form, nearly black, and are contained in greyish pedunculated cups. In Bri-
tish gardens, this tree is seldom found higher than a large shrub, it requiring
rather a warmer climate to attain a timber-like size.

? * 38. Q. MYRTIFOVLIA WUld. No. 4., N. DuHam.l. p. 151.
Leaves coriaceous, oblong, entire, smooth, acute at each end. Carolina. See
Jig. 2103. in p. 1110. It is described in our first edition, p. 1920.

3L 4

888

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Q. Ednja Ham. MSS. ; ? Q. oblongata

C. Natives of Nepal.

§ x. Lanatce. Woolly or downy-Jeaved Oaks.

Sect. Char. Leaves oval-oblong or lanceolate, serrated or dentatecl, but not
sinuated or lobed ; woolly beneath. Trees evergreen, natives of Nepal ;
and only half-hardy in the climate of London. They may be propagated
by cuttings, which root without much difficulty; and the plants require the
protection of a wall.

1 39. Q. I.ANA'TA Smith. The woo\\y-leaved Nepal Oak.

Identification. Smith in Rees's Cycl., No. 27.
Synonymes. Q. lanuginbsa D. Don Prod. Fl. Nep. p. 57. ;

D. Don, 1. c. ; ? Q. incana Royle Illust. p. 341.
Engraving. Our Jig. 1633. from the tree at Kew.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves elliptic-oblong, sharply serrated, coriaceous ; densely
woolly beneath. Fruit in axillary solitary spikes. Calyx scaly, without
prickles. (Smith.} A large evergreen tree. Upper Nepal, on mountains.
Height 60 ft. to 80 ft. ; in England a half-hardy shrub. Introd. in 1818.
Flowers greenish white ; May. Acorns occasionally produced.
In its native country this is a tree of

vast dimensions, with a scaly bark, and

rigid, brown, warty branches, clothed,

when young, with dense white down ;

but in England it has not yet been seen

above 10 ft. high, and it requires to

attain this height the protection of a

wall. In the Hackney arboretum, and

in that at Flitwick, plants of this spe-

cies have stood out, without any pro-

tection, in the open garden for several

years, but they are annually killed down

within a short distance of the ground ; nevertheless, in Messrs Loddiges's

nursery, plants in pots have borne acorns.

i * 40. Q. ANNULA'TA Smith. The ring-cupped Oak.

Identification. Smith in Rees's Cycl., No. 22.
Synonymes. Q.Phullata Ham. MSS., D Don Prod.

Fl. Nep. p. 57. ; ? Q. Kamro6p?> D. Don, 1. c. ; «.

glauca Lodd. Cat. td. 1836 ; ? «. glauca Thunb. ;

? Q. acuminata Hort.
Engraving. Our Jig. 1634. from a living specimen.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate-lanceolate,
pointed ; dentately serrated, except to-
wards the base ; somewhat glaucous and
downy beneath. Fruit spiked. Nut
oblong. Calyx furrowed concentrically.
(Smith.) A large evergreen tree. Nepal,
in various places. Height 50ft. to 60 ft.;
in England a half-hardy shrub. Intro-
duced in 1822.

Leaves evergreen, rigid, somewhat silky
beneath, the young ones very silky. Stipules
linear, hairy, longer than the footstalks,
deciduous. Male flowers in pendulous,
hairy, yellowish, shortish spikes, springing
from the buds below the leaves. There are
specimens of this tree in the Botanic Gar-
den at Kew, which are found to be deci-
dedly hardier than the plants of Q. lanata
in the same garden.

1G35 Q./aginea.

LXX. CORYLA^CEM I QUE'RCUS. 889

App. i. European Kinds of Oaks not yet introduced.

Q. faginea Lam. Q. cegi-
lopifolia Willd. (our fig. 1635.
from specimen in the Lin-
naean herbarium.) — Leaves
on short downy footstalks,
obovate, with numerous uni-
form shallow lobes ; downy
beneath ; somewhat heart-
shaped and unequal at the
base. Fruit sessile. (Smith.)
Natives of Spain and the south
of France. Introd. 1840.

Q. vegitopijofa Pers. Syn.
2. p. 570., Q. hispanica £
Lam., has oval, sinuated, and
dentated leaves, the teeth of
which are close together and
almost obtuse ; green above,
and downy beneath. The acorns are pedunculated, and half-enclosed in a
smooth cup. The bark is cracked, but not corky. Native of Spain.

Q. Brossa Bosc, Mem. sur les Chenes, p. 319. (Chene Brosse at Nantes ;
Chene nain Bonami) bears so great an analogy to Q. pyrenaica (see p. 853.),
that, according to Bosc, it may possibly be only a variety of that species.

Q. viminalis Bosc, Mem. sur les Chenes, p. 316. (Chene Saule, Chene
Osier, Chene de Hai, JFV.) is found in the departments in the East of France.
It is common on the Jura, and on the mountains of the Vosges. It seldom grows
higher than 6 or 8 feet ; with a grey bark ; leaves resembling those of Q. pe-
dunculata, but much smaller, of a brighter green, and always very smooth.

Q. aspera Bosc, Mem. sur les Chenes, p. 328. (le Chene apre, Fr.) has the
leaves petioled, coriaceous, of a medium size, elongated irregularly, but not deeply
lobed ; the lobes broad, pointed, and mucronated. The upper surface of the
leaf is studded wijth small tubercles, beset with stiff bristle-like hairs disposed
in stars, which are very rough to the touch ; the under surface is downy. This
species does not attain any great he'ght.

Chene Lezcrnrien Bosc, Mem. sur ies Chenes, p. 328., is described as nearly
allied to the preceding kind.

Chene Castillan Bosc, Mem. sur les Chenes, p. 328., has the leaves oval,
pointed, slightly tomentose beneath, with unequal teeth, each terminated by a
sharp turned up point. The acorns are borne three or four together on short
peduncles. Abundant on the sandy mountains of Old Castile.

1G36 Q. lusltitnica.

Q. lusitanica Lamb, (our Jig. 1636.), Q. Brasilia Pers. (our fig. 1637.), Q.
calycina Pair., Q. expansa Pair., Q. rotundifolia Lam., and Q. hiimilis Law.,
are described in our first edition.

890

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1638. Q. infectoria.

1639. Q. infectoria.

A pp. ii. Oaks of Africa, Asia Minor, and Persia, only partially

introduced*

Q. obtectaPoir. Diet. Encyc. Suppl. 2. p. 218., N, Du Ham. 7. p. 163.

— A very doubtful species.

Q. infectoria Oliv. Voy. dans 1'Emp. Ottom.
1. p. 253. t. 14. Q. cariensis Willd. ; Chene a

Galles, Fr. ; Farber Eiche, Ger. (Our fgs.

1638. and 1639. ; the first from Olivier, and the

second from Du Hamel.) — Leaves ovate-oblong,
very smooth on both sides,
deeply toothed, somewhat
sinuated, deciduous. Fruit
sessile ; ripening the second
year. Calyx tessellated.
Nut elongated, nearly cy-
lindrical. (5w.) A decidu-
ous shrub. Turkey and
Greece, and the North of

Africa. Height 4 ft. to 6 ft. Introduced ?.

The leaves are about 1 or 1^ inches long, bright green, smooth on both

sides, but paler beneath ; their "serratures are deep and broad, not acutely

pointed. Fruit solitary, nearly sessile. Cup slightly downy ; its scales not

very distinct. Acorn two or three times longer than the cup, smooth, nearly

cylindrical. Olivier observes that this plant, besides producing the galls of

commerce, bears a number of different kinds of this

excrescence, which are neglected as useless. The de-
scription and figures of these galls, and of the insects

which cause their production, are in our first edition.
Q. Libani Oliv. t. 49. f. 2. (our/g. 1640.), Q. rigida

Willd. (/g.2104. in p. 1110.), Q. iberica Stev., Q. cas-

taneaefolia C. A. Meyer (Plantae Caspico-Caucasicae, 1.

p. 9. t. 1. ; and our^g. 1641.), and Q. mongolica Fisch.

are described in our first edition.

Q. mannifera Lindl. Bot. Reg. Chron., 1840, No. 72.,

and also Q. mongolica, appear to be nothing more than

varieties of Q. sessiliflora. The latter produces the Koor-

distan manna, a sweet glutinous substance, which oozes

from the upper surface of the leaves during the hottest months of the year.

(See Penny Cyc., art. Quercus, p. 215. ; and Q. sessiliflora, in our p. 851.)

1641. y.

LXX. CORYLA^CEJE

891

Q. regia Lincll. Bot. Reg. Chron. 1840, No. 73.. has tlie general appear-
ance of a sweet chestnut ; but, being described from imperfect specimens, very
little can be said about it with certainty. Native of Koordistan.

Q. Brdntii Lindl. Bot. Keg. Chron. 1840, No. 74., appears to be nearly
allied to Q. /Nlex. Named after Mr. Brant, the discoverer, and it is hoped that
acorns will soon be introduced.

App. iii. Plimalayan Oaks only partially introduced.

It is observed by Dr. Royle, that the Himalayan oaks vary much in appear-
ance, and that, in all probability, the number of kinds at present enumerated
as species will hereafter undergo " some reduction." It has also been sug-
gested to us by Professor Don, that several of the Nepal and Japan oaks de-
scribed by authors under different names are probably the same. As seeds of
every kind are constantly received from the Himalayas, some of these kinds
may be already in the country, and probably the whole will be soon obtained.

Q. spicdta Smith in Reel's Cycl. No. 12. Q. squamata Rox. ffort. Seng.
p. 68. ; Q. A'rcula Ham. MSS. (Wallich PI. As. Rar. A.siat., t. 46. ; and our

1642. Q.s-pichta.

fig. 1642.) — Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, quite entire, very sharply pointed ;
acute at the base, sometimes obtuse ; smooth. One of the largest, as well as
the commonest, sorts of oak in Nepal, where it attains the most gigantic size.
The wood is exceedingly like the English oak in colour, and most probably

892

AUBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

equals it in other respects ; but the mountaineers do not esteem it much,
owing, as they say, to its speedy decay ; a circumstance attributable no doubt
to their employing it in its green state. A similar prejudice prevails in that
country against the other species. Femaie flowers on a separate tree [pro-
bably accidentally], crowded 3 together in sessile groups along the spikes.
Acorns eatable, but not very good ; the size and shape of a large filbert, even-
pointed, dark brown j their cups short, scaly. (Smith.)

1643. Q. grand folia.

Q. obtusifolia D. Von, Q. grandifolia D. Don (Lamb. Gen. Pin., 2. t. 8. ;
and our fig. 1643.), and Q. velutina Lindl. (Wall. PI. As. Rar., t. 150. ; and our
fig. 1645.) are described
in our first edition.

Q. lamellosa Smith.
Q. imbricata Ham.
MSS., D. Don Prod.
Fl. Nep. p. 57. (Wall.
PI. As. Rar., t. 149. ;
our^g. 1614.) — Leaves
elliptic or ovate, ser-
rated, flat, glabrous,
acute, on long foot-
stalks ; obtuse at the
base ; glaucous beneath ;
the veins continued to
the serratures; veinlets
raised. Cups solitary,
sessile, depressed, and
downy ; composed of
scales forming loosely
imbricated, undulated,
concentric layers, which
surround the nut. Nut
tomentose, bossed, de-
pressed, shorter than
the cup. (Lindl. MSS., as quoted by Wallich.) A native of the mountains
of Nepal ; ripening its fruit towards the end of the year.

1644. 9. '?:,,e!K>sa.

LXX. CORYLA CEM I QUE'RCUS.

893

1G15 Q. velutina. 1646. §. semecarviftlU.

Q. semecarpifolia Smith (Wall. PI. As. Rar., t. 174. ; and our fig. 1646.)
is described in our first edition.

App. iv. Oaks of Japan, Cochin-C/iina, and China, most of which
have not yet been introduced,

Q. gldbra Thunb. — Sieboldt states
that this oak bears clipping, on which
account it is very commonly found
round places of worship and in gar-
dens, where it is cut into the form of
pyramids, globes, and other figures. In
garden scenery, in Japan, where the
geometrical style is imitated, this oak
is used as the beech and the hawthorn
are in Europe ; but it has the advantage
of these trees in being evergreen. In-
troduced to the Leyden Botanic Garden
in 1830, and found there quite hardy.
(Sieb. Fl. Jap., p. 9.)

Q. concentrica Lour. ; Q. acuta
Thunb.; Q. serrata Thunb , introd. 1837 ;
Q. glauca Thunb. ; Q. cuspidata Thunb.
(Sieb. Fl. Jap., t. 2 ; and our j%.
1647.) ; Q. dentata Thunb., hills of Ja-
pan ; Q. obovata Bunge, and Q. chine'n-
sis Bunge, are described in our first ed.

Bunge observed a third species on the
mountains of Pan-Schan, very similar to
Q. mongolica Fisch.

App. v. Oaks of Java, Sumatra, and the Molucca Isles, not yet

introduced.
Q. sundaica Blume Fl. Jav. t. 2. and 3., and our^g*. 1648. and 1649. The

1647. Q. cujpldkta.

894

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM,

IMS. Q. sundiica. 1649.

SundaOak. — Leaves elliptic, acuminate; narrowed towards the base; glabrous
above, somewhat glaucous beneath ; veins covered with down. Catkins soli-
tary. A tree, attaining the height of 80 ft. and upwards, with smooth bark.
It is not unfrequent in the woods of Western Java, in low grounds, and on
the banks of rivers.

Qpruinosa Blume Fl. Jav. t. 1.; and our Jig. 1650. The frosty Oak. —
Leaves ovate or oval-oblong, acuminate; roundish at the base. Branchlets
and leaves covered beneath with small yellowish scales. Fruit aggregate, in
short spikes. Cup concave, covered with small scales. Nuts roundish-ovate.
A beautiful tree, from 50ft. to 60 ft. high, with a thick bark.

1G50. Q pruindsa. 1651. «. angustWa.

Q. angustata Blume Fl. Jav. t. 7. ; and our^g. 1651. The narrow-leaved
Oak. — Leaves oblong, lanceolate ; acute at each end ; shining above, glaucous
beneath. Catkins axillary, terminal, elongated. Cups flattish, rough with
small scales. Nuts roundish-ovate. A large spreading tree, 80ft. high, with
compact wood. Common in the mountains of Gede, at elevations of 4000
and 5000 feet. (Blume.)

.XX.

: QUF/KCUS.

8S.5

Q. pallida Blume
Fl. Ji\v. t. 4. and 5. ;
and our Jigs. 1652.
and 1653. The pale
Oak. — Leaves oval-
oblong, very much
pointed ; acute at the
base, quite entire ;
glabrous ; pale-colour- '
ed beneath. Catkins
terminal, dioecious ;
the male catkins
branched, fastigiate ;
the female ones sim-
ple. A tree, from
50 ft. to 60 ft. high ;
flowering in June and
July. Found near the
sources of the river
Tjibarrum, in the
mountains of Gede. (Blume.)

Q. costata Blume Fl. Jav. t. 13, 14. ; and our figs. 1654. and 1658. </, e. The
ribbed -cupped Oak. — Leaves oblong, acuminate; acute at the base; glabrous;
glaucous beneath. Catkins branched. Fruit peduncled. Nuts flat above,
round beneath, immersed in the cup. Cups without teeth, surrounded by
circular ribs. A tree, 70ft. high, found in mountainous places. It is easily
distinguished from all the others by the singular form of its cup.

Q. rotundata Blume Fl. Jav. t. 11. ; and our Jig. 1655. The round-fruited
Oak. — Leaves oblong, acuminate ; attenuated at the base ; glabrous ; glaucous
beneath. Fruit in short one-sided spikes. Cups hemispherical, scaly at the

1652. Q. pallida.

JG53. Q. pallida.

MM. «. costata.

1655. Q.T<rtur.data.

896 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1656. Q. Regans. 1667. «, 6, c. y. placontiiria.

1658. d,e. Q. costata.

1659. Q. glaberrima.

margin, but without teeth at the base. Nuts plano-convex on their upper
part, rounded beneath. A tree, 70 ft. high, with compact heavy wood. It
is found on high mountains, and flowers in August. (Blume.)

Q. elegans Blume Fl. Jav. t. 10. ; and owrjig. 1656. The elegant Oak. —
Leaves obovate, or oval-oblong, bluntly acuminate, narrowed in the petiole,
glabrous. Fruit in long spikes. A magnificent tree, with a thick trunk,
frequently attaining the height of 60 ft. A native of the woods of the
province of Bantam, and in mountainous places. (Blume?)

Q. placentdria Blume Fl. Jav. t. 9.; and our fig. 1657. #, £, c. The
placenta-<r#^<?df Oak. — Leaves ovate-oblong, bluntly acuminate; roundish
at the base ; coriaceous, glabrous. Fruit in clusters. Cup covered with small
tubercles. Nuts roundish, depressed. A tree, about 40 ft. high, found on
the volcanic mountain of Cede', at an elevation of 6000 ft. The wood is
rarely used, although very hard, and capable of taking a fine polish. (Blume}

Q. glaberrima Blume Fl. Jav.t. 8. ; and our Jig. 1659. — Introduced in 1837,

Q.platycdrpa Blume Fl. Jav. t. 15. ; and our/Sr^. 1660. The broad-fruited

LXX. CO11YLA CEM '.

897

1060.

1661.

Q. platyc^rpa.

Oak. — Leaves oval- oblong, acute ; somewhat wedge-shaped at the base; gla-
brous ; shining above, glaucous beneath. Fruit peduncled, in short spikes.
Cups surrounded beneath by hollow rings. Nuts round, depressed. A large
tree, a native of the woods in the south of the province of Bantam. (Blume.)
Q. Aaphnoidea Blume Fl. Jav. t. 16.; and our/g. 1660. The Daphne-

1662. Q, gemellifl6ra.

3 M

l(Jt>3. Q. induta.

898

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

like Oak. — Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; sharp at both ends, quite entire, smooth;
somewhat glaucous beneath. Fruit in long slender catkins, almost solitary.
Cups surrounded by concentric rows of tubercles. Nuts ovate, sharp-pointed.
A tall tree, a native of Bantam. (Blume.)

Q. racemosa Hook, in Comp. JS. Mag., Q. gemelliflora Blume Fl. Jav. t. 17.
(our/g. 1662.), Q. incluta Blume FL Jav. t. 12. (our Jig. 1663.), Q. urceolaris
Hook., and Q. Pseudo-molucca Blume Fl. Jav. t. 6. (our
fig. 1664.), are described in our first edition.

1664. Q. Pseudo-molficca.

166.5. Q. lurbinata.

Q. molucca Lin. Sp. PI. 1412., Willd. No. 11., N. Du Ham. 7. p. 153.
The Molucca Oak. — Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, entire, acute at each end,
smooth. Nut roundish, furrowed. (Smith.)

Q. turbindta Blume Fl. Jav. t. 18. ; and our fig.

1665. The top-shaped-cupped Oak. — Leaves oblong-
lanceolate, sharp at both ends, sharply serrated
towards the apex, glabrous. Cups top-shaped. A
handsome tree, from 40 ft. to 50 ft. high ; found on
the mountain of Salak. It is nearly allied to Q.
glauca Thunb. ; but the leaves are broader, less
acute at the base, and not glaucous beneath.
(Blume.') The acorns are of a very singular shape,
and are enclosed in the cup.

Q. linedta Blume Fl. Jav. t. 19. ; and our fig.

1666. The parallel-veined Oak. — Leaves oblong-
lanceolate, sharp at both ends, serrated or entire ;
glabrous above, glaucous and downy beneath. Nuts
small, scarcely reaching a line above the cup ;
crowned at the tip by a long umbo. A large tree,
attaining the height of 80 ft. and upwards. A native
of the west of Java, in woods, at elevations of
5000 ft. to 6000 ft. (Blume.)

Many of the above species would doubtless prove hardy in the climate of
London.

App vi. Mexican Oaks only partially introduced.

Acorns of many kinds of Mexican oaks have lately been sent home by
Hartweg, and other botanical collectors, so that there can be no doubt that
several of the species enumerated above are already in the country.

Q. xalapensis Humb. et Bonp. PI. ^Eqnin. t. 75. (our figi 1667.) — Intro-
duced in 1837. Horticultural Society's Garden.

LXX. CORYLAVCE#: I QUF/RCUS.

899

1667. Q. ialap6nsis

1668. Q. glaucfecens.

Q. gJaucescens Humb. et Bonp. PI. jEquin. t. 78., and our fig. 1668.,
Michx. N. Amer. Syl. p. 111. — Leaves on short footstalks, wedge-shaped,
obovate ; entire at the base ; slightly repand and toothed towards the top ;
glaucous, and quite glabrous. Fruit racemose. (Humb. et Bonp.} A very
tall straight tree, quite glabrous ; younger branches angular. Introduced in
1839. Horticultural Society's Garden.

Q. obtiisdta Humb. et Bonp. PI. ^Equin. t. 76., and our fig. 1669., Michx.
N. Amer. Syl. 1. p. 112. — Leaves oblong ; blunt at each end, unequal at the
base, wavy at the margin, very veiny beneath, and somewhat downy. Fruit
racemose. (Humb. et Bonp.) A native of New Spain, near Ario, at an
elevation of about 6000 ft. (994 toises). A lofty tree, with a trunk from 3 ft.
to 4 ft. in diameter, covered with a very thick deeply cracked bark.

1670. Q. pandurata.

1669. Q. obtusata.

Q. pandurdta Humb. et Bonp. PI. ^Equin. t. 77., and our^g*. 1670. and

3 M 2

900

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

and 1671- , Michx. N. Amer. Syl. 1. p. 111. — Leaves oval-
oblong, somewhat fiddle-shaped ; acute at the point, un-
equally cordate at the base, wavy and slightly sinuate on
the margin, downy beneath. Fruit racemose. {Humb. el
Bonp.} Found in the same habitat as the preceding. A
tree, from 18ft. to 21ft. high.

Q. repanda Humb. et Bonp. PI. ^Equin. t. 79., and our
fig. 1672., Michx. N. Amer. Syl. 1. p. 108.— Leaves oblong-
oval, on short footstalks ; downy beneath, glabrous above ;
slightly repand, recurved at the margin. Fruit racemose. {Humb. et Bonp.}
A shrub, 2 ft. high, branched from the very base, procumbent or erect. A
native of New Spain, in moist shady places, between Real del Monte and
Moran, at an elevation of above 7700ft. (1291 toises).

1671. Q. pandurhta.

1673. Q. fadrina.

1672. Q.repimda.

Q. \aurina Humb. et Bonp. PI. ^Equin. t. 80., and our fig. 1673., Michx.
N. Amer. Syl. 1. p. 108. — Leaves oval-lanceolate, sharply acuminated, quite
glabrous : some are a little 3-pointed at the tip. Fruit axillary, almost sessile.
{Humb. et Bonp.} A tall tree, with the habit of I/aurus nobilis.

1674. Q. sider<5xyla .

J 675. Q. mexicina.

Q. sideroxyla Humb. et Bonp. PI. ^Equin. t. 85., and our fig. 1674. —
Introduced in 1839. Horticultural Society's Garden.

LXX. CORYLAVCEJE : QUE'RCUS.

901

Q. mencdna Humb. et Bonp. PI. ^Equin. t. 82., and our Jig. 1675. — In-
troduced in 1839. Horticultural Society's Garden.

Q. crdssipes Humb. et Bonp. PI. JSquin. t. 83., and our fig. 1676. —
Introduced in 1839. Horticultural Society's Garden.

Q. crassipes.

1677. Q. crdssipes angustiftlia.

Q. crdssipes angustifolia Humb. et Bonp. PI. ^Equin. t. 84., and our fig.
1677., differs from Q. crassipes in the leaves being narrowed, and more
diminished towards the point. Found, along with Q. crassipes, near Ario.

Q. lanceoldta Humb. et Bonp. PI. J2quin. t. 81., and our fig. 1678., Michx.
N. Amer. Syl. 1. p. 107. — Leaves
lanceolate, quite entire, wavy ; the
axils of the veins bearded beneath ;

Jfi78. Q. lam-eolata.

1679. Q. reticulkta.

902

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

shining above. Fruit sessile. Scales of the cup turned backwards. (Humb,
et Bonp.) A tree, from 30 ft. to 40 ft. high.

Q. reticulala Humb. et Bonp. PI. JEquin. t. 86., and our Jig. 1679. —
Introduced in 1839. Horticultural Society's Garden.

Q. chrysophylla Humb. et Bonp. PI. ^Equin. t. 87., and our fig. 1680.,
Michx. N. Amer. Syl. 1. p. 108. — Leaves oblong; obtuse at the base, 3 — 5-
pointed at the apex ; yellow beneath. Female flowers in many-flowered
pedunculated clusters. (Humb. et Bonp.) A tall tree ; younger branches
furrowed, as if with a powdery down.

Q. chryiophylia.

1681. Q pulch&la.

Q.pulchella Humb. et Bonp. PI. ^Equin. t. 88., and our fig. 1681., Michx.
N. Amer. Syl. 1. p. 110. — Leaves oblong, obtuse; emarginate at the base ;
covered with white down beneath ; teeth short, mucronate. Fruit sessile,
almost solitary (Humb. et Bonp.)

Q. spicdta Humb. et Bonp. PI.
jEquin. t. 89., and our fig. 1683. —
Introduced in 1839. H. S. Gard.

1632 «. stipularis.

1683. Q.spic&ta.

U. stipularis Humb. et Bonp. PI. .Equin. t. 90., and our fig. 1682., Michx.
JN. Amer. Syl. 1. p. 109. — Leaves obovate, sharply toothed towards the

LXX. CORYLA'CE^: : QUE'IICUS.

903

point ; teeth terminated by mucros ; covered on the under surface with
woolly tornentum. Stipules persistent. Fruit sessile, almost solitary. (Humb.
et Bonp.) A tree, about 50 ft. high. A native of the mountains of Mexico,
near Actopan ; forming entire forests, at an elevation of 7000 ft. (1330 toises).
Q. crassifolia Humb. et Bonp. PI. JEquin. t. 91., and our jig. 1685.,
Michx. N. Amer. Syl. 1. p. 110. — Leaves wedge-shaped, obovate; emarginate
at the base, remotely toothed, repand ;
downy beneath. Peduncles short, bearing
1 — 3 acorns. (Humb. et Bonp.) A tree,
from 40ft. to 50ft. high. A native of
New Spain, near Chilpancingo.

1G84. Q. depr&ssa.

1685. Q. crassifbli;

Q. depressa Humb. et Bonp. PI. JSquin. t. 92., and our fg. 1684., Michx.
N. Amer. Syl. 1. p. 108. — Leaves oblong-oval, acute, entire, rarely mucro-
nate ; dentate, evergreen, quite glabrous. Fruit nearly sessile, and solitary.
(Humb. et Bonp.} An evergreen shrub, from 1 ft. to 2 ft. high.

Q. ambigua Humb. et Bonp. PI. ^Equin. t. 93., and our/g. 1686., Michx.
N. Amer. Syl. 1. p. 111. — Leaves oblong-obovate, wavy ; obtuse at the base ;

reticulately veined beneath, somewhat hairy.
Female spike pedunculated. (Humb. et Bonp.)
A tree, 40 ft. high.

Q. ambigua.

Q. confertiftlia.

3M 4

904

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Q. confertifolia Humb. et Bonp. PI. Mqmn. t. 94., and our figs. 1686. and
1687., Michx. N. Amer. Syl. 1. p. 106. — Leaves evergreen, linear-lanceolate,
mucronated, recurved at the margin, quite entire ; downy beneath. Fruit
sessile. (Humb. et Bonp.) An evergreen shrub, from 15ft. to 20ft. high. A
native of the temperate and mountainous regions of New Spain, between the
town of Guanajuata and Santa Rosa. Introduced in 1837.

Q. tndens Humb. et Bonp. PL ^Equin. t. 96., and our fig. 1689., Michx.
N. Amer. Syl. 1. p. 107. — Leaves oblong, retuse at the base, generally broader
towards the apex, 3-dentate ; teeth terminated by bristly points ; downy
beneath. Spikes of female flow-
ers almost sessile. (Humb. et
Bonp.} A shrub, about 10 ft.
high, with round smooth branches. N^M

A^native of New Spain, and com-
inon in the vicinity of Moran.

1689. Q. tridens.

Q. acutifdlia.

Q. acutifblia Willd., Humb. et Bonp. PI. ^Iquin. t. 95., and our^g. 1690,
— Introduced in 1839. Horticultural Society's Garden.

Q. elliptica Willd., Q. mucronata Willd., Q. tementosa Willd., Q. cir-
cinata Willd., Q. splendens Willd., Q. rugosa
Willd. (fig. 1691.), Q. macrophylla Willd.,
Q. diversi folia Willd., Q. candicans Willd., Q.
microphylla Willd., Q. lobata Willd., Q. mag-
nolifsfolia Willd. Q. lutea WUld., and Q.
salicifolia Willd., are described in our first
edition.

Q. lancifolia Cham, et Schlect. Linnaea v.
p. 78. — Leaves smooth, narrow, oblong-lan-
ceolate, serrate, dentate, subcoriaceous, fea-
ther-nerved. Fruit sessile. Capsule sub-
hemispherical. Nut conoid. Leaves Sin.

to 6 in. long. Found near Mollino de la 169l. Q. rag6sa.

Pedreguera. Introduced in 1839. H. S.

Q. petioldris Benth. Plant. Hartweg. No. 420. — Leaves oblong, acute,
entire ; woolly beneath. Fruit sub-sessile, sub-solitary. Leaves between
2 in. and 3 in. long. A tree, 40ft. high. Found on hills near Huasca. In-
troduced in 1839. Horticultural Society's Garden.

Q. dysophylla Benth. Plant. Hartweg. No. 421., Q. A'lamo Ibid. No. 423.,
Q. barbinervis Ibid. No. 427., Q. glabrescens Ibid. No. 428., Q. Hartwegi
Ibid. No. 432., and some others, have been discovered by Hartweg, who has
sent home specimens of all, and acorns of some, to the Horticultural Society.

LXX. CORYLAVCEflS I FAVGUS. 905

GENUS II.

FAVGUS L. THE BEECH. Lin. Syst. Moncevcia Polyandria.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 1072. ; Willd. Sp. PI., 1C94. ; N. Du Ham., 2. p. 79.

Synonymes. According to Bauhin, the Fagus of the Romans, and the Oxua of the Greeks ; Castanea

Tourn. 352. ; Metre, Fr. ; Buche, Ger, ; Beuke, Dutch ; Bog, Dan. ; Bok, Swed. ; Buk, Rws.

and Pol. ; Faggio, Ital. ; Haya, Span. ; Faya, Port.
Derivation. From phago, to eat j because the nuts were used as food in the early ages.

Gen. Char., $c. Male flowers in stalked drooping heads or capitate catkins,
3 or 4 in each, attended by minute deciduous bracteas. Each flower
consists of a 5 — 6-cleft bell-shaped calyx, and 8 — 12 stamens, that arise from
the bottom of the calyx, and extend beyond its mouth. — Female flowers
borne 2—6 together, within a pitcher-shaped indistinctly 4-lobed involucre,
constituted of numerous unequal bracteal scales, and interior scales, grown
together. Each flower consists of a calyx, lengthened into a laciniate limb,
and investing the ovary. Fruit nuts. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous, rarely evergreen; entire or
serrated, feather-veined, plaited in the bud. Flowers whitish yellow. Fruit
covered with a hairy calyx. — Trees large, deciduous, handsome, and some
evergreen shrubs ; natives of the colder parts of Europe, North and South
America, and Australia.

A. Cupule muricate, capsuliform. Ovaries included. Young leaves plicate.
Natives of Europe, and of North and South America.

a. Species in Cultivation in British Gardens.
¥ 1. F. SYLVA'TICA L. The Wood, or common, Beech.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI,, 1416. ; Eng. Fl., 4. p. 152. ; Hook. Br. Fl., ed. 3. p. 411.

Synonymes. Castanea .Fagus Scop. Corn. No. 1188. ; F5gus Bauh. Pin. 419. F. sylvestris Michx. N.

Amer. 3. t. 107. Oxya, Greek ; Fagus, Lot. ; Hetre commun, Fr. ; gemeine Buche, Ger. ; Rood-

beuke, Dutch.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t- 1846. ; N. Du Ham., t. 24. ; the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit. 1st edit.

vol. viii. and OUT fig. 1696.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate, glabrous, obsoletely dentate ; ciliate on their
margins. (Willd.) A large deciduous tree. Various parts of Europe ;
and one variety in North America. Height 60 ft. to 100 ft. Flowers
brownish ; May. Nut brown ; ripe in October.

Varieties.

51 F. s. 2 purpiirca Ait. Hort. Kew. v. p. 297. F. s. 2 atro-rubens Du
Roi ; Hetre noir, Fr. ; the purple Beech. — The buds and young
shoots are of a rose colour : the leaves, when half-developed, of a
cherry red ; and, when fully matured, at midsummer, of so dark
a purple as to appear almost black. The bark, not only of the
young shoots, but even of the old wood and of the trunk of the
tree, partakes strongly of the same dark colour as the leaves.

t F. s. 3 cuprea Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. The copper-coloured Beech. —
A sub-variety of F. s. purpurea. Young shoots arid leaves of a paler
colour than those of rfie purple beech, tt makes a splendid ap-
pearance in the sunshine, and when the leaves are gently ruffled with
the wind ; but, in a state of repose, and on a dark cloudy day, it can
hardly be distinguished from the common green-leaved beech.

¥ F. s. 4/o/Ms variegdtis Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — The leaves variegated
with white and yellow, interspersed with some streaks of red and
purple. This variety is handsome in spring, when the leaves first
make their appearance ; but, in the course of the summer, their
variegation is in a great measure lost, and the leaves assume a dirty

906

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

unhealthy aspect. There are also varieties with the leaves striped or
blotched with white only, and others with only golden-striped leaves.
F. s. 5 heterophylla F. s. laciniata Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836 ; F. s. «s-
plenifolia Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836 ; F. s. incisa Hort. ; F. s. salicifolia
Hort. ; Hetre a Feuilles de Saule, Fr. ; the various, or cut, leaved

1692. F. s. heteiophtflla.

1693. F . s. heterophj-lla.

Beech. — The leaves variously cut, as in fig. 1692. ; sometimes in
narrow shreds, so as to resemble a fern, as in fig. 1693. ; and, at
other times, in shreds of greater breadth, like the leaves of a willow.
This variety, which may be designated as more curious than beauti-
ful, is very apt to return to
the normal form.

F. s. 6 cristdta Lodd. Cat. ed.
1836. F. s. crlspa Hort. ;
Hetre Crete de Coq, Fr. ;
the crested, or curled-leaved
Beech. (The plate of this
tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit.,
vol. viii.; and our fig. 1694.)
— This variety is a mon-
strosity, with the leaves
small, and almost sessile,
and crowded into small
dense tufts, which occur at
intervals along the branches.
The tree never attains a
large size, as may be ex-
pected from its deficiency
in foliage.

F. s. 7 pendula Lodd. Cat. ed.
1836. Hetre Parasol, Fr. ;
the weeping Beech. — When
this variety is grafted stan-
dard high, it forms a very
singular and highly beautiful object, well deserving a place in
collections of weeping trees. There is a splendid natural specimen
in one of the plantations bordering Milton Park, in Northampton-
shire, of which a plate is given in Arb. Brit. 1~4- ~A'^ -rtl *""

1st edit., vol. viii.

LXX. CORYLAXCE/E: FAMOUS. 907

¥ F. s. 8 americdna. F. sylvestris Michx. N.

Amer. Syl. t. 107. ; white Beech, Amer.

(Our Jig. 1695.) — Generally considered

by botanists as identical with the common

European beech. In North America, it

forms one of the tallest and most majestic

trees of the forest, abounding in the middle,

western, and southern states, in deep

moist soil, and in a cool atmosphere. The

trunks of the trees are frequently 8 ft., 9 ft.,

and 1 1 ft. in circumference, and more than

100ft. high. The tree is less branchy than

F. ferruginea, or red beech of America ;

and the perfect wood bears but a small

proportion to the sap, frequently occupying

only 3 in. in a trunk 1 ft. 6 in. in diameter.

The European beech is a handsome umbrageous tree, combining magni-
ficence with beauty ; and being, as Mathews observes, at once the Hercules
and Adonis of our sylva. The roots do not descend deeply into the soil,
but extend to a considerable distance close under the surface. The rootlets
and fibres are not nearly so numerous as in the ash and the elm. The plants,
under nursery culture, do not grow so rapidly as those of the ash and the
elm; but, under favourable circumstances, they will attain the height of
10 ft. in 5 years, and 20 or 25 feet in 10 years. In general, the tree attains its
full growth, in England, in 60 or 80 years, when it is fit to be cut down for
timber purposes ; and, on good soils, it is more than doubtful whether it will
live much more than 100 or 150 years. The wood, which, when green, is
harder than that of any of our British timber trees, weighs, when in this
state, 65 Ib. 13 oz. per cubic foot ; half-dry, it weighs 56 Ib. 6 oz. ; and quite
dry, 50 Ib. 3 oz. The wood, when the tree has grown in good soil, and on
plains, has a somewhat reddish tinge; but in poor soils, and on mountains, it
is whitish. The durability of the wood is said to be increased by steeping
it in water ; and, according to some, by disbarking the tree while standing.
In England, at the present time, the beech is principally employed in making
bedsteads and chairs ; and it is also in great demand for panels for carriages, and
for various purposes in joinery, cabinet-making, and turnery. Screws, wooden
shovels, peels for bakers' ovens, and rims for sieves, are also made of it, and
in France sabots. As fuel, the wood of the beech is superior to that of most
other trees, and the green wood is generally preferred to that which is dry, be-
cause it burns slower, though it does not give out so much heat ; and hence,
in many places in France, the tree is frequently cut down in the summer
season. The beech, burnt green, produces heat and light relatively to the
beech burnt dry, as 1 181 is to 1540. For useful plantations, the beech is not
highly prized ; the tree not being of much value when young, nor forming a
permanent coppice wood, and the bark being of little value. Beech of small
size, or of short and crooked stem, is the least valuable of all timber. On dry
chalky soils, it may be planted as a timber tree ; but here, as in many other
cases where a straight clean trunk is wanted, the plants require to be drawn
up, either by other trees of their own species, or by trees of a different species,
which advance at nearly the same rate of growth ; such, for example, as the
sweet chestnut. The beech succeeds best in plantations by itself; and,
perhaps, there is no membranaceous-leaved tree which, in a wild state in
forests, is found so little intermixed with other species. It is one of the
worst of all trees for hedgerows, not only injuring the fence and the adjoining
crops by the density of its shade, but its trunk, when grown in this situation,
being neither long, clean, nor straight, is of little value except for fuel. As
undergrowth, the beech is not of long duration, seldom pushing from the
stools after 40 or 50 years. For hedgerows for shelter, and especially for
those lofty narrow hedges which were formerly much in use for enclosing and

908

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM,

1696. F.sjlTitica.

sheltering gardens, orchards, and small fields for affording early grass, the
beech has no equal among deciduous trees ; for, as Boutcher observes,
by retaining its withered leaves all the winter, it affords the same protection
as an evergreen. The beech will grow on dry soils, including sand, gravel,
and chalk, more freely than most other trees ; though it is found in the
greatest perfection in sandy calcareous loam, or in fresh sandy loam on
clay or rock. The most magnificent beeches in France are in Normandy,
on the private estate of the king, Louis Philippe, where the soil is a
loam on chalk rock. The species is always raised from the seeds or nuts,
which are commonly called mast. These begin to drop from the husks in the
months of October and November ; and this process may be accelerated by
shaking the tree. The nuts may then be gathered up, and dried in the sun, or in
an airy shed or loft ; after which, they may be mixed with sand that is per-
fectly drj', at the rate of three bushels of sand to one of mast. By some,
the mast is spread in a thin stratum on a loft floor, without any sand ;
where it remains till the following spring, being occasionally turned over,
and being covered with straw to exclude the frost. The mast, from which an
oil is made in France, retains its vital properties for one year only ; and,
therefore, it must be sown, at the latest, during the following spring. The
common time is from the beginning of March till the beginning of April.
Autumn might be adopted for sowing, were it not that the nuts are greedily
sought after, through the winter, by mice and other vermin. The soil in which
the nuts are sown ought always to be light, and more or less rich, as the plants
are rather tender when young. They may either be sown in beds or in drills,
with the usual covering of soil, being about 1 in. The seeds should not lie
nearer to one another, when sown, than 1 in. Mast, sown in the autumn,
will come up in April ; and that sawn in spring, seldom later than the
beginning of May. The varieties are propagated by layers, inarching, or

LXX. CORYLA CEJE '. FA GUS.

909

grafting. When the latter practice is adopted, it is found to be more success-
ful when the scions are of two years' growth, and when the graft is earthed up
in the manner practised with the grafts of American oaks. (See p. 862.)

¥ 2. F. FERRUGI'NEA Ait. The American ferruginous-woo^rf Beech.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 3. p. 362. ; Michx. N. Amer. ,3. p. 21.
Synonymes. F. americfina latifdlia Du Hoi Harbk. 1. p. 269. ; red

Beech, Amer.
Engravings. Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. t. 106. ; Wang. Amer., t. 29.

f. 55. ; and OUT Jig. 1698.

Spec. Char., $c. Ler.ves ovate, acuminate, thickly
toothed ; downy beneath ; ciliate on the margin.
( Willd.) A deciduous tree, so much resembling
the common European beech, as by some to be
considered only a variety of it. North America.
Height 40ft. to 60ft. Introduced in 1766, and
not unfrequent in collections.

Varieties.

t F. f. 2 caroliniana. F. caroliniana Lodd.
Cat. ed. 1836. (Our fig. 1697.) — Leaves
somewhat cordate at the base, ovate, slightly

acuminate, obsoletely dentate, and somewhat mucronate. The
colour is a very dark green, somewhat tinged with purple when fully
mature. The veins of the under side of the leaf are somewhat
hoary. Not common in collections.

* F./. 'Slatifo/ia. F. latifolia of Lee's Nursery. (Our Jig. 1699.) —
Leaves lanceolate, acumi-
nate ; tapering at the
base, feather-nerved, much
longer than those of the
preceding variety in pro-
portion to their breadth,
and of a lighter green.

1697. F. f. caroliniana.

1C98. F. ferruginea.

1699. F. f. lalifoHa.

The American beech is easily known from the European one by its much
shorter obtusely pointed buds, with short, roundish, convex scales, which ter-
minate almost abruptly, and are enclosed in numerous, short, loose scales.
Its leaves are equally brilliant with those of the white or European beech, a
little larger and thicker, and more deeply serrated. Its fruit is of the same
form, but only half as large ; while the prickles of its calyx are less nu-
merous, but firmer. The wood is somewhat red, or of a rusty hue, when
mature; whence the name. Propagated by layers and grafting.

910

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRTTANNICUM.

b. Species not yet introduced.
3. F. OBLI^QUA Mirb. The oblique-leaved Beech.

Identification. Mem. Mus., 14. p. 466.
Engravings. Mem. Mus., 14. t. 23. : and our
/g. 1700.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate-
oblong, oblique, somewhat rhom-
boid ; blunt, doubly serrated,
entire at the base; attenuated
into the petiole, and somewhat
downy. Perianth of the male
flowers solitary, hemispherical,
sinuated. Anthers SO — 40. Cu-
pules capsuliform, muricate, 4-
partite; segments ovate, obtuse.
Ovaries included, 3-sided ; angles
winged. (Mirbel.) A tall tree.
Chili, near Conception ; flower-
ing in September.

'00. F. obllqua.

B. Cupule involucriform ; Segments narrow, laciniate. Ovaries laterally inserted.
Young leaves not plicate. Natives of South America and Australia.

a. Species introduced into Britain.

t 4. . F. JSETULOI'DES Mirb. The Birch-like, or
evergreen. Beech.

Identification. Mirb. in Mem. Mus., 14. p. 470.

Synonyme. J5etula antarctica Forst. in Comm. Goett. 9. p. 45.,

Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 466.
Engravings. Mem. Mus., 14. t. 25. ; and our fig. 1701.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate-elliptic, obtuse, crenu-
late, leathery, shining, glabrous; round at the base,
on short footstalks. Perianth of the male flowers
solitary, turbinate, 5 — 7-lobed. Anthers 10 — 16.
Cupules involucriform, smooth, 4-partite ; segments
nearly linear, laciniate. Ovaries 3-sided, laterally
exserted ; angles marginate. (JMirbel.) An ever-
green tree. Terra del Fuego, where it forms vast
forests. This beech is also a native of Van Die-
man's Lund, where it is called the myrtle tree by
the colonists. It generally grows in the western
part of the island, where an esculent fungus is
found in clusters around the swollen parts of its
branches. Said to have been intro-
duced in 1830.

1701. F. 6«tuioides.

02. F. antarctica.

¥ 5. F. ANTARCTICA Forst. The antarctic Beech.

Identification. Forst. in Comment. Goett., 9. p. 24. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 460.
Engravings, Our Jig. 1702. from a specimen in Sir W. J. Hooker's herbarium ;
KaAJig, 1703. from the British Museum.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ovate, blunt, glabrous ;
attenuated at the base ; doubly dentate ;
their margins naked. (Willd.} A tree or
shrub, a native of Terra del Fuego. Branches
rugged, tortuous. Leaves alternate, petio-
late, J A in. long ; plicate ; veins on the
under side somewhat downy ; the teeth
roundish, blunt. Said to have been intro-

dllCed in 1830. 1703. /•'. antarctica.

LXX. CORYLAVCE^

911

Identification .

p. 301.
Engravings. Mem. Mus., 14. t. 24.

b. Species not yet introduced into British Gardens.

6. F. DOMBE^Y/ Mirb. Dombey's, or the
Myrtle-leaved, Beech.

Mem. Mus., 14. p. 468. j Comp. Bot. Mag., 1.
and our fig. 1704.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate- lanceolate, some-
what rhomboid, pointed; serrated, coriaceous,
shining, glaorous ; wedge-shaped, and oblique
at the base, on very short footstalks. Perianth
of the male ternate, campanulate, 4 — 5-lobed.
Anthers 8 — 10. Cupules involucriform, smooth,
4-partite ; segments almost linear, laciniate.
Ovaries laterally exserted, 3-sided ; angles mar-
ginate. {Mirb.) A tall tree, a native of Chili,
where it was found, along with F. obliqua, by
the botanist after whom it had been named.
Whether it is deciduous or evergreen we are un-
certain ; there being no living plants of it either
1704. F. combeyf. in France or England.

1 7. F. DU'BIA Mirb. The dubious Beech.

Identification. Mem. Mus., 14. t. 26.

Engravings. Mem. Mus., 14. t. 2(5. ; and our fig. 1705.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate, bluntish, doubly ser-
rate, coriaceous, shining, glabrous, round at the
base, on short footstalks. Perianth of the male
solitary, turbinate, 5 — 7-lobed. Anthers 10 — 16.
(Mirb.) A South American tree, not introduced.

Probably nothing more than a variety of F. betu-
loides. The branches are smoother and more elon-
gated ; the leaves larger, oval, and not elliptic ; and
dentate, not crenulate ; all which differences may be
the result of a more vigorous growth. The dried
specimen, in other respects, perfectly resembles that
of F. 6etul6ides ; and Commerson, who gathered it at
the Straits of Magellan, had placed it along with that
species, under the name of J?etula antarctica. As
Mirbel had not seen the female flower, he thought it
better not to confound it with F. 6etuloides.

705. F. diibia.

GENUS III.

CASTANNEA Tourn. THE CHESTNUT. Lin. Syst. MonoeY-ia Polyandria.

Identification. Tourn., 352 ; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 460. ; N. Du Ham., 3. p. 65.

Synonymes. Fagus Lin. and others ; Chataignier, Fr. ; Kastanie, Ger. ; Castagno, Ital. ; Castano,
' Span. ; Castanheiro, Port. ; Castanietra?, Swed. and Dan. ; Keschton, Russ.
Derivation. From Castanea, a town in Thessaly, or from another town of that name in Pontus.

Gen. Char. Male flowers each consisting of a 6-parted calyx, and 10 — 15
stamens, affixed to its bottom, and extended beyond its mouth. Flowers
sessile, and disposed in groups along axillary stalks : each group consists of
many flowers, and is involucrated by a bractea and a bracteole. — Female
flowers consisting each of an ovary taper to the tip, clothed with a calyx,
and crowned by its 6 — 7 — 8-cleft limb, and bearing as many styles, and
having as many cells, with two pendulous ovules in each. The flowers are

912 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

disposed 2 — 3 or more together, within a bell-shaped, and externally bristly
involucre. Fruit 2 — 3 nuts, included in a 4-valved involucre. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous; serrated or entire, feather-
nerved, plaited in the bud. Flowers yellowish, conspicuous from the
abundance and length of the male catkins. Fruit with a hairy calyx like that
of the beech. — Trees deciduous, large, spreading; natives of Europe and
North America, requiring a good soil to attain a large size.
There is only one European species, which is chiefly valuable as a fruit
tree, and as coppice-wood ; the timber of full-grown trees being brittle, and
of short duration. The foliage is large and ornamental ; and, in this and its
fruit, it bears a close analogy to the beech.

¥ 1. C. VE'SCA G(Brtn. The eatable, sweet, or Spanish, Chestnut.

Identification. Gaertn. Sem., 1. p. 181. ; Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 460.
nonymes. f&gus Castanea Lin. Hort. Cliff. 447. ; Castinea
Lam. Encyc. 1. p. 708., Eng. Bot. t. 886., Eng. Fl. 4. p. 151.

. . ., . . .

Synonymes. f&gus Castanea Lin. Hort. Cliff. 447. ; Castinea satlva Mill. Diet. No. 1. ; C. vulgaris

. . . . ., . . . ., . . . . .

Derivation. The term Sweet Chestnut is applied with reference to the fruit, in contradistinction to
the fruit of the horsechestnut, which is bitter. It is called the Spanish chestnut, because the best
chestnuts for the table, sold in the London markets, are imported from Spain.

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 886. ; N. Du Ham. 3. t. 19. ; the plates of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st
edit., vol. viii. ; and our fig. 1706. -

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronately serrated ;
glabrous on each side. (IVilld.) A stately deciduous tree, rivalling the oak
in size and longevity ; but, in regard to its timber, comparatively worthless.
Asia Minor. Height 50 ft. to 70 ft. Cultivated in the temperate parts of
Europe from time immemorial. Flowers yellowish ; May. Fruit greenish,
enclosing a brown nut ; ripe in October.

Varieties. These may be arranged in two classes ; those which are considered
botanical varieties, and those which are cultivated on account of their fruit.

A. Botanical Varieties.

*f. C.v.2 asplenifolia Lodd. Cat. 1636. C. heterophylla Hort. ; C. laciniata
Hort.; C. salicifolia Hort. — The leaves cut into shreds, regularly
or irregularly, and sometimes so as to appear like linear-lanceolate
leaves ; and hence the epithet of salicifolia.

± C. v. 3 cochledta Lodd. Cat. 1836. — The leaves cucullate, or hooded,
with a diseased stunted appearance.

t C. t>. 4 gldbra Lodd. Cat. 1836. C. v. foliis lucidis Hort. — The
leaves rather thin, and more shining than those of the species.

¥ C. v. 5 glauca. C. glauca Hort. — The leaves somewhat glaucous.

¥ C. v. Gvariegdta. C. v. foliis aureis Lodd. Cat. 1836. — The leaves
variegated with yellow, with some streaks of white ; and the tree,
when of a larger size, makes a splendid appearance in spring, and is
admirably adapted for planting among evergreen shrubs, along with
the balsam poplar ; the colour of which, when the leaves first expand,
has all the rich yellow of this variety.

1' C. v. 7 americdna. . C. v^sca Michx. N. Amer. Syl. iii. p. 9. — This variety
has broader leaves than the European chestnut.

B. Fruit-bearing Varieties.

There are upwards of 20 sorts cultivated in the London Horticultural
Society's Garden, of which Mr. Thompson considers the four following as
deserving the preference for ornamental cultivation : — Chataignier prime,
C. Rallue, the Downton Chestnut, and Prolific Chestnut.

Besides these there are the following English sorts : — Devonshire, Lewis's,
Lisbon, Masters's Canterbury, Knight's Prolific, and the New Prolific.

The varieties cultivated in France for the table are divided into two kinds,
viz. les chataignes and les marrons ; the former being to the latter what the
crab is to the apple. The best marrons sold in Paris are the marrons de
Lyons ; and the best kinds of the common chestnut are : — La Chataigne de

LXX.

CASTAVNEA.

913

Bois ; la Chataigne ordinaire ; la Chataigne pourtalonne j la Chataigne
printaniere ; la Chataigne verte du Limousin, which produces very large
excellent fruit ; and la Chataigne exalade, the fruit of which is the best of
all the common chestnuts for the table. (Le Bon Jard., 1837.)

The sweet chestnut differs essentially from the oak, in its timber not in-
creasing in value as it increases in age. The trunk, in deep free soils, and in
situations sheltered rather than exposed, rises erect, and forms a massive
column of wood; but, in unsuitable soils, and in elevated exposed situations,
and in cold climates, it ramifies at the height of 10 or 12 feet, and the tree as-
sumes the character of a large pollard. The root descends perpendicularly,
like that of the oak, but not, as it is alleged, to quite so great a depth. The
rate of growth of young trees, in the neighbourhood of London, averages from
2 ft. to 3 ft. a year for the first 10 or 12 years. The tree will attain the height
of from 60ft. to 80ft. in from 50 to 60 years ; before which period its timber
is generally in the highest degree of perfection ; but the tree will live for se-
veral centuries afterwards, and produce abundance of fruit ; its timber, in the
mean while, beginning to decay at the heart, or become brittle, and fit only
for fuel. The wood of the chestnut has the remarkable property of being more
durable when it is young than when it is old ; the sap or outer wood very
soon changing into heart wood ; and hence the great value of this tree for

1706. C.v^sca.

posts, fencing-poles, stakes, trelliswork, hoops, &c. The wood, when green,
weighs 68 Ib. 9 oz. per cubic foot ; and when dry, 4-1 Ib. 2 oz. The wood is
easily distinguished from that of the oak, by the transverse fibres being more
confused, and much less evident to the naked eye, more especially in a section
newly cut ; so that, to ascertain whether a plank of timber is oak or chestnut
it is only necessary to saw off a thin slice at one of its extremities. The bark,
especially of young trees, is used for tanning ; but it only sells for half the
price of that of oak. As a tree for useful plantations, the chestnut is chiefly

3 N

914

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

valuable as underwood, and for its fruit. As underwood, it is grown in England
for hop-poles, fence-wood, and hoops. The poles last as long as those of the
ash, and longer ; but they do not grow so fast, and they are apt to send out
stout side shoots, which, if not checked, either b} pruning or by the closeness
of the plantation, cause the upper part of the pole to diminish in size too rapidly.
The chestnut, like the beech, prefers a deep sandy loam. It will not thrive in
stiff tenacious soil ; and, in a rich loam, its timber, and even its poles and
hoops, are brittle, and good for nothing. The species is propagated by the
nut, which may be treated exactly in the same manner as the acorn ; and the
varieties are perpetuated by grafting.

* & 2. C. PUXMILA Willd. The Dwarf Chestnut, or Chincapin.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 461. ; Michx. Amer., 2. p. 193.

Synonymes. Feigns pftmila Lin. Sp. PI. 1416. ; Castanea pumila virgin&na, &c., Pluk. Aim. 90. ;

Chataigner Chincapin, Fr. ; zwerch Kastanie, or Castanje, Get:
Engravings. Wang. Amer., 57. t. 19. f. 44. ; Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. t. 105. ; our Jig. 1707. from

Michaux ; and_/?g. 1708. from the tree in the Horticultural Society's Garden.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves oblong, acute, mucronately serrated ; covered with
white tomentum beneath. (Willd.) A deciduous shrub. North America,
New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, South Carolina, Georgia, and Lower
Louisiana. Height 8 ft. to 40 ft. Introduced in 1699. Flowers yellow ;
May. Fruit half the size of the common chestnut.

1707. C. pumila. 1708. C. piimila.

In dry arid soils C. pumila is a shrub not exceeding 6 or 7 feet in height,
but in rich soil it is a low tree. The leaves are 3 or 4 inches long, sharply
toothed, and similar in form to those of the C. v. americana ; from which
they are distinguished by their inferior size, and the whiteness of their
under surface. The fructification, also, resembles that of C. v. americana
in form and arrangement ; but the flowers and fruit are only about half as
large, and the nut is convex on both sides.

Species of Castanea not yet introduced into European Gardens.

Several species of chestnuts have been discovered in Nepal and Java;
some of which were, at first, supposed to belong to the genus Quercus, but
have since been separated from that genus, and referred to Castanea, by
Dr. Lindley j and others have been described and figured by Blume, in his
splendid work on the plants of Java. Dr Lindley has given a synoptical list
of the Indian Castaneas in Dr. Wallich's PI. As. Rar., in which he enumerates
eight different species, all of which we shall shortly notice.

C. indica Rox. Hort. Beng., p. 68., Lindi. in Wall. Pi. As. Rar., Royle
lllust., p. 341., is a native of the mountains of Nepal and Silhet.

LXX.

CASTANEA.

915

C. RoA'burghii Lindl. 1. c. ; QueYcus castanicarpa Rox. Hon. Seng. p. 68^
Spreng. Syst. Veg. 3. p. 856. ; is a native of Chittagong.

C. sphaerocarpa Lindl. 1. c., Quercus armata Rox. MSS , is a native of the
mountains near Silhet.

C. tribuloides Lindl. 1. c., Royle Illust. p. 341. Quercus fribuloides Smith in
Rees's Cycl. No. 13., D. Don in Prod. Ncp. p. 56., Wall, in Litt. ; Q. Catungea
Ham. MSS. ; Q. ferox Rox. Hort. Beng. p. 68. — This species, according to
Sir J. E. Smith, was discovered by Dr. Buchanan (Hamilton) in the forests
of Upper Nepal, flowering and fruiting at various seasons. Dr. Buchanan sup-
posed it to be an oak ; and he describes it as being a tree with smooth branches,
and leaves on short footstalks, lanceolate, more or less ovate, entire, taper-
pointed, somewhat unequal at the base, about 4 in. long, 1$ in. broad ; rigid, and
rather coriaceous, with irregular, distant, slightly curved veins ; the upper surface
polished, and the under one paler, and opaque. The flowers are generally
monoecious (though Dr. Buchanan observed one tree with only female
flowers), in slender, downy, clustered, axillary or terminal spikes ; the male
spikes being the more numerous. Stamens about 8, with a dotted central disk.
The calyx of the fruit is armed with very numerous, rigid, prominent, sharp
thorns, a fourth of an inch or more in length, spreading in every direction.

C. martabdnica Wall. PL As. Rar. t. 107., and our Jig. 1709., has the leaves
lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, quite entire, smooth, on short footstalks, acute

1709. C. martabanica.

at the base, silvery beneath. Catkins
downy, densely clothed with palmate
branchy spines, divaricate. (Wall.) A
native of Martaban, near Amherst.

C. Tungurrut Blume Bjdr. FL Jav. t.
22., and our fig. 1710., has the leaves
elliptic-oblong, acute, and ash-coloured beneath. The veins and catkins are
downy. It is an immense tree, 150 ft. high ; and is found in the province of
Bantam, at an elevation of from 4000 ft. to 6000 ft. above the level of the
sea. The natives call it Tungurrut, or Tungerreh. (Elume FL Jav.)

Casldnea argentea Blume FL Jav. t. 21., and our fig. 1711., has the leaves
oblong-lanceolate, much acuminated, narrowed towards the base, glabrous
and silvery beneath. Catkins silky. A tali tree, with a thick trunk ; a native
of mountains in the west of Java. The wood is used for beams and the axle-
trees of waggons; and the acorns are eaten when boiled or roasted. (Blume.)

C.javdnica Blume FL Jav. t. 23, 24., and our fig. 1712., has the leaves falcate,
oblong-lanceolate, sharp at both ends, glabrous, ochreous beneath ; the
younger ones streaked underneath with dark yellow. A lofty tree, attaining
the height of 120ft., with a trunk 7ft. in girt. Common in the woods of

SN 2

916 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1711. C. arg^ntea.

1712. C. javanica

the volcanic mountain of Gede. Blume mentions two varieties : C. j. mem-
tana, 6'. montana Blume Bjdr. 10. p. 526.; and C. j. fucescens. (Blume.}

C. inermis Lindl. in Wall. PI. As. Rar. is a native of Singapore.

C. chinensis Spreng. is mentioned in our Hortus Britannicus.

GENUS IV.

6'A'RPINUS L. THE HORNBEAM. Lin. Syst. Monce'cia Polyandria.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 497. ; Juss., 409.; Fl. Br., 1029. ; N. Du Ham., 2. p. 197.

Synonymes. Carne, Charme, Fr. ; Haynbuche, or Hainbuche, Gcr. ; Carpino, Ital.

Derivation. According to some, from car, wood, and pix, the head, Celtic; from the wood being
used to make the yokes of oxen : and, according to others, from the Romans using the wood for
making a sort of chariot, which they called carpentum, and which the Swedes still call karm. The
French name, Charme, is evidently from the same origin. The English name of Hornbeam al-
ludes to the horny texture of the wood ; and the German one of Hainbuche, to the use of the
wood for making groves in the geometric style of gardening.

(jren. Char., Sf-c. Male jlowcrs. Catkin lateral, sessile, cylindrical. Bracteas
imbricate. Floivers consisting of 12 or more stamens inserted at the base
of a bractea. Anthers bearded at the tip, 1-celled. — Female flowers in lax
terminal catkins. Bracteas of two kinds, outer and inner ; outer bracteas
entire, soon falling off; inner bracteas in pairs, each 3-lobed. Calyx cloth-
ing the ovary to near its tip, and adhering to it ; toothed at the tip. Style
very short. Stigmas 2, long, thread-shaped. Fruit not attended by the
involucre ; ovate, compressed, ribbed, clothed except at the base, and
tipped with the adnate calyx ; woody ; including one seed. (6r. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; feather-nerved, plaited
in the bud. Floivers very small, greenish. — Trees, mostly of the middle
size ; natives of Europe, the Levant, and North America ; little valued

LXX. CORYLAVCE,E I CA^RPINUS.

917

either for their timber or ornamental effect ; but one species valuable as a
garden hedge plant. Common soil, and seeds or layers.

3E 1. C. Z?E/rruLus L. The Birch, or common. Hornbeam.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1416. ; Eng. Bot., t. 2032.

Synonymes. Garpinus Matlh. Valgr. 1. p. 131.; O'strya Bauh. Pin, 427.; O'rnus Trag. Hist
1109.; Fagus Bauh. Hist.
gemeine Haynbuche, Ger
Wych hazel.

.

1109.; Fagus Bauh. Hist. 1. p. 2. 146. f . ; .ffetulus Lob. Ic. 2. 190. f . ; Carne, Charme, Fr. ;
. ; Carpino bianco, Ital. ; Hornbeam, Yoke Elm, and in some place

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 2032. ; N. Du Ham., 2. t. 58. ; the plates of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st
edit., vol. viii. ; and our fig. 1713.

Spec. Char., %c. Bracteas of the fruit flat, oblong, serrated, with two lateral
lobes. (Smith.) A deciduous tree. Britain, and various parts of Eu-
rope, in magnitude and general character resembling the common beech.
Height 30 ft. to 70 ft. Flowers yellowish ; May. Nuts brown ; ripe in
October or November.

Varieties.

± C. B. 2 incisa Lodd. Cat. 1836. C. £. guercifolia Desf. ; C. #.hetero-

phylla Hort. — Leaves deeply cut.

^ C. B. 3 variegdta Lodd. Cat. 1 836. — Leaves variegated.
The hornbeam, being extremely patient of the knife, forms excellent hedges.
The wood is very tough and horny, and the bark smooth and whitish, or light

1713. C. Betulus.

grey spotted with white ; and on old trees it is generally covered with a
brownish moss. The wood is white, hard, heavy, tenacious, and very close-
grained ; but it will not take a good polish. It weighs, when green, 64 Ib. ;
half-dry, 57 Ib. ; and quite dry, 51 Ib. It is very seldom used in construction ;
partly because it is seldom found of proper dimensions, and partly because,
when the tree attains a large size, the wood is apt to become shaky, like that
of the chestnut. As fuel, it surpasses the beech in the proportion of 1655
to 1540. For a nurse plant, and for hedges, it is particularly well adapted.
It will succeed in any soil not too warm and dry. It is naturally found on cold,

3N 3

918

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

hard, clayey soils, in exposed situations ; but it attains its largest dimensions
on plains, in loams, or clays that are not too rich. On chalk it will not thrive, in
which respect it is directly the reverse of the beech. The seeds of the horn-
beam ripen in October ; and they are produced freely in England, but seldom
in Scotland ; the bunches, or cones, as they are called, which contain them,
should be gathered by hand, when the nuts are ready to drop out ; or they
may be left on the tree till they drop ; when, though a part of the seed will
have fallen out, there will, in all probability, be enough left for future use,
the tree being at present but very sparingly propagated in Europe. The nuts
separate readily from their envelopes ; and, if they are sown immediately,
many of them will come up the following spring, and all of them the second
spring. If they are preserved in dry sand, or in their husks, and sown the
following spring, they will come up a year afterwards ; the usual covering
is | in. The plants may remain in the seed-bed for two years ; after which
they may be planted into nursery lines, and undergo the usual routine treat-
ment.

3f 2. C. (J9.) AMERICANA Michx.

Identification. Michx. Amer., 2. p. 201. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept
Synonyme. C. virginiana Michx. Arb. t. 8.
nd.

The American Hornbeam.

p. 623.

Synonyme. . virgniana Michx. Arb. t. 8.
Engravings. Dend. Brit., t. 157. ; Michx. N. Amer. SyL, 3. t 108. ; and our Jig. 1714.

Spec. Char., tyc. Bracteas of the fruit 3-partite ; middle division oblique,
ovate-lanceolate, 1-toothed on one side. (Willd.) A low deciduous tree.
Nova Scotia to Florida. Height 12 to 15 feet, but sometimes from 25 ft.
to 30 ft. Introduced in 1812. Flowers and fruit like those of the
common hornbeam, and produced and ripened about the same time.
The American hornbeam is smaller than that of Europe, but in other

respects closely resembles it. Propagated by layers, and sometimes by

imported seeds.

1714. C. ( B.) americana-

If * 3. C. (J?.) ORIENTALS Lam.

1715. C. (B.)orientalis-

The Oriental Hornbeam.

Lam. Encyc., 1. p. 70C. ; Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 468. ; N. Du Ham., 2. p. 199.
is Scop. Carn. t. 60.

Identification.

Synonyme. C. duinensis

Engravings. Scop. Cam., t. 60. ; Dend. Brit., t. 98. ; and our fig. 1715.

Spec. Char., $c. Bracteas of the fruit ovate, unequal at the base, undivided,
somewhat angular, unequally serrated. ( Willd.) A low deciduous tree or
shrub. Asia Minor and the Levant. Height 10ft. to 12ft.- Introduced
in 1739. Flowers and fruit closely resembling those of the common horn-
beam, and produced and ripened about the same time.

LXX. CORYLAVCE^: (/STRYA.

919

As it shoots out into numerous widely spreading, horizontal, irregular
branches, it cannot be regularly trained up with a straight clear trunk. The
leaves are much smaller than those of the common hornbeam, and the branches
grow closer together ; so that it is even still better adapted for forming a
clipped hedge than that species. Very hardy, and easily propagated by layers.

Species or Varieties of Cdrpinus not yet introduced into European Gardens.

Cdrpinus (B.) Carpinizza Host. Fl. Aust. 2. p. 626. — Leaves crenately ser-
rated ; scales of the strobiles revolute, 3-cleft ; the middle segment the longest,
and quite entire. A native of the
woods of Transylvania. The Tran-
sylvanians distinguish this sort from
C. #etulus, and call it Carpinizza.

C. viminea Lindl., Wall. PI. As.
Rar. t. 106., Royle Illust. p. 341.,
and our Jig. 1716., has the leaves
ovate-lanceolate, much acumi-
nated, doubly serrated ; petioles
and branchlets glabrous ; bracteas
fruit-bearing, ovate-oblong, lacini-
ate at the base, somewhat entire
at the apex, bluntish. (Lindl. in
Wall.) A native of the mountains
of Nepal, in Sirmore and Kamaon ;
and, according to Royle, on Mus-
souree, at the height of 6500 ft.
above the level of the sea ; flower-
ing and fruiting from January to
April. A fine tree, very like the common alder.

C. faginea Lindl., Wall. PI. As. Rar. 2. p. 5., has the leaves ovate-oblong,
acute, sharply serrated, and glabrous ; petioles and branchlets downy ; bracteas
fruit-bearing, somewhat rhomboid, with large teeth, acute, reticulated. It is
nearly allied to C. orientalis, but differs in the form and margin of the leaf,
and in the bracteas. (Wall. PI. As. Rar., 2. p. 5.)

GENUS V.

1716. C. viminea.

O'STRYA Willd. THE HOP HORNBEAM. Lin. Syst. MonoTcia Polyandria.

Synonymes. Carpinus Lin. and others ; Hopfenbuche, Ger. ; Ostria, Ital.
Derivation. From ostryos, a scale ; in reference to the scaly catkins.

Gen. Char., fyc. Male flowers with the bracteas of the catkins simple, im-
bricate. Flowers of 12 or more stamens, inserted at the base of a
bractea. Filaments branched, each branch bearing an anther. Anthers
each of 1 cell. — Female floiuers with the bracteas small, deciduous. Invo-
lucral scales in pairs, hairy at the base, a pair growing together at their
opposed edges, and constituting an inflated covering to the opening. Calyx
investing the whole ovary, and extended at the tip into a very short ciliate
tube. Style short. Stigmas 2, long, thread-shaped. Fruit a small nut,
ovate, bearded at the tip. The fruits of a catkin imbricately disposed into
an ovate spike. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous; feather-nerved, ser-
rated. Flowers small, greenish white. — Trees deciduous, small, in general
appearance like the hornbeam ; natives of Europe and North America.
Propagated by seeds or layers in common soil.

SN 4

920 ARBORETUM ET FIlUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

5! 1. O. VULGA'RIS Willd. The Hop Hornbeam.

Identification Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 469.

Svnonitmes. Carpinus O'strya Hort. Cliff. 447. ; O'strya carpinifblia Scop. Cam. No. 1191. ; O'strya

Batik Pin. 427 ; 0. italica, &c., <WcA.r. Gen. 223. t. 104. f. 1, 2. ; Carpino nero, Hal.
Engravings. Michx. Gen., 1. 104, f. 1, 2. ; Dend. Brit., t. 143.; N. Du Ham., 2. t. 59. ; the plates

of this tree in Arb. Brit. 1st edit, vol. viii. ; and our fig. 1717.

Spec. Char., $c. Strobiles ovate, pendulous. Leaves ovate, acute. Buds
obtuse. (Willd.) A deciduous tree. Italy and the South of Europe.
Height 30ft. to 40 ft. Introduced in 1724. Flowers greenish-white ;
May. Fruit small, whitish brown ; ripe in October.

The hop hornbeam, in its general appearance, bark, branches, and foliage,
bears a great resemblance to the common hornbeam \ but is at once distin-

guished from it by its catkins of female flowers. These consist of blunt
scales, or bracteal appendages, which are close, and regularly imbricated, so
as to form a cylindrical strobile, very like the catkin of the female hop ;
whereas in the common hornbeam the bracteas are open and spreading. The
tree has a very handsome appearance when in fruit ; and, in favourable situ-
ations, it will attain nearly as large a size as the common hornbeam. It is
commonly grafted on the common hornbeam ; but, as the growth of the
former is more rapid than that of the latter, unless the graft is made imme-
diately above the collar, the trunk of the scion becomes too large for that
of the stock, and the tree is liable to be blown down, or broken over by the
wind. Propagating by layers, or by seeds, is therefore a preferable mode.

f 2. O. (? v.) VIRGI'NICA Willd. The Virginian Hop Hornbeam.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 469. ; Ait. Hort. Kew., 5 p. 302. ; Pursh 2. p. 623.

Synonymes. Carpinus virginiana Abb. Ins. 2. p. 151. ; Carpinus O'strya virginiana Michx. Fl. Bar.
Amer. 2. p. 202. ; C. O'strya Michx. N. Amer. Syl. 3. p. 30. with the exception of the figure, which
is that of O. vulgaris ; Iron Wood, Lever Wood, Amer. ; Bois dur, Illinois.

Engravings. Abb. Ins., 2. t. 75. ; Pluk. Aim., 1. 156. f. 1. ; and our figs. 1718, 1719.

Spec. Char., fyc. Strobiles ovate-oblong, erect. Leaves ovate-oblong, acu-
minate. Buds acute. (Willd.) A deciduous tree. New Brunswick to

LXX. COKYLA

0 STRYA.

9-21

Florida. Height 15ft. to 40ft. Introduced in 1692. Flowers and fruit
as in the preceding species.

The Virginian hop hornbeam, or iron wood,

generally forms a tree about 30 ft. high, growing

more rapidly than O. vulgaris, and differing from that

species, according to Willdenow and Pursh, chiefly
in the position of its fe-
male catkins, which are
upright, instead of being
pendulous. The tree, ac-
cording to Michaux, is
easily known, in winter,
by its smooth greyish bark,
which is finely divided, and
detached in strips of not
more than aline in breadth.
In British gardens the tree
bears a close resemblance
to the European hop horn-
beam. 1719. O. virglnica.

1718. O. virginica

GENUS VI.

ffl

CO'RYLUS L. THE HAZEL. Lin. Syst. Monoevcia Polyandria.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 1074. ; N. Du Ham., 4. p. 17.
Synonymes. Coudrier, Fr. ; Haselnuss, Ger. ; Nocciolo, Jtal.

Derivation. According to some, from korus, a helmet ; the fruit, with its involucre, appearing as
if covered with a bonnet ; and, according to others, from the Greek word karuon, a nut.

Gen. Char., fyc. Male flowers in cylindrical catkins. Bracteas sessile, im-
bricate. Personal scales two, cohering at the base, and adnate to the
under surface of the bracteal scale. Stamens 8, inserted upon the peri-
gonal scales towards their base. Anthers bearded at the tip. — Female
flowers in a bud-like catkin, which is developed into a branchlet. Bracteal
scale ovate, entire. Calyx not obvious, formed of a slightly villous mem-
brane. Stigmas 2, long, thread-shaped. Fruit an ovate nut. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; entire, feather-veined.
Flowers whitish in the male, and red in the female, protruded before the
leaves. — Low trees and large shrubs, deciduous ; natives of Europe and
North America ; thriving only in good soil, rather dry than moist.

ai 1. C. ^VELLAXNA L. The common Hazel nut.

Identification. Hort. Cliff., 448. ; Eng. Bot., t. 723.

Synonymes. Coudrier Noisetier, Fr. ; Haselstrauch, Nussbaum, Ger. ; Avellano, Nocciolo, Ital. ;

Aveliano, Span.
Derivation. Jvellana is derived from Avellino, a city in Naples. Hazel is from the Anglo-Saxon

word hcEsil, which signifies a head-dress. Noisette signifies a small nut ; and Nussbaum, a nut tree.
Engravings. Blackw., t. 293. ; Eng. Bot., t. 723. ; and our fig. 1720., in which a is a sprig in

blossom ; b, one in fruit ; c, tha nut without its calyx ; and d, the kernel.

Spec. Cf'tar., fyc. Stipules oblong-obtuse. Leaves roundish, cordate, pointed.
Involucre of the fruit campanulate, rather spreading, torn at the margin.
(Willd.) A deciduous shrub or low tree. Europe and the east and west
of Asia. Height 20 ft. and upwards ; but commonly found in the character
of a bush, as undergrowth in woods, especially of the oak. Male flowers
greyish; February: female flowers crimson; April. Nut brown; ripe in
October.

Varieties. These are numerous ; and they may be divided into two classes ;
viz., botanical or ornamental varieties, and those cultivated for their fruit.

922

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

A. Botanical Varieties.
C. A. 1 sylvestris Ait. C. ^vellana Svensk., Eng. Sot. t. 723. ; C. syl-

vestris Bauh. Pin. 418., and our fig. 1720. — The common hazel

nut, in a wild state.
C. A. 2 pumila. C. pumila Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — Rather dwarfer than

the species.

1720. C. A. sylvestris. 1721. C. A. lieterophyila.

fife C. A. 3 heterophylla. C. heterophylla Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836 ,• C. laciniata

Hort. ; C. ztfticifolia Hort. ; the various, or Nettle, leaved Hazel.

(Our j%. 1721.) — The leaves variously cut, and thickly covered

with hairs.
& C. A. 4 purpurea. C. purpurea Lodd. Cat.ed. 1836 ; C. atro-purpiirea

Hort. — The leaves of a dark red or purple. A very striking variety.

If grafted standard high on C. Colurna this would make a most

singular and beautiful small tree. Grafted on the common hazel,

it imparts its colour to the leaves of the stock.

B. Varieties cultivated for their Fruit.

The cultivated hazels are of two kinds ; viz. nuts and filberts. The
former are distinguished by the shortness of their calyxes, or husks,
and the latter by their length ; but, in consequence of the numerous
crosses between these two classes of varieties, the distinction can scarcely
now be kept up. The term filbert is supposed, according to some, to
be a corruption of full beard, alluding to the husk.

In the Horticultural Society's Catalogue of Fruits, 31 sorts of nuts and
filberts are enumerated ; but the kinds best deserving of culture for their
fruit, and also as ornamental shrubs or low trees, are considered by Mr.
Thompson to be only the five following : —

* C. A. 5 tubulosa. C. tubulosa Willd. Abbild. t. 152., and our Jig. 1723.;
C. maxima Mill. Diet. ; C. sativa Bauh. ; C. s. rubra Ait. ; red Fil-
bert, Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 18.; Langbartnuss, or Lambertsnuss,
Ger. ; Noisetier franc a fruit rouge, Poit. et Turp. Arb. Fruit. 11.
— Long tubular calyx, contracting so much beyond the apex of the
fruit, as to prevent its falling out.

Sfe C. A. 6 tubulosa alba. C. sativa alba Ait.; C. A. alba .Lodd. Cat. ed.
1836 ; white Filbert, Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 19. ; weisse Langbartnuss,
Ger. — Only differs from the preceding variety in having the pellicle
of its kernel white.

LXX. CORYLAXCE;E : O'STRYA,

923

C. A. 7 crispa Encyc, of Plants ; the
frizzled Filbert, Pom. Mag. t.70.,
Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 16. (Our

1722. C. ^.crispa.

1723. C. A. tubuldsa.

fig. 1722.) — A most remarkable variety, and well deserving of cul-
tivation as an ornamental shrub, from the singular appearance it
presents in its greatly laciniated calyx.

& C. A. 8 tennis Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. The thin-shelled, or Cosford,
Nut, Pom. Mag. t. 55., Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 12. — Nut with a thin
shell, beautifully striated longitudinally.

& C. A. 9 barcelonensis Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. C. sativa grandis Bauh.
Pin. 418. ; C. A. grandis Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836 ; the Cob Nut, syn.
the Barcelona Nut, Downton large Nut, &c.,- Hort. Soc. Cat. No.
8. — Forms a tree of upright growth, with a short, ovate, slightly
compressed nut, having a thick and very strong hard shell, well filled
by the kernel.

The hazel grows best upon what is called a hazel mould, that is to say,
a reddish brown calcareous loam ; but it will grow on any soil, from a chalk
or gravel, to a cold and wet clay : the rods are durable in proportion to the
dryness of the ground on which the hazel grows, and they are particularly
good where the bottom is chalk. The situation most favourable is on the
sides of hills, for it will not thrive in a soil where water is stagnant : though,
like all trees and shrubs that grow in dense masses, it requires a great
deal of moisture ; and, indeed, it will always keep the ground moist under it
by the denseness of its shade, The species is propagated by nuts, and the
varieties by layers. The nuts may be dried in the sun. and preserved in a
dry loft, covered with straw, or in sand, till the following February ; when they
may be sown, and treated in the same manner as mast or chestnuts.

5 2. C. COLU'RNA L. The Constantinople Hazel.

Identification. Hort. Cliff., 448. ; N. Du Ham., 4. p. 20.

Synonymes. C. byzantina Herm. Lugdb. 91.; ^vellftna peregrina humilis Bauh. Pin. 418.; A.

pumila byzantina Clus. Hist. 1. p. 11. ; C. arbbrea Hort. ; le Noisetier de Bizance, Ft: ; Byzan-

tinische Haselnuss, Ger.
Engravings. Scb. Mus., 1. t. 27. f. 2. •, Dend. Brit., t. 99. ; the plates of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st

edit., vol. viii. ; and our figs. 1725. and 1726.

Spec. Char., Sf-c. Stipules lanceolate, acuminate. Leaves roundish ovate,
cordate. Involucre of the fruit double ; the exterior many-partite, the in-
terior 3-partite ; divisions palmate. ( Willd.) A deciduous tree. Turkey
and Asia Minor. Height 50 ft. to 60 ft. Introduced in ] 665. Flowers
and fruit as in the common hazel, but longer and larger.

Varieties.

± C. C. 2 intermedia. C. intermedia Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — Probably a
hybrid between C. Colurna and C. j4vellana.

924

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

C. C. 3 arborcscens Fisch. (^wrfig. 1724.) — Differs from the species,
chiefly in the calyx of the nut being cut into shreds.

1724. C. C. arborescens.

1725. C. Colurnci

The branches spread out nearly horizontally ; the leaves are more angular,
and softer, than those of the common hazel ; and the stipules are linear. The
nuts are small, round, almost covered with the calyx, which is double, and

1726. C. Coii'irna.

deeply laciniated, or fringed, with the points recurved. The tree grows rapidly,
and with great vigour, having produced shoots, in the climate of Paris, 0 ft.

LXX. CORYLA CEJE : 0 STRYA.

925

1727. C. rostrata.

rci.

long iu one year ; and sometimes nearly as much in the climate of London. It
will grow in almost any soil, but does best in one similar to that adapted for the
common hazel. It is easily propagated by seed, grafts, or layers. Grafting
on the common hazel is, however, the most general way, as the nut often
proves abortive.

3fc 3. C- ROSTRA^TA Ait. The beaked, American,
or Cuckold, Hazel.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 3. p. 364. ; Michx. Amer., 2. p. 201.
Synonymes. C. sylvestris, &c. Gron. Virg. 151. ; C. cornuta Hurt.
Engraving. Our fig. 1727. from a specimen in the British Museum

gathered in autumn, and showing the male catkins beginning to

develope themselves.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stipules linear-lanceolate. Leaves

ovate-oblong, acuminate. Involucre of the fruit

tubular, campanulate, larger than the nut, 2-partite ;

divisions inciso-dentate. (Willd.) A bushy deci-
duous shrub. Canada to Carolina, on mountains.

Height 4ft. to 5 ft. Introduced in 1745. Flowers

and fruit as in the common hazel.

Resembling the common European hazel, but dis-
tinguished from it by its fruit being covered with the
calyx, which is prolonged in the form of a long very
hairy beak ; and hence the name.

sit 4. C. AMERICA'NA Michx. The American Hazel.

Identification. Michx. Amer., 2. p. 210. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 471. ; Lodd. Cat

1836.
Synonymes. C. americana humilis Wang Amer. 88. t. 29. f. 63. ; Dwarf Cuckold Nut

wild Filbert, Amer.
Engravings. Wang. Amer., 88. t. 29. f. 63. ; and our fig. 1728.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves roundish, cordate, acuminate. Invo-
lucre of the fruit roundish, campanulate, longer than the nut ;
limb spreading, dentately serrated. (Willd.) A deciduous
shrub. Canada to Florida, in low shady woods. Height 4 ft.
to 8ft. Introduced in 1798. Flowers and fruit as in the
common hazel.

It differs from C.
rostrata about as
much as the filbert from the
European hazel. The calyx i&
larger than the included nut,
the flavour of the kernel of
which is said to be very fine.

C. ferox Wall. PI. As. Rar.
t. 87., and our fig. 1729., in
which a is the nut with its
deeply laciniated calyx ; b, the
nut ; c, the kernel ; and d, a
longitudinal section of the nut,
with the kernel enclosed. The
leaves are oblong, and much
pointed. Stipules linear-lance-
olate. Nut compressed, and
half the length of the villous,
2-parted, ragged, and spinous
involucre. (Wall.} A decidu-
ous tree, 20 ft. high, with a
trunk sometimes 2 ft. in cir-
cumference, and somewhat
glabrous ash-coloured bark. 1729. c. R-K*

926

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Nepal, on the mountain Sheopur.
in December and January.

Flowering in September, and bearing fruit

ORDER LXXI.

ORD. CHAR. Flowers unisexual ; those of the two sexes upon distinct
plants. — Male. Flowers in pendulous catkin-like racemes, within connate
bracteas. Calyx 4-leaved. Stamens^. — Female? Flowers in pendulous
catkin-like racemes, within connate bracteas. Calyx connate with the ovary,
2-toothed. Ovary 1-celled. Styles 2, setaceous. Ovules 2, pendulous,
with funiculi as long as themselves. Fruit a berried pericarp, not opening,
containing 2 seeds. Embryo very minute, in the base of a great mass of
fleshy albumen. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, evergreen ; serrated or entire. —
Flowers in long pendulous catkins. Wood without distinct concentric
zones. — Shrubs evergreen ; natives of California and Mexico.

GENUS I.

GA'RRYJ Doug. THE GARRYA. Lin. Syst. DioeVia Tetrandria.

Identification. Lindl. in Hot. Reg., t. 1686.

Derivation. Named by Mr. Douglas in compliment to Nicholas Garry, Esq., Secretary to the Hud-

son's Bay Company, to whose kindness and assistance he was much indebted during his travels in

North-west America.

Gen. Char. See Ord. Char.

Only two species have been introduced, which are very ornamental, grow
in loamy soil, and are propagated by layers.

* 1. G. ELLIPTIC A Doug. The elliptic-leaved Garrya.

Identification. Bot. Reg., 1. 1686.

Engravings. Bot. Reg., 1. 1686. ; and our fig. 1730.

Spec. Char. fyc. Branches, when young, pubescent and

purplish ; when older, smooth and greyish. Leaves

opposite, exstipulate, wavy, on short footstalks, oblong-

acute, leathery, evergreen ; dark green and shining

above ; hoary beneath, with simple, twisted, interwoven

hairs. (Lindl. ) An evergreen shrub. North Carolina.

Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. in America ; in England, 8 ft. to

10ft. Introduced in 1828. Flowers greenish white,
. or yellowish ; November to February.

Only the male plant is in the country. When in
flower this shrub has a most striking and graceful appear-
ance, from its slender pendulous catkins, many of which
are from 8 in. to 1 ft. in length. It was at first grown in
peat, but appears to prefer a loamy soil. It is readily
increased by layers, and by cuttings in sand under a
hand-glass. In British gardens it is about as hardy as
the common laurustinus.

1730 G elKptica.

« 2. G. LAURIFO'LIA Hartw. The Laurel-leaved 'Garrya.

Identification. Bentham, Plantae Hartwegianas, p. 50. ; Card. Mag., vol. xvi. p. 637.
Engraving. Our fig. 1731. from a specimen in the Lambertian herbarium.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves elliptic oblong, very entire, or minutely dentate.

" LXXII. PLATANAVCE;E : PLAVTANUS.

927

Flowers in both sexes solitary, opposite, ses-
sile ; one seated in every bract, and shorter.
(Benth.) An evergreen shrub, or low tree.
Mexico, on mountains. Height 15 ft. to 18 ft.,
and in some places with a trunk 2 ft. in di-
ameter. Introduced in 1839. Only one plant
of this very desirable evergreen has been raised
in the Horticultural Society's Garden.

Other Species of Garrya.. -. — G. Lindleyz, con-
sidered by Mr. Bentham as a variety of G.
/aurifolia ; G. macrophylla, with round leaves,
resembling those of the common wayfaring tree ;
G. oblonga, with very small leaves, very much
resembling the smallest leaves on the Quercus
74ex ; and G. ovata, with small round leaves,
about the size of those of the common plum, are
described in Bentham' s Plantce Hartwegiante, from
specimens collected by M. Hartweg in different
parts of Mexico,

1731. G. /aurif61ia.

ORDER LXXII. PLATANAVCEJE.

ORD. CHAR. Floivers unisexual, collected into globose or oblong cat-
kins of different sexes, involucrated or naked. — Male flower having the
perianth composed of numerous small linear pieces, intermixed with the
stamen. — Female flower with the scales absent, or intermixed with the
flowers ; perianth adhering to the ovariuin, cup-shaped, or ending in small
pilose bristles. Carpels 1 or 2, 1-celled, horned at apex, coriaceous. Seeds
solitary in the cells, pendulous. Albumen none. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; palmate. Floivers in glo-
bular catkins. — Lofty deciduous trees, with widely spreading branches,
dense foliage, and bark scaling off in hard irregular patches. Natives of
the East of Europe, West of Asia, and North of Africa, and of North
America. Jn Britain, they are chiefly planted for ornament, and they suc-
ceed in any free moist soil, in a sheltered situation. They are readily pro-
pagated by layers, or even by cuttings, and sometimes by seeds. The cause
of the scaling and falling off of the bark, Dr. Lindley states to be the
rigidity of its tissue ; on account of which it is incapable of stretching as
the wood beneath it increases in diameter.

GENUS I.

PLA'TANUS L. THE PLANE TREE. Lin. Syst. Monce'cia Polyandria.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 1075. ; N. Du Ham., 2. p. 5. ; Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 473.

Synongme. Platane, Fr. ; Platanus, Ger. ; Platano, Ital.

Derivation. From platys, ample ; in allusion to its spreading branches and shady foliage. The
name of plane tree is applied, in Scotland, to the A'ccr Pseudo-Platanus (see p. 414.) ; probably
because the French, according to Parkinson, first called that the plane tree, from the mistake of
Tragus, who fancied, from the broadness of its leaves, that it was the plane tree of the ancients.

Gen. Char. See Ord. Char.

There are only two species introduced into Europe ; one of which, P.
orientals, is found to be much hardier than P. occidentals, though the latter

928

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

grows more rapidly,
attains a larger size,
and may be propa-
gated much more
readily by cuttings.
Both species ripen
seeds in Britain, in
fine seasons. P. oc-
cidentalis is readily
known from P. ori-
entalis, in the winter
season, by its bark
scaling off much less
freely, or, in young

or middle-sized trees, scarcely at all ; and, in
leaves having red petioles, and '

P. oriental-Is.

the summer season, by its
being but slightly lobed (fig. 1732. a), in-
stead of being palmate like those of P. orientalis (fig. 173*^. b), which have

green petioles, and by its globular catkins being nearly smooth, while those
of P. orientalis are rough.

* 1. P. ORIENT A'LIS L. The Oriental Plane.

Identification. Lin. Hort. Cliff., 447. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 473. ; N. Du Ham., 2. p. 1.

Synonymes. Platanus orientalis vera Park. Thealr. 1427., Du Ham. Arb. 2. t. 33. ; Platane de
1'Orient, Fr. ; Morgenlandischer Platanus, Ger. ; Doolb, Arabic ; Chinar, Persian.

Engravings. Du Ham. Arb., t. 33. ; N. Du Ham., 2. t. 1. ; Dend. Brit., t. 101. ; the plates of this
species in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. viii. and var. ; and our jb; 1736. In fig. 1735. a shows the
femle catkins transversely cut, so as to display the position of the flowers on the orbicular re-
ceptacle ; b shows a section of the female catkin in seed ; c, a scale and pistil ; d, stamen and scale ;
e, the longitudinal section of a seed ; and/, an entire seed.

Spec. Char., Sf-c. Leaves 5-lobed, palmate, wedge-shaped at the base , the
divisions lanceolate, sinuated. Stipules nearly entire. (Willd.) A large,
deciduous tree. The Levant. Height 60 ft. to 80 ft. ; with a wide-spreading
head. In British gardens before 1548. Flowers greenish yellow; April,
May. Fruit brown ; ripe in October ; persistent great part of the winter.
Varieties.

£ P. o.2 aarifo/ia Ait. Hort. Kew. iii. p. 364. P. o yf ceris folio Tourn.
Cor. 41., Arb. 2. ; P. acerifolia Willd. Sp. PL iv. p. 474.: P. inter-
media Hort.} the Maple-leaved Plane Tree. (The plate of this tree

Is

1733. P. o. ocerifMia.

in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. viii. ; and our fig. 1733.) — Leaves cor-
date, 5-lobed, remotely dentate, truncate at the base. In general
appearance, habit of growth, &c., it closely resembles the species.

LXXII. PLATANANCE^E : PLA'TANUS.

929

P. o. 3 hispdnica. P. hispanica Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836 ; P. macrophylla
Cree in Don. Cat. ; the Spanish Maple. — Leaves rather longer than
those of the species, but it is in other respects the same.

P. o. 4 cunedla. P. o. undulata Alt. Hort. Keiv. iii. p. £64. ; P. cu-
neMa Willd. Sp. PI. iv. p. 473. (The plate of this tree in Arb. Brit.,

1734. P. o. cunekta.

1st edit., vol. viii. ; and our Jig. 1734.) --Leaves 3 — 5-lobed, dentate,
and wedge-shaped at the base ; somewhat glabrous. This is a
stunted-looking low tree or bush, seldom seen above 20 ft. in height,
with small deeply cut leaves.

The oriental plane is one of the noblest trees of the East, where it grows
to the height of 70 ft. and upwards, with widely spreading branches and a
massive trunk ; forming altogether a majestic tree. The wood may be com-
pared to that of the J'cer
Pseudo-Platanus ; but very
little use is made of it in the
Westof Europe. Pliny affirms
that there is no tree whatso-
ever that defends us so well
from the heat of the sun in
summer, or that admits it
more kindly in winter. Both
properties result from the
large size of its leaves : in
summer, these present hori-
zontal imbricated masses,
which, while they are favour-
able to the passage of the
breeze, yet exclude both the
sun and the rain ; while, as
the distance at which the branches and twigs of trees are from one another is
always proportionate to the size of the leaves, hence the tree in winter is
more than usually open to the sun's rays. As an ornamental tree, no one

3 o

930 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1756. P. oriental

which attains so large a size has a finer appearance, standing singly, or in
small groups, upon a lawn, where there is room to allow its lower branches,
which stretch themselves horizontally to a considerable distance, to bend
gracefully towards the ground, and turn up at their extremities. The peculiar
characteristic of the tree, indeed, is the combination which it presents of
majesty and gracefulness ; an expression which is produced by the massive,
and yet open and varied character of its head, the bending of its branches,
and their feathering to the ground. In this respect, it is greatly superior to
the lime tree, which comes nearest to it in the general character of the head ;
but which forms a much more compact and lumpish mass of foliage in summer,
and, in winter, is so crowded with branches and spray, as to prevent, in a
great measure, the sun from penetrating through them. The head of the
plane tree, during sunshine, often abounds in what painters call flickering
lights ; the consequence of the branches of the head separating themselves
into what may be called horizontal undulating strata, or, as it is called in
artistical phraseology, horizontal tufting, easily put in motion by the wind,
and through openings in which the rays of the sun penetrate, and strike on
the foliage below. The tree, from its mild and gentle expression, its useful-
ness for shade in summer, and for admitting the sun in winter, is peculiarly
adapted for pleasure-grounds, and, where there is room, for planting near
houses and buildings. For the latter purpose, it is particularly well adapted
even in winter, from the colour of the bark of the trunk, which has a greyish
white tint, not unlike the hue of some kinds of freestone. The colour of
the foliage, in dry soil, is also of a dull greyish green ; which, receiving the
light in numerous horizontal tuftings, readily harmonises with the tint
of stone walls. It appears, also, not to be much injured by smoke, since
there are trees of it of very considerable size in the very heart of London.

A light deep free soil, moist, but not wet at bottom, is that on which the
Oriental plane tree thrives best ; and the situation should be sheltered, but, at
the same time, not shaded or crowded by other trees. It will scarcely grow
in strong clays, and on elevated exposed places ; nor will it thrive in places
where the lime tree does not prosper. The plane tree may be propagated
by seeds, layers, or cuttings. The seeds should be gathered in October or
November ; and, the balls being broken by the hand, or by threshing with a
flail, the seeds may be separated from their husks, *and cleaned by the usual
processes ; and either sown immediately, or mixed with sand or fine sandy
soil, and preserved in a place secure from frost till February or March. The

LXXI1I. .BALSAMA CEJE.

931

seeds may also be kept in the balls, or catkins, till spring ; either by allowing
them to nang on the tree, or by gathering them in autumn, and spreading
them out in a dry loft. The general practice is to sow the seeds in autumn,
or as soon as gathered, or received from the Continent ; choosing a moist
rich soil, and a shady situation, and covering them as lightly as those of the
birch or alder are covered, or beating them in with the back of the spade, and
not covering them at all ; and protecting the beds with litter of some sort, to
exclude the frost. The plants will come up the following spring.

¥ 2. P. OCCIDENTALS L. The Western Plane.

Identification. Lin. Hort. Cliff., 78. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. 475. ; N. Du Ham., 2. p. 5.

Synonymes. P. occidentalis seu virginiensis Park. Theatr. 1427., Du Ham. Arb. t. 35. ; Button-
wood, Water Beech, Sycamore, Cotton Tree, Amer. ; Platane de Virginia, Fr.

Derivation. Button-wood refers to the smooth round heads of flowers, which resemble the globular
buttons formerly in use, and still seen in some military costumes ; Sycamore to the resemblance of
the leaves to those of that tree ; and Cotton Tree to the down detached in the course of the summer
from the leaves.

Engravings. Dend. Brit., t. 100. ; Michx. N. Amer. Syl. £. t. 63. ; the plate of this species in Arb.
Brit., 1st edit., vol. viii. ; and our fig. 1737. In fig. 1737. a represents a transverse section of the
female catkin in flower ; b, the same in fruit ; c, the female flower and scale ; a, the stamen and
scale ; e, the longitudinal section of a seed j and/, an entire seed.

Spec. Char.y tyc. Leaves 5-angled, obsoletely lobed, dentate, wedge-shaped
at the base ; downy beneath. ( Willd.) A large deciduous tree. Atlantic
and Western States. Height 70 or 80 feet ; with a widely spreading head.
Introduced in 1636. Flowers greenish ; May. Fruit brownish ; ripe in
October and November.

The American, or Western, plane is of much more rapid and upright growth
than the Oriental plane ; with broader and less deeply cut leaves, red petioles,
and fruit comparatively smooth, and considerably larger. The bark is said to
scale off in larger pieces, and the wood to be more curiously veined. In all
other respects, the descriptive par-
ticulars of both trees are the same.
The rate of growth of P. occidentals,
when placed near water, is so rapid,
that in 10 years it will attain the
height of 40 ft. ; and a tree in the
Palace Garden at Lambeth, near a
pond, in 20 years had attained the
height of 80 ft. ; with a trunk 8 ft. in
circumference at 3 ft. from the ground ;
and the diameter of the head 48 ft.
This was in 1817. In May, 1837,
we had the portrait of this tree taken,
which will be found in Arb. Brit.,
1st edit., p. 2044., when it was up-
wards of 100 ft. in height. Uses, culture, soil, £e., as in P. orientalis, with this
difference : that cuttings root much more readily ; that the tree, to attain a
very large size, requires a moister soil, or to be placed near water ; that it is
less hardy, and also less ornamental, though, from being more readily pro-
pagated, it is much more frequently planted.

1737. P. occidental!

ORDER LXXIII. £ALSAMAVCE.SE.

ORD. CHAR. Flowers unisexual, in different catkins on the same plant. —
Male calkins in an upright raceme. Stamens numerous, mixed with scales,
on a connate receptacle. — Female catkins solitary, below the male ones,
globose, on longer stalks. Ovaria many, 2-celled, each surrounded by a few
scales. Styles two. Fruit a kind of cone, composed of indurated connected
scales, in the cavities of which lie the capsules, which are 2-iobed. Seeds

3 o 2

932

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

numerous, or solitary by abortion ; compressed, membranous, winged.
Albumen present. (G. Don.")

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; lobed, with glandular ser-
ratures at the edges. Flowers in catkins, greenish yellow. Fruit in globular
capsules, brown. — Trees, natives of Asia and North America, with beau-
tiful foliage, and intense fragrance. Decaying leaves of an intense purple.
Common soil, kept somewhat moist ; and seeds or layers.

GENUS I.

LIQUIDA'MBAR L. THE LIQUIDAMBAR. Lin. Syst. MonceVia
Polyandria.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 1076. ; Reich., 1174.; Juss., 410.

Synonymes. Altingta Noronh. ; Liquidambar, Fr. ; Ambarbaum, Ger.

Derivation. From liquidus, liquid, and ambar, amber ; the plants exuding a liquid gum.

Gen. Char., %c. See Ord. Char.

It 1. L. STYRACI'FLUA L. The Sweet-Gum Liquidambar.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1418. ; Michx. Arb., 3. p. 194. ; N. Du Ham , 2. p. 42.

Synonymes. Liquidambar 6rbor Pluk. Aim. 224. t. 42. f. 6. ; St^rax ^4'ceris f&lio Rait Hist. 1481. •

Liquidambar resineux, Copalme de 1'Amerique, Liquidambar Copal, Fr. ; Fliessender Ambarbaum

Ger. ; Storace liquida, Ital.
Engravings. Du Ham. Arb., 1. 1. 139. ; Michx. Arb., 3. t. 4. ; the plates of this tree in Arb. Brit.,

1st edit., vol. viii. ; and our fig. 1738.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves palmately lobed, with the sinuses at the base of the
veins villose. (Willd.) A deciduous tree. North America, middle, western,
and southern States. Height 30ft. to 50 ft. Introduced in 1681. Flowers
greenish yellow ; March and April. Fruit brown ; ripe in October.
The liquidambar generally forms a branching tree, having very much the

appearance of a maple. The leaves die off of an intensely deep purplish red,

more or less mixed with orange, and with some leaves entirely of that colour.

They hang on the trees till the first frosts, when they drop off simultaneously.

The rate of growth of this tree, in the

climate of London, is from 8ft. to 10ft. in

10 years from the seed ; and in 20 years it

will attain the height of 25 or 30 feet, and

flower and ripen fruit. In Britain, the prin-

cipal use of this tree is as an ornament to

lawns and pleasure-grounds ; in which it

has a most striking appearance, when the

leaves are dying off in autumn ; and it is

also very beautiful throughout the summer,

from the dark green and glossy surface

of its elegantly shaped leaves. When

bruised, the leaves are fragrant at all sea-

sons ; but in spring, when they are first

unfolding, after a warm shower, the sur-

rounding air is filled witji their refreshing

odour. The liquidambar has a decided

preference for a moist soil, and will only

attain a timber-like size in a sheltered

situation. In British nurseries, it is generally propagated by layers, which

root with tolerable facility, and may be taken off at the end of the first

autumn after they have been formed. It is also propagated by seeds imported

from America. These are brought over in the catkins, and should not be

taken out of them till the time of sowing ; because the seeds, like those of the

pine and fir tribe, do not keep well when exposed to the air. The round

1738. L. Styraclflua.

LXXIII. i?ALSAMANCE^E I LIQUIDA'MBAR.

933

prickly catkins which contain the seeds are hard, and not readily broken with
the hand ; but, by exposure to the sun or to fire heat, they crack and open,
and the seeds may then be easily shaken out. They may be sown and treated
like seeds of the pine and fir tribe ; but, unlike them, they lie a year in the
ground before coming up, Seedlings generally attain the height of from 5 in.
to 8 in. the first year, with numerous fibrous roots. They may either be
transplanted that year or the next, and may afterwards undergo the usual
routine culture in nursery lines, till they are wanted for final transplanting.

^ 2. L. JMBE'RBE Willd. The beardless, or Oriental, Liquidambar.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 475. ; Ait. Hort. Kew., 3. p. 365. ; N. Du Ham., 2. p. 44.
Synonymcs. L. orientalis Mill. Diet. No. 2. ; ?Platanus orientalis Pocock. Itin. 2. t. S9. ; L. iin-

berbis Smith in liees's Cycl.
Engravings. ? Pocock. Itin., 2. t. 89. ; and our fig. 1739.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves palmate-lobed, with the sinuses at the base of the

veins ; smooth. (Willd.) A low stunted tree, or large bush, of slow

growth, with numerous small brancheikcrowded together into an irregular

head. Levant. Height 10 ft. to 20. ft. Introduced in 1759. Flowers ?.

The young shoots are pliant and reddish ; the leaves are much like those of

the preceding species, but smaller, and more resembling those of the common

maple; because they are bluntly notched, while the others are acutely

1739. L. imbdrbe.

L. iraMrbe. 1740. L. Stjraciflua.

so. (See fig. 1740., in which a is a leaf of L. Styraciflua, and b one of L. im-
berbe, both to the same scale.) The veins of the leaves, in this species, are
naked, while in the other they are hairy at the base of the midrib. The
flowers are disposed like those in the preceding species, and the fruit is
smaller, and more sparingly furnished with prickly points. The rate of
growth, in the climate of London, is slow, being not more than 5 or 6 feet
in ten years. It will grow in a soil rather drier than suits the preceding
species; though Du Hamel was informed that in its native country it grows in
moist soil, by water, like the
common willow.

L. Alting\Q. Blume Bjdr. 10.
p. 527. (Fl. Jav., t. 1. ; and
our fig. 1741.) Aitingja ex-
celsa Noronha in Batav. Ver-
hand. 5. p. 1., Pers. Syn. 2.
p. 579., Sprcng. Syst. Veg. 3.
p. 888., Lambert's Genus
Pinus, ] . t. 39, 40. ; Lignum
papuanum Rumph. Herbar.
Amboyn. 2. p. 57. ; Alting's
Liquidambar. — Leaves ovate-
oblong, acuminate, serrated,
glabrous. (Blurne.) A tree,
with a spreading head, from
150 ft. to 200 ft. high. It is

3 o 3

1741. L. Alting/a

934 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

found very plentifully in the provinces of Bantam and Buitenzorq in Batavia,
at an elevation of from 2000 ft. to 3000 ft. ; but in the East of Java it is
very rare, if not totally wanting. Noronha first described this tree in the
Act. Soc. Batav. ; but he had not the least suspicion that it belonged to the
genus Liquidambar Linn. Sprengel imagined that this tree was the same as
our Araucaria excelsa ; an error which was detected by the description and
figure of Blume, as given above.

ORDER LXXIV. MYRICAVCE^E.

ORD. CHAR. Flowers disposed in unisexual catkins, each scale having a
flower in its axil. — Male flowers having the perianth composed of 2 scale-
formed pieces, four free stamens. — Female flowers with the perianth en-
larging after florescence, each composed of 3 — 6 small scales. Ovarium
simple, free. Stigmas 2, filiform. Drupe globose, dryish when ripe, con-
taining a bony valveless nut. Albumen none or fleshy. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous or evergreen ; entire or
pinnatifidly toothed. — Shrubs; natives of Europe, Asia, and North and
South America. The genera in British gardens are two, which are thus
contradistinguished : —

TlfYRi^CA. Flowers dioecious. Fruit resembling a berry.
COMPTO'N/^. Flowers monoecious. Fruit hard, shining.

GKNUS I.

A L. THE CANDLEBERRY MYRTLE. Lin Syst. Dioe'cia
Tetrandria.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 518. ; Eng. Fl., 4. p. 238. ; N. Du Ham., 2. p. 189.

Synonymes. Gale, Fr. ; Wachsstrauch, Ger. ; Mirica, Ital.

Derivation. From myro, to flow ; the plants being found on the banks of rivers.

Gen. Char., $c. Male flowers in cylindrical sessile catkins. Each flowfr
consists of 4, rarely more, stamens ; these are inserted at the base of a
bractea. Bracteas extending beyond the stamens, loosely imbricated. —
Female flowers in ovate sessile catkins, with closely imbricate bracteas ;
one bractea attends 2 flowers. Each flower consists of a calyx of 2—4
very minute scales ; an ovary, to which the scales adhere ; a short style ;
and two long thread-shaped stigmas. Carpel involucrated by the adherent,
more or less fleshy, enlarged calyx, and so more or less resembling a berry.
(G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous or evergreen ; more or less
serrated ; besprinkled with resinous dots, as are the scales of the buds and
the surface of the fruit, which yield, when rubbed, an aromatic odour.
Flowers in axillary catkins, greenish white, expanding early in the year. —
Shrubs, natives of Europe and North America. They are of low growth,
and generally require a moist peaty soil, in which they are propagated by
layers, suckers, or by division of the plant. The American species is
sometimes propagated by seeds, which should be sown in autumn, as soon
after they are received from America as possible ; for, if kept out of the
ground till spring, they will not come up till the spring following.

j* 1. M. GA^LE L. The Sweet Gale Candleberry Myrtle, Sweet Willow, or

Dutch Myrtle.
Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1453. ; Eng. Flor., 4. p. 239. ; Fl. Hibern,, p. 257.

LXX1V. JfYRICAC&fi: MYR1 CA.

935

Synonymes. Gale Rail Syn. 443. ; .Ela&gnus Card. Hist. 212. ; Afyrtus brabantica Ger. Emac.

p. 1414. ; Zfhtis rayrtifdlia belgica Bauh. Pin. 414.; .K. sylv£stris altera Dalech. Hist, 110.; /*.

sylvestris Park, Theat. p. 1451. ; Myrlca paltistris Lam. ; Gale, Pimento royal, Fr. ; gemeine

Wachsstrauch, Ger.
Engravings. E-ng. Bot., t. 562. ; Fl. Dan., t. 327. ; Hayne, t. 200. ; Lob. Ic., 2. p. 116. f. ; N. Du

Ham., 2. t. 57. ; and our fig. 1742.
The Sexes. Both are in the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves lanceolate, serrated ; tapering and entire at the base.
Scales of the catkins pointed. (Smith.) A deciduous aromatic shrub.
Europe, from Norway to Lombardy, the North of Asia, and in great part
of North America, and always in boggy soil. Height 2 ft. to 4 ft. Flowers
brownish green ; February and March.

The catkins are numerous and sessile ; they are formed in the course
of the summer's growth, and remain on during the
winter, expanding the following spring, before the
leaves. The flower buds are above the leaf buds,
at the end of the branches ; whence, as soon as the
fructification is completed, the end of the branch
dies, the leaf buds which are on the sides shoot out,
and the stems become compound. The scales of
the male catkins are of a red shining brown ; and the
lower ones of the female catkins have a circlet of red
hairs towards the tip. The berries are
very small, and covered with resinous
dots, like the leaves. The plant is com-
mon in bogs. The gale is the badge of
the Highland clan Campbell. A variety
with larger leaves, &c., is mentioned by
Mirbel, and a figure of it given in the
Mem. Mus., 14. p. 474. t. 28., of which
our Jig. 1 743. is a reduced copy.

1742. It. GttU.

2. M. CERI'FERA L.

1743. M. Gale.

The common Wax-bearing, or American, Candleberry

Myrtle.

Identification. Lin. SP., 1453. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 745. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 260.
Synonymes. M. cerifera angustifblia Ait. Hort. Kew, 3. p. 396. ; ATyrtus brab£ntica, &c., Pluk.

Aim. 260. t. 48. ; Cerier de la Louisiane, Fr. ; Albero della cera, Ital.
Engravings. Pluk. Aim., t. 48. f. 9. ; Cat. Car., 1. t 69.
The Sexes. Only the male is in the Hackney Arboretum ; but, as seeds are annually imported from

America, the female is doubtless in the country in many places.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrated, flat, somewhat shin-
ing. (Lam.) A large evergreen shrub. Canada to Carolina, in moist soil.
Height 5ft. to 12ft. Introduced in 1699. Flowers reddish green; May
or June. Fruit white ; ripe in October.
Variety

« M. c. 2 latifolia Ait. M. c. media Michx. ;
M. carolinensis Willd., Pursh Fl. Amer.
Sept. ii. p. 620. ; M. pennsylvanica Lam.,
N. Du Ham. ii. p. 190. t. 55., and our
Jig. 1744. ; M. c. sempervirens Hort. ;
Myrtus brabantica Cat. Car. i. t. 13. ;
Cerier de Pennsylvanie, Fr. ; Caroli-
nischer Wachsstrauch, Ger. ; the broad-
leaved American Candleberry Myrtle. —
This variety has the leaves broader than
those of the species, and an arborescent
stem. According to the Nouveau Du
Hamel, it is hardier than M. cerifera.
Cultivated in England before 1730.

Its general appearance and habits closely resemble those of the European
species ; the leaves are, however, larger, and more serrated ; they are ever-
green, and in M. c. latifolia greatly resemble those of the sweet bay. The

3 o 4

936

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

male catkins are axillary and sessile ; but have not the shining scales of the

Myrlca. Gale. The fruits are globose drupes, about the bigness of a grain of

black pepper; covered with an unctuous substance as white as snow, which

gives them the appearance of a kind of sugar plum. Like the -Myrica Gale

of Europe, it delights in wet places about swamps or rivers.

In France and Germany, it has been cultivated with a view

to its producing wax ; and it is said to thrive in sandy peat,

rather moist, and to produce an abundant crop of berries

every year. In Prussia, it has been cultivated in a garden

on the banks of the Spree, near Berlin, in lat. 52° 53' ; which

is nearly 1^ degree farther north than London, but where the

mean annual temperature is 2° 9' higher than London ; and

wax and candles have been made from the fruit.

M, spathuldta Mirb. Mem. Mus. 14. p. 474. t. 28. f. 1.;
and our fig. 1745. — Leaves spathulate, blunt, quite entire,
glabrous. Male catkins sessile, axillary, solitary, shorter than
the petioles. A tree, with smooth, cylindrical branches.
Leaves 1 in. to 2^ in. long, and ^in. to 1 in. broad. Found in
Madagascar by M. Perodet. Not yet introduced. jr. Spa7th5iiiata.

GENUS II.

TJ

COMPTO'N/4 Solan. THE COMPTONIA. Lin. Syst. MonceVia Triandria.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 2 ed., 5. p. 254. ; Gaertn. Fruct., 1. p. 58. ; N. Du Ham., 2. p. 45.

Synonymes. Liquidambar Lin. Sp. ; A/yrlca Lin. Hort. Cliff. 456.; G&le Petiv. Mus. 773. ; Comp-
tone, Fr. ; Comptonie, Ger.

Derivation. Named by Dr. Solander in honour of Henry Compton, Bishop of London, the in-
troducer and cultivator of many curious exotic plants, and one of the greatest patrons of botany
and gardening of his time.

