"TT^

y^^^t^

THE

ENGLISH FLORA,

BY

SIR JAMES EDWARD SMITH, M.D. F.R.S.

MEMBER OF THE ACADEMIES OF
STOCKHOLM, UPSAL, TURIN, LISBON, PHILADELPHIA, NEW YORK, ETC. ETC.

THE IMPERIAL ACAD. NATURE CURIOSORUM,

AND

THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AT PARIS J

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON ;

AND

PRESIDENT OF THE LINNiEAN SOCIETY.

Thus spring the living herbs, profusely wild,

O'er all the deep green earth ;

With such a liberal hand has Nature flung

Their seeds abroad." Thomson.

VOL. I.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR

LONGMAN, IIURST, REES, ORME, BROWN, and GREEN,

PATERNOSTER-ROW.

1S24

,$(=>Z

PRINTED BY RICHARD TAYLOR,
SHOE-LA N£, LONDON.

TO

SIR THOMAS GERY CULLUM, Bart.,

FELLOW OF THE ROYAL, ANTIQUARIAN, LINNiEAN,
AND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES,

WHOSE KNOWLEDGE AND LOVE OF NATURAL SCIENCE

ENTITLE HIM TO THE RESPECT OF ALL

WHO FOLLOW THE SAME PURSUIT,

THIS WORK IS INSCRIBED,
IN GRATEFUL AND AFFECTIONATE REMEMBRANCE,

BY

THE AUTHOR.

a2

PREFACE.

1 HE title of Flora, first used by Linders and Rup-
pius, early in tlie eighteenth century, to designate
an account of the native plants of some particular
country, has become popular in the Linnaean school
of Botany, and is now universally adopted. Books
bearing this title are almost innumerable, while their
scope and their merits are equally various. Some
are little more than catalogues of names ; others are
elaborate histories of the vegetable productions of
particular districts, more or less extensive; and many
are illustrated with figures of the several species, or
at least of those requiring particular elucidation.
The utility of such publications has been much con-
troverted ; but it depends, like that of other works,
on the excellence of their plan and execution. A
mere list of the plants of any country, if accurate
and complete, has its appropriate value ; more espe-
cially when it contains the discriminative charac-
ters by which such plants may be ascertained. But
a Flora may also be made a vehicle for the natural,
medical, and economical history of a country, like
the Flora Lapponica of Linnaeus ; though such ob-
jects cannot with propriety enter into the plan of a
Floy^a of any highly improved or well-known region.
We now therefore expect, under this title, u work

vi P 11 E F A C E.

chiefly confined to botanical illustration and descrip-
tion, with such remarks concerning the properties of
any particular plants as may be new or important ;
and possibly some philosophical views arising from
the nature of the subject, tending to the general
elucidation of botanical science. Such only are the
pretensions of this English Flora, the particular aim
and design of which, with respect to practical use,
will hereafter be explained.

Before the author enters on this explanation, he
proposes to take a general view of the works which
have been published on the Botany of Great Britain ;
in order that the student, who will meet with per-
petual references to these books in the following
pao*es, may previously become acquainted with them,
and with the characters of their authors. He .may
thus learn which of them may be dispensed with,
in the prosecution of his own studies, and which
are most likely to assist him, in any difficult or
doubtful subject of inquiry. They will be noticed
in a chronological order, to show the progress of
Botany in this country, and how far each writer has
been indebted to his predecessors. Some remarks
of a similar nature, by the author of the present
work, were laid before the Linnaean Society, five-
and-twenty years ago, and are printed in the fourth
volume of its Transactions. They were preparatory
to the publication of his Latin Flora Brita^inica, and
served as an introduction to a critical history of the
genus Bromus, whose British species had previously
been little understood.

Phytologia Britannica, by William How, M.D.,
printed at London in 1G50, without the author's

PREFACE. VU

name, claims attention as the first general catalogue
of our native plants. This is a duodecimo volume
of 133 pages. The species are disposed alphabeti-
cally, and amount to about 1250, including several
exotic plants in general cultivation, with numerous
varieties of such as are truly wild. The names of
many are very erroneous, even among those most
easily determined, and many are, doubtless, admit-
ted on insufficient grounds. But, on the other hand,
several rare and curious species are noticed, not
without some entertaining and instructive remarks
and anecdotes. The same author in 1655 edited
Lobel's Illustrationes, a work not confined to British
plants, and chiefly aimed at certain errors of Park-
inson. Dr. How died in 1656, aged 37. His book
was the foundation of the following.

P'lnax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum, by
Christopher Merrett, M.D., an octavo of 223 pages,
of which 165 are allotted to the Vegetable Kingdom,
appeared in 1667. The number of plants mentioned
in this work is not much greater than in the preced-
ing ; for though several species or varieties are added,
several are unaccountably omitted. Its plan and ar-
rangement are the same. Ray, in one of his letters,
calls this publication " Dr. Merrett's blundering
Pinax ;" an expression which appears harsh, if we
judge Merrett as an original author, because few
naturalists, at the time he lived, could have been
expected to succeed better in a first attempt. But
when it is considered how much assistance he
derived, not only from the above performance of
Dr. How, but likewise from the local catalogues or
Itineraries of Johnson, the Catalogue of Cambridge

vm P R K F A c I-:.

plants published in 1660 by Ray, as well as from
various botanical friends, all which he very hand-
somely acknowledges, we cannot but confess that
his work mio;hthave been more abundant in matter,
and more correct in execution. Dr. Merrett contri-
buted little besides this publication to the advance-
ment of natural history. He however became a
Fellow of the Royal Society, when science was emi-
nently requisite for the attainment of that honour,
and died at the age of 81 in 1695.

The above-mentioned works, whatever might be
their value or their defects, were superseded in 1670
by the great Ray's Catalogus Plantarum Anglice et
Insidarum adjacentium^ an octavo of 358 pages ; of
which a second edition, of only 311 pages, though
enriched with about 46 additional plants, and nu-
merous observations, as well as with two, not very
important, plates, appeared in 1677. The arrange-
ment of this work is alphabetical ; but with respect
to accuracy, and abundance of descriptive, critical
and medical remarks, it has greatly the advantage
of the performances of How and Merrett.

A small Fasciculus of new-discovered British
plants, consisting of 27 pages, and intended as a
supplement to this Catalogue, was published by Ray
in 1688.

This was succeeded in 1690 by the first edition
of the Synopsis Methodica Stirpium Britamiicai^mn
of the same author, in which the plants of Britain
were first classed in scientific order, according to a
system of his own ; an explanation of which he had
already given to the world in 1682, in a small oc-
tavo volume.

P R K F A C E. IX

A second edition of Ray's Synopsis, considerably
enlarged, appeared in 1696, consisting of 346 pages.
As this is the most accurate and most valuable work
of its immortal author, the foundation of every sub-
sequent English Flora, and scarcely equalled in any
age or country for correctness of practical observa-
tion, it cannot be too frequently studied by those
who wish to trace the origin and progress of our in-
digenous Botany ; to ascertain the aborigines of our
Flora ; to become acquainted with the persons who
first cultivated this department of science, in En-
gland, and with the principal scenes which they
have now rendered classical ; as well as with the
manner in which their studies were conducted, in
the closet or the field. It will be observed that nei-
ther Ray nor any other writer, at this time, attempted
uniformity of nomenclature, or any regular plan of
definition. Each plant is mentioned under one or
more descriptive appellations, taken from various
books, being probably such as Ray himself judged
most likely to give, collectively, a just idea of the
species in question. Even Caspar Bauhin, who
had published a universal synoptical work, as an in-
dex to all the botanical knowledge then extant, is
not quoted uniformly. His names are generally in-
dicated, but they do not take the lead. New species
are introduced under original definitions ; and in-
deed there are few of the old ones which the author
has not elucidated by some remark, wherever he
found occasion. The pages, or figures, of preceding
authors are not indicated by Ray. This was soon
afterwards practised by Tournefort, and is now be-
come indispensable. Ray appears to have examined

X PREFACE.

every plant he admitted into his Syjiopsis, and to
have gathered most of them with his own hands.
He studied and determined their synonyms, com-
pared their descriptions, and, tracing their natural
affinities and characters, by the parts of fructification
as well as by the general habit, he disposed the whole
in systematic order. He was rarely deceived in the
observation of nature, and was only occasionally mis-
led, by the imperfect figures or descriptions of pre-
ceding writers. Above 100 species are added, in this
edition, to the list of British plants.

The third edition of Ray's Synopsis was published
in 1724, nineteen years after his death, by the cele-
brated Dillenius, a German botanist, brought into
England by William Sherard, formerly British Con-
sul at Smyrna, who by his will founded the Botani-
cal Professorship at Oxford, and appointed Dille-
nius the first Professor. The editor modestly de-
clined prefixing his own name to this book, as being
a foreigner. In a letter to Dr. Richardson, printed
in the Linncean Coi^respondence* , vol. 2. 130, he ac-
knowledges his obligations to that gentleman and to
Consul Sherard, as having principally contributed to
the perfection of this publication ; and in the work
itself he every where commemorates those who have
given him particular assistance, especially with
regard to the native stations of the rarer species.
Twenty-four plates, drawn and engraved by the
editor, are added to this edition, which is the only

* A Selection of the Correspondence of Linnatus, and other natu-
raUsts, from the original manuscripts. By Sir J. E. Smith, M.D. F.R.S.
P.L.S., in two volumes, octavo, London, 1821.

P R E F A C K. XI

one in general use, being always referred to by Lin-
neeus, and quoted throughout by Hudson, and most
subsequent writers upon British plants ; particularly
in the Flora Britanuka and Efiglish Botany, as well
as in every page of the present work. Dillenius has,
very properly, distinguished all his own additions
to the Synopsis, by marking his new species with an
asterisk, and inclosing his remarks between brackets.
This ought to be kept in mind, for the perfect un-
derstanding of the work ; and yet \^ not unfre-
quently find his observations, and even his figures,
criticized, as coming from Ray. The changes made
in the synonyms of this edition are unfortunately
not marked ; and as they are often erroneous, those
botanists who are studious of truth and precision
must have recourse to the edition of 1696. Dille-
nius has indeed added several plants on insufficient
grounds, either as species or natives, some of them
being under different denominations in the original
work. Such mistakes, into which very able men
may readily fall, have from time to time been cor-
rected by following writers. The subject has now
passed thrice under the inspection of the author of the
present English Flora, not altogether surely without
advantage, and yet certainly without being brought
to perfection.

The third edition of Ray's Synopsis was long the
standard book of English botanists, and its nomen-
clature, however imperfect, was in daily use. The
system of this author, indeed, scarcely served for the
technical examination of plants ; nor was it often
adverted to by those who, from long habit, preferred
his names to the more concise ont s of Linnaeus.

Xll P R E F A C K.

But this was far from beiiio- the case with unshackk^d
inquirers ; and those who were led to the study of
Botany by the facility of the Linnsean system, could
not proceed far without perceiving the superior sim-
plicity and accuracy of nomenclature, as well as of
definition, which pervaded all the works of the same
author. A small party of ingenious and learned
men at Norwich, as recorded in the seventh volume
of the Linnsean Society's Titans act ions, p. 295, in
correspondence with Mr. Hudson and his able friend
Stillingfleet, entered, with awakened zeal and im-
proved principles, upon the cultivation of this an-
cient field of natural science. Several naturalists of
distinguished ability, in and about the metropolis,
pursued the same path. Mr. Lee of Hammersmith,
at the suggestion and with the assistance of the. ac-
complished Lady Ann Monson, published, in 1760,
his Introduction to Botany, in which the principles
of the great Swedish teacher were first fully ex-
plained to the English student. In the same year
Dr. Hill put forth his Flo7^a Britanjiica, illustrated by
a reimpression of the plates of Dillenius, and five
additional ones of his own. The classification and
generic characters of Linnaeus are here adopted,
but not his system of nomenclature, nor, with any re-
gularity, his specific definitions. The body of the
work is the third edition of Ray's Synopsis, almost in
its original form. We cannot help wondering that
Hill did not take advantage of an inaugural disser-
tation, published under the Presidency of Linnaeus
at Upsal, in 1754, bearing the title of Floi^a Anglica,
in which the plants of the Synopsis, with a reference
to its pages, are disposed according to the system

PREFACE. Xlll

of Linnaeus, under the names of his Species Planta-
rum, the obscure ones being thrown into an appen-
dix. This dissertation, however incomplete, was
the first Linnsean Flora of our country. It was
doubtless consulted by Hudson, and his coadjutor
Stillingfleet, in the far more perfect work of which
I shall presently speak, and which became the uni-
versal text-book of British botanists.

Several attempts had been made, before the Lin-
nsean system came into notice, to furnish the stu-
dents of English plants with a systematic manual,
in our native language ; and these, though now ob-
solete, ought not to pass unnoticed.

Professor Martyn the elder, in 1732, accommo-
dated Tourneforf s History of plants growing about
Paris, to the plants of Britain, in English, with many
additions. Mr. John Wilson published at Newcastle,
in 1744, a Synopsis of British plants in Mr. Ray's
method. The authors of these performances were
practical botanists, though their books rank but as
compilations, and are now obsolete. Petiver illus-
trated Ray's Synopsis with a set of seventy-two folio
plates, having twelve figures in each, with English
names. These, though rude, would have been highly
valuable, had they, in every instance, been drawn from
native specimens ; but being often copied from fo-
reign books, whose figures, in several instances, were
misapplied, even by Ray himself, the engravings of
Petiver sometimes serve only to perpetuate error.
They are however often cited with advantage when
original, and will be found, in the sequel of this work,
to throw light upon many a difficult question.

The F^;'^ylw^//cv7,by Mr.Williamlludson, F.R.S.,

XIV PREFACE.

an apothecary in Pan ton-street, Haymarket, pub-
lished in 1762, marks the establishment of Linnsean
principles of Botany in England, and their applica-
tion to practical use. With this book in his hand,
any one conversant with the Latin language, and
with the first rudiments of systematic knowledge,
might reduce a wild plant to its class, order, genus
and species. By turning to the books indicated un-
der each species, he would become acquainted with
every thing relating to its characters, history, or
properties, and might confirm his own determination
of the plants, by the figures and descriptions of for-
mer writers. This is the use of a systematic arrange-
ment, and therefore the more clear and easy it is the
better. Hudson's work became extremely popular,
and rose in process of time to near twenty times its
original price. A second edition appeared in 1778,
in two volumes, with many additions, and various al-
terations, especially among the Grasses, Mr. Hudson
having pursued a train of experiments upon the dif-
ferent species or varieties of this family by cultiva-
tion. But his alterations are certainly not all for the
better. His synonyms are often faulty, particularly
those of foreign authors, from a practice, not thought
reprehensible in his time, of transcribing them from
other books, without examination. This is proved
by various errors in the names or pages cited ; and
Linngeus, in whom Hudson and others have chiefly
confided, is more faulty in such matters than most
writers; for he often left the transcription of his
synonyms to his pupils, after having written his own
names in the margins of the books to be quojed.
The Rev. Mr. Lightfoot's Flora Scotica, in two

PREFACE. XV

volumes, written in English, with a few indifferent
plates, was published the year before the second edi-
tion of the Flora Anglica^ and is a useful companion
to that work. But if Hudson be censurable for
blindly copying synonyms, what shall we say of
Lightfoot? He translated entire descriptions from
foreign writers, without any indication of the sources
from whence they were borrowed, and many of them
are now known to belong to different plants from
ours, so that the student is led into a labyrinth of
error, from which he has no means of extricating
himself, nor indeed of knowing when he is in the
right path.

The first edition of Hudson having become so very
scarce, a Latin Flora AngUca, on a more compen-
dious plan, was begun in 1774, by the present Sir
Thomas Gery Cullum, Bart. But this work w^as sup-
pressed on the appearance of the second edition, and
goes no further than the genus Daucus, a few copies
only having been distributed gratuitously by the
highly estimable author amongst his friends.

An English work translated from the full generic,
and essential specific, characters of Linnaeus, as far
as regards British plants, exclusive of Grasses, Trees,
and all the Cri/ptogamia, except Ferns, was published
at Kendal in 1775, by Mr. James Jenkinson. This
might serve to initiate young beginners, ignorant of
Latin, into the Linnsean mode of description.

A far more complete and valuable work, in our
native tongue, appeared in 1786, from the pen of
the late William Withering, M.D., an eminent phy-
sician at Birmingham, under the title of " A Botani-
cal Arrangement of all the Vegetables naturally

XVI PREFACE.

growing in Great Britain/' Of this a second edition,
greatly improved, came forth in 1787, consisting,
like the former, of tw^o volumes. This edition is ren-
dered peculiarly valuable by " a new set of references
to figures," by Dr. Jonathan Stokes ; who performed,
with great judgment and accuracy, the laborious
task of examining almost every figure, throughout
the whole botanical library, which was referrible to
any British plant, and of disposing citations of the
whole in order, according to their comparative ex-
cellence. A third edition of Dr. Withering's work,
greatly enlarged in its plan and execution, making
four volumes, appeared in 1796. In this the classes
with separated flowers, and the Gynandria^ are, ac-
cording to the scheme of Thunberg and others, abo-
lished ; an alteration which it would not become me
to reject without giving my reasons, and these may
be found in the Introduction to Botany^ which the
reader will of course peruse before he applies the
present work to practical use. This edition of Wither-
ing, the last which its worthy author completed, is
what I have always used, and the only one quoted
in the ensuing pages. Two more editions with which
I am not conversant, have been given to the world
since his death.

The work of Dr. Withering was the only book, at
the time of its publication, which could effectually
serve a mere English reader, in the present advanced
state of botanical knowledge, for the determination
of British Plants. Its language is liable to little
exception. The references to figures have, in the
third edition, been revised and corrected, but not I
believe by their original author Dr. Stokes. Nume-

P K E V A C K. XVI 1

rous places of growth, of the less common plants,
have been added, and several new species intro-
duced. I know but of one essential fault in the
original plan of this work, and that is much lessened
in the third edition, the compilation of descriptions
from foreign authors, which do not always belong
to our plants. Nevertheless, as Dr. Withering in-
variably mentions the sources from whence he has
borrowed, no reader can necessarily be misled.

An English book, to the language of which I have
always been partial, is the " Outlines of the Natural
History of Great Britain and Ireland, by John Berk-
enhout, M.D.," published in 1770, in three volumes,
the second comprehending the Vegetable Kingdom.
It is without synonyms, but the short characters are
clear and expressive. This work, however, is super-
seded by Withering s. A second edition, under the
title of a Synopsis, in two volumes, appeared in 1789.

It is scarcely necessary to mention Stephen Rob-
son's British Flora, printed at York in 1777,with three
plates ; the Enchiridion Botaniciim, a concise Latin
work of a similar aim, published by Arthur Brough-
ton, M.D., at London in 1782; or the " Plates of
the Indigenous Plants of Great Britain," chiefly
outlines and many of them diminished, given to the
publick, at a very cheap rate, by Mr. John Walcot of
Bath in 1778. The last publication was discon-
tinued after tab. 168, and the two former have never
been very popular.

A great work, illustrative of British plants, but,
as Mr. Dryander has observed, " more splendid than
useful," in twelve quarto volumes, with numerous

VOL. I. b

XVIU P R E F A C E.

coloured plates, was printed, I know not precisely
at wdiat period, by John Earl of Bute, a nobleman
greatly devoted to botanical studies, some of whose
letters to the late Mr. Peter CoUinson may be seen
in the " Linnaean Correspondence" above mentioned,
vol. i. 26 — 36. His Lordship's book being intended
for the use of his particular friends only, chiefly
ladies, no more than twelve copies were printed, and
it therefore can hardly be thought a just subject of
criticism. Apelles remarked that an ordinary artist
could more readily paint Helen rich than handsome ;
so it is easier to make a rare book than a good one.

Various partial, or local. Floras have at different
times appeared in Britain, from the first promulga-
tion of the Linnaean system to the present day.
These it is not necessary to particularize here.
They will be occasionally referred to in the body of
the work, and their titles are given in the List of
Authors at the end of this Preface.

One great national work however, by its title of
Flora Londinensis limited to the neighbourhood of
the metropolis, must nevertheless here be noticed;
for though not yet completed, it has admitted the
vegetable productions of several remote parts of
Britain. Its author, the late Mr. William Curtis,
has been extensively known by his popular and
very useful Botanical Magazine. But the Flora
Londinensis y a work of great practical observation
and experience, ranks, as I have elsewhere ob-
served'^, " independent of its excellent figures, next

* Tr. of Linn. Soc. vol. iv. ^280.

