w_rn C)- w ::: _ ::r 8 = -= r-=t (f) - ::r =--- rn = = u - r-=t ::=:; D (f) :--- u._ 0 - - r-=t - ..D iñ=r'- r-=t - rn \ , :\' " IJ >> . ----- , ... " ..-... \ .. \ ,.:( -i' .... 'I., '. ... .l, ; \' À .. r t .. J .\. '- t '. ì -", . " '.. .. 'I ... -. ---.,..;: - \ ,. "! .... - :t?1-- .. ..... . - - " .' , '"' '", \ \ ,t '..... . lt l t' : . ;,r' . I,: " . . .'I - .., , \ , ..... . . , "; , .. , "to .. . , .\t . . .: \ if t' , , " ,., .., .. t . , -. - ., I ..- " "'?: :.. . . , "'" '" . t '. . \ '- ( \ , " "'" " - .' . { ", . I", t1f1 \. -... ---=-..... , \,... - . , '... --..,. / .' " 1- !,1. .'L . . . _ "-I! . .' { I 'I l. ,, ,l I " \. . , . " . , " " " " , " . . .. \ , . '\ ......-. ,.... J.. .-. THE ., HISTORY OF TIlE REBELLION, BY ED\VARD EARL OF CLARENDON. IN EIGIIT YOLUMES. . K ... ", T TYjl-ltX !) ct ,. HUCYD. Np qlJìdfal:Û direre audeaf, ne quid veri non audeaf. CH'gRO. TIlE OF THY IllS TORY REBELLION AND CI,TIL "r ARS IN N(}I AND TO WHICH IS ADDED AN HISTORICAL \TIE\V OF THE AFFAIRS OF IRELAND, Uy ED'" ARD EARL OF CLARENDON. . A NE'V EDI'rION, EXHII3ITING A FAITHFUL COLLATION OF THE ORIGINAL MS., \VITH AI L THE SUPPRESSED PASSAGES; ALSO THI< FNPUBIJI8HED NOTES OF BISHOP 'V ARBURTON. '. VO L. VII. . ()X:FORD, AT THE CLARENDON PRESS. 1'rDCCCXXVI. . .... .If THE HISTORY OF THJ4: REBELLION, &c. --, BOOK XIV. JOB xx. 19, 22. BecalMe he hatlt oppressed and hath forsaken tlte poor; because he hath violently taken aZf)ay an house wltich lte built 'not: In thefulness qf his sl!fficienclJ he shall be in straits; every hand if the 'Wicked shall corne 'Upon IÛrn. .JOB xxvii. 15. Those that rernain '!f him shall be buried in tl('ath, and ki. wickJ'ws shall not weep. a . HAD not God b reserved the deliverance and re- storation of the king to himself, and resolved to ac- complish it when there appeared least hope of it, and least worldly means to bring it to pass; there happened at this time another very great alteration in England, that, together ,vith the continuance of the war with Holland, and affronts every day offered BOOK XIV. ] 653. a JOB X . 19, 22. Be('ause- b l-Iad not God] If God had sllflll not reel7'.] Not in l1JS. not YOl . VII. B 2 TIlE HISTORY ] 653. to France, lllight very reasonably have administered great hopes to the king of a speedy change of go- vernnlent there c. From the tÍlne of the defeat at 'V orcester, and the reduction of Scotland and Ire- land to perfect obedience, Cronlwell did not find the parlianlent so supple to observe his orders, as he expected they would have heen. The presbyterian party, which he had discountenanced all he could, and nlade his arl11Y of the independent party, were bold in contradicting him in the house, and cross- ing all his designs in the city, and exceedingly in- veighed against the licence that was practised in religion, by the several factions of independents, anabaptists, d and the several species of these; ,vho contenlned all magistrates, and the Jaws established. All these, how contradictory soever to one another, Crolnwell cherished and protected, that he might not be overrun by the presbyterians; of whom the tÏlne was not yet come that he could make use: yet he seenled to she\v much respect to S0l11e principal preachers of that party; and consulted much with thenl, how the distenlpers in religion might be COß1- posed. Though he had been for\vard enough to enter upon the \var of Holland, that so there might be no proposition made for the dishanding any part of his army, which otherwise could not Le prevented, yet he found the expense of it was so great, that the nation could never hear that addition of burden to the other of land forces; \v hich how apparent so- ever, he sa\v the parliament so fierce for the carry- ing on tllat \var, that they would not hearken to BOOK XIV. c there) Nút in MS. d anabaptists,) MS. adds: quakers, OJ? 'THE REBELLION. $ any reasonable conditions of peace; which the Dutch BOO K XIV. appeared l110st solicitous to make upon any terms. e But that which troubled hinl n10st, ,vas the jealousy 1653. that his o\vn party of independents, and other sec- taries, f had contracted against him: that party, that had advanced hin1 to the height he \vas at, and made him superior to all opposition, even his be- loved Vane, thought his power and authority to be too great for a comn10n\vealth, and that he and his army had not dependence enough upon, or submis- sion to, the parliament. So that he foupd those who had exalted hinl, no\v Inost solicitous to bring him lower; and he knew well enough what any di. minution of his po\ver and authority must quickly be attended with. He observed, that those his old friends very frankly united themselves with his and their old enemies, the presbyterians, for the prose- cution of the war with Holland, and obstructing all the overtures to\vards peace; which must, in a short tin1e, exhaust the stock, and consequently disturb any settlenlent in the kingdon1. In this perplexity he resorts to his old remedy, Cromwell h . . . erects an- IS army; and agaIn erects another councIl of offi- other COUIl- h d h 1 fi f . · d ciJ of offi- cers, ,v 0, un er testy e, rst, 0 petItIons, an cers; who then of remonstrances inter I JOsed in \vhatsoever e postulate , with the had any relation to the arlny; used g reat im p or- parliamen.t about their tunity for "the arrears of their pay; that they arr ars, and . their own " 111Jght not be cOlnpelled to take free quarter upon dissolution. " their feHow subjects, who already paid so great "contributions and taxes; which they "''"ere well " assured, if well 111 an aged, would abundantly de- " fray all the charges of the war, and of the govern.. terms.] conditions. f and other sectaries,] Not in JUS. B2 4 1. HE HISTORY BOO K "ment." The sharp answers the parliament gave XIV. to their addresses, and the reprehensions for their 1653. presumption in meddling with matters above them, gave the army new matter to reply to; and put them in mind of some former professions they had Inade, "that they would be glad to be eased of " the burden of their employment; and that there "might be successive parliaments to undergC? the " same trouble they had done." They therefore de- sired them, " that they "\vould relnember how ll1any " years they had sat; and though they had done " great things, yet it was a great injury to the rest " of the nation, to be utterly excluded from bearing " any part in the service of their country, by their " engrossing the whole power into their hands; and " thereupon besought them, that they would settle " a council for the administration of the govern- " ment during the interval, and then dissolve them- " selves, and sumnlon a new parlianlent; which," they told them, " would be the ßl0st popular action " they could perform." These addresses in the naine of the army, being confidently delivered by some officers of it, and as confidently seconded by others who were nlenlbers he par- of the honse, it ,vas' thou g ht necessary, that they Jmment de- bate about should receive a solemn debate, to the end that Üe ri . d . I . d of their when the parhalnent ha declared Its reso utlon an Bitting. deterlTIination, all persons might be obliged to ac- quiesce therein, nd so there \vould be an end put to all addresses of that kind. There were many lllembers of the house, who, either froln the justice and reason of the request, or seasonably to comply with the sense of the ar01Y, to which they foresaw they should be at last con1pelled OF THE REBEI.ALION. 5 to submit, seemed to think it necessary, for abat- BOO K ing the great envy, which was confessedly against XIV. I 653. the parliament throughout the kingdom, that they should be dissolved, to the end the people might make a new election of such persons as they thought fit to trust \vith their liberty and property, and whatsoever was dearest to them. But Mr. l\lartyn Harry . l\1art}'n'& told them, "that he thought they tl1lght find the application " best advice from the scripture, what they \vere to ; s: ory " do in this particular: that when Moses was found to this Imr- pose. " upon the river, and brought to Pharaoh's daugh- " tel', she took care that the mother might be found " out, to whose care he might be comnlitted to be " nursed; which succeeded very happily." He said, " their COllIDlonwealth was yet an infant, of a weak " growth, and a very tender constitution; and there- " fore his opinion was, that nobody could be so fit " to nurse it, as the mother who brought it forth; " and that they should not think of putting it under " any other hands, until it had obtained more years , and vigour." To which he added, "that they had " another infant too under their hands, the war with "Holland, ,vhich had thrived wonderfully under " their conduct; hut he nluch doubted that it \, ould " be quickly strangled, if it were taken out of their " care who had hitherto governed it." These reasons prevailed so far, that, whatsoevel"The par- . d h . d . d h liament ,vas sal to t e contrary, It was eterlTIlne, t at ðetennincd, the parliament \voldd not yet think of dissolving, ': I I t nor ,vould take it \vell, that any persons should )r t thi )k of ðlssolvmg. take the presumption any lllore to make overtures to them of that nature, which was not fit for private and particular persons to meddle ,vith: and, to put a seasonable stop to any farther prcsuluption of that n3 6 1. HE HISTORY BOOK kind, they appointed a comn1ittee " S p eedil y to P re- XIV. " pare an act of parliament for the fining up of their 1653. "house; and by \\rhich it should be declared to be " high treason, for any Ulan to propose or contrive " the changing ofh the present governlllent settled " and established." This bill being prepared by the conln1Íttee, they resolved to pass it with all possible expedition. So Crolnwell clear!y discerned, that by this n1eans they ,vould never be persuaded to part with that autho- rity and power, ,vhich \vas so profitable, and so plea- sant to thenl: y t the arnlY declared they were not satisfied with the determination, and continued their applications to the same purpose, or to others as unagreeahle to the sense of the house; and did all they could to infuse the same spirit into all the parts of the kingdonl, to 111ake the parJiall1ent odi- ous, as it was already very abundantly; and Cronl- ,veIl was ,veIl pleased that the parliall1ent s1)ould express as Inuch prejudice against the army. All things being thus prepared, Cronlwell thought this a good season to expose these enen1ies of peace to the indignation of the nation; which, he kne\v i, ,vas generally weary of the ,val', and hoped, if t11at were at an end, that they should be eased of the greatest part of their contributions, and other impo- sitions: thereupon, having adjusted all things ,vith the chief officers of the arn1Y, \" ho were at his devo- Cr d om "ell tion, in the 1110nth of A p ril, that ,vas in the Y ear an Ins officers dis- 1653, he came into the house of parlialnent in a solve the . . . . . parliament. nlornlng \vhen It was sIttIng, attended wIth the of- g for the filling up of their house; and] Not in lS. h contrive the clmnging of] contrive the dissolution of this parliamcnt, 0.. to change i knew] well knew OF TIlE REBELLION. 7 ficers, who were like\vise members of the house, and told thenl, " that he canle thither to put an end to " their po\ver and authority; ,vhich they had llla- " naged so ill, that the nation could be no other\vise " preserved than by their dissolution; ,vhich he ad- " vised them, ,vithout farther debate, quietly to sub- " mit unto." Thereupon another officer, \vith SOllle files of nlUS- keteers, entered into the house, and stayed there till all the members \valked out; Croin,vell reproaching III any of the Inembers by name, as they went out of the house, with their vices and corruptior:ts; and alTIongst the rest, sir Harry Vane with his breach of faith and corruption; and having given the mace to an officer to be safely kept, he caused the doors to be locked up; and so dissolved that assembly, which had sat almost thirteen years, and under whose name he had wrought so much mischief, and re- duced three kingdollls to his own entire obedience and subjection, ,vithout any exanlple or precedent in the Christian \vorld that could raise his ambition to such a presunlptuouS undertaking, and without any rational dependence upon the friendship of one man, \vho had any other interest to advance his de- signs, but what he had given him by preferring hinl in the war. '\Then he had thus prosperously passed this Ru- hicon, he lost no tilne in publishing a declaration of the grounds and reasons of his proceeding, for the satisfaction of the people: in which he put thenl in mind, "how Iniraculously God had appeared for " them in reducing Ireland and Scotland to so great " a degree of peace, and England to a perfect quiet; " \vhcl'chy the parlianlcnt had opportunity to give n4 BOOK XIV. 1653. 8 'rI-IE HIS'raU,Y ] 653. " the people the harvest of all their labour, blood, " and treasure, and to settle a due liberty in refe- " rence to civil and spiritual things, whereunto they " were obliged by their duty, and those great k and " wonderful things God had \vrought for them. But " that they had made so little progress towards this " good end, that it was matter of much grief to the " good people of the land, who had thereupon ap- " plied th nlsel ves to the arlny, expecting redress "by their Ineans; who, being very unwilling to " meddle with the civil authority, thought fit that "some officers, \vho were members of the parlia- " ment, should move and desire the parliament to " proceed vigorously in reforming what was amiss "in the comn10nwealth, and in settling it upon a " foundation of justice and righteousness: that they "found this, and some other endeavours they had "used, produced no good effect, but rather an "averseness to the things then1selves, with much " bitterness and aversion to the people of God, and " his Spirit acting in them: insomuch as the godly " party in the arlny was now become of no other "use, than to countenance the ends of a corrupt "party, that desired to perpetuate themselves in " the supreme government of the nation: that, for " the obviating those evils, the officers of the army " had obtained several n1eetings with some mem- " bel's of the parliament, to consider what remedies " Inight properly be applied; but that it appeared " very evident unto then1, that the parliament, by " want of attendance of many of their members, " and want of integrity in others who did attend, nOOK XIV. k their duty, and those great] those great their duty, engagements, and O:F l HE REBELLION. " would never answer those ends, which God, his " people, and the whole nation, expected from thelll ; "but that this cause, \vhich God had so greatly "ble sed, must needs languish under their hands, " and by degrees be lost, and the lives, liberties, and " comforts of his people, be delivered into their ene- " mies' hands. All which being seriously and sadly "considered by the honest people of the nati{\n, as " well as by the arlny, it seelned a duty inculnbent "upon them, who had seen so Jnuch of the po\ver " and presence of God, to consider of some effectual "means, whereby to establish righteousness and "peace jn these nations: that, after much debate, "it had been j udged necessary, that the supreme " government should be, by the parliament, devolved " for a time upon known persons, fearing God, and " of approved integrity, as the most hopeful way to "countenance all God's people, preserve the law, " and administer justice. impartially; hoping th re- " by, that people might forget monarchy, and un- U derstand their true interest in the election of suc- " cessive parliaments, and so the government lllight "be settled upon a right basis, without hazard tu " this glorious cause, or necessity to keep up arnlies "for the defence thereof: that being resolved, if " possible, to decline all extraordinary courses, they " had prevailed \vith about twenty members of the " parlialnent to give them a conference; wi th w honl " they debated the justice and necessity of that pro- " position; but found therp. of so contrary an opi- " nion, that they insisted upon the continuance of " the present parlialnent, as it was then constitutèd, " as the only way to bring those good things to "pass \vhich they seemed to desire: that they in- o BOOK XIV. ] 653. nOOK XIV. J 653. 10 TIlE HISTORY " sisted upon this with so much vehelnence, and " were so n1uch transported \vith passion, that they " caused a bill to be prepared for the perpetuating " this parlianlent, and investing the suprelne power ., in theillseives. And for the preventing the con- " sUlnlnation of this act, and all the sad and evil " consequences, which, upon the grounds thereof, " must have ensued, and whereby, at one blow, the "interest of all honest Juen, and of this glorious " cause, had been in danger to be laid in the dust, "they had been necessitated (though with 111uch " repugnance) to put an end to the parliament." There needs not be any other description of the ten1per of the nation at that tin1e, than the remem- bering that the dissolution of that body of luen, who had reigned so long over the three nations, was ge- nerally very grateful and acceptable to the people, how unusual 1 soever the circumstances thereof had been; and that this declaration, \vhich \vas not only subscribed by Cromwell and his council of officers, but \vas o\vned by the adn1irals at sea, and all the captains of ships, and by the comlnanders of all the land forces in England, Scotland, and Ireland, \vas looked upon as very reasonable; and the declara- tion, that issued thereupon, by which the people \vcre required to live peaceably, and quietly to sub- lnit themselves to the government of the council of state, which should be nominated by the general, until such a tinle as a parlial.uent, consisting of per- sons of approved fidelity and honesty, could lneet, and take upon them the government of those m na- tions, found an equal submission and obedience. The l11ethod he pursued afterwards, for the COlll- I unusual] wonderful In those] these OF THE REBELLION. posing a governnlent, by first putting it into a most ridiculous confusion, and by divesting hinlself of all pretences to authority, and putting what he had no title to keep into the hands of 111en so well chosen, that they should shortly after delegate the power in form of law n to him for the preservation of the na- tion, ,vas not less adnlirable; and puts l11e in mind of 'v hat Seneca said of Pompey, "that he had " hrought the people of ROIne to that pass, by lnag- " nifying their power and authority, 'Ilt salvus e,yse " '/lOll jJos,yit nisi benejicio ,yervitutis." And if Cronl- \vell had not no,v nlade hÍIllself a tyrant, all bonds being broken, and the universal guilt diverting all inclinations to return to the king's obedience, th y 111USt have perished together in such a confusion, as would rather have exposed thenl as a prey to fo- reigners, than disposed them to the only reasonable way for their preservation; there being no Ulan that durst nlention the king, or the old fornl of govern- ment. It ,vas upon the twentieth 0 of April that the parliament had been dissolved; and though Crom- well found that the people were satisfied in it, and the declaration published thereupon, yet he knew it would be necessary to provide sonle other visible power to settle the governnlent, than the council of officprs; all WhOl11 he was not sure he should be able long entirely to govern, many of theln ha\Ting clear other notions of a republic than he was ,vill- ing England should be brought to. A parliament \va still a paITIe of lnore veneration than any other assemhly of men was like to be, and the contenlpt n in fl)rll1 of law] legally l' twentieth] twcnty.:..tuurtll 11 BOOK XIV. 1653. lQ THE IIISTORY BOO K tbe last \vas fallen into was like to teach the next XIV. be to have itself with more discretion. However the 1653. ice was broken for dissolving them, when they should do otherwise; yet he was not so well satisfied in the general temper, as to trust the election of them to the humour and inclination of the people. Cromwell He resolved therefore to choose them himself, that and his offi- cers c loose he might with the more justice unnlake them when :; ta- he should think fit; and with the advice of his coun- cil of officers, for he made yet no other council of state, he made choice of a numher of men, consist- ing of above one hundred P persons, who should meet as a parliament to settle the government of the na- tion. I t can hardly be believed that so wild a no- tion should fall into any Ulan's imagination, that such a people should be fit to contribute towards any settlement, or that from their actions any thing could result, that might advance his particular de- sign. Yet, upon the view and consideration of the persons made choice of, many did conclude, "that " he had made his own scheme entirely to himself; " and though he communicated it \vith no man that "was known q, concluded it the most natural way " to ripen and produce the effects it did after\vards, " to the end he proposed to hill1Self." Conditions There \vere amongst them divers r of the quality and quali- ties of the and degree of gentlemen, and \vho had estates, and persons no- h . f d . d t t - ld ruinated. SUC a proportIon 0 cre It an repu a lon, as cou consist with the guilt they had contracted. But much the major part of them consisted of inferior persons, of no quality or nalne, artificers of be meanest trades, known only by their gifts in pray.. l' above one hundred] above one hundred and forty q that was known ] Not in MS. r divers] some few OF THE REBELLION. lS ing and preaching; which ,vas no,v practised by all BOO K XIV. degrees of nlen, but scholars, throughout the king- dom. In which nUlnber, that there may be a better 1653. Frum one of judgment made of the rest, it will not be anliss to the me - I . · If bers, tills nalne one, fron1 whom that par lament ltse ,vas was nick- afterwards denon1inated, \vho was Praise-God (that :;: God was his Christian name) Barebone, a leatherseller BRr l bone' t s par lamen . in Fleet-street, from whom (he being an eminent speaker in it) it ,vas after\vards called Praise-God Barebone's parliament. I n a word, they were ge- nerally s a pack of weak senseless fello\vs, fit only to bring the nanle and reputation of parlialnents lower than it was yet. It was fit these ne\v men should be brought to- Cromwell . calls them gether by some new way: and a very ne,v way It together by .e C II b h . d . d his own ,vas; lor rom,ve y IS warrants, lrecte to every warrant to one of them, telling them "of the necessity of dis- meet July 4. " solving the late parliament, and of an equal neces- " sity, that the peace, safety, and good government " of the common,vealth should be provided for, and " therefore that he had, by the advice of his council " of officers, nominated divers persons fearing God, " and of approved fidelity and honesty, to whom the " great charge and trust of so weighty affairs was " to be COlTIlnitted, and that having good assurance " of their love to, and courage for God, and the in- "terest of his cause, and the good people of this " comtnon,vealth;" he concluded in these \vords, " I, " Oliver Cromwell, captain general and con1mander "in chief of all the forces raised, or to be raised, "within this commonwealth, do hereby summon " and require you personally to he and appear at 1\ generall)'] /ttot ill iJ'/S. 14 TI-IE HIS'rORY BOO K "the council-chamber at Whitehall, upon the fourth XIV. "day of July next, then and there to take upon ] 653. "you the said trust. And you are hereby called " and appointed to serve as a men1ber of the county " of," &c. Upon this wild summons, the persons so nominated appeared at the council-chamber upon the fourth of July, which was near three months after the dissolution of the former parliament. Cromwell Cromwell, \vith his council of officers, ,vas ready speaks to the.m, and to receive them, and made them a long discourse of deln'ers h f ' f G d d h h d h . " them an in- "t e ear 0 0, an t e onour ue to IS name, u : rt full of texts of scripture; and remembered "the authority. "wonderful mercies of God to this nation, and the "continued series of providence, by which he had "'appeared in carrying on his cause, and bringing " affairs into that present glorious condition, where- "in they now were." He put them in n1ind of " the noble actions of the army in the famous vic- 01 "tory of "T orcester, of the appJications they had " madf\ to the parliament, for a good settlelnent of " all the affairs of the comlnonwealth, the negl ct " whereof made it absolutely necessary to dissolve "it." He assured theln by many arguments, some of which were urged out of scripture, "that they " had a very lawful call to take upon thenl the su- "preme authority of the nation;" and concluded with a very earnest desire, "that great tenderness " might be used towards all conscientious persons, " of what judgment soever they appeared to be." 'Vhen he had finished his discourse, he delivered to them an instrunlent, engrossed in parchluent un- der his hand and seal, whereby, ,vith the advice of his council of officers, he did devolve and intrust the supreme authority of this cOl1llnonwealth into the OF THE REBELLION. 15 hands of those persons therein mentioned; and de- ß 0 () [{ XIV. clared, "that they, or any forty of them, ,vere to be " held and acknowledged the supreme authority of 1653. " the nation, to which all persons within the same, " and the territories thereunto belonging, were to " yield obedience and subjection to the third day of " the month of November, which should be in the "year 1654," which was about a year and three months from the time that he spoke to them; and three months before the time prescribed should ex- pire, they were to make choice 'of other persons to succeed then1, whose power and authority should not exceed one year, and then they were likewise to provide and take care for a like succession in the government. Being thus invested with this áutho- They repair · h . d h . d to the par- rlty, t ey repalre to t e parbalnent house, an liament d h . f R b h . k house, and rna e C olce 0 one ouse to e tell' spea er, an choose old g entleman of Devonshire who had been a melll- Rouse their , speaker. bel' of the former parliament, and i that tinle b en preferred and made provost of the college of Eton, which office he then enjoyed, with an opinion of having some knowledge in the Latin and Greek tongues, but of a very mean understanding, but throughly engaged in the guilt of the tin1es. At their first cODling together, some of them had the modesty to doubt, that they were not in many respects so ,veIl qualified as to take upon them th style and title of a parlialllent. But that lllodesty ,vas quickly subdued, and they were easily persuaded to assume that title, and to consider themselves as They as- t1 1 . . h . T sume the Ie supreme aut lorlty In t e natIon. hese Inen name of a thus brought together continued in this capacity parliament. near ix nlonths, to the alnazement and even Inirth of the people. In which tilne they never entered nOOK XIV. 1653. Their act- ings and con ulta- tions. 16 THE HISTORY upon any grave and serious debate, that might tend to any settlement, but generally expressed great sharpness and animosity against the clergy, and against all learning, out of !hich they thought the clergy had grown, and still would gro,v. There were now no bishops for them to be angry with; they had already reduced all that order to the lowest distress t. But their quarrel was against all who had called themselves nlinisters, and who, hy being called so, l eceived tithes, and respect frou1 their neighbours. They looked upon u the function itself to be Antichristian, and the persons to be bur- densome to the people, and the requiring and pay- ment of tit.hes to be absolute Judaism, and they thought fit that they should be abolished altogether; and that there might not for the tÏ1ne to come be any race of people who might revive those pretences, they proposed x, " that all lands belonging to the "universities, and colleges in those universities, " might be sold, and the monies that should arise ., thereby, be disposed for the public service, and to " ease the people from the payment of taxes and " contributions." When they had tired and perplexed themselves so long in such debates, as soon as they were met in the n10rning upon the twelfth of December, and be- fbre many of theln were come who were like to dis- sent from the Inotion, one of them stood up and de- clared, " that he did believe, they ,vere not equal to " the burden that was laid upon them, and therefore " that they nlight dissolve themselves, and deliver t distress] beggary x they proposed] they thought U They looked upon] They fit resol ved Ol TIlE ItEBEL L IO . 17 " back their authority into their hands fron1 \VhOn1 BOO " they had received it;" \vhich being presently con- XIV. sented to, their speaker, \vith those ,vho \vere of 1653. that mind, \vent to 'Vhitehall, and re-delivered to On the · d Ii I · 12th of Cromwell the instrument they had receIve rom 11m, December acknowledged their o,vn in1potency, and besought :: : e:e p him to take care of the eon1monwealth. : e r er By this frank donation he and his council of offi- well. eel'S ,vere on ce n10re possessed of the supreme sove- reign power of the nation. i\.nd in few days after, his council were too modest to share \vith hÌ1n in this royal authority, but declared, " that the governlnent Crom ell . .. and hIs " of the cOlnlllonwealth should resIde In a sIngle per- council d 0 · C I of officers " son; that that person shoul be bver ron1we 1, make him " captain general of all the forces in England, Scot- o o- " land, and Ireland, and that his title should be lord " protector of the commonwealth of England, Scot- " land, and Ireland, and of the dominions and terri. "tories thereunto belonging; and that he should " have a council of one and t\venty persons to be as- " sistant to him in the government." 1\lost men did no,v conclude, that the folly and sottishness of this last assembly was so much fore- seen, that, from their very first coming. together, it was determined nrhat should follo\v their dissolution. For the Inethod that succeeded could hardly have been cOlnposed in so short a time after, by persons who had not consulted upon the contingency SOlne time before. It ,vas upon the twelfth of Decelnber, that the slnall parlianlent ,vas dissolved, when rnany of the members, who caDle to the house as to their usual consultations, found that they who came before, were gone to Whitehall to be dissolved; which the other never thought of: and upon the sixteenth day, VOL. VII. C 18 THE HISrrOR \"" December 16, he is installed in W est- minster- ball ac- cordi ng to an instru- ment of go,.ern- ment. BOOK the cOlnmissÍoners of the great seal, with the lord XIV. Inayor and aldermen, were sent for to attend Crom- 1653. well and his council to 'Vestminster-hall; it being then vacation-tin1e; and being come thither, the con1n1issioners sitting upon their usual seat, and not knowing \vhy they "rere sent for, the declaration of the council of officers \vas read, ,vhereby Cromwell was Inade protector; \v ho stood in the court unco- vered, \vhilst what "ras contained in a piece of parch- ment was read, which \vas caned the instrument qf The sub- goverJl1Jlent; whereby it ","as ordained, "that the stance of it. "protector should call a parliament once in every "three years; that the first parliament should be " convened upon the third day of September follow- " ing, which would be in the year 1654; and that "he should not dissolve any parliament once Inet, " till they had sat five months; that such bills as " should be presented to hin1 by the parlianlent, if " they should not be confirn1ed by him ,vithin t\venty " days, should pass without hin1, and be looked upon " as la,vs: that he should have a select council to " assist hiln, which should not exceed the number " of one and twenty, nor be less than thirteen: that " immediately after his death the council should " choose another protector before they rose: that no " protector after hin1 should he general of the army: " that the protector should have power to make peace " and war: that, ,vith the consent of his council, he " should make laws, which should be binding to the " subjects during the intervals of parliall1ent." Cromwell 'Vhilst this was reading, Crom,vell had his hand lakes an h B O bl d . b . d h k h . h oath to ob- upon tel e; an It elng rea , e too IS oat , serve it. " that he would not violate any thing that ,vas con- "t.ained in that instrument of government; but OF 'rHE ItEBELLION. 19 " would observe, and cause the saIne to be observed; BOO K XIV. " and in all things, according to the best of his un- " derstanding, govern the nation according to the 1653. "laws, statutes, and customs, seeking peace, and " causing justice and law to be equally adminis- " tered." This new invented ceremony being in this manner perforlned, he himself was covered, and all the rest bare; and Lambert, ,vho was then the second person in the army, carried the sword before his highness (which \vas the style he .took from thenceforth) to his coach, all they whom he called into it sitting bare; and so he returned to \-Vhitehall; and imme- diately proclalnation was made by a herald, in the He. is pro- I d ': v . h h 1 1 - claimed pa ace-yar at t' estmlnster," t at t e ate par la- protector. " ment having dissolved themselves, and resigned " their whole power and authority, the government " of the comnlonwealth of England, Scotland, and " Ireland, by a lord protector, and successive triennial "parliaments, was now established: and whereas " Oliver Cromwell, captain general of all the forces " of the commonwealth, is declared lord protector of " the said nations, and had accepted thereof, publi- " cation was now made of the san1e; and all persons, " of what quality or condition soever, in any of the " said three nations, were strictly charged and com- " manded to take notice thereof, and to conform and " submit themselves to the government" so establish- " ed; and all sheriff , mayors, &c. were required to " publish this proclamation, to the end that none " might have cause to pretend ignorance therein." 'Vhich proclamation was at the same time published in Cheapside by the lord lnayor of London; and, ,vith all possible expedition, by the sheriffs, and othel" c2 o 'rIlE HISTORY H 00 K officers, throughout England, Scotland, and Ireland. XIV. And in sonle time after Y, the city of London invited 1654. their new protector to a very splendid entertainment The city invites him at Grocers' ha1], upon an Ash- \Vednesday ; z the to Grocer's b . . 1 d d h 1 · f h . haU, streets elng ral e , an t e so emnlty 0 IS recep- tion such as had been at any time perforll1ed to the king: and he, as like a king, graciously conferred the honour of knighthood upon the lord nlayor at his departure. In this manner, and with so little pains, this ex- traordinary Inan, without any other reason than be- cause he had a mind to it, and \vithout the assistance, and against the desire of all noble persons or men of quality, or of any number of lnen a, who, in the be- ginning of the troubles, were possessed of three hun- dred pounds lands by the year, mounted himself into the throne of three kingdoms, without the name of king, but with a greater power and authority than had ever been exercised or claimed by any king; and received greater evidence and manifestation of respect and esteem from all the kings and princes in Christendom, than had ever been shewed to any mo- narch of those nations : which was so much the lTIOre notorious, in that they all abhorred him, when they trembled at his power, and courted his friendship. Though, during this last year's unsettlement in England, Cromwell had, ex plenitudine potestaiis, taken care that there was a good winter guard of ships in the Downs, yet the Dutch had enjoyed a very fruitful harvest of trade during that confusion, and suspension of power; and had sent out their Y some time after] a few days _:ttler 7. upon an Ash- 'Vedne.sday.;] Not in MS. a any number of men] three men OF THE REBELLIONo Ql fleets of merchantmen under a convoy, by the north BOOK XIV. of Scotland; and, by the return of that convoy, re- ceived their fleet from the Baltic with security; so 1654. that, upon the hope those domestic contentions in England would not be so soon COJllposed, they begun to recover their spirits again. But Cromwell had A fleet this 1 , b b 0 h year, 1653, no sooner broke the long par lament, ut, WIt set forth d O l O h d fl b d under three great I Igence, e cause a strong eet to e ma e admirals. ready against the spring; and committed the com- mand thereof to three admirals jointly; Blake, a man well known, but not thought entirely enough devoted to Crom\vell; Monk, whom he called out of Scotland as his own creature; and Dean, a mere seaman, grown, from a con1mon mariner, to the re- putation of a bold and excellent officer. This fleet, in the beginning of June in the year 1653, met with the Dutch about the 111iddle seas over between Dover and Zealand; and made what haste they could to engage them. But the wind not being favourable, it was noon before the fight begun; which continued very sharp till the night parted them, \vithout any visible advantage to either side, save that Dean, one of the English admirals, was kiUed by a cannon shot from the rear-adnliral of the Dutch. The next morning, the Dutch having the advantage of the small wind that was, the Eng- lish charged so furiously upon the thickest part of them, \vithout discharging any of their guns till they were at a very small distance, that they broke their The Dutch d . beaten at squa rons; and In the end forced them to fly, and sea in make all the sail they could for their Q\VD coast , June. b had no sooner broke the invested in his new dignity long parliament] was no :moner . c3 BOOK XIV. ] 654. The Dutcb send four commis- sioners to treat of peace. C)C) ,.."'" 1"HE HIS1."ORY leaving behind them eleven of their ships.; which were all taken; besides six which ,vere sunk. The execution on the Dutch was very great, as was like- wise the number of the prisoners, as well officers as soldiers. The loss of the English was greatest in their general Dean: there was, besides him, but one captain, and about t,vo hundred common sean1en, killed: the number of the wounded was greater; nor did they lose one ship, nor were so disabled but that they followed with the \vhole fleet to the coast of Holland, \vhither the other fled; and being got into the Flie, and the Texel, the English for some time blocked then} up in their own harbours, taking all such ships as came bound for those parts C. This great defeat so humbled the States, that they made all possible haste to send four commissioners into England to mediate for a treaty, and a cessation of arms; who \vere received very loftily by Cromwell, and ,vith some reprehension for their want of wari- ness in entering into so unequal a contention: yet he declared a gracious inclination to a treaty, till the conclusion ,vhereof he could admit no cessation; which being known in Holland, they would not stay so long under the reproach and disadvantage of being besieged, and shut up in their ports; but made all possible haste to prepare another fleet, strong enough to remove the English from their coasts; lvhich they believed was the best expedient to advance their treaty: and there cannot be a greater instance of the opulency of that people, than that they should be able, after so many losses, and so late a great defeat, in so short a time to set out a fleet strong c parts] ports OF 'rHE REBELLION. Q3 enough ù to visit those who had so lately overcome nOOK . . h . XIV. them, and ,vho shut them wIthIn t elr ports. Their adlniral Trump had, \vith SOUle of the fleet, 1654. retired into the 'Vierings, at too great a distance froll1 the other ports for the English fleet to divide itself. He had, with a marvellous industry, caused his hurt ships to he repaired; and more sevete pu- nishment to be inflicted on tho e \vho had behaved thelnselves cowardly, than had ever been used in that State. And the States published so great and ample rewards to all officers and sean1en who \vould, in that conjuncture, repair to their service, that by the end of July, within less than t,,'o months after Trump their defeat, he came out of the 'Vierings with a fleet :: t f . t d fi f h . h th another o nIne y an ve men 0 war; W IC as soon as e fleet before English had notice of, they lllade to\vards hin1. But y:nd of the \vind rising, they \vere forced to stand lTIOre to sea, for fear of the sands and shelves upon that coast. 'Vhereupon Van TrUlTIp, all that night, stood into the Texel; \vhere he joined five and t\venty lTIOre of their best ships; and ,vith this addition, which made an hundred and t\venty sail, he faced the Eng- lish; who, being at this tilne under the comlnand of Monk alone, e kept still to the sea; and having got a little more room, and the weather being a little clearer, tacked about, and '"ere received by the Dutch \vith great courage and gallantry. The battle continued very hot, and bloody on both Another . d fì . f h 1 k . } .. sea-fight: SI es, 1'0111 SIX 0 tee oc In t 1e mornIng tIll one Trump . th C J I d . I f H II d h slain: the In c alternoon; \V len t le a mIra 0 0 an., t e English fan10US Van Trum p ,vhilst he ver y siO'nall y P er- g:t the , b nctory. d to set out a fleet strong enough] to gather a strong fleet enough together e heing at this time under the command of l\lonk alone,] Not in JUS. . c 4 4 '!'HE HISTORY 1654. forn1ed the office of a brave and bold commander, was shot with a lllusket bullet into the heart, of which he fell dead \vithout speaking word. This blow broke the courage of the rest; \","ho seeing nIal1Y of their cOlnpanions burnt and sunk, after having endured very hot service, before the evening, fled, and ll1ade all the sail they could to\vards the Texel: the English were not in a condition to pur- sue them; but found themselves obliged to retire to their o,vn coast, both to preserve and lnend their maimed and torn ships, and refresh their wounded men. This battle was the most bloody that had been yet fought, both sides rather endeavouring the de- struction of their enemy's fleet than the taking their Sllips. On the Hollanders' part, bet\veen t\venty and thirty of their ships of ,val' were fired, or sunk, and above one thousand prisoners taken. The vic- tory cost the English dear too; for four hundred conlmon men and eight captains were slain outright, and above seven hundred comnlon HIen and five captains wounded. But they lost only one ship, which was burned: and two or three 1110re, though carried home, were disabled for farther service. The D10St sensible part of the loss to the Dutch \vas the death of their admiral Van Trulnp, \vho, in respect of his InaritiIne experience, and the frequent actions he had been engaged in, 111ight very ,veIl be reckoned amongst the 1110st eminent cOlnmanders at sea of that age, and to whose Inen10ry his country is far- ther indebted than they have yet acknowledged. This was the last engagelnent at sea between the t\VO comlnol1\vealths: for as the Dutch were, by this last defeat, and loss of their brave admiral, total1y BOOK XIV. OF THE REBELLION. 25 dispirited, and gave their commissioners at London BOO k d . · XIV.. order to prosecute the peace upon any con ltlons, so Cromwell, being by this time become protector, f 1654. was weary enough of so chargeable a war, and knew he had nluch to do to settle the government at hOHle, and that he might choose more convenient enenlies abroad, \vho \vould neither be able to de- fend themselves as well, or to do him so n1uch harnl, as the Hollanders had done, and could do. And therefore \vhen he had drawn the Dutch to accept of such conditions as he thought fit to give them; among which one was, "that they should not suffer" " any of the king's party, or any enemy to the com- " monwealth of England, to reside within their do- " minions:" and another, \vhich was contained in a secret article, to which the great seal of the States was affixed, by \vhich they obliged themselves "ne- "vel' to admit the prince of Orange to be their " stateholder, general, or admiral; and likewise to " deliver up the island of Polerone in the East In- " dies" (\vhich they had taken from the English in the time of king James, and usurped it ever since) " into the hands of the East India English company " again;" and to pay a good sum of money for the old barbarous violence exercised so many years since at Amboyna; for which the two last kings could never obtain satisfaction and reparation: about the middle of April 1654, he made a peace with the CromweJl States General, with all the advantages he could de- ; : :s with sire, having indeed all the persons of P ower and in- t A he Dut h pr. 16<>4. terest there, fast bound to him upon their joint in- terest. f bcing by this tinlC bccOine protector,] Not ill 1 1 . 6 'I'HE HIS'rORY BOO K And having no\v rendered himself terrible abroad, XIV. he forced Portugal to send an ambassador to beg H J 65 k 4. peace, and to submit to ex p iate the offence the y had e ma -es Portugal comlnitted in receiving prince Rupert, by the pay- send an am. bassador for ment of a great sum of money; and brought the peace. two crowns of France and Spain to sue for his alli- ance. He suspended for a time to choose a ne\v enemy, that he might make himself as much obeyed at home, as he was feared abroad; and, in order to He prose- that, he prosecuted all those \vho had been of the cutes the king's king's party with the utmost rigour; laid new im- party. positions upon theIn, and, upon every light rumour of a conspiracy, clapped up all those whom he thought fit to suspect into close prisons; enjoined others not to stir from their own houses, and ba- nished all who had ever been in arrns for the king, froln the cities of London and 'Vestminster; and laid other penalties upon them, contrary to the ar- ticles granted to them when they gave up their arms, and to the indemnity upon making their com- positions. The general The discontents were general over the ,vhole discontents in the n - kingdom, and among all sorts of IJeople, of what tion. party soever. The presbyterians preached boldly against the liberty of conscience, and the monstrous licence that sprung from thence; and they who en- joyed that licence were as unsatisfied with the go- vernment as any .of the rest, talked more loudly, and threatened the person of Cromwell more than any. But into these distempers Cromwell ,vas not inquisitive; nor would give those men an opportu- 4' nity to talk, by calling theln in question, who, he knew, would say more than he ,vas willing any hody should hear; but intended to nlortify those Ol 'fHE ItEBEl..LION. 7 unruly spirits at the charge of the killg's party, and with the spectacle of their suffering upon any the IDost trivial occasion. And if, in this general li- cence of discourse, any man, who was suspected to wish ,veIl to the king, let fall any light ,vord against the government, he was sure to be cast in prison, and to be pursued with all possible severity and cruelty: and he could not want frequent opportuni- ties of revenge this way. It was the greatest con- solation to miserable men, who had, in themselves or their friends, been undone by their loyalty, to meet together, and lalllent their conditions: and this brought on invectives against the person of CroDlwell; wine, and good fellowship, g and the continuance of the discourse, disposing thelll to take notice of the universal hatred that the whole nation had of him, and to fancy how easy it would be to destroy hiln. And comlnonly there was, in all those meetings, some corrupted person of the party, who fomented most the discourse, and, for a vile recom- pense, betrayed his cOlnpanions, and informed of all, and more than had been said. Whereupon a ne,v plot was discovered against the cOlnmon\vealth and the person of the protector, and a high court of jus- tice was presently erected to try the criminals; ,vhich rarely absolved any man who was brought before them. But to this kind of trial they never exposed any man but those of the king's party; the other, of whom they were more afraid, had too many friends to suffer them to be brought before such a tribunal; which had been first erected to murder the king himself, and continued to root ut BOOK XIV. ] 654. . g and good fellowship,] Not in MS. 28 'I'HE HIS'rORY BOOK all who adhered to him. No man who had ever XIV. been against the king (except he became after\vards ] 654. for him) was ever brought before that extravagant power; but such were ren1Ïtted to the trial of the la,v by juries, ,vhich seldom condenlned any. Ahighcourt The very next month after the peace was made, of justice L' h b . . erected a .lOr t e etter establIshment of qromwell's empIre, a ::} n; a ter high court of justice was erected for the trial of per- with Hol- sons accused of" holdin g corres p ondence with Charles land. "Stuart," (which ,vas the style they allowed the king,) "and for having a design against the life of " the protector, to seize upon the Tower, and to "proclaim the king." The chief persons they ac- I\Ir. Gerard cused of this were, Mr. Gerard, a young gentleman and Mr. f . d L'. . 1 I h d b .. h Voweltried 0 a goo .lamI y, w 10 a een an ensIgn In t e :; king's army, but was not at present above t,venty- two years of age h: the other, one 1\11'. Vowel; ,vho kept a school, and taught many boys about Isling- ton i. 1\11'. Gerard ,vas charged with" having been " at Paris, and having there spoken ,vith the king;" which he confessed; and declared, "that he ,vent " to Paris upon a. business that concerned himself," (which he nalned,) "and when he had despatched " it, and was to return for England, he desired the " lord Gerard, his kinsnlan, to present him to the " king, that he might kiss his hand; which he did " in a large room, where were many present; and "that, when he asked his majesty, whether he " would command him any service into England? " his majesty bid him to con1mend him to his friends " there, and to charge thenl that they should be h twenty-two years of age] .i11S. adds: without any interest or fortune i Isliugton] Originally, Knights- bridge OF TI-IE REBELLION. 9 "quiet, and not engage thenlselves in any plots; BOOK ., which 111USt prove ruinous to theIn, and could do XIV._ " the king no good :" which ,vas very true: for his 1654. majesty had observed so much of the temper of the people at his being at "\Vorcester, and his conceal- ment after, the fear they were under, and how fruit- less any insurrection must he, that he endeavoured othing Olore than to divert and suppress all incli- nations that ,vay, Ho,vever, this high court of jus- tice received proof, that 1\11'. Gerard and Mr. 'T o,vel had been present with sonle other gentlemen in a tavern, where discourse had been held, " how easy a " thing it was to kill the protector, and at the saIne " time to seize upon the To\ver of London, and that, " if at the same time the king were proclaimed, the " city of London would presently declare for his " majesty, and nobody ,vould oppose him." Upon this evidence, these two gentlemen were They are d d f condemned. con emne to be hanged; and upon the tenth 0 July, about t,vo nlonths after they had been in pri- son, a gallows was erected at Charing-cross; whi- ther Mr. Vowel was brought; who was a person ut- :\1r.Vowel . . executed at terly unkno\vn to the kIng, and to an)" person In- Charing-- d b h . b h h h . cross' bis truste y 1m, ut very wort y to aye IS name magn ni- and memory preserved in the list of those 'v ho n ous beha- Viour. shewed most magnanimity and courage in sacrific- ing their lives for the crown. He expressed a mar- vellous contempt of death; "which," he said, "he " suffered without having committed any fault." He professed his duty to the king, and his reverence for the church; and earnestly and pathetically advised the people to return to their fidelity to hoth; "which," he told them, "they would at last be "co111pelled to do after all their sufferings." He so 'rHE HIS'fOR \- BOO K addressed himself most to the soldiers; told theI11, XIV. "ho,v unworthily they prostituted themselves to 1654. "serve the ambition of an unworthy tyrant;" and conjured them "to forsake him, and to serve the " king; 'v hich, he was sure, they would at last do." And so having devoutly recol11mended the king, and the kingdoln, and himself, to God in very pious prayers, he ended his life with as much Christian re- solution, as can be expected froln the ll10st composed conSCIence. b l\lr } . G d er d ard The protector was prevailed with to shew 1110re e lea e on Tower- respect to Mr.Gerard in causing him to be beheaded, hiU in the nfternoon ,vho ,vas brought the afternoon of the same day to oftbe same æ ld T . B day. a scauo upon the ower-hIll. ut they were so ill pleased with the behaviour of hitn ,vho suffered in the morning, that they would not pern1it the other to speak to the people, but pressed him to dis- cover all the secrets of the plot and conspiracy. He told them, "that if he had a hundred lives, he would " lose them all to do the king any service; and was " now willing to die upon that suspicion; but that ';'" he ,vas very innocent of what was charged against " him; that he had not entered into or consented to " any plot or conspiracy, nor given" any countenance "to any discourse to that purpose;" and offered again to speak to the people, and to maguify the king: upon which they would not suffer him to pro- ceed; and thereupon, with great and undaunted courage, he laid down his head upon the block. The san1e day ,vas concluded ,vith a very exem- plary piece of justice, and of a very different nature from the other two. The ambassador of Portugal had a very splendid equipage, and in his company his brother don Pantaleon Sa, a knight of Malta, The same day and place the Portugal am bassa- dor's bro- ther be- headed. OF '.fHE REBELLION. 31 and a man eminent in many great actions; who out BOOK of curiosity accompanied his brother in this enIbassy, XIV. that he might see England. This gentlelnan ,vas of 1654. a haughty and iUlperious nature; and one day being in the ne exchange, upon a sudden accident and n1Ïstake, had a quarrel with that Mr. Gerard, WhOlTI we now left without his head; who had then re- turned some negligence and contenlpt to the rho do- montadoes of the Portuguese, and had left him sen- sible of receiving some affront. 'Vhereupon the don repaired thither again the next day, with nlany ser- vants, better armed, and provided for any encounter, imagining he should there find his former adversary, who did not expect that visit. But the Portuguese not distinguishing persons, and finding Inany gen- tlemen walking there, and, amongst the rest, one he believed very like the other, he thought he was not to lose the occasion, and entered into a new quarrel; in ,vhich a gentlenlan utterly unacquainted with \vhat had forlnerly passed, and \valking there acci- dentally, ,vas killed, and others hurt; upon which, the people rising from all the neighhour places, don Pal1taleon thought fit to Inake his retreat to his brother's house; ,vhich he did; and caused the gates to be locked, and put all the servants in arms to defend the house against the people; which had pursued hinl, and flocked now together from all parts to apprehend those \vho had caused the dis- order, and had killed a gentleman. The alnbassador knew nothing of the affair, but looked upon hilllself as affronted, and assaulted by a rude multitude; and took care to defend his house till the justic should allay the tumult. CrolTIwell was quickly advertised of the insolence, and sent an 3 THE HIS'rOn,y 1654. officer with soldiers to demand and seize upon all the persons who had been engaged in the action: and so the ambassador came to be informed of the truth of the story, with which he was exceedingly afflicted and astonished. The officer demanded the person of his brother, who was ,veIl kno,vn, and the rest of those who were present, to be delivered to him, without which he \vould break open the }louse, and find thelTI ,vherever they were concealed. The ambassador delnanded the privilege that "ras due to his house by the law of nations, and which he \vould defend against any violence with his own life, and the lives of all his family; but finding the officer re- solute, and that he should be too weak in the en- counter, he desired respite till he n1ight send to the protector; which was granted to hin}. He con1- plained of the injury that was done hhll, and desired an audience. Crom,vell sent him word, "that a "gentleman had been murdered, and n1any others " hurt; and that justice nlust be satisfied; and "therefore required that all the persons engaged " might be delivered into the hands of his officer; " without \vhich, if he should withdraw the soldiers, " and desist the requiring it, the people would pull " down the house, and execute justice themselves; " of which he would not ans,ver for the effect. " vVhen this was done, he should have an audience, "and all the satisfaction it \vas in his power to "give." The ambassador desired, "that his brother, " and the rest, might remain in his house, and he "would be responsible, and produce them before " the justice as the time should be assigned." But nothing would serve but the delivery of the persons, and the people increased their cry, "that they BOOK XIV. OF THE REBELI ION. 33 "would P ull do,vn the house." \Vhereu p on the BOO K XIV. ambassador ,vas compelled to deliver up his brother, and the rest of the persons; \vho \vere all sent pri- 1654. soners to Newgate. The anlbassador used all the instances he could for his brother, being ,villing to leave the rest to the mercy of the la\v; but could receive no other ans,ver but "that justice must be " done;" and justice was done to the fun; for they were all brought to their trial at the sessions at Newgate, and there so Inany of thelTI condemned to he hanged as ,vere found guilty. The rest of those who \vere condemned were executed at Tyburn; and don Pantaleon himself was brought to the scaf- foJd on Tower-hill, as soon as 1\11'. Gerard was exe- cuted; where he lost his head with less grace than his antagonist had done. Though the protector had nothing now to do but The condi- . . tion of the at honle, Holland havIng accepted peace upon hIS protector in own terms, Portugal bought it at a full price, and :P: g _ upon an hun1ble submission, Denlnark being COll- bourse tented \vith such an alliance as he was pleased to Inake with them, and France and Spain contending, by their an1bassadors, \vhich should render then1- selves most acceptable to hin1; Scotland lying un- The state del' a heavy yoke by the strict k governn1ent of ; :: l\lonk, who after the peace with the Dutch was sent back to govern that province, which ,vas re- duced under the government of the English la\vs, and their kirk, and kirkmen, entirely subdued to the obedience of the state with 1 reference to' assem- hlies, or synods; Ireland being confessedly subdued, Of Ireland. and no opposition ll1ade to the protector's COffi- k strict] severe VOL. VII. I with] without D 34 THE I-IISTORY nOOK nlands; so that COllll1lissions ,vere sent to divide all XIV. the ]ands \vhich had belonged to the Irish, or to 1654. those English ,vho had adhered to the king, anlongst those adventurers ,vho had supplied l110ney for the ,val', and the soldiers and officers; \vho were in great arrears for their pay, and \vho received liberal assignations in lands; one \vhole province being re- served for the Irish to be confined to m; and all these divisions made under the governnlent of his younger son, Harry Cromwell, whom he sent thi- ther as his lieutenant of that kingdom; ,vho lived in the full grandeur of the office: not,vithstanding all this, England proved not yet so towardly as he Disputes. expected. Vane, and the most considerable men of among hIS . . own party; the Independent party, fronl the tIme he had turned them out of the parliament, and so dissolved it, re- tired quietly to their houses in the country; poi- soned the affections of their neighbours towards the government; and lost nothing of their credit ,vith the people; yet carried themselves so warily, that they did nothing to disturb the peace of the nation, or to give Crom,vell any advantage against them upon \vhich to call them in question. Especially There were another less wary, because a lUOre the level- )ers. desperate party, which were the levellers; nlany whereof had been the nlost active agitators in the army, ,vho had executed his orders and designs in incensing the arlllY against the parliament, and had been at that time his sole confidents and bedfello,vs ; \vho, fronl the time that he assumed the title of protector, ,vhich to theln was as odious as that of king, professed a nlortal hatred to his person; and m for the Irish to be confined to] for a demesne for the protector OF '"THE REßEI LIO . 3:5 he \vell kne\v both these people had too llluch credit HonK 'XIV. in his ar 111 Y , and \vith SOllle principal officers of it. 1',j4 . Of these l1len he stood in Blore fear than of all the king's party; of \vhich he had in truth very little apprehension, though he coloured Inany of the pre- parations he nlade against the other, as if provided against the dangers threatened fro111 thenl. But the tÏ1ne drew near no\v, \vhen he \vas obliged He cans a . . parliament by the Instrument of governnlent, and upon hIS after a new h II I . h . 1 d I . Ulpthod. oat , to ca a par Iall1ent; \V IC 1 seell1e to lIn1 the only nleans left to COll1pose the minds of the people to an entire suhnlission to his governnlent. I n order to this nleeting, though he did not obser\Tc the old course in sending \vrits out to all the littIf' horoughs throughout England, \vhich use to send burgesses, (by which method sonle single counties n send more menlbers to the parlianlent, than six other counties do,) he thought he took 0 a nlorp equal way by appointing more knights for every shire to be chosen, and fe\ver burgesses; whereby the number of the whole was lTIuch lessened; and yet, the people being left to their o\vn election, it was not by hhn 1> thought an ill telnperalnent, and was then generally looked upon as an alteration fit to he Inore warrantably made, and in a hetter time. And so, upon the receipt of his "rrits, elections ,vere made accordingly in all l)laces; and such persons, for the most part, chosen and returned, as ,vere be- lieved to he the best affected q to the present go- vernnlent, and to those who had any authority in n by which method some single counties] in whieh there is so great an inequality, that some single counties . o he thought he took] he seemed to take P by him] Not in lS. q best affected] least affected n2 3ú "1' l1:E II IS '1"0 It \F noOK it; there being strict order given, " that no person À.IV. " ,vho had ever been against the parliament during 1654. · f f " the tune 0 the civil ,val', or the sons 0 any such " persons, should be capable of being chosen to sit " in that parliao1ent;" nor were any such persons made choice of. His parJia- The day of their Ineeting was the third of Sep- ment meets I, . h 165 4 . I . I h Septemb. 3, temuer In t e year , WIt un ess t an a year 1634. after he had been declared protector; when, after they had been at a sermon in the abbey at 'Vestrnin- ster, they all canle into the painted chanlber; where his highness nlade them a large discourse; and told The sub- theIn," that that parliament was such a con grega- stance of his speech "tion of wise, prudent, and discreet persons, that to them. "England had scarce seen the like: that he should " forbear relating to thenl the series of God's pro vi- " dence all along to that tÏll1e, because it was well " kno\vn to them; and only declare to them, that " the erection of his present po,ver was a suitable " providence to the rest, by she\ving what a condi- "tion these nations were in at its erection: that "then every nlan's heart was against another's, " every man's interest divided against another's, and " almost every thing grown arbitrary: that there "was grown up a general contempt of God and " Christ, the grace of God turned into wantonness, " and his spirit 111ade a cloak for all ,vickedlless and " profaneness; nay, that the axe \vas even laid to " the root of the ministry, and swar ns of Jesuits " were continually wafted over hither to consume " and destroy the \velfare of England: that the na- " tion was then likewise engaged in a deep war " \vith Portugal, Holland, and France; so that the " whole nation was one heap of confusion: but that OF 'IIE REBELLION. 37 "this present government was calculated for the BOOh. . . XIV. "people's interest, let malignant spIrIts say what " they would; and that, with humbleness to\vards 1654. " God, and modesty to\vards them, he would re- " count somewhat in the behalf of the governUlent. " First, it had endeavoured to reform the law; it " had put into the seat of justice men of known in- " tegrity and ability; it had settled a way for pro- " bation of ministers to preach the gospel: and be- "sides all this, it had called a free parliament: " that, blessed he God, they that day saw a free par- " liament: then as to wars, that a peace was Inade " with Denmark, Sweden, the Dutch, and Portugal, " and was likewise near concluding with France: "that these things were but entrances, and doors " of hopes; but now he Dlade no question to enable "them to lay the top stone of the work, recom- " nlending to them that ll1axim, that peace, though " it \ver nlade, ,vas not to be trusted farther than "it consisted with interest: that the great work " which no\v lay upon this parliament, was, that the "governlnent of England might be settled upon " terms of honour: tbat they would avoid confu- " sions, lest foreign states should take advantage of " them: that, as for hinlsclf, he did not speak like " one that would be a lord over theIn, hut as one " that \vould be a felIo\v -servant in that great af- " fair:" and concluded, "that they should go to " their house, and there n1ake choice of a speaker :" which they presently did, and seelned very unani- nIOUS in their first act, \vhich was the l11aking choice of 'Villiam Lenthall to be their speaker; ,yhich \Vil1j;lIn d . . .. 1 Lcnthall agreement ,vas upon very Isagreelng prInCI}) CS. chosclI thcir Croffi\vell having designed hiIn, for luck's sake, anù spcalü'r. D3 38 1.'HE HIS1.'ORY 1654. being \vell acquainted with his telnper, concluded, that he would be made a property in this, as ,veil as he had been in the long parlialnent, ,vhen he a1- \vays complied with that party that \vas l110st po\ver.. ful. And the other persons \vho Bleant nothing that CrolTIwell did, \vere ,veIl pleased, out of hope that the saUle ulan's being in the chair 111ight faci- litate the rene\ving and reviving the fornler house; 'v hich they looked upon as the true legitinlate par- liall1ent, strangled by the tyranny of Croffi\vell, and yet that it had life enough left in it. Lenthan ,vas no sooner in his chair than it \vas proposed, "that they might in the first place con- " sider by \vhat authority they caIne thither, and "\vhether that which had convened thenl had a " la\vful po\ver to that purpose." Froin which sub- ject the protector's creatures, and those of the arnlY, endeavoured to divert theln by all the arguments they could. N ot\vithstanding which, the current of the house insisted upon the first clearing that point, as the foundation, upon \vhich all their counsels lTIUst be built: and as luany of the 111embers posi- tively enough declared against that power, so one of thenl, Blore confident than the rest, said plainly, " that they Blight easily discern the snares \vhich " \vere laid to entrap the privileges of the people; " and for his o\vn part, as God had Inade hhn in- " strul1lental in cutting do\vn tyranny in one per- " son, so no\v he could not endure to see the na- " tion's liberties shackled by another, \vhose right to " the government could not be Ineasured other\vise " than by the length of his sword, \vhich alone had "Cl11boldencd him to comnland his cOl11nlanders." 'fhis spirit prevailed so far, that, for eight days to- nOOK XIV. Their act- iugs. OF 1. HE REBELI..ION. 39 gether, those of the council of officers, and others, BOO K (\vho were called the court party,) could not divert XIV. the question fronl being put, ",vhether the govern- ] 654. " lnent should he hy a protector and a par1ialllent," any other ,yay than by lengthening the debate, and then adjourning the house when the question "ras ready to be put, because they plainly saw that it ,vould be carried in the negative. The continuance of this \\Tarn1 debate in the house, in which the protector's own person was not treated ,vith nluch reverence, exceedingly perplexed hhn; and obliged hin} once more to try, what re- spect his sovereign presence would produce towards a better conl posure. So he came again to the Cromwell . d d f'. · I . speaks to palnte chamber, an sent 1.or hIS par lament to them in the h . d h ld h " h h painted corne to 1m; an t en to t. em, t at t. e great chamber. "God of heaven and earth knew what grief and " sorrow of heart it \vas to him, to find them falling "into heats and divisions; that he would have , theJn take notice of this, that the saIne govern- "lllent Dlade him a protector, that lllade then1 a " parliament: that as they ,vere intrusted in some H things, so was he in others: that in the govern- " filent were certain fundalnentals, which could not " he altered, to ,vit, that the government should be " in a single person and a parlianlent; that parIia- " Inents should not he perpetual, and al \vays sit- " ting; that the nlilitia should not be trusted into "one hand, or po\ver, but so as the parliament " 11light J)ave a check on the protector, and the pro- " tecto!" on the parlialuent; that in luatters of reli- " giOll there ought to be a liberty of conscience, and " that persecution in the church ,vas not to he to- ''It'rated. These, he said, \Vl'rC unalteraLle fuuda- n t 40 TI-IE HIS'rORY BOOK "mentals. As for other things in the governnlent, . XIV. "they were examinable and alterable as the state 1654. "of affairs did require: that, for his o\vn part, he " was even overwhelmed with grief, to see that any " of them should go about to overthrow what was " settled, contrary to the trust they had received " from the people; which could not but bring very " great inconveniences upon thelllseives and the na- " tion." "\Vhen he had made this frank declaration unto them what they were to trust to, the bett r to confirm theln in their duty, he had appointed a guard to attend at the door of the parlian1ent house, and there to restrain all men from entering into the house who refused to subscribe this following en- He admits gagen1ent: "I do hereby promise and engage to be none into the house "true and faithful to the lord protector of the COlTI- ::s ::s "1110nwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland; : ge- " and shall not (according to the tenor of this in- him. " denture, whereby I am returned to serve in par- " liament) propose or give any consent r to alter the " government as it is settled in one person and a " parliament." This engagement a considerable part S of the melnbers utterly refused to sign; and called it a violation of the privilege of parlialnent, and an ab- solute depriving them of that freedolTI which ,vas essential to it. So they were excluded, and rc... strained from entering into the house: and they who did subscribe it, and had thereupon liberty to sit there, were yet so refractory to any proposition that might settle him in the government in the manner he desired it, that, after the five months r any consent] my consent S a considerable part] the lU.úor part OF THE REBEI...LION. 41 near spent in wrangling, and useless discourses, BOO K (during which he was not to attenlpt t the dissolu- XIV. tion of them, by his instrument of governlnent,) he 1655. took the first opportunity to dissolve them; and upon the two and twentieth of J anl1ary, with some He dissoh.es d d h b · them Jan. reproaches, he let them know he coul 0 t e US1- 22. ness without them; and so dismissed them with much evidence of his displeasure: and they again retired to their habitations, resolved to wait another opportunity of revenge, and in the mean tillle to give no evidence of their submitting to his usurpa- tion, by undertaking any employment or office under his authority, he as carefl1JIy endeavouring and watch- ing to find such an advantage against them, as might make thenl liable to the penalty of the laws. Yet even his weakness and in1potency upon such å noto- rious advantage appeared in two very notable in- stances, which happened about that time, in the An account f of John case 0 t,vo persons, whose names \vere then much "'ildman taken notice of upon the stage of affairs, John \Vild- lJ ) ),n Ulan and J 011n Lilburn. levellers. The fornler had been bred a scholar in the uni- John \ViJd- versity of Canlbridge, and being young, and of a man. pregnant wit, in the beginning of the rehellion meant to make his fortune in the war; and chose to depend upon Cromwell's countenance and advice, w hen he ,vas not above the degree of a captain of a troop of horse hÍ1nselt and was much esteenled and valued by hitn, and l11ade an officer; and was so active in contriving and fonlenting jealousies and discontents, and so dexterous in composing or im- proving any disgusts, and so inspired \vith the spirit of praying and preaching, when thosc gifts canIC t he was not to attempt] he durst 11ut attempt 42 T'HE HISTOIlY ] 655. into request, and became thriving arts, that about the tinle when the king was taken frOlTI Holmby, and it was necessary that the army should enter into contests with the parlialTIent, John "Tildlnan gre\v to be one of the principal agitators, and was nlost relied upon by Cronl\vell to infuse those things into the nlinds of the soldiers, and to conduct them in the lnanagery of their discontents, as nlight nlost advance those designs he then had; and quickly got the reputation of a man of parts; and, having a snlooth pen, drew many of the papers which first kindled the fire between the parlianlent and the arlny, that was not afterwards extinguished bu t in the ruin of both. His reputation in those faculties made him quit the army; where he \vas become a nlajor; and \vhere he kept still a great interest, and betook hinlself to civil affairs, in the solicitation of suits depending in the parliament, or before co IIl- nlÍttees; where he had nluch credit with those \vho had nlost power to do right or wrong, and so made himself necessary to those who had need of such protection from the tyranny of the tinle. By these arts he thrived, and got nluch 1110re than he could have done in the arnlY, and kept and increased his credit there, by the interest he had in other places 'Vhen Cronlwell declined the \vays of establishing the c0l11nlonwealth, 'Vildillan, alTIOngst the rest, for- sook him; and cntered, \varil y, into any counsels ,vhich were like to destroy hilll: and upon the dis- solution of this last pUl'liall1cnt, having less of phJcgnl, and so le s patience than other l11en, to cxpect an- uthcr opportunity, and in the lncan tilHe to leave hhll to establish }]is greatness, he did believe he should Le aLle tu Blake such a schis111 in t.he arlUY, BOOK XIV. O:P 1."HE REBELLION. 4;3 as would give an opportunity to other enraged pcr- BOOK h . XIV. sons to take vengeance upon lIne Cronlwell knew the man, and his undermining 1655. faculties; knew he had some design in hand, but could not make any such discovery as lnight war- rant a public prosecution; but appointed some trusty spies (of which he had plenty) to watch hin1 very narrowly, and, by being often \vith hiIn, to find his papers; the spreading ,vhereof, he knew, would be the prealnble to any conspiracy of his. Shortly after the dissolution of that parliament, these in- strlunents of Crolnwell's surprised him in a rO ln, ,,-here he thought he had been safe enough, as he ,vas writing a declaration; and seized upon the pa- pel's; the title whereof was, "a declaration, con- " taining the reasons and motives \vhich oblige us " to take up arn1S against Oliver Cro111well;" and though it ,vas not finished, yet in that that was done, there was all venonl inlaginable expressed against him, and a large and bitter narration of all his foul breach of trust, and perjuries, enough to have exposed any man to the severest judgn1ent of that tilDe; and as much as he could wish to dis- cover against him, or any lnan ,vhom he most de- sired to destroy. The issue ,vas, the lllan ,vas strait- ly iInprisoned, and preparations made for his trial, and to,vards his execution, which all men expected. But, ,vhether Croffi,vell found that there 'v ere more engaged \\Tith hin1 than could be brought to justice, or \vere fit to be discovered, (as many men believed,) or that 'Vildnlan obliged himself for the tin1e to C01l1e not only to be quitt, but to be a spy for hint upon others, (as others at that tin1e suspected, and had reason for it afterwards,) after a short tilnc of 44 THE HISTORY B 0 U K iUlprisonUlent, the man was restored to his liùerty; I and resorted, "rith the same success and reputation, 1655. to his former course of life; in "rhich he thrived very notably. The case of John Lilburn was much more won- derful, and administered more occasion of discourse and observation. 'This man, before the troubles, was a poor bookbinder; and, for procuring SOlIle se- ditious panlphlets against the church and state to be printed and dispersed, had been severely cen- sured in the star chanlber, and received a sharp cas- tigation, \vhich made hÏ1u more obstinate and mali- cious against them; and, as he afterwards confessed, in the Illelancholy of his imprisonment, and ùy read- ing the Book of Martyrs, he raised in himself a lnar- vellous inclination and appetite to suffer in the de- fence or for the vindication of any oppressed truth; and found himself very 111uch confirrned in that spi- rit; and in that tÏIl1e diligently collected and read all those libels and books, \vhich had anciently, as well as lately, been written against the church: from \vhence, ,vith the VenOlTI, he had likewise contracted the il11pudence and bitterness of their style; and, by practice, brought hill1self to the faculty of ,vriting like thelTI: and so, nThen that licence broke in of l)rinting all that 111alice and ,vit could suggest, he })ublished sonle pal11phlets in his own natTIe, full of that confidence and virulency, ,vhich might asperse the government most to the sense of the people, and to their hunlonr. When the war begun, he put hhl1- self into the army; and ,vas taken prisoner by the king's forces in that engagement at Brentford, short- ly after the battle of Edge-hill; and being then a Dlan ll1uch known, and talked of for his qualities John Lil- burn. OF 'rIlE REH] LLION. above mentioned, he was not so well treated in pri- son as was like to reconcile hin}; and being brought before the chief justice, to be tried for treason by a cOlnnlission of oyer and ternliner, (in which me- thod the king intended then to have proceeded against the rebels which should be taken,) he be- haved himself with so great Ïlnpudence, in extolling the power of the parliament, that it was nlanifest be had an alnbition to have been nlade a nlartyr for that cause. But as he was liberally supplied from his friends at London, (and the parlialnent in ex- press terms declared, "that they would inflict pu- " nishlnent upon the prisoners they had of the king's " party, in the sarne Inanner as Lilburn and the rest " should suffer at Oxford,") so he did find lneans to corrupt the marshal ,vho had the custody of hÏln; and Inade his escape into the parliau1ent quarters; ,,,here he ,vas received with public joy, as a chaln- l)ion that had defied the king in his o\vn court. From this time he was entertained by Cromwell with great familiarity, and, in his contests with the parliament, was of luuch use to him, and privacy with him. But he begun then to find him of so restless and unruly a spirit, and to 11lake those ad- vances in religion against the presbyterians before be thought it seasonahle, that he dispensed with his presence in the army, where he was an officer of nan1e, and made hiIn reside in London, where he wished that temper should be iUlproved. And when the parlialnent was so much offended ,vith his sedi- tious hUlnour, and the panlphlets he published every ùay in religion, with reflections upon their proceed- ings, that they resolved to prosecute hinl l1 ,vith U to prosecute him] to have proceeded against him .1<5 BOOK XIV. 1655. nOOK XIV. ] 655. 46 'rHE I-IIS'rOR Y great rigour, (to\vards \vhich the assenlbly of divines, which he had Iike\vise provoked, contributed their desire and dell1and,) Crom,vell ,vrit a very passionate letter to the parlianlent, "that they would not so " much discourage their arlny, that ,vas fighting for " them, as to censure an officer of it for his opinion " in point of conscience; for the liberty \vhereof, and " to free thell1selves fronl the shackles in ,vhich the " bishops ,vould enslave then1, that arlllY had been " principally raised." Upon \vhich, all farther pro- secution against Lilburn ,vas declined at that tilne, though he declined not the farther provocation; and continued to luake the proceedings of the parlianlent as odious as he could. But fronl the time that Cronl- ,vell had dispersed that parliall1ent, x and \vas, in ef- fect, in possession of the sovereign po\ver, Lilburn \vithdrew his favour for hin1; and thought him no\v an enen1Y worthy of his displeasure; and, both in discourses and writings, in pamphlets and invectives, loaded him with al1 the aspersions of hypocrisy, ly- ing, and tyranny, and all other Ï111putations and rc- proaches which either he deserved, or the malice or bitterness of the other's nature could suggest to hhn, to nlake hin1 the most universally odious that a faithless perjured person could be. . CrolnweH Y could bear ill language and reproaches ,vith less disturbance and concernnlent, than any person in authority had ever done: yet the prosecu- tion z this man exercised him ,vith, made hin1 plain- ly discern that it \vould be Í1npossible to preserve his dignity, or to have any security in the govern- lllent, ,vhilst his licence continued; and therefore, x parliament,] lJ;lS. adds: and nmde himself protector, Y Cromwell] The protector z prosecution] persecution OF THE REBELLION. after he had set spies upon hitn to ohserve his ac- tions, and collect his ,vords, and upon advice ,vith the council at la,v of the state a, ,vas confidently in- fornled, "that, as "Tell by the old established Ja,vs, " as by ne,v ordinances, Lilburn ,vas guilty of high " treason, and had forfeited his life, if he were pro- " secuted in any ourt of justice," he caused hin} to be sent to N e\vgate, and at the next sessions to he indicted of high treason; all the judges being pre- sent, and the council at la,v to enforce the evidence, and all care being taken for the return of such a jury as might be fit for the importance of the case. Lilburn appeared undaunted, and ,vith the confi- dence of a nlan that ,vas to play a prize before the people for their o\vn liberty; he pleaded not guilty, and heard all the charge and evidence against him ,vith patience enough, save that, by interrupting the la\vyers, sonletitnes, who prosecuted hinl, and by sharp al1s,vers to SOl1le questions of the judges, he shewed that he had no reverence for their persons, nor any sulnnissioll to their authority. The ,vhole day ,vas spent in his trial; and wIlen }le came to Inake his defence, he lllingled so Inuch law in his discourse to invalidate their authority h, and to make it appear so tyrannical, that neither their lives, liberties, nor estates, were in any degree se- cure, \vhilst that usurpation was exercised; and an- s\vered all the lnatters objected against hinl ,vith such an assurance, Inaking thenl " to contain no- " thing of high treason, and that to be a govern- "ment against which C high treason could not be a the council at law of the state] his council at law b their authority] the autho- rity of Cronlwell C that to be a government against whiehJ Cromwell to ue a. person against whOln 47 BOOK XIV. 1655. 4< THE IIISTORY ] 655. " committed;" and telling them" that all true born " Englishlnen were obliged to oppose this tyranny, " as he had done purely for their sakes, and that he " had done it only for their sakes, and to preserve " theln from being slaves, contrary to his own pro- "fit a d \vorldly interest :" he told theln " how " 11luch he had heen in Cromwell's friendship: that " he might have received any benefit or preferment " froln hinI, if he ,vould have sat still, and seen his "country enslaved; \vhich because he would not " do, he was brought hither to have his life taken "from hin1 by their judglnent; which he appre- " hended not:" he defended hiInself with that vi- gour, and charlned the jury so powerfully, that, against all the direction and charge the judges could give then1, (,vho assured theIn, "that the words "and actions fully proved against the prisoner, " \vere high treason by the law; and that they 'v ere " bound, by all the obligation of conscience, to find " hiln guilty,") after no long consultation between thenIselves, they returned ,vith their verdict, " that " he was not guilty:" nor could they be persuaded by the judges to change or recede from their ver- dict d: which infinitely enraged and perplexed Cronl- well e; who looked upon it as a greater defeat than the loss of a battle would have been. And though Lilburn was thus acquitted in the year 1653, yet Crom well f would never suffer hinI to be set at li- berty, as by the la\v he ought to have been, but sent him froln prison to prison, and kept him enclosed there till he himself died. These two instances of persons not otherwise considerable are thought per- nOOK XI rl ve.-dictJ judgment e Cromwell] the prot.ector f though Lilburn \vas thus acquitted in the year] 653, yet Crolll\vell] Not in 1118. OF 'rl-I:E REßELI IO . 49 tinent to be inserted, as an evidence of the temper BOO K of the nation; and how far the spirits of that tÍlne XIV. ,,,ere from paying a submission to that po\ver, when 1655. nobody had the courage to lift up their hands against it. 'Vhatever uneasiness and perplexity CrolTIwell The ng's d . . d . · h h k . .J:'. d condItIOn lOun In hIS can Itlon at on1e, t e lng loun no abroad. benefit from it abroad, or from the friendship or the indignation of other princes; they had all the same terrible apprehension of Cron1well's po,ver as if he had heen landed \vith an army in any of their do- minions, and looked upon the king's condition as desperate, and not to be supported. The treaty be- CromweU's F d E I d d d treaty with tween ranee an .:Jng an procee e very last; France. and every day produced fresh evidence of the good intelligence between Cron1,vell and the cardinal. The ships and prisoners which had he en taken \vhen they went to relieve Dunkirk, and by the taking ,vhereof Dunkirk had been lost, were now restored, and set at liberty; and such mutual offices per- formed between them, as, with frequent evidences of aversion fron1 the king and his interest, made it very manifest to his lnajesty, that his residence would not be suffered to continue longer in France, after the alliance should be published ,vith Crom- \vell; which was not yet perfected, by the cardinal's blushing to consent to some propositions, without which the other's fast friendship ,vas not to be ob- tained; and he was not "Tilling that Inodesty should be conquered at once, though every body knew it ,vould quickly bp prostituted. There could be no doubt but that the king ,vas heartily ,veary of being in a place where he ,vas so ill treated; wherp he lived so uncomfortably, and VOl,. VII. E 50 'l"HE HIS'TOR\. BOOK from \vhence he foresaw that he .,should soon be XIV. driven. But as he had no money to enable hhn to 1655. remove, or to pay the debts he owed there, so he The king thinks of knew not to what place to repair, where he might retreating · . 1 · H I d b out of find a CIVI receptIon. 01 an \v.as ound not to : :: ?but admit him into their dominions, and by their ex- was t le anlple had shewed other princes and states, what questIon. conditions they must submit to who would be allies to Cromwell. The king of Spain was at the sanle time contending with France for Cromwell's friend- ship, and thought he had some advantage with him by the residence his majesty had in France: so there could be no thought of repairing into Flan- ders, and that he could be adn1itted to stay there. The protestants, in most g places, expressed Dluch more inclination to his rebels than to hiIn. The Ro- man catholics looked upon him as in so desperate a condition, that he \vould in a short time be necessi- tated to thro\v himself into their arms by changing his religion, without which they generaIlyh declared, " they would never give hinl the least assistance." In this distress, his Inajesty resumed the considera- tions he had formerly entered upon, of sending to the diet; which was sun11noned by the emperor to Ineet shortly at Ratisbon, to make choice of a king of the Romans. And Gernlany being then in peace, the emperor made little doubt of finding a concur- rence in the choice of the king of Hungary his eldest son to be made king of the Ron1ans, and thereby to be sure to succeed him in the enlpire. Our king had long designed to send the lord 'Vil- mot on that errand, to try what the emperor, and g most] all b they generally] they all OF rrHE REHEl.IAION. princes of Germany, would do, in such a conjunc- ture, towards the uniting all other princes with theJllselves, in undertaking a quarrel they were all concerned in, to restore a prince so injured and op- pressed by so odious a rebellion; and in the mean time, of which there appeared to be more hope, what contribution they would Jnake towards his support; and likewise, upon this occasion, \vhat fit place lnight be found, in the nearest parts of Ger- many, for the king to repair to; \vhere he might at- tend his better destiny. I twas 11l0St suitable to the occasion, and the ne- cessity of the king's condition, that this affair should be despatched in as private a ,vay as was possible, and with as little expense, it being impossible to send an alnbassador in such an equipage, as, at such an illustrious convention of all the princes of the en1pire, was necessary. 'Vibll0t pressed very much for that character, that he lnight the more easily aCCOln plish his being n1ade an earl; for \v hich he had obtained the king's pronlise in a fit season. .And he took great pains to persuade the king, " that this was a proper season, and very lnuch for "the advancement of his service: but, that if he " had the title of an earl, which \vould be looked " upon as a high qualification, he \vould not assume "the character of ambassador, though he would " carry such a commission \vith hitll, but make all " his negociations as a private envoy;" of which he J}fomised the king wonderful effects, and pretended to have great assurance of money, and of Inaking levies of lnen for any expedition. The king, rather to comply with the general expectation, and to do all that \vas in his po,ver to do, than out of any E2 51 BOOK XIV. 1655. 5Q rrHE HIS'rOR'-- BOO l{ hope of notable advantage from this agitation, was XIV. contented to make him earl of Rochester; and gave 1655 h . 11 h .. d d . I . 1m a suc COlnmlSSlons an cre entIa s, as \Vere The king makes 'Yil- necessary for the employrnent; and sent him from mot earl of P · . h Ch ' . h h . h b Rochester; arIS In t e rlstu1as tInle, t at e IllIg teat : :n e Ratisbon at the meeting of the diet, which was to d R iet. a b t be in the be g innin g of A p ril followin g ; means hav- ahs on. ing been found to procure so 111uch money as was necessary for that journey, out of the assignment that had been l11ade to the king for his support: of ,vhich there was a great arrear due, and which the cardinal caused at this time to be supplied, because he looked upon this sending to Ratisbon as a prepa- ratory for the king's own remove. T f h: affi } airs d Thou g h Scotland was van q uished, and subdued, o ""cot an at this time. to that degree, that there was no place nor person who made the least shew of opposing Cron1\\Tell; who, by the adnÜnistration of l\lonk, lllade the yoke very grievous to the whole nation; yet the preachers kept their pulpit licence; and, more for the affront that was offered to presbytery, than the conscience of what ,vas due to n1ajesty, lllany of them presumed to pray for the king; and generally, though secretly, exasperated the minds of the people against the present government. The Highlanders, by the advantage of their situation, and the hardi- ness of that people, made frequent incursions in the night into the English quarters; and killed many of their soldiers, but stole more of their horses: and where there was most appearance of peace and sub- jection, if the soldiers straggled in the night, or went single in the day, they were usually i knocked i usually] always OJ.' 'fHE REBELLIO . 53 on the head; and no inquiry could discover the nla- BOO K XIV. lelactors. _________ l\lany expresses ,vere sent to the king, as "Tell 165.1. from those who \vere prisoners in England, as fronl SOlne lords \vho \\Tere at liberty in Scotland, "that " 1\1 iddleton might he sent into the Highlands \vith " his 111ajesty's COllllllission;" and in the mean time the earl of Glencarne, a gallant gentleman, offered, if he \vere authorized by the king, to dra\v a body of horse and foot together in the Highlands, and in- fest the enelny, and be ready to sublnit to l\1iddle- ton, as soon as he should arrive there with a supply of arms and anlffiunitiol1. Accordingly the king The king . . h I f GI sent a com- had sent a COlnmlSSlon to t e ear 0 encarlle ; mission to who hehaved himself very \vorthily, and gave Ionk gIJ:::::n: some trouble. But he pressing very earnestly, that l\Iiddleton lnight be sent over to compose SOlne ani- mosities and emulations, \vhich ,vere gro\ving up to the breaking off that union, ,vithout \vhich nothing could succeed, his majesty, about the tinlC that the earl of Rochester ,vas despatched for Ratisbon, sent likewise Middleton into Scotland, \vith some few And Mid- . dJeton is officers of that natIon, and such a poor supply of sent into arms and ammunition, as, by the activity and in- ScotJand. dustry of l\liddleton, could be got upon the credit and contribution of SOllIe merchants and officers in Holland of that nation, \vho \vere ,vining to redeelTI their country fronl the slavery it \vas in. 'Vith this very slender assistance he transported hinlself in the winter into the Highlands; where, to \velcorne hill), he found the few, \\Thom he looked to find in arms, more broken with faction amongst themselves than by the enemy; nor was he able to reconcile thenl. But after Glencarne had delivered his thin unarmed "R3 54 'rHE HIS'rOltY BOOK troops to l\liddleton, and condescended to fight a XIV. duel with an inferior officer, \vho provoked hÎ111 to it 1655. after he \vas out of his command, whether he ,vas troubled to have another comlnand over hinl, ,vho, upon the Inatter, had no other Inen to cOlnmand but what were raised by him, though he had exceed- ingly pressed 1\1iddleton's being sent over to that purpose, or whether convinced with the impossi- Gl ncarne hility of the attenlpt, he retired first to his ,o\vn retIres to bis own house, and then made his peace with Monk, that he house; and · I I . · I d . d . 11 h o ffi . makes his ffiIg It lve qUIet y, an retalne stl IS a ectlon .with . and fidelity to the king; \vhich he made manifest afterwards in a more favourable conjuncture: and at the sanle time he excused hinlself to the king, for giving over an enterprise which he was not able to IJrosecute, though Middleton sustained it a full year afterwards. The truth is, the two persons \vho were most con- cerned in that expedition had no degree of hope that it would be attended with any success; the king, . and 1\liddleton; who had both seen an army of that people, well provided with all things necessary, not able to do any thing where they fought upon ternlS more advantageous. And how could those no\v, drawn together by chance, half armed and undis- ciplined, be able to contend with victorious troops, which wanted nothing, and would hardly part with what they had got? But his majesty could not re- fuse to give them leave to attempt ,vhat they be- lieved they could go through \vith; and Middleton, ,vho had promised them to come to them, when he was assured he should be enabled to carryover wi th him two thousand men, and good store of arms, thought hinlseJf obliged to venture his life with OF 'THE REBELI..IO . thenl \vho expected him, though he could carry no more with hiIn than is mentioned; and by his beha- viour there, notwithstanding all discouragements, he manifested how much he would have done, if others had perforlned half their promises. It will not be alniss in this place to 111ention an adventure that was made during his being in the Highlands, ,vhich deserves to be recorded for the honour of the undertakers. There was attending upon the king a young gentleman, one 1\11". vV ogan, a very handsome k person, of the age of three or four and twenty. This gentleman had, when he was a youth of fifteen or sixteen years, heen, by the corruption of sonle of his nearest friends, engaged in the p rlÜunent service against the king; \vhere the eminency of his courage made hin1 so much taken notice o that he was of general estinlation, and beloved by all; but so Inuch in the friendship of Ireton, under ,vhonl he had the command of a troop of horse, that no man was so much in credit with him. By the time of the lllurder of the king he \vas 80 Inuch hnproved in age and understand- ing, that, by that horrible and Ï1npious nlurder, and by the inforlnation and advice of sober men in his conversation, he gre\v into so great a detestation of all that people, that he thought of nothing but to repair his H\Vn reputation, by taking vengeance of those who had cozened and nlisled him: and in order thereunto, as soon as the nlarquis of Orlnolld resumed the governnlcnt of Ireland again for thc king, ("rhich was the only place then \vhere any arms \vere borne for his majesty,) captain 'Vogan k handsome J beautiful E4 55 BOOK XIV. 1655. 56 'l'lIE HIS'fOR Y ] 655. repaired thither to him through Scotland; and. be- haved himself \vith such signal valour, that the n1ar- quis of Orn10nd gave him the command of his own guards, and every man the testimony of deserving it. He came over ,vith the marquis into France; and, being restless to be in action, no sooner heard of .l\liddleton's being arrived in Scotland, than he resolved to find hilTIself \vith hiln; and immediately asked the king's leave not only for hilllself, but for as Hlany of the young Inen about the court as he could persuade to go ,vith hiln; declaring to his majesty, "that he resolved to pass through Eng- "land." The king, who had much grace for him, dissuaded him from the undertaking, for .the diffi- culty and danger of it, and denied to give him leave. But neither his majesty, nor the marquis ofOrnlond, could divert hinl; and his Ï111portunity continuing, he was left to follo,v his inclinations: and there was no news so lnuch talked of in the court, as that cap- tain \V ogan would go into England, and from thence n1arch into Scotland to general.l\liddleton; and n1any young gentlell1en, and others, ,vho were in Paris, listed themselves ,vith him for the expedition. He ","ent then to the chancellor of the exchequer; 'v ho, during the time of the king's stay in France, exe- cuted the office of secretary of state, to desire the despatch of such passes, letters, and com missions, as were necessary for the affair he had in hand. The chancellor had much kindness for him, and having heard of his design by the common talk of the court, and from the free 1 discourses of some of those who resolved to go with him, represented "the danger BOOK XIV. 1 free] loose O . 'rHE n,EHEI LION. " of the enterprise to himself, and the dishonour " that would reflect upon the king, for suffering " men under his pass, and ,vith his conllnission, to " expose themselves to inevitable ruin: that it ,vas " no,v the discourse of the to\vn, and ,voltld \vithout h doubt be known in England and to Cron1\vell, be- " fore he and his friends could get thither, so that "it ,vas likely III they would be apprehended the 'first minute they set their foot on shore; and "ho\v nluch his own particular person ,vas Inore " liable to danger than other men's he knew well ;" and, upon the ,vhole lllatter, very earnestly n dis- suaded hin1 frolll proceeding farther. He answered ll10st of the particular considera.. tions with contelllpt of the danger, and confidence of going through with it, but with no kind of rea- son (a talent that did not then abound in him) to make it appear probable. "\Vhereupon the chancellor expressly refused to make his despatches, till he could speak with the king; "with whom," he said, " he would do the best he could to persuade his " majesty to hinder his journey;" with ,vhich the captain ,vas provoked to so great passion, that he broke into tears, and besought hinl not to dissuade the king; and seemed so much transported with the resolution of the adventure, as if he would not out- live the disappointment. This passion so far pre- vailed with the king, that he caused all his de- spatches to be made, and delivered to him. And the very next day he and his conlpanions, being seven or eight in numher, went out of Paris toge- ther, and took post for Calais. m it was likely] Not in IS. n earnestly] positively 57 BOOK XIV. 1655. nOOK XIV. J 655. 58 'rHE lIIS'rORY They landed at Dover, continued their journey to London, and walked the to"\\rn; stayed there above three \veeks, till they had bought horses, which they quartered at common inns, and listed IDen enough of their friends and acquaintance to prosecute their purpose. And then they appointed their rendezvous at Barnet, nlarched out of London as Cromwell's soldiers, and from Barnet were full fourscore horse ,veIl armed and appointed, and quar- tered that Ilight at St. Alban's; and from thence, by easy journeys, but out of the common roads, Inarched safely into Scotland; beat up some quar- ters ,vhich lay in their way, and without any mis- adventure joined l\liùdleton in the Highlands; where poor 'Vogan, after many brave actions per- forn1ed there, received upon a party an ordinary flesh wound; which, for want of a good surgeon, proved mortal to hiln, to the very great grief of Middleton, and all who kne,v hiln. lVlany of the troopers, ,vhen they could stay no longer there, found their way again through England, and re- turned to the king. In the distress which the king suffered during his abode in France, the chancellor of the exche- quer's part \vas the luost uneasy and grievous. For though all who were angry \vith hhn were as angry with the luarquis of Ormond, ,vho lived in great friendship with him, and was in the same trust with the king in all his counsels which were reserved from others; yet the marquis's quality, and the great services he had perfornled, and the great suf- ferings he underwent for the crOWD, nlade hinI above all their exceptions: and they believed his aversion from all their devices to make marriages, and to 01 1 " -'rI-IE RJ BELLION. 59 traffic in religion, proceeded most fron1 the credit BOO K the other had ,vith hin1. And the queen's displea-. XIV, sure g re,v so notorious against the chancellor, that TI ] 655. , le queen s after he found by deO'rees 0 that she would not displeasure b against the speak to hiln, nor take any notice of hin1 \vhen she chancellor . . . h of the ex- sa"T hIn1, he forbore at last conung In er presence; chequer in and for many n10nths did not see her face, though France. he had the honour to lodge in the same house the palace royal, ,,-here both their majesties kept their courts; which encouraged all ,vho desired to ingra- tiate themselves with her majesty, to express a great prejudice to the chancellor, at least to withdraw from his con versation: and the queen was not re- served in declaring, that she did exceedingly desire to remove hirn fronI the king; ,vhich nothing kept him from desiring also, in so uncolllfortable a condi- tion, but the conscience of his duty, and the confi- dence his majesty had Ïn his fidelity. This disinclination towards him produced, at one and the saIne time, a contrivance P of an odd nature, and a union bet,veen two seemingly q irreconcileable factions, the papists and the presbyterians: which was discovered to the king by a false brother, before the chancellor had any intin1ation of it. The lord A petition B I . · h D F . d h S intended of a carrIS, 'V It r. raZJer, an some ot er cots the Scottish about the court thou g ht themselves enou g h q uali- pre8byteri- , ans by Bal- fied to undertake in the name of all the presb y - carri and - Frazier terians; and caused a petition to be prepared, in that Hi; . . chancellor which they set out, "that the presbyterIan party of the ex- " h d t ffi t . t h .. d 1 chequer a grea a ec Ions 0 serve IS majesty, an muc 1 mi ht be " power to do it; and that they had Dlany proposi- removed, " tions and ad vices to offer to his Inajesty for the o by degrees] Not in MS. v contrivance] conspirac). ') seemingly] ver) 60 'fHE HIS"rOR Y BOOK "advancenlent thereof: but that they \vere dis- XIV. _" couraged, and hindered from offering the same, ] 655. "by reason that his majesty intrusted his whole af- " fairs to the chancellor of the exchequer; "rho ,vas "an old kno\vn and declared enemy to all their " party; in whOln they could repose no trust: and " therefore they besought his nlajesty, that he might " be renloved from his council, at least not be suf- " fered to be privy to any thing that should be pro- "posed by them; and they should then nlake it " appear how ready and ho"' able they were in a " very short tinle to advance his Inajesty's affairs." And of the Another petition was prepared in the name of his Roman ca- . t.holics also, ROlDan catholic subjects; which said, "that all hIS against him. ., h . h h d dh d h . " InaJesty s party W IC a a ere to 1111, were "now totally suppressed; and had, for the nlost " part, compounded with his enemies, and sublDitted " to their government: that the church-lands were " all sold, and the bishops dead, except very few, " \vho durst not exercise their function: so that he " could expect no lllore aid fronl any who were con- " cerned to support the go ernment of the church " as it had been formerly established: that by the " defeat of duke Hanlilton's party r first, and then " by his Inajesty's ill success at ,V orcester, and the " total reduction of the kingdom of Scotland after- "wards by Crom\vell, his nlajesty l1light conclude " what greater aid he was to expect from the pres- "byterian party. Nothing therefore relnained to " him of hope for his restoration, but from the af- "fection of his Ronlan catholic subjects; who, as " they would never be ,vanting as to their persons, r party] army OF 'fHE ItEßELLIOX. 61 " and their estates \vhich \vere left, so they had B {} 0 K XIV, "hope to dra,v from the catholic princes, and the " pope hin1self, such considerable assistance both in 1655. " n1en and n10ney, that his 111ajesty should owe his " restitution, under the blessing of God, to the sole " po\ver and assistance of the catholics. But they "had great reason to fear, that all these hopes " \vould be obstructed and rendered of no use, not " only by there being no person about his lllajesty " in ,vhom the catholics could have any confidence, " but by reason that the person Inost trusted by " hin1, and through ,,,hose hands all letters and de- " spatches n1ust pass, is a known enelny to all ca- " tholics; and therefore they besought his majesty, " that that person, the chancellor of the exchequer, " lllight Le rem ved fr0111 him; \vhereupon he should " find great benefit to accrue to his service." It ,vas concluded amongst thelll s, that \vhen these t\VO pe- titions should be \veighed and considered, the queen would easily convince his majesty, that a person \vho ,vas so odious to all the Roman catholics, from \v hose affections his luajesty had lTIOst reason to promise himself relief, and to all the protestants ,,'ho could contribute to his assistance or subsistence, could not he fit to be continued in any trust about him. 'Vhen nlatters ,vere thus adjusted, which ,vere the longer in preparation, because the persons con- cerned could not, \"ithout suspicion and scandal, The design t t th L b d . h b discovered mee oge er, ut "'''ere to e treate 'V It y per- by olle Mr. sons lllutuall J " em p lo J Ted one 1\11'. 