Gen. Char. Male catkins lateral, cylindrical, of several flowers. Bracieas
imbricated. Flower of 3 twin stamens, seated towards the base of a brae-
tea ; sessile. Anthers 2-lobed, opening at the side. — Female catkins lateral,
ovate, of several flowers. Bracteas imbricated. Flower consisting of a
calyx and pistil. Calyx free, flat, 6-parted. Segments slender, unequal in
length ; the longest as long again as the bractea. Style short. Stigmas %.
Fruit 1-celled, ovate, hard, shining, attended by the calyx. Seed 1, oval.
(G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ;
lanceolate, pinnatifidly toothed, downy, sprinkled
with golden, resinous, transparent particles. Flowers
whitish. — Shrubs dwarfish; natives of North Ame-
rica ; fragrant, from the resinous particles which cover
the whole plant. Culture and soil as in Tkfyrica.

j* l.C. ^SPLEMFO'LIA Solan. The Asplenium-leaved
Comptonia.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 5. p. 2534. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept.

2. p. 635.
Synonymes. Liquidambar asplenifolium Lin. Sp. 1418. ; L. peregrl-

num lAn. Syst. 860. ; Myrlca Lin. Hort. Cliff. 456. ; Gdle mariana

Pet. Mus. 773. ; Afy>tus brabanticse afflnis Pluk. Phyt. t. 100. f. 6,

7. ; the sweet Fern Bush, Amer.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., t. 11.; Dend. Brit, t. 166.; and our

Spec. Char.y $c. Leaves long, linear, alternate, ere-
nately pinnatifid. (Wil/d.) A deciduous shrub. New
England to Virginia, in sandy, stony, or slaty woods. me> c. a5pienif61ia

,

LXXV. GNETACEJE \ .E'PHEDRA. 937

Height 3ft. to 4ft. Introduced in 1714. Flowers, in sessile catkins,
brownish ; March and April.

The young branches are downy. Leaves alternate, oblong, linear ; cut on
each side into rounded and numerous lobes, like those of the ceterach ; and
sprinkled with shining dots, like those of the gales. This shrub is very hardy,
but it requires peat earth and a shady situation. Propagated by layers, suck-
ers, or seeds. The first and second methods are the most common, as good
seeds can rarely be procured.

ORDER LXXV. GNETACEM.

ORD. CHAR. Flowers unisexual, disposed in aments, which are involucrated
by opposite or decussate connate scales. — Male flower with a 1 -leaved
perianth, which is transversely cleft at apex, and branched into 1- or many-
anthered filaments ; cells of anthers separate or combined, each opening by
a pore at apex. — Female flower composed of 2 connate scales. Ovarium
1-celled, perforated at apex. Ovulum solitary. Fruit indehiscent, drupa-
ceous. Albumen fleshy. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, caducous; linear, and scale-like.
Flowers in terminal catkins. — Shrubs evergreen, from the colour of the
bark, with tubular jointed stems and branches. Natives of Europe, Asia,
and Africa. Cultivated in sandy soil ; and propagated by division.

GENUS I.

.E'PHEDRA L. THE EPHEDRA. Lin. Syst. Dice' cia Monadelphia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 1136. ; N. Du Ham., 3. p. 17.

Derivation. From ephedra, the Greek name for the //ippuris, or Horsetail, which it resembles.

Gen. Char. See Ord. Char.

Low shrubs ; evergreen, from the colour of the bark of their branches, and
in that respect resembling the genera Casuarina and .Equisetuni. They are
natives of the South of Europe, Barbary, and Siberia, on the sea-shore, or in
saline or sandy wastes ; and they have been but little subjected to cultivation.
According to Du Hamel, they bear the shears well, and form beautiful round
balls, which may either be made to appear as if lying on the ground, or may
be supported on a short stem. The lower sorts, Du Hamel continues, may
be clipped to resemble turf; and for that purpose the plant may be valuable,
in some parts of Australia and Africa, to form lawns which shall create an
allusion to temperate climates. The saving by using such plants as .E'phedra,
which would require little or no watering, instead of a great deal, as the
European grasses do in such a climate, would be very considerable.

tt. 1. E. DISTA'CHYA L. The two-spiked Ephedra, Great shrubby Horse-
tail, or Sea Grape.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1472. ; Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 1., 3. p. 16.

St/noTiymes. .E'phedra vulgdris Rich. Mem. Conif. p. 26. t. 4. f. 1. ; Polygonum marlnum Tabern.

Ic. 836. ; P. temiifdlium, &c., Bauh. Pin. 15. ; JE'phedra maritima major Tourn. Inst. 663. ; Raisin

de Mer, Ephddre multiflore, Fr. ; Zweyahriger Ross Schwanz, Ger.
The Sexes Both are figured in Tabernaemontanus, in Clusius, and in Richard.
Engravings. Du Ham., 1. 1. pi. 92. ; Rich. Mem. Conif., t. 4. f. 1. ; and our figs. 1747. and 1748.

of the natural size.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Peduncles opposite. Catkins twin (Zrtn.) A small ever-

938

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

green shrub, with numerous cylin-
drical wand-like branches, articu-
lated, and furnished at each arti-
culation with two small linear
leaves. South of France and

1747. E distachja.

Spain, in sandy soils on the sea-
shore. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. In-

, i «° irrr-n T~<! ^S. E. distich ja.

troduced in 1750. Flowers

whitish ; June and July. Berries red ; ripe in August.

As far as we have observed, justice has never been done to this, or any
other species of .E'phedra, in British gardens. The fruit becomes succulent,
like that of the mulberry, with a slightly acid and yet sugary and agreeable
taste, and might be cultivated for the dessert.

*». 2. E. MONOSTA'CHYA L. The one-spiked Ephedra, or Small shrubby

Horsetail.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1472. ; Ait. Hort. Kew., 3. p. 116. ; N. Du Ham., 3.

p. 18.
Synonymes. E. »olygonoldes Pall. Ross. ; Ephedre mineure, Ephddre de

Siberie, Fr.

The Sexes. There are male plants at Messrs. I-oddiges's.
Engravings. Dend. Brit, t. 142. j and our figs. 1749. and 1750. of the male

plant.

Spec. Char., $c. Peduncles many. Catkins
solitary. (Z/?'w.) An evergreen shrub, much
smaller, and hardier than E. distachya. Si-
beria, near salt springs, and in saline wastes ;
and, according to Pallas, common in the
southern parts of Russia, from the Don and
the Volga to the Leira; Persia and India.
Height 1 ft. to 2 ft. Introduced in 1772.
Flowers whitish ; June to July. Berries red ;
ripe in August and September.

1749. E. monostachya.

1750.
E. monostachva.

The Kergisi use the ashes of the wood of the JS'phedra for snuff.

ORDER LXXVI. TAXAVCE^E.

ORD CHAR. Floral buds consisting of numerous imbricate scales. Flowers
dioecious. — Male flowers disposed in catkins, each consisting of a scale, and
a 2- or many-celled anther, the cells dehiscing longitudinally. — Female
flowers solitary, naked or bracteate. Nut, or seed, solitary, surrounded
at its base by a disk, which at length becomes fleshy, and conceals the
greater portion or the whole of the nut, and forms with it what may be
called a succulent drupe, except in Torreyff, where the nut is not surrounded
by any disk, but by dry scarcely increasing scales. The nut or seed is

LXXVI. TAXA^CE^: : TA'XUS. 939

covered by a crustaceous testa. Embryo in the axis of the albumen. Ra-
dicle at the apex of the seed, having an organic connexion with the albumen.
(G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate or distichous, exstipulate, evergreen or deciduous ;
mostly linear. — Trees or shrubs ; natives of Europe, Asia, and North
America.

The genera are three, which are thus characterised : —

2'Vxus. Dioecious. Anthers of 4 — 6 cells. Nut, or seed, surrounded by a

fleshy cupular disk.
TORRE V^. Dioecious. Anther 8-celled. Seed not surrounded by a fleshy

disk, but by scales.
SALISBU'R/^. Dioecious. Anthers 2-celled. Seed, or nut, covered by the fleshy

persistent disk.

GENUS I.

TA'XUS L. THE YEW. Lin. Syst. Dicescia Monadelphia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 532. ; Juss., 412. ; Fl. Br., 1086. ; Tourn., t. 362. ; Lara., t. 829. ; Gaertn.,
t. 81. ; N. Du Ham., 1. p. 61.; Rich, M£m. Conif., p. 131. t. 2.

Derivation. From toxon, a bow ; being formerly much used in making them : or from taxis, ar-
rangement ; from the leaves being arranged on the branches like the teeth of a comb : or from
toxicum, poison ; though Pliny says that poison (toxicum) was so named from this tree, which was
considered poisonous. The derivation of the term Yew is supposed to be from the Celtic word
iw, sometimes pronounced if, and signifying verdure ; alluding to the yew being an evergreen :
and this will also explain the French name, if.

Gen. Char. Male flower consisting of anthers upon short pedicels, at the
top of a column that has imbricate scales at the base. Anthers with 4, 5, 6,
or rarely more, 1-celled lobes, attached to the connectivum, whose tip is a
horizontal shield, lobed at the edge ; its lobes corresponding in number and
place with those of the anthers, and covering them ; the cells opening
longitudinally. — Female flower an erect ovule, perfect at the tip ; with
an unobvious annular disk at its base; and, exterior to this, investing
imbricate scales. Fruit the disk at the base of the ovule, which becomes
a fleshy open cup. Seed like a nut.

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; linear, acute, rigid, more
or less 2-rowed in direction. Flowers whitish. Fruit red, pulpy. — Low
trees and shrubs, evergreen ; natives of Europe, Asia, and North America.
Propagated by seeds or layers, in common soil.

1 1. T. BACCA^TA L. The berried, or common, Yew.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1472. ; Eng. Bot., t. 746.

Synonymes. Taxus, No. 1663., Hall, Hist. 2. p, 322. ; If, Fr. ; Ifenbaum, Ihenbaum, or Eihenbaum,
Ger. ; Taxo, Ital. ; Texo, Span.

The Sexes. The yew being almost always raised from seed, the male and female plants may be sup-
posed to be nearly equally distributed, both in natural woods and in artificial plantations. Both
sexes are sometimes found on the same tree. As far as we have been able to observe, says White
of Selborne, the male tree becomes much larger than the female one.

Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 746. ; N. Du Ham., 1. t. 19. ; the plates of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st
edit., vol. viii. ; and our fig. 1752.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves 2-ranked, crowded, linear, flat. Receptacle of the
barren flowers globular. (Smith.) An evergreen tree. Europe gene-
rally ; in loamy soils and shady situations. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft., rarely
40 ft. Flowers white ; March and April. Fruit red ; ripe in September.

Varieties.

t T. b. 2 fastigiata. T. fastigiata Lindl. ; T. hibernica Hook., Lodd.
Cat. ed. 1836; (the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol.
viii. ; and our^g. 1751.) the upright, or Florence Court, Yew; the
Irish Yew. Discovered wild at the former place about 1780. —
This is a very distinct variety, readily distinguished from the species

940

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1761. 2'. b. fostigikta

by its upright mode of growth, and deep green leaves, which are
not in ranks like those of the common yew, but scattered. All the
plants of this variety in cultivation are of the female sex ; and the
fruit is oblong, and not roundish, as in the common variety.
» ** T. b. 3 procumbens. T. procumbens Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — Low
and somewhat trailing.

* T. b. 4? erecta. The upright Yew. — A seedling from T. b. fastigiata, in

which the leaves are 2-ranked as in the common yew, but the
branches take an upright direction as in the Irish yew.

* T. b. 5 sparsifolia Hort. — Leaves scattered.

* T. b. 6 foliis variegatis Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — Leaves variegated with

whitish yellow. It is seldom found higher than a large shrub.

* T. b. 1 fructo luteo. — Fruit yellow. The tree does not differ, either

in its shape or foliage, from the common yew ; but, when covered
with its berries, it forms a very beautiful object, especially when con-
trasted with yew trees covered with berries of the usual coral colour.
There are fine trees of this variety at Clontarf Castle, near Dublin.

The yew is of slow growth ; but, in favourable situations, it will attain the
height of 6 or 8 feet, or more, in 10 years from the seed. In 20 years, it will
attain the height of 15ft., and it will continue growing for 100 years ; after
which it becomes comparatively stationary, but will live for many centuries.
When drawn up by other trees, or by being planted in masses, it takes some-
what the character of a fir ; and may be found, thus circumstanced, with a
clear trunk 30 or 40 feet high. It stoles when cut down under 20 or 30 years
of age, but rarely when it is older. In a wild state the yew affords food to
birds by its berries ; and an excellent shelter to them during severe weather,
and at night, by its dense evergreen foliage, but no insects live on it. By man,
the tree has been applied to various uses, both in a living state, and when
felled and employed as timber. The wood is hard, compact, of a fine and
close grain, flexible, elastic, splitting readily, and incorruptible. It is of a

LXXVF. TAXAVCE^E :

941

1752. T. bacc&ta.

fine orange reel, or deep brown ; and the sap wood, which does not extend to
a great depth, is white, and also very hard. Where the two woods join,
there are generally different shades of red, brown, and white : both woods
are susceptible of a very high polish. Varennes de Fenilles states that the
wood, before it has been seasoned, when cut into thin veneers, and imrrersed
some months in pond water, will take a purple violet colour ; probab'y owing
to the presence of alkali in the water. According to this author, the wood
of the yew weighs, when green, 80 Ib. 9 oz. per cubic foot ; am', when dry,
61 Ib. 7 oz. It requires a longer time to become perfectly drj- than any other
wood whatever ; and it shrinks so little in drying, as not to lose above -fa
part of its bulk. The fineness of its grain is owing to the thinness of its
annual layers, 280 of these being sometimes found in a piece not more than
20 in. in diameter. It is universally allowed to be the finest European wood
for cabinet-making purposes. The principal use for which the yew was cul-
tivated, before the introduction of gunpowder, was for making bows ; but
these are now chiefly made of foreign wood. For details respecting making
bows of the yew tree, see Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. iv. p. 2086. The yew
makes excellent hedges for shelter ; undergrowth for the protection of
game ; and. when planted thick on suitable soil, so as to be drawn up with
clean an^ straight trunks, most valuable timber. When a yew hedge is wanted
to be of one shade of green, the plants should all be raised from cuttings
of the same tree ; and, when they are intended to show fruit, in order to
rival a holly hedge, only female plants should be chosen or propagated ; and
the hedge, like holly hedges kept for their fruit, should be cut in with a knife,
and never clipped with the shears. Single scattered trees, when intended to
be ornamental by their berries, should, of course, always be females ; and, in
order to determine their sex, they should not be removed to where they are
finally to remain till they have flowered. This may, doubtless, be accelerated
by ringing a branch on each plant after it has attained 5 or 6 years' growth.
The use of the yew tree in ancient topiary gardening, during the seventeenth
century, was as extensive, in England and France, as that of the box seems to
have been in Italy in the days of Pliny. The practice was rendered fashion-
able by Evelyn, previously to which the clipping of trees as garden ornaments
was chiefly confined to plants of box, juniper, &c., kept by the commercial

942 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

gardeners of the day in pots and boxes, and trained for a number of years, till
the figure required was complete. Sometimes, as we find by Gibson, Bradley,
and others, clipped plants of this sort sold as high as five guineas each ; and,
in all probability, this high price first led Evelyn to the idea of clipping the
more hardy yew in situations where it was finally to remain. The narrowness
of the leaves of the yew renders it far less disfigured by clipping than even
the box ; and, as it is much hardier than the juniper, should clipped trees
come again into fashion, there can be no doubt that the yew would be pre-
ferred to all others. As an avenue tree, the yew may be considered suitable
for approaches to cemeteries, mausoleums, or tombs ; and, as a single tree, for
scattering in churchyards and burial-grounds. The most extraordinary col-
lection of yew trees in England, or perhaps in the world, is at Elvaston
Castle, near Derby. (See Gard. Mag. for 1841.) The yew will grow on
any soil that is somewhat moist ; but it thrives best in loams and clays,
on rock, and in a shady situation. It is propagated for the most part
by seeds ; but the varieties, and also the species, when the object is to
form a hedge of plants of the same dimensions and colour of leaf, as
already mentioned, should be propagated by cuttings or layers from one
plant only. The berries are ripe in October, and should be then ga-
thered, carried to the rot-heap, and treated in the same manner as haws.
(See p. 382.) If, however, they are sown immediately, enveloped in their
pulp, a few of them may come* up the following year, and the remainder the
second year ; but, if the pulp is allowed to dry round the nut, and they are
kept in that state till spring, none of them will come up till the third year.
Cuttings may be formed of either one or two years' growth, and planted in a
shady border, either in the beginning of April or the end of August. The
cuttings will be most certain of success if slipped off with a heel, and if the
soil consists chiefly of sand. The leaves should be carefully stripped off the
lower part of the cutting, which may be from 7 in. to 10 in. in length, and
buried to the depth of 5 in. in the soil. Cuttings treated in this manner re-
quire two years before they are sufficiently rooted to be removed. In all pro-
bability, however, if the points of the shoots were taken and planted in sand
under a hand-glass, about midsummer, or before, they would produce roots
the same season, and might be transplanted the following spring. Whether
plants are raised from seeds or cuttings, they ought to undergo the usual rou-
tine of culture in the nursery, till they are 3 or 4 feet high : because, as they
are of slow growth, time is gained by this practice ; and the yew transplants
so readily at any age, that there is no more danger of plants failing when
transplanted at the height of 6 or 8 feet, than there is when they are only 6 or
8 inches high. At Elvaston Castle, already mentioned, above a hundred yew
trees between 20 ft. and 40 ft. in height have been transplanted ; some of them
brought from a distance of upwards of thirty miles.

« 2. T. (B.) CANADE'NSIS Willd. The Canada, or North American, Yew.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 856. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 647.
Synonyme. T. b. minor Mich. Bor. Amer. 2. p. 245.
Engraving. Our figs. 2105, 2106. in p. 1110.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves linear, 2-ranked, crowded, revolute. Male flowers
globose, always solitary. (Willd.) Michaux describes this species as of
humbler growth than the European yew, of spreading habit, and with
smaller flowers and fruit ; and Pursh says that, under the shade of other
trees, it does not rise above 2 or 3 feet high. Canada and Maryland ; grow-
ing only in shady rocky places, and flowering in March and April. It was
introduced in 1800 ; and is apparently only a variety of the common
yew. Horticultural Society's Garden.

* 3. T. HARRINGTO'NL* Knight. The Earl of Harrington's Yew.

Identification. Forbes in Pin. Wob., pi. 68. ; Gard. Mag., vol. xv., p. 273.

Synonymes. ? llaxus macroph^lla Thunb. ; 'PPodoc&rpus macrophyllus Swt., Lamb. 2d ed. p. 843.,
Arb". Brit. 1st ed. p. 2100.

LXXVI.

943

Engravings.
1754.

Pin. Wob., pi. 68. ; Card.

vol. xv. figs. 57. and 58. ; and our figs, l/i/3. and

\

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves distichous, flat, from 1 in. to 1 1 in. in length, dark
green and shining on the upper surface ; of a white glaucous hue be-
neath, with the exception of the midrib and revolute margins, which are of

a bright green ; the apex
mucronate; footstalks short.
Branches round and fur-
rowed. (Forbes.) An ever-
green tree. Japan. ? Height.
Introduced in 1837.

Readily distinguished from
all the well-authenticated spe-
cies of Taxus, by its larger
revolute leaves,
which are of a
silvery glaucous
colour on the
under side. It is
not yet ascer-
tained whether
the plant is suffi-
ciently hardy to
pass the winter in
the open air as a
standard, but it
promises to be
so. Propagated
by cuttings, or by
grafting on the

1753. T. Harringtbnia. Common J'CW. l™*-

Other Species of Taxus. — T. Mackaya Pin. Wob. p. 218. is a native of
Japan, with very narrow leaves. Introduced in 1838. T. Inukdja is a name,
in Mr. Knight's Catalogue, of a Japan species which has leaves like the
leaflets of the sago palm ; but very little is known respecting it. T. globosa
Schlecht. (G. M. xv. p. 242.) is a Mexican species, not yet introduced.

GENUS II.

TORRE'Y^ Arnott. THE TORREYA. Lin. Syst. Dice'cia Monadelphia.

Identification. Ann. Nat. Hist, vol.i. p. 130. ; Gard. Mag., vol. xvi, p. 658.

Derivation, Named by Dr. Arnott in honour of Dr. Torrey, one of the authors of the North-
American Flora.
Synonyme. Taxus sp. Nutt.

Gen. Char. Dioecious. — Male ament at first subglobose, but at length elon-
gated ; the rachis ultimately naked, except at the base, where it is bracteate
by quadrifariously imbricated many-flowered scales. Staminiferous scales
pedicellate, subpeltate, dimidiate, each bearing a 4-celled anther. — Female
ament ovate, one-flowered, bracteate at the base as in the male ; disk none.
Ovulum erect. Seed ovate, bracteate at the base by dry scarcely increasing
scales, but naked at the top. Testa thick, fleshy, and coriaceous outside,
but fibry inside. Albumen ruminated. Embryo subcylindrical, short. Cc-
tyledom connate.

Leaves simple, linear, two-rowed, exstipulate, evergreen ; rigid, mucro-
nate.— A tree, evergreen, with spreading branches, and the branchlets dis-

944

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

tichous and forked, ending in a pungent mucro. Native of Middle Florida,
on calcareous hills.

* 1. T. TAXIFO'LIA Am, The Yew-leaved Torreya.

Identification. Arn. in Annals of Nat. Hist., vol. i. p. 130. ; Card. Mag., vol. xvi. p. 659.

Si/mmymes. Taxus montana Nutt., not of Willd. ; Stinking Cedar, Florida.

Engravings. Hooker's Icones Plantarum, t. 232. and t. 233. ; Card. Mag., vol. xvi., figs. 74. and 75. \

and our figs. 1755. and 1756., in which m shows the male, and / the female, flowers and branches

from male and female plants.

Spec. Char. See Gen. Char. An evergreen tree, with the habit and appear-
ance of J'bies canadensis. Florida, on chalky hills, all along the eastern

bank of the river Appelach. Height
20 ft. to 40 ft. Introduced in 1840.
Propagated by grafting on the com-
mon yew.

The wood is dense, and closely
grained, and in old trees of a reddish
colour, like that of Junfperus vir-
giniana. It is of a strong and peculiar
odour, especially when bruised or

burnt, and hence, in the country where it grows, it is frequently called
Stinking Cedar. It makes excellent rails, and is not liable to the attacks
of insects. (Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. i. p. 129.) Canterbury Nursery.

GENUS III.

Smith. THE SALISBURIA. Lin. Syst. Moncevcia Polyandria.

Identification. Lin. Trans., 3. p. 330. ; Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 472. ; Horn. Hort. Reg. Haff. 2. p. 903.
Synonyme. Ginkgo of Kasmpfer, Linnaeus, and others

Derivation. Named in honour of JR. A. Salisbury, F R.S. L.S., &c., a distinguished botanist.
Ginkgo is the aboriginal name in Japan.

Gen. Char. Male flowers in tapering, decurved, bractless catkins, which are
borne several from one bud. Flowers many in a catkin, each appearing as a
stamen only, and consisting of a short filament-like stalk. — Female flowers
borne from a bud, from which leaves are also produced ; and on peduncles,
either single or several on the pedicels of a branched peduncle. Flowers
seated in a shallow cup, formed of the dilated tip of the peduncle or pedicel,

LXXVI. TAXAVCE^E I SALISBUVR/^.

945

and consisting of a rather globose calyx, contracted to a point, and then
expanded into a narrow limb, and including an ovary. Calyx fleshy and
persistent, becoming a drupaceous covering to a nut, which is rather egg-
shaped, and very slightly compressed. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; deeply cut or lobed, alike
on both surfaces, with long petioles. Flowers yellowish. — Tree deciduous,
large, native of Japan, quite hardy in the climate of London, and of easy
culture in common garden soil.

Remarkable for the singularity of its leaves, which seem to unite Conifera?
with the Corylaceae. Propagated by cuttings or layers in good loamy soils.

¥ 1. S. ^DIANTIFO'LIA Smith. The Maiden-hair-leaved Salisburia,
or Ginkgo Tree.

Identification. Trans. Lin. Soc., 3. p. 330. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 472.

Synonymes. Gingko, Gm-an, or Itsjo, Kaempf. Amcen., p 811. ; Ginkgo biloba Lin. Mant. p. 313. ;

Noyer du Japon, Arbre aux quarante E'cus, Fr. ; Albero adianto, Ital.
The Sexes. Both sexes are in the Kew Botanic Garden, in the Hackney Arboretum, and in our

garden at Bayswater.
Engravings. Ka:mpf. Amcen., p. 811. f. ; Dend. Brit., t. 168. ; Jacquin Ueber den Ginkgo, t. 1.;

the plates of this tree in Arb. Brit, 1st edit., vol. viii. ; and our figs. 1757. and 1758.

Spec. Char., fye. See Gen. Char. A large conical deciduous tree. Japan
and China. Height 60ft. to 80ft. Introduced in 1754. Flowers yel-
lowish. Only those of the male yet seen in England. Decaying leaves
yellow, or yellowish green.

The male catkins, which appear with the leaves in May, on the wood
of the preceding year or on old spurs, are sessile, about 1£ in. long, and
of a yellowish colour. The female flowers, according to Richard, have

1757. S. adiantifolia.

this particularity, that each is in part enclosed in a sort of cup, like the female
flowers of Dacrydium. This covering is supposed to be produced by a dilata-
tion of the summit of the peduncle, as may be seen in our figure. The fruit
consists of a globular or ovate drupe, about 1 in. in diameter ; containing a
white nut, or endocarp, somewhat flattened, of a woody tissue, thin, and
breaking easily. The fruit has been ripened in the South of France, and
young plants raised from it. The tree grows with considerable rapidity in the

3 P

946 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

climate of London, attaining the height
of 10 or 12 feet in 10 years ; and, in
40 or 50 years, the height of as many
feet. The wood of the ginkgo is said by
Kaempfer to be light, soft, and weak ; but
Loiseleur Deslongchamps describes it as of
a yellowish white, veined, with a fine close
grain, and moderately hard. It is easy to
work, receives a fine polish, and resem-
bles in its general appearance citron wood.
The salisburia, judging from the speci-
mens in the neighbourhood of London,
thrives best on a deep sandy loam, perfectly

dry at bottom ; but it by no means prospers in a situation where the subsoil is
wet. The situation should be sheltered, but not so much so as for many
exotic trees which have longer leaves and more widely spreading branches.
Propagated by layers of two-years-old wood, which generally require two
years to be properly rooted ; but, on the Continent, it has been found that,
by watering the layers freely during the summer, they may be taken off in the
autumn of the year in which they were made. Cuttings made in March, of
one-year-old wood, slipped off with a heel, root in a mixture of loam and
peat earth in the shade ; and their growth will be the more certain if they have
a little bottom heat. Cuttings of the young wood, taken off before midsummer,
and prepared and planted with the leaves on, in sand, under a bell-glass, will,
we have no doubt, succeed perfectly.

ORDER LXXVII. CONFFER^, OR PINA^CEJE.

Identification. Lindl. Nat Syst. of Bot., p. 31a. .-, Richard Mem. Conif., in part.

Synonymes, Coniferae Rich. Mem. Conif. The Coniferae, till lately, included the order Taxaceae,

already given, p. 938., which has been separated from it by Dr. Lindley. Conacese Lindl. Key, 232.
Affinities. The Taxacea* have been separated from this order on the one hand, while, on the other,

the Cycadaceae are considered as approaching very near it.

ORD. CHAR. Flowers unisexual ; those of the two sexes in distinct catkins
which are situated upon one plant in most of the species, and upon two plants
in the rest. — Male catkin longer than broad. Each flower a scale or
body, bearing pollen contained within either 2 cells formed within the scale
or body, or 3 or more 1 -celled cases; in Araucaria Juss., in 2-celled cases,
exterior to, but united with, the scale or body : a part of the scale or body
is free above the cells or cases containing the pollen. — Female catkin more
or less conical, cylindrical, or round, in figure ; composed of many, several, or
few flowers, each, in most species, subtended by a bractea. The catkin, in
the state of fruit, is rendered a strobile of much the same figure. Each
flower is constituted of 1 — 3 ovules, borne from an ovary that resembles a
scale, and is in some instances connate with the bractea that subtends it.
Ovules regarded as receiving impregnation from direct contact of the pollen
with the foramen of the ovule. Bracteas imbricated. Carpels, which are
the ovaries in an enlarged and ripened state, imbricated. Seed having in
many species a membranous wing. Embryo included within a fleshy oily
albumen, and having from 2 to many opposite cotyledons, and the radicle
being next the tip of the seed, and having an organic connexion with the
albumen. Brown has noticed a very general tendency in some species of
Pinus and J^bies to produce several embryos in a seed.

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen, rarely deciduous ; needle-
shaped, scale-like, or lanceolate ; in some species disposed in groups, with
a membranous sheath about the base of the group, at least in most of
these ; in some in rows ; in some oppositely in pairs, decussate in direction ;
imbricately in several. Floivers in catkins ; April and May. Fruit a cone ;

LXXVII. CONI'FER^;:

947

ripe in the autumn of the second year. — Trees almost all evergreen, the
wood abounding in resin,

The hardy genera in British gardens are arranged as under : —

Tribe I. ^BIE'TIN^E.
Buds scaly. Catkins of both sexes many flowered. Leaves scattered, or

in groups. Tips of ovules pointing to the axis of the catkins, except in

Cunningham^. Nadelholz and Tangelholz, Ger.

PIVNUS. Male catkins aggregate. Pollen contained in 2 cells. Ovules 2.

Carpels thickened at tips. Leaves not solitary.
v4vBiEs. All as in Pinus, but the cones are pendulous, and the leaves are

solitary.
PI'CEA. This differs from Jv bies in the cones being erect, and from Pinus in

the carpels not being thickened at the tips ; and from both, in the leaves

being in 2 ranks.
,LAVRIX. Differs from y^'bies in the leaves being deciduous, and in groups ;

and in the cones being erect.

CE'DRUS. Differs from Z/arix in the leaves being evergreen. Anthers crested.
CUNNINGHAV»J///. Male catkins grouped. Pollen contained in 3 cases.

Ovules 3. Leaves solitary and serrulated.
DA'MMARA. Male catkins solitary. Pollen contained in 5 to 24 cases.

Ovules 2. Leaves broad.
ARAUCA'RIA. Catkins dioecious. Pollen contained in 10 to 20 cases. Ovules

solitary, combined with the scale.

Tribe II. CUPRE'SSINJE.

Buds not scaly. Catkins of both sexes few-flowered. Ovules pointing
from the axis of the catkin. Leaves evergreen, except in Taxodium.

jTHu'JA. Catkins terminal, solitary. Pollen in 4 cases. Ovules 2. Leaves

scale-like, imbricate.
CA'LLITRIS. Catkins terminal, solitary. Pollen in 2 to 5 cases. Ovules 3

or more. Leaves scale-like, opposite or whorled.
CUPRE'SSUS. Catkins solitary. Pollen in 4 cases. Ovules 8 or more. Leaves

imbricate.
TAXO'DIUM.
3 together,
ciduous.

,/UNl'PERUS.

Catkins disposed in compound spikes ; female ones 2 or
Pollen in 5 cases. Ovules 2. Leaves linear, in 2 ranks, de-

in 3 to 6 cases,
rigid.

Male catkins terminal ; female ones axillary, few. Pollen

Ovule one. Fruit pulpy. Leaves opposite or ternate,

Tribe I.

The ^bietinag are almost all trees of lofty stature, pyramidal in form, and
regularly furnished with verticillate frond-like branches, from the base to the
summit of the trunk. These branches, unlike those of every other kind of
tree, die off as the tree grows old, without ever attaining a timber-like size ;
so that, in a physiological point of view, they may be considered as rather
like immense leaves than branches ; and this circumstance, as well as others,
seems to connect the pines and firs with the palms. Almost all the species
are evergreen, and have linear needle-like leaves ; whence the German names
of nadelholz and tangelholz. The wood is chiefly composed of parallel fibres,
arranged in a manner somewhat intermediate between that of dicotyledonous
and monocotyledonous trees ; and, in consequence of these fibres not being

3p 2

948 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

very close, the wood is elastic and resilient. Being resinous, it is also, in
general, very durable, and of great combustibility. The fruit of the ^bietinae
are all cones, which vary somewhat in form, though they are in general, as the
word implies, conical ; and they differ in size, from that of ^Tbies canadensis,
which is about half an inch in length, to that of Pinus Lambertiawa, which
has been found 2 ft. long. The largest seeds are those of the Pinus Pinea ;
and the smallest those of some species of ^vbies. In germinating, the seed
first swells and bursts at the upper or narrow end, whence the radicle proceeds
and turns downwards into the soil ; while, soon after, the lower, or thick,
part of the seed opens, and the leaves are developed, and rise above the
surface of the ground. The rate of growth of the ^bietinae is, in general,
rapid ; and the duration of the tree, compared with that of the oak, short.
The most rapid-growing species in the climate of London is the Pinus Laricio,
which will attain the height of 20ft. in 10 years ; and the species of this
section generally reach maturity, in the climate of Britain, in from 60 to 100
years. Most of the European species bear cones at about 20 years' growth,
or before; the spruce fir, on dry chalky soils, in less than half that period.
The pinaster arrives at maturity sooner than any other European pine, but
seldom lasts longer than from 40 to 50 years. The European species of
slowest growth, and greatest duration, is the P. Cembra, which seldom attains
more than 30 or 40 feet in height, but which lives for several centuries. The
two species which in Europe are most valuable for their timber are, the P.
sylvestris and the 1/arix europae^a. The grandest and most ornamental species
is, unquestionably, the Cedrus Libani ; and the most elegant and graceful the
v4vbies canadensis. The species which produce the greatest quantity of timber
in the shortest time, in the climate of Britain, are, the Scotch pine and the
larch : but, in favourable situations, both in Germany and Switzerland, these
species are exceeded in this respect by the silver fir ; in Spain by the pinaster ;
and in North America by the Weymouth pine. The greater number of the
species of ^bietinae will live in the open air in the climate of London ; but
some few require to be protected there from the frost. The debris of granitic
rock may be considered as the universal soil of the pine and fir tribe, and a
dry subsoil an essential condition for their prosperity ; but they will grow on
all soils whatever, that are not surcharged with water. The roots of all the
^bietinas run immediately under the surface, and hence do not require a deep
soil ; and, as their needle-like leaves do not carry off much moisture by evapo-
ration, the soil in which the .4bietinae will grow to a large size may be drier
than that required for any other kind of tree. Nevertheless, a soil somewhat
loamy, and a cool subsoil, are necessary to bring the timber of the pine to its
greatest degree of perfection ; and various species, particularly those belonging
to the genus Picea, require a loam rather rich than poor, and a situation low
rather than elevated. J'bies communis grows naturally on moist soil ; often
on peat bogs. The only mode of propagating the pine and fir tribe on a large
scale is by seeds ; but all the species will succeed by layers, by inarching on
closely allied kinds, and by herbaceous grafting ; and many, if not all, may
also be propagated by cuttings. The species which strike by cuttings most
readily are those belonging to the genera Picea, v4Nbies, .Larix, and C'edrus.
The cuttings may be taken from the lateral branches, when the current year's
shoots are beginning to ripen, and prepared like those of Cape heaths ; they
should then be planted in sand, and covered with a glass. This being
generally done in August or September, the cutting should be kept in a frame,
from which frost is excluded, throughout the winter ; and the greater part of
them will send up shoots the following May or June, and may be transplanted
the succeeding autumn. The operation of herbaceous grafting is performed
in the cleft manner ; the slit being made a little deeper than that part of the
scion which is to be inserted in it. The time of performing the operation is
when the leading shoot of the stock has attained the length of from 8 in. to
12 in., and will break over (without tearing the bark) like a piece of glass, or
the most succulent part of a shoot of asparagus fit to gather for the table.

LXXVII. CONI'FER^E : ^BIE'TIN^:. 949

The time during which any given species has its leading shoot in a fit state for
being broken over in this manner is not more than 15 days ; and, as the scions
from the species to be grafted are equally tender with the stock, they will not
remain longer in a state fit for the operation than about the same period.
The scion is always inserted in the leading shoot ; the greater number of the
side shoots are either removed altogether, or shortened ; and the young shoots
produced from the stocks during the season are pinched off with the finger and
thumb at about half their length. In the European ^bietinae, the seeds begin
to drop from the cones, which remain on the trees, generally in March ; for
which reason February is a good month to collect them. The cones of Pinus
sylvestris, and of the allied sorts, soon open of themselves, after they have
been gathered from the tree, and spread out in the sun ; but the cones of P.
Pinaster, P. Pinea, and the allied sorts, though treated in the same manner,
will not open their scales for several months, or even a year. The cones of
Cedrus Libani will not open till they have been three years or upwards on the
trees ; and, when they are gathered, it is almost always necessary to steep
them in water for 24 hours, and afterwards to expose them before a fire, or to
the sun. In Scotland, France, and Germany, the seeds of the Pinus syl-
vestris and of the Z/arix europaeNa are very commonly separated from the
cones by kilndrying, and afterwards thrashing them : but, as the heat of the
kiln is sometimes carried so far as to destroy the vital principle, it is con-
sidered safer to steep the cones before drying, in which case less fire is
requisite ; or to split them by inserting an iron triangular-pointed instrument,
not unlike a shoemaker's awl, into the axis of the cone, at its broad end. The
cones are also sometimes broken by passing them through a bone-rnill, or
between two cylinders ; or by putting them into a bark-mill. The cones of
the silver and the balm of Gilead firs, and also of the Pinus tftrobus, open of
themselves in a dry room, and give out their seeds with less trouble than those
of any other species. The most general time for sowing the seeds of the
Jbietinae is in the end of March or in April. The ground ought to be in
good heart, light, and sandy rather than loamy, and prepared as finely as
possible. The seeds may be most conveniently sown in beds; and, after
being gently beaten down with the back of a spade or a slight roller, they
should be covered with light soil or leaf mould to the depth of a sixteenth, an
eighth, or at most a quarter, of an inch, according to the size of the seeds ;
and immediately afterwards covered with branches of trees or shrubs, fronds
of fern, wickerwork hurdles, or netting, to shade the soil from the sun, and
protect the seeds from birds. If, indeed, the seeds are gently patted in with
the back of the spade, and the beds kept shaded, and of a uniform gentle
moisture, no covering at all is necessary. When rare kinds are sown in pots,
if the surface of the soil is kept 1 in. below the rim of the pot, the pot may
be covered with a pane of glass, and the seeds will come up with certainty
and vigour. Traps ought to be set for mice, which are great devourers of the
seeds of the Jbietinae. In very dry weather the beds should be watered in the
evenings ; but in this case it becomes doubly necessary to shade them in the
daytime ; because in proportion to the rapidity of the germination of the
seeds are they liable to be scorched by the sun." The precaution of shading
is much less necessary in Scotland, than in England, or on the Continent.
The pine and fir tribe does not, in general, succeed so well when transplanted
as the broad-leaved trees ; for which reason, most of the sorts planted for
ornament, such as the cedar, stone pine, Weymouth pine, Siberian pine, &c.,
should always be kept by the nurserymen in pots. The Scotch pine, the
larch, the spruce, the silver and balm of Gilead firs, the Corsican pine, and the
Weymouth pine, may be transplanted into nursery lines, from the seed-bed,
in the second year ; and, after remaining one year in these lines, they may be
removed to where they are finally to remain. Very few species can be kept
with advantage for a longer period in the nursery than 3 years ; viz. two in
the seed-bed, and one transplanted. Very little pruning is necessary for the
pine and fir tribe, whether they are grown singly or in scattered groups for:

3 P 3

950

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICE1 UM BRITANNICUM.

ornament, or in masses for useful purposes in plantations. In the former
case, to remove any of the branches would destroy the object in view ; and
in the latter, if the plantation is of suitable thickness, the lower branches begin
to die off of themselves, after the trees have acquired a certain age and growth,
and all that is necessary is to assist nature, by cutting off the branches close
to the trunk, the moment they begin to show indications of decay.

GENUS I.

PPNUS L. THE PINE. Lin. Syst. Mono2vcia Monadelphia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 499 ; Fl. Br., 1031. ; Lamb. Pin., 2d ed., 1. t. 1.

Synonymes. Le pin, Fr. ; Fichte, Pynbaum, or Kiefer, Ger. ; Pynboom, Dutch ; Pino, Ital. and
Span. ; Pinu, Anglo-Saxon ,• Pinnua, Welsh ; Peigne, Erse.

Derivation. The word Pinus comes from the Greek pinos, used by Theophrastus to designate the
pine tree. Pinos has for its root pion, which signifies fat ; because the trees of this genus furnish
pitch and tar. Others derive the word Pinus from pin, or pyn, a mountain or rock, Celtic ; in
allusion to the habitat of the tree ; the British towns Peu-ryn, Pen-rith, and Pen-maen ; and the
Spanish ones, Penna-flor, Penna-fiel, &c., being so called from being built on hills, or rocks.

Gen. Char., fyc. Male flowers in grouped catkins. Pollen contained in
2 cells, formed in the scale, that open lengthwise. Female flowers with 2
ovules. Strobile in most species ovately conical. Carpels or outer scales
thickened at the tip, exceeding the bracteas or their outer scales in length,
and concealing them ; persistent.

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, sheathed, evergreen ; linear, rigid,
in groups of 2, 3, or 5 ; each group arising out of a scaly sheath. Flowers,
males whitish yellow, powdery. Fruit a cone.

Evergreen trees, generally of large size, natives of Europe, Asia, and
America, and in an eminent degree both useful and ornamental. They flower,
in Britain, in May and June, and generally ripen their cones in the autumn
of the following year. The species may be arranged either according to their
cones or their leaves ; and we have adopted the latter feature as the founda-
tion of our sections, because it is applicable to trees in every stage of their
growth ; and because many of the species in London gardens have not yet
borne cones.

The following is our arrangement of the species in British gardens : —

§ i. BmcB. — Leaves 2 in a sheath.

1. sylvestris.

2. Pumilio.

3. Laricio.

4. (L.) austriaca.

11. BanksJana.

12. inops.

13. pungens.

18. TV da.

19. rigida.

20. Fraseri.

21. serotina.

22. ponderosa.

31. Teoc&te.

A. Natives of Europe.
5 (L.) Pallaseawa.

6. (L.) pyrenaica.

7. Pinaster.

8. Pfnea.

9. halepensis.
10. brtitia.

B. Natives of North America.

14. resinosa. 16. contorta.

15. mitis. 17. turbinata.

§ ii. Terndtts. — Leaves 3 in a sheath.

A. Natives of North America.

23. Sabmidna.

24. Coulteri.

25. australis.

26. insignis.

B. Natives of Mexico.
32. patula.

27. californiana.

28. muricata.

29. tuberculata.

30. radiata.

33.

LXXVII. CONI'FERJE : PI'NUS.

951

C. Natives of the Canaries, India, China, and Australia.
34. canariensis. 36. Gerard«z?za. 38. tiuioriensis.

3.3. longifolia. 37. sinensis.

§ iii. Quince. — Leaves 5 in a sheath.

A. Cones with the Scales more or less thickened at the Apex.
a. Natives of Mexico or Guatemala.

* Cones long.

39. Hartwegw.

40. Devonidna.

41. RussellJawa.

42. Montezum^.

43. macrophjlla.

44. Pseudo-tftrobus.

45. filifolia.

** Cones short.

46. leiophylla.

47. oocarpa.

48. apulcensis.

b. Natives of the West Indies.
49. occidentalis.

51. Strobus.

B. Cones with the -Scales not thickened at the Apex.
a. Natives of Europe and Siberia.

50. Cembra.

b. Natives of North America.
52. Lambertzawa. 53. monticola.

c. Natives of Nepal and Mexico.
54. excelsa. 55. Ayacahuile.

§ i. Bmce. — Leaves generally 2 in a sheath.

A. Natives of Europe.
t 1. P. SYLVE'STRIS L. The wood, or Scotch, Pine, or Scotch Fir.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1418. ; Smith Fl. Br., t. 1031.; Eng. Fl., 4. p. 150. ; Lamb. Pin., ed.

8vo, 1. t. 1.
Synonymes. P. rubra Mill. Diet. No. 3. ; P. sylvestris commtnis Ait. Hort. Kew. 3. p. 366. ; ? P.

Escardna Risso ; Pin Sauvage, Pin d'Ecosse, Fr. ; gemeine Fohre, gemeine Fichte, Kiefer, Tanne,

and 55 other names, which are given in Hayne's Abbttdung., Ger. ; Pynboom, Dutch ; Pino syl-

vatico, Ital. ; Pino sylvestre, Span.-, Fyrre, Dan. and Swed. ; Sosna, Fol., Boh., and liuss.
Engravings. Med. Bot, t. 207. ; Pall.

lloss., tf 2. f. 1. ; Mill. Illust., t. 82. ;

Hunt. Evel. Syl., p. 274. ; Black.,

t. 490.; Eng. Bot., 35. t. 2460.;

Lamb. Pin., 2d ed., 1. t. 1. ; the

plates of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st

edit. ; and our^g. 1761.

Spec. Char.y 8?c. Leaves rigid,
in pairs. Young cones
stalked, recurved.
Crest of the an-
thers very small.
(Smith.) Buds
(fig. 1759.) ovate,
blunt - pointed,
from £ in. to i in.
long, and £ in.
wide in the broad-
est part ; white,
with a reddish tip,
the white pro-
duced by resinous exuda-
tion. The central -bud
generally with 5 or 6 smaller
ones round it. Leaves (fig.
1760. b) from H in. to

3p 4

952 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

2f in. long ; somewhat waved and twisted ; slightly concave on the upper,
and convex on the under, surface ; light bluish green, finely serrulated
on the edges ; the sheath lacerated and slightly ringed. Cones {fig.
1760. a) from 2 in. to Sin. long, and from 1 in. to 1^ in. broad. Scales
(fig. 1760. d) from 1 in. to l£in. long, terminating in an irregular four-
sided projecting point, often recurved. Seeds, with the wing (c), from
1 in. to 1 £ in. long ; without the wing, from -^ in. to -^ in. long ; dark-
coloured. Cotyledons 5 to 7. A tall, straight, hardy, long-lived tree, from
60ft. to 100ft. high ; Europe generally, but not of America ; flowering in
May and June, and ripening its cones about 18 months afterwards ; the
most valuable, for its timber, of all the European species of Pinus.
Varieties. Like all trees which have an extensive geographical range, and
grow on almost every kind of soil, and at great elevations as well as in
plains, the varieties and variations of the Scotch pine are exceedingly nu-
merous; both as respects the exterior appearance of the tree, and the
quality of its timber and resinous products. On poor soils, at great ele-
vations, it becomes a diminutive shrub : find in low situations, where it
is a lofty timber tree, the wood on some light sandy soils is white, almost
without resin, and of little duration ; while on other soils, of a colder and
more substantial nature, it is red, heavy, and of great durability. It appears,
also, that the same situation will produce both white-wooded and red-wooded
trees ; and seeds from red-wooded trees will, it is said, in some instances,
produce others the wood of which is red.

a. Timber Trees.

1 P. s. I vulgdris. The common wild Pine. (fig.
1761., to our usual scale.) — Thus described
by Don of Forfar. Branches forming a
pyramidal head ; leaves marginated, of a
dark green colour, and but little glaucous
underneath ; cones considerably elongated,
and tapering to a point, and the bark of the
trunk very ragged. " This variety seems
to be but short-lived, becoming soon stunted
in its appearance, and it is altogether a very
inferior tree to either variety 2, or variety 3."
(Cat. Mem., i. p. 123.)

4 P. s. 2 horizontals. P. horizontalis Don of
Forfar ; P. sylvestris var. montana Sang,
Plant. Cal. p. 65. ; the Speyside Pine,
Hort. Soc. ; the Highland Pine, Grigor in
Gard. Mag. viii. p. 10. ; the horizontal-
branched wild Pine, Laws. ; the red-wooded Scotch Pine, Sang ;
? P. rubra Mill. Diet, and N. Du Ham. — This variety is described
by Don of Forfar as being " strongly marked and permanent." It
*' is distinguished from the former by the disposition of its branches,
which are remarkable for their horizontal direction, and for a ten-
dency to bend downwards close by the trunk. The leaves are
broader than those of the first variety, and serrulated, and not mar-
ginated. They are distinguishable at a distance by their much lighter
and beautiful glaucous colour. The bark of the trunk is not so
rugged as in the preceding variety. Its cones are thicker, not so
much pointed, and smoother. The tree seems to be a more hardy
plant, being easily reconciled to very various soils and situations. It
grows very freely, and quickly arrives at a considerable size."

1 P. s. 3 uncindta (see fig. 1672.). The hook-coned wild Pine; Mar
Forest wild Pine, in the Horticultural Society's Garden. — Another
of Don of Forfar's varieties, which is described by him. in the

LXXVII. CONl'FERjfc : P1XNUS. 953

article before quoted, as a remarkable va-
riety, quite distinct both from P. s. vulgaris

and P. s. horizontalis. It will be observed

that this hooked cone is quite different, both

in its general form, and the form of its

scales, from the cone of P. (s.) p. Mughus,

which is also often called P. uncinata.
^ P. s. 4 haguenensis. Pin de Haguenau, Fr. ;

Rothentanne of Schottel, seedsman, Ras-

tadt. — This variety was introduced from the

Forests of Haguenau (whence its name) and

Rastadt, on both sides of the Rhine. It

is thus described in Lawson's Manual : —

" The old trees are remarkably tall, straight,

free from branches, except near the summit,

with remarkably smooth reddish-coloured

bark. The leaves of the young plants are

longer than those of any of the preceding

varieties ; they are much waved or twisted,

of a light green slightly glaucous colour, and

minutely serrulated ; the young terminal buds

are of a peculiar reddish colour, and generally more or less

covered with whitish resin. The young plants are, besides their

difference in shade of colour, readily distinguished by their stronger

and more rapid growth." (Agricult. Manual, p. 230.)
t P. s. 5 rigensis. Pin de Riga, Desf. Hist. t. ii. p. 61. ; Pin de Russie,

Pin de Mature, Fr. — This variety is said to constitute the forests

of Lithuania and Livonia.

Other Timber Tree Varieties. The names of several might be given from
books ; but, as we could neither accompany them with descriptions nor
synonymes, nor refer to any place where living plants may be seen, we
consider that it would be of very little use. P. s. altissima, in the Hor-
ticultural Society's Garden, is a strong-growing variety, resembling the
pin de Haguenau, and is probably identical with it, though raised from
Caucasian seeds ; but P. altf ssima is a name more generally applied to P.
Laricio than to P. sylvestris.

b. Varieties curious or ornamental.

P. s. 6 genevensis. Pin de Tarare, Fr. ; the Geneva wild Pine. — There
is a plant of this variety in the Horticultural Society's Garden, a
portrait of which is given in Arb. Brit., 1st edit. vol. viii., by which
it appears to be a low crooked tree, with numerous twisted branches,
extending considerably at the base.

P. s. 7 monophylla Hodgins. — The leaves are long and glaucous, and
those of each sheath are generally attached to each other through-
out their length ; though when the points are taken between the
finger and thumb, and the apparently single leaf twisted, it separates
into two, and sometimes into three, leaves. Hort. Soc. Garden.

P. s. 8 scariosa. P. scariosa Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836 ; ? P. squamosa Bosc
Nouv. Cours d'Agr. art. Pin, and Arb. Brit. 1st edit. p. 2292. — Cones
small, with long scales, flat at the tips, and bent back. Native of
the Lower Alps. (Bosc.) A French variety. Introduced about
1820.

P. s. 9 intermedia. — This is a Russian variety, having slender young
shoots depressed towards the stem, and leaves shorter and less glau-
cous than those of the species. Horticultural Society's Garden.
! P. s. 10 altdica Ledebour. — Raised from seeds received from Dr. Lede-
bour in 1836. Horticultural Society's Garden.

954 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1 P. s. 1 1 tortuosa Don of Forfar. — Leaves shorter than those of P. s.
vulgaris, and somewhat curled, or rather twisted.

Other Varieties. P. rotundata, and some other species which appear to
us to be varieties of P. sylvestris, are described by Link ; and P. hamata
and P. argentea are described by Stevens, as given in Gard. Mag., vol.
xv. p. 224., but none of these kinds have yet been introduced. We might
also have included in the above list P. (s.) pumilio; but though we have
no doubt of its being only a variety of P. sylvestris, yet it is so very dif-
ferent both in appearance and magnitude, that we have kept it apart.

The weight of the wood of P. sylvestris varies according to its age and
other circumstances. A cubic foot, in a green state, generally weighs from
54- Ib. to 74 Ib. ; and, in a dry state, from 31 Ib. to 41 Ib. The wood is valued,
like that of every other pine, in proportion to its freeness from knots ; and it
is found that the knots of this species are much more easily worked, and much
less liable to drop out of flooring boards, than is the case with knotty boards
of the spruce or silver fir. The facility with which the wood of the Scotch
pine is worked occasions its employment in joinery and house carpentry, al-
most to the exclusion of every other kind of timber, wherever it can be pro-
cured. It is at once straight, light, and stiff, and, consequently, peculiarly
fitted for rafters, girders, joists, &c., which may be made of smaller dimen-
sions of this timber than of any other. In point of durability, if it is kept
dry, it equals the oak ; more especially if it has been of slow growth, and is
resinous. As a timber tree, for planting in poor dry soils and in exposed
situations, none can excel the Scotch pine, and it is only equalled by the
larch. In Britain, it surpasses every other species of the pine and fir tribe
for sheltering other trees, with the exception of the spruce fir, which, being
of 'a more conical shape, admits more light and air to the heads of the trees
which are to be drawn up by it. The Scotch pine is, however, altogether
unfit for giving shelter in single rows, unless the branches are allowed to re-
main on from the ground upwards, and the roots have free scope on every
side. Hence, this pine, like every other species of the tribe, is altogether
unfit for a hedgerow tree. When planted in narrow belts round fields for
shelter, it soon becomes unsightly, unless the trees stand so thin as to allow
of their being clothed with branches from the ground upwards. The true
situation for this tree, when grown for timber, is in masses over extensive
surfaces. A granitic soil, it is generally allowed both by British and Conti-
nental writers, is the most congenial to the Scotch pine ; and the sand and
gravel of the Forests of Rastadt and Haguenau are composed of the debris
of this rock. It does not harden its wood well when growing on the grau-
wacke ; and it is short-lived, and never attains a large size, on chalk. It will
grow and nourish in any kind of soil, from a sand to a clay, provided the
substratum be rubble or rock ; but in wet tilly soils it ought never to be
planted ; because, whenever the roots have exhausted the upper soil, and
begin to perforate the subsoil, the tree languishes and dies. It is justly ob-
served by Mathews, that the natural location of the Scotch pine in poor sandy
soils does not result from these soils being best adapted for it, but from the
seeds which are blown about by the winds rising readily in such soils, and the
plants growing more vigorously in them than any other tree. Should any one
doubt this, he observes, let him make an excursion into Mar Forest, and there
he will find the Scotch pine in every description of soil and situation, but
always thriving best in good timber soil ; and, in short, not differing very
materially, in respect to soil, from the sycamore, the elm, the oak, or the ash.
The Scotch pine produces cones at the age of fifteen or twenty years ; and
every cone generally contains from 60 to 100 seeds. The cones are gathered
in the months of December and January, and laid in a dry loft, where they
will keep good for a year or two, if not wanted for sowing ; and whence they
may be taken in early spring, and exposed to the sun, or at any season, and
slightly dried on a kiln, as already mentioned, p. 949.

LXXVII. CONI

: PI NUS.

955

* 5 2. P. (s.) PUMI'LIO Hanke. The dwarf, or Mountain, Pine.

Identification. Hsenke Beob., 68. ; Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 2.

Synonymes. P. sylvestrts montana y Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. I. 3. p. 366. ; P. s. humilis y Neal, ; P.

humilis, &c., Tourn. Inst. 586., Link Abhand. p. 171. ; Pin nain, Fr. ; Krumholz, Ger.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 2. ; our fig. 1765. to our usual scale ; sad figs. 1763. and 1764.

of the natural size.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches generally recumbent. Leaves short, stiff, some-
what twisted ; thickly distributed over the branches, with long, lacerated,
woolly, white sheaths. Cones, when young, erect ; when mature, pointing
outwards. Buds (fig. 1763.) ovate, blunt, resinous. Leaves . 1764. c

1764. P (s.)pumOio.

1765.

from 2 in. to 2^ in. long; sheaths, at first, from ^in. to If in. long, white
and lacerated ; afterwards falling off or shrinking to £ in. or ^ in. long, and
becoming dark brown or black. Cones (d) from l|in. to 2 in. long, and
from f in. to 1 in. broad ; reddish or dark purplish brown when young, and
of a dull brown when mature. Scales (6) and seeds (a) resembling those
of P. sylvestris, but smaller. Cotyledons 5 to 7. A large spreading bush,
or low tree. Europe, on mountains. Height 10 ft. to 20 ft. Introduced
in 1779. Flowering and ripening its cones at the same time as the Scotch
pine, when in a similar locality.
Varieties.

m f P. ($.) p. 2 rubrtzflora. — Flowers red. • .

* 1 P. (s.) p. 3 Fischen Booth, Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836, Lawson's Man.
p. 333. — In the shoots and foliage, it bears so strong a resemblance
to P. (s.) pumilio, that we doubt very much if it even merits to be
considered as a variety of that species. In-
troduced in 1832. H. S.

» f P. (s.) p. 4 Mughus. P. s. Mugho Matt.
Camer. ; P. montana Baum. Cat. ; P. Mugho
Jacq., Poir., and N. Du Ham. v. p. 233.
t.68. (our/gs. 1766. and 1767., the latter
showing the cone, seed, scale, and sheath of
leaves, of the natural size) ; P. echinata
Hort. ; P. uncinata Bamond in Dec., Lodd.
Cat. ed. 1836 ; the Mugho wild Pine ; Pin
Mugho, Torch epin, Pin suffis, Pin crin, Pin
du Brian9onnais, Pin de Montagne, Fr. ;
Bergfichte, Ger. ; Mughi, Ital. — This variety
is included by Aiton and others in the pre-
ceding one; but, having seen both sorts
bearing cones, we are satisfied that they are
distinct, though they bear so close a resem-
blance to each other in foliage and habit, nee. P.M

956

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1767. P. (s.) Mitghut.

that, when the cones
are absent, they
might be supposed
to be identical. It
is remarked in the
Nouveau Du Hamel,
that all the pub-
lished figures of this
variety are bad, with
the exception of the
one given in that
work, from which
ours is copied. On
comparingj%5. 1764.
and 1767., it will be
found that the cones
of P. (s.) p. Mu-
ghus, independently
of the peculiar pro-
tuberant appearance
of the scales, are
larger than those of
P. (s.) pumilio. This
and other differences
in the cones are quite

sufficient, in a technical point of view, to constitute P. (s.) p.
Mughus and P. (s.) pumilio distinct species ; but, notwithstanding
this, they bear such obvious marks of belonging to P. sylvestris, in
their foliage, habit, and locality, that we cannot for a moment hesi-
tate about their connexion with that species.

» * P. (s.) p. 5 M. ndna. The Knee Pine of the Styrian Alps.— Never
grows above 3ft. high. (Antoine's Coniferen, p. 13.; and Gard. Mag.,
1841, p. 29.) A plant has been in the Trinity College Botanic
Garden, Dublin, since 1817; and, in 20 years, it has not attained a
greater height than an ordinary-sized man's knee.

Other Varieties. P. (s.) pumilio and P. (s.) p. Mughus vary so much
according to the localities in which they are found, that, if it were desirable
to increase the number of subvarieties, there might be a dwarf, a tall, and a
medium form given to each. In the Horticultural Society's Garden, there
is a handsome, erect-growing, small tree of P. (s.) p. Mughus, under the
name of P. uncinata, and also a dwarf plant, under the same name ; both
producing hooked cones.

t 3. P. LARI'CIO Poir. The Corsican, or Larch, Pine.

Identification. Poir. in Lam. Enoyc., 5. p. 339. ; Dec. Fr. FL, 3. p. 274.

Synonymes. P. sylvestris t marftima Ait. Hort. Kew. iii. p. 366. ; P. maritima, ed. 2. v. p. 315. ;
Pinastro, Pino chiappino, Ital.

Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t.4. ; N. Du Ham., t. 69. and 69. f. 2. ; the plates of this species
in Arb. Brit, 1st edit., vol. viii. ; our fig. 1771. to our usual scale, from a specimen received from
the Horticultural Society's Garden ; and figs. 1768. to 1770. of the natural size

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves lax, twice the length of the cones. Cones conical,
often in pairs, sometimes, but rarely, in threes or in fours. Scales convex
on the back, elliptic in their general form, scarcely angular, and very slightly
pointed. Male flowers almost sessile, elongated, having the anthers ter-
minated by a small round crest. Bud (see Jig. 1768.) from fin. to 1 in.
long ; and from f in. to \ in. broad ; ovate, with a long narrow point, and
concave at the sides, resembling a camel-hair pencil. Scales adpressed, and
encrusted with white resin. The centre bud generally surrounded by three
or more small buds. Cones varying from 2 in. to 3 in. or more in length ;

LXXVII. CONl'FERjE : Pl^NUS.

957

and from f in. to 1^ in. in breadth. The

points of the scales turned over like an

under lip, and terminating in a point

which has a very small prickle, often

scarcely perceptible. The colour of the

cone tawny, and the interior part of the
scales purple. Leaves vary-
ing in length from 4 in. to
6 in. and upwards ; gene-
rally two in a sheath on the
side branches, but occasion-
ally three on the leading
shoots. Seeds greyish or
black, twice as large as those
of P. sylvestris. Cotyledons
(see fig. 1 770.) 6 to 8. A
lofty tree. Corsica, Spain,
Italy, Greece, and various
parts of the South of Eu-
rope, the Hartz in Ger-
1768. many, and Caucasus in

Russia ; generally on deeper

soil than P. sylvestris. Height 60 ft.,

80ft., 100ft., 150ft., according to the

variety, the climate, and the soil. In-
troduced in 1759. It flowers in May,

and its cones are ripe in November of

the second year.

Varieties. Judging from the names in
Continental catalogues, these are nume-
rous ; but, as these names are chiefly expressive of different localities, we
are ignorant how far the plants are really distinct. In the Nouveau Du
Hamel only one variety is given, which is characterised by the cones being
greenish, those of the species being described as of a tawny or fawn
colour. Delamarre, in his Traite Pratique, &c., enumerates five
varieties, some of which, however, are considered by M. Vilmorin as
being probably species ; the cones not having yet been seen.

9 P. L. 1 corsicana. Laricio de File de Corse, Delamarre. —

Cones of a tawny or fallow colour,
f P. L. 2 subviridis Nouveau Du Hamel. — Cones of a greenish

yellow.

f P. L. 3 caramdnica. P. caramanica Bosc; P. caramaniensis
Bon Jard.y ed. 1837, p. 974. ; Laricio de Caramanie ou de
F Asia Mineure, Delamarre ; ? P. romana Lond. Hort. Soc.
Gard. — P. L. caramanica seldom grows to above half the
height of P. L. corsicana : it has a much rounder and
more bushy head, with straight, or nearly straight, leaves,
slender branches, reddish-coloured bark, and reddish buds,
which are wholly, or in part, covered with white resin.
The scales of the cones, which are larger than those of
P. L. corsicana, are tipped with a harder and more horny
point. Introduced into France from the Levant in 1798,
and to England in 1820.

1 P. L. 4> caldbnca. Laricio de Mont Sila en Calabre, Dela-
marre.— This pine, Michaux and Vilmorin remark in a
note to Delamarre's work, resembles the pine of Caramania ;
but there are only young plants of it in France, which have
not yet fruited. 1770.

958 ARBORETUM ET FRUT1CETUM BRITANNICUM.

* P. L. 5 austriaca. P. austriaca Hoss ; Laricio d'Autriche, ou de la
Hongrie, Delamarre. — Scarcely differs from P. caramanica, which
grows both in Romania and in the Crimea. We are satisfied of this,
not only from living plants in British gardens, but from cones which
we have received from Vienna.

Other Varieties. P. altissima and probably some other names are applied
to P. Laricio, or some of its varieties, but not in such a manner as to enable
us to state anything satisfactory respecting them. The only truly distinct
forms of this species, in our opinion, are, P. L. corsicana, P. L. carama-
nica (of which there is a handsome tree in the Horticultural Society's
Garden, under the name of P. romana), P. L. Pallasidna (of which there
are trees at White Knights and Boyton), and perhaps P. L. pyrenaica ; the
two last we have treated as species, for the sake of keeping them distinct.
The branches are disposed in whorls, of five or six in a whorl ; which are
distinguished from the branches of P. Pinaster, by being often twisted and
turned in a lateral direction at their extremities, especially in full-grown trees.
The leaves vary much in length, according to the age of the tree, and the soil
on which it grows. The shortest are generally 4 or 5 inches, and the longest 7
or 8 inches, long. The cones are commonly
in pairs, but sometimes three and some-
times four occur together : they point
horizontally and slightly downwards, and
sometimes they are slightly curved, so as
to be concave at the extremity of the side
next the ground. They are from 2 in. to
3 in., of more, in length; of a ruddy yellow
or tawny colour, or greenish. In France,
according to Thouin, P. Laricio grows
two thirds faster than the Scotch pine,
placed in a similar soil and situation.
Baudrillart says that the wood of P.
Laricio has neither the strength nor the
elasticity of that of P. sylvestris. Previ-
ously to the year 1788, the wood was only
used by the French government for the
beams, the flooring, and the side planks of

ships ; but, in that year, the administration 17n P Larfcio>

of the marine sent two engineers to examine

the Forests of Lonca and Rospa in Corsica, in which abundance of trees were
found fit for masts. After this, entire vessels were built with it : only it was
found necessary to give greater thickness to the masts, in order to supply its
want of strength and elasticity. The thickness of the sap wood in P. Laricio
is greater than in most other species of pine ; but the heart wood is found to
be of very great duration. In Corsica, it is employed for all the purposes for
which it is used, when of 36 or 40 years' growth. It is easily worked, and
is used both by cabinetmakers and sculptors in wood ; the figures which orna-
ment the heads of vessels being generally made of it. In Britain, the tree
hitherto can only be considered as being one of ornament ; and, as such, it
deserves to be planted extensively for its very regular and handsome form, and
the intensely dark green of its abundant foliage. It also deserves planting on
a large scale as a useful tree, on account of the great rapidity of its growth.
In the low districts of Britain, it might probably be a good substitute for P.
sylvestris.

i 4. P. (L.) AUSTRI'ACA Hoss. The Austrian, or black, Pine.

Identification. Hciss Anleit., p. 6. ; Lawson's Manual, p. 338.
Synonymes. P. ni'gricans Hort . ; P. nigrescens Hort. ; schwarta Fohre, Ger.

Engravings. Fig. 1772., showing the bud of a plant of two years' growth in the Horticultural So-
ciety's Garden ; xnAfig. 1773., a cone of the natural size, from a specimen recetred at Vienna.

LXXVII.

: PIVNUS.

959

1773. P. (L.) austrlaca.

Spec. Char., fyc. Sheath with from 3 to 5 rings, at first of a clear ash grey,

then becoming reddish, afterwards darker, and at last black. Leaves from

2 in. to 5 in. long ; seldom, and but little, twisted ; when young, erect ;

when older, standing out, and curved towards the twig; outer surface

half-round, dark green, glossy, and with a

sharply serrated margin ; inner surface nearly

even, but slightly dotted along the ridge;

points prickly, of a yellowish brown or fawn

colour. Buds large, the leader often from

I in. to IA in. long, ovate, with a long point.
The cone does not arrive at maturity till
October in its second year ; it is conical,
rounded at the base, 2 or 3 inches long,
pointing horizontally, or nearly so ; of
a light yellow brown, polished, and shin-
ing. Seeds very closely resembling those
of P. Laricio ; and the cotyledons 6 or
8, as in that species. The bark of the
snoots of the current year is of a green-
ish yellow, regularly and deeply raised
by the insertions of the leaves, furrowed,

1772> and shining. (Hoss's Gemeinfassliche An-

Icitung, &c., p. 8.) A large tree. Austria, in

the Breima Forest ( Wiener wald), the Banate,

upon the Demoglet, near Mehadia ; and in

the neighbourhood of the Snowy Mountains,

at higher altitudes than Picea pectinata.

Height 60 ft. to 80 ft. Introduced in 1835.

It flowers about the end of May, and its

cones are ripe in the October of the second year.

This pine prefers a deep, dry, calcareous sand ; but it will succeed in any
soil, provided it is loose; and it even loves a moist soil, if not too wet. It
thrives best in situations having a southern aspect. The sap wood of P. aus-
triaca is said by Hoss to be of a whitish yellow, and the heart wood of a rusty
yellow ; the latter being very resinous, strong, and tough. It is much valued
in Austria, when kept dry ; and is said to surpass even the larch in resisting
the injurious effects of water, or of alternate moisture and dry ness.

1 5. P. (L.) PALLASIA'NA Lamb. Pallas's, or the Tartarian, Pine.

Identification. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. 1. 5. ; Lawson's Manual, p. 339.

Synonymes. P. tatirica Hort. ; P. tata- .
rica in the Hammersmith Nursery in
1797 ; P. maritima Pall. Ind. Taur.
(according to a specimen in Mr. Lam-
bert's herbarium) ; Tzaamin the Tartar
language.

Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 5. ;
the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit, 1st
edit., vol. viii. ; our figs. 1774. and 1776.
to our usual scale ;figS: 1775. and 1777.
of the natural size, from living speci-
mens received from A. B. Lambert,
Esq., taken from his trees at Boyton.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves in pairs,
very long, erect, rigid, chan-
neled ; sheaths very short.
Crest of the anthers roundish,
convex, repand. Cone ovate-
oblong, often curved. Scales
slightly tuberculate, and termi-
nated by a very small prickle.
(Lamb.) Bud (Jig. 1775.)
£ in. to 1 i in. long, and from

1774. P. (L.) Pallasidiw.

960

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

i in. to I in. broad ; ovate, and pointed, with the sides con-
cave, like those of P. Laricio, but much larger. Leaves
(see Jig. 1777.) from 4 in. to 7 or 8 inches in length ; sheath
from ^in. to fin. in length. Cones from 4 in. to 5 in. in
length, and from IA in. to If in. in breadth at the widest
part; ovate-oval, acuminate, horizontal in their direction,
and slightly incurved at the extremities, which point down-
wards. Scales as in those of P. Larfcio, but larger. A
large spreading tree. Taurica, Height 60 ft. to 70 ft., some-
times 80 ft. Introduced in 1790. It flowers in the end of May,
and its cones are ripe in November of the second year.

Varieties. We can readily conceive that P. L. Pallasiana, like
every other variety of P. Laricio, is liable to sport ; and,
accordingly, of the trees possessed by Mr. Lambert, one

has the cones straight and short, and another long and crooked. The P.

taurica of the London gardens

is without doubt a synonyme,

and not even a variety.

This tree is about the size of
P. sylvestris, but much more
spreading, sending out numerous
large, declining, and horizontal
branches from the summit to the
base ; the lower branches almost
equalling the trunk itself in size.
The chief circumstance in which

1775.
P. (L.) Palla,t<j

1776. P. (L.) Pallas/Ana.

P. (L.) Pallasiana differs from
P. Laricio, judging from the trees
at White Knights, is in the length
of the cones : the leaves are also
larger than those of P. Larfcio;
and, on the whole, the differ-
ence may be compared to that
which exists between Tilia eu-

1777. P. (L.)

LXXVII. CONI'FER^S : PIVNUS.

961

ropae^a and T. e. grandifolia, or the pin de Hageneau and the pin de
Geneve.

Identification.
p. 335.

? 6. P. (L.) PYRENA'ICA Lap. The Pyrenean Pine.

La Peyrouse Supp. Fl. Pyren. ; Bon Jard., ed. 1837, p. 975. 4 Lawson's Manual,

Synonynies. P. hispanica Cook's Sketches in Spain, 2. p. 237. : Pinaster hispanica Ruxas di San
Clemente ; P. penicellus Lap. Hist, des PI. des Pyrenees ; P. halepensis m&jor Ann. cC Hort. de
Paris, 13. p. 187. ; Pin Nazaron, Pin pinceau, Fr.

Engravings. Our Jig* 1780. from a cone received from M. Vilmorin, fig. 1778. from a bud of the
plant in the Horticultural Society's Garden, both of the natural size; and fig. 1779., to our usual
scale, from a tree growing, in 1837, at Woodside, near Hatfield, the residence of John Church, Esq.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves long, in tufts at the extremities of the shoots ;
branches dispersed, naked, scaly when young. Cones conical,
smooth, and a little recurved, seeds hard. (Lap.) The tree when
young somewhat resembles P. halepensis, but when older it assumes
a much higher stature, and a more pyramidal form. The cones are,
like those of P. halepensis, on strong footstalks ; but, instead of
pointing downwards, they are always in a horizontal direction. The
leaves are long and fine ; but strong and upright, and arranged round
the branches like the hairs of a camel-hair pencil, whence the name
of pin pinceau. They are sometimes three in a sheath, on the
young shoots. (Ann. de la Soc. tfHort. de Paris, xiii. p. 186.) A
majestic tree. Spain, in the extensive forests of the Sierra de
Segura, and other places. Height 60 ft. to 80 ft. Introduced in
1834. It flowers in May, and its cones are ripened in the November 1778.
of the second year.

Captain Cook, who introduced this pine, describes it as quite hardy, of quick
growth, and from its noble appearance, the beauty of its form, and the clear

1779. P. (L.) pyrenaica.

transparent colour of both the bark and foliage, likely to be a vast acquisition
to our park scenery. The timber is white and dry, being nearly without tur-
pentine ; but the cones exude a most delicious balsamic odour, as do the
leaves. H. S.

* 7. P. PINA'STER Ait. The Pinaster, or Cluster, Pine

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 1., 3. p. 3G7.

Synonymes. P. sylvestris -y Lin. Syst. Reich. 4. p. 172. ; P. marltima altera Du Ham, Arh No 4

3 Q

962

ARBORETUM ET FUUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

t. 29. ; P. maritima N. Du 11am. 5. p 240. ; P. syrtica Thore Prom, sur les CAles de Gascognc,
p 161 • P. Massoui^wa Lamb. 2 ed. 118. ; Pin de Bordeaux, Pin dcs Landes ; Pinastro, Ital.
Engravings. Du Ham. Arb., No. 4. t. 26. ; Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 9. ; N. Du Ham , 5. t. 72. and
72. bis f. 1. ; the plates of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st. edit. vol. viii. ; our fig. 1786., to our usual
scale ;figs. 1781. and 1782., of the natural size, from Dropmore and Pain's Hill specimens.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves in pairs, rigid, very long. Cones conical, placed in
whorls of 3, 4, or even as many as 8, together ; rather solitary, much shorter
than the leaves ; the
backs of the scales
forming each a rhom-
boidal pyramid, with
two lateral angles,
from which proceed
ribs, terminating at
the summit of the
pyramid in a smaller
pyramid, which has
a hard point, more
or less sharp, and of
a grey colour. Crest
of the anthers round-
ed. Bud (fig 1781.)

1781. P. Pin&ster.

from | in. to f in.
long; and from fin.
to A in. broad ;
straight-sided, cylin-
drical, with the scales
turned back ; white
and woolly, but never
resinous ; surround-
ing buds few and
small. Leaves (see
fig. 1782.) from 6 or
8 inches to 1 ft. in
length, slightly ser-
rated on the mar-
gins ; sheaths from
^in. to fin. in length;
imbricated, scarcely rigid ; pale green or whitish at first, and becoming
at last black. Cones from 4 in. to 6 in. in length, and from If in.
to 2| in. wide at the broadest part; light brown, and shining; scales
from 1 in. to l^in. in length, and from \ in. to fin. in breadth at the widest
part ; terminating in a regular pyramid ; rhomboidal at the base. The sum-
mit consisting of a smaller rhomboidal pyramid, of an ash-grey colour, very

1782. P. Pinaster.

LXXVII. CONI'FERJE : PIVNUS.

963

hard, and with a small sharp point, more particularly in the upper part of
tne cone. Seeds oblong, and measuring, without the wing, upwards of
§in. in length, and nearly A in. in breadth ; with the wing above If in. in
length; wing nearly | in. in breadth. Cotyledons 7 or 8. A large tree.
South of Europe and Greece ; chiefly in low situations, and sandy soils
near the sea. Height 50 ft. to 60 ft. sometimes 70 ft. Introduced in 1596. It
flowers, near London, in the beginning of June ; in the North and West of
France, in May ; and on the Landes of Bordeaux, in April ; and the cones
ripen at the end of the second year.

Varieties. The extensive geographical range of this tree has given rise to
many varieties, though we have seen but very few that can be considered
truly distinct.

1 P. P. 2 Aberdomtt Gard. Mag. vol.xv. p. 128. P.P. Escarenws Arb.
Brit. 1st edit. p. 2214. — The leaves are of a paler green than those
of the species, but they are equally long and strong. The
cones are shorter, and more ovate. A most distinct and
handsome variety. Introduced into Britain by the Earl of
Aberdeen, in 1825.

t P. P. 3 Lemomanus. P. LemomYma Benth. Hort. Trans-
act., vol. i., second series, p. 509, pi. 20. ; and our Jig.

1783. to our usual scale, and fig.

1784. to the natural size. — This is
also a very distinct variety, but
quite the opposite of the last ;
being a stunted bushy plant, with

1783.

1784.

zigzag, close, and twiggy branches ; and standing appa-
rently in the same relation to P. Pinaster that P. (s.)
pumilio does to P. sylvestris.

I P. P. 4 minor. P. maritima minor N. Du Ham. \. p. 242. t. 72. bis,
f. 1., and our j%. 1785. ; Pin Pinsot, Pin de Mans, Pin a Trochet.—
This variety, which is chiefly distinguished by the somewhat smaller
size of its cones, being from 3| in. to 4 in. long, and If in. broad, is
said by Bosc to be produced by a colder climate, and to abound on
the west coast of France, especially on the barren sands in the
neighbourhood of Mans ; and to be hardier than the species. It is
found in the Landes of Bordeaux, growing along with P. Pinaster.

i P. P. 5 fbliis variegatis. — Leaves variegated.

1 P. P. 6 maritimus. — Shoots and leaves more slender than those of the
species. Greece and Italy, on the sea coast.

Other Varieties. Several enumerated in our first edition bear the names
SQ 2

964

ARBORETUM

FRUTICETUM HIUTANNICUM.

of the countries whence they were introduced, but they are not worth
keeping distinct. The only varieties of pinaster which we think worth cul-
tivating are, P. P. Aberdom'te and P. P. LemomWw«s, and, for those who
like variegated plants, P. P. foliis variegatis.

There is a more decided taproot in this pine than in
any other European species ; and, where the soil is dry and
sandy, it descends perpendicularly into it, like the root of a
broad-leaved tree. In proportion as the perpendi-
cular roots are stronger than those of other pines,
the horizontal roots are weaker ; and hence, in the
case of transplanted trees, from the weight of the

1786. P. Pin.'ister.

head, produced by the dense mass of long foliage, the stem is generally
inclined to one side ; and when, after two or three years, it begins to grow
erect, a curvature appears close above the root, which remains visible even in
old trees. The rate of growth is very rapid ; plants, in 10 years from the
seed, attaining the height of 10 or 12 feet, and, in twenty years, the height of
30 ft., in the climate of London. The wood is in thick layers, soft, and not
of great duration. The most remarkable fact in the history of this tree is the
great use which has been made of it in France, in covering immense tracts of
barren sand on the sea coast. Though the wood of the pinaster is soft, and
not of long duration, it is employed, in the marine arsenal at Toulon, for the
outer cases of all the packages which are put on board vessels, and principally
for the piles and props which are used for sustaining the frames of vessels
while they are being constructed. In Bordeaux and in Provence, it is em-
ployed for the common kinds of carpentry, for packing-boxes, and for fuel ;
but the most valuable purposes to which the tree is applied in these countries
is the production of rosin, tar, and lampblack. The modes of procuring pitch,
tar, rosin, &c., from the Pinaster, are given at length in our first edition, vol. iv.
p. 2221. to 2224. A deep dry sand, or a sandy loam on a dry bottom, suits
this tree best ; it abhors chalk, and every description of calcareous soil. With

LXXV1I. CONl'FEKjE I PI^NUS.

965

respect to elevation, though it will endure the sea breeze, it will not thrive, in
England, much above the level of the sea.

1 8. P. PI'NEA L. The Stone Pine.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1419. ; Ait. Hort. Kew., ed 1., 3. p. 308.

Synonymes. P. saliva Bauh. Pin. p. 491. ; P. domestica Matth. Comm. 87. ; Pin Pignon, Pin bon,

Pin cultive, Pin Pinier, Fr. ; Geneissbere Fichte, Gcr. ; Pino da Pinocchi, Hal.
Engravings. Blackw., t. 189. ; Du Kara. Arb., 2. t. 27. ; Tabern. Ic., 936. ; Lamb. Pin., 1. t. 10,

11. j N. Du Ham., 5. t. 72. f. 3. ; Poll, et Turp., t. 125. ; Michx. N. Amer. SyL, 3. t. 135. ; the

plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. viii. ; our Jig. 1788., to our usual scale ; figs. 1787. to

1789., of the natural size, from Dropmore and White Knights.

Spec. Char., tyc. Leaves in pairs. Cones ovate, obtuse, nearly as long as the
leaves, their scales with recurved deciduous points. Seed bony, with very
short wings. Crest of the anthers jagged. (Smith.) The
buds (see fig. 1787.) resemble those of Pinaster, but
are smaller in all their dimensions, much less pointed,
more woolly, and wholly without resin. The surround-
ing buds are nearly as large as the central one. The
leaves are from 5 in. to 7 in., and sometimes 8 in., long,
serrated ; sheaths, at first, A in. long, afterwards becoming
lacerated, shortened to half their length, and ringed with
four or five rings. Cone from 5 in. to 6 in. in length ; and •
from 3|in. to 4 in. in breadth ; scales large and woody, from
2 in. to 2^ in. in length, and from 1 in. to l£in. in breadth,
with the thickened part pyramidal, rhomboidal, and some-
times hexagonal in the plan, resembling those of P. Pinaster,
but having four ribs from the four angles, instead of two
from the lateral angles. The ribs meet in a small rhomboidal pyramid, of a
grey colour, which terminates in a broad blunt prickle. The colour of the
entire cone is much lighter than that of P. Pinaster, and is of a pale wains-
cot colour. Seeds, without the wing, f in. long, and from | in. to £ in.
broad ; with the wing, 1 in. long. Cotyledons 9 to 11. A low or middle-
sized tree. Greece, and cultivated in Italy. Height, in Greece, 50 ft. to 60 ft.;
in England, 15ft. to 20ft., rarely 30ft. Introduced in 1548. It flowers,
in the climate of London, in the latter end of May or the beginning of June,
and ripens its cones in the autumn of the second year.

Varieties.

1 ? P. P. 2frdgilis N Du Ham. v. p.

242. — The only variety mentioned

by Continental authors ; and it

only differs from the species in

having a tender shell to the seed,
f P. P. 3 cretica Hort. — The leaves

seem to be rather finer than those

of the species.

In the South of Europe, this species is a
large tree, with a spreading head, forming a
kind of parasol, and a trunk 30 or 40 feet
high, clear of branches ; but in England it
generally forms a bush rarely exceeding
15 ft. in height. The soil for the stone
pine should be deep, sandy, and dry, and
the situation sheltered, though the plants
should not be crowded. The seeds are
procured from foreign cones, which are
generally purchased in the autumn, or at
the beginning of winter, and the seeds
taken out of them by throwing them into
hot water, and treating them like those cf pinaster. They are frequently
sown in pots in the course of the winter, and preserved in a frame, and kept

960 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BIUTANNICUM.

gently moist, till the spring ; when most of the seeds will come up, though
some will remain in the ground till the second year. Their tardy germination
is owing to the thickness of the shell of the seed, which some cultivators
break before sowing, though at the risk of injuring the seed. The plants
which come up should be transplanted into small pots, after midsummer of
the same year, or, at all events, not later than the following spring ; and, for
two or three years, they should be kept during winter in a frame, quite close
to the glass. The plants are very tender for the first two or three years ; but
in the fourth and fifth years they will endure the open air, in the climates of

LXXVII.

PINUS.

967

London and Paris, without any protection. The leaves of this species, as
well as of several others, have quite a different appearance for the first two
years from what they have ever afterwards ; they are very glaucous, ciliated
on their margins, very short, and very sharp-pointed. During this period,
they are single and without sheaths ; but afterwards they come out in pairs,
with sheaths, these pairs being what are considered by botanists as abortive
shoots. The nursery treatment of the stone pine is the same as that recom-
mended for the pinaster, with which the tree is frequently confounded ; this
species having also very long taproots, which render it necessary to be ex-
tremely careful in taking them up for removal : indeed, they should generally
be grown in pots ; and, when they are turned out of the pots to be planted
where they are finally to remain, the greatest care should be taken to stretch
out the roots, and to spread them carefully in every direction.

t 9. P. HALEPE'NSIS Ait. The Aleppo Pine.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., 3. p. 367. ; Lam. Pin., ed. 2. 1. t. 7. ; N. Du Ham.. 5. p. 238.
Synonymes. P. hierosolymitana Du Ham, Arb. 2. p. 126. ; P. maritima prlma Mathiolus ; Pin de

Jerusaleme, Fr. ; Pino d' Aleppo, Ital.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 7. (exclusive of the ripe cone, which is that of P. Laricio) ;

the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit , 1st edit, vol. viii. ; oar Jig. 1793., to our usual scale ; and. figs.

1790. to 1792. ; all from specimens from a tree in the Horticultural Society's Garden.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves in pairs, very slender. Cones pyramidal, rounded
at the base, turned downwards, smooth,
solitary or in pairs, stalked. (Lois.,
and obs.) Buds (see fig. 1 790.) from
^ in. to £ in. Ions, and from -j^in. to
A in. broad ; imbricated, roundish, some-
what pointed, wholly without resin ;
and altogether like those of a pinaster

P. halev^nsis. 1791.

in miniature. Cones (fig. 1792.) from
2£ in. to 3 in. in length ; and from 1^ in.
to 1£ in. in breadth ; invariably turned
downwards, so as to form an acute angle
with the stem. Footstalks of the cones
from £ in. to fin. in length. Scale (fig.
1791. a) from liin. to liin. long, and
£ in. broad. Seed, without the wing (c), from £ in. to f in. in length, and
^-in. in breadth ; with the wing (6), from 1 in. to l£in. in length. Coty-
ledons about 7. A low tree. South of Europe, Syria, and Barbary, in dry
sandy warm soils. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft. Introduced in 1683. It flowers,
in the climate of London, about the end of May or the beginning of June,
and the cones are ripened in the autumn of the second year.
Varieties.

i P. h. 2 minor. — Cones rather smaller than in the species, but it is
scarcely worth keeping distinct. Horticultural Society's Garden.
3Q 4

968

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

P. halepens

1 P. h. Smaritima. P. marftima Lamb. Pin. ed. 2. t. 6. — According to
Mr. Lambert's figure, the cones of this variety, in the different forms
in which he has given it, are all larger than those of the species. A
very doubtful variety.

1 P. h. 4 gemienais. P. genuensis Cook. — Does not appear, in foliage
and habit, different from the species. The cone we possess is 3 in.
long, and l£in. in diameter at the broadest end, and regularly pyra-
midal. The length of the stalk is | in.

The leaves are of a deep green, 2 or 3 inches long, most commonly 2 in a
sheath, but sometimes, though rarely, 3 ; and they
are so disposed as to form a double spiral round
the branches. They never remain longer than
two years on the tree ; in consequence of which
the branches of old trees have a naked a; pear-
ance, and the head looks open, straggling, and
thin. The male catkins are reddish, from £ in.
to -^in. in length, on short pedicels, disposed
in branches of 30 or 40 together. The crest is
large, proportionably to the size of the anthers,
and is rounded. The female catkins are not,
as is usual, placed at the extremity of the shoot
of the year, but come out at the side of the shoot,
and towards the middle of it ; they point outwards
during their flowering, and are of a greenish hue,
slightly tinged with red. The cones have very
strong peduncles of half an inch or more in length ;
and, as they advance in size, they take a direction
almost perpendicularly downwards. The tree
grows rapidly when young, acquiring the height
of 15 or 20 feet in ten years.

* 10. P. BRU'TTIA Ten. The Calabrian Pine.

Identification. Ten. Fl. Nap. Prod , p. 69. ; Synops., ed. alt., p. C6. ; Link Abhand., 1837, p. 176.
Synonymes. P. conglomerata Grecfer PL Exsicc., as quoted by Lambert ; Kalabrische Kiefer, Ger.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., vol. 3. t. 82v ; and our figs. 1795. and 1796., from Lambert, and from a
young tree in the Horticultural Society's Garden, sent there by Mr. Lambert.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves in pairs, very long, slender, wavy. Cones
sessile, crowded, ovate, smooth. Scales truncate at the apex,
flattish, umbilicate (Lamb.) Buds (see Jig. 1794.) fin. long,
and -i-in. broad; ovate, pointed, whitish, and wholly without
resin ; centre bud surrounded by three smaller buds. Leaves
from 3| in. to 4 in. long on the young plant in the Horticultural
Society's Garden ; but above 6 in. long in Mr. Lambert's figure.
Sheaths, in both, less than ^ in. in length. According to Link, a
lofty tree, vying with P. Laricio. Calabria, on mountains,
4 000 ft. to 5000 ft. above the level of the sea. Height 70 ft. to
80ft. sometimes 100ft. Introduced in 1836. 17<J1-

Leaves in twos, rarely in threes, very long, slender, glabrous, wavy, spread-
ing, about 9 in. long ; light green, canaliculate above, convex beneath, serrulate
on the margin, terminated by a small conical callous mucro ; sheaths about
i in. long, persistent, of an ash-brown colour, membranaceous, entire round
the tops, guarded at bottom with a linear-lanceolate, revolute, bright brown,
thread-like, ciliated scale (metamorphosed leaf). Cones sessile, generally in
clusters, ovate, smooth, brownish, 2 in. to 3 in. long. Cones truncate at the
apex, flattish, trapezoidal, umbilicate, smooth, obsoletely 4-angled ; umbilicus
dilated, depressed, somewhat hollow, ash-coloured. ( D. Don.) This species
is nearly related to P. h. maritima , but it is readily distinguished both from
it and P. halepensis by its very long wavy leaves, and by its shorter, sessile,
clustered cones, with the scales depressed and slightly concave at their apex.

LXXVII. CONI'FER^E: PIVNUS. 969

The leaves resemble those of P. Larfcio ; but they are more slender, and
rather longer ; and both species differ essentially in their cones. Sprengel
has referred it to P. Pinaster, not even allowing it
the rank of a variety ; but, according to Lambert's
Monograph, the leaves in P. Pinaster are twice as

stout, straight, and rigid, and disposed in interrupted verticels ; and the cones
are double the size, with the scales elevated and angular. The tree of P.
bruttia is said to attain a considerable size, and to yield timber of excellent
quality. (Lamb. Pin.) H. S.

B. Natives of North Ameiica.
¥ 11. P. BANKS//*^ Lamb. Banks's, or the Labrador, Pine.

Identification. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 3. ; N. Du Ham., 5. p. 234. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 2.

p. 642.
Sijnonymes. P. sylvestris divaricata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3. p. 366. ; P. rup£stris Michx. N. Amer. %/.

3. p. 118. ; P. hudsonica Lam. Encyc. 5. p. 339. ; Scrub Pine, Grey Pine, Hudson's Bay Pine ;

Ypres, Canada.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 3. ; Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. t. 136. ; our fig.

1799. to our usual scale of 1 in. to 2 ft. ; andfig. 1798. of the natural size.

Spec. Char., tyc. Leaves in pairs, divaricated, oblique. Cones
recurved, twisted. Crest of the anthers dilated. (Smith.) Bud
A in. long, iin. broad; cylindrical, blunt at the point, whitish,
and covered with resin in large particles ; central bud surrounded
by from three to five smaller buds, as shown in^. 1797. Leaves
(see fig, 1798.) from 1 in. to li in. in length, including the
sheath, "which is short, and has three or four rings. Cones from
H in. to 2 in. long. Leaves and cones retained on the tree
three or four years. Scales terminating in a roundish protuber- ^797

970 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICU3I.

ance, with a blunt point. Seeds extremely small. A low, scrubby, strag-
gling tree. Hudson's Bay, and farther north than any other American
pine, where it grows among barren rocks. Height, in America, 5 ft. to 8 ft. ;
at Dropmore and White Knights, 15ft. to 30ft. Introduced in 1735.
Flowers yellowish ; May. Cones ripe in the November of the second year.

The catkins of both sexes are expanded in May, before those of P. syl-
vestris ; but, as in that species, the cones do not attain their full size and
maturity till the November of the second year, and do not open to shed their

1798. P. Bankstana. 1799.

seeds till the spring of the third year. The cones are commonly in pairs, of
a grey or ash colour (whence the American name of grey pine) ; they are
above 2 in. long, and have the peculiarity of always pointing in the same di-
rection as the branches. They are remarkable for curving to one side, which
gives them the appearance of small horns. They are extremely hard, and
often remain on the trees several years. Plants are raised from imported
seeds, when these can be procured ; but the species may be inarched, or
grafted in the herbaceous manner, on P. sylvestris.

1 12. P. I^NOPS Ait. The Jersey, or poor, Pine.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 1 ., 3. p. 367., ed. 2., 5. p. 316. ; Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. p. 129. ;

Pursh Sept., 2. p. 641.

Synonymes. P. virginiana Du Eoi Harbk. ed. Pott. 2. p. 47. ; Pin chetif, Fr.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. 1. 12. ; N. Du Ham., t. 69. f. 1. ; Michx. N. Amer. Syl. 3. 1. 137. ;

our./?#. 1801. to our usual scale, and figs. 1800. and 1802. of the natural size, all from Dropmore

specimens,

Spec. Char.y Sf-c. Leaves in pairs. Cones drooping oblong-conical, longer
than the leaves. The scales awl-shaped, with prominent prickles. Crest
of the anthers short, broad, jagged. Bud (j%. 1800.) from f- in. to A in. long,
and i in. broad ; cylindrical, blunt at the point, resinous, brown, and
surrounded by three small buds. Cone (fig. 1802.) from 2£ in. to
3| in. long, and from 1 in. to If in. broad. Some of those at Drop-
more are of the last dimensions. Scales of a hard woody texture,
of a yellowish brown colour, with a sharp woody prickle projecting
from each, which is generally straight. Leaves from If in. to 2J in.
long. Sheaths with 3 or 4 rings. Seeds small, cotyledons 6 to 8.
Young shoots covered with a fine purplish glaucous bloom. A
tortuous-branched low tree, having, at a distance, the general appear-
ance of P. Banksmtttf ; but differing from that species in having many
of the more slender branches pendulous, and the wood of the shoots
of the current year conspicuously glaucous and tinged with violet. 1!
New Jersey to Carolina, on dry barren soils. Height, in America, 30 ft. to
40ft.; at Dropmore and Pain's Hill, 40ft. to 50ft. Introduced in 1739.

LXXVII. CONIFERS: PI'NUS.

971

Flowers in May, and the cones
are matured in November of the
second year.

1801. P. mops. 1802.

The violet colour of the shoots is peculiar to this species and to P. mitis,
among the 2- and 3-leaved pines, but it occurs in the 4-leaved pines, in P.
Sabiniana and P. Coulteri. The buds are resinous; and this matter very
readily exudes, and incrusts the surface of the sections wherever a branch is
cut off At Dropmore, in warm weather during sunshine, the fragrance of
the air in the neighbourhood of this tree is delight-
fully balsamic.

t 13. P. PU'NGENS Michx. The prickly-coned,
or Table Mountain, Pine.

Identification. Michx. Arb., 1. p. 61. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept.,

2. p. 643. ; Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. 1. 17.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 17. ; Michx. N. Amer.

Syl., 3. t. 140. ; our fig. 1804. to our usual scale, and figs.

1803. and 1805. natural size, all from Dropmore specimens.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves short, and thickly set.
Cones top-shaped, very large, yellow. Scales

with hard incurved prickles, thick, and

broad at the base. (Michx.) Bud (fig.

1803.) from |in. to |in. long, and £ in.

broad ; cylindrical, blunt at the point ;

brownish, and covered with white resin ;

generally without small buds. Leaves

(fig. 1805.) 2^ in. long, including the

sheath, which has 4 or 5 rings ; the

leaves are much broader, and rather

shorter and lighter, than those of P.
1803. (S0 pumilio, and tipped with a sharp

point. Cone 3| in. long, and about
2± in. broad. Scale woody, and furnished with a
strong awl-shaped hook, exceeding i in. in length.
Seeds nearly as large as those of P. sylvestris,
rough and black. Cotyledons from 6 to 8.

972

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM

1805. P. pungens.

A tree, with the habit of P. sylvestris, but with a much more branchy
head. North Carolina, on high mountains. Height 40 ft. to 50 ft. Intro-
duced in 1804. Flowers in May, and the cones are ripened in November
of the second year.

Readily distinguished from P. sylvestris by the young leaves not being
glaucous, and by the leaves generally being more straight and rigid, slightly
serrated at the margins, and with shorter sheaths. The leaves are also
of a paler green, both when young and full grown ; so that the tree, when
of large size, has nothing of the gloomy appearance attributed to the Scotch
pine. The cones are of a light yellowish brown colour, without footstalks ;
and they are generally in whorls of 3 or 4- together, pointing horizontally, and
remaining on the tree for many years. At Dropmore, there are cones adher-
ing to the trunk and larger branches of more than 20 years' growth, giving the
tree a very singular appearance ; and rendering its trunk easily distinguishable,
even at a distance, from those of all others of the pine tribe.

i. 14. P. RESINOVSA Ait. The resinous, or red, Pine.

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 1., 3. p 367., ed. 2., 5. p. 316. ; Pursh Fl. Arcer. Sept. 2. p. 642.
Synonymes. P. rubra Michx. N. Amer Syl. 3. p. 112. ; Norway Pine, in Canada ; Yellow Pine, in

Nova Scotia ; le Pin rouge da Canada, Fr.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 13. ; Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. t. 134.; our fig. 1808. to our

usual scale, with a male catkin (m) of the natural size, and figs. 1806. and 1807. of the natural

size, all from Dropmore and White Knights specimens.

Sj)cc. Char., fyc. Bark red. Leaves in pairs, 4 or 5 inches long. Cones of
a reddish brown, ovate-conical, rounded at the base, and half the length of
the leaves; scales dilated in the middle, and unarmed. (Michx.} "Buds

LXXVII. CON1 FER/E : PI NUS.

973

(fg. 1806.), in the White Knights specimen, IA in. long, and yV*n-
broad ; ovate, acuminate, concave on the sides, with a long point,
as in P. Laricio ; but reddish brown, and very resinous. Leaves
(fig. 1807.) from 5 in. to 6 in. long, straight, stiff, and yellow at
the tip; sheath from ^in. to 1 in. long, white, lacerated, and be-
coming short and dark with age. Cone 2 in. long, and li in. broad,
ovate-conical, brownish red, sessile, or with very short footstalks ;
scales -| in. long, and f in. broad. Seeds small ; with the wings f in.
long. The leaves are thickly set, and inclined towards the .shoot,
and much lighter and more glaucous than in P. Laricio and its va-
rieties, in which the foliage is of a darker green than it is in any
other species of Pinus. The shoots are much more naked, the
whole tree is more open and lighter, and the large and small
branches are straighter and more distant, than in P. Laricio ; the
plant is also of much less vigorous growth in British gardens.
A large tree. Canada, near Lake St. John, and also in Nova Scotia and
at Lake Superior; in dry sandy Foils. Height, in America, 60ft. to 70ft. ;
in England, 20 ft. to 30 ft. Introduced in 1756. It flowers in May, and
i he cones are ripened in the autumn of the second year.

The foliage and the cones, and even the tree altogether, bear a close general
resemblance to P. Laricio ; but the different form and colour of the scales,
the lighter tinge of the foliage, and, above all, the much more delicate consti-
tution of the tree, appear sufficient to justify us in retaining it as a distinct
species. We are certain that the trees at White Knights are the true P.
rubra of Michaux ; because they were raised by Messrs. Loddiges from seeds
of P. rubra, sent to them by Bartram of Philadelphia. We have also, since
the above was written, received cones and leaves from Mr. M'Nab, jun.,
\\hich were gathered by him in Upper Canada, in August, 1834, from trees
which had been blown down, and which measured upwards of 70ft. in length.

974

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1810. P. m'tis.

1 15. P. MI Vis Michx. The soft-leaved, or yellow, Pine.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 204. ; N. Amer. Syl., 3. p. 120.

Synonymcs. P. variabilis Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. p. 643. ; ? P. echinata Mill. Diet. No. 12. ; New
York Pine, Spruce Pine, Short-leaved Pine, Yellow Pine, Amer.

Engravings. Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. t. 137 ; our figs. 1812. from Dropmore, and 1813. from Mi-
chaux, to our usual scale; and figs. 1809, 1810, and 1811., of the natural size.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves long, slender ; hollowed on the upper surface. Cones
small, ovate-conical. Scales with their outer surface slightly prominent, and
terminating in a very small slender mucro,
pointing outwards. (Michx.) Buds, on a

young tree (fig. 1809.), T3^- in. long,

and -^j-in. broad ; on an old tree,

larger (fig. 1810.) ; scarcely resinous.

Leaves (fig. 1811. from Michaux)

from 2i in. to 4 in. long, with sheaths

1 in. long ; white, lacerated, afterwards
becoming dark, slightly ringed. Cone

2 in. long, and 1 in. broad in the widest
part. Seeds small; with the wing,
f in. long. Young shoots covered

1809. with a violet-coloured glaucous bloom,
like those of P. mops, by which it is
readily distinguished from the P. variabilis
of Lambert. A beautiful tree, much valued
in America for its timber. New Eng-
land to Georgia, in most pine forests, in
various parts of the United States. Height
50 ft. to 60 ft. in America, and also in Eng-
land ; with a trunk of the uniform diameter of 15 or 18 inches, for nearly
two thirds of its length. Introduced in 1739. Flowers in May, and its
cones are ripened in November of the second year.

The branches are spreading on the lower part of the trunk, but become less
divergent as they approach the head of the tree, where they are bent towards the

body so as to form a summit regularly pyramidal ;
but not spacious in proportion to the dimensions
of the trunk. This narrow conical appearance
of the head, as compared with the spreading
character of those of other species, seems to
have given rise to the
name of spruce pine in
America. The leaves,
according to Michaux,
are 4 or 5 inches long,
fine and flexible, hol-
lowed on the upper
surface, of a dark green,
and united in pairs.
Sometimes, from luxu-
riancy of vegetation,
three leaves are found
in the same sheath on
young shoots, but never
on old branches. The
P. variabilis of Lam-
bert's Pinus, which is
made a synonyme of
this species by Pursh,
is unquestionably a to-
i8ii. P. muis. tally different plant from

LXXVII. CONI'FER^K : PI'NUS.

97,5

the P. mitis of Michaux ; being without the
violet-coloured glaucous bloom on the young
shoots ; having rigid leaves, generally in threes ;
and a cone with very strong prickles, like that of
P. TVda, to which species we have referred it.
The only plants that we know which answer to
Michaux's description of P. mitis are at Drop-
more, where they are readily known by the violet-
coloured glaucous bloom on the young shoots,
and by the leaves being almost all in twos ; at
the same time, it is proper to mention that the
leaves there, though soft and slender, are much
shorter than those in Michaux's figure. The
name applied to this species at Dropmore is P.
variabilis. There is also a plant at Dropmore
named P. mitis ; but it is wholly with three
leaves ; and, as far as we can ascertain (the
tree not having yet borne cones), it belongs
either to P. serotina, or to some variety of it.

1813. P. mitis.

The description given

by Miller of P. echinata, as having finely elongated leaves, and a cone with
very slight slender prickles, agrees perfectly well with this species, as described
by Michaux ; and not at all with Mr. Lambert's P. variabilis, which lie de-
scribes as having leaves only 2 in. long, and cones with scales having " thorny
points of a strong woody texture projecting from them."

9 16. P. CONTO'RTA Douglas. Tine twisted-branched Pine.

Buds roundish, with a blunt point, covered with resin, and brown. Leaves
2 in a sheath, 2 in. long ; sheath very short, imbricated, black. Cones from
2 in. to 2 1 in. long ; and from £ in. to 1 in. broad ; scales with the apices having
a depressed lateral rib, termi-
nating in a blunt point, fur-
nished with a caducous mucro.
The shoots are regularly and
closely covered with leaves,
much in the same manner as
those of P. (s ) pumilio, to
which the specimen sent home
by Douglas, in the Horticul-
tural Society's herbarium,
bears a general resemblance.
This pine was found by
Douglas in North-west Ame-
rica, on swampy ground near
the sea coast ; and, abun-
dantly, near Cape Disap-
pointment and Cape Lookout.
F.g. 1814. to our usual scale, and Jig. 1815. of the natural size, are from
the specimens in the Horticultural Society's herbarium.

1 17. P. TURBINA'TA Bosc. The Top-shaped-coned Pine.

Leaves 2 in a sheath, slightly glaucous, scarcely 1 in. long. The buds
are very small, reddish, fringed, and not resinous. The cones are in whorls
from 2 to 5 together, sharply pointed, longer than the leaves, with the scales
almost square, and not pyramidal. Bosc thinks that it is probably a native
of North America ; but his description is taken from a tree in the garden of
the Petit Trianon, about 40 ft. high, the only one he had seen. He adds that
its general appearance resembles that of P. mitis ; but it differs in its leaves
being much shorter, and its cones being without spines.

1814. P. contorta.

1816. P. cont(5rta.

976

ARIiOllKTUM ET FKUTICETUM 1JIMTANNICUM.

§ ii. TernatfC. — Leaves ft in a Sheath.

A. Natives of North America.
1 18. P. TJED\ L. The* Frankincense, or Loblolly, Pine.

Identification. Lin Sp. PI., 1419. ; Michx. N. Amor. Syl., 3. p. 155. ; Pursh Sept., 2. p. M\.

fii/nom/wes. P. foliis ternis Gron Firg. 152. ; /'. rirglhutna tcMiiil'olia tripilis 1'lnk. Aim. -«»7 ;
' White Pine,a< Petersburg and Richmond, in Virginia; Oldlicld 1'ino, Awn: ; I'in do I'Mm-ons,
Fr.

Engravings. Lamb. Pin., f>cl. 2., 1. t. 15. ; Michx. N. Amcr. Syl., t. 143. ; the plate of this tn-r in
Arb. Brit., 1st edit, vol. viii. ; our Jig. 1819. to our usual srale; and Jigs. 181G. to 1H1H. of tho
natural size, from the Horticultural Society, Dropmore, and Syou si)ecimens.

Spec. C/uir, $c. Leaves in threes, elongated. Cones often in pairs, shorter
than the leaves ; oblong,
pyramidal, somewhat trun-
cate at the apex ; scales
with sharp prickles, turned
inwards. Crest of the
anthers rounded. Buds,

on young trees

(see fiK. 1816.),

£ inch long, and

£ inch broad ;

pointed, with

straight sides ;

brownish red,

and more co-
vered with resin

than any other
me. species, except

7Jin. Banksz'aW.
Buds on the full-grown
tree at Syon as in Jig.
1818. Leaves (see fig.
1817.) from 5£ in. to 5f in.
long, rigid, blunt'y pointed,
channeled in the middle,
with sheaths from | in. to
1 in. long ; brown, and
faintly ringed. Cones 3£ in.
to 4£ in. long, and from
l£in. to 2in. broad; scales
l^in. long. Seed small;
with the wing, 1-^-in. long.
A large tree. Florida to
Virginia, in barren sandy
situations. Height 70ft.
to 80 ft. Introduced in
1713. In the climate of
London, the tree flowers
in May, but in Carolina it
flowers in April ; and the
cones ripen in the August
of the second year.

1817. P. TWda.

Variety.

1 P. T. 2 akpecuroidca Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2., v. p. 317. The Fox-
tail Frankincense Pine. — Said to have the leaves spreading, and
more squarrose than the species. Pursh is of opinion that this
variety is nothing more than the I3, serotina of Michaux ; but Lam-
bert thinks it a variety of P. rfgida.

LXXVII.

: PIVNUS.

977

The leaves are broad, pointed, flat on the

upper surface, and forming a ridge below ;

of a fine light green, with a sheath long

and whitish at first, but becoming short, thick,

and brown when old. The cones are about
4 in. in length ;
and the scales ter-
minate in pro-
cesses which have
the form of an
elongated pyra-
mid, somewhat in
the manner of P.
Pinaster ; but the
apex of the pyra-
mid terminates in
a thick and sharp
prickle, somewhat
in the manner of
P. pungens, and
turned upwards.
In England, in the
climate of Lon-
don, Pinus 7ae\la
grows vigorously ;
there being large

trees at Syon and at Kew, which, after being 50 years planted, produce

shoots of from 9 in. to I ft. every year, and ripen cones.

1 19. P. RI'GIDA Mill. The rigid, or Pitch, Pine.

Identification. Mill. Diet., No. 10. ; Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. p. 150. ; Pursh Sept., 2. p 643.
Kynonymei. P. TV da rfglda /3 Ait. Hort. Kew. 3. p. 368. ; P. canadensis trifblia l)u Ham. Arb. 2.

p. 126. ; t P. Tae'da « Pair. Diet. 5. p. 340. ; ? three-leaved Virginian Pine, Sap Pine, black Pine ;

Pin herisse, Pin rude, Fr.
Engraving*. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 16, 17. ; Michx. N. Amer. Syl., vol. 3. t. 144. ; the plate of

this tree In Arb. Brit., 1st. edit., vol. viil. ; our Jig. 1820. to our usual 8<-ale ; and yZ#/. 1821. to

1823. of the natural size, from Dropmore specimens.

1820. P. rfeida.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves in threes. Cones ovate-oblong, in threes or fours,
much shorter than the leaves ; their scales terminated by a rough thorny
point Male catkins elongated, with the crest of the anthers dilated, and

3 R

973

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

roundish. Buds, on young trees (see Jig. 1821.), from ^ in. to fin.
long, -£, in. broad, pointed, brown, and covered with resin ; on the
full-grown trees at Dropmore as in fig. 1822. Leaves (see fig.
1823.) from 3£ in. to 4J in. long; sheath fin. long, white at first,
and afterwards becoming darker, but scarcely black. Cones from
2^ in. to 3 in. long, and from l^in. to l^in. broad; scales 1^ in.
long, terminating in depressed quadrilateral pyramids, ending in a
prickle, pointing outwards. Seed little more than -J in. long ; but,
with the wing, from fin. to -|in. long. Cotyledons, ?. A large tree.
New England to Virginia ; in light, friable, and sandy soils. Height
70ft. to 80 ft. Introduced in 1759. It flowers in May, and the
l' cones are produced in the autumn of the second year.
Variety. According to Mr. Lambert, P. T. alopecuroidea Ait. is a variety

of P. rigida, characterised by its much shorter and stouter leaves, and its

ovate-oblong, much narrower, and aggregated cones. (Lamb. Pin., ed. 2.,

no. 17.) We have, however,

placed it under P. serotina.

The pitch pine, in America,
Michaux informs us, varies, ac-
cording to soil and situation,
from 12 or 15 feet to 70 or 80
feet in height. " The buds are
always resinous ; and its triple
leaves vary in length from l|in.
to 7 in. according to the degree
of moisture in the soil. The

1822. P. rigida.

male catkins are 1 in. long,

straight, and winged, like those

of the pond pine (P. serotina).

The size of the cones depends

on the nature of the soil, and

varies from less than 1 in. to

more than 3 in. in length : they

are of a pyramidal shape, and

each scale is pointed with an acute prickle of about ^ in. long. Whenever

these trees grow in masses, the cones are dispersed singly over the branches ;

and they shed their seeds the first autumn after they are mature ; but, on

LXXVII. CONI'FER^ :

979

solitary trees, the cones are collected in groups of four, five, or even a larger
number, and will remain on the trees closed for several years. In British
gardens, the tree is of as rapiil growth as P. TVda or P. pungens.

t 20. P. (R.) FRA'SERJ Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. Eraser's Pine.
There is a tree bearing this name in the Hackney arboretum, which, in
1840, was upwards of 13ft. high, with 3 leaves in a sheath, and pendulous
branches reaching to the ground. The leaves and young shoots have every
appearance of those of P. rigida ; and, though the tree has not yet borne cones,
we have little doubt of its belonging to that species. The plant was received
from the Liverpool Botanic Garden in 1820.

t 21. P. (R.) SERO'TINA Michx. The late, or Pond, Pine.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Amer. Bor., 2. p. 205. ; N. Amer. Syl., 3. p. 148. ; Pursh Sept., 2. p. 643.

Synonyme. ? P. 2'a2\ia alopecuroidea Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2., 5. p. 317.

Engravings. Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. t. 142. ; Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 18. ; the plate of this tree
in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. viii. ; our fig. 1826. to our usual scale; and Jigs. 1825. to 1827. of
the natural size, from the Horticultural Society and Dropmore specimens, and from Michaux.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves in threes, very long. Male catkins
erect, incumbent. Cones ovate ; scales having very small
mucros. Buds, on young trees (see ji?g. 1824.), from
f\in. to -j^in. in length, and from -^-in. to Jin.
in breadth ; conical, dark brown, and very resinous ;
buds on old trees as in fig. 1825. Leaves (see fig.
1827.), in the Dropmore specimens, from 4 in. to
6 in. long ; in Michaux's figure, upwards of 8 in. long.
Cones 2|or 3 inches long, and IA or 2 inches broad;
egg-shaped ; scales 1 in. long, and f in. broad, with
the apex depressed, and terminating in a slender
prickle. Seed very small ; with the wing, from % in.
to 1. in. in length. Cotyledons, ?. The cones and
leaves of the trees of this name at Dropmore, and
the circumstance of there being trees at Pain's Hill with
cones of different sizes and shapes, but all on three-leaved
pines, and all evidently of the TVda family, induce us to
believe that P. rigida and P. serotina are only different i825.
forms of the same species. A middle-sized tree. New

Jersey to Carolina, on the edges of ponds, and
in swamps. Height 30 ft. to 40 ft. Introduced
in 1713. It flowers in May, and the cones are
ripened in the autumn of the second year, but
do not shed their seeds till the third or fourth
year, whence the specific name.