P R V. r A C K. XIX

to Ray's Synopsis, in original merit and authority
upon English plants." It is now continued, with
great ability, by Professor Hooker of Glasgow.

In the year 1790 the late Mr. James Sowerby, an
eminent botanical drauo-htsman and a faithful ob-
server of nature, requested my assistance in publish-
ing coloured figures of British plants. I readily
undertook the letter-press of this work, and it came
out in monthly numbers, under the title of English
Botani/. My name at first did not appear; but
findino^ the book a fit vehicle for orio^inal informa-
tion and criticism, I publickly acknowledged it by a
preface to the fourth volume in 1 795, and the title-
page of every succeeding volume declares its real
author. This publication, from which the Fungi
are excluded, has now extended to 36 volumes, and
has been closed, for the present, by general indexes
to the whole. It approaches nearer to a complete
set of figures of the native plants, than ever appeared
in this or any country. The plates amount to 2592,
and it is but just to the memory of the excellent and
lamented artist, to say, that they are, on the wdiole,
the most expressive and accurate of their kind. In
the account of each species, besides corrected cha-
racters, synonyms and descriptions, I have frequently
introduced whatever might recommend the study of
plants, diffuse a charm over the more dry and techni-
cal parts of the subject, improve our scientific lan-
guage, or direct the contemplative mind to more
important and exalted views of its Creator's works.
The English Botany has had an extensive sale, and
I trust it has very widely promoted a love of plants,
and a taste for correct and scientific botany. Some-

b2

XX PREFACE.

times I have doubted whether these ends have been
so fully answered as its partial author might expect ;
and whether the great facility with which a trivial and
superficial knowledge of plants is now gained, by
turning over books of coloured figures, may not be
injurious to true science. The flippancy with which
every body quotes '^ Sowerby," whom they know
merely as the delineator of these plates, without ad-
verting to the information of the work, or the name of
its author, leads me to the mortifying conclusion, that
all I have done is of little avail, except to the pene-
trating eyes of the scientific few, who stand less in
need of such assistance. But with their approbation
I am conscious I ought to be content.

The acquisition of the Linnsean herbarium soon
discovered to the botanists of England that many of
our native plants had hitherto been mistaken, and
that the nomenclature of our whole Flora stood in
need of revision. Hence I was led to undertake a
Latin Flo7^a Britannica, of which two volumes were
published in 1800, and a third in 1804. This last
concludes with the Musci, the rest of the crypto-
gamic orders remaining as yet unfinished. The
chief merit to which this work aspires is originality.
The author has examined every thing for himself,
copying nothing without investigation. Every ge-
neric and specific character has been scrutinized,
and, where necessary, corrected ; and the descrip-
tions are all made from wild British specimens.
Any borrowed fact or information is invariably ac-
knowledged. The Flora Brifminica has been fa-
vourably received, both at hom ^ and abroad. It
was reprinted, word for word, by Dr. Romer at

PREFACE. XXI

Zurich, and a great German critic has been pleased
to reckon it inferior only to the Flora Germanica of
Schrader. The author cannot but wish so hiofh a
compliment were better deserved. The Compen-
dium FlorcE Britannicct is an epitome of this work,
containing the specific characters entire, with a few
additional remarks. This has been reprinted, and
accommodated to the German Flora, by Professor
Hoffmann, at Gottingen ; and the late Mr. Galpine
published an English translation, at Salisbury, in
1806.

Dr. Hull of Manchester has furnished the Eno-Hsh
student with a British Flora in his native language,
of which there are two editions.

Notwithstanding all these publications upon Bri-
tish Plants, the want of a more complete and au-
thentic work in English, unexceptionable in phra-
seology, has been generally felt and acknowledged ;
insomuch that various applications have, from time
to time, been made to me, for permission to translate
the Flora Britajinica, or to compile an English
work from that and the English Botany ; for it has
been observed by some persons that " a British Flora
can in future be no more than a compilation.'' Such
projects, and such views of the subject, made me
sensible of the necessity of my undertaking an
English Flora ; and since this intention has been
announced, the calls for its accomplishment have
multiplied, so that I find myself under an obligation
to make, at least, a beginning, by publishing two vo-
lumes in the first place, and proceeding immediately
with the remainder.

Having now, for more than thirty years, had the

XXU P R E F A C K.

botany of my native country perpetually under con-
sideration in the progress of the EyigUsh Botany and
Flora Britannka; and this same subject having en-
gaged the attention of numerous coadjutors, espe-
cially among those members of the Linnsean Society
who have contributed to enrich its Transactions ; I
am aware of so great a progress in our general stock
of knowledge, that a Flora of Britain, far from being
necessarily a compilation, or a translation, must now
be a new and original work. The books just men-
tioned may, indeed, form the basis of such an un-
dertaking ; but the science of Botany, through their
means, has been progressive in an eminent degree, for
twenty years past, and the accession of new-disco-
vered species will be found no less considerable in
that space of time, than the elucidation of those pxe-
viously known. Two natural orders of plants in parti-
cular occur, in the present volumes, under entirely
new points of view; the Linnsean Calamarice, chiefly
comprehended in the Triandria Monogynia, and the
Umbellatce in Pentanchia Digynia. The genera of
the former had never been well defined, till Mr.
Brown, in his Prodromus of the Flora of New Hol-
land, undertook this difficult task. His labours have
generally been my guide, and I have ventured to dif-
fer from this great botanist chiefly in one particular.
He admits, as an essential generic distinction, the
absence or presence of certain bristles under the
seed in the Calamarice. The observation of nature,
in several instances, but especially in Sc'irpus cari-
cinus and rufus, pp. 58, 59, has taught me, beyond
a doubt, that such bristles ought to have no place
in the generic characters, though they here distin=

P R E F A C E. XXlll

guish two very difficult species. I have also been
obliged to correct a few mistakes of my learned
friend Dr. Scbrader, and of other distinguished
writers, concerning these plants, and their near
allies the Grasses ; all which I submit, with due
deference, to the reconsideration of the parties con-
cerned. In the order of Umbellatce considerable
indulgence may be requisite, as my performance is
almost entirely novel. No reason has been given
for taking the injiorescence and bracteas into consi-
deration, for defining the genera of this tribe, ex-
cept the supposed necessity of such a measure. Se-
veral botanists have blamed Linnseus for this dere-
liction of his own principles, and have run into a
contrary error, by fixing on the seeds alone for ge-
neric characters. The able Professor Sprengel has
had recourse to the seeds^ but he still adverts to
the bracteas. Professor Hoffmann has adhered to
the old principles, with many minute details. By
a full investigation of all the organs of fructifica-
tion, and by distinguishing the tumid bases of the
styles from the floral recej)tacle, things hitherto
confounded, I have characterized the Umbelliferous
plants like the rest, by the parts of the flower and
fruit alone. In doing this I have kept the exotic
species in view, of which the Linnsean collection,
and those of many botanists of Switzerland, with
the Greek herbarium of my lamented friend Pro-
fessor Sibthorp, have furnished me with almost all
that are known. The principles I have adopted
prove amply sufficient, being no other than those by
w^hich Linnseus was on the whole so successful,
though he deserted them in the arrangement of the

XXIV PREFACE.

tribe in question. But what affords me most satis-
faction is, that I am thus enabled to keep entire al-
most all his own genera. He had in reality founded
them by that penetrating insight into natural genera,
for which he was so eminent ; but he was always
labouring, according to his ideas derived from the
umbels, and involucrums as he called the hracteas, to
make " the genus give a character," and this labour
was often in vain. Parts that vary in the same
individual species, and differ in those most closely
related, can obviously never prove a safe foundation
for generic distinctions. Yet prepossession often
stands in the way of truth. It appears from the
letters of Cusson, who devoted all his time to the
study of this tribe, that he just began, towards the
end of his labours, to think the Jioral receptacle,
meaning principally the bases of the styles, had not
been sufficiently attended to; but he had not reso-
lution to begin his task anew. If what I have done
should excite the attention of competent judges, I
hope succeeding botanists will improve upon this
attempt ; for all who have looked at Umbelliferous
plants, must be aware of the necessity of their better
definition. When studied upon fixed principles,
they will be found well worthy of attention, and not

ss instructive or curious than more gaudy flowers.

I must now particularly explain what I have had
in view in the general plan and execution of the
following work.

The reader is requested to consider that the first
object of this English Flora is botanical discrimina-
tion ; by which I mean, not only the furnishing
English readers with means for the easy and accu-

PREFACE. XXV

rate determination of our species of native plants,
but also to inculcate and exemplify principles ca-
pable of more extensive application. I wish to lead
young botanists to the study of genera and species,
with their true grounds of distinction and definition.
Those who may take the trouble accurately to follow
me, will find I have given my whole attention to
these objects. I have also, for the first time in a
general British Flora, introduced the Natural Orders
of our plants, and have under each genus subjoined
a compendious view of its natural habit, characters
and qualities, after the manner first attempted by
Gouan, and carried to perfection in the Sy sterna of
DeCandoUe, a prodigy of knowledge and labour,
and the greatest work of practical Botany that this
age, or perhaps any other, has produced. But I
have offered no natural arrangement of the British
plants. A Flora can aflford but a broken and partial
view of a Natural System, nor can such a system
answer the first purpose of a Flora, which is to en-
able unpractised students to investigate and deter-
mine unknown plants. Those English botanists
who wish to become acquainted with the dependence
of the natural orders on each other, as exemplified
in the system of Jussieu, will find all they can de-
sire in my Grammar of Botany, chiefly designed
for that purpose. The Artificial System of Linnaeus,
equally applicable to any Flora or catalogue of
plants, is used in the present work ; that any bo-
tanist, by reducing a plant to its class and order,
according to the perspicuous and easy rules of that
system, may next compare it with the short essential
characters of the genera, at the head of each class,

XXvi PREFACE.

which genera are there artificially disposed accord-
ing to those characters. Having determined the
genus, he will then find it, amongst its allies, duly-
numbered, in the body of the work, where its full
characters, with all needful observations, and re-
ferences to figures of the fructification, are given ;
the natural order, according to Linnseus, Jussieu,
or others, being indicated. For the history of the
natural order, and a view of the other genera be-
longing to it, the student may then turn to the Gram-
mar. Having become acquainted with what relates
to the genus of his plant, he will next compare his
specimen with all the specific characters under that
genus, till he ascertains its species, and confirms his
determination of its name by reading the particular
description, and consulting as many of the synonyms,
or authors quoted, as he may have within his reach ;
thus finally becoming acquainted with all that is re-
corded concerning the plant he has gathered.

With respect to the last mode of inquiry, I would
recommend a young botanist to be very sparing,
till he has settled his mind, respecting the species
before him, by its .characters alone. Those who
are employed in instructing others, will find an ad-
vantage in keeping the attention of their pupils to
characters and definitions. By this their powers of
observation and discrimination will be strengthened.
They will know why they apply such a name to
each particular plant, and I know by experience
that species thus investigated are never forgotten.
The memory of the student may further be assisted
by drying and preserving competent specimens, not
mutilated fragments, of all his plants; which will

PREFACE. XXvii

gradually form a valuable memorial of his labours,
and a storehouse of pleasing recollections and asso-
ciations. I have long ago observed, that " a plant
gathered in a celebrated or delightful spot, is, like
the hair of a friend, more dear to memory than even
a portrait ; because it excites the imagination, v^ith-
out presuming to fill it ;" nor do I find such senti-
ments at all impaired by advancing age.

In the language of the present v^^ork, freed from
all exceptionable allusions, I have chiefly aimed at
writing common sense in plain English. Hard
words have never taught wisdom, nor does truth
require them. The few unavoidable technical ex-
pressions must be familiar to those who have read
any introductory book, especially the Introduction
to Botany and Grammar, or may be readily under-
stood by a reference to such publications. In doubtful
cases I have taken Johnson's Dictionary for autho-
rity ; but wherever a pure English word could be
found, I have preferred it, as well as English termi-
nations and construction. Happy should I be to
lend any assistance to the improvement and esta-
blishment of our botanical language, or to remove
from it the charges of inelegance and obscurity.
Late writers have, from diffidence or inattention, not
much furthered this object. I hope following ones
will not overlook it, but concur with me where they
find me in the right, and improve upon me where
they see occasion ; altering nothing for the sake of
alteration, either in characters or language ; such
emendations, however easy, being extremely incon-
venient. It is scarcely necessary to remark that
smooth, as opposed to all hairiness and roughness,

XXVIU P R £ FA C E.

is preferable to glabrous, though the latter is near-
er the Latin ; while even expresses a freedom from
all inequality. The former answers exactly to the
Latin glaber, the latter to Icevis. Heartshaped is full
as intelligible as cordate ; furrowed is surely pre-
ferable to silicate, and triangular to triquetrous.
When, as in the last instance, a purely Latin word
is become familiar English, it is certainly not the
worse on that account. Uniform, universal, and
many others, are now completely naturalized, and
may justify unilateral as a translation, now first at-
tempted, of secundus ; and which is at any rate
better than secund. The Latin has furnished us
with numerous words, in common use, beginning
with oh ; and therefore obovate may be admitted, as
more commodious than inversely ovate, and by. this
time equally intelligible. Still I prefer the English
construction of ovate-lanceolate to the half Latin
ovato-lanceolate. According to these examples, the
reader will judge of the rest. He will find in my
-introductory publications explanations of every use-
ful or necessary term, perhaps of many more ; though
in general those which pedantry and affectation have
contrived, without necessity, are purposely omitted
in those works, and I hope never used in the present
volumes.

The synonyms, or references to authors, given
in the Flora Britannica, have here received consi-
derable augmentation, as well as correction. Every
one has been carefully revised ; and where the same
specific names as mine are used, it has been thought
best not to encumber these pages with citations of
every provincial or local Flora throughout ; though

PREFACE. Xxix

where our nomenclature (lifters, such difference is
generally marked. Neither have I been desirous of
assembling together every particular place of growth
of the less common species. I have noted where
the rarer ones are to be found, but principally when
1 have verified the fact by my own examination, or
by seeing specimens. Common report is little to be
trusted; and the English student, if desirous to
know all that has been recorded upon this subject,
may amply satisfy his curiosity with the Botanist^s
Guide of Turner and Dillwyn, a work whose sole
object is to assist the travelling botanist in his in-
quiries. Many readers may think a regular indica-
tion of the Scottish plants desirable ; and therefore,
though Lightfoof si^/o;*^ Scotica is not quoted through-
out, in my Latin work, I have here cited that of my
friend Professor Hooker completely. The valuable
Midland Flora of Mr. Purton, an assiduous and
faithful observer, will be found worthy of frequent
consultation. The general uniformity of our no-
menclature and arrangement will render this work
easy of access to the readers of mine, and in several
places I have pointed out my obligations to its worthy
author.

The room gained by omitting superfluous refe-
rences has allowed of more copious citations of the old
writers and their expressive cuts, as well as of many
valuable modern synonyms. Old books have been
too much neglected by new writers, though a student
may derive great pleasure, and considerable infor-
mation, by an introduction to them. I have consi-
dered it as an imperative duty to examine every
synonym herein adopted, marking as quotations, be-

XXX P R E F A C F.

tween inverted commas, the few which I could not
consult. I cannot too often insist on the mischief
of copying synonyms from other books. The value
of synonyms consists entirely in their collector being
answerable for their exactness; by which he enriches
his own work with the accumulated treasures of the
botanical library, as far as his readers think proper
to follow up the pursuit. But if he blindly tran-
scribes them, such surreptitious references are sure
to be soon discovered, by the frequent errors of the
press, respecting pages or figures, which occur in
most books. At a single discovery of this kind, all
our respect and confidence vanish ; for we know not
that every thing else of the same nature is not equally
fallacious ; and an author who has appeared very
learned and deeply read, proves a copyist of the very
lowest rank, decked out with imposing but borrowed
feathers. M. DeCandolle, that great practical as
well as learned botanist, has not only examined cri-
tically his immense store of synonyms, but has sub-
joined a mark of admiration, whenever he has seen
the original specimen of any author. He disposes
his references chronologically, which, in a general
system, has many advantages. I have followed no
precise method in the arrangement of mine, except
that the Linnaean and other systematic ones stand
first, as agreeing mostly with the names I have
adopted ; and those which are most certain or impor-
tant generally take the lead. I have taken great
pains, from original authorities, to determine all
those of Haller. The older writers are ranged ac-
cording to the goodness of their figures, the value
or certainty of their information, or perhaps accord-

PREFACE. XXxi

ing to tlie order in which I am in the habit of con-
sulting them, which has arisen from long practice,
those which I have found most useful naturally of-
fering themselves first to my attention. By their be-
ing generally in the same order, the reader will know
where to look for each. Ray's Synopsis is necessarily
in an English Flora, regularly quoted throughout;
as likewise is much of Gerarde's Herbal by John-
son ; and the noble wooden cuts of Matthiolus, pub-
lished by Valgrisius at Venice. But the bulk of the
old herbalists, whether English or foreign, have been
used merely for occasional reference, when they
seemed likely to be serviceable, or when their figures
appeared peculiarly good.

In the indexes I have spared neither time nor la-
bour. An author may fail in judgment or know-
ledge, and for this fallibility he is entitled to indul-
gence ; but an index requires nothing more than
such a degree of care and attention as his readers
have a right, on their part, to expect from him.

If those who take my various publications for their
botanical guides, have half the pleasure in using
these books, that I have had in composing them, I
need scarcely wish them more. Innocent amuse-
ment, inducing a change of ideas, is wholesome for
the mind, like air and exercise for the body. On
this ground alone Botany may well be recommended ;
nor shall I repeat here those higher views of its im-
portance as a science, which may be found in the
preface to my Introduction, or in my pamphlets on
the subject of the Cambridge Botanical Professor-
ship. On those occasions it was necessary to ex-
plain, to the uninformed, the aims and pretensions

XXXll PREFACE.

of the science about to be taught ; but in the present
instance I must presume that those who look to my
book for information, need no persuasion to the pur-
suit itself, nor any recommendation of Botany, or of
the study of Nature. Neither am I disposed to con-
tend here for the superiority of these pursuits over
others. A man who looks no further than the nar-
row bounds of his own profession or science, is some-
times inclined to depreciate those of other people,
especially if any worldly advantage be concerned.
Some studies seem to contract the mind ; but such
is not the character of natural science, which en-
larges the understanding by a perpetual display of
the power and wisdom of God, and encourages our
best hopes by sure testimonies of his goodness. He
who feeds the sparrows, and clothes the golden lily,
of the fields in a splendour beyond that of Solomon
himself, invites us, his rational creatures, to confide
in his promises of Eternal Life. The simplest blade
of grass, and the grain of corn to which " he gives its
own body," are sufficient to convince us that our
trust cannot be in vain. Let those who hope to in-
herit these promises, and those who love science for
its own sake, cherish the same benevolent disposi-
tions. Envy and rivalship in one case are no less
censurable, than bigotry and uncharitableness in the
other. The former are as incompatible with the
love of Nature, as the latter with the love of God ;
and they altogether unfit us for the enjoyment of
happiness here or hereafter.

Norwich,
December 2, 1823.

BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. I.

Jhbot. — Abbot, Charles, Flora Bedjlrdiensis. Bedford. 1 7^JS. octavo.
Aduns. Fam. — Adanson, Families des Planles. Paris. 1/63. octavo.

2 volumes.

Ait. Hort. Kew. — Alton, WiWiam, Hortus Kewcnsis. London. 1789.

octavo. 3 vol. — Ed, 2, by M'iUiani Townsend Alton. London.

1810—1813. 5 vol.
Allion. Pedem. — Allioni, Charles, Flora Pedemontana. Turin. 1/85.

folio. 3 vols.
Spec. Rariorum Pedemontii Stirpium Specimen pri-

mum. Turin. 1755. quarto.
Amhrosin. Phyt. — Ambrosini, Hyacinth, Phytologia. Bologna. 1666*.

folio.
Arduin. Spec. — Arduino, Peter, Animadversionum Botanicarinn

Specimen. Padua. 1759. quarto. — Specimen alterum. I'enice.

1763.
Barrel. Ic. — Barrelier, James, Plantcc per Galliam, Hispaniam, et

Italiam observatcc, Iconihus ceneis exhibitce. Paris. \7\4.foHo.

3 vols.

Bast. Opusc. — Baster, Job, Opuscula Subseciva. Harlem. 1759.

quarto. 2 vols.
Bauh. Hist. — Bauhin, John, Historia Plantarum Universalis. Y'ver-

dun. lOCtO. folio. 3 vols.
Bauh. Pin. — Bauhin, Caspar, Pinax Theatri Botanici. Basil. 167L

quarto.