'V. alsin g ham a \Valsing- , , ham to the person very ,veIl known to all Inen \vho at that líÏng-; which . quashed tune kne\v the palace royal, ,vho had been em- them both. , It was concluded amongst them] They concluded 6Q 'rHE HIS'rOI{ Y 1655. ployed in the affair, came to the king, and, \vhether out of ingenuity, and dislike of so foul a c01l1bina- tion, or as he thought the discovery ,vould be grate- ful to his majesty, infornled him of the whole in- trigue, and gave a copy of the petitions to the king; who she\ved them to the marquis of Ornlond, and the chancellor of the exchequer; and informed them of the whole design t. And from this time his ma- jesty made hilnself very merry with it 11, and spoke of it sometimes at dinner, ,vhen the queen \vas pre- sent; and asked pleasantly, " when the two petitions "\vould be brought against the chancellor of the " exchequer?" ,vhich being quickly kno\vn to some of the persons engaged in the prosecution, they gave it over, and thought not fit to proceed any farther in it; though both parties x continued their inlplacable malice towards him, nor did he find any ease or quiet by their giving over that design, their animosities against hin1 still breakitIg out one after another, as long as the king remained in France; the queen taking all occasions to complain to the queen regent of the king's unkindness, that she Inight impute all that she disliked to the chancellor; and the queen mother of France was like to be very tender in a point that so much concerned herself, that any 111an should dare to interpose between the Inother and the son. There was an accident fell out, that adnlinistered some argument to make those complaints appear more reasonable. The cardinal de Retz had always expressed great civilities towards th king, and a desire to serve him; and upon some occasional con- BOOJ{ XIV. t design] intrigue 11 with it] with the design x parties] factions OF 'rI-If J-tEBELLIO.N. 6!l ference between them, the cardinal asked the king, HOOK d XIV. " whether he had made any attenlpt to raw any " assistance from the pope, and ,vhether he thought 1,655. . A discourse " that nothing might be done that ,vay to hIS ad- o t e . . ld h . h . h d b l\mg S with " vantage?" The kIng to 1m, "not lng a een cudinal de U attempted that way; and that he was better able Retz. " to judge, \vhether the pope ,vas like to do any thiug " for a man of his faith." The cardinal smiling, said, " he had no thought of speaking of his faith;" yet in short, he spoke to him like a ,vise and honest man; " that if any overtures 'v ere made him of the change " of his religion, he must tell his majesty, it beconles y "hÍIn as a cardinal to ,vish his majesty a catholic " for the saving his soul; but he n1ust declare too, " that if he did change his religion, he ,vould never " be restored to his kingdoms." But he said, "he " did believe," (though the pope "ras old, and much decayed in his generosity; for Innocent the Tenth ,vas then living,) "that if some proper application " was made to the princes of Italy, and to the pope " himself, though there would not be gotten ,vhere- " withal to raise and maintain arn1ies, there Inight " be sOlnewhat considerahle ohtained for his lnore "pleasant support, ,vherever he should choose to "reside." He said, "he had himself some alliance " ,vith the great duke, and interest in other courts, " and in ROlne itself; and if his Inajesty ,vou1d give " him leave, and trust his discretion, he ,,,ould \vrite " in such a Inanner in his O\\rn name to some of his " friends, as should not be of any prejudice to his " ll1ajesty, if it brought hÍln no convenience." The king had reason to acknowledge the obligation, and Y becomes] became 64 THE IJIST()U ,yo BOO K to leave it to his own wisdoln, '\1 hat he \\rould do. XIV. In the conclusion of the discourse, the cardinal asked ] 655. his nlajestya question or t\VO of matter of fact, which he could not ans\ver; hut told him, " he would give " a punctual inforn1ation of it the next day in a let- " ter:" \vhich the cardinal desired might be as soon as his Inajesty thought fit, because he ,vould, upon the receipt of it, make his despatches into Italy. The particular things being out of the king's me- mory, as soon as he returned, he asked the chancellor of the exchequer concerning them; and having re- ceived a punctual account from him, his majesty writ a letter the next day to the cardinal, and gave him inforlnation as to those particulars. 'Vithin very few days after this, the cardinal conling one day to the Louvre to see the queen mother, he was The car- arrested by the captain of the guard, and sent pri- dinal de Retz sent soner to the Bastille; and in one of his pockets, : 1 1e Bas- which they searched, that letter the king had sent to him \vas found, and delivered to the queen regent; who presently imparted it to the queen of England; and after they }Jad nlade themselves merry with some improprieties in the French, the king having, for the secrecy, not consulted with any body, they discovered some purpose of applying to the pope, and to other catholic princes; and that his majesty should enter upon any such counsel, without first consulting \vith the qneen his nlother, could proceed only fronl the instigation of the chancellor of the ex- chequeI'. Her majesty, \vith a very great proportion of sharpness, reproached the king for his neglect, and gave hinl his letter. The king was exceedingly sensihle of the little respect the queen rnother had OF TJ-IE REBELLION. 65 shewed towards him, in communicating his letter in BOO lot. that nlanner to his mother; and expostulated with XIV. her for it; and took that occasion to enlarge more 1(,55. upon the injustice of his nlother's complaints, than he had ever done. And from that time the queen nlother, who was in truth a very ,vorthy lady, shew- ed nluch more kindness to the king.' And a little time after, there being a masque at the court that the king liked very ,veIl, he persuaded the chancellor to see it; and vouchsafed, the next night, to carry hinl thither himself, and to place the marquis of Or- mond and him next the seat ,vhere all their majesties were to sit. And ,vhen they entered, the queen re- gent asked, " who that fat man ,vas who sat by the " marquis of Ormond?" The king told her aloud, " that was the naughty man who did all the mis- " chief, and set him against his mother :" at which the queen herself ,vas little less disordered than the chancellor ,vas Z. But they within hearing laughed so ITIuch, that the queen was not displeased; and somewhat ,vas spoken to his advantage, whom few thought to deserve the reproach. At this time the king was informed by the French Prince .Ru- " h · R h h d b I pert with court, t at prInce upert, w 0 a . een so ong his fleet ar- " absent, having gone with the fleet from Holland : t::. " before the murder of the late king, and had not " been heard of in sonle years, ,vas now upon the " coast of France, and soon after at N antes, in the " province of Bretagne, with the Swallow, a ship of " the king's, and ,vith three or four other ships: and " that the Constant Reformation, another ship of the " king's, in ,vhich prince Maurice had been, was cast Z chancellor was] iUS. adds.. who blushed very much VOL. VII. F 66 THE HISTORY 1655. " a\vay in the Indies near two years before; and " that prince Rupert hinlself was returned with very "ill health." The king sent presently to welcon1e him, and to invite him to Paris to attend his health; and his majesty presumed that, by tbe arrival of this fleet, which he thought must be very rich, he should receive some money, that would enable hÎ1n to re- nlove out of France; of which he was as weary as it was of him. Great expectation ,vas raised in the English court, that there would be some notable change upon the arrival of this prince; and though he had professed much kindness to the chancellor of the exchequer, when he parted. from Holland, yet there was hope that he ,vould not appear now his friend, the rather for that he had left Ireland with son1e declared un- kindness towards the n1arquis of Ormond. And all men knew that the attorney general, \vho was unsa.. tisfied with every body, would have lnost influence upon that prince; and that his highness could not be without credit enough with the king to introduce him into busir.ess; which they thought would at least lessen the chancellor. I n order to which, it was no sooner known that prince Rupert was landed in France, but the lord Jermyn visited and made great court to sir Edward Herbert; between ,vhom and him there had been greater show of animosity than bet\veen any two of the nation \vho were beyond the seas, they having for SODle years seldon1 spoken to, never well of, each other. And Herbert, who was of a rough and proud I13ture, had declared publicly, "that he ,vould have no friendship with any man " ,vho believed the other to be an honf:st lnan." Be- tween these two a great friendship is suddenly made; BOOK XIV. OF THE REBELLION. G7 and the attorney is every day \vith the queen, \",ho noo K had shewed a greater aversion from hÍ1n than fronl XIV. any man, not only upon the business of the duke of I G55. York, but upon l11any other occasions. But no,v she conlmended hinl to the king, " as a wise Ina11, " of great experience, and of great interest in Eng- " land." FroJn the death of sir Richard Lane, who had been keeper of the great seal under his late majesty, there had not only been no officer in that place, hut, fronl the defeat at \V orcester, the king had been \vithout any great seal, it having been there lost. But he had lately employed a graver to prepare a great seal; \vhich he kept himself, not intending to confer that office, whilst he renlained abroad. But The queen h h k . I mother now t e queen pressed t e lng very earnest y, to mons the Inake the attorne y g eneral lord kee p er of the g reat king to make H r- seal; which was a promotion ver y natural, ßlen 01"- hert lord keeper" dinarily l ising frolll the one office to the other. The and he'i:i king kne\v the man very \vell, and had neither esteem made. nor kindness for him; yet he well foresaw, that \vhen prince Rupert came to him, he should he pressed both by his nlother and hi In so ÍInportunately, that he should not with any ease he able to refuse it. Then he helieved that, if the nlan hilnself \vere in good humour, he ,,"ould be of great lise in composing any ill humour that should arise in the prince; to which it was apprehended he ll1ight be apt to be in- clined. And therefore his majesty thought it best (since nobody dissuaded hinl from the thing) to oblige him frankly himself before the prince came; and so called him to his council, and made him lord keeper of the great seal; \vith \vhich he seemed wonder- fully delighted; and for some tin1e lived ,veIl to\vards F2 (;8 TI-IE HISTORY BOOK every body; though, as to any thing of business, he XIV. appeared only in his old excellent faculty of raising 1655. doubts, and objecting against any thing that was proposed, and proposing nothing hiInself; ,vhich was a temper of understanding he could not rectify, and, in the present state of affairs, did less mischief than it ,vou!d have done in a time when any thing . was to have been done. Prince. Ru- Before the prince came to Paris he gave the king pert gIves h d . . d h h . . an ill ac- SUC an account, as ma e It eVI ent t at IS majesty count of his t h h h d fleet, ,vas to expec no money: "t at w at treasure a "been gotten together, which, he confessed, had " anlounted to great value, had been all lost in the " ship in ,vhich himself was," (that sprung a plank in the Indies, when his highness was miraculously preserved,) "and, in the boat, carried to another " ship, when that the Antelope, with all the men, " and all that had been gotten, sunk in the sea; and " that llluch of the other purchase had been like,vise " cast a,vay in the ship in \vhich his brother perished; " which was after his own misfortune:" so that all that was brought into Nantes would scarce pay..off the S"ealnen, and discharge some debts at Toulon, which the prince had contracted at his former being there, during the time that the king had been in Holland: and, " that the ships were all so' eaten " with worms, even the Swallow itself, that there " was no possibility of setting them out again to "sea." This was all the account the king could re- ceive of that whole affair, when the prince himself callle to Paris; with ,vhich though the king was not. satisfied, yet he knew not how to' remedy it, the prince taking it very ill that any account should be required of him; and the keeper quickly persuaded OF rr'IIE REBELLION. 69 his highness, that it was only the chancellor of the ß 0 0 K exchequer's influence, that disposed the king with XIV. so l11uch strictness to exan1ine his account. 1655. There ,vas another design no,v set on foot, by An affai.r · ffi . I concernJnf{ ,vhlch they concluded they should su Clent y moI'- :\Ir. Long; tify the chancellor; who, they thought, had still too ; : :se;he much credit with his master. 'Vhen the kin g ,vent kin t g tO d b t e res ore 0 into Scotland 1\11'. Robert Long, ,vho hath been the secre- , bry mention d before, was secretary of state; who, haV-place. ing been always a creature of the queen's, and de- pendent upon the lord J ernlyn, had so behaved hinl- self to\vards them, during his short stay in Scotland, (for he was one of those ,vho was removed fronl the king there, and sent out of that kingdom,) that \vhen his majesty returned from "T orcester to Paris, they would by no means suffer that he should ,vait upon his majesty; and accused him of nluch breach of trust, and dishonesty, and, amongst the rest, that he should say, ,vhich could be proved, " that it \vas inl- " possible for any man to serve the king honestly, " and to preser\Te the good opinion of the queen, and " keep the lord Jermyn's favour." The truth is, that gentleman had not the good fortune to be ge- nerally well thought of, and the king did not believe him faultless; and therefore was contented to satisfy his mother, and \vould not permit him to execute his office, or to attend in his councils. ',Vhereupon he left the court, and lived privately at Rouen; which was the reason that the chancellor had been conl- manded to execute that place, which entitled him to so mucþ trouble. Upon this conjunction hetw.cen the lord Jermyn and the keeper, the last of \Vh0I11 bad in all times inveighed against 1\1r. Long's ,vant of fidelity, they agreed, that there could not be a F 3 70 'rIfE HIS'rORY BOOK better expedient found out to lessen the chancellor's XIV. credit, than by restoring Long to the execution of J 655. the secretary's function. Whereupon they sent for him, and advised him to prepare a petition to the king, " that he might be again restored to his office " and attendance, or that he might be charged with " his crimes, and be farther punished, if he did not " clear hinlself, and appear innocent." This petition ,vas presented to the king, when he 'vas in council, by the queen; \vho came thither only for that pur.. pose, and desired that it might be read; which be- ing done, the king was surplised, having not in the least received any notice of it; and said, " that her " majesty was the principal cause that induced his " nlajesty to remove hinl from his place, and that "she then believed that he was not fit for the 'trust." She said, " she had no,v a better opinion Is refused "of him, and that she had been misinformed." The hy the king. king thought it unfit to receive a person into so near a trust, against whose fidelity there had been such public exceptions; and his majesty knew that fe\v of his friends in England would correspond with him; and therefore would not be persuaded to re- store him. This was again put all upon the chan. cellor's account, and the influence he had upon the king. 'Vhereupon Thereupon Mr. Lon g accused the chancellol" of !\Ir. Long accuses the having betrayed the king; and undertook to prove chancellor . . of the ex- that he had been over In England, and had prIvate chequer of.e. . h C II h . h . his bM.ving COnlerenCe WIt rOm\Ve: W IC was an asperSIon : : d, so impossible, that every body laughed at it: yet and coo: because he undertook to prove it, the chancellor \"Crsed wIth (;romwell. pressed," that a day might be appointed for him to "produce his proof:" and at that day the queen OF rrHE REBELLION. 71 cam again to the council, that she might be pre- BOOK sent at the charge. There Mr. Long produced Mas- XIV. sonet, a n1an who had served him, and afterwards 1655: · d . The bUSl- been an under-clerk for wrIting letters an commlS- ness heard sions, during the time of the king's being ill Scot- a::::: l s land, and had been taken prisoner at \V orcester ; produced as a hearsay and, being released with the rest of the king's ser- itness of vants, had been elnployed, from the time of the It. king's return, in the sanle service under the chan- cellor; the man having, before the troubles, taught the king, and the duke of York, and the rest of the king's children to write, being indeed the best writer, a for the fairness of the hand, of any man in that time. Massonet said, "that after his release fron1 his " imprisonlnent, and whilst he stayed in London, be " spoke with a luaid, who bad formerly served hiIn, " that knew the cbancellor very well, and who as- " sured hÏ111, that one evening she had seen the " chancellor go into Cromwell's chan1ber at White- " hall; and after he had been shut up with him " SOlne hours, she saw him conducted out again." And 1\11'. Long desired time, that he might send over for this woman, who should appear and justify it. To this hnpossible discourse, the chancellor said, " he would n1ake no other defence, than that there " were persons then in the town, who, he was con- " fident, would avow that they had seen him once " every day, from the tinle he returned from Spain "to the day on which he attended his majesty at " Paris;" as indeed there were; and when he had said so, he offered to go out of the rooln; which the it the best writer,] MS acld$: in Latin as well as English, }' 4 7Q 'rHE HIS'!'ORY BOO K king would not have him to do. But he told his XIV. majesty," that it was the course; and that he ] 655. "ought not to be present at the debate that was "to concern himself;" and the keeper, with some warmth, said,' " it was true;" and 80 he retired to his own chamber. The lord Jermyn, as soon as he was gone, said, "he never thought the accusation "bad any thing of probabi1ity in it; and that he " believed the chancellor a very honest man: but " the use that he thought ought to be n1ade of this " calumny, was, that it appeared that an honest " and innocent n1an might be calumniated, as he " thought Mr. Long had likewise been; and there- " fore they ought both to be cleared." The keeper said, "he saw not ground enough to conden1n the " chancellor; but he saw no cause neither to de- "clare him innocent: that there was one witness " which declared only what he had heard; but that " he undertook also to produce the witnèss herself, " if he n1ight have time; which in justice could not " be denied; and therefore he proposed, that a COlTI- " petent time n1ight be given to 1\11'. Long to n1ake "out his proof; and that in the mean time the " chancellor might not repair to the council:" with which proposition the king was so offended, that, with much warmth, he said, " he discerned well the " design; and that it was so false and wicked a " charge, that, if he had no other exception against " Mr. I ong than this foul and foolish accusation, it "was cause enough never to trust him." And therefore be presently sent for the chancellor, and; as soon as he came in, commanded him to sit in his The ,king place; and told hinI, " he was sorry he .was not in a acqmts the d . . d h . .. h d I chanceJIor. "con Itlon to 0 1m n10re JustIce t an to ec are Ol ' THE IlEBELLION. 73 " him innocent;" which he did do, and commanded BOOK the clerk of the council to draw up a full order XIV. for his vindication, which his majesty himself wou]d J 655. sIgn. The keeper could not contain himself from ap- The keepl'r . h J I d d . d " . f h h accuses the pearlng very 11lUC trou ) e : an sal, I w at e chanceIlor " heard from a person of honour, who, he thought, : I:e;:f " ,vou]d justify it, were true, the chancellor had ha\O k ing ' II spo en 1 " aspersed the king in such a manner, and so much oftbe king. " reviled b his majesty in point of his honour, that " he was not fit to sit there." The chancellor was wonderfully surprised "rith the charge; and humbly besought his majesty, " that the lord keeper might " produce his author, or be looked upon as the con- "triver of the scandal." The keeper answered, " that if his majesty would appoint an hour the " next day for the council to meet, he would pro- "duce the person, ,vho, he "ras confident, would " justify all he had said." The next day, the king being sat in council, The lord . Gerard pro- the keeper desIred that the lord Gerard might be duced to called in ; ,vho presently appeared; and being asked, prove it. " whether he had at any time heard the chanceUor " of the exchequer speak ill of the king?" he an- swered, " Yes." And thereupon made a relation of a conference that had passed bet,veen the chancellor and him a year before, "rhen the king lay at Chan- tilly; " that one day, after dinner, the king took " the air, and being in the field his majesty alighted " out of his coach, and took his hors , ,vith other of " the lords, to ride into the next field to see a dog " &et partridge; and that he, the lord Gerard, and h reviled] depraved 74 1.'HE HI S'rOR Y BOOK "the chancellor remained in the coach, when he en- XIV. "tered into discourse of the king's condition; and 1655. "said, that he thought his l11ajesty was not active " enough, nor did think of his business; and, that "the chancellor, ,vho was known to have credit ",vith him, ought to advise him to be active, for 6' his honour and his interest; otherwise, his friends " would fall fronl him. But, that it was generally " believed, that he, the chancellor, had no mind that "his l11ajesty should put himself into action, but " was rather for sitting still; and therefore it con- " cerned him, for his own justification, to persuade " the king to be active, and to leave France, where "he could not but observe that every body was " weary of him. To all which the chancellor took " great pains to purge himself froln being in the " fault; and said, that nobody could think that he " could take delight to stay in a place where he was " so ill used; but laid all the fault upon the king; " who, he said, ,vas indisposed to business, and took " too much delight in pleasures, and did not love "to take pains; for which he was heartily sorry, " but could"not he]p it; which," Gerard said, "he " thought was a great reproach and scandal upon " the king, from a man so obliged and trusted, who " ought not to asperse his master in that l11anner." The chancellor was a little out of countenance; The chan- and said, "he did not expect that accusation from cellor's de- . fence. " any body, less that the lord Gerard should dlS- " còver any private discourse that had passed a year U before between thelll two, and which appeared by " his relation to have been introduced by himselt " and by his own freedom: that whosoever believed " that he had a mind to traduce the king, would OF THE REBELLION. " never believe that he would have chosen the lord " Gerard, who was known to be none of his friend, " to have communicated it to." He said, "he did " very well remember, that the lord Gerard did, at " that time \vhen they two remained alone in the " coach, very passionately censure the king's not be- " ing active, and blamed hhn, the chancellor, for not " persuading his majesty to put himself into action; " and that he was generally believed to be in the "fault. Upon which he had asked him, what he " did intend by being active, and \vhat that action "was, and where, to which he wished the king " should be persuaded? He answered, with an in- " crease of passion, and addition of oaths, that ra- " ther than sit stiU in France, his Dlajesty ought to " go to every court in Christendom; that, instead " of sending an ambassador who was not fit for any " business, he should have gone himself to the diet " at Ratisbon, and solicited his own business; which " would have been more effectual: and that, if he " could not find any other way to put himself into " action, he ought to go into the Highlands of Scot- " land to Middleton, and there try his fortune.': To all which the chancellor said, he did remember that he replied, " he believed the king was indisposed to " any of that action he proposed: and though he " did not believe that he had used those expressions, " of the king's delighting in pleasures, and not lov- " ing business so well as he ought to do, if the lord " Gerard \vould positively affirm he had, he would "rather confess it, and submit himself to his ma- " jesty's judgment, if he thought such words pro- " ceeded from any malice in his heart towards him, "than, by denying it, continue the debate:" and 75 BOOK XIV. 1655. BOOK XIV. 1655. 76 THE HIs'rOllY then he offered to retire; which the king forbid him to do; upon which the keeper was very angry; and said, " the ,\Tords alTIounted to an offence of a "high nature; and that he was sorry his majesty " was no more sensible of thenl: that for any man, " especially a counsellor, and a man in so near trust, " to accuse his master of not loving his business, " and being inclined to ple sures, was to do all he " could to persuade all men to forsake hinl;" and proceeding with his usual warmth and positiveness, the king interrupted him; and said, " he did really " believe the chancellor had used those very words, " because he had often said that, and much lTIOre, to " himself; which he had never taken ill: that he " did really believe that he was himself in fault, and " did not enough delight in his business; which \vas " not very pleasant; but he did not know that such " putting himself into action, which was the corn- " mon word, as the lord Gerard advised, was like to "be attended with those benefits, \vhich, he was " confident, he \vished." I n fine, he declared, " he " \vas very well satisfied in the chancellor's affec- " tion, and took nothing ill that he had said;" and directed the clerk of the council to enter such his 111ajesty's declaration in his book; with which both the keeper and the lord Gerard were very ill satis- fied. But from that time there \vere no farther public attempts against the chancellor, during the time of his majesty's abode in France. But it may not be unseasonable to insert in this place, that after the king's return into England, there caIne the \Vo- man to the chancellor, who had been carried over to Rouen by 1\lassonet, and inlportuned by Mr. Long to testify that she had seen the chancellor with O:P '".rHE REBELLION. 77 Crom\vell; for which she should have a present liberal re\vard in money from him, and a good ser- vice at Paris; which when the WOll1an refused to do, he gave her money for her journey back, and so she returned: of \vhich the chancellor informed the king. But 1\11'. Long himself coming at the same tin1e to him, and making great ackno\vledgments, and asking pardon, the chancellor frankly remitted the injury c; which Mr. Long seemed to acknow- ledge \vith great gratitude ever after. The king, wearied ,vith these domestic vexations, as well as \vith the uneasiness of his entertainment, and the change he every day discovered in the countenance of the French court to hÎll1, gre\v very inlpatient to leave France; and though he \vas to- tally disappointed of the expectation he had to re- f ccive money by the return of prince Rupert with that fleet, he hoped that, when the prizes should be sold, and all the seamen discharged, and prince Rupert be d satisfied his demands, which were very large, there \vould be still left the ships, and ordnance, and tackling, which (though they required great charge to be fitted out again to sea, yet) if sold, he presurned, would yield a good sum of money to en- able him to remove, and support him some time after he was removed; for there were, besides the ship itself, fifty good brass guns on board the Swal- low, which were very valuable. His majesty there- fore writ to prince Rupert, (who was returned to Nantes to discharge some sean1en, who still re- mained, and to sell the rest of the prizes,) " that he " should find some good chapmen to buy the ships, C remitted the injury] .lJIlS. more words of it adds: and would make no d be] Not in /JIS. BOOK XIV. 1655. BOOK XIV. 1655. 78 THE HIS'rORY " and ordnance, and tackle, at the value they \vere " worth :" which \vas no sooner kno\vn at N antes, than there appeared Chap111en enough, besides the marshal of lVlelleray, \vho being governor of that place, and of the 'province, had lnuch money always e by him to layout on such occasions. And the prince writ the king \vord, "that he had then a good chap- " luan, who would pay well for the brass cannon; " and that he should put òff all the rest at good "rates." But he ,vrit again the next week, "that, "when he had even finished the contract for the " brass cannon, there came an order from the court, " that no man should presume to buy the brass can- "non, and to marshal Melleray to take care that " they were not carried out of that port." The prince apprehended, that this unexpected re- I straint proceeded from some claim and demand fron1 Crolnwell; and then expected, that it would like- wise relate to the Swallow itself, if not to the other ships; and the marshal contributed to and cherished this jealousy, that the better markets D1ight be made of all the rest; himself being always a sharer with the merchants, \vho I11ade any purchases of that kind: as he had, from the time that his highness first came into that port, always insinuated into hinl in confidence, and under great good-will and trust, " that he should use all expedition in the sale of the " prizes, lest either Crolnwell should demand tIle " whole, <\vhich he ll1uch doubted,) or that the Iner- "chants, owners of the goods, should, upon the " hearing where they were, send and arrest the said "ships and goods, and deilland restitution to he " made of theln in a course of justice; in either of e always] still OF THE REBELLION. " which cases," he said, "he did not kno,v, consi- " dering how things stood with England, what the "court would determine:" though, he pronlised, " he would extend his authority to serve the prince, " as far as he could with his own safety; and defer "the publishing and execution of any orders he " should receive, till the prince might facilitate the " despatch," and by this kind advice very good bar- gains had been made for those goods which had been sold; of \vhich the nlarshal had an account to his own desire. But \vhen, upon this unwelconle advertisement, the king made his address to the cardinal to l evoke this order; and, as the best reason to oblige hinl to gratify him, told him "that the money, \vhich "should be raised upon the sale of those cannon, " \vas the only means he had to remove hilnself out " of France, which he intended shortly to do, and " to go to the hither parts of Gerlnany, and that his " sister, the princess of Orange, and he, had SOßle "thoughts of finding themselves together, in the " beginning of the summer, at the Spa:" which in- deed had newly entered into the king's considera- tion, and had been entertained by the princess royal; the cardinal, being ,veIl pleased with the reason, told his majesty, "that this order was not newly lllade, " but had been very ancient, that no merchants or " any private subjects should buy any brass ordnance "in any port, lest ill use nlight be 111ade of theln ; " and that the order \vas not new revived ,vith any "purpose to bring any prejudice to his Jnajesty; , who should be no loser by the restraint; for that " hÌlllself \vonld buy the ordn nce'l and give as luuch " for theln as they were worth; in order to \\Thich, 7!J BOOK XIV. 1655. BOOK XIV. 1655 The king resol ves to go into Germany. 80 'rHE HIS".rORY " he would forthwith send an agent to Nantes to " see the cannon; and, upon conference with a per- " son employed by the king, they two should agree ." upon the price, and then the money should be all " paid together to his majesty in Paris :" intimating " that he would dispute the matter after\val'ds with " Cromwell;" as if he knew, or foresa,v, that he ,vould make some demand. It was 'Yell for the king that this condition was made for the payment of this money in Paris; for of all the money paid or received at N antes, as well for the ships, tackle, and ordnance, as for the prize.. goods, not one penny ever came to the king's hands, or to his use, but \vhat he received at Paris fronl the cardinal for the brass guns which ,vere upon the Swallow; for the valuing whereof the king sent one thither to treat with the officer of the cardinal. All the rest was disposed, as well as received, by prince Rupert; who, when he returned to Paris, gave his majesty a confused account; and averred, "that the " expenses had been so great, that there was not " only no money remaining in his hands, but that " there was a debt still due to a merchant;" which he desired his majesty to promise to satisfy. The king's resolution to go into Germany was very grateful to every body, more fro 111 the weari- ness they had of France, than from the foresight of any benefit and ad vantage that was like to accrue by the remove. But his majesty, who needed no spurs for that journey, was the more disposed to it by the extraordinary importunity of his friends in England; who observing the strict correspondence that was between the cardinal and Cromwell, and knowing that the alliance between them was very OF 'fHE I{EBELLION. 81 near concluded, and being infornled that there \vere BOOK . d .. XIV. conditions agreed upon, ,vhich were very preJu IClal ] 655. to the king, did really apprehend that his majesty's person might be given up; and thereupon they sent Harry Seymour, ,vho, being of his majesty's bed- Ir. Harry .. d . Seymour chalnber, and hav Jng hIS leave to atten hIS own sent to the æ. · E d II k ld b b king- from alJalrS In nglan, they we ne,v wou e e- his friends lieved by the king, and being addressed only to the in England. marquis of Ormond and the chancellor of the exche- quer, he Inight have opportunity to speak with the king privately and undiscovered, and return again with security, as he, an_d divers f messengers of that kind, frequent.ly did. He was sent by the marquis of Hertford and the earl of Southampton, ,vith the privity of those few who were trusted by thein, "to " be very ilnportunate with the king, that he ,vould " remove out of France; and to cOlnmunicate to his " majesty all which they received from persons \vho " ,,,ere adolitted into lllany of the secret resolutions "and purposes of Crolnwell." And because they well knew in what straits the king was for money, they found sonle nleans at that tÍlne to send hÍln a supply of about three thousand pounds; which the king received, and kept with great secrecy. They sent him word likewise, "that \vherever he should "choose to reside out of France, they were confi- " dent his servants in England, under what perse- " cution soever they lay, would send him some sup- " ply: but whilst he relnained in France, nobody " \voltld be prevailed with to send to hhn." 1 he king was glad to be confirmed in the resolution he had taken, by his friends' advice; and that they VOlh VII. f divers] all G BOOK XIV. ] 655. The cardi- naJ pays the king aU his ar- rears from France. 8 THE HIB rOI{Y had in SOlnp degree enablcd him to prosecute it; \vhich ,vas the more valuable, hecause it was kno"rn to none. Yet his debts ,,"ere so great in Paris, and the servants \""ho were to attend him in so ill a con- dition, and so \vithout all con\Teniences for a journey, that, if the cardinal, over and above the Inoney for the cannon, (which the king did not desire to re- ceive till the last,) did not take care for the payn1ent of all the arrears, which \vere due upon the assign- nlent they had Inade to him, he should not be able to make his journey. But in this he received SOlne ease quickly; for "Then the cardinal was satisfied that his majesty had a full resolution to be gone, ,,"hich he still doubted, till he heard from Holland that the princess royal did really provide for her journey to the Spa, he did let the king know, "that, against the tin1e that his " majesty appointed his renlove, his arrears should "be either entirely paid, or so Inuch of his debts "secured to his creditors, as should ,,-ell satisfy " theln; and the rest should be paid to his receiver " for the charge of the journey;" and likewise as- sured his majesty, "that, for the future, the monthly " assignation should be punctually paid to w homso- " ever his majesty would appoint to receive it." This promise ,vas better con1plied \vith than any other that had been Inade, till, sonle years after, the king thought fit to decline the receiving thereof; "rhich will be rememhered in its place. All things being in this state, the king declared his resolution to begin his journey, as soon as he could put hÍlnself into a capacity of moving, upon the receipt of the money he expected, and all pre- parations were ll1ade for enabling tbe family to be OF rrHE ItEBELLION. ready to wait upon his majesty, and for the better regulating and governing it, when the king should be out of France; there having never been any or- der taken g in it \vhilst he remained there, nor could be, because his majesty had al\vays eaten with the queen, and her officers had governed the expense; so that by the failing of receiving money that \vas promised, and by the queen's officers receiving all that was paid, to carryon the expense of their ma- jesty's tahle, \vhich thp king's servants durst not in- quire into, very few of his Inajesty's servants had received any \vages from the time of his coming froBl '" orcester to the ren10ve he was now to make. Nor was it possible now to satisfy then1 what they might in justice expect, but they were to be con- tented \vith such a proportion as could be spared, and \vhich might enable theIn, without reproach and scandal, to leave Paris and attend him h. They were aU nlodest in their desires, hoping that they should be better provided for in another place. But now the king met ,vith an obstruction, that he least sus- pected i, froIn the extraordinary]{ narrO',vness of the cardinal's nature, and his over good husbandry in bargaining. The agent he had sent to N antes to view the cannon, made so many scruples and excep- tions upon the price, and upon the \veight, that spent m lch tin1e; and at last offered much less than they "rere worth, and than the other nlerchant had offered, \vhen the injunction came that restrained him from proceeding. The king knew not what to propose in this. The cardinal said, "he understood g taken] put }1 and attend him] Not in 11-1 S. j suspected] expected k extraordinary] wonderful G2 83 BOOK X 1\'. } 655. 84 1.' 1-1 E 1-1 I s ro R,Y B () 0 K "not the price of cannon himself, and therefore he XIV. "had employed a man that did; and it was reason- ] 655. "able for hin1 to govern himself by his conduct; " ,vho assured hiIn, that he offered as much as they " could reasonably be valued at." It ,vas moved on the king's behalf, " that he would pern1it others to " buy them; ,vhich," he said, " he could not do, he- " cause of the king his master's restraint; and if " any merchant, or other person, should agree for "them, Cromwell would demand them wherever " they should be found; and there were not many " that would dispute the right with him." In con- clusion, the king was compelled to refer the matter to himself, and to accept what he was content to pay; and when all was agreed upon according to his own pleasuI'e, he required new abatements in the manner of paYlnent of the money, all alIo,vance for paying it in gold, and the like, fitter to be insisted on by the meanest Inerchant, than by a member of the sacred college, who would be esteen1ed a prince of the church. r he con i-. 'Vhilst the kinO'In is preparin g for his J - ourne y to bon of kmg b C ar es t?e meet the princess of Orange, it will be fit to look FIrst s chll- b k 1 . I h di · f h f h - b dren after ae a Itt e on t e con tlon 0 t e rest 0 IS 1'0- their fa- h d - Af h h . H . ther'sdeath, t ers an sIsters_ ter t at t e prIncess enrletta had been secretly conveyed from Oatlands into France, by the lady l\loreton her governess, in the year forty-six; and the duke of York, in the year forty-eight, had made his escape m from St. James's; 1 aU] 'as m Whilst the king-n1ade his escape] 'Vhilst the king was preparing for his journey he received news that pleased him - very well, and looked like some addition of strength to him. After the duke of York had made his escape, &c. OF 'I'HE REBELLION. where he, and the rest of the royal family that re- mained in England, were under the care and tuition of the earl of Northulnberland ; the parliament would not suffer, nor did the earl desire, that the rest should remain Jonger under his government. But the other two, the princess Elizabeth and the duke of Glou- cester n, were conunitted to the countess of Leices- ter; to whom such -an allo\vance was paid out of the treasury, as lnight ,veIl defray their expenses with that respect that was due to their birth; which was perforn1ed to\vards them as long as the king their father lived. But as soon as the king was murdered, it was ordered that the children should be removed into the country, that they Inight not be the objects of respect to draw the eyes and application of people towards them. The allowance was retrenched, that their attendants and servants might be lessened; and order was given, " that they should be treated with- " out any addition of titles, and that they should sit " at their meat as the children of the family did, and " all at one table." Whereupon they were removed to Penshurst, a house of the earl of Leicester"s in Kent; where they lived under the tuition of the san1e coun- tess, who observed the order of the parlianlent with obedience enough: yet they were carefuIJy looked to, and treated with as much respect as the lady pre- tended she durst pay to them. There, by an act of providence, 1\11'. Lovel, 0 an honest nlan, who had been recommended to teach the earl of Sunderland, whose mother was a daughter of the house of Leicester, became likewise tutor to n But the other two, the princess Elizabeth and the duke of Gloucester] Hut the othcr three, two princesses and the duke of Gloucester o l\Ir. Lovel,] Not in IJJS. G3 8:J BOOK XIV. lfi55. BOOK XIV. J 655. 86 THE HISTORY the duke of Gloucester; who was, by that Ineans, well taught in that learning that \vas fit for his years, and very ,veIl instructed in the principles of religion, and the duty that he o,ved to the king his brother: all \vhich made the deeper impression in his very pregnant nature, by what his n1emory retained of those instructions ,vhich the king his father had, with much fervour, given him before his death. But shortly after, the princess Elizabeth P and the duke of Gloucester \vere relnoved froln the government of the countess of Leicester, and sent into the Isle of Wight to Carisbrook castle; ,vhere l\iildmay was cap- tain; and the care of them cOlnmitted to him, with an assignation for their nlaintenance; which he ,vas to order, and \vhich in truth was given as a boon to him; and he was required strictly, "that no person " should be permitted to kiss their hands, and that " they should not be otherwise treated than as the " children of a gentleman;" which l\lildmay observ- ed very exactly; and the duke of G]oucester ,vas not called by any other style than, 1\11'. Harry. The tutor was continued, and sent thither q with hinl; which pleased him very well. And here they re- Inained at least two or three years. The princess died in this place; and, according to the charity of that tinle towards Cromwell, very J11any would have it believed to be by poison; of ,vhich there was no appearance, nor any proof ever after n1ade. But \vhether this reproach and suspicion nlade any impression in the lllind of Cromwell, or whether he had any jealousy that the duke of Gloucester, P But shortly after, the prin- cess Elizabeth] One of the prin- cesses died at Penshurst, and shortly after the other princess q thither] hither Ol 'rHE REBELLION. ,vho was now about twelve r years of age, and a prince of extraordinary hopes both from the comeli- ness and gracefulness of his person, and the vivacity and vigour of his wit and understanding, \vhich nlade hilll much spoken of, nlight, at some tÍIne or other, be nlade use of by the discontented party of his 0\\'11 army to give hinl trouble, or whether he ,,,ould she,v the contelnpt he had of the royal falnily, by sending another of it into the ,vorld to try his fortune, he did declare one day to the parliament s, "that he was " well content that the son of the late king, who " \\Tas then in Carisbrook castle, should have liberty " to transport hilnself into any parts beyond the seas, " as he should desire :" \vhich was at that time much wondered at, and not believed; and many thought it a presage of a \vorse inclination; and for some time there was no more speech of it. But notice and advice being sent to the duke by those \vho wished his liberty, that he should prosecute the ob- taining that order and release, he, \vho desired 010st to be out of restraint, sent his tutor, Mr. Lovel, to London, to he advised by friends ,vhat he should do to procure such an order, and warrant, as was ne- cessary for his transportation. And he, by the ad- vice of those who \vished well to the affair, did so dexterously solicit it, that he did not only procure all order fronl the parliament t that gave hÏ1n liberty to go over the seas with the duke, and to require 1\lildmay to perlnit him to embark, but like\vise five hundred pounds froln the cOInmissioners of the trea- sury, which he received, to defray the charges and r twel\'e] fourteen , to the parliament] to hi::, cot! ncil t the parliamcnt] the coullcil G4 87 BOOK XIV. 1655. BOOK XIV. ] G55. 8 1:'HE lIIS'fOlty expenses of the voyage; heing left to provide a ship hill1self, and being obliged to enlbark at the Isle of 'Vight, and not to suffer the duke to go on shore in any other part of England. This happened in the latter end of the year 1652;" and \vas so \vell prosecuted, that, soon after, the king received x advertiselnent fronl his sister in Holland, " that the duke of Gloucester ,vas arrived there; " and would be the next day with her;" which was no sooner kno\vn than the queen very earnestly de- sired, that he might be presently sent for to Pal'is, that she might see hÏ1n; which she had never done since he ,vas about a year old Y; for within such a short time after he was born, the troubles were so far advanced, that her lnajesty Inade her voyage into Holland, and froln that tin1e had never seen hin1. The king could not refuse to satisfy his mother in so reasonable a desire, though lIe did Z suspect that there might be a fal'ther purpose in that design of seeing hhn, than was then o,vned. And therefore he had despatched presently a ll1essenger to the Hague, that his brother nlight Inake all possible haste to Paris a. He ,vas accordingly presently sent for, and came safely to Paris, to the satisfaction of all ,vho saw hitn. U This happened in the latter end of the year J 652;] !{ot in MS. x that, soon after, the king received] that, at the time when the king was making his prepa- rations ready to leare France, he received Y a year old] three l110nths old z did] did then a make all possihle haste tu Paris] Thus continued in J.llS,: his majesty having nothing more in his resolution, than that his brother should not make any stay in France, but that he should return again with him into Germany; and with this deter- mination of the king's he was presently sent for, &c. OF TIlE ItEBELl.ION. 89 No\v b all expedition was used to provide for the BOOK king's remove, so generally desired of all; and, for XIV. the future, the charge of governing the expenses of 1655. the family, and of payment of the wages of the ser- vants, and indeed of issuing out all lllonies, as well in journeys as when the court resided any ,vhere, ,vas comn1itted to Stephen Fox, a young man bred Mr. Ste- d o . 1 . f 1 1 d P . }Jhen Fox under the severe ISCIp IDe 0 t Ie or clrcy, now admitted lord chanlùerlain of the kin g 's household. 'fhis Ste- to JlJ nage the klllg's phen Fox was very ,veIl qualified with languages, money. and all other parts of clerkship, honesty, and discre- tion, that were necessary for the discharge of such a trust; and indeed his great industry, Inodesty, and prudence, did very much contribute to the bringing the family, ,vhich for so Iuany years had been under no government, into very good order; by ,vhich his Inajesty, in the pinching straits of his condition, en- joyed very n1uch ease from the tio1e he left Paris. Prince Rupert was now returned from N antes; Prince Ru- d fi d . h h h ld . f h pert leaves an n lng t at e s ou receIve none 0 t e money the king; the cardinal ,vas to I Ja y for the brass ordnance and nd goes , mto Ger- being every day more indisposed by the chagrin hu- man)'. mour of the keeper, (who endeavoured to inflame him against the king, as well as against n10st other men, and thought his highness did not give evidence enough of his concernment and friendship for him, except he fell out with every body ,vith whom he was angry,) resolved to leave the king; wrought upon, no doubt, besides the frowardness of the other tnan, by the despair that seemed to attend the king's fortune; and told his olajesty, " that he was resolved " to look after his òwn affairs in Germany; and first b ow] Not in JltIS. BOOK XIV. 1655. Resigns to him the place of master of the horse. 90 'I'HE HIS'rORY " to visit his .brother in the palatinate, and require " ,vhat was due from him for his appanage; and then " to go to the enlperor, to receive the money that " was due to hiln upon the treaty of Munster;" which ,vas to be all paid by the emperor: from the prosecution of \vhich purpose his nlajesty did not dissuade him; and, possibly, heard it with more in- differency than the prince expected; \vhich raised his natural passion; insomuch, as the day when he took his leave, that nobody lnight inlagine that he had any thoughts ever to return to have any relation to, or dependence upon, the king, he told his majesty, " that, if he pleased, he might dispose of the place " of Inaster of the horse;" in which he had been settled by the late king, and his present majesty had, to preserve that office for him, and to take away the pretence the lord Peircy might have to it, by his having had that office to the prince of 'Vales, re- compensed hitn with the place of lord chamberlain, though not to his full content. But the king Lore this resignation likewise from the prince with the same countenance as he had done his first resolution; and so, towards the end of April, or the beginning of May, his highness left the king, and begun his journey for the palatinate. Shortly after the prince ,vas gone, the king hegun to think of a day for his own departure, and to make a list of his servants he intended should wait upon him. He foresa\v that the only end of his journey was to find some place where he Inight securely at- tend such a conjuncture, as God Almighty should give him, that might invite him to new activity, his present business being to be quiet; and therefore he was wont to say, "that he would provide the best OF 1. HE REBELLION. 91 " he could for it, by having only such about him as BOO K . XIV. " could be quiet." He could not forget the vexatIon the lord keeper had ahvays given hinl, and how im- 1655. possible it was for him to live easily with any body; and so, in the lllaking the list of those ,vho were to go with hinl, he left his name out; ,vhich the keeper could not be long without knowing; and thereupon he caine to the king, and asked him, "whether he " did not intend that he should \vait upon him?" His ßlajesty told hinl, " No; for that he resolved to " make no use of his great seal; and therefore that " he should stay at Paris, and not put himself to the " trouble of such a journey, which he hiIllself intend- " ed to nlake ,vithout the ease and benefit of a coach :" which in truth he did, putting his coach-horses in a waggon, wherein his bed and clothes were carried: nor was he owner of a coach in some years after. The keeper expostulated \vith hÎ1n in vain upon the dishonour that it would be to hin1 to Le left behind, and the next day brought the great seal, and deIi- The lord d . h . d d · d h h Jd . keeper vere It to 1m; an eSIre, "t at e wou sIgn a Herbert " P a p er in which his rnaiest y ackno\vled g ed that he t't' iKns his , a , office to " had received again his great seal froln hÏ1n;" which the king. t.he king very ,viningly signed; and he inlnlediately removed his lodging, and left the court; and never after saw his Inajesty; \vhich did not at all please the queen; who ,vas as much troubled that he ,vas t.o stay where she was, as that he did not go \vith the king. The queen prevailed with the king, at parting, in The queen · I . } · h h } d .t'. . fi d h . f d }Jre,.ai}s a pal'tIcu ar In W lIC e 1a 10rtl e Imsel to eny with the her, \vhich was, "that he would leave the duke of k } ing t t O h ('8 ve e " Gloucester with her;" which she asked with so duke of . Gloucester llluch Importunity, that, ,vithout very nluch disoblig- witb ber. BOOK XIV. 1655. !) THE HIS1'OR Y ing her, he could not resist. She desired hirn " to " consider in what condition he had been bred till " he came into France c, without learning either ex- " ercise or language, or having ever seen a court, or " good company; and being now in a place, and at " an age, that he Inight be instructed in all these, to " carry hin1 away from all these advantages to live " in Germany, would be interpreted by all the world, " not only to be want of kindness towards his brother, " but want of all manner of respect to her." The reasonableness of this discourse, together with the king's utter disability to support him in the condition that was fit for hin1, would easily have prevailed, had it not been for the fear that the purpose was to pervert him in his 'religion; which when the queen had assured the king" was not in her thought, and " that she would not pern1it any such attempt to be " made," his majesty consented to it. Now the day being appointed for his majesty to begin his journey, the king desired that- the chan- cellor of the exchequer might likewise part in the queen's góod grace, at least without her notable dis- favour, she having been d so severe towards hin1, that he had not for some months presumed to be in her presence: so that though he was very desirous to kiss her majesty's hand, he himself knew not how to make any advance towards it. But the day before the king was to be gone, the lord Peircy, who was directed by his majesty to speak in the affair, and who in truth had kindness for the chancellor, and knew the prejudice against him to be very unjust, c till he caIne into France] d she having been] which had Not-in MS. been OF THE ItEBEI..LION. 9S bI'ought him word that the queen was content to see BOOK him, and that he would accompany him to her in the XIV. afternoon. Accordingly at the hour appointed by ) 655. . . . Upon the her nlaJesty, they found her alone In her prIvate king's de- d P · . hd ' h h parture gallery, and the lor elrcy WIt raWJng to t e ot er from end of the room, the chancellor told her l11ajesty, :: :il e " that now she had vouchsafed to admit him into of the ex- chequer had " her presence, he hoped, she would let hitn know an audience . of the queen " the ground of the displeasure she had conceIved mother. "against him; that so having vindicated hin1self "from any fault towards her majesty, he might "leave her with a confidence in his duty, and re- " ceive her comnlands, with an assurance that they " should be punctually obeyed by him." The queen, with a louder voice, and more emotion than she was accustomed to, told him, "that she had been con- " tented to see hinl, and to give hitn leave to kiss ,. her hand, to comply with the king's desires, who " had importuned her to it; otherwise, that he lived " in that lnanner towards her, that he had no rêason " to expect to be ,velcome to her: that she need not " assign any particular Iniscarriage of his, since his " disrespect towards her was notorious to all men; " and that all Inen took notice, that he never came " where she was, though he lodged under her roof," (for the house was hers,) " and that she thought she "had not seen hilTI in six months before; which " she looked upon as so high an affront, that only " her respect towards the king prevailed ,vith her " to endure it." When her majesty made a pause, the chancellor said, "that her inajesty had only mentioned his pu- " nishment, and nothing of his fault: that ho,v great " soever his infirmities were in defect of understand- BOOK XIV. 1655. 94 'rI-IE HISTOR\? " ing, or in good manners, he had yet never been in " Bedlam; which he had deserved to be, if he had " affected to publish to the ,vorld that he was in the " queen's disfavour, by avoiding to be seen by her: " that he had no kind of apprehension that they " \vho thought worst of him, would ever be]ieve him " to he such a fool, as to provoke the wife of his " dead lllaster, the greatness of whose affections to " her was well known to hÎln, and the mother of " the king, ,vho subsisted by her favour, and all this "in France, where himself was a banished person, " and she at home, where she might oblige or dis- " oblige him at her pleasure. So that he was well " assured, that nobody "\vould think hÍ111 guilty of " so nluch folly and n1adness, as not to use all the " endea\"ours he possibly could to obtain her grace " and protection: that it ,vas very true, he had been " long without the presulnption of being in her ma- "jesty's presence, after he had undergone many " sharp instances of her displeasure, and after he " had observed sonle alteration and aversion in her " majesty's looks and countenance, upon his con1ing " into the room where she ,vas, and during the tin1e "he stayed there; ,vhich others likewise observed " so 111uch, that they ,vithdrew from holding any " conversation ,vith him in those places, out of fear " to offend her majesty: that he had often desired, " by several persons, to know the cause of her Ina- " jesty's displeasure, and that he might be admitted "to clear himself from any unworthy suggestions " ,vhich had been made of him to her majesty; but " could never obtain that honour; and therefore he " had conceived, that he was ob1iged, in good man- "ners, to remove so unacceptable an object from OF" 1."HE ItEBELLION. 95 " the eyes of her majesty, by not cODling into her BJiI .K " presence; which all \vho knew him, could not but " know to be the greatest mortification that could 1655. " be inflicted upon him; and therefore he most hu m- " hly besought her majesty at this audience, which " Dlight be the last he should receive of her, she " \vould dis111iss hinl \vith the knowledge of \vhat "had heen taken anliss e, that he might be able to " make his innocence and integrity appear: \vhich " he knew had been blasted by the malice of some " persons; and thereby n1isunderstood and misin- " terpreted by her n1ajesty." But all this prevailed not ",ith her lnajesty; who, after she had, with her forlner passion, objected his credit with the king, and his endeavours to lessen that credit which she ought to have, concluded, "that she should be glad " to see reason to change her opinion;" and so, care- lessly, extended her hand towards him; which he kissing, her 111ajesty departed to her chamber. I t was about the beginning of June in the year The king 6 k ..c P . d left Paris I 54, that the lng lelt arlS; an because he made in June a private journey the first night, and did not join 1654. his family till the next day, ,vhich adnlinistered much occasion of discourse, and gave occasion to a bold person to publish, amongst the amours of the French court, a particular that reflected upon the person of the king, though f "Tith less licence than he used towards his o\vn sovereign, it will not be amiss in this place to 111ention a preservation God then "Trought for the king, that was none of the least of his u1ercies g vouchsafed to him; and 'v hich e had been taken amiss] he had done amiss t though] Not in JUS. 8 that was none of the least of his mercies) little infcrior to the greatest that is contained in the bundle of his mercies BOOK XIV. 1655. 96 THE HIS'rORY shews the wonderful liberty that was then taken by some near him h, to promote their own designs and projects, at the price of their nlaster's honour, and the interest of their country, 01: the sense they had of that honour and interest. There was at that time in the court of France, or rather in the jealousy of that court, a lady of great beauty, of a presence very graceful and alluring, and a wit and behaviour that captivated those who were admitted into her presence; her extraction was very noble, and her alliance the best under the crown, her fortune rather competent, than abounding, for her degree; being the widow of a duke of an illus- trious nanle, who had been killed fighting for the king in the late troubles, and left his wife childless, and in her full beauty. r.rhe king had often seen this lady with that esteenl and inclination, which few were without, both her beauty and her ,vit de- serving the homage that ,vas paid to her. The earl of Bristol, who was then a lieutenant general in the French arnlY, and ahvays anlorously inclined, and the more inclined by the difficulty of the attempt, ,vas grown powerfully in love with this lady; and, to have the lllore power ith her, conununicated those secrets of state which concerned her safety, and more the prince of Condé, whose cousin german she was; the communication whereof was of benefit or convenience to both: yet though he made Il1auy romantic attenlpts to ingratiate hitnself ,vith her, and such as would neither have become, or been safe to any other man than himself, who ,vas accus- tomed to extraordinary flights in the air, he could not arrive at the high success he proposed. At the h by some near him] Not in 1118. OF TI-IE REBELJ-AION. saIne time, the lord Crofts was transported \vith the same ambition; and though his parts were very dif- ferent from the other's, yet he wanted not art and address to encourage hinl in those attempts, and could bear repulses with more tranquillity of mind, and acquiescence, than the other could. 'Vhen these t\VO lords had lanlented to each other their lTIutual infelicity, they agreed generously to merit their lnis- tress's favour by doing her a service that should de- serve it; and boldJy proposed to her the marriage of the king; who, they both kne\v, had no dislike of her person: and they pursued it with his lllajesty with all their artifices. They added the reputation of her wisdonl and virtue to that of her beauty, and " that she luight be instrunlental to the procuring "Jnore friends towards his restoration, than any " other expedient then in vie\\r;" and at last pre- vailed so far \vith the king, who no doubt had a perfect esteeln of her, that he made the overture to her of lllarriage; \vhich she received \vith her na- tural nlodesty and address, declaring herself" to be " nluch unworthy of that grace;" and beseeching and advising him "to preserve that affection and " inclination for an object i rnore equal to him, and " more capable to contribute to his service;" ilsing all those argunlents for refusal, \vhich Inight }Jrevail with and inflalne hin1 to ne\v inl}Jortunities. Though these lords lnaqe thell1Selves, upon this advance, sure to go through ".ith their design, yet they foresaw 111any obstructions in the \vay. The queen, they knew, would never consent to it, and the } rench court would obstruct it, as they had VOL. VII. i object] subject H 97 HOOK XIV. 1655. HOOf{ XIV. ] 655. 98 THE IIISTOH,Y done that of luadellloiselle; nor could they persuade the lady herself to depart froul her dignity, and to use any of those arts ,vhich 11light expedite the dc- sign. The earl of Bristol therefore, that the news might not conle to his friend the chancellor of the exchequer by other hands, frankly imparted it to hhn, only as a passion of the king's that had ex- ceedingly transported him; and then Inagnified the lady, " as a person that ,vould exceedingly cultivate " the king's nature, and render him llluch more dex- " terous to advance his fortune:" and therefore he professed, " that he would k not dissuade his majesty " from gratifying so noble an affection;" and used lllany arguments to persuade the chancellor too to think very ,veIl of the choice. But when he found that he \vas so far frolll concurring ,vith hiln, that he reproached his great presumption for interposing in an affair of so delicate a nature, as by his con- duct might prove the ruin of the king, he seellled resolved to prosecute it no farther, but to leave it entirely to the king's own inclination; who, upon serious reflections upon his o,vn condition, and con- ference with those he trusted most, quickly con- cluded that snch a Inan-iage ,vas not 1ike to yield 11luch advantage to his cause; and so resolved to decline any farther advance towards it. Yet the SHIlle persons persuaded hhn, that it ,vas a necessary generosity to take his last farewell of her; and so, after he had taken leave of his ßlother, he ,yent so Inuch out of his way as to visit her at her }louse; ,vhere those lords ß1ade their last effort; and his majesty, with great esteem of the lady's virtue and k would] could OF TI-IE REHEI-ALION. H9 wisdom, the next da y .. joined his family, and prose- BOO^- XiV. cuted his joul'ney to,vards Flanders; his snlall step out of the way having raised a confident rumour in 1655. Paris that he \,-as 111arried to that lady. The king I had receiveò a pa s froll1 the archduke for his passing through Flanders, so warily worded, that he could not but take notice, that it was ex- pected and provided for, tha.t he should by no nleans make any unnecessary stay in his journey; and m he found the gates of Cambray shut when he came thi- The kilJg comes to ther, and was conlpelled to stay long in the after- Cambra}' in noon, before they ,vere opencd to receive hin1; hisjourne)'. which they excused, "by reason that they under- " stood the enenlY was at hand, and intended to sit "do\vn before that city;" of which there appeared in the face of all the people, and the governor him- self, a terrible apprehension. But, upon recollection, his rnajesty was ,veIl received by the govel"nor, and treated and lodged that night by hÍIn in his house; who \vas the better composed by his Inajesty's assur- ing him, " that the French army \vas at a great dis- . tance froln him, and that his mqjesty had passed h through it the day before," <,vhen 111arshal Tu- renne had dra\vn up the arlny to receive his nla- jesty; the duke of \Y" ork having there like\vise tak(1l] his leave of the king,) "and, by the ll1arch that ther " then appeared to nlakc, there ,vas great reason to " conclude that they had no design upon Cambray ;" which good infOl'lnation 111ade thp king's presence the In ore acceptable. But besides the civility of that The king d I d . I . h I . . 1 d passes supper.. an 0 glng t lat lUg t, lIS maJesty la not through the least addre s fron1 the archduke, \vho \\Tas ,vit}}in ;; : s, I The king] Though the king- H2 m and] Yt't 100 'r 1-1 E 11 I ::; l' 0 R Y BOOK four or five leagues with his arnlY, but passed, ,,'ith- XIV. h I . k f h . h . out t e east notIce ta en 0 nTI, t rough those pro- b .165 t 5 k ' vinces; so great a terror P ossessed the hearts of the emg a -en notice of by Spaniard, lest their shewin g any res p ect to thp kin g the arch- duke. in his passage through their country, should incense Crolll well against them, whose friendship they yet seellled to have hope of. His 111ajesty intended to have made no stay, hav- ing received letters frolll the Hague, that his sister ,vas already in her journey for the Spa. But, when At Mons he caIne to Mons, he found two g entlemen there, he meets ,,'ith mes- who caIne out of England with letters and instruc- ; o tions from those of his friends there \v ho retained bis friends th . ld ffi . B h h . .. . in England. ell 0 a ections. y t enl IS majesty was In e Ther notify formed, that lllany of them recovered n new courage to him the .' state of froin the general dIscontent 'VhICh possessed the affairs in k o d d h . h d . d b h England, Ing om, an w IC every ay Increase y t e li t ; o continual oppressions and tyranny they sustained. Crom vell The taxes and impositions every day were au g - and his army. mented, and Croffi\vell, and his council, did greater acts of sovereignty than ever king and parlianlent had attelnpted. All gaols were full of such persons as contradicted their commands, and \vere suspected to \vish well to the king; and there appeared such a rend among the officers of the arlny, that the pro- tector was cOlnpelled to displace nlany of them, and to put more confiding men in their places. And as this renledy was very necessary to be applied for his security, so it proved of great reputation to hinl, even beyond his o\vn hope, or at least his confidence. For the licence of the COlnnlon soldiers, manifested in their general and public discourses, censures, and II By t.hem his majesty was recovered] and recovered infonned, that many of them OF THE REBELLION. 101 reproaches of him, and his tyrannical proceedings, (which liberty he \vell kne,v ,vas taken by nlany, that they might discover the affections and inclina- tions of other men, and for his service,) did not much affect him, or was not terrible to him other- wise than as they ,,,ere soldiers of this or that regi- ment, and under this or that captain, ,vhose officers he knew \vell hated hinl, and ,vho had their soldiers so much at their devotion, that they could lead then1 upon any enterprise: and he kne,v \vell that this seditious spirit possessed nlany of the principal offi- cers both of horse and foot, "rho hated him no\v, in the sanle l)roportion that they had heretofore loved hiul, above all the ,vorld. This loud distemper gre\v the lnore fornlidable to hin1, in that he did believe the fire \"pas kindled and blown by Lanlbert, and that they \vere all conducted and inspired by his melancholic and undiscerned spirit, though yet all things \vere outwardly very fair bet \\reen thenl. Upon this disquisition he sa\v hazard enough in attenlpt- ing any reforn1ation, (,vhich the arn1Y thought he dl1rst not undertake to do alone, and they feared not his proceeding ùy a council of \var, \vhere they kne\v they had 111any friends,) but apparent danger, and very proùable ruin, if he deferred it. And so trust- ing only to, and depending upon his o\vn stars, he cashiered tcn or a dozen officers, though not of the highest cOllnuand, and those \vhom he 1110st appre- hended, yet of those petulant and active hunlours, \vhich Blade thpm for thc present lnost useful to the others, and 1110St pernicious to hÍIll. By this expe- rÎnlcnt he found the cxall1ple \vrought great effects upon 11lany "rho ,vere not touched by it, and that the men "rho had done so much mischicf , )eing no\v II 3 BOOK XIV. 1655. 102 'rI-IE IIISTORY II () 0 K reduced to a private condition, and like other pal-ti- XIV. cnlar DIen, did not only lose all their credit with ] 655. the soldiers, but behaved themselves with much more \valiness and reservation to\vards all other Inen. This gave hinI more ease than he had before enjoyed, and raised his resolution how to proceed hereafter upon the like provocations, and gave him great credit and authority with those who had be- lieved that Illany officers had a greater influence upon the army than himself. It \vas very evident that he had sonle war in his IJurpose; for from the time that he had Inade a peace with the Dutch, he took greater care to in- crease his stores and magazines of arms and ammu- nition, and to build more ships than he had ever done before; and he had given order to make ready t\VO great fleets in the ,vinter, under officers who should have no dependence upon each other; and landmen were likewise appointed to be levied. Some principal officers amongst these made great profes- sions of duty to the king; and made tender of their service to his DIajesty by these gentlemen. I twas thought necessary to make a day's stay at Mons, to despatch those gentlenlen; who were very well kno,vn, and worthy to be trusted. Such commis- sions were prepared for t.hem, and such instructions, Th hin as were desired by those who employed them. And adVises Ins . . friends in hIS majesty gave nothing so lnuch In charge to the England to d II h . f . d · E I d . h he quiet. messengers, an to a IS rlen s In ng an WIt \vhom he had correspondence, as, "that they should " live quietly, ,vithout making any desperate or un- "reasonable attempt, or giving advantage to those " ,vho \vatched theIn, to put thenI into prison, and " to ruin their estates and families." He told them, OF 'rHE REBELLION. 103 "the vanity of hnagining that any insurrection " could give any trouble to so well a formed and " disciplined army, and the destruction that must " attend such a rash 0 attempt: that, as he would " he always read y to venture his o\vn person with " thenl in any reasonable and well formed under- " taking; so he would with patience attend God's "own time for such an opportunity; and, in the " mean time, he would sit still in such a convenient " place as he should find willing to receive him; of " which he could yet make no judglllent:" however, it \vas very necessary that such commissions should be in the hands of discreet and able men, in expec- tation of two contingencies, which 111ight reasonably be expected. The one, such a schislll in the army, as n1ight divide it upon contrary interests into open contests, and declarations against each other, which could not but produce an equal schism in the go- vernment P: the other, the death of Crolllwell, which ,vas conspired hy the levellers, under several c0111bi- nations. And if that fell out, it could hardly be imagined, that the army \vould ren1ain united to the particular design of any single person, but that the parliament, which had been with so much violence turned out of doors by Cromwell, and which took itself to be perpetual, would quickly assemble again together, and take upon themselves the supreme go- vernlnent. Lambert, \vho \vas unquestionably the second per- son in the comluand of the army, and \vas thought to he the first in their affections, had had no less hand than Cromwell himself in the dissolution q of BOOK XIV. I 655. o rash] rash and uncounsellable q dissolution] odious dissoln- l' government] parliament tion H t BOOK XIV. 1655. The king arrives at the Spa, where he meets the princess of Orange. 104 'rHE III S'l'Olt y that parlianlent, and ,vas principal in raising hilll to be protector under the instrlllllent of governnlent ; and so could never reasonably hope to be trusted, and eOlployed by them in the absolute cODunand of an arlny that had already so notoriously rebelled against their luasters. 'Then Monk, who had the absolute C0111nland in Scotland, and was his rival al- ready, under a mutual jealousy, ,vould never subll1it to the government of Lalnbert, if he had no other title to it than his own presumption; and Harry Croffi\vell had made hinlself so popular in Ireland, that he would not, probably, be commanded by a Dlan \VhOll1 he kne\v to be his father's greatest enemy. These considerations had made that inl- pression upon those in England \vho \vere the Dl0st wary and averse frolll any rash attempt, that they all wished that cOll1missions, and all other necessary powers, 111ight be granted by the king, and deposited in such good hands as had the courage to trust themselves \vith the keeping them, till such a con- juncture should fall out as is mentioned, and of which few men thought there ,vas reason to de- spair. The king having in this manner despatched those luessengers, .and settled the best way he could to correspond \vith his friends, continued his journey from l\lons to N all1ur; \vhere he had a pleasant passage by \vater to Liege; from whence, in five or six hours, he reached the Spa, the next day after the princess royal, his beloved sister, was conle thither, and where they resoh ed to spend t\VO or three months together; which they did, to their sin- gular content and satisfaction. And for SOllle time the joy of being out of France, ,vhere his Iuajesty OF 1. HE REBELLION. 105 had enjoyed no other pleasure than being alive, and BOO K the delight of the cOlnpany he ,vas now in, sus- XIV. pended all thoughts of what place he was next to 1655. retire to. For as it could not be fit for his sister to stay longer from her o,vn affairs in Holland, than the pretence of her health required, so th Spa was a place that nobody could stay longer in than the season for the waters continued; \vhich ended with the sumnler. The king no sooner arrived at the Spa, than the The earl of R d h " h h . f h " Rocbester earl of ochester returne t It er to 1m ronl IS returns to negociation at Ratisbon; \vhere he had ren1ained r ;Oe: tis_ during the diet, \vithout o\vning the character he bon. lnight have assulned; yet performed all the offices ,,'ith the elnperor, and the other princes, \vith less noise and expense, and with the saIne success as he could have expected fronl any qualification" The truth is, aU the Gerlnan princes were at that time very poor; and that nleeting for the choosing a king of the ROlnans ,vas of vast expense to everyone" of thenl, and full of faction and contradiction; so that they had little leisure, and less inclination, to think of any business but \vhat concerned thernsel ves: yet in the close of the diet, by the conduct and dexte- rity of the elector of l\1entz, ,vho ,vas esteelned the ,visest and most practical prince of the elnpire, and ,vho, out of lnere generosity, ,vas exceedingly af- fected with the ill fortune of the king, that assembly ,vas prevailed \vith to grant a subsidy of four rOlTIerThe king th } " - , " h f II d " obtains a mon S; W lIC 1 IS t e n1eaSUre 0 a taxes an lITI- Illall sulJ- P ositions in German y . that is IJ". the romer months sidy ron , , J , the diet III \vhich every prince is to pay, and cause it to be col- Germany. r rcmained] wisely remained BooI<. XIV. 1655. 106 rrHE HIS'fOltY lected frolu their subjects in their own luethod. This Inoney ,vas to be paid towards the bettel" sup- port of the king of Great Britain. And the elector of Mentz, by his own exaulple, persuaded as many of the princes as he had credit with, forthwith to pay their proportions to the earl of Rochester, ,vho was solicitous enough to receive it. The whole con- tribution, if it had been generously nlade good, had not anlounted to any considerable sum upon so in1- portant an occasion. But the eluperor hilnself paid nothing, nor many other of the princes, aUlongst WhOlTI were the elector palatine s, and the landgravc of Hesse Cassel, who had both received great obli- gations fron1 king J aUles, and the last king his SOI1: so that the whole that was ever paid to the king did not amount to ten thousand pounds sterling; a great part \vhereof was spent in the negociation of the earl, and in the many journeys he made to the princes, being extremely possessed with the spirit of being the king's general, which he thought he should not be, except he made levies of nlen; for which he was very solicitous to make contracts with old Ger- luan officers, \vhen there was neither port in view, where he might embal"k them, nor a possibility of procuring ships to transport theIn, though Cromwell had not been possessed of any naval power to have resisted then1; so blind men are, whose passions are so strong, and their judgnlents so weak, that they can look but upon one thing at once. That part of the money that was paid to his 1113- jesty's use was managed with very good husbandry, and was a seasonable support to his well ordered 5 elector palatine] elector of Heidelberg OF rrHE REBELLION. 107 family, which with his own expenses for his table, BOOK and his stable, and the board-wages, ,vith which all XIV. his servants from the highest to the lowest were 1655. well satisfied, according to the establishlnent after he left France, amounted not to above six hundred The month- ly expenses pistoles a lTIonth; ,vhich expense was not exceeded ofthe ldng's . . 1 h e .. H II d small fa- In many years, even untl ]S comIng Into 0 an mily. in order to his return into England. This method t in the managery gave the king great ease; con- tented u, and kept the family in better order and humour than could reasonably have been expected;x and ,vas the more satisfactory, by the no care, and order, that had been observed during all the resi- dence the king had made in France. The king stayed not so long at the Spa as he ll1eant to have done, the smallpox breaking out there; and one of the young ladies who attended upon the princess royal, being seized upon by it, died: so that his lllajesty, and his sister, upon very sudden thoughts, removed from the Spa to Aken, or The king A . e. I d fì d removes qlllsgrane, an ImperIa an fee town, governe by to Aken th . · h h k e f h R from the elr own magtstrates; were t e lng 0 t e 0- Spa. luans ought to receive his first iron crown, which is kept there. This place is fanlous for its hot baths, whither many come after they have drank the cold ,vaters of the Spa, and was a part of the prescription which the physicians had made to the princess, after she should have finished her waters Y in the other place. Upon that pretence, 311d for the use of those baths, the courts removed now tl1ithcr; but in truth t Thi method] And as this ]uethod " contented] so it contented )C expected;] 1 S. arids: all which was then imputed to the care and industry of the chan- cellor, }' her waters] her course 108 rHE HIS rORY BOOK with a design that the king might ll1ake his resi- XIV. d h ence t ere, the to,vn being large, and the country ] 655. about it pleasant, and ,vithin five hours (for the journeys in those countries are 111easured by hours) of l\laestricht, the nlost pleasant seat ,vithin the do- lninions of the United Provinces. 'fhe Inagistrates received the king so civilly, that his majesty, who kne,v no other place where he ,vas sure to be ad- Initted, resolved to stay there; and, in order there- unto, contracted for a convenient house, which be- longed to one who was called a baron; whither he resolved to remove, as soon as his sister, ,vho had taken the two great inns of the to\vn for her's and the king's accomlnodation, should return into Hol- land. Here the good old secretary Nicholas, \vho had ren\ained in Holland froln the tÎ1ne that, upon the treaty of Breda, the king had transported hinlself Secretary into Scotland, presented hinlself to his nlajesty; Nicholas comes hi- ,vho received him very graciously, as a person of ther to the . d . . f h b .. f h king, and great lnerlt an IntegrIty rom t e eglnnlng 0 t c :e i l1 troubles, and always entirely trusted by the king the signet. his father. And now to him the king gave his sig- net; 'v hich for three years had been kept by the chancellor of the exchequer, out of friendship that it lnight be restored to hÎ1n. And he had therefore refused in France to be adnlitted into the secretary's office, \vhich he executed, because he kne\v that they ,vho advised it, did it rather that Nicholas 111ight not have it, than out of any kindness to himself. He held himself obliged hy the friendship, that had ever heen bet,veen them, to preserve it for him; and, as soon as he came to Aken, desired the king to de-' clare hin1 to be his secretary; which \-vas done; by OF' 'rHJ IlEBEI,LI O . Jon which he had a fast friend added to the council, and ß 0 0 K XIV. of general reputation. , "Then z the king relnained at Aken, he received. 1655. . . L" d h o fhe ac- n1any expresses out of England, \vhlch Inlorn1e 1m c?unts the f d f h . .J:'.. d h h t kUJg re- O the rene\ve courage 0 IS lrIen s t ere: t a eeh'es here h L" 0 d . 0 h . h d d out of Eu-"- t e tactIon an anlnlosIty W IC every ay appeare land. => between the officers of the arn1Y, and in Cron1well's council, upon particular interest, raised a general opinion and hope, that there would be an absolute rupture bet\veen then1; when either party would be glad to make a conjunction with the king's. In or- der thereunto, there was an intelligence entered into throughout the kingdon1, that they might make use of such an occasion; and they sent no\v to the king, to be directed by him, how they should be- have themselves upon such and such contingencies; and sent for n10re comu1issions of the same kind as had been forrnerly sent to them. The king rene\ved his con1n1ands to then1," not to flatter theillselves He gin's " . h o. . . . d e the same ,vIt VaIn ImagInatIons; nor to give too easy cre It Rch'ice as "to a pp earances of factions and divisions; which b h fo f r te d ' IS f1{'1l S. " "\\ ouid ahvays be counterfeited, that they might " the 1110re easily discover the agitations and trans- " actions of those upon 'Vh01l1 they looked as inve- " terate and irreconcileable enemies to the govern- " 111ent." N e\vs caine fr0l11 Scotland, that 1\1iddleton had The king reeci \'es '\1\ sOlne successes in the Highlands; and the Scottish account · 1 d h . . E I d d } from Scot- lOr s \v 0 were prIsoners In ng an assure t Ie land and king, " that there ,vas now so entire a union in that Middletouo " nation for his service, that they \"ished his luajesty " himself \vould venture thither:" and the lord Bal- a 'V hen] \Vhilst 110 THE HISTORY BOO K carris, who ,vas \vith the king, and intrusted by that XIV. people, used nluch instance with hÍ1n to that pur- 1655. pose; which, ho\v unreasonable soever the advice seemed to be, men kne\v not ho\v to contradict by proposing any thing that seemed III ore reasonable; and so underwent the reproach of being lazy and unactive, and unwilling to submit to any fatigue, or to expose then1selves to any danger; without which, it was thought, b his majesty could not expect to be restored to any part of his sovereignty. The chan- The chancellor of the exche q uer one da y re l Jre- cellor of the excbe- senting to the king the sadness h of his condition, quer's dis- course to and the general discourses of men, and, "that it the king" h . . , . .I!. '0 b h h 1 concerning was IS majesty s mlSJ.OI tune to e t oug t )y is going "lnan y not to be active enou g h towards his o\vn IOto Scut- land. " redemption, and to love his ease too much, in re- " spect both of his age and his fortune," desired him " to consider upon this news, and importunity from " Scotland, whether in those Highlands there Dlight " not he such a safe retreat and residence, that he " might reasonably say, that with the affections of " that people, which had been al\\Tays firnl both to " his father and hiD1self, he might preserve hiD1self " in safety, though he could not hope to make any " advance, or recover the lower part of that king- " dom possessed by the enemy; and if so, whether " he nlight not expect the good hand of Providence, " by some revolution, more honourably there, than " in such corners of other princes' dominions, as h The king's " might be forced to put hin1self into." His ma- reply. jesty discoursed very cahllly of that country, part \vhereof he had spen; of thp Iniserahle poverty of a it was thought,] Not in. .LH . b sadness] misery OF THE REBELLION. 111 tIle people, and their course of life; and how " in1- " possible it was for him to live there with security " or ,vith health; that, if sickness did not destroy " hinI, which he had reason to expect fron1 the in " accommodation he nIust be there contented \yith, " he should in a short tÎlne be betrayed and given "up." And in this debate, he told him that Inelan- cholic conclusion, \vhich David Lesley made at 'Var... rington-bridge, which is mentioned before, ,vhen he told the king, " that those men \vould never fight ;" which his majesty had never, he said, told to any body before. Ho\vever, he said, "if his friends " would advise him to that expedition, he \vould " transport himself into the Highlands; though he " knew what \vould COlne of it, and that they would " be sorry for it:" which stopped the chancellor fì'om ever saying more to that purpose. And it was not long after that ne\vs came, of Middleton's hav- ing been like to be given up to the enemy by the treachery of that people, and of the defeat his troops had received, and that he should be at last forced to quit that miserable country; which, ho,vever, he re- solved to endure, as long as should he possible. The season of the year now begun to approach that ,vould ohlige the princess royal to return to the Hague, lest the jealous States, froln her long ab- sence, Inight be induced to contrive some act preju- dicial to her and her son; \vhich she ,vas the n10re liable to, froln the unkind differences het\veen her and the princess do,vager, mother of the deceased prince of Orange, a lady of great cunning and dex... teritr to pron10te her o,vn interest. rrhe air of Aken, and the ill sluell of the hat.hs, l1lade that place less agreeahle to the king than at first he he- BOOK XIV. 1655. BOOK XIV. 1655. 112 'rHE HIS'rORY lieved it to he; and he \vished to find a better to\vn to reside in, \\Thich he n1ight be put to endure long. The city of Cologne ,vas distant froln Aken two short days' journey, and had the fan1e of an excel- lent situation. But the people were reported to be of a proud and 11lutinous nature, always in rebellion against their bishop and prince, and of so n1uch bi- gotry in religion that they had expelled all pro- testants out of their city, and ,vould suffer no exer- cise of religion, but of the ROlllan catholic. So that there seemed little hope that they \vould pern1it the king to reside there; the rather, because it was the staple for the wines of that country, and lnaintained a good intelligence and trade with England. If the king should send thither to provide a house, and declare a purpose to stay there, and they should re": fuse to receive him, it might be of very ill conse- quence, and fright any other places, and Aken it- self, from permitting him to return thither; and therefore that adventure \vas to be avoided. At last it was concluded, that the princess royal should Inake Cologne her way into Holland, \vhich was reasonable enough, by the convenience of the river for the con1modious transportation of her goods and family: and the king, accol11panying her so far, Inight make a judgment, upon his observation, whe- ther it \vould be best for him to stay there, or to re- turn to Aken; \vhere he would leave his family, as the place \vhere he had taken a house, and to which he meant in few days to return. With this resolu- tion they left Aken, about the middle of Septenlher; and lodging one night at J uliers, a little dirty to\\Tn upon a flat, not \vorthy to have made a quarrel be- t\veen so Inany of the princes of Europe, nor of the OF THE REBELLION. 11 3 fan1e it got by the siege, they came the next day to BOO K Cologne; where they ,vere received with all the re- XIV. spect, pomp, and magnificence, that could be ex- ] 655. . In Septem. pected, or the city could perforn1. The house, whIch b r the the harbingers of the princess had taken for her re- i: · d lik . t d t th k . come to ceptIon, serve e'VIse 0 accomnlO a e e lng; CoJogne. and the magistrates performed their respects to both with all possible demonstration of civility. Cologne is a city most pleasantly situated upon the banks of the Rhine; of a large extent, and fair and substantial buildings; and encompassed with a broad and excellent ralnpart, upon which are fair walks of great elms, where two coaches may go on breast, and, for the beauty of it, is not inferior to the ,valls of Antwerp, but rather superior, because this goes round the to\vn. The government is un- der the senate and consuls; of whom there was one then consul, who said, "he was descended C frolll "father to son of a patrician Roman family, that " had continued from the time the colony \vas first " planted there." It had never been otherwise sub- ject to the bishops, than in some points which refer to their ecclesiastical jurisdiction; \vhich they son1e- times endeavouring to enlarge, the magistrates al- \vays oppose: and that gives the subject of the dis- course of jealousies, and contests, between their In-ince and them; which are neither so frequent, nor of that moment, as they are reported to be. The elector never resides there, but keeps his court at his castle of Bonne, near four miles fronl thence. And that elector, who \vas of the house of Bavaria, and a n1clancholic and peevish l11an, had not then C who said, " he was uescendedJ who was c1escendt.'d YOLo VII. ' I BOO K XIV. ] 655. The citi- zens invite the king to reside there. 114 IIE HIS'fOH,Y been in the city in very Inany years. The number of churches and religious houses is incredible; inso- nluch as it ,vas then averred, "that the religious "persons and churchlnen made up a fun moiety of " the inhabitants of the town;" and their interest and authority so far prevailed, that, sonle few years before the king came thither, they expelled all those of the protestant religion, contrary to the advice of the ,visest of the magistrates; who confessed " that " the trade of the town was much decayed thereby, " and the poverty thereof much increased." And it is very possible, that the vast number and unskilful zeal of the ecclesiastical and religious persons I11ay at some time expose that noble city to the surprise of SOUle po,verful prince, ,vho ,vould quickly deprive them of their long enjoyed privileges. And there was, in that very tin1e of the king's stay there, a de- sign by the French to have surprised it; SchoI11berg lying 111any days in wait there, to have perforn1ed th:1t service; which was very hardly prevented. The people are so much l1lore civil than they ,vere reported to be, that they seem to be the 1110st con- versible, and to understand the la,vs of society and conversation better than any other people of Ger- lnany. To the king they were so devoted, that ,vhen they understood he ,vas not so fixed to the re- solution of residing at Aken, but that he might he diverted from it, they very handsolnely made tender to hitn of any accomlnodation that city could yield hin1, and of all the affection and duty they could pay him; which his n1ajesty most willingly ac- cepted; and giving order for the payment of the rent of the house he had taken at Aken, which he had not at all used, and other disbursements, which OF THE REBELLION. 115 the nlaster of the house had made to n1ake it the BOOK ll10re convenient for his majesty, and likewise send- XIV. iug very gracious letters to the magistrates of that 1655. to\vn, for the civility they had expressed towards hinI, he sent for that part of his fanlily which re- lllained there, to attend hilu at Cologne; where he The king fixes th rt-. declared he \\Tould spend that \vinter. As soon as the king came to Cologne, he sent to the neigh bour princes by proper lnessages and in- sinuations, for that money, which by the grant of the diet, that is, by their o,vn concession, they were ohliged to pay to his rnajesty;. 'v hich though it anlounted to no great sum, yet was of great con- veniency to his support. The duke of Newburgh, ,vhose court was at Dusseldorp, a small day's jour- ney from Cologne, and by which the princess royål was to pass if she nIade use of the river, sent his proportion very generously, \vith many expressions of great respect and duty, and \vith insinuation " that he would be glad to receive the honour of en- " tertaining the king and his sister in his palace, as " she returned." Ho,vever he forebore to make any solcnln invitation, \vithout which they could not Inake the visit, till some cerenlonies \vere first ad- justed; upon which that nation is nlore punctual, and obstinate, than any other people in Europe. lIe ,vho gave the intÏIllation, and caIne only with a COlllplÜnent to congratulate his majesty's and her royal highness's arrival in those parts, ,vas \veIl in- structed in the particulars; of \vhich there \vere only t\VO of n101nent, and the rest were formalities frorn which they might l ecede, if those two \vere consented to. d The one was, "that the king, at tl were consented to.] were not consented t<), I 2 BOOI{ XIV. 1655. 116 THE HISTORY " their first meeting, should at least once treat the "duke with aitesse;" the other, "that the duke "might salute the princess royal;" and \vithout consenting to these two, there could he no meet- ing between them. Both the king and his sister were naturaUy enough inclined to new sights and festivities; and the king thought it of moment to him to receive the respect and civility of any of the German princes: and among. them, there \vere fe\v more considerable in their don1inions, and none in their persons, than the duke of Newburgh; \vho t'eckoned himself upon the same level \vith the elec- tors. And the king was informed, "that the em- " peror himself always treated him with aitesse;" and therefore his ll1ajest.y made no scruple of giving hinl the same. The matter of saluting the princess royal was of a new and delicate nature; that dig- nity had been so punctually preserved, fron1 the time of her coming into Holland, that the old prince of Orange, father of her husband, would never pre- tend to it: yet that ceremony depending only upon the custoln of countries, e and the duke of New- burgh being a sovereign prince, inferior to none in Germany, and his ambassador always covering be- fore the enlperor, the king thought fit, and her royal highness consented, that the duke should salute ner. And so all matters being adjusted without any noise, the king, about the middle of October, ac- companied his sister by water to Dusseldorp; where they arrived between three and four of the clock in the afternoon; and found the duke and his duchess e custom of countries,] MS. that kingdom to salute the adds.' and every nlarshal of daughters of the king, France having the privilege in OF THE REBELLION. 117 waiting for them on the side of the water; where after having performed their mutual civilities and c0l11plÎluents, the king, and the princess royal, and the duke and the duchess of Newburgh, went into the duke's coach, and the company into the coaches which \vere provided for them, and alighted at the castle, that was very near; where his majesty was conducted into his quarter, and the princess into her's, the duke and the duchess imlnediately rething into their own quarters; where they ne\v dressed themselves, and visited not the king again till above half an hour before supper, and after the king and princess had perfornled their devotion. The castle is a very princely house, having been the seat of the duke of Cleve; \vhich duchy, together \vith that of Juliers, having lately fallen to heirs fe- lllales, (whereof the lllothers of the elector of Bran- denburgh, and duke of Newburgh, \vere two,) when all the pretenders seizing upon that which lay most convenient to them, this of Dusseldorp, by agree- Inent, afterwards remained still to Newburgh; whose father, being of the reformed religion in the late con- tention, found the house of Brandenburgh too strong for hill1, by having the prince of Orange and the States his fast friends; and thereupon, that he might have a strong support from the emperor and king of Spain, becalnc Roman catholic, and thereby had the assistance he expected. At the same tÏ1ne he put his son, who ,vas then very young, to be bred under the Jesuits; by \vhich education, the present duke ,vas with more than ordinary bigotry zealous in the ROll1an religion. He was a luan of very fine parts of knowledge, and ill his luanners and behaviour 111uch the best I 3 BOOK XIV. 1655. .... BOOK XIV. J 655. . 118 'rHE HISTORY IJred of any German. He had the flowing civility and language of the French, enough restrained and controlled by the Gerll1an gravity and formality; so that, altogether, he seemed a very accomplished prince, and became himselî very well, having a good person and graceful motion f. He ,vas at that titne ahove thirty, and had been marlied to the sister of the former, and the then king of Poland; who leav- ing only a daughter, he was no,v ne,vly married to the daughter of the landgrave of Hesse Darmstadt, \vho upon her marriage became Roman catholic. She had no eminent features of beauty, nor the French language and vivacity, to contribute to the entertainment; so that she was rather a spectator of the festivity, than a part of it g. The entertain- tllent was very splendid and magnificent in all pre- parations, as well for the tables which \vere prepared for the lords and the ladies, as that ,vhere his ma- jesty and his sister and the duke and the duchess only sat: the l1leals, according to the cUstOlll of Ger- lnany, very long, \vith several sorts of nlusic, both of instrul11ents and voices; which, if not excellent, was new, and differed much from ,vhat his l11ajesty \vas accustomed to hear. There ,vas wine in abun- dance, but no l1lan pressed to drink h, if he called not for it; and the duke hinlself an enemy to all ex- cesses. After two days spent in this manner, in ,vhich time the king n1ade a great friendship ,vith the duke, r graceful motion 1 JJJS. adds: which that nation seldom attain to g part of it] iUS. adds: and confirmed the king in his aversion from ever marrying a German lady h prossed to drink] so much as wished to drink OF THE REBELLION. 119 which always continued, they parted; and there BOO [{ being near the river, distant another short day's XIV. journey, a handsome open to,vn of good receipt, call- 16.35. ed Santen, belon g in g to that P art of the duchy OfT b l e kin l nngs liS Cleve which ,,-as assi g ned to the elector of Branden- s!ster t auten III burgh, the king resolved to accompany his sister the ,duchy . . of Cleve: thither; ,vhere havIng spent that nIght, the next wlU're they · h I h . h f . ll '.c. l'art; and mornIng er roya 19 ness, a tel' an un'VI lng lare- the king well P rosecuted her J .ourne y to Holland and his returns to , , Cologne, Inajesty r(\turned by horse to Cologne; where the san1C house was prepared for hÏIn in \vhich he and his sister had inhabited, \vhilst she stayed there. And hy this tin1e the end of October was conle; \vhich, in those parts, is n10re than the entrance into ,vintcr. The magistrates of the city rene\ved their civilities, and professions of respect to the king; ,,,hich they ahvays made good; nor could his ma- jesty havc chosen a more convenient retreat in any place; and he, being wen refreshed with the diver- tisell1cnts he had enjoyed, betook hin1self \vith great His. way 1 Ii I h . · d h ..l' . d of hfe C leer u ness to compose IS min to IS lortune; an , there. wi h a Inarvcllous contentedness, prescribed so nlany hours in the day to his retirpment in his closet; ,vhich he employed in reading and studying both the Ita- lian and French languages; and, at other tinles, ,valked much upon the ,valls of the town, (for; as is said hefore, he }lad no coach, nor would suffcr his sister to leave hiln one,) and sonletinles rid into the fields; and, in the 'v hole, spent his time vcry well. rrhc nuncio of the pope resided in that city, and l)crfornlcd all respccts to his majesty: he ,,,as a pro- per and grave Ulan, an Italian bishop, ,vho never Inadc the least scruple at his Inajesty's enjoying the liberty of his chapel, and the exercise of his rcligiou, I 4 1910 'rHE HISrrOR Y BOO K though it was very public; so that in truth his Ina- XIV. jesty ,vas not ,vithout any respect that could be 1655. shewed to him in those parts, save that the elector never canle to see him, though he lived ,vi thin little more than an hour; \vhich he excused by some indis- position of health, and unwillingness to enter into that city; though it proceeded as much from the sullenness and moroseness of his nature, un apt for any conversation, and averse from all civilities; which made him for a long tilne to defer the pay- ment of his small quota, which had been granted to the king by the diet, and was at last extorted from hilll by an importunity unfit to have been pressed upon any other prince, or gentleman. This elector's defect of urbanity was the more excusable, or the less to be conlplained of, since the elector palatine i, so nearly allied to the crown, and so much obliged by it, did not think fit to take any notice of the king's being so near hhn, or to send a messenger to salute hin1. An account Within a short time after his majesty's return to a eu;:- Cologne, he received news that exceedingly afflicted at Paris to him, and the more that he knew not what remed y pervert the ' duke of to apply to the mischief which he saw was likely to Gloucester b .!'. II h . · F P . h e e h d in his re- eia 1111 upon It. rom arls, IS majesty ear, r' IglOO. that the queen had put away the tutor he had left to attend his brother the duke of Gloucester; who renlained at Paris, upon her majesty's desire, that he nlight learn his exercises. The queen had con- ferred ,vith him upon" the desperateness of his con- " clition, in respect of the king his brother's fortune, " and the little hope that appeared that his n1ajesty i elector palatine] elector of I-Ieidelberg OF THE REBELLION. 1 1 " could ever be restored, at least if he did not him- " self become Roman catholic; whereby the pope, " and other princes of that religion, might be united " in his quarrel; which they would never undertake "upon any other obligation: that it was therefore " fit that the duke, who had nothing to support him, " nor could expect any thing from the king, should " be instructed in the Roman catholic religion; that " so, becoming a good catholic, he might be capahle " of those advantages which her nlajesty should be " able to procure for him: that the queen of France " \vould hereupon confer abbeys and benefices upon " him to such a value, as would maintain him in " that splendour as was suitable to his birth; that, " in a little time, the pope would 111ake him a car- " dinal; by which he might be able to do the king " his brother much service, and contribute to his re- " covery; whereas, without this, he must be exposed " to great necessity and misery, for that she was " not able any longer to give him maintenance." She found the duke more resolute k than she expected from his age; he was so well instructed in his reli- gion, that he disputed against the change; urged the precepts he had received from the king his fa- ther, and his dying in the faith he had prescribed to him; put her majesty in hlind of the promise she had Inade to the king his brother at parting; and ackno\vledged, "that he had obliged hinlselfto his ma- " jesty, that he \vould never change his religion; and " therefore besought her majesty, that she ,vould " not farther press hin1, at least till he should inform "the king of it." The queen well enough kne,v k resolute] obstinate BOOK XIV. 1655. l Qe) ""..... ..I-IE 1-11 S 'O RY no 0 K the king's n1ind, and thought it more excusable to XIV. proceed in that affair without imparting it to him; 1655. and therefore took upon her the authority of a mo- ther, and removed his tutor fron1 him; and cOlnmit- ted the duke to the care of abbot l\lontague her al- luoner; \vho, having the pleasant abbey of Pontoise, entertained his highness there, sequestered from all resort of such persons as l11ight confirm him in his averseness frOln being converted. As soon as the king received this advertiselllcnt, which both the duke and his tutor made haste to transmit to him, he was exceedingly perplexed. On the one hand, his majesty kne\v the reproaches which would be cast upon hÏ1n by his enen1ies, who took all the pains they could to persuade the world, that he hilnself had changed his religion; and though his exercise of it was so public, \vherever he \vas, that strangers resorted to it, and so could bear \vitncss of it, yet their itnpudence ,vas such in their positive averOlent, that they persuaded nlany in England, and especially. of those of the reformed religion abroad, that his n1ajesty,vas in truth a papist: and his leav- ing his brother behind hin1 in France, \vhere it "Tas evident the queen ,vould endeavour to pervert hinl, \vould be an argument, that he did not desire to pre- vent it: on the other side, he kne\v well the ]jttle credit he had in France, and how far they would he froln assisting hilu, in a contest of such a nature with his nlother. How'ever, that the world luight see rrhe king plainly that he did all that was in his po\vcr, he sent sends the . fO I . h II .1- 1 d . . marquis of the marquIs 0 rn10n( WIt a pOSSlu e expe ltIon r t mO F nd into France; who, he ver y \vell kne\v, \vould stea- III 0 ranee for him. dily execute his coolll1ands. He \vrit a letter of coolplaint to the queen, of her having proceeded in OF THE REBELLIO . 1S23 that lllanner in a matter of so near inlportance to hitn, and conjured her" to discontinue the prosecu- "tion of it; and to suffer his hrother the duke of " Gloucester to repair with the marquis of Ormond " to his presence." I-Ie comlnanded the duke" not " to consent to any propositions ,vhich should be " made to hÎ1n for the change of his religion; and " that he should follow thp advice of the marquis of " Orll1ond, and accolllpany him to Cologne." And he directed the marquis of Orinond "to let 1\11'. " 1\lontague, and ,vhosoever of the English should " join \vith hi In, know, that they should expect such " a resentlncnt from his majesty, if they did not " conlply with his conlmands, as should he suitahle " to his honour, and to the affront they put upon " hinl." '-fhe marquis behaved hitTIself with so 111uch \\lis- dOln and resolution, that though the queen \vas enough offended ,vith him, and with the expostula- tion the king Inade with her, and inlputcd all the king's sharpness and resolution to the counsel he re- ceived frol11 the 111arquis and the chancellor of the exchequer, yet she thought not fit to extend her po,ver in detaining the duke, both against the king's and his o\vn will; and the duke, upon the receipt of the king's letter, declared, "that he \vould ohey his " majf\sty;" and the ahbot found, that he must enter into an ahsolute defiance ,vith the king, if he persist- ed in advising the queen not to con1ply with his 111a- jesty's directions: so that, after two or three days' dclih{'ration, the queen expressing very much dis- pleasure at the king's proceeding, and that she should wholly be divested of the po\ver and authority of a nlother, told the 111arquis, "that the duke nlight BOOK XIV. 1655. lQ4 rrHE HIsrrOItY H 00 K "dispose of himself as he pleased; and that she XIV. "\vould not concern herself farther, nor see bim 1655. "any n10re." And thereupon the duke put himself into the hands of the marquis; who immediately removed him from Pontoise to the house of the lord Hatton, I an English lord, who lived then in Paris; where he ren1ained for some days, until the marquis could borrow money (which was no easy matter) to rfl e m r- defray the journey to the king. And then they qms bnngs the duke to quickly left Paris; and shortly after came to the Cologne. k . h I . fi d · h h Ing; W 0 ,vas extreme y satls e m WIt t e mar- quis's negociation and success; and kept his brother always \vith him, till the time that he returned into England, the queen remaining as n1uch unsatisfied. Innocent the Tenth was now dead; who had out- lived the understanding and judgnlent he had been formerly master of: and lost all the l'eputation he had formerly gotten; and, as Jehoram, lleparted without being desired. He had fomented the l e- bellion in England by cherishing that in Ireland; \vhither he had sent a light-headed nuncio, who did llluch Inischief to his majesty's service, as hath been The duke of touched before. The world was in great expecta- h tion who should succeed him, when, one day, the king wor , duke of N ewbur g h sent a g entleInan to the kin g to that cardI- nal Chigi brin g hin1 the news that cardinal Chigi was chosen was chosen P?P ; and pope; "of which," the duke said, " his majesty had biS dIscourse .. d withhisma-" great cause to be glad;" whIch the kIng un er- ::%:;n- stood' not. But, the next day, the duke himself making came to the king, and told him, "that he came to some ap- plication to " congratulate with his majesty for the election of the pope for . supply and "the new pope, who called hImself Alexander the assistance. I the Iord Hatton,] Not in m extremely satisfied] infi- J.US. nitely delighted OF THE REBELLION. 