The tree has a branchy trunk, from 15 in. to
18 in. in diameter, and in America it rarely
exceeds from 35 ft. to 40 ft. in height. The
timber consists chiefly of sap wood, and is
of very little use except for fuel. The leaves
are generally 5 or 6 inches long, and some-
times more. The male catkins are straight,
and about ^ in. long. The cones are commonly
in pairs, and opposite to each other ; they are
about 2^ in. long, nearly 2 in. in diameter, and
egg-shaped ; the scales are rounded at their ex-
tremities, and armed with fine short prickles,
which are easily broken off, so that in some cases
no vestiges are left of their existence. This,
like the other kinds of P. TaeMa, forms an inte-
resting addition to the pinetum, growing freely
at Syon, Pain's Hill, and Dropmore.
3R 2

980

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

1827. P. serdtina.

1828. P. variabilis.

P. variabilis Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 14.; and our fig. 1828. of the natural
size, from Lambert's plate. — Mr. Lambert describes this pine as having the
leaves in twos and threes, 2 in. long, channeled, the margins and nerves rough,
and the apexes sub-keelshaped ; the sheaths short, straight, and but little
wrinkled. The cones solitary, recurved, pendulous, narrow-ovate, muricate ;
spines subincurved, with the 'scales dilated in the middle. He has only seen
two trees of this species in England ; one at Pain's Hill, and the other at
Kew. (Lamb.) The one at Kew no longer exists ; and the only trees at
Pain's Hill, that we could see, with cones resem-
bling those in iMr. Lambert's plate, had three leaves,
and appeared to us to belong to P. Tas'da. The
buds in Mr. Lambert's figure appear to be resinous,
and are nearly smooth (see fig. 1829.), but those of
P. variabilis at Dropmore, which we feel confident is
the P. raids of Michaux (which Mr. Lambert makes
a synonyme of his plant), are scaly, with the scales
reflexed, as in fig. 1810. in p. 974. The young
shoots in Mr. Lambert's plate are green, but in the
Dropmore plant they are of the same violet glau-
cous hue as those of P. inops ; a character so
remarkable that it cannot be mistaken, and which,
Michaux says, belongs to no other pine of the United
States but P. inops and P. mitis. (N. Amer. Syl.,
iii. p. 130.) It is found also in P. Sabmiuna and P.
Coulteri ; but with these species Michaux was not
acquainted, and besides- they are not natives of the United States. P. vari-

1829. P. varifcbilis.

LXXVII. CONI'FER^E: PIVNUS.

981

abilis may therefore be considered as an imaginary species, or as a synonyme
to P. mitis.

1 22. P. PONDERO'SA Doug. The heavy-wooded Pine.

Identification. Douglas's specimens in the Horticultural Society's herbarium ; Lawson's Manual,

p. 354. ; Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836 ; Pin. Wob., p. 44. ; Penny Cyc., vol. 18.
Engravings. Pin. Wob., t. 15. ; our fig. 1833. to our usual scale ; and figs. 1830. to 1832. of the

natural size, from the tree in the Horticultural Society's Garden, and Douglas's specimens in the

Horticultural Society's herbarium.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves three in a sheath, much longer than the cones,
flexible, tortuous, with short sheaths. Crest of the anthers rounded, entire.
Cones ovate, reflexed, with the apices of the scales flattened, with a raised
process in the middle, terminating in a conical, minute, recurved spine,
slightly quadrangular. Buds, in Douglas's specimen, |. in.
long, and f- in. broad ; cylindrical, with straight sides, rounded
like a dome at the extremity, but with a prominent blunt
point ; dark brown, and covered with resin. Buds, on the
living tree in the Horticultural Society's Garden (see fig.
1830.), from 1 in, to l^in. long, and from f in. to 1| in. broad ;
smooth, cylindrical, with a long point; reddish b~rown, and
covered with a fine white bloom, con-
sisting of fine particles of resin, sur-
rounded by two or more smaller buds.
Leaves disposed in parallel spirals ; in
Douglas's specimen (see fig. 1832.),
1830. from 9 in. to 1 1 in. long ; 3 in a sheath,
which is from £ in. to 1 in. in length,
with numerous fine rings ; scales of the leaves per-
sistent on the wood, even of two years' or three
years' growth. Leaves, on the living plant, from
7 in. to 9 in. long. The cone (see fig. 1831.), in
Douglas's specimen,
is deformed, and very
imperfectly deve-
loped ; it is only 3 in.
long, and f in. broad.
The scales are termi
nated in flattened pro-
cesses, scarcely ribbed
in any direction. In
the centre of the pro-
cess is a protuber-
ance, large in propor-
tion to the scale,
which terminates in a
sharp prickle, point-
ing outwards. Scale
1 in. long, and f in.
broad ; dark brown.
Seed ^ in. long, and
f in. broad ; dark
brown, with the wing
nearly 1 in. in length,
and § in. in breadth ;
wings of a yellowish

1831. P.ponderosa. b™™' A lofty tree.

Jsorth America, on
the north-west coast. Height 50 ft. to 1 00 ft. Introduced in 1826. It
has not yet flowered in England.

3 R 3

1832. P. ponders*.

932

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BIUTANNICUM.

1833. P. pondcrosa.

The plants, when of ten or twelve
years' growth, are remarkable for the
twisted appearance of their branches
which are in regular verticillate whorls.
The timber of full-grown trees is said
to be so heavy as almost to sink in
water. The species is found to be
quite hardy, and of rapid growth, both
in the climate of London and of Edin-
burgh. P. ponderosa is a native of
the north-west coast of North Ame-
rica, on the banks of the Spokan and
Flathead rivers, and on the Kettle
Falls of the Columbia, abundantly.
It was discovered by Douglas, and
sent by him to the Horticultural So-
ciety in 1826. A number of plants
were raised from seeds in that year,
and distributed : the largest of those
we believe to be that in the Hor-
ticultural Society's Garden. The
tree at Dropmore was, in 1837, 9 ft.
high.

f 23. P. SimxlA^NA Douglas. Sabine's, or the great prickly-coned, Pine.

Identification. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 2. t. 80. ; Lawson's Manual, p. 353. ; Pin Wob., p. 63.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 2. t. 80. ; Pin. Wob., t. 23. and 24. ; our fig. 1837. to our usual

scale; and ,/tes. 1834. to 1838. of the natural size, from the tree in the Horticultural Society's

Garden, and Lambert.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves in
threes, very long. Cones
ovate, echinate, very large.
Scales long, awl-shaped,
incurved, and spiny at the
apex. (Lamb. Pin!) Buds,

on the tree in

the Horticul-
tural Society's

Garden (see

fig. 1834.),

nearly 1 inch

long, and f in.

broad; convex

on the sides,

imbricated, but

not covered

with resin.

Leaves from
10 in. to I ft. in length ;
glaucous in every stage of
their growth, flexuose ; and,
when full-grown, partly
bent downwards, as those
shown in fig. 1837. Sheaths
above 1 in. in length, mem-
branaceous, ash-brown,
shining, and nearly entire
at the top, with numerous
rings. Scales of the cones,
in the specimens sent home

1835. l>, P. Sabinitina ; a, c, P. Coulteri.

LXXVII, CONI'FERJG: PISNUS.

983

3 R

984

AKBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BKITANNICUM.

1837. P. Sabinuwia.

by Douglas, 2 in. long, and
If in. broad (see fig. 1838.).
Seeds (a in fig. 1838., and b
in fig. 1835.) above 1 in. long,
and nearly ^ in. broad, much
larger than those of P. Coul-
teri shown at a in fig. 1835. ;
wing very short. Shoots of
the current year covered with
violet-coloured bloom, like
those of P. inops, but darker.
A large tree. Upper California.
Height 40 to 110ft., rarely
140ft. Introduced in 1832.
Plants have not yet flowered
in England. Hort. Soc.

Douglas describes the leaves
as in threes, very rarely in fours ;
from 11 in. to 14 in. long ; sharp,
round, and smooth on the out-
side, angular on the inside ; ser-
rated, more widely and conspi-
cuously so towards the point ;
erect, but flaccid and drooping
during winter. Sheath li in.
long, light brown, chaffy, some-
times torn at the top. Stipules

lanceolate and rigid, Male and female catkins erect. Flowers appearing in
February and March. Cones of a bright green when young ; at the end of the
first season, measuring from 6 in. to 8 in. round, and being then of a more
rounded form than they are when perfect, in the November of the following
year (see fig. 1836.) ; when mature, ovate, recurved, pressing on the shoots
tor support, in
clusters of from
3 to 9, surround-
ing the stem ;
remaining on the
tree for a series
of years ; and
from 9 in. to
11 in, long, and
from 16 in. to
18 in. round ;
some, however,
are larger. Scales
spathulate, 2£ in.
long, having a
very strong,
sharp, incurved
point (see b in
fig. 1838.) with
abundance of
pellucid resin.
Seeds (see a in
fig. 1838.) some-
what oblong, ta-
pering to the
base ; flattish on
the inside, 1 in.

LXXVII. CONI'FER^E : PIVNUS.

985

long, and nearly A in. broad ; shell thick, hard, brown ; wing yellow, short,
stiff, and half the length of the seed, which it nearly encompasses ; kernel
pleasant to the taste. Cotyledons from 7 to 12. The tree does not attain
quite so large a size as the other gigantic species of the genus which inhabit
the northern and western parts of North America. The largest and most
handsome trees inhabit the aqueous vegetable deposits on the western flank of
the Cordilleras of New Albion, at a great elevation above the level of the sea,
and 1600 ft. below the verge of perpetual snow, in the parallel of 40° N. lat.
This species is quite hardy in British gardens, having passed the winter of
1837-8 uninjured.

1 24. P. (S.) COU'LTER/ D. Don. Coulter's, or the great hooked, Pine.

Identification. Don in Lin. Trans., 17. p. 440. ; Lamb. Pin., 3. t. 83. ; Pin. Wob., p. 67.

Synonymes. ? P. SabimVzwa var. Hort. ; ? P. macrocarpa Lindl. MS. Dr. Lindley finds, upon
comparing Mr Lambert's specimens of P. Coulteri' with those of P. macrocarpa, that the identity
of the two alleged species is by no means certain ; and that " in reality they are probably different."
(Bot. Reg., 1840, M. R., No- 133.) The difference in the cones noticed by Dr. Lindley in the
passage referred to may, in our opinion, exist without the two kinds being specifically different ;
but, be that as it mayj having no positive evidence before us from which to decide, we deem it
better to retain the synonymes as in our first edition, but placing before them the expression of
doubt. Young plants were raised at Kew in 1840, from seeds taken from a cone which is supposed
to be the true P. Coulter/, for which reason we have indicated it below as a variety.

Engravings. Lamb. Pin., 3. t. 83. ; Pin. Wob., t. 25. and 26. ; our fig. J841. from Lambert,^?. 1835.
from the dried cone in the Horticultural Society's herbarium, and figs. 1839. and 1840. from the
young plants in the Horticultural Society's Garden.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves in threes, very long, compressed ; sheaths
ragged. Cones oblong, solitary, very large j scales wedge-shaped,
with the apex elongated, thickened, lanceolate, mucronate, com-
pressed, hooked. (D. Don.') Buds, on the tree in the Horticul-
tural Society's Garden (see fig. 1839.), 1 in. long, and from fin.
to f in. broad ; conical, pointed, convex on the sides, imbricated ;
the scales of the buds adpressed, brown, and not covered with
resin. Leaves of the young plants 9 in. long, and of the dried
specimens in the herbarium of the Horticultural Society upwards
of 10 in. long ; of the same glaucous hue as those of P. Sabin-
idna, but not turned downwards at any stage of their growth.
Cones (see fig. 1841., to our usual scale) sent home by Douglas
1 ft. in length, and 6 in. in breadth ; scales of the cones 3 in.
long, and from 1 i in. to l^in. broad. Scales (see fig.
c) from 3^ in. to 4 in. long, and from
at a, a front view of the hook of
the scale is given, of the natural
size. Seed (see fig. 1835. «) brown,
flattish, from ± in. to f in. in length,
and f in. in breadth, without the
wing ; with the wing I in. in length :
wing stiff, light brown, and nearly
encompassing the seed. Cotyle-
dons, ?. The seed of P. Sabinidna
is much larger than that of P.
Coulter/, as shown at a and 6 in fig.
1835. Shoots of the current year
covered with a violet-coloured glau-
cous bloom, like those of P. inops,
but darker. A large tree. California, ''
on the mountains of Santa Lucia in
lat. 36°, at an elevation of 3000 ft. to
4000 ft. above the level of the sea.
Height 80 ft. to 100 ft. Introd. 1832.
It has not yet flowered in England.

Variety.

1 P. (S.) C.2 vera. — See the
synonymes above.

1835.
in. to If in. broad ; in fig. 1841.,

p. <s.) Coait

986

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1841. P. (S.) Cofclteri.

Leaves in threes, rarely in fours or fives, about 9 in, long, incurved, some-
what compressed, mucronate ; 2-furrowed above, flattish beneath, slightly
serrated on the margin, and on the elevated line along the middle. Sheaths
1^ in. long, about the thickness of a crow-quill, swelling at the tips. Scales
of the stipules ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, cartilaginous, bright brown, shining,
adpressed ; margin scarious, white, thread-like, and torn ; with the lower
ones shorter, and keel-shaped. Stipules larger, much acuminated, hooded at
the base, callous, indurated, and persistent. All the cones large, conical-
oblong, 1 ft. and more in length, 6 in. in diameter near the middle, and
weighing about 4 Ib. Scales wedge-shaped, elongated at the apex, lanceolate,
mucronate, compressed on both sides, obsoletely quadrangular, incurved and
hooked, very thick, indurated, smooth, shining, brownish, acute at the margin,
1 in. to Sin. long; the lower ones longer, deflexed, and spreading. (Lamb.}
Its leaves are broader than those of any other pine. In its general appearance,
it resembles P. Sabmidna ; but it is readily distinguished from that species by
the upright character of its foliage. Both species have the buds of the same
form and colour ; the leaves of the same beautiful glaucous hue in every stage
of their growth ; the young shoots covered with a violet glaucous bloom, like
those of P. inops and P. mitis ; and both retain their leaves till the summer
of the third year. The colour and form of the seeds in the two kinds are

LXXVII. CONI'FEIUE : PIVNUS.

987

exactly the same; but the larger cone has the smaller seeds. To us it ap-
pears that they are only varieties of one species ; but, if they are so, they are
as well worth keeping distinct as any species whatever. They may, indeed,
be described as of surpassing beauty ; and, what adds greatly to their value,
they appear to be quite hardy.

1 25. P. AUSTRA^LIS Michx. The southern Pine.

Identification. Michx. Arb , 1. p. 62:; N. Amer. Syl., 3. p. 133. ; Penny Cyc., vol. 18.

Synonymes. P. palustris Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 499., Pursh Sept. 2. p. 644., Lamb. Pin. ed. 2. 1. t. 24,
25. ; P. americana palustris, &c., Hurt. Angl. p. 88., Du Ham. Arb. 2. p. 126. ; P. serotina Hart.,
see Bon. Jard. ed. 1837, p. 976. In America, Long-leaved Pine, Yellow Pine, Pitch Pine, and
Broom Pine, in the southern states ; Southern Pine and Red Pine, in the northern states ; and
Yellow Pine and Pitch Pine, in the middle states. In England and the West Indies, by the timber
merchants, Georgia Pitf h Pine.

Engravings. Michx. Arb., 1. 1. G. ; N. Amer. Syl., 3. t. 141. ; Lamb. Pin., ed. 2,, 1. 1. 24. 25. ; Pin.
\Vob., t. 22. ; our fig. 1845. to our usual scale, from Abbott ; and jigs. 1842. to 1844. of the natural
size, from Michaux and from
Dropmore specimens.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves
in threes, very long.
Male catkins long, cy-
lindrical, of a tawny
blue, divergent. Cones
very long, tessellated
with tumid tubercles,
terminated by very
small mucros. (Michx. )
Buds, in the Drop-
more specimen (see
Jig. 1842.), rather
small in proportion to
the termination of the
shoot, and buried in

1842. P. austrklis.

When the
are removed,

leaves.
leaves

the bud is found to be
from | to f in. long,
and from -£$ In'. to
Y^-in. broad, with nu-
merous, far-projecting,
white, fringed scales ;
general form conical,
and wholly without
resin. Leaves (see^g.
1843.) from 8 in. to 9 in.
in length. Sheath from
li in. to 2 in. long,
white, membranaceous,
and lacerated. The
cones, in Michaux's

988

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM,

figure, 8 in. long, and 2| in.
broad in the widest part.
Scale (fig. 1844.) from 1| in.
to If in. long, and 1|. in.
broad. Seeds oval, from
£ in. to iin. in length, -

broad, whitish ; with the wing 2f in. in length, and i in. in breadth,
and, as well as the cone, of a rich chestnut brown ; in Lambert's figure,
the scales and seeds are much smaller. Cotyledons, ?. A large tree
in America, but rather tender in England. North Carolina to Florida, near
the sea coast. Height 60 ft. to 70 ft. in America, rarely above 10 ft. to 12 ft.
in England. Introduced in 1730. The largest plant that we know of is at
Farnham Castle, which, in 1834, after being 35 years planted, was 20ft.
high.

Variety.

1 P. a. 2 excelsa. P. palustris excelsa Booth. — Raised in the Floet-
beck Nurseries, in 1830, from seeds procured from the north-west
coast of North America. The plant, in 1837, was 4 ft. high, with
leaves as long as those of P. australis ; and was quite hard)', even in
that climate. Possibly a distinct species.

1 26. P. INSI'GNIS Doug. The remarkable Pine.

Identification. Douglas's specimens in the Horticultural Society's herbarium ; Pin. Wob., p. 51.
Engravings. Pin. Wob., t. 18. ; our fig. 1847. to our usual scale, and^g. 1848. of the natural size,

both from Douglas's specimens in the Horticultural Society's herbarium ; and jig. 1846., from the

side shoot of a young tree in the Horticultural Society's Garden.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leave? three, and occasionally four, in a sheath ; much
twisted, varying greatly in length, longer than the cones, of a deep grass
green, and very numerous. Cones ovate, pointed, with the scales tuber-
culate. Buds (see Jig. 1846.) of the side shoots of young plants from
iin. to £in. long, and from £ in. to fin. broad, brown, and apparently
without resin ; on the leading shoots a great deal larger, and resem-
bling in form, and almost in size, those of P. Sabinidna. Leaves, in
Douglas's specimen, from Sin. to 4^ in. long; on the plant in the
Horticultural Society's Garden, from 5 in. to 7 in. long. A large tree.
California. Introduced in 1833, and requiring protection in British me.
gardens, at least when young.

This pine is well named insignis ; its general appearance being indeed
remarkable, and totally different from that of every other species that has yet
been introduced. The leaves are of a deep grass green, thickly set on the

LXXVII. CONlFERjE

989

branches, twisted in every
direction, and of different
lengths. The plants in the
Horticultural Society's Gar-
den, and in most other places,

1817. P. i

were killed by the winter of
1837-8 ; but one plant at
Elvaston Castle stood that
winter without protection.
This has also been the case
with some plants in the neigh-
bourhood of London.

1818. P. insignia.

1 27. P. CALIFORNIAVNA Lois. The Californian Pine.

Identification. Loiseleur Deslongchamps, in the N. Du Ham., 5. p. 243.

Synonymes. P. montereyensis Godefroy ; P. adunca Bosc, as quoted in Bon Jard. ; Pin de Mon-
terey, Bon Jard. ed. 1837.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves in twos and threes. Cones much longer than the
leaves. (Low.) This tree grows in the neighbourhood of Monte-Rey, in
California. Its cone is in the form of that of P. Pinaster, but one third
larger in all its parts. Under each of the scales are found two seeds of the
size of those of P. Cembra, and of which the kernel is good to eat. A
plant of this pine in the Horticultural Society's Garden, named there P.
montheragensis, which was received from M. Godefroy about 1829, formed
a stunted bush, 3 ft. high, and 4 or 5 feet broad, but it died in the winter
of 1837-8. A very doubtful species.

1 28. P. MURICA'TA D. Don. The smaller prickly-co«<?rf Pine.

Identification. Lin. Trans., 17. p. 441. ; Lamb. Pin., 3. t. 84.

Synonyme. Obispo, Span.

Engravings. Lamb. Pin., 3. t. 84. ; and our fig. 1849.

Spec. Char., fyc. ? Leaves in threes. Cones ovate, with unequal sides, crowd-
ed ; scales wedge-shaped, flattened at the apex, mucronate ; those at the

990

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

external base elongated, compressed, recurved, and spreading. (D. Don.)
Cones, in Lambert's figure, Sin. long, and 3 in. broad. A straight middle-
sized tree, about 40 ft. high. Ca-
lifornia, at San Luis, where it is
called Obispo (the bishop), grow-
ing at the height of 3000 ft. above
the level of the sea.

1819. P. murickta.

1850. P. tuberculkta.

1 29. P. TUBERCUI.A^TA D. Don. The tuberculated Pine.

Identification. Lin. Trans., 17. p. 442. ; Lamb. Pin., 3.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., 3. t. 85. ; and our^. 1850.

Spec. Char., $c. ? Leaves in threes. Cones oblong, with unequal sides,
crowded. Scales quadrangular, and truncate at the apex, with a depressed
umbilicus ; those at the exterior base larger, elevated, and conical. (D.
Don.) A tree, about 100 ft. high. California, at Monte-Rey, on the sea
shore. Found by Dr. Coulter, along with P. radiata, which it resembles
in size and habit, but is essentially distinguished by the form of its cones,
which are oblong, 3 in a cluster, of a tawny grey, 4 in. long, and 2^ in.
broad.

t 30. P. RADIANT A D. Don. The rad\ated-scaled Pine.

Identification. Lin. Trans., 17. p. 442. ; Lamb. Pin., 3.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., 3. t. 86. ; and our fig. 1851.

Spec. Char., $c. ? Leaves in threes. Cones ovate, with unequal sides. Scales
radiately cleft, truncate, with a depressed umbilicus ; gibbous, somewhat

LXXVII. CONl'FER^E : PI^NUS.

991

1851. P. radikta.

recurved, and three times as large at their external base. Cones, in Lam-
bert's figure, 5f in. long, and 3£ in. broad. An erect tree, attaining the
height of about 100ft., with copious spreading branches, reaching almost
to the ground. Monte-Rey. in lat. 36°, near the level of the sea, and
growing almost close to the beach. Cones in clusters, ovate, about 6 in.
long, ventricose at the external base. Scales wedge-shaped, thick, bright
brown, shining, dilated at the apex, depressed, quadrangular, radiately cleft ;
umbilicus depressed ; three times larger at the external base ; apex elevated,
gibbous, somewhat recurved.

B. Natives of Mexico.
1 31. P. TEOCOTE Schiede et Deppe. The Teocote, or twisted-leaved, Pine.

Identification. Schiede et Deppe in Schlecht. Linneea, 5. p. 76. ; Penny Cyc., vol. 18.
Synonymes. Teocote and Ocote of the Mexicans.

Engraving. Our figs. 1852, 1853, 1854. from specimens sent from Mexico to the Horticultural
Society by M. Hartweg, in 1839.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves in. threes, compressed, flexuose, scabrous ; sheaths
about i in. long. Cones ovate, smoothish, about the size of those of
P. sylvestris, but with the tips of the scales flatter. A tree. Orizaba,
in Mexico. Height 40 ft. to 50 ft. ; according to Lindley, in Penny Cyc.,
100ft. Introduced in 1839. Cones were distributed by the Horticultural
Society, from the seeds in which many plants have been raised ; but their
degree of hardiness is not yet ascertained.

992

ARBORETUM ET FRUT1CETUM BRITANNICUM,

The figure of the cone of P. Teocote, in Art).
Brit., 1st edit. p. 2266., does not exactly agree
with the cones sent home by Hartweg, and
therefore w.e have omitted it
in this abridgement.

Branchlets very leafy, with
a persistent epidermis. Buds
imbricated, with lanceolate,
acuminate, ciliate, and torn
scales. Leaves in threes,
erect, rigid, compressed,

18.r>2. P Teocbte.

acute, tortuous ; light green,
bicanaliculate above, slightly
convex beneath, very smooth ;
the intermediate slightly pro-
minent angle, and the mar-
gins, crenulated, scabrous.
Sheaths cylindrical, about
1 in. in length, persistent,
torn on the margin. Cones
ovate-oblong, drooping, and
smoothish, scarcely 3 in.
long. Scales dilated at the

apex, somewhat trapezoidal, much depressed ; in the young cones always
mutic. (Lamb.) This, till lately, was a very rare species ; there having been
no plants of it either at Dropmore or in the Horticultural Society's Garden.
Indeed, so far as we are aware, it existed in no collection in Britain, but
that of Mr. Lambert at Boy ton, till 1840.

1 32. P. PA'TULA Schiede et Deppe MSS. The spread'mg-leaved Pine.

Identification. Lamb. Pin., ed. 1., t. 19. ; Penny Cyc., vol. 18.

Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. 1. 19. ; and figs. 1855. and 1856., from Mr. Lambert's figure.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves in threes, very slender, 2-channeled, spreading ; sheaths
about 1 in. long. Cones ovate-oblong, polished. Branchlets covered with
a smooth, lead- coloured, and persistent epidermis. Scales of the bud
lanceolate, acuminate, carinate, rigid, thread-like, and ciliate. Leaves in
threes, slender, recurved and spreading ; soft, light green ; deeply bicana-
liculate above, convex beneath, marked with many dotted lines ; 6 in. to
9 in. long ; the intermediate somewhat prominent angle, and the margins,
sharply serrated, scabrous. Sheaths cylindrical, 1, in. to l£ in. long. Apex
and margin of the scales thread-like and ciliated. Cones ovate-oblong,

LXXVII. CONIFERS : PI NUS.

993

smooth, about 4 in. long. Scales
dilated at the apex, much de-
pressed, flatfish, somewhat tra-
pezoidal ; in the young cone,
mucronulate. (Lamb.) A tree.
Mexico, at Malpayo de la Joya,
in the cold region. Height 60 ft.
to 70 ft. Introduced in ? 1820,
and again by Hart vv eg in 1839,
in which year cones were distri-
buted extensively by the Horti-
cultural Society.

1855. P. patula.

Variety.

t P. p. 2 joins sMctis Benth.
Plant. Hart. No. 442.,
Gard. Mag. 1840, p. 638.
— Cones smaller than
those of the species, and

the leaves straighter. 1836. j,.ptalla.

Found by Hartweg near
Real del Monte. Horticultural Society's Garden.

1 33. P. LL\VEA^NA Schiede. La Llave's Pine.

Identification. Linnaea, vol. xii. p. 488. ; Pin. Wob-. p. 49.

Synonymes. P.cembroldes Zucc. Flora, 1832 ; 2. Beibl. 93. ; the Mexican Cembra, Penny C^c.vo1 IK
Our fig. J859. from a specimen of the tree in the London Horticultural Society's

iarden ; fig. 1860. from a cone sent home by Hartweg ; and fig. 1858., a the cone, b the seed, from
a cone received from M. Otto of Berlin.

Spec. Char., $e. Leaves short, narrow, triquetrous, slightly twisted, in thickly
set tufts on the branches, of a glaucous green. Branches in regular whorls,
smooth, of an ash grey, declining towards the stem. Buds exceedingly
small ; in form, and in every other respect, like those of Pinus hale-
pensis: the buds are scarcely iin. long, and from -^-in. to 1 in. broad;
roundish, with two
or three smaller

buds. (See Jig.

1857.) Leaves

generally in

threes, often in

twos, and some-
times in fours,

varying from

If in. to 2f in.

in length; flat

on the upper

9.04

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

surface, and cylindrical, with
a rib below ; sheaths short,
and caducous. Cones small,
consisting of very few scales,
which are about £in. long,
roundish and obtuse. The
scales are keel-shaped be-
low, deeply concave, with

1859. P. Llaveuno.

1860. P. Llavedna.

two deep receptacles for the

seeds. Seeds without wings,

of an egg shape reversed,

dark grey or brownish,

about 6 or 7 lines long, and

about 4 lines thick at the

upper end, but diminishing in size towards the lower extremity, which is

obtuse. (Schlecht. in Linn&a, 1. c.) A low tree. Mexico, between Z:mapan

and Real del Oro, in forests ; and also occasionally cultivated in gardens

for the seeds, as the stone pine is in Italy, and the neoza pine in the

Himalayas. Height 20 ft. to 30ft. Introduced in 1830, and quite hardy

in British gardens.

The seeds are edible, and very well tasted ; and they are sold in Mexico
under the name of Pinones, as those of the stone pine are in Italy under the
name of Pinocchi. The young tree is of a very singular and beautiful charac-
ter, and will doubtless soon find a place in every collection.

C. Natives of the Canaries, India, Persia, China, and Australia.
1 34. P. CANARIE'NSIS C. Smith. The Canary Pine.

Identification. C. Smith in Buch Fl. Can., p. 32. and 34. ; Dec. PI. Rar. Jard. Gen., 1. p. 1.
Synonyme. ? P. adunca Bosc, according to Sprengel.

Engravings. Dec. PI. Rar. Jard. Gen., 1. t. 1, 2. ; Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 28. ; our fig.
our usual scale ; and jigs. 1861. to 1863. of the natural size.

Spec. Char., Sf-c. Leaves in threes, very long and spreading, rough.
Crest of the anthers round, entire. Cones oblong, tuberculate.
(Lamb. Pin.} Buds, in the Dropmore specimen (see^/%. 1861.),
from -^-in. to Jin. long, and from -^ in. to -^ in. broad ; dry and
scaly, white, and without resin. Leaves (see fig. 1862.) from
7 in. to 7i in. long, and slender ; sheaths from £ in. to ~ in. long,
whitish, membraneous, torn at the margin, and brownish at the
base. Cone, in Lambert's figure, 5f in. long, and 2|in. broad;
scale 2 in. long, and l|in. broad, terminating in an irregular pyra-
midal process, at the apex of which is a blunt point, like that of P.
Pinaster. Scales (see fig. 1863.) 2 in. long, and 1-t in. broad.

1864. to

LXXVII. CONI'FERJE: PIVNUS.

995

18fi2. P. canariensis.

Seeds A in. long, and ^ in. broad, flat, pointed at both extremities ; with

the wing Jfin. long, and -^ in. broad at the widest part; colour a

whitish brown. Cotyledons, ?. The tree throws

out abundance of shoots and tufts of leaves from

the dormant buds in the trunk and larger branches,

more especially at places where any branches have

been cut off. A large tree. Teneriffe and Grand

Canary, at 5000 ft. to 7000 ft. of elevation. Height

60ft. to 70 ft. Introduced ? 1759, and requiring

protection in British Gardens.

This species, P. longifolia, and P. leiophylla bear
a close general resemblance, and are all rather tender ;
but, when the leaves and buds are examined closely,
their specific difference becomes obvious. They are
all readily propagated by cuttings of the young shoots
which are thrown out by the trunks, planted in sand,
and covered with a hand-glass, but without bottom
heat. They all require protection, even in our mildest
winters, and should be placed in a conservatory devoted
entirely to half-hardy Jbietinae. Lambert states that
this species differs from P. longifolia chiefly in the iscs. P. canards.

3s 2

996

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

much more depressed and
straight-pointed tubercles of
its cones ; those of P. longi-
folia being hooked. The
largest specimen of this pine
that we know of is at Drop-
more ; where, after having
been 14* years planted, it
was, in 1837, 17ft. high. It
is protected during winter in
the same manner as P. longi-
folia and P. leiophylla. A
plant in the Trinity College
Botanic Garden, Dublin,
raised there about 1815, from
seeds collected at Teneriffe,
by the late Dr. Smith of Chris-
tiania, attained the height of
15 ft. without any protec-
tion, and remained uninjured
till the severe spring of 1830,
when the top was completely
destroyed. In the early part
of the summer of that year,
however, the trunk threw out
two or three shoots, a few inches above the collar, and, the dead part above
it being cut off, these shoots have grown vigorously ever since ; and one
of them, having taking the lead, promises to make a handsome plant.

t 35. P. LONGIFOXLIA Roxb. The long-leaved Indian Pine.

Identification. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. 1. 26, 27. ; Royle Illust., p. 353.

Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 26, 27. ; Royle Illust., t. 85. f. 2. ; our fig. 1866. to our usual

scale ; and figs. 1865. to 1868. of the natural size, from Royle and Lambert, and from Dropmore

specimens.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves in threes, very long and slender, pendulous ; sheaths
long. Cones ovate-oblong. Scales elevated at the apex, very thick, re-
curved, (Lamb. Pin.}
Buds, in the Dropmore
specimens (see Jig.
1865.), from 1 in. to

1864. P. canariSnsis.

liin. long, and nearly
£ in. broad ; covered
with dry scales at the
lower part, and abor-
tive leaves ; swelling
towards the upper part,
and concavely acuminate ; white, woolly, and entirely without resin. Leaves
(see jig. 1868.) 1 ft. in length ; sheaths f in. long, white, chaffy, and lace-

P. longitbl

LXXVII. CONI'FEILE: PIVNUS.

997

1867. P. longifolia.

rated. Cone (see fig. 1868.) from
5 in. to 5i in. long, and 2± in. to
2f in. broad ; scale, according to
Mr. Lambert's plate (see Jig. 1867.),
from l^in. to 2 in. in length. Seed,
without the wing, i in. long ; with
the wing, If in. Cotyledons, ac-
cording to Lawson, about 12. A
large tree. Himalayas. Introduced
in 1807, and requiring protection
in England.

P. longifolia is a native of Nepal,
on the mountains ; and also of the
lower and warmer parts of India,
where the tree is cultivated on ac-
count of its beautiful foliage an. I
graceful habit of growth, but where it
never attains the same magnitude as
on the Himalayan Mountains. It was
introduced into Britain in 1801, and for a long time was treated as a green-
house plant ; it is now
found to stand the open
air, but not without
protection during win-
ter. The largest tree
in England is believed
to be that at Drop-
more. It was, in 1837,
nearly 12ft. high ; but
it is covered every win-
ter with a portable roof
of fern, enclosed in
mats, and supported by
a wooden frame ; the
sides being closed in
with the same mate-
rials, but with two
doors opposite each
other, to open on fine
days, to promote ven-
tilation. Mr. Lawson
suggests that the ten-
derness which is appa-
rent in some individuals
of this species may
possibly arise from the
seed from which they
were raised having been
produced by trees grow-
ing in the warm valleys
of Nepal ; and that,
" by procuring seed
from trees at the high-
est elevation at which
they are found to exist,
plants might be raised
sufficiently hardy to
stand the climate of
Britain."

1868. P. lonsif&lia.

3s 3

998

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

i 36. P. GERARVIA^NA Wall. Gerard's, or the short-leaved Nepal, Pine.

Identification. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 2. t. 79. ; Royle Illust., p. 353. ; Pin. Wob., p. 53.

Synonymes. P. Nebsa Govan ; eatable-seeded Pine of the East Indies ; ? Chilghbza Elphtnstone, on

the authority of Royle Illust. p. 32. ; the Neoza Pine, Penny Cyc , vol. 18.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 2. t. 79.; Royle Illust., t. 85. f. 2.; Pin. Wob., t. 19. ; and our

fig. 1871., from Royle, to our usual scale ; and figs. 1869. and 1870., the cone from Lambert, and

the leaves from Royle, both of the natural size.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves in threes, short ; sheaths
deciduous. Cones ovate-oblong ; scales thick,
blunt, and recurved at the apex. (Lamb. Pin.)
Leaves, in Royle's figure, from 3± in. to 5 in.
in length ; sheaths imbricate, f in. in length.

Cone 8 in. long, and nearly 5 in. broad. Seed lin. long, and f in. broad ;
cylindrical, pointed at both ends, and of a dark brown ; eatable, like those
of the stone pine. Wings short. A middle-sized tree. Nepal, on the northern
face of the Himalayas, at from 5,000ft. to 10,000 ft. of elevation. Height
30ft. to 50ft. Introduced ? 1830. Apparently tender in British Gardens.

LXXV1I. CONl'FEILflS: PJVNUS.

999

O.NU tiling is said respecting the timber of this tree;
but the seeds are eaten by the inhabitants of the lower
parts of India, in the southern countries. This species
was discovered by Captain P. Gerard, of the Bengal
Native Infantry ; and named in commemoration of him
by Dr. Wallich. Cones have been sent to England, by
Dr. Waliich and others, at different times ; though they
are often confounded with those of P. longifolia. The
plant named P. Gerardiana in the Horticultural Society's
Garden has persistent sheaths, anci long slender leaves;
and is, doubtless P. longifoiia ; and the same may be
said of a number of plants at Messrs. Loddiges's. There
are plants of the true P. Gerardiana in the Clapton
Nursery, under its syno.ume of P. Nebsa.

1 37. P. SINE'NSIS Lamb. The Chinese Pine.

Identification. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 29. ; Pin. Wob.. p. 39.
Synunyme. P. fKesi-ya Royle, a native of Nepal. See Gard. Mag., 1840,

p. 8. P. nepalensis Pin. Wob. ; P.Cavendishzoraa Hort.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 29. ; Pin. Wob., t. 12. ; and our

fig. 1873. to our usual scale, from a specimen of a tree at Kedleaf ;

and figs. 1874. and 1872. of the natural size, the cone and leaves from

Lambert, and the bud from Kedleat.

.„_. „ ,, ,..

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves in threes, rarely in twos, very slender.
Male catkins short. Cones ovate ; scales truncate at the apex,
without any point. Branches tubercled. Leaves squarrose, with
stipular scales ; twin, or in threes, slender, spreading, semicylin-
drical, mucronated, serrulated ; grass green, 5 in. long ; sheaths
cylindrical, £ in. long. Male catkins numerous, somewhat verti-
cillate, i in. long. Cones with very short footstalks, ovate,
brownish, 2 in. long. Scales thick, woody, tetragonal at the apex,
flattened, truncate, mutic. (Lamb.) Buds (see Jig. 1872.), in the
Redleaf specimen, from T\in. to ^in. in length, and about the
same breadth ; bluntly pointed, with numerous fine scales of a
brownish colour, and wholly without resin. Leaves from 5 in. to
5iin. in length; three-sided, slender, straight, and about the same
colour as those of P. jPinea. Sheaths
from f in. to f in. long ; brownish,
slightly membranaceous, and rigid. A
large tree. China. Introd.1829,
or before, and requiring pro-
tection in England in very
severe winters.

\?>;?i. P. sinensis.

3 s 4,

1000

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

A tree at Redleaf, raised by W. Wells, Esq., from seeds received from China
in 1829, was 16ft. high in 1837, but was killed by the winter of 1837-8.
f 38. P. TIMORIE'NSIS. The Timor Pine.

A tree at Boy ton, which, in 1837, was 16ft. high, after being 25 years
planted, was raised from seed received by Mr. Lambert from Timor, one of
the Molucca Islands. It bears a close general resemblance in the foliage and
habit to P. longifolia ; but the leaves (of which there are three in a sheath)
are rather more slender, and of a deeper green.

§ iii. Qulnte. — Leaves 5, rarely 4, in a Sheath.
A. Cones with the Scales thickened at the Apex.

a. Natives of Mexico.
± 39. P. HARTWKXG// Lindl. Hartweg's Pine.

LXXVII. CONI'FER/E: PIVNUS.

1001

Identification. Lindl. in Bot. Reg., M. Chron.,

1839, No. 95. ; Penny Cyc., vol. 18.
Engravings. Our figs. 1875. and 1876. from speci-

mens sent home by Hartweg.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves in fours ;
secondary narrowest, primary mem-
branaceous, elongate, scarious.
Cones .pendulous, oblong, obtuse,
aggregate. Scales transverse at
apex, depressed in middle, umbo-
nate, and carinate ; umbo straight
and rounded. Seeds roundish, wedge-
shaped, four times shorter than the
testaceous wing. (Lindl.) A tree.
Mexico, on the Campanario, be-
ginning to appear where the oyamel,
or JTbies religiosa, ceases to grow,
about 9000 ft. above the sea. Height
40ft. to 50ft. Introduced in 1839,
by cones sent home by Hartweg,
from which many plants have been
since raised.

The leaves are almost invariably in
fours, and are rather more than 6 in. in

1876. P. Hartwegii.

length.

40. P.

Lindl. The Duke of Devonshire's Pine.

Identification. Lindl. in Bot. Reg., M. Chron., 1839, No. 96. ; Penny Cyc., vol. 18.

Simonymes. Pino bianco, or P. real, of the Mexicans.

Engravings. Our figs. 1877, 1878. from specimens sent home by Hartweg.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves in

fives, very long. Branches

very thick. Cones pendu-
lous, solitary, curved, ob-
tuse. Scales rounded at

apex, rhomboidal with a

slightly elevated transverse

line, dull pearly grey, ab-
ruptly umbonate in middle,

obtuse, smooth. Seeds ob-

ovate, five times shorter

than the blackish wing.

(Lindl.) A large tree.

Mexico, on the Ocotillo,

between Real del Monte

and Regla. Height 60ft.

to 80 ft. Introduced in

1839, by cones sent home

by Hartweg, from which

numerous plants have been

since raised.

The cones are from 9 in.
to 10 in. long, curved, about
3 in. in diameter near the
base, and tapering till they
are not more than If in.
broad at the point. The
leaves are between 8 in. and
9 in. in length, with sheaths
of nearly 1 in. in length. The

LXXVII. CONI FER/E : PI NUS.

1003

young shoots are very
nearly 1 in. in diameter, and
look very like those of PI-
nus palustris. This noble
species of pine, worthy of
the princely patron of gar-
dening in honour of whom
it is named, it is thought
will probably prove hardy
in British gardens.

t 41. P. RUSSELL/^ \!VJ.
Lindl. Russell's, or the
Duke of Bedford's, Pine.

Identification. Lindl. in Bot. Reg.

M. Chron., 1839, No. 97.
Engravings. Our figs. 1879. and
1880. from specimens sent home
' by Hart w eg.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves
in fives, very long. Cones
elongate, horizontal,
slightly drooping, verti-
cillate, straightish, sessile.
Scales rhomboidal at the
apex, pyramidal, straight,
obtuse. Seeds oblong,
four times shorter than
their blackish wing.
(Lindl.) A large tree.
Mexico, on the road
from San Pedro to San
Pablo, near Real del
Monte. Height, ?. In-
troduced in 1839, by
cones sent to the Hor-
ticultural Society of
London by Hartweg,
which have been exten-
sively distributed, and
from which many plants
have been raised.

The cones are about
7 in. long, l|in. broad at
the base, and they termi-
nate in a point ; the scales
are a little elevated, so as
to form a small pyramid,
with a somewhat promi-
nent apex. The leaves are
7^ in. in length, with sheaths
of upwards of 1 in. in
length. A very noble spe-
cies, worthy of the house
of Russell, and of comme-
morating the publication
of the Pinelum Woburn-

1870. P. Kus-,ell;«/w.

1004

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

3. P. RussellWna.

1881. P. Monteziimtf.

42. P. MONTEZU'MJS Lamb. Montezuma's, or the rough-branched
Mexican, Pine.

ov. Gen. et Sp. PI. 2. p. 4., Deppe in Schlecht.

E^ra^s. PL7amb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. 1. 22. ; and our figs. 1881. and 1884. from Lambert.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves in fives, erect, triquetrous ; sheaths about 1 in. long,
persistent. Cones oblong, about 9 in. long, tuberculate. (Lamb. Pin.) A
tall tree. Orizaba, and other mountains of Mexico, to the height of 11 00 ft.

Variety.

1 P. M. 2 Lindleyi (Jigs. 1882. and
1883., from specimens sent
home by Hartweg.) — Cones with
the scales flattened, or very
slightly tuberculated at the tip.
Found on the road to Sumate,
where it grows from 40 ft. to
50 ft. high. The cones of P.
Montezumcp, which were dis-
tributed by the Horticultural
Society in 1839, differ so much
from those of this species in
Mr. Lambert's possession, and
also from cones sent from
Mexico to Mr. Henchman, that
we have thought it advisable to
keep them distinct. The cones
in Mr. Lambert's possession are
much tuberculated, as are also
those of Mr. Henchman ; while
those distributed by the Hor-
ticultural Society have the tips of the scales almost flat ; and there-
fore we have thought it advisable to mark the Horticultural Society's
plant as a variety, till something more is known respecting it.

A tall tree. Branchlets covered with thick scabrous bark. Leaves generally
in fives, rarely in threes or fours ; stipular, persistent, lanceolate, much pointed,

1882. P. Moiiteziuno; Lindlejt.

LXXVII.

: PIVNTS.

1005

with ciliated and torn
scales ; erect, waved,
somewhat rigid, tri-
quetrous, callous, and
mucronate ; glaucous
green, marked with
many parallel clotted
lines ; slightly bica-
naiiculate above, and
flattish beneath ; 6 in.
long ; angles crenu-
lated, and scabrous :
sheaths 1 in. to l-i in.
long, persistent : scales
amentaceous, ciliare
and torn on the mar-
gin, bright brown.
Male catkins cylindri-
cal, 1 in. long, with
many imbricated, oval,
ciliated scales at the
base. Appendage to
the anthers roundish,
convex, coriaceous,
membranaceous on the
margin, torn, and cre-
nulated. Cones ob-
long, tubercled, bright
brown, thicker at the
base, a little attenu-
ated towards the apex,
about 6 in. long ; scales
elevated at the apex,
bluntly tetragonal,
truncate, very thick.
(Lamb.) Mr. Lam-
bert says : " Baron
Humboldt has re-
ferred this species
to Pinus occidentals
Sivartz; but I have
ventured to separate
it, as the size of the
cones, which may, in
general, be relied on
as indicating a specific
distinction in this ge-
nus, differs so much."
Those described by
Swartz are only 3 in.
long, whereas those
of P. Montezunue are
more than double that
length. Whether this
species will prove
quite hardy in British
gardens is not, as far as we are aware, at present ascertained. Something
may doubtless be accomplished with this and other species by grafting on
more hardy kinds.

1883. P. MonteziinuB Lindlfeyf.

1006 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BUITANNICUM.

1884. P. Montezum*.

2 43. P. MACROPHY'LLA Lindl. The long-leaved Pine.

Identification. Lindl. in Bot. Reg., M. Chron., 1839, No. 98. ; Penny Cyc., vol. 18.
Engravings. Owjigs. 1885, 1886. from specimens sent home by Hartweg.

Spec. Char., tyc. Leaves in fives, very long. Cones straight, horizontal, ovate,
elongate, solitary. Scales transverse at apex, rhomboidal, runcinate. Seed s
sub-rhomboidal, rugose, four times shorter than testaceous wing. (Lindl.)
A small tree. Mexico, on the Ocotillo, one specimen only being found, of
small size. Height r. Introduced in 1839 by cones sent home by Hartweg,
from which plants have been raised.

Differs from P. Russellmw« in the longer leaves, and shorter and stouter
cones, the ends of the scales of which are strongly hooked backwards. They
are 14* or 15 inches long, very robust, and resemble those of the Pinaster.
The cones are about 6 in. long, and 3 in. broad at the base ; and the scales are
hooked backwards like those of P. Coulten, and very hard. The small size
of the tree, if that should be its general habit, and the great length of its
leaves, would seem to render this a very remarkable species. Young plants
have been raised, but whether they will prove hardy is uncertain.

LXXVII. CONI'FERJE: PINNUS.

1007

1885. P. macrophylla.

1008 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

P. macrophylla.

1887- P. Pseudo-Slrobus.

f 44. P. PSEUNDO-#TROVBUS Lindl. The False-Strobus, or False Wcymmdh,

Pine.

Identification. Lindl. in Bot. Reg., M. Chron., 1839, No. 99.
Engravings. Our figs. 1887, 1888. from specimens sent home by Hartweg.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves in fives, very slender, glaucescent. Cones oval, verti-
cillate, horizontal. Scales rhoraboidal at apex, pyramidal, erect, straightish,
with a transverse elevated line. Seeds oval, four or five times shorter than
the blackish wing. (Lindl.) A tree. Mexico, at Anganguco, 8000 ft.
above the sea. Height ?. Introduced in 1839, by cones sent home by Hart-
weg, from which many plants have been raised.

The leaves are five, and glaucous like those of the Weymouth pine ; but
the cones differ in being thickened at the apex, in the manner of other Mexican
pines The cones are between 4 and 5 inches long, by liin. in diameter at
the middle, pointed and curved.

1 45. P. FILIFOXLIA Lindl. The thread-leaved Pine.

Identification. Lindl. in Bot. Reg, 1840, M. R., No. 132. ; Gard. Mag., 1840, p. 639.
Engravings. Our Jigs. 1889, 1890. in p. 1010, 1011. from specimens sent home by Hartweg.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches rigid, thick. Scales of the bud linear, very
acuminate, and with very long ciliae. Leaves in fives, very long (lift.)
acutely triangular ; sheaths long, smooth, persistent. Cones elongate^ ob-
tuse, 7 or 8 inches in length ; scales with lozenge-shaped, depressed, pyra-
midal apices, and terminating in a callous obtuse mucro. (Lindl.) A nob'e
tree, with branches as stout as those of P. australis or stouter. Guatemala,
on the Volcan del Fuego. Introduced in 1840 by the Horticultural Society!
H. S.

The leaves of this species are from 12 in. to 13 or 14 inches in length,
which is longer than those of any other pine previously discovered. Abun-
dance of plants of it have been raised in the Horticultural Society's Garden,
and other places ; but it is to be feared that they will not prove hardy in
the climate of London.

LXXVII. CONI'FERJE : PIVNUS.

1009

/888. P. Pseddo-Strobus.
3 T

LXXVII. CONIFER^E :

1011

1S90. P. fi!if61ia.

46. P. LEIOPHY'LLA Schwde et Deppe MSS. The smooth-leaved Pine.

Identification* Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 21. ; Penny Cyc., vol.18.

Synonyme. Ocote chino, in Mexico.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. 1. 21
from Lambert's figure ; and figs.
cimen sent home by Hartweg.

and our fig. 1891.
.fromaspe-

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves in fives, very slender ;
sheaths deciduous. Cones ovate, stalked.

Scales depressed, truncate. (Lamb. Pin.) Bud closely resembling
that of P. canariensis (fig. 1861. in p. 994.). Leaves, in the Drop-
more and Boyton specimens, from 5 in. to 6 in. in length, very slen-
ST 2

1012

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

der, and pendent, closely
set on the branches, and
forming large tufts at the
extremities of the shoots.
The stem and old wood
readily emit leaves and
shoots from adventitious
bud.*. A large tree, with the
habit of P. Strobus, but not
the cones of that species.
Mexico, between Cruz-
blanca and Jalacinga, in
the cold region, 7000 ft.
above the sea. Height
60 ft. to 100 ft. Intro-
duced ? 1800.

Cones were extensively
distributed by the Horticul-
tural Society in 1839. The
timber is said to be valuable,
but to resist the plane. Mr.
Lambert sent seeds to Drop-
more, where there are three
plants raised from them ; one
of which was, in 1837, 6 ft.
high, and had stood out six
years without any protection ;
and two others 12 ft. and
14 ft. high, which are covered
every winter in the same
manner as P. longifolia, and
which have been more in-
jured than those which were
left without protection. ,893. P. leiophj<IIa.

f 47. P. OOCA'RPA Schiede. The ^gg-shaped- coned Pine.

Identification. Schlecht. in Linnasa, vol. xii. p. 491. ; Penny Cyc., vol. 18.
Engravings. Our figs. 1894. to 1897. from specimens sent home by Hartweg ; sn& fig.
a young plant raised in 1839.

3. from

1894. P.o6c4rpa. 189ft. P.oUc&rpa.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves five in a sheath, from 8 in. to 1 1 in. long. Cone

•

LXXVII. CONI'FER^E : PI^NUS.

short, broad at the base, and pointed at the ex-
tremity. Scales at the apex tolerably elevated and
equal-sided, and sometimes of an irregular four-
cornered or many-cornered shape ; elevated bands

1013

1896.

run from the middle point to the corners, so that the whole apex of the scale
looks slightly pyramidal. Cones 2£in. to 2^ in. long, and If in. to 2 in.
broad. (Schlecht.) A tree. Mexico. Height 30 ft. to 40 ft. Introd. 1839, and
rather tender in British gardens.

P. oocarpmdcs Benth. — Cones distributed by Hort. Soc. in 1841, but whether
more than a mere variation of P. oocarpa appears to us very doubtful.

3T 3

1014 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

f 48. P. APULCE'NSIS Lindl. The Apulco Pine.

Identification. Lindl. in Bot. Keg. M. Chron., 1839, No. 100.
Sunonuine. P. acapulcensis G. Don in Sweet's Hort. Brit. ed. 3. p. 769.
Engravings. Our figs. 1899, 1900. from specimens sent home by Hartweg.

1899. P. apulcensis.

LXXVII. CONI'FER.-E : PIVNUS.

1015

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves in fives,
slender, short. Branches glaucous.
Cones pendulous, verticillate, ovate,
acute. Scales rhomboidal, pyra-
midal, straight, sometimes prolonged
and contracted in the middle. Seeds
oval, four times shorter than the
linear wing. (Lindl.) A tree.
Mexico, near Apulco, in ravines.
Height 50 ft. Introduced in 1839,
by cones sent home by Hurtweg,
from which many plants have been
raised.

1900. P. apulcensis.

The short leaves and very glaucous
shoots, the ovate cones, covered closely
with py amidal elevations, which are
sometimes prolonged and contracted in
the middle, especially those near the
points of the cones, readily distinguish
this from all other species. The leaves
are Gin. long. The cones are about
4* in. long, being rather larger than a
hen's egg ; the backs of the scales are
sometimes prolonged into a hook, par-
ticularly those nearest the base and the
point.

b. Natives of the West Indies.

1 49. P. OCCIDENTALS Swartz. The
West-Indian Pine.

Identification. Swartz Prod., 103. ; H. B. et

Kunth N Gen., 2. p. 4. : T/mnaea, vol. v. p. 76. ;

Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1 t 2:?.

Sijnonymes. P. fbliis qulais, &c., Plum. Cat. 17. ;
' Lhrix americana Tourn. Inst. 586. ; Ocote,

Mexican.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 23. ; N. Du

Ham., 5. t. 72. f. 2. ; and our Jig. 1901.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves in fives, pale
green, slender ; sheaths persistent.
Cones conical, half the length of the
leaves ; scales thickened at the apex,
with very small mucros. (Lois.) St.
Domingo, in the quarter of Saint
Suzanne, on mountains where snow
occasionally falls ; and where it grows
to the height of from 25 ft. to 30 ft.,
with leaves 6 in. long, of a fine green,
and cones somewhat larger than
those of P. sylvestris.
A very doubtful species, but we have

retained it, as we have done some

others of the same kind.

3T

1901. P. occidental!

1016 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BUITANNICUM.

B. Cones with the Scales not thickened at the Apex.

a. Natives of Europe and Siberia.
t 50. P. CE'MBRA L. The Cembran Pine,

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1419. ; Pall. Fl. Ross., 1. p. 3.

Synonymes. P. f61iis qulnis, &c., Gmel. Sib. 1. p. 179. ; P. satlva Amm. Ruth. p. 178. ; P. sylves-
tris, &c., Bauh. Pin. 491.; P. sylvestris Ctmbro Cam. Epit. p. 42. ; Larix sempervlrens, &c.,
Breyn. in Act. Nat. Cur. Cent. 7,8. ; Pinaster Aleuo, &c., Bell. Conifer, p. 20. b. 21.; TVda
arbor, Ctmbro Italbrum, Dale Hist. 1. p. 47. ; Aphernousli Pine, five-leaved Pine, the Siberian
Stone Pine, the Swiss Stone Pine; Aroles, in Savoy ; Alvie?, in Switzerland ; Cembra, in Dau-
phine ; Ceinbrot, Eouve, Tinier, Fr.; Ziirbelkiefer, Ger. ; Pino Zimbro, Ital. ; Kedr, Russ. (see
Pall. FL Ross.)

Engravings. Pall. Ross., 1. t. 2. ; Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 30, 31. ; the plate of this tree in Arb.
Brit., 1st edit., vol. vlii. ; our Jig. 1905. to our usual scale, figs. 1902. to 1904. of the natural size,
all from Dropmore specimens.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves in fives ; sheaths deciduous. Cones ovate, erect,
about as long as the leaves, and having, when young, the scales
pubescent ; the wings of the seed obliterated ; anthers having a
kidney-shaped crest. Buds, in the Dropmore specimens,
from A in. to f- in. broad ; globose, with a long narrow
point ; white, and without resin ; not surrounded by
smaller buds (see Jig. 1902.). Cones about Sin. long, and
2£ in. broad. Scales 1 in. long, and about the same width
in the widest part. Seed larger than that of any other
European species of Pinus, except P. Pinea, |in. long, and
•^r in. broad in the widest part, somewhat triangular, and
wedge-shaped ; without wings, probably from abortion ; and
having a very hard shell, containing an eatable, oily, white
kernel, agreeable to the taste. Cotyledons 11 to 13 (see
fig. 1903.). A tall tree. Switzerland and Siberia. Height 50 ft.
to 80 ft. Introduced in 1746. Lt flowers in May, and ripens its
cones in the November of the following year.

Varieties.

t P. C. 1 sibinca. P. Cembra Lodd. Cat. ed. 1837 ; Kedr, Pall. ;
Cedar of some authors ; the Siberian Stone Pine, or Siberian Cedar,
Hort. — The cones are said to be longer, and the scales larger, than
in the Swiss variety ; the leaves are, also, rather shorter ; and the
plant is of much slower growth in England.

1 P. C. 2 pygm<e^a. P. C, piimila Pall. Ross. ; Slanez, Russ. — Ac-
cording to Pallas, the trunk of this variety does not exceed 2 in. in
thickness, and it is rarely above 6 ft. in height ; the branches being
not more than 1 in. in diameter. Some specimens are much lower
in height, prostrate, and shrubby.

t P. C. 3 helvetica Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. The Swiss, Cembran, or Stone,
Pilie. — Cones short and roundish, with close scales ; and the
plants of more vigorous growth than the Siberian variety; the
wood, also, is said to be more fragrant. This is much the com-
monest form of P. Cembra in British gardens.

In England, P. Cembra is an erect tree, with a straight trunk and a smooth
bark. When standing singly, it is regularly furnished to the summit with
whorls of branches, which are more persistent than the branches of most
other species of yibietinae. The leaves are from 3 to 5 in a sheath, three-
ribbed ; the ribs serrated, one of them green and shining, and the other two
white and opaque. In most species of pine, it has been observed that during
winter the leaves incline more towards the shoots which produce them
than in summer, as if to prevent the snow from lodging on them ; and this is
said to be much more conspicuously the case with the leaves of P. Cembra
than with those of any other species. The male catkins are red, and appear
at the base of the young shoots. According to Lambert, the flowers have a
more beautiful appearance than in any other species of pine, being of a bright
purple ; and the unripe full-grown cones, he says, have a bloom upon them
like that of a ripe Orleans plum. The tree is of remarkably slow growth in

LXXVII. CONI FERjE I PI NUS.

1017

1904. P. Cembra.

every stage of its progress, more especially when young ; seldom advancing

more, even in rich soils, than 1 ft. in a year. The wood of P. Cembra is very

soft ; and its grain is so fine, that it is scarcely perceptible. It is very resinous,

which is the cause of its agreeable fragrance. It is

not commonly large enough to be used in carpentry ;

but in joinery it is of great value, as it is remarkably

easy to be worked, and is of great durability. In

Switzerland, it is very much used by turners ; and

the shepherds of the Swiss Cantons, and of the

Tyrol, occupy their leisure hours in carving out of it

numerous curious little figures of men and animals,

which they sell in the towns, and which have found

their way all over Europe. The wood is much used

for wainscoting; having not only an agreeable light

brown appearance, but retaining its odour, according

to Kasthofer, for centuries. In Switzerland, the seeds

are used in some places as food, and in others as an

article of luxury. Though the Cembran pine will

grow in the poorest soils, and in the most elevated

and exposed situations, where no other pine or fir

will exist, yet it will not grow rapidly, except in a Igos. r.

1018

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

free soil, somewhat deep, and with a dry subsoil. All the varieties are pro-
pagated from imported seeds, which may be sown in the same autumn in which
they are received ; or, perhaps, kept in a rot heap for a year, as they lie two
winters and one summer in the ground before germinating. The plants grow
exceedingly slowly for 4 or 5 years, seldom attaining in that period a greater
height than from 1 ft. to 2 ft. When they are to be removed to any distance,
they are best kept in pots ; but, the roots being small and numerous, large
plants of P. Ccmbra transplant better (when they are not to be carried to too
great a distance) than most other species of Pinus.

b. Natives of North America.
1 51. P. ^TRO'BUS L. The Strobus, or Weymouth, Pine.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI.. 1419.; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 644.

Synonymcs. P. fbliis qulnis, &c., Gron. Virg. 2. p. 152. ; P. canadensis quinquefblia Du Ham.

Arb. 2. p. 127. ; P. virginiana Pink. Aim. p. 297. ; Lkrix canadensis Town. Inst. p. 586. ; New

England Pine, white Pine, Pumpkin Pine, Apple Pine, Sapling Pine, Amer. ; Pin du Lord, Pin

du Lord Weymouth, Fr.
Engravings. Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. t. 145. ; the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol.

viii. ; and our figs. 1906. to 1908. from specimens from Whitton.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves slender, without sheaths. Male catkins small.
Cone cylindrical, long, and pendulous. (Michx.) Buds from ^ in. to £ in.
long, and from -^ in. to ^ in. broad ; ovate, pointed, and slightly resinous ;

surrounded by one or two small

buds. (See/g. 1906.) Leaves from

3 in. to 3± in. long. Cone (see^g.

1908.) from 5 in. to 6 in. long, and

from l^in. to If in. broad, on a

peduncle f in. long ; scales (see
fig. 1907.) 1^ in. long, and from

fin. to fin. broad. Seed -^in.

long, and ^ in. broad ; obovate,

pointed below, with a wing which,

including the seed, is about 1 in.
long, and £ in. broad, in the widest part.
Cotyledons 6 to 10. A large tree. Ca-
nada to Virginia, in fertile soil on the
sides of hills. Height 50 ft. to 80 ft.,
rarely 150ft. Introduced in 1705. Flow-
ering in April, and ripening its cones in
October of the second year.

Varieties.

1 P. S. 2 alba Hort. — Leaves and
bark much whiter than the species.
Horticultural Society.
1 P. S. 3 brevifolia Hort. — Leaves
shorter.

P. S. 4 compressa
Booth. P. S. nova
Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836;
FloetbeckWeymouth
Pine. — Also much
shorter in the leaf,
and probably the
same as P. S. brevi-
folia.

The wood of this tree
is remarkably white when
newly sawn into planks ;
whence the common Ame-
1907. p. strbbus. rican name for it of white

1908. P. stri,bus.

LXXVII. CONI'FER^E : PINNUS.

1019

pine. The rate of growth in Britain is, except in very favourable situations,
slower than that of most European pines. Nevertheless, in the climate of
London, it will attain the height of 12 or 13 feet in 10 years from the seed
When planted singly, like most other pines, it forms a branchy head ; but,
when drawn up among other trees of the same species, it has as clear a
trunk in Britain as in America. The wood is more employed in America
than that of any other pine, serving exclusively for the masts of the numerous
vessels constructed in the northern and middle states. The soil and situation
ought to be favourable, otherwise the tree will not thrive. Seeds are procured
ill abundance ; and the plants, when sown in spring, come up the first year,
and may be treated in the nursery like those of the Scotch pine.

t 52. P. (S.) LAMBERTIA^NA Dougl. The gigantic, or Lambert's, Pine.

Identification. Dougl. in Lin. Trans , 15. p. 500. ; Lamb.
Pin., ed. 2., 1 . t. 34.

Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., t. 34. ; our fig. 1911.,
to our usual scale, and figs. 1909, 1910. 1912. of the
natural size ; the cone and scale, from Douglas's spe-
cimens in the Horticultural Society's herbarium, and
the buds and leaves from the tree in the Horticultural
Society's Garden.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves in fives, rigid,
roughish ; sheaths very short. Cones
thick, very long, cylindrical ; scales loose,
roundish. (Douglas.) Buds, in the
specimen from the Horticultural
Society's Garden, A in. long, and
A in. broad ; roundish, pointed, and
with 3 smaller buds. (See fig.
1909.) Leaves 2| in. to 3 in.
long ; in Douglas's specimens, 4iin.
and 5 in. long. Cones from 14 in.
to 16 in. long, and said to be some-
times 18 in. long, and 4? in. in di-
ameter in the widest part ; scales
IA in. wide, and nearly 2 in. long. Seed
large, oval, -g in. long, and nearly f in.
broad ; dark brown ; wing dark brown,
and, with the seed, If in. long, and fin.
broad in the widest part. A gigantic tree,
of the range of the
Rocky Mountains, co-
vering large districts.
Height 150ft. to 200 ft.
rarely 215 ft. Intro-
duced in 1827. It has
not yet flowered in Eng-
land. Native of the
north-west coast of
North America, where
it was discovered by
Mr. Douglas ; and in-
troduced into England
in 1827.

The species to which
this pine is most nearly
allied, Douglas observes,
is undoubtedly P. Stro-
bus, from which, how-
ever, it is extremely
different in station, habit, ,,Jlr />.<«,-.) Lambert

1909.

1910. P. (S.) Lambert:

California, upon low hills, east

1020 ARBORETUM ET I- RUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1912. P. (S.I Lamberti</Ha.

and parts of fructification. Plants were raised of this species in the
Horticultural Society's Garden in 1827, and distributed in the following
year ; but it is remarkable that the greater part of them have since died,
generally when they were about 4 or 5 feet in height. Notwithstanding this,
the species does not appear to be much more tender than P. Strobus. The
resin which exudes from the trees, when they are partly burned, loses its

LXXVII. CONl'FEILffi: PIXNUS.

1021

usual flavour, and acquires a sweet taste ; in which state it is used by the
natives as sugar, being mixed with their food. The seeds are eaten roasted
or are pounded into coarse cakes for their winter store. H. S.

£ 53. P. (S.) BIONTI'COLA Dougl. The Mountain, or short-leaved
Weymouth, Pine,

Identification. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., vol. 2., 3. t. 87.

Engravings. Lamb. Pin., 3. t. 87. ; and our figs. 1913. and 1914. from Douglas's specimens in the
herbarium of the Horticultural Society.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves in fives, short, smoothish, obtuse. Cones cylin-
drical and smooth ; scales loose and pointed. (D. Don.} Buds, in the
plant in the Lon-
don Horticultural
Society's Garden,
small, resembling
those of P. Lam-
bertidna. Leaves
from 3i in. to 4 in.
long, without the
sheaths. Cone,
from Douglas's
specimen, 7 in.
long, and If in.
broad; rather ob-
tuse at the point :
scales fin. broad
at the widest part,
and from 1 f in. to
2 in. long, and co-
vered with resin.
Seed small,
long, and
broad ; wit
wing, IA in. long,
and A in. broad.
Cotyledons, ?. A
tree. High moun-
tains, at the Grand
Rapids of the Co-
lumbia river ; and
in California, on
the rocky banks of
the Spokan river.
Height (?). Intro-
duced in 1831; but
there are only very
small plants in
England.

Except in its much
shorter and smoother
leaves, this species
differs but little from
P. Strobus, of which
it may prove to be
only a variety ; but,
until an opportunity
occurs of examining
the male catkins, and 1913. P. (S-) mont(ooU

-^ in.
ith the

1022 ARBORETUM ET FUUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

ascertaining other particulars, it is considered
best to keep it distinct. Judging from the
appearance of the specimens sent home by
Douglas, the tree must abound in resin.
Among Douglas's specimens, there is a va-
riety with red cones, from which no plants
have yet been raised

1914. P. (S.) monucola.

c. Natives of Nepal and
Mexico.

* 54. P. (S.) EXCE'LSA Wallich.
The lofty, or Bhutan, Pine.

Identification. Wall. PI. As. Rar., t.
201. ; Lamb. Pin., 1. t. 33.

Synonymes. P. DicksomV Hort. ; Chilla,
' or Chylla, Himalayas ; Kuel, Sirmone
# Gurhwal ; Lemshing, Bhotea ; Rae-
sula, or King of the Firs, Hindostan.

Engravings. Wall. PI. As. Rar., t. 201. ;
Lamb. Pin., 1. t 33. ; our fig. 1918.
to our usual scale, and figs. 1915, 1916,
1917. of the nat. size, from Wallich,
Lambert, and from living specimens.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves in fives,
very long, and slender, loose.
Crest of the anthers roundish,
truncate ; simple, lace-
rated. Cones cylindri-
cal, smooth, pendulous,
longer than the leaves.
(Wall.) Buds, on the
tree in the Horticultu-
ral Society's Garden,
\ in. long and -^ in.
broad ; conical, with
straight sides, and
igis. pointed. (Fig. 1915.)
Leaves rather more than
6 in. long. Cone 9 in. long,
and 2 in. broad, with a foot-
stalk 1 in. long; scale If in.
long, and li in. broad. Seeds
^ in. long, and f in. broad ;
with the wing, 1J in. long,
and f in. broad. A large tree.
Nepal, on mountains. Height
90ft. to 120ft. Introduced
in 1823. It flowers in May,
and ripens its cones in the
autumn of the second year.

P. (S.)exc6lsa.

LXXVII. CONI'FER^E : PIVNUS.

1023

Pinus excelsa, Mr.
Lambert observes, ap-
proaches so near in
nabit, and in the shape
of its cones, to P. Strb-
bus, that, were it not

1918. P. (S.) ezc61sa.

for the simple, round,
membranaceous crest of
the anthers, it would be
almost impossible to dis-
tinguish them specifi-
cally. The leaves are
longer than in P. Strobus, and the cones are thicker. Dr. Royle makes a
similar remark as to the resemblance of this tree to P. ^trobus, and adds
" that it is remarkable for its drooping branches, whence it is frequently called
the ' weeping fir,' by travellers in the Himalayas." The rate of growth of this
tree, in the climate of London, appears to be" nearly the same as that of P.
tftrobus, and it seems equally hardy.

1 55. P. AYACAHUITE C. Ehrenb. The Ayacahuite Pine.

Identification. Schlecht. in Linnaea, vol. xii.
p. 492. ; Card. Mag., 1839, p. 129.

Synonymes. Piflones. It is so called because
'it was believed that the Ayacahuite, the abo-
riginal name of this species, had originated in
P. Pinones (P. Llave«»rt).

Engravings. OUT figs. 1919, 1920. from a specimen
sent home by Hartweg.

Spec. Char., Sf-c. Leaves in fives, on
small spur-like protuberances, which,
when very close together, make the
twig look stunted and very crooked.
Leaves from 3 in. to 4 in. long, and
about i of a line broad ; flat on the
back, but with a sharp projecting
keel-like midrib, and two furrows.
The leaves are whitish when young,
with sharp thickened small teeth,
not very close together, in the mar-
gin towards the points. Cones
more than 1 ft. long, and 3 in. in
iiameter at the base, and tapering
towards the point ; some much

1024 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1920. P. Ayacahutte

LXXVII. CONIFER^E:

1025

longer than others The
scales are about 2 in.
long, standing open,
with their points more
or less bent down-
wards ; the rhomboidal
surface is much longer
than it is broad, inter-
sected by many wrinkles
lengthwise, of a dull
greenish and yellowish
brown colour. Seed
winged, 1 in. long, and
from 8 to 12 lines broad
at the top, where it is
broadest. It is small
in proportion to the
cone. The wing has
almost the appearance
of the upper wings of
many small moths, being
brownish, with dark
stripes running length-
wise. (Sc/ilecht.) A
large tree. Mexico, at
Omitlan, near Hacienda
de Guerrero, and other
places. Height 100 ft.
Introd. to H. S. Gard.
in 1840 by Hartweg.
A great deal of resin
exudes from the whole
cone, as in Pinus tftrobus,
to which this species is
nearly allied; but it differs
in the points of the scales,
which in this species are
bent downwards, whereas
in P. Strobus they are
bluntly rounded, obtuse,
and stand upright.

P. Ayacahulte.

GENUS II.

D. Don. THE SPRUCE FIR. Lin. Syst. Monce'cia Monadelphia.

Identification. D. Don in Lamb. Pin., vol. iii.

Synonymfs. Pinus of Lin. and others, in part ; Ptcea Link in Abhand. Konig. Akad. Wissens.
Berlin, p. 179. for 1827, (the ancients called the silver fir ,4'bies, and the spruce fir Pfcea; but, by
some inadvertence, Linnaeus reversed these names : Professor Link has restored them in the
essay quoted, but we have not thought it advisable to depart from the customary nomenclature,
by following him) ; .4'bies of Tourn., Mill., and others, in part ; Picea of the ancients ; Sapin
epicea, Fr. ; Fichtenbaum, Ger. ; Abete, Ital. ; Abieto, Span.

Derivation. From abeo, to rise ; alluding to the aspiring habit of growth of the tree : or, according
to some, from apfos, a pear tree ; in allusion to the form of the fruit.

Gen. Char. The same as Pinus : but with the cones pendent, and less de-
cidedly grouped ; the strobiles cylindrical ly conical ; the carpels not thick-
ened at the tip ; and the leaves solitary, partially scattered in insertion, and
more or less 2-ranked in direction. Carpels and bracteas adhering to the
axis of the strobiles. (D. Don.}

3 u

1026 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BIUTANNICUM.

Leaves simple, 2-rowed, exstipulate, evergreen ; linear. Flowers in cat-
kins, the males yellowish. — Trees evergreen ; natives of Europe, Asia, and
America ; remarkable for their tall, erect, pyramidal forms, and profusion
of foliage. One or more species are useful, and the rest ornamental. In
Britain, they flower in May and June, and ripen their cones in the spring of
the following year. All the species bear seeds at a comparatively early age ;
and all of them may be readily propagated by cuttings taken off in the
spring, according to Dumont De Courset ; or in autumn, according to the
practice of British gardeners. All the species hitherto introduced are quite
hardy in British gardens.
Our arrangement of the species in British gardens is as under : —

§ i. Leaves tetragonal, awl-shaped, scattered in insertion.

A. Natives of Europe and the Cancaszts.
1. excelsa. 2. orientalis. 3. obovata.

B. Natives of North America.
4. alba. 5. nigra. 6. (n.) riibra.

C. Native of Nepal. 7. Khutrow.
§ ii. Leaves flat, generally glaucous beneath, imperfectly 2-rowed.

D. Natives of North America.

8. Douglass. 9. Menzies/z. 10. canadensis.

E. Native of Nepal, 1 1 . dumosa.

J i. Leaves tetragonal, awl-shaped, scattered in insertion.

A. Natives of Europe and the Caucasus.
i 1. A. EXCE'LSA Dec. The lofty, or Norway, Spruce Fir.

Identification. Dec. Fl. Fr., 3. ; Poir. Diet. Encyc., 6. p. 518. ; N. Du Ham., 6. p. 289.

Synont/mes. A. communis Hort. ; ^'bies Picea Mill. Diet. No. 2. ; Plnus ^vbies Lin. Sp. PI. 1421. ;
P. Picea Du Koi Harbk. ed. Pott., 2. p. 156. ; P. excelsa Lam. Fl. Fr. ed. J. 2. p. 202. ; Picea
vulgaris Link in Abhand. p. 180. ; common Spruce, Prussian Fir ; faux .Sapin, E'picea, Sapin-
Pesse, Serente, Sapin gentil, Finesse, Fr. ; Lafie, in the Vosges ; gemeine rothe Tanne, gemeine
fichte, Ger. ; Pezzo, Abete di Germania, or di Norvegia, Ital.

Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 35. ; N. Du Ham., 6. t. 80. ; the plates of this tree in Arb.
Brit, 1st edit., vol. viii. ; and our 1g. 1923.

Spec. Char.,8fc. Leaves scattered, quadrangular. Cones cylindrical, terminal,
pendent ; scales naked, truncate at the summit, flat. Crest of the anthers
rounded. (Lois.) Cone from 5 in. to 7 in. long, and from 1£ in. to 2 in.
broad ; scale from 1 in. to l^in. long, and from £in. to fin. broad. Seed
very small, scarcely ± in. long, and ^ in. broad ; with the wing, f in. long,
and £ in. broad. Cotyledons 7 to 9. A lofty tree. North of Europe,
more particularly Norway. Height 80 ft. to 100 ft. Cultivated since 1548.
It flowers in May ; its cones are ripened in the spring of the following year,
soon after which they commence shedding their seeds.

Varieties.

1 A. e. I commiinis. The common Spruce, or White Fir of Norway. —
The foliage is shorter, more slender, and lighter-coloured, than in
the following form ; though the difference may be in part owing to
soil and situation.

t A. e. 2 nigra. The black-leaved Spruce, or Red Fir of Norway. —
There is a tree in Studley Park, known there as the black spruce, of
which a portrait is given in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. viii. In the
foliage, it answers to the description given of the red fir of Norway ;
its leaves being very thick, strong, and dark-coloured ; its bark red ;
and its cones longer than those of the common spruce. The leaves,
in the specimen sent to us, are 1£ in. in length ; and the cones from
5£ in. to 6 in. long, and from 1 1 in. to l£ in. broad. The scales (see

IP

LXXVII. CONI'FEIUE : ^VBIES. 1027

fig. 1922.) are much more pointed than those of the
common spruce, and longer.

1 A, c. 3 carpatica. A. carpatica Hort. — This variety
has vigorous shoots, and foliage as dense and long
as that of the preceding, but lighter.

t A e. 4 pendula. A. commiinis pendula Booth — Dis-
tinguished from the species by the drooping habit of
its branches; and also by the darker glossy green
colour, and greater length, of its leaves.

t A. e. Sfoliis variegdtis. — Leaves blotched with yellow,
and a more compact dwarf-growing tree than the
species.

* A. e. 6 Clanbrasiliiina. — - A low, compact, round bush,

seldom seen higher than 3 or 4 feet, and never, that
we have heard of, producing either male or female blossoms. The
annual shoots are from I in. to 4 in. in length ; the leaves from A in.
to £ in. long, and their colour is lighter than in the species.

* A. e. 7 Claiwrasi/iiina sti icta. — More erect than the preceding variety.
» A. e. 8 pygmcea. A. nana in the Horticultural Society's Garden ; A.

elegans Smith of Ayr. — Dwarfer than A. e. Clanbrasih'awa.

* A. e 9 tentdfolia. A. tenuifoha Smith of Ayr. — Very slender leaves

and shoots.
? A. e. 10 gigantea. A. gigantea Smith of Ayr. — Leaves rather larger

and stronger than those of the species.
« A. e. 11 monstrbsa. A. monstrosa Hort. — Shoots and leaves thicker

than those of the species, with few or no lateral branches.

* A. e. 12 mucrondta Hort. — Leaves disposed on the branches like

those of Araucaria imbricata. The only plant that we know of is in
the nursery of the Grand Trianon. (See Gard. Mag. for 1841.)

Oilier Varieties may be found in the nurseries and in books ; for the tree is
very liable to sport, both in its branches and in the seed bed. Bosc mentions
a variety which had been sent to him from the Vosges, with the leaves flatter
and more pointed than the common spruce, and with different cones. Hayes
speaks of a seminal variety of the spruce, which has been denominated the
long-coned Cornish fir, the cones being frequently nearly 1 ft. long; and of
which, in the year 1790, there was a fine tree in the park of Avondale, in the
county of Wicklow. (Pract. Treat.^ p. 165.) Pinus viminalis Aktrcem.,t\iQ
Hongetanne (weeping fir) of Sweden, with long slender pendulous leafless
twigs, is frequently found there in fir woods (see Link, Abhand., p. 182.),
but has not yet been introduced. There is a very beautiful variety at
Harewood Hall, in Yorkshire (see Arb. Jlrit., 1st edit., p. 2599.), which we
believe has not been propagated. Linnaeus has five varieties in his Flora
Suecica. According to Gasrtner the species is exhibited in two forms, called
the white and the red Norway spruce ; one with pale, and the other with
deep-coloured, cones ; but the timber of both is white.
The wood of the spruce fir is light, elastic, and varying in durability according
to the soil on which it has grown. Its colour is either a reddish or a yellowish
white, and it is much less resinous than the wood of P. sylvestris. According to
Hartig, it weighs 64 Ib. 1 1 oz. per cubic foot when green, 49 Ib. 5 oz. when half-
dry ; and 35 Ib. 2oz. when quite dry; and it shrinks in bulk one seventieth part in
drying. The ashes furnish potash ; and the trunk produces an immense quan-
tity qf resin, from which Burgundy pitch is made. The resin is obtained by
incisions made in the bark, when it oozes out between that and the soft wood ;
and the mode of procuring and manufacturing it will be found detailed in our
1st edition. The principal use to which the wood is applied is, for scaffold-
ing-poles, ladders, spars, oars, and masts to small vessels ; for which purposes,
the greater proportion of the importations of spruce fir timber from Norway
are in the form of entire trunks, often with the bark on, from 30ft. to 60ft.

3 u 2

1028 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1923. ^bies exc61sa.

in length, and not more than 6 or 8 inches in diameter at the thickest end.
The planks and deals are used for flooring rooms, and by musical instrument
makers and carvers ; they are also used by cabinet-makers for lining furniture,
and for packing-boxes, and many similar purposes. The wood, being fine-
grained, takes a high polish, and does well for gilding on ; and it will take a
black stain as well as the wood of the pear tree. The spruce fir is one of
the best nurses for other trees, not only from its dense mass of foliage, which
may be considered as a reservoir of heat, but because, from its conical form,
and its being abundantly furnished with branches on the surface of the ground,
it acts as a non-conductor, and keeps the soil from cold and drought ; and,
while it protects the plant to be sheltered from high winds, it admits the top
of that plant to the free enjoyment of light and air. It makes excellent hedges
for shelter, bearing the shears well. All agree that it requires a soil somewhat
moist. It will thrive in soils of very different qualities ; but it never attains large
dimensions in shallow soils and exposed places. On dry soils, it invariably
becomes stunted, produces a great number of cones at an early age, and soon
dies. The check given to large trees by transplanting also throws them into
bearing ; by which means, even in the most suitable soils, the progress of the
tree in making wood is much impeded. Hence, in the case of the spruce, as
in all other Jbietinae, the great advantage of transplanting the tree when young.
The spruce fir grows most luxuriantly in deep loams and low situations ; or
on acclivities with a north-east aspect, and a moist sandy soil ; in which last
situation, at Blair and other places in Scotland, it is found to produce timber
as strong and durable as that imported from Norway. The mature cones may
be gathered any time between the November of the first year and the following
April : they should be chosen from healthy vigorous trees, and exposed to
the heat of the sun, placed in a warm room, or slightly dried on a kiln ; after
which, the seeds will drop out by merely shaking the cones, or gently thrash-
ing them. Fifteen gallons of cones will produce 2 Ib. of seeds with ^their
wings, or 1 Ib. 4> oz. without them. After being collected, the seeds may be
kept three or four years, and will still preserve their vitality ; but it is always
safest to sow them immediately after taking them from the cones, or in the
course of the following March or April. The seeds of the spruce fir, being
nearly of the same size as those of the Scotch pine, may be treated in the
nursery in a similar manner ; but, as the plants, when they come up, are more

LXXVII. CONI'FERJE :

10-29

prolific in fibrous roots, and less so in shoots and leaves, they may be kept
in the nursery, by frequent transplanting, till they attain a much larger size.
The most convenient time for planting them where they are finally to remain
is after they have been two years in the seed-bed, and one year transplanted ;
and the operation should never be performed but in mild weather, and when
the air is somewhat moist.

1 2. A. ORIENTALS Tourn. The Oriental Spruce Fir.

Identification. Tourn. Cor., 41

St/nonymes. Plnus orientalis Lin. Sp. PI. 1421., Lamb. Pin. ed. 2. 1. t. 39. ; Pfcea orientalis Link,

and Steven in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mas. 1833.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 39. ; and our figs. 1924. and 1925.

Spec. Char.) fyc. Leaves solitary, sub-quadrangular. Cones cylindrical ; scales
broader than long, rhomboid ovate, rounded at the apex, sub-entire. (Steven.)
Leaves half as long as those of Jvbies excelsa, and, like them, quadrangular,
acute, but not pungent ; neither are they two rowed, as Tournefort states,

but cover the branches on all sides, as in
the common spruce. Cones Sin. long,
subcylindrical; scales
more laxly imbri-
cated as the seeds
ripen, inferior broad-
ly rounded, superior
somewhat acute. A
lofty tree. Tauria
and Caucasus, on the
loftiest mountains of
Imeretia, and fre-
quent in Upper Mingrelia, especially in the
neighbourhood of churches, and forming

1924. A. orientklis.

1925. ^.orientalis.

whole forests between Guriel and the

Adshar mountains. (Gard. Mag., 1839,

p. 227.)

Described by Lambert, after Tournefort, and
from dried specimens; but cones with fertile
seeds do not appear to have been introduced
till ? 1 837. Of late many plants have been
raised in Knight's Exotic Nursery, from seeds
received from Mingrelia and the neighbourhood
of Teflis.

1 3. A. OBOVA'TA D. Don MS. The obovate-
leaved Spruce Fir.

Synonyme. Picea obovata Led. Icon. PL Fl. Ross. t. 500.
Engravings. Our fig. 1926. and 1927. from Ledebour.

Spec. Char., Sf-c. Leaves arranged in many
series, curved upwards. Cones erect, cylindri-
cal. Scales abruptly dilated from the cuneate
base into a quadrangular lamina, broader
towards the point. Bracteas somewhat
quadrangular, mucronate, not half the length

3 u 3

1926. A. obovJita.

1030

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

of the scale, scarcely broader than the wing
of the fruit, which is straight on both margins
towards the apex. Found on the Altai Moun-
tains, at an elevation of 5272 ft. Flowering in
May ; not yet introduced.

Professor Don informs us that he strongly sus-
pects this tree to be only a northern form of vf bies
Smithidna. Ledebour, he says, has committed the
same error in regard to his P. obovata, as Dr.
Wallich did in the case of A bies Smithmwa ;• that
is, he has described the cones as erect, while, from
the other parts of his description, the tree must
belong to the genus Jvbies.

B. Natives of North America.
1 4. A. A'LBA Michx. The white Spruce Fir.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 207. ; N. Amer. Syl., 3. p. 182.

Synonymes. Plnus 61ba Ait. Hort. Kew. 3. p. 371. ; P. laxa Ehrh. Bcitr. 3. p. 24. ; P. canadensis

Du Roi Harbk. p. 124. ; A. curviffolia Hort. ; single Spruce, Amer. ; Epinette blanche, Canada;

Sapinette blanche, Fr.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 36. : Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. t. 148. ; the plate of this tree

in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol viii. ; and our fig. 1928.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves somewhat glaucous, scattered round the branches,
erect, quadrangular. Cones oblong-cylindrical, pendulous, lax ; scales with
entire margins. (Michx.} Cones from Jf in. to 2iin. long, and from fin.
to fin. broad; on the tree at Dropmore, 4 in. long. Seed very small ; with
the wing, fin. long, -^-in. broad. Leaves fin. long; on the tree at Drop-
more, twice the length of those of A, nigra, very glaucous when they first

1927 A Obov2lta.

come out. A tree. Canada to Carolina, throughout the tracts of high
mountains.. Height 40 ft. to 50 ft. Introduced in 1 700. It flowers in
May and June, and the cones are ripe in the April following.
Variety.

1 A. a. 2 ndna Dickson of the Chester Nursery. — A low-growing plant,

apparently somewhat distinct.

Other Varieties. Loiseleur Deslongchamps states that, according to the
specimens of A. orientalis which Tournefort brought from the Levant, this
alleged species cannot be separated from A. alba. He therefore introduces
A. orientalis Tourn., Poir. Diet. vi. p. 508., and Lamb. Pin. ed. 1. ii. t. 39.,
as a variety of A. alba. We have retained it as a species (No. 2.), though
we have great doubts as to its distinctness.

The general aspect of the white spruce is much lighter than that of any
other species of the genus. The bark is considerably lighter in colour than

LXXVII. CONIFERS : A BIES.

1031

that of any other spruce; the leaves are also less numerous, longer, more
pointed, at a more open angle with the branches, and of a pale bluish green.
The male catkins are pendulous, on long footstalks, and of a brownish yellow.
The female catkins are ovate and pendulous. When ripe, the cones are small,
of a lengthened oval in shape, and a light brown colour ; the scales are loose
and thin, round or bluntly pointed, with entire edges. The seeds are minute,
with a very small wing, and ripen a month earlier than those of the black
spruce. When the tree is agitated with the wind, or when the cones are
gently struck with a stick, the seeds drop out, and fall slowly to the ground
with a tremulous fluttering motion, resembling a cloud of small pale brown
moths. The rate of growth, in the climate of London, in sandy soil some-
what moist, is from 12ft. to 15ft. in 10 years. In 30 years, the tree will
attain the height of from 30 ft. to 40 ft. ; but in dry soils it seldom reaches
either this age or height : indeed, all the American spruces may be considered,
in England, as short-lived trees.

1 5. A. NIXGRA Poir. The black Spruce Fir.

Identification. Poir. Diet. Encyc., 6. p. 520. ; Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. p. 176.

Synonymcs. Pinus nlgra Ait. Ilort. Kew. 3. p. 370. ; P. mariana Ehr. Beyt 3. p. 23. ; /Tbies ma-
riana Wangh. Beyt. p. 75. ; double Spruce ; noire Epinette, Epinette a la BiSre, in Canada.

Engravings. . Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 37. ; Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. t. 147. ; the plate of this tree
in Arb. Brit., 1st. edit., vol. viii. ; and our Jig. 1929.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves solitary, regularly disposed all round the branches ;
erect, very short, somewhat quadrangular. Cones ovate, pendulous ; scales
somewhat undulated ; the apex of the scale crenulated or divided. (Michx.)
Cones from 1* in. to If in. long, and from £in. to nearly 1 in. broad. Seed
rather larger than that of A. alba, but the wing smaller. Leaves from .1 in.
to |- in. long. A large tree. Canada to Carolina, throughout the tracts of
high mountains. Height 60 ft. to 70ft. Introduced in 1700. Flowering
in May or June, and ripening its cones in the following April.

Varieties. The kind generally designated as A. rubra (P. rubra Lamb.) is as-
serted by Michaux to be only a variety, or rather variation, of A. nigra,
produced by the influence of the soil on the wood, but we have treated it
as a subspecies, as it is tolerably distinct, and, at present, not common.

The branches spread more in a horizontal than in a drooping direction, like
those of the Norway spruce ;
and, consequently, the black K

spruce (notwithstanding the V \\ (U Ji \ v .

darkness of its foliage) has
not the gloomy aspect; of the
European tree. The bark is
smooth and blackish. The
leaves are of a dark sombre
green ; they are short, being
scarcely ^ in. long, thickly set,
stiff, and are attached singly
to the branches, which they
cover all round. The male
catkins are cylindrical, erect,
and on peduncles ; about 1 in.
long ; yellowish, with reel-
tipped anthers. The female
catkins are oval, and at first
erect, but soon become pen-
dulous; they are purplish, and almost black, when young ; but become,
when ripe, of a dusky reddish brown. When full-grown, they are about
l^in. long, and fin. in diameter at the middle. The scales are blunt,
rounded, very thin, and, when ripe, rugged and torn on the margin, and some-
times half through the scale. The seeds are small, scarcely more than a line

3 IT 4

1929. A. nlgra.

1032

AltBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

w»o. A. (n.)

in length, with rather a small rigid wing. The rate of growth of A. nigra is
more rapid than that of A. alba under similar circumstances.

1 6. A. (N.) RU'BRA Poir. The red Spruce Fir, or Newfoundland red Pine.

Identification. Poir. Diet. Encyc. ; Du Roi Harbk., ed. Pott., 2. p. 182.

Synonymes. P. americana riibra Wang. Beyt. p. 75. ; Pinus rubra Lamb. Pin. 1. t. 38., Pursh

Sept. 2. p. 640. ; yTbies pectinata Lam.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. 1. 38. ; Wang. Beyt., t. 16. f. 54. ; and our fig. 1930.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves solitary, awl-shaped, acuminate. Cones oblong,
blunt ; scales round, somewhat 2-lobed, entire. (Lamb. Pin.) Leaves little
more than iin. long ; slightly tetragonal. Cones about 1 in. long, and iin.
broad; scales notched. Seeds very small. A large tree. Nova Scotia,
and about Hudson's Bay. Height 70 ft. to 80 ft. Cultivated in England
before 1755. Flowering in May, and ripening its cones the following spring.

Variety. A. (n.) r. 2
cfsrulea . A . cae r li ! ea
Sooth. — Has glau-

cous leaves, and ^^^^^^^
appears to us to ' -^
differ from A. (n.)
rubra only in the
colour of the cones.

The cones are ra-
ther longer and red-
der than those of A.
nigra, and covered
xvith resin. Michaux
says that the red
spruce is in no way
inferior to the black
spruce in the quality of its timber, which " unites in the highest degree all
the good qualities that characterise the species." He also states that, instead
of being a low tree, it is superior in size to
the black spruce, as it generally grows in
richer soil ; and that the wood is reddish,
instead of being white. In Lawson's Manual,
it is stated that A. rubra differs essentially
both from A. nigra and A. alba in all its
parts ; and particularly in its leaves, which
are more slender and sharper-pointed than
in either of these species,

C. Native of Nepal.
1 7. A. KHUTROW. TheKhutrow Spruce Fir.

Synonymes. A. Smithtdna Arb. Brit. 1st edit. p. 2317. ;

Pinus KhiUrow Royle 111. p. 353 ; ? Pinus Smithidna

Wall. PI. Asiat. Rar., 3. p. 24. ; A'bies Smitlnana

Lindl. Pen. Cyc. 1. p. 31. ; A. Morlnda Hort. ; Raga,

or Raggoe, in the Parbutee language.
Engravings. Wall. PI. As. Ran, t. 246. ; Royle 111., t. 84.

f. 4. ; and our fig. 1931. from Royle ; and fig. 0003. in

p. OCOO.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves compressed, tetra-
gonal, straight, awl-shaped, sharp-pointed.
Cones ovate-oblong ; scales obovate-
roundish, coriaceous, rigid, smooth on the
margin. Crest of the anthers roundish,
irregularly crenated. (Z). Don.) Leaves,
in Royle's specimen, and in the Horticul-
tural Society's Garden, from 1 in. to l|in. in length. Cone, in Royle's
figure, Gin. long, and 2^ in. broad ; scale l|-in. in length, and the same in

931. A. KhiitrotK.

LXXVII. CONI 'FEfeJB :

1033

breadth at the widest part. Seeds about the size of those of the common

spruce ; with the wing, -| in. long, and f in. broad. A pyramidal drooping-

branched tree. Himalayas, in Kamaon and Sirmore. Height 50ft. Intro-

duced in 1818. The tree has not yet flowered in England.

Varieties. Dr. Royle observes that the leaves in his figure are much narrower

than those of A. Smithidna in Wallich's figure; and that the plants may

probably be different species or varieties. Judging from the leaves, the tree

in the Horticultural Society's Garden appears to be Dr. Royle' s tree.

The rate of growth of this tree in British gardens is almost as rapid as that

of the common spruce, to which it bears a very close resemblance, but the

leaves are longer and paler. It is readily propagated by cuttings, and abundance

of seeds have lately been imported. Some doubts having been expressed as to

whether this plant is the A. Smithidna of Wallich (see Bot. Reg. for 1841),

but none as to its being the P. Khutrow of Royle, we have in this edition

preferred the latter name.

§ ii. Leaves flat, generally glaucous beneath^ imperfectly 1-rowed.

D. Natives of North America.
* 8. A. DOUGLA'S// Lindl. The trident-bra ctedy or Douglas's, Spruce Fir.

Identification. Lindl. in Penn. Cyc., 1. p. 32. ; Plantae Hartweg, No. 439.

Synonymes. P. toxifblia Lamb. Pin. ed. 2. 2. t. 47., Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 2. p. 640. ; A. California

Hart. ; Plnus DouglaszY Sabine MSB., Lamb. Pin. vol. 3. t. 90. ; the Nootka Fir, Smith in Rees's

Cyc. No. 28.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 2. t. 47., and vol 3. t. 90. ; the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st

edit., vol. viii. ; our fig. 1932., from a specimen and sketch sent to us by Mr. M'Nab, jun., of the

Caledonian Horticultural Society's Garden ; and our fig. 1933.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves flat, blunt, entire, pectinate, silvery beneath. Cones
ovate-oblong. Bracteas elongated, linear, 3-pointed. (D. Don.) Leaves
from I in. to l£in. long. Cones from 3|in. to 4 in. long, and l£in. to If in.
broad ; scales, without the bractea, li in. long, and the same broad ; with
the bractea, If in. in length. Seed, with the wing, -|in. long, and fin.
broad ; without the wing, £in. long, and ^ in. broad. The seeds are about
the same size as those of Picea pectinata, but more oblong. Cotyledons, ?.
A tall tree. North-west coast of North America, in forests. Height 100 ft.
to 180ft. Introduced in 1826- It flowers in the climate of London in
May, and its cones are matured in the June or July of the following year.

Varieties. Cones of different sizes, and somewhat different in the shape and
size of the scales, have been sent home by Hartweg and others ; because,
doubtless, this species of spruce is liable to vary as well as every other ;
and the slightest variation in any species of plant which is comparatively
rare is immediately constituted a named variety. Only one variety, that we
have heard of, deserves notice.

A. D. 2 tajcifolia. — Stem and side branches straight
Douglasz'z they are always,
when young, more or less in
a zigzag direction, though
they become eventually
straight. Leaves twice the
length of those of A. Dou-
glas^, and of a much deeper
green. Fig. 1932. is from a
specimen and a sketch re-
ceived from Mr. M'Nab,
showing the foliage and
manner of branching of A.
Douglass in the Caledonian
Horticultural Society's Gar-
den, and which corresponds
exactly with the trees of this
name in the Chiswick Garden 1932. A. D. <a

hile in A.

1034

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BKITANNICUM.

1933. A. D. faxifolia.

and at Dropmore. Fig.
1933. is from a sketch of
the mode of ramification
and of the foliage of a
tree named A. faxifolia in
the Edinb. Bot. Garden,
raised from seeds received
from the late Mr. Thos.
Drummond, after the arctic
expedition. It is, Mr. M'
Nab observes, an upright-
growing tree ; and, with its
long and dark leaves, very
distinct from all the speci-
mens of A. Douglass he
had seen.

A large conical tree, with a rugged greyish brown bark, from 6 in. to 9 in.
thick, and abounding in balsamic resin. 'Leaves somewhat pectinate and
spreading, narrow-linear, obtuse on the margin and apex, quite entire, flat ;
dark green above, marked on the middle with a depressed line, and silvery
beneath ; 1 in. long. The bark, in young trees, has its receptacles filled with a
clear yellow resin, in the same manner as that of the balm of Gilead ; and
the bark of old trees is said to make excellent fuel. The timber is heavy,
firm, with few knots, about the same yellow colour as that of the yew, and
not in the least liable to warp. The rate of growth of this tree, in the climate
of London, appears to be nearly as great as that of the common spruce ; but,
as it has a tendency to send out a profusion of side branches, it does not
increase in height so much as it does in width and bushiness.

f 9. A. MENZIEVS// Douglas. Menzies's, or the warted-branched, Spruce Fir.

Identification. Dougl.

MS., Lindl., in Penn.

Cyc., 1. p. 354.
Synonyme. Plnus Men-

ziesi'z Lamb. Pin. 3.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin.,

3. t. 89., and our fig.

1934. from Lambert,

and the seeds from

specimens in the Hor-
ticultural Society's

herbarium sent home

by Douglas.

Spec. Char., $c.
Leaves acute,
flat ; silvery be-
neath, turned in
every direction.
Cones cylindri-
cal ; scales scari-
ous, gnawed on
the margin. (Z).
Don. ) Leaves
fin. long. Cones
from 2f in. to
3 in. long, and
from lin. toliin.
broad; scales fin.
long, and f in.
broad. Seed very
small, scarcely
i in. long ; with

in. 1U31. A. Me

LXXVII. CONIFERS:

1035

long. A tall tree. North of California. Height,?. Introduced in 1831.

There are only small plants in British gardens.

A tree with the general appearance of A. Douglass. Branches and branchlets
tubercled. Buds ovate, acute, covered with resin. Leaves turned in every
direction, resupinate from being twisted at the base, linear, mucronulate, in-
curved ; silvery beneath, articulated with an elevated tubercle, very short,
not more than 2 in. long, rigid, rather sharp-pointed, and very soon falling off
the dried specimens. Cones pendulous, cylindrical, 3 in. long. Only a very
few plants of A. Menzieszz were raised in the Horticultural Society's Garden
in the year 1832 ; so that the species is at present extremely rare in this
country. Readily propagated by cuttings. '

* 10. A. CANADE'NSIS Michx. The Canada Pine, or Hemlock Spruce Fir.

Identification. Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. p. 185.

Synonymes. P. canadensis Lin. Sp. PI. 1421. ; P. americana Du Roi Harbk. ed. Pott. 2. p. 151.,

Smith, in Bees's Cyc. No. 29. ; P. /Tbies ameridina Marsh. Arb. Amer. p. 103. Perusse, by the

French in Canada ; Sapin du Canada, Fr. ; Schierlings Fichte, Ger.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 45. ; Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. t. 149. ; N. Du Ham., 5. t. 82.

f. 1. ; the plates of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. viii. ; and our Jig. 1935.

Spec. Char, fyc. Leaves solitary, flat, slightly denticulate, obtuse, two-ranked.
Cones oval, terminal, pendent, naked, scarcely longer than the leaves.
Leaves from fin. to £in. long, and -^in. broad. Cones from £in. to -|in.
long, and f-in. broad; scales round-oblong, £in. long, and iin. broad.
Seed very small, scarcely |-in. long ; and with the wing, fin. long. A tall
tree in America, in England of middle size. Canada to Carolina, on the
highest mountains. Height 60 ft. - to 80ft. rarely 100ft. Introduced in
1736. It flowers in May and June, and its cones are matured in the June
of the following year.

1935. ^.canadensis

The hemlock spruce, in Europe, is a most elegant tree, from the symme-
trical disposition of its branches, which droop gracefully at their extremities,
and its light, and yet tufted, foliage. When the tree is young, the branches
are quite pendulous, and remarkably elegant. The rate of growth, in the
climate of London, is rather slow ; but plants, in 10 years, will attain the
height of 6 or 8 feet; and, in 20 years, of 15 or 20 feet. The wood of the hem-
lock spruce is less valuable than that of any other of the large resinous trees
of North Am 3rica ; but the bark is inestimable, in that country, for the pur-

1036

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

poses of the tanner. In England, the hemlock spruce forms one of the most
ornamental of the fir family; being among needle-leaved evergreen trees what
the weeping willow is among the willows. As it bears the knife, and is ex-
tremely hardy, it might be employed as hedges ; for which purpose it is used
in the American nurseries, along with the Thuja occidentals. Seeds are
annually imported, and even produced by old trees in this country.

E. Native of Nepal.
t 11. A. DUMO\SA. The bushy Alpine Spruce Fir.

Synonymes. Plnus dumbsa Lamb. Pin. ed. 2.,

1. t. 46. ; .4'bies Brunonf$na Lindl. in Perm.

Cyc. vol. i. No. 9. ; P. decidua Wall. MS. ; P.

Kruuonidna Wall. Plant As. rar. 3. p. 24.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 46. ; Wall.

Plant As. rar., 3. t. 247. ; and our figs. 1936.

and 1937.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves solitary, linear,
obtuse, mostly on one side of the
branches ; glaucous beneath, denticu-
lated. Cones ovate, terminal, soli-
tary; bracteoles wedge-shaped, pli-
cate,-emarginate, glabrous. (Lamb.)
Leaves fin. long. Cones, scales,
and seeds scarcely different from
those of A. canadensis. A dense
and very bushy tree, with the ap-
pearance of A. canadensis. Nepal.
Height 70 ft. to 80 ft. Introd. 1838.

Other Species of A^bies. — A. Mertensiana Song, and A. sitchensu Bong, are
mentioned by M. Bongard in his observations on the Island of Sitcha, on the
west coast of North America, in N. lat. 57°, as indigenous there. The article
is quoted in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 2d ser., torn, iii. p. 237. ;
but no description is given. A. trigona, A. heterophylla, A. aromdtica, A.
microphj/lla, A. obliqudta, and A.falcdta are mentioned by Rafmesque as being
found in the Oregon country ; but, as he gives no description of these trees,
it is uncertain whether they belong to ^'bies or Picea. The same observations
will apply to A. hirtella Humboldt et Kunth Nov. Gen. et Sp. Plant, pi. 2.
p. 5., of which nothing is known either of the flowers or cones ; to A.
K&mpferii and A. Thunbergii, mentioned by Thunberg ; and to A. Morni, A,
Torano, and A. Araragi, enumerated by Sieboldt in Vcrhand. Batav. Genootsch,,
xii. p. 12., as quoted in Pen. Cyc.

GENUS III.

1936. A. dum&sa.

1937. -d.dumosa.

PI'CEA D. Don. THE SILVER FIR. Linn. Syst. Monce'cia Monadelphia.

Identification. D. Don MS.

Synonymes. Plnus Lin. in part ; Plnus sect Peuce D. Don in Lamb. Pin. ed. 2. vol. 2. ; ^Nbies
Link, Nees von Esenbeck, and Ledebour ; -4'bies Du Roi, in part ; Sapin, Fr. ; Tannen, Ger.

Derivation. From pix, pitch ; the tree producing abundance of resin. Loiseleur Deslongchamps
observes that the silver fir was called by the ancients Abies, and the spruce Picea ; and that
Linnaeus has created much confusion by reversing the application of the names. He proposes,
therefore, to call the silver fir /f "bies vfira, and the spruce fir J^bies Pfcea. (N. Du Ham., v. 214.
note.) Link has divided the spruces and silver firs into two genera, and given the classical names
of Picea to the firet genus, and A'bies to the second (see Abhand. Akad. der Wisscnschaften, jahr
1827, p. 157.) ; and in this he has been followed by Nees von Esenbeck and Ledebour. We have
followed Lambert and D. Don, as already stated under .4'bies, p. 1025.

Gen. Char. The same as in Pinus and A^bies, but differing in having the cones
erect. Strobile cylindrical, with its carpels not thickened at the tip. Both
carpels and bracteas separate from the axis of the strobile. The leaves are
obviously 2-ranked in direction.

LXXVII. CONI'FER^E: PI'CEA. 1037

leaves simple, 2-ranked, exstipulate, evergreen; linear. Flowers yellowish.
— Trees, natives of Europe, Asia, and North America, generally in regions
more temperate than those in which the species of spruce abound. Re-
markable for the regularity and symmetry of their pyramidal heads ; readily
distinguished from the genus Jvbies, by their leaves being more decidedly
in two rows ; by their cones being upright, and having the scales deciduous ;
and by the seeds being irregular in form. The nucleus of the seed is ex-
posed at the inner angle, through a considerable opening in the outer testa,
as if the junction of the two sides had been ruptured by the rapid enlarge-
ment of the nucleus. (D. DonJ) In Britain, with the exception of P.
pectinata, they are solely to be considered as ornamental trees.
The species in British gardens may be thus arranged : —

A. Natives of Europe, Siberia, and the North-west of Asia.

1. pectinata. 3. Pinsdpo. 5. Pichta.

2. cephalonica. 4. Nordmamwawa.

B. Natives of North America.
6. balsamea. 7. Fraseri.

C. Natives of California.
8. grandis. 9. amabilis. 10. nobilis. 11. bracteata.

D. Natives of Mexico.
12. religiosa. 13. hirtella.

E. Natives of Nepal.
14. Webbidna. 15. Ptndrow.

A. Natives of Europe, Siberia, and the North-west of Asia.
1 1. P. PECTIN A'T A. The Comb-like-leaved Silver Fir.

Synonymes. yfbies of Pliny ; Pinus Picea Lrn. Sp. PI. 1420. ; P. ^Tbies Du Hoi Harbk. ed. Pott,
t. 2. p. 133. ; /Tbies alba Mill. Diet. No. 1. ; A. Taxi ftlio Tourn. Inst. p. 585. ; A. vulgaris Pair.
Diet. Encyc. 6. p. 514. ; A. pectinata Dec. Fl. Ft: 2. p. 275. ; A. texifblia Hort. Par. ; A. Picea
Lindl. in Penn. Cyc. No 1. ; A. excelsa Link Abhand., &c., jahr 1827, p. 182. ; Spanish Fir ; Sapin
commun, Sapin S Feuilles d'lf, Sapin blanc, Sapin argente, Sapin en Peigne, Sapin de Normandie,
Fr. ; weiss Tanne, Edeltanne, Get: ; Abete argentine, Ital.

Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 40. ; N. Du Ham., 5. t. 82. ; the plate of this species in Arb.
Brit., 1st edit., vol. viii. ; our Jig. 1939. of the natural size, and fig. 1938. to our usual scale.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves solitary, flat, obtuse ; 2-ranked, with their points
turned up. Cones axillary, cylindrical, erect ; scales with a long dorsal
bractea. Anthers with a short crest, with two teeth. Buds short, egg-
shaped, blunt ; of a reddish yellow, with from 16 to 20 blunt scales. Leaves
from i in. to 1 in. long, stiff, turned up at the points ; of a shining dark
green above, and with two lines of silvery white on each side of the midrib
beneath. Cones from Gin. to Sin. long, and from l£in. to 2 in. broad ;
cylindrical ; green when young, afterwards reddish, and when ripe brown.
Scale £in. to l£in. long, and l£in. broad. Seeds variously angular, fin.
long, and T3«in. broad. Cotyledons 5. A lofty tree. Central Europe,
and the West and North of Asia ; rising on mountains to the commence-
ment of the zone of the Scotch pine. Height 80 ft. to 100 ft., rarely 150 ft.
Introduced in 1603. The blossoms appear in May, and the cones are ma-
tured in the October of the following year.
Varieties.

1 P. p. 2 tortuosa Booth. — Branches and branchlets remarkably twisted

or crooked.

1 P. p. Sfo/iis variegdtis. — Leaves variegated.
1 P. p. 4 'cinerea. Pinus Picea cinerea JBaum. Cat. ed. 1835. — A low

plant with greyish bark, not yet introduced.

The silver fir is the noblest tree of its genus in appearance, and the only
species worthy of cultivation in Britain for its timber. The rate of growth

1038

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

of the tree is slow when young, but
rapid after it has attained the age of
10 or 12 years. Cones with fertile
seeds are seldom produced before the
tree has attained its 40th year ; though
cones without seeds often appear be-
fore half that period has elapsed. The
female catkins are often produced for
years together, without any males ap-
pearing on the same tree. Young
trees are apt to lose their leaders by
very severe spring frosts ; and, hence,
we frequently find old silver firs with
forked trunks and branchy heads. The
wood of the silver fir is elastic, and the

1938. P. pectinkta.

colour is whitish. The grain is irre-
gular, as the fibres which compose it
are partly white and tender, and partly
yellow, or fawn-coloured, and hard.
The narrower the white lines are, the
more beautiful and solid is the grain
of the wood. The wood of a tree 80
years old weighs 66 Ib. 14 oz. per
cubic foot green, and 41 Ib. 5oz. when
dry ; while that of a tree 40 years old
weighs only 37 Ib. 9 oz. when dry. It
shrinks considerably in drying, like all
white woods. It is used for planks
and carpentry of all kinds, for the
masts of small vessels, for joists and
rafters, and for building the boats
used for navigating rivers. It is said
to endure a long time when used as
piles, and to be much employed in
Holland for that purpose. From the
resin of this tree are manufactured
Strasburg turpentine, colophony, and
white pitch. The silver fir, like all the
other ^bietinae, will attain a large size
on soils of a very opposite description ; but a loam, rather rich and deep than
otherwise, appears to suit it best. The silver fir requires a low situation,
comparatively with the spruce fir, not being nearly so hardy as that tree, either
when in the nursery or full grown. The cones, which are produced in abun-
dance in Britain, are apt to shed their seeds in spring ; they ought to be gathered
in October or November, and kept in a dry place till the sowing season. The

LXXVII. CONI'FEILE : PI'CEA.

1039

seeds may be easily separated from them by a very slight exposure to the sun,
and then by thrashing them, without having recourse to the kiln. The seeds
should be sown, according to Sang, in March, and at such a distance as to
allow the plants to rise 1 in. apart ; and the covering, he says, should he a
full inch thick. When the plants are 2 years old, they may he transplanted
into nursery lines ; and, after being 2 years in that situation, they may either
be again transplanted in the nursery, to a greater distance apart, or removed
to where they are finally to remain.

i 2. P. (P.) CEPHALO'NICA. The Cephalonian Silver Fir.

Identification. Card. Mag., vol. xv. p. 238.

Synonymes. J^bies cephalonica Arb. Brit. 1st edit. p. 2325. ; A. /axifblia Hart.', A. Luscombeawa

Hort. ; Koukounaria and Elatos, in Cephalonia ; Mount Enos Fir.
Engravings. Our figs. 1940. to 1944.

Spec. Char.y $c. Cones erect. Leaves subulate, flat ; dark green above,
and silvery beneath ; tapering from the base to the summit, which terminates
in a sharp spine. Petioles very short, dilated
lengthwise at the point of their attachment to
the branches ; the dilated part of a much lighter
green than the rest of the leaf. Scales of the
cones closely resembling those of P. pectinata.
A tree. Cephalonia, on the Black Mountain,
the highest point of which is the Mount Enos

1940. P. (p.) cephaUSnica.

1941. P. (p.) cephaldnica

of the ancients, between 4000 ft. and 5000 ft. above the sea. Height 50 ft.
to 60 ft. Introduced in 1824.

The bristle-pointed leaves and dilated petioles of young plants render the
Ccpha'oman fir very distinct in appearance from the common silver fir, but
we doubt very much if it can he considered a different species ; it is, however,
at all events, a marked and most beautiful variety. Fig. 1940. is a portrait of
one of the branches of this tree, imported by H. L. Long, Esq., of Hampton
Lodge, Surrey, to whom the seeds were first sent from Cephalonia by General

1040 ARBORETUM ^fN ET FRUTICETUM BRITANN1CUM

1944.

P. (p.) .copnaionic*.

LXXVJI. CONl'FERjE: Pi'CEA.

1041

1945. P. (p.) cephaldnica.

1946. P. (p.) cephaldnica.

Sir C. J. Napier. Fig. 1942. is a cone of
the natural size ; Jig. 1941. scales and seeds
of the natural size; fig. 1944. terminal buds
of the natural size ; and
fig. 1943. a seedling plant
of the natural size just
emerged from the soil. A
great quantity of cones

gi cai quantity or cones

have been lately imported, and this fir is now extensively
distributed.

t 3. P. (P.) PINSA^PO. The Pinsapo Silver Fir.

Identification. Gard. Mag., vol. xv. p. 109.

Synonymes. -4*bies Pinsupo Boissierin Bibl. Univ. de Gen&ve. t. 13. p. 406.;

Mount Atlas Cedar, Dec. MS.
Engravings. Our figs. 1947. and 1948. from scales and seeds received

from M. Vilmorin j and fig. 1949. from a young plant raised from one of

these seeds.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves disposed around the branches,
from 3 to 5 lines long, nearly terete, and entire at the
apex. Cones ovate, with the bracts concealed by the scales
or carpels, and much shorter than these are. (JBois.)