Prodr. Prodromus Theatri Botonki. Basil. 1671.

quarto.

Theatr. Theatri Botanici Liber Primus. Basil. 1658.

folio.

Beauv. Agr. — Beauvois, A. M. I^. J. Palisot de, Esmi d'une Nouvelle

Agrostographie. Paris. 1812. octavo.
Belleval Ic. Ined. — Belleval, Peter Richier de, Icones Ineditce,

Unpublished Engravings, in the Linniean Library, by Belleval,

Professor of Botany at Montpellier, early in the I 7th century.
Berk. Outl. — Berkenhout, John, Outlines of the Natural History

of Great Britain and Ireland; volume 2nd. Loudon. 1770

octavo. 3 volumes.
Bieberst. — See Marsch.

vot. I, c

XXxiv BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. I.

Bigelow Mtd. But. — Bigelow, Jacob, American Medical Botany.

Bostoji. 1 8 1 7 — 182 1 . quarto. 3 vols.
Blair Bat. Ess. — Blair, Patrick, Botanick Essays. London. 1720.

octavo.
BoharVs Herbarium.— Boh^n, Jacob, the editor of Morison's 3rd

volume ; his Herbarium, preserved in the Sherardian Museum

at Oxford.
Bocc. Mus. — Boccone, Paul, Museo di Piante Rare. Venice. 1697.

quarto.

Sic. — Ico7ies et Descriptiones Rariorum Plantarum Sicilian,

Melitce, Gallitv,et lialice. Oxford. 1674. quarto.

Boehm. Lips. — Boehmer, George Rudolph, Flora Lipsics Indigena.

Leipsic. J 750. octavo.
Boerh. Ind. Alt. — Boerhaave, Hermann, Index Alter Plantarum,

qucE in Horto Academico Lugdiino-Batavo aluntur. Leyden.

1727. quarto. 2 volumes.
Borckh. in Roem. Arcliiv. — Borckhausen, in Roemefs Archiv. fur

die Botanik. — Quoted from Brown's Prodromus.
Bot. Guide. — Turner, Dawson, and Dillwyn, Lewis Weston, the

Botanist's Guide through England and Wales. London. 1805.

octavo. 2 vols.
Brit. Mus. H. Sice. Hortus Siccus in the British Museum,

collected by various persons.
Br. Pr. — Brown, Robert, Prodromus Flora Novce Hollandice et

Insulce Van-Diemen. London. \'S\0. octavo, vol. \st.

Terr. Austr.- General Remarks on the Botany of Terra

Australis. London. 1814. quarto.

Browne Jam. — Browne, Patrick, Civil and Natural History of Ja-
maica. London. \756. folio.
Brunf.Herb. — Brunfels,Otho, Herbarum VivceEicones. Strasburgh.

1532. folio.
Buddie's Herbarium.— Budd\e, Adam, Herbarium of English Plants;

in the British Museum.
Bull Fr. — BuUiard, Herbier de la France. Paris. 1786, 8(c. folio,

unfinished.
Buxb. Cent. — Buxbaum, J. C. Plantarum minils cognitarum Cen-

turicB 1 — 5. Petersburgh. 1728 — 1740. quarto.
Camer. Epit. — Camerarius, Joachim, De Plantis Epitome. Frank-
fort. 1 586. quarto.
Cavan. Ic. — Cavanilles, Anthony Joseph, Icones et Descriptiones

Plantarum. Madrid. 1791 — 1801. /o/io. Q vols.
Clus. Cur. Post. — Clusius, Charles, Curce Posferiores. Antwerp.

\6\\. folio.

Hist. Rariorum Plantarum Historia. Antwerp. 1601.

folio.
Pann. Rariorum aliquot Stirpium, per Pannoniam,

Austrian!, et vicinas quasdam Provincias observatarum, Histo-
ria. Antwerp. 1583. octavo.

Bt)oK.S OLOTED IN VOL. I. XXXV

Column. Ecphr. —Cohimua, Fabius, Miniis cogmlarum, ^c. Stir-
pium Ecphrasis. Rome. \6]6. quarto.

Phytob.- Phijtohasanos. Naples. 1592. quarto-^

tdit. 2 was published at Florence. 1744. quarto.
Conip.— Smith, James Edward, Compendium Florcs Britannicce.

Ed. 3. London. \8]S. duodecitno.
Cord. Hist.-— Cordus, Valerius, Historia Stirpium. Colosn. 15G1
folio. *

Cullum.—CuWum, Sir Thoma.s Gery, Bart., Florce Anglicce Speci-
men wiperfectum et ineditum, anno 1/74 inchoatum. octavo
hnds at Daucus Carota.

Cupan.^ Panph.—Cupam, Francis, Panphyton Siculum. Palermo.
1/13. quarto, vol. ]st.—Ed. 2. published by Gervasi, before
1/19, 1G8 plates, without title or date, unfinished.

Curt. Brit. Gr.— Curtis, William, Practical Observations on the
British Grasses. Ed. 2. London. 1790. octavo.

Lond Flora Londinensis. London. \777 , &sC. folio

fasc. 6. ^

Mag. Botanical Magazine. London. 1787, 8sC. oc-

tavo.vol.]—\4. Continued by Dr. John Sims, vol. \5~50,8<c.
Dalech. Hist. Anon. (Dalechamps, James,) Historia Generalis Plan-

[arum, in libros 18, per certas classes artificiose digesta. Lyons

lo8/. folio. 2 vols.
Davies M^elsh Botanol.—Diivies, Hugh, fVelsh Botanology ; part

the first. London. \S\3. octavo.
DeCand. Fr.—De Candolle, Augustus Pyramus, (and Lamarck,)

Flore Francoise. Ed. 3. Paris. 1805—1815. octavo. 4 vols.

Ic. Icones Plantarum GallicB Rariorum. Paris. 1808

quarto.

- Ord. 'Esquisse d'une Serie lineaire, et par consequent

nrtificielle, pour la disposition des families naturelles du re^ne
vegetal. In Theorie Elementaire de la Botanique, p. 213—
220. Paris. 1813. octavo.

%5<.- Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale. Paris.

IHlS.vol.]. 1821. vol. 2. octavo.

Deering Nott.—Deeving, Charles, A Catalogue of Plants, 8^c more
especially about Nottingham. Nottingham. 1738. octavo

Desfont. ^^/a/z/.— Desfontaines, Rene, Flora Atlantica. Paris
1798. quarto. 2 vols.

Dicks. Crypt. —Dickson, James, Fasciculus Plantarum Cn/ptoga-
micarum Britannia. London. 1785. quarto Fasc 2 1790
Fasc. 3. 1793. Fasc. 4. 1801.

Dr. PI. _^ Collection of Dried Plants, named on the

authority of the Linnccan Herbarium and other orifinal col-
lections. London. 1 789—1 79 1 . folio. 4 fascic. '"
H. Sice. Hortus Siccus Britannicus, being a Collec-
tion of Dried British Plants, named &c. as the precedino-
London. \793—\ii02. folio. IS fascic. "^
0 2

XXXVl BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. I.

Dill. FAth. — Dillenius, John James, Ilortus Ellhamensis. London.
\ 7 '32. folio. 2 vols.

Gen. Nova Plantarum Genera. In an Appendix to

the following.

Giss, Catalogus Plantarum sjjonte circa Gissani nas-
cent ium. Frankfort. 1/19. octavo.

Docl. Pempt. — Dodonaeus, Rembert, Stirpium Historice Pemptades

Sex. Antu.-erp. 1616. folio.
Do7i H. Br. — Don, George, Herbarium Britannicum, consisting of

Fasciculi of Dried British Plants. Edinburgh. 1804, 1805.

folio, fasc. 1 — 9.
Rare PL — Don, David, Descriptions of several Rare Plants

of Scotland, in the Wernerian Transactions, v. 3.
Dreves Bilderb. — Dreves, Frederick, Botanisches Bilderbuch. Leip-

sic. 1794, &;c. quarto, fasc. 1 — 9.
Dreves 8^ Ilayne. — The same, and Hayne, Frederick Gottlieb,

Choix de Plantes d" Europe. Leipsw. \S02. fasc. 1 — 4.
Dryand. Bibl. Banks. — Dryander, Jonas, Catalogus Bibliotheas

Historico-naturalis Josephi Banks, 8^c. London. 1/98 — 1800.

octavo. 5 volumes.
Duham. Arb. — Duhamel du Morceau, Traile des Arbres et Ar-

bustes qui se cuitivent en France en pleine terre. Paris. 1755.

quarto. 2 vols.
Dunal Solan. — Dunal, Michael Felix, Histoire naturelle, medicale

et economique des Solanum, et des Genres qui out ete confondus

avec eux. Paris. 1813. quarto.
FJirh. Arb. — Ehrhart, Frederick, Decades Arborum, Fruticum, et

Snjfruticum Linncei, quos in usum Dendropldlorum collegit et

exsiccavit. Hannover. \ 7 S9. folio. ] 2 decades. See their con-
tents in the author's Beitrage, vol. 5.
Beitr. Beitrage zur Naturkunde, &c. Hannover.

1787 — 1792. octavo. 7 vol.

Calam. Decades Calamariarum, Gram'mum et Tri-

petaloidearum Linn. Hannover. 1790. folio. \2 decades. See
Beitrage, vol. 6. 80.

Hei'b. Decades Herbarum Linn. Hannover. 1789.

folio. 12 decades. See Beitr. vol. 5. 175.

- - — Phyloph. Phytophylacium Ehrhartianum , continens

plantas quas in locis earum natalibus collegit et exsiccavit.
Hannover. ]7S0. folio. \0 decades. See Beitr. vol. 4. 145.

PL Exsicc. Plants' Exsiccates — A collection of

Dried Plants, published subsequently to all the foregoing,
biit which was not, I believe, continued to any extent.

PL Off. Plunice Officinales, quas in usum Sfudioso-

rum Medicince, Chirurgue et Pharnxiceutices collegit et exsic-
cavit. Hannover. 1785, S^c. folio. 60 decades. See their con-
tents, indicated by marginal figures, in the author's Beitriige
above mentioned, vol. 7. 37 — 70.

UOOKS QUOTED IN YOL. I. XXXvii

Engl. Bot. — Smith, James Edward, English Botany; the Jigures
hy James Sowerhy. London. 1790—^1814. 8ro. 36 volumes.

Engl. Gard. Cat. — A Catalogue of the Trees, Shrubs, Plants and
Floivers, both erotic and domestic, which are propagated for
sale in the Gardens near London. By a Society of Gardeners.
London. \730. folio, ivith 21 coloured plates.

Fl.Br. — Smith, James Edward, f7orajBri^a/2wic<T. London. 1800 —
1804. octavo. 3 volumes.

Fl. Dan. — Oeder, George Christian, Flora Danica. Copenhagen.
l/d6, See. folio, tab. 1 — 1568, &c.

Fl. Grcec. — Smith, James Edward, Flora Grceca Sibthorpiana .
London. 1806, he. folio. 3 volumes, he.

Forst. Tonhr. — Forster, Thomas Furley, Flora Tonbrigensis , or a
Catalogue of Plants growing ivild in the neighbourhood of Ton-
bridge Wells. London. 1816. octavo.

Fuchs. Hist. — Fuchsius, Leonard, De Historia Stirpium Commen-
tarii Insignes. Basil. lo42. folio.

Ic. Plantaruni ei Stirpium Icones. Lyons. 1595.

octavo.

Gcertn. — Gaertner, Joseph, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum.
Stutgard. 1788, 1792. quarto. 2 volumes.

Garid. Prov. — Garidel, Histoire des Plantes qui naissent aux envi-
rons d'Aix, et dans plusieurs autres endroifs de la Provence.
Aix. 17 \ 5. folio.

Ger. Em. — Gerarde, Jolin, Herball, or General Historie of Plantes,
enlarged and amended by T. Johnson. London. 1636. folio.

Gesn. Ic. Pict. Fasc. — Gesner, Conrad, Historice Plantarum Fasci-
culus Primus, quern edidit et illustravit D. Casimirus Christo-
phorus Schmidel. Nuremberg. \ 7 59. folio.

Gmel. Sib. — Gmelin, John George, Flora Sibirica. Petersburgh.
1747 — 1769. quarto. 4 volumes.

Gmel. Syst. — Gmelin, John Frederick, Caroli a Linn^ Systema
Naturce, vol. 2. Leipsic. 1791. octavo.

Gouan Hort. — Gouan, Antony, Ilortus Regius Monspeliensis.
Lyojis. 1762. octavo.

Grammar. — Smith, James Edward, A Grammar of Botany, illus-
trative of Artificial as well as Natural Classification, with an
explanation ofjussieu's System. London. 1821. octavo.

Graves Br. Gr. — Graves, George, A Monograph on the British
Grasses. London. 1822. octavo, w. 1, cV.

Grisl. Virid. — Grisley, Gabriel, Viridarinm Lusitanicum. T'erona,
after the Lisbon edition of 1661. octavo.

Guett. Obs. — Guettard, Observations sur les Plantes. Paris. 1747,
duodecimo. 2 volumes.

Hcunke. — Htenke, Thadd?eufi, Observationes Botanicce. In Jacqiiin's
Collectanea, vol. 2. p. 1 — 96. See Jacquin.

Sudet. I have not seen.

Hall. Enum. — Haller, Albert von, Enumeratio Methodica Stirpium
Hrh'f'firr Tndii^rnan/m. Gottinc:f'n. 1742. folio.

xxxviii BOOKS (quoted in vol. i.

Hall. Hist. — Haller, Albert von, Hlstoria Stirplum Indigenarum

Hehetice. Berne. 1768. folio. 3 volumes.
Nomencl. Nomenclator ex Historia Plantarum Indi-
genarum Hehetice excerptus. Berne. 1769. octavo.
Hedw. Theor. — Hedwig, John, Theoria Generationis et Fructifica-
tionis Plantarum Cry ptogainicarum. Petershurgh. 1784. quarto.
Herm. Parad. — Hermann, Paul, Paradisus Batavus. Leyden. 1698,

quaHo.
Hoffm. Germ. — Hoffmann, George Francis, DeutschUmds Flora,
Oder Botanisches Taschenbuch. For the year 1791. Erlangen.
1791. duodecimo. The same for the year 1800.
Hofmans. et Link Lusit. —Uof^mansegg et Link, Flora Lusitanica.

Berlin. \806,&c. folio. fasc. I— \0.
Hook. Lond. — Hooker, William Jackson, Flora Londinensis. Lon-
don, no dale, folio, tab. 1 — 144, &c.

Scot. Flora Scotica, in 2 parts. London. 1821. octavo.

Hopkirk, Glott. — Hopkirk, Thomas, Flora Glottiana, a Catalogue
of the Indigenous Plants on the banks of the river Clyde, and
in the neighbourhood of the City of Glasgow. Glasgow, 1813.
octavo.
Host Gram. — Host, Nicholas Thomas, Icones et Descriptiones
Graminum Austriacorum . Vienna. 1801 — 1 809. /oZio. 4 vols.
How Phyt. — How, William, Phytologia Britannica. London. 1650.

octavo. Without the author's name,
//wrfs.— Hudson, William, Flora Anglica. Ed. 2. London. 1778.

octavo. 2 volumes. — Ed. 1. London. 1762. 1 volume.
HitZ^.— Hull, John, British Flora. Ed. 2. Manchester. 1808. octaifo.

volume \st.
Jacob Faversh. — Jacob, Edward, Plantce Favershamienses, a Cata-
logue of the more perfect Plants growing spontaneously about
Faversham in the County of Kent. London. Mil. octavo.
Jacq. Austr. — Jacquin, Nicholas Joseph von. Florae Austriacce , sive
Plantarum Selectarum in Austrice Archiducatu sponte crescen-
tium Icones, ad vivum coloratce, et descriptionibus ac syno-
ny mis illustrates. Vienna. 1773 — \118. folio. 5 volumes.

Coll. Collectanea, ad Botanicam, Chemiam et Histo-

riam Naturalem spectantia. Vienna. 1786 — 1796. quarto.
5 volumes.

Ic, Rar. — ^ Icones Plantarum Uariorum. Vienna. 1781

— 1786. folio. 3 volumes.
Misc. Miscellanea Austriaca, ad Botanicam, Che-
miam, et Historiam Naturalem spectantia, cumjiguris partim
coloratis. Vienna. 1778, 1781. quarto. 2 volumes.

. Obs. Observationum Botanicarum, Iconibus illustra-

tarum, Partes 1 — 4. Vienna. 1764 — Mil. folio.

Jkss. Jussieu, Anton. Laurent, de. Genera Plantarum secundum

Ordines Naturales disposita. Paris. \189. octavo.
^ jfin. du Mus. Various Dissertations by the same.

BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. I. XXXIX

in the Annales du Museum tVHistoire Naturellr. Paris. 1802 —

1813. quarto. 20 volumes.
Knapp. — Knapp, John Leonard, Gramina Britannica, or Repre-
sentations, with descriptions and remarks upon the British

Grasses. London. 1804. quarto.
Kunth Nov. Gen. et Sp. — Kunth, Charles Sigismund, Nova Genera

et Species Plantarum, quas in peregrinatione ad plagam (jequi-

noctialem orhis novi cotlegerunt, descripserunt, parCim adum-

braverunt, Amatus Bonpland et Alexander de Humboldt.

Paris. 1815, Szc. quarto, vol. 1 — 4, &c.
Lam. — Lamarck, Chevalier de. Illustration des Genres. Paris.

1791, &-C. quarto, tab. 1—900.
Leers. — Leers, John Daniel, Flora Herhornensis. Herborn. 1775.

octavo.
Lehm. Asperif. — Lehman, John George Christopher, Plantce e Fa-

milid Asperifoliarum nuciferce. Berlin. 1818. quarto. 2 vols.
Leyss. — Leysser, Frederick William von, in the Memoirs of the

Society of Naturalists at Halle. Dessau Si Leipsic. 1783, &c.

ictavo. vol. 1, &c.
L'Herit. Corn. — L'Heritier, Charles Louirs, Cornus, Specimen Bo-

tanicum. Paris. \7SS. folio.
Lightf. — Lightfoot, John, Flora Scotica. London. 1777. octavo.

2 vols.
Lind. Alsat. — Lindern, Francis Balthasar von, Hortus Alsaticus.

Strashurgh. 1747. octavo.
Linn. Am. Acad. — Llnnseus, or von Linne, Charles, Amcenitates

Academicce. Stockholm 8^ Leipsic. 1749 — 1769. octavo.

7 volumes.
Fl.Lapp. Flora Lapponica. Ed. 1. Amsterdam. 1737.

octavo. Ed. 2. curd J. E. Smith. London. 1792. octavo.
Fl.Suec Flora Suecica. Ed. 2. Stockholm. 1755.

octavo.

(Jen. Genera Plantarum. Ed. 6. Stockholm. 1764.

octavo.

Hort. Cliff. Hortus CUffortianus. Amsterdam. 1737.

folio.
It. W. Goth. Wastgota-Resa. Stockholm. ]747. oc-
tavo.

Mant. Mantissa Plantarum. Stockholm. 1767. oc-

tavo. Mant. PL altera. Stockholm. \77\. octavo.

Mat. Med. Materia Medica. Stockholm. 1749. octavo.

Sp. PL Species Plantarum. Ed. 2. Stockholm. 1762.

octavo. 2 volumes. Ed. I. Stockholm. 1753. 2 volumes.

Syst. Nat. ed. 12.- Systema Naturce. Ed. 12. Stock-
holm. 1766.3 volumes. Vol. 2, Vegetable Kingdom.

Syst. Veg. ed. 13. Systema Vegetabilium. Ed. 13.

Curd J. A.Murray. Gdftingen. \774. octavo. — Ed. 14. Got-
fingen. 1784. octavo.

Xl BOOKS gUOTED IN VOL. I.

Linn.Suppl. — Linnia, Charles von, junior, Supplemeatum Planta-

rum. Brunswick. 178]. octavo.
Lob. Advers. Nov. — Lobel, Matthias de, Stirpium Adversaria Nova.
London. ] 605. folio.

Ic. Icoues Stirpium. Antwerp. 1591. oblong quarto.

2 volumes.

Illustr. Stirpium Illustrationes. London. 1655.

quarto.
Loefl. It. Hisp. — Loefling, Peter, Iter Hispanicum, published by

Linnaeus. Stockholm. 1/58. octavo.
Loes. Pruss. — Loesel, John, Flora Prussica. Koeningsberg. 1/03.

quarto.
MagnoL llort. Monsp. — Magnol, Peter, Hortus Regius Monspe-
liensis. Montpellier. 1697. octavo.