125 " Seventh; and \vho," he said, "he WijS confident, " would do him great service;" and thereupon re- lated a discourse that had passed between him and the new pope, when he was nuncio at Cologne, son1e years before: when they t,vo conferring together (" as," he said, "there was great confidence and " friendship bet\vecn theln") of the rebellion in Eng- land, and of tbe execrable murder of the late king, the nuncio broke out into great passion, even \vith tears, and said, "it was a lnonstrous thing that the " t\VO crowns should weary and spend each other's ," strength and spirits in so unjust and groundless a " war, when they had so noble an occasion to unite " their po,ver to revenge that impious murder, in " ,vhich the honour and the lives of all kings were " concerned; and," he said, "the pope was COll- " cerned never to let either of them to be quiet, till " he had reconciled them, and obliged all Christian " kings and states, without consideration of any dif- " Ference in religion, to join together for the resto- "ration of the king; \vhich would be the greatest " honour the pope could obtain in this world. All " \vhich," he said, "the nuncio spoke with so much " warlnth and concernment, that he could not doubt, "but that, no,v God had raised him to that chair, "he hoped, for that end, he \vould remember his " former opinion, and execute it himself; being," he said, "a man of the most public heart, and the most "superior to all private designs, that the world " had:" the duke taking great delight to ren1ember Inany of his discourses, and describing him to be such a man, as he was generally believed to be for the first two years of his reign, till he ll1anifested his affections with more ingenuity. The duke de- BOOK XIV. 1655. . ] ü THE HISTOR\'" )655. sired his ßlajesty to consider, " whether there might " not be son1ewhat he n1ight reasonably wish frolll " the pope; and if it were not fit to be proposed as " from his majesty, he would be willing to promote " it in his own nan1e, having, he thought; some in- " terest in his holiness. And," he said, "he was " resolved to end a person purposely to ROll1e \vith " his congratulation, and to render n his obedience " to the pope; and that he would instruct that per- " son in whatsoever his 111ajesty should ,vish: and " though he could not hope, that any greater mat- " tel" \vould be done to\\-ards his ll1ajesty's restora- " tion, till the peace should be effected bet\\reen the " two crowns, (which he knew the pope would la- "bour in till he had brought it to pass,) yet he " could not doubt but that, out of the generosity of " his holiness, his ll1ajesty would receive son1e sup- "ply towards his better support; which, for the " pre ent, \\Tas all that could be expected: that the "person \VhOnl he intended to send ,vas a Jesuit, " ,vho ,vas at that present in N ewburgh; but he " had, or would send for hiIn: that though he was " a religious n1an, yet he ,vas a person of that ex- " perience, temper, and wisdom, that he had in- " trusted hÏ1n in affairs not only of the greatest se- " crecy, but in negociations of the greatest in1por- " tance; in which he had ahvays behaved himself " "Tith singular prudence and judgment: and he as- " sured his majesty he was equal to any trust; and " if, upon what he had said and offered, his ITJajesty " thought he lnight be of use to hÌ1n in his journey, " he ,vould send hin1 to Cologne as soon as he caD1e, BOOK XIV. . n render] tender OF THE REBELLION. 1 7 " that he Inight attend upon his majesty, and re- "ceive any como1ands he \vould vouchsafe to lay 0 " upon him." Though the king had in truth very little hope that the ne,v pope would he more magnanÍlnous than the old, and did believe that the ll1axim, \vith \vhich Innocent had ans\vered those \vho \\'ould have disposed him to supply the king \vith some money, " that he could not, with a good conscience, apply " the patrimony of the church to the assistance and " support of heretics," would be as current divinity :\vith Alexander, and all his successors, yet he could not hut be abundantly satisfied with the kindness of the duke of Newburgh, and could not conclude ho\v far his interposition 111ight prevail upon a ten1per and constitution so refined, and ,vithout those dregs ,vhich others had used to carry about then1 to that pron1otion: therefore, after those acknowledgrnents which were due for the overtures, his n1ajesty told hinl, "that he \vould entirely commit it to his wis- " dOI11, to do those offices with the ne\v pope as P he "thought fit, since he could expect nothing but "upon that account; and that he \vould do any " thing on his part ,vhich was fit for hin1 to do, and " \vhich should be thought of moment to facilitate " the other pretences." \;Vhereupon the duke told hiol, "that the hloody la\vs in England against the " Ron1an catholic religion Inade a very great noise " in the ,vorld; and that his majesty was generally " understood to be a prince of a tender and merci- " ful nature, which would not take delight in the " executing so much cruelty; and therefore he COIl- o lay] impose P as] which BOOK XI\. 1655. nOOK XIV. 1655. , ] 8 1.'HE HISTORY " ceived it luight he very agreeable to his inclina- " tion to declare, and pronlise, that \vhen it should "please God to restore his lnajesty to his govern- " ment, he would never suffer those laws t.o be exe- "cuted, but ,vould cause theln to be. repealed; " which generous and pious resolution made known "to the pope, would work very much upon hinl, " and dispose him to nlake an answerable return to " his nlajesty." The king answered, " that his high- "ness might very safely undertake on his behalf, " that if it should be in his po,ver, it should never " be in his will, to execute those severe la,vs: but " that it was not in his po\ver absolutely to repeal " them; and it would be less in his po\ver to do it, " if he declared that he had a purpose to do it: " therefore, that nlust be left to tilue; and it Blight "reasonably be presumed, that he would not be "backward to do all of that kind which he should " find himself able to do; and the declaration "\\rhich " he then made, his majesty said, that he ,vould be " ready to nlake to the person the duke nleant to " send, if he came to him:" which ,vas ackno,vledged to be as llluch as could be desired. Germany is the part q of the world, \vhere the Je- suits are looked upon to have the ascendant over aU other men in the deepest mysteries of state and po- licy, insomuch as there is not a prince's court of the ROluan catholic religion, \vherein a lnan is held to be a good courtier, or to have a desire to be thought a ,vise man, who hath not a Jesuit to his confessor; ,vhich may be one of the reasons, that the policy of that nation is so different fronl, and so llluch und r- q the part] the only part OF TI-IE REBELLION. lQ9 valued by the other politic parts of the ,vorld. And BOO K therefore it is the less to be wondered at that this XIV. duke, ,vho had himself extraordinary qualifications, 1655. retained that reverence for those who had taught him when he was young, that he believed the In to grow, and to be improved as fast as he, and so to be still abler to inform him. 'Vithout doubt, he did believe his Jesuit to be a very wise man; and, it may be, knew, that he would think so to whom he was sent: and as soon as he came to hin1, he sent him to the king to ùe instructed and informed of his majesty's pleasure. The man had a very good aspect, and less vanity and presumption than that society use to have, and seemed desirous to 11lerit from the king by doing him service; but had not the same confidence he s}]ould do it, as his nlaster had. And when he returned from Rome, he brought The effect nothing ,vith hin1 from the pope but general good of this. wishes for the king's restoration, and sbarp com- plaints against cardinall\lazarine for being deaf to all overtures of peace; and that till then all at- tenlpts to serve his majesty ,vould be vain and in- effectual: and concerning any supply of money, he told the duke, that the pope had used the samp adage that his predecessor had done; and so that intrigue was determined. rfhe rest and quiet that the king proposed to An nsur- h . If . h .. . rechon de- Huse In t IS necessItated retreat was dIsturbed by signed in tl . t . d .. f h . Ii . d . E EuO')and by Ie 11l1pa u:nce an actIvIty 0 IS rien s In ng- so e of the land; who, notwithstanding all his majesty's com- king'sp:uty. mands, and injunctions, not to enter upon any sud- den and rash insurrections, \vhich could only con tribute to their own ruin, without the least benefit or advantage to his serVJce, ,,,,ere so pricked and YOL. VII. K BOOK XIV. I 655. 130 THE HISTORY stung by the insolence of their enemies, and the un- easiness of their own condition and fortune, that they could not rest. They sent expresses every day to Cologne for more cOlnmissions and instructions, and made an erroneous judgment of their own strength and power, by concluding r that all who hated the present government would concur with them to overthrow it, at least would act no part in the de- fence of it. They assured the king, " that they had " made sufficient provision of arms and ammunition, " and had so many persons engaged to appear upon " any day that should be assigned, that they only " desired his majesty would appoint that day; and " that they \vere so united, that even the discovery " before the day, and the clapping up many persons " in prison, which they expected, should not break " the design." The king doubted s they would be deceived; and that, though the persons who sent those expresses were very honest men, and had served well in the war, and were ready to engage again, yet they were not equal to so great a work. However, it was not fit to discountenance or dis- hearten them; for, as many of his party were too restless and too active, so there were n10re of thelTI remiss and lazy, and even abandoned to despair. The truth is, the unequal ten1per of those who wished very well, and the jealousy, at least the want of confidence in each other, made the king's part exceeding difficult. Very many who held cor- respondence with his majesty, and those be as- signed to that office, would not trust each other; every body chose their own knot, with ,vhom they r by concluding] and concluded PI doubted] knew well enough OF THE REnELI ION. 131 ,vou]d converse, and ,vould not communicate ,vith any body else; for which they had too just excuses froln the discoveries ,vhich were Inade every day hy want of wit, as n1uch as want of honesty; and so men ,vere cast into prison, and kept there, upon ge- neral jealousies. But this reservation since they could not all resolve to be quiet, proved very griev- ous to the king; for he could not convert and re- strain those ,vho were too forward, by the counsel of those who stood in a better light, and could dis- cern better "That \vas to be done, hecause they could not be brought together to confer; and they who appeared to be less desperate "Tere by the others reproached with being less affectionate, and to want loyalty as much as courage: so they ,vho 'v ere un- done upon one and the same account, were op- pressed and torn in pieces by one and the saIne enemy, and could never hope for recovery but by one and the same remedy, grew to reproach and re- vile one another, and contracted a greater anÍ1no- sity between themselves, than against their con1lnon adversary: nor could the king reconcile this dis- tenlper, nor preserve himself froln being invaded by it. rrhough the messengers \vho were sent \vere ad- dressed only to the king hinlself, anù to the chan- ceUor of tl1e exchequer, and were 80 carefuHy con- cealed, that no notice \vas taken or advertisement sent by the nlany spies, who ,vere suhorned to give intelligence of anyone express that ,vas sent to Cologne, yet they had cOlnmonly sonle friend or ac- quaintance in the court, ,vith Wh0l11 they conferred; and ever returned \vorse satisfied \vith those \v ho Inade ohjections against ,vhat they proposed, or K2 nOOK XIV. Hi55. ISQ THE HISTORY B () 0 K seemed to douht that they \vould not be able to per- XIV. for111 what they so confidently promised; and it was 1655. thought a very reasonable conviction of a man who liked not the nlost extravagant undertaking, if he were not ready to propose a better: so that his ma- jesty thought fit often.. to seen1 to think better of roposi- Inany things prolnised than in truth he did. The tlOns to the h . h h -. C 1 Idng to this n1essengers, \V IC were sent t IS wInter to 0 ogne, :;:: o enO'_ (who, I say still, ,vere honést men, and sent from o land. those who were such,) proposed to the king, as they had forlnerly done, " that when they \vere in arms, " and had provided a place where his majesty might " land safely, he would then be with thenl, that " there might be no dispute upon command:" and in the spring they sent to him, "that the day was " appointed, the eighteenth of April, \vhen the ris- "ing wou]d be general, and Inany places seized " upon, and some declare for the king, which were "in the hands of the army:" for they still pre- tended, and did believe, "that a part of the arlny " ,volIld declare against Cromwell at least, though " not for the king: that Kent was united to a Dlan ; "Dover-castle would be possessed, and the whole " county in arms upon that day; and therefore, that " his 111ajesty would vouchsafe to be in some place, " concealed, upon the sea-coast, which it was very " easy for him to be on that day; from whence, "upon all being made good that was undertaken, " and full notice given to his majesty that it was so, " he n1ight then, and not before, transport hinlself " to that part which he thought to be in the best " posture to receive him, and might give such other " directions to the rest as he found necessary:" and even all these particulars were communicated in OF THE REBELLION. 133 confidence by the messengers to their friends ,vho were near the king, and "rho again thought it but reasonable to raise the spirits of their friends, by letting them know in how happy a condition the king's affairs were in England; and "that his " friends were in so good a posture throughout the " kingdom, that they feared not that any discovery " ll1ight be made to Cromwell, being ready to o\vn " and justify their counsels ,vith their s,vords:" so that all this quickly became more than whispered throughout the court; and," that the king ,vas only " expected to be nearer England, ho,v disguised so- " ever, that he might quickly put himself into the " head of the army that \vould be ready to receive " him, whereby all en1ulations about command ll1ight " be prevented, or irnn1ediately taken away; and if "his majesty should now neglect this opportunity, "it might easily be concluded, that either he ,vas " betrayed; or that his counsels were conducted by "men of very shaHow capacities and understand- " ing." How weakly and improbably soever these prepa- rations were adj usted, the day was positively ap- pointed, and was so near, at the time when his n1a- jesty had notice of it, that it ,vas not possible for him to send orders to contradict it: and he foresa\v, that if any thing should be attempted without suc- cess, it would be imputed to his not being at a dis- tance near enough to countenance it. On the other hand, it was neither difficult nor hazardous to his ßlajesty, to ren10ve that reproach, and to be in a place from whence he Inight advance if there ,vere cause, or retire back to Cologne, if there \vere no- thing to do; and all this ,vith so little noise, that K3 BOOK XIV. ] 655. 134 Yj'HE HIS1.'ORY BOOK his absence should scarce be taken notice of. Here- XIV. upon, the lnessenger returned with the king's ap- Th { :; probation of the day, and direction, "that, as soon o approves of "as the da y should be P ast an ex p ress should be the day of ' rising, " directed to Flushing at the sign of the city of " Rouen," (a kno\vn inn in that town,) " to inquire " for an Englishman," (whòse name was given him,) "who should be able to inform hhn, ,vhither he " should repair to speak ,vith the king." Before the messenger's departure, or the king's resolution was taken, the earl of Rochester, who was always jealous that somebody would be general before hinl, upon the first news of the general dis- position and resolution to be in arms, desired the king, "that he would pern1it him to go over in dis- " guise, to the en , that getting t to London, which " was very easy, he Inight, upon advising with the "principal persons engaged, of whom there was "none who had not been commanded by him, or "was not inferior to him in command, assist them "in their enterprise, and make the best of that " force ,vhich they could bring together: and if he "found that they were not in truth competently " provided to sustain the first shock, he might, by " his advice and authority, COlnpose theln to expect " a better conjuncture, and in the mean time to "give over all inconsider te attempts; and there "would be little danger in his withdrawing back " again to his Inajesty." The earl of '\Vith this errand the earl left Colo g ne, under pre- Rochester obtains tence of pursuing his business ,vith the Gernlan leave of the . .. .r. h . h king to go prInCeS, upon the donatIve of the dIet; lor \V IC t getting] finding his way OF THE REBELJ.AION. 185 he used to make nlany journeys; and nobody sus- BOOK pected that he ,vas gone upon any other design. XIV. But when he caDle into Flanders, he was not at all. 1655. . . . mto Eng- reserved; but In the hours of good fellowshIp, whIch land in or- f h d d . h . rler there- ,vas a great part 0 t e ay an nIg t, COmnlUnI- unto. cated his purpose to any body he did believe would keep hin) company, and run the same hazal'd with him; and finding sir Joseph 'Vagstaff, who had served the king in the last war very honestly, and was then ",-atching at the sea-coast to take the first opportunity to transport himself as soon as he should hear of the general insurrection, (\vhich all letters to all l)laces mentioned as a matter resolved on,) Rochester frankly declared to him what he was going about: so they hired a bark at Dunkirk; and, Sir Joseph . h · d .L'. d h I · \Vagstatl' WIt out any mIsa venture, .loun t emse ves In goes witb safety together at London: but nlany of those ,vho him. should have been in arms were seized upon, and se- cured in several prisons. . The messenger being despatched, the king, at the The king . . d d h h · 1 b b goes from tIme appoInte , an t at e IDlgI1t e sure to e Cologne to near at the day, left Cologne very early in the Zealand. Illorning, attended only by the nlarquis of Ormond, and one groom to look to their horses: nor was it known to any body, but to the chancellor and the secretary Nicholas, ,vhither the king was gone, they Inaking such relations to inquisitive people, 3S they thought fit. The day before the king went, sir John 1\lcnnes, and John Nicholas, eldest son to the secre- tary, ,vcre sent into Zealand, to stay there till they should receive farther orders; the formel of them Leing the person designed to be at the sign of the Rouen in Flushing, and the other to he near to pre- pare any thing for the king's hand that should be K4 BOOK XIV. 1655. 136 TI-IE HISTORY found necessary, and to keep the ciphers; both of them persons of undoubted fidelity. There was a gentleman who lived in Middleburg, and of one of the best families and the best fortune there, who had married an English lady, who had been brought up in the court of the queen of Bohe- mia, and was the daughter of a gentlenlan of a very noble fatnily, who had been long an officer in Hol- land. The king had made this Dutchn1an a baro- net; and SOlne, who 'v ere nearly acquainted with him, were confident that his majesty nlight secretly repose himself in his house, without any notice taken of him, as long as it ,vould be necessary for hÍ1n to be concealed. And his majesty being first assured of this, made his journey directly thither, in the manner mentioned before; and being received, as he expected, in that house, he gave present notice to sir John lVlennes and Mr. Nicholas, that they Inight know whither to resort to his nlajesty upon any occasion. Upon his first arrival there, he re- ceived intelligence, "that the n1essenger \vho had "been despatched fron1 Cologne, Inet \vith cross " \vinds and accidents in his return, which had been H his Inisfortune likewise in his journey thither; so " that he came not so soon to London as was ex- " pected; whereupon SODle conceived that the kîng " did not approve the day, and therefore excused "thelTIselves from appearing at the tÍ1ne; others "were well content ,vith the excuse, having dis- " cerned, ,vith the approach of the day, that they " had elnbarked then1selves in a design of ll10re dif- " ficulty than was at first apprehended; and some "were actually seized upon, and imprisoned, by "which they ,vere incapable of performing their OF F].'HE REBELLION. 137 "promise." Though this disappointlnent confirmed the king in his former belief, that nothing solid could result from such a general combination; yet he thought it fit, now he was in a post ,vhere he might securely rest, to expect ,vhat the earl of Ro- chester's presence, of ,vhose being in London he was advertised, might produce. And by this time the chancellor of the exchequer, according to order, was cOlne to Breda; from ,vhence he every day might hear from, and send to the king. There cannot be a greater manifestation of the universal prejudice and aversion in the whole king- dOln towards Cronlwell and his government, than that there could be so Inany designs and conspira- cies against him, which were c0111ffiunicated to so nlany men, and that such signal and notable U per- Bons could resort to London, and remain there, with- out any such information or discovery, as might en- able him to cause then1 to be apprehended; there heing nobody intent and zealous to ßlake any such discoveries, but such whose trade it was for great wages to give him those informations, who seldom care whether what they inform be true or no. The earl of Rochester consulted ,vith great freedom in London with the king's friends; and found that the persons imprisoned ,vere only taken upon general suspicion, and as being known to be of that party, not upon any particular discovery of what they de- signed or intended to do; and that the same spirit still possessed those who ,vere at liberty. The de- ðign in Kent appeared not reasonable, at least not to hegin upon; but he ,vas persuaded, (and he was " \1 notable] notorious BOOK XIV. 1655. 138 THE HISTORY BOO K very credulous,) that in the north there was a foun- XIV. d . f atlon 0 strong bopes, and a party ready to appear 1655. powerful enough to possess themselves of York; nor had the army many troops in those parts. In the west likewise there appeared to be a strong combi- nation, in which lllany gentlemen ,vere engaged, whose agents were then in ondon, and were ex- ceedingly importunate to have a day assigned, and desired no n10re, than that sir J oseph Wagstaff might be authorized to be in the head of them; who had been well known to then1; and he was as ready to The ear} of engage with them. The earl of Rochester lik ed Rochester M designs for the countenance of the north better; and sent ar- the north; Inaduke Darc y a O'allant g entleman and nobl y al- and Wag- , 0 , < st h aff into lied in those P arts, to P re p are the P art y there; and t e west. appointed a day and place for the rendezvous; and promised to be himself there; and was contented that sir Joseph 'Vagstaff should go into the west; who, upon conference with those of that country, like,vise appointed their rendezvous upon a fixed clay, to be' within two miles of Salisbury. I twas an argument that they had no mean opinion of their strength, that they appointed to appear that very day when the judges were to keep their assizes in that city, and where the sheriff and principal gen- tlemen of the county were obliged to give their at- tendance. Of both these resolutions the earl of Ro- chester, who knew where the king was, took care to advertise his majesty: who, from hence, had his former faint hopes renewed; and in a short time after they were so improved, that he thought of no- thing lllore, than how he might with the greatest secrecy transport himself into England; for which he did expect a sudden occasion. OF THE REBELLION. 139 Sir Joseph 'Vagstaff had been formerly 11lajol' ge- BOOK XIV. neral of the foot in the king's western army, a Iuall generally beloved; and though he was rather for 1655. execution than counsel, a stout man, who looked not far before him; yet he had a great con1panionable- ness in his nature, wbich exceedingly prevailed with those, "rho, in the intermission of fighting, loved to spend their tin1e in jollity and n1irth. He, as soon as the day ,vas appointed, left London, and went to some of his friends' houses in the country, near the place, that he might assist the preparations as lunch as ,vas possible. Those of Hampshire were not so punctual at their own rendezvous, as to be present at tbat near Salisbury at the hour; ho\vever, Wag_TJJ r sing -. d f "'- V '. d d . at Sahs- staff, an they 0 t Iltshlre, appeare accor lng to bury. expectation. Penruddock, a gentleman of a fair for- tune, and great zeal and forwardness in the service, Hugh Grove, Jones, x and other persons of condi- tion, were there ,vith a body of near two hundred horse ,veIl armed, which, they presumed, would every day be improved upon the access of those \vho had engaged themselves in the western associa- tion, especially after the fame of their being up, and effecting any thing, should come to their ears. They accounted that they were already strong enough to visit Salisbury in all its present lustre, kno,ving that they had many friends there, and reckoning that all who \vere not against them, were for them; and that they should there increase their numbers both in foot and horse; with \vhich the town then abounded: nor did their computation and conjec- ture fail them. They entered the city about five of x Jones,] Not in RIS. BOOK XIV. 1655. 140 'l'HE HISTORY the clock in the Inorning: they appointed SOlne of- ficers, of which they had plenty, to cause all the stables to be locked up, that all the horses might be at their devotion; others, to break open the gaols, that all there might attend their benefactors. They kept a good body of horse upon the nlarket-place, to encounter all opposition; and gave order to appre- hend the judges and the sheriff, who \vere yet in their beds, and to bring them into the lnarket-place with their several C0111111issions, not caring to seize upon the persons of any others. All this was done with so little noise or disorder, as if the to\vn had been all of one lllind. They who \vere \vithin doors, except they were cOlnmanded to COlne out, stayed still there, being 1110re desirous to hear than to see \,-hat was done; very many being \vell pleased, and not willing that others should dis- cern it in their countenance. 'Vhen the judges were brought out in their robes, and hUlnLly pro- duced their comlnissions, and the sheriff likewise, \Vagstaff resolved, after he had caused the king to be proclaimed, to cause them all three to be hanged, (who \vere half dead already,) having \veIl COll- sidered, with the policy which nlen in such actions are naturally possessed with, ho\v he hiInself should be used if he \vere under their hands, choosing therefore to be beforehand with thenl. But he hav- ing not thought fit to deliberate this beforehand with his friends, \vhereby their scrupulous con- sciences might have been confirmed, many of the country gentlenlen were so startled \vith this propo- sition, that they protested against it; and poor Pen- ruddock was so passionate to preserve their lives, as if \vorks of this nature could be done by halves, that OF THE REBELI.AION. 141 the major general dUl'st not persist in it; but was prevailed with to dismiss the judges, and, having taken their commissions froB1 then1, to oblige them upon another occasion to rel11ember to whon1 they owed their lives, resolving still to hang the sheriff; who positively, though hun1bly, and with 11lany tears, refused to proclaim the king; which being otherwise done, they likewise prevailed \vith him rather to keep the sheriff alive, and to carry him with them to redeem an honester man out of the hands of their enemies. This seemed an ill on1en to their future agreement, and subl11ission to the comlnands of their general; nor was the tender- heartedness so general, but that very many of the gentlemen were much scandalized at it, both as it was a contradiction to their commander in chief; and as it would have been a seasonable act of se- verity to have cemented those to perseverance ,vho ,vere engaged in it, and have kept them from en- tertaining any hopes but in the sharpness of their swords. The noise of this action ,vas very great both in and out of the kingdonl, whither it ,vas quickly sent. \Vithout doubt it ,vas a hold enterprise, and might have produced wonderful effects, if it had been prosecuted ,vith the same resolution, or the saInc rashness, it ,vas entered into. All that 'vas reasonable in the general contrivance of insurrec- tion and con1motion over the 'v hole kingdom, was founded upon a supposition of the division and fac- tion in the army; ,vhich was kno\\Tn to be so great, that it ,vas thought y Crom,vell durst not draw the \vhole a1'111Y to a genera] rendezvous, out of appre- y it was thought] lYul in .iUS. BOOK XIV. 1655. 14 'rHE HISTORY BOOK hension that, when they should once meet together, XIV. he should no longer be master of theIne And thence 1655. it was concluded, that, if there were in anyone place such a body brought together as might oblige Cromwell to make the army, or a considerable part of it, to march, there would at least be no disposi- tion in them to fight to strengthen his authority, which they abhorred. And u1any did at that tiIne believe, that if they had relllained with that party at Salisbury for sonle days, which they might ,veIl have done without any disturbance, their nUl1lbers would have much increased, and their friends far- ther west must IJave been prepared to receive theIn, w hen their retreat had been necessary by a stronger part of the army's marching against them. Croln- well himself ,vas alarmed z; he kne,v ,veIl the dis- tenlper of the kingdonl, and in his army, and now when he sa,v such a body gathered together without any noise, that dul'st in the middle of the kingdom enter into one of the chief cities of it, when his judges and all the civil power of that county was in it, and take them prisoners, and proclaim the king in a time of full peace, and when no man durst so much as name him but with a reproach, he could not imagine, that such an enterprise could be under- taken without a universal conspiracy; in ,vhich his own army could not be innocent; and therefore The unfor- kne,v not how to trust them together. But all this tunate issue h . . h d h . k h of it. appre enSIOn VaniS e , w en It was no\vn, t at within four or five hours after they had perforll1ed this exploit, they left the town ,vith very sOlall in- crease or addition to their numbers. The truth is, they did nothing resolutely after 7 alarn1ed] amazed OF THE REBELLION. 143 their first action; and were in such disorder and discontent between themselves, that without stay- ing for their friends out of Hampshire, (who were, to the number of two or three hundred horse, upon their way, and ,vould have been at Salisbury that night,) upon pretence that they were expected in Dorsetshire, they left the town, and took the sheriff \vith them, about two of the clock in the afternoon: but \vere so \veary of their day's labour, and their watching the night before, that they gre\v less in love \vith what they were about, and differed again amongst themselves about the sheriff; whom many desired to be presently released; and that party carried it in hope of receiving good offices after- ,yards from him. In this manner they continued on their march westward. They from Hampshire, and other places, who were behind them, being angry for their leaving Salisbury, would not follo\v, but scattered themselves; and they who were be- fore them, and heard in what disorder they had left 'Viltshire, likenrise dispersed: so that after they had continued their journey into Devonshire, with- out meeting any \vho \vould join with them, horse and men ,vere so tired for want of meat and sleep, that one single troop of horse, inferior in nUl11ber, and comn1anded by an officer of no credit in the war, being in those parts by chance, followed then1 at a distance, till they \vere so spent, that he rather entreated than compelled them to deliver them- selves; some, and amongst those 'Vagstaff, quitted their horses, and found shelter in some honest men's houses; \vhere they were concealed till opportunity served to transport them into the parts beyond the seas, \vhere they arrived safely. But 1\11". Pcnrud- BOOK XIV. 1655. BOOK XIV. 1655. 144 THE HISTORY dock, Mr. Grove, and most of the rest, \vere taken prisoners, upon promise given by the officer that their lives should he saved; which they quickly found he had no authority to make good. For Crom,vell no sooner heard of his cheap victory, than he sent judges a\vay with a new commission of oyer and tern1iner, and order to proceed \vith the ut- most severity against the offenders. But Roles, his chief justice, \vho had so luckily escaped at Salis- bury, had not recovered the fright; and would no Inore look those men in the face who had dealt so kindly with him; but expressly refused to be em- ployed in the service, raising some scruples in point of law, whether the men could be legally condemned; upon which Cromwell, shortly after, turned him out of his office, having found others who executed his comlnands. Penruddock and Grove lost their heads at Exeter; and others were hanged there; \vho having recovered the faintness they were in ,,,hen they rendered, died \\rith great cou- rage and resolution, professing their duty and loy- alty to the king: n1any were sent to Salisbury, and tried and executed there, in the place where they had so lately triumphed; and some \vho were con- demned, \vhere there ,vere fathers, and sons, and brothers, that the butchery might appear ,vith some remorse, ,vere reprieved, and sold, and sent slaves to the Barbadoes; \vhere their treatment was such, that few of them ever returned into their o\vn coun- try. Thus this little fire, which probably might have kindled and inflamed all the kingdom, was for the present extinguished in the ,vest; and Crom- ,veIl secured without the help of his army; which he saw, by the countenance it then shewed when OF rrlIE REBELIAION. 145 they thought he should have use of them, it was BOO K high time to reform; and in that he resolved to use XIV. no longer delay. 165.1. The design of the north, ,vhich was thought to be The ill suc- d . d d LY- d cess like- Inuch better prepared an provl e lor, Ina e less wise of the noise, and expired more peaceably. The earl of Ro- :j l: o chester, who saw danger at a distance with great courage, and looked upon it less resolutely when it was nearer, made his journey from London, with a friend or two, into Yorkshire at the time appointed; and found such an appearance of gentlemen upon the place, as might very ,veIl have deserved his pa- tience. There had been SOlne mistake a in the no- tice that had been given, and they \vho did appear, undertook for Dlany who were absent, that, if he would appoint another short day for a rendezvous, he should be well attended. l\larlnaduke Darcy had spent his time very well anlongst them, and found thenl well disposed, and there could be no danger in staying the tÍ1ne proposed, Inany of thenl having bouses, where he might be well concealed, and the country generally wished ,veIl to the king, and to those who concerned themselves in his af- fairs. But he took many exceptions; complained, as if they had deceived him; and asked many ques- tions, which were rather reasonable tban seasonable, and ,vhich ,,,ould have furnished reasons against en- tering upon the design, which were not to be urged now \vhen they ,vere to execute, and when indeed they seemed to have gone b too far to retire. He had not yet heard of thp ill success at Salisbury; a There had been some mis- take] It appeared theloe had been some mistake \"OL. VII. b they seemed to have gont;] tht>y h:ul gone I. 146 THE HIS'rORY HOOK yet he did not think the force which the gentlell1en XIV. ,vere confident they could dra,v together, before they ] 655. could meet with any opposition, sufficient to enter upon any action, that was like to be dangerous in the end: so he resolved to stay no longer; the gen- tlemen being as lTIuch troubled that he had conle at The earl of all; they parted with little good will to each other, Jlochester . . returns to the earl returnIng through by-roads to London, London. . h h h h whence he WhlC \vas t e securest place, from w ence e gave n vjses the the kin g notice of the ho p ele sness of affairs If he lung of tbe ' 0..; · i1l success. had not been a Ulan very fortunate in disguises, he could never have escaped so many perambulations. For as he was the least ,vary in making his journeys in safe hours, so he departed very unwillingly from all nlaces ,vhere there ,vas good eating and drink- ing; and entered into conferences with any strangers he met, or joined ,vith. r "Then he returned fronl the north, he lodged at Aylesbury; and having been observed to ride out of the ,yay in a large ground, not far from the tOWIl, of ,vhich he seel1led to take some survey, and had asked ßlany questions of a country fellow who ,vas there, (that ground in truth belonging to his own wife,) the next justice of peace had notice of it; ,vha being a man devoted to the government, and all that country very ill affected ahvays to the king, and the news of Salisbury, and the proclamation thereupon, having l)ut all men upon their guard, came himself to the inn \vhere the earl ",vas; and being informed, that there ,,"ere only t\VO gentIelnen above at supper, (for sir Nicholas Armorer ,,'as like- wise with the earl, and had accolTIpanied hiln in that journey,) he ",vent into the stable; and upon view of the horses found they ,vere the saIne \v hich An acci- dent that befelJ him ill his re- turn. OF THE REBELI IO . 147 had been observed in the ground. The justice COIn- Inanded the keeper of the inn, one Gilvy, \vho, be- sides that he was a })erson notoriously affected to the governnlcnt, ,vas likewise an officer, " tbat he " should not suffer those horses, nor the persons to " whonl they belol1ged, to go out of the house, till " he, the said justice, caIne thither in the morning; " when he would exanline the gentleillen, \vho they " ,\\-"'ere, and Fronl whence they came." The earl ,vas quickly advertised of all that passed helov{, and enough apprehensive of ,vhat In\1st follo,v in the lllorning. "'Thereupon he presently sent for the l11aster of the house, alid nobody being })resent but his c01l1panion, he told hÎln, " he ,vould put his life " into his hands; ,\-hich he Inight destroy or pre- " serve: that he could get nothing hy the one, but " by the other he should have profit, and the good " will of Hlany friends, who Inight he able to do hÎln "good." Then he told hinl ,vho he \vas; and, as an earnest of lllore benefit that he InigJlt receive hereafter, he gave hin) thirty or forty Jacobus's, and a fair gold chain, which \vas Blore \vorth to he sol than one hundred pounds. \Vhether the 111an ,vas llloved by the re\vard, \vhich he might have pos- sessed \vithout de:serving it, or by generosity, or by \visdonl and foresight, for he \vas a luan of a very good understanding, and n1ight consider the changes \\7hich followed after, and in ,vhich this service proved of advantage to hiln, he did rcsolye to perluit and contrive their escape: and though he thought fit to he accountable tu thp justice for their horses, yet he caused t\\'o other, as good for their purpose, of his O\\Tn, to be nlarle ready hy a trusty servant in anothf\r tahl('; ,,-ho, ahont JnidllÎght, conducted 1.2 BOOK XIV. 1655. 148 'l'I-IE 11 I S1.'OR \ BOOK then1 into London-way; ,v}lich put thelTI in safety. XIV. The inn-keeper was visited in the morning hy the ] 655. justice; ,vhom he carried into the stable, where the horses still stood, he having still kept the key in his own pocket, not l1laking any doubt of the persons whilst he kept their horses; but the inn-keeper con- fessed they ",-ere escaped out of his house in the night, ho,v or whither he could not Ílnagine. The justice threatened loud; but the inn-keeper was of that unquestionable fidelity, and gave such daily de- monstration of his affection to the C01111TIonwealth, that Crol1lwell more suspected the connivance of the justice, (who ought not to have deferred the exami- nation of the persons tin the morning,) than the in- tegrity of a man so well kno\vn as the inn-keeper was. The earl re111ained in London whilst the in- quiry ,vas ,varm and ilTIportunate, and afterwards easily procured a passage for Flanders; and so re- turned to Cologne. The king As soon as the king received advertisell1ent of the leaves Zea- .. . land; and III successes In England, and that all then' hopes returns to C': h f Z I d Cologne. were lor t e present blasted there, he Ie t ea an , and, returning by Breda, stayed in a dorp near the to,vn, till the chancellor of the exchequer attended him; and then returned ,vith all speed to Cologne; where his little court was quickly gathered together again, and better disposed to sit still, and expect God's O\Vll tilne. His majesty was exceedingly af- flicted with the loss of so Hlany honest gentJeulen in England, who had engaged themselves so despe- rately, not only ,vithout, but expressly against his majesty's judgnlent: and he was the Blore troubled, because he ,vas frolD several of his friends front thence advertised, "that all his counsels ,vere dis- OJ? rIIE JtElrEI LI()N. L4!J ., covered; and that Croll1well had perfect intelli- BOO K XIV. "gcnce of \\:hatsoever his lnajesty resolved to do, " and of all he said hilnsclf; so that it would not ùe 165.3. "safe for any body to correspond ,vith hin1, or to " nleddle in his affairs or concernlnents: that his " c0l11ing iRto Zealand, and his continuance there, '" \vas kno\\-rn to Croll1 nrell, with all the particulars " of his lllotion; that Inauy persons of condition " ,vere seized upon, and ill1prisoned for having a dc- "sign to possess thcll1sel yes of SOllle tOl\ ns, and "places of strength; \vhich intelligence could not " be given but frol11 Cologne;" Ìlnplying, "that the " Iniscarriage in all the last designs proceeded wholly " frotH the treason of sOlne persons near his 111ajesty." The king did 110t at all ,yonder that Cronl\vell, and his instrUlllents, took great pain to Inake it gene- rally be helieved, that they kne\v all that was re- solved or thought of at Cologne; but that any nlen who \vcre really devoted to his service, and ,vho had kindness and esteenl for all those ,vho w'ere trusted by his 111ajesty, should be \vrought upon to believe those reports, very luuch disturbed hinl. \Vhilst he ,vas in this agony, and in1mediately The dis- . . cm"er)'oftht> after Ins return to Cologne, a dIscovery ,vas made of treachery of . 11 . h t d h . h . . d . E ManninO' . a VI alUY, t a Ina e In1 excuse IS 1rIen s In ng- and a pa ti- laud for their J . ealolls v , and vet cOln p osed his o\vn cular ac f - . J J count 0 It. 11lind frolll any fear of being betrayed, it being an in1 posture of such a nature, as was dangerous and ridiculous together. There was one lVlanning, a pro- pcr young gentlelnan, bred a Ronlan catholic in the fall1ily of the nlarquis of \V orcester, ,vhose page he had heen. His father, of that religion like\vise, had been a colonel in the king's army; and ,vas slain at the battle of Alresford; \vhere this young man, Le- 1,3 BOOK XIV. 1655. 150 THE HIS1.'ORY ing then a youth, was hurt, and lllaiined in the left a1'01 and shoulder. This gentleman came to Cologne shortly after the king caIne thither first, and pre- tended, "that he had sold the incumbered fortune "his father had left hinl; upon which, he had " enough to lnaintain hinl, and resolved to spend it " in \vaiting upon the king, till his lllajesty should " be able to raise an arnlY; in ,vhich he hoped to " have an opportunity to revenge his father's blood;" with lllany discourses of that nature; and he brought a letter to Dr. Earles from his uncle J\lanning, who ,vas well kno,vn to hinl, to cOIlllllend his nephew to his conversation. He ,vas a handsome man, had store of good clothes, and nlenty of money; which, ,vith the llleolory of his father, easily introduced him, and lllade hiIn acceptable to the company that ,vas there. He kne\v 1110st of the king's party in England, and spoke as if he were llluch trusted by them, and held correspondence ,vith them; and had every ,veek the Diurnal, and the ne,vs of London, which seldom else came so far as Cologne. He asso- ciated hin1self lllost with the good-fellows, and eat in their company, being well provided for the ex- pense. By degrees, he insinuated hin1self with the earl of Rochester, and tol him, " that all the king's " party looked upon hinl as the general ,, ho must " govern and <<.;onll11and tlH:\ID; for ,vhich they \vere " very impatient: that he hinlself "Tould be ready " to run his fortune, and attend hinl into England; " and that hp had t\VO hundred good men listed, " \vho would appear \Velllllounted and arilled, \vhen- " ever he should require then1; and that he kne\v " where good SlUllS of nloney lay ready to be applied h tu that scrvice." "rite carl ,vas ravished ,vith thi OF THE REBELLION. 151 discourse, and looked upon hin1 as a man sent from heaven to advance his designs; and asked him, " \vhether he had been \vith the chancellor of the "exchequer, and cOlnn1unicated all this to him?" He said, "he had, at his first coming to to\vn, ,vait- "ed upon the chancellor; and intended to have " spoken of this, and Inuch more than he had yet " spoken, if he had ùeen vacant, or willing to hear: " but he seelned to him too reserved; which he im- " puted then to SOUle business that possessed hin1, " and therefore Jnade hitn a second visit; ,vhen he " found hhn \vith the san1e \variness, and without a " desire to be informed by hÍln concerning the af- " fairs of that kingdolu; so that he resolved to visit " hitn no more." In the end, he told the earl, " that he \vould in1- " part a secret to hÍ1n of the last in1portance, and " which he had not yet had opportunity to inform " the king of, and, he did believe, it would be the " same thing to Í1npart it to his lordship as to his " majesty hiIllself: the SHIU "ras, that he \vas trusted " by the young earl of Pembroke, whose affections " \vel'C entire for his Inajesty, to assure the king of " the saine; and that though it would not be safe " for hitn to appear in the head and beginning of an " insurrection, he would advance it as much as if he ,. \vere there in person; and because he kne\v the " west \vas better prepared to begin the \vork than " any other part of the kingdoln, he had caused " three thousand pounds to be laid aside, aud kept " ready at "Tilton, ,vhich should he delivered to any h luan, \vho, in the king's nalne, should require it of " uch a ulan," (nau1ing a person, ,vho \vas knO\VIl L4 BOOK XIV. ] 655. BOOK XIV. 1655. 15 'rHE HIð rOU,Y t.o he much trusted by that earl,) "upon delivery of " a private token he produced out of his pocket," (which was a clean piece of paper, ealed \vith three in1pressions of an antique head in hard ,vax,) " which," he said, " the earl required hin1 to present " to the king '\vhen he thought it might he season- ,. able." He added, "that he ,vould be glad to he " himself in that first engagen1ent, and so to be pre- " sent when that token should be delivered; yet he " considered, that he ,vas not enough known to have " such a secret hnparted to hinl, as the thne of such " an action ought to be; and therefore, if it pleased " the king, he ,vould presently deliver that token "into his lordship's hands; who, he wa-s confident, " would be the first that \vould have opportunity to " employ it." The earl had the journey then in his head, \vhich he made shortly after; and thought such a treasure as this would much advance the service. He made haste to infornl the king of the ,vhole, that he n1ight have his approbation to receive the token. To that pur- pose, he brought the man to the king; who had never before taken other notice of him, than for his bring- ing the Diurnal constantly to be read to his majesty after dinner, or supper, as he received it. He Inade a large relation to the king of what the earl of Pen1- broke had commanded him to say, and presented the token to hi Inajesty for the three thousand pounds; the manner of his discourse being such, as the king had not the least suspicion of the truth of it. As soon as he left the king, the earl brought him to the chancellor, conjuring hhn to use him with gre.at kindness, and gently reproaching hhn for" his ,vant Ole' 'rHE ItEBEl..LION. 153 of courtesy to hinl before; which he \vondered at; for it \vas very true that l\lanning had visited hilll t\vice before, and it was as true, that he had received him with as lllnch civility as was possible, having known his father, and most of his faluily, and was glad to see hinl frequently at prayers, well kno,ving that he had been bred a Roman catholic; and the young Hlan had seelned lllnch pleased with the re- ception he had given hin1. But frolll that tinle that be nlade that relation concerning the earl of Pem- broke, ,vhich he repeated over to hiln as he had re- lated it to the king, the chancellor al,vays suspected Ilin1; and could not prevail ,vith himself to have any fantiliarity \vith hinl; \vhich t.he other complained heavily of, and the chancellor was much reproached for not treating a person of so n1uch Inerit, who had lost his father, and been hinlself mainled in the king's service, \vith more openness; for he did al- ways use him \\Tith all necessary civility. But the chancellor's kno\vledge of the earl of Pen1broke, and of the hUlllour that then possessed him, and of the uneasiness of his own fortune, \vhich did not Inake hilll at that time master of much lTIOney, besides that he believed that, if the thing were true, he should have received advertisement sooner of it Fronl a pcrson ,vho ,vas most trusted by the earl, and \vho corresponded very constantly with the chancellor, Dlade hiln distrust hiIn. He therefore told the king, " that he doubted l\lanning had lTIade that part of "the story to 11lake hÏ1nself the nlore welco111e ;" \\ 1 ich his majesty did not think ,vas a rcasonaLIL jealousy; but \\'ished hin1 to use all the 111cans he could to discover the truth. The chancellor had no farther suspicion of him than upun the Hccuuut of HOOK XIV. 1655. BOOK XIV. 1655. 154 'rHE HISTORY that storyC, nor the least apprehension that he was a spy. '''hen it was publicly kno\vn d that the king was absent from Cologne, at that tÏ1ne that he made his journey to Zealand, in the manner that is men- tioned before, the earl of Rochester being departed frorn thence sonle tilne hefore, Mr. l\lanning ap- peared wonderfully troubled, and conlplained to . SOllle, "that he being intrusted by all the king's " friends, '\vho would not credit any orders hut such " as should pass through his hands, the king ,vas " now gone \vithout ÏInparting it to him; \vhich " would be the ruin of his design." He \vent to the chancellor, and lanlented himself, "that there should "be any sword drawn in England before his; his "father's blood boiled within hin1, and kept hilll "froin sleep." He desired hÏ1n therefore, " that he " would so far comlllunicate the design to him, that " he might only know to \vhat part of England to " transport hinlself, that be luight be in action as " soon as Inight be possible." He could dra\v no- thing fronl the chancellor; who told hinl, " that he " knew of no probability of any action; and there- " fore could give no advice." Upon which he COlll- plained luuch of the chancellor's want of kindness to him: but he lost no tinle in follo\ving the king; and having great acquaintance \vith Herbert Price, a man much trusted by the earl of Rochester, and that affected to kno\v, or to he thought to kno\v, the greatest secrets, he prevailed \vith hÍln, upon hear- ing his charges, to accolnpany hinl, that they Inight C than upon the account of d publicly known] ùi cover- that story] Not in MS. cd OF THE REBELI..ION. 155 find out where the king w'as, at least that they might be l eady on the sea-coast, to transport them- selves into England upon the first occasion. Whe- ther by accident, or that the earl of Rochester had l11ade any mention of Zealand to 1\11'. Price, thither they both came; and seeing sir John 1\1ennes and 1\11'. Nicholas there, they believed there might like.. ,vise be others of their Cologne friends. Herbert Price, as he ,vas a man of a very inquisitive nature, \vatched so narrowly, that he found an opportunity to meet the king in an evening, ,vhen he used to \valk to take a little air after the day's confinenlent. The king, since he was discovered, thought it best to trust him; and charged hinl, "not only to nlake " no discovery, but to remove out of the island, lest " his being seen there might raise suspicion in other "men." He did very inlportunately desire the king that he might bring l\ianning to speak ,vith hinl, as not only an honest man, (as no doubt he thought him to be,) but a man of that inlportance and trust, as might contribute much to his present service. But the king would by no Ineans adlnit hinl, nor did he see him; yet after\vards, upon this reflection, his majesty concluded that Cronlwell came to be in- fornlcd of his being in Zealand, \\Tithout any reproach to 1\11'. Price's fidelity; \vhich was not suspected, though his presunlption and ÎI11portunity were al- ,vays very inconvenient. Shortly after the king's return to Cologne, 1\lan- ning like\vise canle thither ,,'ith his accustolned con- fidence. And in this time the chancellor received advertiselnent froin England, "that he had no kind " of trust froln the earl of PClnbroke, but, on the " contrary, had been turned out of his service upun BOOK XIV. 1655. BOOK XIV. 1655. 156 'rH.E HIS'rOltY " matter of dishonesty; and that he was a loose per- " son, of no reputation:" and his majesty was in- formed by others from Antwerp, "that every post " brought many letters for him, which were taken up " there, and transmitted to Cologne; and that he had "letters of credit upon a merchant of Antwerp for " good SUIns of money." All this raised a suspicion in the king; ,vho gave direction to a trusty person, who was purposely sent to take up all those letters at Antwerp, ,vhich were sent thither fro111 England for him, it being kno,vn under what cover they ca01e, and like,vise those which were sent froln Cûlogne by him, his address being likewise discovered. By this lneans the party returned with lnany great packets both frol11 and to hiln; ,vhich being opened, and read, administered Inatter of great an1azement. There ,vere letters froln Thurlo,v, Croln,vell's secre- tary and principal n1inister, containing the satisfac- tion the protector received in the particular intelli- gence he received fron1 him, ,vith short instructions ho\v he should behave hhnself. The person en1- ployed had been so dexterous, that he brought ,vith hint Manning's letters of three posts, all full of the most particular things done at Cologne; and the particular words said by the king, and others, that lnust needs affect those who should receive the in- telligence; but of all which there ,vas nothing true; no such action had been done, no such ,vord spoken. In one letter, after such inforn1ation as he thought fit, he said, " that by the next he should send such " advice as was of much more moment than he had " ever yet sent, and above what he had given froln " Zealand, and hy which they luight see, that there ()}1" , r 1-1 E II E l ELL ION. 157 .., was nothing so sec-ret at Cologne, of \vhich he could " not be infornled, if he had money enough;" and therefore desired the bill for the thousand crowns lnight be despatched. 'rogether \vith this, the letter of the subsequent post was likewise seized upon; and by his method, which \vas after\vards discover- ed, it was very probable that they ,vere both sent at one and the saIne time, and by the sal11e post, though they \vere of several dates. Tfhat of the latter date \vas very long, and in it was enclosed an overture or design for the surprise and taking of PlYJTIouth; in which there ,vas a very exact and true description of the town, and fort, and island, and the present strength and force that ,vas there. Then a propo- sition, that a vessel ,vith five hundred Inen (there \vere no I110re desired) should con1e to such a place, (a creek described,) and, upon a sign then given, such a place in the town should be first seized upon, ,vhilst others should possess hoth the fort and the island. The nalnes of the persons who undertook to do both the one and the other, ,vere like,vise set down; and they were an men kno,vn to be ,vel] affected to the king, \\-ho, ,vith the assistance of that five hundred TIlen, lnight indeed be able to nlaster the place. "or the hetter going through the \vork 'v hen it ,vas thus begun, there was an undertaking that sir Hugh Pol- lard, and other persons nanled, ,vho ,vere all notable men for their zeal to the king's service, should be read)" from the Devonshire side, as colonel Arundel and others fro 11 I Cornwall, to second and support "hat ,vas to he done. The letter inforlned, " that \\?hen the king deli- " vcred that papt'r to the council," (which, he said, nOOK XIV. 1655. BOOK XIV. ] 655. - 158 'l'HE HISTORY " he had received frolll a very good hand e ;" and then the ll1arquis of Orillond made this and this objection, and others found this and that difficulty in the execution of the enterprise, all which the chancellor answered very clearly, and the king him- self said very llluch of the easiness of the undertak- ing,) "there was one difficulty urged, that the king " himself appeared to be startled at, and looked upon " the chancellor; \vho arose fron1 his place, and went " to the king's chair, and \vhispered SOllle\vhat in "his ear. \tVhereupon his majesty told the lords, " that he had indeed forgot SOn1el\T hat that the chan- " celIoI' put him in n1ind of, and for that particular " they should refer the care of it to hitn, \vho \vould " take it upon hitn; and so the Blatter \vas resolved, " and the earl of Rochester undertook for the five " hundred lnen, and their transportation." Manning concluded, " that if he had money, they should kno\v " constantly how this design should he advanced, or " any other set on foot." Every body \\Tas exceed- ingly an1azed at this relation. in \vhich there \vas not one syllable of truth. There had never such a proposition been made, nor was there any such de- bate or discourse. There \vere in his letter lllany vain insinuations of his interest, as if he were never out of the king's conlpany. Two of the king's ser- vants \vere sent to seize upon his person and his pa- pel's; who found him in his chamber \vriting, and his cipher and papers before hilTI; all which they possessed then1selves of without any resistance. There \vere several letters prepared, and Inade up \vith the e ti'om a rery good hand] 111S. adds: it was read twice OF THE REBELLION. 159 dates proper for many posts to come, with infor- mation and intelligence of the same nature as the former. The secretary of state and one of the lords of the council \vere sent to exalnine him; to wholn he con- fessed, \vithout any reserve, "that the necessity of " his fortune had exposed him to that base condition " of life; and, to make himself fit for it, he had dis- " sembled his religion ; for," he said, "he remained " still a catholic: that he \vas sent over by Thurlo\v u to be a spy wherever the king should be, and had " constantly sent him intelligence, for \vhich he had " received good sl ms of Inoney; yet, that he had "been so trouuled in mind for the vileness of the " life he led, that he was resolved, hy raising great " expectations in thein, to dra\v a good sum of Inoney " froI11 them; and then to renounce farther corre- " spondence, and to procure the king's pardon, and " faithfully to serve him." Being asked, why he Inade such relations, \vhich had no truth in thenl, he ans\vered, " that if he had come to the kno\vledge of " any thing \vhich in truth had concerned the king, " he \vould never have discovered it; but he thought " it \vould do no prejudice to the king, if he got " nloney froln the rebels by sending them lies, \vhich " could neither do thelu good, nor hurt his majesty; " and therefore all his care \vas to amuse then1 ,vith " particulars, \vhich he kne\v "rould plcase them; " and so ,vhen he ,vas alone he al\vays prepared Iet- " tel'S containing such things as occurred to his in- " vention, to he sent by the succeeding posts, and " that he had never written any thing that ,vas true, " hut of his luajesty's heing in Zealand; \yhich, he " helieved, could producp no prejudice to hiln. BOOK XIV. 1655. IuU 'rHE I-IISTOltY BOOK The king no\v discerned from whence all the ap- XIV. prehensions of his friends proceeded; and that they 1655. had too much ground for their jealousies; for though none of his counsels had been discovered, they ,vho had received those letters Blight reasonably think that none of them were concealed; and Inight ,veIl hrag to their confidents of their kno\ving all that the king did.. By this 111eans, such particuIars were transmitted to the king's friends, as could not but very luuch alTIUSe them, and, no doubt, was the cause of the commitment of very l11any persons, and of some who had no purpose to suffer for their loyalty. His lTIajesty took care to publish the transactions of this man, with the nlethod of the intelligence he gave; by which his friends discerned with ,vhat shadows they had been affrighted, and his enemies likewise discovered "vhat current ware they had re- ceived for their money: yet they endeavoured to have it believed that he was not a man sent over by thenl, but a secretary in great trust about some per- son en1ployed, wholl1 they had corrupted: in which Inen were likewise quickly undeceived, and kne"r t11at he ,vas a man \vithout any dependence or rela- tion to, or countenance from the court: and the \vretch soon after received the re\vard due to his treason f. As the king's hopes were much eclipsed in Eng- land by the late unseasona hIe attempt, and the loss of so many gallant persons, as perished, or ," ere un- CrolU- done in it; so Croln,vell advanced his o\vn credit, well's ad- .. vantage by and was very Inuch P; enrIched by It, and lTIOre COI1- et :iJ)gs firmed with those ,vho were of doubtful faith to,vards king's party. f and the wretch soon after re- {'eived the reward due to his treason] Not in lS. g very nll1Ch] infinitely OF THE REBELI..IOS. 161 him. He lay before under the reproach of devising BOOK XIV. plots himselt that the cOlnmonwealth might be thought in danger, to the end he might have excuse 1655. to continue so vast forces still in pay. \Vhereas it no\v appeared how active and confident the king's party still was, and that they \vould not have had the presumption to Inake so bold an attempt in the middle of the kingdom, if they had not had good as- surance of being seconded; and therefore they \vere to look upon the fire as only raked up, not extin- guished. The success and triumph of a fen T despe- rate persons at Salisbury, that had produced such a consternation throughout the kingdom, and \vould have endangered the security of the whole west, if there had not happened SOl1le accidental confusion amongst the undertakers, was evidence enough that there ,vas not yet force sufficient to provide for the safety of the kingdom; and therefore that it was necessary to make better provision for the quiet of every county, that it might not be endangered by every bold attempt: and the charge that this neces- sary defence would cause should in justice be borne by those \vho \vere the occasion of the expense. Thereupon he nlade by his o\vn authority, and His order th t f h . . 1 d " h II h h for rleci- a 0 IS councI, an or er, t at a t ose \V 0 mating the " had ever borne arms for the kin g or had declared king's , party. " themselves to be of the royal party, should be de- " cimated, that is, pay a tenth part of all that estate " \vhich they had left, to support the charge which " the COlnUlOIHvealth \vas put to, by the unquietness " of their telnper, and the just cause of jealousy " which they had adnlinistered." And that the pub- lic might lose nothing of what he had so frankly given to it, cOlnmissioners were appointed in ever)' VOL. VII. :\1 BOOK XIV. 1655, His decla. ration to Justify it. 1(j THE HIS'rORY county, to value what tbat tenth part of every uch estate did amount to; and that no man lllight have too good a bargain of his own, every man was oblig- ed to pay as much as those commissioners judged fit; and till he paid it, besides imprisonment, ,vhich ,vas a judgment apart, and inflicted once or twice a year, as the jealousies wrought, his whole estate was sequestered. And in this decimation there ,vas no consideration taken of former COI11positions, of any articles of war, or of any acts of pardon and in- demnity, ,, hich had been granted under their great seal, ,vithout inquiry into their actions, or so lllnch as accusing any of thel11 of any CrilTIC or guilt, or of having any correspondence with the king or any body trusted by him; or that they ,vere in any c1p- gree privy to the late designs or insurrection. That this order I111ght be submitted to, and exe- cuted, he published a declaration to n1ake the jus- tice a well as the necessity of that proceeding ap- pear; in which he did not only set down the ground of his present proceeding against the royal party, but the rules by which he llleant to proceed against any other party that should provoke, or give hin1 trouble. It was a declaration worded and digested ,vith 111uch 1110re asperity against all \vho had served the king, than had ever heen before published. Great caution had he en hitherto used, as if nothing III ore had been designed 11 than to unit.e the whole nation in the joint defence of the con1mon interest, and as if a resolution had heen taken to hnve abo- lished all marks of disunion and distinction of parties, and that all Blcn, of ,,-hat condition soe'Ter, (except II de igneù] desired OF 'l'HE REBELLION. 163 thûse who had been always excepted by name,) who would submit to the government, should be admit- ted to have shares, and to act parts in the adminis. tration and defence of it. But now notice was taken of" such an inherent malignity, and irreconcileable- " ness in all those who from the beginning had ad- " hered to the king, and opposed the proceedings of " the parliament, to\vards all those who had served " their country, and vindicated the interest of the " people and nation, that they declined the common " rules of civility, and would have no conversation " with them; and, that the same malice and ani- " lllosity nlight descend to their posterity, they would " not Inake marriages, or any friendship or alliance, " with those who had been separated, or divided from " thelTI in those public differences 1 ; and therefore " they were not hereafter to wonder, or complain, if " they were looked upon as a common enemy, which " must be kept from being able to do mischief; since " they would always be willing to do all they could; " and that they were not to expect to be prosecuted, " like other men, by the ordinary forms of justice, " and to have their crÎllles to be proved by witnesses, " before they should be concluded to be guilty. If " any desperate attempts were undertaken by any " of that party to disturb the public peace, that it "would be reasonable to conclude that they all " ,vished well to it, though they appeared not to " own it: that all conspiracies of that nature were " acted in secret, and ,vere deeds of darkness, and "TIlen might justly be suspected and proceeded " against as privy to them. hy their common dis.. i ditT('r nccs] contention :\1 2 BOOK XIV. 1655. BOOK XIV. 16.15. 164 rHE HI TORY " courses, by the company they usually kept, and " by their very looks ;" with many other expressions, of such an unusual nature in the disquisition of jus- tice, and legal proceedings, that the king's party might reasonably conclude, they had nothing left that they could call their o,vn, but ßlust expect a total extirpation, either by massacre, or transplant- ation. But then the declaration took notice like\vise of " the factions in the arnlY, that ,\\rould not acquiesce "in the government established; but \vould have " another found out, and forlTIed according to their " levelling hUlnours; all which distractions, to ,vhat "other ends soever directed, must so weaken the " common\vealth, if not ,visely prevented, as it must " in the end be exposed as a prey to their inveterate " enelnies; and therefore, that the san1e renledies " must be applied to them, as to the others;" with intin1ation clear enough, "that the connivance they " had forlnerly received, and even the pardons that " had been granted for their former mutinies and " transgressions, were of no nlore validity t}1an the " articles, prolllises, and acts of indenlnity, which " had been granted to the royal party: all which " ,vere declared to be void and null, upon any suc- " ceeding delinquency:" so that all discontented peo- ple who liked not the present government, ,vhat part soever they had acted in the pulling down the old, whether presbyterian, independent, or leveHer, were left to consider of the consequence of those maxims there laid down; and might naturally con- clude, that they were in no better condition of secu- rity for ,vhat they enjoyed, and had purchased dear- ]y, than those who by their help were brought to the OF 'rHE l EBELLION. ]65 lowest Inisery; though, for the present, none but the BOOK king's party under\vent that insupportable burden of XIV. decilnation; \vhich brought a vast incredible sum of ] 655. money into Croln\vell's coffers, the greater part whereof ,vas raised (which was a kind of pleasure, though not ease, to the rest) upon those who never did, nor ever \vould have given the king the least assistance, and wer.e only reputed to be of his party because they had not assisted the rebels \vith a visi- ble cheerfulness, or in any considerable proportion; and had proposed to theillseives to sit still as neu- ters, and not to be at any charge \vith reference to either party; or such who had sheltered themselves in some of the king's garrisons for their own conve- nlency. This declaration was sent k to Cologne; where the The king . . M kIng caused an answer to be made to It upon the answer to d h I . d d .. d · f · be made groun stat \vere al own In It; an as 1 It were to it. made by one who had been ahvays of the parlialnent side, and \vho ,vas well pleased to see the cavaliers reduced to that extremity; but with such reflections upon the tyranny that was exercised over the king- dom, and upon the foulness of the breach of trust the protector \vas guilty of, that it obliged all the nation to look upon hin) as a detestable enemy, \vho was to be removed by any ,yay that offered itself'; many of which argu1l1ents were made use of against him in the next parliament that he called; \v hich was not long after. l sent] (luickly scnt THE END OJ" THE FOURTEENTH BOOK. M3 THE HISTORY Of' THE REBELLION, &c. nOOK xv. EZRA iii. 26. .And I 'will '1nakr tit!} tOIl 'ue clclt'l'e to tlte 1'uqf l!! th!J mOldlt; alld t!tOlt ,,,!talt be dumb, and shalt not be to tlte1lt a re- prover; jòr the!} are a 'rebellious house. 1-108. X. 3. For now tllC!} sltall sa!}, JVe have no ki.ng, bC('llll8e wefi'ared not the Lord; owltat tllen sltall a king do to us? lIAR. i. lO. .And tltey 8ltalt scqjf at tlte kings, and tlte princes sit all be a .scorn unto tlte'lll. a . THE king relnained at Cologne above two years, BOOK contending with the rigour of his fortune with great xv. tCll1per and magnanimity; whilst all the princes of Th n5g' Europe seemed to contend alnon g st themselves, who stayed at Cologne should 1110st eU1inently forget and neglect hÌ1n; and above two ,vhilst Crom\vell exercised all imaginable tyranny yei\rs, .1 l i"RA iii. 26. .1nd I will-unff) them.] Nnt ill fllS. 1'1 1 168 1.'HE HI S'l'OR Y BOOK over those nations, who had not been sensible enough xv. of the blessings they enjoyed under his majesty's fa- 1655. ther's peaceable and Inild government: so that, if the king's nature b could have been delighted to be- hold the oppressions his rebellious suhjects endured in all the three nations, he might have had abun- dant cOlnfort, and pleasure of this kind in all of 'fhe condi. them: first, in seeing Scotland, which first threw tion of Scot- if. I . d 1 d . C' d land unrler 0 ,wanton y, Its o\vn peace an p enty, an lnlecte CromwelJ. the other two kingdoms with its rebellion, now re- duced, and governed by a rod of iron; vanquished and subdued by those wholn they had taught the science of rebellion, and with whom they had join- ed, by specious pretences, and vows, and horrible perjuries, to destroy c their own natural prince, and dissol ve the regal d government, to \v hich they bad been subject ever since they were a nation e: in see- ing the pride and insolence of that people f, which had used to practise such ill manners towards their king, suppressed, contemned,g and exposed to sla- very under the discipline and castigation of men b so that, if the king's nature] Thus in MS..' so that he might have enjoyed some of that com- fort and pleasure, which Velleius Paterculus says that Marius and Carthage had, when his banish- Inent reduced him to end his life in the ruins of that city, as he did; "l\larius aspiciens Cartha- " ginem, ilIa intuens l\iarium, " alter alteri possent esse sola- U tiD : It whilst he refreshed him- self with the memory of his greatness, when he overthrew that great and famous city; and she again, de1ighted to behold her destroyer, expelled from his country, which he had served so eminently, anù forced, forsaken of all men, to end his life and to be buriéd in her ashes. If the king's nature &c. c to destroy] to subdue and destroy d regal] Not in MS. e nation] people f people] nation g contemned,] MS. adds.' and subdued by those who had been instructed b)' them how to use their arms, O} 'fHE REBELLIOS. 169 who were very few of them born h gentlemen, but BOOK bred up in the trades and professions of common xv. men. These men governed in their hou es, and pre- ) 055. scribed ne\v la\vs to them to live by, \vhich they had never been accustomed to, yet ""ere c0l11peJIed to obeJ, upon penalty of their Ji\"es and estates; whilst their adored idol, presbytery, which had pulled off the cro\vn from the head of the king, \vas trod un- der foot, and laughed at i ; and their preachers, who had threatened their princes with their rude thun- der of excomu1unication, disputed with, scoffed at, and controlled by artificers, and corrected by the strokes and blows of a corporal; and all this subjec- tion supported at their own charge, their fierce go- vernors being paid by them out of their own estates. He then beheld Ireland, that begun its rebellion Of Ire]and. with inhull1an massacres, and butcheries of their peaceable and innocent neighbours, after the other of Scotland \vas suppressed, or so compounded, that the blessing of peace had again covered the three nations, if this sottish people had not, without any provocation, but of their o"Tn foUy and barbarity, with that b100dy prologue engaged again the three kingdoms in a raging and devouring ,val'; so that though Scotland blew the first trumpet, it was Ire- land that drew the first blood; and if they had not at that time rebelled, and in that lllanner, it is very probable all the miseries, \v hich afterwards befell the king, and his dOlninions, had been prevented. These unhappy people, \vhen they saw that they could not make war, hut were heaten as often as encountered, h very few of them born] not J laughed at] laugbed at and born contemned BOOK XV. 1655, 170 THE HISTORY would not yet Inake peace; or if they did, they no sooner made it than broke it, with all the circlun- stances of treachery and peljury, that can make any foul action the most odious. And after they had, for their last preservation, returned to their obe- dience to the king, and put themselves again under his protection, they quickly repented of their loyalty, offered themselves to the sovereignty of a foreign prince; and when they had seen their natural king tnurdered by his other rebels, for want of that assist- ance which they might have given him, chose rathel- to depend on the clemency of the usurper, driving from them the governor and government of the king: I say, his lnajesty saw now this miserable people grovelling at the feet of their proud conquerors, re- duced to the lo,vest k desolation, and even to the point of extirpation; the blood they had wantonly and savagely spilt in the beginning of the rebellion, now plentifully revenged in strealllS of their own blood, fron1 one end of the kingdom to the other; ,vJ1ilst those persons who first contrived the rebel- lion, and could never be reached by the king, and they who caused every peace to be broken which had been made ,vith his Inajesty, with all the possi- ble affronts to his royal dignity and authority, after they had endeavoured, by all the treacherous offices against the royal power, to reconcile then1sel ves to their new Inasters, ,vere every day taken, and infa- Inously put to death by their authority who usurped the government; who sold, as hath been said before, so n1any thousands of thCIll to the services of foreign princes, under who111 they perished for want of J{ lowe t 1 hi(The:st - b OF 'l'HE REBELLION. 171 bread, and without regard: so that there is not an BOO I{ account in history of any nation, the Jews only ex- xv. cepted, that \vas ever reduced to a more con1plete 1655. misery1 than the Irish were at this time. And all this w-as the n10re extraordinary, in that it ,vas \vith- out the pity of any, all the ,vorld looking upon them as deserving the fate they underwent. Lastly, England, that seelned to glory in the con- Of England. quest of those two kingdon1s, and to reign peaceably over thein, yielded a prospect too, fuJI of variety. Though the king's heart was even broken with the daily Inforn1ations he received of the ruin and de- struction his faithful and loyal party underwent; and the butchery frequently acted upon then1, and the extrelne tyranny the usurper exercised over the whole nation, was grievous to him, yet he could not be equally afflicted to see those who had been the first authors of the public calamity, now so much sharers in it, that they were no more masters of their estates, than they were ,vhom they had first spoiled; and that then1selves were brought and ex- }losed upon those scaffolds, which they had caused to be erected for others; that little or no part of the ne\v governn1ent was in their hands which had pulled do,vn the old; and that, after ITIonarchy had been made so odious to the people, the whole ,vealth of the nation was become at the disposal of a single pPfson; and that those lords, without ,vhose n10n- strous assistance the sceptre could never have been \vrested out of the hands of the ki g, were 110" numbered and luarshalled ,vith the dreg of the peo- pie: in a ,vord, that Cr0l11 well was not so jealous of I. ] . I mIsery nHscry au( contempt 17 'rIlE HIS'TORY HOO K any, as of those ,vho had raised him; and contrived XV4 and proposed nothing more to himself, than to sup- ] 655. press those, or to drive them out of the kingdom, "'. ho had been the principal means to suppress the royal authority, and to drive the royal family, and all that adhered to it, into banishment. This prospect the king had of the three king- doms III during his residence at Cologne; but with those manifestations of God's vengeance upon those ingrateful nations, of which he had a 1110st tender and compassionate feeling, he was not without some glinlmering light to discern an approach of that re- compense, which the divine justice usually assigns to those who patiently attend his vindication. Crom,vell, ,vhose great heart was solicitous to ex- tend the terror of his name into foreign countries, by which luethod he thought to render the rough and stubborn hUIDours of the people at home n more Cromwell obse q uious to him, had in the be g innin g of the Y ear in the be- ginning of 1655, after his dissolution of his refractory 0 parlia- 1655 sent two great ment, sent two very great fleets to sea; the one fleets to d P .. f b h . h . f sea; the one un er en, consIstIng 0 a out t 11'ty s JpS 0 war, ;::ra : d with ,vhich there was likewise embarked a land army under arm y consistin g of four or five thousand foot, and Vena.bles : ' two troops of horse, under the command of general Venables, a gentleman of a good family in Cheshire; who had served long in the army in the condition of a colonel, and ,vas then called out of Ireland to comn)and P in this expedition. Both these superior officers were well affected to m three kingdoms] three kingdoms which had revolted from him n the people at home] his own people, which vexed him exceedingly, o refractory] stubborn r command] serve OF 'J'H}1: REBf:LLI()N. 173 the king.s service, and ,vere not fond of the enter- BOO K prise they were to conduct, the nature of ,vhich they xv. yet knew nothing of. They did, by several ways, 1655. without any communication ,vith each other, (which they had not confidence to engage in,) send to the king, that if he \vere ready with any force from abroad, or secure of possessing any port within, they ,vould, that is, either of thenl would, engage, ,vith the power that was under their charge, to declare for his nlajesty. If this had been upon a joint and mutual confidence in each other, and that both fleet, and land forces, though the body of horse ,vas small, " ould at the same time have ,set up q the king's standard, it might have been the foundation of some hopeful expectation. But neither of theln daring to trust the other, the king could not presun1e upon any port; without ,vhich neither had prolnised to engage; nor could he make out of the distinct over- tures (however he t11ight hope to unite them) such a probable attempt, after the 11liscarriage of so many, as to elnbark his friends in. So he wished thenl to reserve their affections for his nlajesty, till a nlorp proper season to discover theln; and to prosecute the voyage to ,vhich they \vere designed; fro 111 'v hich he ,vas not ,vithout hope of some benefit to hirnself; for it "ras evident Crol11"relllneant to make sonle enemy, which probably might give his Inajesty SOUle friend. The other fleet \vas not inferior in naval strength, The other d b . fleet undt'r an po\ver, ut ,vas wIthout a land army; and that Blake. 'vas committed to the command of Blake; in \VhOn1 Crom,vell had all confidence. Neither fleet kne\v what the other, or what itself was to do, tiU each of q have set up] erect 174 THE I-IISTORY BOO K thetll caine to such a point; where they were to xv. open their comulissions; and Cronlwell had COOlmu- 1655. nicated his purpose for either to so very few, that, for lnany 1110nths after they were both at sea, no- body knew to what they were designed. Though the intercourse between Cronlwell and the cardinal was u1aintained with many civilities, and sonle con- fidence, yet there was nothing of a treaty signed; he resolving, as he professed, "to give his friendship " to that crown that should best deserve it:" and, without doubt, both crowns ,vere anlused with his preparations, and solicitous to know where the storul ,vould falI. Spain, that had hitherto kept don Alonzo de Car- dinas in England, after he had so many years re- sided there as anlbassador to the late king, believing they were less faulty in that than if they should send another originally to Crol11 well, no,v thought it necessary to oU1it no occasion to endear them... The mar- selves to hin1; and therefore they sent the nlarquis quis of Ley- . .. . da sent am- of Leyda wIth a splendId traIn, as extraordu1ary bassador by b d I II h . d Spain to am assa or, to congratu ate a IS successes, an to cr 1 omw f 'en, offer him the entire friendshi p of the catholic kin g . W 10 a ter a month re- The mar q uis who was a ,vise and a J .ealous man, rns ' Flanders. found by his reception, and Cromwell's reservation in all his audiences, and the approaches he could Inake, that there was no room left for his nlaster; and so, after a 1110nth spent there, he returned to look to his government in Flanders, with an expec- tation that as soon as any ne,vs caDle of the fleets, they should hear of some acts of hostility upon the subjects of Spain; and did all he could to awaken all the lllinisters of that king to the sanle apprehen- sion and expectation. OF THE REBELLION. 175 The t,vo fleets r set out from the coast of Eng- BOO K land; that under Blake, SOlne nlonths before the xv. other; and made its course directly to the l\lediter- Th 6fl ; ranean. bein bound in the first place to suppress unde Blahe .' b . . goes mto t.he Insolence of those of AlgIers and TunIs, who the l\Iedi- .. terranean. had Infested the Engbsh Inerchants, and were grown po,verful in those seas. \Vhen he should have per- fornled that service, he ,vas to open another C0l11111is- sion, ,vhich would inform hi01 what course he ,vas to steer. The other fleet under Pen was bound di- That under Pen to the }'"ectJy to the Bal'badoes; where they were to open Barbadoes. their comn1issions, and to deliver letters to that go- vernor. There they found, that they \vere to take in new l11en for the land arlny, and then to prose- cute their course directly to the island of Hispa- niola. The governor had orders to supply new nlen for the expedition; and there ,vere ships ready for their transportation, there heing a Inarvellous ala- crity in the planters of those Lee,vard islands, ,vhich ,vere overstocked S ,vith inhabitants, to seek their fortunp farther frOl1l houle. So that, after a shorter stay at thf' Barhadoes than they had reason to ex- pect, having no,,," found there t,vo frigates, (,vJlich Cro111,vell had scnt before to prepare all things ready, anù to l)ut several shaUops together, ,vhich ,vere hrought ready in quarters,) and Inaking prize of about forty Dutch ships, helonging to their ne\v al- lies of IIolland, for trading thither, (contrary to the act of navigation,) ahout the end of l\larch they set sail, ,,'ith an addition of four or five thousand foot for th land arnlY, to,vards St. Christopher's; \r here, r The two fleets] Thlis ill ,TIT....,.: The two fleets et out from the elm"t of EuO'lam) ahout . the same time; t.hat undt 1' Blake Blade its (,()\H' e, N.c. s o\'erc;:tocked] oppressed 176 'rHE HIS1'ORY BOOK after a short stay, they received about fifteen hun- xv. dred men more: so that Venables had now under 1655.' his cOl11mand a body of above nine thousand men, with one troop of horse more, which the planters of the Barbadoes joined to hinl; and ha\7ing a pros- perous wind, they canle, about the Iniddle of April, Thence to within vie,v of Santo DOlningo; "rhich is the chief Hispaniola.. d f h . 1 d f . . CIty an port 0 t e IS an 0 HIspanIola. Their orders from Cro111well ,vere very particular, and very positive, that they should land at such a place, which was plainly enough described to them. But whether they did not clearly understand it, or thought it not so convenient, when they were near enough to make a judgment of it, they called a council of war; and it ,vas there resolved that ge- neral Venables should land in another place, (,vhich they conceived to be much nearer the town than in truth it ,vas,) and froln thence Inarch directly to it, there being another brigade of foot to be landed, at a less distance from the town, in a bay, that should join with them; and join they did. But by the nlarch which Venables had made, in which he spent two days and a half in the ,voods and uneasy pas- sages, and in the terrible heat of that country's sun, where they found no water to drink, they were so dispirited before they joined with their companions, that it was an ill presage of the misadventure that followed. The loss of that time in their advance had another very ill effect. For the inhabitants of the town, that, at the first appearance of such a fleet, the like whereof in any degree they had never seen before, had been seized upon by such a conster- nation, that they despaired of making any resistance, when they saw their en lnies proceed so slowly, and Their or- ders. OF THE REBELLION. 177 (lngaged in such a lllarch as lllust tire and infinitely BOO K annoy theIn, they recovered their spirits, and pre- xv. pared for their defence. So that when Venables, 1655. upon the conjunction ,vith his other forces, and after having found some fresh water to refresh his TIlen, advanced towarùs the town, his forlorn hope found themselves charged by a party of horse armed with long lances, and other ar01S, which they had not been accustomed to; so, tired and disnlayed with their march and heat, they bore the charge very ill, and were easily routed, and routed those which ,vere Venables b h . d h d . h d . d d beaten by a e In t em; an "'ere, In t at Isor er, pursue few Span- till they carne to their main body; upon sight iards. ,vhereof the Spaniard retired without any loss, hav- ing left the captain of the forlorn hope, and above fifty of his company, dead upon the place. The English retired back in great disco111fort to the bay, and the fresh ,vater river they had found there; ,vhere they stayed so long, that the. general thought his men not only enough refreshed, but enough COl1- firined in their resolutions to redeeul the shanle of their last disorder, having got guides, \vho under took to conduct thelU a nearer way to the city, and that they should not go near a fort, ,vhich the Span- iards had in a wood, fron1 \vhence they had been infested. The COlnmon opinion that the negroes, nati \"es of those parts, are such enemies to the Span- iards, that they are \villing to betray thenl, and do any l11ischief to theIn, 111ight possibly incline the English to give credit to those guides. But they did conduct then1 directly to the fort; near ,vhich an an1huscade in the woods discharged a volley again upon the forlorn hope, and fell then in upon thelU ,vith such fury, that disordered the whole arnlY; YOLo VII. N 178 rI-IE HIs rOltY BOO Ii: which, though it recovered the courage once 1110re xv. to make an attell1pt upon that fort, \vas again seized 1655. upon by a panic fear, which made then1 directly fly back to the bay ,vith the loss of above six hundred lllen, whereof their inajor general was one. This fright they never recovered; but, ,vi thin fe\v days after, having undergone luany distresses by the intolerable heat of the climate, and the negroes kill- ing their In en every day, as they \vent into the \voods to find 111eat, they \vere, \vithin five or six days after the beginning of l\lay, compelled to reÏ1n- bark themselves on board the fleet, \vith a thousand n1en less than had been landed, who had by several \vays lost their lives there; for \vhich they revenged then1selves upon a neighbour island, called J alllaica ; where they made another descent, took their city, and drove all the inhabitants into the woods. And here they left a good body of foot, consisting of three or four thousand lnen, under the cOllll11and of a colonel, to fortify and plant in this island, a place fruitful in itself, and abounding in 111any good pro- visions, and a perpetual sharp thorn in the sides of the Spaniard; who received exceeding t danlage from thence; they who were so easily frighted, and beaten, \vhen they were in a great body upon the other island, lnaking after\vards frequent incursions, with small nUll1bers, into it froB1 J an1aica; sacking their That fleet towns, and returning with very rich booty. \'Then returns into V 11 h d h -. I d - d d England.. ena) es a put t IS IS an Into as goo or er as he could, he returned \vith Pen into England. The fleet The other fleet under the con1mand of Blake had under Blake . . A L'. had better better success, \vIthout any nusadventures. iter He reim- barks, and makes a descent upon Ja- maica ; where he succeeds. t e"\ceeding] infinite OF THE REBELLION. 179 he had reduced those of Algiers, where he anchored BOOK in their very mole, to submit to such conditions for xv. the time past, and the time to come, as he thought 1655. success: reasonable, he sailed to Tunis; ,vhich he found bet- f rces AI- . . glers to :I. tel' fortIfied and nlore resol\Ted; for that kIng re- peace; en- d d · h . t 1 ters the turne a very ru e answer, contemnIng IS s rengt 1, harbour of and undervaluin g his menaces and refusin g to re- Tunis, an 1 ( , burns their turn either ship or prisoner that had been taken. fleet. \Vhereupon Blake put his fleet in order, and thun- dered ,vith his great guns upon the to,vn; whilst he sent out several long boats manned ,vith stout Inariners, "rho, at the same tinle, entered ,vith very notable resolution into their harbours, and set fire to all the ships there, being nine men of war; which ,v ere burnt to ashes; and this with the loss only of five and twenty of the English, and about eight and forty hurt, all the boats, ,,,ith the rest of the me!), returning safe to the ships. This ,vas indeed an action of the highest conduct and courage, and made the name of the English very terrible and formidable in those seas. The success of both fleets caine to Crom,vell's no- tice about the saIne time, but did not affect hÎIu alike. He was never so discomposed 11, (for he had usually a great comlnand over his passions,) as upon the In is carriage at Hispaniola. And as soon as they Crom vl'lI . commits came on shore, he commItted both Pen and Vena- Pen and hIes to the To\ver, and could never be persuaded to :e 11 Je<; trust either of them again; and could not, in a long Tower. tilne, speak temperately of that affair. However, he lost no tilne in cherishing his infant plantation in Jamaica; which many thought to be at too great a n He wa never o disC"omposed] lIe had never such distempers N 180 THE I-IISTORY BOOK distance, and wished the nlen might be recalled; xv. but he would not hear of it; and sent presently a 1656. good squadron of ships, and a recruit of fifteen hun- Sends re- cruits to dred men to carryon that ,vork; and resolved no- Jamaica. thing nlore, than to make a continual war from that place upon the Spaniard. And now the rupture with Spain could be no longer concealed. Therefore he sent orders to Blake, " that he should watch the return of the Plate-fleet, " and do ,vhat mischief he could upon the coast of " Spain;" and gave directions to his ships in the Downs to infest those of Flanders, which they had not yet done: what had been hitherto treated pri- vately between him and the cardinal, wa now ex- Lockhart posed to the light. He now sent Lockhart his an1- sent by him b d . F h · d · h ambassa- ass a or Into ranee; w 0 was receJve WIt great F dor into solemnit y ; and was a man of g reat address in treat y , rance; who finishes and had a nlarvellous credit and power with the an alliance there, be- cardinal. He finished there the alliance x with gun before . by the France. Cromwell undertook "to send over an : : "arm y of six thousand foot, to be comlnanded by England. "their own superior officer, ,vho was to receive " orders only from marshal Turenne:" and when Dunkirk and Mardike should be taken, they were to be put into Crom,vell's hands. There were other more secret articles, ,vhich will be l11cntioned. Flanders had notice of this their newenelny frolll England, before they heard any thing frolll Spain, that might better enable thenl to contend with him; and don Alonzo renlained still in London ,vithout notice of ,vhat was done, till the affair of Jamaica was upon the exchange, and fraternities entered into there for x He finished there the alliance] fIe ßmde an alliance OF THE REBELLION. 181 the better carrying on that plantation.. Nor was BOOK he willing to believe it then, till Cromwell sent to xv. him to leave the kingdom; which he did very un- 1656. · . d d Don Alon- wIllIngly, ,vhen there was no reme y; an was zo sent to transported into Flanders to increase the jealousies If::m- and discontents, ,vhich ,vere already too great and I l eM d .e Eng- an . uneasy there. The prince of Condé, whose troops and vigo,ur were the preservation and life of that country, was very ill satisfied with the formality and phlegm of the archduke, and with the unactivity and wariness of the conte of, Fuensaldagna; who he thought omitted many opportunities. The archduke ,vas weary of the title of governor of the Low Countries and general of the army, when the po\ver was in truth in Fuensaldagna, and no- thing to be done without his approbation; and hav- ing, by frequent cOIn plaints to Madrid, endeavoured in vain to vindicate his authority, had implored his dislnission, and Fuensaldagna hÍ1nself was as ill sa- tisfied as the other two; and knowing well the de- fects of the court, as well as the lloverty of Madrid, thought the defence of Flanders consisted n10st in l}reserving the army, by being on the defensive part; and therefore, to gratify the coldness of his o\vn con- stitution, he did by no means approve the frequent enterprises and restless spirit of the prince of Condé; ,vhich spent their men: and he thought the great charge in supporting the state and dignity of the archduke was not recompensed by any benefit froB1 his service, besides the irreconcileahleness with the archduke, by his having con{pclled hhn, hy the au- thority of the king, to dismiss the count of S\vasscn- hurgh; 'Vh0I11 he loved of all the world; so that he N3 182 1.' HE HIS'rOlt Y BOO K was like,vi e wear y of his post, and desired his de- xv. liverance to be sent him from l\iadrid. The council there thought it necessary to gratify then1 both, and to remove both the archduke and the conde; honourably to disn1iss the forn1er to return to his own residence in Germany, and to bring don Don Juan Juan of Austria, the natural son of the king of Spain, of Austria made go- who had passed through n1any employments with re- vernor of Flanders: putation, and ,vas at that time general in Italy, to and Carra- undertake the g overnment of Flanders, with such cena ap- pointed t d o restrictions as the king of Spain thought fit; and at cornman the army the same time, that the conde of Fuensaldagna should under · d . f M . I him. Imn1e lately enter upon the government 0 1 an ; which had been exercised for the last six years by the marquis of Carracena; who was now to govern the army in Flanders under don Juan; and that the marquis, \vho had the most disadvantage of this pro- n1otion, might be better pleased, they gave him such an addition of authority, as could not but breed ill blood in don Juan; as it fell out afterwards. This counsel was taken, and to be executed in this con- juncture, when France and Cromw'ell were ready to enter Flanders with two powerful armies, whilst it was, upon the matter, under no comn1and. The king was yet at Cologne; and no sooner heard of the war that Crom\vell had begun upon Spain, but he concluded that the Spaniard would not be unwilling to enter into some correspondence The king \vith him; at least, that their fears were over of of- had sent to . . the arcb- fendIng Croffi\veH. He therefore sent prIvately to duke to of- h hd k d F d ffi h fer his COIl- t e arc u e, an to uensal agna, to 0 er t en1 junction his con1unction. Don Alonzo ,vas likewise there' before the tJ ' archduke and the lon g ex p erience he had in En g land, and left Flan- ders. ] 656. OF 1.'HE REHEL LIl)N. 183 the q ualit y he still held, Inade his jud g lnent in those HOO h. xv. affairs most esteen1ed hy theine He, \vhether upon the conscience of his former behaviour, by \vhich he ] 656. had disobliged both the late and the present king, or \vhether, by having lived long in a place where the king's interest was conten1ued, he did in truth believe that his n1ajesty could bring little advantage to them, had no mind to make a conjunction with him: yet they saw one benefit which they might re- ceive, if his majesty \vould draw off the Irish from the service of France; \vhich they had reason to be- lieve would be in his po,ver, because he had forlnerly dra\vn off SOlne regin1ents from Spain, \vhilst he rc- Inained in France. So that they ,vere all of opinion, that they would confer with any body the king should authorize to treat with thenl; which \vhen the king kne\v, he }'esolved to go to then) himself; and left The ]{ing C came into ologne, attended only by two or three servants; Flanders, and ,,-hen he caIne near Brussels, sent to advertise ht :ts the archduke at what distance he was; and" that archduke near Brus- " he \voltld see him illcog'nito in what place, or man- sels. " ner, he should think fit." They either were, or seemed to be much troubled that the king ,vas conIC in person; and desired, that he \vollld by no Ineans come to Brussels; but that he \volI1d rcmain in a little vile dorp about a league from Brussels; where he \vas very meanly Y acconl- n10dated. '1 hither the conde of Fuensaldagna and don Alonzo came to his Inajesty; and the archduke ßlct hitn privately at another place. The king quickly discovercd that don Alonzo had a private intriguc. \vith SOl1le officers of the English arn1Y, \vho were Y very meanly] vilely N4 It;4 'rHE HISTORY 1 fi5 6. enenlies to Crom\vell, upon whose interest he lnore depended than the king's, and offered it as great n1erit to his nlajesty, if he could be able to persuade thelll to nlake up a conjunction \vith the king. This correspondence between don Alonzo and those level- lers, was nlanaged by an Irish Jesuit, who, by speak- ing Spanish, had got himself to be n1utually trusted by thenl. The king pressed them "that he might " renlove his family to Brussels, or to some place in " Flanders, that it 111ight be notorious that he ,vas "in alliance with his catholic n1ajesty; and then " they should quickly see he had another kind of "interest in England, than what those men pre- " tended to, upon whon1 they ought not to depend; " and they \vould quickly find, if his majesty re- " sided in that country, his influênce upon the Irish " \vho were in France." They would by no 11leans consent that his ll1a- jesty should remain in Brussels, as little at Ant\verp, or indeed in any place as taken notice of by the state to be there, "which," they said, " the king of " Spain's honour would not permit, without she\ving " those respects to hin1 that be might live in that " grandeur as became a great king; which the pre- " sent state of their affairs would not permit them "to efray the charge of." But they intimated, "that if bis majesty would choose to reßlove his " family to Bruges, and remain there with them, so " far incognito as not to expect any public expensive " reception, they were sure he would find all respect " fronl the inhabitants of that city." The king de- sired that SOlne treaty might be signed between thenl; which was cOßul1itted. to the wisdoln of don Alonzo; who prepared it in as perfunctory a man- BOOK XV. OF THE REBELLION. 185 ner as was possible; by which the king was per- BOO K Initted to I'eside in Bruges, and nothing on the king xv. of Spain's part undertaken but " that ,vhenever the 1656. " king could cause a good port town in England to " declare for him, his catholic majesty \vould assist " hilll ,vith a body of six thousand foot, and ,vith " such a proportion of ammunition, and so many " ships to transport that body thither;" which ,vas the proposition the levellers had Inade; and don Alonzo, by making it the contract with the king, thought this \vay to beget an intelligence between thClTI and the royal party; of the power of \vhich he had no esteem. The king discerned that what they offered would be of no mOlnent, nor could he make such confident propositions of advantage to Spain, as might war- rant hin1 to insist upon large concessions. Besides, it was evident to him, that the affairs in those pro- vinces, which remained under Spain, were in so evil a posture, that, if they should promise any great Inatters, they would not be able to perf orIn them. Ho,vever, all that he- desired, was to have the repu- tation of a treaty between him and the king of Spain; under which he might draw his family from Cologne, and remain in Flanders, which was at a just distance frolD England, to expect other altera- tions. So his Inajesty readily accepted the treaty as it ,vas drawn by don Alonzo; and signed it; and declared that he \vould reside in the manner they proposed at Bruges. \;Vhereupon, after seven or eight days' stay in that inconvenient Dlanner, the The treat.y treaty was engrossed and signed by the kiug, the d)657, arclulukc, and don Alonzo in A p ril ur the end of et 'cen " pam ant1 l\larch 1657; thc.' despatch of the treaty heing ha t- the king. 186 rr H E HIS'1" 0 R Y BOOK ened by the necessity of the departure of the arch- . xv. duke and the conde of Fuensaldagna; \\Tho beguh ] 656. their journey ,vithin two or three days after the signing of it: don Juan and the marquis of Carra- cena being kno,vn to be on their ,vay; and both, though not together, within few days' journey of Flanders. The treaty, as it ,vas signed, ,vas sent by an ex- press into Spain, for the approbation and signature The king, of his catholic majesty. The king with his sn1all removes hIS . . fami1y from traIn ,vent to Bruges, and lodged In the house of a Cologne, b . f h . h I d T h I . h and comes SU ect 0 IS own, t e or ara, an rIs Jnan; to reside at 'V ho had been born in that countr y and inherited llruges. ' an estate by his In other. There the king stayed, till a handsolne accol1unodation was provided for hilTI in that city, having sent to his brother the duke of Gloucester, who remained yet at Cologne, to come to hÏ1n, and that his family should all come fron1 thence. So that by the tÏ1ne his majesty had re- turned again to Brussels, to congratulate don Juan's arrival, and spent three or four days there, he found hi 111 self as ,veIl settled at Bruges as he had been at Cologne; where, when his family left it, there was not the least debt relnained unsatisfied; which, in the low condition his Inajesty had been in, and still was, gave reputation to his econolny. As, upon the dissolution of the unruly parlianlcnt, Cromwell had sent out his two great fleets, to pro- pagate his fan1e abroad, presulning that, by the con- quest which the one would n1ake in the 'Vest In- dies, he should have money enough to keep his arl11Y in obedience to hhn, and hy the other's destroying or suppressing the Turks of Algiers and Tunis, which were indeed grown fOfluidable to all n1er- OF THE REBELJ ION. 187 chants, he should raise his reputation in Christen- BOO K xv. dom, and becon1e very popular with all the mer- chants of England; so he did not, in the mean time, 1656. neglect to take all the ways he could devise, to pro- vide for his o,vn security at home. Though he had brought the king's party so lo\\r, that he had no ap- prehension of their power to raise an army against hin1; yet he discerned, that, by breaking their for- tunes and estates, he had not at all broken their spirits; and that, by taking so nlany of their lives, their nUlnbers were not much lessened; and that they would be still ready to throw themselves into any party that should declare against him; to which, he knew, there were enough inclined z. But that which troubled him IlloSt, was the dis- CromweJl . h . h k h disturbed temper In IS army; \vhere e new t ere were with the man y troo p s more at the dis p osal of that P art y that d visions in h IS own would destroy him, than at his own. I t was once army. in his purpose to have drawn over a regiment of Swiss, upon pretence of sending them into Ireland, but in truth with intention to keep them as a guard to his own person; and to that purpose he had sent a person to treat with colonel Balthazer, a Illan ,veIl known in the protestant cantons; but this came to be discovered: so he had not confidence to proceed in it. He resolved therefore upon an expedient, \vhich should provide for all inconveniences, as ,veIl amongst the people, as in the arnlY. He constituted, Constitutes f h d his major out 0 t e persons who he thought were 1110st e- generals. voted to hhnself, a body of major generals; that is, he assigned to such a single person so ll1any coun- ties, to be under his COITIll1and as their luajor gcnc- .,. enough inc\incd] .1.11 S. adds: than himself who were no kinùer to the other 188 THE HISTORY ] 656. ral: so that all England was put under the absolute power of twelve TIlen, neither of them having any po\ver in the jurisdiction of another, but every lnan, in those counties which were committed to his charge, had all that authority which ,vas before di- vided a alnong committee-In en, justices of peace, and several other officers. The major general comnlitted to prison "That per- sons he thought fit to suspect; took care to levy all monies which were appointed by the protector and his council to be collected for the public; sequestered all who did not pay their decinlation, or such other payments as they were made liable to; and there was no appeal froin any of their acts but to the pro- tector himself. They had likewise a martial power, which was to list a body of horse and foot, who were to have such a salary constantly paid, and not to be called upon to serve but upon emergent occa- sion, and then to attend so many days at their own charge; and if they stayed longer, they were to be under the sanle pay with the army, but independent upon the officers thereof, and only to obey their nla- jor general. A horseman had eight pounds a year; for which he was to be ready with his horse if he were called upon; if he were not, he might intend his own affairs. By this lneans he had a second army in view, 110werful enough to control the first, if they at .any time deserved to he suspected. But he discerned, by degrees, that these ne\v magistrates grew too nluch in love with their own power; and besides that they carried thelnselves like so nlany bassa's with their bands of janizarics, towards the BOOK XV. Their power. a divided] scattered OF THE REBELLION. 