1917. P. (p.) Pintapo.

A tree. Sierra de la Nieve,
and on other mountains be-
tween Ronda and Malaga,
3500 ft. above the level of the
sea. Height 60 ft. to 70 ft.
Introduced in 1839, by seeds,
which have been extensively
distributed. (Gard. Mag.)

Apparently a variety of the
common silver fir.

3 x

P. (p.) Pinttpa.

1042

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1 4. P. (P.) NORDMANN/^VIV^. Nordmann's Silver Fir.

Si/nonymes. Plnus Nordmanntfmfl Stev. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mos. 1838, Card. Mag. 1839 p. 226.
Derivation. Named in honour of Professor Nordmann of Odessa, who discovered it on the summit

of Adshar.
Engravings. Bull. Soc., &c., 1. c. ; Card. Mag., 1. c., fig. 43. ; and OUT Jig. 1950.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves solitary, curved upwards, of unequal length. Stro-
biles erect, ovate ; scales very obtuse ; bracts cuneate, with the apex re-
flexed, obcordate, long-nmcronate, incumbent on the lower scale. (Steven.)
An evergreen tree. North of Asia, on the summit of Adshar, above
Guriel, towards the sources of the Kur, on the banks of the Nataneb, at
the height of 6000 ft. Height 80 ft. to 90 ft., with a trunk 3 ft. in diameter,
and a smooth bark. Probably a variety of the silver fir. Not yet introduced.

LXXVJI. CONI'FER.S: : PI'CEA.

1043

This is said to be a finer tree than the common silver fir, from its silvery
leaves and abundant strobiles. The branches are dense, about 2 in., scarcely
ever 3 in., thick, and regularly disposed ; the lower horizontal, the upper
springing at a more acute angle. At from 14 to 17 years old the tree begins
to bear fruit at top. When full-grown, the whole crown is covered, from a
fourth part of its height, with large, conical, erect strobiles, solitary or in
twos or threes, and coated over with a resinous exudation. The seeds ripen
about the end of September, when they immediately fall off with the scales,
the axis often remaining for the whole year. The wood is harder than that of
the common silver fir. The male catkins have not been seen. The female
strobiles are sessile, or on very short peduncles, erect, 5 in. long, and 2£ in.
in diameter. Rachis 2 or 3 lines thick, gradually attenuated, ligneous, rough
with tubercles spirally disposed for the insertion of the scales. There are
12 or 13 of these spiral lines, each containing 8 tubercles in its circumvolution,
making a total of about 100 florets, or 200 seeds, in each strobile. Scales
closely adpressed ; superior (fig. 1 950. a, c) cup-shaped, narrow at the base
for about 2 lines in length, then suddenly dilated into a lamina, at first straight
and of 3 lines broad, afterwards greatly expanded, somewhat recurved, and
nearly l|in. in breadth, which is also the length of the scale itself; inferior
(fig. 1950. b, d) much shorter, lamina with a subreniform base, triangularly
crenate. Lateral margins of the lamina eroded, dentate, upper entire ; inner
surface slightly keeled, outer smooth.
Bract adnate to the narrow base of
the scale, then free, about a line
broad at the middle, spreading by
degrees into a lamina, rarefy ovate,
often cordate, reflexed at the apex,
and incumbent on the lowe scale;
mucro 1§ line long ; lamina equal to
the scale in length. Nuts two, trian-
gular ovate, li line long, above a little
broader, smooth. Wing obliquely ex-
panded by degrees to f in. in length
and breadth, membranous ; inner
margin straight, and close to the
other wing (fig. 1951. c.). This
species is sufficiently distinguished
from Picea balsamea and P. sibirica
by the size of the strobile, and long
reflexed point of the bractea ; and it
differs still more from Picea pecti-
nata, in the shape of the bract, and
its upward curved lines.

i 5. P. (p.) PT'CHTA. The Pitch
Silver Fir.

Synonymes. Plnus Pichta Lodd. Cat. ed.

J836 ; P. sibfrica Hort. ; ,4'bies sibirica Ledc-

bour Icon. PL PI. Ross. t. 499., Lindl. in

Penny Cyc., No. 2. ; A. Pichta Fischer ;

Pichta, Russ.
Engravings. Led. Icon. PI. Fl. Ross., t. 499. ;

and our Jig 1951 .

Spec. Char., <$rc. Leaves solitary,
tetragonal, dark green. Cones
cylindrical, erect. Scales cuneate-
obovate, rounded at the apex,
quite entire, convex externally.
A tree of the middle size. Altai
Mountains, at an elevation of
4000 ft., where it forms whole

3x2

1<J51 p (p , P(chta

1044

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

forests ; towards an elevation of 5272 ft., it gradually becomes more rare.

Height 30 ft. to 50 ft. Introduced in 1820.

It, differs from a silver fir chiefly in having the leaves closer set on the
branches, and riot so silvery beneath. Professor Don suspects it to be only the
Siberian variety of Picea pectinata, which ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

B. Natives of North America.
f 6. P. BALSAVMEA. The Balm of Gilead, or American, Silver Fir.

Synonymes. Plnus balsamea Lin. Sp. PI. 1421. ; P.
.4'bi'es balsamea Marsh. Arb. Amer. p. 102. ^bies
Taxi folio, &c., Hort. Angl. 2. p. 2. ; A. balsaminea N.
Du Ham. 5. p. 295. ; A. balsamifera Michx. N. Amer.

tl. 3. p. 191. ; Balsam Fir ; le Baume de Gilead, le
pin Baumier de Gilead, Fr. ; Balsam Fichte, Balsam
Tanne, Ger. ; Pino balsamifero, Ital.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. 1. 41. f. 2. ; Mich. N.
Amer. Syl., 3. t. 150. ; and our fig. 1954. to our usual
scale ; and figs. 1952. and 1953. of the natural size.

Spec. Char., Sf-c. Leaves solitary, silvery

beneath, apex emarginate or entire j

somewhat recurved, and spreading. Cones

cylindrical, violet-coloured ; and pointing

upwards. (Michx.) Leaves |- in. lonir.
Cones 4 in. to 4£ in.
long, and £ in. broad ;
scales from fin. to
fin. broad, and fin.
long. Seed, with the
wing, fin. long, and
| in. broad. Seed
very small, irregular ;
about half the size
of that of the com-
mon silver fir. Co-
tyledons, '? A tree.

Canada, Nova Scotia, New England, and

on the Alleghany mountains, in high and

cold situations. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft.,

rarely 40 ft. Introduced in 1696. Flow-
ering in May, and ripening its cones in

the autumn following.

Variety.

2 P. b. 2 longifblia Booth. — Leaves
longer than in the species, with the
branches somewhat more upright.

A pyramidal tree,
in general appear-

ance resembling the silver fir of Europe ; but seldom
found, even in America, above 20 or 30 feet in height,
and not of more than the same number of years in
duration. The rate of growth, in the climate of
London, is rather more rapid than that of the silver
fir, the tree attaining the height of 10£ ft. in as
many years, and arriving at maturity in 20 or 25
years ; soon after which it dies. Seeds are generally
imported, and cones are sometimes ripened in this
country.

J 7. P. (B.) FRA'SER/. Fraser's, or the double Balsam, Silver Fir.

Syfumymf*. Plnus Frasen Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 2. p. 639., Lamb. Pin. ed. 2. 1. t. 42.: ,4'bies

Friseri Lindl. in Penny Cyc., No. 5.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 1. t. 42. ; and our figs. 1956, 1957.

1952. .P. balsamea.

LXXVII. CONI'FER^E: PI'CEA.

1045

Spec. Char., S/-c. Leaves linear, emarginate, silvery beneath. Cones oblong,
squarrose. Bracteoles somewhat leafy, obcordate, mucronate, half-exserted,
reflexed. (Z)em.) A tree so closely resembling the preceding kind, that it
is unnecessary to describe
it. Pursh found it on high
mountains in Carolina, re-
sembling, he says, P. bal-
samea in several respects,

1955. P. Kraseri.

1956. P. Fraseri.

but differing, at first sight, in being a smaller tree, the leaves shorter and

more erect, and the cones not one fourth the size. Introduced in 1811.

The original tree is in the Hammersmith
Nursery, where, in 1837, it was 15 ft. high,
and had, for two or three years, produced
cones, but no male catkins. This last circum-
stance has given rise to the idea that the male
and female are produced by different trees,
which is exceedingly improbable. Propagated
by cuttings.

C. Natives of California.

1 8. P. GRA'NDIS. The great Silver Fir.

Synonymes. Pinus grAndis Dougl. MS. Lamb. Pin. 3. t.
' 94. ; /Tbies grandis Lindl. in Penny Cycl. No. 3. ; the

great Californian Fir.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., 3. t. 94.; our fig. 1959. from

Lambert's Pinus, vol. iii. ; and figs. 1957. and 1958. from

Douglas's specimens in the herbarium of the Horticultural

Society, and from the tree in the gar en.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves flat, obtuse, emargi-
nate, pectinate, silvery beneath. Cones
cylindrical ; bracteoles ovate, acuminate, ir-
regularly dentate, very short. (D. Don.)
Leaves from in. to 1 in. long. Cones,

1957. P.grimdis.

according to Lambert, 6£ in. long, and 3£ in.
broad ; but in Douglas's specimens the
largest cones are only 3£ in. long, and 2 in.
broad, the others being much smaller. Scale
fin. long, and f in. broad. Seed small ; with

3x 3

1958. P. grAndig,

1046

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1959. P. grandis.

f 9. P. AMA'BILIS. The
lovely Silver Fir.

Synonyms. Plnus amabilis Douglas
MS.

Engravings. Our figs. 1960, 1961.
from Douglas's specimens in the
herbarium of the Hort. Soc.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves flat,
obtuse, entire. Cones cy-
lindrical ; bracteoles very
short, pointed. Scales tri-
angular; the upper margin
rounded, entire. Leaves,
on Douglas's specimen,
1 £ in. long; and on the
young plant in the Horti-
cultural Society's Garden,

I960. P. amabilis.

£ in. long. Cones 6 in.
long, and 2£ in. broad.
Scales li in. broad, and
about l£in. long. Seed,
with the wing, I in. long ;

the wing fin. long, and fin. broad.
A noble tree. Northern California,
in low moist valleys, where it attains
the height of 200 ft. Introduced in
1831, and as yet rare in England.

A noble tree, akin to P. balsamea,
with a brown bark. Leaves pectinate
and spreading, linear, roundish at the
apex, emarginate, callous on the margin,
quite entire ; green and shining above,
silvery beneath, somewhat dilated to-
wards the apex; 1 in. long. Cones
lateral, solitary, cylindrical, obtuse, very
similar to those of P. Cedrus, but larger,
6 in. long, of a chestnut-brown .colour.
Scales transverse, very broad, lamelli-
form, deciduous, stalked, incurved on
the margin, much shorter than the
scales. Seeds oblong, with a coriaceous
testa, and a very broad wing.

1961. P. amabilis.

LXXVII. CONI FER^E : Pl'CEA.

1047

wing $. in. broad. The cone in Douglas's specimen is about twice as
large as those sent home by him of P. grandis, and the leaves are
entire, instead of being emarginate ; but, in other respects, we have been
quite unable to discover any difference, either between the dried specimens
or the young plants, worthy of being considered specific. The cones were
sent home by Douglas in 1831, without any further information than the
name. As there are young plants in the Chiswick Garden, all that is here
said must be considered as provisional, till these plants have shown some
characteristic features by which they may be either distinguished from, or
associated with, other species.

t 10. P. NO'BILIS. The noble, or large-bracted, Silver Fir.

Synonymes. Plnus n6bilis Doug. MS., T.amb. Pin. 2. last fig. ; A. n6bilis Lindl. in Penny Cyc. No. 5.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin. Icon. ; and our figs. 1962. and 1963., from Douglas's specimens in th«
herbarium of the Horticultural Society.

Spec. Char., Sfc.
Leaves mostly
on one side of
the branches,
falcate, short,
acute, silvery
beneath. Cones
cylindrical; the
bracteoles elon-
gated, spathu-
late, gnawed,
and imbricated
backwards. (Z).
Don.) Leaves
If in. long.
Cone 6£in. long,
sessile ; 2| in.
broad. Scale
triangular; with-
out the bractea,
1J in. long, and
the same in
breadth ; bractea
fin. long. Seed
small, irregular;
with the wing,
l^in. in length.
Wing fin. broad
in the widest
part. Cotyle-
dons, ?. A
majestic tree.
Northern Cali-
fornia, forming
vast forests on
the mountains.
Height, ?. In-
troduced in
1831, and very
rare in British
gardens.

Leaves crowd-
ed, 2-rowed,linear,

3x4

1048

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANN ICUM.

falcate, for the most part acute, compressed
trigonal ; flat above, marked with a depressed
line ; silvery beneath ; scarcely 1 in. long.
Cones solitary, lateral, cylindrical, thick,
brownish ; 6 in. to 7 in. long, and 8 in. to 9 in. in
circumference ; scales lamelliform, stipulate, co-
piously covered with minute down ; incurved,
and quite entire on the margin. Bracteoles
much exserted,spathulate,adpressed backwards,
imbricated ; laminae dilated, membranaceous ;
points elongated, awl-shaped, rigid. Seeds
oblong, with a coriaceous testa ; wing broad,
axe-shaped, thinly membranaceous, pale-co-
loured ; nearly allied to P. Fraseri, but with cones five times as large.
{Lamb.) According to Douglas (Comp. Hot. Mag., ii. p. 14-7.), this is a
majestic tree, forming vast forests upon the mountains of Northern California,
and producing timber of excellent quality. " J spent three weeks in a forest
composed of this tree," he says, " and, day by day, could not cease to admire it."

1 11. P. BRACTEA'TA. The leafy-bracted Silver Fir.

Synonymes. Plnus bractekta D. Don in Lin. Trans. 17. p. 443., Lamb. Pin. 3. ; P. venusta DovgL
in Comp. to Sot. Mag. 2. p. 152.

1963. P. ndbilis.

1964. /'. braete;ita.

LXXV1I. CONl'FER2&: PI CEA.

1049

Engravings. Lamb. Pin., 3. t. 91. ; and our Jig. 1964. from Lambert.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves 2-rowed, linear, mucronate, flat, silvery beneath.

Cones ovate. Bracteoles 3-lobed ; the middle division very long, leaf-like,

recurved. (D.Don.} Cones 4 in. long. Bractea nearly 2 in. long. Leaves

2 in. long. A large tree. California. Height 121 ft. Discovered by Douglas

in 1832, and about the same period by Dr. Coulter, but not yet introduced.

The trunk rises to the height of 120 ft. ; is very slender, not exceeding 2 ft.

in circumference ; and as straight as an arrow. The upper third of the tree is

clothed with branches, giving it the appearance of an elongated pyramid. The

branches are spreading ; the lower ones are decumbent. The bracteas are low

and recurved, and but little changed from the ordinary leaves, which gives the

cones a singular appearance. When on the tree, being in great clusters, and

at a great height withal, the cones resemble the inflorescence of a Banksza.

D. Natives of Mexico.
t 12. P. RELIGIO'SA. The sacred Mexican Silver Fir.

Synonyme. Plnus religidsa Humb. et

Kunth Nov. Gen. et Sp. PI. 2. p. 5.,

Schiede et Deppe in Schlecht. Linncea 5.

p.. 77. Lamb. Pin. 1. t. 43. ; ^bies religi-

6sa Lindl. in Penny Cyc.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., 1. t. 43., and vol.

3. t 95. ; and our figs. 1965. to 1967. from

specimens sent home by Hartweg.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves linear,
acute, quite entire, somewhat
pectinate. Cones roundish-
oval ; scales trapezoideo-cor-
date, lamelliform ; bracteoies
the length of the scales, spathu-
late-oblong, sharply dentato-
serrate ; wings, of the seed
plicate. (Z). Don.) Leaves
IA in. long. Cones 2 Jin. long,
and 2 3 in. broad. Seed small
and irregular. Cotyledons, ?.
A tall tree. Mexico, on the
mountains of Anganguco, at
8000 or 9000 feet above the sea. Height 100ft. to 150 ft., with a trunk 5ft.

1965. P. religicsa.

1956. P. religi&sa.

1050

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM,

1967. P.religiosa.

to 6 ft. in diameter. Introduced in 1839, by seeds sent to the Horticul-
tural Society by Hartweg.

Easily recognised from every other species of silver fir by the shortness of
its cones, which, in form and structure, bear a marked resemblance to those
of the cedar of Lebanon, although they are considerably smaller. From the
elevated situation on which the tree grows, there can be little doubt of its
proving perfectly hardy in Britain.

I 13. P. HIRTE'LLA. The hairy Pine.

This species,- which is the ^4Nbies hirtella Lindl. in Penn. Cyc. No. 11., Pinus
hirtella Humb. et Kunth 1. c.. has the young branches covered with hairs.
Leaves arranged in 2 rows, flat, acute, glaucous beneath : about l^in. long.

LXXVII. CONl'FERjE! Pl'CEA.

1051

Flowers and cones unknown.
vation of 8000 or 9000 feet.
introduced.

Found on the mountains of Mexico, at an ele-
A low tree, from 18ft. to 20ft. high; not yet

E. Natives of Nepal.

. Webb's purple-coned Silver Fir.

1 14. P.

Synonymes. Plnus Webbzawa Wall, in Litt., Lamb. Pin. ed. 2. 2. t. 44. ; P. spectibilis Lamb.

Monos. 2. p. 3. t. 2. ; A'bies WebbzVJwa Lindl. in Penn. Cyc. No. 7., Royle Illust. ; Chilrow, and

the Oonum, or purple-coned fir, in the Himalayas.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., t. 44. ; Monog., 2. t. 2. ; and our figs. 1968. and 1969.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves 2-rowed, linear, flat, obtusely emarginate, silvery
beneath. Cones cylindrical ; scales kidney-shaped, roundish ; bracteoles
oblong, apiculate. (D. Don.) Buds round, pointless, thickly covered with
a yellow resin, by which alone the tree may be readily distinguished from
every other species of Picea. Cones from 6± in. to 7 in. long, and above
2 in. broad. Leaves of young
plants, in the Horticultural
Society's Garden, from l£in.
to2iin.long. Scale above 1 in.
long, and 1 A in. broad. Seeds,
with the wing, f in. long ;
wing f- in. broad in the widest
part. Seeds ^ in. long, and
^ in. broad. In general they
are smaller, but longer, and
with a sharper point, than
those of the common silver
fir; and, like the seeds of the
common silver fir, they are
of a brownish purple colour.

19CS. P. Webb

Cotyledons, ?. A large, hand-
some, pyramidal tree. Nepal,
on the Alps of Gossainthan.
Height 80 ft. to 90 ft., with a
trunk from 3ft. to 4ft. in
diameter near the base. In-
troduced in 1822. Cones
purple, in one or two in-
stances produced in England.

Branches numerous, spread-
ing horizontally, much divided ;
densely clothed with leaves dis-
posed in whorls ; covered with
a pale, ash-coloured, rough,
scaly bark ; bent upwards at

i960. P. Webkiana.

1052

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

the apex. Wood compact, whitish rose-colour. The plant, in the climate of
England, appears rather more tender than the silver fir ; being liable, from
its "Vegetating very early in spring, to have its leading shoots pinched by
the frost. After a series of years, however, and propagation from seeds
ripened in this country, it will, in all probability, accommodate itself in a
considerable degree to the peculiarities of our climate. When once the tree
begins to bear cones, they may be fecundated with the male blossoms of the
common silver fir, and thus a hybrid produced somewhat hardier than the
female parent.

1 15. P. Pl'NDROW. The Pindrow, or Tooth-leaved, Silver Fir.

Synonymes. Plnus Pindrow Royle 111. t. 86., Lamb. Pin. 3. t. 92. ; Taxus Lambertzana Wall. Cat. i

Pindrow, and sometimes Morinda, in the Himalayas.
Engravings. Iloyle 111., t. 86. ; Lamb. Pin., 3. t. 92. ; our figs. 1970. and 1971. from Royle.

1970. P. PtnJrotv.

LXXVII. CONI'FERJE: LAVRIX.

1053

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves 2-rowed, linear, flat, of the same colour on both

sides ; sharply 2-toothed at the apex. Crest of the anthers 2-horned. Cones

oval ; scales trapezoideo-cordate ;

bracteoles roundish, emarginate,

irregularly crenulate. (D. Don.)

Leaves 3 in. long. Cone 4f in.

long, 3i in. broad, of an intense

purple. A large tree. Kamaon.

Height 80 ft. to 1 00 ft. Intro-
duced in 1837.

Professor Don observes that P
Plndrow is liable to be confounded
with P. Webbidna ; but that the
former is readily distinguished from
the latter by its longer and acutely
bidented leaves, of nearly the same
colour on both surfaces ; and by
its shorter and thicker cones, with
trapezoid-formed scales, and rounded
notched bracteoles. 1971. p. pindrow.

5 16. P. NA'PTHA Hort. The Naptha Pine.

Plants were raised in' Knight's Nursery in 1840. Closely resembles P.
cephalonica, but is without the twist in the petioles of the leaves.

GENUS IV.

LAVRIX Tourn. THE LARCH. Lin. Syst. Monce^cia Monadelphia.

Identification. Tourn. Inst., 586 ; Bauh. Pin., 493. ; Bellon. Arh. Conif., p. 23. 25.

Synonymes. Plnus of Lin. and others ; A^bies Rich. ; Meldze, Fr. ; Lerchenbaum, Ger. ; Larice

Ital.
Derivation. From lar, fat, Celtic ; the tree producing abundance of resin.

Gen. Char. The same as in A bies ; but with the cones ovate-conical, erect,
and the carpels and bracteas adherent to the axis. Leaves annual, and dis-
posed in groups.

Leaves simple, in alternate fascicles, exstipulate, deciduous; linear. Flowers
reddish or yellowish. — Trees deciduous, some of them of large dimensions ;
natives of the mountainous regions of Europe, the West of Asia, and of
North America ; highly valued for the great durability of their timber. The
common larch is found extensively on the alpine districts of the South of
Germany, Switzerland, Sardinia, and Italy ; but not on the Pyrenees, nor
in Spain. The Russian larch (L. e. sibfrica) is found throughout the
greater part of Russia and Siberia, where it forms a tree generally inferior
in size to L. europas'a. The black, or weeping, larch (L. americana pen-
dula) is a slender tree, found in the central districts of the United States ;
and the red larch (L. americana riibra), also a slender tree, is found in
Lower Canada and Labrador. In Britain, all the species are ornamental ;
but the first is the only one at all deserving of culture as a timber tree.

*£ 1. L. EUROP^A Dec. The European, or common. Larch.

Identification. De Cand. Fl. Fr., No. 2064.

Synonymes. Pinus iarix Lin. Sp. PI. 1420. ; yTbies Lin. Hort. Cliff. 450. ; 7,arix decidua Mill.
Diet. No. 1. ; £arix folio decfduo, &c. Bauh. Hist. 1. p. 265. ; 7,arix Bauh. Pin. p. 493. ; /Tbies
iarix Lam. lllust. t. 785. f. 2. ; Meldze commune, Fr. ; Lorche, J^orcher-Fichte, gemeiner Ler-
chenbaum, Terbentinbaum, Europaische Ceder, weisser Lerchenbaum, Ger.

Engravings. N. Du Ham., 5. t. 79., f. 1. ; Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 2. t. 48. ; the plates of this tree io
Arb. Brit, 1st edit , vol. viii. ; and our fix- 1972.

1054 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves fascicled, deciduous. Cones ovate-oblong ; scales
reflexed at the margin, lacerate ; bracteoles panduriform. Leaves linear,
soft, 1 in. long, Cone from 1 in. to \\ in. long, erect. A tall, pyramidal,
deciduous tree. Alps of the South of Europe. Height 80ft. to 100ft. In
cultivation in Britain since 1629. Flowering in March or April ; and ripen-
ing its cones in the autumn of the same year.

Varieties. All the larches in cultivation are, probably, only different forms of
the same species ; but, as the American larches, which have small fruit,
come tolerably true from seed, we shall treat them as one species, and the
European larch as another. The latter is characterised by large cones, rapid
growth, and robust habit ; and the former by small cones, slow growth, and
slender habit,

It L. e. I communis Laws. Man. p. 386. — Branches " aspiring towards
their points ; branchlets very numerous, and forming a dense conical
or pyramidal top ; foliage of a light grassy or vivid green ; and bark
rather more rugged than that of L. e. 2 laxa."

t L. e. 2 laxa Laws. 1. c. — " True specimens of this variety may easily
be distinguished from the others when in nursery rows, by their
more rapid growth, more horizontal and less crowded branches, and
by the darker green, or somewhat glaucous, colour of the foliage."
¥ L. e. 3 compdcta Laws. 1. c. — " In habit of growth, the tree is conical
or pyramidal, like the common larch ; but its branches are very brittle,
or easily broken from the trunk : numerous, horizontal, or slightly
bent down near the base ; aspiring afterwards, and the larger ones
are finally erect towards the point, with pretty regularly verticillate
branchlets ; towards the centre of the tree, however, these are pen-
dulous, arid remarkably thickly interwoven with one another."
*t L. e. 4 pendula Laws. 1. c. — " Distinguished by the very pendulous
habit of its branches, which somewhat resemble those of L. ameri-
cana pendula ; from which, however, it differs in the greater length
of its leaves, and the larger size of its cones." A native of the Ty-
rolese Alps. — L. e. pendula Godsdl/ii Gard. Mag. vol. xv. p. 549.,
and the figure there given, is a sub-variety ; or, more probably, identi-
cal with this variety. It was selected by Mr. Godsall from a bed of
seedlings of the common larch. — L. e. repcns Laws. 1. c. is another
sub-variety. The branches spread along the ground to a great dis-
tance. A tree at Henham Hall, Suffolk, planted about 1800, at
the height of 8 ft. sends out its branches horizontally, and these,
being supported, extend north and south over a covered way more
than 80 ft. in length, and 16 ft. in width. Another branch extends
to the west about 8 ft. ; and on the east the branches droop to the
ground and form a perfect curtain, as they do also on the west side.
(See Gard. Mag., vol. xv. p. 626.)

± L. e. b fibre rubro Hort. Trans, iv. p. 416. — The flowers vary in
shade of red or pink, and some of them are more or less mixed with
yellow. The cones are also red, or reddish yellow. The majority
of the trees in the Duke of Athol's plantations at Dunkeld and
Blair have red flowers.

¥ L. e. 6 fibre dlbo. Larch from the Tyrol, with white Flowers, Hort.
Trans. 1. c. — The leaves of this variety are not different from those
of the common larch ; but the shoots are said to be much stronger ;
and the cones white, as well as the flowers.

% L. e. 7 sibirica. L. sibirica Fisch. ; ? L. archangelica Laws. Man.
p. 389. ; L. rossica Sab. in Hort. Soc. Gard. ; Pinus L. sibirica
Lodd. Cat.; the Russian Larch, Hort. Trans, iv. p. 416. — There
are trees of this variety in the Duke of Athol's plantations, raised
from seeds procured from Archangel in 1806. The appearance of
the tree is said to be coarser than that of L. e. communis. It is of
much slower growth than the larches of the Tyrol ; and the leaves

LXXVII. CONIFERS: LA. RIX.

1055

come out so early in spring, that they are liable to be injured by
frost. The female catkins do not expand their flowers till some
time after those of the European larch appear. The cones are like
those of the American larch.

» ¥ L. e. 8 dahurica. L. dahurica Laws. Man. p. 389. — Said to be a
stunted, busby, and irregular-growing tree. Dahuria. Introduced
in 1827. Generally propagated by cuttings or layers.
If L. 9 intermedia. L. intermedia Laws. M. p. 389. ; Plnus intermedia
Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836 ; the Altaian Larch. — A very strong luxuriant
habit of growth, with pendulous branches, and very large leaves.
Introduced in 1816, or before. Lod.

Other Varieties. L. Frdsen Comp. Sot. Mag. vol. ii. p. 304-. was disco-
vered and introduced by J. Fraser and his son, between 1785 and 1817 ;
but it is apparently lost.

The wood of the larch is compact, and of a reddish or brown tinge ; and, on
favourable soils, is said to be fit for every useful purpose in 40 years' growth ;
while that of the pinaster requires 60 years, and the Scotch pine 80 years. The
greatest drawback to the wood of the larch is its liability to warp. The rate
of growth of the larch, in the climate of London, is from 20 ft. to 25ft. in 10

m in aq

1972. L. eurqpa^a.

years from the seed ; and nearly as great on the declivities of hills and
mountains in the Highlands of Scotland. In the course of 50 years, the tree
will attain the height of 80 ft. or upwards ; and, in its native habitats, ac-
cording to Willdenow, it lives from 150 to 200 years. The wood, according
to Hartig, weighs 68 Ib. 13 oz. per cubic foot when green, and 36 Ib. 6 oz.
when dry ; and, according to Kasthoffer, it lasts four times longer than that of
any other species of ^bietinse. Though the wood of the larch ignites with
difficulty, and a fire made of it will, if not attended to, extinguish itself before
the wood is half-consumed, yet, if properly managed, the wood of old trees is
capable of producing an intense heat. The charcoal is more rich in carbon than
that of the spruce or the silver fir, but less so than that of pine or beech.
It is very heavy, and weighs 16^ Ib. per cubic foot ; it is said to be excellent
for iron founderies. The bark of young larches is astringent, and it is used in
the Alps for tanning leather ; where the leaves and young shoots are some-
times given to cattle. The resinous products of the larch are, Venice turpen-
tine, and the manna de Brianson ; and both are used in the state in which
they are procured from the tree. To obtain the turpentine, trees are chosen

1056 ARBORETUM ET FKUTJCETUM BRITANNICUM.

which are neither too young nor too old ; and auger holes are made in dif-
ferent parts of the trunk, from which the turpentine flows through slender
tubes or gutters to a bucket at the bottom of the tree. The manna is collected
from the young shoots and leaves. The larch will grow rapidly upon almost
any soil, and in any situation, for the first 20 or 30 years ; but it is only in a
clear dry atmosphere, on a cold-bottomed soil, somewhat moist on the surface,
that its timber is brought to perfection. In plains, and near the sea, it grows
rapidly for 30 or 35 years ; but, when felled in such situations, the wood is
found rotten at the heart, and unfit for any purpose except fuel. This decay
of the wood is much aggravated when the larches are planted thick, so as to
expose but a small portion of their foliage to the sun, and to retain among
their lower branches an atmosphere surcharged with moisture. The larch will
grow, and become valuable timber, at a much greater elevation above the sea
than the Scotch pine, thriving at the height of 1800ft. in the Highlands,
where the Scotch pine does not attain a timber size at a greater elevation
than 900 ft. In Switzerland, Kasthoffer inform us, it is found in the highest
perfection in soil composed of the debris of calcareous rocks, as well as in
granitic, argillaceous, and schistose soils. An immense mass of valuable
matter on the culture and uses of the larch, with a detailed account of the
Duke of Athol's plantations in the Highlands of Scotland, will be found in
our 1st edition, vol. iv. p. 2353. to 2399.

* 2. L. AMERICANA Michx. The American Larch.

Identification. Michx. N. Amer Syl., 3. p. 213

Synonymes. Pinus /aricina Du RoiHarbk. ed. Pott. 2. p. 117. ; P. microcSrpa Willd. Baum. p. 275. ;

vlxbies tnicrocarpa Pair. ; Hackmatack, Amer. \ Tamarack, by the Dutch in New Jersey ; E'pi-

nette rouge, in Canada.
Engravings. Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. t. 153. ; Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., t. 50. ; the plate of this tree in

Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. viii. ; and our fig. 1973.

Spec. Char.y S/-c. Leaves short. Cones small, ovate-roundish, with few scales.
Leaves from ^ in. to f in. long. Cones from | in. to f in. long, and from
£ in. to £ in. broad. A deciduous tree, with a slender trunk. North Ame-
rica, Newfoundland to Virginia. Height 80 ft. to 100 ft. Introduced in 1739.
Flowers red or yellow. Cones small, brown, or brownish red ; May.

Varieties. None of the forms of this species can be at all compared with the
European larch, in point of utility, or even ornament.

$ L. a. 1 rubra. L. microcarpa Laws. Man. p. 388. ; Pinus microcarpa
Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. p. 645., Lodd. Cat. ; E'pinette rouge, Canada.
— Tree medium-sized, upright, of a slender, conical, or pyramidal
habit of growth, but not so much so as in L. a. pendula. Branches
horizontal, or slightly pendulous, except the upper, which are rather
aspiring ; branchlets also pendulous, and, together with the branches,
more numerous and dense than those of L. a. pendula. The wood
is so ponderous that it will scarcely swim in water.

I L. a. 2 pendula. L. pendula Laws. Man. p. 387. ; Pinus pendula Ait.
Hort. Kew. ed. 1. iii. p. 369.; P. intermedia Du Roi Harbk. ii.
p. 1 15. ; P. .Larix nigra Marsh. Arb. Amer. p. 203. ; ^'bies pendula
Poir. Diet. p. 514.; Tamarack, Amer. — A tree of medium size,
slender, and generally bending towards the top. Branches verti-.
cillate, few, remote, and pendulous ; branchlets also thin, and more
pendulous than the branches. Bark smooth, and very dark-coloured ;
that on the youngest twigs of a dark purplish colour, inclining to
grey. Leaves like those of the common larch in shape, but rather
longer, darker in colour, and arising from shorter and much darker-
coloured buds or sheaths.

3t L. a. 3 prolifera. L. prolifera Malcolm. — In this variety, the axis of

the cones is prolonged in the form of a shoot ; a kind of monstrosity

or morphology which is found in all the varieties of L. americana,

and also, occasionally, in some species of A^bies and Picea.

Michaux describes the American larch as a tall slender tree, with a trunk

LXXVII. CONI'FER.E CENDRUS.

1057

1973. L. americana.

80 or 100 feet high, and only 2 or 3 feet in diameter. Its numerous branches,
except near the summit, are horizontal or declining. The hark is smooth and
shining on the trunk and larger branches, but rugged on the smaller branches.
The leaves are flexible, and shorter than those of the European species. The
cones are small and erect ; green in spring, and generally brown when ripe,
but sometimes they are found of a violet colour. The wood, Michaux says, is
equal to that of the European larch, being exceedingly strong, and singularly
durable. In Britain, it can only be considered as a curious or ornamental
tree. Seeds are sometimes ripened in this country, and are also sometimes
imported ; in consequence of which, both varieties are not uncommon in the
nurseries.

GENUS V.

CEDRUS Barrel. THE CEDAR. Lin. Syst. Monce'cia Monadelphia.

Identification. Barrelier, Plants per Galliam, &c., observatae, &c., Ic., 499.

Synonymes. Plnus Lin. in part ; J'bies Pair, in part ; Lirix Tourn. in part ; Cddre, Fr. ; Ceder,

Ger. ; Cedro, Ital.
Derivation. Some suppose the word Cedrus to be derived from Cedron, a brook in Judea, on the

hanks of which the cedar of Lebanon was once plentiful : others from kaio, I burn ; from the wood

of some of the kinds of cedar being burned as incense : and others, from the Arabic kedroum, or

kedre, power

Gen. Char. The same as in £arix ; but with the carpels separating from the
axis, and the leaves evergreen. Cones erect, large, solitary. Anthers
crowned by an elliptical scabrous crest. Carpels coriaceous, compressed,
deciduous.

Leaves simple, in alternate fascicles, exstipulate, evergreen ; linear.
Flowers yellowish, powdery. — Trees majestic in form, and evergreen ; na-
tives of Asia and Africa, with large spreading branches. Extremely orna-
mental, and one species producing excellent timber.

t }. C. LIBA'NI Barr. The Cedar of Lebanon.

Identification. Barrel. Ic., 499. ; Edw. Ornith., t. 188.

Synonymes. Plnus Cedrus Lin. Sp. PI. 1420. ; P. foliis fasciculatis, &c. Du Roi Harbk. ed. Pott.
2. p. 120. ; Larix CSdrus Mill. Diet. No. 3. ; Z,arix orientalis Tourn. Ins. p. 586. ; Cddrus migna
Dod. Pempt. 867. ; C. conifera Bauh. Pin. p. 490. ; C. phcenicea Renealm. Sp. p. 47. ; CSdrus
Bell. It. p. 162. ; ^bies Cfedrus Pair. Diet. Encvc. 6. p. 510.

Engravings. Du Ham. Arb., 1. t. 132. ; Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., t. 51. ; the plates of this tree in Arb.

Brit., 1st edit., vol. viii. ; and our fig. 1974.

3 Y

1058 ARBORETUM ET FKUT1CKTUM BRITANNICUM.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves tufted, perennial. Cones ovate, abrupt ; their scales
close-pressed. Crest of the anthers ovate, flat, erect. (Smith.) Cones
ovate, from 3 in. to 5 in. long, and from 2 in. t> 2£ in. broad. Seeds of an
irregular triangular form ; nearly ^ in. long, with a very broad membrana-
ceous wing. Cotyledons 6. A large, spreading evergreen, tree. Syria, on
Mount Lebanon ; and the North of Africa, on Mount Atlas. Height 50 ft.
to 80 ft. Introduced before 1683. Flowers yellow ; May. Cones purplish
brown, ripening in the autumn of the third year, and remaining on the
tree for several years.

Varieties.

1 C. L. 2 fofiia nrgenteis. — Leaves of a silvery hue both above and below.
There are very large tree? of this variety at Whitton and Pain's Hill,
and a dwarf bushy one, remarkable for its silvery aspect, at the
Countess of Shaftesbury's villa (formerly the residence of Thomson
the poet), on the banks of the Thames at Richmond, of which there
is a portrait in Arb. Brit., 1st. edit., vol. viii.

I C. L. 3 ndna. — Very dwarf. A plant at Hendon Rectory, Middlesex,
10 or 12 years old, is only from 2ft. to 3ft. high, making shoots
from 2 in. to 3 in. in a year.

The leading shoot, in young trees, generally inclines to one side, but it be-
comes erect as the tree increases in height. The horizontal branches, or limbs,
when the tree is exposed on every side, are very large in proportion to the
trunk : they are disposed in distinct layers, or stages, and the distance to
which they extend diminishes as they approach the top ; thus forming a py-
ramidal head, broad in proportion to its height. The extremities of the lower
branches, in such trees, generally rest on the ground, bent down by their own
weight ; but they do not root into it. The summit, in young trees, is spiry ;
but in old trees it becomes broad and flattened. When the cedar of Lebanon
is drawn up among other trees, it pro-
duces a clean straight trunk, differing
only in appearance from that of the
larch in the colour of its bark. The wood
of the cedar is of a reddish white, light
and spongy, easily worked, but very
apt to shrink and warp, and by no means
durable. The tree, as an ornamental
object, is most magnificent ; uniting
the grand with the picturesque, in a
manner not equalled by any other tree
in Britain, either indigenous or intro-
duced. On a lawn, where the soil is good, the situation sheltered, and the
space ample, it forms a gigantic pyramid, and confers dignity on the park and
mansion to which it belongs ; and it makes an avenue of unrivalled grandeur,
if the trees are so far apart as to allow their branches to extend on every side.
If planted in masses, it is, like every other species of the pine and fir tribe,
drawn up \\5th a straight naked trunk, and scarcely differs in appearance from
the larch, except in being evergreen. This is exemplified at Kenwood, at
Clarernont, and other places near London. On the other hand, where the
cedar is planted in masses, and a distance of 50 or 60 feet allowed between
each tree, nothing in the way of sylvan majesty can be more sublime than such
a forest of living pyramids." This is exemplified around the cedar tower at
Whitton, and on the cedar bank at Pepper Harrow. The cedar will grow in
every soil and situation suitable for the larch. We are not certain that it will
grow equally well with that tree at great elevations ; though we have little
doubt of it, provided it were planted in masses. In the neighbourhood of
London, it has certainly attained the largest size in deep sandy soil, as at
Syon, Whitton, and Pain's Hill ; but the sand at these places is not poor ; and
at Whitton, where the tree has attained the greatest height and bulk, the

LXXVII. CONI'FERJS : CE^DRUS. 1059

roots are within reach of water. The cones, which, as already observed, are
not ripe till the autumn of the third year, will keep five or six years after
being taken from the tree, so that there is never any risk of getting seeds too
old to vegetate, in purchasing the cones that are imported from the Levant.
If cones produced in Britain are kept a year after being gathered, they may be
opened with greater ease than when recently taken from the tree. To facili-
tate the operation of extracting the seeds, the cones may be steeped in water
for a day or two, and afterwards split by driving a sharp conical iron spike
through their axis. The scales being then opened with the hand, the seeds
readily come out. The seeds ought to be committed to the soil immediately
after being taken out of the cones ; more especially if the latter have been
steeped, because in that case the seeds have swelled, and might be injured, if
left to shrink. If the seeds are sown in March or April, they will come up in
a month or six weeks ; and still sooner if they have been steeped. Like the
other ^bietinae, they should be sown in light rich soil, and covered thinly.
Sang recommends the covering to be \ in. deep ; and this depth may be di-
minished or increased, according to the lightness or heaviness of the soil. The
seeds may be either sown in beds in the open garden, or in large flat pots or
boxes ; but the latter is the more convenient mode, as it admits of preserving
the whole of the roots in transplanting. The plants rise 3 or 4 inches high
the first year, with scarcely any taproots ; but these increase afterwards, as
the plants advance in size. At the end of the first year, the seedlings may be
transplanted into nursery lines, or, what is more convenient, into small pots ;
and, in commercial nurseries, they should every year be shifted into pots a size
larger, till they are sold. In private nurseries, where the plants are not likely
to be sent to any distance, they may be planted in the free soil in nursery lines,
like the pinaster and other of the more rare pines and firs ; and, when they
are removed to their final situation, their roots may be protected from the air,
by immersing them in mud or puddle. In the nursery culture of the cedar,
care must be taken not to injure the leading shoot, which is said not to
be readily renewed when broken off. In general, it is advisable to tie the
leader to a stake, till the plants are placed where they are finally to remain ;
after which they may be left to themselves. In their progress from young
plants to full-grown trees they require very little pruning, and suffer severely
when large branches are cut off.

t 2. C. DEODARA Roxb. The Deodara, or Indian, Cedar.

Identification. Roxb. Fl Ind. ined. ; Laws. Man., p. 381.

Synonymes. Plnus Deoddra Lamb. Pin. ed. 2. t. 52. ; .4'bies Deoddra Lindl. in Penn. Cyc. ; De-

vadara, or Deodara, Hindostanee ; the sacred Indian Fir.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., t. 52. ; our Jig. 1977. to our usual scale ; and Jigs. 1975. and 1976. of

the natural size.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves fascicled, evergreen, acute, triquetrous, rigid. Cones
twin, oval, obtuse, erect ; scales adpressed. (Lamb.) Cones from 4^ in. to
5 in. long; and from 3£ in. to 3| in. broad. Seed, with the wing,"nearly
1£ in. long; scale about the same length, and 2 in. broad. A large ever-
green tree. Nepal and Indo-Tataric mountains, at 10,000 or 12,000 feet
above the level of the sea. Height 5Cft. to 100ft., rarely 150ft. Intro-
duced in 1822, and apparently as hardy as the cedar of Lebanon, from which
it is readily distinguished at a distance by its general aspect being compara-
tively whiter.

Varieties. Two varieties, or perhaps nearly allied species, called the Shinlik
and Christa rooroo, are mentioned by Moorcroft as natives of the forests of
Ladakh. (Lindl. in Penn. Cyc.)

The branches are ample and spreading ; ascending a little near the trunk of
the tree, but drooping at the extremities. The wood is compact, of a yel-
lowish white, and strongly impregnated with resin. The bark is greyish, and,
on the young branches, covered with a glaucous bloom. The leaves are either
solitary or tufted, and are very numerous ; they are larger than those of C.
Libani, and of a bluish but dark green, covered with a light glaucous bloom.

3 Y 2

1060

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

11/75. C. Deatluru.

The male catkins are upright, without footstalks ; cylindrical somewhat club-
shaped ; and yellowish, tinged with red. The cones are upright, generally in
pairs, on short, thick, woody footstalks ; of nearly the same shape as those
of the cedar of Lebanon, but broader and longer ; slightly tapering at the
base, and somewhat more pointed at their summit. They are of a rich red-
dish brown, very resinous, and with the margins of the scales slightly marked
with green ; about 4 in. in length, and from I in. to 2£ in. broad. The scales
are nearly of the same size and shape as those of C. Libani ; but they fall off
when ripe, like those of the silver fir. The seed is light brown, and irregu-
larly shaped, with a large bright brown wing. The rate of growth, in the
climate of London, appears to be much the same as that of the cedar of Le-
banon ; and it is equally hardy. The wood of the Cedrus Deoddra possesses
all the qualities attributed by the ancients to that of C. Libani. It is very
compact and resinous, and has a fine, fragrant, refreshing smell, like that felt
when walking in pine groves towards evening or in moist weather ; and very

LXXVII. CONI'FEIUE: ARAUCA^RIA.

1061

1976. C. Deodar

different from that of
the cedar of Leba-
non. The grain is
remarkably fine and
close, and is capable
of receiving a very
high polish. It is par-
ticularly valued for
its durability; and is
much used in the
construction of Hi-
malayan buildings,
both public and pri-
vate, and for bridges
and boats. Strips of
it are also employed
for candles In Eng-
land, the specimens of the tree are at present small ; but the feathery light-
ness of its spreading branches, and the beautiful glaucous hue of its leaves,
render it, even when young, one of the most ornamental of the coniferous
trees ; and all the travellers who have seen it full grown agree that it unites
an extraordinary degree of majesty and grandeur with its beauty. The tree
thrives in every part of Great Britain where it has been tried, even as far
north as Aberdeen ; where, as in many other
places, it is found hardier than the cedar of
Lebanon. It is readily propagated by seeds,
which pressrve their vitality when imported
overland in the cones, but scarcely otherwise.
It also grows freely by cuttings, and by graft-
ing on the common cedar, and the plants
appear as handsome and free-growing as those
raised from seed. It has been inarched on the
larch ; but, the latter tree being deciduous, it
may be doubtful whether plants so propagated
will attain a large size, and be of great dura-
tion. It has been grafted, in the wedge manner,
on the common cedar, in considerable num-
bers, by Mr. Barren, gardener to the Earl of
Harrington, at Elvaston Castle. Mr. Barren
has given a detailed account of his process,
and of the success which attended it, in Gard.
Mag., vol. xiv. p. 80. The nursery culture of the deodara cedar, and the
soil and situation in which it is to be finally planted, may be considered, in all
respects, the same as those of the common cedar.

1977. C. Deodbta.

GENUS VI.

ARAUCA^IA Juts.

THE ARAUCARIA.
Monadelphia.

Lin. Syst. Dioexcia

Identification. Juss. Gen. Plant.

Synonymes. Kutassa Sal., Colymbfea Sal., DombSya Lamb., Cupressus Forst., the Southern Pine.

Derivation. From Arattcanos, the name of the people in whose country Araucaria imbridHa grows

in Chili.

Gen. Char. Male floiver with the pollen contained in from 10 to 20 cases,
pendent from the apex of the scale. Ovule solitary, connate with the carpel
or scale.

3 Y 3

1062

ARBORETUM ET FKUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen; imbricate. — Trees of
magnificent dimensions, and evergreen ; natives of South America, Poly-
nesia, and Australia ; only one of which, the Araucaria imbricata, is hardy
in the climate of Britain.

1 1. A. IMBRICA^TA Pav. The imbricate-leaved Araucaria, or Chili Pine.

Identification. Pav. Diss. in Mem. Acad. Reg. Med. Mat., 1. p. 197.

Synonymes. A. Dombdyz Rich. Mem. sur les Conif. p. 8U. ; Plnus Araucaria Mol. Sag. sulla Sior.
Nat. del Chili, p. 182. ; Colymbea quadrifaria Salisb. in Linn. Tram. 8. p. 315. ; Dombdya chi-
lensis Lam. Encyc. ; Pino de Chili, Span. ; Peghuen, in the Andes ; Sir Joseph Banks's Pine.
The Sexes. There is a tree at Kew which bore female catkins in 1836 ; and a male plant at Boyton

which blossomed in the same year.

Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., t. 5S. and 57. ; Rich. M<?m. sur les Conif., t. 20. and 21. ; and our
figs. 1978. to 1986. Fig 1979. is a cone or female catkin in a young state, from I^ambert ; Jig. 1984.
ic female tree at Kew ; fig. 1983. is a portion of the male tree with the full-grown

is a specimen of the fe

catkin, from Lambert's Monograph ; am

fig. 1980. is the full-grown female cone ; all to our usual

LXXVII. CONI'FER^E: AKAUCAXKJA.

1063

scale, that is, a sixth part of the natural size. Fig. 1978. is a portion of a cone of the natural size.
Fig. 1981. a is a seed with the scale and whig of the natural size, and b is the kernel ; and Jig. 1982.
is a leaf of the natural size.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves in eights, imbricated, ovate-lanceolate, with per-
sistent mucros. (Pav.) An evergreen tree. Cordilleras, in Chili. Height
50ft. to 100 ft., rarely 150ft. Introduced in 1796, and flowering from
September to November.

1979. A. imbricata: fern catkin, young.

19SO. A. imbricata: fern, calkin, fullgrown.

A very remarkable tree ; the female of which, according to Pavon, is about
150ft. high, while the male is seldom more than 40 or 50 feet high. The
trunk is quite straight, and without knots, with a strong arrow-like leading
shoot, pushing upwards. It is covered with double bark, the inner part of
which, in old trees, is 5 or 6 inches thick, fungous, tenacious, porous, and
light ; and from it, as from almost every other part of the tree, resin flows in
great abundance ; the outer bark is of nearly equal thickness, resembling cork
cleft in different directions, and equally resinous with the inner bark. In

young trees, the
bark of the trunk
is studded with
leaves from the
base of the tree
upwards, which re-
main attached for
12 or 15 years.
The branches are
produced in whorls
of 6, 7, and some-
times 8, in a whorl,
the greater number
being nearest the
ground ; and the
branches diminish
in length as they
ascend higher up
the tree ; till, at the
top, they terminate

in a kind of pyramidal head. They are
horizontal, inflexed, and ascending at
the extremities. These large horizon-
tal arms, clothed with closely imbri-
cated leaves, resemble, in young trees,
snakes partly coiled round the trunk,
and stretching forth their long slender bodies in quest of prey. The leaves
are sessile, somewhat thickened at the base, ovate-lanceolate, stiff, straight,
somewhat keel-shaped below, and strongly mucronate at the apex ; verticil-
late with 7 or 8 in a whorl ; imbricate, and closely encircling the branches ;
concave ri<nd Habrous, shining, marked with longitudinal lines, dotted on

3 Y 4

1982. A. imbricata.

. A. imbricata.

1064

ARBORETUM ET FUUTICETUM liKITANNICUM,

both sides ; leathery, with a car-
tilaginous margin, and remaining
attached to the tree for several
years. The male and female cat-
kins are on separate trees ; the

males are 6 or 7 in a

cluster, pedunculate,

terminal, yellow, and

oval, with numerous

scales ; imbricated,

long, and recurved at

the points : the female

catkins are oval, with

numerous imbricated

wedge-shaped scales,

with nan-owed oblong

brittle points ; and

they are produced at

the ends of the

branches, where they

look at first sight like

an unnatural thicken-
A .19S?\ ing of the leaves. The

A. imbricata: O . „ ,.

»a|e. cones, when fully ripe,
are globular, from 3 in. to 4 in. in
diameter, and of a dark brown
colour. The scales are deciduous,
and easily detached. The seeds
are 2 to each scale, wedge-shaped,
and very large, being more than
1 in. long, with a thick hard
shell surrounding an eatable kernel : wings short and obsolete. The male
tree has its leaves somewhat differently shaped from those of the female tree,
and very much resembling those
of A. brasiliana in shape, though
of a different texture and co-
lour. The wood is red where
it has been affected by the
forest fires ; but otherwise it is
Ahite, and towards the centre
of the stem bright yellow. It
yields to none in hardness and
solidity, and might prove valu-
able for many uses, if the places
of growth of the tree were less
inaccessible. Of the rate of
growth of this tree in its native
country very little is stated by
travellers. It is probably slow,
as appears to be the case with
plants in the climate of Lon-
don ; though scarcely any of
these have yet had full justice
done to them. Young plants
established in the open ground
at Dropmore and Bayfordbury
make shoots, occasionally, of
above a foot in length. It may
be remarked of the araucaria 1995. A. imbricata .• at Kewm IBS?

1J>84. A. imbric&ta: female.

LXXVII. CONI'FEIUE : CUNNINGHA MIA.

1065

in Britain, that young plants
sometimes remain a whole year
without making any shoot what-
ever ; and that, at other times,
the same plants require two
years to perfect one shoot, that
is, the shoot continues slowly
increasing in length from the
midsummer of one year to that
of the year following. The
treatment of this tree, when
raised from seeds, may be con-
sidered in all respects the same
as that of the cedar ; regard
being had to the different size
of the seeds, which will, of
course, require a thicker cover-
ing. Abundance of seeds have
lately been imported, from which
many young plants have been
raised, and extensively distri-
buted. Fig. 1986. shows the
manner in which the seeds ger-
minate ; «, the first appearance
of the radicle ; b, the plumular,
or young, shoot, in an advanced
state.

A. brasiliana Rich., A. ex-
celsa Ait., and A. Cunninghams
Ait., are half-hardy species,
which will be found described
at length, accompanied by nu-
merous figures, in our first
edition, p. 1440. to p. 1445.

1986. A. imbric&to.

GENUS VII.

CUNNINGHAVM/J R. Br. THE CUNNINGHAMIA. Lin. Syst. Monce%cia

Monadelphia.

Synonymes. Pinus Lamb., Belis Saifsb.

Derivation. Named, by Mr. Brown, in honour of Mr. James Cunningham, " an excellent observer
in his time, by whom this plant was discovered ; and in honour of Mr. Allan Cunningham, the
very deserving botanist who accompanied Mr. Oxley in his first expedition into the interior of
New South Wales, and Captain King in all his voyages of survey of the coast of New Holland."
(Bot. Mag., t. 2743.)

Gen. Char. Male flowers in grouped catkins. Pollen contained in 3 cases
that depend from the scale. Female with 3 ovules. Strobile ovate.

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; solitary, scattered in
insertion, more or less 2-ranked in direction ; flat, acuminate, and serrulate.
— Only one species has been discovered, which is an evergreen moderate-
sized tree, a native of China.

£ l.C. SINE'NSIS Rich. The Chinese Cunninghamia, or broad-leaved
Chinese Fir.

Identification. Rich. Conif., p. 149. t. 18. ; Lamb. Pin., ed2., 2. t. 53.

Synonymes. Bfilis jaculifblia Satisb. in Lin. Trans. 8. p. 316. ; Plnus lanceolata Lamb. Moncg.
ed. 1. t. 34. ; Cunuinghamm lanceolata R. Br. ; Araucaria lanceolata Hort,

1066

ARBOKETUM ET FHUTICETUM BH1TANN1CUM.

Engravings. Rich. Conif., t. 18.; Lamb. Monog., ed. 1., t. 34.
fig. 1987. to our usual scale ; and//g. 1988. ol the natural size.

Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., t. 53. ; our

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves sessile, deflexed, and spreading in every direction,
Hin. long; lanceolate, much pointed, rigid, flat, quite entire, somewhat
scabrous on the margin. Male catkins terminal, fascicled, cylindrical,
scarcely 1 in. long. Cones about the size of a walnut, sessile, drooping,
globose, smooth. Scales ovate- acuminate, coriaceous, sharply denticulated
on the margin. Branches for the most part verticillate, spreading horizon-
tally. (Lamb.} A middle-sized evergreen tree. China. Height 30 ft. to 40ft.
Introduced in 1804, and rather tender in British gardens.

1988. C. sinensis.

For many years this tree was kept in the green-house; but, in 1816, a plant
was turned out into a sheltered part of the pleasure-ground at Claremont, where
it has continued to live without protection ; and, though injured more or less
by severe winters, it was, in 1837, 18 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 7 in.,
and of the head 16ft., which height it had not exceeded in 1841, in conse-
quence of the top having been frequently broken off by heavy snow. It is
very readily propagated by cuttings ; and there are some trees at Dropmore,
raised in this manner, which have thrown up erect stems from the collar,
which will doubtless form as handsome trees as seedlings.

Dammara orientalis Lamb. (Jig. 1989.), native of Amboyna, and D. australis
Lamb. (fig. 1 990. ), native of New Zealand, are described and figured in our
first edition, but they are too tender for the open garden.

I'JSO. r>. orientklis.

LXXVII. CONIFERS: CUPRE SSIN.E.

1067

Tribe II. CUPRE'SSIN^:.

THE Cupressinae differ from the ^bietinne in being, for the greater part,
shrubs or low trees, instead of lofty trees. They are all evergreen, with the
exception of one species of Taxodium (T. distichum, the deciduous cypress) ;
and none of them hav3 the branches disposed in whorls, as is the case with
all the pines and firs without exception. The greater part of th*e .species are
natives of warm climates, and comparatively few of them are perfectly hmly
in British gardens. One only, the common juniper, is a native of Britain ;
but between 30 and 40 foreign species and varieties endure the open air in
England ; and 8 or 10 of these (exclusive of Taxodium), which have been
not less than 30 or 40 years in the country, and which have had time to
display their shapes, form very handsome or remarkable evergreen low trees
or tall shrubs ; such as the red cedar, the white cedar, the eastern and western
arbor vitae, the Phoenician and tall juniper, the cedar of Goa, the common and
spreading cypress, &c. The greater number of the species, or alleged species,
have, however, been but a short time in Britain ; and are only to be seen as
very young plants in the nurseries, or in very choice collections. These lately
introduced kinds are so imperfectly known among cultivators, that little de-
pendence is to be placed on the names which are applied to them ; and there-
fore all that we can recommend is, that they should be as extensively introduced
into collections as possible, in order that they may grow up to some size, and
be examined in various situations by different botanists. It may be observed
of all the species of fupressinae, that it is not easy to describe by words, and
scarcely practicable to illustrate by figures without the fruit, many of the
different species of this family ; nevertheless, to a practised eye, it is easy to
distinguish the three leading genera, viz. 7'huja, Cupressus, and Juniperus, by
a portion of the branch, without either flowers or fruit. The flattened, two-
edged, seal}', imbricated shoots of all the thujas, including Callitris (which
may, if the reader chooses, be considered a sub-genus), are two-edged, whether
the specimen be young or old ; those of Cupressus are scaly and imbricated,
but angular or roundish, and never two-edged ; and those of Junfperus, in
the young state of the plants, have distinct acerose leaves, generally glaucous
above, and often in threes joined at the base. All the kinds may be propa-
gated by layers and cuttings ; and the more common species ripen seeds in
Britain 'in abundance. The seeds, which generally lie a year in the ground,
may be sown in spring ; and the young plants may be treated in all respects
like those of the pine and fir tribe. When the seeds are sown in autumn, im-
mediately after being gathered, they sometimes come up the following year.
Cuttings should be made in autumn, of the wood of the same year, with a
small portion of the preceding year's wood attached ; and they should be
planted in sand, or in a very sandy loam, in a shady border, and covered with
hand-glasses. Cuttings put in in September will form callosities at their lower
extremities the same autumn, and should be protected by mats during severe
frosts in winter : the following autumn they will be ready to transplant.
Layers may be made either in autumn or spring. The genera have been thus
arranged : —

7THU'JA. Catkins terminal, solitary. Pollen in 4 cases. Ovules 2. Leaves

scale-like, imbricate.
CA'LLITRIS. Catkins terminal, solitary. Pollen in 2 .to 5 cases. Ovules 3 or

more. Leaves scale-like, opposite or whorled.
C\TPRE'SSUS. Catkins solitary. Pollen in 4 cases. Ovules 8 or more. Leaves

imbricate.
TAXO'DIUM. Catkins disposed in compound spikes, female ones 2 or 3 to-

1068 ARBORETUM ET FRUT1CETUM BRITANNICUM.

gether. Pollen in 5 cases. Ovules 2. Leaves linear, in 2 ranks, de-
ciduous in the only species yet introduced.

JUNI'PERUS. Male catkins terminal, female ones axillary, few. Pollen in
3 to 6 cases. Ovule one. Fruit pulpy. Leaves opposite or ternate, rigid.

GENUS VIII.

L. THE ARBOR VITJE. Lin. Syst. Monce'cia Monadelphia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 1078. ; Juss., 413. ; Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 2.

Synonymcs. Thuya, or Arbre de Vie. Fr. ; Lebensbaum, Ger. ; Tuja, Ital.

Derivation. From tkyon, sacrifice; in consequence of the resin of the Eastern variety being used
instead of incense in sacrifices. Why it was called Arbor Yitae is uncertain. Parkinson says the
American species was presented to Francis I. under this name, and that it has been continued
ever since, though for what reason he knows not. It was called the Arbor Vita? by Clusius.
Royle mentions that, in the East, the cypress is called the tree of life ; and that its berries, &c., are
considered a cure for all diseases.

Gen. Char. Male flowers in a terminal solitary catkin. Pollen of each flower
included in 4 cases, that are attached to the inner face of the scale, towards
its base. — Female flower in terminal catkins. Ovary connate with the
bractea ; the two conjoined may be termed a receptacle. Ovules 2 to each
receptacle. Receptacles semi-peltate, imbricated, smooth, or, in some, having
a recurved beak near the tip. Seeds inconspicuously winged, or not winged.
Cotyledons 2. Branchlets compressed.

Leaves simple, alternate or opposite, ex stipulate, evergreen ; 2-rowed,
scale-like, closely imbricated, compressed. Flowers yellowish. — Trees nar-
row, pyramidal, and evergreen ; or large fastigiate shrubs ; natives of Asia,
Africa, and North America, and for the most part hardy in British gardens.
The species have been divided by Professor Don into the following sec-
tions:—
i. Thujte verce. Cones oblong-compressed ; scales consisting of a definite

number (4 or 6), coriaceous, smooth, with one tubercle under the

apex ; two exterior ones shortened, boat-shaped. Seeds compressed,

winged. To this belong T. occidentals L., T. plicata Donn, and T.

chilensis D. Don. In T. occidentals the seeds are flattened, winged

all round, emarginate at the apex,
ii. Biota. Cones roundish, squarrose ; scales indefinite in number, peltate,

woody. Seeds bellying, crustaceous, without wings. To this belongs

T. orientalis L.
iii. Cyparissa. Cones roundish ; scales indefinite in number, peltate, woody.

Seeds winged at the apex. To this belong T. cupressoides L., T.

pensilis D. Don, and T. pendula D. Don.

§ i. T/iujtc verce.
f I. T. OCCIDENTALS L. The Western, or American, Arbor Vitae.

Identification. Hort. Cliff., 449. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 646. ; Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. p. 226
Si/nonymes. Thuja Theophr&sti Bauh. Pin. 488. ; A rbor Vitae Clus. Hist. 1. p. 36. ; white Cedar,

' Amer. ; Cddre americain, Cedre blanc, Arbre de Vie, Fr. ; gemeiner Lebensbaum, Ger. ; Albero

de Vita, Ital.
Engravings. Michx. Arb., 3. t. 29. ; the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit, 1st edit., TO!, viii. ; and our

fig. 1991.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branchlets 2-eclged. Leaves imbricated in 4 rows, ovate-
rhomboid, adpressed, naked, tuberculated. Cones obovate ; interior scales
truncate, gibbous beneath the apex. (Willd.) A moderate-sized evergreen
tree, or large shrub. Canada. Height 40 ft. to 50 ft. In cultivation in
England since 1596. Flowering in May, and ripening its cones in the
following autumn.

LXXVII. CONI'FERJE : :THU\JA.

1069

Variety.

1 T. o. 2 variegdta Marsh, p. 243. T. o. foliis variegatis Lodd. Cat.
1836. — Leaves variegated.

The frondose-like foliage is numerously ramified, and flattened, or spread
out laterally. The leaves are small, opposite, imbricated scales : when bruised,
they diffuse a strong aromatic odour. The sexes are separate upon the same
tree. The male catkins are in the form of small cones, which, when ripe, are
yellowish, about 4 lines in length, and composed of oblong scales, which open
throughout their whole length for the escape of several minute seeds, each of

macf

m

/T

1991. r. occidentals.

which is surmounted by a short wing. Compared with the Oriental, or Chinese,
arbor vitae, the American species is a loose irregular-headed tree, with the
branches much more horizontal than in that species. The rate of growth, in
the climate of London, is from 6 in. to 1 ft. in a year. In ten years, in fa-
vourable soils, it will attain the height of 10 or 12 feet ; and in 30 or 40 years,
in moist sheltered situations, drawn up by other trees, it will attain the height
of 30 or 40 feet. The most common use of this tree in America is for rural
fences, for which it is highly esteemed. The posts last 35 or 40 years, and
the rails 60 years ; or three or four times as long as those of any other species.
The posts remain undecayed twice as long in argillaceous as in sandy soils.
In Britain, the American arbor vitas can only be considered as an ornamental
shrub or low tree ; thriving well in any soil, even in the most exposed situa-
tions, but attaining its largest size in low, sheltered, and moist places. It
grows much faster than the oriental arbor vitae, bears the knife and the shears,
and is frequently employed to form hedges for shelter in gardens and nursery
grounds. Readily propagated by seeds, which are procured in abundance from
America or gathered from British trees, or by cuttings.

1 * 2. T. (o.) PLICA'TA Bonn. The plicate, or Nee's, Arbor Vitae.

Identification. Donn Hort. Cantab., 6. p. 249. ; Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 2. No. 61.
Engraving. Our Jig. 2108. in p. Ilia

Sj:ec. Char.y Sfc. Branchlets compressed, spreading. Leaves rhomboid-ovate,
acute, adpressed, imbricated in 4 rows, naked, tubercled in the middle.
Cones oblong, nodding. Seeds obcordate. (Lamb. Pin.) A tree resembling
the preceding species, but smaller. Mexico, and the western shores of

1070

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

North America, at Nootka Sound. Height 20 ft. to 30 ft. Introduced in

1796, and frequent in collections.

A very branchy, spreading, light green tree. Branches crowded, covered
with a reddish brown bark ; branchlets dense, often divided, pectinate, com-
pressed.

1 3. T. CHILE NSCS Lamb. The Chili Arbor Vitas.

Identification. Lamb Pin., ed. 2., 2. p. 128., No. 62.

fnonyme. Cupressus fhyoldes Pavon MSS.
igraving. Our Jig. 2110. in p. 11 10.

Spec, Char., fyc. Branchlets jointed, spreading, compressed. Leaves ovate-
oblong, obtuse, somewhat 3-angled, imbricated in 4 rows, adpresscd, naked,
furrowed on both sides. Cones oval- oblong ; scales 4, compressed, elliptic,
obtuse. Seeds winged at the apex, entire. (Lamb.) A beautiful dark
green spreading tree. Chili, on the Andes. Height 30 ft. to 40 ft. Not
yet introduced.

§ ii. Biota.
£ 4. 71 ORIENTAVLIS L The Oriental, or Chinese, Arbor Vitae.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1422.; N. Du Ham., 3. p. 11.
Engravings. Dend. Brit., t, 149. ; and our fig. 1992.

Spec. Char., $c. Branchlets 2-edged. Leaves imbricated in 4 rows, ovate-
rhomboid, adpressed, furrowed along the middle. Cones elliptic ; interior
scales blunt, mucronate beneath the apex. (Willd.) A low evergreen tree,
or fastigiate shrub. China and Siberia, in rocky situations ; and also on
the mountains of Japan. Height 18ft. to 20ft. Introduced in 1752.
Flowering in May, and ripening its brown cones in the following autumn.

Varieties.

* T. o. 2 stricta Hort. T. pyramidalis Baum. Cat. ed. 1837 ; and the

plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st ed. vol. viii. — More fastigiate than
the species in its habit of growth.

* T. O. 3 tatdrica. T. tatarica Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836 ; T. Waredna Booth

Cat. 1839. — Leaves, and the entire plant, rather smaller than in the
species.

1992. T. orientals.

A low tree or large shrub; distinguishable, at first sight, from the American

LXXVII. CONIFER^E:

1071

arbor vitas, by its more dense habit of growth, by its branches being chiefly
turned upwards, and by its leaves or scales being smaller, closer together,
and of a lighter green. It is a more compact-growing and handsomer species
than the American arbor vitas, and quite hardy in the climate of London,
where, in fine seasons, it ripens seeds. These are generally sown in pots im-
mediately after they are gathered in autumn, in which case the plants come
up the following summer ; but, if the seeds are not sown till spring, they fre-
quently do not come up for a year. Layers generally require two years to
root sufficiently ; and cuttings are rather more difficult to strike than those of
T. occidentals. In a young state, the plants are somewhat tender ; but they
become quite hardy when old, even in the climate of Edinburgh.

§ iii. Cyparissa.

T. cupressoides L. a native of the Cape of Good Hope, and T. pensilis
Lamb., a native of China, exemplify this section, and are described at length
in our first edition, but they are too tender for the open garden.

1 5. T. PE'NDULA Lamb. The pendulous, or weeping, Arbor Vita?.

Identification. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 2. t. 67.

Sijnontjmes. ? T. filif6rmis I. odd. ; ? Junfperus flagelliftrmis Hort. (See Nos. 4. and 5. in p. 1076.)
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 2. t. 67. ; our Jig. 1994. to our usual scale; and Jig. 1993. of the
natural size.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves opposite and decussating, spreading, lanceolate, mu-
cronulate, keeled, somewhat distant. Cones globose. Scales convex,
smooth. Branches filiform, pendulous. (Lamb.) Branches very ionir,
hanging down in the most graceful manner ; light green. Cones globose,
about the size of a wild cherry. 6-valved ; valves roundish, very thick,
fungous, externally convex, smooth. A low evergreen tree. Chinese
Tartary. Height ?. Introduced in 1800, or probably before.
Only two large plants are known to be

in Britain, one in the Chelsea Botanic

Garden, and the other in the arboretum at

Kew ; from both of which cuttings have

1993. T. plndula.

been struck in 1837 and 1838. A very remarkable and very desirable
species ; quite hardy, and not very difficult to propagate.

T. filiformis Lodd. (probably T. pendula Lavib.), of which there are young
plants in the collection at Hackney, is noticed in our first edition ; and T.
dolabrata I/., a large lofty tree, a native of Japan, is described at length, but
pot yet introduced.

1072

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

GENUS IX.

CA'LLITRIS Vent. THE CALLITRIS. Lin. Syst. Monoe^cia Monadelphia.

Identification. Vent. Dec. Nov. Gen. ; R. Brown in Litt. ; Richd. Mem. sur les Conifcres, p. 141.
Synonymes. Ttiuja, part of, Lin. ; FresnSh'a Mirbel Mem Mus.

Gen. Char. Male flowers in terminal solitary catkins. Pollen of each flower
contained in 2 — 5 cases, attached to the lower part of the scale, which is
peltate. — Female flowers in terminal catkins, of 4 — 6 ovaries ; or else re-
ceptacles, each spreading at the tip, and disposed upon so short an axis as
to seem, in the state of fruit, the valves of a regular pericarp, at which time
each has a mucro near the tip. Ovules 3 or many to each ovary, or re-
ceptacle. Seed winged. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, opposite or whorled, exstipulate, evergreen ; linear, scale-
shaped, situated under the joints of the branches. Flowers yellowish.
— Trees evergreen, low, or shrubs, with jointed branches ; natives of Africa,
with the habit of Cupressus or Thuja.

This genus was established from the Thuja articulata of Desfontaines. It
differs from the genus Thuja in having the scales of the female catkins con-
stantly from 4 to 6, all opening like the valves of a regular pericarp ; and in
having, at the base of each of these scales, a number of seeds, winged on the
margin, whereas in Thuja they are wanting, or inconspicuous.

1 1. C. QUADRIVA'LVIS Vent. The four-valved Callitris.

Identification. Ventenat, Dec. Nov. Gen. ; Rich. Mem. sur les ConifeTes, p. 46.

Synonymes. Thuja articulata Desf. Atl. 2. p. 353., Arb. et Arbriss. 2. p. 576. ; Cupressus articulata

Pin. Wob. p. 191.
Engravings. N. Du Ham., 3. t. 5. ;

Lodd. Bot Cab., t. 844. ; and our
fig. 1995. from specimens received

from M. Otto of Berlin.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves flat-
tened, articulate. Female
catkin tetragonal, with 4
oval valves, each furnished
with a point, and 2 of which
bear seeds. (Desf.) A low
evergreen tree. Barbarv.
Height 15 ft. to 20 ft. In-
troduced in 1815, and flow-
ering from February to
May.
Rather tender in the open

air in the climate of London,

but may be kept against a

Wall- 1995. 0. quadriv&lvis.

1 C. FothergUli. ? Cupressus Fothergfllz. — There are young plants of this
name at Elvaston Castle, and in some of the nurseries, which in general ap-
pearance resemble the common evergreen cypress.

1 C.triquetra. Cupressus triquetra Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — A native of the
Cape of Good Hope, introduced in 1820. There are plants at Messrs.
Loddiges's, and also at Elvaston Castle, where it has stood out three years,
and appears quite hardy.

£ C. cupressiformis Vent., Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 490. — A native of New
Holland, introduced in 1826. There are small plants of it in various nur-
series.

1 C. macrostdchya Hort. — There is a plant at Elvaston Castle.

LXXVII. CONI'FER^E: CUPRE'SSUS. 1073

GENUS X.

CUPRE'SSUS L. THE CYPRESS. Lin. Syst. Monoevcia Monadelphia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 1079. ; Juss. 413.

Synonymes. Cypres, Fr. ; Cypresse, Ger. ; Cipresso, Ital. ; Ciproste, Port. ; Cypros, Hungarian.

Derivation. According to some, from kuo, to produce, and parisos, nearly resembling ; in allusion
to the regularity of the branches ; or from Cyparissus, a beautiful youth of the Island of Ceos, who
was changed into a cypress ; or, according to others, from the Isle of Cyprus, where one species of
the tree was found in abundance.

Gen. Char. Male flower in terminal solitary catkins. Pollen of each flower
contained in 4 cases, attached to the scale on the inner face at the lower
edge. Scale!? peltate. — Female flowers with the ovaries connate with the
bractea, and constituting a receptacle. Ovules to each receptacle 8 or more.
Strobile globose. Receptacles, as included in the strobile, peltate, having
an obscure tubercle at the tip ; disposed collaterally, not imbricately. Seeds
compressed, angular ; affixed to the narrow basal part of the receptacle.
Cotyledons 2.

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; adpressedly imbricated,
linear. Flowers yellowish. — Evergreen trees, or large shrubs ; natives of
Europe, Asia, and North America ; remarkable for the fine grain and dura-
bility of their wood ; propagated by seeds, which require the same soil and
treatment as the ^bietinae.

t 1. C. SEMPERvfRENS L. The common, or evergreen, Cypress.

Identification. Hort. Cliff., 449. ; N. Du Ham., 3. p. 2. ; Lam. Diet., 1.

Synonymes. C. pyramidalis Hort. ; ? C. fastigiata Hjrt. and Pin. Wob. p. 186. ; Cyprus pyramidal,

Cypres ordinaire, Fr. •, gemeine Cypressenbaum, Ger. ; the Italian Cypress.
Engravings. Dend. Brit., t. 155. ; N. Du Ham., 3. t. 1. 127 ; the plates of this tree in Arb. Brit.,

1st edit., vol. viii.j and our Jig. 1996.

Spec. Char., fyc. Branchlets quadrangular. Leaves imbricated in 4 rows,
obtuse, aclpressed, convex. Cones globose ; scales mutic. Branches straight.
(Wtild.) A fastigiate evergreen tree. South of Europe, Greece, Turkey,
Persia, and Asia Minor. Height, in its native country, 50 ft. to 60 ft. ; in
the climate of London, 30 ft. to 40 ft., rarely 50ft. Introduced before 1548.
Flowering in April and May, and ripening its dark brown cones in the fol-
lowing March or April.

Varieties.

t C. s. 1 stricta Mill. Diet. Cypres male, Fr. — Branches upright, and
closely pressed towards the trunk. It is the most common form
of the species. (See the plate of C. sempervirens in Arb. Bnt., 1st
edit., vol. viii.)

1 C. s. 2 /wrizontalis Mill. Diet. C. horizontal N. Du Ham. 3. p. 6. ,-
C. expansa Hort. Par.; Cipresso femino Ital. — Branches spread-
ing. (See the plate of this tree in Arb. .Brit., 1st edit., vol. viii.)
There is an old tree of this variety in the Chelsea Botanic Garden,
which by some is considered a species ; and in the Gard. Mag. for
1839, p. 696., an engraving is given of the Cypress of Mistra, which
appears to be of this variety. The latter, when measured by the Earl
of Aberdeen in 1803, had a trunk 26ft. in circumference at 4ft. from
the ground, and appeared to be 150 ft. high.

The cone of the cypress is composed of large, angular, corky scales, slightly
convex on the outside, streaked in rays, and mucronate in the centre ; be-
coming woody and separating when ripe ; on the inside, e.nding in a thick
angular peduncle, to the extremity of which adhere 4 little nuts, wl.ich are
bony, obovate, compressed, or irregularly angular, and covered with a thin
membranaceous skin of a dun colour. The seed is of a bay colour, and of a
linear-oblong shape. The wood is hard, fragrant, and of a remarkably fine

3 z

1074 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

1990. C. semperyirens.

close grain, very durable, and of a beautiful reddish hue, which Pliny says it
never loses. The rate of growth, in the climate of London, will average, for
the first 8 or 10 years, from 1 ft. to 1 ft. Gin. a year ; after which the tree
grows more slowly ; and, when it has attained its full size, and is between
30 ft. and 40 ft. high, it will live many years without any perceptible increase
in dimensions. Any common garden soil suits the cypress ; but it attains its
largest size in such soils as are rather dry and deep, and in situations sheltered
rather than exposed. It may be propagated either by cuttings or seeds ; the
former being put in in autumn, and treated like those of Thuja. The cones,
which appear to be ripe in autumn, are not perfectly so, but require to hang
on the trees till the following March or April. They may then be gathered,
and placed in a warm room, or in a box or basket, and set in a dry stove. In
a few days the scales will open, when the cones may be thrashed and the
seeds collected : they may be immediately afterwards sown, and treated like
those of the Jbietinae. In England, it is common to sow the seeds in flat
pans or in boxes ; because, as they are somewhat tender when they first come
up, they admit of being more readily protected by being carried to a pit.
Unlike the seeds of the genus Thuja, which commonly lie in the ground a
year, those of the cypress come up in three or four weeks. They grow to
the height of 3 or 4 inches the first season, and may be transplanted into pots,
and kept in a pit through the winter. At the end of the second autumn, they
may be planted where they are finally to remain ; but, if it be thought neces-
sary, they may be kept three or four years in pots ; shifting them frequently,
or allowing them to remain in the pot unshifted, according as the object may
be to produce large plants, or to concentrate the roots in a small ball, so as
to occupy less space in sending the trees to a distance. When the cypress is
planted where it is finally to remain, and the situation and soil are suitable, it
may be said to require no farther attention during the whole of its existence.
It always grows erect, so that no care is requisite to train up a leading shoot ;
and, as its branches occupy little space, it seldom or never requires pruning.

1 2. C. THYOIDES L. The Thuja-like Cypress, or White Cedar.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 512. ; Michx. N. Amer. Syl. 3. p. 207. ; Pursh Sept., 2. C4G. ;

N. Du Ham., 3. p. 6.
Synonymes. Thuja sphajroidalis Rich. M6m. sur les Conif. p. 45. ; Cyprus faux Thuja, Fr.

N. Du Ham., 3. t. 2. ; N. Amer. Syl., 3. t. 152. ; Wats. Dend. Brit, t. 156. ; and our

LXXVII. CONIFERJE: CUPRE'SSUS.

1075

Spec. Char., $c. Branchlets compressed. Leaves imbricated in 4- rows, ovate,
tuberculate at the base. ( Wttld.) An evergreen tree ; in England a shrub.
New England to Carolina, in deep swamps. Height, in the southern states
of America, 70 ft. to 80 ft. ; in the climate of London, 10 ft. to 15 ft., rarely
30ft. Introduced in 1736. Flowering in April and May, and ripening its
cones about the same time in the following year.

Varieties.

1 C. t. 2 fdliis variegdtij. — Leaves variegated, or blotched with white,
i C. t. 3 ndna Hort. — Habit dwarf. Exeter Nursery.

The white cedar, in the cli-
mate of London, is of slow
growth, seldom exceeding the
height of 4 or 5 feet in 10 or 12
years, and but rarely found
above that height. Cones are
sometimes imported ; and the
seeds may be sown early in
spring, and treated in all re-
spects like those of Cupressus
sempervirens : it may also be
propagated by cuttings ; and,
in the London nurseries, it is
sometimes raised by layers. 1997

4 3. C. LUSITA'NICA Tourn. The Cedar of Goa, or Portuguese Cypress.

Identification. Tourn., 587. ; Du Ham. Arb., 1. p. 198. ; Lamb. Pin., ed 2., 1. t. 65.

Synonymes. C. glauca Brot. Fl. Lus. 1. p. 216. ; C. p^ndula L'Htrit Stirp. Nov. p. 15. ; Cedar of

Bussaco. C. p£ndula Thunb., Lamb. Pin. ed. 2. 2. t. 66., is supposed to be a different plant.
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., t. 65. ; N. Du Ham., 3. t. 3. ; the plate of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st

edit, vol. viii. ; and our fig. 1998.

1998. C. lusitfciica.

Spec. Char., $c.

Branches flexuose, spreading; branchlets quadrangular.
3z 2

1076

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BHITANNICUM.

Leaves imbricated in 4 rows, acute, keeled, glaucous, adpressed. (Lamb.
Pin,) A branchy evergreen tree ; in England a shrub. Goa, in the East
Indies, and for many years cultivated in Portugal. Height 50 ft. ; in Eng-
land, 15ft. to 30ft. Introduced in 1683. Flowering in April and May,
and ripening its cones in the following spring.

This species, in the climate of London, attains the height of 1 0 or 12 feet in
twelve years, and forms a remarkably handsome low tree, with spreading
branches, somewhat pendulous, and covered with fine glaucous foliage. In the
winter of 1837-8, however, it was every where killed to the ground. The
tree is abundant at Bussaco, near Coimbra, in Portugal, whence cones might
be imported, and thus so fine a tree rendered frequent in collections. Its
seeds may be treated like those of the white cedar ; or it may be propagated
by cuttings, as in Thuja.

i 4. C. TORULO'SA Lamb. The Bhotan, or twisted, Cypress.

Identification. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 2. No. 59. ; D. Don in Prodromus Nepalensis, p. 55.
Engravings. Our figs. 1999, to 2001. of the natural size, from specimens taken from the plant in the

Hort. Soc. Garden, and showing the very different appearance that the shoots assume on the same

plant, and that even a young one.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate-obtuse, imbricated in 4 rows. Galbulus
globose, pedicellate. Scales bossed. Branchlets round, knotted, divari-
cate, crowded, spreading. (Lamb.} A beautiful, pyramidal, much-branched,
evergreen tree. Nepal, on the Bhotan Alps, at 1500ft. above the sea.
Height 30 ft. Introduced in 1824. Flowering in April.

Branches crowded, ascending ; branchlets much crowded, round, divaricate,
spreading, knotted, 2 in. to 6 in. long, very closely imbricated with leaves.
Leaves small, ovate-obtuse, convex, smooth, imbricated in 4 rows, adpressed,
green ; adult ones persistent, and falling off with the bark. Only young male
catkins seen. It appears tolerably hardy, and is remarkably handsome ; and
there are now abundance of plants in the nurseries.

9. 5. C. PE'NDULA Tkunb. The weeping Cypress.

Identification. Thunb. Fl. Japon., p. 265. ; Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 512. ; Staunt. Embass., 2. p. 525.

lunonyme. Fi-moro, Kcempf. Amcen. p. 883.

Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., t. 66. Staunt. Embass., t. 41.; our fig. 2003. to our usual scale ;
fig. 2004. of the natural size ; and fig. 2002. showing parts of the shoots mag-
nified.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Branchlets 2-edged, leafy ; the oldest very
long, pendulous ; the younger short, alternate, 2-rowed,
spreading. An evergreen tree. China, said to have been
introduced in 1808, but respecting which we know nothing
with certainty. The pendulous cypress, or TTiuja, at
Chelsea and in the Kew arboretum, may possibly be the
same as Thunberg's plant. 2002.

C. pt-ndula.

LXXVII. CONI'FEIUE: TAXO'DIUM.

1077

2003. C. ptJndula.

2004. C. pendula.

Other Kinds of Cupressus, some of which have been introduced, but of which
little is known.

C. horizontdlis Audibert. — This plant has been already alluded to (p. 1073.)
as being considered by some to be the same as the spreading variety of C. sem-
pervirens ; and by others as a distinct species.

C. thurifcra H. B. et Kunth, Linnaea, vol. xii. p. 493. — A tree from 50 ft.
to 60 ft. high, with leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate-pointed, scarcely a line in
length ; those on the young shoots about ^ of a line long. Mexico, at the
height of 5000 ft. Introduced in 1838. Hort. Soc.

C. Tournefortii Audibert. — The plant bearing this name in the Horticultural
Society's Garden, received from Audibert in 1834-, is 2 ft. high.

C. bacciformis Willd.— A hardy tree, 20 ft. high. Introduced in 1818.

C. austrdlis Pers. — A shrub with slender branches, a native of New Holland,
and rather tender.

C. sabinoides H. B. et Kunth. — A very doubtful species.

C. Coulterii Pin. Wob. p. 190. — Mexico. Raised from seeds in the Glas-
nevin Botanic Garden in 1 837. ? C. thurifera H. JB. et Kunth.

C. fastigidta Hort., Pin. Wob. p. 186., Gard. Mag. 1839 p. 271. Juni-
per us fastigiata Hort. — Said to be distinguished from C. sernpervirens by its
" very blue glaucous leaves"; but apparently nothing but C. sempervirens (of
which it is the common name in many parts of the Continent), as indicated
under that species.

GENUS XL

Lin. Si/si.

TAXCTDIUM Rich. THE TAXODIUM, or DECIDUOUS CYPRESS.
Monce'cia Monadelphia.

Identification. Rich. Conif., p. 143. ; Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 2.
Synonymes. C'upressus L., Schuberto Mirb., Condylocarpus Salftb.
Derivation. From taxus, the yew, and eidos, like ; the trees resembling the yew.

Gen. Char. Male flowers in catkins, disposed in a compound pyramidal spike.
Pollen of each flower borne in 5 cases, attached to the scale at its inner
base. — Female flowers in catkins, 2 — 3 together ; near the base of the spike
of catkins of male flowers ; each consisting of a small number of flowers.
Ovules 2 to an ovary. Strobile globose. Scales peltate, angled. Seed angled
in outline, and having angular projections on the surface ; its integument
very thick. Cotyledons 6 — 7.

1078 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous ; 2 -ranked, linear
Flowers yellowish, powdery, inconspicuous.

Lofty deciduous trees, natives of the southern part of North America ; sepa-
rated from the genus Cupressiis, principally because the male catkins are dis-
posed in loose spreading bunches, instead of being solitary and terminal ; and
because the female catkins are roundish and scaly, like the male, and each
scale has only 2 perfect flowers. The genus is also distinguished by the
embryo having from 5 to 9 cotyledons. The species are generally propagated
by seeds, and the varieties by cuttings, layers, or inarching.

3f 1. T. DI'STICHUM Hick. The two-rariked-leaved Taxodium, or Deciduous

Cypress.

Identification. Rich. Mem. sur les Conif., p. 53. 143. ; Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 2. t. 63.

Synonymes. Cupressus disticha Lin. Sp. PI. 1422., Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. ; C. americSna Cat. Carol.

J. p." 11. ; C. virginiSna Comm. Hort. 1. p. 113. ; Schuberfc'a disticha Mirb. ; bald Cypress, Cypress,

Amer. ; Cyprus de PAmerique, Cyprus chauve, Fr. ; zweyzeilige Cypresse, Ger. ; Cipresso gaggia,

Ital.
Engravings. Rich Conif., t. 10 ; Michx. North Amer. Syl., 3. ; Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., t. 63. ; the

plates of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. viii. ; and our fig. 2006.

Spec. Char.y Sfc. Leaves 2-rowed, flat, deciduous. Male flowers leafless and
panicled. Cones somewhat globose. (Willd.) A lofty deciduous tree.
Florida, and on the Delaware and Mississippi, in swampy ground. Height
1 00 ft. to 150 ft.; in England, 50 ft. to 80ft. Introduced before 1640.
It flowers in May, and the cones, which are brown, are ripened in the spring
of the following year.

Varieties.

t T. d. 1 patens Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. v. p. 323. — Leaves approxi-
mate, and strictly 2-rowed. This is the most common form.
¥ T. d. 2 nutans, 1. c. T. d. pendula
Loud. Hort. Brit. — Leaves much
longer than those of the species, and
drooping, but more remote and thinner
in texture, with a tortuous curly ap-
pearance when they first appear in
spring. A specimen of the early shoots
is shown in fig. 2005.
If T. d. 3 excelsum Booth. — Horticultural

Society, in 1837. 2005. T.d.nt,tanS.

If T. d. 4 sinense. T. sinense Noisette. —

How far it differs from T. d. nutans, or whether it differs at all, we
are uncertain. H. 8., in 1837.

t T. d. 5 s. pendulum. T. sinense pendulum Hort. — H. S., in 1837.
The deciduous cypress is one of those trees that sport exceedingly in the
seed-bed ; and, hence, wherever a number of them are found growing to-
gether, scarcely any two appear to have precisely the same habit. This is
strikingly the case at White Knights, where there are several scores of
trees, presenting a variety of forms and foliage almost as great as their number.
They may all, however, as well as those enumerated in the above list, be
reduced to the following four forms. 1. The species, or normal form, in
which the branches are horizontal or somewhat inclined upwards. 2. T. d.
pendulum, with the branches pendulous. 3. T. d. nutans, with the branches
horizontal, and the young shoots of the year pendulous ; the leaves being
twisted and compressed round them in the early part of the season, but
fully expanded, like those of the species, towards the autumn. Most of
these shoots have their points killed every winter, and many of them are
entirely destroyed. 4. T. d. tortuosum pendulum, with the leaves on the
young shoots tortuous, and the branches pendulous. There is a very
elegant specimen of this tree at White Knights. With respect to the T.
sinense of cultivators, we have not been able to discover in what it differs
from T. nutans ; and of T. d. excelsum we have only seen very small plants.

LXXVII. CONl'FKRjE: TAXO^DIUM.

1079

2006. T. distichum.

The deciduous cypress, in America, attains its largest size in the swamps of
the southern states and the Floridas, on the deep miry soil of which a new
layer is every year deposited by the floods. The roots of large trees, par-
ticularly in situations subject to inundation, are charged with conical protu-
berances, commonly from 1 ft. 6 in. to 2 ft. high, and sometimes from 4 ft. to
5 ft. in thickness : they are always hollow, smooth on the surface, and covered
with a reddish bark, like the roots, which they resemble also in the softness
of their wood. Michaux says that " no cause can be assigned for their ex-
istence : they are peculiar to the deciduous cypress, and begin to appear when
it is only 20 ft. or 25 ft. high." The Rev. J. Mitford has suggested that the
absorption of air is the probable purpose for which the knobs protrude
above the water. They are made use of by the negroes for beehives. The
wood is universally employed, throughout the United States, for the best
kind of shingles ; and in Louisiana it is used for almost every other purpose
to which timber is applied. A rich moist soil is required to produce the
deciduous cypress of any size, and it will not thrive in elevated situations.
The species is increased by seeds, which are procured from imported cones :
they may be treated in all respects like those of the common evergreen
cypress, and, like them, come up the first year. The tree may also be pro-
pagated by cuttings, put in in autumn, in sand or heath soil, in the shade, and
kept moist ; a practice which, Bosc observes, is in use in the nurseries at
Orleans, but not in those at Paris Cuttings of the winter's wood, or of the

3z 4

1080

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

summer's shoots with the leaves on, will root in a vessel of water
in a very few weeks ; and, if an inch of soil be placed at the bottom
of the vessel, the fibres will root into it, and the plants may be
used as if they had been struck in the usual manner. Layers,
put down in moist soil, root the first year.

i T. sempervirens Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 2. t. 64. Our fig.
2007. — Leaves distichous, linear, acute, evergreen, coriaceous,
glabrous, opaque. {Lamb.) An evergreen tree. Discovered by
Mr. Menzies, on the north-west coast of America, in 1796; and
immense trees of it were seen by Dr. Coulter in 1 836 ; but it has
not yet been introduced. It will probably prove hardy ; and, in
that case, its introduction would be exceedingly desirable. T

GENUS XII.

JUNI'PERUS L. THE JUNIPER. Lin. Syst. Dioe'cia Monadelphia.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 1134. ; Juss., 413. ; Lamb. Pin. 2.

Synonymes. Sabina Bauh. ; Cedrus Tourn ; Genevrier, Fr. ; Wachholder, Ger. ; Ginepro, Ital.

Derivation. From juneprus, rough or rude, Celt., the plants of this genus being stiff shrubs ; or
from junior es pariens, from the young and old leaves being on the tree at the same time, or with
reference to the young fruit being produced before the old fruit drops off.

Gen. Char. Male flowers in axillary or terminal catkins. Pollen of each
flower in 3 — 6 cases, attached to the basal edge of the scale, and prominent
from it. — Female floivers in axillary catkins, resembling a bud ; consisting
of 13 fleshy ovaries ; bracteated at the base. Ovules 1 to an ovary. The
ovaries coalesce, and become a fleshy juicy strobile, resembling a berry.
Seeds 1 — 3, each obscurely 3-cornered, and having 5 gland-bearing pits
towards the base. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, opposite or ternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; narrow,
rigid, and not rarely minute and scale-shaped. Floivers yellowish, from the
colour of the pollen.— Trees evergreen, low, or shrubs ; natives of Europe,
Asia, Africa, and North America ; mostly hardy in British gardens.
The wood of all the species is more or less aromatic, and very durable. The
species, with the exception of three or four, which have grown to some size,
and ripened fruit in England, are very imperfectly known to British cultivators ;
and, probably, some of those kinds which we have given as distinct species
may prove not to be so, We could not, however, avoid this, from the im-
possibility of seeing any plants of many of the kinds, but those which were
quite young. All the species are readily propagated by seeds, which retain
their vitality, when kept in the berry, for several years ; and, when sown,
lie one year, and often two years, before they come up. They may also be
increased by cuttings, planted in sandy soil, in a shady situation, in the autumn,
and covered with a hand-glass during winter j or by layers. The species in
British gardens are thus arranged : —

§ i. Qxycedri. — Leaves spreading in the adult Plants.
A. Natives of Europe

1. communis.

C.

2. Oxjcedrus.
B. Native of Asia.
4. drupacea.

Native of North America.
5. virginica.

3. macrocarpa.

LXXVI1.

.7UNI PERUS.

1081

§ ii. Sabitus.- — Leaves imbricated in the adult Plants.

A . Natives of Europe.
6. Sabina. 7. phoenicea. 8. lycia. 9. thurifera.

B. Natives of Asia.
10. excelsa. 11. squamata. 12. recurva. 13. chinensis.

G. Native of South America.
14. uvifera.

§ in. Species of which little is known.
15. tetragona. 18. dealbata. 21. Bedfordzana.

16. flaccida.

17. mexicana.

19. flagelliformis.

20. gossanthanea.

22. Hudsonzawa.

§ i. Qxycedri. — Leaves spreading in the adult Plants. D. Don.

A. Natives of Europe.
» 1. J. COMMON-IS L. The common Juniper.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1470. : Engl. Flor., 4. p. 251. ; N. Du Ham., 6. p. 46.

Synonymes. J. vulg&ris, &c., Rait Syn. 444. ; J. minor Fuchs Hist. p. 78. ; Genevrier commun,

Fr. ; gemeiner Wachholder, Ger. ; Ginepro nero, Ital.
Engravings. Engl. Bot., t. 1100. ; N. Du Ham., t. 15. f. 1. ; our fig. 2014. to our usual scale; and

fig. 2013. of the natural size.

Spec. Char.y $c. Leaves in threes, spreading, mucronate. Berries longish.
(Willd.) An evergreen shrub. Europe, on the sides of hills and in sandy
plains, and also in North America and Asia. Height 5 ft. to 10ft., rarely
15ft. Flowers whitish yellow, from the pollen; ripening in May. Fruit
purple or black ; ripe the following spring.
Varieties.

« J. c. 1 vulgaris Park. Theat. 1029. J. \. fruticosa Bauh. Pin. p. 488. ;
J. c. erectis Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. ii. p. 646. — Leaves, according to
Hayne, |in. in length. A bushy shrub, from 3ft. to 5ft. high; but,
in favourable situations, growing much higher.

* J. c. 2 suecica Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. v. p. 414. ?«7. c. fastigiata
Des Moulin's Cat. des Plantes de la Dordogne ; J. strfcta Hort. ; J.
suecica Mill. Diet. No. 2. ; J. vulgaris arbor Bauh. ; the Swedish,
or Tree, Juniper. ( fig. 2008.) — Leaves spreading and acute,
1 in. in length ; branches erect, with oblong fruit. This kind was
supposed by Miller to be a species
because he found it always come
true from seed. It generally attains
the height of 10 or 12 feet, and
sometimes of 16 or 18 feet ; in the
Forest of Fontainebleau, it has at-
tained the height of 50 ft., and
tables, cabinets, and other pieces
of furniture have been made from
its timber. The branches are more
erect than those of the common
juniper ; the leaves are narrower,
they end in more acute points, and
are placed farther asunder on the
branches ; the berries are also
larger and longer. It is a native
of France, Sweden, Denmark, and
Norway, and is in common culti-
vation in British nurseries,
r J. c. 3 ndna Willd. Sp. PI. iv. p. 854. J. communis/3 Fl. Br. 1086.;

2009. J. c. n&na.

2008. J. c. suecica.

1082

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

J. c. saxatilis Pall. Ross. ii. t. 54. ; J. alpina Ray Syn. 444. ; J. al-
pina minor Ger. Emac. 1372. ; J. minor montana, &c., Bauh. Pin.
489. ; J. nana Smith Engl. FL iv. p. 252. ; J. sibirica Hort. ; J. dau-
rica Hort. and j&oo^ (see Gard. Mag. for 1840, p. 10.); J. c.
montana Ait. Hort. Kew. v. p. 415. Our Jig. 2009. — Leaves broader
and thicker, and fruit longer, than in the species.
J. c. 4 oblonga. J. oblonga Hort. (Jig. 2010.) — Leaves longer than

in any other variety ; fruit
small, oblong. Horticultural
Society's Garden.

2010. J. c. obldnga.

8011. J. c. o. pendula.

* J. c. 5o. pendula. (Jig. 2011.)— We apply this name to a plant at Kew

which resembles J. c. oblonga in the Horticultural Society's Garden
in every respect ; except that the habit of the main branches is tasti-
giate, and the points of the shoots pendulous. It forms a very
graceful plant, about 5 ft. high.

* J. c. 6 canadensis. J. canadensis Lodd. Cat. ed.

1836. (Jig. 2012.) — A handsome vigorous-
growing variety, coming near in foliage to J. c.
nana ; but, as we have only seen a small plant
of it in the collection of Messrs. Loddiges, we
are unable to depict the particular feature in
which it differs from the species.
» J. c. 7 depressa Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. ii. 646.
— A native of North America, and does not
grow above 1 or 2 feet high ; though its root
will sometimes cover a space of from 15 ft. to
20 ft. in diameter. It does not appear to have
been introduced. Possibly this may be the
J. canadensis of Lodd. Cat., No. 6. above.

Other Varieties. In Loddiges's Catalogue, there are
J. cracovia and ./. hibernica, very small plants, but
obviously belonging to J. commiinis. There can be no
doubt of this, though, as in the case of J. c. cana-
densis in the same collection, we cannot point out in 2012. j. c.

LXXVII. CONI'FER^E: JTJNI'PEKUS.

1083

V

what the difference from the species consists. There are other names current
in the nurseries, in some of which they are applied to J. communis, in others
to «/. 5abina, and in others to J. virginiana.

The rate of growth of the
taller-growing varieties, in the
climate of London, is from
6 in. to 9 in. a year, till the
plants are 6 or 8 feet high,
after which they grow more
slowly ; and their duration is
more than a century. The
wood is finely veined, of a
yellowish brown, and very
aromatic. It weighs, when
dry, above 42 Ib. per cubic
foot. The berries are, how-
ever, the most useful product
of the juniper, being used for
flavouring gin. The plant
makes good garden hedges, and may be clipped into any shape,

2014. J. communis.

2. J. OXY'CEDRUS L. The Sharp-Cedar, or brown-berried, Juniper.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1470. ; N. Du Ham., 6. p. 47.

Synonymes. J. major Cam. Epit. 54. ; J. m. monspeliensium Lob. Ic. 2. p. 223. ; J. phoenicea, &c.,
J. Bauh. Hist. 1. p. 277. ; J. major, &c., C. Bauh. p. 489. ; Cedrus phoenicea Matth. Valgr. 127.;
Oxycedrus Clus. Hist. p. 39. ; O. phcenicea Dod. Pempt. p. 853. ; the prickly Cedar ; le Cade, Fr. ;
Spanische Wachholder, Ger. ; Cedro Fenicio, Ital.

Engravings. N. Du Ham., 6.
t. 15. f. 2. ; our fig. 2016. to
our usual scale ; and fig. 2015.
of the natural size.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Leaves
in threes, spreading,
mticronate, shorter
than the berries.
(Willd.) An evergreen
shrub. Spain, Portu-
gal, and the South of
France. Height 10 ft.
to 12ft. Introduced
before 1739. Flower-
ing in May and June.

2015. J. Oxycedrus.

2016. J. Oxycedrus

Variety.

» J. o. 2 taurica Hort. — Tolerably distinct ; and, according to Mr. Gor-
don, possibly J. drupacea. (Gard. Mag., 1840, p. 10.)

Closely allied to J. communis. The branches are small
and taper, without angles. Berries very large, of a
brownish red, and marked with two white lines. Hand-
some when allowed sufficient space ; and rather more
tender than J. communis.

« 3. J. MACROCA'RPA Smith. The large-fruited Juniper.

Identification. Smith in Fl. Graec. Prod., 2. p. 263. : Tenore Syll. Fl.

Neapol.
Synonymes. ? J. Oxycedrus var. ; J. major, bacc4 caerulea, Tourn. Inst.

589.
Engravings. Lob. Icon., 2. p. 223. f. 1. ; and our fig. 2017. of the natural

size, copied from the figure of L'Obel.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves ternate, spreading, mucronate,
sharply keeled, one-nerved. Berries elliptical, longer

than the leaf. (Smith, Fl. Gr., 2. p. 267.) An evergreen 2017. j

1084 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICTEUM BRITANNICUM.

shrub. Greece. Height 10ft. to 12ft. Introduced in 1838, or before;

flowering in May and June.

The leaves are like those of J. Oxycedrus, but the berries are twice as large,
and black, covered with a violet bloom ; a handsome plant, though very
probably only a variety of ,7. Oxycedrus.

B. Native of Asia.

m *- 4>. J. DRUPA CEA Lab., N. Du Ham. The drupaceous, or large-fruited,

Juniper.

Identification. Labillard. Icon. Plant. Syr. Dec., 2. p. 14. ; Mart. Mill., No. 11. ; Desfont. Hist, des

Arb. et Arbris. 2. p. 558.
Synonyme. J. major Bellon Obs. 2. p. 162.
Engravings. Clus. Icon. ; Labillard. Icon. ; our^-. 2018. reduced to our usual scale from the figure

or La Billardidre ; and fig. 2019., which shows the scales of the fruit much opener than is usual in

Juniperus ; it is, however, a correct copy of the original.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves in threes,
spreading, acute, three times shorter
than the fruit. Nut 3-celled. (Labil-
lard.} An evergreen shrub. Syria.
Introduced in 1820 ; but we have only
seen young plants.

C. Native of North America.

i 5. J. VIRGINIA^NA L. The Virginian Juniper, or Red Cedar.
Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1471. ; Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. p. 222.
ynonymes. J. major americana R
ngravings. Michx. N.
viii. ; and our fig. 2020.

. . . .,

Synonymes. J. major americana Raii Hist. 1413. ; J. maxima, &c., Sloan; Gmepro di Virginia.
Engravings. Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. t. 155. ; the plates of this tree in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves in threes, the three growing together at the base ;
young ones imbricated, old ones spreading. ( Willd.} An evergreen tree.
Maine to Georgia, in woods and plains. Height 40 ft. to 50 ft. ; in England,
30ft. to 40ft. Introduced before 1664; flowering in May, and ripening its
dark blue fruit in October.

Varieties.

i J. v. 2 humilis Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — Habit dwarf.

f J. v. 3 carolinidna. J. caroliniana Du Roi, Mill. Diet. No. 2. — Miller

says that the lower leaves of this kind are like those of the Swedish

juniper ; but that the upper leaves are like those of the cypress ;

while in the Virginian cedar all the leaves are like those of the

juniper. (See p. 1082.)
Other Varieties. The red cedar varies exceedingly from seed. At White

LXXVTI. CONI'FEJLE: JUNI'PERUS.

1085

Knights, where there are some hundreds of trees, some are low and spread-
ing, and others tall and fastigiate ; ' some bear only male blossoms, and
others only female ones. The foliage, in some, is of a very light hue ; in
others, it is glaucous ; and in some a very dark green. The fruit, also, varies
considerably in size ; but, perhaps, the most striking variety is one in which
the branches are decidedly pendent. Miller mentions a variety which has
leaves like a cypress. There are a great many varieties at Elvaston Castle;
and some with glaucous foliage of very great beauty.

The rate of growth, in the climate of London, is 10 or 12 feet in ten years ;
and the duration of the tree is upwards of a century. The name of red cedai
has reference to the heart-wood of this tree, which is of a beautiful red, while

2020. J. Virginia.

the sap-wood is perfectly white. It is imported into England for the manu-
facture of black-lead pencils ; though the Bermuda juniper is preferred for
that purpose. In Britain, the red cedar is not planted as a timber tree ; though,
from the size which it attains in deep dry sandy soils, it might be worth while
to plant it in masses for this purpose. As an ornamental tree or large shrub,
it is highly valued, either for planting singly on lawns, or in groups along with
other trees and shrubs. It is more especially adapted for grouping with other
Cupressina?, the pine and fir tribe, and the yew.

J. bermudidna L. and J. nepalensis Hort. (<7upressus nepaMnsis jHbrf.)are
described in our first edition.

§ ii. Sabmce. — Leaves of the adult Plant imbricated. D. Don.

A. Natives of Europe.
* 6. J. SABIX NA. The common Savin.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1472. ; Desf. Hist, des Arb., &c., 2. p. 569.

1086

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Synonymes. Sabine, Fr. ; stinkender Wachholder, Ger. ; Planta daunata and Cipresso des Maghi,
Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., t. 56. f. 2. ; and our fig. 2026.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves oval, opposite, imbricated, somewhat acute, convex
on the back ; the male catkins pedunculate. Berries of a blackish blue,
generally monospermous. (N. Du Ham.) A low evergreen shrub. South
of Europe and Tauria. Height 7ft. to 8ft. Introduced before 1548;
flowering in March and April, and ripening its blackish blue fruit in the
spring of the following year.

Varieties.

* J. S. 1 cupressifolia Ait. Hort. Kew. v. p. 414. J. lusitanica Mill.

Diet. No. 11.; Sabina Dod. Pempt. 854. ; la Sabine male, Fr.
(fig. 2021.) — Leaves like those of a cypress.

* J. S. 2 tamariscifolia Ait. 1. c. J. Sabina Mill. Diet. No. 10. la

Sabine femelle (Jig. 2022.)
* J. S. 3foliis variegdtis Mart. Mill.—
Leaves variegated.

2021.

J S. cupressifblia.

8022. J. S, temariscifoha.

2023. J. S. prostrata.

2024. J. S. alpUia.

t» J. S. 4 prostrdta. J. prostrata Michx. ; J. repens Nutt. ; J. hudsonica
Lodd.Cat. 1836. (fig. 2023.) — A low trailing plant, seldom rising
above 6 or 8 inches in height, but rooting into the soil, and extend-
ing its branches to a great distance.

^ J. S. 5 alpina. J. alf)ina Lodd. Cat. 1836. (fig. 2024.)— Procumbent,
and more slender in its habit ; but, in other respects, only slightly
different from J. prostrata.

The savin, though generally seen, in British gardens, as a low spreading
shrub, has sometimes an upright trunk, clothed in a reddish brown bark, and
rising to the height of 10 or 12 feet, or even higher. Its branches are nearly
straight, very much ramified, and form, with the trunk, a
regular pyramid. Its young branches are entirely covered
with imbricated leaves, which have a very strong and dis-
agreeable odour, and a very bitter taste. The male flowers
are disposed in small catkins, on peduncles covered with
little imbricated leaves, and are dispersed laterally along
the youngest branches. The female flowers are generally
produced on separate trees, and are disposed in the same
manner : they are succeeded by oval berries, of a blue so
deep as to be almost black, and are about the size of a
currant : they generally contain only one seed, which is
long, oval, and somewhat compressed. A very common ornamental ever-
green, thriving in the poorest soils, and in exposed situations ; in the latter
remaining an humble prostrate shrub, and in the former attaining a consider-
able size.

2025. J. Sabina.

LXXVII. CONI'FERJE: JUNI'PERUS.

1087

t 7. J. PHCENI'CEA L. The Phoenician Juniper.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1471. ; Pall. Ross., 2. p. 14. 57. ; N. Du Ham., 6. p. 47.

Synonymes. CSdrus phcenicea mMia Lob. Icon. 2. p. 221.; Oxycedrus lycia Dod. Pempt. 583.;

Genevrier de Phenicie, Fr. ; dichtnadliger Wachholder, Ger. ; Cedro licio, Hal.
Engravings. Pall. Ross., t. 56. ; N. Du Ham., 6. pi. 17. ; and our fig. 2026.

Spec. Char., tyc. Leaves in threes, obliterated, imbricated, obtuse. (Willd.)
An evergreen shrub or low tree. South of Europe, Russia, and the Levant.
Height 10ft. to 20ft. Cultivated in 1683. Flowering in May and June,
and ripening its pale yellow fruit at the end of the second year.
The young branches are entirely covered with very small leaves, which are
disposed in threes opposite to each other, closely covering the surface of the
branches, and laid one upon another like scales. These leaves are oval, ob-
tuse, somewhat channeled, and convex on the back, perfectly smooth. On

2026. J. phoenicea.

some of the branches, a few sharp linear leaves are found, which are about
3 lines long, and quite open. The male and female flowers are sometimes
found on the same tree, but they are generally on different trees. The form
and disposition of the male and female flowers closely resemble those of J.
Sabina. The berries generally contain 9 bony seeds in each, of an irregular
oval, slightly compressed and angular ; the pulp is dry and fibrous, and in
the middle of it are 3 or 4 bladders, filled with a sort of resinous fluid. Much
less common than so fine a shrub deserves to be.

« <u. 8. J. (p.) LY'CIA L. The Lycian Jumper.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1471. ; Pall. Ross., ii. p. 14. t. 56. ; Ait. Hort. Kew., v. p. 415.

Synonymes. J. p. /3 Kcia N. Du Ham. vi. p. 47. ; cipressen Wachholder, Ger.

Engravings. PalL Ross., t. 56. ; N. Du Ham., 6. 1. 17. ; our fig. 2027., undfig. 2028. from Pallas.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves in threes, imbricate on all sides, ovate, obtuse.
Male flowers at the ends of the branches, in a conical ament ; and the fruit
single from the axils below them, on the same branch. Berries large, oval,
and, when ripe, brown. An evergreen shrub. South of Europe, Levant,
and Siberia. Height 10ft. to 15ft. Introduced in 1759, but not common
in collections.

According to Pallas, J. lycia is an entirely prostrate shrub, with the trunk
branching from the very bottom, and often thicker than the human arm. This,

1088

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICKTUAI BIUTANNICUM.

J. (p.) iyci.

and the branches, are often variously deformed, with
scarcely any outer bark. The wood smells very strong,
like that of the Bermudas cedar.
Branches and branchlets wand-
like, and covered with a testaceous
bark. Shoots dark green, dicho-
tomous, and imbricate with scale-
formed sharp leaves. Berries
terminal, globular, middle-sized,
nearly black when ripe, and co-
vered with a glaucous bloom ;
containing 3 or 4 stones. Pallas
adds that it greatly resembles the
dwarf savin, and that it differs
principally in the greater thickness
of the shoots, and in the leaves
being acute and less clustered. A
2027. j. (P.) lycia. very doubtful species.

f 9. J. THURI'FERA L. The incense-bearing, or Spanish, Juniper.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1471. ; Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2 ., 5. p. 413.
Synonymes. J. hispanica Mill. Diet. No. 13. ; Cedrus hispanica, &c.,

Tourn. Inst. p. 588.
Engraving. Fig. 2029. from a specimen received from Mr. Lambert.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves imbricate in 4 rows, acute.
(Willd.) An evergreen tree. Spain and Portugal.
Height 20 ft. to 30 ft. Cultivated in 1752. Flower-
ing in May and June, and ripening its large black
berries at the end of the following year.

The leaves are acute, and lie over each other in four
rows, so as to make the branches appear four-cornered.
Berries very large, and black when ripe. There is a
tree at Mr. Lambert's seat at Boy ton, which, in 1837,
was 28 ft. high, with a trunk 9 in. in diameter. It strikes
readily from cuttings, and deserves to be extensively
propagated.

B. Natives of Asia.
1 10. J. EXCE'LSA Willd. The tall Juniper.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PL, 4. p. 852. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 647.
Synonymes. J. Sablna var. Pall. Ross. 2. p. 15. ; Himalaya Cedar-wood.
Engraving. Fig. 2030. from a plant about 2 ft. high.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves opposite, somewhat obtuse, with a central
gland ; 4-ranked and imbricate ; slender, acute, disposed in threes,
and spreading. Stem arboreous. (Willd.') A tall evergreen tree.
Siberia, Himalayas, and North America, on the Rocky Mountains.
Height 20 ft. to 30 ft. rarely 40 ft. Introduced in 1806, but has not
yet flowered in British gardens.

A very handsome and elegant tree, with an upright trunk and
slightly pendulous branches. Leaves opposite, imbricated in 4 rows,
and having a raised line on the back. It is a very free grower ;
and apparently as hardy as J. virginiana.