Monsp. Botanicum Monspeliense. Montpellier. 1688.

octavo.
Maratti Plant. — Maratti, John Francis, Plantarum Romulece el

Saturnice SpeciJiccE Noter. Rome. 1772. duodecimo.
Marsch. Taur.-Cauc. — Marschall a Bieberstein, L. B. Frederick,

Flora Taurico-Caucasica. Charkof. 1808. octavo. 2 volumes.
Mart. Rust — Marty n, Thomas, Flora Rustica. London. 1791, S^c.

octavo, 4 volumes, 144 plates.
Matth. Valgr. — Matthiolus, Peter Andrew, Commentarii in Sex
Libros Pedacii Dioscoridis ; apud Valgrisuim. Venice. 1583.
folio. 2 volumes.
Mentz. Pugill. — Mentzelius, Christian, Pugillus Rariorum Planta-
rum; at the end of his Index Nominum Plantarum universalis.
Berlin. \QS2. folio.
Merr. Pin. — Merrett, Christopher, Pinax Rerum Nafuralium Bri-

tannicarura. London. 1667. octavo.
Mich. Gen. — Micheli, Peter Antony, Nova Plantarum Genera.

Florence. 1729. large quarto.
Mill. Ic. — Miller, Philip, Figures of Plants, adapted to the Gar-
deners Dictionary. London. 1755, 8zc.folio.2 vols.
Mill. Illustr. — Miller, John, Illustration of the Sexual System of

Linncpus. London. 1777. folio.
Moench, Meth. — Moench, Conrad, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici
et Agri Marburgensis, a staminum situ describendi. Marhurgh.
1794. octavo.
Mont. Prodr. — Monti, Joseph, Catalogi Stirpium Agri Bononiensis
Prodromus, Gramina et hujusmodi ojffinia complectens. Bo-
logna. 1719. large octavo.
Moris. — Morison, Robert, Historia Plantarum Universalis. Oxford.

1680 — 1699./oZio. vol. 2nd and 2rd only published.
Muhlenb. Gram. — Muhlenberg, Henry, Descriptio uherior Grami-
nuni et Plantarum Calamariarum Americce Septentrionaiis in-
digenarum et cicurum. Philadelphia. 1817. octavo.
Null. Gen. Amer. — Nuttall, Thomas, The Genera of North Ame-

BOOKS ^UOTKD IX VOL. I. Xll

rkan Plants, and a Catalogue of the Species, to the year 1817.
Philadelphia. 1818. octavo. 2 volumes.

Pall. i?oi-6-.— Palkis, Peter Sitnon, Flora Rossica. Petersburgh.
1784 — 1788./o/io. 1 vol. in 2 parts.

Park. P«;ar/.— Parkinson, John, Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Ter-
resfris London. \ 6^6. folio.

Theatr. Theatrum Botanicinn,the Theater of Plants,

or an Herbnll of a large extent. London. lG40./o/io.

Pass. Ic. — PasscTus Crispus, jun., Hortns Flnridus, in quo ra-
rioruni et minus vulgarinm Jlorum Icones ad vivam ve~
ramque formam accuratissinie delineatce. Arnhelm. 1614. o^-
long quarto.

Pers. Sijn^—Persoon, Christian Henry, Synopsis Plantarum. Paris.
180;'), \S07 . duodecimo. 2 volumes.

Petiv. Cone. Gram. — Petiver, James, Graminum, Muscorum, &c.,
Britannicorum Concordia. London. \7 17. folio, \2 pages ; in
the 2d volume of his works.

H. Brit. Herharil Britannici Clarissimi D. Rati

Catalogus cum Iconibus. London. 1767. folio, tab. 72 ; in the
2d volume of his works, ed. 2.

Pluk. Almag. — Plukenet, Leonard, Almagestum Botanicum. Lon-
don. 1 696. quarto.

Amalth. 'Amaltheum Botanicum. London. 1705. fo-
lio, tab. 351—454.

Phyt. Phytographia. London. 1691 . quarto, tab. 1 —

350.

Poit. et Turp. Pwr.— Poiteau et Tiirpin, Flore Parisienne. Paris-
\SOS. folio, unfinished.

Pollich. — Pollich, John Adam, Historia Plantarum in Palatinatu
Electorali sponte nascentium. Manheim. 1 776. octavo. 3 volumes.

Pon. Bald. — Pona, John, Monte Baldo descritto. Venice. 1617.
quarto.

Ponied. Anthol. — Pontedera, Julius, Anthologia, sive de Floris
Naturd. Padua. 1720. quarto.

Comp. Compendium Tahularum Botanicarum. Pa-
dua. 1718. quarto.

Pourret Act. Tolos. — Pourret, Extrait de la Chloris Narbonensis.
Mem. de V Academic de Toulouse, vol. 3. 297 — 334.

Pursh. — Pursh, Frederick, Rora Americce Septentrionalis. London.
1814. octavo. 2 volumes.

Purton. — Purton, Thomas, A Midland Flora, or Botanical De-
scription of British Plants in the Midland Counties. Stratford-
upon-Avon. \S\7. octavo. 2 volumes. .Appendix to the same.
London. 1821. octavo. 2 volumes.

Rail Hist. — Ray, John, Historia Plantarum. London. 1686 —
I7O4./0Z/0. 3 volumes.

Indie. PI. Dub. — Indiculus Plantarum Dubiarum, subjoined

by Dillenius to his edition of Ray's Synopsis.

xlii BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. I.

Raii Syn. — S?j7iopsis Methodka Stirpiiim Britannicarum. London.
1724. octavo, ed. 3. Published by Dillenius, who added the
plates, but ivithout his name. The most popular edition.

Syn.ed.2. — The same work, edition 2d. London. 1696. oc-
tavo. The most accurate edition.

Redout. Liliac. — Redoute, P. J., Les Liliacees. Paris. 1802, &c.
folio. 8 volumes.

Rees's Cycl. — Rees, Abraham, The Cyclopcedia. London. 1802 —
1819. quarto. 39 volumes.

Reichenb. Amcen. — Reichenbach, H. G. L., Amcenitates. Nurem-
berg? Quoted by Dr. Panzer ; see p. 250.

Relh.—Re\h?in, Richard, Flora Cantabrigiensis. Ed. 2. Cambridge.
1802. octavo.

Rel. Rudb. See Rudb.

Renealm. Spec. — Renealm, Paul, Specimen Histori(E Plantarum.
Paris. 1611. quarto.

Retz. Obs. — Retzius, Andrew John, Observationes Botanicce. Leipsic.
1779 — 1781./oZio. 6fasc.

, Prodr. '■ Florce Scandinavice Prodromus. Leipsic.

1795. octavo.

Riv. Monop. Jrr.— Rivinus, Augustus Quirinus, Ordo Plantarum
qucE sunt Flore Irregulari Monopetalo. Leipsic. 1690./o/io.

^ Pentap. Irr.- Ordo PI. quce sunt Flore Irregulari Pen-

tapetalo. Leipsic. 1699. folio.

Tetrap. Irr.' -Ordo PL quce sunt Flore Irregulari Te-

trapetalo. Leipsic. \69\. folio.

Robson Tr. of L. Soc. — Robson, Edward, Description of the Ribes
spicatum. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 3. London. 1797.

Rcem. et Schiiltes Syst. Ffg.— Roemer, J. J. and Schultes, J. A.
Caroli a Linn^, ^ Systema Vegetabilium . Stuttgard. 1817, «&c.
octavo, vol. 1 — 5, 8^c.

Rose, Elem.—Rose, Hugh, The Elements of Botany. London.
1775. octavo.

Roth Bei^r.— Roth, Albert William, Beytrcige zur Botanik. Bre-
men. 1782. octavo.

Catal.'-' 'Catalecta Boianica. Leipsic. 1797. octavo.

fasc. 1. . ^

Germ.* - — Tentamen Florce Germanicce. Leipsic. l/8b,

&c. octavo. 3 volumes.

Royen, Van, Prodr. — ^Van Royen, Adrian, FlorcE Leydensis Pro-
dromus. Leyden. 1 740. octavo.

Rudb. Act. S^wec— Rudbeck, Olaus junior, Lidex Plantarum pra-
cipuarum quas in Itinere Laponico, anno 1 695, observavit. In
Act. Liter. SuecicE. Upsal. 1720. quarto,

Elys. — Rudbeck Olaus, pater et filius, Campi Elysii, Liber

secundus. Upsal. \70\. folio. Scarcely ten copies of this
magnificent work are extant.

j{gl _- . — ReUquice Rndbrckiance, sive Camporum Ely-

BOOKS <2UOTED IN VOL. 1. xliii

siorum Libri Primi, quce supersunt, adjectis nominibus Lin-

ncBanis, curd J. E. Smith. London. \7S9. folio.
Rupp, Jen. — Ruppius, Henry Bernard, Flora Jenensis. Frankfort

and Leipsic. 1718. octavo.
ed. Hall. 2d edition, by Albert Haller. Jena,

1745. octavo.
Salisb. Prodr. — Salisbury, Richard Antony, Prodromus Stirpium

in Horto Chapel Allerton vigentium. London. 1796. octavo.
Scheuchz. Agr. — Scheuchzer, John, Agrostographia. Zurich. 1719.

quarto.

Prodr. Agrostographice Helveticce Prodromus

1708. folio.

Scheuchz. It. — Scheuchzer, John James, Itinera per Helvetice

Alpinas Regiones facta. Leyden. 1723. quarto. 2 volumes.
• It. ed. Loud. — Itinera alpina tria. London. 1708.

quarto.
Schmid. Ic. — Schmidel, Casimir Christopher, Icones Plantarum et

Analyses Partium. Nureinberg. 1762, Szc. folio.
Schrad. Asperif — Schrader, Henry Adolphus, de Asperifoliis Lin-

nei Commentatio. Gottingen. 1820. quarto.
Gertn. Flora Germanica. Gottingen. 1806. octavo.

volume \st.
Journ. Journal fiir die Botanik. Gottingen. 1 802,

&c. octavo, vol. 1, &c.
Spicil. Spicilegium Flora; Germanica:. Hannover.

1794. octavo.

Verbasc. Monographia Generis Verbasci. Gottin-
gen. 1813. quarto.

Schreb. Gen. — Schreber, John Christian Daniel von, Caroli a
Linni Genera Plantarum. Frankfort. 1780. octavo. 2 volumes.

— ' Gram. Beschreibung der Griiser. Leipsic. 1769.

folio. 2 volumes.

Lips. Spicilegium Florce Lipsicce. Leipsic. 1771.

octavo

Spicil. See the foregoing.

Schulz Stargard. — Schulz, C. Fr., Prodromi FlorcB Star gar diensis

Supplementum. Vienna? 1819. octavo.
Scop. Carn. — Scopoli, John Antony, Flora Carniolica. Ed. 2.

Vienna. 1772. octavo. 2 volumes.
Segu. Veron. — Seguier, John Francis, Plantce I'eronenses. Verona.

1745. octavo. 2 volumes. Supplementum. 1754. 1 volume.
Sherard's Herb. — Sherard, William, /m- Herbarium at Oxford.
Sibb. Scot. — Sibbald, Sir Robert, Scotia lllustrata. Edinburgh

\ 684. folio.
Sibth. — Sibthorp, John, Flora Oxoniensis. Oxford. 1794. octavo.

See also Ft. Gra:c.
Sims and Kon. Ann, — Sims, John, and Konig, Charles, Annals

of Botany. London. 1805, 1S06. octavo. 2 volumes.

xliv BOOKS (QUOTED IN VOL. I.

SincL — Sinclair, George, Hortus Gramineus Wohurnensis. London.

\S\(J. folio. Illustrated with dried specimens.
Sm. PL Ic. — Smith, James Edward, Plantarum Icones hactenus

ineditfB. London. 1789, 1790, \79\ . folio. Z fosc. See also

Comp., Engl. Bot., Fl. Br., Fl. Grcec. Sibth., Fl. Lapp. Linn.,

Grammar, Rees's CycL, Rel. Rudb., and Tr. of L. Soc.
Stillingfl. — Stillingfleet, Benjamin, Miscellaneous Tracts, relating

to Natural History, Husbandry and Physick. Ed. 3. London,

I 77^). octavo.
Stockh. Trans. — Transactions of the Royal Society of Stockholm,

in Swedish. Stockholm. 1739 — 1820, Sec. octavo. Numerous

volumes.
Swartz Lid. Occ. — Svvartz, Olof, Flora Indite Occidenialis. Er-

langen. 1797. octavo. 3 volumes.

in Stockh. Trans. See Stockh.

Sym. Syn. — Symons, Jelinger, Synopsis Plantarum hisulis Britan-

nicis hidigenarum. London. 1798. octavo.
Teesdale. — Teesdale, Robert, Plantce Ebor a censes ; in Tr. of Linn.

Soc. V. 2. 103—125 J and v. 5. 36—95.
Till. Pis. — Tilli, Michael Angelo, Catalogus Plantarum Horti Pi-

sani. Florence. \723. folio.
Tillands Ic. — Tillands, Elias, Icones Novcb in usum selectee, et Ca-

talogo Plantarum promistue appensce. Abo. 1683. octavo.
Town. — Tournefort, Joseph Pitton, Institutiones Rei Herbaria.

Paris. 1719. quarto. 2 volumes.
Tozzetti Obs. — Tozzetti, Octavian Targioni, Observationum Botani-

carum Decades 3, 4 & 5. Florence, no date, quarto.
Tr. of Linn. Soc. — Transactions of the Linncean Society. London.

1791—1823. vol. 1—14. quarto.
Trag. Hist. — Tragus, Jerome, De Stirplum Nomenclaturis, S^c.

Strasburgh. 1552. quarto.
Vahl. Enum. — Vahl, Martin, Enumeratio Plantarum. Copenhagen.

1804, 1805. octavo. 2 volumes, ending with Triandria Mono-

gynia.
Vaill. Mem. de VAc. des Sc. — Vaillant, Sebastian, Memoires de

VAcad.des Sciences. German edition. Breslaw. \ 7 54. octavo.
Par. Botanicon Parisiense. Leyden and Amsterdam.

\727. folio.
Vallisn. Op. — Vallisneri, Antony, Opere Fisico-Mediche. Venice.

\7'<^S. folio. 3 volumes.
Venten. Ch. — Ventenat, E. P., Choix de Plantes, dont la plupart

sont cultivees dans le Jardinde Cels. Paris. ISO'S. folio.
Villars Dauph. — Villars, Histoire des Plantes de Dauphine. Gre-
noble. 1786. octavo. 3 volumes.
Wade PI. Rar. Hib. — Wade, Walter, PlantcB Rariores in Hibernia

inventce, Dublin. 1804. octavo.
Wahlenb. Lapp. — Wahlenberg, George, Flora Lapponica. Berlin.

1812. octavo.

BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. I. xlv

ff'cb. Gott. — Weber, George Henry, Spicilegium Florce Gotlin-

geusis. Gotlia. 1778. octavo.
IVeigel Ohs. — W'eigel, Christian Ehrenfried, Observationes Bo-

taniccP. Gryphmwald. \772. quarto.
IVern. Trans. — Memoirs of tlie IVernerian Natural History Society.

Edinburgh. 181 1, 8cc. octavo. 3 volumes.
fViggers tlolsat. — Wiggers, Frederick Henry, Primitive Florcu Hol-

saticcP. Kiel. \7Si}. octavo,
ff'illd. Berl. Baumz. — W'illdenow, Charles Lewis, Berlinische

Baumzuclit. Berlin. 179G. octavo.
Berol. Florcc Beroimensis Prodromus. Berlin. 1787.

octavo.
Sp. PI. Caroli d. Linne Species Plantarum. Berlin.

1797 — 1810. octavo, i} volumes.
IVillem. Stell. — Willemet, Monographie pour servir ci VHistoire

Naturelle et Botanique de la Famille des Plantes Etoilees.

Strasburgh. 1791. octavo,
flinch Guide. — Winch, Nathaniel John, The Botanist's Guide

through the Counties of Northumberland and Durham. New-
castle. 180.3, 1807. octavo. 2 volumes.
JVith. — Withering, William, An Arrangement of British. Plants.

Ed. 3d. Birmingham. 1796. octavo. 4 volumes.
fVoodv. — W'oodville, WiWium, Medical Botany. London. 1790.

quarto. 3 volumes ; with a supplement, 179-4. 1 volume.
IVulf in Jacq. Coll. — Wulfen, Francis Xavier, Plantce Rariores

Carinthiacce. See Jacq. Coll. and Misc. Austr.
Zan. 1st. — Zanoni, James, Istoria Botanica. Bologna. 1675.
folio.

ENGLISH FLORA.

Class I. MONANDRIA. Stamen 1

Order I. MONOGYNIA. Pistil 1.

* Seed one.

1. SALICORNIA. Calyx tumid, undivided. Corolla

none. St am. 1 or 2. Seed invested with the calyx.

2. HIPPURIS. Cal. a sHght border. Cor. none. Seed

inferior, naked. Stigma 1.

3. ZOSTERA. i^/. aggregate. Spadix flat, many-flow-

ered. Drupa. Nut with one kernel. Stigmas 2.
See Valeriana 1. Alchemilla 3.
** Seeds sevei'al.

4. CHAR A. 5frn/ with many seeds. Style none.

See iSa/Jj; occasionally.

Order II, DIGYNIA. Pistils 2.

CALLITRICHE. Cal. none. Petals 2, inferior.
5^^ec?5 4-, naked, compressed. Some flowers separated.

VOL. I.

MOl^ANDRIA MONOGYISIIA,

1. SALICORNIA. Jointed-glasswort.

Linn. G€7i.5. Juss.86. Fl.Br.2. Br. Pr. 410. Tourn.t. 485.
Lamarck t. 4.

Nat. Ord. Holeracece. Linn. 12. Atriplices. Juss. 29. Che-
nopodecE. Br. Pr. 405. See Grammar 91.

C«/. inferior, of one leaf, undivided, succulent, tumid, un-
equal, permanent. Cor, none. Filam, 1 or 2, promi-
nent. Anth. two-lobed, erect. Germen ovate, beneath
the stam. Style short and thick. Stigma in two or more
segments. Seed ovate, imbedded in the calyx, with a
membranous tunic.

Branched, jointed, succulent, smooth, leafless. Fl. in joint-
ed, terminal spikes, aggregate, inconspicuous. Ant/i.
large, yellow. Stigmas acute, various.

1. S. herhacea. Common Jointed-glasswort. Marsh

Sampire.

Stem herbaceous, erect ; joints compressed, notched ; inter-
stices inversely conical. Spikes tapering upward.

S. herbacea. Linn. Sp. PI. 5. Willd. v. 1.23. Fahl Enum.
u. 1. 9. Fl.Br.2. var. 1. Fl. Dan. t. 303. Hook. Scot. 1.

S. europaea a. Huds. 1.

S. annua. Engl. Bot. v. 6. t. 415. Bast. Opusc. v. 2. 105. t. 10.

Salicornia. Raii Syn. 136.

S. sive Kali geniculatum. Ger. Em. 535./. Lob. Ic. v. 1.395./.

On muddy sea shores, overflowed by the tide, frequent.

Annual. August, September.

Root fibrous, small. Stem bushy, green, a foot high, with opposite
branches, tapering at their base, more or less subdivided, espe-
cially the first pair ; abounding in salt juice ; woody centre very
tough. Spikes of numerous short joints, each joint crowned with
about three sessile^owers at each side. Stam. 1. Stigm. 2 or 3.

Often pickled, as a substitute lor the very different, strongly aro-
matic. Rock Sampire, Crithmum maritimum.

2. S. procmnbens. Procumbent Jointed-glasswort.
Stem herbaceous, procumbent; interstices inversely conical;

branches simple. Spikes tapering upward. Stamens two.
S. procumbens. Camp. 1. Engl. Bot. v. 35. t. 2475.
S. herbacea. Ehrh. Beitr. v. 7. 178.

MONANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Hippuris. 3

Common in salt marshes, that are frequently inundated.

Annual. August.

A span long, branched from the base • interstices obtusely qua-
drangular. Stam. always 2, one earlier than the other. Stigma
with many irregular notches.

3. S. radicans. Creeping Jointed-glasswort,

Stem woody; procumbent and taking root at the base.
Joints compressed, notched ; interstices somewhat cylin-
drical. Spikes oblong. Stamens two.

S. radicans. Comj). 1. Engl. Bot. v. 24. t. 1691. Hook. Scot. 1.

S. herbacea p. Fl. Br. 2.

S. euro}3aea /3, Huds. 1.

S. erecta, foliis brevibus, cupressiformis. Dill, in Raii Sijn. 137.

Woody jointed glasswort. Petiv. H. Br. t. 9,/. 4.