189 })eople, and were extremely odious to all parties, BOOK · h xv. they did really affect such an authority as mlg t un- dermine his own greatness; yet for th'e present he 1656. thought not fit to control them, and seelned less to apprehend them. 'Vhen admiral Blake had subdued the Turks of Tunis and Algiers, and betaken himself to the coast of Spain, and by the attempt of Hispaniola and the possession of Jamaica, the war ,vas sufficiently de- clared against the catholic king, IVlountague, a young l\Iounta e . sent to Jom gentleman of a good famIly, ,vho had been drawn with Blake; . f C d d d h . and put in Into the party 0 ronl,vell, an serve un er 1m commission as a colonel in his army ,vith 111uch courage, ,vas witb him. sent with an addition of ships to join ,vith Blake, and joined in cOßlmission of adnliral and general \vith him; Blake having found hÎ1nself much indis- posed in his health, and having desired that another 1night be sent to assist hinl, and to take care of the fleet, if worse s110uld befall hinl. Upon his arrival with the fleet, they lay long before Cales in expecta- tion of the Spanish \Vest India fleet b, and to keep in all ships frolll going out to give notice of their being there. After SOll1e 11l0nths' attendance, they \vere at last compelled to relllove their station, that they might get fresh \vater, and SOlne other pro- visions \vhich they ,vanted; and so drew off to a convenient hay in Portugal, and left a squadron of ships to ,vatch the Spanish fleet; ,vhich, ,vithin a An English h . f h f h E . squadron very sort tIme a tel' t e reU10ve 0 t e nghsh fleet, lights upon th t d b .l' h d . the Spanish came upon e coas ; an eJore t ey ,vere ISCO- 'Vest India vered h y the commander of the S q uadron ,rho "ras fleet; t.tkes , the rear- to the leeward, n1ade their ,yay so fast" that ,vhen admiral and anothership off of Caks. h Spanigh 'Vest lnrlia fleet] Indian t1eet 190 THE HISTORY nOOK he got up with theIn, (though he was inferior to xv. them in number,) they rather thought of saving ] 656. their ,vealth by flight, than of defending then1selves; and so the Spanish adnliral run on shore in the bay; and the vice-adn1iral, in \vhich was the vice-king of l\iexico with his \vife, and sons, and daughters, fired c; in \vhich the poor gentlelnan himself, his \vife, and his eldest daughter, perished: his other daughters, and his two sons, and near one hundred others, were saved by the English; \vho took the rear-adlniral, and another shipd, very richly laden; which, together \vith the prisoners, \vere sent into England, the rest escaped into Gibraltar. The ships which \vere sent for England arrived at Ports1l10uth; and though they might with less charge have continued their voyage by sea to Lon- The bullion don, Cromwell thought it would make more noise, if .: : o all the bullion, ,vhich ,vas of great value, was landed Portsmouth at Portsmouth. from whence it \vas brou g ht b y land to London, , in lnany carts to London, and carried through the city to the Tower to be there coined, as it \vas, within as short a time as it could be despatched; and though it was in itself very considerable, they gave out and reported it to be of much greater value than it was. But the loss to the Spaniard was pro- digious; tho gh most of \v hat was in the admiral was saved, and that only: and they sa,v the English fleet still remaining before them, which \vas not like to miss the other fleet they shortly after expected, in spite of all advertisements which they \vere like to be able to send to it. Croln\vell now thought his reputation, both abroad C fired] was fired by them- selves to prev nt being taken ù another ship] two other ships OF THE }lEBELLION. 191 and at honle, so good, that he might venture again BOO (" upon calling of a parlianlent; and, by their counte- xv. nance and concurrence, suppress or compose those re- 1656. fractory spirits, which crossed him in all places; and having first 111ade such sheriffs in all counties as he thought \vould be like to contribute to his designs, by hindering slIch lnen to stand against \Vh0111 he had a prejudice, at least, by not returning then1 if they should be chosen, and by procuring such per- sons to be returned as ,,,ould be most agreeable to hitn, of ,vhich there \vere choice in all counties; and having prepared all things to this purpose, as ,veIl as he could, he sent out his \vrits to call a parlianlent to nleet at 'Vestlninster, upon thp seventeenth of Cromwell S b . h 6 6 ' 1'T h h summons eptcill er, In t e year 1 5. - \' en, upon t e re- a parlia- turns, he found, that though in SOUle places he had : : : Pt. succeeded according to his \vish, it was in others 17, 1656. quite the contrary, and that very nlany nlembers \vere returned, \vho \vere l11en of the 1110st notorious lualignity against hÍ111, he therefore resorted to his old security, to keep all nlanner of persons fronl en- tering into the house, \vho did not first subscribe, " that they would act nothing prejudicial to the go- Imposes a " t . t t hI . h d d t " subscrip- vernnlen as I was es a IS e un er a pro ector; tion upon \vhich bein g tendered, nlan y 111enlbers utterl y re- e m b e - ucrs Clore fused, and returned into their countries, \vhere they thc)' sat. were not, for the ll10St part, the w-orse ,velcome for insisting upon their privileges, and freedom of par- liament. The major part frankly subl11itted and subscribed; some of them, that they might have the better op- portunity to do mischief. So a speaker ,vas chosen; and at first they proceeded so unanimously, that the protector begun to hope that he had gained his 19Q THE HISTORY no 0 K point. 'Vith very little or no contradiction, they xv. passed an act of renunciation of any title that Charles Th !. Stuart (for so they had long called the king) or any ceedings of of that fatnily n1ight pretend; and this all men \vere this parlia- b d b . b ' 1'To . 0 . mente oun to su - SCrl e. v lth as little OpposItIon, they passed another, whereby it was 11lade high treason to attempt any thing against the life of the pro- tector. Then they passed several acts for raising 1110ney by "ray of contribution in England, Scotland, and Ireland, in a greater proportion than had ever yet been raised. They granted tonnage and pound- age to the protector for his life; and passed several other acts for the raising of monies; anlongst thetn, one for obliging all persons to pay a full year's rent for all buildings \vhich had been erected in and about London, from before the beginning of the troubles; by all which \vays, vast sun1S of money were to be, and afterwards \vere, raised e. All these acts they presented solen1nly to his highness, to he COnfirllled by his royal authority; and he as gra- ciously confirn1ed thelll all; and told then1, " that as " it had been the cuStOlll of the chief governors to " ackno,vledge the care and kindness of the COIll- " mons upon such occasions, so he did very heartily " and thankfully ackno,vledge theirs." But after all this he ,vas far fron1 being satisfied ,vith the Inethod of their proceeding; for there ,vas nothing done to confirm his personal authority; and not\vithstanding all this ,vas done, they 111ight, for aught appeared, ren10ve him from being both pro- Cromwell's tectoI' and general. 'There had been for SOlne tilue r:: :;t.of jealousies het,veen hin1 and Lanlbert, \vho had he en . e raiseù] exacted and raised OF THE REBELLION.. 193 the principal adviser of the raising those major gene- rals; and being one of them himselt and having the governnlent of the five northern counties committed to him, he desired to improve their authority, and to have it settled hy authority of parliament. But Cromwell, on the other hand, was well contented that they should be looked upon as a public griev- ance, and so taken a way, rather upon the desire of parliament, than that it should appear to e out of his o\vn inclination. But, hitherto, neither that de- sign in Lalnbert, nor the ot her in Crom\vell, nor any difference between thenl, had broken out. The protector hitllse]f seemed to desire nothing Inore than to have the authority they had forlnerly given him, at least, that he had exercised fronl the time he "vas protector, confirnled, and ratified by act of parliament. And if it had been so, it had been n1uch greater than any king ever enjoyed. But he had used to speak nluch, "that it ,yas pity the no- " bility should be totally suppressed; and that thp " goverulnent \vould be Letter, if it passed another 'consultation besides that of the house of C0J11- "nlons." In matter of rcligion, he would often speak, " that there wàs nluch of good in the order " of bishops, if the dross \vere scoured off." He courted very 11luch tuany of the nobility, and used all devices to dispose then1 to conle to hiIn; and they ,vho did visit hinl were used with extraordi- nary respect by hinl; all \vhich raised an opinion in many, that he did in truth hitl1sclf affect to be king; \vhich \vas the lllore confirll1cd, \V hen luany of those ,vho had nearest rt:lation to hinl, and \vere most trusted hy hiln, as soon as the parliament had de- spatched those act , ,vhich are nlentioned before, and VOL. VII. 0 BOOK xv. 1656. 19,!- 1. 1-1 E H I '1" 0 n \..- R () 0 K that cOluplaiuts caIne from all parts against the nla- xv. jor generals, inveighed sharply against the temper 1656. and composition of the governinent, as if it was not capable to settle the several distractions, and satisfy the several interests of the nation; and by degrees pr?posi- proposed, in direct terms, "that they lnight invest tlOn III th(' C 1 . h h . I · I d d . . f parliament" ronnvel \Vlt t e tIt e, rIg 1ts, an 19n1ty 0 a l :: "king; and then he would know, what he was to king. " do to,vards the satisfaction of all parties, and how " to govern those who would not be satisfied." This proposition found a great f concurrence; and very many, \\rho used not to agree in any thing else, ,vere of one mind in this, and \\rould presently vote him king. And it ,vas observed that nobody was for\varder in that acclamation, than some men \v ho had always had the reputation of great fidelity to the king, and to ,vish his restoration: and it cannot be denied that very many of the king's party were so deceived in their judgn1ents, as really to believe, that the making Crom\vell king for the present, was the best expedient for the restoration of his majesty; and that the arn1Y, and the whole nation, would then have been united rather to restore the true, than to admit of a false sovereign, ,,,hose hypocrisy and tyranny being now detected, and known, would he the more detested. ] 657. But the more sober persons of the king's party, ,vho made less noise, trelnbled at this overture; and believed that it was the only ,vay, utterly to destroy the king, and to pun up all future hopes of the royal family by the roots. They saw an men even already tired in their hopes; and that which was left of r great] marvel lOllS OF rrHE HEBEI LION. 195 spirit in them, ,vas frOlTI the horror they had of the confusion of the present government; that very many, \vho had sustained the king's quarrel in the begin- ning, \vere dead; that the present king, by his long absence out of the kingdom, \vas known to very fe\v; so that there \vas too much reason to fear, that much of that affection that appeared under the no- tion of allegiance to the king, was more directed to the monarchy than to the person; and that if Crom- ,veIl were once made king, and so the government run again in the old channel, though those who \vere in love \vith a republic would possibly fall fronl him, he \votlld receive abundant reparation of strength by the access of those who preferred the monarchy, and \vhich probably would reconcile most men of estates to an absolute acquiescence, if not to an entire subn1ission; that the nobility, which being excluded to a man, and deprived of all the rights and privileges due to them by their birthright, and so enemies irreconcileable to the present govern- ment, \vould, by this alteration, find themselves in their right places, and be glad to adhere to the name of a king, how unla\vful a one soever; and there was an act of parliament still in force, that was made in the eleventh year of king Harry the Se- venth, ,vhich seelned to provide absolute indemnity to such sublnission. And there was, \vithout doubt, at that tilne, too much propension in too many of the nobility, to ranson1 themselves at the charge of' their lawful sovereign. And therefore they who n1ade these prudent recollections, used all the ways they could to prevent this design, and to divert any such vote in the house. On the other side, Lambert, who was the seænd 02 BOOK XV. 1657. BOOK XV. ] 657. Lambert and his party op- pose this overture. A nd some of (;rom- weWsown relations. 196 THE l-1ISTORY ßlan of po\ver g in the army, and many other officers of account and interest, besides the country nlenl- bers, opposed this overture \vith great bitterness and indignation: some of thenl said directly, " that if, " contrary to their oaths and engagelnents, and con- " trary to the end, for obtaining \vhereof they had " spent so much blood and treasln e, they must at "last return and S11 Inuit to th old governnlent, " and live again under a king, they \vould choose " much rather to obey the true and la\vful heir to " the cro,vn, \vho was descended froßl a long suc- "cession of kings \v ho had managed the sceptre " over the nation, than to sublnit to a person ,vho, " at best, \vas but their equal, and raised by them- " selves frotH the sanle degree of \vhich they all " 'v ere, and, by the trust they had reposed in hinl, " had raised hÎ1nself above them." That \vhich put an end to the present debate was, (and ,vhich \vas as wonderful as any thing,) that SODle of his own fanlilr, who had gro,vn up under him, and had their \vholp dependence upon him, as Desborough, Fleet- ,vood, 'Vhaley, and others, as passionately contra- dicted the 111otion, as any of the other officers; and confidently undertook to know, " that hirnself ,rouJd " never consent to it; and therefore that it was very " strange that any 111en should illl})Ortune the put- "ting such a question, before they kne,," that he " \vould accept it, unless they took this way to de- " stroy him." Upon this (for \vhich the undertakers received no thanks) the first debate ,vas put off, tiU farther consideration. The debate ,,-as resunled again the neit day, \vith g of power] NoL in JUS. O:P THE REBELLION. 197 the saine warmth, the saIne persons still of the same BOO K xv olJÍnion they had been before; most of the officers of the arl11Y, as well as they who \vere the great de- 1657. pcndcnts upon and creatures of Croln\vell, as pas- sionately opposed the l11aking him king, as Lalnbert and the rest did, \vho looked to be successive pro- tectors after his decease; only it was observed, that they \vho the day before had undertaken, that he hÍ1nself \vould never endure it, (which had especially made the pause at that tin1e,) urged that argument no nlore; but inveighed still against it ad a mon- strous thing, aud that which wou]d infaUibly ruin hinl. But lllOst of those of his privy council, and others nearest his trust, '" ere as violent and as posi- tive for the declaring him king, and nluch the D1a- jot" part of the house concurred in the sallIe opinion; and not\vithstanding an was said to the contrary, they appointed a conunittee of several It of the lllost A commlt- . I f h . h - tee ap- enlllJent menl JCrS 0 the ouse to \Valt upon lID, pointed to I - -" ] . f .. I d . { confer with ant to InlOrnI 111n 0 "t Ie very earnest CSlre 0 Cromwell' " the house, that he wuuld take upon hitn the title about it. " of king; and if they should find any aversion in " him, that they should then enlarge in giving hinI "those l'ea ons, \vhich had been offered in the " house, and \yhich had s\vayed the house to that " resolution, which they hop d \vould have the same " influence upon his highness." He gave them audience in the painted chanlber, He gives. . tht'Dl audl \vhen they Hlade the bare overture to huu, as the t'nce, and desire of his parliament; at \vhich he seen1ed SU1'- :I ;' þ1'bcd; and told thein, he wondered how any lIch reasons. " thing came into their minds; that it was ncither h several] six or se\ en 03 BOOK XV. 1657. 198 THE IIIS'rORY " fit for then1 to offer, nor him to receive; that he " was sure they could discover no such alubition in " him, and that his conscience ,vould not give him " leave ever to consent to o,vn that title." They, who were well prepared to expect such an answer, told hhn, "that they hoped, he would not so sud- " denly give a positive denial to what the parlia- " ment had desired upon so long and mature de- " liberation; that they, who knew i his modesty "well, and that he more affected to deserve the " highest titles than to wear then], were k appointed "to offer many reasons, \vhich had induced the " house to make this request to hilll; ,vhich when " he had vouchsafed to hear, they hoped the same "impression ,vonld be Inade upon hinl, that had " been made upon them in the house." He ,vas too desirous to give the parlian1ent all the satisfaction he could ,vith a good conscience, to refuse to hear whatever they thought fit to say to him; and so appointed them another day to attend hin1 in the same place; ","hich they accordingly did. 'Vhen they caIne to hinl again, they all success- ively entertained hiIn with long harangues, setting out " the nature of the English people, and the na- u ture of the governll1ent to ,vhich they had been " accustonled, and under ,vhich they had flourished " frorn the tinle they had been a people: that though "the extreme sufferings they had undergone by " corrupt ministers, under negligent and tyrannical " kings, had transported theln to thro,v off the go- " vernn1ent itself, as well as to inflict justice upon the " persons of the offenders; yet they found by expe- i they, who knew] they knew k were] that they were OF rrHE REBELLION. 199 " rience, that no othel' governnlent would so well fit " the nation, as that to which it had been accus- " tOlned: that, not,vithstanding the infinite pains "his highness had taken, and which had heen h crowned, even with miraculous success, by the " immediate blessing of divine Providence upon all " his actions and all his counsels, there renlained ," still a restless and unquiet spirit in luen, that "threatened the public peace 1; and that it ,vas " Inost apparent, by the daily cODlbinatiol1s and Con- "spiracies against the present government, how " just and gentle and 111ild soever, that the heart of " the nation was devoted to the old form, ,vith \vhich " it was acquainted; and that it was the love of " that, not the affection to the young nlan ,vho pre- " tended a title to it, and was kno\vn t.o nobody t " \vhich disposed so nlany to wish for the return " of it: that the name and title of a protector ,vas " never kno,vn to this kingdolll, but in the hands of " a subject, during the reign of an infant sovereign; " and therefore, that the laws gave little respect to " hinl, but were always executed in the nalne of the " king, ho\v young soever, and ho,v unfit soever to " govern: that whatsoever concerned the rights of "any fanÜly, or any personal pretence, "ras wen c. and safely over; the nation was united,. and of " one n1Înd in the rejection of the old line; there " "as no danger of it; hut nobody could say, t.hat " they ,vere of one n1Ïnd in the rejection of the old "foro] of govern01ent; to ,vhich they were still " Inost addicted: therefore, they besought him, out " of his love and tenderness to the common,vealth, BOOK xv. 1 657. I peace] peace and quict 04 BOOK xv. 1657. oo 'H E H IS'l'OltY " and for the preservation of the nation, which had " got so much renO\Vl1 and glory under his conduct, " t1)at he \vould take that name and title which had " ever presided over it, and by which as he could " establish a firn1 peace at home, so he would find " his fall1e and honour more improved abroad; and " that those very princes and kings, who, out of ad- " miration of his virtue and noble actions, had con- " tracted a reverence for his person, and an impa- " tient desire of his friendship, would look upon hin1 " with llluch Inore veneration, \vhen they saw him " clothed \vith the saIne nlajesty, and as 111uch their , equal in title as in nlerit; and would with nluch " Inore alacrity rene\v the old alliances with Eng- " land, \vhen they \vere rene\ved in the old form, " and under the old title, \vhich \vould n1ake them " durable; since no foreign prince could presume to " take upon hitn to judge of right of succession; " \vhich had been frequently changed in all king- " do Ins, not only upon the expiration of a line, "but upon deprivation and deposition; in such " manner as was IUOst for the good and benefit of " the people; of \v hich there was a fresh instance in "their own eyes, in the kingdolll of Portugal; "\vhere the duke of Braganza, by the election of "the people In, assulned the cro\vn, and titJe of " king, from the king of Spain; who had enjoyed it "quietly, and \vithout interruption, during three " descents; and he was ackno\vledged as sovereign .., of that kingdo111 by the late king; ,vho received " his ambassadors accordingly." Crolu\vell heard these and the like arguments m by the election of the than the election of the people people] without any otber title OF 'rI-IE REBELLION. QOI with great attention, (and wanted not inclination n to have concurred with them; he thanked them" for " the pains they had taken,") " to which he would " not take upon hin1 to give a present answer; that " he ,vould consider of all they had said to him, and " resort to God for counsel; and then he ,vould send " for them, and acquaint them with his resolution :" and so they parted, all n1en standing at gaze, and in terrible suspense, accordi ng to their several hopes and fears, till they kne,v ,,-hat he would determine. All the dispute was no'v within his own chamber. There is no question the lTIal1 ,vas in great agony, and in his own Inind did heartily desire to be king, and thought it the only way to be safe. And it is confidently believed, that upon SOITIe addresses he had formerly made to some principal noblemen of the kingdom, and some friendly expostulations he had by himself, or some friend, with them, why they reserved then1selves, and ,vould have no con1muni- cation or acquaintance with him, the answer froln them all severally (for such discourses could be held but ,vith one at a tin1e) ,vas, "that if he would make " hin1self king, they should easily know what they " had to do, but they knew nothing of the submis- " ion and obedience which they were to pay to a " protector;" and that these returns first disposed him to that ambition. He was not terrified with the opposition that Lambert gave him; ,vhom he now looked upon as a declared and 1110rtal enemy, and one wholn he nUlst destroy, that he might not be destroyed by hitn: nor did he much consider those other officl'rs n inclination] his approbation BOOK KV. 1657. BOOK x. I 657. 02 THE HIS1-'ORY of the arlny, who in the house concurred with Laln- bert, whose interest he did not believe to be great; and jf it \vere, he thought he should qui kly reduce theIn, as soon as Lalnbert should be disgraced, and his po\ver taken from hinl. But he trenlbled at the obstinacy of those who, he kne\v, loved him; his brother Desborough, and the rest, who depended wholly upon him, and his greatness, and who did not wish his power and authority less absolute than it was. And that these men should, with that viru- lence, ,vithstand this promotion, grieved him to the heart. He conferred with theln severally, and en- deavoured, by all the ways he could, to convert them. But they were all inexorahle; and told hio1 resolutely, " that they could do him no good, if they " should adhere t.o him; and therefore they were " resolved for their own interest to leave hiln, and " do the utmost they could against hin1, froI11 the " time he assulned that title." It was reported, that an officer of name, in the eclaircissement upon the subject, told him re o- lutely and vehenlently, " that if ever he took the " title of king upon him, he would kill hin1." Cer- tain it is that Cron1\\TelJ ,vas infornled, and gave credit to it, "that there were a number of Olen, " who bound thelnselves by oath to kill hiIn, \vithin " so many hours after he should accept that title." rrhey who were very near him said, that in this perplexity he revolved his fornler drealn, or appa- rition, that had first informed, and promised hinl the high fortune to \vhich he was already arrived, and which was generally spoken of even from the beginning of the troubles, and when he was not in a posture that pronlised such exaltation; and that he OF THE REBELLION. 208 then observed, it had onl y declared, " that he should BOO K xv. " be the greatest 111an in England, and should be " near to be king;" which seemed to imply that he ] 657. should be only near, and never actually attain the cro\vn. Upon the ,vhole matter, after a great 0 distraction of mind, "rhich "ras manifest in his coun... tenance to all \vho then saw him, notwithstanding his science in dissill1ulation, his courage failed hiln; and after he had spent SOlne days very uneasily, he sent for the comnlittee of parlial11ent to attend him; and, as his looks were extrel11ely P discol11posed, and discovered a nlind full of trouble and irresolution, so his \vords ,vere broken and disjointed, \vithout lnethod, and full of pauses; with frequent 11lention of God and his gracious dispensation, he concluded, " that he could not, ,vith a good conscience, accept He refuM's . . the title of " the governillent under the tItle of a kIng." king. l\lany ,vere then of opinion, that his genius at that tit-ne forsook him, and yielded to the king's spirit, and that his reign ,vas near its expiration; and that, if his o\\'n courage had not failed, he would easily have n1astered all opposition; that there were nlany officers of the army, who would not have left hil}), \vho \vere for kingly governl11ent in their 0\\'11 affections; and that the greatest factions in religion rather pl'Olllised thenlsel yes protection frolll a single person, than fronl a parliament, or a new numerous council; that the first motion for the 11laking hi In king "ras Inade by one of the most wealthy alder- men of the city of London, and who served then for the city in parlialnent; ,vhich was an argument that that potent body stood well affected to that govern- I' great] wonderful r extremely] marvellously 04 THE HISTORY BOOK l11ent, and would have joined with hin1 in the de- xv. fence of it. Others were as confident, that he did 1657. very ,visely to decline it; and that, if he had ac- cepted it, he could not have lived many days after. '1'he truth is, the danger was only in some present assassination, and desperate attempt upon his per- son, not froln a revolt of the army from him; which no particular man had interest enough to corrupt. And he n1ight have secured hinlself probably, for some tinIe, from such an assault q; and when such designs are deferred, they are conllllonly discovered; as appeared afterwards, in many conspiracies against his life. His interest and power over the arnlY was so great, tbat he had upon the sudden relnovecl 111any of those officers who had the greatest names in the factions of religion, as Harrison, Rich, and others; who, as soon as they were removed, and their regi- 111ents conferred on others, were found to be of no signification, or influence. And it could have been no hard nlatter for hiln, upon very few days' warn- ing, to have so quartered and 1110delled his truop::" as to have secured him in any enterprise he would undertake. And, it 111ay be, there ,vere nlore luen scandalized at his usurping more than the royal au- tholity, than ,vould have been at his assumption of the royal title too. And therefore they who at that time exercised their thoughts with most sagacity, looked upon that refusal of his as an immediate act of Ahuighty God towards the king's restoration; and Inany of the soberest nlen in the nation con- fessed, after the king's l'eturn, that their dejected q assault] frlS. adds.. by not going abroad OF 'rI-IE REBEIALION. 05 spirits \vere \vonderfully raised, and their hopes re- BOO K xv. vived, by that infatuation of his. But his modesty, or his wisdoln, or his fear r in ) ô57. the refusing that supreme title, seelned not to be attended with the least disadvantage to hÎ1n. They \vho had n10st signally opposed it ,vere so satisfied that the danger they n10st ap'prehended was over, that they cared not to cross any thing else that ,vas proposed to\vards his greatness; ,vhich might he their o\vn another day: and they who had carried on the other design, and thereby, as t.hey thought, obliged hÎIll, resolved no\v to give hin1 all the po\ver "rhich they kne\v he did desire, and leave it to his o\vn time, when \vith less }lesitation he lnight as- SUll1e the title too. And so they voted, that he :s110uld enjoy the title and authority he had already; \vhich they enlarged in many particulars, beyond ,v hat it ,vas by the first instrulnent of governlnent, by another instruJ11ent, ,vbich they called the hlu11- ble petition and advice; in ".hich they granted hinl not only that authority for his life, but po\ver by his last "rill and testalnent, and in the presence of such a nUJubcr of ,vituesses, to 111ake choice of, and to declare his o'vn successor; \vhich po\ver should ne- yer be granted to any other protector than hÏ111self. And \vhen they had digested and agreed upon this He is con- · . } · h f L } firmed pro- \Vrltlng, at t Ie passIng " ereo anlbert close ra- tector by ther to be absent than O } ) p ose it, his P al'liau1ent sent the t . t l llmbJe d pe lIOn nn to hÎln for an audience; which he assigned thelll on a{h'ice. the 25th day of 1\1ay 1657, in the hanqueting house; \vhere their speaker 'Vithrington presented, and rpad the petition anù 3-a8 asslgne 0 e with don king, he returned to Bruges, as the marquis did Alonzo. from the arnlY, when the business of Condé was over. It \vas \vell enough kno,vn, at least generally be- lieved, from the tinle that the secret confidence be- gun bet\\reen CrolTIwell and the cardinal, and long before Lockhart appeared there as anlbassador, that the cardinal had not only pronlised, " that the king " :should receive no assistance fron1 thence; but that " nobody \vho related to his service, or against \vh0111 " any exception should be taken, should be pern1itted " to reside in France ;" and that, as the king had already been driven thence; so, \vhen the till1e :should he ripe, the duke of York \vould be like\vise neces- sitated to leave that kingdonl. And no\v, upon the king's cOIning into Flanders, and upon the cOIning over of the six thousand English for thc service of France, and the publication of the treaty \vith Cronl- ,velI, the French did not Hiuch de:sire to keep that articlp secret ,vhich provided against the king's rc- sidiug ill that kingdolll, and for the exclusion of the duke of York, and luany other persons, by nalne, who attpudcd upon the king, and son1e \vho had charges in the army. And the cardinal, and the The card i- queen, \vith S001C seelning regret, con1ß1nnicatcd it j V; to the duke, as a thing th('y could not refusc, and ;- t: infinitely lamented, \vith 111any professions of kind- that he must Iea,.c ness and everlasting respect; and all this in confi- the rcn(h sernce. Q j BOOK XV. 1658. The earl of Bristol ordered also to 1 8ve France. 230 'l"I-IE HIS rORY dence, and that he nlight know it SOlne time before it was to be executed by his departure. Amongst those who by that secret article were to leave the French service, the earl of Bristol was one; whose nalne was, as ,vas generalJy believed, put into the article by the cardinal, rather than by Cromwell. For the earl, having received very great obligations fronl the cardinal, thought his interest greater in the queen than in truth it ,vas, (according to his natural custom of deceiving hÏ1nself,) and so, in the cardi- nal's disgrace and retirement, had shewed bÍlnself less inclined to his return than he ought to have been; which the cardinal never forgave; yet treated bÏ1n with the saIne falniliarity as before, (which the earl took for pure friendship,) until the tinlC canle for the publishing this treaty, ,vhen the earl \vas lieutenant general of the army in Italy. Then he sent for him; and bewailed the condition that France was in, "which ob1iged them to receive comillands " from Cromwell, which were very uneasy to them;" then told him, " that he could stay no longer in their " service, and that they must be compelled to dis- " miss the duke of York himself;" but nlade infinite professions of kindness, and" that they would })art " with hÏ1n, as with a man that had done them great "service." The earl, who could al\vays much better bear ill accidents than prevent theIn, believed that all proceeded from the malice of Cromwell; and quickly had the image of a better fortune in his fancy than that he was to quit; and so setting his heart upon the getting as good a supply of money from them as he could, and tbe cardinal desiring to part fairly with him, he received such a present, as enabled hin1 to remove with a handsome equipage in O:F 'l'I-IE REBELLION. Q31 servants and horses. So he came directly for Bruges BOO K to the king; to whom he had made himself in SOllle xv. degree gracious before his majesty left Paris. But 1658. } . d . Comes to his business there was only to present us uty to hIS Bruges to . .c h h d d } the kin er . maJesty; where alter e a staye t,,'o or t lree 0 days, he made his journey to the army to offer his service to don Juan, ,vithout so much as desiring any recolnmendation from the king. There 'vas nothing more kno\vn, than that the Spaniard had all imaginable prejudice and hatred against the earl, both for the little kindness he had she\ved towards theln in England, whilst he \vas se- cretary of state, of which ùon Alonzo was a faithful remembrancer, and for the more than ordinary ani- mosity he had expressed against them from the time that he had been in the French service; which an- gered them the more, because he had been born in Spain. He had then likewise rendered himself par- ticularly oùious to Flanders; where he was pro- claimed, and detested in all the rhymes and songs of the country, for the savage outrages his forces had cOlnmitted Ly fire and plunder, t\VO years before, when he made a winter incursion with his troops into that country, and committed greater ,vaste than ever the French themselves had done, when the forces \vere cOlnnlandeù hy them. Upon all which, his friends dissuaded hÎIn at Bruges from going to the Spanish arnlY, 'v here he would re eive very cold treatInent. IJut he smiled at the advertisenlent; and told thcIn, " that all the time he \vas in }""rance, " he 'vas out of his sphere; and that his o\vn genius " always disposed hinl to Spain; \vhere he was no\v "resolved to Inake his fortune." And \vith this confidence he left llrugcs, and ,vent to the anny, Q4 32 l' H E I-I I 1.' 0 R Y HOOK when it had ne\vly taken Condé; ,vhere he found xv. his reception such, both froln don Juan and the 1658. Inarquis of Carracena, as he had reason to expect; ,vhich did not at all deject hiln. Ingratiates He ,vas present when don Juan eat, and when himself with don he used to discourse of all things at large; and Inost Juan, not- · I . I f h I . . . f h . L'. withstand- ,vIlIng y 0 sc 0 astIc pOInts, 1 IS conlessor, or any a };re- other learned person, \vas present. The earl always j-..udic th d e interposed in those discourses \vith an adlnirable pamar s b d against acuteness, which, besides his exactness in the Span- lum. ish language, made his parts wondered at by every body; and don Juan begun to be very much pleased ,vith his company; and the Inore, because he was mnch given to speculations in astrology; in \vhich he found the earl so much more conversant than any man he had Inet with, that, within a "reek after he had first seen him, he desired the earl to calculate I his nati- vity. In a word, his presence grew to be very ac- ceptable to don Juan; '\vhich when the 111arquis of Carracena discerned, he like\vise treated him with more respect; in which he found 1ikewise his ac- count: for the earl having been lieutenant general of the French army under prince Thomas, in con- junction with the duke of Modena, against l\lilan, the very year before, when the marquis of Carracena was governor there, he could both discourse the se- veral transactions there '\vith the marquis, and knew how to take fit occasions, both in his presence and absence, to magnify his conduct in signal actions; \vhich the marquis ,vas very glad to see, and hear, that he did very frequently. And don Alonzo bí'ing sent for to the ar111Y to consult some affair, though J calculate] cumpute OF 1'IIE ItEBEL I I ON. QSg he had all imaginable detestation of the earl, and BOO K . xv. had prepared as Inuch prejudice to\vards hInl in don Juan and the nlarquis, when he found him in 1658. so nluch favour \vith both, he treated him likewise \vith Inore regard; and "'"as \vell content to hear himself cOlnn1ended hy him for understanding the affairs of England; \vhich he desired don Juan and the lllarquis should helieve him to do. So that be- fore he had been a month in Flanders, he had per- fectly reconciled himself to the court, and to the army; and suppressed and diverted all the preju- dice that had heen against him; and don Juan in- vited hiIn to spend the winter \vith hinl at Brussels. There \vas another accident like\vise fell out at this tinlc, as if it had been produced by his o\vn stars. The French had yet a garrison at a place He is in- II 1 S Gh . I . h . h b . · h . .L'. m stmmental ca e( t. IS aIn; \V IC, elng \Vlt In leW in recover- leagues of Brussels, infested the \vhole country very i in much, and even put thelTI into Inutiny against the t s o th pamards. court, that they \vould think of any other expedi- tion before they had reduced that garrison; \vhich was so strong that they had once attenlpted it, and \vere ohliged to desist. Half the garrison \vere Irish, under the conl1nand of Scholnberg, an officer of the first rank. Sonlc of the officers \vere nearly allied to sir George Lane, who ,vas secretary to the mar- quis of Ornlond, and had written to hinl to kno\v, " \vhether the giving up that place \\rOllld be a ser- " vicf\ to the king? and if it \vould, they would un- "dertake it." The Iuarquis sent his secretary to inform the earl of Bristol of it; who looked upon it as an opportunity sent froIll heaven to raise his for- tune \vith the Spaniard. He cOl1lJuunicated it to m few] four 34 'l HE HIS'rORY HOOK XV. J 658. don J nan, as a Inatter in his own disposal, and to be conducted by persons who had a dependence upon him, but yet who intended it only as a service to the king. 80 now he becanle intrusted het,veen the king and don Juan; which he had fron1 the begin- ning contrived to be; don Juan being very glad to find he had so much interest in the king, and the king well pleased that he had such credit ,vith don Juan, of whose assistance in the next winter he thought he should have much use; for all attempts upon England lTIUst be in the winter. In a ,vord, this affair of 81. Ghislain was very acceptable to the Spaniards; their campaign being ended without any other considerable action than the taking of Condé. They foresaw a very sad year \\Tould succeed, if they should enter into the field, where they ,vere sure the French would be early, and leave St. Ghislain behind them; and they should run lllore hazard if they begun with the siege of that place; and there- fore they authorized the earl to pronlise great re- wards in lTIOney, and pensions, to those officers and soldiers who would contribute to the reduction of it. The matter was so well carried, that don Juan as- st'll1bling his army together a little before Christll1as, in a very great frost, and coming before the place, though Scholllberg discovered the conspiracy, and apprehended two or three of the officers, yet the soldiers, which ,vere upon the guards in SOlne out- forts, declaring thelnselves at the saIne time, and receiving the Spaniards, he ,vas compelled to Inake conditions, and to give up the place, that he lnight have liberty to march away with the rest. 'l"his service was of very great n Ï1nportance to n very great] infinite OF TI-IE REBELLION. 235 the Spaniard, and of no less detriment to the French, BOOK . h xv. and consequently gave great reputatIon to t e earl; who then canle to the king at Bruges, and said all 1658. that he thought fit of don Juan to the king, and, all10ngst the rest, "that don Juan advised his ma- " jesty to send sOlne discreet person to l\ladrid, to " solicit his affairs there; but that he did not think " the person he had designed to send thither" (who ,vas sir Harry de Vic, that had been long resident in Brussels)" ,vould be acceptable there." This was only to introduce another person, who ,vas dear to hinl, sir Henry Bennet, who had heen formerly in his office 0 when he was secretary of state, and bred by hitn; and ,vas now secretary to the duke of \? ork; hut upon the factions that \vere in that fa- luily \vas so uneasy in his place, that he desired to he in any other post; and \vas about this time con1C to the king, as a forerunner to inforn1 hiln of the duke of York's purpose to he speedily with hit11, IJcing \\rithin fe\v days to take his leave of the court of France. Bennet had been long a person very acceptable to the king; and therefore his Inajesty He obtains d ' l d I h h ld 1\" d . d . of the king rea I y con ente , t 1at e S OU go to .lH a 1'1 In- that sir H. stead of De 'Tic: so he returned \\yith the carl to B ) cnn ) e 1 t , s 10U ( Ie 13russels, that he l1li g ht he presented, and n1aòe scnt em oy to l\Iadnd. kno\\rn to ÒOll Juan; fr0111 ,vhoin the earl doubted not to procure particular rcco111nlendation. The time \vas now COl1le that the duke of York The dn)ie " d . I P . of Yor)< J.oun It neces:sary to eave ar1S, and so caIne to }('a\'es the kinO' to Bru g es. where there \vere then all the Paris, and h' comes to visible hopes of the cro,vn of En g land to g ethe and the king at , Hrugcs. all the royal issue of the late king, the princess Hen- o in his office] his servant 236 rHE HI S'rOH, Y BOOK rietta only excepted; for, besides the king and his xv. two brothers, the dukes of York and Gloucester, the 1658. princess royal of Orange made that her \vay fron1 Paris into the Low Countries, and stayed there some days with her brothers. The chanÞ It was at this time that the king n1ade the chan- cellor of the exchequer cellor of the exchequer lord chancellor of England, made lord · E chancellor. SIr dward Herbert, who was the last lord keeper of the great seal, being lately dead at Paris. Now the king put the seal, which he had till then kept himself, into the hands of the chancellor; which he l'eceived very unwillingly: but the king first em- ployed the n1arquis of Orn1ond, ,vith WhOlll his llla- jesty knew he had an entire friendship, to dispose him to receive it; vvhich when he could not do, (hc giving hin1 nlany reasons, besides his own unfitness, ,vhy there was no need of such an officer, or indeed any use of the great seal till the king should COlne into England; and, "that his Inajesty found some " ease in being \vithout such an officer, that he was " not troubled with those suits, which he would be, " if the seal were in the hands of a proper officer t.o " be used, since every body would be then impor- " tuning the king for the grant of offices, honours, " and lands, ,vhich would give him great vexation " to refuse, and do him as great Inischief P by grant- " ing." The ,vhich when the marquis told the king,) his Inajesty hitnself went to the chancellor's lodging, and took notice of what the marquis had told hit}} ; and said, " he would deal truly and freely ,vith bin1 ; " that the principal }-oeason which he had alleged " against receiving the seal, was the greatest reason P and do him as great mis- great mischief chief] and he would undergo OF' 1"HE H,EBEI..LIOX. S!37 ,.. that disposed him to confer it upon hin1." '-rhere- upon he pulled letters out of his pocket, ,vhich he received lately from Paris for the grant of several reversions in England of offices, and of lands; one whereof ,vas of the queen's house and lands of Oat- lands, to the san1e man wno had purchased it froln the State; who v{ould willingly have paid a good su m of money to that person \v ho ,vas to procure such a confirmation of his title; the draught whereof was prepared at London, upon confidence that it ,vould have the seal presently put to it; which being in the king's own hand, none need, as they thought, to be privy to the secret. His Inajesty told him also of many other ÏInportunities, ,vith ,vhich he \vas every day disquieted; and "that he saw no h other remedy to give himself ease, than to put the " seal out of his o,vn keeping, into such hands as " would not be in1portuned, and would help him to " deny.n And thereupon he conjured the chancellor to receive that trust, wiih many gracious pro111ises of his favour and protection. 'Vhereu pon the earl of Bristol, and secretary Nicholas, using like\vise their persuasions, he submitted to the king's plea- sure; who delivered the seal to hin1 in the council, in the Christmas time in the year 1657; ,vhich par- ticular is only fit to be n1entioned, because nlany great affairs, and sOlne alterations accon1panied, though not attended upon it. After so long and so dark a retiren1ent in Co- logne, the king's very con1ing into Flanders raised the spirits of his friends in England. And when they \\rcrc assured that there ,vas a treaty signed Lct\veen his majesty and the king of Spain, they D1ade no doubt of an army sufficient to begin the BOOK xv. 1658. . !l38 'rHE HISTORY H 00 K business, and then that the general affections of the xv. kingdoll1 ,vould finish it. The king, who had hi- 1658. therto restrained his friends from exposing them. selves to unnecessary dangers, thought it now fit to encourage them to put thelllseives into such a pos- ture, that they might be ready to join with him when he appeared; ,vhich he hoped the Spaniard would enable hinl to do in the depth of ",-inter. Se- veral messengers were sent fronl England to assure Transac- hiln," that there 'vas so universal a readiness there, tions of the ki.ng's, " that they could hardly be persuaded to stay to fflends III . . England. "expect the kIng, but they would begIn the work " thenlselves:" yet they complained much of the backwardness of those who were most trusted by the king, and they again as nluch inveighed against the rashness and precipitation of the other, "that "they would ruin themselves, and all people who " should join with them." The king was much perplexed to discover this distelnper amongst those, who, if they \vere united, would find the work very hard; and though he pre- felTed in his o\\rn opinion the judgment of those that were DIOSt wary, yet it concerned him to prevent the other fronl appearing in an unseasonable engage- nlent; and therefore he sent to theIn, and conjured thenl "to attempt nothing, till he sent a person to " them, who, if they were ready, should have au- " thority enough to persuade the rest to a conjunc- " tion with them, and should hinlself be fit to con- " duct them in any reasonable enterprise." "Thich was The Inarquis of Ormond had frankly offered to the occa- · } I ld . I . E sioll of the the kIng, "t lat 1e wou pri vate y go Into ng- marquis of I d d L' · I h 1 Ormond's " an , an conier 'VIt I t ose W 10 were most 101'- oing into "ward. and if he found that their counsels were England.' , OF 'l'HE ItEllE.LLION. 2g9 " discreetly laid, he would encourage them, and "unite all the rest to them; and if nlatters were "not ripe, he ,vould compose them to be quiet;" and there was no man in England affected to the king's service, who would not be readily advised by }1Îm. The chancellor would by no nlean consent to his journey, as an unreasonable adventure upon an improbable design, seeing no ground to imagine they could do any thing. But the marquis exceed- ingly undervalued any imagination of danger; and it cannot be conceived, ,vith what security aU Inen ventured every day, in the height of Cromwell's jea- lousy and vigilance, to go into England, and to stay a month in London, and return again. The king con- senting to the journey, the chief care was, that the marquis's absence from Bruges nlight not create jealousy, and discourse, "whither he should be "gone." Therefore it was for some time discoursed, " that the marquis of Ormond was to go into Ger- " Inany to the duke of Newburgh," (who was known to have affection for the king,) and, " that he should " fronl thence bring \vith him two regin1ents for the " service of his nlajesty." These discourses being generally ITIade and be- lieved, the marquis took his leave publicly of the king, with his servants fit for such a journey, who continued the journey towards Germany; so that the letters frolll Cologne to all places gave an account of the nlarquis of Orlnond's being there; whilst he hiluself, with one only servant, and O'Neile, (who had encouraged q him very Inuch to that undertak- ing,) took the way of Holland; and hired a bark CI encouraged] inflamed BOOK XV. 1658. 40 'fHE HIS'rOU,Y BOO K at Schevelin; in \vhich they eUlbarked, and \verc xv, safely landed in Essex; froln whence, \vithout any 1658. trouble, they got to London, \vhilst the parliament was still sitting. \Vhen he was there, he found means z to speak \vith 1110st of those of any condition upon \vhose advice and interest the king Inost de- pended, and against ,vhose positive advice his n1H- jesty would not suffer any thing to he attempted. Tbetemper That \vhich troubled hin1 most \vas to discover a he found t e kin$'s jealousy, or rather an aninlosity between Inany of fnends lß. h 11 . h d I k . , . those W 0 equa y WIS e t Ie lng s restoratIon, to that degree, that they \vould neither confer nor cor- respond \vith each other. They \vho had the most experience, and were of the greatest reputation \vith those who would appear when any thing was to be done, but \vould not expo e thenlselves in Ineetings or correspondencies before, cOll1plained very llll1ch of " the rashness of the other, who believed any offi- "cer of the arlny that pretended discontent, and " would presently desire them to cOlllnlullicate \vith "such persons; ,vhich because they refused, (as " they had reason,) the others loaded them \vith re- " proaches, as having lost all affection and zeal for " his ll1ajesty's service:" they protested, " that they " could not discover or believe that there ,vas any "such preparations in readiness, that it could be " counsellable to appear in arms against a govern- " ment so fortified and established, as the protec- " tor's seemed to be: that it was probable the par- "liament might not cO lply \vith Cron1well's de- " sires; and then there was such a discovery of Ina- " lice Let\veen severa] persons of potent condition, \" means] opportunity OF THE REBl LLION. 41 H that nlany advantages might be offered to the , king's party: if they would have the patience to " attend the event, and till those factions should be " engaged in blood, they n1ight be sure to advance " the king's interest in disposing of then1selves; but " if they should engage, hefore such a tinle, in any " insurrection, or by seizing some insignificant to,vn, , all dissenting parties would be reconciled, till the " king's friends should all be ruined, though they " Inight after\\yards return to their old anÏInosities." In a word, though they appeared very wary, they declared such a resignation to the king's pleasure, " that, if the Inarquis were satisfied, upon his con- " Ference ,vith other men, that the tin1e ,vas ripe " for their appearance in arnIS, they would presently " receive his orders; and do what he should require, " hon r unsuccessfully soever." On the other side, there "Tere Inany younger Inen, ,,,ho, having had no part in the former ,val', ,vere impatient to she\v their courage and affection to the king. And those men, being acquainted ,vith l11any of the old officers of the late king's arlny, 'Nho saw many of their old soldiers now in Cron1,vell's army, and found them to talk after their old Inanner, con- cluded that they ,vould all appear for the king, as soon as they should see his colours flying. These nlen talking together, ,vould often discourse, how easy a thing it ,,'ould be, with two troops of horse, to beat up such a quarter, or seize such a guard; and then those men consulted ho,v to get those troops, and found men ,vho had listed so many, \vhich \vould be ready upon call. There "rere al- ways in these n1cetings sOlne citizens, ,vho under- took for the affection of the city; and SOUle of thesp VOL. VII. n BOOK xv. I fi58. 4 'l"HE HISTORY BOOK l11ade little doubt of seizing upon the Tower. And xv. truly the putting many gentlemen's sons as appren- 1658. tices into the city, since the beginning of the trou- bles, had made a great alteration, at least in the general talk of that people. I t was upon this kind of 111aterials, that many honest men did build their hopes, and upon son1e assurances they had from of- ficers of the army, who were as little to be depended upon. There was another particular, which had princi- pally contributed to this distelnper, which passing fron1 hand to hand had 111ade n1en ilnpatient to be in arms; \vhich ,vas an opinion, that the king was even ready to land with such an army as would be able to do his business. This had been dispersed by some who had been sent expresses into Flanders; who, though they al\vays lay concealed during the tin1e they waited for theh despatches fronl the king, yet found some friends and acquaintance about the court, or in their way, who thought they did the king good service in making his majesty be thought to be in a good condition; and so filled those people ,vith such discourses, as would make then1 most wel- come when they returned. '\Then the Inarquis had taken the full survey of all that was to be depended upon, he conjured the warn1er people to be quiet, and not to think of any action till they should be infallibly sure of the king's being landed, and confirlned the other in their \vari- ness; and being inforlned that Cromwell knew of his being there, and made lllany searches for hinl, The mar- he thought it time to return. And so about the quis returns . h . . d (jut of Eng- tIme t at the parhalllcnt was dIssolve , he \vas Jande d d I D Q . h k . , h .. con ucte )y r. uatermalne, t e Ing s P YSIClal1, OF THE REBELLION. 4g through Sussex; and there eluharked, and safely II 00"'- transported into France; frolll whence he cal11e into xv. Flanders. This gave the occasion to Cromwell to make that discourse before D1entioned to the mayor and alder- men of London, of the lord marquis of Ormond's having been three weeks in the city; of which he had received perfect intelligence fron1 a hand that was not then in the least degree suspected, nor "Tas then ,vicked enough to put hin1 into Cronlwell's hand; ,vhich he could easily have done; of \vhich lllore shall be said hereafter. But when the protec- tor was \\'ell assured that the marquis ,,,as out of his reach, which vexed and grieved him exceedingly, he caused all persons, ,vho he knew had, or he thought Cromwell . . apprehends IllJght, have spoken with hIm, to be apprehended. se\"eral per- All prisons, as well in the country as the city, were sons. filled with those who had been of the king's party, or he believed would be; and he thought this. a ne- cessary season to terrify his enenlies, of aU condi- tions, \\Tithin the kingdoln, ,vith spectacles which nlight mortify them. In the preparations which had been Inade towards an insurrection, many persons in the country, as \vell as in the city, }lad received cOlnmissions for regi- ll1ents of horse and foot; and, amongst the rest, one 1\11". Stapley, a gentleman of a good extraction, and Mr. Stap- d . ley's J)- a goo 10rtune In thp county of Sussex; \vhose liO.. gagemeut ther had been sister to the earl of N or,vich, but his Ie father had been in the number of the blackest of- fenders, and one of the king's judges. Tbis son of his, \vho now possessed his estate, had taken great pains to mingle in the cOlnpany of those who \vere kno\vn to have affection for the king; and, upon all n2 1658. l4. , r I I E I I I S '"f () n \r BOO K occasions, made professions of a desire, for the expi- xv. ation of his father's crime, to venture his o\vn life 1658. and his fortune for his majesty's restoration; and not only his fortune, but his interest was consider- able in that maritime county: so that many thought fit to cJlerish those inclinations in him, and to en- courage him to hope, that his fidelity might deserve to enjoy that estate, ,yhich the treason of his father had forfeited. Mr.M?r- There was a young gentlenlan, John Mordaunt, daunt IS ae. th'e for the the younger son, and brother, of the earls of Peter- king. borough; who, having been too young to be en- gaged in the late war, during which tinle he had his education in France and Italy, "ras now of age, of parts, and great vigour of mind, and newly married to a young beautiful lady of a very loyal spirit, and notable vivacity of wit and hUnl0l1r, \vho concurred with him in all honourable dedications of hinlself. He resolved to embrace all opportunities to serve the king, and to dispose those upon \VhOlTI he had influence to take the same resolution; and being al- lied to the marquis of Ormond, he did by hinl in- form his majesty of his resolution, and his readiness to receive any commands from him. This was many months before the marquis's journey into England. Mr. Stapley was \vell known to 1\11'. 1\lordaunt, who had represented his affections to the king, and how useful he might be towards the possessing some place in Sussex, and his undertaking that he would do so, by a letter to the king under Mr. Stapley's own hand: and thereupon IVIr. l\lordaunt desired, that his majesty would send a commission for the cOßlmand of a regiment of horse to hiIn; \vhich he \vould provide, and cause to be ready against the OF '"rIlE R EBELLIO . 4:> season he should be required to appear: which BOU h. commission, with 111any others, was sent to l\lr. Mor- xv. daunt; and he delivered it to 1\1r. Stapley; who ,vas 1658. exceedingly pleased \vith it, rene,ved all his vows and protestations, and it is still believed that he really n1eant all he pretended. But he had trusted some servant, \\Tho betrayed him; and being there- upon sent for by Croffi\vell, his father's. fast old friend, ,vas by hÏ1n so cajoled by pron1Íses and by threats, that he ,vas not able to \\'ithstand him; but Ir. Stap- . . ley disco- belIeVIng that he kne\\r already all that he asked çers what h - h I d h - h h k h - If he knew of 1m, e concea e not lng t at e ne\v Huse ; the plot. infornled hinI of those of the same country ,vho \vere to join \\Tith hinl; of whonl sonle had likewise received cOlllmissions, as ,veIl as hilnself; and in the end he confessed, "that he had received his conl- " Inission from 1\11'. l\lordaunt's own hand." Before. this discovery 1\11'. l\Iordaunt had been sent for,. by Cronl\\rell, and very strictly exanlined, whether he had seen the nlarquis of ()rnlond during his late be- ing in London; \vhich, though he had done often, he very confidently and positively denied, being well assured that it could not be proved, and that the luar4.uis himself \vas in safety: upon \vhich confi. dent denial, he ,vas disll1issed to return to his o\vn lodging. Rut upon this discovery by Stapley, he i\Ir.l\1ur- . h . d f L'. d daunt !aS 'Vlt In two ays a tel' sent lor agaIn, an co 111- seized 00, Inittcd close prisoner to the rO\Yer; and ne\v men : \ : '\'crc e\"cry day sent for, and committed in all quar- the Tower. ters of the kingdol11; and within some tirne after, a high court of justice ,vas erected for the trial of tbe prisoners, the crÍ111es of none being yet discovered; \vhich put all those \vho knew how liable they thCß1- cl ves \,"cre, unùer a terrible consternation. uj 246 '"rIlE HIS'rORY BOO K Before this hi g h court of J .ustice, of which John xv. Lisle, who gave his vote in the king's blood, and 1658. continued an entire confident and instrument of l\Ir.Mor- daunt, sir CrOlll\Vell's, ,vas president; there were first brought ;, ); . to be tried, John IVlordaunt; sir Harry Slingsby, a i: e fore gentleman of a very ancient falnily, and of a very ahigh court an1ple fortune in Yorkshire' and Dr. Hewet an of justice. . " en11nent preacher in London, and very orthodox, to whose church those of the king's party frequently resorted, and few but those. These three were to- tally unacquainted with each other; and though everyone of them knew enough against hiInself, they could not accuse one another, if they had been inclined to it. The first and the last could not doubt but that there would be evidence enough against them; and they had found means to corre- spond so much together, as to resolve that neither of then1 would plead to the impeachment, but de- mur to the jurisdiction of the court, and desire to have counsel assigned to argue against it in point of law; they being both sufficiently instructed, how to urge law enough to make it evident that neither of theln could be legally tried by that court, and that it was erected contrary to law. The first that 1vas brought to trial was 1\1r.1\10rdaunt. After his ar- raignment, by \v hich he found that the delivery of the cOD1mission to Stapley \vould be principally in- sisted on, and \vhich }]e knew might too easily be proved, he, according to former resolution, refused to plead not-guilty; but insisted, " that by the law of the land he ought not to be tried by that court;" for ,vhich he gave Inore reasons than they could an- swer; and then desired, "that his counsel might " have liberty to argue the point in law;" which of OF THE ItEHELLION. !247 course used to be granted in alllegal courts. But he BOO K was told, "that he was better to bethink himself; xv. "that they were ,,-ell satisfied in the legality of 1658. " their court, and would not suffer the jurisdiction " of it to be disputed; that the law of England had " provided a sentence for such obstinate persons as " refused to be tried by it; ,vhich was, that they " should be condenlned as nlutes; which would be " his case, if he continued refractory:" so he was carried back to the Tower, to consider better ,vhat he ,vould do the next day. Sir Harry Slingshy was called next. He kno\ving nothing of, or for the other resolution, pleaded not-guilty; and so ,vas sent to the prison to be tried in his turn. Dr. He,vet, ,vhose greatest crÏ1ne ,vas co lecting and sending llloney to the king, besides having given n10ney to sonle officers, refused to plead, as 1\11". Mordaunt had done, and demanded that his counscl lllight be heard; and received the saB1e ans,ver, and adlllo- llition, that the other had done; and was renlitted ,again to prison. Those courts seldoln consisted of fewer than twenty judges; amongst ,vhon1 there \vere usually sonIC, ,,,ho, out of pity s, or for Bloney, \vere inclined to ùo good offices to the prisoners ,vho can1e before thcIl1 ; at least to cOlllnlunicate such secrets to thein, as lllight inforn1 then1 \vhat \vould be 1110st pressed against then}. 1\11'. 1\lordaunt's lady had, by giving The Illf.':ms nloney, procured some in the nUlnber to be very ir \' ; - propitious to her husband: and in the evenin g of that daunt es- caped sen- clay the trial had been begun, she received t\\ro very tcnce. inlportant advices from them. 'rhe une, " that she pity] gcncro:-it R4 48 'rHE HIS'TOltY 1658. " should prevail \vith her husband t.o plead; then " his friends luight do him SOUle service : whereas, " if he insisted upon the point of law, he \vould in- " fallibly suffer, and no man durst speak for hiln." The other, "that they had no sufficient proof to "condeuln him upon any particular with \vhich he " stood charged, but only for the delivery of the " cOlnnlission to Stapley; and that there was to that " point, besides Stapley, one colonel Mallory, "Those " testimony ,vas more valued than the other's." This l\fallory had the reputation of an honest lnan, and loved l\lr.l\lordaunt very well, and ,vas one of those who were principally trusted in the business of Sus- sex, and had been apprehended about the saIne time that Stapley was; and finding, upon his first exami- nation, by the questions adlninistered to him by Thurlow, that all ,vas discovered, he un,varily con- fessed all that he kne,v concerning 1\11'. Mordaunt; having been himself the person principally employed between ltim and Stapley. He ,vas brought in cus- tody from the Tower, to give in evidence agai st Mr. Mordaunt, ,vith an intention in the court, after he had done that good service, to proceed as strictly against hitl1self, though they prol1lised him indeul- nity. The lady, having clear inforlnation of this whole matter, could not find any way that night to adver- tise her husband, that he should no more insist upon the want of jurisdiction in the court. For there was no possibility of speaking with, or sending to hin), during the tÍtlle of his trial. Therefore she laid aside the thought of that husiness till the 1110fl1ing, and passed the night in contriving how l\fallory might be prevailed with to Inake an escape; and BOOK XV. OF 'rHE REBELLION. Q4!) was so dexterous, and so fortunate, that a friend of BOO K hers disposed the money she gave hin1 so effectually, xv. that the next morning, \vhen 1\1allory was brought 1658. to the hall to be ready to give in his evidence, he found S0111e lneans to \vithdraw from his guard, and ,vhen he was in the cro\vd he easily got away. She had as good fortune likewise to have a little }Jote she '"Tit concerning the other advice, put into her husband's hand, as he passed to the bar; \vhich having perused, he departed fron1 his former resolu- tion; and after he had Inodestly urged the same again which he had done the day before, to spend tilne, dnd the president, in luuch choler, ans\vering as he had done, he sublnitted to his trial; and be- haved hiulself ,vith courage; and easily evaded the greatest part of the evidence they had against him; nor could they find proof, what presulnption soever there 11light be, that he had spoken \vith the l11ar- quis of Ornlond; and he evaded lllany other particu- lars of his correspondence \vith the king, with nota- ble address. That of the COllll11ission of Stapley was reserved to the last; and the commission being pro- duced, and both the band and the signet generally known, by reason of so rnany of the like, ,,-hich had fallen into their hands at "or orcester, and by l11any other accidents, 1\11'. Stapley \vas called to declare \vhere he had it; and seeing hÍlllself confronted by "!\Ir. 1\lordaunt, though he did, after lTIany questions aud reproaches froin the counsel that prosecuted, at la t confess that he did receive it froin 1\11'. 1\101"- daunt; yet he did it in so disorderly and confused a mdnner, that it appeared he had nluch rather not have said it; and ans\vered the questions 1\11'. 1\101'- daunt (!sked hint \vith that confusion, that his evi- BOOK XV. 1658. 50 1.'HE HIS rOn,Y dence could not be satisfactory to any ÏInpartial judges. Then Mallory was caned for; but by no search could be found; and they could not, by their o\vn rules, defer their sentence. And it so fell out, by one of the judges ,vithdrawing upon a sudden fit of the stone, t that the court ,vas divided, one half for the condemning him, and the other half that he ,vas not guilty; whereupon the determination de- pended upon the single vote of the president; who made sonle excuses for the justice he ,vas about to do, and acknowledged lllany obligations to the mo- ther of the prisoner, and, in contelnplation thereof, pronounced hÏ1n innocent for ought appeared to the court. ',rhere was not in CroDlwell's time the like instance; and scarce any other lllan escaped the judgnlent, that was tried before any high court of justice. And he was so offended at it, that, con- trary to all the forms used by themselves, he caused him to be kept for some months after in the Tower,tl and ,,,ould willingly have brought him to be tried again. For, within a day or two after, l\lallory wa retaken, and they had likewise corrupted a French- man, who had long served him, and was the only servant WhOl1l he had ll1ade choice of (since he ,vas to be allo\ved but one) to attend him in the prison: and he had discovered enough to have taken away his life several ways. But the scandal was so great, and the case so unheard of, that any lllan, discharged upon a public trial, should be again proceeded against upon new evidence for the sallIe offence, that Crolll- \\Tell hill1self thought not fit to undergo the reproach t by one of the judges with- U in the Tower,] iUS. adds: drawing upon a sudden fit of whereas he ought to have been the stone,] Not in lUS. released the same monlent, O:F 'rHE REBELLION. õl of it.. but ,vas in the end P revailed ,vith to set him BOOK J xv. at liberty. And he ,vas very few days at liberty, before he embarked hinlself as frankly in the king's 1658. service as before, and ,vith better success. Sir Harry Slingsby and poor Dr. He,vet had worse i Harry . h . d .c Shngsby fortune; and theIr blood was the Iuore t ITste ä1ter condemned; for the other's indenlnity; and the court was too se- verely reprehended, to conlmit the sanle fault again. The former had lain two years in prison in Hull, and ,vas brought now up to the Tower, for fear they might not discover enough of any ne\v plot, to make so many formidable examples, as the present con- juncture required. They had against him evidence enough, (besides his incorrigible fidelity to the crown f1'oll1 the first assaulting it,) that he had contrived, and contracted with SOlne officers of Hull, about the time that the earl of Rochester had been in Y ork- shire two years before, for the delivery of one of the block-houses to him for the king's servic : nor did he care to defend himself against the accusation; but rather ackno\vledged and justified his affection, and o\vned his loyalty to the king, ,vith very little cumplÎll1cnt or cerenlony to the present power. The and doctor } D H . · · r. ' f 1\1 Hewet, re- ot leI', r. e\vet, receIvIng no IDlorn1atIon 0 r. fusing still l\lordaunt's declining the way formerly resolved to plead: upon, (which it ,vas not possible to convey to hin) in that instant, nobody being suffered to speak \vith hinl,) and being brought to the bar as soon as the uther ,vas removed fronl it, persisted in the saIne re- olution, and spoke only against the illegality of the COU1.t; ,vhich, upon better information, and uefore the judgnlcnt was pronounced against him, he de- sired to retract, and ,vould have put hinlself upon hi trial: but they then refused to adluit hio1; and !l5 'l'IfE HI SPl'Olt Y BOO K so sentence of death was pronounced against theu1 xv. both; which they both underwent with great Chris- ] 658. tian coura g e. They are both exe- Sir Harry Slingsby, as is said before, was in the cuted. An account first rank of the gentlenlen of Yorkshire; and was i s rry returned to serve as a member in the parliament that continued so many years; \vhere he sat till the troubles begun; and having no relation to or de- pendence upon the court, he ,vas swayed only by his conscience to detest the violent and undutiful be- haviour of that parliament. He was a gentlenlan of a good understanding, but of a very melancholic na- ture, and of very fe\v \vords: and \vhen he could stay no longer \vith a good conscience in their coun- sels, in which he never concurred, he went into his country, and joined with the first \rho took up arms for the king. And when the ,val' ,vas ended, he re- mained still in his own house, prepared and disposed to run the fortune of the cro\vn in any other at- tempt: and having a good fortune and a general re- putation, had a greater influence upon the peo})le, than they who talked 11lore and louder; and ,vas kno\vn to be irreconcileable to the ne\v governll1cnt; and therefore \vas cut off, not\vithstanding ycry great intercession to preserve hinl. For he \vas uncle to the lord Falconbridge; \vho engaged his \vife and all his new allies to intercede for hin1, without effect. 'Vhen he ",-as brougl1t to die, he spent very little tinle in discourse; but told then., " he ,vas to die for being an honest l11an, of which " he was very glad." And of Dr. Dr. Hewet ,vas born a gentlelnan, and bred a Hewet. scholar, and "ras a divine before the beginning of the troubles. He lived in Oxford, and in the arnlY, . OF 'l HE nEBI Ll.ION. 5g till the end of the \var, and continued after\vards to BOO I\. preach ,vith great applause in a little church in xv. London; where, by the affection of the parish, he ) 658. was adnlitted, since he was enough known to lie notoriously under the brand of malignity. 'Vhen the lord Falconbridge married Cromwell's daughter (who had used secretly to frequent his church) after the cerelllony of the tinle, he was nlade choice of to marry them according to the order of the church; which engaged both that lord and lady to use their utmost credit with the protector to preserve his life; but he was inexorable, and desirous that the church- nlen, upon whon1 he looked as his mortal enemies, should see ,vhat they were to trust to, if they stood in need of his mercv. 01 I t ,vas then believed that, if he had pleaded, he might have been quitted, since in truth he never had heen \vith the king at Cologne or Bruges; ,vith ,, hich he ,vas charged in his indictnlent x; and they had blood enough in their power to pour out; for, besides the two before mentioned, to \v horn they granted the fay.our to be beheaded, there \vere three (;olonel others, colonel Ashton, Stacy, and Betteley, con- t';:C)" denlned by the sanle court; ,vho were treated \vith ;y i e- Inore severit y ' and were han g ed dra\vn and q uar- zeus, con- , "drmned and tered, \vith the utmost rigour, in several great streets executerl. in the city, to make the deeper impression upon the people, the t\VO last being ( itizens. But all nlen ap- peared so nauseated \"ith blood, and so tired \vith dIose aholninable spectacles, that Crom,,-ell thought it best to pardon the rest ,vho were condemned or ] ather to reprieve them; amongst whom 1\1 allory x indictment] impeachment 54 THE HIS'rORì- HOOK was one; who was not at liberty till the king's re- xv. turn; and was nlore troubled for the weakness he ] 658. had been guilty ot than they were against whom he had trespassed. Though the king, and all ,vho ,vere faithful to him, were exceedingly afflicted ,vith this bloody pro- ceeding, yet Cromwell did not seem to be the mort' confirmed in his tyranny. It is true, the king's party Cromwell was the lnore dispirited; but Cromwell found an- found new . enemies other kInd of enemy much more dangerous than amon the the y and that knew better how to deal with him in sectanes. , his own way. They who were raised by hitn, and who had raised him, even almost the whole body of sectaries, anabaptists, independents, quakers, declared an implacable hatred against him; and whilst they contrived how to raise a power to contend ,vith binl, they likewise entered into several conspiracies to as- sassinate him; which he exceedingly apprehended. An address They sent an address to the king by one of their sent by the anabaptists party, a young gentleman of an h9nourable extrac- to the king. tion, and great parts, by whonl they made many ex- travagant propositions, and seemed to depend very much upon the death of Crom,vell, and thereupon to compute their own power to serve the king; ,vho gave such an answer only to thenl, as lnight dispose them to hope for his favour, if he received service from them; and to believe that he did not intend to persecute 01' trouble any men for their opinions, if their actions werp peaceable; which they pretended to affect. Since the spirit, hlullour, and language of that people, and, in truth, of that tÍ111e, cannot be hetter described and represented, than by that petition and address, which was never published, and of which OF THE ItEnEI I ION. 55 there relnains no copy in any hand, that I. know of, but only the original, which was presented to the king, (it being too dangerous a thing for any man ,vho renlained in England, to have any such trans- cript in his custody,) it ,vill not be anliss in this place to insert the petition and address, in the very words in which it ,vas presented to his majesty, ,vith the letter that accompanied it fronl the gentleluan n1en- tioned before, who ,vas an anabaptist of special trust among them, and who caDle not ,vith the petition, but expected the king's pleasure upon the receipt of it; it being sent by an officer who had served the king in an en1inent conl1nand, and was no,v gracious alnongst those sectaries without swer\ ing in the least degree from his forlner principles and integrity: for that people always pretended a just esteenl and value of all nlen ,vho had faithfully adhered to the king, and lived soberly and virtuously. The address was in these words: BOOk XV. 1658. Tv hi.v ]}losf excelleltt 1/l-ajesly, Charles the Second, The address 1.' nl! G B .. p d T l 1 itself. trlllg l!J reat rltaIJl,.L france, an ..Lre allf4 , {[ lid tIle lloJJliJllollS tllere'llllto belongillg. " The hUlnble address of the subscribers, in the " behalf of themselves, and lnany thousands "more, your majesty's most hunlble and " faithful subjects. " 1\lay it please you Inajesty, " "Then \\.e sit down and recount the ,vonderi'ul " and unheard of dispensations of God anlongst us, " w'hen \\re call to our renlembrances the tragical ac- " tions and transactions of these late times, ,vhen we " seriously consider the dark and mysterious effects " of Providence, the unexpected disappointnlent of Q5(j THE HIS'.rORY J 658. "counsels, the strange and strong convulsions of " state, the various and violent Illotions and COlnnlO- " tions of the people, the many changings, turnings, " and overturnings of governors and governlnents, " \vhich, in the revolutions of a fe\v years, have " been produced in this land of miracles, we cannot " hut be even swallowed up in astonishment, and are " constrained to conlmand an unwilling silence upon " our sometimes 111utinous and over-inquiring hearts, " resolving all into the good-will and pleasure of that " all-disposing One, whose wisdom is unsearchable, " and \vhose ways are past finding out. " But although it is, and we hope ever ,vill he, ' far frolll us, either peevishly or preslunptuously to " kick against the irresistible decrees of Heaven, or " vainly to attel11pt, by any faint and infirnl designs " of ours, to give an interruption to that overruling " divine hand, which steers and guides, governs and " determines the affairs of the whole \vorld; yet we " cannot but judge it a duty highly inculnbent upon " us, to endeavour, as much as in us lies, to repair " the breaches of our dear country. And, since it " is our lot (we l11ay say our unhappiness) to be elll- " barked in a shipwrecked commonwealth, (which, H like a poor weatherbeaten pinnace, has, for so " long a tÏI11e, been tossed upon the waves and bil- -, lows of faction, split upon the rocks of violence, " and is no\v alnlost quite devoured in the quicksands " of ambition,) what can ",Fe do more worthy of " Englishmen, as \ve are by nation, or of Christians, " as we are by profession, than everyone of us to " put our hand to an oar, and try if it be the \viII of " our God, that such \veak instruments as we, may -, he, in any measure, helpful to bring it at last into BOOK xv. OF THE REBELLION. 257 " the safe and quiet harbour of justice and right- BOOK xv. " eousness ? " To this undertaking, though too great for us, 1658. " we are apt to think ourselves so much the ll10re " strongly engaged, by how Inuch the more we are " sensible, that as our sins have been the greatest " causes, so our many follies and Ílnprudences have " not been the least means of giving both birth and "gro\vth to those nlany miseries and calamities, " \vhich \ve, together \vith three once most flourish- " ing kingdollls, do at this day sadly groan under. " It is not, the Lord kno\vs, it is not pleasing unto " us, nor can ,ve believe it will be grateful to your " 111ajesty, that we should recur to the beginnings, " rise, and root of the late unhappy differences be- " t,vixt your royal father and the parlianlent. In " such a discourse as this, \ve may seenl, perhaps, " rather to go about to make the \vounds bleed " afresh, than to endeavour the curing of thenl: yet "fOraS111Uch as \ve do profess, that \ve COlne not " \vith corrosives but with balsams, and that our de- " sire is not to hurt but heal, not to pour vinegar " hut oil into the wounds, we hope your majesty " ,,,ill give us leave to open them gently, that we " filay apply rellledies the more aptly, and discover " our own past errors the more clearly. " In what posture the affairs of these nations ,- stood, before the noise of drums and trumpets dis- " turhed the sweet harmony that was amongst us, is " not unknown to your majesty: that we were blest ,. "7 ith a long peace, and, together with it, with " riches, ,vealth, plenty, and abundance of all things, " t.he lovely conlpanions and beautiful products of " peace, 111ust ever he ackno\vledged \vith thankful. VOL. VII. s Q5x 'rl-Il' HIS'rOR \..- 1658. " ness to God, the author of it, and \vith a grateful " veneration of the memory of those princes, your " father and grandfather, by the propitious influence " of whose care and wisdom we thus flourished. But, " as it is \ observed in natural bodies, idleness and " fulness of diet do for the most part lar the founda- " tion of those maladies, and secretly nourish those " diseases, which can hardly be expelled by the as- " sistance of the most skilful physician, and seldolll " without the use of the nlost loathsome medicines, " nay sometimes not without the hazardous trial of " the most dangerous experiments; so did we find " it, by sad experience, to be in . this great body po- "litico It cannot be denied, but the whole common- " wealth ,vas faint, the whole nation sick, the whole " body out of order, every member thereof feehle, " and every part thereof languishing. And in this " so general and universal a distemper, that there " should be no weakness nor infirmity, no unsound- "ness in the head, cannot \-vell be imagined. "T e " are un\villing to enunlerate particulars, the n1en- " tion whereof would but renew old griefs; but, in " general, ,ve may say, and we think it will gain the " easy assent of all men, that there were many errors, " lllany defects, many excesses, many irregularities, " l lany illegal and eccentrical proceedings, (some of " ,vhich \vere in matters of the highest and greatest " concernments,) manifestly appearing as blots and " stains upon the other\vise good government of the " late king .That these proceeded fronl the pravity " of his own disposition, or frol11 principles of ty- " ranny radicated and iU1planted in his o\vn nature, " \ve do not see ho,v it can be asserted, without ap- U parent injury to the truth; it being conf ssed, eve11 BOOK XV. OF 'fI-LE IlEllEl.l.ION. Q59 h hy his nlost peevish eneluies, that he ,vas a gentle- " Inan, as of the most strong and perfect intellec- " tuals, so of the best and purest ll1ora]s, of any " prince that ever swayed the English sceptre. This " the then parliament being sensible of, and desir- " ous, out of a zeal they had to the honour of their " sovereign, to disperse and dispel those black clouds "that w'ere contracted about him, that he might " shine the more glorious in the beauty of his o,vn " lustre, thought thelnsel yes engaged in duty to en- " deavour to redeem and rescue him froln the vio- " lent and strong impulses of his evil counsellors; " who did captivate hiln at their pleasures to their " own corrupt lusts, and did every day thrust him " into actions prejudicial to hin1self, and destructive " to the common good and safety of the people. " Upon this account, and to this, and no other " end, were we at first invited to take up arms; and " though we have too great cause to conclude from " what \Ve have since seen acted, that, under thosp " plausible and gilded pretences of liberty and re- " formation, there were secretly managed the hel1ish "designs of wicked, vile, and alllbitious persons, "(,vhon1 though then, and for a long time after, " concealed, Providence, and the series of things, " have since discovered to us,) yet we bless God, " that ,ve ,vent out in the sitllplicity of our souls, " aiming at nothing Inore but \vhat \vas public]y " owned in the face of the sun; and that we were " so far from entertaining any thoughts of casting " off our allegiance to his majesty, or extirpating " his family, that we had not the least intentions of " so much as abridging him of any of his just pre- " rogatives, but only of restraining those excesses of S 2 BOOK xv. 1 G58. BOOI, XV. 1658. 2(jO THE HISTORY " governUlent for the future, which ,vere not.hing " hut the excrescences of a wanton power, and were " more truly to be accounted the burdens, than 01'- " nanlents, of his royal diadem. " These things, sir, we are bold to make recital of " to your n1ajesty; not that ,ve suppose your n1a- " jest.y to be ignorant of then1, or that we take de- "light to derive the pedigree of our own and the " nation's In is fortunes; but, like poor wildered tra- " vellers, perceiving that we have lost our way, ,ve " are necessitated, though with tired and irksolne " steps, thus to walk the same ground over again, " that \ve may discover where it was that we first " turned aside, and may institute a more prosperous " course in the progress of our journey. Thus far " we can say we have gone right, keeping the road " of honesty and sincerity, and having as yet done " nothing but what \ve think ,ve are able to justify, " not by those weak and beggarly argulnents, dra ,,yn " either from success, \vhich is the same to the just " and to the unjust, or froin the silence and satisfac- " tion of a becalmed conscience, which is 1110re often " the effect of blindness than virtue, but from the " sure, safe, sound, and unerring maxims of law, " justice, reason, and righteousness. " In all the rest of our motions ever since to this " very day, we must confess, we have been wander- " ing, deviating, and roving up and down, this ,yay " and that way, through all the dangerous, uncouth, " and untrodden paths of fanatic and enthusiastic " notions, till no\v at last, but too late, we find OU1'- " selves intricated and involved in so many wind- " ings, labyrinths, and meanders of knavery, that " nothing but a divine clue of thread handed to us OF 'fHE REBELLION. 261 " from heaven, can be sufficient to extricate us, and " restore us. 'Ve know not, we know not, whether " we have juster matter of shame or sorrow admi- " nistered to us, when we take a reflex view of our " past actions, and consider into the commission of " what crimes, impieties, wickednesses, and unheard " of villainies, we have been led, cheated, cozened, "and betrayed, by that grand impostor, that loath- " some hypocrite, that detestable traitor, that pro- " digy of nature, that o}J}J'robri'llnz of manki d, that " landscape of iniquity, that sink of sin, and that "conlpendium of baseness, who no,v calls hin1self "our protector. 'Vhat have we done, nay, what " have we not done, which either hellish policy was " ahle to contrive, or brutish power to execute ? We " have tranIpled under foot all authorities; we have " laid violent hands upon our own sovereign; we " have ravished our parliaments; we have deflower- " ed the virgin liberty of our nation; ,ve have put a " yoke, an heavy yoke of iron, upon the necks of " our own countryn1en; we have thrown down the " walls and bul\varks of the people's safety; we have " broken often-repeated oaths, vows, engagements, "covenants, protestations; we have betrayed our " trusts; we have violated our faiths; we have lifted " up our hands to heaven deceitfully; and that these " our sins Inight want no aggravation to make thenl " e cecding sinful, we have added hypocrisy to theln u all; and have not only, like the audacious strunl- " pet, \viped our n1ouths, and boasted that 'lve nal,e " done no cl:il; but in the midst of all our abonli- " nations (such as are too had to he nanIed aUlongst " the 'VOl'st of heathens) we have not wanted impu- U deuce enough to say, Let the Lord be glorified: s 3 . BOOK xv. 16.38. !26 '1' I IEI-I IS ï' () H Y 1658. " let Jesus Christ be exalted: let his kingdonl be " advanced: Jet the gospel be })J"opagated: let the " saints be dignified: let righteousness be establish- " ed: Puclet Ilæc opprob'ria nobis aut lliei potu- " i8 'e, aut non potui 'se refelli. " \ViII not the holy One of Israel visit? will not " the righteous One punish? will not he, who is the " true and faithful One, be avenged for such things "as these? will he not, nay has he not already, " come forth as a swift witness against us? has he " not whet his sword? has he not bent his bow? " has he not prepared his quiver? has he not al- " ready begun to shoot his arrows at us? 'Vho is so " blind as not to see that the hand of the Almighty " is upon us, and that his anger ,vaxes hotter and "hotter against us? How have our hopes been " blasted? how have our expectations been disap- " pointed? how have our ends been frustrated? All " those pleasant gourds, under which we were some- "times solacing and caressing ourselves, how arc " they perished in a moment? how are they wither- " ed in a night? how are they vanished, and come " to nothing? Righteous is the Lord, and righteous " are all his judgments. \Ve have sown the wind, " and we have reaped a whirlwind; we have sown " faction, nd ,ve have reaped confusion; we have " sown folly, and we have reaped deceit: when we " looked for liberty, behold slavery; when we ex- " pected righteousness, behold oppression; when we "sought for justice, behold a cry, a great and a " lamentable cry throughout the whole nation. " Every man's hand is upon his loins, everyone "complaining, sighing, mourning, lamenting, and " saying, I am pained, I aln pained, pain and an- BOOK XV. Of' 'l'HE REHEI..LION. 263 "guish, and sorro\v, and perplexity of spirit, has " taken hold upon me, like the pains of a woman in "travail. Surely \ve may take up the lan1entation " of the prophet concerning this the land of our na- "tivity. How does England sit solitary? ho\v is she " become as a \vido\v? she, that was great alDongst " the nations, and princess anlong the provinces, ho\v "is she now become tributary? She \veepeth sore " in the night; her tears are on her cheeks; amongst " all her lovers she hath none to comfort her; all " her friends have dealt treacherously \vith her, they " are become her enemies; she lifteth up her voice "in the streets, she crieth aloud in the gates of the " city, in the places of chief concourse, she sitteth, " and thus we hear her \vailing and belDoaning her " condition; Is it nothing to you, all ye that pass " by? behold, and see if there be any sorro,v like " unto lny sorro\v, \vhich is done unto me, where- " with the Lord hath afflicted nle in the day of his "fierce anger. The yoke of nlY transgressions is " bound by his hands, they are wreathed, and conle " up upon my neck; he hath made my strength to " fall, the Lord hath. delivered Ine into their hands " fron1 whom I am not able to rise up. The Lord " hath trodden under foot all 111Y mighty Dlen in the " lnidst of IDe; he hath called an assen1bly to crush " my young Inen ; he hath trodden TIle as in a wine- " press; all that pass by clap their hands at me, " they hiss and \vag their heads at DIe, saying, Is "this the nation that men call the perfection of " beauty? the joy of the whole earth? All mine " enenlies have opened their mouths against me ; they "hiss and gnash their teeth; they say, \,r e have " swallo\ved her up; certainly this is the day that \ve " looked for, ,ve have found, \ve have seen it. BOOK XV. I ():)8. 264 THE HISTORY 1658. " How are our bowels troubled? how are our "hearts saddened? how are our souls afflicted, " whilst we hear the groans, whilst we see the de- " solation of our dear country? It pitieth us, it piti- " eth us, that Sion should lie any 1011ger in the dust. " But, alas! what shall we do for her in this day of " her great calamity? "r e were sometimes wise to "pull down, but we now want art to build; we " \vere ingenious to pluck up, but ,ve have no skill " to plant; we were strong to destroy, but we are " weak to restore: whither shall we go for help? or " to whom shall we address ourselves for relief? If " we say, 'Ve will have recourse to parliaments, and " they shall save us; behold, they are broken reeds, "reeds shaken with the wind. They cannot save "themselves. If we turn to the army, and say, " They are bone of our bone, and flesh of our flesh, " it nlay be they will at last have pity upon us, and " deliver us; behold, they are become as a rod of " iron to bruise us, rather than a staff of strength to " support us. If we go to him who had treacherously " usurped, and does tyrannically exercise an unjust " power over us, and say to him, Free us from this " yoke, for it oppresseth us, and from these burdens, " for they are heavier than either we are, or our fa- " thers ever were, able to bear; behold, in the pride " and haughtiness of his spirit, he answers us, You " are factious, you are factious; if your burdens are " heavy, I will make them yet heavier; if I have " hitherto chastised you with whips, I will hencefor- " ward chastise you with scorpions. " Thus do \ve fly, like partridges hunted, from " hill to hill, and from mountain to mountain, but " can find no rest; we look this way, and that way, " but there is none to save, none to deliver. At last BOOK xv. OF THE REBELLION. 65 " we begun to whisper, and but to whisper only, "alnong ourselves, saying one to another, 'Vhy " should we not return to our first husband? Surely " it will be better with us then, than it is now. At " the first starting of this question amongst us, nlany " doubts, many fears, many jealousies, lllany suspi- " cions did arise ,vithin us. \Ve were conscious to " ourselves, that ,ve had dealt unkindly \vith hin1, " that ,ve had treacherously forsaken him, that ,ve " had defiled ourselves with other lovers, and that " our filthiness was still upon our skirts: therefore " ,vere we apt to conclude, if we do not return unto " him, how can he receive us? or if he does receive " us, how can he love us? how can he pardon the " injuries we have done unto him? how can he for- " get the unkindness ,ve have she\vn unto hin1 in " the day of his di tress ? " 'Ve Inust confess (for \ve come not to deceive " your lllajesty, but to speak the truth in sinlplicity) " that these co,vardlyapprehensions did, for a \vhile, " make some strong hnpressions upon us; and had "ahnost frighted us out of our newly conceived " thoughts of duty and loyalty. But it ,vas not long " before they vanished, and gaye place to the ll10re " noble and heroic considerations of comnlon good, " public safety, the honour, peace, welfare, and pros- "pcrity of these nations; all which we are per- "suaded, and do find, though by too late experi- " ence, are as inseparably and as naturally bound up " ill your majesty, as heat in fire, or light in the SUll. "Contelnning therefore and disdaining the mean "and low thoughts of our own private safety, " (which we have no cause to despair 04 having to " deal with so good and so gracious a prince,) "e BOOK XV. 1658. BOOK XV. J 658. !2û6 'rHE IIIS'rOltY " durst not allow of any longer debate about Inat- " ters of personal concernll1ent; but did think our- " selves engaged in duty, honour, and conscience, to " make this our hUll1ble address unto your majesty, " and to leave ourselves at the feet of your Inercy : " yet, lest we should seem to be altogether negligent " of that first good, though since dishonoured, cause, " which God has so eminently owned us in, and to " be unll1indful of the security of those, who, toge- " ther with ourselves, being caITied away with the " delusive and hypocritical pretences of wicked and. "ungodly men, have ignorantly, not maliciously, " been drawn into a concurrence \vith those actions " which may render them justly obnoxious to your "majesty's indignation, ,ve have presulned in all " humility to offer unto your luajesty these fe\v pro- " positions hereunto annexed; to \vhich if your ma- " jesty shall be pleased graciously to condescend, l\r(' " do solemnly protest in the presence of Alnlighty " God, before whose tribunal we know \ve nlust one " day appear, that we will hazard our lives, and all '" that is dear unto us, for the restoring and reesta- " blishing your majesty in the throne of your father; " and that we ,viII never be ,vanting in a ready and ., ,villing compliance to your nlajesty's C0l11ll1ands to " approve ourselves " Your majesty's " rnost humble, most faithful, " and most devoted subjects and servants, " TV. IIoleaTll. John JVilllulall. " RalJJh Jennings. John All1Jlig'ell. " Ellw. PenkaruaJl. RaJlllolph H elltl'orth. " Jolnl Hedwortlt. Th01JlliS ., John Sturgioll. Rich. ReY1lo/lls. (YF 'l'H.E REBELLION. 267 "The earnest desires of the subscribers, in all BOOK .. xv. " humility presented to your majesty In these "follo,ving proposals, in order to an happy, Th 5p _ "s p eed y and well g rounded P eace in these positions , wmud " your lllajesty's dominions. to it. J. " FOraSll1Uch as the parIianlent, called and con- "vened by the authority of his late majesty your " royal father, in the year 1640, was never legalIy " dissolved, but did continue their sitting until the " year 1648, at which time the army, violently and " treasonably breaking in upon then), did, and has " ever since given a continued interruption to their " session, by taking away the whole house of lords, " and secluding the greatest part of the house of " commons, it is therefore humbly desired that (to " the end \ve may be established upon the ancient " basis and foundation of law) your majesty would " be pleased, by public proclamations, as soon as it " shall be judged seasonable, to invite all those per- " sons, as well lords as commons, who ,vere then sit- " ting, to return to their places; and that your ma- " jesty would o\vn them (so convened and met toge- "ther) to be the true and lawful parlialnent of " England. 2. "That your nlajesty ,vould concur ,vith the " parlialnent in the ratificat.ion a d confirmation uf " all those things granted and agreed unto by the "late king your father, at the last and fatal treaty " in the Isle of 'Vight; as also in the making and " repealing of all such laws, acts, and statutes, as hy " the parliament shall be judged expedient and nc- " cessary to be made, and repealed, for the Letter " securing of the just and natural rights and libcr- BOOK XV. 1658. 268 'rHE HIS'rORY " ties of the people, and for the obviating and pre- " venting all dangerous and destructive excesses of " government for the future. 3. " Forasmuch as it cannot be denied, but that " our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, by his death " and resurrection, has purchased the liberties of " his own people, and is thereby become their sole " Lord and King, to whom, and to whom only, they " o\ve obedience in things spiritual; we do there- " fore hUlnbly beseech your lnajesty, that you would " engage your royal word never to erect, nor suffer " to be erected, any such tyrannical, popish, and "Antichristian hierarchy, (episcopal, presbyterian, " or by what name soever it be called,) as shall as- " sUlne a power over, or inlpose a yoke upon, the " consciences of others; but that everyone of your "luajesty's subjects luay hereafter be left at liberty " to \vorship God in such a way, form, and manner, " as shall appear to then1 to he agreeable to the " mind and will of Christ, revealed in his word, ac- " cording to that proportion or lneasure of faith and " knowledge which they have received. 4. "Forasmuch as the exaction of tithes is a bur- " den under which the whole nation groans in ge- "neral, and the people of God in particular, \ve " \vould therefore crave leave hUß1hly to offer it to " your majesty's consideration, that, if it be possible, " SOine other way n1ay be found out for the mainte- " nance of that \vhich is called the nationallninistl'Y; " and that those of the separated and congregated " churches luay not (as hitherto they have been, and " still are) be compelled to contribute thereunto. 5. "Foras111uch as iu these tin1es of licence, con- " fusion, and disorder, Inany honest, godly, and reli- OF THE REBELLION, G9 " gious persons, by the crafty devices and cunning "pretences of wicked men, have been ignorantly "and blindly led, either into the commission of, or " compliance ,vith, many vile, illegal, and abomina- " ble actions, whereof they are now ashamed; we " do therefore most hUInbly implore your majesty, " that an act of amnesty and oblivion may be grant- " ed for the pardoning, acquitting, and discharging " all your majesty's long deceived and deluded sub- " jects, from the guilt and imputation of all crimes, " treasons, and offences whatsoever, committed or " done by them, or any of theIn, either against your " majesty's father, or yourself, since the beginning " of these unhappy wars, excepting only such who "do adhere to that ugly tyrant who calls himself "protector, or \vho, in justification of his or any " other interest, shall, after the publication of this " act of grace, continue and persevere in their dis- " loyalty to your majesty." The gentleman \vho brought this address, and these \vild propositions, brought like,vise with hin1 a particular letter to the king from the gentlelnan that is before described; upon whose tenlper, inge- nuity, and interest, the messenger principaIJy de- pended, having had much acquaintance and conver- sation \vith him; who, though he \vas an anabap- tist, made himself Inerry with the extravagancy and Jnadness of his conlpanions; and told this gentle- man, "that, though the first address could not be "prepared but with those denlands, ,vhich might " satisfy the whole party, and comprehend all that " \vas desired by any of them, yet if the king gave "then1 such an encouragelnent, as might dispose BOOK xv. 1658. Q70 TI-IE II IS'l'OR Y. 1658. " them to send SOUle of the "pisest of thenl to attend "his majesty, he would be able, upon conference " with thenl, to nlake then1 his instrulnents to re- " duce the rest to nlore lTIoderate desires, when they " should discern, that they might have Inore protec- "tion and security from the king, than from any " other power that \vould aSSUl11e the government." The letter was as followeth. nOOK xv. " 1\1ay it please your Inajesty, 'The letter " Time, the great discoverer of all things, has at to the king" 1 k d h d - . d d . f h - sent with ast unmas e t e IsglllSe eSlgns 0 t IS myste- the address." rious age, and Inade that obvious to the dull sense " of fools, \vhich ,vas before visible enough to the " quicksighted prudence of ,vise men, viz. that li- " berty, religion, and reformation, the ,vonted en- "gines of politicians, are but deceitful baits, by " which the easily deluded multitude are tempted " to a greedy pursuit of their own ruin_ In the "unhappy number of these fools, I nll1st confess " myself to have been one; "Tho have nothing more " no\v to boast of, but only that, as I \vas not the " first was cheated, so I was not the last was unde- " ceived; having long since, by peeping a little (no,v " and then, as I had opportunity) under the vizard " of the impostor, got such glimpses, though but " imperfect ones, of his ugly face, concealed under " the painted pretences of sanctity, as nlade me con- " elude, that the series of affairs, and the revolution " of a few years, ,vould convince this blinded gene- " ration of their errors; and make theln affrightedly " to start Fron1 hinl, as a prodigious piece of defor- " mity, ,vhom they adored and reverenced as the " beautiful image of a deity. OF '1' II E II E R f: L L I () N. 71 '- Nor did this n1Y expectation fail me: God, \vho " glories in no attribute more than to he acknow- " ledged the searcher of the inward parts, could no " longer endure the bold affronts of this audacious " hypocrite; but, to the astonishment and confusion " of all his idolatrous \vorshippers, has, by the un- " searchable ,visdon1 of his deeplaid counsels, lighted " such a candle into the dark dungeon of his soul, " that there is none so blind who does not plainly " read treachery, tyranny, perfidiousness, dissin1ula- " tion, atheisnl, hypocrisy, and all III anneI' of vil- " lainy, written in large characters on his heart; " nor is there anyone remaining, who dares open " his nlouth in justification of him, for fear of in- "curring the deserved character of being a pro- "fessed advocate for all \vickedness, and a s\\'orn " enelllY to all virtue. " This ,vas no sooner brought fort!!', but presently In I conceived hopes of being able, in a short tinlp, "to put in practice those thoughts of loyalty to " your 111ajesty, \\rhich had long had entertainment ,. in lllY breast, Lut till now were forced to seek ., conceahnent under a seeming conforlnity to the " iniquity of the tilnes. A fit oppoltunity of giving " birth to these designs ,vas happily administered " by the follo,ving occasion. .. Great ,vas the rage, and just the indignation " of the people, ,vhen they first found the authority " of their parlianlent swallowed up in the new nalne " of a protector; greater ,vas their fury, and upon " hctter grounds, when they observed, that under " the silent, n10dest, and flattering title of this pro- " tectoI', was secretly assulned a power lnore abso- "lute, Inore arbitrary, more unlinlited, than ever BOOK xv. 1658. Q7 THE HISTORY BOO K "was pretended to by any king. The pulpits xv. "straightways sound with declamations, the streets 1658. "are filled with pasquils and libels, everyone ex- "presses a detestation of this innovation by public "invectives, and all the nation, with one accord, "seen1S at once to be inspired with one and the " same resolution of endeavouring valiantly to re- "deen1 that liberty, by arms and force, which was "treacherously stolen frolTI then1 by deceit and " fraud. " \Vhen they had for a ,vhile exercised themselves " in tUlTIultuary discourses, (the first effects of popu- " lar discontents,) at length they begin to contrive " by what means to free thelTIselves fron1 the yoke " that is upon them. In order hereunto, several of " the chiefest of the malecontents enter into consuI- " tations an10ngst then1selves; to which they were " pleased to invite and admit me. Being taken into " their councils, and Blade privy to their debates, I " thought it my work to acquaint myself fully with "the tempers, inclinations, dispositions, and prin- " ciples of them; which (though all meeting and " concentring in an irreconcileable hatred and ani- " mosity against the usurper) I find so various in " their ends, and so contrary in the lTIeanS conduc- " ing to those ends, that they do naturally fall under " the distinction of different parties. SOlne, drunk " with enthusiasms, and besotted with fanatic no- " tions, do allow of none to have a share in govern- " lTIent besides the saints; and these are calléd " Christian royalists, or fifth-monarchy-n1en. Others " violently opposing this, as destructive to the liberty " of the free-born people, strongly contend to have " the nation governed by a continual succession of OF THE REBELLION. 273 U parlialnents, consisting of equal represent.atives; " and these style thelnselves C0I11IT10n\vealth's-lnen. "A third party there is, ,yho finding, by the ob- " servatiol1 of these times, that parlianlents are bet- " tel' physic than food, seenl to incline most to mo- " narchy, if laid under such restrictions as Dlight "free the people fronl the fear of tyranny; and " these are contented to suffer under the opprobri- " ous nalne of levellers: to these did I particularly " apply nlyself; and after SOlne fe\v days' conference " ,vith them in private by themselves apart, I was "so happy in my endeavours, as to prevail with " sonle of thenl to lay aside those vain and idle pre- " judices, grounded rather upon passion than judg- " ment, and return, as their duty engaged theIn, to "their obedience to your majesty. Having pro- " ceeded thus far, and gained as many of the chief " of them, whom I knew to be leaders of the rest, as " could safely be intrusted with a business of this " nature, (the success whereof does principally de- " pend upon the secret managenlent of it,) I thought " I had nothing nlore now to do, but only to con- "firm and establish theIn, as well as I could, in " their infant allegiance, by engaging them so far in " an humble address unto your majesty, that they " might not kno\v how to make either a safe or ho- " nourable retreat. " I must leave it to the ingenuity of this ,vorthy "gentlell1an, by whose hands it is conveyed, to " make answer to any such objections as Inay per- "haps he Inade by your 11lajesty, either as to tht' " lnatter or 111anner of it. This only I ,vould put H your nlajesty in tnind of, that they are but young " proselytes, and are to be driven leJ1to }Je(le, lest, ,""OL. VII. T nUOK xv. 1658. BOOI< xv. ] 65t). Q74. 