11. J SQUAMAVTA D. Don. The scaled Juniper, or creeping

Cedar.
Identjficatian. Lamb. Pin., 2. No. 66. ; D.Don FL Nepalensis, p. 55. j Royle lllust,

Synonymes. J. squambsa Wall. : see Gard. Mag. 1840, p. 10*
Engraving Our fig. 2107 . in p. 1HQ.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves in threes, closely imbricated, ovate-oblong,

^v

LXXVII. CONl'FER^:: JUNl'PERUS.

1089

more or less pointed ; remaining on after they are withered ; young ones
inflexed at the apex, as .if obtuse. Berries ovate, umbilicate on the top.
Branches and branchlets crowded, round. Stem prostrate. (Lamb. Pin.)
A large, decumbent, much-branched evergreen shrub. Nepal, and on the
Bhotan Alps. Height 3 ft. Introduced in 1824. Flowering in August ;
but only young plants are in British gardens.

* 12. J. RECU'RVA Ham. The recurved Nepal Juniper.

Identification. Ham. MSS., as quoted in Don's Flora Nepalensis, p. 55.
Engraving. Our fig. 2031 .

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves linear-lanceolate, mucronate,
loosely imbricated, smooth, convex beneath. Berries
roundish-oval, tubercled. Branches and branchlets
recurved. (D. Don.) An evergreen shrub. Nepal,
in Narainhetty. Height 5ft. to 10ft. Introduced
in 1830. Flowering in May, and ripening its fruit in
November following.

It forms a graceful bush, or low tree, from its pen-
dulous habit ; and it is readily distinguished from all
the other species, not only by this circumstance, but by
the mixture of its brown half-decayed chaffy leaves of
the past year with its greenish grey leaves of the
present year. The bark is rough, brown, and soon
begins to curl up, when it has a rough appearance,
and ultimately scales off. It is as hardy as the common
juniper, and deserves to be as generally cultivated.

* -** 13. J. CHINE'NSIS L. The Chinese Juniper.

Identification. Lin. Syst., 894. ; Reich., 4. 277. ; Mant., 127. ; ? Lour. Coch., 636.
St/nonyme. ? J. c. SmfthtV Arb. Brit. 1st edit. p. 2505.
Engravings. Our figs. 2032. and 2033. from living specimens.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves decurrent, imbricate-spreading, clustered ; stem
leaves in threes, branch leaves in fours. (Willd.) An evergreen tree.

China. Height 15ft. to
20 ft. Introduced in
1820, or before. Flowers
yellowish; May. Fruit

2031. J. recurv*.

blackish blue
November.

ripe

2032. J. chinensis.

There are two plants in
the Horticultural Society's
Garden bearing the name
of J. sinensis, male and
female, 12 ft. and 10 ft.
high. The leaves are green,
short, and imbricated ; the
fruit rough, angular, and dry.

2033. J. chinensis.

* 14. J. UVI'FERA D. Don. The Grape-bearing, or large-fruited, Juniper.

Identification. Lamb. Pin., 2. No. 67.
Engraving. Our fig. 2107. in p. 1110.

Spec. Char., S/-c. Leaves ovate, obtuse, adpressed, imbricated in 4 rows.
Branchlets short, erect, crowded, knotted. Drupes terminal, roundish.
(Lamb. Pin.) A decumbent, much branched, evergreen shrub. Cape
Horn, and the only species in the southern hemisphere. Introduced about
the beginning ot the present century, but rare in British gardens.

Other Species ofJuniperus, of recent Introduction, but of which little is known.

J. tetragona H. B. & Kth. — A shrub with low-growing, almost flat,
branches ; the leaves are in 4 rows, and lie close on each other, rather thick,

4 A

1090 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

obtuse, egg-shaped ; the fruit globular and small. (Linncea, vol. xii. p. 496.)
Mexico, on mountains at from 10,000 ft. to 1 1,000 ft. elevation, where it
grows to the height of 4 or 5 feet. Introduced in 1838. (Gard. Mag., 1839,
p. 242.)

J. fldccida Schiede. — A strong high tree with pendent shoots, with 4-rowed,
scaled, egg-shaped, little lance-like leaves ; the fruit globular, with projecting
pointed scales. Introduced in 1838. (Ibid., p. 241.)

J. mexicdna Schiede. — A high pyramidal tree with twigs and leaves re-
sembling those of Cupressus thurifera. The leaves do not always stand in
threes on the twigs, but are often opposite ; they are egg-shaped, and pointed ;
on the points of the youngest shoots they are only from ^ to f of a line long.
(Ibid., p. 241.) Had not been introduced in 1841.

J. dealbata Hort. — Supposed to be a native of North-west America. It
has the habit of the common juniper, but with small, imbricated, sharp-pointed
leaves, rather distant on the shoots ; the latter are rather slender, and of a
beautiful glaucous colour, more particularly in the early part of summer. The
scent is as strong as that of J. Sabina. Quite hardy. Introduced in 1839.
Hort. Soc. (Gard. Mag., 1840, p. 640.)

J- flagelliformis Hort. — A native of China, with long, slender, closely im-
bricated shoots (both young and old), very much resembling fine whipcord.
Shoots glaucous, with sharp lanceolate leaves. The fruit is small, globular,
but sometimes slightly angular, and very glaucous. Quite hardy, and strikes
freely from cuttings of the two-years-old wood. Introd. 1839. H. S. (Ibid.)

J. gossainthanea Hort. — There are small plants bearing this name in the
collection of Messrs. Loddiges, which closely resemble J. chinensis, but the
shoots are more slender.

J. Bedfordiana Hort. — Closely resembles J. virginiana.

J. Hudsoniana Pin. Wob. p. 208. — A dwarf procumbent shrub, about 2ft.
high. Probably a variety of J. £abma.

J. barbadensis L., described in our first edition, is here omitted as being
rather tender.

J. hemisph&'rica Presl grows above the boundary line of trees on Mount
Etna, as high as 7,100 ft.; but it is not yet introduced.

ORDER LXXVIII.

Identification. Nutt. Gen., 2. 233. ; Don in Edinb. New Phil. Journ., 1826.

ORD. CHAR. Flowers dioecious. Perianth free, composed of imbricated scales,
which are disposed in two series. Stamens equal in number to the inner
series of scales, and alternating with them. Anthers roundish, of two distinct
cells. Ovarium free, seated on a fleshy disk, 3 — 6- or 9-celled. Ovulum
solitary, ascending. Style 1. Stigma radiating, with as many rays as there
are cells in the ovarium. Fruit fleshy, surrounded by the persistent perianth
of 3 to 9 bony cells. Seed solitary. Embryo terete, in the centre of the
albumen. Radicle inferior.

Leaves simple, exstipulate, alternate or subverticillated, evergreen ;
linear, heath-like. Flowers axillary, minute. — Evergreen undershrubs ;
natives of Europe and North and South America.

The genera in British gardens are three, which are thus contradistin-
guished : —
.E'MPETRUM. — Calyx 3-leaved, with six scales at the base. Petals and

stamens 3. Berry depressed, containing 6 — 9 stones. (G. Don.)
CORE'M A. — Calyx 3-leaved, naked at the base. Petals and stamens 3. Berry

globose, containing 3 stones. (G. Don.)

CERATI'OLA. — Calyx 2-leaved, with 4 bracteas at the base. Petals and
stamens 2. Berry globose, containing 2 stones. (G. Don.)

LXXVIII. £MTETRANCEJE : ^MPETRUM.

1091

GENUS I.

ft'MPETRUM L. THE CROWBERRY. Lin. Syst. Dioevcia Triandria.

Identification. Lin. Gen. ,515. ; Juss., 126. ; Fl. Br., 1072. ; Tourn., t. 421. ; Lamb., t. 803., Gsertn. ; t.106.
Derivation. From en, upon, and petros, a rock ; in allusion to the place of growth.

Gen. Char. Calyx 3-leaved, coriaceous, with 6 imbricated scales at the base. Pe-
tals 3. Stamens 3. Sfigma^ — 9-cleft. Berry depressed, 6 — 9-stoned. (G.Don.)
Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; linear, tongue-shaped,
-obtuse ; flat above, convex and marked with a membranaceous line beneath ;
dark green, shining. Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile, dark red. Berries
black or red. — Shrubs small, branchy, procumbent ; natives of the North
of Europe, North America, and the Straits of Magellan. Propagated by
cuttings or seeds, and thriving best in peat soil.

«L 1. E. NIVGRUM L. The black Crowberry, or Crakeberry.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1450. ; Eng. Fl.,4.p.283. ; Mack ay Fl. Hib.,p.238. ; Hook. Br.Fl.,p.431.
Synonymes. .Erica coccifera procumbens Ger. Emac. p. 1383. ; E. C6ris folio undecima Clus. Hist.

1. p. 45.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 526. ; our fig. 2034. to our usual scale ; SinAfig. 2035. of the natural size.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves linear-oblong. Berries black and clustered. (Hook.)
A low procumbent evergreen shrub. Britain. Height 6 in. to 12 in.
Flowers purplish white ; June. Berries brownish black, like those of the
common juniper ; ripe in November.

Variety.

«t. E. n. 2 scoticum Hook. Br. Fl.
Bather smaller than the species.
Cattle do not browse on this
shrub; but the berries are eaten
by the Scotch and Russian pea-
sants. It thrives
very well in gar-
dens, but requires
a moist boggy soil
and a shady situa-
tion. The seeds
remain a year in
the ground before
they vegetate, and 2034.

the plants are very slow in their growth. The crowberry is the badge of the
'

p. 431.—

E. n*#rum.

clan M'Lean.

2. E. RU^BRUM L. The red-fruited Crowberry.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 713. ; Lindl. Bot. Reg., t. 1783.

Synonyme. Cranberry of Staten Island.

Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1783. ; our fig. 2037. to our usual scale a

Engravings. Bot. Reg
of the natural size.

scale, an&fig. 2036.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves and branches with woolly
margins. Berries red. (Lindl.) An evergreen
procumbent shrub. Southern point of South
America, where it is found along the sandy
coast, spreading over the stones, but especially
thriving at the back of the low sandhills
by which the shore is often skirted. Height
Gin. to 1 2 in. Introd. 1833. Flowers brownish
purple ; July. Berries red ; ripe in November. 2057. E.

According to Gaudichaud, the red berries are pleasant to eat. It grows
freely in peat, and is quite hardy.

4A 2

1092

ARBORETUM ET FUUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

GENUS II.

n

CORE' MA D. Don. THE COREMA. Lin. Syst. Dice'cia Triandria.

Identification. D. Don in New Edin. Phil. Journ. \ Lindl. in Nat. Syst. of Bot.

Synonyme. .E'mpetrum, in part, L.

Derivation. From korema, a broom ; in allusion to the habit of the plant.

Gen. Char. Calyx 3-leaved, membranaceous, naked at the base. Petals 3.
Stamens 3. Stigma 6-cleft. Berry globose, 3-stoned. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; scattered, linear, obtuse,
spreading, flattish above, and revolute on the margin. Flowers in terminal
heads, sessile, situated on a hairy disk ; white, large : heads having villous
scales. Berries white. — Shrub small, erect, branchy, rigid, covered with
resinous dots ; native of the South of Europe.
Closely allied to -ETmpetrum, from which it has been recently separated,

and requiring the same soil and culture in British gardens.

tt. 1. C. A'LBA D. Don. The \\hite-berried Corema.

Identification. D. Don in New Edin. Phil. Journ.

Synonymes. £'mpetrum album Lin. Sp. 1450. ; E. lusitanicum, &c.,

Tourn. Inst. 579. ; .Erica erectis, &c., Bauh. Pin. ; the white- berried

Heath, Portugal Crakeberry.
Engraving. Our fig. 2038.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem erect. Branches pubescent.
Leaves linear, with revolute margins ; somewhat sca-
brous above. ( Willd.) A low evergreen shrub. Por-
tugal. Height Gin. to 12 in. Introduced in 1774.
Flowers white; May. Berries white; ripe Nov.

Much branched, rigid, sprinkled with resinous dots. soss. c.&iba.

«- 2. C. CONRA'D// Torrey. Conrad's Corema,

Identification. Torrey in Lit., and Card. Mag., xvii.
Synonyme. .E'mpetrum ConradzY Torrey.
Engraving. Our fig. 2039., from Dr. Torrey.

Spec. Char., $c. Branches glabrous. Leaves
subverticillate, alternate, narrowly linear ;
young glandularly hispidulous, adult gla-
brous. Flowers in small heads, terminal,
axillary ; scales of perianth 5 — 6, obo-
vate-oblong, smoothish ; stamens 3 — 4;
style 3 — 4-parted ; ovary 3 — 4-cel!ed.
(Torrey.) An evergreen heath-like tin- 2°39. c. conrkd»«.

der shrub. N. America, in Monmouth, New Jersey, and other districts,
in sandy fields and in pine barrens. Height 6 in. to 12 in. Introduced in
1841. Flowers whitish ; April. Berries small, reddish; ripe in August.

GENUS III.

CERATFOLA Michx. THE CERATIOLA. Lin. Syst. MonoeVia Diandria.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 222. ; Lindl. in Nat. Syst. of Botany, ed. 2.
Derivation. From keration, a little horn ; in allusion to the shape of the stigma.

Gen. Char. Calyx 2-leaved, membranaceous, with 4 scales at the base.
Petals 2, converging into a tube. Stamens 2.
globose, 2-stoned. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; spreading, needle-
shaped, obcuse, glabrous, and shining; marked beneath with a narrow

at
Stigmas 6-cleft.

Berry

LXXIX. SMILA^CEJE I tfMI ''LAX.

1093

furrow ; slightly canaliculate above ; about i in. long ; sometimes crowded
as if verticillate. Flowers unisexual on the same plant ; axillary, sessile,
numerous (2 — 4), rarely solitary, brownish ; sometimes (like the leaves)
verticillate. Berries yellow. —
Shrub small, upright, branchy,
rigid ; native of North America.
Grown in British gardens, in peat
soil, and propagated by cuttings.

* 1. C. £Ric6YDES. The Erica-like
Ceratiola.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p.

222. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. t. 13.
Engravings. Pursh, 1. t. 13. ; Bot. Mag., t.

2758. ; our .fig. 2041. to our usual scale, and
fig. 2040. of the natural size.

Spec. Char., Sf-c. Flowers in the axils
of the upper leaves, solitary, ex-
cept a small abortive one by the
side of the principal flower. An
upright much branched evergreen
shrub, greatly resembling a heath ;
very handsome, but somewhat ten-
der in British gardens. South Caro-
lina. Height 2 ft. to 8ft. Introd.
1826. Flowers brownish; June.
Berries yellow ; ripe in October.

CLASS II. ENDO'GEME.

Stems increasing from within ; Leaves with parallel Veins.

ORDER LXXIX.

FT!

Lffii

Identification. Lindl. Nat. Syst. Bot, p. 359.

Synonymes. TJliaceae, in part, Juss. , Sarmentacese, in part, Nees; Smilaceae, in part, R. Brown.
Derivation. From Sm/lax, a beautiful youth, fabled to have been changed into this plant (see Ovid,
Met.) ; or, from smile, a scraper, from the roughness of »he stems of most of the species.

ORD. CHAR. Flowers unisex-ual or bisexual. Perianth regular, usually 6-
parted ; but often 4 — 8-parted. Stamens equal in number to the segments
of the perianth. Ovnrium free. Styles 1 or more. Fruit either a capsule
or berry, 3 — ^-celled, but of one cell by abortion. Seeds 1 to 3 in each
cell, albuminous.

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, mostly evergreen ; reticulated, though
the genus is considered monocotyledonous. Flowers corymbose, axillary. —
Rambling shrubs, rarely attaining a large size in British gardens j natives of
Europe, Asia, and North America.

GENUS I.

SMIL AX L. THE SMILAX. Lin. Syst. Dicecia Hexandria.

Identification. Lin. Gen., No. 1120. ; Reich., No. 1225. ; Schreb. No. 1528. ; Tourn., t. 421. ; Juss.,

42. ; Gaertn., t. 16. ; Mart. Mill.
Synonymes. Smilax, Fr. and Ger. ; Smilace, Ital.

4 A 3

1094

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Lin. Sp., 1458. ; Vill. Dauph.,3. p. 272. ; Mart. Mill., No. 1.
Synonymes. Kough Bindweed ; Rogo acerbone, Ital.

Gen. Char. Peiianth 6-parted. Stamens 6. Styles 3. Berry 3-celled ; cells

2-seeded. (G. Don.)

Leaves as in the Order. Floiuers corymbose, axillary. Shrubs, climbing

by means of their tendrils, with stems that are generally prickly. Leaves

with veiny disks. The tendrils are intrapetiolar stipules.

In British gardens, they grow in sandy loam, and are readily propagated by
division of the root. They are not showy, but they are interesting from their
climbing character, as being generally evergreen, and as being some of the few
hardy ligneous plants which belong to the grand division of vegetables Mono-
cotyiedonese.

§ i, Stems prickly and angular.
fi- 1. S. A'SPERA L. The rough Smilax.

Identification.
Synonymes. H
Engravings. Schk. Han., 3. 328. ; and our fig. 2042.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem prickly, angular ; leaves toothed and prickly, cordate,
9-nerved. (Willd.) A climbing evergreen. South of Europe, Asia Minor,
and Africa. Height 5ft. to 10ft. Introduced in 1618. Flowers whitish;
July. Berries red ; ripe in September.
Varieties.

fi- S. a. 2 auriculata Ait. — Leaves ear-shaped at the base.
fi- S. a. 3 mauritdmca. S. mauritanica Poir. — Introduced in 1820, and
there are plants in the Horticultural Society's
Garden, and in some private collections.

The roots are thick and fleshy, spreading wide, and
striking deep ; and they are sometimes sold by the
druggists of the South of Europe for those of S. Sarsa-
parilla, as they possess nearly the same qualities, but in
an inferior degree ; they are also larger, and more
porous. In British gardens, this species, which is per-
haps the handsomest of those which are hardy, is com-
monly trained against a wall; but it will also attach itself
to rough stakes or trelliswork, though it seldom flowers
when so treated.

ft- 2. S. EXCE'LSA L. The tall Smilax.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1458. ; Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2., 5.

p. 587.
Synonymes. S. orientalis, &c., Tourn. Cor. 45.. Bux. Cent. \.

18. ; S. aspera Alp. Mgypt. ed. 2. 140.
Engravings. Bux. Cent., 1. t. 27. ; Alp. ^gypt., ed. 2., 1. 141. ;

and our fig. 2043.

Spec. Char., 8?c. Stem prickly, angular. Leaves
unarmed, cordate, 9-nerved. (Willd.) A climb-
ing evergreen shrub. Syria. Height 6ft. to
12ft. Introduced in 1739. Flowers greenish
white ; August and September. Berries red or
black ; ripe in November.

Stems 4-cornered, and prickly; mounting to
the tops of tall trees, by means of their clasping
tendrils. Leaves 2 in. long, and If in. broad at
the base, having 5 longitudinal nerves, but no
spines on their margins. The roots resemble and
possess the same qualities as those of S. aspera,
but are inferior to those of S. Sarsaparilla.

L 3. S. RUXBENS Wats. The red-tendriled Smilax.

Identification. Watson Dend. Brit., t. 108.
Engravings. Dend. Brit., t. 108. ; and our fig. 2044.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem angular, prickly. Leaves ovate-subcordate, rather

2042. S. aspera.

2043. S. exc«sa.

LXXIX. £MILA€EJE: SMTLAX.

1095

obtuse, mucronate, coriaceous, 5-nerved ; margin
mucronate-denticulate near the base. ( Wats.) A
handsome evergreen climbing shrub. North Ame-
rica, in woods and by streams. Height 3 ft. to
4 ft. Flowers greenish white ; July.

g_ 4. S. SARSAPARILLA L. The medicinal Smilax,
or Sarsaparilla.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1459. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 249.
Synonymes. S. peruviana Sarsaparilla Ger. Emac. 859. ; S. glauca
Miche. 2. p. 237., Walt. Fl. Car. 245. ; the glaucous-leaved Smilax ;
Salsa pariglia, Ital.

Derivation. Sarsaparilla is compounded of two Spanish words ;
viz., zarza, red, and parilla, a little vine.

Engravings. Dend. Brit., t. 111. ;
and our fig. 2045.

Spec. Char.,fyc. Stem prickhy,
angular. Leaves unarmed,
ovate-lanceolate, ending in

a long sharp point ; 5-nerved, glaucous beneath.
(Willd.) An evergreen climbing shrub. North and
South America. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. Introduced
in 1664. Flowers greenish white ; August.

Stems shrubby, long, slender, and climbing. Roots
divided into several long slender branches, which are
somewhat thicker than a goose-quill, straight, brown
on their exterior, but white internally, and from 3 ft.
to 4 ft. long. Sarsaparilla, on its first introduction,
was considered as a specific against numerous dis-
orders, and it is still emploved in rheumatic complaints,
*H5. s. sar,apar{iia. scrofula, and all cutaneous" diseases.

a. 5. S. HASTA'TA Willd. The Spear-shaped Smilax.

Identification. Willd. Sp. PI., 4. p. 782. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 249. j

237. ; S. aspera var. Lam.

Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836.
Synonymes. S. B6na n6x Michx. Fl. Amer. 2. p

Encyc.
Engravings. Pluk. Aim., t. 111. f. 3. ; and ova fig. 2046.

2047. s. watsom.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem subarmed. Leaves
lanceolate, acuminate ; auriculate, or spear-
shaped, at the base ; ciliated or prickly
on the margin ; 3 — 5 nerves. Berries
round. (Willd.) An evergreen climbing 2oi6.
shrub. Carolina and Florida, on the sea-
coast. Height 4ft. to 5ft. Introduced in 1820. Flowers
green ; August and September.

fi_ 6. S. WA'TSON/ Swt. Mr. Watson's Smilax.

Identification. Swt. Hort. Brit, 3. p. 68].

Synonymes. S. longifolia Wats. Dend. Brit.; S. h. 2 lanceolata Arb. Brit.

1st edit. p. 2512.
Engravings. Wats. Dend. Brit., t. 110. ; and our fig. 2047.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem prickly, angular. Leaves ovate, acu-
minated, somewhat cordate at the base, glabrous, 3 — 5-
nerved. Berries elliptic. An evergreen climbing shrub.
North America. Height 3 ft. to 5 ft. Introduced in 1820,
or before. Flowers greenish ; August.

L 7. S. WALTE^R// Pursh. Walter's Smilax.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 249,
Sijnonyme. S. China Walt. Fl. Car. p. 245.
Engraving. Our fig. . in p.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem prickly. Leaves ovate-cordate, smooth, 3-nerved.
Berries acuminate. (Pursh.) A climbing evergreen shrub. Virginia and

4 A 4

1096

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BR1TANNICUM.

2048. S. maculita.

Carolina, on the river sides. Height 3 ft. to 5 ft.
Introduced in 1820, or before. Flowers greenish
white; August.

4. 8. S. MACULA'TA Roxb. The spotted-leaved Smilax.

Identification. Roxb. ; Royle 111., p. 384.
Engravings. Royle 111., t. 94., fig. 1. ; our fig. 2048.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem angular, prickly. Leaves cordate,
somewhat hastately lanceolate, coriaceous, the under
sides of the nerves and petioles prickly. (G. Don.) A
climbing evergreen shrub. Nepal, 1819. Height 5ft.
to 10ft. Flowers whitish ; August.

§ ii. Stems prickly, round.
i_ 9. S. CHI^NA L. The Chinese Smilax.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1459. ; Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2., 5. p. 388.

Synonymes. China radix Bauh. Pin. 896. ; -Smilax aspera minor Plum. Ic. 183. ; Sankira, vulgo

Quaquara, &c., Kcempfer Amcen. Ex. p. 781. ; Cena gentila, Ital.
Engravings. Blackw., t. 4c3. ; Kzempf. Amcen., t. 782.; Pluk. Amal., t. 408. f. 1.; and our fig.

2049.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem round, with a few spines ;

leaves roundish-ovate, with acute points, 5-nerved.

(Willd^) An evergreen climbing shrub. China

and Japan. Height 20ft. Introduced in 1759.

Flowers greenish white ; August. Berries red.

The root is very large, fleshy, and reddish : it is
used for food, in some parts of China, instead of
rice ; and is considered extremely nourishing. Brown
found it in abundance in Jamaica, where the roots
are used to feed hogs. When first brought to Eng-
land, it was cultivated in the stove: it was afterwards
transferred to the green-house ; and
it has since been found hardy.

L 10. S. RoxuNDiFoYiA L. The round-leaved Smilax.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1460. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 250.
Engraving. Our fig. 2050.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem round, somewhat prickly. Leaves
roundish-ovate or cordate, very smooth, 5-nerved. Ber-
ries spherical. (Willd.) A climbing evergreen shrub.
North America, from Canada to Carolina. Height 6 ft.
Introduced in 1760.

i. II. S. ZAURIFO'LIA L. The Laurel-leaved Smilax.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1460. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 250.
Synonymes. S. altera, &c., Plum. Ic. ; S. lee' vis, Sec., Catesb. Car. 1.

t. 15.
Engravings. Cat. Car., 1. 1. 15. ; Plum. Ic. ; and our fig. 2051.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stems round ; main stem prickly.
Branches unarmed. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, 3-
nerved. Umbels on very short peduncles. (Wil/d.)
A very handsome evergreen climbing shrub. North
America, in sandy boggy woods, from New Jersey
to Georgia. Height 10ft. to 12ft. Introduced in
1739. Flowers greenish white ; August. Berries
black ; ripe in September and October.

4. 12. S. TAMNbYDES L. The Black-Bryony-like

Smilax.
Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1460. ; Pursh FL Amer. Sept., 1. p. 251.

2019. S. CWna.

2051. S. iaurifblia

LXXIX.

£M1XLAX.

1097

2052. S.famnoldes.

2053. S. cadtica.

Synonyme. S. Brybmse nlgras, &c., Catesb. Car. 1. t. 52.
Engravings. Cat. Car., 1. t. 53. ; and our Jig. 2052.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem round and prickly.
Leaves unarmed, cordate-oblong, 7-nerved.
(Wi/ld.) A climbing evergreen shrub,
rather suffrutescent than woody. Virginia
and Carolina, in sandy wet woods and
bogs. Introduced in 1739. Flowers
greenish white ; June and July. Berries
black ; ripe in August and September.

1 13. S. CADUXCA L. The deciduous Smilax.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1460. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 250.
Engraving. Our Jig. 2053.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem round, prickly. Leaves unarmed,
ovate, 3-nerved. (Willd^) A deciduous climber, with a
flexible stem, armed with a few short spines, black at
the tip. Carthagena in New Spain, and Canada.
Height 30 ft. Introduced in 1759. Flowers greenish
white ; July. Sparingly produced in British gardens.

4. 14. S. GLAU'CA Sims. The glaucous Smilax.

Identification. Sims in Dot. Mag., t. 1846.

Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 1846. ; and our fig. 2109- in p. 1110.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem round, prickly. Leaves unarmed, rotund-ovate, mucro-
nate, somewhat nerved, glaucous beneath. Peduncles, short, two-flowered.
North America. Height 3 ft. Introd. 1815. Flowers greenish white; July.

§ iii. Stems unarmed, 4- angled.
L 15. S. BO^NA-NO'X L. The Bona-nox, or ciliated, Smilax.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 1460. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 249.

Synunymes. S aspera India; occidentalis Bauh. Pin. ; S. variegata Walt. Fl. Car. 244.

Engravings. Pluk. Phyt., t. 111. f. 1. ; and our fig. 2054.

Spec. Char.t fyc. Stalks unarmed, angular. Leaves cordate-
ovate, with an acute point, ciliated, 7-nerved. (Willd.) An
evergreen climbing shrub. Carolina and Georgia, in woods.
Height 5ft. to 10ft. Introduced in 1739. Flowers greenish
white ; June and July.

Plukenet mentions a variety, which he
has figured under the name of S. B. caro-
liniana Pluk. Phyt. t. 1 1 1. f. 3.

16. S. LATIFO^LIA R. Br. The broad-leaved Smilax.

Identification. Brown Prod., 293.; Ait. Hort.

Kew.,ed. 2., 5. p. 390.
Engraving. Our Jig. 2055.

Spec. Char., Sf-c. Stem unarmed, an-
gular. Leaves ovate ; base half-
heart-shaped or obtuse, glabrous,
5-nerved ; petioles bearing tendrils.
(JBrown.) An evergreen climbing
shrub. New Holland. Height 3 ft.
to 5 ft. Introduced in 1791.

It was first placed in the green-house, but has since
been found to stand out at Kew.

fl- 17. S. QUADRANGULA'RIS Muhl. The four-angled
Smilax.

Identification. Muhl. in Flora Dan. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 249.
Engravings. Dend. Brit., t. 109. ; and our fig. 2056.

2054. S. B6na-ndx.

2055. S.latifolia.

2056. S. quadrangulans.

1098

ARBORETUM ET FRUTJCETUM BRITANNICUM.

Spec. Char., $c. Stem tetragonous. Leaves unarmed, ovate, acute, 5-nerved.
(Willd.) An evergreen climbing shrub. North America. Height 5 ft. to
10 ft. Introduced in 1812. Flowers pinkish; June and July. Berries
black ; ripe in September.

§ iv. Stems unarmed, round.

fl_ 18. S. LANCEOLA'TA L. The lanceolate-/cm'«/
Smilax.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 14GO. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1.

p. 250.

Synonyme. S. non-spinbsa, &c., Cat. Car.
Engravings. Catesb. Car., 2. t. 84. ; and our fig. 2057.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Stem unarmed, round. Leaves
unarmed, lanceolate. (Willd.) An evergreen
climbing shrub. Carolina. Height 15 ft. to 20 ft.
Introduced in 1785. Flowers greenish white ;
July and August. Berries red ; ripe in September.

&_ 19. S. VIRGINIAVNA Mill. The Virginian Smilax.

Identification. Mill. Diet, No. 9. ; Mart. Mill., No. 20. ; Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836.
Engraving. Pluk. Phyt., t. 110. £ 4. ; and owe fig. 2058

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem prickly, angular. Leaves lanceolate,
unarmed, acuminate. (Mill.) An evergreen climbing shrub.
Virginia. Height 5ft. to 10ft. Introduced in 1800. Flowers
greenish white ; June and July.

This species is somewhat tender ; but there are plants in the

2058. s. Virginia™, open ground at Messrs. Loddiges's.

fl_ 20. S. PU'BERA Willd. The downy Smilax.

. PI., 4. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1., p. 250.
lit. Car. 244.

Identification. Willd. Sj
Synonyme. S. pumila IV
Engraving OUT fig. 2059.

Spec. Char., %-c. Stem unarmed, round. Leaves
oblong, acute, cordate, indistinctly 5-nerved ; soft
and pubescent beneath. Berries oblong, acute.
(Willd.) An evergreen climbing shrub. North
America. Height 10ft. to 12ft. Introduced in
1806. Flowers greenish. Berries white.

2059. S. pubera.

Kinds of Smilax which are either not introduced, or of which we have not seen

the Plants.

S. ovdta Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1. p. 249. — Stem subarmed ; leaves
smooth, ovate, 3-nerved, and very shining on both sides ; berries black. A
native of Georgia, near Savannah ; flowering in July.

S. alba Pursh 1. c. p. 250. — Stem subarmed, slightly angular; leaves
3-nerved, lanceolate, coriaceous, glabrous ; berries white. Found by Walter,
in sandy ground on the edge of rivulets, in Carolina ; flowering in June.

S. pandnrdta Pursh 1. c. p. 251. — Stem prickly; leaves ovate, fiddle-
shaped, acuminate, 3-nerved ; smooth and shining on both sides. Found by
Pursh, in sandy woods, from New Jersey to Carolina ; flowering in July.

S. nigra W. and S. catalonica Poir. are natives of Spain, from which coun-
try they were brought to England in 1817. The first is probably a black-ber-
ried variety of S. aspera.

S. horrida Desf. — A native of North America, introduced in 1820.

S. Villdndsia. Ham., S. macrophylla Eoxb., (Royle 111. vol. 1. p. 384., and
vol. 2. t. 94. fig. 2. ; and our fig. 2109. in p. 1110.) has elliptical, mucronate,
5-nerved, smooth leaves. Mysore. Not yet introduced.

S. alpma W. — A native of Greece, introduced in 1820

LXXX. LILIA^CE^E : flu'scus. 1099

ORDER LXXX. LILIA^CEJE.

ORD. CHAR. Perianth regular, 6-parted. Stamens 6, opposite the segments,
and inserted in their bases. Ovarium free. Style 1. Capsule 3-celled, 3-
valved, with a loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds many, generally flat, packed
one above another, in one or two ranks ; testa spongy or dilated. Albumen
fleshy. Embryo straight, having the radicle next the hilum. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate or opposite, stipulate or exstipulate, deciduous
or evergreen ; with parallel veins. Flowery mostly white. — Shrubs mostly
evergreen ; natives of Europe, Asia, and America.
In British gardens, the only genera which contain hardy ligneous plants

are two ; which are thus contradistinguished : —

7^u'scus. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 5, monadelphous. Style 1. Cells
of berry 2-seeded. (G. Don.)

YifccA. Perianth campanulate. Stamens thickest at top. Stigma sessile.
Capsule trigonal. Seeds flat. (G. Don.)
In our first edition the shrubby species of Asparagus are included, but they

are here omitted as not being perfectly hardy.

GENUS I.

/ZU'SCUS L. THE BUTCHER'S BROOM. Lin. Syst. DiceVia Triandria.

Identification. Lin. Gen., 534..; Juss., 42.; Fl. Br., 1073.; Tourn., t. 15.; Lam., t 815.; Gsertn.,
t. 16.

Synonymes. Fragon, Fr. ; Mausedorn, Ger. ; Rusco, Ital.

Derivation. It is said to have been anciently called Bruscus, from beux, box, and kelem, holly
{Celtic), box holly ; or from buxus, box. Some suppose it to be derived from russus, flesh-
coloured ; alluding to the colour of the fruit. The word ruscus was, however, applied to any
prickly plant by the ancient Romans, as ruscus sylvestris, the holly, &c.

Gen. Char. Perianth 6-parted. Stamens 6, monadelphous, antheriferous in
the male flowers, but naked in the female ones. Style 1 . Berry globose,
3-celled ; cells 2-seeded. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; alike green on both
surfaces. Flowers rising from the midribs of the leaves ; always dioecious,
except in R. racemosus. — Low evergreen shrubs, natives of Europe and
Africa.

Though, in a practical point of view, the species in British gardens are
treated as evergreen shrubs, yet, in a strict sense, they are biennial plants,
like the raspberry and the bramble. They all thrive in sandy soil, and are
readily increased by division of the root.

it. 1. R. ACULEA'TUS L. The prickly, or common, Butcher's Broom.

Identification. Lin. Sp. PL, 1474. ; Eng. Bot., t. 560. ; Eng. FL, 4. p. 235. ; Hook. Br. Fl., p. 431.
Synonymes. R. wzyrtifolius aculeatus Tourn. Inst. ; Box Holly, Knee Holly, wild Myrtle, prickly

Pettigree ; Houx Frelon, petit Houx Buis piquant, Fragon £pineux, Fragon piquant, Fr. ; Stech-

ender Mausedorn, Ger. ; Rusco, Ital.
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 560. ; and our fig. 2060.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves ovate, sharp-pointed, flowering on the upper side,
without a leaflet. (Smith.) An evergreen suffrutescent plant. Britain.
Height 1 ft. to 3 ft. Flowers greenish white ; March and April. Berries
scarlet ; ripe in the beginning of winter ; very ornamental.

Varieties.

«. R. a. 2 rotundifolius Barrel. Ic. 517., Mart. Mill. R. vulgaris folio
ampliore Dill. Ellh. 333, 334. t. 251. f. 324.— Leaves somewhat
larger and rounder than those of the species,
a. R. a. 3 laxus Smith. R. laxus Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — Leaves elliptic,

1100

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

2060. R* aculeatus.

acute at both ends, branches loose. R, flexuosus Mill. No. 6., Pro-
fessor Martyn thinks, is probably this variety.

The stems do not flower till the second year ; after which they die down to
the ground, like those of the raspberry, and some species of Smilax and Jspa-
ragus. The leaves are a continuation of the branches ; equally firm and
equally durable, as they never drop off, but die along with the branch, or
frond. The roots are thick, fleshy, white, branching at the crown, and after-
wards twining about each other, and putting out frequent
fibres, like those of the asparagus ; oblique, and striking
deep into the ground. The female flowers are succeeded
by bright red berries, which are almost as large as wild
cherries, and of a sweetish taste ; having two large
orange-coloured seeds in each, gibbous on one side, flat
on .the other, and extremely hard. The green shoots
are cut, bound in bundles, and sold to the butchers for
sweeping their blocks ; whence the popular English
name of butcher's broom. It is also used, in London,
by the manufacturers of cigars, &c., for sprinkling the
saline liquor over the tobacco leaves. The tender young
shoots, in spring, are sometimes gathered and eaten by
the poor, both in England and France, like those of
asparagus. Planted under trees or shrubs, the .ffuscus

* , v -11 \ <• •• i -11-1

aculeatus will spread into large clumps, especially in loamy
soil ; and, as it retains its leaves all the winter, it has a good effect as a low
undergrowth, more especially as it will live in situations so shady as to be
unfit for almost any other plant.

j» 2. P. HYPOPHY'LLUM L. The.under-leaf Ruscus, or broad-leaved
Stitcher's Broom.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1474. ; Alt. Hort., ed. 2., 5. p 420.
Synonymes. R. latiftlius, &c., Town. Inst. 79. ; Laurus alexandrlna

Lob. Adv., $c. 509. ; Fragon sans Foliole, Fr. ; breitblattriger Mau-

sedorn, Ger. ; Bcmifaccia Ital.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., 2040. ; and our fig. 2061.

Spec. Char., $c. Flowers produced underneath the
leaves. (Willd.) A low evergreen shrub. Italy
and Africa. Height 2ft. to 3ft. Introduced in
1683. Flowers whitish ; May and June. Berries
red, about the size of those of the common juni-
per ; ripe in September and October.

Variety.

* R. h. 2 trifolidtum. R. trifoliatus Mill. No. 5.
— Leaves ovate-acuminate, placed by threes,
with flowers on their upper sides. It is a na-
tive of Zante, and some other of the Greek
islands, where it grows about 2 ft. high.

* 3. R. (H.) HYPOGLO'SSUM L. The Under-tongue Ruscus, or double-
leaved Butcher's Broom.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1474. ; Ait. Hort. Kew., 5. p. 421.
Synonymes. R. angustifulius, &c. Town. Inst. 79. ; #ypogl6ssum

Lob. Adv. 284. ; Uvularia Brunf. 3. 96, 97- ; Fragon S Foliole, Fr. ;

Zungen Mausedorn, Ger. ; Lingua pagana, Ital.
Engravings. Lob. Adv. Ic., 638. ; Barrel, la, 250. ; Blackw., t. 128. ;

and our fig. 2062.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves floriferous underneath, with
leaflet. (Willd.*) Alow evergreen shrub. Italy,
Idria, Hungary ; and Africa, about Algiers. Height
8ft. to 10ft. Introduced in 1596. Flowers pale
yellow ; April and May. Berries red, almost as
large as those of R. aculeatus ; ripening in winter. soea. «. //y,x>g!<sssum.

LXXX. ZILIAVCE^E: YU'CCA.

1101

*»- 4". R. RACEMONSUS Li. The racemose Ruscus, or Alexandria Laurel.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 1474. ; Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2., 5. p. 421.

Synonymes. R. angustifolius, fructu summis ramulis, &c., Tourn. Inst. 79., DM Ham. Arb. 4. ;

Fragon a Grappes, Fr. ; Trauben Mausedorn, Ger. ; Lauro ideo, Hal.
Engravings. Dend. Brit., 1. 145. ; our fig. 2063. to our usual scale ; and fig. 2064. of the natural size.

Spec. Char., Sfc. Flowers hermaphrodite, produced at
the ends of the branches. (Willd.) A low evergreen
shrub. Portugal. Height 4- ft. In-
troduced in 1739. Flowers greenish
yellow; May. Berries red, with a
round coriaceous white disk at the
base ; ripening during winter.

According to some, this species is

supposed to be the plant with which

the ancients crowned their victors ;

but, though the stalks are flexible

enough to wreath easily, and the leaves

resemble those represented on ancient

busts, yet the fruit being terminal, does

not agree nearly so well with the fruit

represented in the crowns on these

busts as that of the Z/aurus nobilis,
which is axillary, and resembles that shown in the
coronal wreaths of classical sculpture.

GENUS II.

206.3. R. racemosus.

YU'CCA L. THE YUCCA, or ADAM'S NEEDLE. Lin. Syst. Hexandria
Monogynia.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 456. ; Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2., 2. 291. ; N. Du Ham., 3. 145.
Derivation. The name of the plant in Peru.

Gen. Char. Perianth campanulate, 6-parted, regular. Stamens 5, thickest
at top. Anthers small. Stigmas sessile. Capsule oblong, bluntly trigonal ;
3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds flat. (G. Don.)

Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, evergreen ; ensiform, pointed.
Flowers large, white; disposed in spikes or panicles, terminal. — Shrubs ever-
green, with the habit of palm trees ; natives of North and South America,
chiefly on the sea coast.

In British gardens, most of the species are somewhat tender. They prefer
a dry and deep sandy soil, or a sandy loam ; and they are readily propagated
by suckers, which are thrown up by the roots, or by side shoots, which are
occasionally produced on the stem. They sometimes ripen seeds, which, if
sown immediately after they are gathered, and placed in a moderate hot-bed,
will come up in six weeks. In their native countries, their leaves, treated
like the stalks of hemp or flax, afford a fibre which may be used like that of
those plants, in the manufacture of cloth or cordage ; and the stems, mace-
rated in water, deposit a feculent matter, from which starch may be procured.
In a floricultural point of view, all the species are highly ornamental ; and
no lawn or flower border ought to be without some of them. As the yucca
grows naturally on the sea shore, it is particularly adapted for marine gardens.

1. Y. GLORIO'SA L. The glorious Yucca, or Adam's Needle.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 456. ; Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2., 2. p. 291.

Synonymes. Y. canadena Aid. Hort. Par. 33. ; Y. indica, &c., Burr. Ear. 70. 1. 1194. ; Y., or YUcca,

peruana Ger. Emac. 1543. ; Y. nijva gloribsa, &c., Lob. Adv. 2. p. 507. ; the superb Yucca; Yur-ca

nain ; Yucca a Feuilles entiferes, Fr. ; prachtiger Yukka, Ger.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 1260. ; and our fig. 2065.

1102

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM,

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves entire. (Willd.) A low evergreen shrub. Virgi-
nia and Carolina. Height 2ft. to 5 ft., rarely 10 ft. Introduced in 1596.
Flowers white ; July and August.

Variety.

m Y. g. 2foliis variegatis Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. — Leaves variegated.

The leaves are broad and stiff,
but thin : they are of a very dark
green, and end in a sharp black
spine. The flower-stalk is gene-
rally about 3ft. high, branching
out on every side to a considera-
ble distance ; but the flowers are
very wide asunder on the stalk.
Sometimes the panicles of flowers
spring at once from the centre of
the leaves, without the interven-
tion of a stalk. The flowers are
bell-shaped, and hang downwards ;
and each petal is white within,
but is marked with a purple stripe
on the outside. They are scent- 2°65. Y. gionbsa.

less, and are seldom succeeded by

seeds in England. The fibres of the leaves are used by the Indians to make
a kind of cloth, and also cords, which they use to fasten their houses to-
gether, and to make their swing beds, called hammocks.
At Carthagena, a starch, or rather glue, is made from
the stem, which may be eaten or made into paste.

«. 2. Y. (G.) SUPE'RBA. The superb Yucca.

Identification. Haworth Suppl., Plant. Suec., p. 35. ; Bot. Reg., 1698.

Sunonume. Y. gloribsa And. Bot. Rep. t. 473.

Engravings. Bot. Rep., t. 473. ; Bot. Reg., t. 1698. ; and our fig. 2066.

Spec. Char., fyc. Stem arborescent. Leaves sword-
shaped and plaited, with a very strong spine. Flowers
ovate, bell-shaped, and drooping; pure white. (And.)
A low evergreen shrub, resembling the preceding
species, but rather larger in all its parts.

3. Y. ^LOIFO^LIA L.

2066. Y. (g.) superba

The Aloe-leaved Yucca, or Adam's Needle.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 457. ; Ait. Hort. Kew., ed 2., 2. p. 291,

Synonumes. Y. arbor£scens, &c., Dill. Elth. 435. ; Y. caul^scens Michx. Fl. Bar. Amer. 5. p. 196.

Engravings. Dil. Elth., t. 323. f. 416. ; Bot. Mag., t. 1700. ; and our fig. 2067.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves crenulate, stiff. (Willd.}
A low tree, with the habit of a palm. South
America. Height 10ft. to 12ft. Introduced in
1696. Flowers white ; August and September.

Variety

«JL Y. a. 2 pendula Cat. Hort. Par. p. 24.—

Leaves pendent.

This species has a thick tough stem or trunk,
crowned with a head or tuft of stiff narrow light
green leaves, the edges of which are slightly serrated,
and the points ending in sharp, strong, very hard
spines. The flower-stalk rises from the centre of the
leaves, and is 2 or 3 feet high, branching out so as
to form a pyramid. The flowers grow close to the
branches, and form a regular spike : they are pur-
plish without and white within. When the flowers 2067. v. aiovfoiia.

LXXX. ZILIA'CE^E : YU'CCA.

1103

2068. Y. draconis.

have dropped, the head from which they sprang dies ; but, generally, one or
two young heads come out from the side of the stalk, below the old head.
Rather more tender than F. gloriosa.

* 4. F. DRACO NIS L. The Dragon Yucca, or drooping-leaved Adam's
Needle.

Identification. Lin. Sp , 457. ; Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2., 2. p. 291.

Si/nonyme. Dracbni &rbori, &c., Bank. Pin. 506.

Engravings. Dili Elth., 324. 117. ; Bot. Reg., t. 1894. ; and our fig. 2068.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves crenated, nodding. (Wi/ld.) A low evergreen shrub.
South Carolina. Height 3 ft. to 4 ft. ; some-
times 6 ft. Introduced in 1732. Flowers
white ; October and November.

Leaves narrow, dark green, hanging down,
serrated, and ending in acute spines. Flowers
pendulous, milk-white, with a strong unpleasant
smell. One of the most stately species of the
genus, conve3'ing no bad idea of a palm tree.
The great peculiarity by which it appears to be
distinguished is, the spreading of the flowers,
the segments of which, instead of remaining
closed in a globose manner, as in most of the
other species, expand till they diverge from the ^^ -
flower-stalk nearly at a right angle.

* 5. F. STRI'CT A Sims. The upright Yucca, or Lyon's narrow- leaved Adam's

Needle.

Identification. Sims in Bot. Mag., t. 2222.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 2222. ; and our fig. 2069.

Spec. Char., Sec. With a stem. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, very stiff'; elongated at the apex.
Flower stem branched at the base ; branches
simple. Flowers orbiculate, bell-shaped. (Sims.)
An evergreen shrub. Carolina. Height 4 ft. to
5ft. Introduced in 1817. Flowers large, green-
ish white, with a purplish tinge ; July and August.

The leaves are very long, straight, and tapering to
a long point, with a very few scattered threads on
the margin. They are of a deep green edged with
yellow, and rigid in texture. soeg. y. strict*.

n. 6. F. RECURVIFO'LIA Sallsb. The recurved-leaved Yucca.

Identification. Salisb. in Farad. Lond., 31. ; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 228.
Synonyme. Y. recurva Hort.
Engraving. Gurfig. . in p.

Spec. Char., $c. With a stem. Leaves linear lanceolate; green, recurved,
deflexed, slightly thready on the margin. Petals broad in the interior.
(Salisb.) An evergreen shrub. Georgia, on sandy shores. Height 2 ft. to
3 ft. Introduced in 1794. Flowers greenish yellow, with a tinge of purple ;
July, August, and September.

& 7. F. FILAMENTO'SA. The filamentose Yucca, or thready Adam's Needle.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 457. ; Ait. Hort Kew., ed. 2., 2. p. 291.

Synonymes. Y. fbliis filamentbsis Moris. Hist. 2. 419. ; Y. virginikna, &c., Pluk. Aim. 396.

Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 900. ; and our fig. 2070.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves serrated and thready. (Willd.) A low evergreen
shrub, with the habit of a herbaceous plant. Virginia. Height of the leaves
« in. to 12 in. ; of the flower stem 3 ft. to 5 ft. Introduced in 1675. Flowers
large, white ; September and October.
The flowers are larger and whiter than those of Y. gloriosa, and sit close

1104

ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

to the stalk. On the sides of the leaves are long threads, which hang down.
J.t is perfectly hardy.

Identification.

2070. Y. filament6sa. 2071. Y. (f.) angustifolia.

' « 8. Y. (F.) ANGUSTIFO'LIA Pursh. The narrow-leaved Yucca.

Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 1. p. 227. ; Nuttall Gen. PL Araer., 1. p. 218.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 2236. ; and our fig. 2071.

Spec. Char., $c. Without a stem. Leaves long-linear, rigid ; margin slightlv
filamentose. Capsules large, obovate-cylindrical. (Pursh.) A low ever-
green shrub, with the habit of a herbaceous plant. Banks of the Missouri
River. Height of the leaves 6 in. to 12 in. ; of the stem 3 ft. to 5 ft. Intro J.
181 1. Flowers greenish white, without any tinge of purple ; September.
This species has been sometimes confounded with Y. stricta ; but the leaves

are narrower and more recurved, and the threads on the margin much longer.

The whole plant is of humbler growth ; the flower stem is not branched, and

the flowers are more oblong than round.

* 9. Y. FLA'CCIDA Haw. The flaccid-leaved Yucca.

Haw. Supp., p. 35. ; Lindl. in Bot. Reg., vol. xxii., under Y. draconis.
Engravings. Bot. Reg. ; and our fig. 2072.

Spec. Char., fyc. Leaves all very flaccid, weak,
bent below the middle and recurved, very
long and lanceolate, flat, concave and mu-
cronulate at the apex, roughish ; marginal
filaments strong, yellowish. (Haworth.) A
low evergreen shrub. Georgia. Height of
the leaves 1 ft. to 2ft. ; of the flower stems
3ft. to 5ft. Introduced in 1816. Flowers
pale yellow ; July.

A pretty and apparently distinct species, well
marked by its thread-edged
scabrous leaves and pale
yellowish white flowers.

» 10. F. GLAUCE'SCENS Haw. The glaucescent Yucca.

Identification. Haw. Supp. PI. Sue., p. 35.

Engravings. Brit. Flow.-Gard., t. 53. ; and our fig. 2073.

Spec. Char., $c. Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, concave,

glaucescent, straight ; margin slightly filamentose. (SwtJ)

An evergreen stemless plant. North America. Height

of the flower -stems 3 ft. to 5 ft. Introd. 1819. Flowers

greenish white, tinged with yellow ; Aug. and September.

Leaves very stiff, concave, of a dull glaucous colour, ter-
minating in a sharp horny spine ; margin entire, with here
and there a slender white thread, slightly twisted. It has
the habit of F. filamentosa, with larger and more numerous
blossoms, and more elegant sharp-pointed foliage. «>73. v. giauc<?scem.

1105

SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURES

REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT.

f

S079. C#tisus potytrichus.

4 B

M80. Robfnto dfcbia.

1106 ARBORETUM ET FRUT1CETUM BRITANNICUM.

2081. Halimoci^ndron arg6nte«m snbvirlscen?.

2082. Gleditschid triacdnthos
brachycarpa.

2084. Primus (m.) pubfecens. 20S.1). Sptrnta

20Sfi. Spirsc^a
laxiHora.

2087. ft&sa sanguisorboefblia.

Pyrns dioica. 20P1. P^rus astracanica

SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURES.

1107

2090. P$rus (Sdrbus) microcirpa.

«091. ArMia japonica.

2095. afethra (a.) scfcbra.

1108 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Bupletirum gibraltaricum.

iO«j5. Bum^lia oblongifolia.

S096. Rhododendron miximi:
purpiirtum.

8097. H. (A. c.

S098. frixinus (p.) argfritea.

SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURES.

1109

2100. Fraxiiius (a.) carolinifcna.

4 B 3

1110 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

2101 Phillyrea(m.) «102. JJciumlrevitMum. 2103. Qu^rcus twyrtifolia. 2103. Quercus tnyrtifolia.

pendufa*

2 104. Quercus rigida.

2105. Ta*us canadensis. S106.

2107. Juniperus squamosa.

«108. TlmjapHcala.

2109. Srallax VillancliKi.

ill i

SUPPLEMENTARY SPECIES AND VARIETIES,

WITH CORRECTIONS.

IN the following List we have omitted a number of garden names, as of
doubtful application ; and we have given few or no descriptions, because
most of the plants are just raised from seed, or introduced from abroad.
A similar list to the present has been given in the Gardener's Magazine
every year since the publication of the large edition of the Arboretum, and will
continue to be given yearly, so that, by referring to that work, the latest
introductions of hardy woody plants may always be ascertained.

7?ANUNCULAVCE^: : CLEMATI'DE^E. Page 2.

_A QLE'MATIS calif arnica Gard. Mag. 1841, p. 13., is a very doubtful species,
said to resemble C. florida.

1 ATRA'GENE macropetala Ledebour MS. G. M. 1840, p. 631. A native of
Siberia, resembling A. alpina, and probably only a variety of it.

Several suffruticose species of Clematis are described in Torrey and Gray's
Flora of North America, which remain to be introduced.

WINTER^ CEM. Page 20.

* ILLI'CIUM religiosum Sieb. ? The Skimi of the Japanese. Probably a

variety of I. anisatum, with which the Japanese ornament their temples.
(G. M. 1842, p. 13.)

MAGNOL/^C£.£. Page 21.

J MAGN(?LIA grandiflora var. Hdrwicus Hort. Said to be raised between
M. grandiflora exoniensis and M. fuscata, and to be quite hardy. (G. M.
1842, p. 13.)

Sfe M. purpiirea var. hybrida Hort. A dwarf variety, well adapted for a wall
in a small garden. (G. M. 1842, p. 13.)

BERBER^ CEM. Page 41.

Several species of Berberis and Mahonza have lately been raised from
Himalayan seeds in the Horticultural Society's Garden, to which names
cannot yet be given with certainty ; but the following, chiefly raised since the
printing of this work was commenced, are considered true to their names : —
& BE'RBERIS vulgaris fol. purpureis Hort. This is a very ornamental plant,

with leaves as dark as those of the purple hazel. Lawson's Nursery,

Edinburgh.

* MAHO'NIA. pallida. (Berberis pallida Hartw. Benth. Plant. Hart. p. 34.

No. 268.) Resembles M. ^4quif61ium, but the leaflets are smaller, less
spiny, and from 11 to 15 in number. Flowers whitish ; hence the specific
name. Found in Mexico, where it grows from 6 ft. to 8 ft. high. ( G. M.
1840, p. 631.)

* M. grdcilis. (B. gracilis Hartw. Benth. PI. Hart. No. 271.) Pinnate, with

4 pairs of leaflets, slightly toothed. Mexico, where it grows about 6 ft.
high. (G. M. 1840, p. 631.)

* M. irifoliata. (B. trifoliata Hartw. Bot. Reg. Chron. 149. 1841.) Trifoliate,

with small yellowish green prickly folioles, and fruit of a yellowish green
when ripe. Mexico, and* about as hardy as M. fascicularis. (G. M. 1840,
p. 631.)

4- B 4

1112 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

The following species will probably be very shortly introduced, and, indeed,
are perhaps already in a seedling state in the H. S. Garden : —

* M. lanceoldlum. (S. lanceolatum Benth. PI. Hart. p. 34. No. 269.) Pin-

nate, with long slender leaves, and 13 — 17 leaflets, very spiny, and of a
dark green. Mexico, on mountains, where it grows from 5 ft. to 6 ft.
high. Considered the handsomest of all the Mexican species. (G. M.

1840, p. 632.)

* M. angustifolia. (B. angustifolia Hartw. Benth. Pi. Hart. No. 270.) Re-

sembles M. fascicularis, but is much smaller in all its parts. Leaflets
5 — 7, light green, and very spiny. Mexico, where it grows from 6 ft. to
8 ft. high, with purple fruit, sweet to eat.

* M. Hartwegii. (B. Hartwegw Benth. PI. Hart. No. 272.) Pinnate, with

11 — 15 leaflets, which are nearly double the size of those of M. -dquifo-
lium, and of the same light green as those of that species. Mexico.
Flowering in April.

AURANTIA'CEJE. Arb. Brit., 1st ed., vol. i. p. 395.

» LIMO^NIA Laureola Wall. PI. As. Rar. t. 245., Royle Illust. vol. i. p. 343.
The only species of this order found on the tops of cold and lofty moun-
tains in the Himalayas, where it is for some months buried under snow.
Raised in the H. S. Garden from seeds received from Dr. Royle in 1841,
and probably hardy enough to endure our winters against a wall. (G. M.

1841, p. 608.)

T/YPERICAVCE;E. Page 74.

* HYPE'RICUM rosmarinifolium Lam. Diet. ; Tor. and Gray, vol. i. p. 159. A

pretty narrow-leaved species, from Kentucky, where it grows 2 ft. high,
flowering in July and August. (G. M. 1842, p. 13.)

^CERA'CE^E. Page 78.

* ACER Icsmgdtum Wall. Plant. As. Rar. 2. p. 3. t. 104. ; Arb. Brit. 1st ed.

p. 431. Leaves undivided, oblong, acuminate, smooth, and shining.

Nepal, on high mountains, where it forms a tree 40ft. high. Dr. Wallich

thinks it may prove hardy in England. H. S. (G. M. 1840, p. 632.)
¥ A. colchicum Hartwiss. A very handsome and distinct plant, nearly allied

to A. platanoides Lobelw; but with the lobes of the leaves more pointed,

the bottom lobes lapping over the footstalk, their texture thinner, and

their colour more glaucous than those of A. p. Lobelw. Abchasien ;

whence it was imported by Booth of Hamburg in 1838, and introduced

into England in 1840. (G. M. 1840, p. 632.)
*t A. colchicum var. rubrum Booth MS. From the beginning of the season

till late in autumn the leaves are of a bright pinkish purple. The bark

is brownish, while that of the species is of a pea-green, like the bark of

Negundo /raxinifolia.
3£ A. campestre. Add as Varieties : — "A. c. rubris Booth : samaras red. A,

c. heterocdrpum : samaras variously formed."
If A. gldbrum Torr. and Gr. Flor. 1 . p. 207. A shrub found in the Rocky

Mountains, with leaves nearly similar to those of the common currant in

size and shape. Not yet introduced.
3 A. tripartitum Nutt. Torr. and Gr. Flora, 1. p. 247. A shrub found on

the Rocky Mountains, nearly allied to the preceding species, and, like it,

not yet introduced.

* A. grandidentdtum Nutt. Torr. and Gr. Flora, 1. p. 247. (? A. barbatum

Doug/., not of Michx.) A shrub or low tree from the Rocky Mountains,
with leaves smaller than those of A. saccharinum. Not yet intro-
duced.

SUPPLEMENTARY SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 1113

Page 123.

¥ MscULUS (H.) rubicunda, p. 126., was thus originated. M. Michaux
received, in 1812, seeds of Pa via from North America, which were sown
by M. Camuzet in the Paris Garden ; and amongst the plants which came
up was one different from all the others, which is the JE. rubicunda of
British Gardens. It flowered in three years, that is, in 1815. {Hort.
Beige, 1836, p. 97.)

(7APPARJDANCE,E. Arb. Brit., 1st ed., vol. i. p. 313.

*t ISO'MERIS arborea Nutt. Torr. and Gr. Flora, 1. p. 124. ; Bot. Mag. n. ser.
t. 3842. A low tree from California, with a long taproot, and a very
spreading head. The stem is about the thickness of a man's arm, very
knotty, and the wood hard and yellow. Leaves 3-foliolate, lanceolate,
mucronulate, glabrous. Flowers large, yellow, in terminal racemes. H. S.
(G. M. 1842, p. 13.)

Page 135.

1 V?TIS parvifolia Royle's lllust. p. 145. A very curious species of vine,
from elevated situations in the Himalayas, with exceedingly small leaves
for the family to which it belongs. Tooting Nursery. (G. M. 1842,
p. 13.)

1 V. heterophylla Sieb. ? A beautiful and very desirable climber, from Japan,
with variegated leaves. Probably the Fids heterophylla of Thunberg, a
native of Java. Mr. Gordon thinks it is nearly related to 6'issus antarc-
tica, but with the leaves much more jagged and variegated with white.
It produces small blue fruit in clusters, which are very ornamental.
Tooting Nursery. (G. M. 1842, p. 13.)

JQUIFOLIA^CEJE. Page 155.

t Ivt£X Aquifo/ium. Add as a Variety: — "I. A., pendulum. A very remark-
able variety, with shoots as decidedly pendulous as those of Sophora
japonica pendula. The original tree is in a private garden in Derby, from
which it has been propagated by Mr. Barren at Elvaston Castle.

t I. Perado, p. 161. Plants raised from seeds of this species in the Edin-
burgh Botanic Garden resemble so much, in all respects, those of the
common holly, as to leave no doubt in our mind as to their being one
and the same species. ("6?. M. 1842.)

» I. latifolia Hort. (? /. /aurifolia Hort.) A splendid hardy evergreen
shrub from Japan. Leaves large, oval, sometimes 9 in. long. Intro-
duced from the Continent in 1841, and quite hardy. (G. M. 1842,
p. 13.)

Page 166.

* CEANO^THUS velutinus, p. 181., is now introduced. C. a. 2 intennedius, Mr.
Gordon considers should be C. a. 2 var. pdllidus.

RHA'MNUS WicUms Jacquin. Resembles R. infect6rius,but has larger leaves.

It was raised in 1839 in the H. S. Garden, from seeds received from

Dr. Fischer, and is quite hardy.
R. prunifolius Booth (not of Smith, p. 178.). A low shrub from North

America which has not yet flowered.

Page 184.

DUVAV'A. longifolia Hort. Raised in 1839 in the Clapton Nursery, from
seeds received from Chili.. It is very distinct, with long bright green
leaves, and it is hardier than any other species of the genus. (G. M.
1840, p. 632.)

1114 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

Page 194.

¥ SOPHONRA \? japonica] grandiflora Hort. Introduced from the Continent
in 1841, but whether hardy or not is uncertain. (G. M. 1842, p. 13.)

% S. japonica pubescens Booth. A variety with the leaves rather more pu-
bescent than those of the species.

* GENI'STA thyrs'iflora Booth. A shrub growing to the height of 4 ft., pro-
lific in large bunches of yellow flowers, raised from seeds received from
the South of Europe. In all probability already described under some
other name.

& INDIGO'FERA nepalensis Hort. A free-growing shrub, apparently hardy.
This is probably a garden name applied to one of the numerous species
of Indigofera from the North of India, where they abound. There is
frequently one species raised from these seeds which is much hardier
than the others, with rather large bright rosy pink flowers, which stood
last winter without any protection in an open border; and Dr. Royle says
that there are many which grow very high up the hills, which should be
quite hardy in England. (G. M. 1842, p. 17.)

Sfc CARAGAXNA Gerardiana Royle Illust. vol. i. p. 198. t. 34. fig. 1. The
Tartaric Furze of travellers. A very distinct species, having all the
leaves terminated by a spine, in the manner of Astragalus TYagacantha
(p. 246.). It grows on the Himalayan Mountains, at an elevation of
16,000 ft., and is quite hardy in British gardens. H. S. in 1839. (G. M.
1840, p. 633.)

.** ASTRA'GALUS fruticbsus Dec. An tinder-shrub from Siberia, smooth, and
scarcely ligneous ; fit only for rockwork or to be kept in pots, as the
moisture of autumn and winter soon destroys it. Raised in the H. S.
Garden in 1839, from seeds received from Baron Jacquin. (G. M.
1840, p. 633.)

j» A. mmmeiis Dec. A pretty little shrubby species from Siberia, rather
difficult to keep, except in pots or on rockwork. Hammersmith Nursery
in 1839. (G. M. 1840, p. 633.)

. Page 261.

-* AMY'GDALUV Palldsn Ledebour. (A. pedunculata Pallas.) A very pretty
decumbent under-shrub, quite hardy. H. S. in 1839, or before. (G.
M. 1840, p. 633.)

& PRU^NUS Mume Sieb. The dwarf or creeping Plum of the Japanese. It-
bears yellow fruit, which the Japanese pickle as we do cucumbers or
walnuts. There are many varieties. Tooting Nursery in 1841. (Cr.
M. 1842, p. 18.)

Si CE'RASUS Laurocerasus var. colchica and C. L. var. Emerelli (?) are
varieties of the common laurel, received from Belgium in 1841. Toot-
ing Nursery. (G. M. 1842, p. 14.)

& SPIRM^A fissa Lindl. Bot. Reg. Misc. No. 170. 1840. A beautiful
species resembling S. ffriasfolia, introduced from Mexico, where it was
found by Hartweg, growing from 15 ft. to 20 ft. high. It is expected to
be quite hardy. H. S. in 1839. (G. M. 1840, p. 633.)

& S. lanceoldta Poir. Diet. 7. 353., Cambess. in Ann. Soc. Nat. 1. 366. t. 25.
(£ Reevesz'ana Hort.) Resembles S. bella, but differs from it in having
lanceolate, lobed, and serrated leaves, nearly evergreen. Introduced
from Japan by John Reeves, Esq. Knight's Exotic Nursery, 1839. (G.
M. 1840, p. 633.)

si S. rotundifblia Lindl. Bot. Reg. Miscel. No. 159. 1840. Resembles S.

SUPPLEMENTARY SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 1115

cuneifolia (p. 305.), but differs from it in the leaves being quite round
and large. Raised in 1839, in the H. S. Garden, from seeds received
from Cashmere. (G. M. 1840, p. 633.)

Several species of ligneous *Spiraera are described by Torrey and Gray
which are not yet introduced.

¥ NUTTA'LLIA. cerasiformis Torr. and Gray. A tree with the habit of Ame-
Idnckier canadensis found in the margins of pine woods in the back part
of N. California, but not yet introduced.

Sfc liu^sus lasiocdrpus Royle Illust. (p. 203.) A free-growing hardy species

from the Himalayas, which bears a grateful fruit. Considered by Mr.

Gordon as a synonyme to R. micranthus, p. 312. Tooting Nursery.

(G. M. 1842, p. 14.)
& R. trilobus Dec. Prod. 2. p. 566. An erect shrub from Mexico, with large

white flowers and purple fruit. Raised in 1841 from seeds sent home

by Hartweg. H. S. (G. M. 1841, p. 609.)

^ CRATJE^GUS Qxydcantha oxyphulla is the name given to a pendulous variety
of the common hawthorn found in a bed of seedlings at Somerford Hall,
and mentioned in p. 376.

¥ C. O. fructu coccineo Hort. A variety with large scarlet fruit, of which
there are plants in Backhouse's Nursery, York.

* C. Pyracdntha fructu dlbo Hort. A variety with white fruit. Tooting

Nursery.

The following species are described in Torrey and Gray's Flora, but
none of them are yet introduced : —

*t C. rwuldris Torr. et Gray. Arborescent, and nearly glabrous, with leaves
about as entire as those of the apple.

* C. coccinea var. viridis, C. c. var. populifolia, C. c. var. cligdndra (few-

anthered), and C. c. var. mollis.

*i C. arborescens Torr. et Gray. Unarmed, with lanceolate leaves resem-
bling those of C. joyrifolia. A tree 20 ft. to 30 ft. high in Georgia

* C. cEstivdlis Torr. et Gray. (C. opaca Hook.) A tree 20 or 30 feet high in

South Carolina and Georgia.

¥ C. berberi/o/ia Torr. et Gray. A tree found in Louisiana, which grows

from 20 ft. to 25 ft. high.
Besides these, there are several doubtful species.

¥ COTONEA'STER bacillarisWall.med. Lindl.Bot. Reg. No. 1229. Deciduous.
Leaves obovate, drawn down into the petiole, glabrous. Cymes many-
flowered. H. S. in 1841. (G. M. 1841, p. 608.)

¥ C. nummuldria, p. 409. Omit " Eriobotrya elliptica LindL? as a Synonyme.

¥ AMELA'NCHIER canadensis Torr. et Gray. All the American kinds in British
gardens are considered by Drs. Torrey and Gray as varieties of one
species, in which opinion we concur, as indicated in the body of the
work, both in this and in the large addition.

t A. (v.) ovdlis 2 subcorddta, p. 416. Add as a Synonyme : " Petromeles ovalis
subcordata Jacquin." (G. M. 1840, p. 634.)

* PY^RUS heterophylla Booth. Leaves 3 — 5-lobed, about the size and shape

of those of the common hawthorn, but finely serrated in the edges, and
glabrous. A native of Dalmatia. H. S. (G. M. 1840, p. 634.)

PHILADELPHA'CEJE. Page 460.

& PHILADE'LPHUS mexicdnus Benth. PI. Hartw. p. 61. No. 458., Bot.
Reg. Chron. No. 118. 1841. Resembles P. laxus; but the leaves are
nearly entire, and rather smaller. It is hardy, and forms a graceful little
bush.

1116 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM.

GROSSULA'CE.E. Page 468.
Sit RI'BES tauricum Jacquin is apparently a variety of R. petrae'um, p. 478.

HEDERA Helix. Add : '• H. H. var. taurica Booth. A distinct variety, with
very small dark green leaves. (G. M. 1842.)"

CORNA'CE^E. Page 501.

CO'RNUS grdndis Benth. PI. Hartw. p. 38. No. 298. Resembles C.
sericea ; but it forms a small tree in Mexico, with leaves 3 — 5 in. long,
smooth, and deep green above and hoary beneath. The flowers are in
small heads, and the fruit about the size of the sloe, and purplish black.
H. S. (G. M. 1840, p. 634.)

» C. macrophylla Wall. A beautiful sub-evergreen shrub or small tree from
the Himalayas, found growing on similar heights with Benthanua
fragifera. Leaves 6 in. long, and 2| in. broad. H. S. (G. M. 1840,
p. 634.)

SAMEU'CEIE. Page 513.

VIEU'RNUM Awafuki Sieb.? (? P. japonicum Hort.) Leaves opposite,
shining, ovate, somewhat waved on the margin. A beautiful evergreen,
which, it is expected, will prove quite hardy. Easily propagated by
cuttings at any season. Tooting Nursery. (G. M. 1842, p. 14.)

V. one-use Zeyh. Leaves ovate, acuminate, subdentate, opposite ; margins
subrefiexed. A hardy evergreen, easily propagated by cuttings at any
season. (Ibid.)

V. Mullaha Ham. Royle Illust. p. 236. (P. stellulatum Wall.) Leaves
rotund, subrugose, blunty dentate, woolly beneath. A shrub from
elevated situations in the Himalayas, where the fruit is eaten. Nearly
allied to P. cotinifolia D. Don. A very desirable species, and very likely
to prove quite hardy. (Ibid.)

V. pygmcea Royle. Leaves opposite, trilobate, subserrate. A very
curious dwarf deciduous shrub, from 1 ft. to 1 ft. 6 in. in height ; native
of the Himalayas. A most desirable plant to represent the section
O'pulus in a miniature arboretum. Raised in the Tooting Nursery, from
seeds received from Dr. Ro3le. Quite hardy. (Ibid.)

Page 525.

.1 LONI'CERA. ciliosa Poir. Mr. Gordon suspects this to be only a variety of
L. (p.) Douglasw. p. 530., with leaves ciliose, and the flowers not quite
so bright.

JERICA'CEJE. Page 555.
tt. ANDRO'MEDA. rosmarinifolia, p. 561 , is only a large-leaved variety of A.jpoli-

folia, but rather distinct.
ju ARCTOSTA'PHYLOS pungens H. et B. Nov. Gen. vol. iii. p. 278. t. 259.

A singular species, with small greyish entire lanceolate leaves ; prostrate

and quite hardy. Mexico. H. S. (G. M. 1840, p. 634.)
* A. nltida Benth. Plantae Hartweg. No. 483. An erect evergreen shrub,

with oblong lanceolate acute leaves, smooth on both sides and shining

above. Mexico, on the Carmen Mountains.

«L PERNE'TTYA angustifolia Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 63. 1840. (P. phillyreaefolia
Hort.) Leaves longer and narrower than those of the other introduced
species. A very pretty evergreen from Chili. (G. M. 1840, p. 634.)

OLEA'CE^E. Page 628.

& L/Gf/ STRUM nepalensc, p. 631. Add as a Synonyme : " L. vestitum
Wall. Cat. No. 6304."

SUPPLEMENTARY SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 1117

SYRI'NGA Emodi, p. 638. Add as a Synonyme: " S, fndica Wall"
* JASMfNUMrevoliitum, p. 655. For the Synonyme " J. chrysanthemum,"
read " .7. chrysanthum ;" and add " Wall." to the Identification.

POLYGONA'CE^E. Page 677.

POLY'GONUM volcdnicum Benth. PI. Hartw. No. 562. Suffruticose, with
thick fleshy leaves, and flowers often solitary. Mexico, on the Carmen
Mountains. H. S. (G. M. 1841, p. 609.)

Page 658.

£ M0.ftK^ATiA odordta Lindl. This curious plant has proved as hardy as the
Physianthus albens, which it greatly resembles ; but differs in having
much larger cordate leaves, and smaller flowers, as well as in the bota-
nical structure. The flowers are white, sweet-scented, and solitary.
(G. M. 1840, p. 635.)

SOLANAVCE,E. Page 663.

* FABIA^NA imbrichta R. et P. Lindl. Bot.Reg. 1839, t. 59. A small bright

green shrub, with the habit of a tamarisk, or rather of a thuja; and
when in flower loaded with snow-white blossoms, resembling those of a
peach. Chili, in 1838. It has proved hardy in several collections last
winter, and will make a great addition to the hardy heath border.

T'HYMELA'CE.E. Page 686.

* DA'PHNE Auckldnd\\ Lindl. Allied to D. alpina. A fine evergreen species

from the Himalayas, where it is found at an elevation of 1 2,000 ft., near
the limits of perpetual snow. H. S. (G. M. 1840, p. 635.)

jEL^EAGNA'cE^e. Page 696.

sfc ELMA'GNUS parvifolia Royle lllust. p. 323. t. 81. fig. 1. A very distinct
species, with small round leaves, from the Himalayas, and quite hardy.

C/LMA'CE^:. Page 714.

2 SPO'NI\ canescens H. et B. (Celtis canescens H. et B.) Raised in 1840,
in the H. S. Garden, from Mexican seeds, and bearing a close resem-
blance to C. australis (G. M. 1840, p. 635.)

'S\LiCACEM. Page 744.

"t PO'PULUS canadensis, p. 824. A much more spreading and picturesque
species than P. monilifera. (See G. M. 1842, p. 35.)

#ETI LA'CE^E. Page 831.

¥ A'LNUS denticuldta Fischer. A tree of vigorous and rapid growth, and large
dentate leaves ; a native of Russia. (G. M. 1842.)

¥ J$E'TULA mollis Lindl. Bot. Reg. Mis. No. 169. 1840. Raised in the
H. S. Garden from Himalayan seeds, and remarkable for the softness of
its leaves, which are roundly heart-shaped. Allied to B. alba pubescens.
p. 838.

CORYLA'CE^E. Page 845.

1 QUE'RCUS IVex Ballota, p. 882. Plants raised in the H. S. Garden, from
acorns procured from the original tree at Paris, prove it to be iden-
tical with Q. gramuntia.

f Q. landta, p. 888. Add to the Synonymes : " Q. nepalensis."
To the Mexican oaks, p 898., add the following : —

5* Q. S/dnneri Benth. A very remarkable species, having the fruit of most
unusual size, with the external appearance of an acorn, and with the
internal structure of a walnut. A noble tree, from 50 ft. to 70 ft. high,
on mountains. (Gard. Chron., vol. i. p. 116.) The foliage and male

1118 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BKITANNICUM.

flowers said to be precisely as described and figured in Q. acutifolia

Nees, p. 904. fig. 1690. ; and, consequently, the name Skinneri may be

considered as a synonyme to Q. acutifolia.
* Q. pyrendica, p. 853. Add, either as an allied Species or as a Variety : —

" Q.pannonica Booth. Hungary. Introduced to the H. S. Garden from

the Hamburg :NTursery."
¥ Q. rubra, p. 868. Add as a Variety : — " Q. r. iaraxacifolia Booth. A sin-

gular variety, with long narrow irregularly lobed leaves. H. S."
± FA^GUS sylvdtica. Add as as a Variety : — " F. s. 9 cochledta Booth. Said

to be a curious plant with spoon-shaped leaves. (G. M. 1842.)"

PLATANA' CE;E. Page 927.

¥ PLA'TANUS [occidentalis] hcterophylla Lindl. This American plane has hitherto
been confounded in some collections with the Oriental species, Platanus
acerifolia. It has the same kind of fruit as P. occidentalis, while P.
acerifolia has fruit like that of P. orientalis. P. [o.] heterophylla is
frequently imported from the southern states of America under the
name of P. occidentalis, from which it is very distinct in foliage and
stature ; and it is also much tenderer. The young shoots frequently
suffer during winter, and particularly if the plant is in a damp situation.

Page 946.

PfNUS (Laricio) austriaca Hoss, p. 958., is treated as a sub-species, for
the sake of keeping it distinct, though we had given above Delamarre's
arrangement, who considers it a variety of P. Laricio, which is also our
opinion.

P. Chilghoza, which is given p. 998., with a ?, as a synonyme to P.
Gerard«'avwa, Mr. Gordon says is different from P. GerardzVzwa, but nearly
related to P. longifolia, p. 996.

P. sinemis, p. 999. Add as Synonymes : " P. nepalensis Pin. Wob." and
" P. Cavendishzawa Hort."

Add after Pmus oocdrpa, p. 1012. : —

P. oocarpoides Lindl. A pine from Guatemala, with very long slender
leaves, five in a sheath, and cones about half the size of those of P.
oocarpa, of which it is probably a variety.

P. Ayacahuite, p. 1023. Mr. Gordon says there are two distinct pines
under this name : the oneEhrenberg's, described in the text; and another,
sent home by Hartweg, the cones of which are about half the size of
Ehrenberg's plant, and the buds much smaller. Probably a variety.

&BIES Douglasii, p. 1033. Mr. Gordon says he has cones under this
name of three distinct varieties or species ; Hartweg's are the largest,
and Ehrenberg's the smallest. Probably, Hartweg's may be that doubt-
ful species A. hirtflla H. et K. : see p. 1036. and p. 1050.

THU'JA pcndula, p. 1071. Omit the Synonyme " ? Junfperus flagelliformis
Hort."

CUPRE'SSUS torulosa, p. 1076. Add " Wallich " to the Identification ; and
insert as Synonymes, " C. nepalensis Hort." and " Junfperus nepalensis
Hort."

C. Coulterii, p. 1077. Omit this as a species, and add it as a Synonyme to
C. thurifera, in the same page.

TAXO^DIUM distichum, p. 1078. Add to the Varieties : —

T. d. 6 nucijerum. (Taxus nucifera Hort ) A very distinct variety, or

possibly species, which has been found quite hardy in the H. S.

Garden.

JUNI'PERUS gossainthdnea Hort., and J. Bedfordiana Hort., are names
applied to the same specieg, which resembles a red cedar, but is rather
more slender in habit.

1119

LIST OF AUTHORITIES

FOR GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES, &c.

A.

Bonpl. -

Abbott. -

Abbott. A botanical amateur.

Ach.

Acharius. A Swedish professor,

Booth.

and writer upon Lichens.

Adans. -

Adanson. A French systematic

Booth .

botanist.

Afael. -

Afzelius. A Swedish professor.

Ait.

Alton. Director of the Royal

Garden at Kew.

jforfc.

All.

Allioni. An Italian botanist.

Ail: Fed.

See Allioni.

Borrer. -

Alpin.

Prosper Alpini. An Italian phy-

sician, and author of " DePlantis

Anders. 7 -

-flEgypti et de Balsamo," &c.
Anderson. A London Merchant ;

Bosc.

Anderson. 3
Andr. 7 -

published a paper on Paeonies.
Henry Andrews. A botanical

Bree. -

Andrews. 3

draughtsman, and editor of the
" Botanical Repository," &c.

Breyn. -

Am. 1 -
Arnott. j

W. Arnott. A Scotch botanist.

Brong. -

Audib. - 7 -
Audibert. 3

Andibert. A nurseryman at Ta-
rascon, in the south of France.

Brot.
Broussonet. -

B.

Brown. »

Bab.

Babington. An English botanist.

Balb. 7 - -

Balbis. A French professor of

Brunfelsch. -

Balbis. S

botany.

Banks. -
Banister.

Sir Joseph Banks.
Banister. A botanical author, and

Buck. -

traveller.

Bartr. 7 -

Bartram. Formerly a nursery-

Bunge. --

Bar tram. 3
Bat. 1 -
Bast, j

man at Philadelphia.
Bastard or Batard. A writer upon
the Flora of France.

Burnet. .

Batsch. -
Baudr. -

Batsch. A writer upon Fungi.
Baudrillart. A French author

Burgsdorf.
Bunch. -

on Forestry.

Bauh. 1 - .

Bauhin. Brothers, professors of

Bauhin. S

medicine, published in 1620 —

1650.

Baum. -

Bauman. Brothers, nurserymen

at Bollwyller, in France.

Benth. ?

Bentham. An English botanist,

Bentham. j -

secretary to the Horticultural

Society of London.

Camb. -

Berg'ms. -

Bergius. A Swedish writer upon

Cape plants.

Berlandier. -

Berlandier. A" Get man botanist.

Camer. -

Bert. >

Bertoloni. A writer upon the

Bertol. 3

Flora of France.

Besl. - .

Besler. A German botanist.

Cass. -

Bess 7 - -

Besser, A Russian professor, re-

Catesb. "7

Besser \

sident in the Crimea.

Catesby.$

Bieb.

Bieberstein. A Russian botanist

Catros. -

of great note.

Bigel. ] -
BigelotP. >
Big. 3

Jacob Bigelow, M.D. Professor
of botany at Boston, U. S., and
author of " American Medical

Cav.
C. Bauh.

Botany," and " Florula Bostoni-

ensis."

Cels.

Blackw. -

Mrs. Blackwell. An English bo-

tanical artist.

Cels.

Blume. -

Blume, M.D. A Dutch botanist.

C. G. Neesj

Boerh. -

Boerhaave. An old Dutch bota-

Von Esen. t

nist.

beck. 3

Bois.

Boissier. A Genevese botanist.

Cham

Bong. . -

Bongard. A French botanist.

Bonpland. A French traveller in
South America, and botanist.

Booth. Brothers, nurserymen at
Hamburg.

W. Beattie Booth. Describer of
the Camellias figured in Chand-
ler's " Illustrations of the Ca-
mellieae."

Borkhausen. A German botani-
cal author.

William Borrer. A writer on
British Plants, and one of the
authors of" Lichenographia Bri-
tannica."

Bosc. A French botanist, and tra-
veller in North America.

The Rev. W. T. Bree. An ama-
teur naturalist.

Breyn. Author of " Exoticarum
Plantarum Centuria," &c.

A. Brongniart. A French bota-
nist.

Brotero. A Portuguese botanist.

Broussonet. A French botanist
and traveller.

Dr. Brown. A celebrated English
botanist.

Brunfelschius. A German bota-
nist.

Von Buch. A German botanist,
author of a Flora of the Cana-
ries.

Bunge. One of the authors of
" Flora Altaica."

Professor Burnet. An English bo-
tanist.

Burgsdorf. A German botanist.

Busch. A German gardener, once
a nurseryman at Brentford, Mid-
dlesex ; and afterwards gardener
to the Empress Catherine, at
Zarsko-je-selo.

C.

Cambessedes. One of the authors
of " Flora Brasilia; meridio-
nalis."

Camerarius. A German botanist,
author of " Hcrtus Medicus et
Philosophicus," &c.

II. Cassini. A French botanist.

M. Catesby. A botanist, and tra-
vf Her in North America.

Catros. A nurseryman at Bor-
deaux.

Cavanilles. A Spanish professor
and botanist.

Caspar Bauhin. A celebrated bo-
tanist of the 16th century.

Celsius, D.D., Greek professor at
Upsal, and friend of Linnaeus.

Cels. A nurseryman in Paris.

C. G. Nees Von Esenbeck. A Ger-
man botanist.

Chamisso. A German traveller
round the world.

1120

LIST OF AUTHORITIES

Chandler.

Chois. -
Clus.

Colebr. -

Colla. -
Com.

Cook. -

Correa. -

Grants. -
Curt.

Dalech.

Dan.
Darlington. -

D. Don.

Deb. 7 -
De Bray. 3
Dec. 7

DeCandolle. 3

Del.

Delamarrc. -

Delarb. -

Delile. -
Descemet.

Desf. -

Desv. -
Dill. -
Dibs. •

Dod. 1
Dodon 3
Domb. -

Don of Forfar.
Donn. -

Dougl. 7 -
Douglas. 3
Duby. .
Du Ham.

Dumont.

Dun. 7
Dunal. 3
Dupont.

Du Rot. .

Ehr
Ehrenbcrg.

Ehrh. -
Elliot. .

Chandler. A London nursery-
man.

Choisy. A Swiss botanist.

Clusius. An old French botanist
and traveller.

Colebrooke. A celebrated English
writer upon Indian Plants.

Colladon. A Genevese botanist.

Commelin. A Dutch botanist.

Capt. S. E. Cook. A naturalist and
traveller.

Correa de Serra. A Portuguese
botanist and diplomatist.

Crantz. An Austrian botanist.

Curtis. An English writer upon
Plants.

D.

Dalechamps. Author of " Historia
generalis Plantarum." 1586,
1587.

Danish.

Darlington. A writer in " Amer.
Lye. N. H." of New York.

David Don. Professor of Botany
in King's College, London, and
librarian to the Linnean So-
ciety.

De Bray. A botanist of Frank-
fort. '

A. P. DeCandolle. The cele-
brated French systematic bo-
tanist.

See Delile.

Delamarre. A French writer on
Plants.

Ant. Delarbre. A French bota-
nist, author of " Flore d'Au-
vergne."

Delile. A French professor, and
traveller in Egypt.

Descemet. Director of the Bo-
tanic Garden at Nikitka, in the
Crimea.

Desfontaines. A French botani-
cal author, and traveller in Bar-
bary.

Desvaux. A French professor of
botany.

Dillenius. An English botanical
author.

Dioscorides. An ancient classic
author and botanist.

Dodonceus, or Dodoens. A botanist
of the 16th century.

Dombcy. A French traveller in
South America.

Don of Forfar. A Scotch bota-
nist.

Donn. Formerly curator of the
Cambridge Botanic Garden.

David Douglas. The celebrated
botanical collector and martyr.

Duby. A French botanist.

Du Hamel. A celebrated French
author.

Dumont de Courset. Author of
" Le Botaniste Cultivateur."

Dunal. A French botanist.

Dupont. A French botanist, au-
thor of " Double Flore Parisi-
enne." 1805.

Du Roi. A German writer upon
Plants.

E.

Ellis. -

Eng.
Esrhsch.

Fisch. I
Fischer. 3

Flugge. -

Forbes. -

Forskoel.
Forsk. .

Forst.

Fourc. -

| Fr.
Fries. .

Fuch. .

j Gcert. -

\ Garden.
I

Gaudichaud.

G. Don. .

Ger.

Gcr. 7
Gtrard. 3
Gesn.

GUI.

Gill, et Hook.
Gtnel. -

Godefroy.
Goldie. -
Gordon. -

Gouan. -
I Graft. ]
I Graham. $

Guldenst.

Guss.

Hall. -
Hall. fit.
Ham. 7
Hamilt. 3
Hart. .

Hartweg.

Hartioiss.
Hayne. -
Haworth.
H.B.-

H. B. et Ktlt.

See Ehrenberg.

Ehrenberg. A German traveller

in Arabia, &c. j Herm.

Ehrhart. A German botanist. I Hojf*nanns.
Elliot. An American botanist. I

Ellis. A London merchant and
botanist.

English.

Dr. Eschscholfx. A German bo-
tanist.

Dr. Fischer. A Russian bota-
nist.

Fiiigge. A German writer upon
Grasses.

Forbes. Gardener to His Grace
the Duke of Bedford, at Wo-
burn.

Forskoel. A Swedish botanist.

Forskahl. A Danish naturalist,
and traveller in Arabia.

Forsters (Father and Son). Tra-
vellers in the South Seas with
Captain Cook.

A. F. Fonrcroy. A French bo-
tanist.

French.

Fries. A Swedish botanist, and
writer upon Fungi.

Fuchs. A celebrated German bo-
tanist.

G&rtner. A celebrated German
carpologist.

Garden. A Scotch physician resi-
dent at Charleston.

Gaudichaud. A French botanist.

Geo. Don. A botanist, and editor
of "Don's Miller."

German.

Gkrard. A French botanist.

Conrad Gesner of Zurich, a fa-
mous botanist.

Dr. Gillies. A botanist and tra-
veller.

See Gill., and also Hook.

Gmelin. A Russian botanist, and
traveller in Siberia.

Godefroy. A nurseryman at Ville
d'Avray, near Paris.

Goldie. A nurseryman at Ayr, in
Scotland.

George Gordon. Superintendant
of the Arboretum in the Horti-
cultural Society's Garden.

Gouan. A French botanist.

Graham, M.D. Regius professor
of Botany at Edinburgh.

GlUdenstaedt. A Russian bo-
tanist.

Joannes Gussone, M.D. Director
of the Royal Botanic Garden
at Palermo, and a botanical
author.

IT.

Hatter. A Swiss botanist.

Holler the younger.

Hamilton. A botanist, and travel-

ler in the East Indies.
Hartweg Author of " Hortus

Carlsruhensis."
Hartweg. Son of the above. A

botanical traveller and collector.
Hartwiss. A German botanist.
Hayne. A German botanist.
Haworth. An English botanist.
Humboldt and Bonpland. Famous

travellers and botanists.
Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth.

German botanists.
Herman. A Dutch botanist
Hoffmannsegg. A botanist of

Dresden.

FOR GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES, ETC.

11-21

Hook. -

Sir W. J. Hooker. Regius pro- 1 Lanth. -

Hook, et Arn.

fessor of Botany in the Univer-
sity of Glasgow.
Sir W. J Hooker and W. Arnott,

Lap. 7 -
Lapey. 3

authors of " The Botany of

Capt. Beechey's Voyage to the

Lawr. -

Pacific," &c.

iLpp. 3

Hoppe. A German botanist, and
collector of plants.

Laxtn.

Horn. -

Hornemann. A Danish botanist

Lech. -

and professor.

Led. 7

Ilort. -

Hortulanorum. Of the Garden-

Ledeb. j

ers.

Lee. - -

Hort. Dur. -

Horius Duroverni, by W. Mas-

ters.

Lessing.

Hort. Par. -

Of the Paris Garden.

Host. -

Host. An Austrian botanist, and
botanical author.

L.fil. - -
L'Her. 7 -

Hoss. -

Hoss. An Austrian writer on

L'Herit.S

Forestry.

Linn. -

H. S. -
Huds. -

The London Horticultural Society.
Hudson. An English writer upon

Lindl. - -

British plants.

Humb. el }

Bonp. f
Humb. et I

Humboldt and Bonpland. — See
H.B.

Link.l-
Lk. j

Bonpl. }

Lob. }

Label. \

I.

L'Obcl.)

Lodd. 7 -

iS'er }

C. Illiger. A writer on natural

Loddiges j

history.

Ital"' -

Italian.

Lot's. 7

Lois. Des- 1

longchampsj

J.

Lour. -

Jacq. -

Jacquin. An Austrian traveller
in South America, and botanist.

Lyon. -

Jacq. et Boc- 7
cone. j

Jacquin. A celebrated Austrian
botanist. — Bocconc. A botanist

of Italy.

James Gor-

James Gordon. A celebrated nur-

don.

seryman at Mile End, near

London, who corresponded with

Mackay.

Linnaeus.

J. Bauh.

Jo. Bauhin, brother of Caspar

Malcolm.

Bauhin, and author of " His-

toria Plantarum universalis."

Marsh. 7 -

1650, 1651.

Marshall, j

Juss. -

Jussieu. A celebrated French

Mart. -

systematic botanist.

Masters.

K.

Matlh. -

Medik. -

Jfsp'jltnf

Kcempfer. A traveller in Japan.

Ker. - ~-

Ker. A describer of plants in

Menzies.

" Bot. Reg."

Kerner.

J. S. Kerner. Author of " Figures

(et Descriptions) des Plantes

Mertens.

economiques." 1786 — 1794.

Meyer. -

Kit. 7
Kitaib. 3 "

Kitaibel. A Hungarian botanist.

Michx. 7 -
Michaux. 3

Know 1. et 7

Knowles (G. B.\ and Westcott

Westcott. 3

(F.). Conductors of the " Floral

Cabinet."

Michx. fils. 1

Koch. -
Koehi. -

Koch. A professor at Erlangen.
Koehler. A writer on German and

Michx. jun. 3

French grasses.

Kra»se. }

Kr arise. A Dutch botanist, and

Mill. -

Krauts. 3

author of "Boomen en Hees-

tar."

Mirb. -

Kunth. -

Kunth. A Prussian botanist.

M'Nab. -

L.

Moc. -

Moc. et Sesse.

L.

Linneeus. The celebrated re-

former of natural history.

Mcench. -

Lab. 7

Labillarditre. A French bota-

MUM. •)

Labill. \

nist.

Muhlenb. >

Lag. -

Lagasca. A Spanish botanist and
professor.

Miihlenberg. j

Munch. -

Lam. 7
Lamarck, j

Lamarck. A French botanist.

Munt. 7 -

Lamb. 7 -

A. B. Lambert, F. K. S. Pre-

Munting. 3

Lambert. \

sident of the Linnean Society.

Murr. -

Lanth. Author of " Dissertatio
de Acere."

La Peyrouse. A French writer
upon the plants of the Pyre-
nees.

Lawrence (Miss). An English
flower-painter.

Laxmann. A German writer on
Siberian plants.

Lechenault. A French botanist.

Ledebour. A botanist, and tra-
veller in Siberia.

Lee. A nurseryman at Hammer-
smith.

Lessing. A writer on Composite,
and resident at Berlin.

Linneeus the younger.

C. L. Heritier. A French bota-
nist and author.

Linnteus. The celebrated re-
former of natural history.

Dr. Lindley, F.R.S., &c. Pro-
fessor of botany in University
College, London.

Link. A celebrated Prussian bo-
tanist.

- Label. An old writer upon plants.

Messrs. Loddiges. Celebrated
English nurserymen and bota-
nists, Hackney.

Loiseleur Deslongchamps. A
French botanist.

Loureiro. A Portuguese travel-
ler in Cochin-China.

Lyon. A collector of American
plants.

M.

J. T. Mackay, A.L.S. Author of
" Flora Hibernica."

Malcolm. Late nurseryman at
Kensington.

Marshall. A writer on American
trees.

Dr. Martius. A celebrated Ger-
man botanist and traveller.

W. Masters of the Canterbury
Nursery.

Matthiolus. An Italian physician.

Medicus. A German botanist of
the last century.

Menzies. A Scotch botanist, and
traveller round the world with
Vancouver.

Mertens. A French botanist.

Meyer. A German botanist.

Michaux. A French botanist, and
traveller in N. Amer., and au-
thor of " Flora Borealis Ameri.
cana."

Michaux the younger. Also a
botanist and traveller in N.Ame-
rica, author of " Histoire des
Arbresde 1'Amerique."

Miller. An English gardener and
botanist.

Mirbel. A French physiological
botanist.

M'Nab. Superintendant of the
Edinburgh Botanic Garden.

Mocino. A Mexican botanist.

Mocino and Sesse. Two Mexican
botanists.

Mcench. A German botanist.

Miihlenberg. A North American
botanist.

Baron Otto von Munchausen, A

German botanist.
A. Hunting. A German bota«

nist.
Mun-ay. A German botanist.

1122

LIST OJb AUTHORITIES.

Mutts. -
MX.

N. Amer.
Neck. I
Necker.S
Net*.

Nees van

Esenbeck. .
Neill. -

(Ed.
Opiz.

Pall. -
Farm. -
Parkinson. •

Pav.
Penny. -

Perrottet
Pers. -

Ph.

Pliny. - •

Pluk. -
Pair. -
Poit. et Turp.

Poll. -

Port. -
Potts. -

Pourr. .
Presl. .
Pursh. -

E.etP.

R.SfS. -

Raf.
Rafin.
Rajinesque.
Ramond.
Ray. -

R. Br. 1
JR. Brown. \

Red. \

Redoute. 3
Reich. -

Mutis. A Spanish botanist, resi-
dent in New Grenada.
Michaux. See Michx.

N.

N. Amer. North American.
Necker. A German writer upon

botanical affairs.
Nees von Esenbeck. A German

botanist.

Dr. Neill of Canon Mills. A
zealous botanist, and promoter
of horticulture.

Nestler. A botanist of Strasburg.

Nissole. A French botanist.

Noisette. A French nurseryman.

Nuttall. A North American bo-
tanist.

O.

Oeder. A Danish botanist.
Opiz. A German botanist.

Pallas. A Russian traveller and
naturalist.

Parmenlier. A French nursery-
man.

Parkinson. An old botanical au-
thor.

Pavon. A Spanish botanist.

George Penny. A botanist and
nurseryman.

Perrottet. A French botanist.

Persoon. A French botanist and
botanical author.

Pursh. A Prussian botanist, and
traveller in North America.

Pliny. An ancient naturalist, and
classic author.

L. Plxkenett. A Dutch botanist.

Poiret. A French botanical writer.

Poiteau and Turpin. French bo-
tanical draughtsmen.

Pollich. A German writer on the
plants of the Palatinate.

Portuguese.

J. Potts. A collector of plants in
China.

Pourret. A French botanist.

Presl. A Bohemian botanist.

Pursh. A Prussian botanist, and
traveller in North America.

R.

Ruiz and Pavon. Spanish bota-
nists and travellers in Peru and
Chile.

Rcemer et Schullz. German bota-
nists.

Raftnesque Schmalz. A botanical
author.

Ramond. A French botanist.

John Ray. A celebrated botanist
and naturalist.

Dr. Robert Brown, F.R.S., $c. A
distinguished English botanist,
and traveller in New Holland,

Redout6. A French botanist.

Reichenbach. A German bota-
nist.

Rcneaulvi. - P. Reneaulme. Author of " Spe-
cimen Historiae Plantarum."
1611.

Retz. - - Retzius. A German botanist.

Rich. - - Richard. A French botanist.

Richards. 7 Dr. Richardson. A traveller in

Richardson. 3 the northern parts of British
America, and author of the Ap-
pendix on Natural History to
Franklin's " Travels."

Robs. - - Robson. An English botanist.

Rcemer, a German botanist ; and
Schultz, a Bavarian botanist.

Ronalds. - Ronalds, A nurseryman at Brent-
ford.

Rossmassler. - Ross?nassler. A German ento-
mologist.

Rottler. A German missionary.

Roxburgh. An Indian botanist.

Dr. Royle, F.R.S., $c. Prof, of
Mat. Med. in King's College.
Author of" Illustrations of the
Natural History and Botany of
the Himalayas," &c.

Ruiz and Pavon. Spanish bota-
nists, and travellers in Peru and
Chile.

Russell. A botanist of Aleppo.

Russian.

Rott. -
Roxb. -
Royle. -

Ruiz et Pav.
Ruiz et Pa-
von.

Russ. -
Russ.

Sab. 7
Sabine. 3

SaJ. 7

Salisb. 3
Sang. -

Santi. -
Schiede et 7
Deppe. 3
Schl. -

Schlecht.

Schlecht. etl
Cham, 3
Schleicher.

Schmidt.

Schrad. ?
Schrader. 3
Schrank.
Schreb. -
Schubert.
Schult. 7
Schultes. S
Scop.
Ser 7
Scringe. 3
Sibth. -

Sieb.
Sieb. -

Sievers.
Sims. -

Smith.

Smith of Ayr.
Sol. )
Soland. 3

Soulange- 7
Bodin. J

Spach. -

Spin. -

S.

J. Sabine, F.R.S., fyc. A great

encourager of natural history,

botany, and gardening.
Salisbury. An eminent English

botanist.
Sang. A Scotch nurseryman and

author.

Santi. An Italian botanist.
Schiede and Deppe. Writers on

the botany of Mexico.
Schh'icher. A Swiss plant-col-

lector.
Schlechtendahl. A celebrated

German botanist.
Schlechtendahl and Chamisso Two

German botanists.
Schleicher. A Swiss plant-col-

lector.

- Schmidt. A German botanical

author.

- Schrader. A German botanist.

- Schrank. A Bavarian botanist.

- Schreber. A German botanist.

- Schubert. A Polish botanist.

- Schultes. A Bavarian botanist.

- Scopoli. An Italian botanist.

- Seringe. A Swiss botanist.

- Sibthorp. An English botanist, end

professor of botany at Oxford,
traveller in Greece, and author
of " Flora Gra?ca."
Sieber. A botanical collector.

- Siehold (Dr. von). A Bavarian

botanist, who has imported many
valuable plants from Japan.

- Sievers. A German botanist.

- Sims. An English garden bo-

tanist.

- Sir J. E. Smith. Founder of the

Lin. Soc., and author of several

botanical works.
Smith. Nurseryman of Ayr.
Solander. A Swedish botanist,

and companion of Sir Joseph

Banks in Cook's voyage round

the world.
Soulange-Bodin. A French bo-

tanist and horticulturist.
Spach. A writer in the " Annales

des Sciences Naturelles."
Spanish.

LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO.

J123

Spr. I
Spreng.$

Sprengel. A German botanist.

Verz. - -

Steph. I
Stephens, j "

Stephens. A British entomologist.

Vest. - -
Vill. I

Stev. \
Steven, j

Steven. A Russian botanist.

Villars. \ "
Vin. - -

Stokes. - -
Svenks.

Stokes. An English physician.
Svenks. A Swedish botanical

Vis. - -

author.

Sweet. - -

See Sivt.

Vitm. - -

Staed.

Swedish.

Viv. - -

Swt. - -

Sweet. An English botanist.

Swz. 1 -

Swartz. A Swedish botanist, and

Swarty.$

traveller in the West Indies.

T.

W. - -

Tausch.

Tausch. A German botanist.

Tav. - -

Tavernicr. A traveller in the

East.

Wahlenb. -

Ten. I
Tenor e. 3

Tenore. A Neapolitan botanist.

Wai. > -
Waldst. 3

Theoph.
Thore. - -

Theophrastus.
Thore. A French botanist.

Waldsl.etKit.

Thory. - -

Thory. A French botanist.

Walker.

Tnonin.

Thouin. A French botanist.

Thuil. \
Thuillier.\ '

Thuillier. A French botanist.

Watt. - -

Thun. 1

Thunberg. A Swedish botanical

Wallr. -

Thunb. 5

traveller.

Walt. - -

T. Nees ab E.

T. Nees ab Esenbeck. A German

botanist.

Wang. ~)

Torrey. - -
Torr. et Gray.

Torrey. An American botanist.
Drs. Torrey and Gray. Authors of
the " Flora of North America."

Wangenh. (
Wangen- ^
heim. j

Tourn. 4

Tournefort. An old French bo-

Wats. 1 -

tanist, and traveller in Greece

Watson, j

and Asia Minor.

Webb. - .

Trag. - 4

Tragus or Bock. A German bo-

tanist.

Weihe et Nees.

Trat. * -

Trattinik. A botanist of Vienna.

Wendl. - -

V.

Wicks. - -

Vahl. - -

Vahl. A botanical author.

Wood 7~ ~-

Vail. - -

Vaillant. A French botanist and

Woods.j

traveller.

Woodv.

Vent. - -

Ventenat. A French botanist.

Wulf. - -

Hoffman's Verzeichnungen iiber

Pyrus

Vest. A Styrian botanist.
Villars. A French botanist.

Jacquin's " Horlus Vindobo-

nensis."
Dr. Visiani. A writer on the

Flora of Dahnatia.
Vitmann. A German botanist.
Viviani. An Italian botanist.

W.

Willdenow. A German botanist,

and editor of an edition of Lin-

naeus's " Species Plantarum,"

&c.

Wahlenberg. A Swedish botanist.
Waldstein. A noble German patron

of botany.
Waldstein and Kitaibel. Authors

of the " Flora of Hungary."
Dr. Walker. A Scotch writer on

plants.
Wallich. Superintendent of the

Botanic Garden at Calcutta.
Wallroth. A German botanist.
Walter. A writer on the " Flora

of Carolina."

- Wangenheim. A German botanist.

Watson. An English writer upon
trees and shrubs.

Webb. An English botanist and
author.

Weihe and Nees. Two German
writers on jRubi.

Wendland. A German garden bo-
tanist.

Wickslrom. A German botanist.

See W.

Woods. An English writer on
roses.

Woodville. An English botanist.

Wulf en. A German botanist.

LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO,

THE TITLES OF WHICH ARE ABRIDGED IN THE TEXT.

Abbildungderdeutschen Holzartcn, $c. F. Guim-
pel, C. L. Willdenow, and F. G. Hayue, AbbiL
dung der deutschen Holzarten, &c. Berlin,
1820. 4to, pi. 216.

Abbildung der fremden in Deutschland aus-
dduernden Holzarten, fyc. F. Guimpel, Abbil-
dungen der fremden in Deutschland aus-
dauerndeu Holzarten, mit Angabe der Cultur
von F. Otto,und Beschreibungvon F. G. Hayne.
Berlin. 1819—1825. 4to.

Abb. Inst. See Abbott and Smith's Natural His-
tory of Georgia.

Abb. and Smith, Ins. qf Georgia. See ibid.

Abbott and Smith's Insects of Georgia. See
ibid.

Abbott and Smith's Natural History of Georgia.
Abbott and Smith's Natural History of the Le-
pidopterous Insects of Georgia. London. 2vols.
fol.

AbeVs Chin Personal Observations made during
the Progress of the British Embassy to China,
and on its Voyage to and from that Country in
the years 1816 and 1817. By Clerk Abel. Lond.
1818. 4to.

Abhand. Kimig. Akad. Wissens. Berlin. Abhand-
lungen der Physikalischen Kasse der Konig-
lich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissen-
schaften aus den Jahren 1820 und 1821. Berlin
1822. 4to.

Achar. Acad. Handl. Acharius in Konigl. Veten-
skaps-Academiens Handlinger. 1741, and con-
tinued. 8vo.

Act. Gall. Memoires de 1' AcademieRoyale deParis.

Act. Nat. Cur. Acta Naturae Curiosorum. No-
rimbergas et Bonnae. 1730, and continued.
4to.

Act. Nat. Scrut. Berl. Beschaftigungen der
Berlinischer Gesellschaft Naturforschender
Freunde. Berlin, 1775, and continued. 8vo.

Act. Petrop. Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum
Imperialis Petropolitanee. Petropoli, 1728 —
1751. 14vols. 4to.

Act. Soc. Batav. Verhandelingen van het Ba.
taafsch Genootschapp der Proefondervindelyka
wysbegeerte te Rotterdam. Rotterdam, 1774,
and continued. 4to.

Act. Suec. Acta Literaria Sueciae. Upsal, 1720,
&c. 4to.

Act. Taur. Memoires de PAcad^mie Royale del
Sciences de Turin. 4to. 1782—1816.

4c 2

11-24

LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO.

Adans, Fam. Families des Plantes, &c. By
Michael Adanson. Paris, 1763. 2 vols. 8vo.

Afx. Ros. Suec. Tent. Afzelius (Ad.), De Rosis
Suecanis Tentamina. Upsal, 1804—1807. 4to.

Agricult. Manual. The Agriculturist's Manual ;
being a familiar Description of the Agricultural
Plants cultivated in Europe, including Practical
Observations, &c. By P. Lawson and Son.
Edinb. 1836. 8vo.

Ail. Hort. Kew. W. Aiton's Hortus Kewensis.
A Catalogue of Plants Cultivated in the Royal
Gardens at Kew. Lond. 1810. 5 vols. 8vo.

Aid. Hort. Far. Aldinus (Tob.), Descriptio ra-
riorum Plantarum in Horto Farnesiano.
Romae, 1625. fol.

All. Fed. Allioni (C.), Flora Pedemontana, sive
Enumeratio methodica Stirpium indigenarum
Pedemontii. Aug. Taur. 1785. 3 vols. fol. pi.
92.

Alp. Eg. Prosper Alpinus, De Plantis JEgypti
Liber. Venetiis, 1592. 4to.

Alp. Exot. Alpinus (P.), De Plantis Exoticis
Libri ii. Edidit (A.) Alpinus. Venetiis, 1629.
4to.

Alpin. Exot. Id., De Plantis Exoticis Libri duo.
Venetiis, 1629. 4to.

Am. Acad. Amcenitates Academic®, seu Disser-
tationes variffi Physicae, &c. By Linnasus and
his Pupils. Erlangen, 1790. 10 vols.

Amer. Lye. N. H. of New York. Annals of the
Lyceum of Natural History of New York. New
York, 1824, and continued. 8vo.

Amm. Ruth. See Ammann Stirp. Ruth.

Ammann Slirp. Ruth. Ammann (Johan.), Stir-
pium rariorum in Imperio Rutheno sponte pro-
venientium Icones et Descriptiones. Petrop.
1739. 4to.

Anderson MS. Geo. Anderson, Esq., Tooley
Street and North Mimms, Herts.

Anrir. Bot. Rep. The Botanist's Repository for
New and Rare Plants. By H. C. Andrews.
Lond. 1797- et seq. 10 vols. 4to.

Andr. Heaths. Coloured Engravings of Heaths,
with botanical descriptions. Id. Lond. 1802 —
1809. 3 vols. fol.

An. Hort. Soc. Par. See Annales de la Societe
d' Horticulture de Part's.

Anleit. die Baume und Strauche Oesterreichs, 8fc.
Gemeinfassliche Anleitung die Baume und
Strauche Oesterreichs aus den Blattern zu er-
kennen. Von Franz Hoss. Vienna, 1830. 12mo.

Ann. d'Hort. See Annales de la Societe d1 Hor-
ticulture de Paris.

Annales d'Hort. de Paris. See ibid.

Annales de la Societe d' Horticulture de Paris.
In monthly Nos. 8vo. 1827, and continued ;
amounting, in 1837, to 21 vols. 8vo.

Annales du Musee. Annales du Museum d'His-
toire Naturelle. Paris. 8vo. Begun in 1802,
and continued.

Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. de Paris. See An-
nales du Musee.

Ann. Lye. See Amer. Lye N. H. of New York.

Ann. of Bot. Annals of Botany. By C. Konig
and J. Sims. Lond. 1805, 1806. 2 vols. 8vo.

Ann. Sc. Nat. Annales des Sciences Naturelles,
&c. Paris. 8vo.

Ann. Nat. Hist. Annals of Natural History. By
Sir W. J. Hooker and others.

Antoine's Coniferen. Die Coniferen, &c. By
Franz Antoine.

Arb. Brit. Arboretum et Fruticetum Britanni-
cum. 1st ed.

Ard. Mem. Pietro Arduini, Memoria di Osser-
vazioni e di Sperienze sopra la Coltura e gli
Usi di varie Piante. Padova, 1776. 4to.

Asiat. Research. Asiatic Researches ; or, Trans-
actions of the Society instituted in Bengal, for
enquiring into the History, the Antiquities, the
Arts and Sciences, and Literature of Asia.
Calcutta, 1788, continued.

Asso Sun. Arr. Ignatius De Asso, Synopsis
Stirpium indigenarum Arragoniae. Marsiliae,
1779. 4to.

Audib. Cat. Audibert of Tarascon's Nursery
Catalogue.

BaJb. Cat. Taur. Balbis (J. B.), Catalog! Horti
Botanic! Taurinensis. 1805—1813. 8vo.

Banist. Cat. Stirp. Virg. Herbarium Virgini,
anum : or, an Account of such Plants as J. Ba-
nister sent the Designs of to the Bishop of
London, published in James Petiver's Memoirs
for the Curious. 1767.

Banks. Herb. The Banksian Herbarium, now in
the British Museum.

Banks Icon. Kampf. Josephus Banks, Icones
selectae Plantarum quas in Japonia collegit et
delineavit E. Kasmpfer. Lond. 1791. fol.

Barrel. Icon. See Barrelier Plants, 8fC.

Barrelier Plantce per Galliam, 8fc. Plantae per
Galliam Hispaniam et Italiam observatse. By
Jacob Barrelier. Paris, 1714. Fol.

Jiarr. Rar. See Barrelier Plants, fyc.

Bart. Cat. Bartram's Catalogue of American
Trees and Shrubs.

Bart. Fl. Fir. Barton (W. P. C.). A Flora of
North America. Philadelphia, 1831. 8vo.

Bartram Itin. See Bartram's Travels.

Bartram's Travels. Travels through South and
North Carolina. By William Bartram. Phi-
ladelphia, 1791. 1 vol. 8vo.

Bartram Trav., ed. Germ. William Bartram's
Reisen durch Nord-und Sud-Carolina, aus dem
Englischen, von E. A. W. Zimmermann. Berol.
1793, 8vo.

Batard Suppl. Supplement, a 1'Essai sur la
Flore du Departement de Maine et Loire. By
T. Bastard, or Batard. Angers, 1812. 1 fasc.,
12mo.

Bat. Fl. Main, et Loire Suppl. See Batard
Suppl.

Baurlrill. Traite, SfC. Traite General des Eaux
et Forets, Chasses, et Peches. By Baudrillart,
and others. Paris, 1825. 5 vols. 4to.

Bauh. (J'.) Hist. Historia Plantarum universalis.
By J. Bauhin. Ebroduni, 1650, 1651. 3 vols.
folio.

Bauh. Pin. Pinax Theatri Botanici. By C.
Bauhin. Basileae. Ed. 1., 1623; ed. 2., 1671. 4to.

Bauh. Prod. Prodromus Theatri Botanici. Frank.
Main. 1620.

Baum. Cat. Catalogs Horti Bollwylleriani. By
the brothers Baumann. 1810—1814. Bau-
mann's Catalogue for 1838 forms an article in
an Appendix to the larger Arboretum.

Baxt. Brit. Fl. PI. British Phaenogamous Bo-
tany ; or, Figures and Descriptions of the
Genera of British Flowering Plants. By W.
Baxter, A.L.S., Curator of the Oxford Botanic
Garden. Oxford. In monthly Nos. 8vo. 3 vols.
published in 1837.

Bechst. Forstb. Bechstein ( J. M.), Forstbotanik,
&c. Gotha, 1821. 8vo.

Beech. Voy. Pt. Bot. Voyage to the Pacific and
Behring's Straits, to co-operate with the Polar
Expeditions in 1825—1828. Lond. 1831. In
2 parts. 4to.