On muddy sea shores.

At Holme, Norfolk. Rev. Dr. Sutton. On the Sussex coast.
Mr. Borrer. Near Montrose. Mr. D. Don.

Perennial. September.

Lower part of the stem woody, slender, throwing out fibrous roots ,
upper erect, 6 or 8 inches high, with opposite, crossing branches,
sometimes purplish, whose interstices are contracted just below
the summit, and more slender than either of the foregoing.
Spikes tumid, with short joints, Sfam. always 2. Stigma in 2
or 3 deep segments.

4. S.Jruficosa. Shrubby Jointed-glasswort.

Stem woody, ascending; joints and interstices cylindrical.
Spikes nearly sessile, cylindrical, obtuse.

5. fruticosa. Linn. Sp. PL 5. Willd. v. 1 . 24. Vahl Enum. y. 1 . 11 .
FL Br. 1.3.

S europaea y. Huds. 1 .

Kali. Camer. Epit. 246./.

K. geniculatum perenne fruticosius procumbens. Raii Syn. 136.

On the sea shore, very rare.

At Weymouth. Mr. Yalden, in Mr. LightfooVs herbarium. In
Shepey island. Sir Hans Sloane. Isle of Grain, in the Thames.
Dillenius. Herb. Sherard.

Stem woody, with numerous branches, more slender and cylindri-
cal throughout. Spikes small, short, and dense. Stigm. 2 onlv,
deciduous. .S7y/e permanent, elongated after flowering. Possi-
bly a variety of the last 3 though nobody, as yet, really knows
any thing at all decisive of this question.

2. HIPPURIS. Mare's-tail.

Linn. Gen. 5. Juss. 18. Fl. Br. 4. Lam. t. .'3. Gcerln. t. 84.

B 2

4 MONANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Zostera.

Nat. Ord. Inundatce. Linn. 15. Naiades, Juss. 6. Akin
to Haloragece. Br. Terr. Austr. 17. Very doubtful.
" Most akin to Mi/j'iophyllwn^ and Callitriche." Br.

CaL a border, scarcely discernible, crowning the o\^get^men.
Cor. none. Filam. superior, produced as the anther
ripens. Anth. of 2 round lobes ; at first sessile. Style
awl-shaped. Stigma simple, acute. Seed oval.

Aquatic herbs. Stem simple, hollow. Leaves whorled. Fl,
axillary, sessile, naked.

1. H. vulgaris. Common Mare's-tall.
Leaves linear, many in each whorl.

H. vulgaris. Linn. Sp. PL 6. Willd. v. 1. 26. Vahl Enum. v. 1. 13.

Fl. Br. 4. Engl. Bot. v.W.t. 763. Curt. Lond.fasc. A.t.l.

Hook. Scot. 2. FL Dan. t. 87. BulL Fr. t. 365. Poit. et Turp.

Par.].tl.
Limnopeuce. Rail Syn. 136.
L. n. 1572. HalL Hist v. 2. 264.
Cauda equina foemina. Ger. Em. 1 1 14./.
Polygonum foemina. Camer. Epit. 689./.
Equisetum palustre, linariae scopariae foHo. Bauh. Pin. 15. Prodr,

24. DHL in Raii Syn. 136.

In ditches, pools, and the borders of slow streams.

Perennial. May, June.

Root creeping. Stem a foot, or more, above the water, round,
juicy, polished, reddish, with many whorls of spreading, linear,
entire, smooth, single-ribbed leaves. Fl. small. Anth. red be-
fore it bursts.

The lower leaves, deep under water, are long, thick-set, pellucid,
and pale ; the herb in winter bearing no other. In this state it
is noticed by Dillenius as a remarkable variety.

3. ZOSTERA. Grass-wrack.

Linn. Gen. 472. Juss. 24. FL Br. 7. Sm. in Rees's GycL v. 39. Lam.
t. 737. Gcertn. t.\9.

Nat. Ord. Piperitce. Linn. 2. Aroidece. Juss. 7. Fluviales
of Richard. Hook. Scot. 192.

Cat. none, except an oblong sheath, formed of the base of
the leaf, splitting lengthwise. Co7\ none. Spadix linear,
covered in front with many naked flowers. Anther cylin-
drical, tapering at each end, sessile, attached laterally, of
1 cell. Pollen mixed with branched fibres. Germen
shaped and attached like the anther, and parallel to it.

MONANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Zostera. 5

Shjle terminal, curved outwards, cylindrical. Stigm. 2,
thread-shaped, acute, curved. Dnipa cylindrical, pointed,
somewhat juicy. Nut 1, oval, striated. Kernel of the
same shape, with 2 flattish, partially combined, cotyledons.
Embrijo central, cylindrical, curved. Radicle inferior,
(that is, opposite to the scar of the seed). See Prof.
Hooker's dissections in Fl. Loud, new series t, 35.

The two cotyledons seem to me to confirm the propriety of
removing this genus from the Aroidece ,- for this plant is
surely as truly dicotyledonous as Cyamus. See Gaertner
t. 19, Nchunbo,

Root creeping. Herb smooth, long and slender, floating
under water. Stem roundish, branched, leafy ; decumbent
at the base, with tufts of fibrous radicles from each knot
or joint. Leaves alternate, linear, flat, very long; their
sheaths containing the spadix, and at length torn longi-
tudinally, to let out the seeds.

Professor Hooker, following Schreber and Willdenow, re-
moves this genus to Mo?ioecia, because he observes the
number of a?ithers and pistils not always to correspond ; the
former being sometimes about twice the most numerous.
This may arise from occasional suppression of some pi stils,
often incident to plants of a simple structure, and indeed
to all plants when the source of nourishment is weakened,
I have found these two organs regularly corresponding
in number, and placed respectively right and left alter-
nately, as in E?igl. Bot., which is a strong indication of
each anther and pistil making naturally one Jlower, and
for this reason 1 persist in my original opinion, which
has been adopted by Vahl.

\.7t. marina. Common Grass-wrack.

Leaves entire, obscurely three-ribbed. Stem slightly com-
pressed.

Z. marina. Unn. Sp. PL 1374. It. W. Goth. 166. t. 4. JVilld.
V. 4. 179. Vahl Enum. v. 1.14. Fl. Br. 7. Engl. Bot. v. 7.
^467. Hook. Lond.t. 35. Scot.2b9. Fl.Dan.Llb.

Alga, Rail Syn. 52, 53 ; the whole genus.

In creeks and ditches of salt water, or about tlie mouths of rivers.

Perennial. August, September.

Variable in size. Leaves long, flaccid, obtuse, of a light green,
bleaching very white on the shore. SpadLv green, about 2 inches
long, with 8 or 10 anthers, and as many pistils, closely applied
to its flat surface. The plant is used for package ; in poor
countries for thatching, or bedding.

6 MONANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Chara.

4. CHARA. Chara.

Linn. Gen. 567. Juss.]S. FLBr.4. Lam. t. 742. Gcsrtn. t.M.

Nat. Ord. InundatcE. Linn. 15. Naiades. Juss. Q6. Cha-
racecc. Hook. Scot. p. 2. 1 08.

Cal. none. Cor. none. Anth. lateral, sessile, globose, tes-
sellated, splitting into several portions. " Pollen mixed
with spiral fibres." Hook. Germ, ovate, spirally striated.
Style none. Stigma P 5-toothed. Berry w^ith many
spherical seeds.

Aquatic herbs, smooth or prickly, with a cylindrical, sub-
divided, stem, and whorled, cylindrical, simple or com-
pound, flowering branches ; no real leaves. Ft. simple,
naked, the anther and pistil mostly together, rarely on
separate plants ; so that the genus is not monoecious,
though, in one or two instances, occasionally dioecious.
The real nature of the fructification, or mode of impreg-
nation, is very obscure.

1. C. vulgaris. Common Chara.

Striated, without jjrickles. Whorled branches tapering,
with internal partitions. Bracteas four together.

C. vulgaris. Linn. Sp. PL 1624. Willd. v. 4. 183. Fl. Br. 5.
Engl. Bot. V. 5. t. 336. Hook. Scot. p. 2. 109. Hedw. Theor.
t. 32, 33.

C. vulgaris foetida. Vaill. Mem. de VAc. des Sc.for 1719. 17. t.3.
f. 1. Raii Sijn. 132.

C. n. 1681. Hall. Hist. v. 3. 4.

Equisetum tbetidum, sub aqua repens. Bauh. Pin. 16. Prodr.
25./. rheatr. 25 1 ./. Ger. £w. 1 1 15.

/3. Equiseti foetidij sub aquis repentis, secunda species. Preston
in Raii Hist. i;. 3. 104.

In muddy stagnant ditches, common.

Annual? July.

Root fixed in the mud. Herb reaching near the surface, but always
completely immersed. Main branches alternate j subordinate
ones whorled, 6 or 8 in a whorl, taper-pointed, an inch long, or
more, jointed internally with transverse partitions, and, towards
the top of the stem, beset, on their upper side, with rows of
erect, minute, awl-shaped bracteas, 4 together, in whose centre
stands the pale, sessile, ovate, bluntly 5-toothed germen ; and
close to it, but at the outside of the bracteas, the sessile, pale
reddish, slimy anther. Whole plant nauseously fetid, usually
incrusted with earth, if any happens to be chemically dissolved
in the water.

/3. appears to be the .-same species, not incrusted.

MONANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Chaia. 7

2. C. hispida. Prickly Chara.

Furrowed. Whorled branches tapering, with internal par-
titions. Bracteas whorled. Prickles on the stem bristly,
deflexed.

C. hispida. Linn. Sp. PL 1624. Willd. v. 4. 185. Fl. Br. 5.

Engl. Bot. V. 7. t. 463. Hook. Scot. p. 2. 109. Fl. Dan. t. 154.
C. n. 1682. Hall. Hist. t\3. 4.
C. major;, caulibus spinosis. Faill. Mem. de VAc. des Sc.for 1719.

18. t. 3./. 3. Raii Sijn. 132.
/3. C. major subcinerea fragilis. Vaill. ibid. 18. Raii Syn, 132.
C. tomentosa. Huds. 398. Sibth. 2.
C. n. 1683. Hall. Hist. v. 3. 4.
Equisetum majus subcinereum, aquis immersum. Moris, v. 3.

621. sect. 15. t.4.f. 9.

In ditches, pools, and clay-piis.

Annual. July, August.

Differs from the last chiefly in its prickly stein, and more numerous
bracteas, which form whorls round the branches. It is often, in
like manner, incrusted. /3, in Bobart's herbarium at Oxford,
bears prickles under the upper flowering-branches only, but has
no other distinctive mark ; nor is it C. tomentosa of Linnaeus.

3. C.fleccilis, Smooth Chara.

Smooth, transparent, without prickles. Whorled branches
cylindrical, blunt, with a minute point, no internal parti-
tions ; some cloven. Bracteas none.

C. flexilis. Linn. Sp. PI. 1624. Willd. v. 4. 187. Fl. Br. 6. Engl.

Bot. V. 15. t. 1070. Hook. Scot, p. 2. 109.
C. n. 1684. Hall. Hist. v. 3. 4.
C. translucens minor flexilis. Vaill. Mem. de VAc. des Sc.for 1719.

18. t. 3./. 9. Dill, in Raii Syn. 133.
C. inermis pellucida. Schynid. Ic. 53. t. 14.

In ditches, ponds, and rivers.

First observed by Buddie, in ponds at Henley, 4 miles north of
Ipswich. Found since by Mr. D. Turner, near Yarmouth j the
Rev. E. Williams, in Berrington pool, Shropshire j and the Rev.
Dr. Abbot, in the river at Bedford.

Annual. April — August.

Slender, quite smooth, naked, green and pellucid. Whorled
branches either undivided, forked, or three-cleft. Anth. at the
forks of these branches, chiefly the upper ones, naked, solitary,
dull red, with numerous minute cracks. Germ, either adjoining
to the anther, sometimes in pairs ; or in similar situations on a
separate plant.

8 MONANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Chara.

4. C. translucens. Great Transparent Chara.

Smooth, transparent, without prickles. Whorled branches
simple, cylindrical, obtuse, with a small point, and trans-
verse internal partitions ; fertile ones axillary, compound,
partly forked. Bracteas none.

C. translucens. Engl. Bot. v. 26. t. 1855. Comp. 2. Hook. Scot,
p. 2. 109.

C. translucens major flexilis. Vaill. Mem. de VAc. des Sc. for
1719. \S.t.3.f.S.

In pools, rare.

Near Shrewsbury. Rev. E. Williams. At Browston, Suffolk. Pro-
fessor Hooker. Found by Mr. Arnott, and Mr. D. Don^ in
various parts of Scotland. Hook. Scot.

Annual. June, July.

This is our largest species. Root creeping, of many branching
slender fibres, with small knots. Whorled branches near two
inches long, barren, all simple, spreading widely> furnished here
and there with transverse, often oblique, internal partitions :
fertile ones axillary, compound, tumid, ultimately forked, with a
dotted anther, and one germen, occasionally two, at the division^
without any proper bracteas.

5. C. nidifica. Proliferous Chara.

Smooth, transparent, without prickles. Whorled branches
simple, elongated, without internal partitions ; fertile ones
axillary, compound. Bracteas unequal.

C. nidifica. Fl. Dan. t.76\. Engl. Bot. v. 24. t. 1703. Comp. 2.

In salt-water ditches.

At Shoreham harbour, Sussex, and near Cley, Norfolk. Mr. Borrer.

Annual. August — October.

Firmer, and rather stouter, than C.Jlexilis, but much more slender
than the last, and more divaricated than either. The axillary
branches, which bear fructification, and rather numerously sur-
round the main stem, within the long slender whorled branches,
being themselves whorled and subdivided, cause the bushy or
proliferous aspect, which at first sight marks this species. TTiree
or four small, unequal, cylindrical bracteas accompany each
flower, as in C. vulgaris and hispida. The anther is often stalked,
especially, as it seems, when the plant is occasionally dioecious.

6. C. gracilis. Slender Shining Chara.

Smooth, transparent, shining, without prickles. Whorled
branches acute, repeatedly forked ; often fertile, as well
as the axillary compound ones. Bracteas none.

MONANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Callitriche. 9

C. gracilis. Engl. But. v. 30. t. 2140. Comp. 2.

C. n. 1684 /3. Hall. Hist. v. 3. 4.

C. minor, caulibus et foliis tenuissimis. Faill. Mem. dc VAc. des Sc,
for 1719. 18. 71. 6. Dill, in Raii Syn. 133.

Equisetum minus, sub aqua repens, ad genicula polyspermon.
Sher. in Raii Syu. ed. 2. 43.

In ponds and boggy pools, rare.

In fish-ponds in Jersey. Sherard. St. Leonard's forest, Sussex.
Mr. Borrer.

Annual. September.

Much smaller, as well as more delicate and compound, than any
of the foregoing j when dry, glittering and gleussy, almost colour-
less. Whorled branches very rarely simple j mostly forked or
subdivided repeatedly, bearing t\\eJiowers in their forks. Anth.
and germ, usually together, without bracteas. This species and
C.Jiexilis first taught me to consider Chara as having no real
leaves ; what preceding vvriters have termed so, being in no re-
spect difl:erent from the branches, in structure or economy, as
they often bear the flowers.

In Ray's Historia, <v. 3. 104, the present species is confounded with
the naked state of C. vulgaris ; and Dillenius, in his edition of
the Synopsis, has fallen into the same error.

MONANDRIA DIGYNIA.
5. CALLITRICHE. Water-starwort.

Linn. Gen. 6. Juss. 19. FT. Br. 8. Lam. t. 5. Gcertn. t. 68.

Nat. Ord. Inundatce. Linn. Naiades. Juss. 6. Halora-
gecE. Br. Terr. Austr. 17.

Akin, doubtless, to Myriophyllum^ and to the exotic genus
Serpicida ; but there are too many anomalies and excep-
tions in the character, to allow us decidedly to refer Cal-
litriche to any established Order. The above affinity will
hardly induce me to give up the reputed coi'olla of this
genus, though inferior.

Cal. none. Petals 2, oblong, incurved, acute, opposite, equal.
Filam. capillary, gi'adually elongated. Anth. terminal,
two-lobed. Germ, superior, four-lobed. Styles 2, capillary,

10 MONANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Callitriche.

spreading, with acute stigmas. Seeds 4, naked, roundish,
compressed, with a dilated margin.
Inundated or floating herbs. Leaves opposite, simple, en-
tire. Fl. minute, axillary, white, often separated.

1 . C. verna. Vernal Water-starwort.

Leaves triple-ribbed; the uppermost crowded, obovate.

Margin of the seeds obtuse.
C. verna. Linn. Sp. PL 6. Willd. v. 1. 28. Wahlenh. Lapp. 2.

Fl. Dan. t. 129. Tozzetti Ohs. 7. t. A.f. 18—22.
C. aquatica. Huds. 439. Fl. Br. 8. Engl. Bot. v.W. t. 722.

Hook. Lond. t. 127. Scot. 259.
Stellaria. Raii Syn. 289. Dill. Giss. app. 119. t. 6.
S. n. 553. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 238.
S. aquatica. Lob. Ic. v. 1. 792./.

Alsine aquis innatans, foliis longiusculis. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. 777. 2./.
Water Star-wort, Pet. H. Br. t. 6.f. 3.
/3. C. aquatica (3. Fl. Br. 9. Huds. 439.
Callitriche Plinii. Column. Ecphr. v. \. 315. t. 316. .

Stellaria minor et repens. Raii Syn. 289.
S. n. 554. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 238.

In ditches^ ponds, and slow streams, every where.

Annual. April, May.

Root of very long slender fibres. Stem thread-shaped, branched,
leafy. Lower leaves distant, spatulate, or lanceolate ; upper-
most stalked, crowded into a starry form, floating on the surface,
elliptical or obovate, with 3 ribs, channelled beneath, and united
above the base. Fl. axillary, solitary, sessile, usually separated;
one barren ; the other in the bosom of the opposite leaf fertile 3
in other parts of the stem 2 barren or 2 fertile ones are neigh-
bours. Yellow anthers conspicuous above the floating leaves.
Fruit of 4 little, flat, thin, vertical, almost orbicular seeds. Dr.
Targioni Tozzetti has always found the stam. and pist. in sepa-
rate ^0M;er5.

2. C. autumnalis. Autumnal Water-starwort.
Leaves linear, abrupt, single-ribbed, uniform. Margin of

the seeds membranous.
C. autumnalis. Linn. Sp. PL 6. Willd. v. I. 29. Wahlenh. Lapp. 2.
C. aquatica y. Fl. Br. 9. EngL Bot. r. 1 1. 722. Huds. 440.
C. foliis oppositis oblongis, fructibus quadrifariam dehiscentibus.

GmeL Sib. v. 3. 13. t. \.f.2.
Stellaria aquatica, foliis longis tenuissimis. Raii Syn. 290.
S. n. 555. HaU. HisL v. 1. 238.
Lenticula palustris angustifolia, folio in apice dissecto. Loes. Pruss.

140.^.38.

MONANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Callitriche. 1 1

Long Water Star-wort. Pet. H. Br. t.6.f. 4 ; copied from Loesel.

In clear pools and lakes.

Near London. Petiver, whose specimens were seen by Ray. In
Clunie loch, Scotland. Mr. Arthur Bruce.

Annual. June — October.

The very accurate Dr. Wahlenberg's remarks, and specimens from
my late worthy correspondent Mr. Bruce, prove the distinctness
of this species. The leaves are more membranous and much
more minutely cellular, of a rich, deep, permanent green ; the
uppermost, according to Loesel, crowded and floating, but all
linear. Fl. according to Linn,, united, not separated. Outer
edges of the seeds very thin and membranous. Mr. Bruce's plant
grew a foot below the surface.

Class II. DIANDRIA. Stamens <i.
Order I. MOJ^OGYNIA. Pistil 1.

* Flowers hiferior^ monopetalous^ regular.

6. LIGUSTRUM. Corolla 4-cleft. Berry with 4 seeds.

7. FRAXINUS. Cor. none, or deeply 4-cleft. Capsule

compressed, with 1 or 2 seeds. Some flowers without
stamens.
** Fl. hiferior, monopet,, irregular^ with seed-vessels.

9. VERONICA. Co7\ wheel-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Caps.

of 2 cells.

10. PINGUICULA. Cor. ringent, spurred. Caps, of

1 cell. Cal. 5-cleft.