'fHE HI STOJ{ Y " heing urged at first too violently, they should re- " sist the ßlore refractorily. " Äs to the quality of the persons, I cannot say " they are either of great families, or great estates. " But this I am confident of, that, whether it be by " their o\vn virtue, or by the misfortune of the tinles, " I "rill not deternline, they are such \vho may he " 1110re serviceable to your majesty in this conjunc- " ture, than those whose nan1es swell nluch bigger "than theirs with the addition of great titles. I " durst not undertake to persuade your majesty to " any thing, being ignorant by what maxims your " counsels are governed; but this I shall crave leave " to say, that I have often observed, that a desperate " gaIlle at chess has been recovered after the loss of " the nobility, only by playing the pawns well; and " that the subscribers may not be of the sanle use to " your nlajesty, if well managed, I cannot despair, " especially at such a time as this, ,vhen there is " scarce any thing hut pawns left upon the board, " and those fe\v others that are left may justly be "complained of in the \vords of r.facitus, ]Jræsen- "tia et tuta, qua111 vete1Yl et pe'l'lcillosa, 111alunt " 011Znes. " I have nlany things more to offer unto your ßla- " jesty, but fearing I have already given too bold a " trouble, I shall defer the mention of them at pre- " sent; intending, as soon as I hear how your l11a- " jesty resents this overture, to wait upon your ma- " jesty in person, and then to communicate that vil"a " voce, \vhich I cannot bring \vithin the narro\v "compass of an address of this nature. I n the " mean titne, if our services shall be judged useful " to your 111 ajcsty , I shall hUl11bly desire some speedy OF 1"'IIE llE BEI LION. 75 " course 11lay be taken for the advance of two th01.1- " sand pound, as well for the answering the expec- "tation of those whonl I have aJready engaged, as " for the defraying of several other necessary ex- " penses, ,vhich do, and will every day inevitably H come upon us in the prosecution of our design. " What more is expedient to be done by your nla- " jesty, in order to the encouragement and satisfac- " tion of those gentlemen \v ho already are, or here- " after (nay be, brought over to the assistance of "your majesty's cause and interest, I shall commit " to the care of this honourable person; ,vho heing " no stranger to the cOll1plexion and constitution of " those \vith WhOlTI I have to deal, is able sufficientJy " to inform your majesty by what \vays and means " they 111ay be laid under the strongest obligations . , . " to your majesty s serVIce. " 'or I11Y o\vn part, as I do now ainl at nothing " nlore, than only to give your nlajesty a small essay " of my zeal for, and absolute devotion to, your n1a- " jesty, so I have nothing more to beg of your ma- " jesty, but that yon \vould be pleased to account " IHe, " l\lay it please your Inajesty, &c." rrhe king believed that these distelnpers might, in some conjuncture, he of use to him; and thereforp returned the general answer that is mentioned be- fore; and, " that he \,,'"ould be willing to confer with " son1e persons of that party, trusted by the rest, if .... they would come over to hitn;" his 111ajesty being then at llruges. Upon ,vhich that young gentleman came over thither to him, and relnained some days there concealed. He was a person of very extraor- 1.'2 BOOK XV. 1658. BOOK XV. ) 658. 276 THE HISTOR.Y dinary parts, sharpness of ,vit, readiness and volu- bility of tongue, but an anabaptist. He had been bred in the university of Canlbridge, and afterwards in the inns of court; but being too young to have kno\vn the religion or the governll1ent of the prece- dent tinle, and his father having been engaged fr0111 the beginning against the king, he had sucked in the opinions that were most prevalent, and had been a soldier in Croln,vell's life-guard of horse, when he ,vas thought to be lTIOst resolved to establish a re- public. But when that mask ,vas pulled off, he de- tested hitn with that rage, that he was of the combi- nation ,vith those who resolved to destroy hÜn by what way soever; and was very intÍ1nate with Syn- dercome. He had a great confidence of the strength and po\ver of that party; and confessed that their demands \vere extravagant, and such as the king could not grant; which, after they were once en- gaged in blood, he doubted not they would recede from, by the credit the wiser men had aillongst theIne He returned into England very \vell satisfied ,vith the king; and did afterwards correspond very faith- fully with his professions; but left the king without any hope of other benefit frolll that party, than by their increasing the faction and animosity against CronlwelI: for it ,vas nlanifest they expected a good sum of present money from the king; which could not be in his power to supply. 'Vhile these things ,vere transacting, the king found every day, that the Spaniards so much de- spaired of his cause, that they had no nlind to give him any assistance ,vith which he might nlake an attenlpt upon England; and that, if they had been neyer so ,veIl disposed, they were not ahle to do it : O:F rrH.E R:EBEl..l,ION. !271 and therefore he resolved that he would not, in a B U UK country that \vas so great a scene of war, live un- xv. active and unconcerned: so his majesty sent to don 1658. Juan, "that he would accompany him in the field " the next campaign, without expecting any cere- " Inony, or putting him to any trouble." But the The king . d sent to Spaniards sent hIm a formal l11essage, and elllploye don Juan, . h f ." that he the earl of BrIstol to excuse t em rom consentIng, would or admitting his proposition, and to dissuade his ma- accoID 1 -. pany 1IIli J .est y fronl affectin g so unreasonably exposin g his into the field ,n person. They said, " that they could not ans\ver it whie;. is fe- " to his catholic 111ajesty, if they should pernlit his fused. " majesty, \vhen his t\VO brothers were already in " the arnlY, and known to affect danger so luuch as " they did, likewise to engage his own royal person; "which they positively protested against." And ,vhen they afterwards saw, that it ,vas not in their power to restrain hinl from such adventures, \vhilst he remained at Bruges, which \vas no\v becolne a frontier by the neighLourhood of Mardike, and par- ticularly that, under prctence of visiting the duke of York, \vho lay then at Dunkirk to make SOlne at- tenlpt in the \\tinter upon that fort, his majesty hav- ing notice, \vhat night they intended to assault it, ,vent sonle days before to Dunkirk, and ,vas present The hinb . tl t . d h k . d presenl In 1a actIon, an so Ileal' t at nlany ,"'pre -dle in the at- about hin), and the luar q uis of Orll1und, ,vho \vas t l\ (' I m I lpon alul,C. next to hiln, had his horse killed under hÍln: they "'ere \villing his lllajesty should rell10ve to Brussels; ,vhich they \vould never before consent to; and which 'vas in lllany respects 0108t grateful to hiol." . A l he kmg nù SO, towards the spring, and before the arn1ies ]Cil\.e . . Hruges ; \vcre In IllotIon, he left Hruges, \v here he had rc- and re- ceived, hoth froln the bishop and the luagistratcs, all mo\"e<; lu '1'3 78 1."HE HIS1'ORY BOO K possible respect, there being at that tinle a Spaniard, xv. 1\1 k 0 . . ar gnlate, burgonlaster, who, beIng born of an ß ] 65 ) 8., En g lish mother, had all ilna g inable dut y for the russe s Iß the end of king, and being a nlan of excellent parts, and very Feb. 1658. dexterous in business, was very serviceable to his nlajesty; which he ever afterwards acknowledged; and about the end of February, in the year, hy that account, 1658, he went to Brussels, and never after returned to Bruges to reside there. His majesty ,vas no sooner come thither, but don Alonzo renewed his advices, and importunit.y, that he would make a conjunction with the levellers. He had formerlyY prevailed \vith hin} to adnlit their agent, one Sexby, to confer with hinl; which his nlajesty willingly consented to, presuming that Sexby might be privy to the address that had been lllade t.o hÍ1n by the sanle party; which he ,vas not, though they that sent the address well knew of his enlploy- ment to the Spaniard, and had no mind to trust hinl An.., account to the king, at least not so soon. The man, for an of Sexby .. d I d and his ne- IllIterate person, spoke very well, an proper y; an gociation. d h d II h . d use t ose wor s very we , t e true meanIng an signification whereof he could not understand. He had been, in the beginning, a COlTIlTIOn soldier of Cromwell's troops, and ,vas afterwards one of those agitators ,vho were made use of to control the par- lianlent; and had so great an interest in Cro111,vcll, that he ,vas frequently his bedfellow; a familiarity he often Z adlnitted those to, 'Vh0I11 he employed in any great trust, and with whonl he could not so freely converse, as in those hours. He ,vas very perfect in the history of Crolllwell's dissimulations, y He had formerly] And to that purpose 7. often] frequently OF THE REBELLION. 79 and \vould describe his artifices to the life, and did B () 0 h. very well understand the temper of the army, and xv. very luuch a undervalue the credit and interest of 1658. the king's party; and nlade such demands to the king, as if it \vere in his power, and his alone, to re- store hin1; in which don Alonzo concurred so to- tally, that, when he saw that the king would not be advised by hitn, he sent his friend Sexby into Spain to conclude there; and, upon the lnatter, wholly withdrew hill1self from so nluch as visiting the king. And there need not be any other character or de- scription of the stupidity of that Spaniard, than that such a fello\v, with the help of an Irish priest, should be able to cozen hÏ1n, and Inake him to cozen his master of ten thousand pistoles; for he received not less than that in Flanders, whatever else he got by his journey to l\Iadrid; which did not use to be of small expense to that court b. Nothing that was yet to come could be Inore nla- nirest, than it \vas to all discerning men, that the first design the French army would undertake, when they should hegin their campaign, must be the siege of Dunkirk; \vithout taking which, l\lardike would do thenl little good: besides, their contract with Crolnwell \\Tas no secret; yet the Spaniards totally neglected nlaking provisions to defend it; being per- suaded hy SOllIe intelligence they ahvays purchased at a great rate, to deceive thenlselves, that the Frcnch would begin the (,éunpaign \\Tith besieging Caluhray. I n the heginning of the year, the l11ar- The mar- ( I uis de Lc y de g overnor of Dunkirk and the hest quis eli- , , Leptc came officer the y had, in all res l )ects canle to Brussels to Br ls.sl,'ls , , lo soliCit for a '"Cry much] wonderfully h to that court] to the paHiard '1'4 Q8U rrHE HIS'ïORY BOO K having sent several expresses thither to no purpose xv. to solicit for supplies. He told them, " that his in- 1658. "telligence ,vas infallible, that marshal Turenne was supplies for . . Dunkirk, "ready to march, and that the French kIng hImself but in yain. " ld b · h fi ld h . f wou e In tee to countenance t e sIege 0 " Dunkirk, which he could not defend, if he were " not supplied with men, ammunition, and victual ;" of all \vhich he stood in great need, and of neither of which he could get supply; they telling him, " that he would not be besieged; that they were "sure the French meant to attempt Cambray;" which they provided the best they could, and bid him be confident, "that, if he were attacked, they "would relieve him with their arlny, and fight a " battle before he should be in danger." Being able to procure no other answer, he returned, and came to take his leave of the king as he went out of the town, and complained very nluch to his majesty of their counsels, and deluding themselves with false intelligence. He said, "he was going to defend a " town \vithout men, without ammunition, and with- " out victual, against a very strong and triumphant " army; that, if he could have obtained supplies in " any reasonable degree, he should have been able " to have entertained thelll some time; but in the "condition he was in, he could only lose his life " there; which he was resolved to do:" and spoke as if he were very willing to do it; and was as good as his \vord. Dunkirk Within three or four days after his return, the besieø-ed by . the } rench French army appeared before DunkIrk; and then army. the Spaniard believed it; and made ,,,hat haste they could to draw their army together, which was very luuch dispersed, so that, before they were upon their OF THE REBELLION. 281 Inal'ch, the French had perfected their circumvalla- BOO K · I X tion, and rendered it imposslb e to put any succours into the to\vn. Now they found it necessary indeed 1658. to hazard a battle, which they had proJnised to do, ,,,hen they intended nothing less. \Vhen the Span- iards had taken a full vie\v of the posture the ene- my "Tas in, and ",rere thereupon to choose their o\vn ground, upon \vhich they \vould be found, don Juan, and the marquis of Carracena, who agreed in no- thing else, resolved ho\v the arnlY should be ranged; \vhich the prince of Condé dissuaded them from; The prince of Condé's and told them very exactly what the marshal Tu- advice to the l'enne would do in that case; "and that he would :n : _ "stiU maintain the siege, and give them likewise ened to. " battle upon the advantage of the ground; whereas, " if they ", ould place their army near another part ., of the line, they should easily have comnlunication " with the town, and compel the French to fight " with more equal hazards." It might very reasonably be said of the prince of Condé and marshal Turenne, what a good Ronlan historian said heretofore of Jugurtha and Marius; that "ill iislZellt castris dillicere, qllæ postea ill " cOlltrlll'ii.') fecel'e; they had in the sanle armies " learned that discipline, and those stratagenls, \vhich " they afterwards practised against each other in " enelny armies;" and it was a 'v onderful and a pleasant thing to see and observe in attacks or in 111arches, \vith \vhat foresight either of them would declare \vhat the other ,vould do: as the prince of Condé, when the armies marched near, and the Span- iards would not alter their former lazy pace, nor their l'(\st at noon, would in choler tell them, "if we " do not luake great haste to possess such a pass," BOOK XV. I 658. 8 rrHE I-IIsrrORY (\vhich they never thought of,) "nlarshal Turenne " will take it, though it be Inuch farther from him;" and would then, when they considered not ,vhat he said, advance with his own troops to possess the place, even when the French \vere come in view; and by such seasonable foresights saved the Spanish arnlY frol11 Hlany distresses. And marshal Turenne had the sanle caution, and governed hinlself accord- ing as the prince of Condé ,vas in the rear or van of the army; and, upon the matter, only considered \vhere he was, and ordered his 111 arches accordingly; of ,vhich there \vas a very ulemorable instance two years before, \vhen the Spanish arll1Y had besieged Arras, and \vhen the duke of York \vas present ,vith 111arshal 'rurenne. The Svaniards had lllade thenl- selves so very strong, that when the French arnlY canle thither, they found that they could not conl- pel then1 to fight, and that the town lnllst he lost if they did not force the line. l\larshal Turenne, ac- c0l11panied ,vith the duke of York, \\'ho \vould never be absent upon those occasions, and sOlne of the principal officers, spent two or three days in vie\\ring the line round, and observing and inforlning hinlself of all that was to be kno\vn, and riding so near the line very frequently, that some of his conlpany \vere killed within 11luch less than Inusket shot. In the end, he called SOITIe of the principal officers, and said, " he \vould, that day at noon, assault the line," at a place \vhich he shewed to thenl; \vhich the officers wondered at; and said, "it was the strongest " part of the line; and that they had ohserved to " hinl, that the ,vhole line on the other side ,vas " very lnuch \veaker :" to which the marshal replied, " You do not kno\v who keeps that line; \ve shall O:F TIlE REBELLIO . !283 " do no good there; monsieur Ie prince never sleeps, BOO K " and that is his post; but I \vill tell you, \vhat will xv. "fall out on the other side;" for he had himself I ()58. marched in the Spanish army, and very \vell under- stood the customs of it. He told them then, " that " it \vould be very long, before the soldiers upon the " line, or the adjacent guard, ,,,ould believe that the " French were in earnest, and that they ,vould in " truth at that time of day assault thelu; but \vould " think, that they Ineant only to give them an alarnl; " \vhich they \vere never "Tarin in receiving: that "'v hen the Spaniards \vere convinced that thp " French \vere in earnest, in "rhich time he should "be got near their line, they \vould send to the " count of Fuensaldagna, who at that tin1e of day " \vas usually asleep, and his servants ,vould not he " persuaded to waken him in a mOlllent. He would " then send for his hOl'se, and ride up to the line; " \\rhich when he sa,v, he would ,vith SOlne haste "repair to the archduke's tent; \vho \vas likewise " at his siesto, and ,vhen he \vas awake, they would " consult what was to be done; by which tinle," the marshal said, "they should have done:" and they did enter the line accordingly, and found hy the pri- soners, that every thing had fallen out as he had foretold. So the siege was raised, the Spaniards fled without lnaking any resistance, left their cannon, hag and baggage, behind them: only the prince of Condé was in so good order upon the first alarl11, that when he heard of the confusion they ,vere in, he drew off \vith his cannon, and lost nothing tbat belonged to }1Ïm, and nlarched with all his men to a place of safcty. N ot\vithstanding the advice which the prince of The batt1e of Dunkirk. 84 THE HIS1.'ORY ] 568. Condé had given, don Juan was positive in his first resolution. The prince, not \vithout great indigna- tion, consented; and drew up his troops in the place they desired; and quickly sawall come to pass that he had foretold. The country was nlost enclosed, so that the horse could not fight but in small bodies. The English foot under Lockhart charged the Span- ish foot, and, after a good resistance, broke and routed them; after which there was not much more }lesistance on that side, the Spanish horse doing no better than their foot. Our king's foot were placed by themselves upon a little rising ground, and were charged by the French horse after the Spanish foot ,vere beaten. Son1e of thenl, and the greater part, marched off by the favour of the enc]osures, there not being above two hundred taken prisoners. The dukes of York and Gloucester charged several tin1es on horseback; and in the end, having gotten some troops to go with them, charged the English, (wholn, though enemies, they were glad to see behave them- selves so ,veIl,) and with great difficulty, and some blo\vs of nluskets, got safe off. But there was a ru- nIour spread in the French army, that the duke of York was taken prisoner by the English, SOlne men undertaking to say that they saw hhn in their hands: . \vhereupon nlany of the French officers and gentle- lllen resolved to set him at liberty, and rode up to the body of English, and looked upon all their pri- soners, and found they \vere misinformed ; which if they had not been, they \vould undoubtedly, at any hazard, or danger, have enlarged him; so great an affection that nation owned to have for his high- ness. The day being thus lost with a greater rout and BOOK XV. OF THE REBELLION. 85 confusion than loss of men, don Juan and the mar- BO 0 K xv. quis of Carracena, ,vho behaved themselves in their own persons ,vith courage enough, \vere contented 1658. to think better of the prince of Condé's advice, by ,vhich they preserved the best part of the army, and retired to Y pres and Furnes, and the duke of York Don Juan . after the to Newport, that they mIght defend the rest when Joss of the Dunkirk should be taken; \vhich was the present i ] :e- business of marsba] Turenne; who found the mar- Ypres. quis de Leyde resolved to defend it, notwithstanding the defeat of the army: and therefore he betook hinlself again to that work, as soon as the Spanish arnlY \vas retired into fastness_ The marquis de TI e mar- . qms de Leyde, ,vhen he saw there was no nlore hope of re- Le)'de sal- I . f Ii d J h . h h - l h d h lies upon Ie rom on uan, W IC W I 8t e expecte, e the enemy; ,vas "rar y in the hazard of his men ,vas now re- is repul.scd, , and sIal D. solved to try what he could do for hÏIuself: so with as strong a party as he could make, he made a des- perate sally upon the enemy; ,vho, though he dis- ordered theIn, were quickly so seconded, that they drove him back into the town with great loss, after himself had received a wound, of which he died ,,-ithin three days after. And then the officers sent to treat, ,vhich he would not consent to whilst he lived. rfhe 111arquis was a much greater loss than the to\vn; which the master of the field tuay be al- ,vays master of in t\VO months' time at 010st. But in truth the death of the marquis ,vas an irreparable danlage, he being a very wise luan, of great expe- rience, great \visdom, and great piety, after his \vayC; insonluch as he had an intention to have taken 01'- d rs in the church; to ,vhich he ,vas most devoted. C after his way] Not in MS. 6 THE HISTORY ß 0 0 K Those in the town had fair conditions to Inarch xv. S 0 to t. nlers, that they might not join with the re- Th lies of their army. The French king, being by this of Dunkirk time come to the camp with the cardinal, entered surrender- ed; and the the to,vn, and took possession of it himself; which French king . .. ilelivers it to as soon as he had done, he delIvered It Into the theEnU'lish h d f L kh h C II h d d . an s 0 oc art, w om rorn,ve a nla e go- vernor of it. Thus the treaty was perforlned be- t"reen thenl; and that king went presently to Calais, and fronl thence sent the duke of Crequy, together with l\lancini, nephe,v to the cardinal, to London to visit Cronlwell; who likewise sent his son-in-law, the lord Falconbridge, to Calais, to congratulate with that king for their joint prosperity. And mu- tual professions \vere then renewed bet,veen thenl, '\vith ne,v obligations" never to make peace without " each other's consent." 'Vhen don J lIan had first removed froin Brussels, and the arnlY marched into the field, the king had rene,ved his desire that he ll1ight like,vise go ,vith them, but was refused ,vith the saIne positiveness he had been hefore. His nlajesty thereupon resolved that he ,vould not stay alone in Brussels, ,vhilst all the world ,vas in action; but thought of SOllle In ore private place, where he might take the sum Iller air, and refresh hÏ1nself during that season. He ,,"as the nlore confirmed in this upon the ne\vs of the defeat of the army near Dunkirk, and the loss of that place. The king So he reuloved to a village called Hochstraten; 'v here retires to Hochstra- there ,vere vpry good houses, capable to have recei'T- t:n Au- ed a greater train than belonged to his court. Thi- ther the king \vent about the nlonth of August; the- village lying upon the skirts of the States' dOlninions in Brabant, and within five or six n1iles of Breda, OF 'l HE REIlELLION. 287 sonletimes he made journeys, incognito, to see places where he had not been before. There a nlan might have observed the great dif- ference of the condition, \vhich the subjects in the States' dominions, even in the sight and view of the other, enjoy above what their neighbours of the Spanish territories are acquainted \vith. Hochstra- ten is an open village belonging to the count of that naHle, and hath enjoyed very ample privileges, the o,vner thereof being one of the greatest nobles in the duchy of Brabant. It is pleasantly seated, many very good houses, and the manor large of extent, and of great revenue. But by reason that it is always a horse-quarter in the "Tinter season, who use great licpnce, it is so poor, that those good houses have only walls; so that the people had not furniture to supply those rooms which \vere for the acconlmoda- tion of those who attended the king, though they \vere sure to be very "Tell paid, and therefore used all the Ineans they could to procure it. But there appeared poverty in the faces and looks of the peo- ple, good grounds without any stock, and, in a word, nothing that looked well but the houses, and those eillpty within: on the other side of a line that is dray;n, (for a nlan may set one foot in ,the dOlninion that is reserved to the king of Spain, and the other in that \vhich is assigned to the Hollander,) the houses, though not standing so thick, nor so heauti- ful without, clean, neat; and ,veIl furnished ,,-ithin ; very good linen, and sonle plate in every house; the people joUy d, "Tell clothed, and \\Tith looks very "Tell pleased; all the grounds and land fully stocked "rith d jolly] fat BOOK x\t. 1 G58. 88 'l'HE HISTORY BOOK all kind of cattle, and, as if it were the land of Go- xv. shen, the appearance of nothing but wealth and fer- J 658. tility, encompassed with e extreme barrenness, and unconceivable poverty. And they on the Holland side, that lies equally open and undefended, can see the Spanish troops exercise all licence upon their poor neighbours of Hochstraten; aJ}d Jet the lllost dissolute among them dare not step into their quar- ters to take a hell, or COIDlllit the least trespass: so strictly the articles of the peace are observed. Whilst the king spent his time in this manner, about the middle of Septen1ber, the duke of York, who remained still \vith the troops at N e\vport to defend that place, as don Juan, and the rest, re- mained about Furnes and Bruges, sent an express to the king to let him know, " that the letters fron1 "England, and some passengers, reported confi- The ki g "dentl y that Cromwell was dead;" \vhich, there has notice that Crom- having been no news of his sickness, was not at first wen was . . dead. easIly belIeved. But every day brought confirma- tion of it; so that his Inajesty thought fit to give The king over his countr y life, and returned again to Brus- returns to Brussels sels, that he might be ready to Inake use of any ad- upon it. vantage, which, in that conjuncture, upon so great f an alteration, he might reasonably expect.. Cromwell's I t had been observed in England, that, though affairs some .c h d . I . f h I I . t II th e time before lrOm t e IS so utlon 0 t east par lamen , a Ings his death. seemed to succeed, at home and abroad, to the pro- tector's wish, and his po"rer and greatness to be better established than ever it had been, yet he never had the saine serenity of Inind he had heen used to, after he had refused the cro\vn; but "rus e with] by f great] wonderful OF THE REBELLION. 289 out of countenance, and chagrin, as if he were con- BOO K sciolls of not having been true to himself; and Inuch xv. 1110re apprehensive of danger to his person than he 1658. had used to be. J nsoilluch as he ,vas not easy of access, nor so much seen abroad; and seen1ed to be in some disorder, when his eyes found any stranger in the rOOlll; upon ,,,hOlD they were still fixed. 'Vhen he intended to go to Hampton Court, which was his principal delight and diversion, it was never known, till he was in the coach, which way he would go; and he was still hemmed in by his guards both before and behind; and the coach in ,vhich he went was always thronged as full as it could be, with his servants; who were armed; and he seldom re- turned the same way he went; and rarely lodged t\VO nights together in one chamber, but had many furnished and prepared, to which his own key con- veyed him and those he would have ,vith him, when he had a mind to go to bed: \vhich Inade his fears the more taken notice o and public, because he had never been accustomed to those precautions. It is very true, he knew of IDany combinations to Synder- . h . b h h h b I . d · h d come's de- assaSSInate 1m, y t ose w 0, e e leve , WIS e sign against the king no good. And a good while before this, g I':l: ::_oc.1 when he had discovered the design of Syndercome, fore tbis. who was a very stout man, and one who had been much in his favour, and who had twice or thrice, by wonderful and unexpected accidents, been dis- appointed in the minute he made sure to kill him, and had caused him to be apprehended, his beha- viour was so resolute in his exalnination and tria], as if he thought he should still be able to do it; and a good while before this,] Not in MS. VOL. VII. U BOOK XV. 1658. 90 'rHE HISTORY it was manifest that he had many more associates, \vho were undisco,.ered and as resolute as hilllself; and though he had got hitn condemned to die, the fello,v's carriage and ,vords were such, as if he knew ,veIl how to avoid the judgn1ent; which made Cron1,vell believe, that a party in the arluy would at- tenlpt his rescue; \vhereupon he gave strict charge, " that he should be .carefully looked to in the To\ver, " and. three or four of the guard ahvafs with hilTI " day and night." At the day appointed for his execution, those troops Cron1\vell was n10st confident of were placed upon the To\ver-hill, \vhere the gallows \vere erected. But ,vhen the guard caned Syndercoßle to arise in the lllorning, they found hÎ1n dead in his bed; which gave trouble exceedingly to Croln,vell; for besides that he hoped, that, at his death, to avoid the utlll0st rigour of it, he would have confessed Inany of his confederates, he now found hitnself un- der the reproach of having caused him to be poi- soned, as not daring to bring him to public justice: nor could he suppress that scandal. I t appeared upon examination, h that the night before, when he t. It appeared upon examina- and said, " this was the last bed tion,] Thus in MS.: Though it "he should ever go into;" and did appear upon examination, seemed to turn to sleep, and that the night before, when he never in the whole Ilight made was going to bed in the pre- the least noise or motion, sa"e sence of his guard, his sister that he sneezed once. 'Vhen came to take her leave of hiln ; the physicians and surgeons and whilst they spake together opened his head, they found at the bed-side, he rubbed his he had snuffed up through his nose with his hand, of which nostrils sonle very well prepared they then took no notice; and poison, that in an instant she going away, he put off his curdled all his blood in that re- c1othes, and leaped into his bed, gion, which presently suffocated with some snuffling in his nose, him. O:F THE REBELLION. 91 was going to bed in the presence of his guard, his BOO K sister caIne to take her leave of him; and upon her xv. going away, he put off his clothes, and leaped into ] 658. his Led, and said, " this was the last bed he should " ever go into." . His body was drawn by a horse to the gallows ,vhere he should have hanged, and bu- ried under it, with a stake driven through him, as is usual in the case of self-murderers: yet this acci- dent perplexed CronlweH very 111uch; and though he was \vithout the particular discovery which he expected, he Inade a general discovery by it, that he himself ,vas nlore odious in his army than he be- lieved he had been. He seemed to be llluch afflicted at the death of The death .. 1 f 'V · k · h h h h d of the earl hIS frIend the ear 0 arWIC ; WIt w Onl e a of ''''ar- e .l'.' d h . h h · h h . h wick, and a Jast lrlen S I}J; t oug neIt er ten' Ulllours, of the ear}'s nor their natures, \vere like. And the heir of that grandson. house, \vho had married his youngest daughter, died about the saIne tilue; so that all his relation to, or confidence in, that falnily \vas at an end; the other branches of it abhorring his alliance. His donlestic delights were lessened every day: he plainly dis- covered that his son Falconbridge's heart ,vas set upon an interest destructive to his, and grc,v to hate hiul perfectly. But tllat \vhich chiefly broke The death his peace, was the death of his daughter Claypole; e ,:om- \vho had been always his greatest joy, and who, in d c (i. l ghte l r <\ypo e. her sickness, \vhich was of a nature the physi- cians knew not ho,v to deal 'with, had several con- ferences with hinl, which exceedingly perplexed hinl. Though nobody was near enough to hear the particulars, yet her often nlentioning, in the pains she endured, the blood her father had spilt, made people conclude. that she had presented his \\porst TT2 29!t 'IIE HIS'l'ORY BOO K actions to his consideration. And though he never xv. d ma e the least show of remorse for any of those ac- 1658. tions, it is very certain, that either what she said, or her death, affected hinl wonderfully. C omwell Whatever it was, about the middle of Au g ust, he seIZed on y an ague was seized on by a common tertian ague, from 111 August. h . h h 1 I " d I . I d d . . W IC, e Je leve , a Itt e ease an 1 vertlsenlent at Hanlpton Court would have freed him. But the fits grew stronger, and his spirits nluch abated: so that he returned again to Whitehall, when his phy- sicians began to think hinl in danger, though the preachers, who prayed always about him, and told God Almighty what great things he had done for hinl, and how much nlore need he had still of his service, declared as fronl God, that he should re- cover: and he hilTIself was of the same nlind, and i did not think he should die, till even the time that He ap- his spirits failed hinl. Then he declared to thenl, l)Oints his son ich- "that he did appoint his son to succeed him, his ard his suc- Id R " h d " d " d h h . d cessor; and" e est son IC ar ; an so expIre upon t e t II' :e;. day of Septenlbel", 1658, a day he thought ahvays very propitious to him, and on which he had twice The terri- triumphed for two of his greatest victories k. And ble storm on the same this now was 1 a day very memorable for the greatest day. stornl of wind that had been ever known, for sonle hours before and after his death, which overthrew trees, houses, and lllade great wrecks at sea; and the tempest m was so universal, that the effects of it were terrible both in France and Flanders, where all people trembled at it; for, besides the wrecks i was of the same mind, and] Not in MS. k for two of his greatest vic- tories.] for several victories. 1 And this now was] Not in MS. m the tempest] Not in M/!J. OF THE I{EBELJ IOX. 93 all along the sea-coast, many boats were cast away BOOK d f xv. in the very rivers; and within few ays a tel', the circumstance of his deat}l, that accompanied that ] 658. storln, was universally n known. He was one of those men, quos -vituperare ne His cha- . · . l l l racter. inimici qllideJll }J088unt, rtl8t ut 8l1/11l aut ent ; whom his very enen1ies could not condelnn without comlnending hinl at the same tÍ1ne: 0 for he could never have done half that Inischief \vithout great parts of courage, industry, and judgment. He Inust have had a wonderful understanding in the natures and humours of men, and as great a dexterity in applying them; who, froln a private and obscure birth, (though of a good family,) without interest or estate, alliance or friendship, could raise hinlself to such a height, and conlpound and knead such oppo- site and contradictory tempers, humours, and in- terests into a consistence, that contributed to his designs, and to their o\vn destruction; whilst hhn- self grew insensibly powerful enough to cut off those by whom he had clinlbed, in the instant that they projected to delnolish their o\vn building. \Vhat was said P of Ciuna lTIay very justly be said of him, IlllS1l1Jl ell'lJl, qllæ 'Jlel1l0 aueleret bonus; perjècisse, qllæ a Jlullo, 'Jli.yi forti88l1J10, pel:ficl possent: he attclnpted those things \vhich no good man durst have ventured on; and achieved those in which none but a valiant and great luan could }1ave suc- ceeded. q 'Vithout doubt, no man \\Tith In ore wicked- ness evcr attenlpted any thing, or brought to pass n unhersallyJ Not in lJilS. o whom his \"crv encmies- time:] This translation not in US. P \\That was said] 'Yhat Vel- leius Paterclllus said q he attelHptcd- \lccecdcd.] This translation is not git,en ill JUS. u3 BonK xv. ] 658. Q94 'rHE I-IIS'rORY what he desired more wickedly, 1110re III the face and contempt of religion, and moral honesty; yet ,vickedncss as great as his could never have aCC0111- plished those designs r, without the assistance of a great spirit, an admirable circumspection and saga- city, and a n10st magnanimous resolution. \Vhen he appeared first in the parlialnent, he seemed to have a person in no degree gracious, no ornalnent of discourse, none of those talents ,vhich use to conciliate s the affections of the stander by: yet as he grew into place and authority, his parts seemed to be raised, as if he had had concealed fa- culties, till he had occasion to use then1; and ,vhen he was to act the part of a great man, he did it without any indecency, notwithstanding the want of custonl. After he ,vas confir ned and in vested protector by the humble petition and advice, he consulted with very fe"\v upon any action of importance, nor con1- municated any enterprise he resolved upon, with more than those who were to have principal parts in the execution of it; nor with them sooner than ,\\ras absolutely necessary. What he once resolved, in which he was not rash, he would not be dissuaded from, nor endure any contradiction of his po,ver and authority; but extorted obedience fron1 thenl who \vere not ,villing to yield it. One time, t when he had laid son1e very extra- ordinary tax upon the city, one Cony, an en1inent fanatic, and one who had heretofore served hin1 very notably, positivelY refused to pay his part; and loudly dissuaded others from subnlitting to it, " as r designs] trophies s concil.iate] reeoncile t One time,] Not in lS. OF 1."HE REBELLION. 95 " an itnposition notoriously against the la\v, and the "property of the subject, which all honest lnen " \vere bound to defend." Croln\vell sent for him, and cajoled hhn \vith the 111emory of " the old killd- " ness, and friendship, tllat had been bet\veen them; :, and that of all 111 en he did not expect this opposi- " tion fronl hiIn, in a lnatter that was so necessary " for the good of the conunonwealth." It had been al \vays 11 his fortune to Ineet \vith the most rude and obstinate behaviour fronl those \vho had forlncrly been absolutely governed by hin1; and they COll1- J110nly put hin1 in rnind of some expressions and sayings of his o\vn, in cases of the like nature: so this luan ren1e111hered hitn, ho\v great an enelny he had expressed hÏlnself to such grievances, and had declared, "that all \vho sulJl11itted to thCIl1, and " paid illegal taxes, \vere nlore to blan1c, nnd greater "enen1Ïes to their country, than they \vho had " Îlnposed thelH; and that the tyranny of princes " could never be grievous, but by the tanleness and "stupidity of the people." "Then CrOlll\VeIl sa\v that he could not con vert hi n, he told hiIu, " that " he had a \vill as stubborn as his, and he would try " \vhich of then1 t\VO should be master." "ïhercupon, \vith sonlC expressions x of reproach and contel11pt, he cOlnnlitted the 111an to prison; \vhose courage ,vas nothing abated by it; but as soon as the terll1 canlC, he brought his haheas corpus in the ling's bench, \vhich they then called the upper bench. l\laynard, \vho ,vas of council "rith the prisoner, de- llléllldcd his liberty \vith great confidcnce, both upon the illegality of the COllll11itInent, and the illegality BOOK xv. J 658. U It had been ùways] But it ","as alwavs x expression ] terms (T 1 QU6 1'IIE HIS'TOR Y 1658. of the imposition, as being laid without any la\\rful authority. The judges could not maintain or de- fend either, and enough declared what their sentence ,vould be; and therefore the protector's attorney re- quired a farther day, to ans\ver what had been urged. Before that day, Maynard \vas c0l11mitted to the Tower, for presuming to question or make doubt of his authority; and the judges were sent for, and severely reprehended for suffering that li- cence; when they, with all humility, mentioned the law and magna charta, Cro111\vell told theIn, ,vith terms of contel11pt and derision, Y " their magna " f- should not control his actions; which he " knew were for the safety of the con1tllonwealth." He asked them, " who made them judges? whether " they had any authority to sit there, but \vhat he " gave then1? and if his authority ,vere at .an end, "they knew well enough what would become of " themselves; and therefore advised them to be " more tender of that which could only preserve " them ;" and so disnlissed thenl with caution, " that " they should not suffer the la \\Tyers to prate what " it would not becolne thenl to hear." Thus he subdued a spirit that had been often trou- blesol1le to the IUOSt sovereign power, and made 'Vestnlinster-hall as obedient, and subservient to his cOlumands, as any of the rest of his quarters. In all other n1atters, which did not concern the life of his jurisdiction, he seemed to have great reverence for the law, rarely interposing between party and party. As he proceeded ,vith this kind of indigna- tion and haughtiness ,vith those ,vho ,\\Terc refractory, HOOK xv. v with terms of contempt and derision,] Not in JUS. O:F 1."HE HEBELLI{)N. Q!)7 and dUl'st contend z with his greatness, so towards BOO K all \vho complied with his good pleasure, and courted xv. his protection, he used great civility a, generosity, 1658. and bounty. To reduce three nations, ,vhich perfectly hated him, to an entire obedience to all his dictates; to a\ve and govern those nations by an army that ,vas indevoted to him, and ,vished his ruin, was an in- stance of a very prodigious address. But his great- ness at home \\J as but a shadow of the glory he had abroad. It was hard to discover, which feared him nlost, -'rance, Spain, or the Lo\v Countries, where his friendship ,vas current at the value he put upon it. As they did all sacrifice their honour and their in- terest to his pleasure, so there is nothing he could have demanded, that either of them would have de- nied him. To 111anifest which, there needs only two Two in- . fi · stances of InstanCes. The r5t IS, \vhen those of the valley of his interest Lucerne had unwaril y risen in ar111S b a g ainst the a f mo.n g orelgll duke of Savoy, which gave occasion to the pope, and princes. the neighbour princes of Italy, to call and solicit for their extirpation, and their prince positively resolved upon it, Cronnvell sent his agent to the duke of Sa- voy, a prince with \Vh0I11 he had no correspondence, or COllln1erce, and so engaged the cardinal, and even terrified the pope hilnsel ,vithout so 111uch as doing any grace to the English Roman catholics, (nothing being n10rc usual than his saying, " that his ships in "the 1\lediterranean should visit Civita ,r ecchia ; ., and that the sound of his cannon should be heard " in Ronle,") that the duke of Savoy thought it nc- 7 durst contend] dared to ('onh'ml I great ('i\'ility] a wonderful civility h rrßen in arm ] rebelled BOOK XV. ] 658. Q98 rrHE HIS'rORY cessary to restore all that he had taken froIn theIn, and did renew all those privileges they had fornlerly enjoyed, and ne\vly forfeited. The other instance of his authority ,vas yet greater, and more incredible. In the city of Nismes, which is one of the fairest in the province of Languedoc, and ,vhere those of the religion do most abound, there ,vas a great faction at that season \vhen the consuls (who are the chief lnagistrates) \vere to be chosen. Those of the reformed religion had the confidence to set up one of thenlselvcs for that l11a- gist racy; \vhich they of the ROlnan religion resolved to oppose with all their po,ver. The dissension Lc- t,veen them made so 111uch noise, that the intendant of the province, \vho is the s prenle l1linister in all civil affairs throughout the whole province, went thi- ther to prevent any disorder that luight happen. 'Vhen the day of election came, those of the reli- gion possessed thelTIselves \vith many arnled nlCll of the town-house, where the election ,vas to be luade. The 111agistrates sent to kno\v what their 111caning was; to ,Yl1ich they ans\vered, " they ,vere there to " give thëir voices for the choice of the ne,v consuls, " and to be sure that the election should be fairly "made." The bishop of the city, the intendant of the province, \vith all the officers of the church, and the present 111agistrates of the to" n, \yent together in their robes to be present at the election, without any suspicion that there would be any force used. "Then they caOle near the gate 'of the to"rn-house, \vhich was shut, and they supposed would be opened when they came, they within })oured out a volley of 111uskct-shot upon them, Ly \vhich the dean of the church, and two or three of the lllagistratcs of the OF 1."'HE REBELLION. Ð9 town, were killed upon the place, and very many others wounded; \vhereof SOll1e died shortly after. In this confusion, the magistrates put themselves into as good a posture to defend themselves as they could, without any purpose of offending the other, till they should be better provided; in order to \",hich they sent an express to the court with a plain rela- tion of the whole nlatter of fact, " and that there It' appeared to be no manner of combination \vith " those of the religion in other places of the pro- " vince; but that it was an insolence in those of the " place, upon the presumption of their great nUl11- " bel's, \vhich were little inferior to those of the ca- "tholics." The court was glad of the occasion, and resolved that this provocation, in \vhich other places were not involved, and which nobody could excuse, should warrant all kind of severity in that city, even to the pulling down their tenlples, and expelling nlany of then) for ever out of the city; which, with the execution and forfeiture of many of the princi- pal persons, would be a general mortification to all of the religion in France; ,vith wholl1 they \vcre heartily offended; and a part of the arnlY was forth- with ordered to march to,vards Nisnles, to see this executed \\rith the utmost rigour. Those of the religion in the to,vn were quickly ensible into \vhat condition they had brought them- selves; and sent, \vith all possible suhmission, to the magistrates to excuse thenlselves, vnd to Ítl1PUtc ,vhat had been done to the rashness of particular IDen, who had no order for \vhat they did. The Ina- gistrates answered, " that they were glad they \v"ere " sensible of their miscarriage; hut they could sar "nothing- upon the subject, till the king's pleasure BOOK xv. 1658. HOOK xv. ] 658. 300 'l'HE HIS 'ORY " should be kno\vn; to whom they had sent a fun " relation of all that had passed." The others very ,yen knew \vhat the king's pleasure would be, and forthwith sent an express, one l\Iou1ins, C who had lived many years in that place, and in Montpelier, to Cromwell to desire his protection and interposi- tion. The express made so 111uch haste, and found so good a reception the first hour he canle, that Cromwell, after he had received the whole account, bade hinl "refresh hinlself after so long a journey, " and he would take such care of his business, that " by the time he came to Paris he should find it de- " spatched;" and, that night, sent away another n1es- senger to his ambassador Lockhart; \vho, by the tinle Moulins came thither, had so far prevailed with the cardinal, that orders \vere sent to stop the troops, \vhich \vere upon their lllarch towards Nisilles; and, within few days after, Moulins returned \vith a full pardon and alllnesty from the king, under the great seal of France, so fully confirnled with all circunl- stances, that there was never farther mention made of it, but all things passed as if there had never been any such thing. So that nobody can wonder, that his melllory reillains still in those parts, and with those people, in great veneration. He \vould never suffer himself to be denied any thing he ever asked of the cardinal, aUeging, " that "the people would not - be other\vise satisfied;" which the cardinal bore very heavily, and COIU- plained of to those with whom he would be free. One day he visited luadam Turenne, and \\' hen he took his leave of her, she, according to her cuSt0l11, Cone l\loulins,] .U,s. adds: a Scotchman, OF 1. HE REßELLI()N. 301 besou g ht hitn to continue g racious to the churches. B () 0 K xv. '''Thereupon the cardin a] told her, " that he knew " not how to behave himself; if he advised the king 1658. " to punish and suppress their insolence, Crom,vell " threatened him to join with the Spaniard; and if " he shewed any favour to them, at Ron1e they ac- " counted him an heretic." To conclude his character, Cromwell ,vas not so The con- clusion of far a man of blood, as to follow Machiavel's method d; his cha- h . h . b 1 1 · f raeter. W IC prescrl es, upon a tota a teratlon e 0 govern- ment, as a thing absolutely necessary, to cut off all the heads of those, and extirpate their fanlilies, ,vho are friends to the old one. I t was confidently reported, that, in the council of officers, it ,vas more than once proposed, "that there might be a general massacre " of all the royal party, as the only expedient to se- " cure the government," but that Crom\vell would never consent to it; it may be, out of too great a coo- ten1pt f of his enelnies. In a word, as he was guilty of many crÍlnes g against \vhich damnation is de- nounced, and for which helJ-fire is pl'epared, so he had some good qualities h which have caused the memory of some men in an ages to be celebrated; and he \viIl be looked upon by posterity as a brave wicked man. i U To conclude-nlethod] He was not a man of blood, and totally declined l\Iachiavel's me- thod t' upon a total alteration] upon any alteration f too great a contempt] too much contempt g as he was guilty of many crimes] as he had all the wiek:' eùllesses h good qualities] virtues i brave wicked man.] brave bad man. THE END OF THE FIFTEENTH nOOK. rrHE HIS1'OR \T OF TIIF ItEBELLION, &c. BOOK XVI. ECH. xi. 4, 5, 6. Titus soitlt tllf Lord 'my God, Feed tI,e .flock W tlte , laugllter ; JVltose possessors slay tlte17z, and Itold tlu"msel7.'eB not guilt!!.. and tlleY tltat ,yell tlt('1J say, Blesscd bc tliC Lord; fir I {an rielt: and tlwt/" own slteplterds pity tltcm not. But 10, I 'Will deliver tlte 'fnen ever!} one into IÛ8 llel15'llbour's lland, and into tlle lland qf ltis ki71{!;. a . CONTRARY to all expectation hoth at honle and BOOK aLl oad, this earthquake \vas attended \vith no signal XVI. alteration. It ,vas believed that Lambert \vould be r fl l 8. Ie ue- in the head of the army, and that 1\10nk in Scotland ginÎling of Richard's would never submit to be under hin1 b. Besides the govern- expectation the king had from the general affection ment. of the kingdom, he had fair prolnises from nlen of interest in it, and of comnland in the arlny, ,,'ho a ZECII. xi. 4, j, G ,-his kin..!?'.] h to be under him] to that Not in Jl S. ubordjnation BOOK XVI. 1658. 304 1.' HE If I STOR Y professed to prepare for such a conjuncture as this; and that the disorder arising froln Crom\\rell's death lnight dispose Lockhart to depend upon the best title, seemed a reasonable expectation: but nothing of this fell out. Never n10narch, after he had in- herited a cro\vn by n1any descents, died in more silence, nor with less alteration; and there was the same, or a greater calm in the 'kingdom than had been before. The next n10rning after the death of Oliver, Ri- chard his son is c proclaiIned his lawful successor; the arlny congratulate their ne\v general, and renew their VO\VS of fidelity to hÏ1n; the navy doth the like; the city appears n10re unanimous for his ser- vice, than they \vere for his father's; and n10st coun- ties in England, by addresses under their hands, tes- tified their obedience to their ne\v sovereign \vithout any hesitation. The dead is interred in the sepul- chre of the kings, and with the obsequies due to such. His son inherits all his greatness, and all his glory, without the d public hate, that visibly attended the other. Foreign princes addressed their condo- lences to hÏ1n, and desired to renew their alliances; and nothing was heard in England but the voice of joy, and large encon1iums of their ne'\ protector: so that the king's condition never appeared so hopeless, so desperate; for a more favourable conjuncture his friends could never expect than this, which now seenled to blast e all their hopes, and confirm f their utmost despair. I t is probable that this Inelancholic prospect Inight c is] was J the] that e which now seemed to blast] had blasted f confirm] confirmed OF THE REBELLION. 805 have continued long, if this child of fortune could H 0 0 K XVI. have sat still, and he en contented to have enjoyed his own felicity. But his council thought it neces- I ü;)8. "\ary that he should call a parlianlent, to confirm \vhat they had already given hin1, and to dispel all clouds \vhich Inight arise. And there seell1ed to be the nlore reason for it, hecause the last alliance \vhich Oliver had lnade \vith the cro\vn of Ehveden, and of \vhich he ,vas fonder than of all the rest, did oblige hin1 in the spring to send a strong fleet into the Sound, to assist that king against Dennlark; at least to induce g Denll1ark, by \vay of Inediation, to accept of such conditions as the other \vould be ,vill- ing to give hinl. This could hardly be done \vith- out SOlne assistance ofh parliall1ent; and therefore He calls a h h .. 11 l . parliament t e ne\v protector sent out IS \Vrlts to ca a par la- to meet ment, to lneet together on the twenty-seventh daY 9 Î' of J anllary; till \vhich day, for near five lllonths, he remained as great a prInce as ever his father had been. fIe f()llo\ved the ll10del that \vas left him; and sent out his writs to call those as peers lvho had constituted the other house in the Fortner parlia- Jnent; and so both lords and ron1111ons nlet at the It meets on 1 . that dare ( ay assJgned. Richard caIne to the parlialnent in th(} sanle statp that Oliver his father had done i ; and sent the gen- tleman usher of th(' b1nck rod to the comnlons, that they should attend him in tlH other house; \vhere, first by himself, and th0n by the keeper of his great "eal, Nathaniel Fiennes, he rccon1nlended to then1 The bl1si- t1 t . f h . h o. d h ne"s Tt'COnl- Ie prosccu ,Ion 0 t e \var \Vlt paln, an t e as- mendell to istance of the kinO' of S\ypdpn in the Sonnet lIe them hy th{' h prote('tm'. ind,wC'] ohlige \ O I.. YI T. II of] b i had done] hnd ttSt'd to do x 506 'l'HE HIS'l'OIl Y ß 00 h had so good fortune at the heginning k, that all the XVI. comnlons signed an engagelnent not to alter the pre- 1659. sent government. But they ,vere no sooner enclosed ,vithin those ,valls, than there appeared the old re- publican spirit, though Inore wary than it had used Differences to be. I t begun \vith inquiring into the accounts, rise in the h h d d . ffi house of OW t e nloney ha been spent, an Into the 0 ces : u : of excise and custOlllS, and \vhat was become of all accounts of that revenue. "Then they were called upon to settle money, and ahout the the act of recognition, to confirm Richard, and his ot Ilt'r hOU5e, .. h fi ..l' &c. authorIty In testate, they ,vould 1'st lnlorm theln- selves of their o,vn authority, and how far the go- vernnlent ,vas alreaùy settled, and what part was fit to be assigned to the other house; \vhich they \vould by no Ineans allo,v to be a part of the govern- 111ent already established, "rhich they had promised not to alter. Upon this argument they exercised themselves with great licence, as well upon the cre- ator of those }Jeers, and the po\ver of the late pro- tector, as upon his creatures the peers; of whose dignity they ,vere not tender, but handled them ac- cording to the quality they had been of, not that \v hich they were now gro\vn to 1. They put the house in mind, "ho\v grievous it had been to the " kingdonl, that the bishops had sat in the house of " peers, because they were looked upon as so many "votes for the king; \vhich was a reason 11luch " stronger against these persons; who were all the " work of the protector's own hand, and therefore " could not but be entirely addicted and devoted to " his interest." They concluded, "that they could " not, '" ith good consciences, and without the guilt k beginning] ent.rance 1 were now grown to] were in OF TIlE REBELI IOX. 307 " of pel:jury, ever consent, that that other house H 00 [{ "should have any part in the governnlent, since XVI. 1659. " they had all taken the engagement, that there " should be no more any house of peers, and since m "the office of protector had been and might still " continue without it." Notwithstanding all this confidence, which dis- turbed the Inethod intended to he proceeded in, this violent party could not prevail, but it was carried It was car- . rif'd, that by the InaJoI' part of the honse, "that they would the other d f!- . h h h h house " Ineet, an conler WIt t e ot er ouse, as a part should be " of the parlialnent, during this present parlial11ent ; al1owed. "and like\vise, that such other persons, as had a " right to conle to that other house, and had not for- " feited it by their breach of trust," (by which they meant those lords ,vho had been al\vays against the king,) "should not be restrained from c0111ing thi- " ther:" yet the temper of the house of COlnmons could hardly be judged by all this. Some things were done, \vhich looked like condescension to the royal party; but 1110re for the countenance of the preshyterians; and ,vhatsoever contradicted those \vho \vere for a republic, \vas looked upon as favour- able to the protector. The stirring these sevel'al humours, and tbe drowsy \ Ilew t f R . h d · d h . .. b council of elnper 0 IC ar , raISe anot er spIrIt In t e army. otiicers met, A new council of officers met to g ether b y their own who consult aboLltthe authority, and admitted Lan1bert, thou g h no mem_g overn - ment. ber of the army, to consult n \\7ith them; they nei- ther liked protector, nor parlianl nt, but consulted what government to settle, that n1ight be better than either: yet they would not incense them both In and since] and that x2 n consult] sit S08 'HE I-iISTO]lY BOO K together, nor appear to ha\Te any disinclination 10 XVI. Richnrt1, ,,'ho hat1 Hlany of his nearest friends I 59. alnongst th(1I11. They therefore prepared an adòress Their ad- .. . drt'ss to Ri- to hin1; In ,,,Inch they c0l11plalned of "the great chard, April , 1659, "arrears of pay that ,verf' due to the arll1Y, hy " \vhich they were in great straits: t.hat they, \vho " had borne the hrunt of the \vnr, and undergone " an the difficulties and dangprs of it, \vere 110W U11- " dervalued, derided, and laid aside: that the good " old cause was in spoken of, and traduced by 1113- " lignants and disaffected persons; \v ho gre\v e\Tery " day Ulore insolent, and their nUlllhers increaseù, " hy the resort out of Flandprs, and other places; " and they had several secret Ineetings in the city of " London: that the nalnes of all those who had sat " upon the late king as his judges, ,vere lately print- " ed 0, and scattered ahroad, as if they ,vere designed "to destruction; and that nlany' suits "rere COI1)- " menced at C01111110n la\v against honest nlPn, for " \vhat they had transacted in the ,var as soldiers: " that those fanlous acts ,vhieh had heen perforlned " in the long parlianlpnt, and hy the late protector, ",vere censured, railed at, and vilified. By all " which," they said, "it was very 111anifest, that thp " good old. cause ,vas declined; ,vhich t.hey \vere re- " solved to assert. And therefore they besought his '" highness to r( present those their conlplaints to the " parlian1ent, nnd to require pro!)er and speedy rp- " nledies." This address \'tras delivered fronl the arlny hy Fleet,vood to Richard, on April 6th, 16.59; ,vhich 'tvas 110 sooner kno\vn, than Tichhurn aud Ireton, II pl"inted] printed in red Jetter"s OF'!, lIE IlEllELLION. 30D , t\VO aJdcrll1Cn of London, and principal cunlnlanders BOO K . xv], of that n1i1itia, drc\v up like\\rlSe a renlonstrance, and sent it to the council of officers; in \vhich they . rI 16 t 9. le CI Y declared their resolutions \vith the arn1Y to stick to militia se- cond them. the good oItI causc, and that thcy ,vere resolved to acconlpany theIn, in \vhatsoever they should do for "That they called p the nation's good. The parlialucnt \vas quickly alarnlcd \vith tl1ese cabals of the arUlY and the city; ,vhich Richard was as llluch terrified with as they. In order to the sup- pression thereof, the parliéunent voted, "that there Votesofthe I ld I . I . 1 t ' ffi parliament " S lOll Je no meetIng, or genera counc] 0 0 lcers, upon it. U \vithout the protector's consent, and by his order: u and, that no person should have conlluands by sea 6ft or laud, in either of the three nations, \vho did not h in1inediat.cly subscribe, that he would not disturb " the frce Ineeting of pal'lianlcnts, or of any luen1.. " IJcrs in either hou c uf parlialnent; nor obstruct " thcir frcedon1 in debates and counsels." 1"hese "ote , Ol to this effect, were sent to Richard, and by hÍ1n prcsently to 'V aHilJgfol'd-holl e, whcrc the COUIl- cil of officcrs thell sat. rrhesc officers \vcrc IHcn who rcsolved to execute as well as order; they knc\v \vell that they \vere gone Inuch too Hu', if they \\"cnt no farther: and therpf(u"e they uo sooner received these votes, but they sent Fleet\\'ood and Desborough to Richard (the first had luarried his sister; the other was his uncle: both raiscd by Croln\vell) to advise hiIn forth- Th oJfi ers . h . J' I I 1 . r I " .ulVlse hllll 'Vlt to ulSSO "C t Ie þal' uuucnt. hey were t\VO to dissolve \1 1 ,on ,,,hose affection , in re g ard of the nearness oftbe P t 8rlia - men . t hcir alliance, and their ohligation to and dcpend- II what they called] Not in lU,'!t. x3 310 'rHE HISTORY BOO K ence upon his father, he had as much reason to he XVI. fid con ent, as on any Inen's in the nation. Fleetwood J 659. used no argnnlents but of conscience, "to prevent "the nation's being engaged in blood; ,vhich," he said, "would inevitably fall out, if the parliament " were not presently dissolved." Desborough, a fel- lo\v of a rough and rude temper, treated him only ,vith threats and menaces; told him, "it was inl- "possible for him to keep both the parliarnent and "the arnlY his friends ;" wished him "to choose " which he would prefer: if he dissolved the parlia- " ment out of hand, he had the army at his devo- " tion; if he refused that, he believed the army " ,vould quickly pull him out of lVhitehalI." The poor man had not spirit enough to discern ,vhat was best for hiln; and yet he was not \vithout friends to counsel hÍIn, if he had been capable to re- Advice to ceive counsel. Besides many members of the par- Richard to the con. liament, of courage and interest, who repaired to trary. hinl with assurance, "that the parliament ,vould " continue firm to hhn, and destroy the ringleaders " of this seditious crew, if he would adhere to the " parlialnent; but if he \vere prevailed upon to dis- " solve it, he would be left \vithout a friend; and " they \vho had compelled him to do so iInprudent " an action \vould contemn hin} \vhen he had done A dofso ne" it;" some officers of the arnlY likewise, of equal officers of .. the army. courage and Interest \Vlth any of the rest, persuaded him " to reject the desire of those \vho called thell1- " selves the council of the arnlY, and to think of "punishing their presulnption." Ingoldsby, 'Vha- ley, and Goffe, three colonels of the arlny, and, the two fornler, men of signal courage, offered to stand by him; and one of thenl offered to kill Lambert, OF rl'HE IlEBELLION. 311 ( whom the y looked U p on as the author of this con- BOOK XVI. spiracy,) if he would give hin1 a warrant to that pur- 1659. pose. Richard continued irresolute, now inclined one way, then another. But in the end, Desborough and his companions prevailed with him, before they parted, to sign a c0111mission, which they had caused to be prepared, to N atha.niel Fiel1nes, his keeper of the seal, to dissolve the parliament the next morning; H is pr - f h . h I - h . . h I d vmled with o W IC the par lament aVIng notIce, t ey reso ve to ùissoh.e 8 h h F . í' h the parlia- not to go up. 0 t at w en lennes sent lor t em mente to the other house, the comnlons shut the door of their house, and would not suffer the gentleman usher of the black rod to come in, but adjourned thell1selv.es for three days, till the five and t\ventieth of April, imagining that they should by that tinlC convert the protector froln destroying himself. But the poor creature was so hared by the council of offi- cers, that he presently caused a proclamation to be He i5sues · d I. h . h h did d I h 1 . ou t a pro- Issue out, uy W IC e ec are t e par lament to damatiol1 be dissolved. And from that nlinute nobody resorted :: )(::e ; to hilll, nor was the name of the P rotector afterwards w.lwreupoR his proÌt:c- heard of but in derision; the council of officers ap- torship \\as . , . at an t.wJ. pOIntIng guards to attend at "r estlllinster, \vhich kept out those Inelnbers, who, in pursuance of their adjournnlent, would have entered into the house upon the day appointed. Thus, byextrenle pusilla- nin1Ïty, the son suffered hinlself to be stripped, in one mOluent, of all the greatness and po\ver, which the father had acquired in so nlany years, \vith \\'011- derful courage, industry, and resolution. "Then the council of officers had, with this strange :succcss, having no authority but what they gave one another, rid thclll elves of a lIpcrior; or, as the x4 31 'rIlE HIs'rOH ,- PO {) K P hrase then ,vas, renloved the 'illfJ'le l ".;crð'oJl; the . y XVI. ð kne\v that they could not long hold the governillent ] (;59. in their o,vn hands, if, before any thing else, they did not reUlove lngoldsby, \Vhaley, Goffe, and those other officers, \vho had dissuaded Richard froB1 sub- The conuL:ii luitting to their advice, fr0111 having any con111land : ; crs in the arlllY; \vhich they therefore did; and re- Lambert, Hlaced Laillbert. and all the rest \vho had been &c. to the r anllY, and cashiere by Oliver, into their o',rn charges again. remo\-e . many of So that the arll1Y \vas Lecornc republIcan to their t;rOll1\,'eU's. d } . b friends. \VIsh; an , t lat the govern Inent 11ugh t return to e They issne purely such, they published a declaration upon the a declara- tion to fe- sixth of lVlay, \vherein, after a large prealllble in ( store the 1 . f } d ld 1 . long par- COnUneU( atlOn"O t Ie goo 0 cause, ane accusIng q liamcnt, thell1selves, 40' for havin!! been instrlu11ental in de- May 6. 40' clining frolll it; "Thence all the ills, the COlnnl011- .tó "realth had sustained, had proceeded, and the vin- .., dicatiolJ \V hereof they \"'ere resolved to pursue for 40' the future ;" they relnelnhered, " that the long par- " lialllellt, consisting of those IHeIuhers who had COll- .., tinned to sit till the t\ventieth of April 1653," (\vhich ,,'as the day that Cronl\vell, \vith the assist- ance of these very officers, had pulled thenl out of the house, and dislnissed theln,) " had been en1Ïnent " assertors of that cause, and had a special presence " of God \vith them, and ,vere signally hies sed iu "that \vork." They said, "that the desires of ,,; Inany good people concurring \vith thenl, they did, " by that declaration, according to their duty, invite 40' those lllelnLers to return to the discharge of their " trust, as they had done before that day;" and pro- n1Ïsed, " that they \rould be ready, in tht:ir places.. q at:cu ing] excusilJg 01.' 'l'l-IE I{EBELLION. 313 H to yitld thenl their utn10st assistance, that they BOO b. XVI. " lllight sit, and consult in safety, fo)' the settling " and securing the peace and quiet of the comlßon- 1659. h ,vealtn, for which they had 1l0\V so good an oppor- " tunity." rAnd this declaration, \vithin very few days, they seconded ,vith \vhat they called Tile lUl1Jlble }Jetitiolt aJl(1 adtlre8/)' if the officers of the l1/"I.'l!/ to the jJarliaf/lent; \\'hich contained several advices, or rather positive directions ho\v they ,vere to govern. r rrhis restoring the rUlllp parlialuent was the only \vayS ill which they could 1110St t agree, though it ,vas not suitable to what some U of thenl desired: they ,veIl foresa\v, that they l11ight gi\re an opportu- nity to lTIOre people to COllle together than ,vould be for their benefit; for that all the urviving members of that parlia111ent would pretend a title to sit there: and therefore they did not only carefully lip1it the convention to such l11eluuers ,vho had continued to sit froll1 January 1648 to April 1653, but caused a guard like\vise to attend, to hinder and keep the other 111Cn1Lers fi'oiu entering into the house. 'Vhell Lenthal, the old speaker, ,vith forty or fifty of those old ll1elnbers specified in the declaration, took their p13ces in the house, and SOllIe of the old excluded Some of tht' b l . k .' . old ('xclud- IneUl ers 1 e\VISe got 111, and entered Jnto debate t>tI mem- with thelll upon the Inatters proposed, the house : ; :lt '\'as adjourned till the next day: and then better house with them, but care \\Fas taken, by appointing such persons, who were ex- dudcJ \\rcll knc\v all the 111eU1bers, to infornl the guards, again. ,vho \vere, and ,vho \vere not, to go into the house. r Aud this declaration-to gm'crn.] Not in iUS. t' This restorincy-thc onl\" b \\"(1\'] This was thl' only wav t' most] all .. II some] most 314 'rl-IE IIIS'rORY BOOK By this lneans that cabal only was suffered to enter XVI. h . h 'v IC had first formed the cOlnmonwealth, and fos- 1659. tered it for near five years after it was born. So that the return of the government into these men's hands again, seemed x to be the 11108t dismal change that could happen, and to pull up all the hopes of the king by the roots Y. 'Ye nlust, for the better observation and distinc- tion of the several changes in the governlnent, call this congregation of men, who were now repossessed of it 7., by t e sty Ie they called themselves, the par- liament; how far soever they were from being one. They resolved in the first place to vindicate and establish their 0\\7n authority; which they could not think to be firm, whilst there ,vas still a protector, or the name of a protector, in being, and residing in The parlia- 'Yhitehall. They appointed therefore a cOlllmittee ment sent. . to Richard to go to RIchard Croln,vell, and, that he llnght have 'K seemed] seemed to all Y to pull up all the hopes of the king by the roots] Tillis continued in MS: and it did for the present make so deep an impression in the hearts of luanv, that when an o\"erture was. at that time made from Spain to make the duke of \T ork admiral of his galleys, which the king for many rea- sons suspended gi\'ing his con- sent unto, the chief servants about his royal highness were so transported with the propo- sition, that they were very much troubled that their master made not all the haste that was pos- sible to be possessed of the charge; and endeavoured all they could to persuade the duke, that they who prevailed with the king not to give his consent were his enemies, and would not have him to be in a condition in which he n1ight be able to live like a prince. And when in discourse thev were desired to eonsider, that if the duke went inro Spain, he could not be permitted to enter into that charge, what. title soever he might have given to him, unless he changed his religion and became catholic; and what the consequence of th:,t might be in England, they were so far from being moved wi th the argument, and in that despair of e\'er seeing England, that they thought the religion of it not worth the insisting on. 7 of it] of the government OF THE REBELLION. 315 hope they \vould be his good masters, first to inquire BOO K into the state of his debts, and then to delnand of XVI. hinl, \vhether he ac q uiesced in. the P resent g overn- k 1659. to now ment? He, already hUlllbled to that poverty of spi- whet.her he . acqUiesced, rit they could wish, gave the commIttee a paper, and sub- . h e h " h . d . d h t r mittedto "In W IC, e sal , " was contalne testa e 0 their au- " his debts, and how contracted;" \vhich an10unted to thority. t\venty-nine thousand six hundred and forty poundse To the other question, his ans\ver ,,{as like\vise in writing; " that he trusted, his carriage and beha- " viour had manifested his acquiescence in the will " and good pleasure of God, and that he loved and "valued the peace of the common\vealth much " above his private concernlnent; desiring by this, " that a measure of his future comporttnent might " be taken; \vhich, by the blessing of God, should " be such as should bear the san1e \vitness; he hav- " ing, he hoped, in sOlne degree learned rather to " reverence and subInit to the hand of God, t.han be " unquiet under it: that, as to the late providence " that had fallen out, ho\vever, in respect to the par- " ticular engagement that lay upon hinI, he could " not be active in making a change in the govern- " n1ent of the nations, yet, through the goodness of " God, he could freely acquiesce in it being made; " and did hold hinlself obliged, as with other Inen he " n1Ïght expect protection fronl the present goverl1- " ment, so to den1ean hilTIself with all peaceablenes " under it, and to procure, to the uttermost of his " po\ver, that all in \vhom he had interest should do " the same." This satisfied then1 as to Richard; but they wer(1 not without apprehension that they should find a more refractory spirit in his brother Harry, who \vas a16 'r tIE I-I IS 'ro n, \7 B () U K lieutenant of Ireland, and luuked upon as a 111an u1 XVI. h . d anot er all' an ten1per. He had in his exercise of 1659. that goverlUllent, by the frankness a of his hlunour, and a general civility towards all, and very particu- larly obliging SOlne, rendered hhnself gracious and popular to all sorts of people, and Blight have been able to have made SOBle contests ,vith the parlia- Henry Inent. But as soon as he received an order from Cromwell h d I . Jikcwil'C t Cll1 to atten t leUl In person, he thought not fit to SUblllit , be \viser than his elder brother and caine over to and rCSIO"llS ' hi om then1 even sooner than they expected, and laid his lUlSSIOll of . . . licutenant COllln1JSSIOn at theIr feet; 'v hich they acceptcd, and of Ireland. h f } k . 1 · ] ] I r l ' h I " l )ut t e (toverUlllent 0 t Hlt Ylng:( onl Into t!C Jétn( s e Vi:\[ la- LI ment of Ludlo\v, and four other conunissionel's. mal{es Ludlow, It 11lay not prove ingrateful to thc rcadcr, in this and four I . I . . I I other COlll- p ace, to entertaul I11n 'VIt 1 a very p casant story, missioners h I d 1 . . 1' 1 R . } d h h . go,'ernors' t at re ate to tl1IS nuscrau e \.IC lar , t uug It of Ireland, happened b long afterwards; because there ,viII be scarce c again any occasion so llluch as to lllention hinl, during the continuance of this relation. Short1y after the king's return, and the Inanifest joy that possessed the \vhole kingdolll thcrcupon, this poor creature found it neccs:sary to transpurt hinlself into "'rance, lllore for fear of his debts than uf the king; \vhu thought it not necessary to inquire after a nlan su lung forgottcn. After he had lived S0l11C years in Paris untaken notice of, and indeed unkno\vn, living in a nlost obscure condition and disguise, not o\vn- ing his o\vn nalTIe, nor having above one servant to attend hilll, he thought it necessary, upo,n the first l'Ul110lU' and apprehensiun that there \vas like to be a ,va.. between England and France, to quit that ,I frankness] jollincss h it happened) Omitted in 111.s. c be scarce] nol be OF THE REllELI-AION. 317 kingdonl, and to remove to SOlne place that \vould he neutral to either party; and pitched upon Ge- neva. 1\1aking his way thither by Bourùeaux, and through the province of Languedoc, he passed through Pezenas, a very pleasant to"\yn belonging to the prince of Conti, ,vho hath a fair palace there, and, being then governor of Languedoc, Inade his residence in it. In this place Richard 111ade SOBle stay, and \valI - ing abroad to entertain hilllself ,vith the view of the situation, and of ll1any things "\vorth the seeing, ]le Inet \vith a person \vho "ell kne,v hinl, and ,vas \Ven kno\vn hy hinl, the other having ahvays been of his father's and of his party; so that they ,,-ere glad enough to find thenlselves together. The other told hin1, " that all strangers \vho came to that tOl\rn " used to wait upon the prince of Conti, the go- " vernor of the province; \vho expected it, and aI- " ways treated strangers, and particularly the Eng- "Iish, \vith n1uch civility: that he need not he " kno\\Tn, but that he hitnself \vould first go to the " prince and inforlu hinl, that another English gen- "tlelnan ,vas passing through that to,vn to"' ards " Italy, ,vho \VOltlÙ be glad to have the honour to "kiss his hands." The prince receh-ed him ,, jth great civility and grace, according to his natural cust0l11, and, after fe,,- words, begun to discourse of the affairs of England, and asked lllany questions concerning the king, and \vhether al] nlen ,"ere quiet, and suhn1itted obediently to hilll; ,vhich tJ1f other answered briefly, according to the truth. " 'V ell," said the prince, " Oliver, though he \vas :l " traitor anù a villain, was a hl'avf' ft: llo\v, had great "parts, great courage, and "rns " ()rthy to ('0111- BOOK XVI. IG59. S18 'rI-IE III S1'OR Y BOOK ,.. mand: but that Richard, that coxcomb, roquill, XVI. l " })O troll, \vas surely the basest fello\v alive. 'Vhat 1659. "is becolne of that fool? how was it possible he " could be such a sot?" He answered, "that he " \vas betrayed by those whom he n10st trusted, and "who had been most obliged by his father ;" so being weary of his visit, quickly took his leave, and the next nlorning left the town, out of fear that the prince might know that he w'as the very fool and coxcomb he had mentioned so kindly. And within t\VO days after, the prince did conle to know who it \vas whom he had treated so well, and \VhOnl be- fore, by his behaviour, he had believed to be a man not very glad of the king's restoration. Monk from Monk from Scotland presented his obedience to Scotland, the P al'lianlent and the assurance of the fidelit y of declares his ' obedience the arl"ny under his command, to all their deternlÍna- to them. So cloes the tions. The navy congratulated their return to the na\'y. sovereign power, and tendered their submission. The ambassadors who were in the town quickly received new credentials, and then had audience from them, as their good allies, nlaking all the pro- fessions to them, which they had fornlerly done to They COI1- Oliver and Richard. The parliament continued tinued L d F Lockhart ockhart as their ambassa or in rance, as a man :b sa- who could best cajole the cardinal, and knew well France. the intrigues d of that court. They sent ambassadors They send ambassa- to the Sound, to mediate a peace between those two ::e t :::; crowns, being resolved t.o decline all occasions of between ex p ense abroad, that the y mi g ht the better settle their the two northern government at home. To that purpose they were crowns. \villing to put an end to the war with Spain, with- d intrigues] bowels OF 'fHE REHI J41..ION. 819 out parting with any thing that had been taken froln BOO K it \vhich would not consist ,vith their honour. That XVI. , tbey might throughly unite their friends of the arn1Y 1659. to them, they passed an act of indemnity to pardon They pass . · d . . an act of all theIr fornler transgressIons an tergIversatIons, indt'mnity ,vhich had heen the cause of the parliament's former ; dissolu tion, and of all the mischief which had fol- lowed. N o'v there appeared as great a caIn1 as ever, and their government well settled, to the general content of the people of their partye, who testified the sanle by their acclamations f, and likewise by particular addresses. And, that they might be sure to be liable to no more affronts, they would no lTIOre make a ge- neral, which 111ight again introduce a single person; the thought of ,vhich, or of any thing that Inight contribute towards it, they most heartily abhorred. Anù to nlake that Ïtnpossible, as they thought g, they They ap- · d h k h ffi f point aU appoInte "t e spea er to execute t e 0 ce 0 ge- commis- "neral in such Inanner as the y should direct. and s ons mi- , , htary to " that all commissions should be granted by hiIn, be signed by the " and sealed with their own seal;" all the seals used speaker. by the Crol11wells being broken. And accordingly all the officers of the army and navy (for the speaker was adnliral as well as general) delivered up their cOl1uuissions, and took new ones in the form that ,vas prescribed. So that now they saw not ho,v their en1pire could he shaken. But these men had not sat long in their old places, ,vhen they called to mind how they had been used after they had been deposed, the reproaches and the e of their party] Not in JUS. r acclamations] general ac- clamations g astheythoughtJ lVot in MS. BOOK XVI. ) 659. They ba- nish all cavaliers 20 miles from Lon- don. The king's party bl'- gins to lllo,.e. 320 TIlE IllS TORY contenlpt they under,vent fron1 all kind of people; but above all, the scoffs and derision they suffered fronl the king's party, 'v hen they sa,v thel11 reduced to the san1e level in power and authority \vith thell1- selves h. And though the smart they felt fro In others vexed and angered thell1 as n1ucb, yet they \\ ere content to suspènd their re\Tcnge to\vards thcIn, that they lnight v/ith less control exercise their tyranny over the poor broken cavaliers. So they nlade a present order, " to banish all "rho had ever 111anifested " any affection to the king, or his father, t\venty " miles fron1 London;" and re,.ived all those orders they had forlnerly 11lade, and which Croln\vell had abolished or forborne to execute; by which Hlany persons \vere C0111n1Ítted to prisons for offences they thought had been forgotten. And the consequence of these proceedings a,,-akened those of another classis, to apprehensions of \vhat they lnight be made liablé to. The soldiers \vere very Jnerry at their ne,v ge- neral; and thought it necessary he should 111arch ,vith thenl upon the next adventure; and the officers thought they had deserved ll10re tha l an act of in- demnity, for restoring theln to such a sovereignty. I n a word, as the parliament ren1en1bered ho,v they had been used, so all other people relnembered hO'\7 they had used thenl, and could not bring themselves to look with reverence upon thGse, "Tho In, for above four years together, they had derided and con- tenlned. This universal ten1per l aised the spirits again of the king's friends, ,, ho found very many of those ". ho had heretofore ser,red the parlialnent, and been h with themselves] !\"7ot in MS. OF rrHE REBEI LION. 321 afterwards disobliged both by Cromwell and the BOOK rump parlialnent i, very desirous to enter into amity XVI. ,vith them, and to make a firm conjunction with 1659. them to,vards the king's reestablishment. Those members of the long parliament, who, after the treaty of the Isle of 'Vight, ,vere by violence kept from the house, took it in great indignation, that they, upon ,vhom the said violence ,vas practised after,vards, which they had first countenanced upon them, should not restore then1 being now restored then1sel ves, and were ready to embrace any occasion to disturb their new governors; to w ich they ,vere the more en- couraged by the common discourse of the soldiers; who declared, " that, if there 'v ere any COlTIlTIotion " in the kingdom, fhey would go no farther to sup- " press it, than Lenthal should lead them." Mr. Mordaunt, who had so lately his head upon the block, was more active than any man; and was so ,veIl trusted by l11en of all conditions, upon the courage of his former behaviour, that he had in truth very full engagements from very good men in most quarters of the kingdom, "that if the king would " assign them a day, and promise to come to thelll " after they were embodied, they ,vould not fail to " appear at the day." \Vhereupon, IVIr. Mordaunt Mr. Mor- d h . If . d .. h k . daunt venture lmse to come In lsgulse to t e lng to comes to B I . h . I h h . 1 . Brussels to russe s, to give 1m a c ear account ow IS JUSI- acquaint ness stood, and what P robabilit y there ,vas of success, tI e tl lil t 'n l g WI 1 u" and likewise to complain of the want of forwardness p,repara- . tlOns. In some of those upon whon1 the king most relied, t.o encourage other men, and to desire that his majesty would, hy him, require them to con ur with the rest. 1 both by Cromwell and the rllmp parliament] by Cromwell VOL. VII. Y , 89! TIlE HIS'rOllY ROOK It appeared, hy the account he gave, that thl\re \vere XVI. very fe\v counties in England, \vhere there \vas not I G )9. a forlned k undertaking ùy the most po\yerfullnen of that county), to possess the III selves of SOlne consider- able place in it Ill; and if any oJ thenl succeeded, the opportunity \vould be fairer for the king to venture his o,,-n person, than he yet had had, or than he ,vas like to have, if he suffered those \vho ,vere no\v in the governlnent, to be settled in it. 1'hat ,,, hich "ras best digested, and, in respect of A de j n of the undertakers, 1110st like to succeed, ,vas, first the surprlsmg . . I.rune by surprisal and pO:5sessing of Lynne, a marltl111e to"TU, the lord f . . f h . . d \Villough- 0 great 1111portance In respect 0 t e sItuatIon, an 1 1 )Y of Pa ð r-, like\vise of the ood affection of the g entlell1en of mUl,an sir '-' I-!oratio the parts adiacent. This ,vas undertaken b y the 1. ownsend. lord 'Villoughby of Parhanl, with the consent and approùation of sir Horatio To\vnsend: \vho, being a gentlen1an of the greatest jnterest and credit in that large county of Norfolk, was able to bring in a good body of nlen to possess it. The foriner had served the parliament, and ,vas in great credit with the presbyterians, and so less liable to suspicion; the latter had been under age till long after the end of the ,val', and so liable to no reproach or jealousy, yet of very worthy principles, and of a noble fortune; which he engaged very frankly, to borrow money; and laid it out to provide arms and anln1unition; and all the king's friends in those parts were ready to obey those persons in whatsoever they under... took. And a de- Another design, which was looked upon as ripe sign upon h . I f GI d Gloucester too, was t e surpnsa 0 oucester, a town very a ... by Massey. k fprmed] formal I c'ounty] country m in it] in that county OF 'rHE REBELLION. SQ3 vantageously ituated upon the river of Severn, that BOO K fl B . 1 Ù \ X VI. \,"ould have great in uenee upon nsto an V 01"- cester; both which, persons of the best interest un- 1 fJ59. dertook to secure, as soon as Gloucester should be possessed; which major general l\lassey, who had been forluerly governor thereof, and defended it too well against the king, ßlade no question he should be ablè to do, having been in the town incognito, and conferred \vith his friends there, and laiD con- cealed in the adjacent places, till the day should be ap- pointed for the execution of it; of all \vhich he sent the king an account; nor did there appear nluch difficulty in the point, there being no garrison in either of the places. The lord Ne\vport, Littleton, and other gentlelnen The gentle- r Sh h . d h . men of o rops Ire, \vere rea y at t e saIne tIme to secure Shropshire Shre\vsbury; and, for the making that conununica- rtad)". tion perfect, sir George Booth, a person of one of Sir George h L r .. C · d l' Booth nl1- t e est 10rtunes and Interest In heshIre, an , .Lor dertakes h f h . d e. h f b I Chester. t e Inemory 0 IS gran lat er, 0 a so ute power \vith the presbyterians, prolnised to possess hinlself of the city and castle of Chester. And sir Thomas Sir Thomas M . ddl t h h ll ' k . d h Ii MÎddleton 1 e on, ,v 0 a( 1 -"ew]se serve t e par alnent, to join with and \vas one of the best fortune and interest in North him. 'Vales, was ready to join with sir George Booth; and both of them to unite entirely with the king's party in those counties n. In the \vest, Arunde], In the west. Pollard, GreenviI, Tl-elawny,O and the rest of the ; IY- king's friends P in CorIHvall and Devonshire, hoped l;.:tnd to possess Plymouth, but \vere sure of Exeter. Other undertakings there were in the north, by men very ready to venture all they had. t\ counties] parts o Trelawny,] Not in 1118. P of the king's friends] Not in MS. v2 :3 il '1' H E HIS '1' () It Y EOOl\. \Vhen the king received this account in gross XVI. fj rom a person so ,veIl instructed, whereof he had by 1659. retail received mu h froll1 the persons concerned, (for it was another circumstance of the looseness of the present government, that messengers went for- ward and backward with all security,) and likewise found by l\fr. Mordaunt, that all things were now . gone so far that there was no retreat, and therefore that the resolution was general, " that, though any " discovery should be made, and any persons impri- " soned, the rest would proceed as soon as the day " should be appointed by the king," his majesty re- solved that he would adventure his own person, and would be ready incognito at Calais upon such a day of the month; and that his brother the duke of York should be likewise there, or very near, to the end that from thence, upon the intelligence of the success of that day, which was likewise then ap- pointed, they might di.spose themselves, one to one place, and the other to another. A discovery q There happened at this time the discovery of a of tbe _ I · . if: . treachery of VI e treachery, whIch had done the king's a airs sir Richard h h d h d - b I I d Willis. muc arm; an, a It een onger concea e , would have done much nlore. q FrOlTI the death of Oliver, some of those who were in the secretest part of his affairs discerned evidently, that their new pro- tector would never be able to bear the burden; and so thought how they might do such service to the king, as might merit from him. One who had a part in the office of secrecy, Mr. l\loreland, r sent an q There happened at-much more.] There was in this con- juncture a v ry unhappy acci- dent, which cUrl do much harm, and might have done much more. r l\ir. Moreland,] Not in IJ1S. OJ? 1."IIE REBELLION. 3 5 ex p ress to the kin g , to inform hiln of man y P articu- BOOK XVI. lars of moment, and to give him some advices, what his majesty was to do; which was reasonable and 1659. prudent to be done. He sent him word \vhat per.. sons might be induced to serve him, and ,vhat ,vay he was to take to induce them to it, and what other persons would never do it, what professions soever they might make. He nlade offer of his service to his majesty, and constantly to advertise him of what- soever "'as necessary for him to knolv; and, as an instance of his fidelity and his usefulness, he adver- tised the ki g of a person who was much trusted by his majesty, and constantly betrayed him; "that he " had received a large pension from Cromwell, and " that he continually gave Thurlow intelligence of " all that he knew; but that it was with so great " circumspection, that he was never seen in his pre- " sence: that in his contract he had promised to " make such discoveries, as should prevent any dan- " gel' to the state; but that he would never endanger " any man's life, nor be produced to give in evidence " against any: and that this very person had disco- " vered the marquis of Ornlond's being in London " the last year, to Cromwell; but could not be in- " duced to discover \vhere his lodging ,vas; only un- " dertook his journey should be ineffectual, and that " he should quickly return; and then they might " take him if they could; to \vhich he would not "contribute." To conclude, his majesty ,vas desired to trust this nlan no more, and to give his friends notice of it for their caution and indeUlnity. . The king, and they who were lnost trusted hy him The king &t . . first believes In hIS secret transactions, believed not this infornla- it not, tiOD: but concluded that it was contrived to an1use Y3 3 6 'rHE HIS'rORY BOOK him, and to distract all his affairs by a jealousy of XVI. . those who were intrusted In the conduct of thelu. TI 16a h g. The g entleman accused was sir Richard \Villis; who 1e c arac- ter of the person ac- cused. had S from the beginning to the end of the war, ex- cept at Ne,vark, t given testin10ny of his duty and ållegiance, and was universally thought to be supe- rior to all temptations of infidelity. He was a gen- tlenlan, and was very ,veIl bred, and of very good parts, a courage elninently kno\vn, and a very good officer, and in truth of so general a good reputation, that, if the king had professed to have any doubt of his honesty, his friends \vould have thought he had received ill infusions without any ground; and he had given a very late testimony of his sincerity by concealing the Inarquis of Ornlond, who had COll1- municated more with him, than ,vith any nlan in England, during his being there. On the other side, all the other informations and ad vices, that were sent by the person who accused him u, \vere very important, and could have no end but his lllajesty's service; and the offices that gentleman offered to perform for the future were of that consequence, that they could not be overvalued. This intelligence could not be sent with a hope of getting money; for the present condition of him who sent it \vas so good, that he expected no reward, till the king should be enabled to give it; and he who ,vas sent in the errand was likewise a gentleman, who did not look for the charges of his journey: and how could it have been known to Cromwell, that that person I> The gentleman accused was sir Richard 'Villis; who had] The gentleman accused had t except at Newark,] Vot in MS. U by the person who accused him] Not in MS. OF r:I."HE REBELLION. 3!27 had been trusted by the marquis of Orluond, if he BOO f{ XVI. had not discovered it himself? In this perplexity, his majesty would not presently 1659. depart from his confidence in the gentleman accused. As to all other particulars, he confessed hinlselfuluch satisfied in the inforlnation he had received; ackno\v- ledged the great service; and Inade all those pro- mises \vhich \vere necessary in such a case; only frankly declared, "that nothing could convince hinl " of the infidelity of that gentleman, or make hiln " withdraw his trust froln hinl, but the evidence of " his hand-\vriting; \vhich \vas \vcIl known." This The accuser clearly lllessenger no sooner returned to London, but an- proves the uther was despatched \vith all that nlanifestation of ;: :, c. the truth of what had been before informed, that there relnained no more rOOll1 to doubt. ..A. great nUluher of his letters \vcrc sent, ,vhcreof the cha 4 racter ,vas well known; and t.he intelligcnce conl- 11lullicated ,vas of such things as were kno,vll to \Tcry few besides that person hill1sclf. One thing ,vas observed throughout the \vhole, that he scldoln x c0l11municated any thing in n hich there ,vas a nccessity to nanle any nlan who was of the king's party, and had heen ahvays so reputed. Hut \vhat \vas undertaken by any of the presbyterian party, or by any who had heen against the king, \\ as poured out to the life. Alnongst those, he gavp illf()flllation of Massey's design upon Gloucester, and of his heing concealcd in sOlne place near the saB1C. If at any tÏIne he nanlcd any who had hecn of the king's party, it \\'a:s chiefly of then1 \vhu \verc satis- fied \vith \vhat they had done, how little soever, and x seldom] n \'Cl y 4. 3 8 TI-IE III rrORY 1659. resolved to adventure no more. \Vhereupon very nlany were inlprisoned in several places, and great noise of want of secrecy or treachery in the king's councils; which reproach fell upon those \vho were about the person of the king. It was a new perplexity to the king, that he knew not by what means to C0111111Unicate this treachery to his friends, lest the discovery of it might like,vise come to light; which must ruin a person of merit, and disappoint his majesty of that service, which must be of great Y moment. In this conjuncture, 1\11'. 1\10rdaunt came to Brussels, and informed his majesty of all those particulars relating to the pos- ture his friends were in, ,vhich are mentioned be- fore; and amongst the other orders he desired, one was, that some message might be sent to that knot of nlen, ( whereof the accused person was one,) ., who," he said, "\vere principally trusted by his " majesty, and were allinen of honour, but so wary " and incredulous, that others were more z discou- "raged by their coldness:" and therefore wished, "that they might be quickened, and required to " concur with the 010st forward." Hereupon the king asked him, what he thought of such a one, naming sir Richard \Villis a: Mr. Mordaunt answer- ed, "it was of him they complained principally; " who, they thought, was the cause of all the wari- "ness in the rest; who looked upon him not only " as an excellent officer, but as a prudent and dis- "ereet man; and therefore, for the most part, all " debates were referred to him; and he was so much " given to ohjections, and to raising difficulties, and HOOK XVI. Y great] huge '- more] lU uch a naming sir Richard Willis] naming the person O ' 'rI-IE REHELLIO:\f. 329 " making things unpracticable, that rnost Inen had BO 0 K " an unwillingness to make any proposition to him." XVI. The king asked hiln, ",vhether he had any sus- 1659. "picion of his want of honesty?" The other an.. swered, "that he was so far froIn any such suspi- " cion, that, though he did not take him to be his " friend, by reason of the lllany disputes and contra- " dictions frequently bet,veen thenl, he would put " his life into his hand to-morro\v." I t was not thought reasonable, that 1\11'. Mo1'daunt The kin h ld · E d . h fid · h . communI- S on return Into nglan 'VIt a con ence In t IS cates the nlan; and therefore his majesty freely told him all s ;.e;Jor_ he knel\r, but not the ,vay by which he knew it, or daunt. that he had his very letters in his o\vn hand, which would quickly have discovered how he came by them; and the king charged hiln "no farther to " communicate with that person, and to give his " friends such caution, as might not give a greater " disturbance to his affairs, by raising new factions " anlongst theIn, or provoke him to do more mis- " chief, which it ,vas in his power to do." But for all this there was another expedient found; for by the tinle 1\11'. Mordaunt returned to London, the person who gave the king the advertisenlent, out of his own wisdom, and know ledge of the ill conse- quence of that trust, caused papers to be posted up The disco- . . ,yerer Imb- In several places, by whIch all persons were warned Ii shes papers not to look U p on sir Richard \"iBis b as faithful to to fo cwarn .. the kmg's the kin g but as one who betra y ed all that he friends of , this person. was trusted with; which in the general had some effect, though many worthy men still continued that intimacy with him, and cornmunicated with him all they knew to be resolved. b upon sir Richard Willis] upon such a man (who was named) 330 'rHE HIS1"'ORY 1659. It ,vas towards the end of June that 1\lr. 1\101'- daunt left Brussels, with a resolution that there should he a general rendezvous throughout England of aU who would declare for the king, upon a day nalned, about the middle of July; there being COlTI- missions in every county directed to six or seven kno,vn nlen, ,vith authority to them to choose one to command in chief in that county, till they should Inake a conjunction ,vith other forces, who had a superior cOll1nlission from the king. A nd those Culll- ll1issioners had in their hands plenty of cOllln1issiol1s under the king's hand, for regiments and govern- lents, to distribute to such as they judged fit to rc- ceive theln; \vhich was the best nlodel (how liahle soever to exception) that, in so distracted a state of affairs, could be advised C. The king, as is said, resolved at the ùay ap- pointed to be at Calais; which resolution ,vas kept \vith so great secrecy at Brussels, that his Inajesty bad, left the town before it was suspected; and when he was gone, it ,vas as little kno\vn ,vhither he was gone; there being as nluch care taken to have it concealed from being kno,vn in France, as in Eng- land. Therefore, as the king went out in the 0101'0- ing, so the duke of York \vent out in the afternoon, another way: his highness's Inotion being without any suspicion, or notice, by reason of his comnland in the army. The king went attended hy the 01ar- quis of Ormond, the earl of Bristol, (who was the guide, being well acquainted ,vith the frontiers on both sirles,) and two or three servants, all Ùlcoe'llilo, and as companions; and so they found their \vay to BOOK XVI. The king go'es to Calais. c advised] devised OF THE REBELLION. g3} Calais; where they stayed. The duke of York, \vith HOOK four or five of his own menial servants, and the lord XVI. Langdale, who desired to attend his highness, went Thle6Ju to Boulogne; where he remained with equal pri- of York to . Boulogne. vacy; and they corresponded ,vlth each other. The affairs in England had no prosperous aspect; Tl e disap- pomtment every post brought news of many persons of honour of 1l th.e d I . · d I . I h desIgns m an qua Ity cOOlmltte to severa prIsons, t lfoug - England. out the kingdom, before the day appointed; which did not terrify the rest. The day itself was acconl- panied with very unusual \veather at that season of the year, being t11e middle of July. The night be- fore, there had heen an excessive rain, which cou- tinued all the next day, with so terrible a cold high ,vind, that the winter had seldom so great a stornl : so that the persons over England, ,vho were draw- ing to their appointed rendezvous, ,vere lnuch dis- Inayed, and Inet with many cross accidents; some lllistook the place, and went SOllle whither else, others \vent ,vhere they should be, and were weary of expecting those who should have been there too. In thc beginning of the night, when Massey was Massey . .L' Gl f h b st'ized gOIng lor oucester, a troop 0 t e army eset the on; but house where he was, and took him prisoner; and escapes. putting hÎln before one of the troopers wen guarded, they Inade haste to carry him to a place where he might be secure. But that tempestuous night had so llluch of good fortune in it to him, that, in the darkest part of it, the troop marching do,vn a very steep hin, with ,voods on both sides, he, either by l1is activity, or the connivance of tlJe soldier, who ,vas upon the saInc horse ,vith him, found means, that, in the steepest of tI;e descent, they both fell 39 'rHE HIS'fORY B () OK from the horse, and he disentangled hitnself from XVI. h b teem races of the other, and, being strong and J 659. nimble, got into the woods, and so escaped out of their hands, though his design was broken. Of all the enterprises for the seizing upon strong places, only one succeeded; which was that under- taken by sir George Booth; all the rest failed. 'The lord 'Villoughby of Parhan}, and sir Horatio Towns- end, and most of their friends, were apprehended before the day, and made prisoners, most of them upon general suspicions, as men able to do hurt. Sir George Onl y sir Geor g e Booth, bein g a P erson of the best Booth seized quality and fortune of that county, of those who had Cbester; . . and sir never been of the klng's party, came Into Chester, ::;::on with such persons as he thought fit to take with jh with him, the night before: so that though the tempes- tuousness of the night, and the next morning, had the same effect, as in other places, to break or dis- order the rendezvous, that was appointed within four or five ll)iles of that city, yet sir George being him- self there with a good troop of horse he brought with him, and finding others, though not in the number he looked for, he retired with those he had into Chester, where his party ,vas strong enough: and sir Thomas Middleton, having kept his rendez- vous, came thither to him, and brought strength enough with him to keep those parts at their devo- tion, and to suppress all there who had inclination to oppose them. Their de- Then they published their declaration, rather daratioD. against those who called themselves the parliament, and usurped the government by the power of the army, than owning directly the king's interest. They ()F "fHE REBELLION. 533 said, "that, since God had suffered d the spirit of di- " vision to continue in this nation, which was left " ,vithout any settled foundation of religion, liberty, " and property, the legislati ve po,ver usurped at " pleasure, the army raised for its defence misled by " their superior officers, and no face of government "remaining, that ,vas lawfully constituted; there- " fore, they, being sensible of their duty, and utter "ruin, if these distractions should continue, had "taken arms in vindication of the freedom of par- " liaments, of the known la\vs, liberty, and property, " and of the good people of this nation groaning " under insupportable taxes: that they cannot de- " spair of the blessing of God, nor of the cheerful " concurrence of all good people, and of the unde- " ceived part of the army; whose arrears and future " advancement they would procure, suffering no im- " position or force on any man's conscience." But though they mentioned nothing of his majesty in express terms, they gave all countenance and recep- tion, and all imaginable assurance to the king's party; ,vho had directions from the king to concur, and to unite themselves to thenl. \Vhat disappointments soever there "'ere in other II They said, "that, since they would willingly submit. U God had suffered] This decla- and lay down their arms, with ration is omitted in the filS. ancl those .expressions, which they the following substance of it only k new would be most acccpt- given: And desiring well af- able to the presbyterians; but fected men of all conditions, giving all countenance and re- especially the city of London, ception, and all imaginable as- to join with them, in order to SHrance to the king's party. who the calling a free parliament, had all direction from the king for settling the governm nt of to concur and to unite them- the nation in church and state, 8eh'es to them. to the determinations whereof BOOK XVI. 1659. 334 THE HISTORY ROO K places, the falne of this action of these two g entle- XVI. lnen raised the spirits of all men. They who were ] ô59. at liberty rene\ved their former designs; and they ,vho could not pronlise themselves places of refuge prepared thelTIselves to n1arch to Chester, if sir George Booth did not draw nearer with his army; which in truth he meant to have done, if the ap- pointlnents which had been luade had been obser\Ted. But when he heard that all ot.her places failed, and of the lllultitude of persons inlprisoned, upon whose assistance he most depended, he was in great appre- hension that he had begun the work too soon; and though his numbers increased every day, he thought it best to keep the post he was in, till he kne\v ,vhat ,vas like to be done else\v here. This fire was kindled in a place \vhich the parlia- 11lent least suspected; and therefore they ,vere the 1110re alarlned at the ne\\TS of it; and kne,v it would spread far, if it ,vere not quickly quenched; and they had now too soon use of their arlny, in which they had not confidence. There were many officers The parlia- \vho111 they had much rather trust than Lainbert; ment sends . Lambert but there ,vas none they thought could do then' bu- :g: t siness so ,,"ell: so they n1ade choice of him to march with such troops as he liked, and \vith the greatest expedition, to suppress this ne\v rebellion, \vhich they sa\v had many friends. They had fOl'nlerJy sent for two regiments out of Ireland, \vhich, they knew, \vere devoted to the republican interest, and those they appointed Lanlbert to join \vith. He un- dertook the charge very \viUingly, being desirous to renew his credit \vith the soldiers, who had loved to be under his comn1and, because, though he was strict in discipline, he provided ,veIl for theIn, and ,vas OF 'rHE ItEBELLION. 335 hilnself esteen1ed e brave upon any action. He cared n '?l not to take any thing ,vith hin1 that lnight hinder his march; ,vhich he resolved should be very s\vift, 1659. to prevent the increase of the enemy in l1unlbers. And he did Inake incredible haste; so that sir George Booth found he ,,-as \vithin less than a day s n1arch, before he thought he could have been half the ,yay. Sir George hilnself bad not been ac- quainted with the ,val', and the officers ,vho ,\?ere ,vith hinl \vere not of one Blind or lunnouI'; yet all ,vere desirous to fight, (the natural infirnlity of the nation, ,vhich could never endure the vie,v of an enenlY \vithout engaging in a battle,) and instead of retiring into the to\\7U, ,\?hich they 111ight ha\Te de- fended against a 111uch greater army than Lalnbert had ,vith hinl, longer than he could stay before it, they lllarched to Ineet hinI; and "\\Tere, after a short "'ho routs . sir George encounter, routed by hun, and totally hroken: so Booth and that, the next day, the gates of Chester \vere opened ::ter. to LanIbert; sir George Booth hÍlnself 111aking his flight in a disguise; but he \vas taken upon the \ray, and sent prisoner to the To,ver. Lambert prosecuted the advantage he had got, and marched into North 'Vales, \yhither sir Tholnas 1\1iddleton was retired with his troops to a strong castle of his own; and he thought neither the man, nor the place, \vere to be left behind hinl. It \\Tas to no purpose for one man to oppose the whole king- dom, where al1 other persons appeared subdued. And therefore, after a day or two making sho,v of resist- ance, l\liddleton accepted such conditions as he could Sir Thomas I . d ffi . Middleton o Jtaln, an su ered hIS goodly house, for the strength delivers up of the situation, to be pulled do,vn. his castle. '", e esteemed] l\lot in /J;lS. 3 () T H:E I-I ISï'O IlY BO 0 K rfhis success put an end to all endeavours of forcp XVI. in England; and the arluy had nothing to do but 1569. to make all persons prisoners \vhose looks they did not like; so that all prisons in England were filled; whilst the parliament, exalted with their conquest, consulted what persons they would execute, and how they should confiscate the rest; by means whereof, they made no doubt they should destroy all seeds of future insurrections on the behalf of the king, ITIany f of the nobility being at present in custody. And they resolved, if other evidence was wanting, that the very suspecting them should be sufficient reason to continue them there. g \Vhen the king caIne to Calais, ,vhere he received accounts every day fronl England of what was trans- acted there, as he \vas much troubled with the news he received daily of the imprisonment of his friends, so he was revived \vith the fame of sir George Booth's being possessed of Chester, and of the con- junction between him and l\liddleton. They were reported to be in a much better posture than in truth they ,vere; and the expectation of some ap- pearance of troops in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire, and some other counties h, stood fair; whereupon the king resolved to go himself to some other part of France, from whence he Inight securely transport himself into those parts of England, where i, with least hazard, be might join himself with the trQops The king which were in arms for him, and so ,vent to the remm'es to the coast of coast of Bretagne. Bretagne. f manv] most g that the very suspecting them hould be sufficient reason to continue them there.] that their suspicion :should be their conviction. h and some other counties] Not in MS. i where] from when('e OF 1."HE REnELLION. 