Bellardi App. ad Fl. Ped. Appendix ad Floram
Pedemontanam. 1790 and 1791. 8vo.

Bell. Conifer. De Arboribus coniferis, resiniferis,
aliisque sempiterna Fronde virentibus. By
Pierre Belon, or Bellon. Paris, 1553. 4to.

Bell. It. Bellon (P.), Plurimarum singularium
et memorabilium Reruni in Graecia, &c, Ant-
verpiae, 1589. 8vo.

Bel/on. Obs. Bellonii Observationes in Clusii
Exoticarum Libri x. 1605. Fol. pi. 237.

Berl. MSS. Berlandier's MSS.

Bertol. PI. Gen. Plantae Genuenses quas annis
1802, 1803 observavit et recensuit A. Bertoloni.
Genuse, 1804. 8vo.

Besl. Eyst. See Besl. Hart. Eyst.

Besl. Hort. Eyst. Fern. Ord. Hortus Eystetten-
sis.- By Basilius Besler. Nuremberg, 1612.
2 vols. fol.

Besser En. PI. Volhyn. See Besser Enum. PI.
Volh., 8sc.

Besser Enum. PI. Pod., &c. See ibid.

Bess. Enum. PL Folh. Enumeratio Plantarum
Volhyniffi, Podoliae, &c. By W. J. J. Besser.
Vilnse, 1822. 8vo.

Bess. Prim. Fl. Gal. Primitiae Florae Galiciae.
Id. Vienna, 1809. 2 vols. 12mo.

Bibliotheca Geoponica. A work of the late Mr.
Forsyth, not yet published.

Bibliotheque Physico-economique, Bibliothe'que

LIST OF BOOKS 11EFKRRED TO.

11-25

Physico-E'conomique,Instructive,etAmusante.
1794.

Bibl. Univ. Bibliotheque Universelle de Geneve.
Geneva. 8vo.

Bibl. Univ. de Geneve. See Bibl. Univ.

Bieb. Ccisp, Beschreibung der Lander zwischen
den Fliissen Terek und Kur am Caspischen
Meere. By L. B. F. Marscball de Bieberstein.
Frankfurt am Mayn, 1800. 8vo.

Bieb. Cent. Pi. Rtir. Centuria Plantaruin rari-
orum Rossise meridionalis, prassertim Tauriae
et Caucasi. Id. Charkov. 1810. foi.

Bieb. Fl. Taur.-Cattc. Flora Taurico-Caucasica,
exhibens stirpes phaanogamas in Chersoneso-
Taurica et Regionibus Caucasicis sponte cres
centes. Id. Charkov. 1808 — 1819. 3 vols. 8vo.

Bieb. Fl. Taur. Suppl. See Bieb. Supp.

Bieb. Supp. Flora Taurico-Caucasica. Vol. III.,
sen Supplementum. Id. Charkov. 1819. 8vo.

Big. Med. Bot. American Medical Botany. By
J. Bigelow. Boston, 1817—1821. 8vo.

Biv. St. Sic. Mant. Stirpium rariorum in Sicilia
provenientium Manip. Panonn. 1813— 1S16.
4 vols. 8vo.

Black. Herb. A curious Herbal ; containing 600
Cuts of the Useful Plants. By Elizabeth Black -
well. London, 1737. 2 vols. fol.

Xlack. Icon. See Black. Herb.

Blum. Bijdr. See Blume Bijdr. Fl. Ind.

Blum. Bijdr. Fl. Ind. Bijdragen tot de Flora
van nederlandsche Indie. By C. L. Blume.
Batavia, 1825, 1826.

Blunie Ff.Jav, Floras Javae et Insularum adja-
centium. By C. L. Blume and J. B. Fischer.
Bruxdlis, 1828. Fol.

Bocc. Muss. Museo di Piante rare della Siciiia,
Malta, Corsica, Italia, Piemonte, e Germania.
By Paulo Boccone. Venetia, 1697. 4to.

Boerh. Lugd. Index Plantaruin quae in Horto
Acad. Lugduno-Batavo reperiuntur. By H.
Boerhaave. Lugd. Bat. 1710. 4to.

Boissi. Not. Boissier, Notice sur I' Abies Pinsapo.
Geneva, 1830.

Bon Jard. Le Bon Jardimer, contenant les
Principes generaux de Culture, &c. Paris,
12mo. A volume yearly.

Bork. Holz. Beschreibung der in den Hessen-
Darmstadtischen Landen im Freien wachsen-
den Hoizarten. By M.B. Borkhausen. Frankf.
Main, 1790. 8vo.

Borrer MSS. Manuscript Information re-
ceived from W. Borrer, Esq.

Bosc Act. Sue. Hist. Na/. Par. Actes de la So-
ciete d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Paris,
1792. Fol.

Bosc Diet. d'Agric. Nouveau Gours compiet
d'Agriculture tru'orique et pratique. New
edition. Paris, 1821—1823. 16 vols. 8vo.

Bosc Mem. sur les Chenes. Memoires sur les dif-
ferentes especes de Chenes qui croissent en
France. By L. Bosc. Paris, 1808. 4to.

Botanist. The Botanist. Conducted by B.Maund,
Esq., F.L.S., assisted by Professor Henslow.
In monthly Nos. 8vo.

Botaniste Cultivateur ; or Description, Culture,
and Use of the greatest Part of the Plants, Fo-
reign and Indigenous, which are cultivated in
France and England, according to the Method
of Jussieu. By Dumont De Courset. Paris,
1802, 5 vols. 8vo. ; ed. 2. Paris, 1811, 6 vols.
8vo. Supplement on vol. vii. 1814.

Bot. Cab. See Lodd. Bot. Cab.

Bot. Cult. See Botaniste Cultivateur.

Bot. Gard. See Mound's Bot. Gard

Bot. Mag. See Curt. Bot. Mag.

Bot. Reg. Mon. Chron. Chronicle of New Plants
published monthly at the end of the " Bo-
tanical Register. "

Bot. Reg. Edwards's Botanical Register. Lond.
8vo. Begun in 1815, and continued monthly.
Conducted now by Dr. Lindley.

Bot. Rep. See Andr. Bot. Hep.

Bot. Zeit. Botanische Zeitung.

Bontcher's Treatise on raising Forest Trees.
Edinb. 1775. 4to.

Brei/n. Cent. Exoticarum Plantarum Centuria.
By Jacobus Breynius. Gedani, 1678. Fol.

Brit. Fl. Gard. See Sweet.

Bromel. Chi. Goth. Chloris Gothica. By Olaus

Bromelius. Gothoburgi, 1694. 8vo.
Brong. Mem. Rham. Memoire sur la Famille

des Rhamnees ; ou Histoire Naturelle et Me-

dicale des Genres qui composent ce Group des

Plantes. Par Adolphe Brongniart. Paris, 1826.

4 to.

Brot. Flor. Lus. See Brotero's Flora Lusitanica.
Brotcro's Fl. Lus. See ibid.
Brotero's Flora Lusitanica. Olissiponae, 1804.

2 vols. 8vo.
Brot. Phyt. Phytographia Lusitanise selection

By Felix Avellar Brotero. Olissiponaa, 1801.

fol.
Brown Prod. Prodromus Florae Novae Hol-

landiae et Insulae Van Diemen. By Robert

Brown. Lond. 1810. 8vo.
Buck Fl. Can. Von Buch's Flora of the

Canaries.
Bull. Fl. Par. Flora Parisiensis. By Bulliard.

Paris, 1776—1780. 5 vols. 8vo.
Bull. Herb. Herbier de la France Id. 1780 et

seq. fol. pi. 600.
Bull. Sue. Nat. Mus. Bulletin des Sciences

Naturelles de Moscou.
Burgsd. Anleit. Burgsdorf <F.A.L.), Anleitung

zur sichern Erziehung und zweckinassigeu

Anpflanzung der einheimischen und fremden

Hoizarten welche in Deutschland und unter

ahnlichen Klima im freieo fortkommen. 17'J5.

2 vols. 8vo.
Buxb. Cent. J. C. Buxbaum, Plantarum minus

cognitarum Centuriaa quiuque. Petropoli,

1728—1740. 5 vols. 4to.
Buxb. Hal. Id., Enumeratio Plantarum in Agro

Hallense crescentium. Halae, 1721. 8vo.

Col. Mem. Memoirs o« the Caledonian Horti-
cultural Society.

Canib. Ann. Set. Nai. See Cambessedes Mon.
Spir., 8fC.

Cantbessedes Mon. Spir. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Cam-
bessedes's Monograph of the Spiraeas, in the
Annales des Sciences Naturelles, torn. 1.

Cam. Epit. Joachim Camerarius, De Plantis
Epitome utilissima. Francof. Maen. 1586.
4to.

Catesb. Carol. CaU-sby's Natural History of
Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands.
Lond. 1741—1743. 2 vols. folio.

Cat. Hort. Vindob. See Jacq. Hort. Vin.

Cav. D/'ss. A. J. Cavanilles, Monadelphia? Classis
Dissertationes Decem. Matrit. 1790. 4to.
pi. 297.

Cav. Ic. Id., Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum
qua? aut sponte in Hispania crescunt, aut in
Hortishospitantur. Matrit. 1791— 1801. 6 vols.
fol.pl. 601.

Cels. Ups. Celsius, Hortus Upsalen&is.

Chois. Prod. Hyp. J. D. Choisy, Prodromus
d'une Monographic des Hyptricinees. Geneva,
1821. 4to.

Churchill's Medical Botany. Medical Botany;
or, Illustrations and Descriptions of the Medi-
cinal Plants of the London, Edinburgh, and
Dublin Pharmacopoeias. By J. Stephemon,
M D. &c., and James Morss Churchill, F.L.S.
Lond. 1831. 4 vols. 8 vo.

Clayt. Flor. Virgin. Gronovius (J. F.), Flora
Virginica, exhibens Plantas quas J. Clayton in
Virginia collegit. Lugduni Batavorum, 1743.
8vo.

Clus. Hist. See Clusius's Rariorum Plant-

Clus. Pan. Carolus Clusius, Rariorum aliquot

Stirpium per Pannoniam observ. Historia.

1583. 8vo.
Cliisius's Rariorum Plantarum. Id., Rariorum

Plantarum Historia. Antverpiae, 1605. fol.
Colla Hort. Rip. See CoUa Hurt. Ripul.
Coll-a Hort. Ripul. Colla, Hortus Ripulensis.

Turin, I8»— 1887, 4to.

4c 3

1126

LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO.

Com. Hort. See Comm. Hort. Amst. I

Comm. Goel. Commentarii Societatis regies
Goettingensis. 1751, 17§4, 1769—1816. 4 vols.
4to.

Comm. Hort. Amst. Jph. Commelyn, Horti
medici Amstelodamensis rariorum Plantarum
Descriptio et Icones. Pars prima. Amstelod.
1697. fol. Pars altera. By Casp. Commelyn.
1703. fol.

Comp.Bot. Mag. See Companion to the Botanical
Magazine.

Companion to the Botanical Magazine ; being a
Journal containing such interesting botanical
Information as does not come within the pre-
scribed Limits of the Magazine ; with occa-
sional figures. By Sir W. J. Hooker. Lond.
Begun in 1835.

Cord. Hist. Cordus (C.), Historia Plantarum,
ed. a C. Gesnero. Argentorati, 1651. Folio.

Corn. Can. Jacob Cornuti, Canadensium Plan-
tarum aliarumque nondum editarum Historia.
Paris, 1636. 4to.

Crantz Austr. Henr. Joh. Nepom. Crantz,
Stirpes Austriacae. 1762. 8vo.

Curt. But. Mag. The Botanical Magazine, &c.
By W. Curtis ; continued by Dr. Sims ; and,
since the death of Dr. Sims, by Sir W. J.
Hooker. Lond. Begun in 1787, and continued
in monthly Nos. 8vo.

Curt. Fl. Lond. See Curt. Lond.

Curt. Lond. Flora Londinensis ; or, Plates and
Descriptions of such Plants as grow wild in
the Environs of London, with their places of
Growth, &c. By W.Curtis. Lond. 1777. 3 vols.
fol. pi. 432.

Dalech. Hist. See Dalechamp' 's Hist. Plant.

Dale chump's Hist. Plant. Jacques Dalechamp's
Historia generalis Plantarum. Lugd. 1586,
1587. 2 vols. folio.

Davy's Agricultural Chemistry. Elements of
Agricultural Chemistry. By Sir Humphry
Davy. In a Course of Lectures for the Board
of Agriculture. London, 1813. 4to.

Dec. Astr. Augustiu Pyramus DeCandolle, As-
tragalogia. Paris, 1802. 4to et fol.

Dec. Fl. Fr. Id. et Lamarck, Flore Francaise.
Paris, 1805—1815. ft vols. 8vo.

Dec. Fl. Fr. Suppl. See Dec. Fl. Fr.

Dec. Fl. Gall. See Duby.

Dec. Hort. Monsp. See Dec. Cat. Hort. Monsp.

Dec. Cat. Hort Monsp. Id., Catalogus Planta-
rum Horti Botanici Monspeliensis, addito Ob-
gervationum circa Species novas aut non satis
cognitas Fascicule. Monsp. 1813. 8vo.

Dec. Leg. Mem. Id., Memoire sur la Famille des
Legumineuses. Paris, 1825. 4to, pi. 70.

Dec. Mem. Soc. Gen. DeCandolle in Memoires
de la Socirte de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle
de Geneve. 1821, and continued. 4to.

Dec. Mem. ined. in Soc. Phys. Gen. DeCan-
dolle's MSS. in the Memoires de la Soc. de
Phys. et d'Hist. Nat. de GenSve.

Dec. MS. Manuscript Information from DeCan-
dolle.

DeCandolle PL Fl. See Dec. Fl. Ft'.

Dec. PL rat: Jard. Gen. Id., Plantes rares du
Jardin de Geneve. Genev. 1825—1827. 4to,
pi. 24.

Dec. Prod. Prodromus Systematis naturalis
Regni Vegetabilis ; seu Enumeratio methodica
Ordinum, Generum, Specierumque Plantarum
hucusque cognitarum. Paris, 1824 — 1830.
4 vols. 8vo.

Dec. Syst. Id., Regni vegetabilis Systema na-
turale ; sive Ordines, Genera, et Species Plan-
tarum, secundum Methodi naturales Normas
digestarum et descriptarum. Paris, 1818—1821.
2 thick vols. 8vo.

De Fruct. et Sem. Plant. J. Gasrtner, De Fruc-

' tibus et Seminibus Plantarum : continual, a
C. F. Gsertner sub titulo " Carpologia." Leip-
sise, 3 vols. 4to. i., 1788; ii , 1791 ; iii. or Sup-
plementum Carpologiae, 1805.

Delamarre's Traite Pratique de la Culture des
Pins. Paris, 1834. 3d. ed.

Delffb. duvergn. See Delarb. Fl. Auv.

Delarb. FL Auv. Antoine de 1'Arbre, Flore !
d'Auvergne. Ed. 1., 1 vol. 8vo, Clermont- '

Ferrand, 1795. Ed. 2., Riom et Clermont,
1800, 2 vojs. 8vo.

Delauny Herb. Amat. Delauny in Herbier de
1'Amateur, a French periodical.

Deless. Icon. See Deless. Icon. sel.

Deless. Icon. sel. Benj. Delessert, Icones selects
Plautarum in System, univers. descriptarum.
Paris, 1820. 4to.

Dend. Brit. See Dendrologia Britannica.

Dendrologia Britannica; or, Trees and Shrubs
that will live in the open Air of Britain. By
P. W. Watson. Lond. 2 vols. 8vo. pi. 172.

Desf. Act. Par. Actes de la Societ£ d'Histoire
Naturelle de Paris. Paris, 1792i Folio.

Desf. Ann. Mus. See Annales du Musee.

Desf. Arb. See Desf. Hist. %c.

Desf. Atlan. See Desf. Fl. Ail.

Desf. Fl. All. R. L. Desfontaines, Flora Atlan-
tica. Paris, 1798, 1799. 2 vols. 4to.

Desf. Hint, des Arbres et Arbriss. Id., Histpire
des Arbres et Arbrisseaux qui peuvent etre
cultives en pleine Terre sur le Sol de la France.
Paris, 1809. 2 vols. 8vo.

Desf. Cat. Bot. See Desf. Catal. Hort. P.

Desf. Cat. Hort. Paris. See ibid.

Desf. Catal. Hort. P. Id., Catalogus Plantarum
Horti regii Parisiensis. Paris, 1829. 8vo, 3d
ed.

Desf. Hort. Par. See Desf. Catal., $c.

Desv. Journ. See Desv. Journ. Bot.

Desv. Journ. Bot. Desvaux, Journal de Bota-
nique. Paris, 1808—1814. 5 vols. 8vo.

Diet, des Eaux et des Forets. See Baudri/l.
Traite.

Dictionnaire General des Eaux et Forets. See
ibid.

Dietr. Lex. Suppl. Dietrichs (J. G.), Vollstan-
diges Lexicon der Garmerey und Botanik.
Weimar, 1801. 2 vols. 8vo.

DM. Elth. Joh. Jac. Dillenius, Hortus Eltham-
ensis. Lond. 1732. 2 vols. fol.

Dod. Pempt. See Dodon. Pempt.

Donon. Pempt. Rambertus Dodonseus seu Do-
doens, Stirpium Historise Pemptades Sex, sive
Libri xxx. Antverpiae. 1616. fol.

Don's Mill. See Don's Miller's Dictionary.

Don's Miller's Dictionary. A general System of
Gardening and Botany, &c., founded on Miller's
Dictionary, and arranged according to the Na-
tural System. By George Don, F.L.S. In
4 vols. 4to. 1838.

D. Don Prod. Nep. David Don, Prodromus
Floras Nepalensis. Lond. 1825. Small 8vo.

D. Don MSS. Professor Don's MSS.

Donald's Cat. A Catalogue of Trees and Shrubs
contained in Robert Donald's Arboretum at
Goldworth Nursery, Wo&mg, near Ripley,
Surrey. Folio sheet.

Donn Hort. Can. See Donn Hort. Cantab.

Donn Hort. Cantab. James Donn, Hortus Can-
tabrigiensis ; or, a Catalogue of Plants, indi-
genous and foreign, cultivated in the Walkerian
Botanic Garden at Cambridge. Cambridge,
1796. 8vo.

Dougl. MS. 7 Douglas's MSS., in possession of

Douglas MS. 5 the Hort. Soc. of London.

Dublin Soc. Trans. Transactions of the Dublin
Society. Dublin, 1800— 1810. 6 vols. 8vo.

Duby et Decand. Bot. Gallic. See below.

Duby and DeCandolle's Botanicon Gallicum. J.
E.' Duby et A. P. DeCandolle, Botanicon Gal-
licum, seu Synopsis Plantarum in Flora Gallica
descriptarum. Paris, 1828—1830. 2 vols. 8vo.

Duh. Arb. Fr. See Du Hamefs Arbres.

Du Hamel's Arbres Fruitiers. Traite des Ar-
bres Fruitiers. By Henri Louis Du Hamel du
Monceau. Paris, 1768. 3 vols. 8vo.

Du Ham. Arb. Nouv. See Duh. Ed. Nouv.

Duh, Ed. Nouv. Du Hamel's Traite des Arbres
et Arbustes qui se cultivent en France en
pleine Terre. A new edition. By Michel.
Paris, 1811—1816. 5 vols. fol.

Dura. Bot. Cult. See Botaniste Cultivateur,

Dum. Cours. See ibid.

Dum. Cours. Bot Cult. See ibid.

Dum. Cours. Supp. See ibid.

Dunal Monog. Mich. Felix Dunal, Monographic
de la Famille des Anonacees. Paris, 1817. 4to.

LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO.

1127

Dur. Bourg. Duninde, Flore de Bourgogne.

Dijon, 1782. 2 vols. 8vo.
Du RoiHarbk. Job. Phil. Du Roi, Die Harb-

kesche wilde Baumzucht. Braunschweig, 1771,

1772. 2 vols. 8vo.

E.

Eaton Man. Bot. A Manual of Botany for the
Northern and Middle States of America. Al-
bany, 1824. 12mo.

Ed. Phil. Journ. Edinburgh Philosophical
Journal. Conducted by Dr. Brewster and
Professor Jameson. Edinb. 1819— 1824. lOvols.
8vo. Continued by Prof. Jameson alone, under
the same name, from 1824 ; and from 1826,
called " The Edinburgh New Philosophical
Journal." Edinburgh, 1819, and continued.
8vo.

Edw. Ornith. Natural History of uncommon
Birds, and of some other rare and undescribed
Animals, Quadrupeds, Reptiles, Fishes, In-
sects, &c. By Geo. Edwards. Lond. 1743—
1751. 4 vols. 4to, pi. 210.

Ehret Pict. G. D. Eh ret, Plantae et Papiliones
rariores. Lond. 1748—1759. Fol.

Ehrh. Arbor. See Ehrh. Beitr.

Ehrh. Beitr. Friedrich Ehrhart, Beitrage zur
Naturkunde. Hanover et Osnabruk, 1787 —
1792. 7 vols. 8vo.

Elliott Fl. S. Cm: A Sketch of the Botany of
South Carolina and Georgia. By Steph.
Elliott. Charleston, 1821—1824. 2 vols. 8vo,
pi. 12.

Elliott Journ. Acad. Sci. Philad. See Journ.
Acad. Scien. Phil.

Ell. Sketch. See Elliott Fl. S. Car.

En. PI. See Encyc. of Plants.

Encyc. Bot. See Lam. Diet. Encyc.

Encyc. of Cot. Arch. An Encyclopaedia of Cot-
tage, Farm, and Villa Architecture, Furniture,
&c. By J. C. Loudon, F.L.S., &c. Lond.
1833. 8vo.

Encyc. of Gard. An Encyclopaedia of Garden-
ing ; comprising the Theory and Practice of
Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and
l.andscape-Gardening, &c. By J. C. Loudon,
F.L.S., &c. Lond. 1835. Ed. 3. 8vo.

Encyc. of Plants. An Encyclopaedia of Plants ;
comprising the Description, Specific Character,

Culture, History, Application in the Arts, &c.
By J. C. Loudon,
New ed. 1836. 8vo.

ppcat
, F.L.S.,

&c. Lond. 1831.

Ens Bot. English Botany. By Sir J. E. Smith

and Messrs. Sowerby. Lond. 1790—1814.

36 vols. 8vo. An abridged edition, with par-

tially coloured plates, is now (1838) publish.

ing.
Eng. Bot. Suppl. Supplement to the English

Botany of Sir J. E. Smith and Messrs. Sower-

by ; the Descriptions, &c., by Sir W. J. Hooker,

LL.D., and other eminent Botanists. Lond.

1831. 8vo. Continued.
Eng. Fl. See English Flora.
English Flora. English Flora. By Sir J. E.

Smith. London, 1824—1828. 4 vols. 8vo.
Enum. Stirp. Ruth. See Ammann Slirp. Rtith.
Esch. Mem. Acad. Scienc. Peters. Eschscholtz

in Memoires of the Academy of Sciences at St.

Petersburg.
Essays on Natural History. By Dr. Walker.

Loudon, 8vo.

Exot. Bot. See Smith's Exot. Bot.
Ex. Cent. Jacobus Breynius, Exoticarum Plant-

arum Centurium. Gedani, 1678. Fol.

F.

Fisch. Hort. Gorenk. F. Fischer, Catalogue du
Tardin des Plantes de Gorenkl, pres de Moscou.
1808. 12mo.

Fisch. MSS. Fischer's MSS.

Fl. Br. Sir J. E. Smith's Flora Britannica.
Lond. 1800—1804 3 voU. Svo.

Ft. Cab. The Floral Cabinet. By G. B. Knowles

and F. Westcott. London and Birmingham.

1837, 1838. 4to.
Fl. Dan. See Flora Danica.
Fl. Fr. See Flore Francaise.
Fl. Gr. See Flor. Grceca.
Fl. Hib. See Mackay FL Hibern.
FL 2nd. Occid. Swartz (Olof), Flora India? Oc-

cidentalis. Erlangen, 1797, 1800, 1806. 3 vols.

8vo.

Fl. Jap. Sieboldts's Flora Japonica.
Fl. Mex. Icon. ined. Sesse et Mocino, Flora

Mexicana, Icon. ined. Iconibus ah ipso Sesse

et Cervantesio curatis nondum editis usus est

Candolleus.

Fl. Nap. See Tenore's Flora Neapolitana.
Fl. Wett. Flora der Wetterau von G. Gartner.

By Meyer and J. Scherbius. 1799—1801.

4 vols. 8vo.
Flor. Greec. Dr. Sibthorp's Flora Grseca.

Edited by Sir J. E. Smith, and continued by

Sir W. J. Hooker and Dr. Lindley.
Flora Danica. Flora Danica, sive Icones Plan-

tarum sponte nascentium in Regnis Daniae et

Norvegiae, &c. By Vahl, Hornemann, and

Muller. Hafnise. 1762-1829. 9 vols. fol.
Flora Grtsca. See F/or. Grose.
Flora Lusttanica. See Brot. Flor. Lus.
Flora Mex. ic. and MSS. See FL Mex. icon.

ined.
Flora of Berwick upon Tweed. See Johnston's

Flora of, fyc.

Flora Silesiaca. See Krock. FL Sil.
Flora Taurico-Caucasica. L. B. F. Marschall

de Bieberstein, FloraTaurico-Caucasica. Char-

koviae, 1808. 8vo.
Flore Frangaise. A. P. DeCandolle et Lamarck,

Flore Francaise. Paris, 1805—1815. 5 vols.

8vo.
Fl'ugge Ann. Mns. Fliigge in Ann. Mus. See

Annales du Musee.

Forsk, JEgyp. Descr. See Forskaol JEgt/p. Arab.
Fbrtttui Mgyp. Arab. Petrus Forska'ol, Flora

./Egyptiaco-Arabica. Hanniae, 1775. 4to.
Fragm. Fl. Ital. See Viv. Fragnt.
Franklin's First Journey. See Franklin's Nar.

rative, 8fC.
Franklin's (Captain John) Narrative of a Jour.

my to the Shores of the Polar Sea in the Years

1819—1822. Lond. 1823. 4to.
Fran/flings Jottrn. Append. Appendix to the

above, on various Subjects relating to Natural

History. By Dr. Richardson and'j. Sabine,

Esq. Lond. 1823. 4to.
Fras. Cat. See Fr user's Cat.
Eraser's Cat. A Catalogue of Plants cultivated

in Eraser's Nursery, Chelsea.
Frey. Voy. Freycenet's Voyage.
Fries No'vil. E. M. Fries, Noviiiae Florae Suecicse.

Lundae, 1814. 4to.
Fuchs Hist. Leonhard Fuchs, De Historia Stir.

pium Commentarii insignes. Basileae, 1542.

Geertn.fil. Carp. See De Fruct. et Sem.

G<ert. Fr. See ibid.

Gcert. Sem. See ibid.

Gard. Chron. Tlie Gardener's Chronicle for
1841.

Gard. Mag. The Gardener's Magazine. Con-
ducted by J. C. Loudon, F.L.S., &c. London,
17 vols. 8vo, to 1842. Continued monthly.

Garid. Aix. P. J. Garidel, Histoire des Piantes
qui naissant aux Environs d'Aix. Aix, 1715.
2 vols. fol.

Gater. Mont. Gaterau, Description des Plantes
qui croissent aux Environs du Montaubau.
Montaubau, 1789- 8vo.

Gen. ofN. Amer. Plants. Thomas Nuttall, The
Genera of North American Plants, and a Ca-
talogue of the Species. Philadelph. 1818. 2 vols.
12mo.

Gen. PI. Fl. Germ. Genera Plantarum Flora
(iermanica.

Grr. Em. See Gcr. Emac. App.

4 c 4

11-28

LIST OF BOOKS REFERRKD TO.

Ger. Emac. See Ger. Emac. App.

Ger. Emac. Append. John Gerard, The Herbal ;

or, General History of Plants gathered by John

Gerard. Lond. 1597. fol. Enlarged by John-
son, 1633.
Ger. Gallo-Prov. Ludovic Gerarde, Flora Gallo-

Provincialis. Paris, 1761. 8vo.
Ger. Prov. See Ger. Gallo-Prov.
Gesn. Fasc. Gesner (Conr.), Historiae Plantarum

Fasciculus quem ex Bibliotheca C. J. Trew.

edidit C. C. Schmiedel. Norinibergae, 1759.

fol.
Gesn. Epist. Id. Epistolas Medicinales. 4to,

Wittebergae, 1584; 8vo, Basilic, 1591.
Gesn. Icon. Pict. Id., Opera Botanica ex Bibli-
otheca C. J. Trew. Edidit et praefatus est C.

C. Schmiedel. Norimb. 1751—1770. folio.
Gilib. Rot. Prat. Joh. Em. Gilibert, Histoire

des Plantes d'Europe ; ou E'lemens de Bo-

tanique pratique. Lyons, 1798, 2 vols. 8vo ; 2d

ed., Lyons, 1806, 3 vols. 8vo.
Gillies s MSS. Dr. Gillies's MSS.
G. M. See Gard. Mag.
Gmel. Fl.Bad. Carol. Christ. Gmelin, Flora Ba-

derisis-Alsatica. Carlsruhae, 1805— 1808. 3 vols.

8vo.
Gmel. Fl. Sibir. Joh. Georg. Gmelin, Flora Si-

birica. Petropoli, 1747—1769. 4 vols. 4to.
Gmel. Itin. Gmelin (J. G.), Travels through

Siberia, between the Years 1733—1743. In

German. Gottingen, 1751, 1752. 8vo.
Gmel. Sib. See Gmel. Fl. Sibir.
Gmel. Syst. Joh. Frid. Gmelin, Caroli Linnsei

Systema Naturae. Lugduni, 1796. 10 vols.

8vo.

Gmel. Syst. Veg. See Gmel, Syst.
Garter Ingr. David De Gorter, Flora Ingrica

ex Schedulis Steph. Krascheninikow, &c.

Petropoli, 1761. 8vo. Appendix, 1764.
Gouan Fl. Monsp. Ant. Gouan, Flora Monspe-

liaca. Lugduni, 1762. 8vo.
Gouan Hort Id., Hortus Regius Monspeliensis,

sistens Plantas turn indigenas turn exoticas, &c.

Lugduni, 1762. 8vo, pi. 4.
Gouan III. Id., Illustrationes Botanicae. Tiguri,

1773. fol.

Gouan Mons. See Gouan Fl. Monsp.
Gray's Arr. Natural Arrangement of British

Plants, according to their Relations to each

other, as pointed out by Jussieu, DeCandolle,

Brown, &c., including those cultivated for

use ; with an Introduction to Botany, in which

the Terms newly introduced are explained.

By S. F. Gray. " London, 1821. 2 vols. 8vo,

pi. 21.

Gronov. et Walt. Fl. Car. See Fl. Caroliniana.
Gronov. Virg. J. Fred. Gronovius. Flora Vir-

ginica exhibens Plantas quas J. Clayton in

Virginia collect. Lugd. Bat. 1743, 4to ;' Ed. 2.,

Lugd. Bat. 1762, 4to.
Guimp. Abb. Holz. F. Guimpel, Abbildung der

deutschen Holzarten fiir Forstmanner und

Liebhaber der Botanik. Berlin, 1815—1820.

2 vols. 4to, pi. 216.
Giild. Itin. Guldenstadt (T. A.), Reisen durch

Russland, und in caucasischen Gebirge, her-

ausegegeben von P. L. Pallas. St. Petersb.

1787. 4to.
Gussone PL Rat: Jo. Gussone, Plantae rariores

per Regiones Samnii ac Aprutii collects;.

Neapoli, 1826. 4to, pi. 66.

Hcenke liepb. Thadaeus Haenke, Beobachtungen

auf Reisen nach dem Riesen-gebirge, &c.

Dresden, 1791. 4to.
Hall. Helv. Albert Von Haller, Historia Stir-

pium indigenarum Helvetiae. Bernas, 1768.

3 vols. fol.

Hall. Hist. See Hall. Hclv.
Ham. MSS. See Ha.mil. MSS.
Hamil. MSS. Hamilton MSS.
Haworth Suppl. A. H. Haworth, Supplemen-

tum Plantarum succulentarum. Lond. 1819.
8vo.

Haw. Sup. PI. Sue. See Haworth Suppl.
Hayne Abbild. See Hayne Abbild. der deut. Holz.
Hayne Abbild. der deut. Holz. Abbildung der
deutschen Holzarten fur Forstmanner und
Liebhaber der Botanik, herausgegeben von
F. Guimpel, entworfen und beschreibung von
C. L. Willdenow, in letztrer Rucksiciit fortge-
setzt von F. G. Hayne. Berlin, 1820. 4to.
Hayne Den. See Hayne' s Dendrologische Flora.
Hayne Dendr. See ibid.

Hfii/ne's Dendrologische Flora. Dendrologische
Flora, oder Beschreibung der in Deutschland
im freien ausdauernden Holzegewachse. Von
Dr. T. G. Hayne. Berlin, 1822. 8vo.
H. B. et Kunth Nov. Gen. Amer. Humboldt,
Bonpland, et Kunth, Nova Genera et Species
Plantarum. Paris, 1815—1825. 7 vols. 4to.
Ile.dw. F. Gen. D. J. Hedwig, Filicum Genera

et Species. Lips. 1799. Folio, pi. 6.
Hem. Diss. See Herm. Diss.
Herb. Amaryll. The Hon. and Rev. W. Herbert's

Amarylliduceae.

Herb. Hcenke. Haenke's Herbarium.
Herb. Lin. Soc. The Hon. and Rev. W. Herbert

in the Linnean Society's Transactions.
Herm. Diss. B. F. Hermann, Diss. de Rosa.

Argemorati, 1762. 4to.

Herm.Lugdb. Paulus Hermann, Floras Lugduno-
Batavas Flores, ed. L. Zumbach. Lugd. Bat.
1690. 8vo.

Hern. Mer. See Hern. Mex.Icon.
Hern. Mex. Icon. Hernandez (F. G.), Nova
Plantarum, Animalium, et Mineralium Mexi-
canorum Historia : a N. A. Reecho in Volumen
digesta, a J.T.J.Fabro, et F.Columna, Lynceig,
Nous et Additionibus illustrata. Roma?, 1651.
folio.
Histoire des Chenes de V Amerique . See Michaux's

Histoire des Chenes, fyc.
Histoire des Chenes de VAmtrique Septentrionale.

See ibid.

Huffm. Hist. Sal. See Hoffin. Sal.
Hoffin. Sal. Georg. Franz Hoffmann, Historia
Salicum Iconibus illustr. Lipsiae, 1785. fol.

nsegg Fl. Port. Hoffmansegg et Link,
lore Portugaise. Rostochet Berlin, 1806 Fol.
Hook. Bot. Miscel. Botanical Miscellany ; con-
taining Figures and Descriptions of such Plants
as recommend themselves by their Novelty,
Rarity, or History. By Sir W. J. Hooker.
London, 1830—1833. 3 vols. 8vo.
Hook. Bot. Comp. See Comp. Bot. Mag.
Hook. W. Jack. Comp. Bot. Mag. See ibid.
Hook. British Flora. British Flora ; comprising
the Phaanogamous or Flowering Plants, and the
Ferns. Id. Lond. 1830—1833. 2 vols. 8vo.
Hook. Ex. Fl. Exotic Flora. Id. Edinb. 1823

— 1827. 3 vols. 8vo, pi. 232.

Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. Flora Boreali Americana ;
compiled principally from the Plants collected
on the Northern Land Expedition, under Com-
mand of Capt. Sir John Franklin. Id. Lond.
1829—1834. 4to.

Hook. Fl. Scotica. Flora Scotica ; or, a Descrip-
tion of Scottish Plants, arranged both according
to artificial and natural Methods. Id. London,
1821. 8vo.

Hook. Lond. Curtis's Flora Londinensis, con-
tinued by Sir W. J. Hooker. Lond. fol. See
Curt. Lond.

Hook. Scot. See Hook. Fl. Srotica.
Horn. Hort. Reg. Haf. J.W.Hornemann, Hortus
Regius Botanicus Hafniensis. Hafniae, 1815.
8vo.

Horn. Hort. Hafn. Suppl. J. W. Hornemann,
Horti RegiiBotanici Hafniensis Supplementum.
Hafniae, 1819. 12mo.

Hort. Angl. Hortus Anglicus ; or, the Modern

English Flower- Garden, &c. By the Author of

the British Botanist. London, 1822. 2 vols.

8vo.

Hort. Beige. Horticulteur Beige. A Monthly

Gardening Journal.

Hort. Brit. Hortus Britannicus. A Catalogue of
all the Plants indigenous, cultivated in, or in-

LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO.

1129

troduced to, Britain. Edited by J. C. Loudon,
F.L.S., £c. Lond. 1830. 8vo.

Hort. Cliff'. Carolus Linnaeus. Hortus Cliflbr-
tianus. Amsterd. 1737. fol.

Hort. Dur. Hortus Durovernis ; being a Cata-
logue of Plants cultivated and sold in the Can-
terbury Nursery, 1831.

Hort. Eric. Wuburn. Hortus Ericeus Woburn-
ensis. London, 1824.

Hort. Eyst. See Besl. Eyst,

Hort. Kew. See Ait. Hort. Kew.

Hort. far. Hortus Parisiensis.

Hort. Schonbr. Hortus Schdnburnensis.

Hort. Soc. Cat. of Fruits. Catalogue of Fruits
cultivated in the Garden of the London Horti-
cultural Society. Lond. 1826. 8vo.

Hort. Trans. Transactions of the London Hor-
ticultural Society. Lond. 1815— 1831. 7 vols.
4to. New series commenced in 1831, and con-
tinued.

Hortus Carlsruhanus. Hortus Carlsruhanus,
oder Verzeichniss sammtlicher Gewachse, &c.
Herausgegeben von Garten-inspector Hartweg.
Carlsruhe, 1825. 8vo.

HOAS Anleit. See Anleit. die Bourne und
Strauche Oesterreichs. %c.

Hogs'1 s Gemeiiifassli'.he Artlettung, fyc. See ibid.

Host Ft. Austr. See Host's Fl.Austr.

Host's Fl. Austr. N. T. Host, Flora Austriaca.
Vienn. 1827— 1831. 2 vols. 8vo.

Host's Sal. Austr. Host's Salix. Vienna, folio.

Huds. Fl. Angl. William Hudson, Flora Anglica.
Lond. 1762, 1 vol. 8vo ; Ed. 2., Lond. 1778.
2 vols. 8vo.

Humb. et Bonpl. PI. Equin. Alexand. F. H. von
Humboldt et Bonpland, Plantes equinoxiales.
Paris, 1808—1816. 2 vols. fol.

Humb. et Bonpl. Nov. Gen. et Sp. PI. See H.B.
et Kunth Nov. Gen. tyc.

Hunt. Eve.l. Syl. See Hunter's Evelyn.

Hunter's Evelyn. Evelyn's Silva, with Notes.
By A. Hunter, M. D. York, 1776. 2 vols. 4to.

Icon. Ear. See Jacq. Icon. Rar.

Iconographia Rustica. Iconographia ; or, the
Nobleman, Gentleman, and Gardener's Recre-
ation, &c. By Stephen Switzer. Lond. 1718.
3 vols. 8vo.

Index Plantarum Agri Erfordiensis. By J.
Planer. Gothae, 1788. 8vo.

Itin. Curios. Stukely (W.), Itinerarium Curi-
osum ; or, an Account of the Antiquities and
Remarkable Curiosities observed in Travels
through Great Britain. 100 plates. Lond.
1724. fol.

jr.

Jac. Sc. See Jacq. Hort. Schon.

Jac. Amer. Jacquin N. J. Stirpium America-

narum Historia. 1763. fol.
Jacq. Austr. N. J. von Jacquin, Flora? Austriacap,

sive Plantarum selectarum in Austria; Archi-

ducatu sponte crescentium Icones, ad vivam

coloratae, et Descriptionibus ac Synonymis il-

lustratae. Vienna?, 1773—1778, 5 vols. fol.

pi. 200.

Jacq. Aust. Append. See Jacq. Austr.
Jacq Col. Id., Collectanea ad Botanicum, &c.,

spectantia. Vindobonae, 1786—1790. 4 vols.

4to. Vol. V. sive Supplementum. 1796.
Jacq. et Boccone in Schousb. Mar. Schousboe

(P. K. A.), lagttagelser over vaextriget i Ma-

rocco. Kiobenhaon, 1800 ; ed. Germ. Leipzig,

1801. 4to.
Jacq. Frag. N. J. von Jacquin, Fragmenta

Botanica. Vienna, 18HO— 1809. fol.
Jacq. Hort. So/ton. Id., Plantarum periorum

Horti Cffisarei Schcenbrunensis. Vienna, 1797

—1804. 4 vols. fol.
Jacq. Hort. Vin. Id., Hortus Botanicus Vindo-

bonensis. Vindobonze, 1770— 1776. 3 vols. fol.

Jacq. Icon. See Jacq. Icon. Rar.

Jacq. Icon. Rar. Id., Icones Plantarum rariorum.

Vindobonae, 1781—1793. 3 vols. fol.
Jacq. Misc. Id., Miscellanea Austriaca ad Bota-

nicam, etc., spectantia. Vindobonse, 1778 — 1781.

2 vols. 4to.
Jacq. Obs. Id., Observationes Botanicae. Vin-

dobona;, 1764—1771. 4 fasc. fol.
Jacq. Vind. See Jacq. Hort. Vin.
Johnston's (Dr.) Flora of Berwick upon Tweed.

Flora of Berwick upon Tweed. By G. John-
ston, D.D. 1829 and 1831. 2vols.8vo. Vol.1.

containing the Phaenogamous, and Vol. II. the

Cryptogamous, Plants.
Johnson's Gerard. See Gcr. Em.
Journ. dc Physique. Paris, 1773, and continued.

4to.
Juss. Ann. du Mus. Jussieu in Annales du

Musee.
Juss. Gen. Antonie-Laurent de Jussieu, Genera

Plantarum. Paris, 1789. 8vo.
Juss. Gen. ed. Usten. Id., Ditto ed. Usteri.

Turici, 1791. 8vo.
Juss. Mem. Mus. Jussieu in the Memoires du

Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris.

K.

K&mp. Amcen. Exoticae. Engelbert Kaampfer,
Amoenitatum Exoticarum Politico-Physico-Me-
dicarum Fasciculi quinque, &c. Lemgow, 1712.
4to.

Kalm Amcen. See Amcen. Acad.

Kalm It. Kalm (P.), Travels into North Ame-
rica. Translated by J. Forster. Lond. 1770,
)771. 8vo.

Ker Bot. Reg. See Bot. Reg.

Key to Structural, Physiological, and Systematic
Botany. See Linrtley's Key.

Knoop Pomol. Joh. Herm. Knoop, Pomologia.
Ed. Holl., Leeuwarden, 1758; Ed. Gall., Am-
sterdam, 1771. fol.

Koch's Comm. De Salicibus Europaeis Com-
mentatio. Auctore G. D. J. Koch. Erlangen,
1828. 12mo,

Krock. Fl. Sil. Ant. Joh. Krocker, Flora Sile-
siaca renovata. Vratislaviae, 1787—1790. 2 vols.
8vo.

Krock. Siles. See Krock. Fl. Sil.

Kth. Nov. Sp. Amer. See H. B. et Kunth Nov.
Gen., $c.

Kunth Gen. Tereb. Kunth, Terebinthacearum
Genera. (Ann. des Sciences Nat. torn, ii.)

Kunth Nov. Gen Am. See H. B. et Kt.nth Nov.
Gen., $c.

L.

Lab. PI. Syr. Dec. See Labi/lard. Ic. Plant., $c.

Labill. PI. Syr. See ibid.

Labillard. Ic. Plant. Syr. Jac. Jul. Labillardifire,

Icones Plantarum Syria? rariorum. Decades v.

Paris, 1791—1812. 5 vols. 4to.
Lag- Gen. et Spec. Mar. Lagasca, Genera et

Species Plantarum quae aut nova? aut nondum

recte cognoscuntur. Madriti, 1816. 4to.
Lam. Diet. See Lam. Diet. Encyc.
Lam. Diet. Encyc. Jean Bapt. Monet de la

Marck, Encyclopedic Methodique Botanique.

Paris, 1783—1796. 4 vols. 4to. Vol. V. etseq.
Lam. Fl. Fr. Id. See Flore Franyaise
Lam. III. Id., Illustrations des Genres. 2 vols.

of text, and 900 pis.
Lam. III. Gen, See Lam. III.
Lamb. Gen. Pitt. See Lambert's Monograph, SfC.
Lamb. Pin., ed. 2. See ibid.
Lambert's Monograph of the Genus Pinus. A

Description of the Genus Pinus. By Aylmer

Bourke Lambert, Esq., F.R S.,Pres. Linn. Soc.,

&c. London, 1832. 2 vols. 8vo.
Lanth Ac. Lanth (Th.), Dissertatio de Acere.

Strasburg, 1781. 4to.
Lap. Hist, des PI. des Pyrenees. See La Peyr.

Abr.

1130

LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO.

Lapeyr. Abr. See below.

La Peyr. Abr. Philippe Picot de la Peyrouse,
Histoire abrggee des Plantes des Pyrenees.
Toulouse, 1813. 8vo.

La Peyrouse Supp. F!. Pyren. Id., Supplement
to the above. Toulouse.

Lander's Gilpin. Gilpin's Forest Scenery,
Edited by Sir Thos. Dick Lauder. Edinburgh,
1834. 2 vols. Svo.

Lawr. Ros. A Collection of Roses from Nature.
By Miss Lawrence. London, 1799. fol.

Lavs. Man. See Agric. Manual.

Lawson's Manual. See ibid.

Laxm. Acad. Pet. SeeLaxm. Nov. Art. Pet.

Laxm. Nov. Act. Pet. Laxman in Nova Acta
Acad. Petr. See Nova Acta, tyc.

Le Bon Jtirdinier. See Bon Jard.

Le Botanistc Cultivateur. See Botaniste Culli-
vateur.

Led Fl. Ross. Alt. III. See Led. Icon. $c.

Led. Icon. PI. FL Ross. C. F. Ledebour, Icones
Plantarum novarum vel imperfecte cognitarum,
Floram Rossicam, imprimis Altaicam, illus-
trantes. Riga?, &c., 1829. fol. pi. 100.

Ledeb. Ind. Hort. Dorp. Suppl. Ledebour, Sup-
plement to the Catalogue of Plants in Dorpat
Garden for 1824.

Leg. Mem. See Dec. Leg. Mem.

Lehm. Pot. Diss. J. G. C. Lehman, Mono-
graphia Generis Potentillarum. Lipsias, 1820.
4to.

Lempriere 's Class. Diet. Lempriere's Classical
Dictionary. London, 1792. Svo.

Lessing's Synopsis Generum Compositarum. Be-
rolini, 1832. Svo.

L'Her. Stirp. Nov. See L'Herit. Stfrp. Nov.

L'Herit. Corn. C. L. L'Heritier, Cornus seu
Specimen Botanicum, &-c. Paris, 1788. fol.

L'Hfrit. Hort. Par. L'Heritier in Hortus Pari-
siensis.

L'Herit, Serf. Id., Sertum Anglicum seu Plan-
tae rariores, &c. Paris, 1788. fol.

L'Herit. Stirp. Nov. Id., Stirpes novas aut mi-
nns cognitae. Paris, 1784, 1785. 6 fasc. fol.

Light/. Scot. Flora Scotica; or, a Systematic
Arrangement, in the Linnasan Method, of the
native Plants of Scotland and the Hebrides.
By John Lightfoot. London, 1777, 2 vols. 8vo;
2ded. 1789.

Lin. Amcen. See Lin. Amcen. Acad.

Lin. Amcen. Acad. Carolus Linnaeus s. Von
Linne, Amcenitates academicas, seu Diss. an-
tehac seorsim editae. Holmiae et Lipsiae, 1749
et seq., 10 vols. Svo ; ed. 2., Holmiae, 1762 et
seq. ; ed. 3., cur. J. C. D. Schrebero, Erlangai,
1787—1790.

Linn. Diss. Linnaei Dissertatio Academica de
Erica. Upsalise, 1770. 4to.

Lin. fit. Supp. Carolus Linnaeus filius, Supple-
raentum Plantarum. Brunsvigae, 1781. Svo.

Lin. Fl. Lapp. Carolus Linnaeus, s. Von Linne,
Flora Lapponica. Amstelodami, 1737, Svo ;
ed. 2., cur. J. E. Smith, Eq., Londini, 171)2.

Lin. Fl. Suec. See Flora Suecica.

Lin. Gen. Carolus Linnasus, Genera Plantarum.
Leidse, 1737 ; ed. 2., Leidae, 1742 , ed. 3.,
Leidee, 1752 ; ed. 4., Holmise, 1754 ; ed. 5.,
Holmise, 1764; ed. 6., Vienna;, 1767; ed. 7.,
cur. J. J. Reichard, Francof. Masn. 1778 ;
each 1 vol. Svo : ed. 8., cur. J. C. D. Schreber,
Francof. Man. 1789—1791, 2 vols. Svo.

Lin. Gen. PI. ed.Schreber. See Lin.Gen., ed. 8.

Lin. Hort. Cliff. Carolus Linnams, Hortus Clif-
fortianus. Amstelodami, 1737. fol.

Lin. Hort. Ups. Id. Hortus Upsaliensis. Stock-
holm, 1748. Svo.

Lin. Mant. Id., Mantissa Plantarum altera.
Holm. 1771. Svo.

Lin. Mat. Med. Id., Materia Medica. Holmiae,
1749. Ed. Schreber, 1772.

Lin. Sp. See Lin. Sp. Plan.

Lin Sp. Plan. Carolus Linnaeus, Species Plan-
tarum, Ed. 1., Holmiae, 1753, 2 vols. Svo; ed.
2., Holmiae, 1762, 1763, 2 vols. Svo ; ed. 3.,
Vindobonae, 1764 ; ed. 4., by J. J. Reichard,
Francof. Maen. 1779, 1780, 4 vols. Svo ; ed. 5.,

by C. L. Willdenow, Berolini, 1797—1810, 5
vols. 8vo.

Lin. Suppl. See Lin.fil. Supp.

Lin. Syst. See Lin. Syst. Nat.

Lin. Syst. Nat. Linnaeus (Carl.), Systema Na-
turae- Lugd. Bat. 1735. folio.

Lin. Syst. Vcg. J. A. Murray, C. Linnaei Sys-
tema Vegetabilium. Gottinga? et Gothae, 1744 ;
Gottingae, 1784 ; Parisiis, 1798.

Lin. Trans. Transactions of the Linnaean So-
ciety of London. London, 1791, and conti-
nued. 17 vols. 4to.

Lindl. Hort. Trans. Dr. Lindley in the Horti-
cultural Society's Transactions. See Hort.
Trans.

Lindl. Introd. to N. S. See Lindley's Intro-
duction to the Natural System.

Lindl. Lin. Trans. Dr. Lindley in the Linnaaan
Society's Transactions. See Lin. Trans.

Lindl. MSS. Dr. Lindley's MSS.

Lindl. Nat. Syst. of Bot. See Lindley's Intro-
duction to the Natural System.

Lindl. Ros. Mon. Dr. Lindley, Rosarum Mono-
graphia. London, 1820. Svo.

Lindl. Synops. Id., A Synopsis of the British
Flora, &c. London, 1829 ; ed. 2., 1835, small
8vo.

Lindley's Introduction to tJie Natural System.
Id., An Introduction to the Natural System of
Botany. London, 1830 ; ed. 2. 1835. 8vo.

Lindley's Key. Id., A Key to Structural, Phy-
siological, and Systematic Botany, for the use
of Classes. By Dr. Lindley, F.R.S., &c.
London, 1835. 8vo.

Link Enum. H. F. Link, Enumeratio Plantarum
Horti Regii Botanici Berolinensis altera. Berol.
1821, 1822. 2 vols. Svo.

Link et Otto Abbild. See Abbild. der Deutsctien
Holzarten.

Link Bcrl. Abhand. See Abhand. Acad. Serf.

Link Jahrb. H. F. Link, Jahrbiicher der Ge-
wachskunde. Berlin, 1820. Svo.

Linneea. F. L Von Schlechtendahl, Linnasa :
ein Journal fur die Botanik in ihrem ganzem
Umfange. Berlin and Halle, 1826—1842. 14
vols. Svo. Continued.

Linntean Correspondence. A Selection of the
Correspondence of Linnaeus and other Natu-
ralists from the Original Manuscripts. By Sir
J. E. Smith. London, 1821. 2 vols. 8vo.

Lift. Dec. Prod. Information communicated by
letter to DeCandolle's Prodromus.

Litt. Trat. Arch. See Trat. Arch.

Literary Panorama. A weekly periodical. Lon-
don, 1815.

Lob. Adv. See L'Obel's Adrersaria.

Lob. Icon. Mathias De Lpbel seu Lobelius, Stir-
pium Icones. Antverpiae, 1591. 4to.

L'Obel's Adversaria. Id., Stirpium Adversaria
nova, &c. London, lf!05. fol.

Lodd. Bot. Cab. The Botanical Cabinet. By
Conrad Loddiges and Sons. London, 1817 —
1834. 20 vols. 12mo and 4to.

Lodd. Oat. A Catalogue of Plants, &c., in the
Hackney Establishment. By Messrs. Loddi-
ges. Published annually. 12mo.

Lccfl. Her. Lcefling, Iter'Hispanicum.

Loes. Pruss. Joh. Loeselius, Flora Prussica.
Regiomonti, 1703. 4to.

Lois. Fl. Gall. Loiseleur Deslongchamps, Flora
Gallica. Parisiis, 1806, 1807. 2 vols. 12mo.

Lois. Herb. Amat. Id., in Herbier de 1'Amateur,
a French periodical.

Lois. Not. Id., Notice sur les Plantes a ajouter
a la Flore de France. Paris, 1810. Svo.

Lois. Nouv. Diet. Loiseleur des Longchamps (J.
L. A. M.), Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire
Naturelle. 1816, continued. 36 vols.

London's H. B. See Hort. Brit.

Lour. Coch. Joannes De Loureiro, Flora Co-
chinchinensis. Ulyssipone, 1790, 2 vols. 4to ;
ed. 2., cur. C. L. Willdenow, Berolini, 1793,
2 vols.^vo.

Lowth's Trans. New Translation of Isaiah, &c.
By the Rev. R. Lowth. London, 1791. 12mo.

Lyon Herb. Lyon's Herbarium.

LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO.

1131

M.

Mackay Fl. Hibern. See Madcap's Irish Flora.
Mackay's Flora Hibernica. Soe ibid.
Mackay' s Irish Flora. Flora Hibernica ; com-
prising the Flowering Plants, Ferns, Chara-

cese, Musci, Hepaticaa, Lichenes, and Alga?

of Ireland, &c. By J. T. Mackay, M.R.I.A.,

&c. Dublin, 1836. 8vo.
Macleans List of Irish Plants. A Catalogue of

the Plants found in Ireland, with Descriptions

of some of rarer sorts. Id. Dublin, 1825. 4to.
Magn. J3ot. See Magnol Bot.
Magn. Monsp. Id., Hortus Regius Monspeli-

ensis. Monspelii, 1697. 8vo.
Magnol Bot. Petrus Magnol, Botanicon Mons-

peliense. Monspelii, 1686. 12mo.
Mant. See Lin. Mant.
Marnock's Fl. Mag. Mrtrnock's (R.) Floricul-

tural Magazine and Miscellany of Gardening.

Lond. 1836. In monthly Nos. 8vo.
Marsh. Arbust. See Marsh. Arb. Amer.
Marsh. Arb. Amer. Humphry Marshall, Ar-

bustum Americannm : the American Grove,

&c. Philadelph. 1785 8vo.
Marsh. Plant. See Marshall, $c.
Marshall on Planting and Rural Ornament.

Planting and Rural Ornament, &c. Lond.

1785, 1 vol. 8vo; ed. 2., Lond. 1796, 2 vols. 8vo.

Mr. Marshall's name is not put to either ed.
Mart. Fl. Rust. Flora Rustica. By Thomas

Martyn. Lond. 1792—1794. 4 vols. 8vo.
Mart. Mill. See Martyn's Miller's Dictionary.
Martyn's Mill. See ibid.
Martyn's Miller's Dictionary. Gardener's Dic-

tionary ; or, a complete System of Horticul-
ture. By Philip Miller, F.R S. Lond. 1759,
3 vols. fol. ; improved edition, edited by Pro-

fessor Martyn, Lond. 1807, 4 vols. fol.
Matth. Comm. See Matth. Hint.
Matth. Hist. Matthioli (P. A.), Commentaria in

Dioscoridem de Materia Medica. Venice, 1558.

fol.
Matth. Valgr. Matthioli Opera quae extant om-

nia, edidit C. Bauhin. France, 1598. fol.
Maund's Botanic Garden. The Botanic Garden ;

or, Magazine of Hardy Flowering Plants cul-
tivated in Great Britain. By B. Maund, Esq.,

F.L.S. Begun in 1824, and continued monthly.
Maund's Botanist. The Botanist, a Monthly

Periodical conducted by B. Maund, F.L.S., &c.
Med. Gesch. Medicus (F.), Geschichte der Bo-

tanik unterer /eiten. Munich, 1793. 8vo.
Medical Botany. See Stephenson and Churchill's

Medical Botany.
Meerb. Icon. Nicol. Meerburg, Plantarum se-

lectarum Icones pictae. Lugd. Bat. 1798. fol.
Mem. de la Russie Meridionale. By Descemet.
Mem. Mas. Memoires du Museum d'Histoire

Naturelle. Paris, 1815, 1816. 4to.
Mem. Soc. Imp. Mosq. See Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat.

Mosc.
Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. Memoires de la So-

ciete Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou.

Moscow, from 1785. 4to.
Mem. Soc. Phys. Gen. Memoire de la Soclete

Physique de Geneve.
Mem. Wern. Soc. Memoirs of the Wernerian

Natural History Society. Edinburgh, 181 1, and

continued. 8vo.
Memoire sur les Chenes. Louis Bosc, Memoires

sur les differentes Especes de Chenes qui

croissent en France. Paris, 1808. 4to.
Memoires sur les Coniferes. Memoires sur les

ConifSres et les Cycadees : ouvrage posthume

de L. C. Richard, termini? et publie p?r Achille

Richard, fils. Stuttgard et Paris, 1826. 8vo.
Mer. Fl. Par. F. V. Merat. Nouvelle Flore des

Environs de Paris. Paris, 1812 8vo.
Mey. Ver%. Pfianx. Cauc. Meyer (C. A.), Ver-

zeichniss der Pflanzen welche wahrend der, &c.

Petersburg, 1831. 8vo.

Mich. Arb. See Michaux's Arbres forestiers, fyc.
Mich. Fl. Bor. Amer. Andre Michaux, Flora

Boreali- Americana. Parisiis, 1802. 2 vols. 8vo.
Mich. Gen.- P. A. Micheli, Nova Plantarum Ge-
nera. Florentine, 1729. fol.

Michaux^s Arbres de I'Amfrique. See Michaux's
Arbres Forestieres, 8$c.

Michaux's Arbres Forestieres de I'Amerique.
Andr£ Fran?. Michaux fils, Histoi re des Arbres
Forestieres de 1'Amerique Septentriouale
Paris, 1810—1813. 3 vols. 4to.

Michx. fil. Arb. Amer. See Michaux's Arbres
Forestieres, $c.

Michaux's Histoire des Chines Ameriques. Andre
Michaux, Histoire des Chenes de I'Amerique
Septentrionale. Paris, 1801, fol. ; ed. Germ, a
Kerne, 1802.

Michx. fil. N. Amer. Syl. Andre Francois Mi-
chaux, North-American Sylva ; or, a De-
scription of the Forest Trees of the United
States, Canada, and Nova Scotia. Translated
from the French by A. L. Hillhouse. Paris,
1819. 3 vols. 8vo.

Michx. Mem. sur le Zclkoua. A. Franc. Michaux,
Memoire sur le Zelkoua. Paris, 1831.

Michx. Quer. See Michaux's Histoire des Chenes.

Mill. Diet Miller's Dictionary, ed. 7.

Mill. Ic. Figures of the Plants described in the
. Gard. Diet. By Philip Miller. London, 1760.
2 vols. fol.

Mill, lllust. Johan. Miller, Illustratio Systematis
Sexualis Linnaei. Londini, 1777. fol.

Miller's Dictionary. The Gardener's Dictionary.
By Philip Miller. London, 1731 ; ed. 2., 1733:
ed. 3., 1737 ; ed. 4., 1741 ; ed. 5., 1747 ; ed. 6.,
1752 ; ed. 7., 1759 ; ed. 8., 1768 ; ed. 9., see Mar-
tyn's Miller.

Mith. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. See Nov. Act. Nat.
Cur.

Mac. et Sesse Fl. Mex. Ic. ined. See Fl. Mex.
Icon. ined.

Mac. PI. Nutk. Mocino (Josef), Drawings of
Plants collected by him at Nootka Sound. Not
published.

M(vnch Meth. Conrad Moench, Methodus Plantas
Horti et Agri Marburgensis describendi. Mar-
burgi, 1794. 8vo.

Moench Siippl. Id., Snpplementum ad Me-
thodum, &c. Marburgi, 1802. 8vo.

Mcench Weiss. See Moench Weissenst.

Moench IVeissenst. Id., Verzeichniss auslan-
discher Baume des Lustschlosses Weissenstein.
Francf. 1785. 8vo.

Monog. Ros. Proneville (A. De), Nomenclature
raisonnee des Especes, Varietes, et Sous-va-
rietes du Genre Rosier. Paris, 1818. 1 vol. 8vo.

Month. Reg. See Bot. Reg.

Mor. Hist. Joan. Bapt. Morandi, Historia Bo-
tanica practica. Mediolani, 1744. fol.

Mor. Prtelud. Robert Mori son, Praeludia Bo-
tanica, pars 1. Londini, 1669. 8vo.

Mor. Umb. Morison (R.), Plantarum Umbelli.
ferarum Distributio nova. Oxonii, 1672. fol.

Moris. Hint. Robert Morison, Plantarum His-
toria universalis Oxoniensis. Oxonii, 1620.
2 vols. folio.

Moris. Stirp. Sard. See Elcnch. Sard.

Morris Fl. Consp. Richard Morris, Flora Con-
spicua. London, 1826. 8vo.

MUM. Cat. See Muhlenberg's Catalogue, $c.

Miihl. Nov. Act. Scrut. Bcrol. Muhlenberg in
Nov. Act., &c. See Act. Nat. Scrut., &c.

Mtihlenb. Nov. Act. Soc. Nat. Scrut. Berol. See
MUM. Nov., Sfc.

Muhlenberg's Catalogue of North American
Plants. Henr. Muhlenberg, Catalogus Plan-
tarum Americae Septentrionalis. Lancaster,
1813. 8vo.

Munch. Haus. See Munch. Hausv.

Munch. Hausv. Baron Otto Von Miinchausen,
Monatliche Beschaftigungen fur einen Baum-
und Pflanzen-gartner, als eine Zugabe zum 5ten
Th. des Hausvater. Hanover, 1771. 8vo.

Murr. Nov. Comm. Gb'tt. J. A. Murray in Novi
Commentarii Societatis Regiae Scientiarum
Gottingensis. 1751 to the present Time. 4to.

MX. Fl. Bor. Amer. See Mich. Fl. Bor. Amer.

N.

N. Amer. Syl. See Michx. fil.
N. Duh. See Du Ham. Arb. Nouv.
N. D. Ham. See ibid.

1132

LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO.

Neck. Elem. Nat. Jos. de Necker, Elementa Bo-
tanica secundum Systema omologicum, seu na-
turale. Neowedead Hhenum, 1790. 3 vols. 8vo.

Neck. Gall. See Neck. Gallo-Bdl.
Neck. Gallo-Bcll. Nat. Jos. De Necker, Delicisfi
Gallo-Belgicie sylvestres. Argcntorati, 17G8.
2 vols. 12mo.

Nees Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. Bonn. See Act. Nat.

Strut. Berl.

Nees (T.) ab Esenb. Gen. PL Fl. Germ. See
Nees Von Esenbrck, 8fc.

Nees Von Esenbeck Gen PI. Genera Plantarum
Flora? German icae Iconibus et Descriptionibus
illustrata. Auctore T. F. L. Nees ab Esen-
beck, M.D. Bonnae, 1833. 8vo.

Nestl. Pot. Diss. C. G. Nestler, Monographia de
Potentilla. Parisiis et Argentorati, 1816. 4to.

Nofs. Arb. Fruitiers. See Noisette Jard. Fruit.

Noisette Jard. Fruit. Louis Noisette, Le Jardin
Fruitier. Paris, 1813. 2 fasc. 4to.

North. American Sylva. See Mich. JU. N. Amer.
Kyi.

Nouv. Duh. See Du Ham. Arb. Nouv.

Nouveau Cows d1 Agriculture. See Nouveau
Cours complet.

Nouveau Cours complet. Nouveau Cours complet,
on Diotionnaire raisonne d'Agriculture. Par
les Membres de la Section d'Agr. de 1'Institut.
Paris, 1809. 16 vols. 8vo.

Nouveau Du Hamcl. See Du Ham. Arb. Nouv.

Nov. Act. Soc. Nat. Scrut. Berol. See Act. Nat.
Scrut. Berl.

Nov. Gen. Amer. See Nutt. Gen. Amer.

Nutt. Gen. See ibid.

Nutt. Gen. Amer. Thomas Nuttall, The Genera
of North- American Plants, and a Catalogue of
the Species. Philadelphia, 1818. 2 vols. 12mo.

Nutt. Gen. Amer. Plants. See Nutt. Gen. Amer.

Nutt. MSS. Nuttall in Manuscript.

(Ed. Fl. Dan. Icones Plantarum sponte nas.
centium in Regnis Daniae et Norvegias, &c.
Hafniae. 1761—1770, vols. 1, 2, and 3., Auctore
G. C. OZder.; vols.4 and 5., Auct. O. F.Muller,
1771—1782; vols. 6 and 7., Auct. M. Vahl,
1787—1805; vol. 8., Auct. J. W. Hornemann,
1806—1816. 8 vols. fol.

Oliv. J'oy. See Olivier' s Travels.

Oliv. Voy. dans VEmp. Ottom. See ibid.

Olivier' s Travels. Travels in the Ottoman Em-
pire, Egypt, and Persia. By G. A. Olivier.
Lond. 1801. 2 vols. and atlas. 4to.

Olivier's Voyage. See Olivier's Travels.

Ort. Decad. Cas. Gomez De Ortega, Novarum
aut rariorum Plantarum Horti R. Matritensis
Ccnturiae. Matriti, 1797—1798. 8 vols. 4to. Tit.
gen. 1800.

Otia Hispan. Otia Hispanica. By Philip Barker
Webb:

Ovid. Met. Ovid's Metamorphoses. London, 1773.
2 vols. 12mo.

P.

Pall. Astr. Peter Simon Pallas, Species Astra-

galorum descriptae et Iconibus illustratae. Lip-

sia>, 1800. fol.

Pall. Flor. Ross. See Pallas's Flora Rossica.
Pallas's Flora Rossica. Peter Simon Pallas, Flora

Rossica. Petropoli, 1784 et 1788. 2 vols. fol.
Pall. Illust. lllustrationes Plantarum minus

cognitarum. Lipsiae, 1803. fol.
Pall. Itin. ed. Gall. Voyages dans 1'Empire

Russe. Paris, 1793. 8 vols. 8vo, avec atlas 4to.
Pall. Itin. ed. Gall. Append. See Pall. Itin. ed.

Gall.
Pall. Nov. Act. Pet. Pallas in Nova Acta Aca-

demiae Scientiarum imperialis Petropolitanee.

Petropoli, 1783—1837. 4to.
Pall. Nord. Beytr. Id., Neue nordische Beitrage

zur physikalischen, &c. Petersb. und Leipz.

1781—1796. 7 vols. fol.
Pall. Voy. See Pall. Itin. Gall.
Parad. Lond. Paradisus Londineusis. By R. A.

Salisbury. London, 1805— 1 80«. 2 vols. 4to.

Parkinson's Herbal, or Theatre of Plants. The

Theatre of Plants ; or, an Herball of a large

extent ; with numerous wood engravings. By

Joliu Parkinson. Lond. 1640. fol.

Parkinson's Theat. But. See Parkinson's Herbal,

8fc.

Par. Lon. See Parad. Lond.
Pav. Diss. in Mem. Acad. Reg. Mcd. Mat. Jos.
Pavon, Dissertation botanica sobre los Oeueros
Tovalia, Actinpphyllum, &c. Madrid. 4to.
As quoted in Mem. Acad., &c.
Pa.t-ton's Mag. of Bot. Magazine of Botany, and
Register of Flowering Plants. By J. Paxton,
F.L.S., &c. London, begun in 1834, and con-
tinued in monthly Numbers, large Svo.
Penny Cyc. The Penny Cyclopaedia of the
Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.
London. In monthly parts, folio. Begun in
1833, and 10 vols. published.

Pers. Ench. C. H. Persoon, Synopsis Plantarum
seu Enchiridion Botanicum. Paris, 1805 and
1807. 2 vols. 12mo.
Pers. Syn. See Pers. Ench.
Petiv. Mus. James Petiver, Mussei Petiveriani

Ceoturia Decem. London, 1695. Svo.
Ph. Fl. Amer. Sept. Frederick Pursh, Flora
Americana Septentrionalis. London, 1814.
2 vols. Svo.

Phil. Mag. Philosophical Magazine and Journal.
By Alex. Tilloch and Richard Taylor. London,
1798—1826. 68 vols. Svo, continued under the
name of Philosophical Magazine and Annals of
Chemistry. By R. Taylor and R. Phillips.
London, 1827—1832. 11 vols. 8vo.
Phil. Trans. The Philosophical Transactions
of the Royal Society of London. Commenced
in 1665, and continued to the present Time.
London. 4to.

Pin.Wob. Pinetum Woburnense. By the Duke
of Bedford. 1 vol. imperial Svo. 1839. Not
published.
PL Rat: Hort. Gen. See Dec PI. Rar. Jard.

Gen.
Plantce Hart. Plantas Hartwegiauas imprimis

Mexicanas, &c. By G. Bentham. 1839.
Plant. As. Rar. See Wall. PL Asiat. Rar.
Plant. Kal. Planter's Kalendar. By W. Nicol.
Edited and completed by Edw. Sang. Edin.
1820. Ed. 2., Svo.

Plin. Hist. Nat. Plinii Historia Naturalis. Har-
douin's edit. Paris, 1793. 3 vols. fol. Trans-
lated under the title of Pliny's Natural History
of the World. By Philemon Holland. London,
1601. 2 vols. fol.

Pliny Nat. Hist. See Plin. Hist. Nat.
Pluk. Aim. See Pluk. Aim. Phyt.
Pluk. Aim. Phyt. Leonard Plukenctt, Alma-
gestum Botanicum sive Phytologia Onomas-
ticon. Londini, 1796. 4to.
Pluk. Amalth. Id., Amaltheum Botanicum.

Londini, 1705. 4to.
Pluk. Mant. Id., Almagest! Botanici Mantissa.

Londini, 1700. 4to.

Pluk. Phyt. See Plukenetfs Phi/tographia.
Plukenett's Phytograpfiia. Id., Phvtographia sive
Stirpium illustriorum, &c. Londini, 1691.
4 vols 4to.
Plum. Cat. Plumier (C.), Catalogus Plantarum

Americanarum. Paris, 1703. 4to.
Plum. Gen. Plumier (C.), Nova Plantarum

Americanarum Genera. Parisiis, 1703. 4to.
Pococke Itin. See Pococke Orient.
Pococke Orient. Description of the East, and
some other Countries. By R. Pococke. Lon-
don, 1743—1745. 2 vols. fol.
Pair. Diet. See Poiret Encyc. Meth.
Poir. Diet. Encyc. Suppl. See Poiret. Encyc.

Suppl.

Poir. Ency. Meth. See Poiret Encyc. Meth.
Poir. Encycl. Suppl. See Poiret Encyc. Suppl.
Poir. Suppl. See ibid.

Poiret Encyc. Meth. J. L. M. Poiret, Ency-
clopedic Methodique, ou Dictionnaire de Bo-
tanique. Paris, 1804—1808 ; being the 5th, 6th,
7th, and 8th vols. of Lamarck's Encyclopedic
Methodique, &c.
Poiret Encyc. Suppl. Id., Encyclopedic Me"-

LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO.

1133

thodique Supplement au Dictionnaire de Bo-
tanique. Paris, 1810 — 1816. 4 vols. 4to.

Poir. Voy. Poiret (J. L. M.), Voyage en Bar-
baric. Paris, 1789. 2 vols. 8vo.

Foil. Arb. Fr. See Pott, et Tt/rp. Arb. Fruit.

Pott, et Turp. Arb. Fruit. Poiteau et Turpin,
Trait^ des Arbres fruitiers de Du Hamel.
Nouvelle edition. Paris, 1808 et seq. 13 i'asc.
fol.

Poll. Fl. Ver. Ciro Pollini, Horti et Provincial
Veronensis Plants novae vel minus cognita?.
Paviae, 1816.

Pom. Mag. The Pomological Magazine. Lond.
1833. 3 vols. 8vo.

Pouted. Comp. Jul. Pontedera, Compendium
Tabularum Botanicarum. Patavii, 1719. 4to.

Pontey's Pruf. Planter. The Profitable Planter,
&c. By William Pontey. Huddersfield, 1800.
8vo.

Pour. Act. Tout. Pourrett in Actis Academiaa
Tolosania?.

Pract. Treat, on Planting. Hayes.

Presl Reliq. Hank. Presl, Reliquiaj Ham.
kians.

Prod. See Dec. Prod.

Prodromus. See ibid.

Pi'odromus Florce Nepalensis. D. Don. Pro-
dromus Flora? Nepalensis. London, 1825.
I2mo.

Puerari MSS. Professor Puerari, in Manu-
script.

Pursh Sept. See Pursh Fl. Bar. Amer.

Pursh Fl. Am. Sep. See ibid.

Pursh Fl. Bar. Amer. Fred. Pursh, Flora
Borealis Americana. London, 1814. 2 vols.
8vo.

R.

R. et P. Fl. Per. et Chil. Syst. H. Ruiz et

Jos. Pavon, Systema Vegetabilium Florae Pe-
ruvian* et Chilensis. Matriti, 1798. 8vo.
R. et P. Fl. Per. Syst. See R. et P. Fl. Per. et

Chil. Syst.
Rafin. Journ. Phys. Rafinesqne in Journal de

Physique. Paris, 1773, and continued. 4to.
Rafin. Med. Rep. See Raf. Med. Flor.
Rtifin. Prec. Dec. Som. Rafinesque-Schmaltz,

Precis des Decouvertes Somiologiques ou Zoo-

logiques et Botaniques. Palerme, 1814. I8mp.
Rafiu. Speech. Rafinesque-Schmaltz, Specchio

delle Scienze, o Giornale enciclopedico di

Sicilia. 1814.

Raii Sijn. Ray's Synopsis Plantarum.
Ran. Enum. Ambr. Ran, Enumeratio Rosarum

circa Wirceburgum sponte crescentium. No-

rinberga?, 1816. 8vo.
liauw.ltin. Rauwolfs Journey through Syria,

Mesopotamia. Palestine, and Egypt. Translated

from the English by Stapherst. 1693. 8vo.
Ray's General History of Plants. See Ray's

Historia Plantarum.
Ray's Historia Plantarum. Job. Ray, Historia

Plantarum. Londini, 1686 et 1688. 2 vols. fol.

Vol. 3., seu Supplementum, 1704.
Red. Ros. See Red. et Thor. Ros.
Red. et Thor. Ros. P. J. Redoute, Les Roses.

PI. 169. color.: avec le texte, par Cl. Ant.

Thory. Paris, 1817— 1824. 3 vols. fol.
Rees's Cycl. See Rees's Cycloptedia.
Rees's Cyclop. Addenda. See ibid.
Rees's Cyclopeedia. London, 1819. 39 vols. 4to.
Pegnault Rot. Icon. De Regnault, La Botanique

raise a la Portee de tout le Monde. Paris,

1774. fol.
Reich. Mag. Reichenbach (G. C.), Magazin des

Pflanzenreichs. 1793, 1794. 4to.
Renault Fl. de t'Orne. P. A. Renault, Flore du

Departement de 1'Orne. Alenpon, 180i. 8vo.
Renealm Sp. Specimen Historic Plantarum.

Paris, 1611. 4to
Retx. Obs. See Retz. Obs. Bot.
Reiz. Obs. Bot. A. J. Retzius. Observationes

Botanicse. London, 1774. 6 fasc. 4to Ed. 2.

Lipsia?, 1779—1791. 6 vols. 4to.
Reyn. Act. Laus. See Reyn. Mem. Laus.
Reyn. Mem. See ibid.

Reyn. Mem. Laus. Reynier in Mem. de la Soc.
de Lausanne.

Richard Act. Paris. See Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Par.

Rich. Diss. G. G. Richter, Diss. de Muscorum
Notis, &c. Gottingje, 1747. 4to.

Rich. Mem. Conif. See Memoires sur les Coni-
Jtre.s et les Cycadees.

Richard Mem. sur les Coniferes. See ibid.

Riv. Man. Irr. Aug. Quirinus Rivinus, Ordo
Plantarum Flore irregular! Monopetalo. Lip-
sia?, 1699. fol.

R. Mai. Henricus Van Rheede, Hortus Indicus
Malabaricus. 1678—1703. 12 vols. fol.

Rcem. Arch. Job. Jac. Rcemer, Archiv fiir die
Botanik. Leipzig, 1796—1805. 3 vols. 4to.

Rcem. et Schult. Syst. Veg. Id. et Schultes, Ed.
nov. Systematis Vegetabilium Linnaei. Turici,
1815. 8vo.

Rose Amateur's Guide. The Rose Amateur's
Guide. By T. Rivers, jun. London, 1837.
8vo.

Rosier Journ. Phys. See Journ. des Physiques.

Rossig. Ros. Rossignol (K. G.), Les Roses
dessintes et enluminees d'apres Nature, avec
une Description botanique. Traduit de 1'Alle-
mand par M. De Lafitte. Leips. 4to.

Roth Cat. Alb. Wilh. Roth, Catalecta Botanica.
Lipsiae, 1797—1805. 3 vols. 8vo.

Roth Fl. Germ. See Roth's Flora Germanica.

Roth Germ. See ibid.

Roth's Flora Germanica. Alb. Wilh. Roth, Ten-
tamen Florae Germanica*. Lipsiae, 1788—1801.
3 vols. 8vo.

Rox. MSS. Roxburgh in Manuscript.

Rox. Fl. Ind. See Rorb. Fl. Ind. ined.

Rox. Hort. Beng. W. Roxburgh, Hortus Ben-
galensis ; or, a Catalogue, &c. Calcutta, 1814.
8vo.

Roxb. Fl. Ind. ined. Flora Indica. By W. Rox-
burgh. Serampore, 1820 — 1824. 2 vols. 8vo.

Roy. Lugdb. Adrianus Van Royen, Florae Ley-
densis Prodromus, exhibens Plantas Horti
Lugduno-Batavi. Lugd. Bat. 1740. 8vo. Auctor
dicitur C. Linnaeus.

Royte Illustr. Bot. Himalaya. Illustrations of
the Botany and other Branches of the Natural
History of the Himalayan Mountains, and of
the Flora of Cashmere. London, 1833 — 1838.
4to.

Rubi Germanid. A. Weihe et C. G. Nees ab
Esenbeck, Rubi Germanici. Bonn, 1822. fol.,
pi. 53.

Ruiz et Pav. Fl. Per. See R et P. Fl. Per.

Ruiz et Pay. Syst. See R. et P. Fl. Per. et Chil.
Syst.

Ruinph. Amb. See Rumph. Amboyn.

Rumph. Amboyn. Geo. Everh. Rumphius, Her-
barium Amboinense. Amstelodami, 1750. 6
vols. fol. Auctarium, 1755.

8.

Sal. Flor. Lond. Salisbury's Flora Londinensis.

Sal. Hort. Alltrt. See Sal. Prod.

Sal. Par. See Parad. Lond.

Sal. Par. Lond. See ibid.

Sal. Prod. R. A. Salisbury, Prodromus Stirpiutn

in Horto ad Chapel Allerton. Londini, 1796.

8vo.
Sal. Wob. Salictum Woburnense. By His Grace

the Duke of Bedford. Royal 8vo.
Salisb. Prod. See Sal. Prod.
Salisbury's MSS. R. A. Salisbury, in Manu-
script.
Santi Viagg. Geo. Santi, Viaggj al MontAmiata,

Pisa, 1795, 8vo ; e per la Toscana, Vols. II. and

III., 1798 and 1806.
Sav. Alb. Tosc. Gaetano Savi, Trattato degli

Alberi della Toscana. Firenze, 1801, 2 vols.

8vo; ed. 2. 1811.
Savi Fl. Pis. Savi (C.), Flora Pisana. Pisis,

1798. 2 vols. 8vo.
Schiede et Deppe MSS.
Schkuhr H. Christ. Schkuhr, Botanisches Hand-

buch. Wittenberg, 1791— 1803. 3 vols. 8vo.
Schkuhr Handb. See Schkuhr H.

1134

LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO.

Schlecht. Linncea. A. Schlectendal filius, Lin-

naea. Berol. 1826, and continued. 8vo.
Schlechtend. Berl. Mag. A. Schlechtendal in

Berl. Mag.

Schmidt. See Schmidt Baum.
Schm. Arb. See ibid.
Schmidt Baum. F. Schmidt, CEsterreichs allge-

meine Baumzucht. Wien, 1792 und 1794. 2

vols. fol.
Schmidt Fl. Boh. F. W. Schmidt, Flora Bohe-

mica. Pragaa. 1793, 1794. 2 vols. fol.
Schrad. Diss. See Schrad. Diss. Philad.
Schrad. Diss. Philad. Schrader in DeCandolle's

Prodromus.

Schrader Index Sent. Hort. Acad. G'dtt. Schra-
der (C. F.), Index Plantarum Horti Botanici

Pedagogii Regii Glauchensis. Hall., 1772.

12mo.

Schrader Hort. Gb'tt. MSS. See above.
Schrunck Baier. (Bavar.) Fl. Franz Von Paula

Schranck, Baiersche Flora. Munich, 1789. 2

band. 8vo.
Schranck Sali'sb. Id., Primitia; Florae Salisbur-

gensis. Francof. Mam. 1792. 8vo.
Schranck Fl. Man. Id., Plantas rariores Horti

Monacensis. Munich, 1817—1819. fol.
Schranck der Gessells. Naturf. Freunde.
Schreb. Dec. Joh. Christ. Dan. Von Schreber,

Icones Plantarum minus cognitarum, Decas I.

Hal£B, 1766. fol.
Schreb. Gen. Id., Linnaei Genera Plantarum.

Francof. 1786. 2 vols. 8vo.
Schult. (Estr. Fl. F. A. Schultes, CEstrichs

Flora. Wien, 1794. 2 band. 8vo.
Schult. Syst. See Rcem. et Schult. Syst.
Scop. Cam. Joh. Ant. Scopoli, Flora Carniolica.

Vienna;, 1760, 1 vol. 8vo ; ed. 2. Vienna?, 1772,

2 vols. 8vo.
Seb. Mus. Seba (Alb.), Locupletissimi Rerum

naturalium Thesauri Descriptio. Amstelod.

1734-1765.
Secondat Mem. du Chene. Memoires sur 1'His-

toire Naturelle du Chene. Par M. DeSecondat.

Paris, 1785. fol.
Segu. Ver. Joh. Franc. Seguier, Plantse Vero-

nenses. Veronae, 1745. 3 vols. 8vo.
Ser. Mel. N. C. Seringe, Melanges Botaniques.

Berne, 1818. 2 vols. 8vo.
Seringe Sal. Hel. See Syringe Saules de la

Suisse.
Seringe Saules dc la Suisse. N. C. Seringe,

Saules de la Suisse. Berne. 5 fasc. 4to.
Seringe Monogr. des Saules de la Suisse. Id.,

Essai d'une Monographic des Saules de la

Suisse. Berne, 1815. 8vo.
Sibthorp's Fl. Grate. See Flor. Grcec.
Sieboldt Fl. Jap. Sieboldt's Flora Japonica.
Sims Bot. Mag. Dr. Sims in the Botanical

Magazine.
Sloane Jam. The Natural History of Jamaica.

London. 1707—1725. 2 vols. fol.
Smith's Eng. Bot. See Eng. Bot.
Smith's Eng. Fl. See Eng. Fl.
Smith's Exol. Bot. Exotic Botany. By Sir J.

E. Smith. London, 1804, 1805. 2 vols. 4to,

pi. 120.

Smith's Flor. Brit. See Fl. Br.
Smith's Flor. Gr. See Flor. Grcec.
Smith's History of Nova Scotia. Published in the

Mag. Nat. Hist.

Smith's Icon. See Smith Icon. Pict.
Smith Icon. Pict. Icones pictaa Plantarum rari-

orum. By Sir J. E. Smith. London, 1790—

1793. fol.

Smith's Insect. Georg. See Abbott and Smith.
Smith's Prodromus of Sibthorp's Flora Grceca.

Floras Grsecae Prodromus : sive Plantarum

omnium Knumeratio quas in Provinces aut

Insults Graeciae invenit Johannes Sibthorp,

M.D. ; cum Annotationibus. By Sir J. E

Smith. London, 1806 — 1813. 2 vols. 8vo.
Soland. MS. in Herb. Banks. Solander's MS. in

the Banksian Herbarium.
Spach Ann. des Scien. Nat. Spach in the Annales

des Sciences Naturelles.
Sp. PI. See Lin. Sp. Plan.
Spreng. Antiq. Bot. Kurt Sprengel, Antiqui-

| tatum Botanicarum Specimen. Lipsiaj, 1798.
I 4to.
Spre?ig. Mag. Sprengel (K.), Neue Entdeck-

ungen in ganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde.

Leip. 1820. 8vo.

Spreng. Syst. Append. See Sprengel 's Syst.
Sprengel' s Syst. Systema Vegetabiliurn, Caroli

Linnaei. Cur. Curtio Sprengel. Gottingas, 1827.

4 vols. 8vo.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. See Sprengel's Syst.
Stephenson and Churchill's Medical Botany. See

Churchill's Medical Botany.
Stake's Bot. A Botanical Arrangement of British

Plants, &c., by W. Withering, including a new

set of references to Figures. By Jonathan

Stokes, M.D. Birmingham, 1787. 2 vols.

8vo.
St. Pierre's E'tudes de la Nature. J. Bernardin

Henri de Saint Pierre, E'tudes de la Nature.

Paris, 1800. 10 vols. 18mo.
Sturm D. Fl. Jacob Sturm, Deutschland Flora.

Pars 1. (Phanerog.), fasc. 1—28. Pars 2.

(Cryptog.), fasc. 1—11. Niirnberg, 1798 et seq.

2 vols. 4to.
Suburban Horticulturist. By J. C. Loudon,

F.L.S., &c.
Swartz Fl. Ind. Occ. Olof, seu Olaus, Swartz,

Flora Indiae Occidentalis. Erlangae, 1787—

1806. 3 vols. 8vo.

Swartz MSS. Swartz in Manuscript.
Swftrtz Prod. Id., Prodromus Descriptionum

Vegetab. Indiae Occidentalis. Holmias, 1788.

8vo.
Sw. Br. Fl.-Gard. The British Flower- Garden.

Conducted by R. Sweet, and afterwards by

Professor Don, tilll 837. London. 8vo.
Sweet's H. B. See Sweet's Hort. Brit.
Sweet's Hort. Brit. Sweet (R.), Hortus Britan-

nicus. London, 1826. 8vo.
Swt. Cist. Cistinea?. The Natural Order of

Rock Rose. By R. Sweet. London, 1830.

8vo.

Swt. Fl.-Gard. See Sw. Br. Fl.-Gard.
Swt. Hort. Sub. Land. Sweet's Hortus Subur-

banus Londinensis. 1819.
Syst. f'eg. Quer. See Sprengel's Syst.

Tabern. Ic. See Tabern. Krauterb.

Tabern. Krauterb. J. T. Tabernaamontanus,

Krauterbuch. Francof. Mein, 1588—1592. Ed.

2., Cur. C. Bauhino. Francof. Mein, 1613 und

1625. Basilise, 1664 and 1731.
Tenure. Tenore (M.), Sylloge Plantarum. Na-
ples. 8vo.
Tenor. Prod. Fl. Neap. Id., Prodromus Floras

Neapolitan*. Neap. 1811—1813. 8vo.
; Tenore Prod. Suppl. See Tenore Prod. Fl.

Neap.
Tenor. Syn. Fl. Neap. Id., Synopsis novarum

Plantarum, qua? in Prodrome describuntur.

Neap. 1815. 8vo.
Tenore Syll. Fl. Neapol. See Tenor. Syn. Fl.

Neap.
Tenore' s Flora Neapolitaha. Id., Flora Neapo-

litana. Neapoli, 1811 et seq. 6 fasc. fol.
Tentamen Florce Nepalensis illustrates. Dr.

Wallich, Tentamen, &c. Calcutt. et Seramp.

1824. fol.
Thore Chlor. Land. J. Thore, Essai d'une

Chloris du De'partement des Landes. Dax,

1803. 8vo
Thore Prom, sur les Cotes de Gascognes. Id.

Dax, 1804. 8vo.

Thouin Mem. Mus. See Mem. Mus.
Thuil. Fl. Par. J. L. Thuillier, Flore des En-
virons de Paris. Paris, 1790. 12mo.
Thuil. Parts. See Thuil. Fl. Par.
Thunb. Diss. C. P. Thunberg, Diss. de Erica.

Upsal, 1785. 4to. Ed. 2. Cur. R. A.Salisbury,

Feather stone, 1800.
Thunb. Fl. Jap. See Thunb. Jap.
Thunb. Icon. FL Jap. See ibid.

LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO.

1135

Thunb. Jap. C. P. Thunberg, Flora Japonica.

Lipsia-, 1784. 8vo.
Thunb. Nov. Gen. Id., Nova Genera Planta-

rum,
Tilli Cat. Hart. Pisani. M. A. Tilli, Catalogus

Horti Pisani. Florentiae, 1723. fol.
T. Nees ab Esenbeck Gen. PI. Florce Germanicte.

See Nees Von Esenbeck Gen. PL
Torrey FL U.S. Torrey's Flora of the Northern

and Middle States. New York, 1826.
Torrey and Gray, Fl. N. America. Torrey and

Gray's Flora o'f North America.
Tourn. Act. Ac. Par. J. Pitton de Tournefort,

Memoires de I' Academic Royale des Sciences.

Paris, 1666—1788. 1 vol. 4to.
Tourn. Cor. Id., Corollarium Institution um Kei

Herbaria;. Paris, 1703. 4to.
Tourn. Inst. Id., Instuutiones Kei Herbaria?

Paris, 1717 et 1719. 3 vols. 4to.
Tourn. Itin. Id., Relation d'un Voyage au Le-
vant. Paris, 1717. 2 vols. 4to.
Trag. Hist. Hieronomi Tragi, De Stirpium,

maxime earum quas in Germanicae nostra nas-

cuntur, &c. Argentorati, 1551. 4to.
Traite Prat., $c. See Delamarre's Traits, Sfc.
Traite Pratique de la Culture des Pins. See ibid.
Tratt. Arch. Leop. Trattinick, Archiv. der Ge-

wachskunde. Vienn. 1811— 1812. 3 fasc. 4to.
Tratt. Ros. Id., Rosacearum Monographia.

Vindob. 1823, 1824. 4 vols. small 8vo.
Treat., $c. See Boutcher's Treatise on raising

Forest Trees.

Trew Ehr. See Trew Sel.
Trew Sel. C. J.Trew, Plantae selectae ab Ehret.

picta;. 1750—1753. fol.

V.

Vahl Enum. Martinus Vahl, Enuraeratio Plan-

tarum. Hauniae, 1805, 1806. 2vols.8?o.
Vahl Fl. Dan. See Fl. Dan.
VahlSymb. Id., Symbolae Botanicse. Hauniae,

1790—1794. 3 fasc. fol.
Vail. Herb. Vaillant (S.), Botanicon Parisiense.

Lug. Bat. 1723. 8vo.
Vent. Cels. E. P. Ventenat, Description des

Plantes nouvelles ou peu connues du Jardin

de J. M. Cels. Paris, 1800, fol. ; ed. Germ.,

Roemer, Zurich, 1802.
Vent. Choix. Id., Choix des Plantes. Paris, 1803

—1808. 10 fasc. fol.
Vent. Diss. Id., Monographic du Genre Tilleul.

Paris, 1802. 4to.

Vent. Hort. Cels. See Vent. Cels.
Vent. Jard. Malm. See Vent. Main.
Vent. Malm. Id., Jardin de la Malmaison, 1803

—1805. 2 vols. fol.
Vent. Tabl. du Regne Vegft. Id., Tableau du

Re-gne Vegetal. Paris, 1797. 4 vols. 8vo.
Ventenat Dec. Nov. Gen. Id., Decas Generum

novorum, &c. 1808. 4to.
Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. Verhandelingen

van het Bataviaash Genootschap der Koustan

an wetenschappen. Batavia aut Rotterdam,

1770—1792. 6 vols. 8vo.

Verz. Hoffman's Verzeichnungen iiber Pyrus. .
Vill. Cat. Slrasb. D. Villars, Catalogue me-

thodique du Jardin de Strasbourg. Stras-
bourg, 1807. 8vo.

Vill. Dauph. See Vittnrs's Plantes du Dauphine.
Villars Delph. Villars, Flora Delphinalis in

Gilibert's Histoire des Plantes d'Europe

2 vols. 8vo, 1798 ; and 2d edit, in 3 vols. 1806.
Villars's Plantes du Dauphine. Id., Histoire des

Plantes du Dauphine. Grenoble, 1786—1788.

4 vols. 8vo.
Visiani PL Dalm., ex Bot. Zeit. Plantae Dal-

maticae nunc primum editae a R. De Visiani,

M D., in the Botanische Zeitung. 1830.
Viv. Camb. Cambassedes in Mem. Mus. vol. xiv.
Viv. Fragm. Dora. Viviani, Flora Italicaj Frag-

menta. Genua?., 180b. 4to.

W.

Wahl. Fl. Suec. G. Wahlenberg, Flora Suecica.

Upsal, 1824—1826. 2 vols. 8vo.
Wahlenb. Fl. Carp. Id., Flora Carpatorum

principalium, exhiltens Plantas in Montibus
Carpaticis, inter Flumiua Waagum et Duna-
jetz, crescentes ; cum Tractatu de Altitudine,
&c., horuin Montium. Getting. 1814. 8vo.

Wahlenb. FL Lapp. Id., Flora Lapponica, in
Itineribus 1800 — 1810 denuo investigata. Bero-
lini, 1812. 8vo.

Waldst. et Kit. PI. Hung. See Waldst. et Kit.
PL Rar. Hung.

Waldst. et Kit. PL Rar. Hung. Waldstein et
Kitaibel, Descriptiones et Icones Plantarum
rariorum Hungariae. Viennae, 1802 — 1812. 3
vols. folio.

Wall. Asiat. Res. Nath. Wallich, Asiatic Re-
searches ; or, Transactions of the Society in-
stituted at Bengal. 1788. 4to.

Wall. Cat. Wallich's MS. Catalogue of the
Plants contained in the Herbarium of the East
India Company, now in the Possession of the
Linnn?an Socie'ty-

Wall. Fl. Ind. Id., Tentamen Florae Nepalensis
illustratae. Calcutta, 1824. folio.

Wall. MSS. See Wall. Cat.

Wall. PL As. Rar. See Wall. PL Asiat. Rar.

Wall. PL Asiat. Rar. Id., Plantas Asiaticae ra-
riores ; or, Descriptions and Figures of a select
Number of unpublished Plants of the East
Indies. London, 1830—1832. 3 vols. royal fol.
300 plates.

Wallr, Sched. F. W. Wallroth, Schedules criticas
de Plantis Florae Halensis selectis, &c. Halae,
1822. 8vo.

Wallroth Monog. F. G. Wallroth, Rosae Plan-
tarum Generis Historia succincta, &c. Nord-
husae, 1828. 8vo.

Walt. Car. See Walt. Fl. Car.

Walt. Fl. Car. Thorn. Waiter, Flora Caroli-
niana. Londini, 1788. 8vo.

Wangh. Act. Soc. Berol. See Act. Nat. Scrut.
Berol.

Wang. Am. See Wangenh. Amer.

Wang. Beytr. Wangenheim (F.A.G.), Anpflan-
zung nord-americanischer Holzarten. Giit-
tinga', 1787. 3 vols. folio.

Wang. Forst. See Wang. Beytr.

Wangenh. Amer. See ibid.

Wats. Dend. See Watson's Dend. Brit.

Watson's Dend. Brit. P. WT. Watson, Dendro-
logia Britannica ; or, Trees and Shrubs that
will live in the open Air of Britain. London,
1825. 2 vols. 8vo, pi. 172.

Wats. Dendr. Brit. See Watson's Dend. Brit.

Webb and BertholeVs Histoire Nalurelle des lies
Canaries. Histoire Naturelle des Isles Cana-
ries. Par MM. P. Barker Webb et Sabin Ber-
tholet. Paris, 1836—1842. 4to and fol., many
plates.

Webb Her Hispan. Webb's Iter Hispaniense.
1838.

Webb Otia Hispan. Webb's Otia Hispanica,
1837. fol.

Wendl. Eric. 3. C. Wendland, Ericarum Icones
et Descriptiones. 1798 et seq. 4to.

Wendl. Hort. Id., Hortus Herrenhusanus. 1798
—1801. 4 fasc. fol.

Wendl. Obs. Id., Botanische Beobachtungen
nebst 'einigen neuen Gattungen und Arten.
Hanover, 1798. fol.

Wern. Soc. Trans. See Wernerian Trans.

Wernerian Trans. Memoirs of the Wernerian
Natural History Society. 'Edinburgh, 1811, &c.
8vo.

Wheeler's Journey. A Journey into Greece in the
Company of Dr. Spor of Lyons. By Sir G.
Wheeler. London, 1682. fol.

Wibel Wirth. A. G. E. C. Wibel, Primitiae
Florae Wertheimensis. Jenas, 1799. 8vo.

Willd. Ab. See Abbildung der Deutschen Holz-

Willd. 'Abbild. See Abbildung der Deutschen

Holzarten.

Willd. Act. Berol. See Act. Nat. Scrut. Berl.
Willd. Arb. See Willd. Berl. Baum.
Willd. Baum. See ibid.
Willd. Berl. Baumz. Willdenow, Berlinische

Baumzucht. Berl. 1811. 8vo.
Willd. Berol. Mag. Id., Berlinisches Magaziu.

8vo.

1136

GLOSSARIAL INDEX.

Wittd. Enum. See Willdenow's Enumeration,
Sec.

Wittd. Enum. Suppl. Id., Enumeratio Planta-
rum Horti Berolinensis. Supplementum post-
huraum addidit Schlechtendal.

Wittd. Herb. Willdenow's Herbarium.

Willd. Hort. Ber. See Wittd. Enum.

Willd. MS-S. Willdenow in Manuscript.

Willd. Sp. See Willd-. Sp. PI.

Willd. Spec. See ibid.

Willd. Sp. PI. Id., Linnzei Species Plantarum. I
Berol. 1797- 5 vols. 8vo.

Willdenow's Baumzucht. Id., Berlinische Baum- !
zucht. Berol. 1811. 8vo.

Willdenow's Enumeration of the Plants of the \
Berlin Royal Garden. Id., Enumeratio Planta- I
rum Horti Berolinensis. Berol, 1809. 2 vols. 8vp. I

Wilden's Vegetation of Dalmatia. Reviewed in \
Card Mag. vol. xiv. p. 13.

Winch Geogr. Distrib. An Essay on the Geo-
graphical Distribution of Plants through the

Counties of Northumberland, Cumberland, and
Durham. By N. J. Winch. Newcastle. Ed.
2. 1825. Painph. 8vo.

Witheriwft Botany. A Systematical Arrange-
ment of British Plants. By W. Withering, M.D.
Birmingham, 1776, 2 vols. 8vo ; ed, 7. with ad-
ditions, London, 1830, 4 vols. 8vo.

WoodviUe's Med. But. Medical Botany; con-
taining Systematic and General Descriptions,
with Plates, of all the Medicinal Plants, indi-
genous and exotic, &c. By W. Woodvilie,
M.D. London, 1790. 3 vols" 4to.

mwli-iUSs Med. Bot. Suppl. See IVoodvilU's
Med. But.

Zncc. Flora. Siebold (P. F. de) and Zuccarini
(J. G.), Flora Japonica. ' fol.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX.

A.

Accessory, something added to the usual number

of organs.

Accumbent, reclining or lying on.
Acerose, slender, or needle-shaped, as in the

leaves. of some of the cone-bearing trees.
Achenium, a dry fruit, which does not open when

ripe, and contains one seed not adhering to the

pericarp.

Acicular, needle-shaped.
Acuminated, having a taper point.
Acute, sharp-pointed
Atinate, grown to for its whole length.
^Estivation, the folding of the parts of a flower in

the bud.

Aggregate, clustered.
Albumen, the solid farinaceous part of the seed,

destined to nourish the embryo.
Albuminous, furnished with albumen.
Alburnum, the sap-wood of trees.
Alveolate, honeycomb-like.
Ament, a catkin, or inflorescence consisting of

chaffy scales, arranged along a thread-like re-
ceptacle.

Amentaceous, producing or bearing aments.
Anastomosing, uniting of nerves and veins.
Androgynous, producing flowers of both sexes on

the same plant.
Angnlnte, having acute angles.
Annulated, ringed, exhibiting circular promi-
nences.

Antherijerous, furnished with anthers.
Anther, the part of the stamen which contains

the pollen.

Apex, the end, or termination.
Apicarp. See Epicarp.
Apiculated, terminated in a little point, or

prickle.
Appendtcled, having an additional small leaf at

the base of the petiole.
Approximate, near to.

Arborescent, having a tendency to become a tree .
Argutely, sharply.

Aril, I an enlargement of the placenta adher-
Arillus, $ ing to the hilum of seeds, and 'sometimes

enveloping them ; exemplified in the outer

orange-coloured coat of the seed of £u6ny-

mus europs^us.
Arrow-shaped, lobed so as to resemble a barbed

arrow.

Articulate, jointed.
Assurgent, becoming erect.

A'/lenua^ea, ] ^dually tapering to a point.
Auricle, an ear-like appendage.

Awl-shaped, narrow pointed.

Awn, a long bristly appendage, as the beard of

corn, &c.
Axillary, situated in the axils, or angles formed

by the union of the leaf and stem.

B.

Saccate, berry-like ; that is, with the seeds buried
in a fleshy substance, enclosed in a thin outer
skin.

Beaked, ending in a hard curved point.

Belli/ing, swelling unequally on one side.

Biaristate, doubly awned.

Bibracteate, furnished with two bracteas.

Bicallose, having two small callosities, or protu-
berances.
I Bicuspidate, having two points.

Bifid, two-cleft.
I Bilabiate, having two lips.

Bilamellate, divided into two flat parts.

Bilocular, two-celled.

Bipartite, two-parted.

Bipinnate, twice pinnate.

Bisetose, having two bristles.

Bilernate, twice ternate.

Bladdery, swelled out, hollow.

Bossed, convex, and having a projecting point in
the centre.

Bractea, the floral leaf, situated immediately
under the flower.

Bracteale, furnished with bracteas.

Bracteole, a small bractea.

Bran-like, having a scaly scurfy appearance.

Bristle-pointed, terminating in a bristle.

C.

Caducous, falling off soon : a calyx which falla
off before the expansion of the corolla is said to
be caducous.

Calyculate, having bracteas so disposed as to re-
semble an additional calyx.

Calyptra a thin extinguisher- shaped covering,
or hollow cone.

Calyx, the outer envelope of a flower.

Cambium, elaborated sap.

Campanulate, bell-shaped.

Canaliculate, channeled, furrowed.

Cunescent, somewhat white, hoary.

Capillary, hair-like, very slender.

Capitate, growing in a head ; round and blunt.

Ca^Oellaft ]knobbed5 growing in small headg.

GLOSS ARIAL INDEX,

J137

Capsule, a dry fruit containing several seeds i

Capsuliform, shaped like a capsule.

Carina, shaped like the keel of a boat ; the lower !
petals of a pea flower.

Cariopside, a 1-celled, 1 -seeded, superior inde- !
hiscent pericarp, adhering to the proper inte-
guments of the seed which it contains.

Carpel, an individual part of a compound fruit.

Carpophore, a receptacle bearing only the ova-
rium.

Cartilaginous, gristly: a cartilaginous leaf has
the edge strengthened by a tough rim of a sub-
stance different from that of the disk.

Catkin. See Ament.

Cerebriform, having an irregular brain-like ap-
pearance, as the kernel of a walnut.

Channeled, having a channel.

Chartaceous, having the consistence of paper.

Cilice, hairs resembling those of the eyelash.

Ciliate, surrounded with hairs, as the eyelid is
with eyelashes.

Cinereous, grey, or ash -colon red.

Cirrho&e, terminating in a tendril.

Clavate, club-shaped ; the thick end uppermost.

Claw, the inserted, or narrow end, of a petal.

Cloven, divided into two parts.

Club-shaped, having the thick end uppermost.

Coarctuti, pressed together.

Cohering, connected.

Collateral, parallel ; side by side.

Column, the column in a capsule is the part to
which the seeds are attached : when the fila-
ments are combined into a solid body, they are
said to be columned.

Comose, covered with small tufts of hairs called I
coma.

Compound, a term used in botany to express the
union of several things in one.

Concave, more or less hollow.

Concrete, of one mass ; joined together.

Conduplicate, twice folded.

Conferruminated, so united as to be undistin-
guishable.

Conglomerate, heaped, or irregularly crowded.

Conical, cone-shaped.

Conjugate, joined by pairs : a pinnate leaf is con-
jugate when it has but one pair of leaflets.

Connectivum, the cellular texture which connects
several compartments, as in some anthers.

Connivent, lying close together.

Conoid, shaped like a cone.

Contorted, twisted.

Convex, the reverse of concave : used in opposi-
tion to that term.

Convolute, rolled together.

Cordate, heart-shaped ; in the outline resembling
that of a heart in cards.

Cordate-ovate, heart-shaped, rounded at the apex
into an egg-shaped form.

Cordiform. See Cordate

Coriaceous, leathery , thick and tough.

Cornute, horn-shaped ; of a horny nature.

Corolla, the inner envelope of a flower.

Corpuscle, a small body ; a particle of anything.

Corymb, a kind of umbel with the stalks of the
outer flowers longer than those of the centre,
so as to form a level head.

Corymbose, having the form of a corymb.

Cotyledons, leaves enclosed in the seed, which
serve to elaborate the sap before the expansion
of the true leaves.

Creeping, extending horizontally on the surface
of the ground, and rooting at the joints.

Crenate, scolloped ; having round notches.

Crescent-shaped, having the form of a crescent, or
half-moon.

Crest, a tufted, or fringed, appendage : a stamen
is crested when the filament projects beyond
the anther, and becomes dilated.

Crested, having a crest.

Crisped, curled.

Crucijorm, cross-shaped : a cruciform flower
consists of four petals placed in opposite direc-
tions.

Cucullate, curved inwards ; of a cowl or hood
like appearance.

Cuneate, wedge-shaped.

Cuneate-lanceolate, a form between wedge-shaped
and lanceolate.

Cuneate-lincar, a wedge-shaped leaf, which is
long and narrow.

Cuneatt-obloitg, wedge-shaped and oblong.

Cuneate-obovate, a form between wedge-shaped
and obovate.

Cup.shaped, having a cuplike appearance, us the
cup of an acorn.

Cupule, a cup, as of the acorn.

Cupular, shaped like a cup.

Cuspidate, suddenly terminating in a point ; spear-
pointed.

Cuticle, the skin, or epidermis.

Cylindrical, cylinder-shaped, round.

Cyme, a kind of umbel with the stalks of the
outer flowers shorter than those in the centre.

Cymose, flowering in cymes.

D.

Date-shaped, resembling the date in form.

Decandrous, having 10 stamens.

Deciduous, falling off: a tree is said to be de-
ciduous when it does not retain its leaves
through the winter.

Declinatc, bending downwards.

Decompound, a leaf is decompound when it is
twice or thrice pinnate.

Decumbent, lying down on the ground.

Decurrent, running down : a leaf extended down
the stem is decurrent.

Decussate, leaves are decussate when they grow
in pairs, and alternately cross each other.

Deflexed, bent downwards.

Dehiscent, opening naturally.

Deltoid, shaped like the Greek A.

Dentate, marginal teeth-like incisions.

Dentato-serrate, having the margin divided into
incisions, resembling the teeth of a saw.

Denticulate, having the margins finely and slightly
toothed.

Diapham)us, semi-transparent, like horn.

Dichotomous, branching in pairs ; forked.

Didymous, twin.

Didynamous, having two long stamens and two
short ones in the same flower.

Diffuse, widely spread; scattered.

Digitate, fingered ; shaped like the hand spread
open.

Dilated, widened.

Dimidiate, divided into two halves.

Dioecious, a plant is said to be dioecious, when the
male flowers are produced on one individual,
and the female ones on another.

Discoid, furnished with a disk, or something that
may be compared to a disk.

Disk, the fleshy annular process that surrounds
the ovary in many flowers ; a receptacle ad-
hering to the calyx ; also the surface of a leaf.

Dissepiments, the partitions by which a seed-vessel
is internally divided into cells

Distichous, two-ranked or two-rowed, produced
in opposite rows.

Divaricate, spreading widely in different direc-
tions.

Diverging, going far from one point.

Dorsal, situated upon the back.

Drupaceous, like a drupe.

Drupe, a fruit consisting of a fleshy substance
enclosing a hard stone, as the cherry.

Ear-formed, having somewhat the appearance of

an ear
Eccentrically, disposed irregularly ; deviating

from the centre.

Echinate, covered with prickles, like a hedgehog.
Egg-shaped, having the form of an egg, either in

outline or otherwise.
Elliptic, oval ; twice as long as broad, and about

of equal roundness at both ends.
Elliptic-lanceolate, a form between elliptic and

lanceolate,

Elliptic- oblong, oblong-ovate.
Elongate, lengthened out.

4*

1138

GLOSSAIUAL INDEX.

Emargtnate, having a small notch in the centre

of the end or tip.

Embryo, the young plant in the seed.
Endocarp, the inner membrane of fruit which

forms the cells.
Ens/farm, sword-shaped.
Entire, without marginal incisions.
Epicarp, the external integument of the fruit.
Epidermis, the outer skin.
Epigynous, situated upon the style or ovary.
Epipetitlous, growing upon the petals.
Eroded, gnawed, irregularly toothed.
Evergreen, retaining foliage through the winter.
Exserted, projecting considerably beyond some

other part.

Exstipulate, without stipules. See Stipule.
Extra-axillary, growing either from above or

below the axils.

F.

Falcate, bent like a sickle.

Farinaceous, floury.

Fascicle, bundle.

Fasciculate, disposed in bundles.

Fastigiate, tapering to a point ; of compact upright

growth, as the Lombardy poplar.
Ferruginous, rusty ; iron-coloured.
Fibrous, composed of fibres.
Ffbry, thready.
Filament, the thread-like part of the stamen,

which supports the anther.
Filiform, thread- shaped.
Filmy, having a thin skin.
Flaccid, flabby ; not firm.
Flagon-shaped, bearing resemblance to the form

of a flagon, or globular bottle with a slender

neck.

Flexuous, zigzag; having an undulating direction.
Floccpse, woolly.
Floriferotts, bearing flowers.
Foliolate, having leaflets.
Follicle, a dry seed-vessel, having only 1 -valve

and one cell.

Follicular, having the form of a follicle.
Foramen, a small hole.
Foraminose, perforated full of holes.
Friable, crumbly.
Frondose, a term applied either to a stem which

is beset with leaves, or to a proliferous flower.
Fungous, having the consistence of mushrooms.
Funiculi, small stalks by which the seeds are at-
tached to the placenta.
Furrowed, having longitudinal channels.
Fusiform, spindle-shaped : a carrot is a fusiform

root.

G.

Galbulus, the cone of the genus Cupressus.

Gamosepalous, where the sepals appear to be
united in one.

Gemmaceous, having buds.

Gibbous, swelled out with excess of pulp ; pro-
tuberant

Glabrous, smooth ; without hairs.

Gland, a secretory vessel.

Gland-like, having the appearance of glands.

Glaucescenl, somewhat hoary ; or having a bluish
green, or sea-green, appearance.

Gloucous, sea green, or bluish green.

Glumaceoua, having husks.

Granulated, covered as if with grains.

Gynobasic, having a fleshy receptacle, bearing
separate fruits.

H.

Hastate, formed like the head of a h albert.

Hemispherical, half-round.

Hermaphrodite, a flower is so called when it con-
sists of both male and female organs.

Heterogamous, flowers of different sexes in the
same head.

Hilum, the external mark or scar of a seed,
whereby it is fixed to the placenta.

Hirsute, hairy.

Hispid, covered with bristle-like hairs.

Hoary, clothed with a grey or white down.
Homogamons, all the flowers hermaphrodite.
Homogynous, all the flowers female.
Hooded, hollowed into the form of a hood.
Husk, the outer covering of some seeds ; also a
species of calyx peculiar to grasses and sedges
Hypogynous, situated below the ovarium.

Imbricate, laid over each other like tiles.

Impart -pinnate, pinnate leaves, terminating with
an odd leaflet.

Incumbent, lying upon.

Indehiscent, not opening naturally.

Induplicate, doubled or folded inwards.

Indurate, hard.

Inequilateral, unequal -sided.

Inflated, puffed up ; blown out like a bladder.

Inflorescence, disposition of the flowers.

Infra-axillary, below the axils of the leaves.

Infra-stipular, below the stipules.

Internodes, the space between the joint! iu
stems.

Interpetiolar, between the petioles or leaf-
stalks.

Introrse, turned inwards.

Inverted, upside down.

fnitolucel, a small involucre.

Involucre, two or more bracteas united below tl;e
flower.

Involucrtform, resembling an involucre.

J.

Jagged, coarsely cut.

Jointed, having joints or articulations.

K.

Keel, the lower petals of a papilionaceous flower ;

a resemblance to the keel of a boat, either in

leaves or flowers.

Keel-shaped, having a keel-like appearance.
Kneed, bent like the knee joint.

L.

Labiate, having a lip or lips.

Lamellate, divided into thin plates.

Lamclliform, shaped like the gills on the under
side o'f a mushroom and similar fungi.

Lamina, the upper spreading part of a petal.

Laminated. See Lamellate.

lanceolate, lance or spear shaped.

Lanceolate-elliptic, a form between lance-shaped
and elliptic or oval.