11. UTRICULARIA. Cor. ringent, spurred. Caps, oi

1 cell. Cal. of 2 leaves.

*** Fl. inf., monopet., irreg., with naked seeds.

13. LYCOPUS. Cor. nearly equal. Stamens distant,

simple. Seeds abrupt.

1 4. SALVIA. Cor. ringent. Stam. with a lateral stalk.
**** Fl. superior.

8. CIRCLE A. Cor. of 2 petals. Cal. in 2 segments.

Caps, of 2 cells. Seeds solitary.
***** Fl. apetalous, or with ^petals.

12. LEMNA. Cor. none. Cal. of 1 leaf. Caps, with

1 seed.

15. CLADIUM. Cor. none. G/m?«^5 chaff}^ sheathing ;
the outer ones empty. Drupa, without bristles at the
base.

Pet.O. Salicornia 2, 3. Fraxinus \ . SchcenusA. Carex.
Pet. 4. Lepidium 2. Senebiera 2.

Order II. DIGYNIA. Pistils 2.

16. ANTHOXANTHUM. Cal. glume of 2 valves,

1 -flowered. Cor. glume of 2 valves, awned. Seed 1.
See Hierocle, n. 41.

13

DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
0. LIGUSTRUM. Privet.

Linn. Gen. 9. Juss. 106. Fl. Br. 12. Tourn.t.367, Lam t 7
Gcertn. t. 92.

Nat. Orel. Sepiarice. Linn. 44. Jasminece. Juss. 37. Oleince,
Br. Pr. 522. See Grammar 97. iV. 7 the same.

Cal. inferior, tubular, with 4 upright teeth. Cor. of 1 petal,
funnel-shaped, longer than the calyx ; limb with 4 deep,
ovate, spreading segments ; valvular in the bud. Stam,
opposite, alternate with the segments, in the mouth of
the tube. Gerin. superior, oval. Style short. Stigma
thick, cloven. Berry of 2 cells. Seeds 2 in each cell,
convex externally, angular at the inner margin.

Shrubby. Branches opposite, round. Leaves opposite,
simple, entire. Panicles terminal, with opposite stalks.
Fl» white. Next akin to Lilac.

1. L. vulgare. Common Privet, Print, or Prim-print.

Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, with a small point.

L. vulgare. Lum.Sp. Pl.lO. Willd.v.l.4\. VahlEnum.v.l 35

Fl. Br. 12. Engl. Bot. v.W. t. 764. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. t.\.

Hook. Scot. 3. Bull. Fr. t. 295. Poit. 8f Turn Par 5 t 4
L. n. 530. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 230.
Ligustrum. Rail Syn. 465. Mill. Ic. 108. t. 162. / 2. Matth

Valgr. V. 1. 154. /. Camer. Epit. 89. /. Fuchs. Hist. 480 f

Ger. Em. 1394. f. ''^'

In rather moist thickets and hedges, on a gravelly or chalkv soil

Shrub. May, June.

6 or 8 feet high, smooth, bitter. Branches straight, filled with
pith ; wood hard. Buds axillary, ovate, of a few opposite scales.
Leaves on short stalks, imitating myrtle, but of a duller hue •'
almost evergreen in mild seasons, and not injured by smoke.
Panicles many-fiowered, dense, thrice-compound. ' Flower's
strongly scented, white • brown before they fall. Berries glo-
bular, nauseous and very bitter, black • varying to yellow

Useful for cut hedges in gardens.

7. FRAXINUS. Ash.

Linn. Gen. 550. Juss. 105. FlBr.Vl. Town. t. 3 13. Lam

t.S5S. Gurtn. t.49.
Nat. Orel. See n. 6.

14 DIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Fraxinus.

Cal. either none, or in 4 deep segments. Cor. none, or in
4 deep, linear, long segments. Filain. short, between the
segments, opposite. Anthers large, with 4 furrows. Ger-
men superior, ovate, of 2 cells, with rudiments of 2 pendu-
lous seeds. Style short. Stigma cloven. Capsule lanceo-
late, flat, not bursting, often of but one cell, with a solitary,
lanceolate, compressed seed^ covered with rusty glittering
powder.

Arboreous. Branches opposite, compressed at the upper
part. Buds ovate, valvular. Leaves opposite, pinnate,
smooth, deciduous. Panicles lateral and terminal, with
opposite stalks. FL pale. Capsules pendulous, brovni.
Calyx and Corolla wanting in our species, as well as the
stamens in some flowers ; one tree bearing the greatest
number of perfect stamens, another of perfect pistils.

The exotic genus Chionanthus differs in the fruit from this,
as Privet fi'om Lilac.

1. F. excelsio7\ Common Ash.

Leaflets serrated. Flowers without calyx or corolla.

F. excelsior. Linn. Sp. PL 1509. Willd. vAA099. VahlEnum.

15.1.53. Fl.Br.lS. Ejigl Bot. v. 24. t. 1692. Hook. Scot. 3.

Fl. Dan. t. 969.
F. n. 528. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 228.
Fraxinus. Raii Syn.469. Garner. Epit. 64. f. Ger. Em. 1472. f.

In woods and hedges ; especially on hills in limestone countries.

Tree. April, May.

One of our tallest, most graceful trees, with a smooth grey bark,
and large, coal-black, rather downy buds. Wood tough, whitish.
Leaves stalked, of 5 or 6 pair, with an odd one, of ovate-lan-
ceolate, acute, nearly sessile, opposite leaflets, whose main rib
is fringed beneath ; their common stalk channelled and bordered.
Panicles from lateral buds, below the leaf-buds, drooping, many-
fiowered. Flowers small, brown, consisting only of a pistil, with
(generally) one short stamen at each side. Very rarely there
are flowers with stamens only. Gapsules with a flat leaf-like
termination, an inch long, and generally of 2 cells, with an ob-
long seed in each, glittering with rusty meal, like an almond,
but bitter and nauseous.

The Weeping Ash, a variety with drooping branches, is propa-
gated by grafting only.

2. F. heterophylla. Simple-leaved Ash.

Leaves both simple and compound, with tooth-like serra-
tures.

DIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Circaea. 15

F. heterophylla. Valil Enum. v.\. 53. Comp.3. Engl. Bot.

V. 35. t. 2476.
F. simplicifolia. TViUd. v. 4. 1098. Berl, Baumz. 121. t.3.f.3.
F. excelsior, var. 2. With. 57. — var.3. Hull ed. 2. 308.

In woods rare.

Tree. April, May.

Leaves for the most part simple, 4 or 5 inches long, strongly but
unequally serrated, on long footstalks. A few other leaves are
said to be three-lobed, or ternate ; or even pinnate of 5 leaflets.
Seed elliptical, shorter than in F. excelsior ; of which, neverthe-
less, I suspect this to be a mere variety.

8. CIRC^A. Enchanter's-nightshade.

Linn. Gen. 11. Jiiss. 319. Fl. Brit. 13. Tourn. t. 155. Lam. t.\G.
Gcertn. t.24.

Nat. Ord. Calycanthemcc. Linn. 17. OnagrcE. Juss. 88.

Cal, superior ; tubular at the base ; limb in 2 large, ovate,
deflexed, deciduous segments. Petals 2, inversely heart-
shaped, equal, borne by the calyx, alternate therewith.
Filam. opposite to the calyx, and as long, swelling up-
wards. Anth, roundish. Germen roundish, rough. Style
thread-shaped. Stigma dilated, notched. Caps, obovate,
rough, of two cells. Seeds 1 in each cell, obovate, flat on
the inside.

Herbaceous. Root creeping. Leaves opposite, stalked, in-
dented, undivided. Fl. racemose, white or reddish. Fimit
a bur.

1. C. lutetiana. Common Enchanter's-nightshade.

Stem erect. Leaves ovate, slightly toothed, opaque and
downy.

C. lutetiana. Linn. Sp. PL 12. Willd. v. 1. 53. Vahl Enum.

V. 1. 301. Fl. Br. 13. Engl. Bot. v. 15. t. 1056. Curt. Lond.

fasc.3. t.3. Hook. Scot. 4. Fl. Dan. t.2l0. Raii St/h. 289.

Ger. Em. 35]. f. Lob. Ic. v. 1. 266. /. Lam.f. 1. Bull. Fr.

t. 297. Poit. S^ Turp. Par. 10. t. 7.
C. n. 813. Hall. Hist. v. I. 362.

In moist shady places, hedge bottoms, churchyards, orchards, &c.

Perennial. June, July.

iioo^ tenaciously creeping. Stem 18 or 20 inches high, round,
downy, leafy. Leaves of a darkish dull green, waved, with short
teeth, 1 rib, and many veins. Clusters one or more, of many
small scentless 7?OM;ers. O//. brownish-green. Pet. white, or
reddish. Fruit reflexed, clothed with hooked bristles.

16 DIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Veronica.

Used formerly in incantations and philters, apparently instead of
. the Mandrake, Atropa Mandragora, Fl. Grac. t. 232 ; and at
least equally vain, if less dangerous.

2. C. alpina. Mountain Encbanter's-nightshade.

Stem ascending. Leaves heart-shaped, serrated, shining.
Calyx membranous.

C. alpina. Linn. Sp. PI. 12. FL Lapp. ed. 2.5. Willd. v. 1. 53.

Vahl Enum.v. 1.301. Fl. Br. 14. Engl.Bot. v. 15. t. 1057.

Hook. Scot. 4. Lam.f. 2. Ehrh. Herb. 111. Beitr. v. 5.179.

Fl.Dan.t. 1321.
C. n. 814. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 362. ^
C. minima. Column. Ecphr. v. 2. 79. t. 80.
C. alpina omnium minima. Amhrosin. Phyt. 162./.
Solanifolia Circsea alpina. Bauh^ Pin. 168. Moris, v. 2. 617.

sect. 5. t. 34, last figure.
l3.Fl.Br.\4. fVilld. v.\. 54. Vahl Enum. v. \ .301. Schrad.

Germ. v. 1. 14.
C. alpina. Fl. Dan. t. 256.
C. intermedia. Ehrh. Herb. 101 . Beitr. v. 4. 42.

In moist, shady, stony places, in Westmoreland, Cumberland, and
Lancashire, as well as in Scotland. By the sides of the High-
land lakes frequent. Dr. Hooker. /3 On the north shore of
Loch Tay. Mr. M' Ritchie. Near Leeds. Rev. W. Wood. In
shady groves by the river at Matlock bath, Derbyshire.

Perennial. July, August.

Essentially and, as Haller well observes, permanently distmct
from the foregoing j of more humble growth, with heart-shaped,
strongly serrated, shining leaves, and more plentiful clusters of
fowers, whose calyx is more membranous, and, as well as the
petals, redder. The stem is often as downy as in lutetiana, and
the leaves are mostly fringed. — The variety /3 is as tall as the
lutetiana ; its pubescence, though often copious, very minute j
but the shining leaves, and their sharp serratures, as well as the
structure and hue of ihefowers, accord best with C. alpina.

9. VERONICA. Speedwell.

Linn. Gen. 12. Juss. 99. Fl. Br. 15. Sm. in Rees's Cycl. v. 37.
Br. Pr. 434. Tourn. t. 60. Lam. t. 13. Gartn. t. 54.

Nat. Ord. Personatce. Linn. 40. Pedimlares. Juss. 35.
ScrophidariiicB. Br. Pr. 433.

Cal inferior, in 4, rarely 5, deep, oblong, more or less un-
equal segments, permanent. Cor. wheel-shaped, deci-
duous ; tube various in length ; limb in 4 deep, unequal,

DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Veronica. 17

undivided lobes, die lower one smallest, ujipcr broadest.
Filarn. spreading, tapering downwards. Anth. oblong.
Go'vieji compressed. Style thread-shaped, as long as the
stamens, declining. Stigma small, notched. Caps, va-
rious in shape, ovate, elliptical, or inversely heart-shaped,
compressed, of 2 cells, and 4- valves, more or less easily
separable. Seeds numerous, roundish, compressed, or
peltate, or umbilicated.
Herbaceous, or somewhat shrubby. Root annual or per-
ennial. Stem branched. Leaves opposite, rarely whorled,
simple, indented, sometimes pmnatifid; never really com-
pound; floral ones alternate. Flowers alternate, mostly
blue ; rarely flesh-coloured, or white ; the lower segment
palest ; ujiper darkest ; dark hues radiating from the
mouth. Calyx various, affording the best specific cha-
racters. A genus not very nearly akin to any other, except
Wiilfenia. Qualities insignificant.

* Clusters or sjJi/ces terminal. Root perennial.

1. V. spic.ata. Spiked Speedwell.

Spike terminal. Leaves blmitly serrated about the middle
only ; their base tapering into a footstalk : radical ones
obovate. Stem ascending, quite simple.

\ . spicata. Linn. Sp. PI. 14. IViild. v. 1. bQ. Vcilil Enum. v. 1.
60. Fl.Br.lD. Engl.Bot.v.l. t.2. Schrad. Germ. v. \. 15.
Ft. Dan. t.i)2.

V. n. 542. Hall. Hist. i^. 1.234.

V. spicata recta minor. Bauh.Uist. v.Z. p. 2. 282./. Raii Sijn. 2/9.

V. spicata minor. Vaill. Par. 200. <.33./. 4.

V. recta minima. Clus.llist.v.l.347.f. Ger. Em. 627. f. Lob.
Ic. r. 1.472./.

In high dry chalky pastures, especially on Newmarket heath, and
about Bury St. Edmund's.

Perennial. Juli/ — Sept.

Root somewhat creeping. Herb from 4 to 8 inches high, minutely
hairyj hairs often in lines on the stem. 1 have never seen it
branched. Leaves oblong opposite • the lowest stalked ; upper-
most, sometimes all, linear and entire. Flowers on very short,
if any, partial stalks, deep blue, numerous. Bracteas linear,
downy like the calyx. Cor. bearded at the mouth, as in V. hy-
brida.

2. V. hy brida. Welsh Speedwell.

Spikes terminal. Leaves elliptical, obtuse, unequally and
bluntly serrated : lowermost ovate, stalked. Stem nearly
upright, not perfectly simple.

VOL. I. (J

18 DIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Veronica.

V. hybrida. Linri. Sp. PL 14. mild. v. 1. 57. Vahl Enum. vA.

60. FLBr. IG. Engl. Bot.v.lO. t.673. Schrad.Germ.v. 1. 17.
V. spicata. Poit. 8,- Turp. Par. 19. ^. 19 r
V, spicata cambrobritannica, bugulse subhirsuto folio. Raii Syn.

278. t.W.
V. mas recta latifolia, spica cserulea. Barrel. Ic. t. 682. according

to Schrader.

At the sides of mountains, very rare.

Gathered on Craig Breiddin, or Brytlien, Montgomeryshire, by
Mr. Bowman, in 1817} where Mr. Lhwyd discovered it in Ray's
time. On Humphrey head, a steep rock near Cartmel Wells«,
Lancashire. Mr. Crowe and Mr. Woodward; also Rev. Mr,
Bingley.

Perennial. Jjily, August.

Larger and rather more hairy, especially about the calyx, than the
preceding, having usually 1 or 2 lateral spikes, or rudiments of
them. Tlie lower leaves are nearly ovate, being abrupt at the
base, towards the footstalks. All the leaves are of a broader,
rather elliptical, figure} their serratures stronger, more copious-
and general, and their hue a more grassy green. These two
species are certainly very near akin, but Professor Schrader, one
of the greatest Europeean botanists, keeps them distinct.

3. V. fruticulosa. Flesh-coloured Shrubby Speed-
well.

Cluster terminal, elongated, many-flowered. Leaves ellip-
tic-lanceolate. Stems erect; shrubby below. Capsule
ovate, with four lanceolate valves.

V. fruticulosa. Linn. Sp. PL 15. Mant. 316. Willd. v. 1. 6K
Fahl Enum. v. 1. 62. FL Br. 18. EngL Bot. v. 15. t. 1028.
fVulf. in Jacq.ColLv. 4. 229. t. 5. Hook. Scot. 5. DonH.Br.202.

V. frutescens. Scop. Cam. v.\. 19 } excluding Morison's syn.

V. n.545. HalL Hist. v. 1. 235. t. 16./. 1.

On the mountains of Scotland, in moist places.

Gathered on Ben Cruachan, Argylshire, by the Rev. Dr. Walker,
from whose original plant, cultivated in his garden, I have
specimens. Mr. R. Browm, whose accuracy is also beyond all
doubt or "supposition," told me he found this plant on Ben
Lawers. I trust no further confirmation is requisite to establish
it as a native.

Perennial. July.

Root s-trong and woody. Stems branched, entangled and shrubby
at their base} the flowering branches erect, about 6 inches high,
round, slightly downy, leafy, mostly simple. Leaves distantly
notched or serrated, rather pale, downy at their edges and veins j
sometimes quite entire. Cluster usually solitary, minutely downy.

DIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Veronica. 19

rather spiked than corymbose. Flowers pale pink, or flesh-
coloured, veined, on partial stalks which are much lengtliened,
and the cali/x enlarged, after flowering. Caps, rather elliptical
and abrupt, longer than the calyx, soon splitting into 4 acute
valves. Seeds flattish, smooth. The ])lant is by no means hairy,
but rather downy, as is very exactly expressed in Engl. But.

4. V. saxatUis. Blue Rock Speedwell.

Cluster terminal, corymbose, of few flowers. Leaves ellip-
tical. Stems spreading ; shrubby below. Capsule ovate,
with four lanceolate valves.

V. saxatilis. Linn. Siippl. 83. Willd. v. 1. 62. Vahl Enum. v. 1 .
63. Fl. Br. 17. Engl. Bot. v. 15. t. 1027. Dicks. Cri/pt. fasc. 2.
29. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. 284. Scop. Carn.v.l. 11.' Wahlenb.
Lapp. 6. Schrad. Germ. v. 1 . 24. Hook. Scot. 5.

V. fruticulosa. Fl. Dan. t. 342.

V. n. 54.5 /3. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 23G.

V. alpina, con foglia di Serpillo. Pon. Bald. 181 . f.

V. alpina frutescens. Bauh. Pin. 247, according to^Burser's Herb,
seen by Wahlenberg. Moris, v. 2. 318. sect. 3. t. 22./. 5.

V. tertia fruticans. Cliis. Hist. v. \. 347./.

V. fruticans serpillifolia. Ger. Em 628./.

On rocks and stony ground, on the mountains of Scotland.

Found on Ben Lawers by Mr. Dickson and others 3 on Mael
Greadha in Breadalbane^ by Mr. Borrer.

Perennial. July.

Of more humble and spreading growth than the last. Leaves
smaller, serrated about their middle, dull green. Flowers from
3 to 6 only, in each corymbose, not spiked, cluster ; their stalks
finely downy, twice or thrice as long as the hracteas. Cor. large,
beautiful, of a fine blue, pink at the mouth. Caps, much like
the last.

V. nummularia of Gouan, and pygmcea of Schrank, are perhaps, as
Schrader observes, unjustly referred to this species.

5. V. alpina. Alpine Speedwell.

Cluster terminal, dense, corymbose. Leaves ovate,

smoothish, somewhat serrated. Calyx fringed. Stem

ascending, simple.
V. alpina. Linn. Sp. PI. 15. Fl. Lapp. ed. 2. 7. ^9./.4. mild.

V. 1. 63. Vahl Enum. v.\. 64. Fl. Br. 18. Engl. Bot. v. 7.

t.4S4. Fl. Dan. t. \6. Schrad. Germ. v. I. 25. Wahlenb.

Lapp. 7. Hook. Scot. 4.
V. pumila. Jfllion. Pedem. v. 1. 75. t.22.f. 5.
V. caule simplici, floribus congestis terminato, foliis ovato-acutis

dentatis. Allion. Spec. \9. t. 3.f.3.
c 2

20 DIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Veronica.

V. n. 544. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 235. t. 15./. 2.

V. alpina, bellidis folio minor. Bauh. Pin. 247. Wahlenh. ex
Herb. Burser.

Teucrium sextum, pumilum. Clus. Hist. v. 1 . 350.

On the margins of rivulets on the highest mountains of Scotland,
first observed by Mr. Dickson.

Perennial. July, August.

Root creeping, with long fibres. Stem about 4 inches high, simple,
except at the very bottom. Leaves sometimes entire, sometimes
deeply serrated. White jointed hairs are scattered, more or less,
over the herbage. Flowers Vihowi 6 to 10, small, bright blue.
Cal. obovate, strongly fringed. Caps, obovate, emarginate,
crowned with the short permanent stijle and capitate stigma.