337 The duke of York relnained at Bonlogne, to ex- BOO K XVI. . pect sonle appearance of arms in I(ent and Essex; \vhich was still prolniseò, as soon as the army should I G59. he dra,vn fartheJ' frOlll London. In this expecta- The duke of tiou, his royal highness found an opportunity to con- i ' \, I- .!'. · h h . Id fì . d I I T I monsieur .leI' \VIt IS 0 rien n1ars 1a urenne; ,v 10 very Turenne; frankl y assiO'lled !Jinl BOIHe troo p s. and like\vise P ro- wh offers . 0 ' asslst \)ce. vided vessels to transport then1, if an opportunity had invited binl to an engagelnent in any prohable enterprise; and this "Tith so lTIuch generositr and secrecy, that the cardinal, ,,,bo " as then upon the borders of Spain, k should have l1ad no notice of tll( preparation, till it \\Tas too late to prevent the effect thereof. But it pleased God, that, \vhilst his high- ness ,vas providing for his longed for expedit.ion, and ,, hen the king, after his visiting 81. l\laloes, ,vas at }{ochelle, in hope to find a conveniency for his trans- portation, the fatal news arrived in all parts of the The bing defeat of sir George Booth" and of the total and en- :: ::" ;. sir tirp suppression of all kind of opposition to the power ;'t de- of the parliarnent; \vhich seenled no\v to be in as feat. absolute possession of the govern l1ent of the three nations, as ever Crol1J\vell had been. Struck ,vith this disll1Ul relation, I the king anù his hrother .seeuleù to have nothing else to do, but to 111ake ,vhat haste they could out of France; 01 ,vhere it ,,-as thought they could not no\v be founù \\Tith afety. The duke of \T ork returned S I )eedil y The dnl,t" returns to k who was then upon the borders of Spain,] Not in JIS. 1 Struck with this dismal rc- lation,] Thlis in lJtIS.: Struck with this dismal relation, they had nothing to do but to make what haste they could back to Brussels, and \'ere ohlio"ed to h BI'I\ SI\ Is. use more than ol\.Iinarr caution to get themselves out (;r Fl"aJH't:" again, where they could Hut h found with safety. The duke of York, being much nearer, came thither ill.st; afJope's charge. "\Vhen the 111arquis of Ormond discovered by the inforn1ation he received at 'roulouse, that the treaty was so near an end, he made all possible haste to the place the king had appointed to nleet at, that his majesty Inight lose no more tinle. 'V hen he came thither, he found nobody; ,vhich he inlputed to the usual delays in their journey; and stared one whole day in expectation of _ theln; but then con- cluded that they \vere gone for\vard some other war, and so thought it his business to hasten to Fuenta- rabia, ,vhere he heard nothing of the king. Sir Harry Bennet ,vas in great perplexity, and COll1- plained, very reasonably, that the king neglected his own business in such a conjuncture, the benefit "Thereof was lost by his not coming. Don Le,vis seelned to wonder h, that the king had not conle thither, whilst the cardinal and he ,,-ere together. The treaty \vas now concluded; and though the cardinal renlained still at his old quarters on the French side, under some indisposition of the gout, yet he and don Lewis \vere to n1eet no more. But don Lewis was the less troll bled that the king bad not conle sooner, because he had found the cardinal, as often as he had taken occasion to speak of the b sel'med to wonder] seemed troubled ()F 'I'HE Rl BEl,LION. 351 king, very cold, and reserved; and he had magnified the po\\rer of the parliament, and secl11ed to think his majesty's hopes desperate; and advised don Le\vis " to be wary how he enlbarked hinlself in an " affair that had no foundation; and that it was " rather tÎ1ne for all catholics to unite to the break- " ing the po\ver and interest of the heretical party, " wherever it ,vas, than to strengthen it by restoring " the king, except he would becollle catholic." And it is believed by ,vise 111en, that, in that treaty, sonle- ,vhat ,vas agreed to the prejudice of the protestant interest; and that, in a short time, there would have been much done against it both in France and Ger- many, if the measures they had there taken had not been shortly broken; chiefly C by the surprising re- volution in England, (which happened the next year,) and also by the death of the t,vo great favourites of the t\VO cro,vns, don Le\'Tis de Haro and cardinal lVlazarine; who both died not very long after it; the cardinal, probably, struck with the ,yonder, if not the agony of that undrealned of prosperity of our king's affairs; as if he had taken it ill, and laid it to heart, that God Alnlighty would bring such a \\rork to pass in Europe without his concurrence, and even against all his machinations. C During the \v hole titne of the treat.y, Lockhart had been at Bayonne, and frequently consulted \vith the cardinal, and \vas hy hin1 brought to don Lcwis twice or thrice, where they spoke of the Inutual benefit that would redound to both, if a peace ,vere settled het,veen Spain and England. 13ut the cardinal treated Lockhart (\vho was in aU other occa ions too hard ( chiefly-machinations.] Nut in IJJ 8. Aa3 BOOK XVI. ] 659. 358 'rHE HIS'rORY HOOK for hiln) in such a manner, that, tin the peace was XVI. upon the matter concluded, he did really believe it 1659. would not be made, (as appeared hy sonIe of his letters from Bayonne, which fell into the king's hands,) and to the last he was persuaded, that Eng- land should be comprehended in it, in terms to its satisfaction. r.rhe king, the next day after he had sent the mar- quis of Ormond to Toulouse, recei ved information upon the way, that the treaty was absolutely ended, and that don Lewis was returned to l\:1adrid; to which giving credit, he concluded, that it \vould be to no purpose to prosecute his journey to Fuentara- bia; and therefore was easily persuaded by the earl of Bristol to take the nearest way to Madrid, by en- tering into Spain as soon as they could; presul11ing that the marquis of Ornlond would quickly conclude whither they were gone, and follow his lnajesty. 'fhe ing \Vith this resolution, and upon this intelligence, they by mIstake went into continued their journey till they came to Saragossa, ! : the luetropolis of the kingdom of Arragon. Here Samgossa. they received advertisement, that the treaty was not fully concluded, and that don Lewis relnained still at Fuentarabia. This was a ne\v perplexity: at last they resolved, that the king, and the earl of Bristol, who had still a mind to l\:1adrid, should stay at Sa- )'agossa, whilst O'Neile should go to Fuentarabia, and return ,vith direction what course they ,vere to steer. Don Lewis and the marquis of Ornlond were in great confusion with the apprehension that SOllle ill accident had befallen the king, ,vhen 1\11'. O'N eile arrived, and informed them by \vhat accident and Inisintelligence the king had resolved to go to Ma- OF 'rHE REBELLION. 35!) drid, if he had not been better informed at Saragossa; BOOK \vhere he no,v ren1ained, till he should receive farther XVI. advice. Don Lewis was in all the disturbance ima- 1659. gin able, when he heard the relation: he concluded that this was a trick of the earl of Bristol's; that he held son1e intelligence ,,"ith don Juan, and intended to carry the king to 1\ladrid, whilst he was absent, with a purpose to affront him, and in hope to trans- act somewhat without his privity. They were now to save and to borrow an the money they could, to defray the expenses ,vhich n1ust be shortly made for the interview, marriage, and delivery of the infanta, and all this must be spent upon the king of Eng- land's entry and entertainment in Madrid; for a king incognito ,vas never heard of in Spain. The marriage was concluded, and no,v another young unlnarried king 111ust be received, and caressed in that court; which would occasion much discourse both in Spain and France. All these things his melancholy had Inade hin1 revolve, nor did he con- ceal the trouble he endured, from the Inarquis of Ormond and sir Harry Bennet; ,vho assured him, " that all that was past was by mere mistake, and " without any purpose to decline him, upon whose " friendship alone the king absolutely depended;" and undertook positively, "that as soon as his ma- " jesty should be informed of his advice, he \vould "111ake all the haste thither he could, without " thought of doing any thing else :" which don Le\vis Thence re- d . d . h b æ d . bi turns to eSlre nug t e euectc as soon as was pOSS1 e: so Fnentara- O'Neile returned to Saragossa, and his majesty, with- bia. out delay, made his journey from thence to Fuen- tarabia, ,vith as much expedition as he could use. 'rhe king was received according to the Spanish lIis tr('at- . mt'ut there Aa':i4 BOOK XVI. 1659. by don Lewis de Haro. The cardi- nal would not see the king. 360 "rHE HI rrORY mode and generosity, and treated with the san1e rë- spect and reverence that could be shewed to his ca- tholic majesty himself, if he had been in that place. Don Lewis delivered all that could be said fron1 the king, his master; "how much he was troubled, that " the condition of his affairs, and the necessity that " was upon him to nlake shortly a long journey, " would not permit hÏ1n to invite his majesty to " Madrid, and to treat hitn in that manner that was " suitable to his grandeur: that having happily con- " eluded the peace, he had now nothing so much in " his thoughts, as how he might be able to give or "procure such assistance as his majesty stood in " need of; and that he should never be destitute of " any thing, that his po\ver and interest could help " hin1 to." Don Lewis for hÏ111self made all those professions which could possibly be expected fronl him. He confessed, "that there ,vas no provision " made in the treaty that the two cro\vns would "jointly assist his majesty; but, that he believed "the cardinal would be ready to perform all good " offices towards him; and that, for his own parti- " cular, his majesty should receive good testim'ony " of the profound veneration he had for him." Don Lewis intimated a wish, that his majesty could. yet have some conference with the cardinal; who was, as is said, still within distance. Where- upon the king sent the marquis of Ormond to visit him, and to let him kno\v, that his nlajesty had a desire to come to him, that he might have some con- ference with him, and receive his counsel and advice. But the cardinal would by no means adnlit it; said, " it would adlninister unseasonable jealousy to the " parliament, ,vithout any lllanner of benefit to the O:F 'rHE REBELLION. 361 "king." He made many large professions, which he could do well, of his affection to the king; de- sired, "he \volIld have patience tiH the marriage " should be over, ,,-hich \\"ould be in the next spring; " and till then their majesties n1ust remain in those " parts: but, as soon as that should be despatched, " the \vholc court \vould return to Paris; and that " he \vould not be long there, before he gave the " king some evidence of his kindness and respect." Other ans\ver than this the nlarquis could not obtain. After his n1ajesty had stayed as long as he thought convenient at Fuentarahia, (for he kne\v well that don Lewis ,vas to return to l\ladrid before the king of Spain could take any resolution to begin, or order his o\vn journey, and that he stayed there only to entertain his majesty,) he discerned that he had no- thing more to do than to l'eturn to Flanders; where, he ,vas assured, his reception should be better than it had been. So he declared his resolution to begin his return on such a day. In the short tinle of his stay there, the earl of Bristol, according to his ex- cellent talent, ,vhich seldon1 failed him in any exi- gent, from as great a prejudice as could attend any lllan, had \vrought himself so n1uch into the good graces of all the Spaniards, that don Le\vis \vas will- ing to take him with him to l\ladrid, and that he should be received into the service of his catholic majesty, in such a province as should be \\'orthy of him. So that his majesty had no,v a less train to re- turn ,vith, the nlarquis of Ormond, Daniel O'N eiIe, and two or three servants. Don Le\vis, \vith a million of excuses that their expenses had been so great, as had \vasted all their money, presented his majesty with ðcven thousand BOOK XVI. 1659. [Jü2 'rHE IIIS'rORY B () 0 K gold pistoles, "to defray," as he said, " the ex ! )enses XVI. " of his journey," with assurance, "that, ,",'"hen he 1659. "came into Flanders, he should find all necessary " orders for his better acconuTIodation, and carrying The king's " on his business." So his majesty begun his jour- return to- t. wards FIan- ney, and took Paris in his \vay to visit the queen drrs by h . h · h h d d d . Paris. IS mot er, 'Vlt w on1 a goo un erstan lng was made upon removing all former mistakes: and, to- He came to wards the end of Decen1ber, he returned to Brussels :: :e e in good health; where he found his two brothers, end b of De- the dukes of York and Gloucester, impatiently ex- crm ere pecting him. The pleasure and variety of his journey, and the very civil treatn1ent he had received from don Lewis, ,vith the good disposition he had left the queen his mother in, had very much revived and refreshed the king's spirit, and the joy for his return dispersed the present clouds. But he had not been long at Brus- sels, before he discerned the same melancholy and despair in the countenances of most 111en, which he had left there; and though there had some changes happened in England, which mjght reasonahly en- courage men to look for greater, they had so often been disappointed in those expectations, that it ,vas a reproach to any man to think that any good could come from thence. Upon this Inelancholic conjuncture, some about the king began to think of providing a religion e, as e Upon this nlelancholic con- cute an the thoughts and pur- juncture, sonle about the king poses the unhappy state of af- began to think of providing a fairs suggested to them. The religion] It was a great bless- king could not make his journey jng of God that this melancho- through Germany till the spring, lic conjuncture happened in the and in the mean time tnen winter, that men could not eÀc- thought of providing a religion OF rrHE REBELLION. g()g \vell as other conveniences, that might be grateful BOO K to those people and places, where and \vith whom XVI. they were like to reside. The protestant religion 1659. ,vas found to be very unagreeable to their fortune, and they exercised their thoughts lTIOSt how to get handson1ely from it; and if it had not been for the king's o\vn steadiness, of \vhich he gave great indi- cations, men \vould have been Inore out of counte- nance to have owned the faith they were of; and many n1ade little doubt, but that it ,,,ouid shortly be very manifest to the king, that his restoration depended \\Tholly upon a conjunction of catholic princes, who could never be united, but on the be- half of catholic religion. rrhe best the king could no\v look for seelned to The iJl state b . . . . FI d . h ofhismajes- e a perlnlsslon to ren1aIn In an ers, WIt a nar- ty's affairs row assignation for his bread, which was a melan- there. cholic condition for a king; nor could that be de- pended upon; for there \vere secret approaches ll1ade, both from England and Spain, towards a peace; and the Spaniard had great reason to desire it, that he 111ight meet with 110 obstruction in his intended conlJ.uest of Portugal. And what influence any peace might have upon his Inajesty's quiet, might reasonably be apprehended. Ho\vever, there heing no \val' in Flanders, the dukes of York and Gloucester could no longer remain in an unactive course of life; and the duke of York had a great falnily, impatient to be where they might enjoy plenty, and where they might be absent from the king. And therefore, \vhen the marquis of Carra-The duke } . . b cf York in- cena at t lIS tIme rought the duke of York a letter vited into from the king of Spain, that he would make hÍ1n Spain. cl admirante del oceano, his highness was exceed.. 364 YJ."HE 1-1 I syruR Y BOO Kingly pleased ,vith it, and those about hin1 so trans- XVI. ported ,vith the promotion, that they thought any 1659. man to be a declared enenlY to their master, who should make any-objection against his accepting it. And. when they were told, "that it was not such a " prefernlent, that the duke should so greedily em- " brace it, before he kne\v \vhat conditions he should " be subject to, and what he nlight expect from it: ,t, that the conlmand had been in a younger son of "the duke of Savoy, and at another tinle in a " younger son of the duke of Florence, ,vho both " grew quickly weary of it; for ,vhatever title they " had, the whole command ,vas in the Spanish offi- " eel'S under thelll; and that, if the duke were there, "he might possibly have a competent pension to " live on shore, but would never be suffered to go to " sea under any title of cOlllmand, till he first chang- " ed his rel!gion;" all this had no signification with them; but they prevailed ,vith his royal highness, to return his consent, and acceptation of the office, by the same courier who brought the letter. The marquis of Carracena likewise told the king, " that he had received orders to put all things in a " readiness for his expedition into England, towards " which he would add three thousand men to those The lord "troops which his majesty already had." At the Jermy t n tl e sanle time the lord Jerm y n and Mr. 'Valter 1\loun- came 0 1 king ith tague came to the king fron1 Paris, with ITIany conl- comph- ments from plin1ents from the cardinal, "that when there should the cardi nal. . " be a peace between the northern kIngs," (for Swe- den a d Denlllark were now in a war,) "France " would declare avowedly for the king; but in the " mean time they could only assist him under hand; "and to that purpose they had appointed three OF rrIIE nEBJ LLION. 365 "thousand 111en to be ready on the borders of "France, to be transported out of Flanders, and " thirty thousand pistoles to he disposed of by the " king to advance that expedition." Sir Harry Ben- net had sent fron1 1\1 adrid a copy of the Spanish orders to the o1arquis of Carracena; by which he ,vas not (as he had told the king) to add three thou- sand Blen to the king's troops, hut to nlake those \vhich his Inajesty had anlount to the nUlnber of three thousand. But that which ,vas strangest, thp king Hlust be obliged to eOlhark then1 in France. The lllen the cardinal ,v'ollld provide lnust be em- barked in Flanders; and they "rho ,vere to be sup- plied hy Spain 111Ust be enlbarked in France. So that, by these t,vo specious pretences and proffers, the king could only discern, that they \vere both afraid of offending England, and ,vould offer no- thing of \vhich his Inajesty could 111ake any use, be- fore they Inight take such a prospect of what was like to COine to pass, that they olight ne,v form their couusels. And the lord Jerlnyn and 1\11'. l\Iountague had so little expectation of England, that they concurred both in opinion, that the duke of \-r ork should embrace the opportunity that ,vas offered fronl Spain; to \\Thich they Inade no doubt the queen \vould give her consent. I n this state of despair the king's condition was concluded to he, about the beginning of l\larch, old style, 1659 f : and though his ll1ajesty, and those fe\\' intrusted by him, had reason to believe that God ,vould be nlore propitious to hitn, frolll SOine great alterations in England; yet such imagination ,vas so looked upon as mere dotage, that the king thought f about the beginning of end of J\larch, 1660 'larch, old style, ) 659l at the BOOK XVI. 1659. 366 'rI-IE HISTORY BOO K not fit to COl1lnlUnicate the hopes he had, hut left all XVI. I L'. h nlen to cast a Jout lor t enlselves, till they \verp 1659. awakened and confounded by such a prodigious act of providence, as God hath scarce vouchsafed to any nation, since he led his o\vn chosen people through the Red sea. The affairs After the defeat of Booth and Middleton, and the of Eno-Iand k . , h II d d h I . after tlle Ing s opes so tota y estroye, t e par lament :: : ld thought of transporting the loyal falnilies into the Middleton. Barbadoes and Jamaica, and other plantations, lest they Inight hereafter produce in England children of their father's affections; and, by degrees, so to model their army that they (night never give theln more trouble. They had sent Lambert a thousand pounds to buy hilTI a je\vel ; which he elnployed bet- ter by besto\ving it anlong the officers, \vho Inight well deserve it of him. This bounty of his was The parlia- quickly kno\vn to the parliall1ent; \vhich concluded, ment grows h h . d d k . h h jealous of t at e lnten e to ma e a party In t e arlny, t at Lambert's should 11lore de p end U p on hinl than U p on them. army. And this put them in nlind of his forlner behaviour; and that it was by his advice, that they \vere first dissolved, and that he in truth had helped to lllake Cromwell protector, upon his pro1l1ise that he should succeed him; and that he fell froll1 him only be- cause he had frustrated hilll of that expectation. They therefore resolved to secure hinl fronl doing farther harln, as soon as he should COlne to the town. Lalllbert, instead of making haste to thein, found some delays in his Inarch, (as if all were not safe,) to seize upon the persons of delinquents. He \vas ,veIl inforlned of their good purposes to\vards him, and knew that the parliament intended to Inake a peace with all foreigners, and then to disband their OF 'rHE REBELI IO . SG7 arlny, except only sOlne fe,v regiments, ,vhich should BOO K XVI. consist only of persons at their o\vn devotion. He foresa,v \vhat his portion then ll1Ust be, and that all 1659. the ill he had done towards them \vould be remem- bered, and the good forgotten. He therefore con- trived a petition, \vhich \vas signed by the inferior officers of his army; in \vhich they desired the par- liament, "that they rnight be governed, as all armies he peti- . bon and " used to be, by a general, \vho n1Jght be anlongst proposals of d ffi d . h · Lambert's " them, an other 0 cers, accor lng o tell" qua- arm)'. " lities, subordinate to hinl." The address was en- titled, TIle hU1/zhle jJetitioll aJlll p'ro}Josals if the arlJIY u'Jl(ler the cO'lll1lllllld qf the 10I W ([ La1nbe 1 rt, i'Jl tIle late northern expe(lition. They made a large recapitulation of "the many " services they had done, which they thought were " forgotten; and that now lately they had preserved " theln from an enemy, \vhich, if they had been suf- " fered to grow, would, in a short time, have over- "run the kingdom: and engaged tIle nation in a "ne\v hloody war; to which too many men \vere " still inclined ;" and concluded with a desire, " that " they would COffilnit the arnlY to Fleetwood, as ge- " neral; and that they would appoint Lambert to " he major genera!." Fleet\vood was a weak man, but very popular \vith all the praying part of the army; a 111an, whonl the parliament ,vould have trusted, if they had not resolved to have no general, being as confident of his fidelity to them, as of any man's; and Lambert kne\v \vell he could govern him, as Crom,yell had done Fairfax, and then in the like manner lay hiln aside. This petition was sent by some trusty person to sOlne colonels of the army, in whom Lamb( rt had confidence, to the enù t.hat 368 'rHE I-IIS'rOUy BOO K they should deliver it to FJeet\vood, to he by hinl XVI. presented first to the council of officers, and after- 1659. wards to the parlialnent g. He resolved first to con- sult with SOJue of his friends for their advice; and This peti- so it caIne to the notice of Haslerig, ,vho Ílnmedi- tion disco- \"ered to ately infornied the parlial11ent " of a rebellion gro,v- : l: ; "ing in the arnlY, \vhich, if not suppressed, ,vould quaints he " undo all the y had done." The y as the y \vere al- house wIth ' it. ways apt to take alarms of that kind, \vould not have the patience to expect the delivery of the pe- tition, but sent to Fleetwood for it. He ans\vered, he had only a copy, but that such officers, ,vhom he named, had the original. II The officers \vere pre- sently sent or, but could not be found till the after- noon; ,vhen they produced the petition. 'Vhere- upon the parlialllent, that they Inight discountenance and exclude any address of that kind, passed a vote, They pass a" that the having lllore general officers ,vas a thing ,.ote to ha\.e 110 more ge-" needless, chargeable, and dangerous to the COlll- ncraloffi- "lnonwealth." ccrs. This put the whole army into that distemper, that Lambert could wish it in; and brought the council of officers to meet again more avowedly, than they The council had done since the reviving of the parlianlent. They of officers d d . . . d upon this prepared an presente 1 a petItIon an representa- i :r::se- tion to the parliament; in which they gave them r presenta- man y g ood words and assured thenl of "their fide- tIon to the ' l'arliament. " lity towards thenl; but yet that they would so far "take care for their own preservation, that they g first to the council of offi- cers, and afterwards to the par- liament] to the par1iament h He answered, he had onlv a copy, but that such officer , whom he named, had the OrI- ginal.) fIe answered, he had it not, but that he harl delivered it to such an officer, whom he named. i and presenterl] Not in -'lIS. OF 'rIIE RRBEI I ION. 569 " \vould not he at the l11ercy of their enen1ies;" and H 00 K irnpIied, that they having no way forfeited their XVI. rights of freell1en, k had likewise privileges, \vhich I G59. they would not quit; I and then seconded the propo- sals of the northern brigade \vith nlore ,varluth, and desired, "that ,vhatever persons should for the fu- "ture groundlessly inforn1 the parlianlent against " thenl, creating jealousies, and casting scandalous "imputations upon them, nlay be hrought to exa- " nlination, justice, and condign punishn1ent. 1 " "fhe parliament, that was governed by Vane and Haslerig, (the heads of the republic party, though of very different natures and understandings,) found there \vould be no compounding this dispute arnica- bly, hut that one side n1ust be suppressed. They re- solved therefore to take a\vay all hope of subsistencp from the arnlY, if they should be inc]ined to make any alt{1ration in the government by force. I D order The parlia- thereunto they declared, "that it should be treason ; e\ ;ea- " in an y P erson ,vhatsoe\Ter to raise le\1 T Y and collect SOil to r ise " moneywlth- "Inoney, "" ithout consent in parlialllent." ':rhen ont co sent of I'arlta- they Blade void all acts for CUst01l1 and excise; and ment; rHl I h . h . I fì .. make ,'oul )y t IS t ere "ras nothIng e t to maIntaIn the arn1Y, all money except they ,,-ould prey upon the people, ,vhich could acts. not hold long. Next they cashiered Lanlbert, and 'I1 ey ca- . sluer Lall1- eIght other principal officers of the arlllY; \vith \yhon1 hert, and } .l'. b .. jght othe." t ley " ere DI0St offended, lor su scrdnng a letter to principal all the other forces desiring their concurrence ,, ith , c::: u ' the army in London, m and conferred their regiments . k having no way forfeitpd their rights of freem n,J Not in lU.",. 1 and then-condign punish- nwnt,] Not in iH8. YOJ.. VII. m for subscribing a letter to all the othl-'r forces rlesiring thpÌr concurrence \vith the army in London,] Not iu ,1-18. uh S70 1. I-IE 1-11 S'TORY BOOK and con1n1ands upon other persons, in whom they XVI. could confidp; and comn1itted. the ,,'"hole govern- 1659. mpnt of the army into the hands of seven corn mis- They m:t.lal1\"] VOl.. VII. but was reallv \\ So that. they though t he desired] And desired , much public conversation] any conversiltion \' en'eò the king] IS. add.'i: Ee BOOK XVI. 1660. 41H ']:'HE HISTORY BOO K to, or, for some time after, did he set one of the XVI. king's friends at liberty, though all the prisons "rere 1660. full of them; but, on the contrary, they were every day committed by the rump parlialTIent z; and ,vith them a it was guilt enough to be suspected but to wish for the king's restoration. As soon as the conference above mentioned was ended with the members of the parliament, they The sec1uð- who had been excluded fron1 the year 1648, re- ed memhers . . go to the paIred to the house on Feb. the 21st b, and wIthout bouse. a,ny interruption, which they had hitherto found, Their took their places; and being superior in number to : : hcre. the rest, they first repealed and abolished all the or- ders by which they had been excluded; then they provided for him who had so well provided for them, by renewing and enlarging the general's COlTI- mission, and revoking all other commissions \vhich had been granted to any to meddle with, or assign quarters to any part of the forces. They who had sat before, had put the whole n1i- litia of the kingdom into the hands of sectaries, per- sons generally C of no degree or quality, and noto- rious only for some new tenet in religion, and for some barbarity exercised upon the king's party. All these commissions were revoked, and the militia put under the government of the nobility and prin- cipal gentry throughout the kingdom; yet with this care and exception, that no person should be capable of being trusted in that province, who did not first declare under his hand, "that he did con- or indeed had he acquaintance with any such z by the rump parliament] Not in MS. a with them] Not in MS. b on Feb. the 2) st] Not in MS. c gene raIl y ] Not in iJlS. ()I THE JtEßEJ LIU . 4.1 !J ., tess, and acknowledge, that the \\Tar raised by thp HOOK " t\VO houses of parliament against the late king XVI. " was just, and lawful, until such tinle as force and I GGO. " violence was used upon the parlialllent in the year " 1648." In the last place, they raised an assessment of one l}undred thousand pounds by the month, for the ])ay- Jnent of the arn1Y, and defraying the puhIic expenses for six 1110nths, to ,vhich the ,vhole kingdolll ,vill- ingly sulnnitted; and the city of London, upon the credit and security of that act, advanced as n111ch ready money as they ,vere desired; and having thus far redressed ,,,hat ,vas past, anti provided as " ell as they could for the future, they issued out ,vrits They issut" . writs for ft to call a parhalnent, to nleet upon the five and t\\Ten- new pnrlia- tieth day of April next ensuing, (being April 1660,) ::;: tl;ealld and then on the sixteenth or seventeenth da y ofthemseh' s, , and nppPJIlt 1\1arch, after they had appointed a council of state. a.newcoun- . (:11 of date. of ,vlnch there ",rere many sober and honest gentle- Incn, ,,'ho did not "'ish the king ill, they dissolved that present parlianlent, against all the Ï1nportuni- ties used by the sectaries, (\\Tho in luultitudes flocked together, and Inade addresses in the nalne of their party in the city of London d, that they ,,-ouId not dissolve thelnselves,) but to the unspeakable joy of nIl the rest of the kingdo111; ,vho, not\\rithstandinp: their ,"err different affections. expectations. and de- !'igns, were unanirnous in their "Teariness Rnd dete - tation of the long parliament. "Then the king, \vho had rather an imagination, Tbe king' th ' l\/r k affairs at an an expectatIon. that the march of general J.uon Brusselø to London with his arn1 Y mityht } )roduce sonle altera- if t .urin g tbill M Imp, . d in tl c name of their party name of tIll' ('it\' of Lot1flnn 111 thE> (,1ty of Lonr1onJ in the r-:e 4 O '1" I--IE II IS 'fU R Y BOO K tion that might be useful to hinl, heard of his entire XVI. su hmission to the parliament, and of his entering 1660. the city, and disarn1Ïng it, the commitment of the principal citizens, and breaking their gates and port- cullises, all the little relllainder of his hopes ,vas ex- tinguished, and he had nothing left before his eyes but a perpetual exile, attended with all those dis- comforts, whereof he had too long experience. and which, he must now expect, would be improved with the ,vorst circumstances of neglect, which use to wait upon that condition. A greater consterna- tion and dejection of mind cannot be imagined than at that time covered the small court e of the king; but God did not suffer him long to be \vrapped up in that melancholic cloud. As the general's second march into the city was within two or three days f after his first, and dispelled the nlists and fogs ,vhich the other had raised, so the very evening of that The king day which had brought the news of the first in the hears on the . b h l . k . h .. same day of mornIng, roug t I eWlse an account to IS majesty : l: e of of the second, ,vith all the circunlstances of bells, he general and bonfires and burnin g of rum p s and such other mto the' , city. additio.ns; as lllight reasónably be true, and \vhich a wilJing relator would not omit. 'Vhen it begun to be dark, the lord nlarquis of Ormond brought a young man with hin1 to the chancellor's lodging at Brussels; which was under the king's bedchamber, and to which his majesty every day vouchsafed to come for the despatch of any business. The marquis said no nlore but "that " that man had forlllerly been an officer under him, " and he believed he was an honest man; besides. small court] whole court the very next day f within two or three days] OF 'ïHE REBELLION. 4 1 " that he brought a line or two of credit fronI a per- "son they ,vould both believe; but that his dis- "course ,vas so strange and extravagant, that he " kne\v not ,, hat to think of it; ho\vever, he would " call the king to judge;" and so ,vent out of the room, leaving the Inan there, and iplluediately re- turned \\Tith the king. 'The man's name ,vas Baily; ,vho had lived 1110St in Ireland, and had served there as a foot-officer under the marquis. He looked as if he had drank much, or slept little: his relation ,vas, "that in the "afternoon of such a day, he ,vas with sir J ohl1 " Stephens in Lambeth house, used then as a prison " for many of the king's friends; where, whilst they " \\Tere in conference together, news was brought " into the house by several persons, that the general h \vas n1arched ,vith his whole arnlY into the city, " (it being ,vithin two or three days g after he had " been there, and broke do\vn their gates, and pulled " down their posts,) and that he had a conference h \vith the Inayor and aldermen; which was no " sooner ended, but that all the city bells rang out; " and he heard the bells very plain at Lambeth: U and that he stayed there so late, till they saw the " bonfires burning and flaming in the city: upon " which sir John Stephens had desired him, that he "would imlnediately cross the river, and go into " London, and inquire "'hat the matter \vas; and " if he found any thing extraordinary in it, that he " would take post, and make all possible haste tu " Brussels, that the king n1ight hp infornled of it; h and so gave hin1 a short note in \vriting to the g within two or three da)"s] the \'cry I1c t day Ee3 BOOK XVI. ) 660. HUUK XVI. ) 660. i Q r II E II I ::5'f 0 It Y " 111arquis of Ol'1110nd, that he n1ight believe all that " the rnessenger \vould inform him: that thereupon " he went over the river, walked through Cheap- -, side, sa,v the bonfires, and the king's health drank ., in severa] places, heard all that the general had .., done, and brought a copy of the letter \vhich the " general had sent to the parlialnent, at the tin1e " when he returned \vith his arlllY into the city; " and then told lnany things, which \"ere," he said, " publicly spoken, concerning sending for the king: " that then he took post for Dover, and hired a bark " that brought hiIn to Ostend." The time ,vas so short from the hour he left Lon- don, that the expedition of his journey was incredi- ble; nor could any man undertake to come frolH thence in so short a tÍIne, upon the most in1portaut affair, and for the greatest reward. I t was evident by ll1any pauses and hesitations in his discourse, and sonle repetitions, that the man was not cOlnposed, and at best wanted sleep; yet his relation could not he a lnere fiction and hnagination. Sir John Ste- })hens was a man well kno,vn to his nlajesty, and the other t,vo; and had been sent over lately by the king, with some advice to his friends; and it was well known, that he had been apprehended at his landing, and ,vas sent prisoner to Lambeth house. And though he had not mentioned in his note any particulars, yet he had given him credit, and nothing hut the man's own devotion to the king could reasonably tenlpt him to undertake so hazardous and chargeable a journey. Then the ge- neral's letter to the !)arlian1ent was of the highest mOlllent, and 110t like to be feigncd; and upon the ,vhole Blatter, the king thought he had argun1ent O ' 'l'HE REBELLION. 4 3 to raise his o\vn spirits, and that he should do but justly in communicating his intelligence to his dis- pirited faluily and servants; ,vho, upon the ne\vs thereof, were revived proportionably to the despair they had swallo,ved; and, according to the temper of men who had lain under long disconsolation, thought all their sufferings over; and laid in a stock of such vast hopes, as ,vould be very hard for any success to procure satisfaction for. h But the king, \vho thanked God for this new da,vning of hope, and wa 111uch refreshed with this unexpected alteration, was yet restrained from any confidence that this would produce any such revo- lution as would be sufficient to do his \vork, to\vards which he saw cause enough to despair of assistance from any foreign power. The most that he could collect fronl the general's letter, besides the suppress- ing the present tyranny of the runlp i parliaillent, \\'as, that, possibly, at last k the excluded members n1Ïght he again adn1Îtted, and, it Juay be, able to govel'n that council. And even this administered no solid ground of C01l1fort or confidence to his nla- jesty. Several of those excluded Inembers had not been true menlbers of parlian1ent, but elected, after the end of the ,val', into their places who had been expelled for adht. ring to the king; and so they had no title to sit there, but what the counterfeit great seal had given thenl, \vithout and against the king's authority. It ,vas thought these men, with others who had been lawfully chosen, were willing, and h uch vast hOl-'es, as tvould be very hard for any success to procure satisfaction. for.] such unreasonable presumption, that ))0 succe s could proeurc sat is- faction for. i rump] Not in iUS. k possibly, at last] Not tn lU .'-;. E c .i BOOK XVI. 1660. BOOK XVI. 1660. 4 4 '!'HE IIISrrORY desirous, that the concessions made by the late king at the Isle of'Vight might be accepted; which in truth did, with the preservation of the name and life of the king, near as much establish a republican government, as ,vas settled after his Inurder; and because they ,vould insist upon that, they ,vere, ,vith those circumstances of force and violence, ,vhich are fórmerly mentioned, excluded from the house; without which that horrid villainy could never have been comlTIitted. Now what could the king reasonably expect fro1l1 these 111en's readnlission into the governtnent, but that they ,vould reSU111e their old conclusions, and press hin1 to consent to his father's concessions? which his late majesty yielded to with lTIuch less cheerfulness, than he walked to the scaffold; though it ,vas upon the promise of ll1any po,verful 111en then in the parlian1ent, "that he should not be obliged " to accomplish that agreelnent." 'l"hese revolvings wrought luuch upon his ll1ajesty, though he thought it necessary to appear pleased ,vith ,vhat he had heard, and to expect nluch greater things fron1 it; which yet he knew not how to contribute to, till he should receive a farther account from London of the revolutions there. Indeed, when all his majesty had heard before was confirmed by several expresses, who passed with much freedom, and ,vere every day sent by his friends, who had recovered their courage to the full, and discerned that these excluded members \vere l)rincipally admitted to prepare for the calling H new parliament, and to be sure to Inake the dis- solution of this unquestionable and certain, the king recovered his hopes again; ,vhich ',vere every day OF 'l'HE REBELLION. 4 5 increased by the addresses of many lnen, who had BOOK h . d XVI. never before applied thelnselves to 1m; an many h . h . . t ' b t . d ] 1660. sent to 1m lor IS males Y s appro a Ion an eave I , any now to serve and sit in the next parlianlent. And froln appJy_ to the kmg. the tilne that the parlialuent was dissolved, the The council . 1 f b h d th I . . 11 t of state's COUnCl 0 state eave elnse ves very CIVI y 0- kind Le- \vards his nlaiest J T's friends, and released Inany Ofhaviour 1 now to t Ie them out of prison: particularly Annesley, when ki,ng's . fnends. president of the councIl, was very \vell contented that the king should receive particular information of his devotion, and of his resolution to do him ser- vice; \vhich he manifested in many particulars of Ï1nportance, and had the courage to receive a let.ter from his majesty, and returned a dutiful answer to it: all \vhich had a very good aspect, and seenled to pronlise lunch good. Yet the king knew not what to think of the general's paper, \vhich he had delivered at his conference with the lllenlbers; for which he could seem to have I no temptation, but his violent affection to a cornnlonwealth. Few or none of his nlajesty's friends could find any means of addre s to him; yet they did believe, and were nauch the better for believing it, that the king had ome secret correspondence \vith hinl. And SOlne of thelll sent to the king, "of "That inlportance it " would be, that he gave thelll some credit, or means " of access to the general, by \vhich they Inight re- " cei ve his order and direction in such things as oc- " curred on the sudden, and tbat tIley might be sure " to do nothing that lllight cross any purpose of his." To \vhich the king returned no otber ans\ver, "hut " that they should have patience, and Inake no at- I could seem to have] could have BOOK XVI. J 660. 4 6 1'JIE HIsrrOR'Y "telnpt whatsoever; and that in due titne they "should receive all advertisements necessary;" it being not thought fit to disclain1 haying intelligence ,vith, or hopes o the general; since it was very evi- dent, that the received opinion, that he did design to serve the king, or that he ,vould be at last obliged to do it, "rhether he designed to do it or no, did really as much contribute to the advancement of his lna- jesty's service, as if he had dedicated hilnseJf to it. And the assurance, that the other party thought they had In, that he had no such intention, hindered those obstructions, jealousies, and interruptions, ,vhich very probably might hay'e lessened his credit with his own arIny, or united all the rest of the forces against him. There happened likewise at this time a business n that very much trou hIed the king, and Inight very probably have destroyed all the hopes that began to flatter him. Upon the dissolution of the parliament, which put an end to all the po,ver and authority of those who had been the chief instruillents of all the 1110nstrous things which had been done, the highest despair seized upon all ,\\rho had been the late king's judges; ,vho ,vere sure to find as hard Ineasure fro111 the secluded Inen1uers, as they ,vere to expect if the king hÏ1nself had heen restored. A d all they who had afterwards concurred with then1, and exercised the same power, who were called the run1p, believed their ruin and destruction to be certain, and at hand. And therefore they contrived all the ways they could to preserve then1selves, and to prevent the aSSCll1- m that the other party thought t hey had] that other men had 11 a busi ness] a Ì1 acciden t O ., 'rH:E IlEB:ELLI() . 427 bling a new parliament; which if they could inter- B U 0 K 1 XVI. rupt, they made no doubt but the rump mem Jers would again resunle the government, notwithstanding 1660. their dissolution by the power of the secluded mem- bel's; who would then pay dear for their presulllp- tion and intrusion. To this purpose, they employed their agents amongst the officers and soldiers of the army, who had been disgracefully relTIoved frolTI their quarters in the Strand, and 'Vestminster, and the parts adjacent to London, to make room for general l\rIonk's army; \\Thich \vas no,v looked upon as the sole confiding part of the arlny. And they inflanled these lnen ", ith the sense of their own desperate condition; who, having served throughout the war, should, be- sides the loss of all the arrears of pay due to them, be no\v offered as a sacrifice to the cavaliers, \VhOll1 they had conquered, and who, they supposed, 0 \vere iInplacahly incensed against thenl. Nor did they olnit to Inake the sanle infusions into the soldiers of generall\lonk's army, ,vho had all the saIne title to the san1e fears and apprehensions. And when their Ininds \vere thus prepared, ann. ready to declare upon the first opportunity, LalTIbert Illade his escape out of Lambert's t} rp h . h .. II I escape out Ie o\ver ; IS party aVlng In a p aces so nlany of the of their cOJnbh}ation, that they could conlpass their Tower. designs of that kind whenever they thought fit; though the general had as great a jealousy of this ulan's escape, as uf any thing that could fall out to supplant hinl. And therefore, it lTIay be presulned, he took all possihle care to prevent it: and they ,vho then had command of the place were notoriously f} they suppo ed,] lVut in 1118. BOOK XVI. ) 660. 4 8 'l'HE HI S'I'{)ll Y kno,\\Tn neither to love Lalnbert's person, nor to fa- vour his designs. This escape of Lalnbert in such a conjuncture, the most perilous that it could fall out in, put the general, and the council of state, into a great agony. They kne\v well ,vhat poison had been scattered about the army, and ,vhat impression it had made in the sol- diers. Lambert ,vas the ITIOst popular lllan, and had the greatest influence upon them. And though they had lately deserted him, they had sufficiently pub- lished their remorse, and their detestation of those who had seduced and cozened them. So that there ,vas little doubt to be made, no,v he was at liberty, but that they would flock and resort to hiln, as soon as they should kno,v where to find hinl. On the other hand, no sn1all danger ,vas threatened from the very dra\ving the army together to a rendezvous in order to prosecute and oppose hiln, no Ulan being able to make a judgment \vhat they ,vould choose to do in such a conjuncture, ,vhen they were so full of jealousy and dissatisfaction. And it may very rea- sonably be believed, that if he had, after he found himself at liberty, lain concealed, till he had digested the method he Ineant to proceed in, and procured some place to which the troops Inight resort to de- clare with him, when he should appear, (\\Thich had been very easy then for him to have done,.) he would have gone near to have shaken at least p the model the general had made. But either through the fear of his security, and being betrayed into the hands of his enemies, (as all kind of treachery was at that tin1e very active; of ]) hakeil at least] shahen and dissolved ()l 'rHE REHELl..I() . 429 which he had experience,) or the presulnption, that 1300K . XVI. the arn1Y would obey hitn upon hIS first call, and that, if he could dra\va small part to him, the rest 1660. would never appear against hinl; he precipitated himself to make an attempt, before he was ready for it, or it for him; and so put it into his enemy's po,ver to disappoint and control all his designs. He stayed not at all in London, as it was his interest to have done q, but hastened into the country; and trusting a gentlernan in Buckinghamshire, ,vhorn hp thought himself sure of, the general had quickly no- tice in what quarter he \vas: yet, with great expe- dition, Lambert dre\v four troops of the arnlY to He draws h . . } h . h h h d h four troops 1m, WIt 1 w IC eat e courage to appear near of the arm,. D t . N th t h . ,.. t ')., !". r to him near aven ry In or amp ons lIe, a coun I} lanlous Daventry. for disaffection to the king, and for adhering to the pariiaillent; ,vhere he presluned he should be at- tended by other parts of the a1'n1Y, before it should be knonrn at "Thitehall \vhere he \vas, and that any forces could be ðent from thence against hinl: of which, he doubted not, Froln his Jllany friends, he should have seasonable notice. Hut the general, upon his first secret intimation of his being in Buckinghamshire, and of the course he n1eant to take, had COlnl11itted it to the charge and care The gene- ral sends of colonel Ingoldsby, (\\7ho \vas ,veIl known to be yery Ingolrlsby . 11 ' d . against him \VI 109 an desIrous to take revenge upon Lamuert, with his for his luaIice to Oliver and Richard, and the affront o\Vn t regi , men , anu he had himself received fro 111 him, ) to attend and budy of toot under \vatch all his 1110tions with his o'vn regiment of horse; olonel h . h . Streater. 'v IC ,vas the nlore faIthful to hÏ1n for having been fj as it was his interest to have clone] as he ought to ha\'e done I f:l.motls] infamously famous 130 rrlIE IIIS1"OI{ Y BOOK before seduced by Lanlbert to desert hinl. Ingoldshy.. XVI. being joined \vith a good body of foot under colonel 1660. Streater,s used so llluch diligence in \vaiting upon Lalnbert's lTIotion, before he ,vas suspected to be 80 near, that one of Lalnbert's four captains fell into the hands of his forlorn hope; ,,'ho nlade hinl pri- soner, and brought hinl to their colonel. The cap- tain was very well kno,vn to Ingoldsby; who, after some conference with Jlinl, gave hinl his liberty, upon his pronlise, "that he would hÏ1nself retire to "his house, and send his troop to obey his conl- One of " Inands;" which prolnise he observed; and the next Lambert's troops re- day his troop, under his cornet and quarterlnaster, volts to In- I ld b d . L'. d } · } L goldsby: CalTIe to ngo s y, an 11110rlne urn \V lere an1- bert ,vas. He thereupon nlade haste, and ,vas in his vie\v, before the other had notice that he \vas pursued by hÌ1n. Laillbert, surprised \vith this discovery, and find- ing that one of his troops had forsaken hiln, saw his enel11Y nluch superior to hiln in nunlber; and there- fore sent to desire that they might treat together; which the other was content to do. Lalnbert pro- posed to him, "tbat they Inight restore Richard to " be protector;" and prol11ised to unite all his credit to the support of that interest. But Ingoldsby (be- sides that he well understood the folly and in1possi.. bility of that undertaking) had devoted hilnself to a better interest; and adhered to the general, because he presumed that he did intend to serve the king, And au- and so rejected this overture. 'Vhereupon both other 8)50. parties prepared to fight, \"hen another of Lalllbert's troops forsaking hiul, and putting thelnselves under S being joined with a good St..eater,] .lVO in 111.'. body of foot under colonel o I '[' H E It Ell ELI. 10 !\. -1-31 his enen1Y, he concluded, that his safety \vould de- H 00 K pend upon his flight; \vhich he thought to secure XVI. b y the swiftness of his horse. But lngoldsby keep- J 6 b 60. Lam ert inO" his eye still upon him, and ùeing as ,vell horsed, and his, b . .. party (lIs- overtook him, and made hIm hIS prIsoner, after he persed. had in vain used great and much importunity to ;:d hi 01, that he would perlnit him to escape. taken. "Tith hin1 \\Tere taken Cobbet t, Creed, and son1e other officers of the greatest interest with the fanatic part of the army, and ,vho were n10st apprehended by the general, in a tÏJne ,vhen all the ways ,vere full of soldiers endeavouring to repair to then1: so that, if they had not been crushed in that instant, they would, in very few days, have appeared very formidable. Ingoldsby returned to London, and brought his prisoners to the privy council; ,vho com- 111itted Lambert again to the Tower \vith a stricter charge, with SOlne other of the officers; and sent the rest to other prisons. 1'his very seasonable victory looked to all men as a happy 0111en to the succeed- ing parlian1ent; \vhich ,vas to asselnhle soon after 11 the prisoners were brought before the council; and \\rould not have appeared with the saine cheerful- ness, if Lamùert had remained still in arms, or, in tru th, if he had been still at Ii hert y . x In this short interval between the return of the secluded 111en1bers, and the convention of the ne,v t Cobbet] Oakes, Axtell, Cob- bet 11 soon after] the next day after . x In this short interval-with moòeration.] Titus in. iJ'lS.: in this interval between the disso- lution of the last and conven- tion of the new parliament, tlH.' council of state òid many pru- dent actions, which were good presages that the future coun- sels w-:-->uld proceed with mode- ration. They released &c. as ill pagp -132. line G. , 4 Q 'r liE !-1 IS l'OR Y B () 0 K parlianlent, nlany prudent actions and alterations XVI. (besides what have been already Inentioned) ,vere rl I660 1 = begun by that parlialnent, before it \vas dissolved, le par la- ment's and and finished after\vards by the council of state; council of state's pru. which were good presages, that tbe future councils : ':s c- would proceed ,vith moderation. They released Before b he sir George Booth froln his iUlprisonlnent, that he aSSl'm hng of t le new might be elected to sit in the ensuing parlialnent, parhament . they release as he shortly after \vas; and they set at hberty all sir George h h h d b . d dh . h . Booth, &c. t ose W 0 a een comol1tte lor a enng to Inl. Those of the king's party who had sheltered them- selves in obscurity, appeared no,v abroad, and con- versed without control; and 1\11'. l\lordaunt, who ,vas known to be entirely trusted by the king, \valk- ed into all places with freedo111; and Inany of thp council, and S0l11e officers of the arlny, as Ingoldsby and Huntington, &c. made, through hÏ111, tender of their services to the king. They reform But that which seemed of 11108t irnportance, ,vas the navy by making the reforlnation they made in the navy; which \vas Monk and f · f h l\Iountague full 0 sectarIes, and under tbe governnlent 0 t ose -uJrnirals. who of all men \vere declared the nlost republican. The present fleet prepared for the SUOll11er service was under the COnl111and of vice-admiral La\vson; an exceUent seaman, but tben a notorious anabap- tist; ,vho had filled the fleet ",-ith officers and mari- ners of the same principles. And they well re01eOl- bered, how he had lately besieged the city; and, by the po\ver of his fleet, given that turn \vhich helped to ruin the comlnittee of safety, and restore the rump parliament to the exercise of their jurisdic- tion; for which he stood high in reputation \vith an that party. The parlianlent resolved, though they thought it not fit or safe to renlOVP J a,vson, yet so OF TIlE REnELl.IO . 133 far to eclipse hinl, that he should not have it so ah- ß 00"- solutely in his power to control thein, as he had XVI. ùone the COlllDlittee of safety Y. In order to this 16GO. they concluded, that they would call l\lountague, \vho had laiD privately in his own house, under a cloud, and jealousy of being inclined too l1luch to the king, and nlade hÎIn and the general (\vho \vas not to be left out in any thing) joint adnlirals of the fleet; whereby l\lountague only would go to sea, and have the ships under his command; by which he nlight take care for good officers, and seamen, for such other ships as they meant to add to the fleet, and \vould be able to observe, if not reform the rest. l\lountague sent privately over to the king for his approbation, before he would accept the charge; ,vhich being speedily sent to hinl, he caDle to Lon- don, and entered into that joint CODllnand with the general; and itnmediately applied hhnself to put the fleet into so good order, that he nlight cOlllfortably serve in it. Since there was no lnan who betook hitnself to his Inajesty's service with In ore generosity than this gentleolan, it is fit in this place to enlarge concerning hinl, and the correspondence which he held with the king. J\Iountague was of a noble family, of which some An account h dd . d . .. I .. of admiral were too lnllC a Icte to InnovatIons In re Iglon,1\Iountague. and, in the beginning of the troubles, appeared again t the king; though his father, "rho had been 10ng a servant to the crown, never could be pre- vailed upon to swerve froln his allegiance, and took all thp care he could to restrain this his only son ,vithin those linlits: but being young, and nlore out Y as he had done the committee of safety] Not in ftlS. VOL. VII. F f BOOK XVI. 1660. -134- 'TH:E HI S'l'OR '- of his father's control by being married into a fa- mily, which, at that time, also trod awry, he was so far wrought upon by the caresses of Crolnwell, that, out of pure affection to hin1, he was persuaded to take command in" the army, \vhen it was new mo- delled under Fairfax, and \vhen he ,vas little more than t\venty years of age. He served in that arn1Y in the condition of a colonel to the end of the \var, \vith the reputation of a very stout and sober young lllan. And from that titne Cron1\vell, to whorn he passionately adhered, took hinl into his nearest con- fidence, and sent hin1, first, joined in c0111mission \vith Blake; and then, in the sole command z by sea; in which he was discreet and successful. And though Inen looked upon him as devoted to Crom\vell's in- terest, in all other respects he behaved himself \vith civility to all men, and \vithout the least sho\v of acrimony towards any who had served the king; and was so ll1uch in love \vith monarchy, that he was one of those \vho most desired and advised Crom\vell to accept and assume that title, when it was offered to hilD by his parliament. He "Tas de- signed bJ hinl to command the fleet that ,vas to llle- diate, as was pretended, in the Sound, between the two kings of Sweden and Denmark; but was, in truth, to hinder the Dutch from assisting the Dane against the S\vede; \vith whom Oliver ,vas engaged in an inseparable alliance. He ,vas upon this expe- dition, when Richard \vas scornfully thrown out of the protectorship; and was afterwards joined (for they knew not how to leave hin1 out, whilst be had that comnland) with Algernon Sidney, and the other 7 sole command] sole commanrl of seven"l exped11 ion OF 'rHI Rl' BELI IOX. t 5 plenipotentiaries which the rump parlialnent sent to reconcile those crowns. As soon as Richard was so cast down, the king thought Mountague's relations and obligations were at an end, and ,vas advised by those who knew him, to invite him to his service. There accompanied him at that time Edward Mountague, the eldest son of the lord l\iountague of Boughton, and his near kinslnan; ,vith ,vhom he had a particular friendship. This gentleman ,vas not unkno\vn to the king, and very well known to the chancellor, to have good affections and resolutions; and one ,vho, by the correspondence that ,vas be- tween them, he kne,v, had undertaken that unplea- sant voyage, only to dispose his cousin to lay hold of the first opportunity to serve his majesty. At this time sir George Booth appeared, and all those designs were laid, ,vhich, it was reasonably hoped, ,vould en- gage the whole kingdom against that odious part of the parliament which was then possessed of the go- vernment. And it was no,v thought a very seasonable conjuncture to make an experilnent, ,vhether lVloun- tague with his fleet would declare for the king. The chancellor thereupon prepared such a letter in his o,vn name, as his majesty thought proper, to invite him to that resolution, fr0l11 the distraction of the times, and the deternlination of all those motives \vhich had in his youth first provoked him to the engagements he had been in. He infornled him of " sir George Booth's being possessed of Chester, and " in the head of an army; and that his majesty was " assured of many other places; and of a general "colnbination between persons of the greatest iu- " terest, to declare for the king; and that, if he " would bring his fleet upon the coast, his lnajesty, ' f 2 BOOK XVI. 1660. 436 'I'll E HI 8'}'0 It Y BOOK" or the duke of York, would ilnmediatel y be on XVL " board with him." This letter \vas enclosed in an- 1660. other to Ed\vard IVlountague, to be by him delivered, or not delivered, as he thought fit; and committed to the care of an express, who was then thought not to he without some credit with the admiral himself; \vhich did not prove true. Ho"rever, the messenger ,vas diligent in prosecuting his voyage, and arrived safely at Copenhagen, (where the fleet lay; and where all the plenipotentiaries from the parliament then were,) and without difficulty found opportunity to deliver his letter to the person to whom it was directed; ,vho, the same night, delivered the other to his cousin. He received it cheerfully, and was well pleased with the hopes of sudden revolutions in England. They \vere both of thelTI puzzled how t behave themselves towards the lnessenger, who was not ac- ceptable to theln heing very \vell known to the fleet, where though he had had good COlTIlnand, he had no credit; and had appeared so publicly, by the folly of good fello\vship, that the admiral, and lTIany others, had seen hinl and taken notice of hiol, before he kne\v that he brought any letter for him. The con- clusion was, that he should without delay he sent a\vay, without speaking with the aduliral, or know- ing that he knew any thing of his errand. But Ed- \vard l\lountague writ such a letter to the chan- cellor, as was evidencp enough that his majesty \vould not be disappointed in his expectation of any service that the admiral could perfornl for hiIn. 'Vith this answer the messenger returned to Brus- sels, where there was a great alteration from the tilne he had left it. OF 'l HE REBELLION. 4.37 'Vithin few days after this Inessenger's \vithdraw- ing from Copenhagen, of whose being there the ple- nipotentiaries were so jealous, that they had resolved to require of the king of Denn1ark, that he might be committed to prison, adn1iral Mountague declared, " that he should not be able to stay longer there for " the want of victual; of ,vhich he had not more " than would serve to carry him hOllie; and there- "fore desired, that they ,vould press both kings, " and the Dutch plenipotentiaries, to finish the ne- "gociation." By this tiole the news of the con1IDO- tions a in England made a great noise, and were re- ported, according to the affections of the persons ,vho sent letters thither, more to the king's advantage than there was reason for; and the other plenipoten- tiaries caine to know, that the man, of \Vh0111 they were so jealous, had privately spoken \vith Ed\vard l\lountague; who was very well kno\vn, and very ill thought of by thenl. And from thence they con- cluded, that the adn1iral, who had never pleased theIn, was no stranger to that negociation ; in \vhich jcalousy they \vere quickly confirnled, \vhen they saw hin1 \vith his fleet under sail, Inaking his course for England, ,vithout giving therl1 any notice, or taking lIÏs leave of thelll; which if he had done, they had secret authority froul their c0l11ing thither (upon the general apprehension of his inclination) to have se- cured his person on board his O\Vll ship, and to have disposed of the governnlent of the fleet; of \v hich heing thus prevented, they could do no lliore than Bcnd expre:sscs over land, to acquaint the parlÏalnent of his departure, with all the aggravation of his ;\ commotions] revolutions }1 f' BOOK XVI. 1660. BOOK XVI. 1660. 438 '"rHE HIS'rORY pride, presumption, and infidelity, ,vhich the bitter- ness of their nature and wit could suggest to thelTI. "Then the fleet arrived near the coast of Eng- land, they found sir George Booth defeated, and all persons ,vho pretended any affection for the king so totally crushed, and the rump parliament in so full exercise of its tyrannical power, that the adnliral had nothing to do but to justify his return " hy his " scarcity of victual, which must have failed, if he " had stayed till the winter had shut him up in the " Sound;" and his return was resolved upon the joint advice of the flag-officers of the fleet; there being not a man' but his cousin, ,vho knew any other reason of his return, or was privy to his pur- poses. So that, as soon as he had presented himself to the parliament, and laid down his command, they deferred the exalnination of the whole matter, upon the complaints which they had received from their commissioners, till they could be at more leisure. For it was then about the time that they gre,v jea- lous of Lambert; so that Mountague went quietly into the country, and remained neglected and for- gotten, till those revolutions were over which were produced by Lan1bert's invasion upon the parlia- ment, and general Monk's march into England, and till near the tÏ1ne that the name and title of that parliament was totally abolished and extinguished; and then the secluded members being restored b, called C him to resun1e the command of the fleet; which he accepted in the manner aforesaid. This, together with the other good symptoms in the state, raised his majesty's hopes and expectation h the secluded members be- c called) the council of :,tate ing restored] Not in .JJIS. called O ' TI-I:E REBELl ION. 4:39 higher than ever, if it had not been an unpleasant BOO K allay, that in so great an alteration, and application XVI. of lItany \vho had been enlinently averse froln his ] 660. majesty, of the general, \vho only could put an end to all his doubts, there was alfunt sileJltiul1l; no persons trusted by his Inajesty could approach hinl, nor was any \vord kno\vn to fall d from hin1 that could encourage then1 to go to hÎln, though they still preslllned that he Ineant \vell. The general \vas weary and perplexed \vith his The ene- . . ral's coun. un\vleldy burden, yet kne\v not how to nlake It sels at this lighter by conllnunication. He spent lunch tÏ1ne in time. consultation \vith persons of every interest, the king's party only excepted; \vith \VhOl1l he held no conference; though he found, in his every day's dis- courses in the city, ,vith those \\yho ,v ere thought to be presbyterians, and \vith other persons of quality and consideration, that the people did generally ,vish for the king, and that they did believe, there could be no fir111 and settled peace in the nation, that did not comprehend his interest, and conlpose the prejudice that \\Tas against his party. But then there nlust be strict conditions to \vhich he l11ust be bound, ,vhich it should not be in his lnajesty's po\ver to break; and ,vhich Inight not only secure all \vho had borne arlllS against hilu, but such 'v ho had purchased the lands of the CrO\Vll, or of bishops, or of delinquents; and nobody spoke nlore favour- ablye, than for the confirluing all that had been of- fered by his father in the Isle of'Vight. "Thether hy invitation, or upon his o\vn desire, He had a conference he ,va present at Northuluberland-house in a con- with divers at I\orth- um berland- hOUiC. d nor was any word known to fall] nor did a y word fall e f LVourably] moderately }'f 4 BOOK XVI. 1660. 440 THE HISrrORY Ference with that earl, the earl of 1\1anchester, and other lords, and likewise with Hollis, sir'Villiam Waller, Lewis, and other eminent persons, who had a trust and confidence in each other, and who were looked upon as the heads and governors of the moderate presbyterian party; who, most of theIn, would have been contented f, their own security be- ing provided for, that the king should be restored to his fulll'ights, and the church to its possessions. In this conference, the king's restoration ,vas proposed in direct terms, as absolutely necessary to the peace of the kingdolll, and for the satisfaction of the people; and the question seemed only to be, upon what terlns they should adlnit him: some proposing more moderate, others nlore severe conditions. In this ,vhole debate, the general insisted upon the 11108t rigid propositions; which he pressed in such a luanner, that tbe lords gre\v jealous that he had such an aversion fronl restoring the king, that it would not be safe for then1 then to prosecute that advice; and therefore it ,vere best to acquiesce till the parliament met, and that they could Inake some judgment of the ten1per of it. And the general, though he consulted with those of every faction with Inuch freedonl, yet was by nlany g then thought to have most fanliliarity, and to converse Inost frecly, with sir Arthur Haslerig, who was irreconcileable to monarchy, and looked upon as the chief of that rc- publican party, which desired not to preserve any face of government in the church, or uniforlnity in the public exercisc of religion. rrhis Inade the lords, and all others, viho ,vere of different affections, very f contented] very glad g by many] Not in MS. O:F 'l'HE REBELLION. 44.1 wary in their discourses \vith the general, and jea- ßO 0 K lous of his inclinations. XVI. There \vas, at this tin1e, in n1uch conversation ] 660. . He consults and trust wIth the general, a gentlen1an of Devon- with Mr. h . f .L'. · d . M W . l l\Iurrice SIre, 0 a laIr estate an reputatIon, one r. I - · lialTI l\iorrice, a person of a retired life, which he spent in study, being learned and of good parts; and he had been al\vays looked upon as a n1an far from any malice towards the king, if he had not good affections for hin1; \vhich they who knew him best, believed hin1 to have in a good n1easure. This gentlenlan ,vas allied to the general, and entirely trusted by hinl in the n1anagelnent of his estate in that country, where, by the death of his elder bro- ther \vithout heirs n1ale, he inherited a fair fortune. And I\lorrice, being chosen to serve in the next en- suing parlialnent, had n1ade haste to London, the hctter to observe how things were like to go. \Vith hÏIn the general consulted freely touching all his pcrplexities and oùservations; how " he found 1110st " men of quality and interest inclined to call in the " king, but upon such conditions "as must be very " ungrateful, if possible to be received;" and the London n1inisters talked already so loudly of them, that the covenant being ne\v printcd h, and, by or- der, fixed up i in all churches, they, in their ser- lnons, discoursed of the several ohligations in it, that, \vithout exposing thell1Se]ves to the danger of nalning the king, which yet they did not long for- Lear, every body understood, they thought it neces- sary the people should rcturn to their allcgiance. 11 that. thc covenant being ncw prmted] that they had cau::;cd the co\'cnant to b new prin teù i tìxerlup] and to be scerctly tìxed up BOOK XVI. 1660. 44 l' If L II I S 'r 0 u, Y That \vhich \vrought most upon the general, \vas the choice which \vas begun to be nlade k in all counties for n1embers to serve in parliament; very In3ny of them being kno\vn to be of singular affec.. tion to the king, and very fe\v \vho did not heartily abhor the lllurder of his father, and detest the go- vernment that succeeded: so that it was reasonably apprehended, that, \vhen they should once nleet, there would be warnlth anlong thenl, that could not be restrained or controlled; and they Inight take the business so much into their own hands, as to leave no part to hinl to merit of the king; from \VhOnl he had yet deserved nothing. lVlr. l\lorrice was not wanting to cultivate those conceptions with his information of the affections of the west, "where the king's restoration was," he said, "so iInpatiently longed for, that they had " lllade choice of few or no melnbers to serve for "Cornwall, or Devonshire, but such, \vho, they " \vere confident, would contribute all they could to " invite the king to return. And \vhen that subject " was once upon the stage, they \vho concurred \vith " Inost frankness \vould find most credit; and they " ,vho opposed it would be overborne with lasting "reproach." "\tVhen the general had reflected upon the whole matter, he resolved to advance that de- sign 1; and so consulted \vith his friend, ho\v he might man-age it in that lnanner, before the parlia- nlent should assemble, that 'v hat followed might be imputed to his counsels and contrivance. 'I'here was then in the to\vn a gentlelnan \vell k was begun to be made] saw he should not be able to was generally made] hinder ) that design] what he plainly Ol THE REBELLION. 443 known to be a servant of elninent trust to the king, BOOK sir John Greenvil, ,vho, frolll the time of the surren- XVI. del' of Scilly, had enjoyed his estate, and son1etimes ] 660. his liberty, though, under the jealousy of a disaf- fected person, often restrained. He had been privy to the sending to the general into Scotland the clergynlan, his brother; and was conversant \vith those \v ho \vere 1110St trusted by his majesty, and at this tin1e were taken notice of to have all intimacy with 1\11'. l\lordaunt; "rho lnost inlmediately corre- sponded ,vith Brussels. This gentleman was of a fan1ily to which the general was allied; and he had heen obliged to his father, sir Bevil Greenvil; \vho lost his )ife at the battle of Lansdown for the king, and by his \vill had recommended his lnuch impaired fortune, and his wife and children, to the care and counsel of his neighbour and friend, l\lr. Morrice; ,vho had executed the trust ,vith the utmost fidelity and friendship. The general was content, that sir John Greenvil Sir Joh ) h ld b I . h . ff: . d h M Greennl S au e truste( In t IS great a an", an t at r. introduced 1\1 . h Id b . h . I t I .. . to the ge- OrrICe S ou rIng nn secret y 0 urn In a prI- neral by vate lod g in g he had in St. James's. "Then he came l\.lr.l\Ior- nee. to hin}, after he had solenlnly conjured hilu to se- crecy, upon the peril of his life; he told hin}, " he " Incant to send hiln to the king; '\\'-ith whon1, he " presunled, he had credit enough to be believed "without any testimony; for he ,vas resolved not " to write to the king, nor to give hin1 any thing in " writing; but ,,'ished him to confer \vith lr.l\lor- " rice, and to take short n1emorials in his o,vn hand " of those particulars he should offer to hinl in dis- " course; which ,vhen he had done, he would hÍln- " self confer with him again at an hour he should .- 444 THE HISTORY BOO K "appoint." And so he retired hastily out of the XVI. room, as if he were jealous that other men would 1660. wonder at his absence. That which Mr. Morrice communicated to Green- vil, was, after he had enlarged upon" the perplexity " the general ,vas in, by the several hUlnours and " factions which prevailed, and that he durst not " trust any officer of his own arnlY, or any friend " but hhnself, with his own secret purposes;" he advised, " that the king should write a letter to the " general; in \vhich, after kind and gracious ex- " pressions, he should desire him to deliver the en- " closed letter and declaration to the parliament;" thc particular heads and materials for \v hich letter and declaration, l\lorrice discoursed to hin1; the end of which 'vas to satisfy all interests, and to conlply \vith every lllan's hU1110Ur, and indeed to suffer every ITlan to enjoy what he would. After sir John Greenvil had enough discoursed all particulars with hiln, and taken such short 111ClnO- rials for his nlenlory as he thought necessary, within a day or t\VO he \vas brought with the saine wari- The trans- ness, and in another place, to the general; to \Vh0111 actions between he read the short notes he had taken; to \VhiCh the g neral, little was added. and the g eneral said that if the l\Iornce, . , a )(l Green- " kin g writ to that l )ur } )ose when he brouo'ht the v . ' b " letter to him, he would keep it in his hands, till " he found a fit time to deliver it, or should think " of another ,yay to serve his 11lajesty.'" Only he added another particular, as an advice absolutely necessary for the king to consent to, which was, his majesty's present reu)ove out of Flanders. He undertook to know, that the Spaniard had no pur- pose to do any thing for him, and that all his friends OF THE JlEBELIJ[{)N. 445 were jealous, that it \vould not be in his power to BOO K renlove from thence, if he deferred it till they dis- XVI. covered that he was like to have no need of them. 1660. And therefore he desired, " that his majesty would "Blake haste to Breda, and that, for the public " satisfaction, and that it luight be evident he had " left Flanders, ,vhatsoever he should send in writ- " ing should bear date as frOln Breda;" and he en- joined sir John Greenvil " not to return, till he had " hitnself seen the king out of the dominions of "Flanders." Thus instructed, he left him, who, Thus in- k o 1\ 1 1\,1' d . h h . 1:'. h . structerl, ta lng .n r. J..uor aunt WIt un lor t e COlnpanlOn sir John of his J .ourne y, set out for Flanders about the he g in- Greenvil t goes O\'er 0 nin g of A p ril 1660, and in fe\" days arrived safely at B ussels with Mr. Brussels. l\Ionlaunt. It \vas no unpleasant prospect to the king, nor of small advantage to hirrl, that the Spaniard looked upon all these revolutions in England as the effects of the several animosities and emulations of the different factions among themselves; a contention only between the presbyterian-republicans on one side, and the independent and levelling party on the other, for superiority, and ,vho should steer the go- vcrnlnent of the state, \vithout the least reference to the king's interest: ,vhich, they thought, ,vould in no degree be advanced \vhich side soever prevailed. And thcrefore don Alonzo, hy his Irish agents, (\vho Inade hiln helieve any thing,) continueù firlH to the ]evellers, ,,, ho, if they got the better of their ene- nlies, he "ras assured, ,vo1.dd nlake a good peace \vith Rpain; \\rhich above all things they desired: and if they \vcre oppresscd, he l11ade as little doubt they \vould unite thclHselves to the king, upon such conditions as he should arbitrate Lct\\recn thenl. 446 THE HIS1'()!lY BOOK And in this confidence he enlbraced all the \\ a y s h(> XVI. could to correspond with them, receiving such agents 1660. with all possible secrecy who repaired to hiIn to Brus- sels; and \vhen instrulllents of most credit and inl- . portance ,,'"ould not ad venture thither, he was con- tented to send some person, ,vho ,vas intrusted by hinl, into Zealand to confer and treat \vith thenl. And in this kind of negociation, which was very ex- pensive, they cared not ,vhat money they disbursed, whilst they neglected the king, and suffered hinl to be without that small supply, \vhich they had as- signed to him. In this temper ,vere the Spanish nlinisters, when 1\;11'. lordaunt and sir .T ohn Greenvil came to Brus- sels. And don Alonzo had In so fully possessed the court at l\ladrid ,vith the same spirit, that when the chancellor, in his letters to sir Harry Bennet, his majesty's resident there, intilnated the hopes they had of a revolution in England to the advantage of the king, he answered plainly, "that he durst not " communicate any of those letters to the lninisters " there; ,vho \\Tould laugh at hilTI for abusing theIn, " since they looked upon all those hopes of the king " as imaginary, and ,vithout foundation of sense, and " upon his condition as nlost deplorable, and abso- " lutely desperate." Sir John 'Vhen sir John Greenvil had at large infornled Greenvil gives the his majesty of the affairs of England, of the 01anner kinO' an ac- f ] 1 , 1:': . h h - d h d cou t of his 0 t le genera s cOOlerence 'Vlt 1m, an t e goo n g h oci h ation affection of 1\11'. l\Iorrice, and had cOJnmunicated the WIt t e general. instructions and advices he had received, as his ma- jesty was very glad that thp general had thus far m don Alonzo harlJ they had OF THE ){EBEIALIO . 447 discovered himself, and that he had O p ened a door BOO K XVI. for correspondence, so he was not \vithout great per- . h 1660. plexity upon many particulars WhIC were recom- menùed to be done; some of which he believed im- The king's · . . b d delibera- possIble and unpractlcable, as the leavIng every 0 y tions upon . h · d fi . h . the terms .Iß the state t ey were In, an con rmIng tell' pos- proposed h}' session in all the lands \vhich they held in England, the general. ScotJand, or Ireland, by purchase or donation, \vhe- ther of lands belonging to the cro\vn and church, or such who, for adhering to his father and hilTIself, were declared delinquents, and had their lands con- fiscated and disposed of as their enemies had thought fit. Then, the conlplying \vith all hUlTIOUrS in religion, and the granting a general liberty of conscience, ,vas a violation of all the laws in force, and could not be apprehended n to consist \\'ith the peace of the king- donl. No nlan was nlore disposed to a general act of indenlnity and oblivion than his nlajesty was, which he kne\v, in so long and universal a guilt, \vas absolutely necessary. But he thought it neither con- sistent with his honour, nor his conscience, that those who had sat as judges, and condenlned his father to be murdered, should be comprehended in that act of pardon: yet it was ad vised, "that there lnight he " no exception; or that above four lTIight not he ex- " cppted; because," it \vas alleged, "that some of " them had Ülcilitated the general's 111arch by falling " from Lanlhert, and others had barefaced advanced " the king's service very much." After great deliberation upon all the particulars, and weighing the inlportancc of conlplying ,vith the gen( ral's advice in all things which his conscience II apprehended] cOlnprehended "BOOK XVI. ] GGO. 448 THE IIISTORV and honour \vould perlnit, his majesty directed sueh letters and declarations to be prepared, as should be, in a good degree, suit ble to the wishes and counsel of the general, and yet nlake the transaction of those things \vhich he did not like, the effect of the power of the parliament, rather than of his Inajesty's ap- probation. And the confidence he had upon the ge- neral election of honest and prudent nlen, and in some particular persons, \vho, he heard, were already chosen, disposed hinl to make a general reference of all things which he could not reserve to bÏInself, to the wi:sdoll1 of the parliament, upon presunlption that they would not exact nlore from him than he was willing to consent to; since he well knew, that whatever title they assumed, or he gave thenl, they must have another kind of parlialnent to confirm all that ,vas done by then1; without which they could not be safe and contented, nor his majesty obJiged. The advice for his nlajesty's renlove out of Flan- ders presently, was not ungrateful; for he had rea- sons abundant to be \veary of it: yet he was without any great inclination to Holland; where he had been as unkindly 0 used as it \vas possible for any gentle- man to be. But besides the authority \vhich the general's advice deserved to have, the truth is, his majesty could reluove no \vhither else. France ,vas equally excepted against, and equally disagreeable to the king; and the way tltither ll1ust he through all the Spanish dominions: Dunkirk was a place in tl1any respects desirable, because it -was in the pos- session of the English, frolD \vhence he might elll- hark for England upon the shortest warning. And o unkindly] barbarously OF THE REBEL]"IO . -t:t9 upon the first alterations in England, after the peace between the two crowns, the king had sent to Lock- hart, the governor, and general of the English there, by a person of honour, well known and respected by him, to invite him to his service by the prospect he had of the revolutions like to ensue, (which probably could not but be advantageous to the king,) and by the uncertainty of Lockhart's own condition upon any such alterations. The arguments were urged to hin1 ,,?ith clearness and force enough, and all neces- sary offers made to persuade hinl to declare for the king, and to receive his majesty into that garrison; which nlight be faciJitated by his majesty's troops, if he did not think his own soldiers enough at his devotion: yet he could not be prevailed ,vith, urging "the trust he had received, and the indecency of " breaking it; though," he confessed, "there was " such a jealousy of him in the council of state, for " his relation and alliance to Cromwell, that he ex- " pected every day to be removed from that com- " mand;" as shortly after he was. 'Vhether this re- fusal proceeded from the punctuality of his nature, (for he was a man of parts, and of honour,) or froJu his jealousy of the garrison, that they \vould not he disposed by him, (for though he was exceedingly be- loved and obeyed by them, yet they ,vere all Eng- lishmen, and he had none of his own nation, which ,vas the Scottish,P but in his own family,) certain it is, that, at the sanle time he refused to treat with the king, he refused to accept the great offers rnadt to him by the cardinal; who had a high esteen1 of hirn and offered to makp him marshal of France, J1 which was tIll' Seottish,l Not in ,118. YOLo VII. G g HOOK XVI. IG60, BOOK XVI. 1660. 450 THE HIS'rOR Y with great appointments of pensions and other emo- luments, if he would deliver Dunkirk and Mardike into the hands of France; all \vhich overtures he re- jected: so that his majesty had no place to resort to preferable to Breda. The king was resolved rather. to make no mention of the murderers of his father, than to pardon any of theIn, and except four, as 'vas proposed: but chose rather to refer the whole consideration of that affair, without any restriction, to the conscience of the par- liament ; yet ,vith such expressions and descriptions, that they could not but discern that he trusted them in confidence that they would do themselves and the nation right, in declaring their detestation of, and preparing vengeance for, that parricide. And frOlTI the time that the secluded men1bers sat again "Tith the rUlTIp, there was good evidence given that they would not leave that odious murder unexaolined and unpunished; \vhich the more disposed the king to depend upon their virtue and justice. 'Vhen the summons were sent out to call the par- liament, there was no mention or thought of a house of peers; nor had the general intimated any such thing to sir John Greenvil; nor did sir John hin1- self, or Mr. Mordaunt, conceive that any of the lords had a purpose to n1eet at first, but that aUlTIUst de- pend upon the COlllll10ns. Ho,vever, the king thought not fit to pass them by,. but to have a letter prepared as \vell for them as for the house of commons; and likewise another to the fleet; q and another to the lord nlayor, aldermen, and COlnmon council of the city of London; \vho, by adhering to the general, were like to add very much to his authority. q and likewise another to the fleet;] Not in MS. OF THE REBELLION. t.51 'Vhen all those things ,vere prepared, and perused, BOO K and approved by the king, ,vhich he resolved to send XVI. by sir John Greenvil to the genera], (Green viI's andTh t?;rs l\Iordaunt's being in Brussels being unkno,vn; they, prepare to the parha- attending his nlajesty only in the night at the chan- me 1t, &c. .. . winch the cellor's lodgIng, concealIng thenlselves fronl beIng general ad- taken notice of by any,) his lnajesty visited the Ina1'- vised. l1uis of Carracena, and told hin1, "that he intended The king '1 declares to " the next day to go to Antwerp, and frolll thence the marquis . .. of Carrace- " to Breda, to spend two or three days ,vlth Ins SIS- na, "that I . f 0 " h h I k f he intended " tel' t 1e prIncess 0 range; to \V onl t e {u es 0 to go for York and Gloucester ,vere alread y > placc,-it was visible Finch was in their favour. P. 31Q. l. 18. which, by the strict letter of th(' statute, the lawyers said, would have heen very penal to hilll; i, P. IVindeballk.] 'Vhat the historian says here of 'Villdcbank, :\1 111 532 'V RBUR'ro 'IS NO'l"ES is fully confir1neù by a variety of I...etters in the Clarendon collection of State Papers now published. P. 314. 1. 1 . sir Harry Vane, who ,vas under the st.une charge, and against WhOlll indeed that charge 'was aimed.] By Hyde and li'alk]and, I suppose, as in the case of Finch, and for the sanle reason. P. 314. 1. 923. and so they were well content with his escape.] After this clear account, is it not odd he should in- troduce it, p. 511. by saying, He could necer yet learn the true reason why they suffered secretary Windebank to escape their justice. P. 316. 1. 13. where indeed 111any notable sentences had passed.] J\Totable, a soft word for scandalous. P. 3922. 1. 5. many persons of wisdoln and gravity.] The historian generally uses this word for 'moderation, sobriety. P. 334. 1. 9l3. Men who were so sagacious in pursuing their point.] Sedulous. P. 3492. 1. S2. And though, it 111ay be, there hath been too lnuch curiosity heretofore used to discover Inen's hUlnours in particular points.] i. e. in plain English, cngagelllents taken of men before they were adnJÌtted of the council. P. 345. 1. 926. insipidly.] Insidiously. P. 370. 1. 1. and enjoyed the greatest tranquillity of any Ulan of the three kingdonls.] Is not the good treatlnent of this prudent, inoffensive, though able prelate, a strong proof that the enen1Ïes of the court were not so savage and unge- nerous as the noble historian cOlnmonly represents thenl? J}. 373. 1. Q7. lilany men choosing rather to lend their nloney, than to be known to have it.] This could never have been the case, if very illegal nlethods had not been employed by the court to rob them of it. 'Vhen a citizen's property is safe, he always glories in the ahundance of it. P. 381. 1. penult. when the trial was according to law, before and by his peers only.] Alluding to a standing order of the house, in a declaration that the bishops were lords of parliament, but not peers, made a little before this tin1c. r. 382. 1. O. "his having been present at the trial" was alleged and urged to him, as an argument for the passing ON THE FIRST VOLUl\IE. 533 the bill of attainder.] This shcws that the charge was gcne- raHy believed to havc been very strongly proved; and in- deed the lnisdemeanours, which they called accumulate tl'ea- . Oll, (a crime unknown to the law,) wcre fully proved against l1Ïlll . P. 386. 1. 7. which indecd were powerful acts.] i. e. ty- 1.ClWLOllS, as 'manifesting a nature excessively imperious. P. 391. 1. 11. since it had been reviewed by his l11ajcsty, and his privy-council here, upon an appeal frOtH the lord viscount Ely, (the degraded lord chancellor.) and upon a solemn hearing there, which took up many days, it had rc- ceived a confirmation.] It was strange that one of the earPs grcat abilities should urge this plea, which tended the more to cnrage his enemies against him as a favourite, and against his master, as the protector of hiln in his iniquity. Thcse two cases, the playing with the life of one peer, and with the property of another, was highly crin1Înal in a viceroy. P. 40:3. l. 20. by reason SOUle of the cOlllmittee, who were intrustcd to prepare the charge against the earl of Strafford, and consequently were privy to that secret, were fallen from them,.] Lord Digby. This paper was stolen from the conl- n1Ìttee; it was never known by WhOIU, till after seizing the king's cabinet at N aseby, when this paper was found to have been put into the king's hands by Digbi at the tilHe of the trial. I). 408. I. 29. to cOlnplain-against the ceremonies, which had been in cunstant practice since the 1.e.formafion, as "it:.'ell as before.] An odd apology (if it be the historian's) for the ceremonies, that thcy wcre in constant ]Jractice be.fòre the re- furmation; Ì. e. takcn from the popish f\upcrstitions. P. 409. 1. 15. he did not discountenance notoriously t.hose of the clergy who were unconfornlable.] By discountenance notoriously, is meant, put the laws in execution against thcln. And this is said in dinlinution of his good charactcr. P. 409.1. 21. and SOITIe othcr of the les.ç fonnal and lllore popular prelates.] By less fonnal, ,vc are to understand Icss furious. uch as Wrenn and his fellows. P. 410. 1. 26. that they seldonl carried any thing which MmS 534 WARBURTON'S Nor-rES directly opposed t1u king'. interest.] 1.'his scandalous cha- racter of the bench, the historian seen1S to insinuate is but too true a one. P. 41fl. 1. 18. for that they as the clergy were the third estate, and being taken away, there was nobody left to repre- sent the c1ergy.] 'rhis was once true, but not so at this time. I have eXplained this 111atter at large elsewhere. P. 41fl. 1. 26. if the bishops were taken from sitting in the house of peers, there was nobody who could pretend to represent the clergy.] They are now represented by the house of commons. P. 413. 1. 10. and that he had heard 1nany of the clergy protest, that they could '/lot acknowledge that they were repre- sented by the bishops.] \Vithout doubt this was anlongst the facetious parts of lord Falkland's speech, which his friend here speaks of. P. 416. 1. ult. that this mortification 111ight have mended their constitution.] This word, though in itself proper on the occasion, gives an equivoque when following the two verses of Ovid. P. 418. 1. 14. and others, as ingeniously declaring.] in- genuously. P. 4fl1. 1. 3. to give Mr. Hyde public thanks for the ser- vice he had done the house.] Mr. Hyde, in his Life, gives a pleasant account how this ser'vice ,vas resented by his land- lord at York, on his first resorting to the king there. P. 4$23. 1. 6. want of temper, in the prosecution of their own happiness.] i. e. restoration of violated liberty. P. 423. 1. 14. that he had proceeded with rnore passion in many things, than he ought to have done.] It is true, that in this prosecution the house of C0111mOnS exposed his pas- sions to render hiln odious; but they were his principles which they exposed to render him criminal. By these it appeared he laboured to make the king arbitrary, which Laud, in his history of his own troubles, calls making the king great. Of this crime he was certainly guilty. But it is as certain, of whatsoever species it is, it does not come within the statute of treafìons of Edward III. ON THE FIRST VOLUME. 535 P. 4$27. 1. 3. That the king was obliged in conscience to conjorrn himself, and his own understanding, to the advice and conscience of his parliament.] Which in other words was taking away the king's negative voice. And therefore this public conscience was as absurd an idea, as it was a wicked one. P. 428.1. 10. SOlne principal officers of the army, who were Inelnbers of the house of commons, &c.] Wilmot, l\shburnhatn, Pollard, Piercy, Jermyn, Goring. P. 428. L 25. and depended upon their interest in.] i. e. the interest of these officers. P. 43$2. 1. 5. are still attempting new dinlÏnutions of your 1}U je.';ty'.ç jllst regalities.] So that his concessions were the parting with SOUle of the rights of his regalities, which but ill accords with what they say in the beginning of the peti- tion of the Refornlation of distempers, in church and commoll- weal. P. 434. 1. 11. others of the army, who had expressed very brisk resolutions towards the service.] The service was evi- dently no other than to bring up the army to overawe the leaders in parliament, if not the parliament. I). 434. 1. 15. all persons obliging themselves by an oatil of secrecy.] If no more than defending vVhitehaU fronl the rabble, though that nlore properly belonged to the civil ma- gistrates, why an oath of secrecy? P. 4.34. I. 19. ..A.t the first meeting, one of the persons.] Goring. P. 436. 1. 10. and would not consent to the extending and exturting conclusions, 'which did not naturally flow frum the ]Jrelniscs.] Fronl the very premises in the petition itself, the conclusion of overawing the parliament certainly flowed naturally. Goring had a rrIind the petitioners should speak out amongst themselves, which finding then} shy to do, he wa resolved they should not Inake use of his bold advice to his prej uelicC', and so revealed the whole plot, for a plot it was, as appeared by the oaths of ecrecy. II. 436. l. 15. But a they thought not fit (as I said be- fore) to publish this whole di::;co\'cry till near threc months :\f m 4 536 "\V ARB URTON'S NOTES after, so they made extraordinary use of ,it by parts, from the instant that they received the secret; it being always their custoln, when they found the heat and distemper of the hOllse, &c.] '\Vithout doubt they made the best use of their enen1Ïes' indiscretions, as well as of their criminal confede- rac es. And who could blaIne then1? P. 437. 1. 10. And in this progress there sometimes hap- pened strange accidents for the confinnation oj their credit.] No " onder, when they only aggravated, and did not invent those plots against the parliament. P. 439. 1. 4. there had been some idle discourses in a ta- vern between sonIe officers, about raising men for Portugal.] And yet it appears that two courtiers, Piercy and J ennyn, were the encouragers of these idle dÎ$courses. P. 440. 1. 3. resolved not to trust themselves with such judges.] Piercy and Jermyn. P. 446. 1. 9l2. He was a wise man, and would have pro- posed and advised moderate courses; but was not incapable, jòr want afresolution, of being carried into violent ones.] By this it appears, that though this great man had undertaken to serve the crown, yet it was his purpose, if he found he could not bring his. party to what he thought 'lnoderate courses, he would not break with them as Strafford had for- merly done, and devote himself to the court. lVhether this purpose, which the historian calls want oj' resolution, pro- ceeded froln a point of honour to his party, or a point of duty to his country, is uncertain. .... P. 448. 1. 25. had the uncharitableness to think, that he intended to betray his master.] It is very uncharitable to think, because it is thinking without grounds, that a man ,vould give advice to counteract what he deems to be his in- terest. No,v lord Say thought it to be his interest to enter into engagements with the king, to do him service for a re- ward proposed. He would not therefore designedly defeat the service which was to procure the reward. l . 450. 1. 11. and a 1'abble of 1nany thousand people be- sieged that place.] Very surprising, after all these ttunults, that the king did not prorogue the parlianlent to Oxford or ON THE FIRST \TOLUl\IE. 537 'Vinchester, as was the wont in tilnes of pestilence. But the severity of parliament against the king's ser\Tants, and his imbecility in their protection, intimidated them froln doing their duty in advice. P. 45 . 1. 16. writ a 'Jnost pathetical letter to the king.] Carte, in his History, has an idle story to persuade us that this was a forged letter, fabricated by his enemies. But the papers of his confident Ratcliffe, published amongst the col- lection of Strafford's Letters, confute this suggestion; for he who should best know speaks of this pathetic letter as a genuine one. P. 456. 1. 15. Of all his passions, his pride was Inost pre- dOlninant.] His ambition, pride, and appetite for revenge, \vere all exorbitant. His parts \vere of the first råte, and these solely directed to the gratification of his passions. "\Vhat wonder then, when men found hiln in the station of prinle n1Ïnister, they should never think themselves safe while he continued there? P.459. L 17. and upon the undertaking of persons he then 'most trusted.] Those 'lVhOln he 7nost trusted must have been under the sanle agony, or rather infatuation with the king, or a word or two might have been added that would easily have passed; whereby sOl1lcthing of the evil of this bill had been guarded against. The dause I l1lean is, that after the act had said, this parlialnent should not be dissolved without their own consent, it had been added, or by the death of the king, on which, by the constitution, a dissolution ensued. Not that I suppose this would have prevented the king's nlurder, in the state things then were; but it would pro- bably have prevented things fronl cOIning to that state, by a care and use they would then have had of the king's wel- fare. P. 459, 1. Q2. After the passing these two bills, the teJrlper llncZ spirit oj' the people, both 'lcithin and without the walls of the tu:o houses, grew 'marvellous calm, and composed.] 'Yith- out douht the Blaster, by bcing untrue to hinlsclf, had de- stroyed all trust his servants could repose in him; and the sovereign, by giving up his prerogativc, cnabled his subjects 538 \V ARBURTON'S NOTES to become his masters. After this he could expect nothing but what he found, his friends become perfidious, and his enclnies implacable; the just reward of uxorious infatua- tion. P. 46]. 1. 6. which made him believe it depended very much on him.] The king. Lord Essex. P. 466. 1. 18. This discourse, so Inethodically and corifì- dently averred.] ï'hey might fairly as well as corýìdently aver this, since some of the officers, by the historian's own account, had as desperate intentions as are here ilnputed to theIn, particularly Goring and Piercy, if their own confes- sions were to be credited. P. 467. 1. 19. that not a fifth patot of those who were ac- cessaries to that infamous prodigality were either fa VOl/reI'S of their ends, or great 'lcell-wishers to their nation.] Certainly not; but they considered the Scots as useful instrulnents for recovering their own liberties froln the exorbitant exer- cise of the prerogative. P. 471. 1. 6. that there was a design to bring up the arlny to force the parliament.] 'Vithout doubt this matter, even as here represented, gave sufficient cause to all good men to mistrust the king's good intentions to public liherty. P. 474. L 16. concluded, that he had some notable tCll1p- tation in conscience.] .L-\nd who can say they concluded illo- gicall y? unless what this great historian is ever too apt to take for granted, the declaring at this time against the court ,vas a certain mark of corruption of heart. P. 474. 1. 9. but then obliged him, -6rst to draw such a letter, &c.] Surely a very improbable state of the fact. P. 475. 1. 16. But now that they could not be dissolved withollt their own consent.] ' rhis was indeed the natural con- seq uence of that monstrous ilnpolitic concession of the crown, and might: with a number of other evils, one would think, have been easily foreseen. It is pretended it was foreseen; but the historian hinlself insinuates, that the king then stood so ill with the people, that his denying this bill would have occasioned a general insurrection. Admitting even this, yet truc policy required that the king should have risked every O THE FIRST VOLUl\IE. 539 thing, rather than consent to have this branch of the prero- gative thus wrested from him. P. 478. 1. 3. It was wondered at by many, and sure was a great misfortune to the king, that he chose not rather at that tillle (though the business was only to disband) to con- stitute the earl of Essex general of his arlllY, than the earl of Holland.] \Vhich without doubt was to be laid upon the queen, whose favourite Holland then was. Essex had some worth; Hol1and none at all. He lived like a knave, and died like a fool. P. 480. 1. 19. As they had lost all corifidence in the affec- tions of the English army.] If the parlialnent had lost all corifidence in the affections of the E'nglish anny, this is a proof that at least they believed the plot, of which the his- torian tellf;; us they made so good use. The truth is, that this fixed jealousy of the leaders in padiarrlent against the king, was not so much pretended as the noble historian all along insinuates. Men can never entirely divest themselves of their nature, not even politicians; and these leaders, conscious of all the malice in their hearts against the king and monarchy, beCallle naturally suspicious that he knew more of theln than he did, and consequently that he was al ways working against theIn, as they against him. P. 491. 1. 5. But others believed, he had been so far guilty of what had been done alniss, that he would neither have been able nor willing to preserve the foundation of that power, which might hardly have forgotten by ?.Chat 1neans it had been oppressed.] 'his has the air of a confirmation of what the king"s enemies appeared most to have dreaded in all their transactions with him, his unforgiving temper. P. 493. 1. 1. ,\ as the advice and desire of the comnliUee frotH the parliament of Ireland.] lost of thelll papists. See p. 37(>' II. 500. 1. 9. But thE' taking it away was an act very popular; which, it may be, was not then more politic, than the reviving it may be thought hereafter, when the present distempers shall be expired.] 1'his is a lesson for the court only. 540 W ARBlTRTON'S NOTES P. 504. 1. 17. will be acknowledged, by an incorrupted posterity, to be everlasting Inonuments of the king's princely and fatherly affection to his people.] It is true these conces- sions ,vere a ground for the parliament's satisfaction; but so far from being any mark of the king's fatherJyaffection, that his ungraceful manner of yielding made thCIll lose all confidence in him, or satisfaction in his concessions. P. 5 Q. 1. 10. It began now to be observed, &c.] This portion the b hop l as copied jro1n the MS. and added the following remark: rfhis is one of the lTIOst curious and in- structing narratives in the ,vhole history; apparently omit- ted in the printed history by the editors of it, (lord Claren- don and lord Rochester, sons of the author,) in civility to lord NottinghalTI, (son of the chancellor of that name, and of the family of lord keeper Finch,) at that time 111uch con- nected in party ,vith lord Nottingham. . VOL. II. P. Q. 1. 16. and having received some inforn1ation, fronl sir Jacob Ashley and sir John Coniers, oj" some idle IJas- sages in the late tall1pering with the army to petition, which had not been before heard of.] \Vithout doubt idle enough, but not the less dangerous for being idle, because the au- thors were known to be desperate persons. As to Hollan(rs motives for communicating the intelligence, it certainly was not better than what the historian represents it; for he was one of the most corrupt courtiers of the most corrupt sid of the court; I mean the queen's side. P. 3. 1. 6'. the chief rulers amongst them first designing what they thought fit to be done, and the rest concluding any thing lawful, that they thought, in order to the doing and cOlnpassing the same.] By the ,vay, this shews the ge- neral opinion which the country gentlcD1en had of the pro- bity of their leaders. _ P. 5. 1. 9. cOlnprehending as ,veIl the arch bishop of Can- terbury, as those who at that tin1e had no contempt of the ON THE SECOND VOLUl\IE. 541 security they reaped thereby.] i. e. those who invited the Scots into England. P. 9. 1. 1. because the bishop of Lincoln, as dean of ,V estminster, had formed a prayer for that occasion, and enjoined it to be read on that day, in those churches where he had jurisdiction; which they liked not: both as it ,vas a fonn, and formed by hin .] As a bishop; otherwise he was not personally obnoxious to theIn, but rather in their good graces, both as a capital enemy of the archbishop's, and an opposer of the ecclesiastical innovations. P. 11. 1. Q4. and I aln confident, there was not, from the beginning of this parlian1ent, one orthodox or learned lTIau recolnmended by them to any church in England.] As in- credible as this may appear, it 111ay be seen from the lists of these lecturers, occasionally to be found in the historical tracts of that time, to be very true; and some of the strong- est marks of the ill intentions of the leaders in parliament. P. 12. 1. 30. told them whatsoever the king himself had said to him,-as a person true to hill1; and when, it is very probable, he was not 7nllch delighted with the proceedings at 'Vestminster.J S0111ething lTIUst have been very wrong in the intentions and secret purposes of the king and court, when the revealing their secrets was so hurtful to the king's credit. For we may observe, that the historian only charges Holland with betraying secrets, not with inventing tales to the king's discredit. P. 13. 1. 25. and by reason of the unfaithfulne s of her nearest servants.] Lady Carlisle" the Erinnys of that tiule. P. 17. 1. 23. but rather desired, "to have theln both " nlade away;" which he frankly undertook to do.] This takes extremely froln l\Iontrose's herois111. P. 17. 1. 24. but the king, abhorring that expedient, though for his own security, advised, that the proofs 'might úe prepared Jor the IJarliament.] This was an unjust as wen as an imprudent step, after the act of oblivion and pacifi- cation. 1). 23. 1. 8. and that the rebels published and declared, that they had the king-'s authority for all they did; 'll'hich 54Q 'VARBURTON'S NOTES cabnnny, though without the least . 