Lanceolate-oblong, lance-shaped and oblong.

Lanceolate-ovate, between lance-shaped and egg-
shaped.

Lanceolate-subulate, between lance-shaped and
awl -shaped.

Lanuginous, slightly woolly.

Lateral, on the side or sides.

Lax, loose.

Leaflet, a small leaf, forming part of a compound
leaf.

Legume, a pod ; the fruit of leguminous plants.

Lepidoted, having prominent dots.

Ligneous, woody ; a term opposed to herbaceous.

Ligulate, strap-like, having the form of a strap.

Limb, the spreading part of a petal, or of a tubular
flower.

Linear, narrow, when the two sides are nearly
parallel.

Linear-cuneated, between linear and wed re-
shaped.

Linear-elliptic, narror- and elliptic.

Linear-lanceolate, narrow lance -shaped.

Linear-oblong, between linear and oblong.

Linear-setaceous, narrow, approaching to the

form of a bristle.
i Linear-subulate, narrow, and tapering to a

point.
: Lineate, streaked in parallel lines.

GLOSS A RIAL INDEX.

1139

Lip, the lower projecting petal of an irregular

flower.

Lobe, the segment of a divided leaf.
Loculicidal, admitting the escape of the seeds

through the valves.
Lament, a kind of pod, which, when ripe, falls in

pieces at the joints.
Lucid, shining.
Lunuiate, half-moon-shaped.
Lyrate, a leaf is lyrate when its apex is rounded,

and there are several small lateral lobes towards

its base ; harp or lyre-shaped.

Membranaceous, of a thin pliable texture.
Metamorphosed, changed from one form to an-

other.
Monad elphous, having the filaments united at

the bottom into one bundle, or brotherhood.
Moniliform, formed like a necklace, having al-

ternate swellings and contractions.
Monoecious, having the stamens and pistil in se-

parate flowers on the same plant.
Monopetalous, having but one petal, or having

the petals united so as to appear but one.
Monospermons, one-seeded.
Mucilaginous, of a slimy nature.
Mucro, a sharp rigid point.
Mucronate, terminating in a spine, or mucro.
Mucronate- cuspidate, tapering suddenly to a

point which is tipped with a mucro, or spine.
Mucronate-detiticulate, toothed, each tooth ter-

minated with a sharp point.
Mucronulate, having a small hard point.
Multifid, many-cleft.

Muncate, covered with short sharp points.
Mutic, pointless ; a term opposed to mucro.

N.

Narrowed, tapering.

Navicular, boat-shaped.

Nectariferous, having nnctaries ; bearing honey.

Nectary, a part of the corolla, for the most part

containing honey.
Xucamentaceous, having catkins.
Nucleus, the kernel ol a nut.
Nucule, a small nut.

Nut, a seed enclosed within a hard shell.
Nutant, nodding.

O.

Obconical, inversely cone-shaped.

Obcordute, inversely heart-shaped.

Obcuneate, wedge-shape inverted.

Oblanceolate, inversely lance-shaped.

Oblate, flattened.

Oblique, not direct or parallel.

Oblong, two or three times longer than broad.

Oblong-acute, oblong and sharp-pointed.

Oblong-cuneated, between oblong and wedge-

shaped.
Oblong-lanceolate, between oblong and lance-

shaped.

Oblong-linear, in form between oblong and linear.
Oblong-oval, a form between oblong and oval.
Obovate-cuneated, between obovate and wedge-

shaped, with the broadest end uppermost.
Obovate lanceolate, a form between egg-shaped

and lance-shaped inverted.
Obovate-spathulate, a form between obovate and

that of a spatula.
Obsolete, hardly evident.
Obtuse, blunt.
Ochrea, membranous stipules surrounding the

stem and cohering by their anterior margins.
Octandrous, having 8 stamens.
Opaque, not reflecting light ; not transparent.
Opposite, placed in pairs on opposite sides of a

stem.

Orthotropous, straight, and having the same di-

rection as the body to which it belongs.
Oval, in the form of an ellipsis.

Ofarium, \
Ovary, £

the germen, or incipient seed-vessel,
which contains the rudiments of th«
future seed.
Ovate-acuminate, egg-shaped in the lower part,

and tapering to a point.
Ovate-acute, egg-shaped in part, but terminating

in a sharp point
Ovate-arrow-shaped, a form intermediate be-

twen egg-shaped and arrow-shaped
Ovate-campanulate, a figure between egg-shaped

and bell-shaped.

1 Ovate-elliptic, between egg-shaped and elliptical.
Ovate-globose, a form between round and egg-
shaped.
Ovate-lanceolate, between egg-shaped and laure*

shaped.

Ovoid, egg-shaped

Ovoid-cylindrical, egg-shaped and cylindrical.
Ovulum, an incipient seed.

P.

Paleaceous, having or abounding in chaffy

scales.
Palete, chaffy scales, common in compound

flowers.
Palmate, palm-shaped, divided so as to resemble

the hand spread open.
Panduriform, fiddle-shaped.
Panicle, a loose irregular mode of inflorescence,

similarly disposed to that of many grasses, as

oats.
Papilionaceous, butterfly-shaped flowers, as those

of the common pea.

Papilliform, bearing resemblance to small glan-
dular excrescences or pimples.
Pappose, downy ; having pappus.
Pappus, a kind of down formed by the minute

division of the limb of the calyx of the Com-

pdsitte.
Parietal, attached to the sides or walls of the

ovary.

Pectinate, comb-shaped.

Pedicel, the flower-stalk of each separate flower.
Pedicellate, having pedicels.
Peduncle, the principal flower-stalk.
Pedunculate, having peduncles.
Pellucid, transparent ; bright.
Peltate, a peltate leaf has the petiole fixed in the

centre of the disk, instead of in the margin.
Pendulous, drooping ; hanging down.
Pentagonal, five-angled.
Pentandrous, having 5 stamens.
Pentapetalous, five-petaled.
Perfotiate, a leaf is said to be perfoliate when the

stem passes through its base, as in the honey-
suckle.
Perforated, pierced through, apparently full of

holes.
Perianth, the flower -cup; the envelope which

surrounds the flower : a term applied when

the calyx cannot be distinguished from the co-
rolla.

Pericarp, the covering of the seed vessel.
Perigonal, having both calyx and corolla.
Perigynous, inserted in the calyx, or in the disk

which adheres to the calyx.
Peripherie, curved ; circular.
Persistent, remaining ; not falling off.
Petal, a division of a corolla.
Petiolale, having petioles, or footstalks, to the

leaves.

Petiole, the footstalk of a leaf.
Petiolule, the footstalk of a leaflet.
Petiolulate, having petiolules.
Pilose, hairy.

Pinnce, the leaflets of a pinnate leaf.
Pinnate, a leaf divided into many smaller leaves

or leaflets is said to be pinnate.
Pistil, the columnar body usually situated in the

centre of a flower ; when perfect it consists ot

the germen, style, and stigma.
Placenta, that part of the seed-vessel to which

the seeds are affixed.
Plano-convex, flat on the one side and convex on

the other.
Plicate, plaited.

4o 2

1140

GLOSSARIAL INDEX.

Plumose, bearing a resemblance to feathers;
feathery.

Plumule, the ascending shoot of a seedling.

Pud, a kind of seed-vessel similar to that of the
common pea.

Pollen, farina, or dust, contained within the cells
of the anthers when perfect ; it is essential to
fructification.

Polyandrous, having more than 20 stamens in-
serted in the receptacle.

Polygamous, producing male, female, and her-
maphrodite flowers on the same plants.

Polypetalous, having many petals.

Pome, a fruit composed of the fleshy tubular part
of the calyx, and crowned by the persistent
limb.

Pouch, a small bag, or sac, at the base of some
petals and sepals.

Prickle, a rigid opaque process terminating in
an acute point, unconnected with the woody
fibre.

Procumbent, prostrate.

Pubcrulous, clothed with spreading down,

Pubescent, covered with short soft hairs.

Punctured, dotted.

Putamen, a nut of many cells.

Pyramidal, formed like a pyramid.

Pyrence, a kind of fruit, synonymous with the
term Pome.

Pyrtform, shaped like a pear.

Q.

Quadrangular, having four angles.
Quadrifarious , arranged in four rows ; or ranks.
Quadnfld, four-parted ; divided into four parts.
Quinqueftd, five-parted ; divided into five parts.

Raceme, a mode of inflorescence in which the
flowers are arranged around a simple filiform
axis, each particular flower on its own proper
footstalk.

Racemule, a small raceme.

Rachis, the common footstalk of spikes or panicles
of flowers, and of compound leaves ; the axis of
the cone of the silver fir and the cedar.

Radiant, divided like the rays of a star.

Radicle, the root of an embryo.

Ramentaceous, having small loose scales upon the
stem.

Ramose, branched.

Raphe, in seeds, the channel of vessels which con-
nects the chalaza at one end of the seed-vessel
with the hilum at the other.

Receptacle, that part of the fructification which
supports the other parts.

Recurved, curved backwards.

Reflexed, bent backwards.

Regma, a kind of seed-vessel, three or more celled,
few-seeded, superior, dry, the ceils bursting
from the axis with elasticity into two valves.

Reniform, kidney-shaped.

Repand, when the margin of a leaf has a wavy
undulated appearance, the leaf is said to be
repand.

Replicate, folded back.

Reticulated, net-like, usually applied to the veins
or nerves.

Refuse, ending in a broad shallow notch, appear-
ing as if bitten off at the end.

Revolute, rolled back.

Rhombic, ~) a figure approaching to a diamond-

Rhomboid,} shape.

Rigid, stiff.

Ringent, gaping.

Rotate, wheel-shaped: a monopetalous corolla,
having a very short tube and a flat limb, is
called rotate.

Rufescent, somewhat rusty.

Rugose, rough, or coarsely wrinkled.

Runcinate, cut into several transverse acute seg-
ments which point backwards.

S.

Sagittate, arrow-shaped, shaped like the head of

an arrow.
Salver-shaped, applied to the calyx or corolla

when the tube is long and slender, and the

limb flat.
Samara, a kind of winged seed-vessel containing

one or more seeds, surrounded, or partially

surrounded, by a thin transparent membrane.
Samartdeous, bearing samarae.
Sarmentose, producing trailing stems which root

at every joint.

Scabrous, rough from little asperities.
Scale, a term usually applied to the bracteae of

the amentum or catkin ; also bracteas of cones.
Scale formed, having the form of scales.
Scaly, having scales.
Scandent, climbing.
Scape, a stem rising immediately from the root,

bearing flowers only, or, at most, flowers and a

few bracteae.

Scarious, dry and membranous.
Scobiform, formed of a very thin, hollow, mem-
branous aril, containing a globular free seed in

its cavity.

Secund, arranged on one side only.
Semi, half.

Seminiferous, seed-bearing.
Sepaloid, resembling sepals.
Sepals, divisions of the calyx.
Septicidal, dividing at the dissepiments to admit

the escape of seeds.

Septtferous, having septa or partitions.
Serrate, like the teeth of a saw.
Serrulate, finely notched, like the teeth of a very

fine saw.

Sessile, without stalks.

Seta, a bristle ; a strong, stiff, roundish hair.
Setaceous, resembling a bristle in form.
Setigerous, bearing bristles.
Setose, bristly ; clothed with bristles.
Sheath, the lower part of a leaf or petiole which

surrounds the stem.
Shield, a broad table-like process in some flowers,

also the seed-vessel in lichens.
Silicle, a kind of pod, short and round, with two

valves, and having its seeds attached to both

sutures.
Silique, a long and narrow dry seed-vessel with

two valves, the seeds of which are alternately

fixed to both sutures.
Sinuated, cut into scollops.
Sinus, a notch or cavity,
Sorosis, a spike or raceme converted into a fleshy

fruit by the cohesion, in a single mass, of the

ovaria and floral envelopes.

faihaceous, having a spathe ; spathe-like.
athulate, shaped like a spatula.
hacelate, withered, but not decayed.
Spicate, having an inflorescence in which the

flowers are sessile, or nearly so, upon one long

common footstalk, or rachis.
Spine, a thorn which proceeds from the wood,

not from the bark only.

Spinescent, furnished with spine-like processes.
Spinule, a small spine.
Spurred, having horn-like processes, produced

by various parts of a flower.
Squarrose, ragged ; scurfy.
Stamen, the male organ of a flower.
Staminodia, scales at the base of the petals in

some flowers, as in those of some species of

lime.
Standard, the upper petal in papilionaceous

flowers.

Stellate, radiating in a star-like manner.
Stem-clasping, the petiole of a leaf which is

dilated so as to enfold the stem with its base

is said to be stem-clasping.
Stipe, the stalk of the germen or ovary within

the corolla and calyx; the trunk of a tree-
fern, &c.

Stipiiate, furnished with a stipe.
Stipule, a small leaf or membrane at the base of

the petiole.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX.

1141

Stipulate, having stipules.

Stoloniferous, bearing runners which root at the

joints.

Siomata, pores of the epidermis.
Seriated, streaked.

Strigose, covered with little, upright, stiff hairs.
Strobile, a cone: this term is also applied to

indicate the kind of fruit produced by the

magnolia.
Style, that part of the pistil which is situated

upon the germen, and elevates the stigma.
Sub, somewhat ; as sub-rotund, somewhat round,

or roundish, &c.
Su,ffruticose, rather shrubby.
Sulcate, furrowed.

Surculi, young shoots; suckers: stems of mosses.
Surculose, producing surc-uli, or young shoots.
Suture, the line formed by the cohesion of two

parts, usually applied to the fruit.
Syc'jn, a fleshy rachis, having the form of a

flattened disk, or of a hollow receptacle, with

distinct flowers and dry pericarpia, as in

the fig.

T.

.Tendrils, the twining organs by which some
plants lay hold of others, as the vine.

Terete, long and round ; straw-like.

Terminal, at the end.

Ternary, consisting of threes.

Ternate, a leaf of three leaflets is called ternate.

Tessellated, chequered.

Testa, the shell or cuticle of a seed, containing
all its parts.

Tetragonal, four-angled.

Tetragonous, having four angles.

Thyrse, 7 a mode of inflorescence in a dense

Thyrsus, J or close panicle, as in the lilac.

Thyrsoid, resembling a thyrse.

Tornentum, down ; white hairs closely matted
together, and soft to the touch.

Toothed, so divided as to resemble teeth.

Toothleted, having small teeth.

Top-shaped, inversely conical ; having a contrac-
tion towards the point.

Tortuous, twisted.

Torulose, having slight swellings.

Torus, the receptacle when somewhat elevated.

Trailing. See Surmentose.

Trapezoidal, bearing a resemblance in form to
that of a trapezium, or quadrilateral figure,
whose four sides are not equal, and none of its
sides parallel.

Trapexoideo-cordate, a form between that of a
trapezium and that of a heart.

Trichotomous, branches dividing into threes.

Trifid, three-cleft.

Trifoliate, having three leaves.

Trtfoliolate, having three leaflets.

Trigonal, 3-angled.

Trigynous, having three styles.

Triple-nerved, 3-nerved.

Triquetrous, 3-sided.

Truncate, blunt, as if cut off.

Tube, the cylindrical part of a flower.

Tubercle, a little knob.

Tuberculate, covered with little knobs or tuber-
cles.

Tubulous, having a tubular calyx, corolla, nec-
tary, stem, or leaf.

Tufted, forming a dense tuft.

Tumid, swelling.

Turbinate. top-shaped.

Turgid, puffed up ; swollen.

U.

Umbellate, having the flowers in round flat heads,

the flower-stalks proceeding from one common

centre.
Umbellule, a small umbel ; a division of an

umbel.

Umbilicate, hollowed like the navel.
Umbilicus, the cord which attaches the seed to

the placenta.
Umbo, a projecting point in the centre, like the

b(\ss in an ancient shield.
Um&jnate, having an umbo.
Unctuous, oily ; fat.
Undulate, waved.
Unguiculatc, furnished with a claw, or an unguis,

as the petals of the pink.

Urceolus, the part when bellying out in the form

of a pitcher.
Utricle, a little bladder

V.

Valvate, opening by valves.

Valvular, consisting of valves.

Vaulted, formed like the roof of a vault.

Velvety, covered with soft down, like velvet.

Ventricose, inflated ; swelled out.

Vernation, the disposition of the young or grow-
ing leaves within the bud.

Verrucose, warted ; covered with fleshy processes,
in form resembling warts.

Versatile, vane-like : an anther fixed in the
centre on the point of the filament, so as to
be continually changing its position, is said to
be versatile.

Verticel, a mode of inflorescence in which the
flowers surround the stem in a kind of ring,
though not, perhaps, inserted on all sides of it,
but merely on two opposite ones.

Verticillate, growing in whorls round the stem.

Vexillum, the standard, or banner (the upper
petal), of a papilionaceous, or pea, flower.

Villous, clothed with soft, close, loose hairs.

Viscous, j clammy; adhesive.

Vitke, longitudinal ducts or canals, containing an
oily or resinous substance, found within the
coat of the carpels of some umbelliferous
plants. •

W.

Wavy, undulated.

Wedge-shaped, inversely triangular, with rounded
angles.

Whorl, a disposition of leaves or flowers round
the stem, resembling the spokes round the nare
of a wheel.

Wing, a membranous border , a membrane at-
tached to some kinds of seeds, by which they are
supported in the air when floating from place-
to place.

Winged, furnished with a wing or wings.

Witigs, the side petals of a papilionaceous, or pea,
flower.

Woolly, covered with hairs closely matted to-
gether.

Wrinkled, having an unequal surface.

Zigzag, bending from side to side.

4D 3

GENERAL INDEX.

The synonymes are 'n italics ; and, for the sake of clearness, the usual typographical indications are omitted.

Those who wish to see any name or synonyme in connexion with the other names or synonymes to which it is allied, without the
trouble of turning to the descriptions in the body of the work, may turn at once to the Table of Contents, l>et\veen p. v. and p. Iviii.
For example, supposing it were ilesired to ascertain, with the least possible (rouble, the position of Cistus cyprius Lam. among other
cistuses ; then, the page referred to after C. cyprius being 57., look for that page in the columns of pages in the Table of Contents.
It will be found in the middle column of p. vii., where there are, occupying about half .1 column, C. cyprius, and all the other
species and varieties of Cistus given in the work. Adjoining is the closely allied genus flUianthemum, which also contains several
species of Cistus as synonymes.

Page

Page \ Paire PAHS

Abele Tree - - 819

Picea Lindl. - - 1037

ibericum Bieb. - 88

tripartitum Nut. 94. 1 1 1 2

A 'hies D Don - 1025

Picea Mill. - - 1026

italum Lauth - 89

villbsum Presl - 89

A'bia Link - - 1036

pectinata Dec. - 1037

laevigatum Wall. - 1112

virginidnum Du H. 90

A" hies alba Mill. - 1037

pectinata - - 1032

laurifblium D. Don 79

virginianum Hort. 92

alba Michx. - 1030

pendula Poir. - 1056

lobdtum Fisch. - 88

Achyrdnthes Forsk. C77

nana Dickson - 1030

Pichta Fisch. - 1043

Lobelii Ten. - 83

pap'pbsa Forsk. - 677

americana - - 1035

Pinxapo Bois. - 1041

longifblium Booth 86

Adam's Needle - 1101

Araragi Sieb. - 1036

religidsa Lindl. - 1049

macrocarpum Hort. 90

Adt-lia Mich. - - 714

balsaminea Du H. 1044

rubra Poir. - - 1032

macrophyllum Ph. 89

acuminata MX. - 714

balsamifera Michx. 1044

ceerulea - - 1032

montanum Ait. - 80

ligustrina Mich. - 713

Brunoniana Lindl. 1036

sibirica- - - 1043

monspessulanum L. 92

porulbsa MX. - 714

aer&lea Booth - 1032

sitchensis Bong. - 1036

Negfindo L. - - 122

Adenocarpus Dec. - 227

California Hort. - 1033

Smithiana A. B. - 1039

nig rum MX. - - 85

Boissieri Webb - 227

canadensis MX. - 1035

Smithiana Lindl. - 1032

oblongum Wall. - 79

decorticans Bois. - 227

carnation Hort. - 1027

taxiftdia Hort. Par. 1037

obtusatum Kit. - 88

intermedius Dec. - 228

Ce.'trus Poir. - 1057

tofffiiia Hort. - 1039

coriaceum - 88

parvifulius Dec. - 22S

cephalonica A. B. - 1039

Taxi folio Hort. A. 1044

ibcricum - 88

telonensis Dec. - 228

comment's Hort. - 1026

Taxi, folio Tourn. - 1037

lobStum 88

wolgensis Spreng. 243

pendula - - 1027

tenui folia Sm. Ayr 1027

obtusifblium Sib. - 94

JEschynomene Roxb. 236

•nirvifblia Hort. - 1030

Thunbergii Thunb 1036

O'palus Ait. - 89

hispida Roxb. - 236

Deodar a Lindl. - 1059

Torano Sieb. - 1036

opulif61ium - 94

Pseud- AcaciaRoxb. 233

Dougl&sii Lindl. - 1033
taxifblia - - 1033

trigona - - 1036
vulgaris Poir - 1037

opufifdlium Hort.- 86
palmatum Thunb. 90

jEsculaceae - 124. 1113
-ffi'sculus - 124. 1113

dumbsa - - 1036

Webbiana Lindl. - 1051

parviflorum Ehrh. 80

asplenifblia Hort. 124

eleeans Sm. of Ayr 1027
excelsa Link - 1037

Abietina; - - 947
Abrotanum mas Dod. 550

parvifolium Tausch 94
pennsylvdnicum Dur. 80

californica Mutt. - 134
cdrnea Hort. - 126

excelsa Dec. - 1026

Acacia Pluk. - - 233

pennsylvdnicum \>. 81

coccmea Hort. - 126

carpatica - - 1027

americana Pluk. - 250

platarioldes L. - 83

discolor Ph. - - 133

Clanbrasiliana - 1027

triacdnthos Hort - 250

platan'dides G . Don 83

echinata Muhl. - 125

stricta - - 1027

Aceraceae - - 79. 1112

dlbo-variegatum H. 83

JidvaMt. - - 129

communis - 1026

Avcer L. - - 79. 1112

aureo var. Hort. 83

glabra Willd. - 127

ftlils variegatis - 1027

barbatum Hort. - 86

crispum Lauth - 83

gldbra Tor. & Gray 1 25

gigant£a - - 1027

barbatum MX. - 94

laciniatum Dec. 83

Hippocastanum L. 124

monstrbsa - 1027

Buximpala Hamil. 79

Lobdlii - - 83

americanum - 127

mucronata Hort. 1027

campestre L. - 93

variegatum - 83

argenteo-variegat. 124

nlgra - - 1026

austrlacumTVatt. 93

Pseudo.Platanus L. 86

. aureo-variegatum 124

pendula - - 1027

colllnum Wallr. 93

albo-variegata - 86

crispum - - 124

pygmae'a - - 1027

fbliis variegaMs - 93

n^vo-variegata - 86

fibre pldno- - 124

tenuifblia - - 1027

hebecarpum Dec. 93

longifblia - 86

inclsum - - 124

falcata - - 1036

heterocarpum - 1112

lute see ns Hort. 86

nlgrum - - 124

Fraseri Lindl. - 1044

laevigatum Lodd. 93

macroptera Hayne 86

pras'cox - - 124

gigantea Sm. of Ayr 1027
erdndis Lindl. - 1045

nanum Lodd. - 93
rtibris - - 1112

micn'mtera Hayne 86
opulifolia - - 86

rubici'mda - - 1113
striatum - - 124

heterophylla - 1036

canadense Marsh. - 81

purpurea Hort. - 86

tortubsum - - 124

hirtella Humb. - 1036

caroliniannrnWaU. 92

stent'iptera Hayne 86

rubicundum Schu. 126

hirtella Lindl. - 1050

circinatum Pursh - 92

rubrum Wang. 90

humilis Lodd. - 129

Kcempjerii Thunb. l-''36

coccineum Ait. - 92

rotundifblium L. - 89

lutea Wang. - 130

Khtitrow - - 1032

cocci neum Hort. - 90

rubrum L. - - 90

macrostdchya MX. 133

Larix Lam. - - 1053

colchicum Hartw. 1112

intermedium Lodd. 92

neglecta Lindl. - 131

LuscombednaHort. 1089

rubrum Base - 1112

saccharinum L. - 85

ohioensis MX. - 125

ma.-iana Wangh. - 1031

coridceum Bosc - 38

nlgrum - - 85

ohioensis Lindl. - 125

Mornf Sieb. - - 1036

creticum L. - 94

ritgrum T. & G. 85

pallida Willd. - 127

MenziSsii Dong. - 1034
Mertensiana Bong. 1036

dasycdrpum'WMd. 90
eriocarpum MX. - 90

sanguineum Spach 92
sempervlrens L. - 94

pdllida Willd. - 125
Pdvia^L. - - 128

microcdrpa Poir. - 1056

floridum Hort. - 90

spicatum Lam. - 80

/S discolor T. & G. 133

monstrbsa Hort. - 1027

glAbriim Torr. 94. 1112

striatum L. - 81

macrocdrpa Lod. 132

Morinda Hort. - 1032

glar'ca Marsh. - 92

tataricum L. - 80

ritbra Hayne - 128

nana Hort. Soc. - 1027

glaficum Marsh. - 90

tauricum 93

serrata Hort. - 129

irtgra Poir. - - 1031

granatense Bois. - 94

tomentbsum H. P. 90

parviflbra Walt. 133

n6bilislAn&\. - 1047

grandidentatum Nut.

trilobatum Hort. - 86

rdsea Hort. - 126

ohiiquata - - 1036

MSS. - - 94. 1112

trilobdtum Lam. - 92

rbsea Hort. - 127

obovata D. Don - 1029

heterophtjllumVf\\\A. 94

trtlobum Mcench - 92

rubicunda Lois. - 126

orientalis Tourn. - 1029

hyrcanum - - 93

trifblium Duh. - 92

rbsea - - 127

GENERAL INDEX.

1143

WatsonidnaS. - 1'2G f pubescens Pursh 2<2

Page
paniculdta Walt. 566

Page
schizopetalus - 574

Ageria Adanson - 163 , Ampeldpsis MX. 139. 1-11

polifblia MX. - 561

U^va-Hrsi L. Sp. - 577

Agrifblium Clayt. - 160 bipinnata MX. - 140

polifolia /,. - - 560

Arctostapliylos^rfaws. 577

vulgdre Clayt. - 161 botrya Dec. - - 140

angustifdlia Lodd. 560

alplna Spreng. - 578

A' gnus cdstus Bl. - 673 \ capreolata G. Don 140

ericoides - - 560

nitida Benth. - 1116

Ailanto - 145 cordata MX. - - 140

grandiflora Lodd. 5GO

pungens H. B. 578.1116

Ailantus Desf. - 145 hederacea MX. - 139

latifblia Lodd. - 561

tomentbsa Lindl. - 576

glandu!6sa Desf. - 145 i hirsuta Dunn - 139

minima - - 561

ITva-ursi Spreng. 577

proctra Sal. - 145 \ hir.uta Donn - 140

revoluta Lodd. - 561

austrlaca Lod. - 577

Alaternus - - 171 i inclsa - 140 1 scdtica - - 561

Argania Rcem. - 622

sempervirens Kcehl. 531 : quinquefblia H. - 139

stricta - - 561

Sideroxylon Rcem. 622

Alder - - - 832 | Amygdalus T. - 261. 1114

populifblia Lam. - 569

A ria L'Ob. - - 432

Alexandrian Laurel 1101 I argentea Lam. - 265

puloerulenta Bart. 564

Theophrdsti L'Ob. 452

All Saints' Cherry - 281

Besseridna Schott 262

racembsa L. Sp. - 566

Aristolochiacese - 701

Almond Tree - - 261

campestris Besser 262

reticuldta Walt. - 569

Aristolochia L. - 701

A'lnus Tourn. 83'2. 1117
acuminata H. et B 836

communis L. - 2fi3
amara Dec. - 261

rtgida Ph. - - 565
rosmarinifolia Ph. 561

macrophylla Lam. 701
slpho L'Herit. - 1 \

americana Lodd. - 835

dulcis Dec. • 2G4

specibsa MX. - 564

tomentbsa A'. - 7,2

barbata Mey. - 836

fl. pleno Baum. C. 2<I4

glauca Wats. - 564

Aristotelia L. - 182

canadensis Lodd. - 835

f6L varieg. Baum. 264

wt//da Ph. - 564

S'andutbsa R. & P. 182

castaneif&lia Mirb. 837

fragilisSer. - 264

pulverulenta Ph. 564

acqui L'Herit - 182

cordata Ten. - 835

macrocarpa Ser. 264

spicdla Wats. - 569

foliis variegatis - 183

curdifolia Lodd. - 835

persicdldes Ser. 264

spinulosa Ph. - 569

Armeniaca Tourn. - 267

crispa Pursh - 835

frdgilis Hell. - 264

Stelleridna Pall. - 272

atropurpurea Lois 268

denticulata Fisch.- 1117

georgica Desf. - 2f<2

taxifblia PalL - 571

brigantlaca P. - 270

fruticdsa Schm. - 836

incana Fall. - - 263

tetragbna 1,. Sp. - 562

dasycai-pa Pers. - 2G8

glauca MX. - - 834

nana L. - - - 262

Waiteri Willd. - 569

persicifdlia Lois. 269

glutinosa Gcertn. - 832

campestris Ser. - 262

Androphilax Wendl. 41

pedunculata Led. - 270

emarginS.ta Willd. 832

gedrgica Dec. - 262

scurulens Wendl. - 41

persicij blia Don'sM. 269

foliis variegatis H. 833

incdna Guld. - '263

Androsae'mum Ch. 77

sibirica Pers. • 269

inclsa Hort. - 832

sibirica Lodd. - 262

fae'tidum Bauh. - 75

vulgaris Lam. - 267

lacininta Ait. - 832

orientulis Ait. - 265

officinale Allioni - 78

cordifblia Ser. - 268

macrocarpa - 833

Pallasii /,«/*•*. - 1114

Angelica tree - - 496

H6re pleno Hort. 268

oxyacanthaefblia 832

pedunculdta Pallas 1114

Aniseed tree 20

fol. variegatis H. 268

quercifblia Willd. 832

persica L. 266

Anonaceae 38

ovaliiolia Ser. - 268

incana Willd. - 834

persica Lam. - 267 Annbna triloba L. - 38

Arbni.t Pers. - - 447

angulata Ait. - 834

Nectarlna Ait. - 267

Anonymos Walt. - '249

arbutij'blia Pers. - 447

glauca - - 834

pfcw/a L. - - 286

frulescens Walt. - 249

Botrydpium Pers. 412

lacmiata Lodd. - 834

tomentbsa Lodd. C. 263

A'pios Ph. - - 249

ovalis Pers. . 413

jorrullensis - - 836

vulndris Dec. - 262

fruttecens Ph. - 249

pyrifblia Pers. - 446

macrocarpa Lodd. 833

Aixyris Cav. - - 192

Apple - 425

sanguinea N utt. - 4.3

obtusifblia Royle - 835

polijgama Cav. - 192 Apricot Tree - - 267

subcordata Raf. - 414

oblongata Willd. - 834

Anacardiacea? - 184. 1113

Aquifoliacoa; - 161. 1113

rotundifbiia Pers. 412

foliis ellipticis Ait. 834

Anagyris Wall. - 199

Aquijblium Catesb. 161

Artemisia Cass. - 549

ovdta Lodd. - - 836

ind/oz Wall. - 199

c.arotinense Catesb. 161

Abrotanum L. - 550

ojcyacanthatfblia L. 832

Andrdchne Clus. - 575

Araliacea; - 496. 1116

humile Hort. - 550

serrulata Willd. - 835

Theophrdsti Clus. 575

Ardlia L. - 496, 497

tobolskianum H. 550

undulata Willd. - 835

Andromeda L. - 560

jap6nica Thunb. - 497

arborescens L. - 550

subcordata Mey. - 836

acuminata Ait. - 569

spinbsa L. - - 4i>6

procera W. - - 550

viridis Dec. - - 836

angustifblia Ph. - 563

Araucaria J. - 1061

Santonica L. - 550

Althafafrittex - 62

arbbrea L. Sp. - 566

brasiliana Rich. - 1062

tobolskiana L. C. - 550

Altingia Noronh. - 932

axilla r is Sol. - 568

Cunninghamii Ait. 1062

Artocarpeas - - 706

excelsa Noronh. - 933

brydntha L Mant. 571

Dombeyi Rich. - 1062

Asclepiadaceae - 1117

Amelanchier M.412.1115

ccerulea L Sp. - 571

excelsa Ait. - - 1062

Ash ... 639

Botryapium Dec. - 412

calyculdta L. Sp. - 563

imbricata Pav. - 1062

Ash-berry - - 50

florida Lindl. - 414

angnstifblia Ait. 563 j lanceoldta Hort - 1065

Asimina Adanson - 38

parvifftlia - - 414

capricida Ham. - 570 ! A'rbor Vita; - - 1068

grandittbra 39

ovalis Dec. - - 413

cassini-fbHa Vent. 564

A'rbutus Corner. - 573 pa. vilibra - - 39

semi-integrifblia 414

cassinej'blia /3 Vent. 564

alplna L. Sp. - 578

trfloba Dun. - 38

subcordata 414. 1115

Catesb*?i Walt. - 568

Andrachne L. - 575

Aspen - - - 821

parviflbra Doug. 413

serratif61ia - 575

Astragalus Dec. 246. 1 1 14

sanguinea Dec. - 413

coridcea WillA - 565

andrachnoides Lk. 574

altdicus Lodd. Cab. 246

vulgaris Mccnch • 412

cm»a Desf. - - 563

buxifblia Stokes - 577

aristdtus L'Herit. 246

American Allspice 452
American Ash - 6.6

Dabofcia L. Syst. 572
dealbdta Lindl. - 564

densifl6ra.ff. B.SfK. 576
filiformis Lam. - 581

brevifblius Bot. C. 246
fruticbsus Dec. - 1114

American Elm - 723

Drummondii Hook. 561

hy'bridaXer - 574

massiliensis Lam. 246

Amer. Honeysuckle 592

ericoides Pall. - 562

Milleri Mayes - 575

Tragacantha L. - 246

American Oaks - 862

ferruginea Walt. - 565

integrifblia Lam. 575

vimineus Dec. - Ih4

American Pines - 969

ferrnginea Willd. 565

microphulla Forst. 579

Atragene - 16. 1111

Ammursine Ph. - 60 2

arborescens MX. 565

mucronata L. f. - 578

alplna Gmel. & Pall. 17

buxifdliaYh. - 602

fruticbsa MX. - 565

nepalt'nsis Royle - 576

alplna L. - - 16

Lyoni Swt. - - 602

floribunda Lyon - 569

pilbsa Graham - 579

sibirica L. 17

fi'osl/dta Swt. - 602

formosissima Bartr. 569

procdra Dougl. - 576

sibfrica? - - 16

Amorpha L - - 230

f rondos a Ph. - 567

pumila Forst. - 579

americana Sims - 17

canescens Nutt. - 232

hypitotdes L. Sp. - 561

scrpyllifblia Lam. 579

obllquaDow MS. 17

cr6ceo-lanata - 231

laurina MX. - 569

serratifblia Nois. - 575

austrlaca Scop. - 16

fragrans Swt. - 231

long/folia Pursh - 596

specibsa Dickson - 576

cirrhbsu Pers. - 13

fruticdsa L. - - 230

/ziczrfa Jacq. - - 569

tomentbsa PA. - 576

clematldes Crantz - 16

angustifblia Psh. 230

lucidaLam - - 565

nuda Hook. Sf Am. 576

columbLna Nutt. - 17

caerulea Lod. Cat 230

lycopodibides Pall. 562

U'nedo L. - 573

florida Pers. - - 10

emarginata Pursh 230

maridna Jacq. - 565

a'lbus Ait. - - 573

milieu Desf. 10

Lewisii Lod. Cat. 230

maridna L. Sp. - 566

crispus - - 574

macropecala L. 57. 1111

glabra Desf. - - 230

margindta Duh. - 565

integrifblius Sims 574

oclwt&nsis Pallas - 17

microphylla Pursh 23 1

ovalifblia Asiat. R. 570

plenus Ait. - 573

sibirica L. - - 16

nana Nutt. - - 2:31

oz/(J<rt Soland. - - 564

rimer Ait. - - 573

Atraphaxis L. - 680

iHin.it Sims - - 231

paniculdta L. Sp. 567 ! salicifblius - - 574

^ T\ A

spinosa L. - - 680

1144

GENERAL INDEX.

Page
undulata /.. - - 680

P ge
Coriaria Royle - 49

Page • Pv«
lutea MX. - - 843 j globbsa L. - - 670

A'triplex L. - - 676

corymbbsa H. Sf A. 49

mollis Lindl. - 1117 ] Bullace - - 272

Halimus L - - 67«

cratae'gina Dec. - 45

nan;i L. 840 Bumelia Swartz - 623

maritima Ray - 676
portulacdldes L. - 676

cretica L. - - 44
buxifolia Tourn. - 44

strictaiod. - - 841
ndna Kalm - - 840

chrysophylloides Ph. 624
lycidides Gcertn. - 623

Aucuba Thiinb. - 511

dealbata Lindl. - 48

Suecbrum Brom. 840

oblongifblia Nutt. 624

japdnica Thunb. - 511

diilcis D. Don - 47

nigra L. 843

reclinata Vent. - 623

Aurantiacese - - 1112

emarginata Willd. 44

nigra Du Roi - 844

tenax Willd. - 624

Avignon Berry - 173
A'xyris L. - - 607
ceratoldes Liu. - 677

empetrifblia Lam. 48
fasciculdrisPen.Cyc. 50
glauca Booth - 43

ovata Sch. - - 836
palustris pumila - 840
papyrifera MX. - 842

Bupleurum7Yw«. 495
arborescens Jacq. - 495
frutescens L. - 495

Ayrshire Rose - 344
Azalea Don - - 601
arbbrea Bartr. - 598
arbbrea Lin. Sp. - 592

glauca Hort. - 48
glumdcea Pen. Cyc. 52
glomerata H. $ A. 49
grdcilis Hartw. - 1111

papyracea Ait. - 842
fusca - - 842
platyphylla Hort. 842
trichoclada Hort. 842

fruticbsum L. - 495
gibraltaricum Lam. 495
Buprestis Spreng. - 495
fruticosa Spreng - 495

arborescens Ph. . 598

Grevilleana Gill. - 49

pendula Lod. - 841

Butcher's Broom - 1099

bicolor Pursh - 594

Hartu'egii Benth - 1112

pendula Roth - 838

Butter-nut - - 735

calenduldcea MX. 595

heterophylla Jus. - 48

p6ntica - - 838

Button wood - 544

fulgida Hort. - 595

iberica Stev. - - 45

populifblia Ait. - 841

Buxus L. 703

canescens MX. - 595

ilicifolia Forst. - 48

lanciniata - - 841

balearica Willd. 704

coccinea Lodd. C. 597

innomindta Kalm - 43

pendula - - 841

humilis Dod. - 704

ferruginca Hort. - 590

lanct'o/dta Benth. - 1112

pubescens Ehrh. - 838

sempervirens L. - 703

glauca Ph. - - 596

macrocdrpa of some 42

piimila //. - - 840

angustifblia Aft//. 703

hispida Ph. - - 597

nervbsa Ph. - - 52

quebeccensis Schr. 840

variegata H. 703

lapponica L. - 590

pinndta Lag. - 50

ritbra Lod. - - 842

arborescens Mill 703

nitida Ph. - - 597

repens Pen. Cyc. - 53

rugosa Ehrh. - 835

argentea Hort. 703

nudiftbra L. Sp. - 592

ruscifolia Lam. - 49

serruldta Ait. - 835

aurea Hort. - 703

alba Mt. - - 593

sibirica Pall - 42

urticifblia - - 838

gigantea N. Duh. 704

bicolor Ait. - 594

sinensis Desf. - 46

verrucbsaEhrh. - 838

marginata Hort. 703

cornea Ait. - 593

sinensis Desf. - 49

viridis Hort. - 836

myrtifbliaZ.rtwz. 704

coccinea Ait. - 595

sinensis Wai. - 45

viridis Vil. - - 834

ndna N. Duh. - 704

rutilans Ait. - 593

tricuspiddta Sm. - 48

Bigarreau - - 278

suffruticbsaiW//. 704

periclymenotdes MX. 592

trifolidta Hartw. -1111

Bigelbvia MX. - 713

Cabbage Rose - 333

alba Ph. - - 593

vulgdris MX. - 45

ligustrina MX - 713

Calligonum L. - 680

cdrnea Ph. - 593

vulgdris Thunb. - 46

porulbsa Smith - 714

Pallasii L'Herit. - 680

papiliondcea Ph. 593

vulgarisi. - - 42

Big Laurel - 22

polygonbides Pall. 680

partita Ph. - 593

alba - 43

Bignbnia Tour. - 660

Callitris V. - 1071

polydndra Ph. - 593

asperma - - 43

Bignbnia Lin. - 661

cupressiformis V. 1072

rutilans Ph. - 593

canadensis Mart. 45

capreolata L. - 660

Fothergilli - - 1072

pilbsa Lam. - 601

dulcis - - 43

Catdlpa Lin. - 662

macrostachya H. 1072

poniica Lin. Sp. - 592

glauca - 43

chinensis Lam. Diet. 661

quadrivalvis Ven. 1072

procumbens L. - 601
specibsa Willd. - 597

iberica Dec. - 45
longifblia - - 43

fraxinifblia Catesb. 661
grand ijiora Th. 661

triquetra - - 1072
Call una Sal. - - 559

viscbsa L. Sp. - 595

lutea --- 43

radtcans Lin. - 661

vulgaris Sal. - 559

floribunda Ait. - 596

inltis ... 43

mtjorHort. - 661

a~lba - - 559

glauca Ait. - 597

nigra- - - 4fr

tomentbsa Thunb. 671

atro-rubens - 559

Azara R. 8[ P. - 184

provincialis * -n-4i

Bilberry - - 604

aurea - - 559

dentata R. & P. - 184

purpurea 43

Birch - - - 837

coccinea - - 559

integrifblia - - 184

violacea - - 43

Bird Cherry - 289

decumbens - 559

Azarole Thorn - 368

fol. purpureis H 1111

Bird's-eye Maple - 85

fibre pleno - 559

Baccharis R. Br. - 546

Berberry - 42

Birthwort - - 701

f 61. variegatis - 559

angustifblia Ph. - 547

Berchemia N. - 169

Bitter Almond - 263

purpurea - - 559

halimifblia L. - 547

volribilis Dec. - 170

Bitter-sweet - 664

serotina - - 55;*

Balsam aceae - - 931

Betulacea- - 832. 1117

Black Ash - - 122

spicata - - 559

Baptisia Hook - 199

Betula Tourn. 838.1117

Blackberry - 316

spuria - - 559

nepalensis Hook. - 199

acuminata Ehrh. - 840

Blackheart Cherry - 277

tomentbsa 559

Basket Osier - - 748
Bastard Indigo - 230

crtnensis Rafin. - 837
albai. - - 838

Black Ital. Poplar - 825
Black Walnut - 734

Calobotrya Spach - 486
sanguinea Spach - 486

Baurngartia M ranch 41

dalecarlica L. - 839

Bladdernut - - 147

Calophaca Fisch. - 243

scdndens Mcench - 41

fbliis variegatis - £39

Bladder Senna - 244

wolgarica Fisch. 243

Bearberry - - 577
Bear Oak - - 876

macrocarpa Willd. 839
pendula Sm. - 838

Bonafidia Neck. - 230
Bbrya W. - - 713

Calycanthaceae - 412
Calycanthus L. - 452

Beech - - - 905

pdntica - - 838

acuminata - 714

ferox MX. - - 454

Belis Salisb. - - 1005

pubescens Ehrh. 838

ligustrina W. - 713

fertilis Walt. - 454

jaculi folia Salisb. 1065

urticifblia - - 839

porulbsa W. - 714

fldridus L. - 453

Bellhcia Adams - 143

A'lno Betula: Ehr. 836

Box Alder - - 122

asplenifblius L.C. 453

Benjamin Tree - 68h

A'lnus Lin. - - 832

Box Thorn - - 665

ferox /,. C. - 453

Benthamia L. - 507

crispa MX. - 835

Box Thorn - - 170

glaucus L.C. - 453

fragifera Lindl. - 508

incdna Lin. - 834

Box Tree - - 703

inodbrus L. C. - 453

japonica - - 508

antdrctica Forst. - 910

Bramble - - 311

longifblius L C. 453

benzoin - - 685

canadensis Lod. - 842

Bride- wort - - 307

oblongus Dec. - 453

Berberacea? - 42. 1111

carpintfblia Ehrh. 844

Broom - - 219

ovatus Dec. - 4fi3

Berberis L. - 42. 1 ill

crispa Ait. - - 835

Broussonetia Vent. 710

variegatus L. C. 453

actinacantha Mart. 47

daurica Pall. - 840

cucullata Bon J. - 710

glaucus Willd. - 454

a-tnensis Presl - 42

emarginata Ehrh. 832

naviculdris Lodd.- 710

IjEvigatus W. - 454

altdica Pal. - 42

excelsa H. Kew. - 843

papyrifera Vent. - 710

oblongifblius Hort. 454

angustifblia Hartw. 1112
angustifblia Roxb. 49

canadensis Wang. 840
fruticosa Pall. - 840

cucullata - 710
fructu albo - 71 1

pennsylvdnicus L.C. 454
pr^cox L. Sp. - 455

Aquifblium PI,. - 51

glandulbsa M. - 841

spatuldta H. Br. - 710

sterilis Walt. - 453

Aquifblium Lindl. 53

humilis Schr. - 840

Bryanthus Gmel. - 571

Calycotome Lk. - 221

repens Tor. § G. 53

incdna Lin. - - 834

Gmelini D.Don - 571

vil/bsa Lk. - 221

asiatica Roxb. - 49

glauca Ait. - 834

Stelleri D.Don - 572

Candleberry Myrtle 934

buxifdlia Lam. - 47

lacinidta Lod. - 841

Buck-thorn - - 170

Capparidacea? - 1113

canadensis Mill. - 45

lanccoldta Hort. - 842

Buddlea L. - - 670

Caprifoliacece - 512

chinensis Gill. - 49 ( lenta L. - - 814

c ipitata Jacq. - 670

Caprifblium Gaert. 539

Vhitria Buch. - 49

lenta Du Roi - 841

globiftbra N. Duh. 670

alpigenum Gffirt. - 539

GENERAL INDEX. 1 145

Pajre > Page

Page

Page

alptnurn Lam. - 539 porcina Nutt. - 740

Deodara Roxb. - 1059

paniculata Lois. - 294

bal,aricum Dum.- 529 glabra - - 741

Libani Barr. - 1057

pennsylvanica L. - 286

bractebsum MX. - 530

pubescens Link - 742

fbliis argenteis - 1058

persicifblia Lois. - 283

cceruleum Lam. - 540

rigida - - 742

nana - - - 1059

Ph6shia Hamitt. - 287

cninense Hort. Br. 534

sulcata Nu/t. - 739

magna Dod. - 1057

prostrata Ser. - 282

cilibsum Doug. - 532

tornentbsa Nutt. - 738

phcenicea Mat. - 1083

Pseudo-Cerasus L. 282

cilibsum Ph. - 532

maxima Nutt. - 739

phcenicea Ren. - 1057

pubescens Ser. - 285

dioicum R. & S. - 530

Cdsia Latinbrum A'. 605

Celastraceae - - 149

Puddum Roxb. - 287

Dougldsii Lindl. - 530

Cassandra D.Don - 562

Celastrus L. - - 154

pumila Af*. - - 283

dnmetbrum Lam. - 537

angustifblia G.Di.n 563

bullatus Pluk. - 154

pumila C. Bauh. - 282

etruscum K. & S. - 5'28

calyculataD Do« 563

nepalensis Lodd. - 154

pygm^a Lois. - 284

fldvum Ell. - 529

lacifolia Lod. - 503

pyracanthifblius L. 154

salicina G.Don - 287

Jiexubfum Hort. - 534

nana Sims - 563

scandens L. - - 154

semperflbrens Dec. 281

FrdseriPYi. - 528

ventricbsa Sims 563

Celtis Tourn. - 727

ser6tina Lois. - 291

glaucnm Mcench - 530

Cassieae - . 249

aspera Lodd. - 729

retusa Ser. - 292

frdtum Ph. - 531

CassineWaH. - 164

ausirdlis Willd. - 729

serrulata G. Don 281

ispiduluin Lindl.- 530

CM-olinidna Walt.- 164

australisL. - - 727

sinensis G. Don - 287

implexum R. & S. - 529

Pardgua L. - 519

canescens H.&B.- 1117

sylvestris Bauh. - 277

japonicum D Don 534

Perdgua Mill. Ic. 162

caucasica W. - 728

duracina fl. pleno 278

japonicum H.Brit. 533

vera Walt. - - 162

cordata Desf. - 730

unduldta Dec. - 293

lonfiijtbrum Sieb.- 534

Casslope Don. - 561

cordifblia L'Herit. 730

virginiana MX. - 291

nepalense H. Brit. 534

ericdldes D. Dow - 562

crassitblia Lam. - 730

vulgaris Mill. - 278

occidentale Lindl. - 532

fastigiata D.Dow - 562

laevigata /( Hid. - 730

fibre pleno Hort. 279

parvijibrum Pursh 530
Peiiclt/menumRcem .527
pubescens G oldie- 529

hypndldes D.Don 561
lycopodidhlesD.Dow 562
Redowski G. Don 562

obllqua Moench - 729
occidental is L. - 729
cordata Willd. - 279

fibre semiplSnoff. 279
fbliis varieg. Ht. 279
marascha - - 280

pyrendicum Lam.- 536

tetragbna D. Don 562

scabriuscula Willd. 729

persiciflora Hort. 279

rdseum Lam. - 535

Castanea 7'. - .45

orientals Hort. - 729

Ceratospermum P. 677

sempervlrens MX. - 531

argentea Bl. - 915

orientdlis Mill. - 728

vaaadsum Pers. - 677

sylvdticum Lam. - 527
vt//offumH.B.&K. 533

chinensis Spreng.- 916
Fagi/s Scop. - 905

tenuifblia Pers. - 729 Ceratlola - - 1092
pumila Ph. - - 731 ericdldes - - 1093

CaraganaL. 237.1114

glauca Hort. - 912

sin^nsis Pers. - 729

Cercis L. 256

Altagana Poir. - 238

heterophylla Hort. 912

sinettsis Willd. - 729

canadensis L. - 258

Altagana var. Poir. 238

indicator. - - 914

Tournefortii Lam. 728

pubescens' PA. - 259

arborescens Lam. 237

inermis Lindl. - 916

Willdenoviana S. 729

Siliquastrum L. - 257

inermis Hort. - 238

javanica J5/. - - 915

Cephalanthus L. - 544

fibre albido - 257

arenaria Do«» . 239

fuscescens - - 916

occidentalis L. - 544

parviflbrum Dec. 257

argentea Lam. - 242

montana - - 915

brachypodus D. 545

rbseum - - 257

Chamlagu Lam. 241

lacinidta Hort. - 912

oppositifblius M. - 544

Charnbmeles Lindl. 452

digit 11 ta Lam. - 239

martabanica Wall. 915

CerasusJww. 276.1114

japonica Lindl. - 452

Jerox Lam. - 240

pumila Willd. - 914

acuminata Wall. - 293

Chanuccerasus Del. 539

frutescens Dec. - 239

Roxburghii Lindl. 915 | aspera - - 287

alptgena Delarb. - 539

angtistifblia - 239

salictfulia Hort. - 912 dvium Mcench - 277

cteriilea Delarb - 540

lati folia - - 239

satlva Mill. - 916 bore£lis MX. - 283

Jruticbsa Pers. - 282

mollis Dec. - 239

sphaerocarpa Lin. 915 Chamaecerasus L. 282

nigra Del. - - 535

Gerardiana Royle- 1114

tribuldides Lindl. 915 ! chicasa MX. - - 285

Chameelidon Lk. - 601

grandifldra Dec - 241

vesca Michx. - 912 canadensis Lois. - 294

procumbens Lk. - 601

jubata Poir. - 241

vescaG^r/f. . -912! Capollin Dec. - 292

Chaste tree - - 673

microphylla D. - 238

america-na - 912 capriclda G. Don - 293

Chenopodiaceae - 675

microphylla'La.m - 238

asplenifblia Lod. 912 capronidna Dec. - 278

Chenbpodium L. - 675

mollis Bess. - 239

cochleata Lod. - 912 caroliniana MX. - 296

Jruticbsum Bieb. - 675

pygmae'a Dec. - 240

fbliis aureisiioA. 912

depressa 1 h. - 284

fruticbsum Schrad. 675

arenaria Fisch. - 240

fdliis lucidis - 912

duracina Dec. 278

microphyllum Bieb. 675

Redowski D. - 238

glauca Hort. - 912

elliptica Lois. - 294

parvifblium R. $ S. 675

pras'cox Fisch. - 239

glabra Lod. - 912 glandulbsa - - 287

Cherry - - - 276

sibirica Ray - 237

variegata Hort. - 912

glauca Moench - 284

Chestnut - - 911

spindsa Dec. - 240
tragacanthdldes - 240

vulgaris Lam. - 916
Catalpa Juss. - 662

tfi.raW.etB. - 294
horlensis Pers. - 278

Chian-turpentine tree 185
Chili Pine - - 1062

Carpinus L. - 916

bignoniotdes Walt. 662

humilis Mor. - 287

Chimonanthus Lindl. 454

Carpinus Matth. - 917

cordifblia Nutt. - 662

hyemalis MX. - 285

fragrans Lindl. - 455

americana - - 918

syringcefblia Sims. 662

inclsa Lois . - - 287

grandiflbrusLm. 455

BetulusL. - - 917

Ceanbthus L. 180. 1113

intermedia Poir. - 282

luteus Hort. - 455

Carpinizza Hort. 919

americanus L. - 180

jap6nica Lois. - 286

parviflbrus Hort. 455

heterophylla - 917

herbaceus T. # G. 180

multiplex Ser. - 286

China rose - - 341

ir.clsa Lod. - 917

intermedius 180.1113

Juliana Dec. - 277

Chincapin - - 914

querctfblia Desf. 917

Pitcher! T. # G. 180

heaumianaD. - 278

Chionanthus L. - 634

variegata Lod. - 917

azureus Desf. - 180

Laurocerasus L. - 295

virginica L. - - 634

faginea Lindl. - 919

intermedius - 181

angustif61ia H. - 295

angustifblia Ait. 624

montana Bl. - 915

bicolor Willd. - 180

c6lchica - - 1114

latifblia Cat. Car. 634

orientals L. - 918

cteruleus Lag. - 180

Emerelli - - 1114

maritima Pursh 634

O'slrya Hort. - 920
O'strya Michx. - 920

colllnus Doug. - 182
intermtdius, Hort. 181

variegata Hort. - 295
lusitanica Lois. - 294

montana Pursh 634
trifida Mcench - 634

virginiana MX. - 920

intermedius Pursh 180

HixaSer. - - V94

Christ's thorn - 168

Tungurrut Bl. - 915
viminea Lindl. - 919

oregdnus - - 182
ovalis - - - 182

Mahaleb Mill. - 288
fructu flavo H. - 288

Chrysobolrya Spach 488
intermedia Spach 488

virginiana Abb. - 920

ovdtus cydneus B. 181

latifblium Hort. 288

Lindleydna Spach 488

rirginiana Michx. 918

ovdtus Desf. - - 1X0

ni611is Doug. - 292

revoliita Spach - 487

Carya2V«tt. - - 73ft
albaAfwtt. - - 739

pertnnis Pursh. - 180
sanguineus - - 182

nepalensis Ser. - 293
nigra Lois. - - 284

Chry sophy Hum Jacq. 624
carolinense Jacq. - 624

amara Nutt. - 737
ambigua - - 742
aquatica Nutt. - 737

thyrsiflbrus Esch. 181
veiutlnus Doug. - 181
Cedar of Goa - - 1075

tti^ra Mill. Diet. - 277
Padus Dec. - - 289
bractebsa Ser. - 21-0

gldbrum Juss. - 624
Cineraria L. Sp. - 551
maritima L. Sp. - 551

integnfblia Spr. - 742
microcarpa Nutt. - 742

Cedar of Lebanon - 1057
Cedrela Lour. - 4*9

fructu rubro Dec. 290
parviflbra Ser. - 290

Cissus L. - - 141
Ampelopsis Pers. - 140

myristicffiformis N. 741

Cddrus Barr. - 1057

rObraSer. - 290

hederdcea Ph. - 139

olivaeformis Nutt. 736

conifer a Bauh. - 1057

vulgaris Ser. - 290

hirsuta Ph. - 140

1146

GENERAL INDEX.

^i>A Page
C<-*fcrientalis Lam. - 141

Page
fl. pi. violaceo - 10

Page
! orientalis Lam. - 244

Page
Coronilla N. - - 246

quinquefblia H. P. 140

Sieboldii D. Don 10

Pocockii Ait. - 2»5

E/merus L. - - 247

stdns Pers. - - 140

frdgrans Ten. - i

procumbent L'H. 24c

juncea L. 248

Cistaceas - 54

gtaMCfl Willd.

sanguinea Pall. - 244

paucifldra Lam. - 247

Cistus L. - 54
albidus Hort. - 55

grandiflbra Hort.- 1
grata Wa#.

wolgdrica Lam. - 243
Colymbea Salisb. - 1062

Corstorphine Plane 86
Corylaceae - 846.1117

upennlnus L. - 59
corbariensis Pair. 55

Hendersbnii Chan.
holosericea Pursh 1

quadrifdria Sal. - 1062
Comarum L. - 320

Corylus L. <j21
americana Michx.- 925

credcus - - 57

lasiantha AT«tt - 1

palustrei. - - 320

hamilis Wang. - 925

creticus Hort. Kew. 55

ligustricifblia Nutt. 1

Compositae - - 545

arbor ea Hort. - 922

crispus - - - 57

lincariloba Dec. - 1

Comptbnia Sol. - 936

Avellana L. - - \n\

Cupanianus - - 57

maritima All. Fed.

asplenifblia Solan. 936

barcelonensis - 923

cymbsus Dec. - 55

montana Ham. - 1 >

Coniferae - - 946

crispa Enc. of Pi. 923

cyprius Lam. - 57

nepalensis Hort. - 7

Corchorus Thunb. 298

heterophylla - i>23

grandiflbrus Scop. 59
Helidnthemum L. - 58

ochroleuca Hort. - 4
odordta Hort - 7

japonicus Thunb. 298
CoremuDow - 1092

pumila - - 922
purpurea - - 922

heterophyllus - 57

orientalis L. - 4

alb-i Don - - 1092

sylvestris Ait. - 922

hirsutus 57

paniculata Thun. - 3, 4

Coreosma Spach - 484

ten u is Lod. ~ 923

hispidus /3 Lam. - 59
hybridus Pourr. - 55

parviflbra Dec. - 12
parviflbra M/«. - 15

viscosissima Spach 484
Coriaceae - - 146

tubulbsa - - 922
alba - - 923

incanus L. - - 55

pedicellata Swt. - 14

Coriaria Niss. - 146

byzHMtina Herm. - : 23

ladaniferus B. M. 57

Pitched T. $ G. - 15

myrtifbliai. - 146

Colurna L. - - 923

ladaniterus L. - 57

polymorpha Hort. 14

nepalensis Wall. - 146

intermddia - 923

albiflbrus D^c. - 57

pubescens - - 15

sarmentbsa Forst. 146

arborescens - 923

maculatus Dec. - 57

pulcketla Pers. - 12

Cork Tree - - 884

cornu.'a llort. - 925

plenifolius Ait. - 57

reticulata WW*. - 9

Cornaceae - 501. 1116

intermedia Lod. - 923

laurifblius L. - 56

rdsea Abbott - 9

Cornelian Cherry - 505

nistrata Ait. - -925

laxus --- 57

sibirica Mill. Diet. 17

Cornel Tree - - 505

sylvestris Gron. - 9^5

longifblius - - 57

Sieboldii Paxt. - 10

Cornish Elm - - 716

Coconeaster Med. - 4; 6

oblongifblius - 57

&//{«rt Hook. - 9

Cornus L. - 501. 1116

acuminata Lindl. - 409

populifblius L. - 56

Simsii Swt. H. B. 7

alba Walt. - - 504

affinis Lindl. - 408

minor 55

sinensis Lour. Coc. 5

alba L. - - - 503

bacillaris Wall. - 1115

psilosepalus 57

suaveolens Sal. P. 3

circinata Don - 503

buxifblia Wall. - 411

purpureus Lam. - 55

tenuifbl.lusitdn.T. 12

sibirica L. C. - 503

rnarginata - - 411

salicifolius - - 57

/er/ia Com. - - 5

alter na Marsh. - 501

denticulata - - 407

salviaafblius - - 57

triternata Hort. - 6

alternifblia L. - 501

ellfptica Hort. - 409

salvicefblius /3 Dec. 55

triternata Hort. - 7

Ambmutn Du Roi 504

frigida Wall. - 408

scabrbsus Ait. - 61

urens Gerard - 3

aspertfblia L. C. - 504

kumdna Lod. Coll. 407

serpyWfblius L - 59

verticilldris Dec. - 17

catrulea Lam. - 504

Us" vis Lodd. Coll. 409

stenophyllus Lk. - 57

Viorna Bot. Rep. 8

ccerulea Meerb. - 503

laxiflbra Jacq. - -107

surrejdnus L. - 58

ViornaL. - - 7

canadensis Hort. - 503

uniflbra Fischer- 407

undulatus 57

cordata - - 7

candidissima Mill. 504

margindta Lindl . - 411

villbsus - - 57

viornbidcs Schrad. 12

capita/a Wall. - 508

mel-anocdrpa Fisc. 406

Claret Grape - - 137

virginiana L. - 6

circinata L'Her. - 505

microphyila Wall. 4J 1

Clematidese - 2. 1111

bracteata Dec. - 6

circinata Cham. - 503

U'va-ursi Lindl. 410

Clematis L. - 2. 1111

VitalbaL. 5

citrifblia Hort. - 504

nummularia Lindl. 409

alter a Matth. - 5

ViticellaZ,. - - 11

cyanocdrpusGm. - 503

rotundifolia Wall. 410

anemoniji. D. Don 15

baccataDfc. - 12

cyanocdrpus Mcen. 504

tomentosa Lindl. - 406

az&r. grandifl. Sieb. 1 1

caerulea - - 12

d'dhrica Laxm. - 521

U ' va- urst H ort. - 410

balearica Pers. - 14

multiplex G.Don 12

fce'mtna M. Diet. 504

vulgans Lind. - 406

balearica Rich. - 14

purpurea - 12

foe'mina Ray - 502

depressa Fries - 4(,6

bicolor Hort. - 10

tenuifblia Dec. - 12

fastigidta MX. - 503

erythrocarpa Led. 406

Buchaniana - - 15

vitifblia - - 15

ferruginea Hort. 504

inel.mocarpa - 406

c&rulea Bauh. - 16

Clethra L. - 581

florida L. 5 7

Cowania D. Don - 321

caerulea Lindl. - 11

acuminata MX. - 582

grandis Schlecht.- 507

plicata D. Don - 321

c&spildsa Scop. - 4

alnifblia L. - 582

grandis Benth. - 1116

Crabowskia Schl. - 669

californica G. M. - 1111

denudhta Ait. - 582

lanuginosa MX. - 504

boerhaaviasi'bliaiV. 669

calyctna Ait. - 14

pubexcens Ait. - 582

macrophylla Wall. 1116

Crab - - - 925

campaniflbra Tfrctf. 12

incdna Pers. - 582

mas L. - - 505

Crack Willow - 759

parviflbra Fis. - 12

montuna Bartr. - 582

fructu ceraa colbris506

Cranberry - - 616

campaniflbra Hort. 12

paniculata Ait. - 582

variegatus - - 506

CrataV gus Lind. 35 \ 1115

canadensis Mil. D. 6

scabra Pers. - 583

oblonga Wall. - 505

acerijblia Hort. - 354

chinensis ./tete. - 5

tomentosa L. - 582

oblon^ifolia Rafin. 504

aestivalis T.$G. - 1115

cirrhbsa Sims - 14

Cluster Pine - 261

officinalis - - 507

cestivdlis Walt. - 353

cirrhbsa L. - - 13

CtymenonL'Obel - 78

paniculata Ham. - 505

altdica Lodd.Cat.- 363

angustifblia - 14

ItalbrumL'Vbel - 78

paniculata L'Her. 504

apiifolia L. Cat. - 366

pedicellata Dec. 14

Cnebrum Matth. - 691

albida Ehrh. - 504

apiifolia MX. - Zffi

corddtu Sims - 7

Cocculus Bauh - 40

radiata Ph. - 504

major L. Cat. - 3(*>

c.jrdifblia Mrench - 6

carollnus D^c. - 40

racembsa Lam. - 504

minor - - 366

cylindrica Sims - 8,
crispa Lam. 8

Cochspur Thorn - 358
Colldtia Com. - 178

rubiginbsa Ehrh. 504
rugbsa Lam. - 505

arborescens T. % G. 1115
arbutifblia L.Cat. 366

crispa L. 8

E'phedra rent. - 179

sanguinea Ph. - ,e)02

arbutifblia Ait. - 404

dapknoides Dodon. 657
divaricata Jacq. - 8
Drummondii T.$G. 15

/erarGill.&Hook. 179
horrida Lindl. - 179
spinbsa - - 179

sanguinea Walt. - 503
sanguinea L. - 502
fbliis variegatis - 502

A^riavar.a.L.Sp. 432
A^ria /3 L. Sp. - 434
Arbnia Bosc - 370

Fldmmula Bert. - 4

ulicina - - 179

PurshiiDow'sM. 502

axilla n's L. Cat. - 383

Flammula L. - 3

Colutea R Br. - 244

sempervirens L.C. 504

Azarblus L. - 368

ca2spitbsa Dec. - 4

dptera Schmidt - 244

sericea L'Her. - 504

A. IB Willd. Sp. - 370

maritima Dec. - 3

arborescens L. - 244

oblongifblia Dec. 504

berberifblia T. Sf G. 1J15

paniculata 4

cruenta Ait. - 244

strictai. - - 503

belulijnlia L. Cat.- 383

rotundifolia Dec. 3

haleppica Lam. - 245

asperifblia - 504

Chamcemvspilus J. 449

rubella Dec. - 3

hirs-uta Roth - 244

sempervirens - 504

carolinidna L. C. - 361

Jla»a Moench - 4

humilis Scop. - 245

stolontfera MX. - 503

carolinidna Poir. - 364

fibre crispo Dil. E. 13

istria Mill. Diet. - 245

tatdrica Mill. Ic. - 503

carpdtica L. Cat. - 362

florida Thun. - 10

media Willd. - 245

tonnntbsa MX. - 505

coccinea Booth - 353

fibre pleno Hort. 10

nepalensis Hook. - 245

virginiana H. Par. 505

corallina - - 3;;4

GENERAL INDEX.

1147

maxima L. Cat.- 354

Page
flexubsa Sm. Ayr 377

Page Pag*
tomentbsa Du Roi 356 dii'aricdtus L'H. - 22*

mollis T.SfG. - 1115

Jibre pleno Hort. 377

tormindlis L. Sp. - 436

elongatus W. $ K. 222

neapolitana//or. 354

fbliis argcnteis - 38!

trilobata L. - - 366

elongdlus Hort. - 222

oligandra T. 4- 6f. 1115

fbliis aureis - 381

trilobdta Lab. - 437

mutiijibrus Dec. - 222

populifbliaT.&Gf. 1115
spinbsa Godefr. - 354

fructu coccineo 1115
laciniata - - 380

? turbmdta Pursh 364
turbindta Pursh - 383

falcatus W. $ K. - 223
grandiflbrus Dec. 219

vfridis T.SfG. • 1115

leucocarpa - 379

uniflbra Du Roi - 383

hirsutus L. - - 224

cordllina L. Cat. - 354

lucida - - 381

virginidna Hort. - 384

hirsutus Lod. - 224

cordata Mill. - 367

melanocarpa - 378

virginica Z,«e«. - 384

hirthtus Lam. - 224

cornifblia Booth - 356

monogyna - - 377

viridis Lodd. Cat. 383

hispdnicus Lam. - 227

crenulata Hort. - 385

multiplex Hort. 377

viridis Hort. - - 384

Laburnum Z,. - 214

Cri'iS-gdlli Du Roi 355

obtusata Dec. - 379

Cress Rocket - 54

coccineum B. C. 216

Crus-galli L. - 358

Oliveriana - 378

Crowberry - - 1091

fbliis variegatis - 215

linearis Dec. - 360

oxyphylla - - 1115

Cruciacea? 53

fragrans Hort. - 215

nana Dec. - 360

oxyphylla Monc. 381

Cucumber Tree - 29

inclsum - - 215

ovalifblia B. R. 360

pendula Lod. C. 376

Cunninghamia Br. 1065

latifblium Pers. 215

pyracanthifblia D. 359

plaiyphylla Lod. 378

lanceoldta R. Br. 1065

pendulum Hort. 215

salicifblia Dec. - 360

prae cox Hort. - 377

sinensis flzcA. - 1065

purpureum H. - 215

splendens Dec. - 359

pteridifblia - 381

Cupressinae - - 1068

quercifblium H. 211

cuneifblia L.Cat. - 358

punicea Lod. C. 377

Cupressus L. - - 1073

lanigerus Dec. - 221

denlata Thuil. - 434

fl. pleno - 377

australis Pers. - 1076

rigidus Dec. - 226

Douglasii Z,i»rf/. - 364

quercifblia B. - 380

americdna Catesb. 1078

leucanthus - - i21

dulcis Ronalds - 356

reglnae Hort. - 376

bacciformis Willd. 1076

loto'ides Pour. - 223

ediilis Ronalds - 356

rigida Ronalds - 375

Coulterii Pin. Wob 1076

multiflbrus Lindl. 222

ediilis Lodd. Cat. - 356

rbsea Hort. - 377

disticha £{». - 1078

nanus Willd. - 225

elliptica L. Cat. - 360

superba H. - 377

txpdnsa Hort. - 1073

nigricaus /.. - 218

eriocarpa L. Cat. - 379

sibirica - - 377

fastigidta Hort. - 1073

nigricans Pall. - 243

Jissa Lee - - 378

stricta Lod. Cat. 375

fastigiata /f. JFoo. - 1076

orientalis Lois. - 226

fissa Lodd. Cat. - 370

transylvanica B. 377

glauca Brot. - 1075

parvifblius Lod. - 224

flabelldta Hort. - 354

monogyna Jacq. - 377

horizontalis Audi. 1076

parvijblius N. D. - 2*8

fiava^rt. - - 364

monogyna L. - 377

horizontalis N. D. 1073

patens L. 219

fldva Hort. - 379

oxyacantkb'ides Th, 379

lusitanica Tbwrn. 1075

pauciflbrus Willd. 225

flavissima Hort. - 364

parvifblia Ait - 383

neptilensis Hort. - 1084

penduilnus L. f. - 219

florida Godefroy - 367

florida - - 383

pendula TAwnA. - 1076

pinndtus Pall. - 243

florida Lodd. Cat. 383
gi'orgica Doug. - 354

grossulariaefblia 383
pectindla - - 254

pendula L'Herit - 1075
pendula Thunb. - 1075

polytrichus #/<•&.- 224
pubescens M tench 204

gldbra Thunb. - 404
glandulbsa MX. - 364

pentdgyna fldva G. 356
plaiyphylla Lindl. 378

pyramiddlis Hort. 1073
sabinoldes H. B. - 1076

purpureus Scop. - 222
fibre albo Hort. - 222

macrdutha Lindl. 357

poputifblia Walt. - 367

sempervlrens L. - 1073

fibre rbseo - 222

glandulbsa W. - 354

prunifblia Bosc - 361

stricta Mill. - 1073

racembsus Marn. 226

suhvillbsa - 354

pteridifblia Lod. C. 381

horizontalis Mill. 1073

ruthenicus Lod. - 223

succulenta Fis. - 354

punctata Ait. - 355

thurifera H. B. - 1076

scoparius Lk. - 219

glauca Wall. C. - 403

aurea Pursh - 356

Tournefortii yfnd. 1076

a Urns Hort. - 220

gree'ca Hort. - 433

brevisplnaDcm/*. 356

thyb'tdes Pav. - K.-70

fibre pldno Hort. 220

neterophylla F. - 374

fldva Hort. - 356

thyoides L. - - 1076

sessilifolius /.. - 218

incisa Lee - - 372

rubiaPwrsA - S56

fbliis variegatis - 1075

spinbsus Lam. - 220

indent 'd /a Lod. C. 354

stricta tf. - 356

nana Hort. - K75

supinus Jacq. - 223

laciniata Lod. C. - 380

stricta Ronalds - 356

torulbsa Lamb. - 1076

suptnus Bert. - 224

Lnrnbertidna Hort. 384

purpurea Bosc - 363

virginidna Com. - 1078

supinus Lin. Sp. - 224

latifblia Poir. - 434

altaica - - 363

Cupulifera? - - 849

supinus Lod. - 224

latifblia Pers. - 356

Pyracantha Pers. - 385

Currants - - 477

telunensis Lois. - 228

latijDlia Ronalds - 356

crenulata Hort. 385

Custard apple - 38

Tournefortidnus L. 224

Icucophlce^os Mcen. 356

fr. alb. H. - - 1115

Cydbnia Tourn. - 450

tribracteolattis /r. 221

linearis Lod. Cat. 360

pyracanthifb. L. C. 359

japonica Pers. - 452

triflbrus L'Herit - 219

linearis Lod. Cat. 383

pyrifblia Ait. - - 356

fibre albo - - 452

triflbrus Lam. - 224

loba°t.a Bosc - - 365

pyrifblia Lam. - 446

fl. semi-pleno - 4.r-2

triflbrus Lod. - 223

lonpifblia N. Du H. 433

pyrifblia Torrey - 357

sinensis Thouin - 451

urniensis Lod. - 224

lucida Wang. - 358

pyriformis - - 354

vulgaris Pers. - 450

villbsus Pour. - 219

lutea Poir - - 365

racembsa Lam. - 412

lusitanica Du H. 451

WeldSnii /is. - 217

lutes cens Booth - 381

radidta Lod. Cat. 356

malilormis Hort. 450

wolgdncus L. fil. - 243

macracantha Lod. 357

rivularis T.SfG. - 1115

pyriformis Hort. 450

Daboe'cia D. Don - 572

minor - - 358

rotund/folia Booth 354

Cypress - - 1073

polifblia D. Don - 572

maroccana Pers. - 369

rotundifblia Lam. 412

Cytisus D.-'c. - - 213

fibre albo Swt. - 572

maura L. fil. - 369

balicifblia - - 360

AddmiPmr.- - 216

Dahoon Tree - - 161

mexicana Moc. - 384

sanguinea Schrad. 371

zeolicus Gust. - 226

Dalbergia Spr. - - 232

microcdrpa Lindl. 3 -";7

sanguinea Pall. - 354

albusZ,*. - - 213

amorphb'ides Spr. 232

neapolitdna Hort. 374

sanguinea Hort. - 3' 3

incarnatus - - 214

Damask Rose - 332

nlgra W. et K. - 362

scdndica Wahl. - 434

alpln'is Lam. - 214

Dammara - - 1066

fusca Jacq. - 362

serrdta Poir. - 446

alpinus Mill. - 215

Dammara Lamb. - 1066

odoratissima B. R. 371

Shicbla Ham - 405

fragrans Hort. - 217

orientalis Lamb. - 1066

Oliveria Lod. C. - 378

sibirica Lod. Cat. 377

penduhis - - 216

Daphne- - 686.1117

Oliveridna Bosc - 378

spathuldla MX. - 384

purpurascens H. 216

alplna L. - - 688

opdca Hook. - 1115

spathulata£//«b£ - 367

anagyrius L'H. - 227

altaica Pall. - - 687

orientalis Bosc - 371

georgica - - 368

aiigustifblius Mcen . 215

Auckland!! Lindl. 1117

sanguinea - - 371

splendens Lod. Cat 359

argenteus L. - 225

buxifdlia Vahl - 690

orientalis Lindl. - 371

spicdta Lam. - 413

austriacus L. - 223

Cnebrum L. - 691

orientalis Lod. C. 378

splna longisshna L. 357

nbva Lod. - - 223

collina S?w/'/A - 6«0

ovalifblia Horn. - 360

spinosissima Lee 366

austriacus Lod. - 223

collina ot,Bot.Reg.- 690

Oxyacantha Fl. D. 379
Oxyacantha Walt. 366

stipuldcea Lod. C. 384
subvillosaFisch. - 355

calyclnus Bieb. - 225
calyclnus Lod. - 224

neapolitana L. - 690
Gnidium L. - - 691

Oxyacantha L. - 375

suecica A it. - - 434

cdndicans L. Sp. - 204

Laureola I,. - - 688

apetala Lwf. Cat. 377

tanacetifblia Pers. 372

canescens Fisch. - 224

Mezdreum L. - 687

aurantiaca tfoof/z 379

Celsiana - - 372

capitatus Jacq. - 224

autumnale - 687

afire* Hort. - 379

glabra Lod. Cat. 372

ciliatus Wahlenb. - 224

fibre albo - - 687

capitata Swz. Ayr 377

Leedna A.K. - 372

complicdtus Br. - 227

neapolitdna Lod. - 690

Celsiana Jf/or/. - 377

tanacetifb.taiir.'D. 371

complicdtus Dec. - 228

olecefblia Lam. - 691

eriocarpa Lindl. 379

tomentbsa Lin. Sp. 383

decumbens Lod. - 223

oleoldes - - 690

1148

GENERAL INDEX.

. .vltf Pa*e
^ indentata - - 354

Page
spinbsa - - 627

b'tlida Lk. et O. - 491

latiftflia - - 90i>

pontica L. - 688

inermis Mill. - 696 JioribundtilLK.et K. 491

latifblia -. . 909

fbliis variegatis L. 688

orientalis Delisle (;96 | montevidensis Sc. 491

obllqua Mirb. - 910

rubra Hort. - 688

orientalis L. - 697

glandulbsa Bot. C. 491

pumila Lin. - - 914

pubescens - - 689

parvilblia Boyle - 1117

illin'.ta Presl - 491

sylvatica L. - 905. 1119

salicifblia Lam. - 690

salicifblia D. Don 697

montevidensis Dec. 491

americana - - 907

sericea Vahl - 691

songdrica Fisch. - 696

floribunda - 4S)1

aspleniJblia'LoA. 906

striata Trat. - 691

spinosa L. - - 697

pulverulenta Pers. 491

atrorubens Du R. 905

Tarton-raira L. - 689

Elceodendron Retz. 622

resinbsa Pers. 216. 491

cochleata B. - 1118

Thymelae^a Vahl 689

A'rgan Retz. - 622

rubra Pers. - - 490

crispa Hort. - 906

tomentbsa - - 690

Elder - - - 513

albiflbra H.etA. 491

cristata - - 906

Date Plum - - 625

Eledgnum Lob. - 673

glabriuscula#.#A 490

cuprea Lod. - 905

Deciduous Cypress 1077
Decumaria L. - 466

T/ieophrasti Lob. 673
Elm - - - 715

pubescens H.S(A. 491
Eubasis Sal. - 511

fbliis variegatis - 905
heterophylla - 906

barbaraL. - - 467

E'merus Mill. Ic. - 247

dicliotomus Sal. - 511

inclsa Hort. - 906

sarmentbsa Dec. 467

major Mill. Ic. - 247

Euonymdides M. - 154

lacinidta Lod. - 906

Fors$thia MX. - 467

minor Mill. Ic. - 247

Euonymus Tourn. 93. 149

pendula Lod. - 906

prostrata Lo.C. - 467

Kmpetraceae - - 1090

alternij blius M. - 152

purpurea Ait. - 905

radicaiis fticench - 467

E'mpetrum L. - 1091

americanus L. - 152

salicifblia Hort. 906

sarmcnlbsa Bosc 467

album Lin. - - K92

angustifblius - 152

sylvestris Mich. 905. 907

Deodara Cedar - 1"059

Conradii Torrey - 1092

obovatus Nutt. 152

False Acacia - - 233

Deutzia Thun. - 465

lusitdnicumTourn. 1092

sarmentbsus N. 152

Flcus Tourn. - 712

Brunbnia Wall. - 466

nlgrum L. - 1091

var. /3 Tor. & G. 152

CaricaL. - - 712

canescens Sieb. - 466

scoticum Hook. - 1091

var. y Tor. & G. 152

communis Bauh. - 712

corymbbsa 11. Br. 466

rubrumZ,. - - 1091

var. $ Tor. & G. 152

iiumilis Tourn. - 712

scabra Thun. - 466

Endogena? - - 1093

angustifbliusPur&h 152

sylvestris Tourn. - 712

staminea R. Br. - 466

E'phedraZ,. - - 937

atropurphreus W. 153

Fig Tree - - 712

Dew-berry - - 314
Dicondngia MX. - 489

distachya L. - - 937
maritima major Tou. 937

atropurpureus J. - 151
carolinensis Marsh. 151

Filbert - - - 922
Fischer a Swartz - 602

Diervilla Tourn. - 525

monostachya L. - 938

caucdsicus Lodd. 151

Five-leaved Ivy - 139

acadiensis Duh. - 525

pulygonbtdes Pall. 938

echinatus Wall. - 153

Flowering Ash - 651

ranadensis W. - 525

vulgaris Rich. - 937

europaa'us L. - 149

Fly Honeysuckle - 533

hbmilis Pers. - 525

Epige'a/,. - - 580

fbl. variegatis L.C. 150

Fontanesia Lab. - 638

Ihtea Ph. - - 525

repens L. - - 580

fructu albo L.C. 150

pliillyredldes Lab. 639

Tonrnefortii MX. - 525

rubicunda Swt. - 581

latifblius/.ocW.C. 150

Forsytliia Walt. - 467

trifida Moench - 525

Ericaceae - 552.1116

leprbsus L. - 150

scant/ens Walt. - 467

Diospyros L. - - 625

Ericeas - - - 552

nan us Lodd. Cat. 150

Fothergilla L. • 500

Lbtus L. - - 625

Erica D. Don - 555

var. 2. L. - - 150

alnifolia L. - 500

pubescens Ph. - 627

australis L. - - 556

fimbriatus Wall. 153

acuta Sims - 500

virginiana L. - 626

barbdrica Rav - 555

frigidus Wall. - 153

major Sims - 500

virginiana var. MX. 627

betuliformis Sal. - 555

garciniaeiblius R. 153

obtusata Sims - 500

Dibtis Sclireb. - 677
ceratdides W. - 677

brydntha Thunb - 571
casrulea Willd. - 571

glaber Roxb. - 153
grossus Wall. - 153

alnifolia L. f. Supp. 500
Gdrdeni Jacq. - 500

Dirca/,. - . 692

cdrnea L. Sp. - 558

Hamiltonianus W. 153

Gdrdeni MX. - 800

palustris L. - - 692

ciliarisX. - - 557

Indicus Hayne - 153

Fox Grape - - 137

Dogwood - - 501

cinerea L. - 556

japonicus Thumb. 153

Franklinia Marsh. - 73

Dombeya Lam. - 1062

alba Lodd. Cat. - 556

fbliis variegatis 153

americdna Marsh. 73

chilensis Lam. - 1062

atropurpurea-L.C1. 556

latifblius C. Bauh. 150

Frdseri Nutt. - 31

Downton Elm - 723

canescens Lo.C. 556

latif blius Marsh. - 150

pyramiddta Nutt. 31

D. of Ar gyle's Tea Tree 666
Dulcamara Moench 664

pallidaLo. C. - 556
prolifera Lo. C. - 556

lucidus D. Don - 153
micranthus D.Don 153

Fraxinus Tuur. - 639
acumindta Lam. - 646

flexubsa Mcench - 664

rubra H.E.W. - 556

nanus Bieb. - - 151

alba Bosc - 650

Dulcis Tr&g. - - 664

stricta Lo. C. - 556

obovdtus Dec. - 152

aleppensis Pluk. - 645

amdra Trag. - 664

coccif. procumb. - 1091

pendulus Jf «#. - 153

americana Willd. - 646

Dutch Elm - - 718

Dabafcia L. - - 672

sempervlrens M. . 152

latifblia - - 646

Duvaua A^A. - 192. 1113

didyma Stokes - 557

subtriflbrus Blume 153

angustifblia B. - 643

dentata Dec. - 193

erecttsEauh. - 1092

tingens Wa//. - 153

apetala Lam. - 639

dependens Dec. - 192

herbdcea L. Dis. - 558

Thunbergianus B. 153

argentea Lois. - 644

dependens at. Hook. 192

hibernica, S;c. Ray 572

vagans Wall. - 153

atrovirens Desf. - 641

dependens y Hook. 193

hutnilis Neck. - 556

verrucbsus Scop. - 150

aurea Pers. - 640

latifblia Gill. - 193

juniperijblial&c. G. 558

vulgaris Mill. Diet. 149

Boscii G. Don - 650

longifblia Hort. - 1113

lugubris Sal. - 558

Euosmus Nutt. - 685

botryoldes Mor. - 651

ovata Lindl. - - 193

Mackaiana Bab. - 556

<z?^ra/w Nutt. - 683

canadensis Gsertn. 650

sinuata Lindl. - 103

mediterrdnea - 225. 558

Benzoin Nutt. - 685

caroliniana - 649

Dwarf Almond - 286

mutdbilis Sal. - 556

Diospyrus Nutt. 685

carolinidna Cates. 650

Dyer's Weed - - 210
Ebenaceas - - 624
E'benus Comm. - 625

multiflbra Huds. - 557
multiflbra'L.^. - 558
longipediceildta - 558

geniculdta Nutt. 635
Euphorbiacese - 701
Evergreen Oaks - 880

carolinidna Mill. - 649
carolinidna Wang. 649
chindnsis Bosc - 650

Eglanteria Dec. - 338
bicolor Dec. - - 338

pedunculdris Presl 558
pislilldris Sal. - 556

Evergreen Thorn - 385
Eysenhardtia H. - 232

cinerea Bosc - 650
concolor Muhl. - 648

punicea Red. - 338

pumila Park. - 555

amorphoides H. - 232

crispa Bosc - 639

Eglantine - - 337

purpurdscens Lam. 557

Fabiana.fi. $ P. - 1117

crispa Bosc - 641

Ehretia L'Herit. - 689

saxdtilis Sal. - 558

imbricata/J. 4-P. - 1117

cr'upa Hort. - 647

halimifblia L'Herit. 689

tenwfblia Ger. 252. 556

Fagdra Lam. 111. - 143

discolor - - 646

Elseagnacese - 695. 1115

TetralixZ,. - - 555

fruxinifblia Lam. 143

diver sifblia Hort. - 642

El&dgnus Card. - 934

alba H.E.W. - S5fi

/'ogzw Bauh. - 917. 1118

elltptica Bosc - 650

Elaeagnus T. - 695.1117

carnesiLoud.H.B. 556

Fagusi. - 905.1118

epiptera Vahl - 650

angustifblia L. - 696

Mackaiana - 556

americdna latif bl. 909

erbsa Pers. - - 639

argentea Ph. - 697

rubra H.E.W. - 556

antarctica Forst. - 910

excelsior Walt. - 649

argentea Wats. - 696

vdga Sal. - - 557

betuloldes Mirb. - 910

excelsior L. - - 639

argenteus Moench 696
conferta Hort. - 697
hortensis Bieb. - 696
angustifolia Bieb. 697

vagans L. Mant. 254. 557
vulgaris L. - - 559
Eriobotrya Lindl. - 409
elliptica Lindl. - 409

carolinidna Lod. - 609
Castdnea Lin. - 916
Dombeyi MM. - 911
dubiaMw&. - - 911

argentea Desf. .. 641
aurea Willd. En. 640
aurea pendula - 640
crispa - - 641

dactyliformis - 697

Escalloniaceae - 489

ferruginea Ait. - 909

erbsa Pers. - 641

orientalis - - 697

Escallbuia MX. - 490

caroliniana - 909

fungbsa Lodd. Cat. 641

GENERAL INDEX.

1140

Page
heterojihylla Dec. 642

Page
Ga"rrya Dougl. - 926

Page
racembsa Mcench - 21 1

rubescens Bree - 557

horizontals Desf. 641

elliptica Dougl. - 926

Genistotdes M tench 210

tenella - - 557

jaspidea Willd. - 641

laurifblia Hartw. - 926

eldta Mcench - 210

Hackberry - - 730

lutea - - 641

Lindleyi - - 926

tuberculdta Mcench 212

Halesiaceae - - 620

nana - - 641

macrophylla - - 926

Gin/ego Lin. - - 945

Halesia Ellis - - 620

pendula Ait. - 640

oblonga - - 926

btloba Lin. - - 945

dipteral,. - - 621

purpurascens D. 641

ovata - - - 926

Ginkgo Tree - - 945

parviflbra MX. - 621

verrucbsa Desf. - 641

Gaultheria L. - 579

Glastonbury Thorn 377

tetraptera L. - 620

pendula - - 641

procumbens L. - 579

Gleditschia L. - 249

Halimodendron Fisch. 242

verticillata L. C. 641

serpyllifblia Ph. - 581

aquatica Lodd. - 254

argenteum Dec. - 242

villbsa nbva Des. 641

Shallon Pursh - 580

aqridtica Marsh - 251

brachysema Dec. 242

var. s. Lam. - 642

Genn - - - 277

Boqui Hort. Soc. G. 254

Sieversii - - 243

expdnsa Willd. - 650

Gelsemium Barrel. 661

brachycdrpa Pursh 250

vulgare Dec. - 242

floribtinda D. Don 653

Clematis Barrel. - 661

carolinensis Lam. 251

subvirescens Dec. 243

florifera Scop. - 651

Genista Lam. 203. 1114

caspidna Bosc - 254

Sieversii Fisch. - 243

fftsca Bosc - - 650

astnensis Dec. - 209

caspica Desf. - 254

subvirescens - 243

heterophylla- - 642

alba Lam. - - 213

subvirescens Hort. 254

Hdlimus Clus. - 676

variegata - - 643

amsdntica Ten. - 219

chinensis - - 252

secundus Clus. - 676

integrtfdlia Hort. - 642
juglandifblia - 648

anglica L. - 207
anxantica Ten. - 209

fdrox Desf. - - 254
ferox Baudr. - - 254

vulgdris Ger. - 676
Halodendron Dec. - 242

subintegerrima ~ 649

scaribsa - - 210

ferox - 254

Hamamelidaceae - 499

subserrdta Willd. 649

aphjrlla Dec. - - 208

horrida Willd. Sp. 252

Hamamelis L. - 499

l&vigdta Hort. - 743

candicansl, - - 203

major Lodd. Cat. 252

macrophylla Ph. - 499

Idncea Bosc - - 650

decumbens Dur. - 212

ndna Hort. Soc. 252

monoicaL. - - 500

lanceoldta Borkh. - 649

diffusa Willd. - 212

purpiirea Lodd. 252

virginica L. . - 500

lentiscif blia Dtsf. 645

ephedroldes Dec. • 205

japonica Lodd. Cat. 252

macrophylla - 499

pendula - - 645

erindcea Gilib. B. P. 206

javdnica Lam. - 262

parvifblia Nutt. - 499

longifblia Bosc - 650

germSnica L. - 207

Uc^vis Hort. - - 250

Hamelia Puer. - 544

mannifera Hort. - 652

inermis Dec. - 208

macracantha - - 254

conndta Puer. - 544

mixta Bosc - - 650

Hdlleri Reyn. - 212

meliloba Walt. - 250

Hare's Ear - - 495

monophfjlla Desf. - 642

herbdcea Lam. - 211

micracantha H. S. G. 254

Hawthorn - - 375

nigra Bosc - - 650

hirsitla Mcench - 219

monosperma- - 251

Hazel - - - 921

nigra Du Roi - 646

hispanica L. - - 207

monosptrma . - 254

Heath - 555

nigra Mcench - 647

hispanica Jacq. ic. 206

orientals Lodd. - 254

Heather ... 559

Ndvte-A'nglice Mill. 649

horrida Dec. - - 206

orientdlis Bosc - 254

Hedera Swartz 497. 1116

O'rnus Pa\l. - - 644

humifitsaWulf. - 212

pne'cox Hort. Soc. 254

canariensis Willd. 498

O'rnus Scop. - 639

ilvensis Dalech. - 205

sinensis Lam. - 252

chrysocdrpos Dalech.498

O'rnus Lin. - - 651

ibUica Lodd. Cat. - 210

inermis N. Du. H. 252

Dionysias J. Bauh. 498

O'rnus Mill. - - 651

jdncea Lam. - - 202

major Hort. - 252

Helix Wall. - - 498

americdna Lodd. 653

lusitanica L. - - 205

nana Hort. - 252

Helix L.- - 497

ovdta Bosc - - 650

monosperma L. - 208

purpiirea Hort. 252

arbor escens Lod. C. 498

oxycarpa W. - 644

multiflbra N.DuH. 213

spinbsa Du Ham. - 250

canariensis Dec. - 498

on/phulla Bieb. - 644
pa'llida Bosc - - 645

minor Lam. - - 207
nervdta Kit. - - 211

triacdntha Ga?rt. - 251
triacanthos L. - 250

chrysocarpa Dec. - 498
digitata Lod. Cat. - 498

paniculdta Mill. - 651

odordta Mcench - 202

brachycarpa - 250

fbl. argenteis Lod.C. 498

pannbsa Vent.et B. 650

ovata Wald. - - 211

inermis Dec. - 250

fbl. aureis Lod. C. 498

parvifblia Willd. - 643

patens Dec. - - 204

polysperma Mart 250

taurica - - - 1116

parvifblia Lain. - 645

parviflora Dec. - 203

var. /3 MX. - 250

poetica C. Bauh. - 498

pennsi/lvanica Mars. 647
plrttycarpa V. - 650
polemonifblia Poir. 650

pedunculdta L'Her. 212
pilbsaL. - - 212
procumbens W. - 212

Glycine Bot. Mag. - 249
chinensis Bot. Mag. 249
frutescens Lin. Sp. 249

quinquefblia L.Sp. 139
Hedgehog Holly - 158
Hedysareae - - 247

pubescens W. - 646

prostrata Lam. - 212

sinensis Bot. Reg. 249

HelianthemumTVn. 58

latitblia Willd. - 647

ptirgans L. - - 208

Gnetaceae - - 937

apennlnum Dec. - 59

longifblia Willd. 647

radiataScop. - 205

Gotit's Thorn - - 246

canescens Swt. - 60

subpubescens Per. 647

umbellata - - 205

Goat Wheat - - 678

grandiflbrum Dec. 59

pulveru!enta Bosc 650

repens Lam. - - 21 2

Golden Osier - - 763

hyssopifblium Ten. 60

purpiirea Hort. - 641

rostrdta Poir. Sup. 206

Gooseberry - - 468

crocitum Swt. - 61

quadranguldris Lod. 648

sagittalis L. - - 211

Goosefoot - 675

cupreum Swt. - 61

quadrangulata MX. 648

minor Dec. - 211

Gordbnia Ellis - 73

multiplex Swt. - 61

nervbsa Lodd. Cat. 648

scaribsa Vin. - 210

Lasianthus L. - 73

macranthum Swt. 60

Richdrdi Bosc - 650

Scopdria Lam. - 219

pubescens L'Herit. 73

multiplex Swt. - 60

rostrdta Guss. - 639

Scorpius Dec. - 206

Gorse - - - 200

scabrbsum Pers. - 61

rotundifblia Ait. - 652

•ericea Wulf. - 208

Granataceae - - 456

serpyllifblium Mill. 59

rubictinda Bosc - 650

sibiricaL. - - 210

Grape Vine - - 136

surrejanum Mill. - 58

rufa Bosc - - 650

sphasrocarpa L. - 209

Green Weed - - 210

tauricum Fisch. - 59

salicifblia Hort. - 643
sambucifblia - 647

spiniftbra Lam. - 206
spinbsa - - - 213

Grossulacea; - 468. 1116
Grossuldria Mill. D. 473

vulgare Gcert. - 58
Hemlock Spruce - 1035

crispa Lodd. Cat. 647

sylvestris Scop. - 206

hirsuta Mill. Diet. 473

Hibiscus L. - - 62

Schiededna Sch. - 651

tinctbriaZ,. - - 210

reclindta Mill. Diet. 473

syriacus L. - - 62

serratifblia Mich. 649

fibre j.ldno- - 210

triflbra subv. - 471

fibre albo - - 62

simplicifolia Hort. 642

hirsuta Dec. - 210

Groundsel Tree - 547

fibre albo pleno - 62

simplicifolia Willd. 642
striata Base - - 653

latifblia Dtc. - 210
pratensis Poll. - 210

Guaiacdna Tourn. 625
patavtna Tourn. - 625

fibre purpureo - 62
fibre purp. pleno 62

subvillosa Bosc - 647

var. N. Du H. - 210

Guelder Rose - 299. 522

fibre rubro - - 62

lamariscifblia Vahl 645

tomenfbsa Poir. - 219

Guilandma L. - 255

fibre variegato • 62

tetragbna Cels. - 648
tomentdsa Mich. - 646

thyrsiflbra Booth - 1114
triacanthos Brot . - 206

dioica Lin. Sp. - 255
Gum Cistus - - 54

fbliis variegatis 62
Hickory - - - 735

triptera Nutl. - 650
viridis Bosc - - 650

interrupta Dec. - 2( 6
triangularis Willd. 211

Gymnocladus L. - 255
canadensis Lam. - 255

HicbriusRaf. - 742
integrifblius Raf. - 742

viridis Mich. - 648
vulgdtior Segn. - 651

triquetra Ait. - 204
triquetra Lam. ? - 204

Gypsocallis Sal. - 557
carnea D. Don - 558

Hippocdstnnum Ten. 124
vulgdre Ten. - 124

French Berries - 173

triquetra Wald. - 211

mediterranea D. D. 558

Hippophae/.. - 698

Fringe Tree - - 634

umbellata Poir. - 205

multiflbra D. Don 558

Hippophae L. - 700

Fulham Oak - - 859

umbellata Poir. - 204

vagans Sal. - - 557

argentea Pursh - 700

Furze - - - 199

capitata - - 205

alba - - - 557

canadensis Linn. - 700

Gale Ray - - 934

virgdta Lam. - 208

pallida - - 557

conferta Wall. - 699

GarrySceae - - 926

Genistella Moench - 21 1

purpurascens Bree 557

Rhamnoldes - 698

(150

GENERAL INDEX.

Page

Page

angustifblia L. - 698

var. 8. Lam.D. 160

sibirica - - 698

arbbrea Bauh. - 880

salicifblia D. Don 699

balearica D. - 160

sibirica Lod. • 699

canadensis MX. - 155

Holly - - - 156

caroliniana Mill. - 161

Homalinaceae - 182

Cassena MX. - 162

Honey Locust - 250
Honeysuckle - - 526

Casslne Ait. - 161
Casstne Willd. - 162

Hop Hornbeam - 920

cassinb'ides Lk.En. 161

Hornbeam - - 917

coccifera Cam. - 883

Horsechestnut - 124
Hortensia Juss. - 492

coccigera Ger. - 883
Dahoon Wall. - 162

Huntingdon Elm - 723
Hydrangea - - 492

decidua Walt. - 164
di'licdtula Bartr. - 155

Hydrangea/, - 492
altissima Wall. - 494

floriddna Lam. 111. 162
latifblia Hort. - 1113

nrborescens L» - 492

/fl*(/Zd;-a Lam. - 161

discolor Ser. - 493

ligustrina Jacq. - 162

cordata Ph. - - 493

maderdnsis W. En. 160

georgica - - 493

madeiensis Lam. - 161

frutescens Mcench 492
gedrgica Lo. C. - 493

major Clus. - - 882
Myrsinites Pursh - 156

heteromalla Don 493

myrtifblia Walt. - 162

Hortensia Sicb. - 494

opaca Ait. - - 160

hortensis Sm. - 494

laxiflbra - - 161

nivea MX. - - 493

magellanica - 161

glabella Ser. - 493

' var. Nutt. - 161

quercifblia Bartr. 4<J3
radidta Sm. - - 493

Perado Ait. - - 161
prinoides Ait. - 164

radidta Wall. - 493

rdigibsa Bart. - 162

vestlta Wall. - 494

rosmarinifblia L. - 162

vulgaris MX. - 492

vomitbria Ait. - 162

Hyperanthcra dioica

Ilicioides Dum. C. - 154

Vahl. - - 255

Illicium L. - 20. 1111

HypericSceae - 74. 1112
Hypericum L. - 74.1112
adpressum Bartr. 77

floridanum Ellis - 20
religibsum Sicb. - 1111
Incarvillea Spr. - 661

Androste^mum L. 78

grandifibra Spr. - 661

Bartrdmium Mill. 75

tomentbsa Snreng. 671

calyclnum L. 76
elatum Ait. - •• 75

Indigofera - - 1114
nepalensis Hort. - 1114

empetrifblium W. 77
fasciculata Lam. - 77

Iron wood - - 622
Isabella Grape - 137

folibsum Jacq. - 77

Isika Borck. - - 539

f rut ex Hort. - 303

alpigena Borck. - 539

galioldes Lam. - 77

lucida Mcench - 539

hirclnum L. - - 75

Isomeris - - 1113

minus Dec. - 75

arbbrea Nutt. - 1113

obtusifblium Dec. 75

I'tea L. - - - 489

Kalmianum L. - 75

virginicai. - - 490

Kalmidnum Du R. 77

Tvai. - - - 548

Lasianthus L. - 73

frutescens L. - 548

nepalense Royle - 77
prolificum L. - 77

Ivy ... 497
Ivy Vine - - 141

rosmarinifbl.L. 77.1112

Jacob^ a Bonp. - 551

Ural urn Ham. - 76

maritima Bonp. - 551

Plex L. - 156. 1113

Jasmine - 654

aculedta cocciglan-
d'tferaG&rid. - 883

Jasminoides Mich. 665
aculedtum Mich. - 665

angustifblia Willd. 162
Aquifblium Gron. 160
Aquifblium L. - 157

spixbsum Du Ham. 669
Jasmmum Forsk. - 654
arbbreum Hamilt. 655

61 bo marginatum 159

chrysanthemum R. 655

albo pictum - 159

fruticansZ, - - 654

altaclerense Hort. 158

heterophyllum R. 655

angustifblium H. 158
aureo marginatum 159

heterophyllum M. 654
humilei. - - 655

aureo pictum - 159
ciliatum - - 158
ciliatum minus - 158

officinale L. - - 657
fbliis argenteis L. 656
fbliis aureis L. C. 656

crassifblium H. - 159

floribus plenis H. 656

crispum Hort. - 158
ferox Hort. - 158

pubigerum D. - 656
revolutum Ker - 655

argenteum - 54. 159

Wallichianum L. - 656

aureum - 159

Javanese Oaks 893

fructu albo - 159

Jersey Elm - 716

fructu liiteo - 159

Jerusalem Sage 672

fructu nlgro - 159

Judas tree - 256

heterophyllum - 158
latifblium - 158

Juglandaceze - 738
Juglans L. - 738

laurifblium - 158

alba Lin. - 738

marginatum - 158

alba Mill. - - 738

pendulum - - 1113

alba MX. - - 739

recurvum - - 158

ovdta Marsh. - 739

senescens - - 159

amdra MX. - - 737

serratifdlium - 158

ambigua MX. - 742

Pngt

angustifblia Ait. - 736

aqudtica MX. - 7o7

cathdrtica - - 734

cindrea L. - - 735

compressa Ga?rtn. 739

cylindrica Lam. - 7.'i6

filicifblia Lodd. - 733

fraxinifblia Lam. 743

gldbra Miihl. - 741

heterophylla Hort. 733

laciniotatts.. - 739

mucrondta MX. - 739

myristicceformis M. 741

nlgra L. - - 734

obcorddta Muhlenb. 740

oblonga Mill. - 735

oliveeformis MX. - 736

Pecan Muhlenb. - 736

porcina obcorddta 740

ficiformis MX. - 741

var. - 740

Pterocdrya MX. - 743

regiaZ,. - - 732

maxima - - 733

laciniata - - 733

serotina Desf. - 733

tenera - - 733

rubra Ga?rtn. - 736

rigida Lodd. - 742

squambsa MX - 739

sulcdta Willd. - 739

tomentbsa MX. - 738

Jujube - - - 167

Juniper - - - 1080

Juniperus L. - - 1080

alplna Lod. - - 1086

alpma Ray - - 1081

minor Ger. - 1081

barbadensis L. - 1089

Bedfordiana Hort. 1089

bermudiana L. - 1084

canadensis Lod. - 1082

carolinidna Du R. 1084

chinensis L. - 1089

communis /3 Fl. Br. 1081

communis L. - 1081

canadensis - 1082

depressa Pursh 1082

er'ectis Pursh - 1081

fastigidta Des M. 1081

montdna Ait. - 1081

nana Willd. - 1081

oblonga - - 1082

pendula - - 1082

saratilis Pall. - 1081

SmithiiA.Tli.Bnt. 1089

suecica Ait. - 1081

vulgaris Park. - 1081

d'dhrica Hort. - 1081

dealbata S»V. - 1089

drupacea Lab. - 1084

exc^lsa Willd. - 1081

flaccida Schiede - 1089

flagelliformis Ht. - 1089

gossainthanea H. - 1089

hemisphae'ricaPs/. 1089

hispdnica Mill. - 1087

Hudsoniana P. W. 1089

hudsonica Lod. - 1086

lusitdnica Mill. - 1085

lycia L. 1087

macrocarpa S. - 1083

major Bellon. - 1083

major Cam. Epit. 1083

americdna R. - 1084

monspeliGnsium 1 083

minor Fuchs - 1081

montdna B. - 1081

nana Smith - - 1081

nepalensis Hort. - 1084

oblonga Hort. - 1082

Oxycedrus L. - 1083

Oxycedrus var. - 1083

phoeniceaZ,. - 1087

phcenicea Bauh. - 1083

(8 lycia N Duh. 1087

prostrdta Michx. - Kwij
recurva Ham. - 1081)
repem Nut. - - 1086
SabmaDod.- - 1085
Sabina Mill. - - 1085
Sablna - - - 1085
alplna - - 1086
cupressifblia Ait. 1085
fol. varieg. Mart. 1085
prostrata - - 1086
tamariscif61ia<4#. 1086
var. Pall. - - 1088
sibirica Hort. - 1081
squamata Don - 1088
squambsa Wall. - 1088
stricta Hort.- - 1081
suecica Mill.- - 1081
tetragbna H. B. - 1089
thurifera L. - 1088
uyifera Don - 108')

virginiana L. - 10S4
humilis Lod. - 1084
caroliniana - 1084
vulgaris Ray. - 1081
fruticbsa Bauh. 1081
KalmiaZ. - - 598
angustifblia /.. - 599
cilidta Bartr. - 600
cuneata MX. - 600
glauca Ait. - - 599
rosmarinifoliaPA. 600
hirsuta Walt. - 600
latifblia L. - - 599
polifblia Wangh. - 599
Kampmdnnia Rafin. 142
Kentish Cherry - 278
Kentucky Coffee Tree '255
Kermes Oak - - 883
Kerria Dec. - - 298
japonica Dec. - 298
fibre pleno - 298
Knee Pine - - 956
Kolreuteria Laxm. 134
paniculata Laxm. 135
paullinibtdeslSH. 135
Krascheninnikdvia 677
Kratinhia Rafin. - 248
Labiacea; - - 672
Laburnum - - 214
Lacal/ica Sal. - 73
florida Sal. - - 73
Larch - - - 1053
Larix Tourn. - - 1056
americdna Tourn. 1015
americana MX. - 1056
pendula - - 1056
prolifera - - 1056
r libra - - 1056
archangelica Laws. 1054
canadensis Tourn. 1018
Cedrus Mill.- - 1057
dahurica Laws. - 1055
decidua Mill. - 1053
europae'a Dec. - 1053
communis Lotus. 1054
compacta Laws. 1054
dahurica - - 1055
fibre albo - - 1054
fibre rdbro H. T. 1054
intermedia - 1055
laxa Laws. - 1054
pendula Laws. . 1054
sibirica - - 1054
intermedia Laws. - 1055
microcdrpa Laws,- 1059
orientdlii Tourn.- 1057
pdndula Laws. - 1056
Godsdllii G.M. - 1053
repens Laws. - 1053
prolifera Malcm. - 1056
rdssica Lab. - - 1054
sempervlrens Brey. 1016
sibirica Fisch. - 1054
Lauraceae - - 681
LaurusZ,. - - 681
{estivaiis L. - - 683

GENERAL INDEX.

1151

Page
eestivalis Wangh. - 685

Page
minor Moench - 637

Page
parviflbra Lam. - 530

Pjjre
discolor Spach - 134

eeslivalis Willd. - 685

persica Lam. - 637

Periclymenum L. 527

Madeira Holly - 161

alexandrma .Lab. - 1100

vulgar is Gajrtn. - 636

belgicum - - 527

Magnoliaceaj - 21.1111

axilla ris Lam. - 683

Liliaceae- - - 1099

quercifblium Ait. 528

Magnblia L. - 21. 1111

Benzdin L. - - 685

Lim6ma Wall. - 1112

serotinum Ait. - 528

acuminata L. - 29

Borbonia Lin. - 683

Laureola Watt. - 1112

pilbsa W. - - 533

Candolli Savi - 2.°

caroliriensis Gates. 683

Lime Tree 63

pub^scens Swt. - 529

latifblia - - ?0

glabra Purslt - 683

Linden Tree 63

punicea Sims - 530

maxima Lodd. - 29

pubescens Pursh 683

Ling -- - - 559

pyrenaica L. - 536

striata - - 29

obtusa Pursh - 68'5

Liquid ambar Lin. 936

pyrendica Fall - 540

aurtculdris Salisb. 31

Catesbiana MX. - 683

Liquidambar L. - 932

pyrenaica Willd. - 535

auriculata Lam. - 31

dii'spyroides MX. - 685

Altingvi Bl. - - 933

sempervlrens Ait. 531

pyramidata - 31

Diospyrus Pers - 685

arbor Pluk. - - 932

Brownii Gordon 532

conspicua Salisb. - 33

ew£r0«Mill.- - 683

asplenifblium Lin. 936

major ,4rt. - - 532

Soulangeana - 33

geniculata MX. - 685

imberbe Willd. - 933

minor Ait. - - 532

Alexandrlna - 33

melisscefolia Walt. 685

iml>erbis Sm. - 933

sibirica Hort. - 535

speciosa 33

nobilis L. - 681

orientdlis Mill. - 933

symphoricnrpos L. 541

cordata MX. 30

angitstifblia Lod. 682

peregrlnum Lin. - 936

tatarica MX. - 536

discolor Vent. - 35

crispa Lodd. - 6S2

Styraciflua /,. - 932

tatarica Z,. - - 535

denuddta Lam. - 35

Hore pleno - 682

Liriodciidron L. - 36

albifl6ra Dec. - 535

jrondbsa Salisb. - 27

/oZ. var. Lod. - 6*2

Tulipifera L. - 36

latifblia Lod. Cat. 535

Frdseri Walt. - 31

latifMia Mill, - 682

integrifblia Hort. 36

lutea Lod Cat. - 535

glauca L. 25

salicifblia Swtf. - 682

acutif dlia MX. - 36

rubrifl6ra Dec. - 535

Burchelliana - v<>

undulata Mill. - 682

flava Hort. - 36

velutlna Dec. - 540

Carddnii - * K

variegata Swt. • 682

obtiisiloba MX. - 36

virginidna Marsh. 531

Gordoniana - SB

Pseudi) Benzoin MX. 685

Live Oak - - 886

0#/dsa Muhl. - 540

longif 61ia Pursh 26

Sassafras L. - - 683

Lobadium Raf - 191

Xylosteum L. - 537

sempervlrens Hart. 25

Laurel - - - 295

aromaticum Raf. - 191

leucocarpum Drc. 537

ThompsonianaT^. 25

Laureola Gesn. - 688

Loblolly Bay - 73

melanocarpum D. 537

grandifldra L. - 22

Laurestinus - - 516

Locust Tree - - 233

xanthocarpum D. 537

angustif 61ia Hort. 23

Lavender - - 672

Loiseleuria Desf. - 601

Loranthaceae - - 508

elliptica .-/rt - 23

Lavender Cotton - 548

procdmbcns Desf. - 601

Loranthus L. - - 510

exoniensis /fort. 23

Lavandula L. - - 672

Lombardy Poplar - 827

europae'us L. - 511

exoniensis var. - 23

Spica - - - 672

Lonicerese - 524. 1116

Ld/7/5 Lob. - - 727

ferrvginea Hort. 23

Leather Wood - 692

Lonicera Desf. 526.1116

droor Lob. - - 727

floribunda - - 23

Ledum L. - - 602

alpigena Sievers - 539

argenteus Brot. - 225

f&liL-variegatis 23

bitxifblium Berg. - 602

alpigena H. - - 539

L&wea L'^dl. - - 352

Harwicus Hort. 1111

canadense Lodd. - 603

sibirica Dec. • 539

berberilolia Lindl. 352

lanceoldta Ait. - 23

greenlandicnm lletz 603

altdica Pall. - - 540

Lucombe Oak. - 859

latii&lia - - 23

Tatir&lium Ait. - 603

baledrica Dec. - 529

Ly"cium L. 665

longif olia undulata 23

pal&stre MX. - - 603

brachypoda Dec. - 537

atrum L. 668

magordensis - Si

palustre L. - - 603

caprulea L. - - 540

rigidum - - 668

obovata Ait. - 22

decumbens Ait. 603

c&rulea Giild. - 540

barbarnm Lam. D. 667

prae'cox Andri/ - 23

serpyllijblium L'H. 602

canadensis R. & S. 536

bdrbarum Lour. C. 666

rotundif 61ia Swt. 23

sileslacnm Clus. - 603

Caprifblium Desf. 529

barbarum L. - - 666

rubiginbsa 23

thymifidium Lam. 602

Caprifblium L. - 528

mdgdre Ait. - 6(56

sti icta Hort. - 23

Leguminaceaj - 194

chintnsis Hort. - 534

chintnse A. - 666

tripetalaZ,. - 27

Leguminbsas - - 1114

ciliata Dietr. - 532

/S Dec. Fl. Fr. - 668

umbrella Lam. - 2?