Q.V.serpyllifolia. Smooth Speedwell. Paul's Betony.

Cluster terminal, somewhat spiked. Leaves ovate, slightly
crenate, three-ribbed, smooth. Capsule inversely heart-
shaped, shorter than the style.

V. serpyllifolia. Linn. Sp. PI. 15. mild. v. 1. 64. Vahl Enum.
V. 1. 6d. Fl. Br. 19. Engl. Bot.v. 15. t. 1075. Curt. Lond.
fasc. 1 . L3. Hook. Scot. 4, Fl. Dan. t. 492. Schrad. Germ.
V. 1. 21. Wahleuh. Lapp. 5.

V. pratensis minor. Raii Syn. 279.

V. minor. Ger. Em. 627./.

V. minor serpyllifolia. Lob. Ic. v. 1. 472./

y. minima repens. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 99./. 1.

(3. V. humifusa. Dicks. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 2. 288.

V. alpina. Light/. 72, W 38. His description, taken from iinw.
Fl. Lapp.y belongs to the real alpina.

In meadows and pastures frequent.

/3. On the highest mountains of Scotland, under wet shady rocks.
Dickson. On the Cheviot hills, Northumberland. Mr. Winch.

Perennial. May, June.

Stems more or less procumbent j in /S quite prostrate. Herb of a
pale shining green, a little succulent ; smooth in wet situations j
in dry ones all over hairy. Leaves on short footstalks. Clusters
solitary, erect ; leafy at their base ; bracteated above. FL pale
blue, or white, with dark-blue streaks j sometimes flesh-colour-
ed. Cal obovate, equal. Caps, inversely heart-shaped. Flower-
stalks and bracteas most frequently downy.

/3 is scarcely even a lasting variety.

** Chisters or spikes lateral Boot perenniaL

7. V. Beccabunga, Brooklime.

Clusters lateral Leaves elliptical, flat. Stem creeping.

DIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Veronica. 21

V. Beccabunga. Linn. Sp. PL 16. WUld. v. 1. 64. Vahl Enum.
V. 1. 69. FL Br. 20. Engl. Bot. v. 10. t. 6.55. Curt. Loud,
fasc. 2. t. 3. IVoudv. t. 7. Hook. Scot. 6. FL Dan. t.5\\.
V. aquatica rotundifolia, Becabunga dicta, minor. Rail Syn. 280.
Beccabunga. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 100./. 1.
Anagallis, seu Becabunga. Ger. Em. 620./.
Sium. Fuchs. Hist. 725./

In clear ditches and rivulets.

Perennial. June, July.

Herb deep green, smooth, shining, juicy. Stems round, procum-
bent or floating, branched, with long, simple, fibrous roots.
Leaves obtuse, ribbed, variously and blantly serrated. FL dull
blue, numerous, in long, axillary, stalked clusters. Bracteas
linear. CaL ovate. Caps, roundish, tumid, cloven.

Beccabunga comes from the German Bach-pungen, bach meaning
a rivulet 3 in Yorkshire and Norfolk a beck.

8. V. Anagallis. Water Speedwell. Long-leaved
Brooklime.

Clusters lateral, opposite. Leaves lanceolate, serrated.
Stem erect.

V. Anagallis. Linn. Sp. PL \^. mild. v.}. Go. Vahl Enum.
V. 1. 69. H. Br. 20. EngL Bot. v.U. f. 781. Curt. Loud,
fasc. 5. t. 2. Hook. Scot. 6. FL Dan. t. 903.
V. aquatica longifolia media. Raii Syn. 28 1 .
Anagallis aquatica major. Ger. Em. 620. f.

In ditches, and muddy watery places.

Perennial. July.

Akin to the last, but larger, upright, with long, acute, more ser-
rated, rather paler, leaves. Clusters long, acute. CaL acute. FL
light blue ; sometimes flesh-coloured. Root creeping. Whole
plant smooth.

9. V. scutellata. Narrow-leaved Marsh Speedwell.

Clusters lateral, alternate; fruit-stalks reflexed. Leaves
linear, slightly indented.

V. scutellata. Linn. Sp. PL 1 6. IVilld. v. 1 . 65. Fahl Enum. 70.

Fl. Br. 2]. EngL Bot. v.W.L 782. CurL Lond.fasc. 5. L3.

Hook. Scot 5. H. Dan. L 209. PoiL «r Turp. Par. 15. t. 13.
V. aquatica angastifolia minor. Raii Syn. 280.
V. palustris angustifolia. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 96./ 1.
Anagallis aquatica quarta. Lob. Ic. v. 1 . 467./. Ger. Em. 621. f.
(3. V. parmularia. Poit. 8( Turp. Par. 16. L 14. FL Dan. M561.

In watery, spongy bogs, chiefly on a sandy soil.
Perennial. July, August.

22 DIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Veronica.

A lax, spreading, slender plant, generally smooth, but, like F. ser-
pyllifolia, becoming hairy, and even hoary, in diy or barren
ground. FL pale flesh-coloured, streaked with dark blue, on
slender stalks, more and more divaricated after flowering. Cal.
acute. Caps, didymous.

10. V. officinalis. Male, or Common, Speedwell.
Clusters lateral ; partial stalks shorter than their bracteas.

Leaves elliptical, serrated, roughish. Stem procumbent.

Stigma capitate.

V. officinalis. Linn. Sp. PL 14. Wllld. v. I. 59. Fahl Enum.
V. 1. 74. FL Br. 16. EngL BoL v.W. t. 7&d. CiirL Lond.
fasc.3. L\. Woodv.snppi. t.2\9. Hook. Scot. Q. FL Dan.
^.248. BuLL Fr. #.293. Poit. S; Turp. Par. 12. L 8. Riv.
Monop. Irr. t. 93.

V. mas, supina et vulgatissima. Rail Syn, 281.

V. vera et major. Ger. Em. 626,/.

V. mas. Fuchs. Hist. 166. f.

(3. V. AUionii. Hook. Scot. 7, excluding the syn.

About dry sandy banks, barren heaths, woods, and mountainous
pastures, common.

/3. On various mountains in Scotland and Ireland. Messrs. Mackay,
G. Don, Templcton, &c.

Perennial. May, June.

Stems prostrate, creeping, 6 — 18 inches long, round. Whole
plant more or less rough with spreading, short, jointed hairs.
Leaves blunt or pointed, single-ribbed, on short stalks, rather
rigid. Clusters pointed, much longer than the leaves, erect. CaL
elliptical, narrow, nearly equal, hairy. Cor. light blue, with dark
streaks. Stigma always capitate. Caps, inversely heart-shaped,
rather abrupt, veiny. Seeds pale, smooth, disk-like.

/3 has nearly smooth stems, leaves and calyx, with hairy ^flower-
stalks, but appears to be a mere variety. The stigma is capitate,

The real V. AUionii, as I have often in vain represented, is a
totally distinct exotic species, with perfectly smooth, thick,
rigid leaves; blunt, dense, long-stalked clusters, of nearly ses-
sile, deep-blue flowers, characterized essentially by a simple,
abrupt, not capitate, stigma.
V. officinalis is recommended as a sort of medicinal tea, and Simon
Paulli, an old Danish botanist, contended it was the identical
tea of China. The flavour is astringent and bitter, by no means
agreeable j perhaps most resembling common black tea.

11. V. hirsuta. Little Hairy Speedwell.

Clusters lateral; partial stalks shorter than their bracteas.
Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, somewhat serrated, slightly
hairy. Stems ascending. Capsule abrupt, undivided.

DIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Veronica. 23

V. hirsuta. Hopkirk Oloti. 9. Hook. Scot. 6.
V. setigera. " D. Don Rare PL of Scot. 4;*

In dry heathy places in Carrick, Ayrshire. Mr. James Smith.

Perennial. June.

A very diminutive species, well marked by its abrupt, undivided,
not heart-shaped, capsule. Tlie plant is 2 or 3 inches high,
hairy, looking like a starved specimen of F. officinalis ; but I
have seen it remain unaltered by culture. The leaves are stalked,
small and narrow. Fl. pale blue, very distant in the lower part
of each cluster. Stigma capitate.

12, V. Cham<Edrys. Germander Speedwell. Wild
Germander.

Clusters lateral. Leaves ovate, sessile, rugged, deeply ser-
rated. Stem diffuse, with a hairy line at each side.
Calyx four-cleft, lanceolate.

V. Chamsedrys. Linn. Sp. PI. 17. Willd. v, 1. 69. Vahl Enum.
V. 1. 77. FL Br. 22- Engl. BoL v. 9. t. 623. Curt. Lond.
fasc. \.t.2. Hook. Scot 7. Mart RusL L 66. FL Dan. t.US.
PoU. 8i Turp. Par. 13. ^.9.

V. Chamaediys sylvestris dicta. Rail Syn. 281.

V. pratensis latifolia. Rii-. Monop. Irr. t. 94.

Chameedrys. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 125./.

Ch. sylvestris. Ger. Em. 657./.

In groves, meadows, pastures and hedges, common.

Perennial. MaT/, June.

Herbage light green, paler than most of the genus when dried.
Stem simple, ascending obliquely, remarkable for its opposite
hairy lines. Leaves strongly veined, most hairy about the mar-
gin ; rarely somewhat stalked. Clusters rising above the stem,
acute, their stalks hairy all round. Fl. numerous, transient, but
very beautiful, bright blue, with dark streaks, and a white
centre ; their outside pale and flesh-coloured. Caps, small,
inversely heart-shaped, The^ou?er5 expand in fine weather only.
Some take this for the German " Forget me not." It vies in
beauty with the true one, Myosotis palustris.

13. V. montana. Mountain Germander Speedwell.
Mountain Mad wort.

Clusters lateral, lax, of few flowers. Leaves ovate, stalked,
serrated. Stem difflise, hairy all round.

V. montana. Linn. Sp. PL 17. SuppL 83. Willd. v. 1. 68. Vahl
Enum. v.l. 78. Fl. Br. 21. EngL Bot. v.W. t. 766. Curt.
Lond. fasc. 4. L 2. Hook. Scot. 6. Jacq. Austr. L 109. Fl.
Dan. t. 1201. Hoffm. Germ. ann. 1791. ^ 1. Poit. ^ Turp.
Par. 14. t. 10.

2^ DIANDKIA— MONOGYNIA. Veronica.

V. chamaedryoides, foliis pediculis oblongis insidentibus. Rati
Sy?i. 281.

V. procumbens. Riv. Monop. Irr. t.93.

Alyssum Dioscoridis montanum. Column. Ecphr. v. 1. 286. t.2SS.

In woods, chiefly on a moist calcareous soil, but not very common.

Perennial. May, June.

Columna first described, and admirably figured, this species j the
^reat Sherard first detected it in England, in Charlton -wood,
Kent ; and Curtis has elucidated it beyond all future doubt.
A foolish story is told of its changing to' V. ChanKsdrys, which
out of regard to a most excellent botanist, whose own specimens
are before me, ought not to have appeared in print. No two
species can be more distinct. The universal hairiness of the
stem ; stalked, thinner, and more shining, leaves ; and smaller
paler^ojyers, are sufficient marks j but the compressed, dilated
capsules, formed as it were of two orbicular cells, and thrice as
large as the foregoing, are decisive.

*** Flowers axillary, solitari/. Root anmial.

14. Y.agrestis. Procumbent Field Speedwell. Ger-
mander Chickweed.

Flowers solitary. Leaves ovate, deeply serrated, shorter
than the flower-stalks. Stems procumbent. Segments
of the calyx ovate. Seeds cupped.

V. agrestis. Linn. Sp. PL 18. JVilld. v. 1. 72. Vahl Enum.
V. 1. 80. Fl. Br. 23. Engl. Bot. v. 11. t. 783. Curt. Lond.
fasc. \. t.l. Hook. Scot. 7. Fl. Dan. t. 449.

V. folio chamaedryos. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 99. f. 2.

Alsine foliis trissaginis. Ger. Em. 616./,

A. media. Fuchs. Hist. 22, f.

A common weed in all cultivated ground.

Annual. April — September.

Root small. Ston hairy on two opposite sides, branched at the
base only, spreading on the ground in every direction, flaccid.
Leaves on short stalks ; the upper ones, or rather all which bear
flowers, alternate. Herbage all rough, and more or less hairy.
Fl. small, bright blue j their stalks long, recurved after flower-
ing. Cal. fringed, now and then irregularly toothed j dilated
much as the fruit advances. Caps, of 2 round, tumid lobes,
rough. Seeds about G in each cell, hemispherical, rugged j con-
cave and peltate beneath.

15. Y.arvensis. Wall Speedwell. Speedwell Chick-
weed.

Flowers solitary, nearly sessile. Leaves ovate, deeply ser-

DIANDllIA— MONOGYNIA. Veronica. 25

rated; the floral ones lanceolate, entire. Stem erect.
Seeds flat.

V. arvensis. Linn. Sp. P/. 18. fVilld. v.\.73. Vahl Eniim.

V. 1. 80. Fl. Br. 24. Engl. Bot. v. 11. t. 734. Curt. Lond.

fasc. 2. t. 2. Hook. Scot. 7. Fl. Dan. t.5\D.
Alsine foliis veronicas. Gcr. Em. 613./.
Alyssum. Column. Phijtob. t. 28. ed. 2.2\. t.8.

On walls, banks, and dry gravelly or sandy ground, common.

Annual. May.

Upright, slender, rough, pale green, about 6 inches high ; usually
branched at the base. Floral leaves diminished almost to brac-
teas, not all invariably, though generally, alternate. Fl. small,
light blue 3 white in the centre. Cal. lanceolate. Caps, in-
versely heart-shaped, compressed, fringed. Seeds several, ellip-
tical, flat, with a central dimple at one side, convex on the other.
This is quite a spring plant, of no note or utility.

16. V. hederifolia. Ivy-leaved Speedwell. Small
Henbit. Winter-weed, in Norfolk.

Flowers solitary. Leaves heart-shaped, flat, five-lobed.

Segments of the calyx heart-shaped, acute. Seeds cupped,

wrinkled.
V. hederifolia. Linn. Sp. Fl.\^. Mllld.v.\.73. Vahl Enum,

V. 1. 82. Fl. Br. 24. Engl. Bot. v. 11. t. 784. Curt. Lond.
fasc. 2. t.\. Hook. Scot. 7. Fl. Dan. t. 428. Poit. 8^ Turp.

Par. 23. t. 2G. .

V. flosculis singularibus, hederulee folio, Morsus gallinse minor

dicta. Raii Syu. 280.
V. folio heder«. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 99. /. 3.
Alsine hederacea. Ger. Em. 616./.
A. quartum genus. Fuchs. Ic. 13./.

In cultivated and waste ground every where.

Annual. April, May.

Like V. agrestis, procumbent with many stems, which are likewise
hairy on two opposite sides. Seeds 2 in each cell, hemispheri-
cal and peltate, but more wrinkled. Leaves somewhat hairy,
stalked j their middle lobe largest. Fl. light purplish blue,
streaked. Caps, tumid.

17. V. triplujllos. Blunt-fingered Speedwell. Up-
right Chickweed.

Flowers solitary. Upper leaves in deep, finger-like, obtuse
segments. Flower-stalks longer than the calyx. Seeds
flat.

26 DIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Veronica.

V. triphyllos. Linn. Sp. PL 19. Willd. v. 1. 74. Vahl Enum.

V. 1 . 83. Fl Br. 25. Engl. Bot. v.l.t. 26. Fl. Grac. v.]. 8.

t. 1 0. Curt. Lond. fasc, 6. t. 2. Fl. Dan. t. 627. Schrad.

Germ. v. 1. 44.
V. n. 551. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 237.
V. folio rutae. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 96. f. 3.
V. flosculis singularibus, foliis laciniatis, erecta. Raii Syn. 280.
ALsine recta. Ger. Em. 612.

In sandy fields, but very rarely.

Chiefly on the sandy confines of Norfolk and Suffolk j first found
by Thomas Willisel, in Ray's time. Mr. Tofield is said to have
met with it near Rossington, Yorkshire.

Annual. April.

Root tapering. Stem 3 or 4 inches high, erect, with spreading
branches, chiefly from the lower part. Herbage finely downy or
hoary, a little viscid. Lower leaves opposite, undivided, or pal-
mate ; upper alternate, in 3 or 5 deep segments. Fl. of a deep
rich blue, in nearly equal segments. Cal. bluntish. Caps, in-
versely heart-shaped, compressed, hairy. Style scarcely project-
ing beyond the lobes. Seeds numerous, obovate, flat, umbili-
cated at one side.

18. V. verna. Vernal Speedwell.

Flowers solitary. Leaves pinnatifid; uppermost lanceolate,
undivided. Flower-stalks shorter than the calyx. Stem
erect.

V. verna. Linn. Sp. PL 19. SijsL Veg. ed. 14. 60. Willd. v. I.
75. Vahl Enum. v. 1. 83. FL Br. 26. EngL Bot. v. 1. t. 25.
Rose Elem. app. 444. t. 2. /. 1. FL Dan. t. 252. PoiL ^
Turp. Par. 2\. i. 22. Schrad. Germ. v.\.45. Schreb. Lips. 1 1.

V. n. 552. Hall Hist. v. 1. 237.

V. Bellardi. fVilld. v. 1. 76. Allion. Pedem. v. \, 77. U 85./. 1.

V. succulenta. Ibid. 78. L 22. f. 4.

V. montana. Riv. Monop. Irr. t.96.f.3.

In fields of the most barren sand.

About Thetford, Bury, &c. first found by Sir John Cullum, Bart.

Annual. April.

Most like V. arvensis in habit and colour, but much smaller. The
leaves are deeply divided, in a pinnatifid manner, with a central
or terminal lobe larger than the rest ; several of the floral ones
are three-cleft 3 most of the upper ones lanceolate and undivided.
In a starved state few or none of the leaves are divided, and it
becomes F. Bellardi.

V. succulenta is the identical verna in its proper state. The stem
is simple or branched, from 1 to 4 inches high ; unequally
downy, as in V. arvensis. FL small, light blue, with darker

DIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Pliiffuicula. 27

&"

streaks. Caps, inversely heart-shaped, broad, compressed, finely
downy all over, as well as fringed. Seeds obovate, flat, very
thin 3 corrugated minutely at one side.

10. PINGUICULA. Butterwort.

Linn. Gen. 13. Juss. 98. Fl. Br. 26. Sm. in Rees's Cijd. v. 27.
Tourn. t. 74. Lam. t.\4. GcErtn. t.\\2.

Nat. Ord. Corijdalcs. Linn. 24. Lysimachicc. Juss. 34,
LentihidariiC. Br. Pr. 429. n. 1 1 the same.

[The Lientibularicc^ separated as an Order from Primidacece,
see Grammar 96, are thus characterized by Mr. Brown,
Prodr. 429.

" Calyx divided, permanent. Corolla monopetalous, inferior,
irregular, with a sjiur and 2 lips. Stam. 2, concealed
withm the corolla, and attached to its lower part. An-
tliers simple, sometimes contracted in the middle. Gcr-
mcn of 1 cell. Style 1, very short. Stigma with 2 lips.
Capside of 1 cell, with a large central receptacle. Seeds
numerous, small, destitute of cdbumen ; emhryo sometimes
undivided (or monocotyledonous).

Herbs growing in water, or in marshy situations. Leaves
radical, either imdivided, or compound, resembling rcTots,
and bearing small bladdery appendages. Floicer-stalAs
radical, with or without small scales, resembling stijndas
(rather bracteas); sometimes furnished with whorled
bladders; for the most part they are unbranched, and
either single-flowered, or bearing many flowers in a spike
or cluster. Each Jloiver is accompanied by a single
bractea, rarely wanting."

According to Richard, the embryo is monocotyledonous
throughout this whole Order; and Mr. Brown has found
it so in Utricularla, but in Pinguicida lie observed 2
very certain cotyledons. Here therefore is an exception
to one of those distinctions, generally presumed most ab-
solute ; nor is it a solitary instance.

Althouf^h the difference between a reojular and an irreofular
Jlo'joer is by no means sufficient, in general, to constitute
a separate Natural Oixler, (see Liiridcc in Pentandria Mo~
nogynia) ; yet in the present case that difference is con-
firmed by so many additional circumstances, that few
Orders can be better defined, or more obvious, than that
of the Lentibidaricc.']

28 DIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Pinguicula.

PiNGUICULA.

CaL small, ringent, permanent ; upper lip erect, 3-cleft ;
lower reflexed, divided. Co7\ ringent, more or less
equally 5-cleft in the border ; with a spur from the base
behind. Stam. cylindrical, their anthers clapped close to
the stigma. Gennen globose. Style very short. Stigma
unequally 2-lipped. Caps, of 2 valves at the top. Seeds
numerous, cylindrical, on a central unconnected recep-
tacle.