1zadow or colow' oJ'truth, &c.] How could the historian say this, who well knew that the Irish rebels produced the broad seal fixed to an instru- ment in which was this pretended authority? The historian, in his vindication of the nlarquis of Ormond, explains that affair, and says, it necessitated the king to put the prosecu- tion of this war under the parlialnenfs direction. On this account I suspect something has been struck out in this History, by the editor's not eXplaining that Blatter; for, con- trary to the historian's usual custon], we have here no rea- son given why the king made so fatal a step. P. 9. 1. l. and others as unskilfully, finding that in former tinles, when the religion of the state was a vital part ojïts policy.] This comes to no more than this, that in the times of popery the church shared the imperiwn with the state. P. 30. 1. ] 9. I could never yet know, why the doctors of the civil laws were more of kin to the bishops, or the church, than the common lawyers were.] No; but they were l110re akin to popery; and this the archbishop's enen1Ïes said he very well knew. He was an eneluy indeed to a pope at Rome, but not to a pope at Lambeth. Besides, the civil law is l11uch more propitious to arbitrary rule than the conlmon. P. 34. 1. 4. that these knowing and discerning nlcn (for such I must confess there have been) should believe it pos- sible for them to flourish.] Selden. P. 34. 1. 20. who seenl now, by the fury and iniquity of the time, to stand upon the ground they have won, and to be nlasters of the field; and, it nlay be, wear some of the trophies and spoils they have ravished from the oppressed.] 'Vhitlock, l\faynard, 'Vidrington. P. 35. 1. 16. and very few followers, who had either af- fection to his person, or respect to his honour.] It was no great wonder he had not the affection of his court servants, for he did every thing ungraciously, even to the conferring graces. And it is reillarkable, that the affection borne to hin), was hy them who had had no relation to the l"ourt, but O THE SECOND VOLUl\IE. 543 had o'one over to his service out of a sense of honour and jus- h tice, when the ample reparation he had lnade to his people would not be accepted bX the leaòers in parlianlent. And the king in his distresses grew more gracious and affable to his servants, and then indeed began to gain their affectiolls. P. 38. 1. 5. that he should have the entire obedience of that nation, to preserve his full rights and regalities in Eng- land.] This was the true secret of the king's concessions to the Scotch nation, that he might have theln the instrulncnts of enslaving England. P. 38. 1. l. for surely he had then very hard thoughts of a great part of the nation.] Had not the historian fairly ex- plained the secret, the king's concessions had been totally unaccountable and incredible, as he had then very hard thoughts (the historian says) of a great part of the nation. P. 38. L 9. But his majesty never considered, or not soon enough, that they could not reasonably hope to keep what they had so ill got, but by the same arts by which they were such gainers.] The inlpolicy of the king's conduct adn1Ïrahly exposed. The injustice of it he leaves to others to find out, or rather chooses to disguise it, that it should not be found out. P. 40. I. 26. to be now welcomed honle with such a vo- lume of reproaches, for what others had done amiss, and which he hilnself had reformed. ] Very sophistical. The grievances and the redress of thenl being necessarily to be ascribed to one anù the saule author. P.60. 1. 7. But the rule the king gave himself, &c.] '.rhe impolicy of the king's conduct adn1Ìrably shewn. FroBl this, and many other instances of ill conduct of the like kind, it appears, that the king's abilities (for abilities h(' had) were of a private, not a public ort. P. 64. 1. 26. and that he would reject and refuse all Ine- diation and solicitation to the contrary, how pou:erjitl and near soever.] "The qucen's. l . 69. 1. 7. and therefore this stratagenl was used, to transfer the power of pressing men from the king to thern- . ehyw; and to get the king', that he might be now ahle to 544 \VARBURTON'S NOTES raise men for Ireland, to disable hi1nself jron pressing upon any other occasion.] By this it appears that the court un... derstood it to be part of the prerogative to press. "That the historian says of transferring the potcer fron the king to thenlselves, is invidiously remarked. It was transferring it (as ,vas fit) from the king to the whole legislature. P. 70. 1. 25. Hereupon, 1\11'. Saint-John, the king's soli... citor, (a 'man that ?night be trusted in any company.)] i. e. his party had no reason to take umbrage at his procuring a pri vate audience of the king, so firmly attached as he was to their interest. P. 75. 1. 4. by cozening them into opinions which might hereafter be applicable to their ends, &c.J All this is very obscurely expressed; but the Ineaning is, that the leaders no,v altered their method of proceeding. They had till no\v proceeded more directly to their end. They now began to use obliquities and detours to compass it. P. 76. 1. 3. if there had not been too many concurrent causes, 'lnight be thought the sole cause and ground of all the rnischiefs that ensued.] This is very ill expressed; but the meaning is obvious,-that had there been no other cause, this would have appeared sufficient, &c. P. 83. I. 3. the presses swelled with the 11lOSt virulent in- vectives against them,] '''here l\Iilton most distinguished himself. P. 88. 1. l. and one of the justices of the peace, who, according to his oath, had executed that writ, was cOlnmitted to the Tower for that offence.] This act was outrageous as any the king had ever cOlnmitted, and fully betrayed the spirit of the leaders. P. 93. 1. 7. under the nnn1es of roundheads.] 1.-'heir hair, according to the city fashion, being cropt round and close. P. 94. 1. 1. 1.'he lord Falkland was ".-onderfull y be- loved by all who knew him.] Yet this man the court had suffered to escape then1 till their necessities forced hilll upon them. r. 94. 1. 26. nor had any veneration for the cOllrt, but only such a loyalty to the king as the law 'l'equirecl.fi'01n lzi1U.] ON 'THE SECOND VOLUl\IE. 1)45 NothinO' could be said worse of the court, than this account ð of the csteenl in which lord Falkland held it. P. 94. 1. Q8. And he had naturally a wonderful reverence for parliaments, as believing theln l110st solicitous for justice, the violation whereof, in the least degree, he could not for- give any mortal power.] 'l'his is a covert insinuation, that lord Falkland thought resistance lawful, which the historian did not. P. 97. l. 3. 'rhe king at the same time resolved to re- l110ve another officer.] St. John, solicitor general. P. 98. 1. ult. though in very fe,v days he did very fatally swerve froln it.] By the influence of the queen. P. 99. l. 1. By what hath been said before, it appears, &c.] I don't know where this is to be Inet with in the preceding account. It looks as if something concerning Digby 'vas omitted. P. 100. l. 13. and so his majesty being satisfied, both in the discoveries he 'lnade oj' what had passed, and in his pro- fessions for the future.] 'rhis is the severest thing he ever suffered himself to say of his old enelny, and it is said very slily. It must be owned his proceedings ,vou]d have justi- fied greater severity, which Digby's conduct would have abundantly supplied. P. 100" l. Q7. which he was very luxuriant ill pro'lnising to do, and C!fficiolls enough in doing as '1uuch as was just.] 'l'hese two qualities very rarely meet in the saIne character, and yet they are not contrary or inconsistent. P. 101. l. Q. and very few men of so great parts werp, Zlpun all occasions, 1Hore counsellable than he.] The historian takes notice how predon1Ïnant vanity was in this lord. Now a vain 'lnall of parts is easily counsellable, u proll,l 'luan 0.( ]Jart not so. P. 104. l. 20. and too little gravity for a bishop.] i. e. too much wit; for indeed the discourse alluded to (called the Holy Altar, llame, and thing,) abounds with it. But if OIW eonsiders the very trifling nature of that, then very popular subject, it win be confessed the bishop treated it as it de- served, and in a way Hlost likely to h.-iog' it down to itFi just VOL. YIT. "\ n 54û ,V ARBUR1'ON'S N01"ES value in the C01TIIllOn estimation. Which was a thing n10st to be wished. P. 108. 1. û. whereas there was nut indeed the least sha- dow of truth in the whole relation.] I suppose the noble his- torian speaks this of his own knowledge, as being one of the council at the 'meeting. The confidence with which he tens the whole story shews it. P. 109. 1. 3. Some had Hluch kindness for hirn, not only as a known enelny to the archbishop of Canterbury, but as a supporter of those opinions, and those persons, which were against the .church itseif:] Nothing of this appears in that fa- mous book, of Holy Altor, name, and thing, unless by the church be meant the innovations brought in by Laud. P. 109. l. 30. with all the malice and bitterness in agin- able, against the archbishop, then in prison,] It nlust be re- membered he had been cruelly and unjustly persecuted by Laud. P. 111. L 10. and so betrayed ajzl1ldalnental right of the whole order.] A fundamental right it certainly was, hut it had been given up long before Williams ,vas born. I). 11 . 1. 1. yet his public conscience, as a king, &c.] This was very vile; and upon the vile and false principle- that nlorals and true politics do not coincide. P. Il . 1. 14. Thiswa...,' the argurnentation of that unhappy casuis-t.] This likewise I lliust needs think, frolll the positive manner of telling, the historian had a certain knowledße of, fronl the information of the king hilTIself. ' P. 119. 1. . and even that clause of declaring an acts null, which had becn, or should be, done in their absence, in defence of which no nlan then durst open his mouth, will he thought good law and good logic; not that the presence of the bishops ill that tÏ'ine was so essential, that no act should pass without then .] But their presence is thus essential on the historian's'principle, that the bishops constitute a distinct estate in parlialnent. But the principlc is false. If they did con::;titute a distinct estatc, they must have a negati've voice, as every other of the distinct estates have. Their having it not, shews they are no such distinct estate. As ON THE SECOND VOLUME. 547 for the rest of the historian's reasoning concerning force, it is certainly right. P. 120. 1. 18. will be looked upon as a detenninalion oj. that injustice, Ï1npiety, and horror, &c.J This, it must be owned, is said with great truth. P. 120. 1. !l8. that they should, in such a storm, &c. J Noble. P. 122. 1. 1. so that the angry party, who were no '1nore treated with, to abate their fury.] i. e. invitsd or bought off by the court. r. 122. 1. 14. and, whilst the earl of Strafford was his prisoner, did many offices not beconling the trust he had from the king, and contrihuted mueh to the jealol1sy, which that party had of his nlajesty.] FrOIH hence it appears Balfour had been tampered with to connive at Strafford's escape. P. 122. 1. 20. but to do it with his o,vn consent, that then> might be no'manifestation oj. displeasure.] For a'lnanifesta- t'ion oj. di pleasure would have supported the truth of Bal- four's information of such talnpering. P. 123. 1. 19. but he bcing not at that time in town, and the other having some secret reason to fill that place in the instant with a nlal1 who ntÏght be trusted; he suddenly re- solved upon this gentlelnal1, as one who would be faithful to him for the ohligation, and execute any thing he should de- sire or direct.] 1."0 keep the five Inembers safe whom it was òetermined to arrest. P. 127. 1. 27. The accused persons, upon infornwtion and intelligence what his majesty intended to do.] By lady Carlisle. P. 151. 1. 13. As it had these and many other advantn,ges anù helps to be rich, so it was looked upon too 111uch of latc time as a common stock not easy to he exhausteò, and as a body not to be grie'f(Jd by ordinary ((('ts oj' i1 illsti('e; and therefore, as it was a place of resort, in all cases of nl\CeS- sity, for the sudden horrowing great slims of llloney, in which they were cOlnnlonly merchants too good for th(> crown, so it was heeome a practice, upon any spl'ci01.1s p1"e- Nn 54S "TARBURrro "s NOTES tences, fo 'roid the security, that was (It any time given for llloney so borro ed.] Could any thing be worse said of the court, or more in excuse for the indisposition of the city to- wards it? P. 15 . 1. 3. and a fine of fifty thousand pounds ilnposed upon the city.] A sufficient cause of indisposition. P. 15 . 1. 15. so that, at the beginning of the parliaillent, the city 'vas as ill affected to the cOllrt as the cOllntry was.] And for the sallle reason, the acts of tyranny and injustice exercised over all. P. 163. I. 1Q. assuring hinI, that if they two went, thf'Y should be both '1nlLrdered at Hampton-court.] The earl of Essex was no fool. 'Vhat an idea must this give us of the king's known character! P. 169. 1. Q4. through their sides the judgment and care of the petitioners and others were wounded, &c.] Who struck the first stroke, whether the king or the parliall1ent, is a trifling question. P.184. 1. Q8. But even that attel11pt had been too great for the solitary state the king was in at that time; which was most naturally to have been improved by standing upon his guard, and denying all that was in his pou;er to deny.] For at this tilne the historian supposes, and truJy, that he had granted all that, as lovers of liherty'and friends to the constitution, they ought to demand or expect. P.195.1. 5. by the mere mention oj'privilege oJ'parliament.J Not by the 111ere lllelltion. I rather think it was by those notoriolls breaches of privilege so often cOHuuitted by K. J. and K. c. in ilnprisoning the IDem her . P. 198. 1. 3. And no doubt these invasions, on pretence of priviJege, will hereafter be judged to have been the most unparalleled and capital breach of those privileges, that had ever yet been attell1pted,] Without doubt they were. But the fatal effect, when the tide turned, of the court"s long in- vasion of the parliament"s legal privileges. P. 202.1. 12. he being resolved on]y to deny those things, the granting whereof u;ould alter the filndalllental laws.] ']"he first ahle and wise thillg the king did, was making :t ON '.rHE SECO D VOLUME. 549 stand in this place. And after so many satisfactory conce&- sions, it enabled hirl1, when the appeal was made to the sword, to divide the kingdom with his parliament, which before those concessions he could not do; anù which, after granting away the power of the militia, he would never ]iave dared to attempt. P. QQ4. 1. IQ. '.fhe cry therefore of the poor and needy, your poor petitioners, is, that such persons-may be forth- with publicly declareù, to the end they may be rnade 'lnanÏ- fest.] ....\fter this, with what face can our present republicans talk of the purity of the intentions of those patriots, who set these petitioning beggars at work? P. QQ4. l. Q5. which we hope will relnove from us our de- structive fears, and prevent that, which apprehension will make the wisest and peaceablest 'men to put into execution.] Here was a very early intilnation of the commonwealth they afterwards erected. P. Q30. 1. 7. "and that there was a decay and deadness " of trade, al1(1 want and poverty growing upon the whole " kingdom."] 1.'he riches of the city and king soon afterwards appeared from the ilnmense SUIns the parliament drained from them. P. 3Q.1. 3. And shortly after that discovery to her ma- jesty, those perS01Z.fi; before mentioned were accused of high treason.] So the queen was the author of that counsel which again made all desperate when things were in a very hope- ful way. P. Qg . 1. 20. the saine person first telling her what was in prqjection against her, and then returning intelligence of any expressions and distemper, he might easily observe upon the apprehension which the other begot.] It was the countess of Carlisle. P. Q33. 1. Q. to the rancour of which the 1nost precious balm, of the crown must be applied.] The militia. P. 34. l. 19. to that petition his majesty returned this answer: "1"hat he was willing to apply a remedy," &c.] To allay the quccn's fcars, the king again dishonoured him- NnS 550 \VARBURTON'S NOTES self, and Inade his condition worse, by these two answers con- cerning the five men bers and the militia. P. Q4 . 1. Q9. neither did he believe that there were such 'men in 1lat'llre.] If it was true that he granted such no passcs, I should easily believe with the king that they were not in nature; for the forgers of the first lie would hardly stick at the second. P. 243. 1. 30. lJ pon those considerations, and some other imaginat'ions upon the prospect of affairs.] i. e. his hopes of being at the -head of an army in the north. P. 47. L 15. However those of greatest trust about the king.] I suppose he means Colepeppcr and Falkland. P. 263. 1. 29. And I saw 1\11'. Hambden, shortly after this discovery, take hin in his arrns, teJIing hiln, " his soul " rejoiced to see that God had put -it into his heart to take " the right way."] This fact, which no one can doubt the truth of, very much shakes the opinion, which the whigs pre- tend to bave of the real patriotislll of Hambden. P. 264. 1. 30. by which many might understand his own coming in person to the hou e of commons on the fourth of January, which begot so unhappy a n1isunderstanding be- tween hiln and his people.] This shews how much that ac- tion alanned the nation. P. 275. 1. 29. The cause they had to doubt that the late design, styled the queen's pious 'intention.] To this the king, in his answer, (see p. gO .) says nothing. P. 9!85. 1. l. that no man ought to petition jòr the go- ver1unent established by law, because he had already his wish.] 1\1:1' . Hyde was then in the house, so there could be no mistake as to the fact. But those who reasoned thus nlust have been sunk into the very dregs of faction. P. 287. 1. 7. it is a high thing to tax a king with breach (if pr01nise.] How many had this unfortunate king broke since his accession ! r. 9!88. 1. 7. Have I violated your laws?] Sure he had in many instances since his accession to the crown. He must mean then the laws he had passed in this parlialnent. ON 1."HE SECOND VOLUl\IE. 551 P.299. 1. 12. 'fhen they sent those propositions digested into a hill to the king, with such clauses of power to them, and diluinution of his own, that, upon the nlatter, he put the. making a peace with the rebels there out of his ]Jotrer.] Yet he afterwards made a peace with them without consent of parlianlent. 1"0 which it ,viII be said, the parliament ,vas then heconle his enemies. 1."his is true; but a king's stipu- lation by bill is not with the particular members of parlia- nlent, but with his whole people. However, had his treaties with the Irish rebels in his distresses at home been public, open, and avowed, I think he l11ight be justified; the advan- tage he gave the parlianlent in this affair, was his doing it obliquely and secretly, while he denied it publicly, and rnadt> open professions to the contrary: yet even this the untoward situation of his affairs unavoidably forced hiln upon. P. 307. 1. 29. hut was confident, no sober honest l11an in his kingdonls could believe, that he was so desperate, or so sensclc:-,s, to entertain such designs, as would not only bury this his kingdonl in sudden distraction and ruin, but his own name and posterity in 1Jerpetllal scorn and Ùif(uny.] If he really thought that the nlerely bringing in strangers to defend his invaded rights would thus affect his character, what nlust he afterwards think would he the consequence with regard to his mClnory, when he negotiated for the ser- ,-ice of a rebel arnlY of Irish murderers. P. 308. 1. 16. or force then1 to apply thelnselves to the use of any othe.. power, than what the law had given thelTI: the which he al'U:ays intended should be the measure of his own power, and expected it should be the rule of his sub- jects' ohedience.] I-Iow could he say this? P. 312. l. 22. above ull, that the rebellion in Ireland was fonlented, and countenanced at least, hy the queen, that good tenus luight be got for the catholics in England.] This would further confirnl one in the opinion that sOlnethiug is onlÏtted in that place of the first vohllne, whcre the king gives the luanagelncnt of the Irish war to the parJianlcnt. I}. 313. l. 17. ...\.nd the truth is, ('Which I speak knowingly,) Nn4 55 ,V ARBURTON'S NorrES at that time, the king's resolution was to shelter hÌ1llself wholly under the law.] I suppose this was determined of by the counsel of Hyde, Colepepper, and J1'alkland. P. 313. 1. Q4. presuming that the king and the law to- gether would have been strong enough for any encounter that could happen..] They had been so long strangers, and now acted in conjunction so awkwardly, that the people could not be brought to think that they were yet tho- roughly reconciled to one another. P. 39l9l. l. 14. it being our resolution, upon observation of the n1Ìschief which then grew by arbitrary pO'lrer, hereafter to keep the rule ourself.] rhis was very ingenuous, and should have given the parliament confidence in ,vhat he pro- n1Ïsed to do thereafter. P. 39l7. 1. Q4. Indeed no lnan could speak in the justifi- cation of either of them, yet no nlan thought them equally culpable.] The difference certainly was, that one of thenl was one of the best, and the other one of the worst lnen of his tillle. P. 357. 1. 8. to the sincerity of which profession be called God to witness, with this further assurance, that he would never consent, upon whatsoever pretence, to a toleration qf the popish profession there.] He afterwards in a treaty with thenl did consent to a toleration. P. 368. 1. 19. his life, when it was 'iUOSt pleasant, being nothing so preciolls to him, as it was, and should be, to go- vern and preserve his people with honour and justice.] 'Vhen the king said this of the past to Blen who were well acquaint- ed with the past, how could they believe him in what he said of the future? P. 437. 1. 4. who very well saw and felt, that the king had not only, to a degree, wound hilTIself out of that laby- rinth, in which, four months before, they had involved him, with their privileges, fears, and jealousies.] The labyrinth in which the king had involved hilTIself, was of his own and his father's making, and the late extricating himse]f from it, which indeed he had done, was by restorin the nation's right by a nun1be . of salutary laws. O 'l'HE SECO D VOLUl\lE. 553 P. 438. 1. 16. for, besides their presumption in endeærour- ing to search what the scriptare itself told then was unsearch- able, the heart oj'the king.] A reflection unworthy this great historian, and fitter for one of these declarations to the people. P. 438. 1. 3. without some overt, unlawful act.] His ad- nlÏnistration in the first fourteen years of his reign. P. 438. 1. 26. and therefore, to declare that the king in- tended to rnake war against his parlialnent.] And yet, after all, it was the king's intention, and a just one, to reduce the factious to reason. P. 443. 1. 7. and, whoever considers that the nature of Iuen, especially of 'men in authority, is inclined rather to com- lllit two errors, than to retract one.] The peculiar reason of this greater propensity in men in authority is, that a con- fcssed error tends to lessen the just weight they should pre- serve, therefore they endeavour to cover it by another. P. 443. 1. 27. I anI confident, with very good warrant, that Illany IHen have, froln their souls, abhorred every ar- ticle of this rebellion.] Hollis, and the heads of the presby- terian party. P. 44 J.. 1. 7. a Ulan shall not unprofitably spend his con- teInplation, that, upon this occasion, considers the 111ethod of God's Justice.] This is one of the great uses of civil his- tory. P. 4-:14. 1. penult. for many of those, who were the prin- cipal makers' of the first pit, are so far fron) falling into it, that they have been the chiefest diggers of the second ditch, in which so lnany have been confounded.] Such as the earls of Holland, Pembroke, and others. P. 461. 1. 5. They said, they did not conceive, that nUIll- bel's did make an assembly unlawfuJ, but when either the end, or manner of their carriage should be unlauiful.] The end was unlawful, intin1idating, and putting a force upon the melllbers of the two houses, wholn the 1110b called malig- nunts. P. 465. 1. 1. yet in none of thenl had they bereaved his majesty of any just, necessary, or profitahle prerogati,'e of 554 ,v ARllUn,rrON'S NOTES the crown.] It is true, hut they were asking for oue that did, viz. the lllili tia. P. 467. 1. 4. but they could not, in wisdom and fidelity to the conn11onw('alth, do that, till he should choose such counsellors and qUicers, as might order and dispose it to the public good.] First, they said they could not settle his revc- nue till such and such acts were passed for the security of the subject. \ìV ell, those acts were passed. 'Vhy then is not the revenue [settled?] "Thy now truly they could not do it, till his evil cOl1nselJors were removed, or in other words, till he had surrendered hin1self up to thenl bound and captive. P. 469. 1. 1. 1.'hese objections,-for which it was intend- ed.] An insolent mockery. P. 471. 1. 4. For their votes of the fifteenth and sixteenth of l\1.arch, they said, if the Inatter of those votes were ac- cording to law, &c.] l\Iiserable chicana, to support a prin- ciple that overturned the constitution. P. 477. l. 9. or could have found a more alllhentic, OJ' (t higherjlldge in lnatters of law, than the high court of parlia- Inent.J As if, because there is not a more authentic or higher judge of 111atters of law than the high court of -parliaincnt, that the high court of parliall1ent ,vere not as liable to trans- gress the law as the king had been. P. 48 . 1. 7. for he stayed near a week after at 'Vhite- hall.] IIad he stayed there a fe,v weeks longer, the rabble would have pulled hilll out of \Vhitehall; whi h is evident to all impartial men who consider the temper of the city at that tilDe, and the power of their delnagogues in the house. P. i87. 1. 1. \Vith this declaration they published the cx- anlinations of 1\11'. Goring, Mr. Percy's letter to the earl of Northunlberland; which were the great evidence they had of the plot of bringing up the anny, to awe the parliamcnt.J 'I'hough the attacking the five InCll1bers was a nlllCh n10rc foolish affair than the cabal anlongst these officers of the army countenanced by the king; yet this latter was a much greater and Blore unjustifiable violence on the constitution. r. 487. 1. penult. which by all parties ,vas, at that time, thuught a '1nost eonsiderable advantage.] It is plain then at O 'rHE 1."HIHJ) VOLUME. ;j55 that tilne, no party suspected what afterwards canIe to pass: had they done that, they would have known that the posses- sion of the great seal was of 8111a11 advantage. P. 495. 1. 7. how much he had been, and was still, be- trayed by l)ersons who were about him.] 1\11'. Hyde was with- out doubt well acquainted with all the perfidy of these in- trigues amongst the courtiers; which, excepting short hints upon several occasions, he has endeavoured to bury in ob- livion, whereby his history has lost nluch of its integrity, and posterity a great deal of useful infornuttion. 1). 510. 1. 6. Here, they said, that was laid down for a principle, which would indeed pull up the very foundation of the liberty, property, &c.] All this is just and excel- lent, and on the principles of a free constitution. . VOL. III. P. 58. 1. 6. And it cannot be denied, but the people were every day visibly refonned in their understandings, from the superstitioZls reverence they had l)aid the lu'o houses.] It could not hitherto (though it might from henceforth) be caned a sllperstitioZls reverence, since it was founded in rea- son, parliaments having been their only prot.ection against despotism,. I). 6G. 1. 18. and that the keeping himself negatively inno- cent, was as much as he owed his king and country.] l."he truth is, those worthy nlen (the only true patriots between a court and a country faction) were afraid that the buppres- sion of the parliamentarians (whonl they hatcd) by arnlS would have inflamed that pirit of despotism, yet ulllllorti- fiell in the king. Nothing appears Illore certain than this, frolIl the letters of this lord Spencer, then carl of SUllller- land, from the sic e of Gloucester. P. 67. l. G. \Yhcrcas, if" he rai. ed forces, the parlialllcnt would procure then1sclvcs to be helicvcd, that it ,vas to overthrow religion, and -uppress the lales and Liberties of the 556 \VARllUIlT'ON'S NOTES people.] l-fe Blllst have governeò well, while sllch a provi- sion for the personal safety would have been ::,0 interpreted by the people. P.68. 1. 6. 1nany lurds carne to his majesty, and besought him, that he would by no Ineans publish that paper, but keep it in his Ol\Tn hands.] It is true, nothing can account for this, but pure fear of the overbearing power of parlia- ment. But then it greatly recomnlends their integrity, and shews that nothing but the pure dictates of conscience could have force enough to draw them into so inuninent danger of their persons, as wa the supporting of the crown at thi period. F or yet they a]n10st despaired of the king's being able to divide the kingdoln with the parliament, ,vhich in- deed he soon afterwards did. P. 74. 1. 13. that the dangers, which they did not see, might proceed ji'om causes which they did not understand.] Adn1Ïrable both in thought and expression. P. 77. 1. 7. and so compel hiln to be waited upon only by . llch wholn they should appoint and allow; and i.n whOofJe pre- . ence he should be 1nore miserably alone, than in desolation itself.] rrhis proved to be a description of what afterwards indeed happened. P. 89l. 1. 2Q. but that I have heard SOIne, who were the chief, if not the sole promoters of those violations.] Hollis. P. 8 . 1. 6. out of the ruptures ,vhich have proceeded froin their own anilnosities.] Between the presbyterian and independent parties in the house. P. 84. 1. 1. to aU but the 'most abstracted 'men fnn)1 all 'lnt/gar considerations.] i. e. those who preferred their duty and honour to aU things. P. 89. 1. 11. entire men.] integer. P. 93. 1. 2. So 'most 'men are deceived in being too l'eaSOJl- able.] An excellent observation. P. 97. 1. 4. and not to he 111isled by the oration of those men, who were made desperate by their fortunes, or their fortunes by them.] i. e. in danger to forfeit what they had by treason. r. 97. 1. Ð. that they were now at the brink (d' the rirer, ON THE rrHIltD VOI,TT:\[E. 557 and might draw their slconls.] ....-\lluding to the passage of the Rubicon. P. 115. 1. 4. who t:;aw the sovereignty of the sea now in other hands, that 'lcere like to be ?nore in periolls upon the appre/zen:Ûon of any discourtesies, than regular and [auilll 1YlOllarch.ç used to be.] l.'his is a reflection which the subse- q uen t cond uct of the conunon wealth and 0 Ii vel' suggested, and which at that time it had been extravagant to Blake, the fact being unlikely and ilnprobable. P. 118. 1. !l4. except in great towns and corporations, wlu-'re, besides the natural malignity, the factious lecturers and en1Ïssaries fronI the parlian1ent had poisoned their affec- tions.] These were certainly the first who felt the effects of arbitrary power, and its lTIalignant influence on trade. P. 144. l. 15. the earl oj" Holland.] One of the nlost cor- rupt and servile courtiers of that tilne. Despicable in his intellectual, but lllore despicable in his llloral faculties. P.149. 1. g. that so many ery good men tlwughtfit, at a time, v:hen 'l:ery 'illflllY hundreds of persons of honour and quality were inlprisoned with all strictness and severity by the parliament.] l..'he reason of this telnper is apparent. The king, who in this case acted legally, had hardly e\Ter dont' so before. .A,nd parlialnent, who now acted illegally, had till now luade the law the llleasure of their actions. P. 151. l. 15. .And so the e({r teas nolV denounced.] It was an idle question, though then llulch agitated, who began the war? 'fhe on] y luaterial il1q uiry was, who had reason to take lip arms. But when both king and parlian1ent were so anxious to bè found on the defensive, it was a strong prc- sUlnptinn that neither side, ill their Secret ðcntiu1cnts, were entire1y satisfied ill the purity (if their conduct. P. 15 . 1. 17. they proceeded with the 1nost e.rtra'Cugallt 'everity that had heen ever heard of.] Surely not extraya- gant, for policy requires that the severity of the exaction should always be in proportion to the illegality of the elailn. P. 157. l. 8. III the choice of which officers, whilst they accw;ed the king of a purpose to bring a foreign Jòrce, und of (,l1tertainill papists, they neither considered llafÏfm nor l'cli- 558 'VARBURTON'S NOTES gion; but entertained all strangers and foreigners, oj' wllOt religion soever.] The circulnstallces of the quarrel enabled the parliament to do this without scandal, and therefore they did it. l.."he satne circUll1stances would have made the king's doing it exceeding scandalous, therefore he forbore it. P. 158. 1. 19" otherwise unexperienced in action, and 'Un- acquainted with the 'mysteries and necessary ]Jolicy oj"govern- 'ìnent; severe observers oj" the law, and as scrupulous in all matters relating to it.] By this acconnt, these were men who were jealous of the king for what had passed, (his principles being still the saIne,) and abhorred a factious parlian1ent fòr their present illegalities. The inconveniencies to thp king's cause, which the historian mentions, would certain] y foHow from things and n1en in this situation, but the bhune ought to he laid on the true cause-the king's form"r evil administration. P. 165. 1. 6. that he resolved to practise that virtue.] Though Hothaln's 1110tive is here ingeniously dednced, I make no question but he acted thus to lnoderatc the king's resentlnent, and to make a friend in that party, which the chance of war might occasion his standing in need of. P. 167. 1. 1. All which ought, reasonably, to have been true in the pract'Ïck, though it had very little ground in the specu- lation.] This is very ill expressed. l.."he meaning is, that though it was the true interest of princes to act in this luan- ner, yet there were no kind of ground::; to imagine they would so act. P. 169. 1. 16. As soon as the king, and the whole court, (for none relnained at York,) can1e to Beverley, where they were all accornmodated.] This shcws the miserable tCl1Jpcr of the king's court. P.190. 1. 1. whose hearts were alienated froBI any re- verence to the government.] l.."his is wen expressed. Pel.- haps 1110re exactly than the noble historian intended. P. 198. 1. !t7. yet there 'were a people of an inferior de- gree, who, by good husbandry, clothing, and other thriving arts, had gotten very great fortunes; and, by degrees, get- ting themselves into the gentlcluen"s estates, were angry that ON THE 'TIIIRD VOLUl\IE. 559 they found not themselves in the same esteelH and reputa- tion with those whose estates they had, &c.] 'Vhat a mise- rable reason is here given for the jealousy of the king and his actions, and the disaffection which it produced, when the true cause lay so open, the king's preceding arbitrary 11lea- sures. P. 199. 1. 18. l\Thereas all the king's counsels were with great formality deliberated, before concluded: and then, with equal fonnality, and precise caution of the lav,r, exc- cuted; there being no other way to weigh down the pre- judice that was contracted agaiu:)t the court.] A strong proof of the arbitrary administration in the first fourteen years of CharJes's reign. P. 199. I. 28. \Vhen the Inarquis was thus in the n1Ïdst of an enemy that alrnost covered the whole kingdom.] The disaffection, by this confession, wa general, and therefore Blust have as general a cause. P. - 16. 1. 8. and shallleat'e thent to the justice of the par- liament to be proceeded with according to their dCll1erit.J There cannot possibly be a stronger proof given that the parJiament was now hecolne a faction, and a faction of the Inost destructive nature. This declaration being the' infal- lible Hleans, and bvious to foresee, of attaching the far greater part of the nobility and gentry to the king's interest more firInly than ever. As they could not but foresee this, it is plain thèir quarrel wa now with the lllonarchy itself. r. 20. l. 16. not much unlike the elnperor 'l rajan.J 'fhe unlikcncss was in this, the king's declaration was not till ojter he had governed ill, the eUlperor's was bejore. P. 2 O. 1. 21. his Inajesty Blade this speech to his ol- diers.] 'fhis speech is adnlirable, and has the aòvantage of nlost we lncet with in historians, that it was rcally delivcred, anò not a fiction of the writce . l . 40. 1. 25. und the introducing oj.popi h idolatry and superstition in thc church,-by sudden and Zlnt imeZy di - solving of fornlcr parlimnents,-and, in pro:secution of their wickcd desigus, have excited, encollraged, and jostercd an unnatural?'cbellion in Ireland.] To hide their factious views, 560 WARBURTON'S NOTES which would not suffer then1 to acquiesce in the satisfaction the king had giyen them by his consent to several salutary laws, which were a secure harrier against the return of his arbitrary measures, they 'were forced to have recourse to popery and Irelandish 11laSSaCres; neither of which could he be justly charged with. P. 41. 1. 16. as if you intended, by conquest, to establi..fi:h an absolute and unlimited pO'lCer over them,.] Raising an army against the two houses was certainly with no other in- tent than to preserve himself. But had they perforlned that service, it is not unlikely but he would have required 111uch more of them. P. 4 . 1. s. if you shall not in all things concur with their vicked and traitorolls courses.] The truth was indeed just the reverse; for these abettors oj' rnischief were so jealous of their 111aster, and so apprehensive of his restoration by force of arms, that they constantly traversed the efforts of the military when they thought there was any danger of ending the war by conquest. By which policy they ruined their master. P. 4S. 1. S. they ordered, the same day, the mayor and sheriffs of London, to search the hOllses, &c.] Things were now brought to that pass, that the cause oj' liberty was de- fended by injustice, and the calise of prerogative by law. In other words, they had changed hands, the parlialnent was become arbitrary and despotic, and the king was forced to struggle for liberty. P. 47. 1. 5. rro the jormer the lord Capel was sent; to the latter, John Ashburnham of the bedchalnber, and of en- tire confidence with his Inaster.] lAord Clarendon coulù hardly have used former and latter for one and the other. It looks therefore as if the names of these two great 'J1'len were Inentioned in the 1\IS. and that the editors thought fit to omit them, but forgot to alter the subsequent expression conforrnable to that omission. P. 70. 1. 1. Thp earl of Lindsey was general of the whole army by his cOlnmission, and thought very equal to it. Rut Wh(,l1 prince Rupert caine to the king, which was ON "rH:F THIRD \ OLUl\IE. 561 after the standard was set up, and received a comlnission to be general of the horse, which, all men knew, was designed for him, there was a clause inserted into it, exempting hini fronl receiving orders from any body but from the king himself.] The king gave here just such a specinIen of his conduct in ,val', as he had long given in peace. His ex- empting this young boy fronl the command of the general, an old experienced soldier, encouraged that undisciplined vigour in the prince's military exploits, which ruined all the advantages of his uncle's arms. The first and early effects were the n1Ïsfortunes attending the action of Edge-hin. Had the general not been disgusted by this exemption froin his authority, he had acted in his post as general, and conse- quently not have left the king's foot naked, to be cut to pieces by the eneITIY's horse. But that disgust nlade hinl retire to the post of a private colonel, and charge at the head of his o,vn regiment of foot, where he fell. P. Q78. 1. 8. Whether this sudden accident, as it might very well, and the not knowing how many more ,vere of the same mind, each man looking upon his companion with the sanle appreheltsion as upon the enenlY, or whether the ter- ror of prince Rupert, and the king's horse, or all together, with their own evil consciences, wrought upon them, &c.] This might he truly said of the grandees of the house, but could with no pretence of reason or justice be said of this wing of horse. P. 83. 1. 4. All the advantage this seasonable recruit brought theIll, ,vas to ive their old nwn so lTIuch courage as to keep the field, which it was otherwise believed, they would hardly have been persuaded to have done.] i. e. thos who had been in th battJp, o distinguished frOlTI thf' new comers. P. fl89. 1. 5. Sir Edmund Verney hath been mentioned before.] This impJies he had been characterizerl before; anò so indeed he was: but in that part of the }\tIS. from whenc{' this history was extracted, which was thought rather be- longing to the lif of th noble hi torian. Those pa,rts VOl.. ,.n. 0 0 56 'VARBURr-rON'IS NOTE have since been collected and published under that title, in which we find a curious anecdote relating to Verney. P. 291. 1. 11. But the king had very ill fortune in con- ferring those graces, nor was his service nlore passionately and insolently opposed by any men in that house than by those, who upon those professions were advanced by hinl from the condition of comilloners.] He conferred thel11 knowingly on undeserving Inen; so it was more his fault than his misfortune. But their ingratitude was attended with this inconvenience to the king. The people concluded, that the court 111U8t needs have very ruinous views, when the king'ls In08t obliged creatures fell from him. "Thereas in truth that worthless tribe ran naturallv, like rats, fronl .. distress. P. 9Q. 1. 7. on the other side, very Iuany persons of quality, both of the clergy and laity, who had suffered un- der the ilnputation of puritanislll, and did very much dis- like the proceedings of the court, and opposed thelll upon an occasions, were yet so uluch scandalized at the very approaches to rebellion, that they renounced aU their old friends, and applied themselves, &c.] r.l'hey understood, and truly, that the king in this parlialnent had by his concur- rence with Inany good acts, Inade a reasonable satisfaction for his former errors. P. 94. 1. And so hilllself with his two sons went to Edgecot, where he lay the night before the battle, resolving to rest the next day, both for the refreshing his u:earied, and even tired 'I11en, &c.] Not only wearied in this action, hut tired of the service. P. 295. 1. 28. So that it was real1y believed upon this view, when this little rest had recovered a strange cheerful- ness into all men, that there were not in that battle lost above three hundred men at rrLOst.] I-Iow is this to þe recon- ciled with what is said in page 286, where it is said five thousand fell in the action, of which one third were the king'ls? It is no wonder this should occRf'ion, as the histo- rian expresses it, a strangp ('heerfllln('. s. ON 'I'ITF l. IIIRn YOr U::\I] . )() I}. 98. I. 9. The earl of E:s."iex continued still at JVar- tcick.J The reason of this unaccountable conduct in Essex was owing to the old soldiers of fortune, by wholn he was governed. In the beginning of the war, they hindered the parlialllentarians frolll c0111ing to a decisive action for the fjake of their trade. "'hen the war was hecoll1e nlore seri- ous, the king's counsellors hindered a decisive action for the sake of public liberty. Yet till one or other conquerel1, }U'(lce was a visionary thing. P. 299. 1. 15. IIowever, he gave thenl a glorious account of what had passed, &c.] In the year 1741, or thereabout, I had a conversation with the duke of Argyle and lord Cob- hall), concerning the conduct of Essex and the king after the battle of Edge-hill. 'rhey said Es ex, instead of retiring to Coventry, should either have pushed the king, or attended hinl closely: that since he neglected that, and went back so rar north, the king should ha,re l)larched hastily to London, aud ended the war at a blow: that as lord Clarendon re- presents it, the conduct uf both is incomprehensible. I think the Inatter very clear. Essex's views and principles would not suffer hin1 to destroy the king, because the con- stitution would fall with him; and this he loved. This ap- }Jl'arS cvidently froiH 'Vhitlock, who says, that the next day after the battle, three fresh reginlents, one of horse and two of foot, commanded by lord WiJIoughby of Parhanl, Honis, and Hambden, joined him, who all urged hinl to pursue the king; but he took Dalbier'ls advice to the con- trary. On the other haud, the king's best friends dreaded his ending the war by conquest, as knowing his despotic {lisposition. And these dissuaded thc nlarching up to Lon- don, which lord Clm"cndon tells us was dcbatcd in council. P. SOL l. 8. And though it was evident enough that h(' had run au"ay from the beginning, (lnd unly lost his 'l.ray thi- I ht)1".] Exquisitely satiricaL P. gO . 1. ult. though they might úe sl>cured.] This is Joost'ly expresscò. Did these grandees believe they n1Ïght ht. !'ccnred, or docs the historian assure U that thcy would? I f the nrst, it is (' rtain they did not ('onfìdt' in t h(' king':'t oo ð64 ", ARBUR1"ON'S NOTES security offered to them, as appears throughout their whole cone! uct. P.305. 1. 10. And by this lTIeanS many children were en- gaged in the service.] Had this been done in the distresses which followed, it n1ight have been pardoned by candid men; but to do it now, although they gained by making things and persons desperate, yet it must appear to all dis.. passionate observers to be a throwing off the Inask too soon. P. 327. 1. 4. without any direction from the king.] He seeins to have done it for no other reason than to break off the treaty. He ,vas a soldier of fortune, and loved the ser- vice, and his whole conduct ,vas conformable to that cha- racter. In a word, the king was ruined by his ministers in peace, and by his officers in ,val'. But he who certainly most contributed to the ill success of his anns was prince Rupert; and this was one of the most Inischievous as ,veIl as barbarous of his eXploits. In this affair, if the king's sole purpose was to disengage prince Rupert"s horse on Hounslow heath, why did he advance to Hounslow with his foot, and force the barricades of the town defended by the par1iament"s foot? I doubt he was not so clear in his pur- pose as his historian represents him. P. 3Q9. 1. Q3. and that the king had so great a party in every regiment, that they would have made no resistance.] '!"'hose who read how the city train-bands behaved in the second battle of Newbury 'will hardly be of this opinion. P. 330. 1. 5. "rhe constitution of their forces, where there were very many not at aU affccted to the cOlnpany they were in, being a good argument to them not to charge the king, which had been an ill one to him to charge them.] 'l'he observation is just. Inclination to the opposite party would make soldiers charge weakly and unwil]ingly; but when they were charged, both honour and safety would make them defend themselves with vigour. P. SSg. 1. 8. Dr. Downing and Mr. Marshall, publicly avowed, &c.] 'This, if true, was a most villainous profana- tion of their Ininistry. l.'he king and parlian1ent were now on the footing of civil enemies. And sHch an oath, taken ON THE THIRD VOLUME. 565 by prisoners of war, in consideration of liberty, has always been held binding by the law of nations, and by the Jaw of arn1S so sacred, that the violators of it are held by military men to be ignolninious. P. 363. 1. fll. indemnities.] ImlTIunities. P. 364. 1. 15. it may be, the politic considerations in those concessions, and connit:ances, were neither 'made use of, nor understood.] The historian could never have made this ob.. servation without having a very poor opinion of Charles's ministers of state, whether ecclesiastical or lay. P. 364. 1. lB. SOine few years before these troubles, when the power of ch urchnlen grew more transcendent, and in.. deed the faculties and undel.standings of the lay-counsel1ors more dull, lazy, and unactive, (for, u;ithout the last, theftrst could have done no hurt.)] "rhis is a true observation, which might be carried through an the ages of the ch urch. P. 365. 1. fl5. And, that this rnight be Slire to loo<< like more than what was neces.çary to the civil policy of the king- dom, &c.] lie means, that the world might see that this new policy was for the sake of the church, not die state; the English ambassador at Paris broke communion with them. P. 367. 1. 7. but having too just cause given them to dis.. like the passion.] ï'he doctrine of resistance. P. 367. 1. 1 . that the total declining the interest of that party.] i. e. persecuting them. P. 367. 1. 18. and that both parties, &c.] Papists and church of England. P.367. 1.19. 111ight, ifnot unite, yet refrain from the bitter- ness, &c.] In other words, a comprehension between popery and the church of England. P. 368. I. 3. neither of thenl discerning the true and sub. stantial grounds of that policy.] All this while the true re. ligious policy of toleration (on which doubtless the first re- fonners went) is forgot. P. 37/5. 1. 8. Other grierances, &c. ] Ship-money. P. 478. 1. Q8. irreverence.] Irreligion. P. 379. 1. 7. The public faith--can never die, ne'ver be ban.krupt.] Thi Rtate aphorism will now, since the (h,-.bt of 003 566 ,V AllBURrrON"S NO'rl S one hundred and fifty Inillions sterling, begin to be brought . . In question. P. 406. 1. 17. And that your nlajesty will he graciously pleased to give your royal assent unto a bin, jòr the educa- tion of the children of papists by protestants in the protestant religion.] '-.fhere cannot be a stronger proof that all their pretence of taking up anns for the preservation of the rights of subjects and citizens was a nlere farce, than this wicked request, tht> violation of all law, divine and launan. For these leaders in parlialnent were well acquaintcd with tIll" right.::, of conscience. P. 407. 1. 4. and that all these, and aU the judges of the same courts, fOl' the tiulP to canle, 111ay hold t heir placc hy lettcrs patents undcr the great seal, qllamdill se bene ges- serint.J IIad they re tlly not been factious, and resolved to change the regal power, they would have been content to nlake that reasonable denland, that the judges should hold their places, qllalndiu se bene gesserillt, and confined thenl- selves to that only in this 8th article. P.411. 1. penult. their laws, liberties, privileges, and safety of parliantellt, were so anlply settled, and established, or oj: fered to be so by his rnqjesty.J :Nothing was Inore true than this assertion. A nd to estimate the ll1erits in this quarrel, this truth IDust be always kept. in mind. P. 413. 1. 7. with such clauses for the ease of tender COll- sciences, as his majesty hath fonnerly offered.] I-Iow 11luch hath the king in this article the advantage of the parlimncnt in their 5th, in which is the execrable clause of educating the children oj' papists! P. 414. 1. 1. by his governiìlg according to the lUlOtt'1l læws of the land.] The king, in an 11is papers of appeal to the people against this faction of a parliament, carefully ayoids touching upon his preceding arbitrary gOVCrIll11cnt, but appears willing the people should believe that he al- '\Tays governed by Jaw. This seenlS to have geen in policy in his counci1. The people both saw and felt his in goycrn- Inent. rrhe confc sing it would have gone a great way to per::--uadc thcm, that now he had sepl1 hi:-. error, Ill... would () 1. HE TIIIR D VOL Ul\lE. 567 be dIsposed to govern better; whereas the acknowledging no fault, gave no rOOlll for hopes of amendment. I'}. 416. 1. 15. whose 'Very good 'reputation 'made the loss appear a '1natter of absolute and unaroidable necessity.] i. e. their nJilitary reputation was so good, as to Inake it be be- lieved that it was ilnpossible for them to hold out longer than they did. P. 417. l. 13. whereof If T a1'nford.] Of Bibury. P. 417. 1. 19. The town yielded much plunder, frolH which the undistinguishing soldier could not be kept, &c. J A curious and well chosen and well related instance of the Iniseries attending civil distractions. P. 418. 1. 30. There u;as ill this COZlllty, as throughout the whole kingdon1, a v.:onde1flll and superstitiolls 'reverence to- wards the nan1e of a parlia111ent, and a prtjudice to the power of the court; yet a jitll sZlbmi sioll, alld love of the established government oj. c/wrch and state.] It was impossible for the historian to give a stronger proof of the king's ill goyern- ment, and the endeavours of the several parliaments to main- tain the people's rights, than this prejudice of a brave and honest people, which at the SaIne tiule bore a reverence for the constitution both of church and state. r. 419. 1. 8. u;hich must be an answer to all those ove,.- sights and mni.s'siolls, which po terify u;ill be apt to impute to the king, -in the mon1Ïng of these distractions.] The observ- ance of this rule hindered the king from making a suffi- cient provision for his defence in the beginning of the war; and the violation of it towards the conclusion, presently de- stroyed that provision that had been 111ade. P. 4 Q. 1. Q2. so the extreme sllperstition to it as soon dis- solved it.] But by all this it appears that these loyal Cornish men, with alJ their reverence for the constitution of church and state, had little regard to the general quarrel. They only wanted to provide for thenlselves in peace in that se- questered corner. lJut they were hoon wakened fronl thi flattering drl'illn. P. t!!J. 1. 1Q. the king granted a cOllunissioll jointly to IllS lonlship, sir Ualph l-Iopton, &c.] Thi \\ as of a piece o 0 ,4- 568 \V ARBUR rON'S NO'rES with all the rest of the court conduct throughout the prose- cution of the war. P. 426. 1. 19. deep winter.] Deep of winter. P. 431. 1. 10. falling upon Chagfol'd.] l\lidway between 'ravistock and Exeter. P.431. 1. 27. and by too forward engaging hin1self in this last, received a 1110rtal shot by a l1)usket.] By his will he left Hobbè , with WhOlll he was intiinate, 200l. in esteein of his great parts, not his principles. P. 434. 1. 8. and the earl of Stamford híulself scelned so ingenuous.] "rhis was politicly done of the earl of Stam- ford and his party, for they ,vere distressed by the suc- cesses of those of Cornwall. But the gentlemen there on the other side would certainly never have consented to a neutrality at thi ' juncture, could they have overcome what lord Clarendon caBs the superstition, and I the absurdity, of the common people of Cornwall. P. 436. 1. 10. And truly, I believe.] The historian's reaSOll for his belief could be only this, that, if all the king's friends had appeared ready for service together, so formidable a power would have confined the parlialnent within peaceful limits. But he did not consider the friends of parlialnent were as backward, and that the appearance of their enemies "Tould have brought them likewise forward, so the balance would soon have been even. P. 436. 1. 27. the &fatal disease of the whole kingdoln at this tillle.] But a disease arising frolli the long preceding corruptions of the court. P. 437. 1. 17. and cOllcluding, ([s the other did.] "rhe no- ble historian confesses this was the case of both parties; hp says that they concluded alike, that the decision betv.;een the king and pa1"liarnent would be at thefirst encounter. P. 438. 1. 8. reprehending the lord Fairfax.] .rhe general argument in this reprehension is very ::,olid; nothing being more unjust and absurd than such partial neutralities in a quarrel that concerns the whole. It s true, the parlialllent was nluch more concerned to discountenance them than the king, since the cause of the parlial1H:'nt could be only Sl1p- ON 'l'HE rrHIRD VOLUME. 569 ported by extraordinary n1easures, which an inflanled and enthusiastic tClnper only will engage in; and when this is suffered to cool by a neutrality, all is in danger. " {hereas the other party following and relying upon established law and custom, a neutrality gives new force to their operations, which had been weakened by the bold impingulents on them. P. 440. 1. 3. Upon so great a disadvantage were the king"s party in all places, &c.] This might be true in fact, but it makes nothing against what I here say of these ncu- trali ties. P. 440. 1. 13. The present disadvantage of this rupture, &c.] The rupture was more disadvantageous to the royal- ists than to the parliamentarians, for the reason given above, as well as for the reasons here urged by the noble historian. P. 441. 1. 6. Leeds, Halifax, and Bradford, three very populous and rich towns, (which depending wholly upon clothiers too '1nllch rnaligned the gentry,) were wholly at their disposition,] It is true, this is too much the general dispo- sition of rich l1uuIufacturers; but I believe in ci\.il dissen- sions, Inen take their party on ITIOre substantial and af- fecting 111otives. Nothing is Inore baleful to trade and conl- Incrce than arbitrary governtnent. I t is no \\i'onder then that the trading cOlnmunities should think those pretended patrons of liberty in parliament \vere their natural pro- tectors. 1'). 443. L uIt. who, by the queen's favour.] 'rhis 'was not one of the least of the n1Ïschiefs she caused to the king by her pragmatic tell1per, always busy and overbearing. 1). 447. 1. Ð. And it fared in those counties as in all other parts oj'the kingdom, that the number of those who desired to sit still was greater than of those who desired to engage in either lJa14ty; so that they 'lCere generally inclined to articles o.f neutrality.] 'There cannot be a stronger proof than this, that the body of the people of England thought that the king had lTIadc anlple amends for his ill go'.ernlll{ nt, hy his passing so 111any salutary laws before the two partie had rc- CO\1r c to arnl . .570 ,V ARBURrrON'S N01'Eb P. 449. 1. QS. The town of l\Ianchester had, froln the be- ginning, (out of that factious lzU1nOlir which possessed '1lWst corporations, and the pride of t/zeir wealth,) opposed the king, &c.] In other words, love of liberty for the sake of trade. P. 45Q. J. 9. rrhe difference in the telTIper of the C01111110n people of both sides was so great, &c.] The reason of this different telnper is evident; the royalists had the constitution and the estaùlished laws on their side, so all they had to fear in adhering to them was, not to ilTitate the parIi:llnent by an over active prosecution of theln; whereas the par1i:lluent- arians acti g in an extraordinary [way], not authorized by the established laws, had no other way to save them!;elves harmless but by subduing the constitution, which required yigour and activity. P. 455. 1. 12. that it should be upon St. Chad's day.] Unworthy of the historian's reillenlhrance. P. 455. 1. 24. 'Vhether his passions or conscience swayed hilTI, he was undoubtedly one of those who could have been with most. difficulty recol ciled to the goVerlll11ent of church and state.] i. e. whether resentment of the injustice of ruling churchnlen and arbitra;y ministers, or the persuasion that episcopacy in the church, and lTIonarchy in the state, were not th best forms of governnlent to procure those blcssings of which society is productive. . P. 456. ]. 7. by which many persons became prisoners, o.f 100 good quality to have their ll(une. remembered.] This wa only said as a lTIark of indignation, not seriously, as if there was any solid reason why an ilnpartial historian should havp his scruples to nlention their names. P. 457. 1. Q9. So that his own horse (according to their unhappy practice) with too llluch fury pursuing the chase, he was left Cl1colTIpassed by his enemies.] In this practice thc courage was as questionable as the discipline was faulty: for it was to avoid returning to the charge again t unbroken bodie::, of the eUPlllY, P. 460. 1. 4. which u;as 1lof so well t/zen 'llfulcrs/ood.] By this the ]n:-;lorian SCPIHS to SllppO (,.. that the papers he o.s 'fIfE 'fHIltD YULUl\l.E. lj71 ,\ rote in the king'ls nanle, and for the king's cause, while at York, had opened the people's eyes, and he did not judge too partially of the effects of thcm. II. 461. 1. 9. 'Their answer to this was as unreasonable a the other; "that they would neither send the body, nor " permit his chirurgeons to COlne to embalnl it:"] Incredi- bly base. P. 46.:1. 1. 6. This was ft 'Cery great offer.] As great as it was, it shoulù in COnllnon prudence haye been refused at this juncture, when the king had fairly divided the kingdol1l with his enenlÌes. After the fatal battle of N aseby indeed, \\ hen the king was forced to fly for refuge into "r ales, and was receivéd by the nlarquis of "r orcester, such an accept- ance of service froin the papists might be excused. But till sHch an cxtremity, the king\; council should have con- sidered there was an extren1e great difference between tak- ing an able officer of that persuasion into his service, and receiving the assistance, of what his enelnics, without ITIuch violation of truth or candour, nlÏght can a popish army. P. 468. 1. 25. haying made no other use of his conquests, than the dishono7.1ring sv 1nany plac s.] 'l"his doubtless was of considerable use to the parJian1ent, at a tilne when the king's horse were thought to be irresistible. P. 469. 1. O. that the king ahcay.s looked upon it, as the 'most groundless, bloody, and wicked 'rebellion, that CYer pos- sessed the spirit of that people.] 1."his I verily believc, nor ið it at all inconsistent with his first drawing out of Ireland many of the forces then fighting against the Irish rebc1 ; and afterwards bringing over the rebels thCll1sclves to snp- port his cause against his English rehels. P. 474. 1. 26. Anù so they continued in his quarters, and put thC1l1SclYcs into the troop .] It had surely at this tillJl' he en 1110re prudent to havc banished thCll1 his pre ('n('t:', 01' confined th(,1ll prisoners in his garrisons, than to ell} pJoy thenl in his annies. Page 476. 1. 9. For the lLing uncI queen grc\\ eYl'ry day less !;atisfied with hil11.] .1\ language weB ad:lptcd to the \1XOri()l1 tempcl' and ('Ol1rhH.'t of th(' kilJg-. ð7 W ARBURTON'8 NOrrES P. 477. 1. 2. his m -':ortune at court.] i. e. 'want of credit. P. 477. l. 13. and then, without waiting again on the king.] He nlust have ill consulted his safety in so doing, if what the historian says of his interest at court (just aboye) be true, when he left the king between N ottinghmn and Shrewsbury. And yet he had given fresh offence after that by staying so long in the enemy's quarters. P. 481. 1. O. and indeed a man so acco'mplislzed, that he had either no enemies, or such who were ashamed to pro- fess they were so.] And yet this accomplished man (for indeed he "as such) acted by his old friend in his distresses, when ruined by Charles the Second's wicked crew of cour- tiers, in so paltry a manner, as ,vas a disgrace to his charac- ter. See Carte's Collection of Letters, written at that time. P.485. 1. 4. And at this tinIe, the nunlber of those in both houses, who really desired the same peace the king did.] Insinuating that the king desired a peace upon terms by which the public liberty lllight be secured. This is true, if by the king was meant the king's council. P. 485. 1. O. their natural inconstancy even in ill.] This was the true character of many; at the head of which class was earlilolland. P.537. 1. 5. 77 is was the first avowed interruption and suspension of the public justice.] For the parliament to con- sent to the holding assizes and gaol-delivery,fiagrante bello, and when the sword was appealed to, was not only confess- jng the injustice of their cause, but contributing to the pu- nishnlent of it. r. 541. 1. . the lzurnour of the court.] i. e. arbitrary power. P. 541. 1. 5. against thp government establi.. hed.] l\fean- ing church governnlent. P. 541. 1. 6. before he suspected their blarker design. .] Meaning against 11lonarchy. . P. 54 . 1. l . lIe had great dislike of the high conrses.] i. e. arbitrary courses. P. 54 . L 1.5. for SOlne exorbitant proceedings.] Tyran- nical. OS THE rrHIRD VOLUl\IE. 573 P. 543. 1. 14. so no man had 'more 'melancholy apprehen- sions of the issue of the war.] This is the state in which the noble historian represents all those excellent men who adhered to the king after he had given satisfaction to public liberty, and who before that had either opposed the court, or been ill used by it. Now from whence could arise the 'melancholy apprehensions of these men, but their fore- seeing that, which ever side conquered, public liberty would be destroyed, and therefore were always labouring in vain to end the quarrel by treaty and convention. P. l546. 1. 3. the lord Digby; who shortly after came to sit there as secretary of state, and had not that reverence for his father's wisdom, which his great experience de- served, though he failed not in his piety towards him.] The father had contracted the Spanish gravity, the son was born with the French vivacity; so it was no wonder he had not nluch reverence for his father's tcisdom. But that he preserved a filial piety to him is to be ascribed to his gran- deur of Blind. P. 549.1. penult. Secretary Nicholas was a very honest and industrious lllan, &c.] Nothing can give one a higher idea of the virtue and integrity of this great historian (as weB as of his inconlparable eloquence) than his characters. Se- cretary Nicholas was his bosom friend, and never forfeited his good opinion; yet he would say nothing of his parts, be- caUSt, in truth, he could not. Yet he is very lavish in the praise of great parts wherever they were found, though in his greatest personal enemies. P. 56 . 1. 1. The earl of A-fauchester.] Lord J{imbolton. P. 56 . 1. 6. forcd his cOllntlY with too unskilful a tender- ness.] i. e. was too violent in his resentments against a court which was oppressing it. . P.563. 1. 15. and from particular instances to 'make gene- ral and dangcrous conclusions.] 'Vhenever a king at- telupts to overthrow public liberty, the attenlpt can ncver be detected but by dl'l!lt'Ïng general conclusions from parti- cular instances; and without reliance on this sort of logic, 110 opposition to such an tten}pt can he justified. 574 'V..\RBUJ{'ro:\"s :N01:'E P. 565.1.16. Ilis parts 'Were not quick.] His reading a long speech of several hours in the house of lords, occa- sioned a standing order that no lord should read a written :'\peech. I>. 567. 1. 1. for whose sakes only he had brought that in- jeuny upon hilllself.] i. e, the 111inutes of the council-board, procured for the managers in the prosecution against the ear] of Strafford. P. 568. 1. 1. l-lis lna1ice to the earl of Strafford, who had unwisely provoked hint, wantonly, &c.] By taking the tide of Raby. . VOJ-A. IV. P. 8.1.16. It is e-v'ident to all nlcn where the difference now Jay between theln.J It is evident that the king treated the parlialnent as if he had subdued theln, only granting then1 an amnesty. P. 16. 1.18. for the education of the children of papists by ]JTotestants in the protestallt religion.] His Inajesty was much nlore careful that his own rights should not be vio- lated, than that the rights of nature should be observed. P. 17. 1. 10. To this message the two houses returned '12,0 answer to the king.] It 'was no wonder. This was the n10st unguarded step the king ever made throughout the course of the war. P. 17. 1. 25. l\iany were of opinion, that the king was too severe Ùz this treaty.] Well they n1Ïght. In an equal treaty, when made by the parties sword in hand, were not con- cessions to be lnade on both sides, if a peace was desired by either? But this unhappily was not the case. "\Vhile th hopes of each party were equal, the talk of treaties and of peace was only to cajole the people who languished after it; and each was to affect to labour after it, to throw the puhlic odiurn on their adversaries. P. 19. 1. 4. I cannot entertain any imagination, that it w0111(1 have produced a peace, or pir('n the kinff a.ny adt'an- ON TfIE FOUltTII "OLUl\IE. 57.) tage, or benefit in the rar: what incon'Lenience it n1ight hav produced hath been touched before.] This advantage it would certainly have given hilll: it would have shewn the people that he was ready to sacrifice his own interest for their sake, by procuring thenl what they so much wanted, a peace. r.rhe inconvenience it would have produced, was the displeasing perhaps SOllle of the nlo t powerful of his self-interested and factious followers. P. QQ. 1. 5. would have been a Ineans to have restored the kingdolTI to a present peace, and the king to his just rights and authority.] Certainly not. But because the king could not get all by this treaty, was he to neglect the getting any thing? ..A"nd he certainly would have got a great deal, by shewing the people that he was ready to sacrifice a great deal for theine }J. Q5l. 1. 19. if they had llieant any reasonable c01lcessions.] Reasonable concessions? 'Vhy the king had maùe none; and that I suppose they foresaw. P. 24. L 10. The soldiers without were, for the luost part, newly levied, and few of their officers acquainted with the way and order oj' assaulting tou;ns.] And in this igno- rance they continued throughout the whole war. For luar- shal rrurenne, in his l\Iéllloires, tells us, that the six thou- sand brave English foot which Cromwell sent the French, to as ist at the siege of Dunkirk, were mere :savages in the knowledge of such a service, P. 26. 1. 25. It was reported, that the officer,f) oj' hOfð'e in the council were all for a stonn, and the jòot çfficers for "ap- proaching.] This is slily said in reproach of Essex's arn1Y, For in a storn} the foot were to Inake way for the horse. So the former were exposed to an the slaughter, and the latter :,hared in aU the honour of the success. P. 7. L 11. there being fewer lost by that service than t ill be believed.] 1."his shews their total ignorancc in the ser- ViCC. P. 31. I. 10. affected di loyalty.] l\[eaning affectionate. P. 35, 1. 9" whpJ'{'of the lord Digby.] J..ord Digbv's pur- 76 'V.A,RBURTON'S NOTES pose In being of this party was to paJ his court to the queen. P. 4 . 1. Q9. than giving up those poor men, 'l.Cho, out of conscience of their rebellion.] I nlake no doubt but these deserters from both armies were the greatest scoundrels in them, and the least swayed by conscience. P. 46. 1. ult. I do believe Jzin to have been free from any base compliance with the enemy.] In other words, I believe hint to be UJ:ljustly condenuled; and so wiU everyone ,vho a(hnits this representation of the case to be a true one. P. 52. 1. 18. yet so far were they fronl any thoughts of peace and accolnmodation, that the house of C01nmons raged 1Twre furiously than ever.] This ,vas consequential. The leaders in the house of commons wanted some extraordinary security against tIle king's vindictive telnper on his return to power; and the last treaty had shewn that he would not give it to them; so they grew resoh'ed that the sword should decide all. P. 55. 1. 27. Since his Inajesty's 11lessage of the lQth of April, in which he con.ceived he had made slich an overture, &c.] A nlere farce to cajole the people. He could never imagine that, when he had granted nothing, the calling that nothing an overture for composing the public distrac- tions could give the parliament any inclination to comply with what he wanted: but, as appears by page 68. there was another purpose in it, the better by this means to carry on the correspondence between the king and his friends in the parliarnent and the city. P. 55. 1. 24. that hOllse was so far front concurring with them.] It was no wonder they ,vere a little out of hunlour for being thus bantered. P. 61. 1. 4. and, being more of a soldier, in the discourses ad-ministered questions, anll considerations, necessary to be understood by rnen that either meant to use force, or to resist it.] Froin these words it appears, that this was as much a plot against the parliament at \Veshninster.. in which force was to he employed, as any plot could he. It is therefore ON THE FOUR'rH VOLUME. 577 surprising that the noble historian could say, so few lines after, that the whole design was only to oppose the peti- tioners against peace, by petitioning the parlialuent for it. P. 6 . 1. . And it may be, son1e men might think of making advantage of any casual cOlnmotion, or preventing any nlischief by it.] This is a miserable way of evading the evidence, that the plotters intended force. P. 6 . ]. 5. and if there had, they would have publ'ished such a relation of it.] If the parlialnent had only published the circulnstances, which the noble historian here delivers as fact, it would have been sufficient to have convinced all itnpartialll1en that the plotters intended force. P. 66. 1. 3. How this cOlnlTIission was discovered, I could never learn.] 'V hat n10re easy? ,V ould not 1\:11'. TOlnkins's well disposed citizens naturally confer with sir Nicholas Crisp's? And would this cOlTI1TIission remain an unconllnu- nicable secret between then1? But the historian goes upon what he would have his reader believe, that Tomkins and Crisp knew nothing of one another's plot. P. 68. I. 16. they kneaded both into one plot and con- spiracy. ] One would wonder the noble historian should be so solicitous to discredit this plot; since this was fair war, and only counterplotting the plotters. But the king's repu- tation with the public was so bad, that plotting against a parliament in arnlS against him, was understood to be an indi ation that he wanted to resume his exercise of arbitrary power. P. 70. 1. 6. and, with assistance of the king's force, to atce and 1naster the parliament.] It was a thing surely to be wished by all who loved the established constitution, that this faction of a parlialnent should be destroyed; but then they would wish it to be done by a lover of public liberty, which few at that time thought the king was. P. 7 . 1. 7. a popish and traitorous plot .foJ' the subversion of the true protestant reformed religion.] ,T lIst such another farce as the king's last message for peace. - P. 74. 1. 23. by the industry of their cler7Y'] 'rhere waf\ VOL. VII. I) P 578 \V ARBURTON'S NOTES without doubt many a lay rogue amongst these patrons of liberty. But none of them canle near their clergy in malig- nity, corruption, hypocrisy, and ilnpiety. P. 77. 1. 3. No lnan can imagine, that if the king could have entertained any probable hope of reducing London, &c.] This is said with a great deal of good sense. 'Tamper- ing with the arnlY in the north, when the parliament was beginning their redress of grievances, was to be condemned; but now the king and parlialnent were formed into two par- ties, and both agreed to appeal to the sword, the king's at- tempt to disperse the parliament i!J. this manner was justifi- able policy. P. 80. 1. 1. fany men observed, &c.] The recording of these superstitions of the times, except \vhere they had an influence on the public affairs, is unworthy so great an his- torian. P. 9 . 1. 8. And the judgment that was given against him infinitely more advanced hirn.] For hirn, the historian should have said his cause. P. 95. 1. . and a hand to execute, any 'mischief] By rnis- chief, the historian means no more than reducing the king's arbitrary by force, [so MS.]; which, on the historian's prin- ciples, was a matter altogether unlawful. This sense of the word mischief makes all the parts of this fine drawn charac- ter consistent. For every line shews that the historian be- lieved hinl to be a nlan of honour and virtue, acting on wrong principles. As to the historian's account, that he grew more fierce after his accllsation, this may be easily ac- counted for, without ascribing it to personal resentment. Mr. Hambòen saw how obstinately the king struggled against all reform of his arbitrary l1leaSUres; of which, the accusing the five Ïnenlbers was one of -Inany flagrant in- stances of this truth. He was led to think there was a ne- cessity to use force for the securing what they had got. This was surely a lnistake; but such a mistake as an honest Ulan might cOlnlnit. P. 99. 1. 1. Next thenl, on the left hand.] Their; i. c. on the left hand of Slanning and Trevannion; for the left hand ON ',rHE FOURTH VOLUl\IE. 579 of the south was the west, and thé left hand of the north was the east; so the hill would be assaulted by these four divisions on the four quarters. P.99. 1. 11. to take any advantage he could of the enerny, if they charged.] That this was the historian's Ineaning ap- pears from the next page, where he says, their few horse might have done great service. P. 104. 1. 926. said 1nllch that teas disadvautageous to the court.] By the character the historian here gives of young Chudleigh, we must conclude he confessed nothing but the truth; and if this was very disadvantageous to the court, we Blust conclude that plot was not so harmless a one as the historian, in the former part of his history, has repre- sented it. P. 107. 1. 16. This put some persons upon desiring, that prince l\Iaurice, &c.] Another strong miscond uct of the king, in his fondness for this unhappy family. P. 109. 1. 13. Yet if the extraordinary ten1per and virtue of the chief officers of the Cornish had not been much supe- rior to that of their common soldiers, &c.] Great injustice to the Cornish. P. 113. 1. f1.7. insomuch as he was at last compeUed to re- deenl himself at a dear ransom.] Every now and then a story comes out which shews the court to have been ex- ceeding tyrannical, and abates all our wonder at the rage and nlalice of those who had been oppressed by it. I t is a moot point which did the king 1110st mischief, his court ser- vants, whom he unreasonahly indulged, or his country sub- jects, w}10m he as unreasonably oppressed. Gratitude had not the san1e influence on the affections of his servants, which thirst of revenge had on those who had heen op- pressed by their B1aster. J). l O. 1. 5. beat up a reginlent of horlW and dragoons of sir Jcanes HanÛlton'. , and di. persed them.] This was tht' disorderly l'egiment which was sent for out of DevolI::-;hjr , on account of the hurt they did there to the king's cause; and this was a fate very likely to attend their irregularities. r. lQ5. 1. 7. that no accident which happened could Pp 580 \VARBURTO 'S NOTES make any impres8iolls in hint; and his exaluple kept others from taking any thing 'ill, or at least seem,ing to do .\"0.] It appears froin what the historian all along observes, that these Cornish troops, to whom the king owed so much, (and, had they been well used, would have owed a great deal more,) had great reason to complain of the ill return their services met with fronl the court and court favourites. P. 1 7. 1. ] 8. which joined about Bath, in the most abso- lute disaffected parts of all three.] Pryn, the utter barrister of Swanswick, had done much to spread this disaffection. P.19l7. 1. 29. which were at be.f)t weary.] Their license, and Haslerig's cuirassiers, had lessened both their discipline and their courage. P. 138. 1. 1. This blessed defeat happened to be upon the same day, and upon the same tirne of the day, when the king met the queen 'Upon the field near Keinton, under Edge-hill.] This observation was more becoming à sinall paltry courtier, than this great historian. P. 138. 1. 10. and this transport to either extrelnes was too natural upon the vicissitudes of the war.) Too natural for courts, where the mind is always found, or rnade unba- lanced. Meaning, without doubt, prince Rupert himself. P.139. 1. 13. by the corvuncture.] Conjunction. P. 141. 1. 4. so the Inarquis and prince Maurice returned to Bath.] i. e. froin Oxford, whither they had gone to at- tend the council of war. P. 157. 1. 7. for all the pressures and inconveniences they had borne.] The robberies of arbitrary power. These were indeed solidly repaired by the excellent laws he speaks of. But the doing all this with a very bad grace, and the ill opinion that was entertained of his sincerity, gave the ene- mies of the constitution credit for their very worst designs. P. 160. 1. 8. by their memory of that excellent peace and firm happine8. .] How is this consistent with the pressures and inconveniences which, in this very declaration, he owns the subject had felt during his reign, before the calling of this last parliament? P. 161. 1. 8. Revenge and blood-thirstiness have never ON THE FOUR'ïH VOLUl\lE. 581 been imputed to us, &c.] The revenge his enemies charged him with at one time, and the forgiveness he boasts of at another, were very consistent. P. 16 . 1. 1. prince Rupert, taking to heart, that a ne- phew of the king's should be lieutenant general to the mar- quis, &c.] I-Ie took to heart what doubtless had been in- fused into it by the uncle himself. A ray of royalty in the court notions of that time diffused itself through aU the branches of the sacred stem: otherwise, how could it pos- sib]y be thought, that a luere soldier of fortune, a foreigner, scarce of age, was hardly dealt with, or degraded, in being appointed lieutenant general to an English nobleman of the first quality and credit, who was made general of an army that was to be raised and kept together by his own interest in the country, and much at the expense of his own noble fortune? P. 164. 1. . He had passed his word to his nephew, of whont he was very tender.] Had the king been always as tender of his word, as he was of the follies of those nearest to him, he had never been reduced to these straits. P. 165. 1. 6. And these thought.] His country friends. P. 165. 1. 13. Others again were of opinion.] His court friends. P. 165. 1. 25. as his courage and conduct had been very prosperous to thp king.] He had only fought one pitched hattIe, that of Edge-hill, and that he lost by his eminent misconduct. The like misconduct afterwards lost him the hattle of 1\1arston Moor. P. 17 . 1. 10. yet he discerned plainly that the prince and the marquis would never agree together.] AU may discern plainly that the king did it to humour prince Maurice, in his impotent passion for heing a general. P. 17 . 1. 14. that he should ,c;ooner reduce his people by the ]Jou.'er of his arrny, than by the persuasions of his coun- sel.] 'ïhi45 gives us a glimmering of what was to be ex- pected, now ::'l1CCCSS ran high, if the king's arm8 should pre- vaiL l . 173. 1. 10. yet they thought the prince"s inexperience pp3 58Q \V ARBUltTON'S NOTES of the custOU1S and luallners of England, and an aversion fron considering them, &c.] This we see in the last page was the very reason for the king's preferring the l)rince to the marquis. P. 173. I. 5!5. a greater tide of good fortune had attended that expedition.] rrhis is honestly confessed. P. 177. J. 10. but if the king himself came with his arnlY, and sumnloned it, he would not hold it against him.] l\Jla sey evidently said this to draw the king's army before Glou- cester, and to gain himself honour and advancenlent in the service by a brave defence. P. 185. 1. 7. discovery.] Disposition. P. 186. 1. ult. the seditious preachers filled all the pulpits 'with alarms of ruin and destruction to the city, &c.] Thus the l)resbyterian clergy became the instrulllcnts of the over- throw of the constitution. P. 191. 1. . which many desired should be thought to have then S01ne irifluence upon the earl.] i. e. many of the king's court, who were of the party or faction of the lnar- q UIS. P. 191. 1. ult. which hath been since prosecuted, with effect, to a worse purpose.] '\Vhen the seceders of parlianlent went to the army under Fairfax and Cromwell. P. 193. 1. pcnult. by his staying with his arlny before Gloucester.] It is certain this was a false step. Had the disorders and divisions in London been between men who had the saine end, and differed only in the rneans, the ap- proach of a comlnon enemy would have united them. But as their end as well as means was different, the king's ap- proach would have quite broke thenl to pieces, and reesta- blished his own power. The not seeing this difference in the king's council nlust give one a very indifferent idea eithcr of their sense or sobriety. P. 196. 1. 30. notwithstanding that the queen herself"Tit 80 Îluportunately against it.] l.."'his was the first good counsel I find of hor giving. But we see, by p. 01. that it was out of no public nlotÏvc. P. 201. 1. 5. that the king was betrayed.] No further ON THE FOUR'l'H VOLUl\lE. 583 than by the soldiery's desiring the continuance of the war. P. flOl. 1. 4. who was the most incapable of any such ap- prehensions.] \Vhich had brought hin1 into this condition, and soon reduced him to a worse. P. Ol. 1. 5. and had her nlajesty in so perfect an adora- tion.] 'V ere there no other proof, this very strange expres- sion shews how much the noble historian condemned the king's uxorious folly. P. O . 1. 30. and expected to be as Inuch, it may be, more made of, than they who had borne the heat oj. the day.] They were afraid of having too Inany sharers in the king's good fortune. P. 03. I. 17. who seldom spoke without some earnest- ness.] i. e. on some pressing occasion. }1"or this is the sense of the words, which have the face of a very different meaning. P. 206. I. 19. He was a rnan of honour, and of courage, and would have been an excellent person, if his heart had not been set too much upon the keeping and ilnproving his estate.] The exact character of his son, the late duke of Newcastle, and the first of the nanle of HolIes. P. 1 O. 1.13. but pure compliance with the illlmnlour of the town.] Nothing more shews the innate corruption of courtiers, than this ill humour on this occasion. P. 14. 1. 6. 'Which the earl oj. Carnarvon,-took so ill,- given out to be greater than it was.] How could he say so, whcn he had but just before told us how lord Carnarvon resented it? But, as usual, he was tender of these foreign branches of the royal house. But that these injustices were chicfly to be laid at the door of the foreign officers, appear:-. pretty plain hy the faIniliar use of thc Genn3J1 word plun- der, thcn first introduced into the English tonguc. P. 19. 1. 7. and that nobody saw above six of the enelny, that charged thcIn.] These were the officers who charged with sir J. Digby in the front of the horse. P. . 1. 4. the flexibility and instability of that gC'utle- Ulan's nature.] 'fhcrc was lnuch both of intrigue anù whilll in the character of thi fir t carl of Shaftshury. rp4 584 WARBUR'rON'S NO'rE P. . 1. 13. he 7..fould not, to please the 1narquis in au Ulljust p1'efence, put (t public disobligation and affront 'upon his nephew.] Had the king been as able in politics, as he was in the episcoparian squabbles, he would have sent this nephew back to Gernlany, after all the disorders he had countenanced, and the disaffection he had thereby created to the king's cause in the west. P. Q 5. L 1 . yet the king had neither n10ney nor lnate- 1"ials requisite for a siege.] This shews the reason of Chil- lingworth's activity there in inventing military machines for the service, and for which he was so much abused by those miserable rascals, the presbyterian pulpit incendiaries. P. Q30. 1. 8. prince Rupert hi1nself staying with the body of horse.] Here, where generalship was required, prince Ru- pert could do nothing worthy of his nan1e. P. 31. 1. Ql. and at this tilne, partly with weariness, and partly with the indisposition that possessed the whole army, &c.] Their indisposition should have been pointed against the earl of Essex, who raised the siege, and on whom a brave and vigilant enenlY might have had its re- venge. P. Q36. 1. 11. of so sovereign benifit and use i.ç that readi- ness, order, and dexterity .in the use of their anns.] A 1110St judicious observation, which later times have abundantly supported. Skippon had disciplined these men in the Artil- lery Garden ever since the first beginning of the quarrel. P. 39. I. 18. who, having no command in the army, at- tended upon the king's person, under the obligation of ho- nonr.] rrhese are lord Sunderland's own words to his wife, from the king's camp, in 164 : "rrhe king's condition is " much improved of late, which increaseth the insolencyof " the papists. N either is there wanting daily handsome oc- " casion to retire, were it not for grinning honour. For let " occasion be never so handsome, unless a man were rc- "solved to fight on the parliament side, (which, for my "part, I had rather be hanged,) it will be said, without " doubt, that a nlan is afraid to fight. If there could be " an expedient found to salve the punctilio oj' honour, I ON rrHE FOURTH VOLU1\IE. 585 " would not continue here an hour.'!'! Sidney Papers, vol. ii. p. 667. P. 41. 1. 7. a person of such prodigious parts of learning and knowledge.] So says this wise historian; hut an histo- rian wiser than he, the honourable l\Ir. Horace Walpole, in his Lives of royal and noble authors, says, this noble lord was a weak luan, and of very mean and ordinary parts. P. 44. 1. 6. he harboured, it nlay be, SOl1W jealousy and prejudice to the court.] Did he not, he could never be the Ulan his historian here represents him. P. 4. 1. 7. he was not before immoderately inclined.] i. e. before the last short parliament. But lord Falkland himself, in his printed speeches in the last long parlia- Inent, give a better reason for his indisposition to the court, than his father's ill success there as a courtier of fortune. P.245. L 3. that an endeavour to overthrow the funda- mental laws of the kingd01n was treason.] As much as to say, Strafford did indeed endeavour to overthrow the fu1t- dalnental lau:s of the kingdom. I f this was true, his punish- ment was certainly most just. An endeavour to overthrow a society, lllust needs, from the very nature and end of so- ciety, be a capital crin1e. It is not treason to this or that state, hut to all community in general. P. 246. 1. 20. his answers were more negligent, and less slltisjåctory.] 'Vithout doubt little satisJåctory to a monarch unwilling even then to part with illegal powers his parlia- ment was wresting from hinl. P. 246. 1. penult. as luore than an ordinary averseness to his service.] Hitherto he plainly entertained violent suspi- cions of the court; nay, he seems to have done so to the last: and if his muiable friend, the young lord Sunderland, was not luistaken in the picture he draws of the court a few weeks before this battle, in which they both fell, not without reason. P.250. 1. 17. goud nature.] i. e. virtuous disposition. P. 253. 1. 14. and though he received ,"onw repulse in the 586 ,V ARBURTON'S NOTES command of a troop of horse.] I suppose on account of his dcdared indisposition to the court. P. Q59. 1. 14. everyone accusing another of want of COll- 7'age and conduct in the actions oj' the field; and theY'lrho were not of the army, blanting them all for their several fail- ings and gross oversights,] And these complaints were well founded. P. 61. 1. Q. They who had forborne to be importunate for honours, or offices, because they knew they should not be able to obtain their desires from the king, made their mo- destyan argument of their merit to the queen.] The king l1ad promised the queen not to confer honours and offices without her participation. P. Q63. 1. 8. But the queen, ,vhether from her inclina- tion, or promise, or dislike oj' most other people, who 1Cere not so good courtiers.] The public misfortunes could not yet cure her of her fornler errors. P. 265. 1. 2. w1w did not wish to see the court just filled as it had been, or the queen herseY' possessed of so absolute a power.] This plainly illtilnates, that all these distractions luade no change in the king and queen's dispositions. How then can we wonder that the heads of the other pa ty dare not trust then1? Hence arose the fatal necessity of pushing things to extremity. P. 66. 1. 12. 'rhe earl l1ad a friend.] Mr. Hyde hiln- self. P. 70. 1. 20. and that the lJapists had so great a puwer there.] If you will believe lord Sunderland, in his letter to his lady, this was but too true; see note at p. 239. P. 89. 1. 19. those ,vho had the greatest trust in their affairs,] Their generals. P. 89. 1. 25. nor favoured one of those 1nen.] The inde- pendents. P. 291. 1. 9. when all the leading persons in those cow - cils.] The independents. P. Q92. I. 9. erecting a power and authority that re- solved to persecute presbytery to an extirpation.] l'his was ON THE FOURTH VOLUME. 587 not true in any other sense than this, that they were re- solved to destroy the presbyterian tyranny; and I suppose the noble historian thought that their tyranny and their existence were inseparable. P. 292. 1. 4. 'Vithout a parliament, they could not pro- }Jose it.] This appears to have been an idle struggle for a parlialnent or no parliament. If under the sanction of a parliament, they had sent any army into England against the king, it had been as much a rebeUion as if the nation had raised and sent an army without that sanction; and a hundred thousand pounds would certainly have overCOlne that scruple. P. 299. 1. penult. and as, many tim@s, men in a scziffie lose their weapons, &c.] A very fine image. The queen in the cabinet, and the two princes in the field, ,vere the au- thors of these disorders. P. 302. 1. 10. though he that too imlnoderately and importunately affects it, &c.] An admirable observation bought hy the noble author's own experience, but bought too dear. r. 302. l. 20. that hopeful young prince.] He had all the qualities of the great prince of Condé in a very subor- dinate degree, except his personal courage, which perhaps was equal, though by reason of an inferiority in other qua- lities it would not appear to be so. P. 303. to p. 308. The whole of this excellent. P. 306. 1. 7. Among those who were next the king's trust,-there were some, &c.] Meaning himself. P.309. l. 14. observed with all punctuality.] Not at all to the benefit of his person or his place, as that lJltnctuality had degenerated into eastern pOlnp. But his diffcrent fortunes had brought him into these different extrenles, which in prosperity prevented his being beloved, and in his adversity hindered his being reverenced. I). 314. 1. 1. which hath Inade 111C enlarge this digression so nluch, &c.] rhis noble historian understood his task in- cOlnparably well. Y ct has party so blinded the understand- ing of SOlne who 1110st pretend to taste, that hecause they 588 'VARBURTON'S NO rES dislike his political principles, they will not or cannot see, that in the knowledge of hunlan nature, (the noblest qualifi- cation of the historian,) this great author excels all the Greek and Latin historians put together. P. 3 1. 1. 10. it awakened many to apprehend the imme- diate hand of God in the judgment, &c.] It must be owned there was absurdity enough in this man's conduct to jus- tify the old observation; Quen"L Jupiter vult perdere prills dementat. P. S fl. 1. . But when I say it was an error that he did not, I intend it rather as a rnisfortune than a fåult.] ]}ut whose fault was it that the marquis of Hertford, who sO well knew the country, and who was so well beloved where he was known, was displaced to make room for prince l\Iau- rice, who was a stranger, and became hated as soon as he was known? P.3fl3. 1. 1. Though the king's success, and good for- tune, had Inet with a check in the relief of Gloucester, and the battle of Newbury.] I an1 afraid, by the words here dropped, that the parliament had too much reason to Inake a victory of it. P.3Q7. 1. 8. and if the parliament should not return to their reglilar obedience.] i. e. let things stand on the Saine footing they were before the tU111UltS of \\Thitehall. This was what the king wanted. 'Vhat the parlianlent wanted, was to share his prerogative with hiln, both in the military and civil department, for their own security for what was past. 'rhis, while each party had the sword in their hands, was the fixed resolution of each not to depart from. Let the intelligent reader then judge, whether it was possible to end the quarrel by a treaty, before onc of the parties was Rubdued; anù then it was (and it n1ight have been easily foreseen that it would be) too late. P. SQ7. 1. penult. he would interpose to pacify the dif- ferences, by such expedients, as should be most conJormable to the ancient laws and cllstoniS of the realrn. ] This, after an, was a very sage interposition. It inlplicd that the d tfere)lces were to be pacified by expedients; i. e. that some satisfaction O THE FOURTH VOLU1\IE. 589 was to be given to the parliarnent for their security; but that care was to he taken that those expedients did not disturb or violate the constitution. This sage proposal pleased neither party. The king, we see, expected the par- liæment .fjhould return to their regular obedience; i. e. leave the con5titution in the state they found it, without further security to thenlsel ves; and the parJianlCnt was for altering the constitution. P.329. 1. ult. And it cannot be denied, that they who were inclined to that jealou8Y, had argum.ents enough to increase it.] The court passed this judgment, because they were so egregiously disappoiuted in what they so foolishly expected, that the king oJ' France would assist Charles bona fide in . uch a manner as Charles himself should propose; i. e. fight his hattles for hinI. P.330. 1. 24. a messenger from the parliament appre- hended Mr. Moul1tague, and carried hiln a prisoner to the houses.] This is highly probable frOlll the character of 1\lountague, very forward in business, and a kind of fa- vouritc of the queen n10ther, and so the object of :\Ia7.arine's jealousy. P. 334. 1. 4. but the evidence of the king's aversion .ço far to forgi-re and forget former trespasses.] Something or other is always dropping froin the noble historian, which would persuade one to think, that the heads of the parlia- Inent party were excusable in thinking that the king would take his revenge on theln if he could. P. 338. l. penult. beiug startled at the statute of tllf> 25t It of Edward IlL] This statute evidently relates only to par- ticular private Incn. P. 342. l. 19. that they should be tr'ied by a council oj' war, as spies;- ?Chich was done at Essex-house.] I can see no injustice in this, after what had passed between the two houses. 'I11e king might with equal sense have sent one of his Inessengers to take the parliament general into ('ustody, who, hy the old rules of law, was guilty of high treason, as send a messenger with his writs into a town of war in arnlS against hiln. 590 ,V ARBURTON'S NOTES P. 344. 1.15. There ,vere but two prosecutors appeared, one 1\11'. 'Valker, &c.] Clenlent 'Valker, author of The Systenl of Independency; a famous libel o that faction. P. 345. 1. 5_ and if he had not inculnbered hinlself with connnand in the arlny.] He committed the very same blun- der then that lord George Sac\Till did of late. P. 346. 1. _ and the shanle of it persuaded him to quit the kingdoDl.] Prince Rupert afterwards defended Bristol in the same unaccountable manner, who certainly wanted not courage; and this obliged binl likewise to depatriate. P. 346. 1. 18. whilst others considered it as a Judgrnent of Heaven.] 'l-'his great historian is always too free with his judgments. But the piety is lTIOl'e eminent than the super- stition in this great man's foibles. P. 351. 1. . and a counsellor, much trusted.] The histo- rian himself. P. 351. 1. 6. he smiled, according to his cust01n, when he could not answer.] An adlnirable picture of a hackneyed courtier. P. 351. 1. 17. that since the whole kingdoln was n1Ïsled by the reverence they had to parliaments, and believed, &c.] Experience taught them to believe so. P. 351. 1. 23. when they were persuaded that their very doing it made it lawJitl.] It was no wonder, that they who saw the parlianlent through two reigns stem the torrent of unlawful power, should be hardly brought to believe a par- liament could act against law. P. 35 . 1. 26. yet he had no mind that a multitude should be consulted upon the conditions of it.--the governors of the parliament had not themselves been too fearful of a peace.] This shews what has been so often observed, that neither one nor the other party desired such a peacé as was good for the whole, but for themselves respectiyely. rfhe king was not for having his power reduced to proper bounds, and the parliaillent ,vas for altering the constitution. P. 354. 1. 20. and abhorring the thought of introducing a foreign nation to subdue his own snljects.] How could the historian say this, when at p. 3 6. he had told us, that the ON THE FOURTH VOLUl\IE. 591 king hoped that France would really assist hi. 'majesty (in case the ambassador could do nothing with the parliament by gentle means) in such manner as he should propose? And why should the historian disguise this, since the seeking for foreign assistance in a just quarrel was right policy? r. 355. 1. 3. The lords justices, and council, had sent a short petition to his nlajesty, &c.] I see no reason why the king might not apply his rebellious catholic subjects in Ire- land to his own purpose; as well as the parliament apply his rebellious puritan subjects of Scotland to theirs. The terms under which both these several applications were made, having only this difference apparently to the advan- tage of the king; the papists only demanded a toleration under the established church; the puritans required (and it was granted them) an establishnlent of their discipline to the destruction of the national ch urch. P.36Q. 1. 9. without the consent of his two hOllses of par- liament in England.] But in aU reasonable construction, this could only mean while the parlimnent renlained in le- gal subjection to. hiln. On the whole, the king was per- fectly free frOln blame throughout this whole Irish affair, from first to last, as a politician, and king, and governor of his people. But the necessity of his affairs obliging him at the saIne tilne to play the protestant saint and confessor, there was found much disagreement between his professions and declarations, and his actions in this matter. P.364. 1. 31. It is one of the instances of the strange, fatal 'misunderstanding.] ..A 'misunderstanding that had its hirth fron1 the king's long misgovernment. P. 365. 1. 8. but oj" those who resisted all other infusions and i1ifectioll.] This could only arise fron1 the known bi- gotry of the queen, and her known absolute government oYer the will of her husband. 1). 370. 1. 3Q. that if a personal supply.] Present, surely. P. 40 . I. 13. tllost graciously proclaiming pardon to all without exception.] I do not know whether this did not make the parliament confide less in the king's good faith than they would have done, had SOlnc been excepted frotH 592 WARBURTON'S NOTES pardon, especially if they nleasured the king"s telnper and provocations by their own; for in their offers õf grace and accom1110dations, there were" n1any excepted. P. 405. 1. O. 'fhey said, the question was not, nor need they dispute, 'Whether they 'might propagate their religion by arms.] By this it appears, that these wretched fanatics and hypocrites were ready to di pllte for the affirmative when- ever it became a question, nay, before; for they here pro- fane a text to justify the right of propagating their religion by arms: by which text a curse is denounced against Meroz for not doing, what in their modesty they say they will 'not dispute for the right of doing. P. 407. 1. 10. In the tÏnle of alli'nwsity, and appetite of revenge.] And was not animosity, and appetite of relJenge, now at the height? P. 407. 1. 19. to shew that they had a clear prospect oj' whatever could be said against then}..] Extremely well ob- served, and as well expressed. The noble historian would insinuate, (and he insinuates the real fact,) that the Scots were fully conscious they were going to play the rogue. P.409. 1. 9. And I cannot but observe, &c.] There is no superstition in this observation. The earl of Essex was no fanatic, and therefore had nothing to prevent his seeing the horrid hypocrisy of these two diabolic declarations. So that to support thelll by the power which his station gave them, could not but be displeasing to the God of truth and jus- tice. P. 414. 1. 17. the scope and intention of that letter being to make provision hou} all the members, &c.] It 111ust be owned the king's proposal was a pleasant one, to desire the menlbers of the two houses at Westnlinster to let in a great majority of the menlbers of the two houses"at Oxford to vote along with them; after this there needed no treaty, for the king would thereby become master of his parliament. P. 4 15. 1. 5. and do beseech your nlajesty to be assured, that your 'majesty's royal and hearty conCtl1TenCe with us herein, &c.] It must be owned too, that the parliament was full as reasonable. They only desired the kinp; would ub- O THE FOURTH VOLUl\IE. 593 mit to them. This fully shews (what has been often before observed by Ine) there could be no peace till one side or other was become nlaster. And so the parliament tells him in very plain words, when they say, without which your 'ma- jesty's 'tnost earnest professions, and our most real intentions concerning the same, nlllst necessarily be frustrated. P. 416. 1. 10. who begun to practise all the licence of war.] Not the licence of war, which, having its laws as well as peace, is as much an enelny to licence. What the noble historian should have said, (and but out of reverence for his own cause would have said,) all the licence of undisci- plined troop .. P. 416. L 16. lest they should be thought to take upon then to be a parlia1uent.] Did they not take upon them to be a parliament when either house appointed speakers? P. 418. 1. 7. which few wise uwn believed it would erer be.] 'Vhy should it, if it be the most equitable way of rais- ing, as it is the most easy way of collecting taxes? P. 4Q . 1. 15. found it necessary to withdraw his army.] \Vhy did he not advance to fight the Scots before he re- turned to put a check to Fairfax's successes ( But he ap- pears throughout to have been. a very poor fantastic ge- neraL P. 431. 1. S. out of too much c01ifìdence in per olls.] Ha- milton and his brother; who, notwithstanding all Burnet says in their behalf, were certainly a couple of knaves. P. 431. 1. 28. made some smart propositions to the king for the remedy.] I suppose either for the imprisonment or the taking off certain persons. P. 439. 1. . and he found that he was much better able to do hurt than good; which wrought very much upon him to melancholy, and complaint of the violence and discompo- sure of the people's affections and inclinations. In the end, whether upon the death of the earl of Bedford he despaired of that prefernlent, or whether he was guilty of any thing, which, upon his conversion to the court, he thought Inight be discovered to his damage, or for 1mre want of COltrage, &c.] i. e. to disservc than serve the court. He had raised VOI H VII. Q q 594 w ARBUR'rO 'S NO'fES a spirit against it which he could not lay. 'Vhy should the historian seek for more reasons than tha first given ?-the necessity of returning to his party, to preserve his conse- quence in parliaulent. P. 440. l. 13. and the quality of many of them.] As that of lord keeper Finch. P. 441. 1. 30. there being then several whispers of some high proceedings they intended against the king.] The elec- tor was in hopes that the parliament would set aside the king and his children, and give the crown to hilTI as next heir. P. 444. 1. . and charging and routing some of their hor.s-e.] It appears, by a l\IS. I have seen of this affair, writ- ten by an eyewitness from the steeple of the church, that the prince was obliged to charge and retire several times before he could break them. '-fhe action was within half a mile of the town, on the east side. 'rhe parlialnent forces were drawn up in a plain between the town and a hill, called Beacon-hill. On the top of which the prince forlned, and from thence charged the enemy. P. 447. 1. 1. As the winter had been very unprosperous and unsuccessful to the king.] 'fhe actions of the army in this and the following book, in the calnpaigns of 1644-5. are chiefly taken frorn sir Edward Walker"s Discourses; that is, the whole of W alker"s Discourses are taken in. P. 449. L 1. and was at present strong enough to have stopped, or attended WaUer in his western expedition.] Here was a rational plan well laid, and successfully entered upon; yet, without rhyme or reason, it was forsaken to pur- sue a project. The truth is, the parliament commanders al- ways out-generaled the king"s. P. 455. 1. 7. how the lord Hopton"s troops lay quar- tered, at too great a distance from each other,-a reginlent of foot of the king"s lay in too much security.] So that while the general was on his Sussex project, no part of his plan, he left his army to have their quarters beaten up, by their not being at proper distances to relieve one another. P. 457. l. 4. The governor was a man of honesty and ON THE F()UR'fH VOLUl\IE. 59.5 courage.] The high sheriff. It was not out of such that the parlian1ent made their governors of places, but out of old soldiers of fortune. Here was no want of such, for. the historian tells, many were without command in this very place. P. 457. 1. ult. the clergy that attended that anny prose- cuted ki,n with all the inlut1nanity inlaginable.] I ndeed most villainously, as appears from the very book which a fanatic ,vretch, one Cheyne1, who was at the head of the perse- cutors, wrote upon that occasion, yet extant; which being lent (as a curiosity) to Mr. Locke, to shew him the vil- lainous spirit of this fanatic, the great philosopher returned it, with this character of the performance. See Locke's \V orks, vol. iii. p. 731. P. 460. 1. 1. near the lllidway between \Vinchester and Farnhaln, they carne to know how near they were to each other.] Froln these words one may fairly conclude the king's army was surprised; though the words would intilnate that both armies stun1bled upon one another. But his account of \Valler's disposition shews the contrary. P. 46 . L 20. rrhis battle was fought the 9th day of lVlarch; which was a very doleful entering into the begin- ning of the year 1644, and broke all the 'ineaSllres, and al- tered the whole scheme, of the king's counsels.] Thi the foolish project of the Sussex high sheriff acconlplished. Had the schenle of Hopton's waiting for '\rVaIler been pursued, this latter could have got no recruits, and must have stopped at Farnhalll for some tilne, the west not being disturbed, and the king's arn1Y entire and in good ordel". P. 464. 