Leiophf Hum Pcrs. 602

ciliata Muh. . - 536

boerhaavicefblium 669

vfcra ... 23

prostratum - - 602

cilibsa/Wr. - 532. 1116

buxifblium Bauh. 173

Kbbus Dec. - - 35

thymifblium Pers. 602

confusa Dec. - 533

chinense M. - - 666

macrophylla MX. - 28

Leptospermum W. 466

conndta Meerb. - 532

chinense N. Du H. 667

Michauxii Hort. - 28

scabrum W. - - 466

caucasica Pall. - 540

europae'um Z,. - 665

obovata Thunb. - 35

Leucothoe D. Don - 568

DierviUa L. - - 525

europae'um /3 Dec. 668

precia Correa - 33

acuminata 6f. Don 569

dioica Lin. Syst - 530

halimifblium Mill. 666

purpurea Simt . 35

axillaris D. Don - 568

Douglasii Dec. - 530

halimifblinm Mill. 668

denudata Lam. 35

Iongif61ia - - 569

etrusca Santi - 528

heterophl/llum Murr. 669

discolor Vent. - 35

floribunda D. Don 569

etrusca Hort. F. Aus. 528

lanceolatum - - 668

gracilis - - 35

spieata G Don - 5«9

flavaSmzs - - 529

obovatum - - 668

hfbrida Hort. - 1111

spinul&sa G. Don - 569

flexudsa Lod. B. C. 534

ovatum - 668

liliflbra Lam. - 35

Leycesteria Wall. - 543

flexuosa Thunb. - 534

owaftww N. Du H. 666

pyramiddta Bartr. 31

formftsa Wall. - 544

glabrdta Roxb. - 534

rigidum Booth - 668

Soulangeana An.Sw. 33

Lignum Rumph. - 933

Gdldii Spreng. - 530

ruthenicum - - 667

tomentosa Thun. - 35

papudnwn Rumph. 933
Ligustrum Ton. 628. 1116

grandifibra Lodd. 535
grata Ait. - - 531

caspicum Pall. - 667
salicifblium Mill. D. 665 j

Yitlan Desf. - 33
Mahbnia Nutt. 50. 1111

germanicum Bauh. 628

hispida Pall. - - 537

spatulatum - - 668

acanthifblia - 53

Half cum Mill. - 629

hispidula Doug. - 531

tataricum Pall. - 667

angustifblia - - 1112

japonicum Thunb. 631

hirsuta Eaton - 529

Trewianum - - 66?

Aquifdlium Nutt. 51

lanceoldtum Lamb. 630

iberica Bieb. - - 540

turbinatum - - 668

nutkana Dec. - 51

latifblium Vitm. 631

implexa Ait. - - 529

Ly&nia Nutt. - - 564

caragana-folia - 53

lucidum Ait. - - 630

balearica 1'iv. - 529

arbbrea D. Don - 566

fascicularis Dec. - 50

floribiind. Donald. 630

involucrata Banks 538

capreajf&lia Wats. 568

glumdcea Dec. - 52

nepalense Wall. - 630
nepalense - - 1 1 1 6

japonica Thunb. - 534
Ledebourii Etch. - 538

ferruginea Nutt. - 565
frondbsa Nutt. - 567

gracilis - - 1111
Hartwegii - - 1112

spicatum Ham. - 630

longif&lia Hort. - 535

marginata Don - 565

lanceolatum - - 1112

glabrum Hook. - 630

media Murr - - 530

rubraLodd. - 566

nepalensis 53

vestUum Wall. - 1116

mexicdna Hort - 539

mariana D. Don - 566

nervbsa Nutt. - 52

rulgare Trag. - 628

microphflla Willd. 539

oblonga Swt. - 566

pallida - - - 1111

angustif61ium - 629

mongolica Pall. - 521

multifl&ra Wats. - 567

ripens G. Don - 52

chlorocarpum - 629

montdna Hort. - 539

paniculata Nutt - 567

fascicule-is - 52

leucocarpum - 629

ntgra Thunb. - 537

racem&sa D. Don - 566

tenuifdlia - - 53

sempervlrens - 629
variegatum - 6'29

nlgra!,. - - 535
campanifl&ra - 536

rigida Nutt. - - 565
salicilblia Wats. - 567

tragacantholdes - 53
trifoliata - - 1111

xanthocarpum - 629

oblongifblia Hook. 539

Macartney Rose - 323

Malachodendron C. 71

Lildceum Renault 637

occidental Hook. 532

Madura AT«tt. - 711

ovatum Cav. - 71

rothomagense Ren. 637

orientalis Lam. - 540

aurantlaca Nutt. - 711

MdlusMerat - 426

IMac Mcench - - 637

PalldsiiLed. - 540

Macrothyrsus Spach 134

acerba Merat - 426

1152

GENERAL INDEX.

Page
astracanica Dum. 427
baccdta Desf. - 427

Pag
hy emdlis Walt. - 358
AtACT&r&taHam. 23. 40^

Pa-*
Mulberry Tree - 70
Mutisia Cav. - 55

Pa#e
(Enoplia Schult. - 170
volhbilis Schult. - 170

communis Dec. - 426

latifblia Lam. - 356

arachnoidea Mart. 55

Old Man - - 550

corondria Mill. - 42i

linedris Desf. - 360

ilicifblia - - 55

Oleacea? - - - 11 16

dioica Mtinch - 427

lobdta Poir. - - 365

inflexa - - 55

Oleacea? - - 628

hybrida^ Desf. - 426

/oAatoPoir. - - 416

latifblia D. Don - 552

Oleineze ... 628

microcdrpa Raf. - 4H

lucida Dum . - 35J

linearifblia - - 552

O'lea - 635

parvifbliaHort.Soc. 414

lucida Ehrh. - 358

runcinata - - 552

americana L. - 635

sempervirens Desf. 430

melanocdrpa Fisch. 4(/fa

subspinbsa - - 552

Oleaster - - 6D£

sinensis Dum. - 431

Michauxii Pers. - 364

Myginda Jacq. - 156

Onbnis L. - - 22<

spectdbilis Ait. - 431

ndna Dum. - - 3(>0

myrtifblia Nutt. - 156

fruticbsa L. - - 2'^*

tont&nt'biici .Dum, - 44£

nigra Willd. - 362

Myricacea; - - 934

rriicrophylla.D£c. 229

Malvaceae - - 62

orientdlis Tourn. - 371

MyricaZ/. - - 934

latifblia Ass. - 229

Manna Ash - - 657

Oxyacdntha Gaertn. 375

cerifera L. - - 935

rotundifblia L. - 229

Maple ... 79

Oxyacdntha integrif. 379

angustifblia Ait. 935

tribracteata Dec. - 229

Mastic Tree - - 186

parvifblia Wats. - 383

latifblia Ait. - 935

O'pulus Ait. - - 524

May - - - 375

Phtenopyrum L. - 367

media Michx. - 935

americana Ait. - 524

Mdytenus Dec. • 155

pinndta Dum. - 372

sempervirens H. 935

glandulbsa Mcen. - 522

chilensis Dec. - 155

prunifblia Poir. - 361

carolinensis Willd. 935

Orach e - 676

Medlar - - - 414
Memecylum MX. - 580

pubens Lodd. - 447
pumila Lodd. - 446

Gale L - - - 934
spathulata Mirb. - 936

Orchidocdrpum MX. 38
arietmum MX. - 38

Menispermaceae - 39

punctata Lk. - 355

trifolidta Hort. - 191

Oredphila Nutt. - 156

Menispermum L. - 39
canadense a. Lam. 40

Pyracdntha L. - 385
pyrifblia Lk. - 356

Myricaria Desv. - 459
germanica Desv. - 459

myrtifblia Nutt. - 156
O'rnus Pers. - - 651

canadense ft Lam. 40

rotundifblia Ehrh. 354

dahurica Dec. - 459

O'rnus Trag. - - 917

canadense L. - 40

Smithii .D?c. - 416

Myrobalan Plum - 274

americana P. - 651

lobatum Dec. - 40
smilacinura - 40

sorbifblia Bosc - 444
succulenta B. - 354

Myrtle of Australia 910
Mjfrtus Catesb. - 935

europaeva Pers. - 651
floribunda G. D. - 653

carollnum L. 46

tanacetifblia Poir. 372

brabdntica Catesb. 935

rotundifblia - - 652

dauricum Dec. - 40

tinctbria D. Don - 405

brabdntica Ger. - 934

striata - 653

smildcinutn Dec. - 40

tomentbsa Poir. - 383

brabdntica Pluk - 934

Osage Orange - 711

virginicum L. - 40

tomentbsa Willd. - 406

Ndtrix Moench - 229

Osier - - - 772

Menzidsia Sm. - 600
brydntha Swz. - 571

xanthocdrpos L. fil. 383
Mezereon - - 687

rotundifblia Mcench 229
Nectarine Tree - 267

O'strya Bauh. - 917. 920
O'strya Willd. - 919

cccrulea Swz. - 571

Mexican Oaks - 898

Negundo Mcench - 122

carpinifblia Scop, 920

Dabce'cia Dec. - 572

Mexican Pines 991. 1000

acerb'ides Mcench - 122

italica Michx. - 920

empetriformis Ph. 572
empetriformis Sm. 571

Milk Vetch - - 246
Miller's Grape - 137

americdnum Rafin. 122
anguldtum Moench 40

virginica W. - 920
vulgaris Willd. - 920

ferruginea Sra. - 601

Minorca Holly - 160

californicum T.SfG. 122

Osyris L. - - 695

globularis Sa&so. - 601

Missouri Silver Tree 697

fraxinifblium Nutt. 122

alba L. - - - 695

pilbsa Pers. - - 601

Silver Leaf- - 700

crispum G. Don 122

Oxucedrus Dod. - 1087

po/i folia Juss. - 572

Mistletoe - - 508

violaceum Booth 122

l/cta Dod. - - 1087

SmithiiU-s.. - 601

Mocker Nut - - 738

Nemopanthes Rafin. 154

pluznicea Dod. - 1083

urceoldris Sal. - 601

Mock Orange - - 460

canadensis Dec. - 155

Oxycoccus Pers. - 616

Merdtia Nees - 455

Monochlamydeae - 675

fasciculdris Rafin. 155

hispidulus Pers. - 581

frdgrans Nees - 455

Moon seed 39

Nepaul Oaks - - 891

europ^us Nutt. - 616

Merries - 277

Morrdnia - - 1117

Nettle Tree - - 727

macrocarpus Pur. 616

MespilusL. - - 414

odorata .Limtf. - 1117

Nicker Tree - - 255

erectus Pursh - 617

acerifblia Poir. - 367

Mbrus Tourn. - 706

Nightshade - - 663

fbliis variegatis - 617

acumindta Lodd. - 409

alba L. 707

Nintooa Swt. - - 533

palustris Pers. - 616

(EStivdlis Walt. - 353

columbassa L. - 708

confbsa Swt. - 533

vulgaris Pursh - 616

q/fmzs D. Don - 408

italica Hort. - 708

japonica Swt. - 534

Pddus Mill. - - 296

Ameldnchier L. - 412

latifblia Hort. - 707

longifibra Swt. - 534

carolinidna Mill. - 296

Ameldnchier W. - 413

macrophylla - 707

Nitrariacea? - - 468

racembsa Hort. - 290

arbbrea MX. - 412

membranacea L. 708

NitrariaL. - - 468

'asoniaceas - - 18

arbutifblia Schm. 446

Morettiana Hort. 707

caspica Pall. - 468

Pasbniai. - 18

.4 Y?a Scop. - 432

multicaulis Per. 707

Schoberi L. - - 468

arbbrea Don - 18

Arbnia Willd. - 370

ndna Hort. - 708

caspica - - 468

Moutan Sims - 18

aucupdria All. - 439

nervbsa Lodd. - 707

sibirica Pall. - 468

Banksii^B. K. - 19

axilldris Pers. - 383

ovallfblia - - 707

tridentata Desf. - 468

papav er acea B. R . 18

Azarblns All. - 368

pumila Nois ? - 708

Noisette Rose - 342

stfJFruticbsaB.R.- 18

bengalensis Roxb. 405

romana Lodd. - 707

Norway Maple - 83

PaliCirus L. - - 168

calpodendron Ehrh. 356

rbsea Hort. - 708

Norway Spruce - 1020

aculeatus Lam. - 168

canadtnsis L. Sp. 412

sinensis Hort. - 708

Nuttallia - 1115

austrdlis Gaertn. - 168

far. - - - 412

bulldta Ba\b\s - 707

cerasiformis Tor. - 1115

petasus Dum. C. - 168

ozvitts MX. - 413

Candida Dod. - 707

NyssaZ,. - - 693

virgatus Don - 169

rotundifblia MX. 413

cnr.adensis Poir. - 710

angullxans Mich. - 694

vulgaris D. Don - 168

capitdta Lodd. - 447

chinen.sis Lodd. - 708

angulbsa Poir. - 694

Palldsia Lin. - - 680

Cel&idna Dum. - 372

hispdnica Hort. - 707

(rqud'ica Lin. - 6i>3

caspica Lin. - - 680

Chanuzmespilus'L.S. 449

italica Lodd. - 708

biflbra Michx. - 693

Pterococcus Pall. - 680

coccinea Mill. - 353

nervbsa Bon Jard 707

candicans MX. - 694

'aim Willow - - 776

constantinopolitdna 354

nigra Poir. - - 706

capitdta Walt. - 694

'aper Mulberry - 710

corddta Mill. - 367

laciniata Mill. - 706

carolinidna L. - 693

*ark Leaves 78

cornifblia Poir. - 356

papyrifera - - 710

coccinea Bart. - 694

Passerma Schrad. - 689

Cotonedster L. - 406

pennsylvdnica Nois. 709

denticuldta Ait. - 694

Tdrton-raira Sch. 689

CrUn-gdlli Poir. - 358

rubraL. - - 709

grandidentata - 694

Thymelafa Dec. - 689

cuneifblia Ehrh. - 354

scabra - - 710

integrifblia Ait. - 693

villosa Lin. - - 690

cuneifblia Moench 358

scabra Willd - 710

montdna Hort. - 694

auldwnia Sieb. - 671

Cwite Hort. - - 409

Seba Krempf. - 710

multiflbra Wang. - 694

mperialis Sieb. - 671

eriocdrpa Dec. - 406

sinensis Hort. - 708

pedHnculis untflbris 693

avia Boerh. - - 128

floribunda Lodd. - 447
germanica L. - 415

subdlba nervbsa H. 707
tatarica Pall. - 709

pedunculismnltiflb. 694
sylvdtica Mich. - 693

alba Poir. - - 133
californica T. 8f Gr. 134

diffusa Dec. - 416

tatarica Desf. - 707

tomenldsa Mich. - 694

discolor Swt. - 133

stricta Dec. - 416

virginica Pluk. - 709

uniflbra Wang. - 694

edulisPoit. - - 133

sylvestris Mill. - 416

Moss Rose - - 334

villbsaMr. - - 693

flava Dec. - - 130

zmndiflbra Sm. - 416

Mountain Ash - 439

Oak - - - 846

humilis G. Don - 129

GENERAL INDEX.

1153

Page

Page 1 Page

/U/foPoir. - - 130

nepalensis L. C. - 465 ad&nca Bosc - 989

Ly6nii H. S. Gar. 134

pubescens Cels. - 462 j adunca Bosc - 994

macrocarpa Hort. 132

pubesccns L. C. - 464 <z/6a Ait. - - 1030

macrostachya Lois. 133
neglecta G. Don - 131

speciosus Schrad. - 463
stamineus W. - 466

amabilis Doug. - 1046
americdna Du Roi 1035

neglecta Lindl. - 131

tomentbsus Wall. 465

americdna pa'.dstris 987

parviflbra Hort. - 129

triflbrus Royle - 465

rubra Wangh. - 1032

rubra Lam. - - 128

verrucbsus Schr. - 462

apulcensis Lindl. - 1014

arguta G. Don - 129

villbsus L. C. - 464

Araucdria Mol. - 1062

humilis - - 129

Zeyheri Sc/fcr. - 461

austrklis MX. - 987

sublaciniata Wats. 129

PhillyreaT7. - - 631

austrlaca Hbss - 958

Pearl Tree - - 265

angustifolia L. - 632

austriaca Hdss - 958

Pear - - - 417

brachiata Ait. - 632

Ayacahuite Ehr. - 1023

PecaneNut - - 736

lanceolata Ait. - 632

balsamea Lin. - 1044

Perado - - - 161

rosmarinifblia Ait. 632

BanksianaL. - 969

Periclymenum Mill. 531

ilicifolia Willd. - 633

bracteata Don - 1048

americdnum Mill. 531

foliocea Lk. - - 633

Brunonidna Wall. 1036

germdnicum Mill. 527

Ice vis Ten. - - 632

bruttia Ten. - - 968

germdnicum Riv. - 527

latifbliai. - - 633

californiana L. - 989

hortense Gesn. - 527

latifblia Mill. Diet. 633

canadensis Du Roi 1030

perfolidtum Ger. - 528
scmpervirens Mill. 531
virginiacum Riv. - 532

ligustrifblia Poll. 632
media Lapeyr. - 632
serrdta Poll. - C33

canadensis Lin. - ]035
quinqtuefbliaDuh. 1018
canariensis Lin. - 994

Periploca L. - - 659

serrdta Ten. - 633

caramdnica Bosc - 957-

angustifolia Lab. - 659

spinbsa Seg. - 633

caramaniensisB.J. 957

grae'ca L. - 659

spinbsa W. - 633

Cavendishiana - 999

ItEvigdta Vahl - 659

longifblia Lk. - 633

Cedrus Lin. - - 1057

macufdta Meench 659

ligustrifblia /f#. - 632

Cembra Lod. - 1016

rigida Viv. - - 659

ligustrifblia Mill. D 632

Cembra L. - - 1016

Periwinkle - - 657

media L. - - 632

helvetica Lod. - 1016

Pernettya Gau. 578. 1116

buxifblia ^i/. - 632

pumila Pall. - 1016

aiifiustifblia Lindl. 1116

virgata ^«/. - 632

pygmae'a - - 1016

Cummingii Lod. - 579

•media Ten. Fl. - 632

sibirica - - 1016

microphylla Gaud. 579

obliqua Ten. - 632

cembrbides Zucc. - 993

mucronata Gaud. - 578

oleEefblia Ait. - 633

conglomerdta Graeff. 968

Cummingii - 579

pendula Ait. - 6J2

contorta Doug. - 975

phillyre<efolia\^OT. 1116

racembsa Lk. - 633

Coulteri D. - - 985

pilosa G. Don - 579

spinbsa Ten. - 633

decidua WTall. - 1036

pumila Gaud. - 579

virgata Willd. - 632

Deodar a Lam. - 1059

Ptrsca Spreng. - 683

PhlbmisZ,. - - 372

Devoniana Lindl. - 1001

Borbbnia Spreng. 683

fruticosa L. - - 672

Dicksbnii - - 1022

Sassafras Spreng. 683

Photinia Lindl. - 403

domestica Matth. - 965

Persian Lilac - - 637

arbutifblia Lindl. - 404

Dougldsii Sal. - 1033

Persica Tourn. - 265

dubia Z,tn<&. - 405

duviosa Lamb. - 1036

lae'visDcc. - - 267

integrifdlia Lindl. 405

echindta Mill. - 974

vulgaris Mill. - 266

serrulata Lindl. - 404

Escarena Risso - 951

alba Lindl. - 266

Phyllodoce Sal. - 570

excelsa Lam. - 1026

compressa Hort. 266

empetriformis D. D. 571

excelsa W. - - 1022

fl. pldno J/orf. - 266

taxifdlia Sa/. - 571

filifblia Lindl. - 1008

f61. variegatis H. 266

Physianthus Mart. 659

Fraseri L. - - 979

Per&imon - - 626

albens Mart. - 659

Fraseri Pursh - 1044

Perv'inca Scop. - 657

Picea D. Don - 1036

genuensis Cook - 968

minor Scop. - - 657

amabilis - - 1046

Gerardiana W. - 998

vulgdri* Park. - 657

balsamea - - 1044

grandis Doug. - 1045

Petty Whin - - 207
Phdgus Dalech. - 853

longifblia Booth 1044
bracteata - - 1048

halepensis Ait. - 967
genuensis - - 968

K'sculus Dalech. - 853

cephalonica - - 1039

major Ann. d'Hor. 961

Phalerocarpus G. D. 581

Fraseri - - 1044

maritima - - 968

serpyllifolius G. D. 581

grandis - - 1046

minor - - 967

Phaseoleae - - 248

hirtella - - 1050

HartwSgii Lindl. - 1000

Phaseolb'ides H. Angl. 249

naphtha Hort - 1053

hierosolymitdna - 967

Phellodrys Mat. - 880

nobilis - 1047

hirtella Humb. - 1050

Philadelphia? 460. 1115

Nordmanniana - 1042

hispdnica Cook. - S61

PhiladelphusL. 460. 1115

obovdta Led. - 1029

horizuntdlis Don - 952

coronarius L. - 460

orientals Link - 1029

hudsonica Lam. - 969

fl. pleno L. C. - 461

pectinata - - 1037

humilis Tourn. - 955

nanus Mill. Diet. 461

cinerea - - 1037

inops Ait. - - 970

variegatus L. C. 461
vulgaris Sch. - 461

fbliis variegatis - 1C'37
tortubsa Booth - 1037

insignis Doug. - 988
intermedia Du Roi 1056

corymbbsus Wall. 4(J6

Pichta - - - 1043

intermedia Lod. - 1055

floribundus Schr. - 463

Pindrow - - 1052

Keseya Royle - 999

Gordonianus Lindl. 463

Pinsapo - - 1041

Khutrow Royle - 1032

grdcilis L. C. - 464

religidsa - - 1049

Lambertiana Doug 1019

grandiflbrus - - 464

vulgaris - - 1026

lanceolata Lamb. - 1085

grandiflbrus - - 463

Webbiana - - 1051

laricina Du Roi - 1056

grandiflbrus Lindl. 462

Pleris D. Don - 570

Laricio Pair - 956

grandiflbrus laxus 463

ovaliiblia D. Don 570

Larix Lin. - - 1053

hirsutus Nutt. - 464

Pig Nut - - - 740

austrlaca - - 958

hut/iilis Hort. - 464

Pinaster Rox. - 961

calabrica - - 957

inodbrus L. - - 461

htspdnica Rox. - 961

caramanica - 957

inodorus Hort. - 464

Pinaster - - 961

corsicana - - 957

latifblius ScA. - 462

Pine - - - 9-r.O

nigra Marsh. - 1056

laxus L. C. - - 464

Pinus L. - - 950

sibirica L. C. - 1054

laxus of some - 461

Ambits Du Roi - 1037

subviridisN. Duh. 957

laxus Schrad. - 464

A^bies Lin. - - 1026

Idxa Ehrh. - - 1030

mexicanus Schr. - 465

balsamea Marsh. 1044

leiophylla Schd. - 101 1

mexicanus Benth. 1115

acapulcensis Lod. 1014

LemonidnaHen. - 963

4 E

Llaveana Sch. - i«j3

longifolia Roxb. - OU6

macrocarpa Lindl 985

macrophylla .L,. - 1006

maridna Ehr. - 1031

maritima N. Duh. 961

maritima Lamb. - 968

maritima Pall. - 959

alter a Du Ham. 961

minor N. D. H. 963

prima Mat. - 967

Massonidna Lamb. 961

Menziesii Lamb. - 1034

microcdrpa Pursh 1056

microcdrpa Willd. 1056

mitis Michx. - 974

montdna Baum. - 955

montereyensis God. 989

Montezfimse L. - 1004

monticola - - 1021

Mitgho Jacq.- - 955

muricata D. Don - 989

Nedsa Govan - 998

nepalensis Pin.Wob. 999

nlgra Ait. - - 1031

nigricans Hort. - 958

nigrescens Hort. - 958

ntibilis Doug. - 1047

Nordmannidna St. 1042

occidentalis S. - 1015

occidentdlis Kunth 1004

oocarpa ScAd. - 1012

orient dlis Liu, - 1029

Pallasiana L. - 959

palHstris Willd. - 987

excelsa Booth - £88

patula S. S( D. - 992

f dliis strictis Bnth. 993

pendula Ait. - - 1056

penicellus Lap. - 961

Picea Du Roi - 1026

Picea Lin. - - 1037

cinerea B. C. - 1037

Pichta Lodd. - 1043

Pinaster Ait. - 961

Aberdbnia; G. A/. 963

Escarenus Arb. B. 963

f bliis variegatis - 963

fragilis N. Du H. 965,

Lemonianus - 963

marltimus - - 963

minor - - 963

Pindrow Royle - 1052

Pinea L. 965

cretica Hort. - 965

ponderdsa Doug. - 981

Pseudo-Str6bus - 1008

pumilio Hcen. - 955

Fischeri Booth - 955

M ugh us - - 955

nana Matt. - 955

rubraefblia- 955

pungens Michx. - 971

pyrenaica L. - - 961

radiataDow - - 990

religibsa Humb. - 1049

resinosa Ait. - - 972

rigida Mill. - - 977

romdna H. S. Card. 957

rubra Mill. - - 951

rubra Mill. - - 952

rubra Michx. - 972

rubra Lamb. - 1032

ruptstris MX. - 969

Russelliana L. - 1008

Sabiniana Doug. - P82

Sabinidna var. Hrt. 985

sftt/ra - 965

sativa Amm. - 10l6

saliva Bauh. - - 965

scaridsa Lodd. - 953

serotina MX. - 979

serdtina Hort. - 987

sibirica Hort. - 1043

sinensis Lamb. - 999

Smithiana Wall. - J032

spectdbilis Lam. - 1051

11.54

GENERAL INDEX.

Vage Page
squambsa Bosc - 954 Plum - 270

Page
nlgra Michx. - 825

Strbbus L. - - 1018 Podocdrpus Swt. - 942

nrgra Trag. - - 821

alba Hort. - - 1018
brevifblia Hort. 1018

macrophyllus Swt. 942
Poet's Cassia - - 695

nlgra L. - - 824
americdna Lod. 825

compressa Booth 1018

Poison Wood - - 189

itdlica Du Roi - 827

nbva Lodd. - 1018

Polifblia Buxbaum 560

itdlica Lodd. - 825

sylvestris L. - - 951

Polygonaceae - 678. 1117

nivea Lodd. - 820

sylvestris, ffC. Bauh. 1016

Polfgonum - - 1117

niveo Willd. - 819

altaica Ledeb. - 953

caucdsicum Hoffm. 678

ontariensis Desf. - 83

Cembro Cam. - 1016

criitpitm var. « Sims 678

palmdta Hort. - 82(

divaricdta Ait. - 969

frutescens Willd. - 678

pannonica Jacq. - 827

g-nevensis - 953

lamiifblium Bauh. 937

pendula Du Roi - 821

haguenensis - 953

martnum Tab. - 937

pendula Lodd. - 822

horizontals - 952

parvifblium Nutt. 679

po/onica Hort. - 824

hiimilis y Neal - 955
intermedia - 953

poli'igonum Vent. - 679
volcanicum Ben. -1117

pyramiddta Hort. 827
quercffblia Hort. - 8'20

niaritima Ait. - 955

Pomes? - - - 352

salici folia Hort. - 830

monopny-lla Hodg. 953

Pomegranate - - 456

suaveolens Fisch - 830

montdna Sang - 952

Pond Bush - - 683

suplna Lodd. - 822

montdna y Ait. - 955

Poplar - - - 819

tomentbsa - - 820

Mhgho Matt. - 955 ! Poplar of Virginia 36

tremula L. - - 821

rigensis - - 953 Populus Tourn. - 819

laevigata - - 822

scaribsa - - 953 acerifblia Lodd. - 820

pendula - - 822

tortubsa - - 954 acerifblia - - 820

tremuloldes Mch. - 822

uncinata - - 952 aesjyptlaca Hort. 820

trepida Willd. - 822

vulgaris - - 952

candicans - - 820

viminalis Lodd. - 830

• s$rtica Thore - 961*

" hfbridaBicb. - 820

viminea Du Ham - 824

TreMa L. - - 976

p&Uida Hort. - 820

virginidna Lin. - 825

alopecuroidea Ait. 979

pendula - - 820

vlridis Lodd. - 824

tatdrica Ham. N"urs.959

acladesca Lindl. - 825

vistulensis Hort. - 824

taxifblia Lamb. - 1033

alba Bieb. - - 820

Porcelia Pers. - 38

Teocbte S. £ D. - 991

alba Mill. - - 820

triloba Pers. - 38

timoriensis - - 1000

alba Trag. - - 824

Portugal Broom - 213

tuberculata Don - 990

alba L. - - - 819

Portugal Laurel - 294

turbinata Bosc - 975

latifblia Lob. - 819

Potentilleae - - 310

varidbilis Lamb. - 980

Medusa? Booth - 828

Potentilla L. - - 319

varidbilis Pursh - 974

nivea Mart. - 819

Comarum Scop. - 320

vem'ista Doug. - 1048

nbva Audtb. - 828

dahhrica Nestl. - 320

virginidna Du Roi 970
virginidna Pluk. . 1018
Webbidna Wall. - 1051

angulata Ait. - 828
angulbsa Michx. - 828
arembergica Lodd. 820

floribunda Ph. - 320
frulicbsa Busch - 320
fruticbsa L. - - 319

Piper Ger. - - 673

argentea Michx. - 829

dahurica Ser. - 320

agrestis Ger. - 673

balsamifera Mill. - 828

tenuiloba Ser. - 320

Piptanthus Swt. - 198

balsamlfera L. - 830

glabra Lodd. - 320

nepalensis Sift. - 199

fbliis variegatis 830

Salesbvii Steph. - 320

Pistacia L. - 184

intermedia Hort. 830

tenuifblia Schlect. 320

atldntica Desf. - 186

latifblia Hort. - 830

Prickly Ash - - 142

chla Desf. - - 186

suaveolens - 830

Prlnos L - - 163

Lentiscus L. - 186

viminalis - - 830

ambiguus Mr. - 164

angustif blia Dec. 186

belgica Lodd. - 820

atomarius Nutt. - 166

chla N. Du Ham. 186

betulifblia - - 825

canadensis Lyon - 165

massiliensis Mill. D. 186

canadensis - - 824

confertus Moench - 164

offlcindrum H. K. 185

canadensis Mcench 831

coriaceus Pitrsh - 166

reticnldta Willd. - 185

candicans Ait. - 831

deciduus Dec. - 164

Terebinth us L. - 185

candicans Lodd. - 820

dubius G. Don - 1G6

spha?rocarpa Dec. 185
wVa Mill. Diet. - 185

canescens Sm. - 820
carolinensis Mcench 825

glaber L. - - 166
glaber Wats. - 166

vdrai. - - 185

cordata- - - 831

Gronbvii MX. - 164

narbonensis B. M. 185

cordifblia Burgs. - 829

Ia?vigatus Pitrsh - 165

trif blia Lin. Spec. 185

crassifblia Mart. - 820

lanceolatus Pursh 165

Pistachio Nut - 184

dilaldta Ait. - - 827

litcidus Ait. - - 155

Planera G mel. - 723

fastigiata Desf. - 827

tucidus Hort. - 165

aqudtica Willd. - 726
carpinifblia Wats. 726

glandulbsa Mcench 825
grae'ca Ait. - - 823

padifdlius Willd. - 164
prunifblius Lodd. 164

crendta Desf. - 726

grandidentata - 823

verticillatus L. - 164

crendta MX. - - 726

grisea Lodd. - 820

Privet ... 628

Gmelini MX. - 726

heterophylla Du Roi 828

Provence Rose - 333

Richardi MX. - 726

heterophylla L. - 829

Proving Rose - - 334

ulmi folia MX. - 726

hudsonidna - - 825

Prunus Tourn. 270. 1114

Plane Tree - - 927

hudsonica Mich. - 825

dcida Ehrh. - - 278

Platan aceae - - 927

hijbrida Dod. - 821

acumindta MX. - 275

Platanus L. - - 927

intermedia Mert. - 820

americdna Dar. - 284

acerifblia Willd. - 928

arguta Bigelow - 291

cuneata Willd. - 929

dilatdta Willd. - 827

Armenlaca L. Sp. 267

hispanica Lodd. - 928

carolinensis Burg. 827

nigra Desf. - 268

intermedia Hort. - 928

Icevigdta Ait. - 822

avttera Ehrh. - 278

macrophulla Cree 928
occidentals L. - 931

tevigdta Willd. - 824
latifblia Mcench - 831

avium L. Sp. - 277
boredlis Poir. - 283

heterophf lla H^. 1118
,4'cera /"otto Tou. 928
unduldta Ait. - 929

libi/ce Ray - - 821
macrophylla/.mrf/. 831
macrophvlla Lodd. 828

brigantiaca Vill. - 270
candicans Balb. - 275
canadensis M. et S. 292

cnpntalis L. - - 927

mdjorUm. - - 819

carolinidna Ait. - 296

acerifblia /4#. - 928

maryldndica Bosc 825

capriclda Wall. - 293

cuneata - - 929

monilifera Hort. - 824

ceras'ifera Ehrh. - 274

hispanica - - 929

monilifera - - 825

cerasoldes D. Don 287

vera Park - - 928

fbliis variegatis - 826

Cerasus Lin. Sp. - 278

Ploughm. Spikenard 546

Lindleyana Booth 826 chicasa Pursh - 285

Cocomilla Ten. - 275
dasycdrpa Ehrh - 268
divaricata Led. - 276
domestica L. - 273
armenibides Ser. 273
fibre pleno Hort. 273
fbl. variegatis H. 273
fruticbsa Pall. - 282
#/rtMC#o//a Wall. - 293
Htxa Broussonet - 294
hyemdlis MX. - 285
incdna Stephen - 282
inermis Gmel. - 282
insititia Walt. - 285
insititia L. - - 272
fibre pleno Desc. 273
fructu luteo-albo 272
fructu nlgro //. - 272
fructu rubro H. 273
juponica Thunb. - 286
lanceoldta Willd. - 286
Laurocerasus L. - 295
lusitdnica L. - 294
Mahdleb L. - - 288
niaritima Wangenh. 275
mulliglandulbsa C. 294
Mume Sieb. - - 1114
Myrobdlan Du H. 274
myrobdlana Lois. - 274
myrobalana L. - 274
fbliis varieg. Duh. 274
nigra Ait. - - 284
nigricans Ehrh. - 277
Pad us L. - - 289
paniculdta Ker - 282
penn&ylvdnica L. fil. 286
persidfblia Desf. - 283
prostrata H. K. - 282
PseMo- Cerasus L. 282
pubescens Po/r. - 276
pubescens Ph. - 285
pitmila L. - - 2R3
pygmce^a Willd. - 284
? «6>-fl Ait. - - 291
rubra W. - - 290
salicina Lindl. - 287
saliva Fuchs, Ray 273
semperflbrcns Ehrh. 281
sempervlrens Willd. 296
serotina Roth - 281
serotina Willd. - 291
serruldia Lmdl. - 281
sibtrica Lin. Sp. - 269
sinensis Pers. - 286
sphcerocdrpa MX. 285
sphibsa Lois. - 271
spinbsa L. - 271

fibre pleno - 271
fbliis variegatis S. 271
macrocarpa Wai. 271
microcarpa Wai. 271
ovata.S^r. - - 271
vulgaris Ser. - 271
unduldia Hamilt. - 293
vdria Ehrh. - - 277
virginidna Fl.Mex. S92
virginidna Mill. - 291
Pseud- Acacia Mcench 233
odordta Mcench - 2: 3
PteleaZ,. - - 143
Baldwinii Tor. %*G. 144
trifbliata L. - - 144
pentaphylla Mun. 144
pubescens Pursh 144
Pterococcus Pall. - 680
aphyllus Pall. - 680
Pteroc^rya Kunth 743
caucasica Kunth 743
'unica Tourn. . 456
umericann ndna P. 457
Granatum L. - 456
albescens Dec. - 457
fl. pldno - - 457
flavum Hort. - 45?
ndnum Pers. - 457
rubrum Dec. - 456
fl. pldno Trew - 441

GENERAL INDEX.

1155

Page
Purshia Dec. - - 297

Page
subpubescens L. 447

Page
Bdnja Ham. - 888

Page
grandifblia Z>tm - 892

tridentata Dec. - 297

Michauxii Bosc. - 425

b:irbinervis Benth. 904

Haliphlce^os Bosc - 855

Pyracantha - 375. 385

microcarpa Dec. - 441

6^o/or Willd. - 868

Haliphlce^os Juss. 854

Pyrus Lindl. - 417. 1115

nepalensis Hort. - 435

bore. dlis MX. - - 870

Hartwegi Benth. - 904

acerba Dec. - 426

nivalis Lin.jtt. - 421

Brantii Lindl. - 891

Hemeris Dalech. - 849

A\hras Grertn. - 417

Nussia Ham. - 407

Brossa Bosc - - 889

hemisphce' rica Br. 886

alnifbliaZmd/. - 449

oz-ato Willd. - 413

burgundiaca Bauh. 854

hemisphte'rica W. 875

Ameldnchier Willd. 412

orientdlis Horn. - 422

calyclna Poir. - 889

heterophylla 3/A-. - 879

americana Dec. - 438

Pnshia Ham. - 424

candicans Willd. - 904

hispdnicu Lam. - 889

americana Dec. - 440

persica Pers - 421

cariensis Willd. - 890

humilis Hort - 886

amygdalifdrmis Vil. 422

pinnatifida £#>•£. 438

Castdnea Willd. - 867

humilis iaw - 889

angustifblia Ait. - 430

arbuscula Dec. 419

castaneifblia Mey. 890

humilis Walt. - 877

apttala Munch. - 427

lanuginbsa - 438

castanicdrpa Rox. 915

hubr ida Hort. - 885

arbutifbliai.^Z. - 446

pendula - - 439

CatesbajM WiBtf. - 873

hybrida Lod. - 886

intermedia Lindl. 446

P Oliver ia L. Mant. 423

Catungea Ham. - 915

hybrida nana - 886

pumila - - 446

pubens L. - 448

Term Hort. - - 856

iberica Stev. - - 896

serotina Lindl. - 446

phmila Hort. - 430

Cerris Oliv. - - 855

Tlex L. 880

A Ma Ehrh. - 432

prunifblia W. - 426

Cerris Z,. - - 854

Ballbta - - 1117

acuminata Hort. 433

Py -aster Ray - 417

cana major Lod 857

crispa Lod. - 880

acutifbliaZ)ec. - 433

rivularis Doug. • 437

cana minor Lod. 857

fagifblia Lod. - 880

angustif blia Lind. 433

rubicunda Hojfm. 449

austrlaci - - 856

integrifblia Lod. 880

bullata Lindl. - 433

salicifbliaZ,.- - 422

dentata Wats. - 858

latifblia Lod. - 880

cretica Lindl. - 433

salicifrlia Lois. - 422

frondbsa Mill. - 855

longifblia Lod. - 880

ediilis Hort. - 433

salvifolia Dec. - 421

fulhamensis - 858

maryldndica Ray 876

longifblia Hort. 433

sambucifolia Cham. 444

heterophylla - 859

oblonga Hort. - 880

obtusifblia Dec. 433

sanguinea Ph. - 413

laciniata - - 856

salicifblia - - 880

ovdlis Hort. - 433

Schdttii Led. - 432

latifblia Hort. - 859

serratifblia Z,od. 880

rotitndifdliaUort. 433

Sieversii Led. - 432

Lucombeana - 859

variegata Hort. - 880

rugbsa Lindl. - 433

WOP. sp. Sievers - 432

crispa - - 859

ilicifblia W. - - 876

undulata Lindl. 433

Sin*/ Desf. - - 421

dentata - - 859

imbricata Ham. - 892

astracanica Dec. - 427

sinaica Thouin - 421

inclsa - - 859

imbricata Willd. • 879

aucuparia Gecrtn. 439

sinensis Z,iwcM. - 422

suberbsa - 859

incdna Royle - 888

fastigiata - - 439

sinensis Poir. - 450

pendula Neill - 856

indutaZV/. - - 898

foliis variegatis - 439

«'«ic« Royle - - 422

Ragnal - - 857

infectbria Oliv. - 890

fructu luteo - 439

Sorbus G&rtn. - 442

variegata Lod. - 856

Kamrodpii D. Don 888

auriculdris Knoop 423

maliformis Lod. 442

vulgaris - - 855

laciniata Lod. - 851

aurirulata Dec. - 438

pyriformis Lodd. 442

chinensis Bung. - 893

lamellbsa Sm. - 892

Azardlus Scop. - 368

spectabilis Ait. - 431

Chinquapin Pursh 867

lanata Sm. - - 888

bnccata L. - - 427

spuriaZtec. - - 444

chrysophylIa/£M»w6. 902

lanceolata Humb. 901

bollwylleriana Dec. 423

pendula Hort. - 445

cinerea Willd. - 877

lancifblia Cham. - 904

bullit'i/lleridnaJ.V. 423

sambucifolia H. B. 445

circinata Willd. - 904

lanata - - - 1117

BotrydprumL,.fi[. 412

stipulacea Hort. - 432

coccifera L. - - 883

lanugindsa D. Don 888

canadensis Hort. - 440

sylvestris Dod. - 417

coccifera - - 879

latifblia Hort. - 879

Chamasmespilus L. 449

sylvestris Magnol - 422

coccinea Willd. - 869

latifblia mas Bauh. 851

communis Lois. - 442

tomentbsa Dec. - 449

concentrica Lour. 893

laurifblia W. - 878

communis L. - 417

torminalis Ehrh. - 436

confertifblia Humb. 904

hybrida MX. - 878

A'chras Wallr. - 418

trilobata Dec. - 437

conglomerdta Pers. 854

laurina Humb. - 900

fibre plfcno - 418

variolbsa Wall. - 424

costata Bl. - - 895

Libani Oliv. - - 890

f bliis variegatis - 418

vestlta JFa//. - 435

crassifblia Humb. - 903

lineata Bl. - - 898

fructu variegato 418

QuercusL. -849.1117

crassipes Humb. - 901

lobata Willd. - 904

jaspida - - 418

acumindta Hort. - 888

angustifblia H. - 901

Lucombedna Swt. 859

Py raster Wallr. 418

acuta Thunb. - 893

crinlta - - 854,855

crispa Hort. - 859

sanguinolenta - 418

acutifblia Willd. - 904

<y Cirris Lin. - 856

dentata Hort. - 859

satlva Dec. - 418

acutifdlia Nees - 1117

cunedta Wang. - 870

heterophylla - 859

sylvestris - - 426

aegilopifblia ZVr*. 889

cuspidata Thunb. - 893

twcMrt Hort. - 859

_'oronaria L. - 420

atgilopijulia Willd. 889

daphnoidea Bl. - 897

suberbsa Hort. - H5!»

corondria Wang - 430

.E'gilops Z,. - - 860

dentata Bart. - 875

lusitanica Z,<MW. - 889

crendta D. Don - 435

latifblia Z/or*. - 860

dentata Thunb. - «93

lutea Willd. - - 904

Ci/adnia Lin. Sp. - 450
depressaZ,. - - 448

pendula Hort. - 860
agrijolia Willd. - 879

depressa Humb. - 903
discolor Ait. - - 870

lyrata Walt. - - 865
lyrdta Lod. - - 870

dioica W. 427

A'lamo Benth - 904

discolor Willd. - 871

macrocarpa W. - 864

domestica Sm.inE.B.442

alba L. - - 862

diversifblia Willd. - 904

macrophylla Willd. 904

edulis Willd. - 435
elceagnifblia A.B. 422

palustris 3/?c&r. 862
pinnatifida MX. - 862

dysophylla Benth. 904
elegansZtf. - - 896

magnoliasfblia W. 904
mannifera id/ 854. 890

elaagnifblia Pall. 422

pinnatifida Walt. 862

elliptica Willd. - 904

maritima Willd. - 878

floribunda L. - 447
foliolbsa Wall. - 445

repanda Mr. - 862
virginidna Park. 862

elongdta Willd. - 870
E'sculus L. - - 853

marylnndica Ray - 874
mexicana Humb. - 901

glandulbsa Moench 354

ambigua Humb. - 903

exoniensis Lod. - 859

microphylla fFeV/d. 904

grandifblia L. - 448

ambigua JF*//d. - 870

expaiisa Poir. - 889

Michauxii Nutt. - 868

heterophylla B. .1115

americana Pluk. - 871

fcu'mina Roth - 849

moluccaZ#. - - 898

hirclna Wall. - 445

angustata Ztf. - 894

faginea Lam. - 889

mongolica Fisch. - 890

hybrida Mcench - 444

annulata Sm. - 888

falcata Michx. - 870

mongolica Lindl. - 851

hybrida lanugindsa 443
indica Colebr. - 425

apennlna Z,. - - 854.
aqudtica Lod. - 874

falkcnbergensis B. 852
fastigiata Lam. - 849

montdna Lod. - 871
montdna Willd. - 866

integrifdlia Wall. 405

aqudtica Sm.&Ab. 875

Fennessi Hort. - 851

mucronata #7//rf. - 904

intermedia Ehrh. - 434

aquatica So/. - 875

ferox Rox. - - 915

myrtifblia Willd. - 887

angustifblia - 435

elongdta Ait. - 875

ferruginea MX. - 874

wdwa Hort. - - 8*6

latifblia - - 434

maritima Michx. 876

filicifdlia Hort. - 851

ndna WTilld.- - 875

japonica Thunb. - 450

A'rcula Ham. - 891

Fontanesii Guss. - 885

nepalensis - - 1117

lanuginbsa Dec. - 443

armdta Rox. - 915

gemelliflbra Bl. - 898

ntgra Thore- - 853

MMus L. - - 425

aspera Bosc - 889

glaberrima Bl. - 896

nigra Willd. - 875

Mdlus Sm.E. B. - 426

austrtaca Willd. - 856

glabra Thunb. - 893

nlgra L. 874

austera Wallr. - 426

australis Cook - 851

glabrescens Benth. 904

maritima MX. - 875

hybrida Ait. - 426

austrdlis Link - 852

plauca Thunb. - 888

nana ... 875

wiitis Wallr. - 425

Ballbta Z>«. - 882

glauca Thunb. - 893 ob/ongata D. Don 888

sylvestris Fl. Dan. 426

Banisteri Lod. - 871

glaucescens Humb. 899 obovata Bung. - 893

melanocirpa W. - 4-17

Banisteri Michx. - 8?H

Gramuntia - - K8'2 oiiterhi Poir. - 890

4 i j>

1156

GENERAL INDEX.

i «j obtusata Humb.

' obtusdta Ait. - 878

obtusif61ia Don - 892

obtusiloba MX. - 865

olivfeformis - - 864

oriental's Tourn. - 860

latijolia Tourn. 855

pallida Bl. - - 895

palustris Marsh - 862

palustris Willd. - 872

pandurata Humb. - 899

pannonica Booth - 1118

pendula Lod. - 849

pedunculata Willd. 849

fastigiata - - 849

foliis variegatis - 851

heterophylla - 851

pendula - - 849

pubescens Lod. - 849

purpurea - - 851

petiolaris Benlh. - 904

Phellos Sm. - - 877

Phellos L. - 876. 886

cmireus Ait. - 877

cindreus - - 877

humilis Pursh - 877

latifblius Lodd. - 877

maritimus MX. - 878

pitmilis MX. - 877

sericeus - - 877

sylvaticus MX. - 877

Phullata Ham. - 888

placentaria Bl. - 896

platycarpa Bl. - 896

platyphyllos Dal. - 851

prasina Pers. - 889

prinbldes Willd. - 867

Prlnus Lin. - - 866

Prlnus Sm. - - 866

Prlnus L. . - - 866

acuminata MX. - 867

Chinquapin MX. 867

discolor MX. - 868

monticola MX. - 866

monltcola Mich. 866

paMstris MX. - 866

pumila MX. - 867

tomentbsa MX. - 868

pruinbsa Blume - 894

pseudo-coccifera - 883

pseudo-molucca Bl. 898

Psehdo-Saber H. - 884

Pseudo-SuberD. 885

Fontanesii - - 885

pubescens Willd. - 852

pulchella Humb. - 902

pbmila MX. - - 877

pyramidalis Hort. 849

pyrenaica W. 853.1118

racembsa Hook. - 898

racembsa N. Du H. 849

Rdgnal Lod. - 857

regalis Burn. - 851

rSgia Lindl. - 891

repanda Humb. - 900

reticulata Humb. - 902

Rbbur Lin. - - 849

Rdbur Willd. - 851

lanuginosumLiScm. 852

macrocdrpum B. 852

sessile Mart. - 851

peduncidatum M. 849

votundata Bl. - 895

rotundifolia Lam. 889

rubrai. - 868.1118

taraxacifblia B. 1118

rugbsa Willd. - 904

tal.-cifblia Hort. - 851

salicifblia Willd. - 904

semecarpifblia 5m. 893

sempervirens Ban. 886

sericea Willd. - 877

fcerrata Thunb. - 893

sessiliflbra Sal. - 851

austral is - - 852

falkenbergfesis - 852

macrocarpa - 852

Page
pubescens - - 852

Pag

lanceolatus Purth \li

P.V
thyrsiflorum B. R. 5<)4

sfssilis Khrh. - 851

latifblius L'Herit. 177

officinale Salisb. 587

sideroxyla Humb.- 900

laurifblius Nutt - 178

polifblium Scop. - 560

Skinneri Benth. - 1117

longij'blius Mill. D. 173

ponticum L. - 584

spicata Humb. - 902

lycioldes L. - - 174

azaleoldes - - 584

spicata Sm. - - 891

lyciotdes Pall.Fl. R. 174

fragrans Chandler 585

splendens Willd. • 904

Lycium Scop. - 173

Lbwii G. M. - 584

squamata Rox. - 891

oleifolius Hook. - 178

macrophyllum Lo. 586

stellata Willd. - 865

Paliurus L. - - 168

myrtifblium Lod. 584

stipularis Humb. - 902

parvit olius Tor. SfG. 178

obtusum ^V^s. - 584

stolonifera Lapeyr. 853

persicifblius Bert. 178

Smithii Swt. - 584

SCiber I,. - - 884
angustif61ium - 884

pcntaphyllus Jacq. 622
prunit'blius Sm. - 178

siibdeciduum - 584
punctatum Andr. - 588

dentatum - - 884

prunifolius Booth 1113

majus^er- - 588

latifblium - - 884

pubescens Sibth. - 178

mmus Wats. - 588

sundaica Blume - 893

pumilus!,. - - 176

purpureum G Don 586

Tauzin Pers. - 853

Purshianus Dec. - 178

Purshii G. Dow - 586

tinctbria Bart. - 871

rotundifblius Dum. 171

Rhodora G. Don - 598

tinctbria Willd. - 871

rupestris Scop. Carn. 176

setbsum D. Dow - 589

angulbsa Michx. 871

saxatilis L. - - 173

speciusum Dow - 597

sinubsa Michx. - 872

sempervirens Hort. 172

viscbsum Torr. - 595

tomentbsa Dec. - 853

Sibthorpianus ScAw/. 178

ornatum Swt. - 596

tomentbsa Willd. - 904

siculus L. Syst. - 622

Rhodbreae - - 583

Tbsa Bosc - - 853

texensis Tor. $ Gr. 178

Rhodbra Lin. Sp. - 598

Tournefortii Willd. 855

tinctbrius Waldst. 173

canadensis L. Sp. 598

tribuloidcs Sm. - 915

ulmb'/des Guldens. 726

Rhusi.- - - 186

trldens Humb. - 904

umbellatus Cav. - 178

aromaticum Ait. - 191

triloba Willd. - 870

volubilis L. fil. - 170

cacodendron Ehrh 145

turbinata Bl. - 898

Wicklius Jacq. - 1113

canadensis Marsh. 191

Turned Willd. - 885

Zizyphus L. - 167

carolinianum Mill. 188

uligindsa Wangh. 875

Rhododendron L. - 583

copalUna L. - - 190

urceolaris Hook. - 898

. anthopbgon Don - 590

leucantha Jacq. 190

velutina Lam. - 871

arborescens T. - 598

Coriariai. - - 189

velutlna Lindl. - 892

arbbreum S/?z. - 590

Cotinus L. - - 187

viminalis Bosc - 889

venustum D. Don 590

diversiloba Tor. - 192

vlrens Ait. - - 886
virginiana Pluk. - 871

aromaticum Wall. 590
azalebtdes Desf. - 584

elcgans Ait. - - 188
glabra Willd. Sp. 188

virginiana Pluk. - 876

bicolor D. Don - 594

glabra L. - - 188

xalapensis Humb. 898

calendulaceum Torr. 595

coccinea - - 188

Quicken Tree - 439

fulgidum Hook. 595

dioica - - 188

Quickset- - - 375
Quince - - - 450

lepidum Boi. R. 595
Morterii Swf. - 59/>

hermaphrodita - 188
hypselodendron M. 145

Raisin Berberry - 49

campanulktum D.D. 589

lobata Hook. - 192

Ranunculacea? 2. 1111

camtschaticum P. 591

laurina Nutt. - 192

Raspberry - - 312

canescens G. Dow 595

myrtijblia be/gica B. 934

Red Bay ... 683

catawbiense MX - 586

obscitrum Bieb. - 743

Red Cedar - - 1084

Russelliaimm - 587

pumila MX. - - 192

Red Maple - 91

tigrlnum Hort. - 587

radlcans L. - - 190

Red Root - - 180

caucasicum Pall. - 587

sinense Ellis - 145

Restharrow - - 229

Nobleanum Hort. 588

suavtolens Ait. - 191

Retanilla Brong. - 179

pulcherrimum L. 587

sylvestris Park. - 934

E'phedra Brong. - 179

stramineum HooA:. 587

alter a Dalech. - 934

Rhamnacea; - 167.1113

Chamascistus L. - 592

Toxicodt'ndron/..- 190

Rhamnus - 170.1113
AlaternusZ,. - 171

chrysanthemum L. 587
datiricum i. - - 591

microcarpon T.G. 190
qufrcifulium T.G. 190

angustifblia - 171

atrovlrens Ker - 591

radlcans T Sf G. 199

balearica H. Par. 171

ferrugineum Anclr. 588

vulgdre MX. - 69. 1'Jl

fbliis argenteis - 172

allium iorfd. Cat. 588

quercifblia MX. 190

aureis - - 172

minus Pers. - 588

radlcans Tor. - 190

macula- tis - 171

flavurn G. Dow - 592

microcarpon M. 191

hispanica H. Par. 171

fragrans Hort. - 585

trilobata Ntitt. - 192

alnif dlins L'He'r. - 175

glaucum D. DOM - 596

trijoliatu L. Cat. - 191

franguloldes Dec. 175

hirsutum L. - - 588

typhlnai. - - 187

alnif blius Pursh - 178

variegatum - 589

arborescens - ] 88

alplnus L. - - 175

hispidum T. - - 597

frutescens - - 188

grandif blius - 176

hybridum Lod. Cat. 585

viridiflbra - - 188

amygdalinus Desf. 178

lapponicum Wahl. 590

venenata Dec. - 189

burgundzacus H. P. 172
buxifblius Pair. - 173

lepidbtum Wall. - 591
macrophyllum D. D.589

verm* Lin. Sp. - 189
virginiana Bauh. - 188

buxifblius Brot. - 173

maximum L. - 585

viridiflbra Poir. - 188

californicus Esch. 178

album Pursh - 586

Ribes L. - 468.1116

cardiospermvs Will. 173
carolinianus Walt. 176

purpureum Ph. 586
minns MX. - - 588

ac&rrimum Roch. 479
aciculare Sm. - 472

carpinijblius Pall. 726
catharticus L. - 172

nitidum T. - - 597
nudiflbrum Torr. - 592

acuminatum W. - 479
ajfine Doug. - 482

Clusii Willd. - 171

album D. Dow - 593

albin^rvum MX. - 479

croceus Nutt. - 178

carneum D. Don 593

alptnum Delarb, - 478

dahuricus Pall. - 174

cocclneum D. Dora 593

alfjinum Sie%rers - 475

E'phedra Domb. - 179

eximium D. Dow 594

alplnum L. - - 477

Erythroxylon P. - 174

GoveniSnum D.D. 593

bacciferum Wallr. 478

angustissimum DC. 174
ferrugineus Nutt. 178

papilionaceum - 593
partltum D. Dow 593

fbliis variegatis - 478
pumilum Lindl. 478

Frangula L. - - 177

polyandrum Dow £93

sterile Wallr. - 477

angustif 61ia Hort. 177

rubrum Lod. B. C. 594

altdicum Lod. Cat. 481

franguloides MX. - 175

rutilans D. Don 593

amcricdnum Mill. 482

hf bridus L'Her. - 172

Seymouri B. R. 594

angustvm Dougl. - 486

infectbrius L. - 173 scihtillans B. R. 594 armdtum Hort. - 476

GENERAL INDEX.

1157

Page
atro-pur pure urn M. 487

Page
album Desf. - 477

viscbsa Vent. - 2^5

Page
Eglanteria Mill. - 337

aureum Colla - 488

carneum /?er£ - 477

Rock Rose - 54

faecnndissima Munc. 326

aureum Ker - 488

dome stic. bdc. earn. 477

Rosace* - 261. 1114

fce'tida Herm. - 338

aureum Ph. - - 487

fbl.al bo varieg. D. 477

Rbsea; - - - 321

fdrox Lawr. - 322

prsevcox Lindl. - 487

fol. luteo varieg. 477

Rbsa Tourn. - - 321

nltens Lindl. - 322

san«uineum Lind. 4S8

hortense Dec. - 477

aciphylla Rau. - 339

fldva Don - - 346

serotinum Lindl. 48S

sibiricum Oldaker 477

a«restis Savi - 337

florida Poir. - - 346

villbsum Dec. - 488

sylvestre Dec. - 477

albai. - - 330

Forsteri Sm.. - 339

bractebsum Dougl. 483

variegatum Dec. 477

alpina L. - - 328

fraxinifblia Bbrk. - 326

campanuldtum H. 482
canadense Lod. - 482

sanguineum P. - 486
atro-rubens Hort. 486

alpina /3 Ait. - 326
gldbra Desv. - 328

francfurtensis Ros. 335
francofortidna MX. 335

carpathicum Kit. - 479

glutinbsum - 486

la;xvis Se?-. - 328

fraxinifblia Dum, 325

cereum Dougl. - 485

malvaceum - 486

teWs Red. - 326

frutetbrum Z?e5S. - 327

Cynosbati L. - 471

saxatile Pall. - 475

lae'vis - - 328

//isca Mcench - 344

fructu aculea"to - 471

setbsum Lindl. - 470

specibsa Hort. - 328

gallicai. - - 334

fructu glabro - 471
Diacantha L.fil. - 475

specibsum Ph. - 474
spicatum R. - 478

vnlgdris Red. - 328
andfgavensis Bat. 339

glandulifera Roxb. 347
glauca Lois. - 339. 148

dioica Masters - 477

spicdtum Schultes 479

anguiculdta Desf. 333

glaucescens Mer. - 339

dioica Moench - 477
divaricatum D. - 471
echindtum Doug. 476

siamineum Horn. - 470
stamineum Sm. - 474
tauricum Jacq. - 1116

arvensis Schrank - 339
arvensis Huds. - 344
ayreshirea Ser. - 345

glaucophylla Eh.329.140
glaucophylla Winch 340
glutinbsa Sm. - 339

ferox Sm. - - 475

tenuiflbrum Lindl 48<

hybrida Lindl. R. 345

grandiflbra Lindl. 329

flavum Coll. - - 4S8

fructu luteo - 488

atrovirens Viv. - 346

tfatfe^Krok. - 344

fldvum Berl. - 488

fructu nlgro - 488

baledrica Desf. - 346

helvetica HM. - 337

floridum L'Her. - 481

triacanthum Men*. 474

Banksia? R. Br. - 349

hemisphce' rica Her. 329

grandiflbrum H. 482

triacdnthum Menz. 474

lutea Tratt. - 349

herperhodon Ehrh. 344

parviflbrum Hort. 482

trifiilum MX. - 479

Banksidna Abel - 349

heterophylla Woods 336

frdgrans L. B. Cab. 487

triflbrum W. - 470

belgica Brot. - 334

hibernica 5m. - 331

fuchsib'ides Dec. - 474

triste Pall. - - 481

Aefetca Mill. - - 332

htspida Curt. - 329

glaciate Wall. - 484

U'va crispa (E. 472, 473

berberijblia Pall. - 352

holosericea Rossig. 334

glandulbsum Ait. - 482

saliva Dec. - 473

bengalensis Pers. - 343

humilit Marsh. - 325

glandulbsum R. & P. 482

si/lvestris Berl. - 473

b'>fera Poir. - - 333

hybrida Vill. - 328

glutinbsum Benth. 486

viscosissimum Ph. 484

o/yZora Krok. - 328

hjrstrix Lindl. - 350

gracile MX. - - 472

vitifblium Hort. - 479

biserrdta Mer. - 337

iberica Sm. - - 339

Grossularia L. - 473

vulgareX. Du H. 477

bldnda Brot. - 334

indica L. - - 341

Besseriana Berl. 473

Ribesium Dill. - 481

bldnda a. Sol. - 326

indica Red. - - 343

brae tea ta Berl. - 473

nigrum, fyc. Dill. - 481

Borreri Sm. E. Fl. 338

acumindta Red. 343

himalayana - 473

Robinia/,. - - 233

bractedta Dec. - 344

Blairii D. Don - 343

macrocarpa Dec. 473

d/ttigdna Pall. - 238

bracteata Wendl. - 323

carophyllea Red. 342

reclinata Berl. - 473

ambtgua Poir. - 236

flore plSno /fort. 323

cruenta Red. - 342

spinosissima Berl. 473

angustifolia Hort. 234

scabncaulis Lindl. 323

flavescens - - 343

subinermis Berl. 473

Caragdna Lin. Sp. 237

brevislyla Dec. - 344

frdgrans Red. - 342

U va-crispa Sm. 473

Chamldgu L'H. - 241

Jirownii Spreng. - 347

Fraseriana Hort. 342

heterdtrichum Mey. 483

ddbia Fo«c. - - 236

Brunbnii Lindl. - 347

Lawrencedna Rd. 343

himalaydnus Royle 473

echindta Mill. Diet. 236

caexsia Sw. - - 340

longifblia Lmd/. 342

hirtellum MX. - 472

jgro* Pall. - - 240

calenddrum Munch. 332

Noisettiana Ser. 342

hudsonianum Rich. 484

frutescens L. Sp. - 239

campanuldta Ehrh. 335

nivea - - 342

hybridum Bess. - 473

grandijibra Bieb. - 241

canlna Dec. - - 337

purpiirea Red. 342

iuebrians Lindl. - 485

grandiflbra Hort. - 237

canlna Roth - 340

Smithii - - 312

irriguum D0w#. - 472
lactUtre Poir. - 476

glutinbsa Bot. Mag. 235
Halodendron L. fil. 242

canlna L. - - 339
aciphtflla Lindl. 339

ochroleuca B. R. 343
odoratissima Ldl. 342

oxyacanthdldes - 476

hispida L. - - 236

cee-sia Lindl. R. 340

pannbsa Red. - 342

laxiflbrum Ph. - 482

macrophylla Dec. 237

pub6scens Afz. - 340

pumila Lindl. - 342

longiftbrum Fraser 488

nana Dec. - - 237

Carolina I/. - - 326

ruga Z,m<#. - 343

?»4/i» Hort. - 470

rbsea Pursh - 237

Carolina Ait. - 325

inermis Mill. Diet. 328

malvaceum Benth. 486

hybrida Audib. - 236

carolinidna MX. - 325

inodbra - - 338

Menziesii Ph. - 475

inermis Dum. Cou. 234

caryophyllea Poir. 333

involucrataTtard. - 324

intermedia Soul.-B. 236

caucasica Pall. - 341

involuta Sm. - 331

missouriensis Hort. 488

jubdta Pall. - - 241

cera/zTdtfaMill.Dict. 334

kamtschatica Vent. 322

multiflbrum Kit. - 479

macracdntha Lod. 240

centifblia L. - - 333

kamttchdtica Red. 322

nigrum L. - - 480

microphylla Pall. - 238

muscbsa Mill. - 334

Klukii Bess. - 339

bacca flavida H. 481

mollis Bieb. - - 239

pompbnia Dec. - 334

l&vigdta MX. - 349

bacca viride Hort. 481

montdna Bartram 235

provincial Mill. 333

lagendriaVill. - 328

fbliis varieg. V. - 481

montdna Bartr. - 236

cirea Rossig. - 338

Lawrenceana Sw(. 343

nigrum L. Sp. - 481

Pseud-Acacia L - 233

cherokeensis Donn 349

leucdntha Bieb. - 341

niveum Lindl - 470

amorphaefblia Lk. 234

chlorophylla Ehrh. 338

acutifblia Bast. - 340

orientals Poir. - 475

crispa Dec. - 234

cinnamumea Besl. 326

Lindleyana Tratt. 324

orientdle Catros - 482

fibre luteo Dum. 234

cinnambmea E. B. 327

Lindldyi Spreng. - 326

oxvacantholdes L. 469

inermis Dec. - 234

cinnamomea Roth. 338

longifolia Willd. - 342

pa'lmdtum Desf. - 487

latisiliqua Poir. 234

mbrijblia Red. - 340

lucida ££»•£. - 324

palmutum Desf. - 488

macrophylla L.C. 234

colllna Sm. - - 344

lucida Jacq. - - 324

pcnnsylvanicum C. 482

microphylla I,. C. 234

colllna Woods - 339

/drtfa Andr. - 340

pennsylvdnicum - 481

monstrbsa L.C. 234

collincola Ehrh. - 327

Ihtea Brot. - - 329

petiolare Dougl. - 484

pendula Ort. - 234

corywbifera Gmel. 340

lutea D. Dora - 338

petratnB W. - 478

procera Lod. Cat. 234

corymbbsa Bosc - 326

bicolor Jacq. - 338

poly car pon Gmel. 482
procumbens Pall. 482

sophorafblia Lk. 234
spectabilis DM»J. 234

cymbsa Tratt. - 350
damascSna Mill. - 332

fl6re pldno - 338
Hoggii D.Dora- 339

prostratum i. - 482

stricta Lk. - 234

dahurica Pall. - 327

punicea Lindl. - 338

laxiflbrum - 482

tortubsa Dec. - 234

Dicksoniana i. - 327

subrubra Red. - 338

punctatum R. 8f P. 482

umbraculiferaD. 234

d'ffhsa Roxb. - 34G

lutescens Pursh - 329

reclindtum L. Sp. 473

pygnue^a L. Sp. - 240

diver sifblia Vent. - 343

macrophylla L. - 326

reclindtum Hort - 482

rdsea N. Du Ham 236

rfftfta Wibel - - 336

majalis Retz - - 327

recurvdtum MX. - 481

spinbsa L. Mant. - 240

dumdlis Bechst. - 339

majdlis Herm. - 326

resinbsum Ph. - 482

spinosissima Laxm. 240

dumetbrum Thurl. 340

micrantha Sm. - 337

rigens MX. - - 482

tomentdsa Fisch. - 239

dumetbrum E. Bot. 338

microcarpa Lindl. 350

rubrum Lois. - 477

tragacanthoides P. 240

echindta Dutjont - 322

microphylla Roxb. 323

rubrum L. - - 477

fr^ora L'Herit. - 243

Eglanteria Lin. Sp. 338

widtfta Sm. - - 336

1158

GENERAL INDEX.

PMJ

Page . Page 1 V-.iae

umoflissima Bork. - 336

sy'styla Bat. - - 344

rtldis W. 8f N. - 316 carpinif blia Sch. - 779

monspeltaca Gouan 328

ovata Lindl. Ros. 344

spectabilis Ph. - 316

cinlrca Host - 749

Montezumse Humb. 339

stylbsa Desv. - 344

suben'ctus Ander. 311

cinerea L. - - 776

mosch^ta Mill. - 347

taurica Bieb. - 327

tiliaceus Sm. - 319

cinerea var. - - 776

fibre pleno G. D. 347

teneriffensis Donn 3.39

trilobus Dec. - 1115

conformis Forbes - 764

nepalensis Lindl. 348

ternuta Poir. - 349

trivi&lis MX. - - 317

cordata Miihlen. - 766

nivea Lindl. - 348

tomentbsa Sm. - 336

virginiamis Hort. 313

cordif blia Pursh - 788

rbtea Ser. - - 348

tomentbsa Lindl. . 336

Ruscus L. 1099

cori.\cea Forbes - 778

multiflbra Reyn. - 340

trifolidta Bosc - 349

aculcatus L. - - 1099

cotinif blia Sm. - 778

multinbra Thunb. 346

turbinata Ait. - 335

)6xus Smith - 1099

crassif blia Forbes - 778

Boursaultii Hort. 347

francofurtana Ser. 335

rotundif blius - 1099

crispa Forbes - 776

Grevillei Hort. - 346

orbessana Ser. - 335

angustif blius Tou. 1100

Croweana Smith - 784

wzfttfc/i Fl. Dan. - 327

turgida Pers. - 325

Hypoglossum - 1100

cuspiddta Sch. - 754

myriacantha Dec. - 330

usita/issima Gat. - 336

hvpophyllum L. - 1099

damascena /•'. - 779

myrtifdlia Hall. - 337

vdrians Pohl - 333

'trifoliatum - 1100

damascfnifblia And. 779

HifoM Mer. - - 339

villbsai. - - 336

latif blius Tourn. - 1100

daphnbldes Vill. - 749

nitida W. - - 325

villdsa Ehrh. - 336

Idxus Lodd. - - 1099

Davalliana Sm. - 783

nivdlis Donn - 331

virginidna Mill. - 326

racembsus L. - 1101

decipiens Hoffm. - 758

nivea Dec. - - 349

Wilsoni Borr. - 331

trifolidtus Mill. - 1100

decumbens Forbes 766

nivea Dupont - 348

Woodsii Lindl. - 326

Salisburia Sm. - 944

Dicksoniana Sm. - 785

odoratissima Swt. 342

Rose - - - 321

a-.Uantifblia Sm. - 945

discolor Muhl. - 764

opsostemma Ehrh. 347

Rose Acacia - - 236

Saliraceae - - 744

Doniana Smith - 768

palustris Buchan. 324

Rose Bay - - 584

SalixL.- - - 744

dura Forbes, - - 779

parvifdlia Pall. - 330

Rose Clare - - 346

acuminata Srn. - 773

Ehrhartidna Sm. - 7-r>4

parviflbra Ehrh. - 325

Rose de Meaux - 334

acutifblia Willd. - 748

elseagnbldes Sch. - 770

fibre pldno Red. 326

Rosemary - - 672

segyptlaca L. - 789

elegans Bess. - 786

pimpinellifblia Bb. 329

Rosa Ruga - - 343

alaterndldes F. - 769

fce'tida Sm. - - 767

platyphylia Red. - 346

Rose Willow - - 747

alba Koch - - 761

falcata Pursh - 765

polyan/hos Rossig. 333

Rosmarinum Cam. 603

61ba L. - - - 761

ferruginea And. - 773

pomifera Herm. - 336

sylvistre Cam. - 603

caerulea - - 761

finmarchica W. - 769

pompbnia Red. - 334

officinalis L. - - 672

crispa Hort. - 761

firma Forbes - 779

provincial'^ Bieb. - 330

Rowan Tree - - 439

rbsea Lodd. - 761

ftssa Lin. Soc. - 748

provincial Mill. - 333

Rubiaceas - - 544

alplna Forbes - 789

floribunda Forbes 784

punicea Mill. Diet. 338

Rubus L. - 311. 1114

ambigua - - 768

Forbesiana - - 7*3

rdmpans Reyn. - 344

afflnis W. Sf N. - 312

ambigua Hook. - 769

Forbesii Swt. - 754

Rapa Base - - 325

bractebsus Ser. - 312

ambfgua Ehrh. - 768

Forbyana Sm. - 748

Reduten rufescens 325

cae'sius L. - - 314

major - 768

Forsteriana Sm. - 771)

repens Gmel. - 344

arvensis Wattr. 315

spathulata - - 768

fragilis Koch 758. 759

reversa W. 8f K. - 330

fbl. varieg. Hort. 315

undulata - - 769

fragilis L. - , - 759

Hoxburghii Hort. - 346

grandiflbrus Ser. 315

vulgaris - - 768

frdgilis Woods - 760

rubella Sm. - - 331

parvif blius Wallr.Zlb

amerina Walk. - 758

fuscaZ. - - 757

rubictinda Hall. fil. 340

carpinif blius W. SfN.Z\G

Ammanniana - 782

argentea - - 7G7

rubi folia R. Br. - 340

collinus Dec. - 312

amygdalina L. - 752

fce'tida - - 767

rubrifblia Vill. - 340

cordif blius D. Don 319

amygdalina - - 751

incubacea - - 767

rubiginbsa L. - 337

corylif blius Sm. - 315

amygdalina - - 752

prostrata • - 767

micrdnt/ia'Ld\.R 337

canus Wallr. - 315

var. Koch - - 752

rdpens - - 767

inodbra Ldl. Ros. 338

glandulbsus W. - 315

Andersoniana - 779

vulgaris - - 767

parviftbra Ross. 337

corylif blius Wahl . 31 1

androgyna Hoppe 752

fuscSta Pursh - 76G

rhbra Lam. - - 334

delicibsus Torrey - 319

angustAta Pursh - 764

geminata Forbes - 776

lucida Rossig. - 324

diversifblins Lindl. 316

angustif blia Borr. 766

glauca L. - - 770

rupestris Crantz - 328

diver sif blius Weih. 316

angustif blia Poir. 771

glatica Koch - - 770

Sablni Woods - 332

echindtus Lindl. - 316

annuldris Forbes - 758

grisea Willd. - 765

Sabini Lindl. - 332

ftagelldris Willd. - 317

Ansoniana F. - 779

grisea Willd. - 765

salicifblia Kort. - 342

framboesidnus Lam. 313

appcndicnldta Fl. D. 770

subglabrdta Koch 765

sanguisorbifbliaDon 329

fruticbsus L. - 316

aquatica Smith - 776

grisonensis F. - 782

sarmentacea Strt. 340

fbl. variegatis - 317

ardbica, SfC. Bauh. 757

grisophylla F. - 778

scandens Mcench 344

fl. rbsep-pleno B. 317

arbuscula Sm. - 766

hastdta Willd. - 789

scandens Mill. Diet. 346

leucocarpus Ser. 317

arbuscula Wahlen. 781

hastatai. - - 788

scmperflbrens Curt. 343

pompbnius Ser. - 316

arbfiscula Wahl. - 783

arbuscula - - 789

cdrnea Ross. - 341

tauricus Hort. - 317

arbuscula Wahl. - 789

malilbiia - - 789

minima Sims - 343

fusco-ater W. # .N". 316

arbutifblia Willd. 787

serrulata - - 789

sempervtrens Ross. 344

glandulosus Sm. - 316

arenaria L. - - 771

helix L. - - 747

sempervirens L. • 345

glandulbsus Spreng. 315

arendria Fl. Dan. 770

helvetica Forbes - 779

Clarei - - 346

hlspidusm. - - 317

argentea - - 767

herbacea L. - - 788

globbsa Red. - 346
scandens Dec. - 346

idse'us L. 313
fructu nigro Dill. 313

atropurpurea - 778
atrovlrens Forbes - 782

heterophylla Host 783
hexdndra Ehrh. - 754

Russelliana - 346

microphyllus Wai. 313

auritaZ,. - - 776

hippophaefblia Lod. 765

senticbsa Achar. - 339

japbnictts L. Mant. 298

australis Forbes - 778

hippophaefblia T. 751

sepium Thuil. - 337

Ko'hleri W. $ N. - 316

babylonica - - 757

hirta Smith - - 778

sepium Borkh. - 340

laciniatus W. - 314

crispa Hort. - 758

htrta Forbes - 778

sericea Lindl. - 344

lasiocarpus Royle - 1115

Napolebna- - 758

Hoffmanniana S. - 752

serpens Ehrh. - 344

macropetalus Doug. 319

vulgaris foa'm. H. 758

holoserfcea Hk. - 772

simplicifblia Sal. - 352

niacrophyMlusJF.tfJV.316

berberif blia Pall. - 790

Houstoniana P. - 765

sinica Ait. - - 349

micranthus D. Don 312

betulif blia Forbes 787

Humboldtiana - 764

sinica Lin. Syst. - 341

nessensis Hall. - 311

bicolor Hook. - 781

humilis Schl. - 783

solstitidlis Bess. - 340

nitidus Sm. - - 312

bicolor Sm. - - 783

incana Schr. - - 771

spinosissima L. - 330

nutkanus A/oc. - 318

bicolor Ehrh. - 784

var. linearis Bor. 772

spinosissima Gorter 827

occidentalism. - 313

bigemmis Hoffm. - 749

incanescens ? Sc. - 773

macrophylla Ser. 329
myrincantha Ser. 330

occidental's Hort. 317
odoratus L. - - 317

Bonplandiana - 764
Borreriana Sm. - 783

incubacea - - 767
Kitaibeliana W. - 787

sanguisorbifdlia 329

odordtus Hort. - 318

ccerulea Sm. - - 761

lacustris Forbes - 778

suaveolens Pursh 339

pauciflbrus Lindl. 312

cse'sia Vill. - - 785

lafvis Hook. - - 787

suavifblia Lightf. 337

pdllidus W. & N. - 316

Candida Willd. - 771

Lambertiana Sm. - 747

suavis Willd. - 328

plicdtus W. & N. - 311

canescens Willd. - 771

lanataZ. - - 789

sulphurea Ait. - 329

plicdtusBor. E B. S.312 caprea L. - - 776

lanceolata Sm. - 749

sylvdtica Gater. - 334

prociimbens Muhl. 317 carinata Smith - 785

lanceoldta Ser. - 772

sytv6stri$ Hem. Dis. 344

rubifblius Willd. - 316 | carolinidna MX. - 768

Lappbnum L. - 770

GKNKRAL INDEX.

1159

latif 61ia Forbes - 776
laurina Smith - 783
lavanduUej olia Lap. 771
lax i flora Burr. - 782
linearis Forbes - 772
longii olia Lam. — 772
lucida Mlihlenb. - 7-r>4
Lybnii ? Sold. - 765
macrostipulacea - 773
Meyeriana Willd. - 754
Micheiiana Forbes 772
mollissima Ehrh. - 772
mondndra Sal.Wob. 747

var. Hoffm. - 747
monspeliensis F. - 760
montana Forbes - 759
Miihlenbergiana - 76(5
mutabilis Forbes - 776
Myrsinites L. - 787
Myrsinttes jB Sm. - 787
myrtiHoldes /,. - 786
myrtilloides Willd. 785
nlgra MUM. - - 7f»3
nigricans Smith - 778
nitens Anders. - 784
obovkta Pursh - 771
obtusil 61ia Willd. 771
oleitolia Smith - 776
oppositifblia Host 747
orientdlis, 8;c. Tour. 757
pallida /•«>•/><?* - 773
pannosa Forbes - 773
patens Jorftes - 7*3
pedicellaris Ph. - 786
pendula Ser. - 700
pennsylvanica T. - 766
pcnldndra Koch - 754
pentdndra Walt. - 768
pentdni.ra /3 Lin. - 754
pentftndra //. - 754

hermaphroditica 754
petiolaris S/w/M - 765
petrse'a Ander. - 781
phillyreifblia B. - 784
phylicifblia Lin. - 783
phylicifblia Lin. - 779
phylicil'dlia /3 Lin. 778

war. Koch - - 778

var. Koch - - 779
p'fcta Schl. - - 778
planifblia Ph. - 786
polaris Wahlcnb. - 788
pomerauica Willd. 749
Pontederana W. - 773
Pontedera; Bell. - 773
pree'cox Hoppe - 749
prinoides Pursh - 764
procumbens For. - 787
prunifblia Koch - 785
prunifblia Smrtft - 785
propendens Sering. 757
proplnqua Bar, - 781
prustrata Sm. - 767
prostrata Ehrh. - 785
proteasfolia Sch. - 769
purpurea L. - - 746
purpurea Koch - 746
purpurea (3 Koch - 747
purpurea var. Koch 747
Purshiana Bor. - 761
pyrenaica Gou. - 771
radlcans Smith - 783
ramifusca Forbes - 783
reflexa Forbes - 765
re pens Lin. - - 767
repens HOOK. - 767
repens Koch - 767
reticulata £. - 769
refusal. - - 787
retusa Koch - 787
retltsa With. - 787
rigida JkfUU. - - 764
riparia Willd. - 771
rivularis Forb. - 778
rosmarinifolia L. - 766
rosmarinifblia G. 771
rosmarinifblia K. 706

Page

« Koch - - 666

rotundata Irb. - 779

rotundijblia Hort. 779

rabra Huds. - - 748

ritbra Koch » ~~r48

ritbens Schr. - 760

rupestris Don - 711

Russelliana Sm. - 760

Schleicheriana - 782

sericea Villars - 770

serpyllifblia Jacq. 787

serpyllifoiia Sco. - 787

Smithiana Willd. - 772

sordida Forb. - 782

spa, iice a Vill. - 778

spliacelata Sm. - 111

spathuldta Willd. - 768

sfatliuldta W7illd. - 76j

tar. undulata Mert. 769

stipularis Smith - 772

strepida Forb. - 782

Stuartiana Sm. - 771

subalpina F. - - 771

tenuifdliai.- - 781

tenuifblia Eng. B. 781

tenuifblia Sm. - 784

tenuior Borrer - 782

tetrdndra Wrilld. - 754

tetrapla Smith - 783

tetraspt^rma R. - 790

tinclbria Sm. - 754

tridndra Hoff. - 752

tridndra Vill. - 752

triandra L. - - 751

gallica - - 752

Hoppeana - - 752

triandra undulata 752

tristis Lodd. - - 765

ulmifbiia Forbes - 790

undulata Koch - 749

lanceolata Sm. - 751

undulata Forbes 75J

ITva-ursi Pursh - 787

vacciinifblia W. - 785

vaudensis For. - 778

venulbsa Smith - 785

versicolor F. - 769

vsrsifblia Sering. - 7U8

Villarsiana Fiiig. - 752

villbsa Forbes - 790

viminalis Vill. - 771

viminalis L. - - 772

violdcea Andr. - 748

virescens Forbes - 765

virgata Forbes - 765

virtdt's Fries - 760

vitelllnai. - - 763

vulgdris Clayt. - 768

Waldsteiniuna W. 771

Weigeliana Bor. - 783

Willdenoviana - 773

Woolgariana Bor. 747

Wulfeniana Sm. - 783

Sallow - - - 773

Sallow Thorn - 698

Salsbla Bieb. - - 675

fruticdsa Bieb. - 675

fruticbsa Lin. - 675

Salviai. - - 673

officinalis L. - 673

Salt Tree - - 242

Sal/zwedeliaFLWett. 211

sagit tdlis Fl.Wett. 211

Samarian Elm - 143

SambuceEB - 513.1116

Sambucus Tourn. - 513

aqudtica Bauh. - 522

canadensis L. - 516

cervlni Tabern. - 515

laciniata Mill. - 514

inonsirbsa Hort. - 514

montana Cam. - 515

nlgra L. - - 513

fdl. argenteis - 514

luteis - - 514

laciniata - - 514

leucocarpa - 514

Page

monstrosa - - 514

rotundilolia - 514

virescens Dec. - 514

pubuscens Lo. C. - 516

pubens MX. - - 516

heptaphylla//0o£. 516

racembsa Hook. - 516

racemosa L. - 515

laciniata Koch - 515

Sanamunda Bauh. - 689

gliibra Bauh. - 689

Santalacea? - - 693

Santolina Tourn. - 548

ChamaecyparissusL. 549

rosmarinifblia L. - 549

squarrbsa W. - 549

viridis W. - - 549

Sapindacea? - - 134

SapindnsL.m. - 135

chinensis L. fil. - 135

Sapotaceaa - - 622

Sarothdmnus patens 219

Sarsaparilla - - 1095

Sassafras - - 683

Savin ... 1085

Saxitragea? - - 492

Scampston Elm - 723

Sehmus R. Rep. - 193

denlata R. Rep. - 193

dependens Ort. - 192

Schmdlzia Desv. - 191

Schubertia Mirb. - 1078

disticha Mirb. - 1078

Scorpius Moench - 207

spinbsus Moench - 207

Scotch Elm - - 720

Scotch Fir - - 951

Scotch Laburnum - 215

Scotch Pine - - 951

Scotch Rose - - 330

Sea Buckthorn - 698

Sea Grape - - 937

Sea Purslane - - 676

Sea Ragwort - - 551

Senecio Less. - 550

arborescens H. K. 547

Cineraria Dec. - 551

Stseli Bauh. - - 495

(Ethiopicum Bauh. 4L5

friltex Mor. - - 495

Seven Sisters Rose 346

Shell Bark Hickory 739

Shepherdia Xutt. - 710

argentea Nutt. - 700

canadensis Nutt. - 703

Shrubby Horsetail 937

Shrubby Trefoil 143. 319

Siberian Crab - 426

Siberian Pea Tree - 237

Siberian Stone Pine 1016

Sider6xylon Rcern. 622

chrysophtjllb'ides MX. 624

Ice-ve Walt. - - 623

lanugindsurn MX. - 624

lycibides Du H. - 623

reclinatum MX. - 623

sericeum Walt. - 624

spinbsum L. - - 622

tenax L. Mant. - 624

ttneu Walt. - - 624

Sib'qtUiftrum Moench 257

orbicutdtum Moench 257

corddtum Moench - 258

Silver Fir - - 1036

Sir C. Wager's Maple 90

Sloe Thorn - - 271

Smilacea? - - 1093

Smilax L. 1094

alba Pursh - - 1098

alplna W. - 1098

alter a Plum. - 1096

dspera Alp. - - 1094

aspera L. - • 1094

auriculata Ait. - 1094

mauritanica - 1094 |

asperamlnor Plum. 1096

aspera var. Lam. - 1095

B6na-n6x L. - 1097

Ebna-nox MX. - 1095

Brybnicenigrce Cat. 1096

caducaZ. - - 1097

catalonica Pair. - 1098

China L. - - 1096

China Walt. - - 1095

excelsaZ,. - - 1C94

glaucaiYwzs - 1097

glauca MX. - - 1095

hastata Willd. - 1095

lanceolata Arb.B. 1095

horrida Desf. - 1098

lee' vis Catesb. - 1096

lanceolata L. - 1098

latifolia R. Br. - 1097

laurifblia L- - - 1096

longifblia Wats. - 1095

macrophylla Koxb. 1098

maculata Roxb. - 1096

mauritanica Poir. 1094

nigra W. - - 1098

non-spinbsaC&t. - 1098

orientdlis Tourn. - 1094

ovata Pursh - - 1 098

pandurata Pursh - 1098

peruvidna Sarsap. 1095

pubera Willd. - 1098

pumila Walt. - 1098

quadrangularis - 1097

rotundifolia L. - 1096

rubeus Wat;. - 1094

Sarsaparilla L. - 1095

tanmoides L. - 1096

variet>dla Walt. - 1096

Villandsia Ham. - 1094

virginiana Mill. - 1098

Walterii Pursh - 1095

Watsoni Swt. - 1095

Snake-barked Maple 81

Snowball. Tree - 523

Snowdrop Tree - 620

Snow berry - - 542

Snowy Mespilus - 412

Solana*cea; - - 1117

Solanum Tourn. - 663

crispum R. et S. - 664

Dulcamara L - 664

violacea H. Eyst. - 664

albaJLm. - - 664

carnea Cels. - 664

plena Tourn. - 664

variegata Munt. - 664

hirsuta Don - 664

rupestris Schmidt - 664

littordle Hort. - 6G4

scdndens Neck. - 664

Sophdra .B. £r. 195. 1114

heptaphylla L. - 197

japonicaZ,. - - 196

grandiflbra - 1114

pendula Hort. 196

pubescens.2?. - 1114

variegata Hort. - 196

sinica Kosser J.P. 196

Sorbus Crantz - 412

Ameldnchier Crantz 412

americdna Ph. 192. 440

americdna /3 MX. - 440

A*ria Crantz - 432

aucuparia L. Sp. 439

aucupdria ot, MX. - 441

auriculata Pers. - 438

Chamcemespilus C. 449

domestica L. - 442

hubrida L. - - 438

hybrida pendula L. 439

lanugmdsa Kit. - 443

latifolia Pers. - 434

micrdntha Dum. - 441

microcdrpa Ph. - 441

spuria Pers. - - 444

tormindlis Crantz 436

ves/ita Lodd. Cat. - 435

Southernwood - 550

South Sea Tree - 162

Spanish Broom - 202

1160

GENERAL INDEX.

Page

Spanish Chestnut - 912
Spanish Furze - 207
Spartianthus Mcench 202
j&nceus Moonch -

Spartium Dec.
acutifblium Lindl.
tetnense Biv.
album Desf.
aphyUu?nL,.fi\.
capitdtum Cav. -
complicdtum G. -
complicdtum Lois.-

dispermum M tench 213
grand ifldrum Brot.
h6rridum Vahl
interr Upturn Cav. -
junceum L. -

fibre pleno

odoratissimum -
lantgerum Desf. -
monospermum L.
multiflbrum Ait. -

odoratissimum D.D. 202

parvifldrum Vent.
in. Sys.

209

2-20

209
'205
221
149

203
219

patens Cav. - - 204
procumbens Jacq. - 212
pdrgans'L. Sys. - 208
radidtum L. Sp. - 205
Sc'pdrium L. Sp.- 219
Scdrpius L. Sp. -
sphterocdrpon L. -
tpinbtvm L. Sp. -
trispermum Sm. -
umbelldtum Desf.
villbsum Brot.
Spindle Tree -
Spiraea? - - 297. 1114
Spiraea/,. - 2U9. 1114
acutifblia Lod. Coll. 304
acutifblia Willd. - 304
adiantifblia Hort. -
dibit Ehrh. -
alpestris Don's Mill
alplna Lod. Coll. -
alplna Pall. -
alplna Hort. Par.

latifblia
altdica Pall. -
alta'icensis Lax. -
ambigua Pall.
aquilegifblia Pall.-
ariaefblia Smith
argentea Hort.
argentea Lod. Coll.
bella Sims -
betulaefblia Lod. -
betulajfblia P.
cana W. et K.
canadensis -
can&scens Don
cantoniensis Lour,
capital a PA. -
carpinifblia -
carpinifMia -
carpinifblia Willd.
ceanothifblia Hort.
chamaedrifblia

30(1
307
307
304
303
301
305
309
309
304
305
309
305
304
306
303
302
30>2

308
305
300

;;oo

302
308
307
305
308

chamcedrifblia Jacq . 301

chamasdrifblia L. - 300

inclsa Hort. - 301

latifblia Hort. - 301

media Ph. - - 300

oblongifblia C. M. 301

subracembsa Ser. 301

vulgaris C. M. - 300

crataegifblia L. - 302

cratcegifblia Lk. - 302

crendtu in Litt. -

crendta L. -

crendta L. Sp.

crendta Pall.

corymbbsa Rafin. .

sorbria

cuneata Lod. Coll.
cuneifblia Wall. •

304
303

304

302

304
305

Page

daurica Hort. - 302

decumbens Ld. Coll. 304

Dougldsii Hook - 308

fissaimrf/. - - 1114

flexubsa Fis. - - 301

latifblia Hort. - 302

frutex Hort. - - 307

grand/flora Lod. - 308

grandiflbra Swt. - 309

hyper icifblia C. M. 303

hyper id folia L. Sp. 304

hypericifblia Dec. 303

acuta Ser. - - 304

Besseriana Ser. - 304

crenata Ser. - 304

fldva longifblia Ld.304

Plukenetiana Ser. 304

savranica Ser. - 304

uralensis Ser. - 303

incarnata - - 308

inflexa H.S.G. - 304

japdnica Camb. - 298

lanceoiata Pair. - 1114

laciniata - - 308

la?vigata L. - - 309

lanceolata - - 308

Iaxifl6ra Lindl. - 306

Lindleyana Wall. - 310

Menzidsii Hook - 308

mon6gyna Torrey 300

nana Lod. Coll. - 304

oblonsifblta W. etK. 301

obovd/a Raf. - - 307

obovdta W. et K. - 304

obovata Wendl. - 304

opulifblia L. - - 299

monogyna - - 300

tomentella Ser. - 300

vnr. Hook - - 300

Palldsii Don's Mill. 309

pikowiensis fies. - 305

pfnndta Mcench - 309

Reevesidna Hort.- 1114

reflexa - - - 308

rotundifblia Lindl. 1114

salicifblia L. - 307

alpestris Pall. - 307

carnea Ait. - 307

grandifl&ra - 308

latifdlia Willd. - 307

paniculata Willd. 307

tailrica - - 308

savranica Bess. - 304

sibirica Hort. - 301

sibirica Hort. Par. 304

sorbifblia L. - 309

alplna Pall. - 309

sorbria Pen. - - 306

taurica Hort. . 308

thalictrdldes Pall. 305

toment6sa L. - 308

trilobata L. - - 303

triloba Don's Mill. 303

ulmifolia - - 302

ulmifolia Scop. - 301

phyllantha Ser. - 301

urticaefdlia - - 308

vacciniif61ia D. Don 306

Sp6nia H. et B. - 1117

canescens H. Sf B. 1117

Spurge Laurel - 688

Spruce Fir - - 1025

Sta?helina L. - - 546

dubia L. - - 546

rosmarinifblia Cass. 546

Staff Tree - - 154

Stag's-horn Sumach 187

Staphyleacea? - - 147

StaphyleaZ,. - - 147

pinnatai. - - 148

trifbliaZ,. - - 148

Staphylodendron Ray 148

pinndtum Ray - 148

Star of Bethlehem - 74

Staur acanthus Lk. 202

aphyllus Lk. - 202

Page

Stercoxylon R. & P. 491

pulverulentum 491

resinbsum II. & P. 491

rubrnm R. & P. - 49(

Stewartia Mill. - 71

Malachodendron 71 . 72

Stinking Cedar - 94

Stilltngia Card. - 702

ligustrina Willd. - 702

St. John's Wort - 7'

Stonecrop Tree - 97 f

Stone Pine -

Storax - - - 618

Stranvae'sia Lindl. - 403

glaucescons Lindl. 402

Strawberry Tree - 573

St. Peter's Wort - 541

Stuartia Cav. - - 72

marilandica B. Rpp. 75

pentdgyna L'Herit. 71

virginica Cav . - 72

Stump Tree - - 25;

Styraceas - - 618

Styrax L. - - 618

A'ceris folio Ray - 932

atnericdnum Lam. 619

gldbrum Cav. - 619

grandiflbrum MX. 618

grandifolium Ait. - 618

Ite^ve Walt. - - 619

laevigatum Ait. - 619

Ucvigatum Bot. Mg. 619

ocfdndrum L'Her. 619

officinale L. - - 618

officindle Walt. - 618

pulverulentum MX. 619

Suacda Pall. - - 675

microphi/lla Pall. - 675

Suber Bauh. - - 884

latifblium Bauh. - 884

angustifdlium Bauh . 884

Sugar Maple - - 85

Sumach - - - 186

Sun Rose - - 58

Supplejack - - 170

Sweet Almond - 264

Sweet Bay - - 681

Street Briar - - 337

Sweet Chestnut - 912

Sweet Gale - - 934

Sycamore - - 86

St/camore - - 931

Symphoria Pers. - 541

conglomerdta Pers. 541

elongdta Presl - 542

glaucescens D.'s M. 542

glomerdta Ph. - 542

heterophylla Presl 542

leucocdrpa Hort. - 542

ntontdna Spr. - 542

racemosa Ph. - 542

Symphoricarpos Dill. 541

montanus Humb. - 542

occidentals Rich. 542

parvtfldrus Desf. - 542

puniceus Swt. - 536

racemdsus MX. - 541

vulgaris MX. - 541

f61. variegatis - 542

Syringe® - - 635

Syringa - 460

S'yringa L. - - 635

capildta Gmel. - 637

ckinensis Willd. - 637

dubia Pers. - - 637

Emddi Wall. - 638

indica Wall.- - 1117

Josika^a Jacq. - 637

media Dum. - - 637

inoddra Mcench - 461

persica L. - - 637

51ba Lodd. Cat. - 637

laciniata Lod. C. 637

salvifolia Lod. C. 637

plena L. C. - - 636

sibirica Hort. - 637

rothomage'nsis Ren 637
sanguinea Hort. 638
vulgaris L. - - 636
alba - - - 636
alba major L. C. 636
alba plena - - 636
caerulea Clus. - 636
rubra L. C. - 636
rubra major L.C. 636
violacea Curt. - 663
Tacamahac Tree - 830
Tamaricacea? - - 458
Tamariscus All. - 458
decdndrus Lam. - 459
gullicus All. - - 458
germanicus Lob. - 459
pentdndrus Lam. - 458
Tamarix Desv. - 458
dahurica W. - - 459
decdndra Mcench - 459
gallica L. - 458

germdnica L. Sp. 459
narbonensis Lob. - 458
Tamarisk - - 458
Tart. Honeysuckle- 533
Taxaceae - - 938
Taxus L. 939

baccatai. - - 9;
erecta - - 940
fastigiata - - 939
fdliis variegatis L. 940
fructu luteo - 940
minor Michx. - 942
prociimbens - 940
sparsifblia Hort. 940
canadensis W. - 942
fastigiata Lindl. - 939
globosa Schl. - 942
Harringtdnia Kn. 942
hibernica Hook - 939
Inukaja Knight - 942
Lambertidna Wall. 1052
Mackayi Pin. Wob. 942
macrophylla Thunb.942
montdna Nutt. - 944
procfimbens Lod. - 940
Tax6dium R. - 1077
distichum Rich. - 1078
excelsum Booth 1078
nutans - - 1078
patens Ait. - 1078
pendulum - 1078

sinense - - 1078
pendulum Loud. 1078
sempervirens Lam. 1080
sinense Nois. - 1078
pendulum - - 1078
Tea-scented Rose - 342
Tecoma Juss. - 661
grandiflbra Swt. - 661
radicans Juss. - 661
major Hort. - 661

Tenoria Spreng. - 495
fruticbsa Spreng. - 495
Terebinthus Tourn. 185
vulgaris Tourn. - 185
TernstromiaceaB - 71
Thermopsis D. Don 199
laburnifblia D. Don 199
Thorns - 353

Thorny Acacia - 250
ThQja L. - - 1068
chilensis Lamb. - 1070
cupressoldes L. - 1071
dolabrataZ,. - 1071
filiformis Lod. - 1071
occidentals L. - 1068
fblits variegatis - 1069
variegata Marsh. 1069
orientalis L. - 1070
stricta Hort. - 1070
tatarica Lod. - 1070
pendula Lamb. - 1071
pensilis L. - - 1071
plicataDon - - 1069
pyramiddlis Baum. 1070

GENERAL INDEX.

1161

Page
sphceroiddlis Rich. 1074
tatdrica Lod. - 1070

Page
Ampelisagria Fis. 40
Trilbpus - - 499

Page
vulgaris - - 723
hollandica Mill. - 719

Theophrdsti Bauh. 1068

True Service - - 442

horizontdlis Hort. 721

Waredna Booth - 1070

Trumpet Flower - 660

humilis Roth - 717

Thymelaceae 686.1117

Tulip Tree - 36

Ice vis Poll. - - 719

Thymelce^aGron.V. 692
Laureola Scop. - 688
Thyrsdnthus Elliot 249

Tupelo Tree - - 693
Turkey Oak - - 854
Turpima Raf. - 191

latifblia Mich. - 719
major Smith - 719
hollandica Pluk. 719

frutesccns Elliot - 249

Tutsan ... 77

microphyllaPers. - 717

Tigdrea Ph. - - 297

Twisted Elm - - 716

montana Cam. - 718

tridentdta Ph. - 297

ITlex/,. - - 199

montana Bauh. - 720

Tiliaceaj - - 63

australis Clement 201

australis Hort. - 720

Tiliai. - - 63

europae^a L. - - 200

cebennensis Hort. 720

alba W. & K. - 67

europce^a Lin. Sp. 201

crispa - - 721

alba MX. - - 69

fastigidta Hort. - 201

fastigiata Hort. - 721

americdna Du Roi 67

genistdides Brot. - 202

major Masters - 720

americSna L. - 68

frandiJJbra Pour. - 200

minor Masters - 720

alba - 69

ibernica D. Mill. - 201

nlgra ... 720

heterophylla - 69

minor Roth Cat. - 201

pendula - - 721

pubescens 69

mltis Hort. - - 202

rugbsa Masters - 720

argentea Desf. - 67

n£na Forst. - - 201

/SFl.Br. - - 722

argentea 67

provincial L. - 201

vegeta Hort. - 723

asplenijolia nova H. 65

stricta Mackay - 201

vulgaris - - 720

canadensis MX. - 68

verndlis Thore - 200

mollifblia R. $ S. 724

carolinidna Wang. 68

Ulmaceae - 715.1117

nemordlis Ait. - 726

cordllina H. K. - 66

U'lmus L. 715

ntgra Lodd. - - 720

••vrddta Mill. - 64

alata MX. - - 725

nitda Ehrh. - - 720

cordifblia Bess. - 64

alba Kit. - - 723

octdndra Schk. - 719

corinthlaca Bosc - 66

americdna Masters 723

parvtfblia Jac. - 717

corylifblia 67

americanaZ,. - 723

parvijblia Willd. - 726

europae'a L. - 63
europa'a Sm. - 67
europce^a Desf. - 64

alba Ait. - - 724
foliis variegatis H. 724
incisa Hort. - 724

pedunculdta Lam. 719
pendula Lodd. - 720
planifblia Hort. - 717

boredlis Wahl. 63

pendula Pursh - 724

polygama Rich. - 726

grandifolia - 64
aurea 66

rubra Ait. - 724
At'inia Pliny - 715

pumila Walt. - 725
pumila Willd. - 717

intermedia - 65

betulcefblia Lodd. 717

pumila var. (3 Pall. 717

laciniata - - 65

campestris Willd. 720

rubra Hort. Soc. - 721

parvifblia - - 64

campestris D u H. - 718

rubra MX. - - 724

aurea 66

campestris Hort. - 716

rugbsa Lodd. - 720

rubra - 66

campestris Walt. - 726

scabra Mill. - - 720

grandifblia Sm. - 67

campestris Woodr. 718

stricta Lindl. - 716

grand/folia 64

campestris L. - 715

sarniensis Lodd. - 716

grandifolia Sm . E . Fl. 66

acutifblia Masters 716

suberbsa Hort. - 718

glabra Vent., Dec. 68
heterophylla Veat. 69

Slba Masters - 716
betulaefblia - 716

suberbsa M. - - 718
£lba - - 719

intermddia 67

chinensis - - 717

alba Masters - 719

intermedia Dec. - 63

concava?fblia - 717

erecta - - 719

intermedia Hayne 65

cornubiensis - 717

fbliis variegatis - 718

late bracteata - 67

cucullata Hort. - 717

variegdta Ht. D. 713

laxiftora Pursh - 69

foliis aureis H. - 717

vulgaris - - 718

leptophjFlla Vent. - 71

foliis variegatis - 717

Theophrdsti Du H. 718

microphylla Vent.- 64

latifblia - - 716

tortubsa^ Lodd. - 716

mutabilis - - 67

nana Hort. - 717

transbaicalensis P. 717

obllqua - - 67

parvifblia - - 717

vimindlis Lodd. - 717

parvifblia Sm. - 67

pendula Hort. - 723

Umbellacese - - 495

parvifblia Ehrh. - 64

planifblia - - 717

Umbrella Tree - 27

platyphylla Scop. - 64

sarniensis - - 716

Uvdria Tor. & G. - 38

laciniata Hort. - 65

stricta Hort. - 716

trlloba Tor. & G. - 38

minor H. - - 65

tortubsa - - 716

U^va-crispa Fuchs 473

prae^cox - 67

viminalisff.D. - 717

U^va-sptna Math. - 473

pubescens Ait. - 69
pyramidalis - - 67

vlrens Hort. - 716
vulgaris - - 716

LTva-ursi buxifblia 577
Vaccinia? - - 603

rotundifblia Vent. 67

chinensis Pers. - 717

Vaccinia Ger. Em. 616

sylvestris Desf. - 64

ciliata Ehrh. - 719

palustris Ger. Em. 616

tenuifblia - - 67

crendta Hort. - 726

Vaccinium L. - 603

tomentosa Mrench 67

crispa Willd. - 721

albiflbrum Hook. - 609

ulmifblia Scop. - 64

effusa Willd. - 719

album Ph. - - 607

vitifblia 67

effusa Sibth. - 720

album Lam. - 608. 609

vulgaris Hayne - 63

exoniensis Hort. - 721

amce'num Ait. - 608

TmwsBork. - - 516

Fordii Hort - 721

angustifblium Ait. 605

laurifdlia Bork. - 516

ffilva Jlffcfer. - 724

arbbreum Marsh. 607

Toothache Tree - 142

glabra Huds. - 720

Arctostaphylos L. 611

TorrSya Arn. - 944

glabra Mil!.. - - 722

Arclostdphylos And. 61 1

taxifblia Arn. - 944

deed mbens Hort . 721

brachycerum MX. 613

Toxicodendron Mill. 191

glandulbsa Lindl. 723

buxif blium Sal. - 613

crendtum Mill. - 191

latifblia Lindl. - 723

caespitbsum MX. - 605

T6xylonRafin. - 711
Tragopyrutn Bieb. - 678

glabra major Hort. 723
microphylla - 723

canadense Rich. - 614
cantdbricum Huds. 572

buxifolium Bieb. - 678
lanceolatum Bieb. 678

parvijblia - 723
pendula - - 723

caracasanum H. $B.6l2
caucdsicum Hort. 611

jpolygamum Spr. - 679
Traveller's Joy - 5
Tree Peony - - 18

ramulosa Booth - 723
replicdta Hort. - 721
Scampston Elm. 723

corymbbsum L. - 608
angustifblium - 609
fuscatum Ait. - 608

Tree Purslane - 676

variegata Hort. - 723

virg&tum Ait. - 608

Trilophus Mich. - 40 1 vegeta - - 723

crassifblium Andr. 614

4 F

Page

diffusum Ait. - 607

disomorphum MX. 608

dumbsum Ait. - 607

humile Wats. - 608

elevdtum Banks - 607

elevdtum Hort. - 608

elongatum W. - 609

erythrocdrpum MX. 617

formbsum And. - 608

frondbsum MX. - 607

frondbsum L. - 610

lanceolatum Ph. 611

venustum Ait. - 611

galezans MX. - 606

galijorme Sm. - 606

glabrum Wats. - 610

glaucum MX. - 610

grandiflbrum W. - 609

hirtellum Ait - 607

hispidulum L. Sp. 581

hispidum Wangh. - 616

humifusum Grah 616

ligustrinum MX. - 606

macrocdrpum Ait. 616

fbl. varieg. Lod. 617

maderense Lk. - 611

marianum Wats. - 609

maryldndicum Lod. 609

minutiflbrum Wats. 610

Mvrsinltes MX. - 615

lanceolatus Ph. - 615

obtususPA. - 615

myrtifolium MX. - 613

myrtillotdes MX. - 605

Myrtillusi. - - 604

baccis fclbis Booth 604

nitidamAndt. - 614

ovatum Pursh - 614

padif61ium Sm. - 611

caucdsicum H. S. 611

pallidum Ait. - 606

parviflbrum Andr. 611

pennsyivdnicum Lm.606

Oxy -coccus L. Sp. - 616

ovaltfdlius MX. - 616

oblongifblius MX. 617

resinbsum Ait. - 611

lutescens Ph. - 611

rubescensPA. - 611

stamineum L. - 607

lilbum H. B.8fK.m

tenelium Ait. - 606

uliginbsum L. - 605

virgdtum Wats. - 608

angustifblium W. 609

Vltisid£Bvai. . 612

Valonia Oak - - 860

Vella L. - - - 53

Pseudo-Cytisus L. 54

Venetian Sumach - 187

Verbenaceae - - 673

Viburnum L. 515. 1116

acerif blium L. - 523

acuminatum L. Coll. 522

Awafiiki Sieb. - 1116

carolinidnum Hort. 519

cassinoldes L. - 519

cassinoides Du Roi 519

cotinif blium D. Don 521

dahuricum Pall. - 521

dentatum L. - - 521

fdliis variegatis - 522

glabellum MX. - 521

lucidum Ait. - 521

pubescens - - 522

pubescens Ait. - 522

semitomentbsum 522

edule P. 524

grandifblium Sm. 520

japonicum Hort. -1116

laevigatum W. - 519

lanceolatum Hill 519

LantanaZ,. - - 520

canadensis Pers. 520

fbl. varieg. - 520

Lentdgo Du Roi - 518

1162

GENERAL INDEX.

Page
grandif blia Ait. 520

Page
fibre pleno Lod. - 658

Page
F6glera~Fl.Wet. - 207

latifblia Lod. Cat. 520

fibre puniceo L. - 658

spinbsa Fl. Wet. - 207

lantanoides MX. - 520

fbliis argenteis L. - 658

Wahoo - - - 725

lauriforme Lam. - 517

fbliis aureis Lod. - 658

Walnut Tree - - 732

Lentagoi. - - 517

Vine •• - - 136

Washington's Thorn 367

lobdtum Lam. - 522

Viorna Ger. & Lob. 5

Wax Tree - - 630

longif blium L. Coll. 522
lucidum Mill. - 517

Virga Matth. - - 502
sanguinea Matth. 502

Wayfaring Tree - 520
Weeping Ash - 640

tndlle MX. - - 524

VirgiliaZ,. - - 197

Weeping Elm - 721

montanum Lo. Coll. 522

luteaM*. - - 198

Weeping Willow - 757

Mulldha Ham. 521. 1116

Virginian Cherry - 274

Weigelia Thunb. - 525

nudum L. 519

Virginian Creeper - 139

Wendldndia Willd. 41

squam^tum - 519
nitidum Ait. - 522

Virginian Raspberry 317
Virgin's Bower - 2

populifblia Willd. 41
Weymouth Pine - 1018

opulb'ides Muhl. - 524

Viscum L. - 508

Whin - - - 200

O'pulusi. - - 522

album L. - - 509

White Beam Tree - 432

americdna Ait. - 524

Vitaceze - 136. 1113

White Cedar - - 1074

edulis MX. - - 524

Vltexi. - - 673

White Mulberry - 707

f 61. varieg;ttis - 523

A'gnus Castus - 673

White Thorn - - 375

nana Hort. - 523

latifblia Mill. - 674

Whortle Berry - 604

rbseum R. & S. - 523

arbbrea Rox. - 674

Wild Olive - 187. 696

sterilis Dec. - 523

inclsa Lam. - - 674

Willow - - 744

orientale P. - - 524

Negundo Bt. Mag. 674

Winteracea; - 20. 11)1

Oxycoccus Pursh 524

Viticella Mcench - 11

Winter Berry - 1G3

mollis - - 524

deltoidea Mcench - 11

Wistaria #. - - 248

subintegrifbliusfl. 524

Vltis L. 136. 141. 1113

chinensis Dec. - 249

prunifblium L. - 518

asstivalis MX. - 137

Consequdna Loud. 249

pubescens Pursh - 522

arbbrea Willd. - 140

frutescens Dec. - 249

punctdtum Raf. - 519

bipinndta T. & G. 140

specibsa Nutt. - 249

pygmae'um Royle- 1116

capreoldta D. Don 146

Witch Hazel - - 499

pyrifbliumP. - 518

cordifblia MX. - 138

Woodbine - - 527

pyrif blium Poir. - 519

hederdcea Willd. - 139

Wormwood - - 550

Rannesquidnum Sc. 522

heterophylla S. - 1113

WychElm - - 720

sinense Zey/i. - 1116

idafa rubra Cam. 612

Wych Hazel - 720.917

squamatum Willd. 519

inclsa Jacq. - - 138

Xanthorhlza L. - 19

stelluldtum Wall. - 1116

inclsa Nutt. - - 140

apiifblia L'Herit. - 20

Tmus Mill. Diet. - 51?

indivlsa Willd. - 140

Xanthoxylaceae - 142

Tlnus L. 516

intermedia Muhl. - 137

Xanth6xylum L. - 142

hlrt&Ait. - - 517

Labrusca L. - - 137

fraxineum Willd. - 142

liicida Ait. - - 517

nlgra Fuch. 5

virginieum - 143

strfcta Hort. - 51?

odoratissima Donn 138

mite Willd. - - 443

virgata Ait. - 517

palmdta Vahl - 137

tricarpum MX. - 143

tomentbsum Lam. 520

parvifblia Royle - 1113

? tricarpum - - 143

tomentbsum Raf. - 522
trilobum Marsh. - 524

qtiinquefdliaLiam. 139
riparia MX. - - 138

virginicum L. C. - 142
Xyldsteon Bieb. - 540

viUbsum Raf. - 522

rotundijblia MX. - 138

ibericum Bieb. - 540

VincaZ,. - - 657

taurlna Walt. - 137

Xyl6steum Lodd. - 539

major L. 657

viniferai. - - 136

alpigenum Lodd. - 539

major Scop. - - 657
variegata Hort . - 657

americdna Marsh. 137
apiifblia lacinibsa 137

campaniflbrum Lod. 536
canadense DuH. - 540

media Delile - 657

fbliis incanis - 137

cilidtum Ph. - 536

minor L. - - 657

rubescentibus 137

corddtum Mcench - 535

acutiflbra Bert. - 658

vulplna L. - - 138

dumetbrum Mcench 537

fibre albo Lod. C. - 658

vulplna L. Spec. - 138

involucrdtum Rich. 538

oblongifblium Gold. 539
pyrendicum Tourn. 536
Solbnis Eaton - 540
tataricum Dum. - 535
villbsum MX. - 540
Yellow Root . 20

Yellow Rose - - 329
Yew - - - 939
Yucca i. - - 1101
aloifulia L. - - 1102
pendulaCatf. - 1102
angustifblia - 1104
arborescens Dill. - 1102
canadena Aid. - 1101
caulescens MX. - 1102
dracbnisi. - - 1103
filamentbsa - - 1103
flaccida Haw. - 1104
glaucescens H. - 1104
gloribsa Andr. - 1102
gloriosai. - - 1101

foliis varieg. Lod. 1102'
indica- - - 1101
nbva gloribsa Lob. 1101
perudna Ger. - 1101
rectirva Hort. - 1103
recurvifblia Salts. - 1103
strlcta Sims - 1103

superba - - 1102
virginidna Pluk. - 1103
Yulan Magnolia - 33
Zanth6xylum Mill.D. 142
americanumMill.D. 142
caribce^uni Gasrtn. 142
carolinidnum Lam. 143
cldva Her cults L,in. 142
mile Willd. - - 142
ramifibrum MX. - 142
tricarpum Hook. - 142
Zelkoua - - 726
ZenkbiaD.Dora - 563
specibsa D.Dow - 563
nitida - - 564
pulverulenta - 564
Zizyphus Tourn. - 167
flexubsa - - 168
incurva - - 168
Jujuba Mill. Diet. 167
Paliurus Willd. Sp. 168
sattva Desf. - - 167
sinensis Lam. - 168
splna Christi - 168
volbbilts Willd. - 170
vulgaris Lam. - 167

THE END.

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