1. 11. and would have been glad to have been en- gaged with the1n.] If the 111arquis was so wining, he should have done it when he had nothing else to do; when the Scots first entered England. P. 471. 1. 1. ,A.nd the king himself frequently considered more the person who . poke, as he teas in his grace or his pre- judice, than the cOllnsel itself that was given.] A certain mark of a weak prince; how much soever courtiers nrp ready to praist1 their master's judgment. Qq2 5!)ü ,V ARB URTON'S NOTES P. 471. 1. 23. '-fhe general, though he had been, without doubt, a very good officer.] A strange mixture of a worth- less courtier and unable general. P. 47 . 1. 4. and an ill understanding.] Here understand- ing is used for judgment. P. 47 . 1. 18. and the king hi'mself.] Here the king's opin- ion, though just, was directed by prejudice, and not reason. P. 473. L 14. which often put the king to the trouble of (.onvertiug him.] Finely expressed, and aHuding to what he had said before of the courtier part of the general's cha- racter. P. 473. 1. Q1. a virtue that none of the rest had.] In a character like this, this defect appears to be owing to his not being a perfect master of his trade; and this indeed appears through his whole service. P. 473. 1. Q . but, in the debates concerning the war, was longer in resolving, and 1TIOre apt to change his 'mind ajter he had resolved.] That is, he was the only one ,vho was above the meanness of taking advantage of the king's distressed situation, to push their own selfish views of ambi- tion or avarice. This gives us a sad picture both of the court and caInp. P. 474. 1. 1 . yet one of thenl.] Lord l)igby; he pre- served that ascendency which he formerly had over the other in the house, now in the council; and this was natu- ral, otherwise Colepepper ,vas of a nature to be overborne by words. P. 481. 1. 4. 1."his was the deplorable condition to ,vhich the king was reduced before the end of the 1110nth of l\1ay.] Had this been a great king, who knew how to com1nand and be obeyed by his servants, and had abilities to accom- 11lodate hinlself to tilnes and occasions, notwithstanding all his former 111isgovernments, his recent and aDIpIc reparation of the breaches into public liberty, would have enabled him, .when the sword was dra,vn, to denitche his factious parlia- ment. Eut when his servants saw him governed by the queen, they thought it but reasonable that they should have a share in the ruin of the uxorious nlonarch. O THE FOUR rII VOI Ul\lE. 597 P. 496. I. 16. to 111ake way for hin1, sir AnthollY Ashley Cooper had been, the year bcfore, rClnoved fronl that charge.] I do not find that sir A. A. Cooper had occasioned this dis- grace by any ill conduct. But .A,shburnhaln was a court favourite, who afterwards conducted that famous night ex- pedition from Hampton court to the Isle of \Vight. P. 497. 1. 14. had retired with haste enough towards Exe- tcr.] i. e. instead of rising from before Lyme, he run away; indeed he seemed to excel in nothing but plundering the country. P. 498. 1. 4. \Vilnlot, without ever comnuuzicating it with the king, l)ositively advised.] That is, privately, and before he proposed it in council. P. 507. 1. !l . his heart was at no ease, with apprehen- sion of the terrible fright the queen would be in,-His '1na- jesty resolved therefore, with all possible expedition, to follow the earl oj' Essex.] His uxoriousness here occasioned, by ac- cidents, one of the best steps the king ever made in the war. P. 510. 1. 8. being no sooner broken than they rallied again.] This was what the king's horse from first to last ,vere so far froln being brought to do, that when victorious they could rarely be brought in order to charge again, not for want of courage, but total want of discipline. P. 511. 1. 7. that two great generals.] 'rhcse two great generals ought hoth to have been hanged, and where any discipline or law prevailed would have been sO. P. 511. 1. 23. having lnarched, or run above ten Inile northward, hefore they had news that they might securely return.] 1'he king hinlself perfornled as heroical a part at the second battle of Newbury. P. 512. 1. 1Q. But neither of thenl wen.> friends to f>uch deliberation,] In this the prince wa lIlost to blan1e; he was a boldicr and a Ulan of sense, wh('reas the other was only a fantastical virtuoso on horseback. P. 51 3, 1. 25. 1\10r did either oj them erer thinà fit to 'make any particular 1'elation of the grounds of their proceed- ing.] In this they nladc up in discretion, what they wanted in soldiery. Qq3 598 'VARBURTON'S NO'rES P. 516. 1. 7. Besides that he was arnorous in poetry and 1nusic.] This is well expressed to intimate a pretender in both. P. 517. 1. 1. He loved 'monarchy, as it was the foundation and support of his own greatness; and the church, &c.] He loved monarchy and the church, it seems, just as he loved poetry and 1nusic; the one adlninistered to his pride, and the other to his vanity. P. 518. 1. 24. He liked the pomp and absolute authority of a general well, and preserved the dignity of it, &c.] The noble historian is in nothing more excellent than in account- ing for the actions of n1en by their characters, so justly and inimitably drawn, that you see in this dear mirror, as in a magician's glass, the past, the present, and the future. P. 519. 1. 16. insomuch as he sometirnes denied admission to the chiefest officers of the army, even to general King him- selJ,for two days together.] \Vhat a general! was he likely to be a match for Cromwell, who, in business, would admit a COlTImOn soldier, not only to his bedchan1ber, but to his bed? P. 519. 1. 1. :From the beginning, he was 'without any reverence or 1"egard for the privy-council.] This agrees very well with what the historian tells us was his motive for loving monarchy. P. 5 0. 1. 5. and his authority overshadowed by the Sll- periority of prince Rupert.] The prince 'was indeed every way superior to him, even in the fine arts, to which the marquis nlade such pretensions. P. 520. 1. Q9l. with any civil and gracious condescensions.] Count Hamilton, in his Memoirs of count Gralnmont, thus characterizes the prince. P. 59l1. 1. 15. and had exercised the highest cOlTImands under the king of Sweden, &c.] \Vhat a dedension from the king of Sweden to the marquis of Newcasùe! P. 5Q9l. J. 5. without farther inquiring what he had omitted to do.] These were good Christians, but bad poli- ticians. P. 59l4. 1. . In this unexpected strait, upon the first re- ON THE FOURTH VOLUME. 599 ception of the ne,vs, he resolved to return back, &c.] Hi- therto the parlialnent commanders had factions amongst thelnselves; and it was no wonder; for, as they had no thoughts of not returning to their obedience upon terms not agreed on, they would be naturally Jealous of one an- other, and each seek his own peculiar interest: but as soon as this 'model took place, which it did the year following, the new commanders acted with the utmost harmony; and this was as natural; for, never intending to return to their obedience, they had but one conlmon interest, ,vhich was the overthrow of lllonarchy. And these chose Fairfax for their head, who, if he had any other views besides the an)usement of fighting, was so exceeding stupid, that they had no apprehension that he should ever penetrate into theirs. P. 59!4. 1. penult. and the earl did not think him very kind to hin .] Roberts, by mere superiority of parts, got the better of Essex's wiser resolution; for he was much in- disposed to Roberts, and wanted neither courage nor obsti- nate resolution to reject the advice of those he did not like. And Roberts did not use any of the insinuating arts (for it was not in his nature) to bring over his superior to his di- rection. P. 528. 1. 15. who then proposed to himself to make his nephew prince Rupert general of the army.] If this was not mere nepotism, it shewed the king had no true judgnlent, but was struck with the eclat of the prince's actions; which had more of how than solidity, otherwise he would not have thought of putting a mere boy at the head of armies fighting for his crown. P. 528. L Q2. as his jealous nature had much of sagacity in it.] ,1\.. very fine observation. Sagacity commonly makes men jealous; but here it is supposed the jealousy might make Wilmot agacious. P. 529. 1. 11. were quickly represented, in their full mag- nitude, to the king, by the lord Digby.] Characteristic of the famous secretary. P. 529. l. 27. when he was indeed generally u'ell beloved, Qq4 600 "TARBURTO 'S NOTES and none of them for whose sakes he was thought to be sa- cri6ced, were at all esteelned.] He tells you for what; his jovial conlpanionable wit. Nor indeed did these two able men, lord Digby and ir J. Colepepper, deserve much esteem. P. 539l. 1. 91, and the very next day the greatest part of the officers delivered a petition, that his Inajesty would give them so nlueh light of the lord \Vilmot's crimes, &c.] He had said in the foregoing page, that 'Vilmoes removal only produced a little rnunnllr, which vanished away; yet here we find it produced a great deal more, the necessity of shew- ing the officers the articles against 'Vilmot, who had been arrested for high treason at the head of the troops; whereas the articles only charged hiln with indiscretions, vanities, and il1solencies, to which Wilmot returned a very specioZls ansu:er. This, like that of the five '1nembers before the war, was cooked up by Digby, who never did any thing by halves. P. 535. l. 23. To all which the earl answered sullenly, that, according to the cOlnmission he had received, he would defend the king's person and posterity.] 'rhe two best offi- cers of the presbyterian stamp in the parliament service ,vere, without comparison, Essex and Fairfax; and at the same time, without comparison, the two greatest blockheads, which turned their courage into obstinacy, and thereby made them greatly promote designs which they were lllost averse to. P. 549. 1. 9. with very many ladies, who, v:hen not pleased themselves, kept others fron." being so.] Arising from that disposition in the sex to communicate their griefs, and to make them the constant subject of their conversation, whereby the infection of them soon becomes general. P. 550. 1. 10. her 111ajesty, who thought herself the safer for being under the charge and care of a Roman catholic, prevailed with the king to confer that charge upon sir Arthur Aston; who had been at Reading, and had the fortune to be very nlllch esteemed, where he was not kllo'wn; and very 'nulch disliked, where he was.] A scandalous instance of the king's uxorious temper. After this, what esteem could he expect ON THE FOURTH VOLUME. 601 from his friends; or what fear or trust would his enemies either in arms, or on a treaty, have of him. P. 550. 1. 25. and so given up to all imnloderate love of 'money, that he cared not by what unrighteous 'teays he ex- acted it.] Ludlow tells us, that at the storm of Drogheda, where he fell in the assault, the soldiers, who had his plun- der, found a girdle under his shirt, within which three or four hundred broad pieces were carefully quilted. He had early in the service lost a leg, and the soldiers had a COln- Ulon report anlong themselves, that the fictitious leg was of gold, apparently arising from his known love of it. It was in pursuit of this imaginary leg that Cromwell's soldiers found the girdle. P. 56 . 1. 4. beginning his 'War first upon his wife.] This expression of contempt was well deserved. '.rhe historian knew sir Richard Greenvil and his actions well. He has heen accused of prejudice in disfavour of this man, in the long account of his conduct; but neither the historian's na- ture, nor his regard for Greenvil's family, could have in- duced hiln to deviate from truth, to the prejudice of a man engaged with him in the same cause. }).569. 1. 19. And so he came, after so many years, to be again possessed of all that estate: which u:as what he nzost set his heart upon.] 'rhis was apparently his motive for revolting. P. 570. 1. 8. and less liable to fun1es, than some of his fa- mil y, &c.] Lord Digby. P. 573. 1. 6. For ,vhen prince .l1Iallrice raised his siege froln LYlne.] This prince l\Iaurice was always cOlnmitting faults, anù under an incapacity of repairing them. This was a capital one. r. 5852. 1. 16. It was now too late to hope to Inake a safe retreat to Oxford, &c.] 1."his is taken (as is most of the campaign) from \Valker's history of the year. Of aU lord Clarendon's descriptions of battles, the 1110St inteBigible is that of the battle of Edge-hill. }). 584. 1. 3. which was not well defended by the officer 60 WARBUR1 ON'S NOTES who was appointed to guard it with horse and foot, &c.] This is another of prince l\laurice's eXploits. P. 585. 1. 18. and in their retreat, 'Leith no considerable damage, . ave that the earl (if Cleveland's horsefålling "under him, he was taken prisoner.] By this the retreat seems to have been a little precipitate. P. 58.5. L 8. They ca1ne singing of psalm. .] '"ïhese ap- pear to be of the number ofCromweH's new-trained fanatics, who served under Manchester. P. 586. L .5. thought that his army had suffered alike in all other places.] '"rhe king had Newbury in possession. The action was on the outside the to\vn, on the east, the north, and the west sides. 'Vhat hindered the king froln in- forming hilnself of what passed on the east side? and the night afforded hin1 tilne to inquire. Instead of this, he ran away fron1 his artny fifty Iniles without stopping. P. 586. 1. 31. if" they had found themselves in a condition to have pursued their fortune.] No doubt, if they had found. P. 587. 1. 14. and receiving intelligence at that time that prince Rupert was come, or tCould be that night at Bath, that he might nlake no stay there, but presently be able to juin cil h his arrny, his majesty himself, 'tcith the prince, and about three hundred horse.] He softens what he can this shanleful desertion of the king's, when his arnlY stood Inost in need of his presence. Walker tells it Blore openly. But he softens it even to an excess of ridicule. The king and prince went thither to tell Rupert they wanted hÌ1n to come as fast as he could to the arlllY, '"fhe truth was, the king wanted to get as far as he could fronl the enenlY. '"rhis ,vas the most ignominious of all the king's feats in arms, in which he dishonoured his army, who behaved bravely, as well as hinlself. P. 589. 1. . which ought to e"xpiate for all his transgres- sions, and preserve his memory from, all unkind reflections.] I do not see the justness of this reflection. A rascal swayed by no la\vs of honour, and perpetually changing sides, as his pride, his extravagance, and avarice directed; and because ON THE FIF'rH VOLUME. 603 he chances to fall while in the king's service, where he then chanced to be, on no better motives than those above men- tioned, his memory is. to be sacred. But it was not the cause, but the motives of espousing it nladp the man's me- mory stink or keep sweet. P. 590. 1. 92 . that so he might march bark to Neu.,bury, and disengage his cannon and carriage.S'.] He plainly had no such thouo'hts when he ran away fronl his arm y . b . P. 59 . 1. 9. and if auy honour had been lost the other day.] There was no honour lost the other day, but the king's personal honour, and that was lost to so great a de- gree as hanlly to be recovered. . VOL. V. P. 1. 1. I. the old general was set aside, and prince Ru- pert put into the command, which was no popu lal' change.] I t was unhappy that the king, who had brought himself into these distresses in time of peace, by governing unpo- pular, and was not to retrieve a desperate game by arms, should act unpopularly, i: e. unjustly and foolishly. P. 2. 1. 1. in which he lessened his own dignity.] For the sake of }{upert and l\Iaurice. P. 2. 1. QS. Neither of thenl valued their promises, &c.] l'hese two similar characters incon1parabl y contrasted. P. 3. 1. 17. Of all his qualifications, dissimulation was his Inasterpiece.] He at last turned lnonK. P. 9. 1. 2. by the absurd imputation of his majesty s fa- vouring the Irish.] It might be, and I think it was false. But why absurd? I-Ie was absolutely governeù by his wife, who was a bigotted papist. P. 10. 1. 2 . rfo prevent this mischief, Goring, &c.] Ad- u1Ïrable ! 1>. 16. 1. 7. who Wl'rf' the most popular preachers.] The spirit of liberty now awakened, made the ppople as HlllCh hate the severity of the presbyterian discipline, (though their Ininisters first awakened it,) as they had hated the episcopal. 604 'VARBTJRTON'S NOTES And these independent preachers declaimed now as violently against the presbyterian tyranny, as the presbyterians had against the episcopal. P. Q7. I. Q6. for which Oliver Crolnwell assured them he was very equal.] He was perfectly equal to their business, and to Cromwell's own. Cromwell had said to Bellievre, the French nlinister, that a 'tHan never rises so high, as when he does not know whither he is going. This was certainly Fairfax's case, as appears by his own l\1:emoirs. He did not know, fronl first to last, whither he was going. P. 30. 1. 18. which his lllajesty (though he had no 'mind to trust others, but where himself was present) ,vas persùaded to approve.] 1-'his shews that the king was sensible his ser- vants were not so tenacious of his schemes of govertllnent as he hilllself ,vas. P. 31. 1.16. his majesty would not nalne a person.] Lord Digby. P. 35. 1. 5. And so, ,vithout troubling themselves farther, they gave order for his beheading.] rhe archbishop peti- tioned the lords that the sentence might be altered frOln hanging to beheading, which the houses agreed to. It was a mean request, not nlade so llluch to judges as to enemies. But here the ruling passion prevailed. rrhe archbishop's last struggle was to prevent the dignity of his order from being stained by an ignolninious punishment. P. 44. 1. penult. This is the same Love, who some years after, &c.] This Love was a presbyterian u1Ìnister, and here doing the business of the independent , whom he n10st hated; which looks as if he had been duped into this blun- dering conduct by somebody wiser than hilTIself. P. 52. 1. 8. .Hr. Che1Jnel, one who had been feHow of Merton college in Oxford.] 1'he illfa1110US fanatic who teazed ChiHingworth to death, by the lllOSt villainous insults, under the nal11e of charity. P. 56. 1. . that 'lrithout bishops there could be 110 ordina- t'ion of'l11Ïnisters, and conseqllently no administration of sa- craments, or performance of the ministerialfil,nctions.] As the king unharPil y Ini:stook this for gospel, it was no wonder ON THE FIFTH VOLU1\IE. 605 that he, as an honest Inan and a Christian, should so obsti- nately adhere to episcopal government. P. 56. 1.11. his coronation oath, by which he was bound to defend the rights of the church.] As to the oath, it was given to the public; and he and the public, who were the only parties concerned, might dissolve that tie. P. 56.1. 15. and the alienation of the lands of the church.] Church lands were givcn by the public, and by the public might he resumed. P. 56. 1. 25. whether the parliament commissioners did believe that the government of the church by bishops was unlawful, &c.] However, both parties contended, the one for the divine right of episcopacy, the other for the divine right of presbytery; and this, forty years after Hooker had demonstrated, that no form of church govern- ment was.jure divino, but aBjure 11'll1nano. Nobody seemed to have remelnbered this but the marquis of Hertford. See \Vhitlock's Mein. 2d edit. p. 128. P. 58. 1.12. that they who never had heard such things said beföre, nor could understand in 80 little tilne what had been now said.] This is very sophistical. The subject of episcopal and presbyterian government had been largely canvassed in public writings by the most learned men of both Pdrties just before the war broke out. P. 61. 1.16. But in this particular, he who was most rea- sonable among them, thought it very unreasonable to deny them that necessary sccurity; and believed it could proceed fron/; nothing else, but a resolution to take the highest ven- geance upon their rebellion.] The parliament had some rea- son to think, that if they granted the king the militia, (which certainly was his right,) that they should lie at his mercy; they had much more reason to think, that whenever they lay at his mercy, (how much soever he tied himself to for- giveness by treaties ) that he would take his revenge. The king had little reason to think, that if he should lie at theirs, they çould ever exert their power furthc,. than to keep his administration within the bounds of law. However, he de- nied with a bcttcr grace than they demanded, bccause he 606 'VARBUR'ro 's N01.'ES refused to divest himself of his right, and they deluauded to be invested in what they had no right to. P. 6 . 1.3. how the king had 'coluntarily cOlnmitted the carrying on that war, &c.] See what is remarked concern- ing this nlatter in the first volunle of the History. P.66. 1. Q. The nine first days were now spent upon the three great heads, &c.] rrhe killg'ls c0111missioners had evi- dently the better of the argulllent on everyone of the three great heads. They had an establishnlent in favour of epi- scopacy-a right in support of the militia-and a reasonable state policy in favour of what was done concerning the Irish cessation. P. 73. 1. 5. The earls of Pembroke and Salisbury were so totally without credit, &c.J An adlTIirable picture of these two lords. P. 8].1. penult. Thus ended the treaty ofUxbridge, &c.] All this true. But we are told from good hands, that the king would have nlade Inore satisfactory concessions, but that at this instant of time he had received a letter frorn Montrose, that he had subdued all Scotland, which was on the matter true. But so wayward was the poor king's fate, that his good as well as his ill successes brought him but nearer to ruin. P. 8 . 1. penult. that 'if' he himself' were dead, the parlia- m,ent stood dissolved; so that there would be an eud to their government.] After what the parlianlent had already done, nothing was ever weaker than this imagination of the poor king's, that because by the constitution a parliament is dis- solved on the king'ls death, that therefore this parliarrJent in such a case 'would dissolve thenlselves. P.l l.l. 7. that the immediate hand oj'Al1nighty God,&c.] Perhaps this was as weak a renlark as thp historian ever made, certainly unworthy of him. ']:'hese nlen did not act more against conscience in siding with parliament against the king than lTIany others; they were not distinguished for their violence in opposition, and they returned to their obedience sooner; and yet these are picked out for the ob- jects of di,.ine vengeance. The tower .fell upon tkent, yet O THE FIF'I'I-I YOl.U1\IE. 607 certainl}' they were not sinners ahove the rest of the Gali- læal1s. P. 127. 1. ult. as shall seem to call both his t.cisdmu and his steadiness into question.] This ia fairly 8aying, and like an honest man, that the king wanted both; which was indeed the case throughout his whole reign, both in peace and war. P. 128. I. J 6. than shew how they ]Jroceed, &c.] Pro- ceeded. P. 128. 1. 17. not totally abandoned, &c.] Now. P .129. 1. 27. and for his vindication.] 'rhis does not at all clash with what he had said in the foregoing page, con- cerning the precise rule of integrity, which he professes to observe. For though the end of history, in general, be for the information of posterity, yet the honest purposes of any particular historian may be the vindication of what he thinks to be an injured character. P. 138. 1. 4. where his horse com,rnitted the SQ1ne horrid outrage,ç.] It is to be observed, that those court colonels, who had entered into a design before the war to bring up the northern aflny (raised against the Scots) to overawe the parliament, were the very officers, raised to high conl- mands in the king's arn1ies during the war, who did the king more n1ischief than all his enemies, by their villainous licence and debaucheries. P. 139. 1. 7. was., by , pecial order, recalled to Bristol,- but the lord Hopton was likeu:ise field-marshal of the west.] Intimating, that the king favoured this old abandoned cour- tier against the bravest and most virtuous general in his serVIce. P.155. 1. 17. a very negligent and disdainful/mention of the person of the king.] As governed by this wife. P. 172. 1. 4. Hereupon, he did no less desire that Goring should return again into the west, &c.] This single intrigue ruined the king irretrievably, by dividing this mall aflny. P. 174. 1. 10. ij. he had been horn to ,(jerve his cOllJltry.] Indeed he always carried a fatality along with him to the disservice of the king. 608 ,V ARBURTON'S NOTES P. 174. 1.18. enriching the licentious governor thereof.] Sir H. Bard. P. 174. 1. O. and took his leave ojït, in wantonly bll'tning the noble structure.) 'Valker says it was burned by prince Rupert's comlnand, which is by nIuch the most likely. P. 178. 1. 15. when the evil genius of the kingdom in a 1noment shifted the whole scene.] The terrihle disaster at Naseby, as terribly and subliluelyannounced. P.179. 1. 1. The nunlber of the king's foot which re- n1ained, did not amount to above three thousand five hun- dred.] There must be some 111istake here. The smallness of the nun1ber of foot is incredible in itself. Besides, Whitlock says, that the parliament took 4,500 of the king's foot pri- soners at Naseby. P. 185. 1. o. That difference was observed all along, in the discipline of the king's troops.] ']'hat is, the king's troops 'were undisciplined, and those of CromweJl and Fair- fax disciplined; for nothing but that could make the dif- terence, where the courage was equal. But the difference of the generals too Inust be taken into the account. Rupert had no genius for war, otherwise he could never have repeated the same fault twice, at Edge-hill, lJIarston ....1foor, and now again at Naseby. His only lnilitary quality was courage; and in this he was equalled by Fairfax and Cromwell, who had other eminent qualities of service besides. P. 186. 1. 4. when the king and the kingdonl were lost in it.) A sentiment dictated by a generous despair, and as nobly expressed. P. 187. 1. 4. and then went to Hereford, 'with some dis- jointed imagination.] He would not say they had any rea- son; it was only an imagination; and even that he thought too good a nan1e for their motive of going to Hereford, and therefore calls that imagination a disjointed one. P.187. 1.15. Nothing can be here 'more wondered at, than that the king should amuse himself about forming a new army, &c.) Nothing indeed could be more wondered at, than this conduct in an able monarch; but it did not dis- grace any of this king's former cond uct. ON "rHE FIFTH VOLU1\IE. 609 P. 193. 1. 16. at a time when he used to Inention the per- son of the king with great conternpt.] I t is certain that the king, for his uxoriousness, was held in great contempt by the more licentious part of the court, and in great pity by the more sober part. P. 194. l. 19. whereof, he said, prince Rupert had told him, that SOine thought him not a n1an fit to be trusted.] This was a very pahroon trick of his highness. P. 200. 1. 3. by the intolerable pride oj' incorrigible fa c- lion.] 1."heir an1bition for command was neither to serve the conunon cause, nor to acquire glory by success in arms, but merely to empower them to plunder the country, and to waste the spoils in luxury and riot. P. 200. 1. l. and that it would prove of ill conse- quence, and beget a mutiny, if they- should receive a weekly pay, when none of the rest did, nor any arrny the king had in England. ] Was it possible under this singular circum- stance, while the parliament forces received pay, and were under discipline, there could be any other issue of the war? P. 210. 1. 13. inveighing likewise in an unpardonable di- alect against the person of the king.] 'Ve oft Ineet with ac- counts of this licence in the king"s courtiers and generals in traducing the person of the king; the knowledge of the particulars of this licence would have been curious. P. 220. l. 24. and it was exceedingly wondered at, that when he saw in what condition he was, &c.] 1.'his is cer- tainly to be understood as a severe condelnnation of Ru- pert's conduct, and I think a just one. P. 2 2. 1. 8. The king stayed at Ragland, &c.J "\Valker has here a ren1arkable passage; "His luajesty went to Rag- " land-castle, and there stayed three weeks; and, as if the " genius of that place had conspired with our fates, we "were there all lulkd asleep 'with sports and entertain- " 'lneuts; as if no crown had been at stake, or in danger to "be lost, till the '1narching of Fairfax awakened us,'" &c. p. 132. P. QQ3. 1. 5. Here again the unhappy discord in the court raised new obstructions.] IIis reverence for the king and VOL. VII. R r 610 w ARBUR'rO 'S NOTES court has deprived us of the nlost curious part of his his- tory; a detailed account of these court intrigues, which he studious avoids on all occasions, even there where he ac- quaints us with the fatal effects of them. P. 23. 1. 23. which would have put him in a posture '1nuch better than he was ever afterwards.] The court seems to have been absolutely delnentated. 'l'here was now no other reasonable 111eaSUre to be taken, than for the king to make his last stand in the west. P. 4. 1. ult. and too many of them were weary of doing their duty, or so much ashamed oJ'not having done it.] There were very few of the king"s generals throughout the war that ever did their duty. p, 8. 1. 5. So that, instead of providing 'men to march with the king, they provided a long list if grievances; fro;.n all which they desired to be relieved before they would apply themselves towards the relief of Hereford.] By this we see, that redress oj' grievances before aid afforded, was not the temper of this or that asselnbly, of this or that party, or faction, but the natural English spirit under oppression. P. 2 8. 1. 8. and he was of too impetuous a nature, to subn1Ît to any thing for conscience, or discretion, 01' duty.] On every other occasion than resistance of oppression from the sovereign, the noble historian would have qualified these honest ,V elchmen's can for redress, by a nobler epithet than sturdily, and said steadily. P. 230, 1. 7. Here the king, after all his endeavollrs were rendered fruitless.] Endeavours to con1e to no resolution, till there was no choice left. P. 242. 1. 6. according to appointment, the person he had desired went to him.] Sir Ed ward Hyde himself. P.246. 1. penult. "Thether the wonted irre.çolution of those about the king, or the imagination, upon this re- port, &c.] 'l"his is chiefly to be charged on lord Digby; for the fertility of his imagination occasioned his irresolu- tio11. P. 247. 1. 16. wIthin three days, there was an appear- ance of full three thousand foot.] The royal resources, even ON THE FI}1ufII VOLlJl\IE. 611 after the loss at Naseby, were so lnany anù powerful, that there only wanted a great king, who could be his own gene- ra], to retrieve the ganle; such a one as Charles's father-in- law, Henry IV. P. 250. 1. 2. and his majesty was received with so full joy into the city of Hereford, that he slipped the opportunity he then had of disconnnoding at least, if not ruining the Scot- tish anTI y.] i. e. the king suffered hilTIself to be alTIused with the pageantry of a rejoicing from the lTIayor and alder- men of Hereford, when he should have been pursuing the disheartened Scotch arnlY, P. 250. 1. 22. But the king's heart was now so wholly set upon the relief of Bristol.] ...'\..s if those two things interfered, but something was to be said to cover the king's in con- duct. P. 251. 1. 6. about Berkley-castle on Gloucestershire side.] His original says Readily, which I believe is right. P. 251. 1. 28. which, considering the unspeakable -indulgence his lTIajesty had ever shewed towards that prince.] "r as this a proper treatlTIent of a licentious soldier of fortune, whose service he accepted in a war with his parliament, where each party was to conciliate the affections of the people by the exactest discipline? on such occasion no indulgence should have been given to the licentious temper of an inso- lent young prince. P. 259. 1. 2. when his mother is to have the sole care of hiltl.] The uxorious Inonarch had apparently prolTIised this to his wife. So the reasons of the counsellors went for nothing. P.266. 1. 4. what you desire in your letter, on the 22d of 1\lay, shaH be observed.] A couple of precious generals, who, when they had, by their ill conduct, drove their master on the brink of the precipice, instead of joining all their en- ùeavours to bring hilTI safely off, were caballing together to support one another's power to the destruction of their Inas- ter's small remaining hopes. P. 279. 1. 24. as an argument against his 'majesty's sin- cere intentions-would take thelnse1ves to he lligl11y di," " Rr 61 WARBURTON'S NOTES obliged by that act; and they would lose all confidence in their future counsels.] 'rhe historian judges right, that both the king's friends and enemies would have judged this to be disingenuous dealing; and if, as he observes, the king's council would thereby lose all confidence in the king, (for that is the lTleaning of the jargon (if the council losing all cOl'ifidence Ùl their future counsels,) what lTlUst the parlia- ment do? P. 287. 1. 29. and was generally believed to be the sole cause o.f revoking the prince'. com,mission.] Had he done this after the battle of iarston l\100r, he had done the king much service. P. 294. 1. 7. But if it had not been for that extraordinary accident of the flying of his own troops, ùecause the ene1ny fled.] This expression shews the historian's contempt of these troops, which, by being so oft beat, routed at Naseby, frightened by Lesley"s horse, and dispersed by Pointz, CalTle at length not to know their friends from their enelTlies. P. 294. 1. 18. The temper and composition of his 'mind u:as so admirable.] A very polite periphrasis for complacency in his excëssive vanity. P. 300. 1. 22. and went to Wyverton.] Bynenton, or 'Vat- ton. P. 301. 1. 23. that he should not acquaint the princes, or any of their company w,ith 'it.] Walker gives the reason, that as they had acted so undutifully, they should have no share in the honour of the service. P.303. 1. 3. with persons of entire devotion to him, and of steady jlldgment. .] Hinting at lord Digby's. P. 305. 1. 25. besides, whoever was fit to undertake so great a trust and charge, would be very hardly entreated to take upon him the cOlTlmand of a dissolute, undisciplined, wicked, beaten army.] Insinuating in this high wrote pic- ture, that both heaven and earth had concurred to their de- struction. P. 306. 1. 15. horse whom unly their friends feared, and their enemies laughed at; being only terrible in plunder, and resolute in running away.] See page 305. ON THE FIF'".fH VOLUME. 613 P. 313. l. penult. of which so near advance of the enemy he had not known but by a lieutenant, who was acci- dentally plundering in those parts, and fell amongst them.] A fine picture of these dissolute undisciplined troops, that all their outguards, even on the approach of the enemy, were their straggling plunderers. P. 315. 1. penult. The enemy advanced to Stratton, and so to Launceston; where Mr. Edgeco'mb, &c.] They have been nothing but borough-jobbers ever since. P. 318. I. . who swore they met him at U xbridge.] This was a cavalier oath; for they swore with the san1e ill faith they fought. P. 343. 1. 6. fron1 those who pretended to erect the kingdom of Jesus Christ.] This seems to allude to a vote which at this time passed in the house of commons, and which "\Vhitlock relates in these words; "The house being " inforlned that an intended petition for establishing pres- " bytery as the discipline of JeSllS Christ, they voted it to be "scandalolls." Independency at this tinle beginning to get the upper hand in the house of commons. P. 345. 1. l . the general only excepted; who thought hir'lu;elj. a presbyterian.] His best reason for thinking so ,vas because his wife was one. P. 347. 1. 4. But it was made known to her, that her lJresence would not be acceptable in France.] llichelieu was not mistaken in believing the daughter full as vicious, in- triguing, and ambitious of rule as the Inother. P. 348. 1. 4. And how great thirigs soever this last min- ister performed for the scrvice of that crown.] The civil war of the Frond is no contradiction to this truth; for the disposition o..f the whole nation tu :subjection was the true cause why such 111Cn as the coadjutor, the prince of Conde, and rrurenne, could do so little, when they took arms against the court. P. 349. 1. penult. and Inight hereafter make him clf ar- biter of the peace between the two crowns.] l\Iazarine 111ight reasonably suspcct this, if Bolingbroke's anecdote Inay be depended on, who says, that Charles I. before the troubles, nr3 614 "V ARBUR TON'S KOTES was sensible that the balance of power between France and Spain was changing apace; and therefore when he found that Richelieu had some designs on Flanders, he sent him word, that if the French persisted in that attempt, he would come over at the head of twenty thousand men to oppose it. P. 354. 1. 30. that they would never insist npon the set- tling any other government than 'lXas at that tinle practised ,in London.] 'rhis, as the great historian observes, is a very ,memorable circulnstance, and shews how lTIuch the presby- terians were answerable for the overthrow of the constitu- tion. All the difference between them and the independents being only this, that they were indeed for having a pageant of a king, but the other went to the abolition of the very name. P. 369. 1. 13. The two lords found the queen 'much trou- bled.] This was no Inaternal affection, as appeared from all her conduct with regard to her son, but her impatience to be in business, and have her son to govern, as she had go- verned her husband. P. 371. 1. 4. He was a person of so rare a composition by nature and by art, &c.] !-"his stroke of Digby's character very finely touched. And indeed his great genius in draw- ing characters is never more happily exerted than when lord Digby conIes cross his pen. And the exquisite and natural touches of this kind, is more than a thousand argurnents of his being superior in all senses to this his capital enelny. For had resentment and revenge directed his pen, he never would, indeed he never could, have given us a picture of this very extraordinary nobleman. P. 37 . 1. 8. resolving, that, upon the strength of his own reason.] Used in the sense of earlier writers, for being as- sured. P. 375. 1. 7. He had no sooner discharged himself of this imagination.] Finely expressed. P. 379. 1. 3. As soon as they came to Jersey, the lord Digby used all the means he could to persuade his friend, &c.] This was sir Edward Hyde himself. P. 380. 1. 8. His friend, who in truth loved him very O THE .FIFTH VOLUl\IE. 615 heartily, &c.] 'rhis whole episode of lord Digby's adven- tures from Dublin to Paris is incomparably told. P. 3S3. 1. 14. But as it is no unusual hardheartedness in such chief l11inisters, to sacrifice such instruments, how in- nocent soever, to their own dark purposes, &c.] 'This noble historian, whose yirtue and integrity caused hinI to fall a sacrifice to the ll10st hardhearted monarch that ever was, yet had such a veneration for courts, as made him qualify every species of villainy there (as lnay be seen throughout this History) by the softest terms. So here he calls a trea- chery, which none but the devil, or those instructed by him, would commit, by the soft name of hardheartedness. However, he gives the devil his due, when he supposes it done for some dark purposes, ,vorthy of that inspiration. P. 385. 1. 10. but as to any other concessions which might atisfy their alnbition or their profit, which were al- ways powerful and irresistible .Çpell. upon that party.] So says l\Iilton, in his character of the presbyterian faction, in his I-listory of England. - P. 387. 1. 1Q. when therp evidently appeared to be the most hostile jealousy between the independent army and them.] Ready to. go to blows, which they did soon after. P. 387. 1. 19. I do promise in the name of the king and queen regent, &c.] This is in the style of a state, which had for many ages assumed the protection of the Scottish na- tion from the injuries of England. Under this title the kin was willing to accept their guarantee. So ]o,v was this unhappy monarch reduced in honour and power. P. 3HO. 1. Ql. that they could not give their consent that the marquis qf MOlllztrosp should go (I1nba. sador into France.] 'rhis denial was on account of that relationship the Scotch nation bore to the French, mentioned above. P. 39 . 1. penult. 'l"'he governors then, when there \Vas no visible and apparent hope of being relieved, &c.] 'rhis seCins much for the honour of the parliament commanders, as if they esteemed bravcry in their enen1Îes, which was in- deed natura] to brave Inen. P. 393. l. Ql. but those o.fficers u:ould submit to no such n.r4 616 'VARBURTON'S NOTES engagements.] It would have been a breach of their trust; and that the king s110uld be wining to take the words of those who did so, is indeed surprising. 'rhis, and the his- torian's concealing their nanles, shew that this was SOllle intrigue begun between those parliament commanders and some of the king's bedchan1ber counsellors: and from in- trigues of this kind lnuch lllischief afterward proceeded. P. 393. 1. 32. which yet he did not trust so far as to give them notice of his journey.] This half trust was certainly impolitic. It gave the Scots army a pretence to break their engagelnent, as the king had not performed his, by meet- ing their horse, which had he done, no impudence or per- fìdy would have enabled thelll to send their express to 'Vestminster. P. 895. 1. 27. Montrevil was ill looked upon, as the 'man who had brought this inconvenience upon them.] A more ex- ecrable crew of banditti never assumed the honourable name of an army, with whom honour and good faith went for nu- thing. P. 407. L 27. and as much condemned them, as the par- lialnent.] The Scots. P. 408. I. 80. Then they employed their Alexander Henderson, and their other clergy, to persuade the king to consent to the extirpation of episcopacy in England, as he had in Scotland-But the king was too conscientious to buy his peace at so profane and sacrilegious a price as was de- 7nanded.] Had the king acknowledged the sin of the extir- pation oj" episcopacy in Scotland, he might well plead con- science against the repetition of the crime; but, while he- thought he acted innocently in the change of church go- vernment in Scotland, why he should imagine it a sin to do the same in England, is to llle inconlprehensible. Had he thought the change impolitic, as unfriendly to monarchy, he had reason enough in the refusal. Perhaps this was at the bottom, and he only chose to cover plain policy by more refined, and so, by bringing religion into the quarrel, strengthen his state views. If this was his end, he not only failcd in his purpose, but, in exchange for the solid reputa- ON THE FIFTH VOLUME. 617 tion of an able monarch, got only the disputed character of sanctity with his friends, and bigotry with his enemies. P. 411. 1. 6. Upon which, the queen, who 'leas never ad- vised by those who either understood or valued his true in- terest, consulted with those about her.) This is one of the se- verest things he has pennitted himself to say of this wicked WOlnan. P. 411. 1. 11. who knew the person weB enough under another character than was like to give him llluch credit, &c.) A poet and a debauchee. _ P. 412. 1. 11. the chancellor was an honest man, and would never desert him, nor the prince, nor the church.] This desertion of the prince was the beginning of those im- n1ense services he did hilll ,vhen king, too great to be re- paid any otherwise than by hi destruction. P. 413. 1. 1. so all the professions which had been made of respect and tenderness towards the prince of"\V ales, when l1Ìs person should once appear in France, were as unworthily disappointed.] He llleans as ill discharged; the author has here expressed himself very inaccurately and iU1properly. P. 429. 1. 3. which, they said, was to restrain the Spirit.] This they called liberty of prophesying. 'rhe excellent J ere rraylor took advantage of this phrase to make it the title of one of the finest books written in defence of religious liberty and toleration. r. 430. 1. 28. and were called by a new name fanatics.] rrhe thing was new, and therefore it could not but be that t they should have a new nan1C. P. 442.1. 9. but -it was yielded to.] l.-'his was not so much to cajole the king, though there was s01l1ething too in that, as to appear consistent in their gTeat principle of liberty of conSClence. P. 445. 1. 3. The king was in great doubt how to carry hin1self ;-Fairfax had been with hinl, and kis ed his hand, and 'lnade sllch l)rofessions as he could well utter; tchich 'leas u:ith no advantage in the delivery.] 'rhey were equaHy averse to restore the king to his rights, with this difference, the presbyterians had an uncunquerable aversion to l'piscopacy, 618 ,V ARBURï"ON'S NOTES and the independents to monarchy. The king, \vho thought episcopacy and monarchy lnust stand or fall together, was resolved to preserve. both, or perish in the attelnpt; and he possibly n1ight have preserved both, had his abilities been equal to his good-win. P. 446. 1. 28. and having a friend in that court that go- yerned.] Jenuyn. P. 447. 1. 1. he had foretold all that was since conle to pass,-for he that Joved him best, was -cery willing to be 'U ithollt him.] Jermyn. P. 448. 1. 18. being in truth of several parties and pur- poses.] Berkley was of the queen's faction; Ashburnham of the king's. P. 449. 1. 6. and though he had some ordinary craft in insinuating,-and ajree speaker oj 'What he -imagined.] i. e. what every body gets at court. P. 4ðS. 1. 9l4. and they had absolutely refused to gratify the king in that pa1'ticular.] l\Ierciless tyrants. P. 4ð4. 1. 11. where the presbyterian spirit had power to deny it.] rrhe \vorst spirit on this side h-. P. 455. 1. 18. an expedient, which, they had observed, by the conduct of those very men against whom they meant to apply it, had brought to pass all that they desired.] An ex- pedient, by the conduct of which, they had observed those very lnen (against whom they meant to apply it) had brought to pass all that they desired. P. 4.66. 1. 6. and they had too nHlch modesty to thin1. they could do alni:-5s.] 'l"'he speakers. P. 466. 1. 23. the arnlY being in truth under so excellent discipline, that nobody could complaiu of any damage SIU - tained by them, or any pl.ovocation by word or deed.] Such an army 111ust needs subdue both friends and enemies. P. 476. 1. 26. out of which melnorials.] The chief of which was sir Edward Walker's, of the campaigns of 1644-5, since published. P. 479. 1. 5. Here the foundatlon of that engagement tcas laid.] If those who at this tilne governed the army had any real intention of restoring the king, they certainly were di- ON rr HE ]?IF1. H VOLUl\IE. 619 -verted from the duplicity they discovered in the king's cha.. racter, manifested in this negociation with the Scotch com- lTIISSloners. P. 480. 1. ult. which the arnlY liked not, as a violation of the liberty of tender c01l."ciences; trlâclz, they pretended, was as 1Jwch the original of the quarrel, as any other grievance whatsoever.] And, in fact, was. P. 481. L 13. Brent, Pryn, and SOine cOlnmittee men.] Sir Nathaniel Brent, translator of father Paurs History of the Council of Trent. P. 483. 1. 9. and many who were wickedly 'introduced.] Such as \Vilkins. P. 484. 1. 11. They affronted the ð'cottish comn'lÎ.s'.S'ioners.] Their affronting the Scottish conunissioners, (without doubt by the direction of their superiors,) looked as if those su- periors had been earnest in their treaty with the king, and had a ntÏnd not to be interrupted in their bargain. P. 484. 1. 23. that Crolnwell and Ireton resolved never to trust the king.] The king, by all the accounts of that time, even by some of those wrote by his own servants, acted a double and disingenuous part with those who governed the army. So that Cromwell's complaint below seeins not to have been without foundation. On the other hand, the killg's situation, and his opinion of those with whonl he had to deal being divided into three parties, who had all dif- ferent interests, it ,vas a great temptation to him (in order to Inake sure of one) to negociate with all, as he had con- fidence in none, and to say the truth, he had little reason. Otherwise, had they given him cause to think well of their sincerity, this treating with thelTI al1 at the sanle time, had justified their con1plaint, and breaking with him. P. 485. 1. 18. Cromwell himself expostulated with 1\11'. Ashburnham, and cOlllpIained, &c.] All this seenlS to justify Cromwell in point of honour, and is very consistent with all he said to I-Iuntingdon. }). 487. 1. SQ. 'rhere is reason to believe that he did re- sol ve to transport hinlself beyond tht' -seas.] This indeed looks as if he had heen betrayed by his servants; otherwise, 6 0 'VARBURTON"S NOTES why should he, who was consulted with about his transport- ing himself, deny the knowledge of the design? But they who deceived hin1 did not intend it should be to hinl harn1, but probably were first deceived themselves. P. 496. 1. Q3. It is true that they both writ apologies.] These have been published since. Ashburnhall1's narrative is very poorly written. It is wholly employed in vindicat- ing his own integrity from the charge of betraying his mas- ter to Cromwell and Ireton on corrupt motives, without any account of the particulars of the transaction. Berkley's nar- rative is much better written, and more curious, as giving a detailed account of the whole affair. P. 504. I. 5. and likewise to prevent any inconvenience, or mischief, that might result fronl the drowsy, dull presby- terian hZl1nour of Fairfax; who wished nothing that Crom- well did, and yet contributed to bring it all to pass.] This admirably characterizes their general; who, as appears from his printed Mell1oirs, seemed to kno,v little or nothing of the cause of the public quarrel. P. 519!. 1. ] 4. Cromwell declared, that the king was a man of great parts, and great understanding.] See p. 484. P. 51Q. 1. 3. That whilst he professed with all solelnnity that he referred himself wholly to the parliament, and de- pended only upon their wisdom and counselfor the settlement and composing the distractions of the kingdom, he had, at the same tirne, secret treaties with the Scottish cOll1missioners, c.] This was undoubtedly true. But how far it was just to con1bat deceit with deceit, in a public negotiation be- tween a king suhdued and his subjects triumphant, is not a thing easy to be decided. However, it was evidently his rUIn. P. 513. 1. 1. In the nlean time, the king, who had, from the time of his cOIning to the Isle oj' 1Vight, erdoyed the liberty of taking the air.] This was another unaccount- able piece of conduct in the king, that when he had been brought to the Isle of'Vight he knew not how, but when he could not engage IIammond"s word to let him go as he came, whenever he should choose it, saw, and said, that he OS THE FIFTH VOLUME. 6 1 was ruined, that he should not employ the liberty he had fronl his first coming to the arrivaL of the parlianlent com- missioners, to take the first opportunity of escaping. But the bringing him to the scaffold seenled to be as Hutch the work of inevitable destiny, as any event recorded in the civil history of mankind. Otherwise Watson's early intelligence left the king nothing else to do. P. 518. 1. 6. the people might not be poisoned with the belief of it.] i. e. belief' of the allegations contained in it. P. 541. 1. 30. 'rhere was a wonderful difference, through- out their whole proceedings, &c.] It is certainly true, that those who promoted all this confusion, ,vhether 'indepen- dents or presbyterians, were rogues alike, though of dif- ferent kinds, and equally obnoxious to all the established laws then in being. P. 543. 1. 926. lVlachiavel, in this, was in the right, &c.] Our historian was the first sober and virtuous ,vriter I know of who has done this fair justice to the character of l\Iachiave] . P. 544. 1. ult. Cronnvel1, though the greatest disse'inbler living, always n1ade his hypocrisy of singular use and benefit to hiln.] This he observes, because, generally speaking, a nJan got into the habit of dissembling neglects to make the best use of his hypocrisy, and is besides unable to l1lake the best use of it, when it is become notorious. P. 54ü. 1. 1]. he sung all psalnls with theuL to their tunes.] This Dlay be understood either literally or figurately. In the figurati ve sense the expression i::-; very elegant. P. .')47. 1. 5. would never be governed, nor applied to any thing he did not like, for another who had no eyes, and so would be willing to be led.] A very just character of tlle two generals. P. 548. 1. ul t. after all his hypocrisy towards the king and his party.] Of alI Cromwell's acts of hypocrisy, this here mentioned to the king is the most questionable. The king was as insincere with hin1 as he could be with the king. I'}. 549. 1. 30. and which their preachers told them 6 Q ,v ARBUR'rON'S NO'rES were against conscience, and an invasion of their ]'eligion.] The forcing episcopacy upon thenl. P. 549. 1. ult. fro111 which they had 'rindicated thernselves so rudely and unwarrantably.] The first invasion of Eng- land. P. 550. 1. 10. In this enterprise, the success crolcned their work.] The second invasion. P. 550. 1. 3. to 111ake a second 'invasion of the kingdoln.] ',rhis which he calls the second was indeed the third. P. 552. 1. 2. and the destruction of that idol they adored.] Presbytery. P.552. 1. penult. But '1nany, who did undertake to pe1forrn, those ojfices, did not 'Yrwke good what they promised; which made it plain, they were permitted to get credit, that they might the more usefully betray.] It appears from the letters between Cromwell and IIanll11ond, which passed during the king's close confÎnel11ent in Carisbrook-castle, lately pub- lished, that his 111ajesty was perpetually betrayed by those in whonl he then put a confidence to carryon the correspond- ence between him and his friends to facl.litate his escape. P. 553. 1. 18. who were more learned and rational.] 'rhey certainly were so. Such as Goodwin, Owen, &c. P. 553. 1. 30. L'iberiy of conscience was now become the great charter.) It appears fro111 hence how well the noble author understood what Dr. J ere Taylor at that til11e so well taught. P.554. 1. ult. Hereby none of his highness's servants, &c.] "Tho wrote the Inen10irs of his own time, not long since published, acknowledges, that he was very certain that the queen had a child by J ern)yn. . VOL. VI. P. 1. 1. 6. and in settling that blessed government they had deprived themselves of.] He 1l1ust nlean the l110narchy in the enjoyment of its legal rights. }'or as to the adminis- ON '"fHE SIX1:'I-I VOLUl\lE. 6 tration of it under Charles I. the noble author hath hilnself, in the beginning of this History, fairly and honestly shewn, that if ever there was a tyranny exercised by a lilnited nlO- narchy, it was exercised by Charles. P. 5. 1. 14. n1ight endeavour to oppose.] Impose. P. 9. 1. 8. These two were the chief managers and con- trivers to carryon this aftàir.] This character of Lauderdale agrees exactly with that which Burnet gives of him, who knew hiln well; and with his infalTIous administration in Scotland, when Charles II. enlployed hint to introduce arbi- trary power there. P. 28. L penult. 1\lr. I..'Estrange spoke to them in a style very n1'LIch his otrn; and being not very clear to be under- stood, the more prevailed over tltem. He spake like a Ulan in authority.] This was the famous sir Roger, and is here well characterized. P. 3 . 1. 24. The prince's remove was by every body thought so necessary, that the lord Jenny 11, as was pre- tended, found 111eanS to borrow, &c.] Jermyn, who had the queen of England's purse, without doubt furnished the prince out of that, as lTIOney borrowed by him. P. 37. 1. 13. who desired to serve the king upon tlte clear principles of obedience and loyalty.] i. e. without insist- ing on terms. P. 41. 1. 9l2. set all the other u:heels going in England which had been preparing all the u:inter.] I-Iere was the re- volt of the fleet, insurrection in every part of England, an universal disposition in the people, and a Scotch anny to support aU, and 'yct aU failed; which shcws, that no revolu- tion can be brought about in spite of a brave, veteran, well disciplined army, indisposed to a change. The disposition to return again to 11l0narchy in the old channel, was not greater in 1660 than it was now in 1648. \Vhat l1lade that attempt succeed, and this fail? Nothing but the party taken by the army. Ionk carried it over to the son, and Croln- well kept it back froin the father. P. 52. l. 17. But the truth is, Cromwell had so perfect a contenlpt of the whole strength of that nation.] This was 6Q4 WARBURTON'S NOTES well observed as the true cause of the neglect; for had Cromwell thought such a measure as the garrisoning those two towns, as a Inatter of great importance, he would have regarded no treaties nor acts oj' pacification. P. 63. I. 11. Herbert the attorney general.] The historian has given a fine picture of Herbert in his own Life. P. 65. 1. Q8. that he would restore the ship which be- longed to his father's good suqjects.] This petition was even more in1pudent than the solemn league and covenant. P. 65. 1. ult. the countess oj' Carlisle.] As vile a woman as her mistress. P. 66. l. 19. But he was a 'lnan of so 'Loluble a tongue, and so everlasting a talker, and so undertaking and vain, that no sober rnan could be irrtposed upon by hirn.] A wise man can never fail of detecting a knave who talks much. P. 66, 1. Q9. with less care than should have been used to preserve the zeal of the king's party.] The neglect of the king's party, after the restoration, was only ingratitude; but to do it before was egregious folly, as it might have taught them what they were to expect for their loyalty. P. 76. 1. penult. that the lord Cottington, and the chan- cellor of the exchequer, had n any nlÏsadventures,] These are related at large by the noble historian in his Life. P. 80. 1. Q6. There was a general 111UrmUr that the fleet had lain so long idle at the mouth of the river.] It was in- deed astonishing. One can give no other reason than what is hinted at p. 19 . that the queen dreaded his cOIning to Paris. And this was sufficient, while her creatures Cole- pepper and Long governed the counsels of the fleet. P. 8Q. 1. Q. and because he was a man of a regular and orderly course of life, and com'mand, and of very few 'U'u1'ds, and less passion than at that ti'l'ne raised men to reputation -in that province. 1.'here was only one man in the council of whom nobody spoke iIJ, or laid any thing to his charge; and that was the lord Hopton. But there was then such a combi- nation, by the countenance of prince Rupert, with all the other lords of the court, and the attorney genera}, upon former grudges, to undervalue him, &c.] One Inay judge ON 'l HE SIXTH VOLUl\IE. 6 5 froln these words of the abandoned characters, and disor- derly conduct of the then followers of the royal cause, and how little probahility there was that they should ever rc- cover this losing game; while there was but one man amongst theln in that place that did honour to the cause, and hiln all the rest were in a c01}'lbiuation to discredit. P. 19!6. 1. 16. Poor lVlorrice was afterwards taken in Lancashire, and happened to be put to death in the san1e place where he had committed a fault against the king, and where he first perforn1ed a great service to the parliament.] Poor Morrice was not thought worthy the particular resent- lnent of Providence, like lord Brooke and Hambden: though he was a debauchee and renegado, and they Inen of virtue and conscience. P. 1929. l. 9. u"ho would ha'Ce been more choleric if he had had less right of his side.] This observatiolliets nle well into prince Rupert's character. P. 130. 1. 2. in which Inany n1en thought, that he teas assllred lJri1lce Rupert ,,"auld not be offended.] This reflects IntlCh upon prince Rupert's honour. P. 18Q. L 3. whose affections had been long dead.] This observation is extrelnely just, both as it regards the ge- nius of puritanisnl in general, and the state of it at that tinle. P. 132. 1. 5. And the truth is, the queen was so fully possessed of the purpose and the power of the Scots to do the king's business, before the insurrections in the several parts in England.] 'l he queen ,vas the author of all this ill counsel; whose superstition made her despise the episco- pal church, as HU1ch as her hushand."s superstition Inade hin1 idolize it. P. 133. 1. 7. and only resigned himse1j'inLplicitly to tht> pleasure of his mother.] 'l'hf>re was sonle excuse for hinl.. none for his father. P. 136. 1. O. the prince believed that the countess of Carlisle, 'Who had committed faults enough tv th king and queen, had pawned her necklace, &c.J Fault.,- enough to ht'> VOL. YII. S S 6 ü \V ARBUll1'O 'S NOTES hanged In her own lu:cklace, if no other cord {.ould be found. l . 139. 1. 29. So he returned into ,England; where he was never called in question for stealing the duke away.] He was afterwards for many years a spy or intelligencer under Thurlow, Cromwell's secretary. P. 158. 1. 10. either to recover their broken spirits, or to 'manifest his O'lcn royal compassion for them, he told the comlnissioners.] 1"hey must needs be enenlies to the success of the treaty who could persuade the king to this absurd and fatal counsel, which would so long protract the condu- sion, that Cromwell and the arnlY (it could not but be seen) would be returned to put a yiolent end to it. P. 162. 1. 16. However, this proposition was of so horrid and '1ìl0nstrous a nature.] It was indeed horrid and mon- strous. ot for the reason here given, that all resistance of the rojal authority was rebellion, but because this resistance or war of the parlialnent on the king was unrEasonable and unj ust. P. 163. 1. 19. 1."his refractory obstinate adherence of the commissioners, &c.] If he had broke with the parlia- 111ent on the subject of the prealllble, it had heen Blore to his honour, as a great and wise prince, than breaking with them on the subject of episcopacy, or even of the militia. P. 164. I. 6. and then it would be universally declared and believed, how untrue soever the assertion was, that the king reJitsed to secure the ]Jarliæment, &c.] This shews into what distresses the unjust prosecution of a cause always draws the offending, though successful, when they would re- pair their mischiefs. The king could not in honour con- sent to the preamble, and the leaders in parlianlent were ex- cusable in thinking that without the preamble their life would be at the king's mercy. Pretty much the same may be said with regard to the militia. P. 168. 1. 12. that if he did not consent to thp utte1' abolishing of episcopacy, he would be dalnned.] No better could be expected from sHch ribalds, Better might have O THE SIX1-'I-I VOLUl\fE. G 7 heen expected from the king"s theology, than that if he did consent he should be da1nned. 'Vhich was but the saIne nonsense differently predicated. P. 168. ]. 30. that whatsoever was not of divine institu- tion might very lawfully be altered.] Both the king and the commissioners understood their Hooker very ill, to whom both appealed. He shews that episcopacy, even ad- Initting it to be of divine right, might lawfully be changed to another form of church government. P. 175. l. 28. Yet after all these general concessions, which so 11luch concerned hin1self, and the public, &c.] The conscience and the honour of the poor king was in a strange feverish condition. 'ro change the form of church govern- ment when his peóple required it, he Inight have done ,vith a good conscience. But to give up the whole body of his friends and servants to destruction, though some of the In08t considerable of theln consented, was a sad violation, not only of all the rules of good policy, but of true h@nour, and he would have died gloriously to avoid that disgrace. He had repented of the like action once before in the case of Strafford, who had written to hiln to give way to the rage of hi enemies against. hi 111 self, in order to preserve his master. l . 190. 1. ,5. And in this give belief to our experience, never to affect 'more greatness or prerogati'Ce, than that which i. 'really and intrinsically jor the good of subjects, '/lot the sa- li.ifaction ofjàvourite,').] Here the king beems to be more in- genuous than on any other occåsion. P. 19 . l. 5. It cannot be ilnagined how wonderfully fearful some per.çons in France were that he should have nmde his escape, and the dread t])(>y had of his coming- thither; which, witholtt doubt, 'leas not front want of tender- ness of his safety, &c.] The queen of England. . She was unwilling the king should interrupt her COlunwrce with .T crluyn. See p.82. P. 193. L 1. becQuse they believed impris01Hnent wa. the 1VOf.'it hi u'or.\.t enpmies intended towardR him.] ...\ strange infa- tuation! after the superiority of the arluy anù their principles ss2 ()28 ,v ARBUR'rON'S NO'rES were so well known to an. The fatal effects of fanntacislu can only be avoided by eluding it, tin its violence be worked off. So that nothing but the king's escape out of their hands was reasonably to be thought of. P. 207. I. ult. Then the house renewed their old votes of no nlore addresses, and annulled and made void all those which introduced the treaty, &c.] These, and the whole crew of the presbyterian faction, had doubtless as }nuch to an- swer for overturning the constitution as the independents themselves. The preparation and beginning of all this 111ischief was the work of the presbyterians, because the in- dependents, by reason of their want of credit and power, ,vere unable to do it. The achieveluent was the work of the independents. And the opposition they now met with ,vas more fronI the presbyterian aversion to the indepen- dents, than from any horror they had of the ,york, or re- pentance for what they had contributed towards it. P. 209. 1. 1. that that protestation should be sup- pressed, and that no man should presume to sell, or buy, or to read the salne.] The two houses were now lost to all sense of right and wrong. P. 213. 1. 29. At thc same tiule, thc queen of England, being struck to the heart, &c.] She Inight well be so, when she had defcated the only means of preventing this dread- ful catastrophe, by discouraging his rescue out of Caris- brook castle, and his escape into F,'ance. See p. 189. and 80. P. 229. 1. 11. Fro}u the tinle of the kiug's bcing conle to 81. J anles's, when he was delivered into the hands and cus- todyof colonel Tomlinson.] Herbert, of the king's bedcham- ber, tells us, that this TOlnlinson intercepted and stole a gold watch 'which the king had ordered to be conveyed to him through the hands of TOlnlinson. P. 232. 1. 5. though they had been always such as he need not be ashauled to own them before all the world.] How could he say this now, when he had owned otherwise in the course of thf' nlisund rstanding ,vith the parlimnent in his papers to them before t he war began? ON THE SIX'rH VOLUME. 6 9 P. 33. 1. 30. But it was quickly discerned that it ,vas the general's wife, the lady Failfax, who had uttered both those sharp sayings.] ï'his was a very f-ìpirited wonlan, as appears froln Fairfax's l\Iemoirs. She shared the dangers of the war with him, both in his defeats and successes, while the scene was in Yorkshire. P. 235. 1. 14. and being a proud, fòrmal, wpak 'lnan.] Pride in a weak Il1an always shews itself in formality, and gratifies its hUlnour in that ridiculous show. P. 235. 1. 15. being seduced and a seducer.] Just as a bubbled gamester turns a setter. r. 235. 1. 30. the pronouncing that horrible sentence upon the ll10St innocent person in the world, the execution of that sentence by the most execrable nlurder that was ever conunitted since that of our blessed Saviour.] Nothing can excuse this indecent reference in a pious man like the noble historian. P. 236. 1. 20. in being deprived of a prince, who:se example would have had a greater influence upon the man- ners and piety of the nation, than the most strict laws can have.] Religion nlight llave a loss in being deprived of the exanlple of his private virtues, but sure civil government could have none in that of his public administration. P. 238. 1. 6. He kept state to the full, which Inadc his court very orderJy.] Lady Leicester says to her husband, 1636. "I have been at court. In his majesty (Charles I.) " I found an inclination to shew me some kindness, but he " could not find the way: at last he told me, that he per- " ceived I was very kind to my husband, when he was with " Ine, which kept lne very lean, for he thought 111e much " fatter than I used to be. This short speech was worse " to me than an absolute silence; for I blushed, and was so "extrenlely out of countenance, that all the company "laughed at me." Sidney Papers, yo1. ii. p. 47Q. And young lord Sunderland in the camp, 1642, to his wife. " I never saw the king look better; he is very cheerful, " and by the bawdy discourse, I thoug]Jt I had heen in the '" drawing rOOIn." Sidney Papers, vol. ii. p. 668. 8sB 630 ,V ARBURTON'S NOTES P. 40. L o. it is nlGst certain, that, in that very hour when he was thus wickedly murdered in the sight of tlle sun, he had as great a share in the hearts and affections of lzis sll jects in general.] It is true, that he had this share when he was murdered. But it was the having no share at an (by his long n1Ïsgovernment) when the trouble began, which enabled his Inurderers to do their business. It was his long misgovernment that estranged the hearts of the people frotn him; and it was the severity of his sufferings that brought them back to him: which is always the treatment of the people both to private and public charac- ters. P. 9240. 1. 6. 'ro conclude, he was the worthiest gentle- 'man, the best 'nlaster, the best friend, the best husband, the best father, and the best Christian, that the age in which he lived produced. And if he were not the greatest king, if he were without some parts and qualities which have made some kings great and happy, no other prince was ever un- happy who was posse.r;;sed of half his virtues and endowments, and so much without any kind of vice.] The historian very ju- diciouslyomits, " and the best monarch or governor." 'Vhat he adds, that no prince was ever unhappy who had half his virtues, is, I believe, very true. For it would be hard to find any prince besides him who aimed at arbitrary power with an 1ntention to make his people happy, which lIe cer- tainly had, as far- as his superstition pernlitted that intention to operate. Whereas most other princes aiD} at arbitrary power merely to gratify son1e impotent passion. But a prince with Char1es's virtues had no such passions to gra- tify. P. 41. 1. 17. nature.] i. e. hUlnan nature. P. 44. 1. 30. In a word, the confusion they had at that. time observed to be in that church, &c.] The difficulty or impossibility of finding the place, if the body were there, is an idle story. The king, who had received a large sum from his parliament for the solenInity of a public reinter- ment, contented himself with a ,'ery superficial search, and pocketed the Inoney. ON THE SIXTH VOJ Ul\IE. 631 P. 246. L 15. However, they declared, that the peers should have the privilege to be elected knights, or bur- gesses, &c.J l\1any Inore would have sat, and with reason, had they thought the new government stable. P. 49. L Q4. In this 11lanner did the neighbour princes join to assist CronnveH with very great sums of money, &c.] I t i something singular, that neither on this or any other occasion the historian should ever mention the king's vir- tuoso character, that was so very eminent. He had not taste for it himscIf, and thinking it beneath a great king, he buries the knowledge of it in silence. P. Q54. L 9. He urged the declaration which Fairfax the general had made to hilll.] 'Vhitlock, speaking of this affair, says, The general, and Ireton, and UThaley, and Rerkstead, delivering in their testimony, it appeared, That lord Capel was to ha-refair quarter for his life, u;hich was explained to be freedom, front any e:recl.ltion oj' the sword, but not any protection from the judicial proceedings of a civil court. But of this learning I hope 'noue of this nation tcill have use here- after. IVlem. p.381. Now admit the prisoners at Colches- ter to be rebel. , and this learning may be fairly brought in use. The n1Ìlitary has no authority to consider bodies of nlen in arms against them, in any other light than as ene- mies simply, which when broken and overcome, thc con- querors acquire the right of life and death over them. And quarter remits that right, so that their life cannot be taken by a court rnartial. The civil laws have still their right unimpeached, if these encrnies are found to be rebels, which may caB them to account after quarter given by the 1Y1 ilitary. 'Vhether these lords were rebels, in the sense of the laws of the state, was a question worthy of discussion, "fhat Lisle, and Lucas, who suffered by a court rnartial after quarter given, were rnurdered against all law and justice, is certain. P. Qû9. I. 5. which without doubt was as great a passion of sorrow as she was ablc to sustain.] Ironice. P. 269. L 8. in the Ulcan time, desired him not to swear any peTlìOnS to be of hi ' couneil, till she could "peak with ss4 6SQ ,v ARBUR'rON'S NOTE hint. 'Vhether it was, that she did not think those per- sons to be enough at her devotion; or that she would have them receive that honour upon her recommendation.] She ,vants to govern hinl as she had done his father. P. 9269. 1. 17. and he resolved to perfonn all filial respect towards the queen his rnother, without sllch a condescension and resignation of himself, as she expected.] This was al- most the only good resolution that Charles II. adhered to. P. 273. 1. uIt. 'fhe delivery of the king's person into the hands of the parliament at l'{eu castle had been, in the in- stant it 'lcas done, the most unpopular and ungraciolls act to the wh'Jle nation W Scotland.] It is certain, that neither the Scots nor the Eng1ish nation ,vere answerable for the in- famy, the one of selling, and the other of murdering their king. Yet the presbyterian faction, the Inajority in both nations, had drove hiln to those extrelnities, which forced hiln into the hands of his destroyers. P. 84. 1. 7. He ,vas then a man of eclat.] Card. de Retz, who at this time saw l\Iontrosc in Paris, ,vas so struck with his port and appearance, that, in his Melnoirs, he says the marquis put hiln in mind of those ancient heroes, that we meet with only in the relations of Plutarch. P. 85. 1. 4. And her graces 'lcere still 1nore towards those 'Who were like to do services, than to those who had done thent.] In this she was but like all other princes; so that an10ngst her Inany ill qualities, this ought to go for no- thing. P. Q86. 1. 7. and prefer him before any other oj'that na- tion in his esteem!.] In this unquestionably the chancellor judged right. The body of those ScotchlnCl1, who pre- tended to be disposed to serve the king, expected nluch for the little they were resolved to do. They were self-interested anù bigotted. l\1ontrose, inflamed with the love of glory, had nothing to ask for hilnself, or the public, but the king's conntenance to restore his master to his just rights, despis- ing those who bartered, and hating those who conditioned with their sovereign. P. 292. 1. QQ. She had likewise had long acquaintance ON THE SIXTH VOLUME. 633 and frien.dship ,vith one of the council.] The noble histo- rian himself. P. Q96. 1. B. and yet I dare say nothing of this to him, either against the c vena1Zt, &c. ] Yet this earl Lauderdale was afterwards the greatest persecutor of the covenant and covenanters that ever .was; and being at the same time the most corrupt tool of arbitrary power, it shews tl1at con- science had never any thing to do with his lordship's deter- minations. P. 31Q. 1. 5. He knew he was not in the queen's favou.r at all.] 1."his was the greatest as well as the n10st deserved compliment he could pay to hilnself. P. 329. 1. 16. Though her nlajesty coulclnot justly dislike any resolution the king had taken, nor could i1nagine whither he should go but into Ireland, she was exceedingly displeased that any 'resolution at all had been taken before she was con- sulted.] The purpose of the noble historian here, was to shew the reader, that the queen"s ambition to govern her son was for the sake of governing: for here she is represented as displeased, not with the resolution taken, for this she ap- proved of, but for its having been taken ,vithout her leave. P.35Q. 1. 19. the lord Jernlyn; who, in those straits the king was in, and the great plenty he hirnself cnJoyed.] He ,vas kept by the queen. r. 363. 1. Q. And it was plain enough, that they heartily wished that they had not come, &c.] This is a fine COIn.. pliment, and I believe a deserved one, to the ancient Spa- nish honour. P. 401. l. 3. and, no doubt, that consideration which 'ltwde most i'mpression upon the king, as it had don.e 'Upon his father, and terrified lám, &c.] 'Vhatsoever the father"s were, the son's adherence to episcopacy was entirely on political considerations. P. 401. l. 11. but thought it the best expedient to ad- vance her own religion.] rrhis certainly was in her wishes and endeavours: for the 11101'(' freedoln :'jhe took with her virtue, the more need she had to lllahe reparation to her rc- ligion. 634 \V ARBUR1."ON'S NO'fES P.40Q. l. penult. which lnade it Inanifest enough, that the kings of the earth, &c.] ()n the principles of the noble author, who supposed the people Inade for kings, and not kings for the people, this reproof is just; but on the con- trary principle, these king8 Qf the earth acted justly, since their people were not to be brought into a national quarrel for the sake of a personal inj ury . P.405. 1. 15. that the enjoying the empty title of king, in what obs('urity soever, ill any part oj. the world, was to be preferred before the empty name oj' king in any of his own dominions.] Because the elnpty nan1e of king abroad iln- peached no clailll or righ t to any of the prerogatives of 1110- narchy; but the being contented with that empty name, within his own dOlninions, inlplied a kind of cession of those righ ts. P. 436. 1. 16. in}aginations.] for suppositions. P.438. l.18. and reprehended hin) very sharply if he stlliled on those days.] This nlad zeal, which in a common degree would have been lTIOst irksome and 1110rtifying to the tem- pers of these two licentious young n1en, (the king and duke of Bucks,) was carried by those hypocritic wretches to such ridiculous and burlesque excesses, that they repaid those two young men, for what they suffered by fasts and long sennons, with mirth and laughter without end, when retired in secret. P.455. 1. 15. But the Scots did not intend to part with them so easily.] Cromwell could not draw the Scottish arrny fronl their advantageous post. He knew that the army was entirely governed by their l\1ar John's. He therefore used this stratagem to provoke thelll. He entered into an epi- stolary dispute with thenl, in which he so heartily abused them, and advanced indf'pendency so high, that they w"ere impatient to attack him, and so brought the army down upon him at Dunbar; which was the very thing Cron1weH wanted. P. 466. 1. Q4. He raised by his own virtue, &c.] By vir- tue is here meant his great natural parts, as appears by what followr;. ON rrIIE SIXTH VOLUl\IE. 635 P. 473. 1. penult. the lustre that S01ne of her . ervants lived ill.] Jerlnyn. P. 486. 1. 13. to wlzoln the d'lJke oj'Ruckingha111 gave hinl- . elf wholly up,] l.-'his seems to have been the first of a w hole life of rogueries. P.505. 1. 10. and ask pardon oj' those tcho 'lCould not ques- tion him,Jor it.] '-rhis was the unjust pr judice of honour; he would not ask pardon of those who had resolution as well as a right to exact it. P. 508. 1. 13. when, to his astonishment, the duke told hiln, " he hoped his majesty 'lCould confer it upon hi1nself."] One would imagine this extravagant creature 'was ban- tering, and in the sanle hunlour as ,vhen he wrote about the t1..(;O kings oj' Brentford, in the farce. It was the fortune of thi wretched man to do as nluch nlischief to the 111 oral 5 of Charles the Second's court, as his father had done to the politics of Janles the First's. P. 515. 1. 15. Upon all the inquiry that was Inade, when 'most of the jålse alld treacherous Qctiollð' which had been committed were discovered.] i. e. discovered after thp re- storation. P. 54 . 1. 11. they who had interest with her finding all she had, or could get, too littlejòr their own unlinâted expense.] Jermyn her favourite. P. 556. L 1. Aud therefore, when he was upon the scaf- fold, where he appeared with a marvellous undaunted- ness, &c.] Had the presbyterians ever gained the power, (though they had then the name of the national church,) this fanatic Love had been at the head of thcir red-lettered saints. P.556. 1. 5. And, that the terror n1ight be universal, sonle suffered for loose discourses in taverns.] Not death. P. 564. 1. 14. by the eustonl of nlaking ji'equent reIrltions ojïÛs own actions, grew in 'Very good earnest to think he had done rnany things which nobody else ever hea1'd of] By that t lne a liar has lost credit with evcry hody else, he conICS to believe himself. P. 570. 1. 23. tl'ho werefunIfy.] Jermyn. 636 . W ARBURTON'S NOTES P.570. 1. 4. the queen.] She c- her husband, and plundered, when she could not rule, her son. P. 573. 1. ] 6. proceeded fronl another less warrantable foundation.] i. e. countenanced by Inen indifferent to epi- scopacy, and favouring the puritans for political ends. P.574. 1. 9!. The chancellor told the king, &c.] It must be owned, that what the chancellor of the exchequer said to the king on this occasion, shewed, that the king's dignity and interest forbade hinl to go to Charenton. P. 575. 1. 7. The reproach of this resolution was wholly charged upon the chancellor of the excheq uer, as the im- placable enemy of all presbyterians.] An honest man at this time could hardly be otherwise, when he reflected, that when the king had, by the early virtue of his parliament, made full satisfaction and atonement to his people for his preced- ing ill government, the incendiary presbyterian ministers drove the nation into this fatal "Tar, big with private and public ruin. P.575. 1. . and the queen's knowing him to be most disaffected to her religion, 'lnade her willing to appear most displeased for his hindering the king fronl going to Charen- ton.] By this the noble historian would insinuate, that the queen disguised her real motive of aversion to hiln, which was not (as she was willing to ?nake appear) his aversion to popery, but his keeping the king fronl being governed by her. This the following paragraph 111akes still III ore evi- den t. P. 577. 1. . But the lady had only charity to cure his wounds, not courage to conceal his person.] l.."his is ex- pressed as if Massey had desired her protection, and she had not honour or courage enough to grant it. "\Vhereas in the letter he wrote to her on this occasion, he only de- sires leave, as her son, the lord Grey's prisoner, to stay in her house for the cure of hi wounds. See his letter in the newspaper :of that time, called l\lercurius Politicus, No. 65. P. 583. 1. 3. which those she 1110st trusted were always ready to infuse into her.] Jennyn. ON THE SIXTH VOI.lUl\IE. 637 P. 588. 1. 15. the king well knowing, that the same ho- nour would be desired on the behalf of another. ] Jermyn. P. 604. 1. 9. He tolel them, &c.] It was said like a true patriot and an able minister. P. 609. 1. 6. and such as had never been before seen in this part of the world.] IntinIating, though erroneously, that there were such in China. P. 61 . 1. 9!0. who put the charge of the army under Ludlow, a man of a very different ternper front the other.] This was giving a very good character of Ludlow; for, as to their republican principles, their fanaticisn1 was equal. . VOL. VII. P. . 1. 4. Though he had been forward enough to enter upon the war with RoHand.] Before, viz. vol. vi. p. 607. his lordship had told us, that Cronl wen consented to the Dutch 'war only to hunlour St. John. The truth is, the Dutch war was one of the chief engines to effect his pur- pose. 'Ve find by V\Thitlock, that, immediately after the battle of Worcester, he fornlcd his project of Inastering the parliament. He would willingly have done it by becon1Îng king, as we find by a conference between him and many of his friends then, and by a conference ,vith \Vhitlock after- wards, in the latter end of the year 165 ; both his ambi.. tion, and what he thought true policy, by the advantages he would reap frOlll the act of Hcnry V II. concerning a king de facto, inclined hin} to this title. But he found great opposition. The principal officers ,vere for a republic; and the ]awyers and others, who were for 11lonarchy, were in- clined for one of the house of Stewart. 'fhe project there- fore he thought proper to wave, but not his scheme of being at the head of the state, under sOlne title or other. The only point was the fit juncture for putting his schenle in execution. 'Vhen he first projected it, after the battle of ,V orc('ster neither Ireland nor St.otland were totally snh- 63S W ARBUR1'ON'S NO'rES dued. He waited to see these two kingdolns settled, and then declared himself in the midst of the Dutch war, which ,vas so far froin hazarding his scheu1e, that it greatly pro- llloted it, by its being a diversion to the public atteption. And in choosing this precise juncture, was, I think, his mas- terstroke of politics. P. 18. 1. 5. that no protector after him should be general oj. the anny.] l'his was to cajole the council of ciflicers with the prospect of two great offices instead of one, becoming vacant on the death of the protector. . P. 63. 1. 17. though the pope 11;as old, and 1n'Uch decayed in his generosity.] Finely expressed, as if a decay in gene- rosity as naturally and necessarily accompanied old age as a decay of health. P. 64. 1. . In the concl usion of the discourse, the cardi- nal asked his n1ajesty a question or two of n1atter of fact.] It was apparently sOluething of the conduct of the Stewarts with regard to their Roman catholic subjects. P. 80. L 9. It was well for the king that this condition was Inade for the payment of this money in }'>aris, &c.J This is a story very dishonourable to our hero, how great soever the distresses of himself and his family might be. P. 95. L 15. and his endeatiours to lessen that credit which she ought to have.] By this the historian would insinuate to the reader what was his real crime to the queen. It makes infinitely for his honour; and as this was the fact, it was but fair to get the credit of it, by the turn of this relation, which is conducted with llluch delicacy. In a word, the queen's credit with Charles I. had ruined the father, find this honest minister did all he could that the son should not be ruined by the san)e n1eans; and in this he succeeded. Though he could not prevent the ruin of the house front other quarters, which ,vas accelerated by his own ruin, hrought about in such a manner as 111ade the ruin of that worthless house the less to be pitied. 'P. 95. 1. 4. and gave occasion to a bold person to puh- ]ish an10ngst the amours of the French court.] ]1ussy Ra- butin. ON 'TI-I} S] Vf:N'rH VULUl\1E. 63H P. 106. L Q7. so blind tuen are, whose }Jw;.\'iolls ure so strong, and their jlldglnents so weak, that they can look but upon one thing at ollce.] Strong passions oft confine men to one object, and weak judgment hinders them fron1 seeing that object fully and clearly. P. 116. 1. 5. Both the king and his sister were naturaHy enough inclined to new sights (lnd festivities.] l'hese were ever the great passion of the house of Stewart. P. 1flO. L 14. 'rhis elector's defect of urbanity ,vas the nlore excusable, or the less to be cOlnplained of, since the elector palatine, Ne.] The elector palatine's conduct in the perpetual court he paid to the long parliament, when they most outraged his u,ncle, was very extraordinary. Nothing can account for it, but sonle secret hopes he had, that when they had set aside the king and his children, which he found thenl m Hch disposed to do, they would choose hin1 to succeed to the crown. 'fhe fondness of the sectaries for his fan1Ïly, whose interests had been so much neglected by Janles and Charles, n1ade this no unreasonable hope. Nothing but this, I think, can explain what \'Vhitlock tells us of a conlnJÌttee of both houses, in March 1646-7, to re- ceive some intelligence, 'lChich the ]J1.ince elector desired to con1'lnuuicate to the ]Jarliæment, oj. great concernment to the protestant religion. This was in the style of a man who desired to rf'COlnlnend hilnself to theln for his zeal for the good cause. And I make no doubt but that this was ori- ginally a project of his nlother's. To confirn1 all this, it is relnarkahle, he never left the parlian1ent till after the death of his uncle, and the bettling the state without king or house of lords; then, in February 1648-9, he took a cold leave of thenl. P. 1Q9. 1. 3. he told the duke, that the pope had u ed the same adage that his predecessor had done.] 1'his dearly confutes Burnet's idle tittle-tattle of Charlcs's changing his religion before he left Paris; though we had not Charles's letter to thl} ctuke of Gloucester, dated 16.')4, on this sul ject, in the Appendix to 1'hurlow"s Papers, vol. i. which he 640 ,V ARBURTON'S NOTES could never have written, had he himself been first per- verted. P.134.1.11. the earl of Rochester, who was alwaysjea- lOllS that somebody would be general bejòre him.] The ridi- cule of this lord's ten1per well expressed. P. 165. 1. 3. which brought a vast incredible Slun oj'1noney into Crornwell's coffers.] 'fhis is absolutely false, as appears by the letters of the severallnajor-generals to CronHveH, in the collection of 'Thurlow's Papers, whereby it appears, that the money raised by decimation, did at most only support those new raised troops, which the major-generals raised in their several districts, to enable them to put their authority in execution. P. ] 65. 1. 4. that it obliged all the nation to look upon him as a detestable enemy, who was to be 'ren oved by any way that o.ffèred itself] This is confirmed by 1"hurlow's Papers, by which it appears, that the royal fmnily did pro- ject and encourage CrolTIwell's assassination. 'Vithout doubt they had high provocation. But such a step appears nei- ther to have been prudent nor honourable. P. 167. 1. penult, and whilst Cromwell exercised all inla- ginable tyranny over those nations, who had not been sen- sible enough of the blessings they enjoyed under his ma- jesty's father's peaceable and 1uild governrnent.] rrhcre is no- thinO' n10re unaccountable in this Historv, than that the o writer could say this, after his own account of this govern- '1nent in the beginning of the work. P. 169. 1. 6. whilst their adored idol, presbytery, which had pulled o.ff" the crown frorn the head of the king.] Thi was strictly true. P. 169. 1. 26. and if they had not at that time rebelled, and in that manner.] This plainly hints at the forgery of the king's commission, to which they put the broad seal, . that necessitated the king to transfer the Inanagelnent of the ,var to the parliament. P. 174. 1. 9. to give his friendship to that crown that , llOlild be.çt deserve if.] SOll1e lnodern politicians have af- ON 'l"HE SEVEN'l H VOLUl\IE. ö41 fectcd to think contemptuously of Croll1\vell's capacity, as if he knew not that true policy required that l1e should have thrown himself into the lighter balance, which was that of Spain, or as if he did not know which was become the lighter. But this is talking as if Croln,vell had been a legal hereditary n10narch, ,vholu true policy would have thus di- rected. But the usurper was first to take care of hilnself, and under this circumstance true policy required that he should first take care of hilnself, before he busied himself in ad- justing the balance of Europe. Now France, by its vic"inity, was the most dangerous power to disoblige, as wen as by the near relationship of the two royal falnilies of Frallce and England. So that though Cromwell gave out, that which of the two states would give most for his friendship should have it, in order to raise the price, he was certainly, dcterlnined in himself that France should have it. P. 179. 1. 26. And as soon as they can1e on shore, he cOlIln1iUed both Pen and Venables to the 'rower, &c.] Pos- terity has seen the exquisite judgment of Croluwell in this particular. P. 19 . l. 29. they might, jòr aught appeared, renlOVC hint frOln beiilg both protector and general.] Ho,v could this be said, when they madc attenlpting his life high trea- son, and had granted hinl tonnage and poundage for life? I>. 194. 1. 27. Hut the lllore sober persons of the king'b party, &c.] All this is incontestable. }). 20 . 1. 28. They who were very near hilll said, that in this pcrplexity he revolved his former dream, or appari- tiUll, that had first informed, and prolJ1Ïsed hilll the high fortune to which he was alrcady arrived, and which was gc- ncra]Jy .f;jpukCIl of e'oen front the beginning oj" the troubles, llnd lrhen he was not in a posture that prontised such exalta- liun.] rrhese slight strokc of the popular superstition rather contribute to thc dignity and the sublinle of history than dcbas{' it, which, hy going a little further, (as in Echard's IIistory of the Conference between Croll1\vdl and the ])e- viI,) degenerate into old wives' tales. P. 05. 1. 1. and their hopes revived, by that ilt!clluatiull. VOL. VII. T t G4 \VARBURTON"S Nor.r:ES of his.] By infatuation)! the historian does not here Inean the being deprived of the ordinary use of reason, (which is the common sense of the word,) but his being overruled by fate or destiny. For the historian has shewn the extreme dan- ger Cromwell had been subject to in accepting the crown; and on the ,vhole, one hardly knows whether to applaud or condemn his politics on this occasion. P. Q11. 1. 6, which he thought that alliance might qua- lify and enable him to pelform.] One hardly knows what is meant by this. But it is certain, fronl Falconbridge's letters to Harry Crornwell, after the death of Oliver, which we find in Thurlow's collection, that he had_the glory and in- terest of Cronlwell"s house exceedingly at heart. P. 216. 1. 30. He was the first man that declined the old track, and made it manifest that the science might be at- tained in less time than was imagined; and despised those rules which had been long in practice, to keep his ship and his rnen out of danger.] i. e. the being bred up to the sea service from early youth; and despising the science, which indeed could not be soon attained, the keeping of his ship and men out of danger, and the coming horne safe again. P. 217. I. 15. and though he hath been very well imi- tated and followed.] By Monk, Rupert, Montague, Dean, &c. P. 217. 1. 8. they find, that they have unwarily lej (t gap open to let their destruction in upon them.] This was the 3d article of the petition and advice. See below. P. Q33. 1. 4. under the command of Scholnberg, an qfJicer of the first rank.] The same who was killed at the battle of the Boyne. P. 43. 1. 7. of ,vhich he had received perfect intelligence from a hand that was not then in the least degree suspected.] Sir Richard Willis, formerly governor of Newark, and who behaved himself so insolently to the king there. P. 58. 1. o. We are unwilling to enumerate particu- lars, the mention whereof would but renew old griefs, &c.] This is excellently well said, and truly observed. P. 59. 1. 4. This the then par]iament being cnsible of, O THE SEVENTH VOLU1\IE. l>4S &c.] 'or all those illegal and eccentrical proceedings of the Jate king, he had given full satisfaction to the parliament and people before the war broke out. I' P. 69. 1. 20. The gentlelnan who brought this address, and these wild propositions.] The continuance of the long parlian1ent, the king's forced concessions in the Isle of 'Vight, and exempting sectaries froln contributing to the lnaintenance of a national Ininistry, were certainly extrava- gant and wild propositions. P. 291. 1. 2 . he plainly discovered that his son Falcon- bridge's heart was set upon an interest destructive to his, and grew to hate him, pe1jèctly.] This by no means agrees with Falconhridge's letters, in Thurlow's collection, after the dcath of Crolnwe1J. P. 292. 1. 3. it is very certain, that either what she said, or her death,,] Her death, undoubtedly. P. 292. 1. .5. ahout the middle of August, he was seized on by a COlnmon tertian ague.] He died apparently for want of the bark, then little known. P. 292.1.16. and he himselfwa,ç of the sa1ne mind.] Thur- low, in a letter, tells Harry Crolnwcll, that the protector had told sOlne in confidence, that he should recover, as a Inatter re,"ealed to him, ,vhich was to bf' kept a secret in the family. P. 294. I. 11. hi, parts seelned to be rai.sed, a. if he had harl concealed faculties, till he had occasion to use the1J .] 'ïhe reason of this was, that, having no vanity to indulge, he cultivated his facu1ties just as he wanted to use them. P. Q95. 1. so. l\Iaynard, who was of council with the pri- soner, demanded his liberty with great confidence, both upon the illegality of the cOßlmitnlent, and the illegality of the imposition, as being laid without any lawful authority.] This l\laynard, learned as he was, "Tas a very strange Inan; he acquie ced in, or encouraged, all the parliamentary viola- tions of law, but not the protector's. And why? For no hettcr reason than this, that the law books spoke of jJarlia- nu:nls, but not a word of a protector. TtQ 644 'VARBUJlTON'S NOTES P. 96. I. 15. He asked thcnl, who nlade thel11 judges? &c.] Extrclne good scnSt'. P. Q96: '1. penult. As he proceeded with this kind of in- dignation and haughtiness with tho c who were refractory, and durst contend with his greatness, so towards all who cOlnplied with his good pleasure, and courted his protection, he llsed great cirility,generosity, and bounty.] Cronlwell would have been as clelnent a conqueror and usurper as Julius Cæsar, had he had as luuch knowledge in literature, and no lllore in hUll1an nature, than Julius Cæsar. P. 301. 1. 18. it may be, out of too great a contempt of his enemies.] This suspicion is unjust. On the other hand, the royal family n1 uch encouraged the assassination of CroInwell. See a letter of the duke of York's to Charles II. in the Appendix of Thurlow's first volume of Papers. \Vhy so little was known of it, I suppose, proceeded froln chan- cellor Hyde's abhorrence of it. . P. 316. 1. 9. he thought not fit to be wiser than hi.ç elder brother.] rfhis conteInptuous pleasantry the two paltroon sons of Oliver deserved. P. SQ7. 1. Ql. One thing was observed throughout the whole, that he seld9m communicated any thing in which there was a necessity to narne any rnan who was o.f the killg's 1Jarty, and had been always so 'feputed. Bllt what was undertaken by any of the presbyterian party, or by any 'lcho had been against the king, WtlS poured out to the life.] Froln hence it appears, that his treachery arose from his inability to bear poverty, rather than from an abandoned nature, and profligacy of principle. He had long enjoyed the fruits of the license of war in a good warm government, and he could not think of starving for conscience sake; though he had courage to fight for it. P. 331. 1. 9. the troop lnarching down a very steep hill.] Froster-hill, tcn 111iJes Eouth of Gloucester. P. gSg. 1. QO. only to i'nzpl'ove the skill, and rnystery, and science of destr'llction.] This is well observed. For this war had wonderfully improved. the rt n1Ì]itary, and, towards ON l. HE EVENTI-I ' OI Ul\lE. (j 5 its conclusion, had produced thos( two COnSlUlln1atc cap- tains, the great Condé and Turenne. P. 348. 1. 8. and who always delighted to go out of the way.] He never Inentions Digby, but he paints hin1 with admirable touches. r.351. 1. 6. lIe had a good judgn1ent and understand- ing, and as he 'tcus 'lritlwllt any talent of rhetoric, so he wa.,' very u:ell able to defend himself frOln 'it.] It is certain, that what enables a l11an to excel in the talent of dletoric, is his delight in the charnu; of it. 'Vhoever is so delighted, i easily Inade the dupe of it; which he can never be, who feels not the charms of it, and consequently excels not in it. P. 3 57. 1. Q . as if he had taken it ill, and laid it to heart, that God Abnighty would bring such a 'Work to pas.\' in Ellrope without his concurrence, and even against all his 1nachinations.] The confidence, folly, and ilnpiety of an all powerfullninister admirably described and ridiculed. P. 359. 1. 14. for a king incognito was never heard oj. in Spain.] The Spanish form and fashion well described 111 these words. P. 366. 1. 5. since he led his own chosen l)eople through the Red sea.] rfhis comparison is of a piece with that he nlade before, between the 111urder of Charles and of J eSlls Christ. P. 366. 1. 4. upon his promise that he should succeed him.] He wanted only Crom,vel1's fanaticis111 to 111akc his pro111ise good against his will. P. 567. 1. 22. that they would cOlnmit the arl11Y to Fleet- wood, as general; and that they would appoint Lambert to be major general.] This was a well conceived schenle; for Fleetwood was just as fit a stalking horse for Lambert, as Fairfax had been for Cromwell: two generals in chief of Ílnpenetrable stupidity. P. 375. 1. penult. there being great ernulation betu.ecll him and L(nnbert.] .L\S l\lonk and Lall1bert were neither of theln enthusiastical, Monk bhewcd his superior understanding in never attempting to rise hy the enthusiasts, which was the thing that ruined I,nmhert, 64G \V ARBTJRTON'S NOTES P. 378. L 2. otherwise, without obligation to any party or opinion.] i. e. without religioll, (weU expressed,) which was the truth of the case. P. 384. 1. 16. Some rather believed, that the disposition, ,vhich afterwards grew in him, to,vards it, did arise fron1 divers accidents, &c.] This was certainly the truth of the casc. P. 394. 1. 1. And it may be justly said, and transmitted as a truth to posterity, &c.J 'rhis perfectly coincides with what he said of Monk, p. 384. P. 396. L 11. And it ,vas the king's great happiness that the general never owned his purpose to .f)erve his majesty, till it fell to be in his puwer, and indeed wa.ç the best thi'ng in his pOlcer to do.] He certainly had never any purpose to serve the king, till it appcared to hin1, that it ,vas in vain to think of serving any body else. By the truest policy he projected nothing, but always made the best use of con- junctures. P. 406. 1. 17. "\Vhilst he was executing this their ty- ranny upon the city, &c.J Had the general had the ,veil regulated enthusiasDl (for he wanted not the courage) of Crolllwell, or had this remnant of the rump been less vigi- lant than they had been before, the farce had ended in a second protectorship. J3ut they were refractory, and he ,vas downright. And so found less trouble in breaking than in bending them. P. 417. 1. ] 44. Divers who heard this, thought there was no dissi1nulation in it.] And so, I dare say, thought the noble historian; and so certainly it was in fact. All the general had yet determined on, was to rise by establishing a regular, lasting government, new or old, as occurrences should di- rect. P. 4 0. 1. . and such other additions, as 'lnight 1.ealWll- ably be true, ancl which a willing relator would not onzit.] i. e. the fact was 111uch magnified by the relator. P. 4 5. 1. 18. for which he could seem, to have no tellzpta- f'ion, but his violent affection to a com1nollzcealth.] In this uncertainty of Monk, who appears to have been resolved to O 'l'lHE SEVENTH VOLUl\IE. 647 follow accidents rathel. than to lead them, this talk of com- lllonwealth principles was so general as to bind hiln to no- thing, or to Ï1llpede the execution of whatever he sllould resolve on. P. 4 8. 1. 3. This escape of Lalllbert in such a conjunc- ture, the most perilous that it could- fall out in, put the ge- neral, and the council of state, into a great agony.] Lanl- bert, when at liberty, ,vas sure to traverse l\lonk's schemes, ,vhether they should be for himself or for the king. P. 4 9. 1. 26. colonel Ingoldsby, ,vho ,vas well kno,vn to be very ,vining and desirous to take revenge upon Lam- bert, for his malice to Oliver and Richard.] As Oliver availed himself of his own cunning and enthusiasm in different, so for the same reason he enlployed both equally as they ,vere found separately in his creatures. And lngoldsby, who, as Richard said, could neither preach nor l)ray, was as useful to him as Harrison, who could do both in perfection. P. 44 . 1. 10. and they might take the business so nluch into their own hands, as to leave no part to hil1 to merit oj the king; front whom, he had yetdesert;ed nothing.] "fhis was apparently the rcason why, in the conference at North- uillberland-house, he insisted on the most severe conditions. lIe' found then1 aU disposed to be reasonable, and was afraid they sholùd get before hin1. His caution made hilll wait so long, that the king, he saw, lllust be restored in spite of him; but then, .ùy his address, he got hilllself at the head of a Dleasure that was becolue inevitable. P. 444. 1. 27. till he found a fit tinle to deliver it, 01' should think oj' another 'teay to serve his (majesty.] By this it appears l\Ionk was resolved not to precede, but follow the motions of this new parlialnent, whether to monarchy or a republic. P. 471. J. 1. and though he 'teas offered all the authority that C1'onl'l,cell had enjoyed, and the title oj' king.] It was ()flcred him too late, when all the nlcn in power, both in the arn1Y and the parliament, were grown odious by thcir tyranny, and insignificant hy their breaking into cabals and factions. 648 ",r AIlBUlt'rON'S NOTES l . 474. 1. Q9. it was so long beforc thcy could settle thCll1Selves, and by husbandry raise any thing out of their lands to support thcir lives.] 'rhey deserved all they suf- fered, and nluch III ore. No natio,n in the world had ever given such an exalnple of cruelty in the breaking out of the rebellion, or of perfidy, when they pretended to repent, in the course of it. P. 481. 1. 18. they were contented to gratify the presby- terians in the length oj' the answer, und in using S01ne expres- sions which would plea.(je them,.] The character of a presby- terian cOlllPosition is to he tedious and jit/smne. The one the lllark of a cloudy understanding; the other of a ba e heart. P. 490. 1. 13. always abhorring the action in his heart.] rrhis is absolutely false. For when, in the summer preceding Charles's murder, the independents began to open their de- sign, by petitions from various parts, Ingoldsby's regilllent, in October, was aillongst these petitioners to the genera], and in their address were these words: rrhey desire immediate care that justice 1nay be done upon the principal invaders of all their liberties, narnely, the KING and his ]Jorty. See Whitlock's Menloirs, p. 346. Qd edit. P. 490. 1. 31. taking his hand in his, and putting the pen between his fingers, with his own hand writ Richard lngoldsby, he making all the resistance he could: and he said, if his name there were c01npared with what he had e'ter writ hÜnself, it could never be looked upon as his Wlt hand.] At this tilne it is to be observed, Cromwell was in Scot- land. As to Crolnwell's putting the pen between his fin- gers when lngoldsby signed the warrant, it is an idle story. l. he original warrant is still extant, and Ingoldsby's BaIne has no such III ark of its being wrote in that lnanncr. P. 49 . 1. 1. But the mutual jealousies between them. J 'l"his enmity broke out iJ? the Dutch war. P. 496. 1. ]!2. when sonze of thenL had been zealous instru- ments and p1'oJ}lOters vjtt.] '-rhese, by their modesty, l11ust have been presbyterians. 1'). 498. L 17. which expedition was never jorgi'Vcn hint O THE SEV"ENTI-I VOLUME. 6J9 by some rnen, who took all occasions afterwards to revenge them.yelves upon him.] He means l\10nk himself, who re- venged himself cruelly upon him for an irregular distribu- tion of prize goods in the Dutch ,var: which the l1istorian rcJates at large, and condemns, in the history of his mi. nistry. P.501. I. Q8. who, they said, had always, according to the obligation of their covenant, wished his majesty 'rery well; and had lately, upon the opportunity that God had put into their hands, informed the people of their duty.] Their cove- nant obliged them to bring the father to his 111urdcrers, after he had so largely secured the liberty of the subjcct; and their covenant obliged them to bring the son to the throne, without giving any security at all. But against the surplice and Common Prayer they 'were still rcady to blow up another flame. P. 505. l. l . but the tw"O houses of parliament solclunly cast themselves at his feet, with all vo'vs of affection and fidelity to the v.:orld's end,] \V ords expressing the ridicule of their adulation, and so intended by the writer. E"SD OF YOI.. \'11. CLAUF.XDO'l, \OL. \11, t_ U . VI-- "'10... 1 \ \. , ... .. \ , 'f' 1':';' J . \ . .... ( ..... ----... \ . , . \: j' t '\;' ,t, ......... .J . \ " "\ - III! \ .. 1 . \ '.. , t ,. - J "\ \\ " , , . '" \' , \,. r , '4 \ '. \ -..... , . ,\ "\ '\ " - -..... '....... - I . \ .ei DA , 400 '.C42- v.7 \ \ - - - , f" . . , ,I f , Clarendon, Edward Hyde , 1st earl of, 16 0'9 .;. 16 7 4 . The history f the rebellion and civil wars in England : _4- ... ...