Herbaceous, perennial, wdthout stems. Leaves numerous,
undivided, entire, involute, mostly glutinous. Fl. several,
drooping, blue, purplish, or white with some yellow, on
simple, naked, radical stalks.

1 . P. lusitanica. Pale Butterwort.

Nectary obtuse, shorter than the nearly regular petal.
Flower-stalk hairy. Capsule globose.

P. lusitanica. Linn. Sp. PI. 2b. Willcl. v. \. 109. VahlEnum.
V. 1. 192. Fl. Br. 26. Engl. Bot. v. 3. 1. 145. Hook. Scot. 8.
P. villosa. Huds. 8. Light/. Scot. 77. t.6 -, excluding synonyms.
P. flora minore cameo. Rail Syn. *281.
Viola palustris, Pinguicula dicta, lusitanica. Grisl. Virid. 84.

On the borders of bogs in Dorsetshire, Hampshire, Devonshire and
Cornwall, as well as in Ireland, the west of Scotland and its
islands. Most plentiful in Sutherland, according to Professor
Hooker, on the wet moors adjoining Cape Wrath.

Perennial. June, July.

Root fleshy. Leaves pale green, semijjellueid, with numerous red
veins. Flower-stalks 3 or 4 inches high, clothed, especially in
their lower part, with viscid hairs. Fl. pale lilac 3 the throat
yellow streaked with red ; spur yellow. " Leaves permanent
in winter." Mr. Drummond.

2. P. vulgaris. Common Butterwort. Yorkshire
Sanicle.

Nectary cylindrical, acute, as long as the very irregular pe-
tal. Segments of the cal}^ oblong. Capsule ovate.

P. vulgaris. Linn. Sp. PI. 2b. Willd. v.\. UO. VahlEnum.
1;. 1. 191. Fl. Br. 27. Engl. Bot. v.l.t. 70. Fl. Dan. ^.93.
Poit. ^ Turp. Par. 27. t. 29. Hook. Lond. t. 104. Scot. 8.

P. Gesneri. Bauh. Hist. v.3. b46.f. Rail Syn. *281 .

P. sive Sanicula Eboracensis. Ger. Em. 788./.

On bogs, and moist heaths, especially in the North, as well as in
Norfolk.

Perennial. May, June.

DIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Utrlculaiia. 29

Larger than the foregoing. Leaves thicker, more glutinous, not
veiny. Tube and spur pale purple ; llinb deep blue, its 5 seg-
ments very unequal, all entire. Stigma with a spur behind ;
broad in front, covering the anthers.

The viscid exudation of the leaves is reputed to be good for the
sore dugs of cows j whence the Yorkshire name.

3. P. grandiflora. Large-flowered Buttervvort.

Nectary cylindrical, acute, as long as the nearly regular,
five-cleft, veiny petal. Segments of the calyx ovate, ob-
tuse. Capsule ovate.

P. grandiflora. Willd.v. 1. 110. f'ahl Emm. t\ 1. 191. " JDe
Cand. Fr. v. 1. 250. v. 3. j7d.'' Lam. f. 2. Hook. Land. t. 128.

P. flore amplo purpureo, cum calcare longissimo. Raii Hist. v. I.
752. Tourn. List. 167.

On bogs in the south of Ireland.

In marshy ground, in the western part of the county of Cork.
Mr. Drummond.

Perennial. May.

Still larger than P. vulgaris, and abundantly distinct -, the leaves
nearly twice as large, more veiny and yellower. Stalks 6 — 9
inches high, more viscid and stronger. Cal. blunter. Cor.
nearly of the colour of the last, but twice as large, finely reticu-
lated all over with dark blue veins, and much less unequally
lobed. *'The leaves are deciduous in winter." Mr. Drummond.

11. UTRICULARIA. Bladderwort, or
Hooded Milfoil.

Linn. Gen. 14. Juss. 98. H. Br. 28. Sm. in Rees's Cycl. v. 37.
Lam. t. \4.

Nat. Ord. see 7i. 10.

Calyx-leaves two, small, ovate, equal, permanent. Cor. rin-
gent ; upper lip obtuse, erect ; lower larger, with a pro-
minent, heart-shaped palate; spur single or double.
Stam. short, with small, cohering anthers. Germen glo-
bose. Stijle capillary, the length of the calyx. Stigma
2-lipped. Caps, globose, of 1 cell. Seeds numerous, small,
on a large, globular, central receptacle.

Aquatic herbs, floating, in all our species, by means of blad-
ders attached to their stems or leaves, which latter are
finely divided. Fl. raised on a central stalk, above the
water; in ours racemose, yellow. New Holland abounds
with simple-leaved, fixed species, whosejlowers, as well as
those of many tropical Utricidaricc, are most generally blue.

30 DIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Utricularia.

1. U. vulgaris. Greater Bladderwovt.

Spur conical. Stalk straight. Cluster somewhat corym-
bose. Upper lip of the corolla the length of the palate,
reflexed at the sides.

U. vulgaris. Linn. Sp. PL 26. WiUd. v.\. 112. Vahl Emim.

V. 1. 198. Fl. Br. 28. Engl. But. v. 4. t. 253. Hook. Scot. 8.

Fl. Dan. t. 138. Poit. <Sf Turp. Par. 29. t. 30.
U. vulgaris major. Linn. Siiec. 9. Ehrh. Herb. n.S\.
Lentibularia. Raii Syn. *286. Biv. Monop. Irr, t. 79.

In ditches and deep standing pools.

Perennial. June, July.

The crown of the root sends out 5 or 6, simple or alternately
branched, leafy shoots, about a foot long. Leaves alternate,
triply pinnatifid, almost capillary, bearing numerous crested
bladders, which float the plant at the flowering season, by means
of air formed within them. This air, according to Mr. Hayne,
gives place subsequently to water, and the plant sinks, to ripen
its seed at the bottom. Fl. 6 or 8, large, yellow, with an
orange-striped palate^ and purplish stalks as well as calyx.

2. U. intermedia. Intermediate Bladderwort.

Spur conical. Stalk tw^o- or three-flowered. Upper lip of
the corolla flat, twice as long as the palate. Leaves with
deep, forked, flat segments. Bladders separate from the
leaves*

U. intermedia. Hayiiein Schrad. Journ.for 1800. 18. t.5. Vahl

Enum. V. 1. 198. Cojnp. 5. Engl. Bot. v. 35. t. 2489. Hook.

Scot. 9. Schrad. Germ. v.\. 55. '' Dreves et Hayne Ic. 1. 17."

Fl. Dan. f. 1261.
U. vulgaris minor. Linn. Suec. 9. Ehrh. Herb. n. 91. Beitr.

V.5. 178.
Millefolium aquaticum, flore luteo galericulato. Lob. Ic.v.l.79\.f.
M. palustre galericulatum. Ger. Em. 828./.

In ditches, in Ireland and Scotland.

Near Dublin. Dr. Scott. Bantry. Miss Hutchins. Found by
Mr. D. Don, in a ditch by the side of Rescalin lake, 4 miles
east of Forfar. Hooker.

Perennial. July.

Smaller than the former ; propagating itself by dense green ter-
minal buds, as expressed in the old wooden cuts. Leaves re-
peatedly forked, linear, acute, fringed. Fl. yellow, half the size
of U. vulgaris ; upper lip, and palate, streaked with red. Blad-
ders on branched stalks, not on the leaves.

DIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Lemna. 31

3. U. minor. Lesser Bladderwort.

Spur short, obtuse, keeled, deflexed. Cluster of few flowers.
Corolla gaping ; palate nearly flat ; lips undivided,

U. minor. Linn. Sp. PL 26. mild. v. 1 , U2. Vahl Emim. v. 1.

1 99. Fl. Br. 28. Engl. Bot. v. 4. t. 254. Hook. Scot. 9. Fl.

Dan. t. 1 28. Schmid. Ic. 79. t.2\.f.l—[\. Schrad. Germ,

V. 1. 56. Efirh. Herb. n. 62. Beitr. v. 5. 177.
Lentibularia minor. Rail Syn. ^286.
Millefolium palustre, galericulatum, minus. Pluk. Plnjt. t. 99. f. 6.

very bad.
Aparine aquis innatans Terevisana, foliis Percepier, capreolis do-

nata. Bocc. Mus. 23. t.4, no flowers.

In ditchesj on spongy bogs, but rare.

Perennial. July.

Still smaller than the last. Bladders more numerous, many of
them, if not all, attached to the leaves. Fl. about half as large
as U. intermedia, pale yellow, streaked -, palate not closing the
mouth.

12. LEMNA. Duck- weed.

Linn. Gen. 478. Fl. Br, 956. Lam. t. 747. Sm. in Rees's

Cycl. V. 20. Hook. Lond. t. 119.
Lenticula. Juss. \9. Mich. Gen. ]5. t. \\. Dill. Gen. US. t. 6.

Nat. Ord. Miscellanece, Linn. 54. Naiades, Juss. 6. Near
Hydrocharidece. Br. Pr. 344. Ai^oidece; sect. 2, Pistia-
cece. Richard. Hook. Scot. 191.

Cal. of 1 leaf, membranous, torn, evanescent. Cor. none.
Slam, lateral^ thread-shaped, longer than the calyx, un-
equal ; each anther a pair of globes, splitting at the top.
Germ, superior, ovate, keeled at one side next the stam.
Style columnar, shorter than the stamens. Stigma ob-
tuse. Caps, not valvular, of 1 cell. Seed 1, oval, trans-
verse.

An aquatic genus, now well explained by Prof Hooker,
who, like Mr. Brown, considers it as a reduced or sim-
plified Aroidea, next akin to Pistia.

Herb floating, consisting of a simple, flattish, highly vascu-
lar, smooth, sometimes laterally proliferous,y;o;i^/ *, with

• I submit to the use of this terra, as necessary in thfs instance and a very
few others, though the plants ate not cryptogamic. See from in Introd. to
Botany, and Grammar.

32 DIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Lemna.

a central I'oot, of one or more pendulous, simple fibres,
each tipped with a cylindrical cai). Fl. rare, from a mar-
ginal cleft; buds [gemmce) most frequently supply their
place.

»
1. L. trisulca. Ivy-leaved Duck-weed.

Fronds stalked, elliptic-lanceolate, proliferous.

L. trisulca. Linn. Sp. PL 1376. mihl v. 4. 193. Fl. Br. 95(5.

Engl. Bot. i;. 13. ^.926. Hook. Lond. t.U9; Scot. 10. Fl.

Dan. t. 1086.
Hydrophace n. 1901. Hall. Hist. v. 3. 69.
Lenticularia ramosa monorrhiza, foliis oblongis, pediculis longio-

ribus clonatis. Mich. Gen. 16. t. 11./. 5.
Lenticula aquatica trisulca. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. 777. f. Baii Syn. 129.
Hederula aquatica. Lob. Ic. v. 2. 36./. Ger. Em. 830./.

In clear still waters, very common.

Annual. June.

Fronds about half an inch long, acute, pale green, often waved or
toothed, proliferous laterally, so as to become repeatedly com-
pound, spreading at right angles. Fl. minute, white, with yel-
low anthers. Several flowers want the pistil, none the stamens^
which latter are both at one side of the ger men. " Seed very
hard. Embryo simple, horizontal, (or rather transverse,) in • a
whitish, fleshy albumen.'' Hooker, whose figure and description
are worthy of their excellent author.

2. L. minor. Lesser Duck- weed.

Fronds obovate, flattish above and beneath. Roots solitary.

L. minor. Unn. Sp. PL 1376. Willd. v. 4. 194. FL Br. 957.

EngL Bot. V. 16. ^.1095. Hook. Lond. L 120. Scot. 11. FL

Dan. L 1087.
Hydrophace n. 1900. HalL Hist. v. 3. 69.
Lenticula palustris vulgaris. Vaill. Par. 114. ^.20./ 3.
Lenticularia media, et minor. Mich. Gen. 16. t. 11./ 2, 3.
Lens palustris. Raii Syn. \29.t. 4. f. 1. Camer. Epit. 852. / Ger.

Em. 829. / Vallisn. Op. v. 2. 88. L 14, 15.

In ponds and ditches every where.
Annual. June, July.

Fronds 2 or 3 lines long, floating in broad dense masses, some-
what aggregate, or proliferous. FL much like the last ; very rare.

3. L. gibha. Gibbous Duck-weed.

Fronds obovate ; slightly convex above ; hemispherical be-
neath. Roots solitary.

DIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Lycopus. 33

L. gibba. Linn. Sp, PL 1377. H'illd. v. 4. 194. FI. Br. 957.

t:ngl. Bot. V. 18. t. 1233. Hook. Scot. 11. FI. Dan. t. 1088.
Hydrophace n. 1898. Hall Hist. v. 3. G8.
Lenticula palustris major, infern^ magis convexa, fructu poly-

spermo. Mich. Gen. 15. t. 11./. 1.
In ponds and ditches, but not common.
Annual. June, July. Mr. Borrer.
Larger than the last j extremely convex, vascular, and coarsely

reticulated, at the under side. Cal. scarcely visible, or soon

disappearing.

4. \j. polyrrhiza. Greater Duck-weed.

Fronds roundish-obovate ; convex beneath. Roots clus-
tered.

L. polyrrhiza. im;z. % PM377. ^Fi/W. u. 4. 195. i7. ^r. 958.
Engl. Bot. V.35. t. 2458. Hook. Scot. 11. Wiggers Holsat. C6.
FI. Dan. t. 1089.

Hvdrophace n. 1899. Hall. Hist. v. 3. 68.

Lenticula palustris major. Dill, in Raii Syn. 129. t.4.f.2. Vaill.
Par. 114. t.20.f.2.

Lenticularia major polyrrhiza, infern^ atro-purpurea. Mich. Gen.
16. Ml./. 1.

Very common in ditches and standing pools.

Annual. FI. not observed in Britain.

Much larger than either of the 2 last, broadly obovate; obscurely
striated, or ribbed, and of a fine green, above -, rather convex,
and purple, beneath. Root of many fibres, from near the base,
or point of union, of the aggregate /ro«f/s. The rare little work
of Wiggers records a young German named Graver, as having
found thejlowers, situated where the fronds overlay each other,
in July and August. The seed proved larger and flatter than in
L. gibba.

13. LYCOPUS. Gipsy-wort.

Linn. Gen. PL Id. Juss.lW. FLBr.29. Tourn. t.S9. Lam. t.lS.

Nat. Ord. Verticillatce, Linn. 42. Labiatce, Jiiss. 89.
«. 14- the same.

CaL tubular, divided halfway into 5 acute segments, per-
manent. Cor. tubular, 4-cleft, obtuse ; upper segment
rather the broadest. Stam. simple, rather prominent, di-
stant, spreading upwards. Anth. small, of 2 pointed lobes.
Germ. 4-cleft. Style the length of the stam. conical at
the base. Stigma cloven. Seeds 4, obovate, quadrangu-
lar, obtuse, in the bottom of the calyx.

Herbaceous, perennial, inodorous, roughish. Stem square.

VOL. I. D

34 DIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Salvia.

Leaves opposite, strongly serrated or pinnatifid. Fl. ax-
illary, whorled, small, pale. Comes nearest to Mentha,

1. L. €U7'op(EUs. Common Gipsy-wort. Water

Horehound.
Leaves deeply serrated.

L. europseus. Linn. Sp. PL 30. fVilld. v. I. 120. Vahl Enum. v. 1.

210. Fl. Br. 29. Engl. Bot. i). 16. i. 1105. Curt. Lond.fasc.3.

t.2. Hook. Scot. 9. Poit. etTurp. Par. 31. t. 32. Fl. Da7i. t.lOSl.
L. palustris glaber. Rail Syn. 236.
Pseudo-marrubium palustre. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 22.
Marrubium aquaticum. Ger. Em. 700. f. Lob. Ic. v. 1 . 524./.

On the banks of clear ditches, pools and rivers, on a sandy or

gravelly soil, frequent.
Perennial. July, Aug.
Root creeping. Stem 2 feet high. Leaves numerous, on short

stalks, oblong, acute, coarsely serrated, often deeply pinnatifid.

Fl. white, with purple dots.

14. SALVIA. Sage, or Clary.

Linn. Gen. 17. Juss. HI. Fl. Br. 30. Tourn. t.83. Lam, t,20.

Gartn. t. 66.
Nat. Ord. see 7i, 13.

Cal. tubular, ribbed, unequally 2-lipped, permanent. Cor.
tube dilated upwards, compressed ; upper lip concave ;
lower broad, 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest, cloven.
Stam. with 2 divaricated branches, one only bearmg a
perfect, oblong, single-celled anther. Germ, 4-cleft.
Style curved with the stamens, usually longer. Stigma
forked. Seeds 4, oval, in the bottom of the dry con-
verging calyx.

Aromatic or bitter. Stem square. Leaves various, notched
or serrated, wrinkled; in ours undivided, stalked. Fl, in
whorled spikes ; mostly purplish.

1. S, pratensis. Meadow Clary.

Leaves oblong, crenate ; heart-shaped at the base : upper-
most clasping the stem. Bracteas very small. Summit
of the corolla glutinous.

S. pratensis. Linn. Sp. PL 35. mild. v. 1. 135. Vahl Enum. v. 1.
262. Fl.Br.30. EngLBot v.3. t\53. BulL Fr. t.357.

Sclarea pratensis, foliis serratis, flore ceeruleo. Dill.in Raii Syn.237.

Horminum pratense. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 36.

H. sylvestre. Fuchs. Hist. 569./.

H. sylvestre Fuchsii. Ger. Em. 769. f.

DIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Cladium. 35

In dry meadows, and about hedges, very uncommon.

Near Cobham in Kent. Mr. Jacob Raijer.

Perennial. July.

Three feet high, erect, not very aromatic. Lower leaves on long
stalks, deep green. Fl. in numerous whorls, large and hand-
some, of a fine purplish blue, with ovate, acute, entire bracteas,

2. S. verbenaca. Wild English Clary.
Leaves serrated, sinuated, smoothish. Corolla much more
contracted than the calyx.

S. verbenaca. Unn. Sp. PL 35. Willd. v. 1. 137. VahlEnum.
V. I. 255. FL Br. 31. EngL hot. v.^. t. 154. Curt. Lond.
fasc. 6. ^ 1. Hook. Scot. 10.

Horminum sylvestre, lavandulse flore. Rail Syn. 237.

H. sylvestre. Ger. Em. 77 1, f.

In meadows, pastures and waste ground, by way sides, on a gra-
velly or chaMcy soil, not uncommon. Rare in Scotland and the
north of England.

Perennial. June — Oct.

A foot or 18 inches high, more or less decumbent, aromatic. Leaves
greyish green, the radical ones stalked, depressed, doubly cre-
nate. Fl. small, violet blue. Bracteas as long as the calyx.
Seeds black, smooth j covered, when laid in water, with a fine
dense mucilage -, hence they serve to envelop and remove any
injurious body from under the eyelids.

15. CLADIUM. Twig-rush.

Browne Jam. 1 14. Brown Pr. 236. Hook. Scot. 3.

Nat. Ord. Calamaria;, Linn. 3. Cyperoidece. Juss. 9.
Cyperacece, DeCand. 134-. Br. Pr. 212.

Spikes imbricated in every direction, with sheathing, con-
cave, chafFy glumes, mostly empty, one or two of the up-
permost only being perfect and single-flowered. Co7\
none. Stam. linear, longer than their glume, (m some
foreign species said to be more than 2.) Ayith. linear,
erect. Germ, superior, ovate, without any bristles or
scales at the base. Style capillary, the length of the sta-
mens, deciduous, but without a joint at the bottom.
Stigm. 2, 3, or 4, slender, acute, downy. Drupa ovate,
polished, brittle, of 1 cell. Nut bony, ovate, acute.

A genus of hard, harsh, rushy, often prickly-edged plants,
whose stems, whether round or triangular, are more or
less clothed with alternate sheathing leaves, or scales.
Spikes numerous, brown, or blackish, aggregate, gene-
rally panicled.

d2

36 DIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Cladiura,

I.e. Mariscus. Prickly Twig-rush,

Panicle repeatedly compound, leafy. Spikes capitate. Stem
round, smooth, leafy. Leaves prickly at the margin and
keel.

C. Mariscus. Br. Pr. 236. Hook. Scot. 1 1 .

C. germanicum. Schrad. Germ. v. 1, 75. t. 5.f. 7 .**

Schoenus Mariscus. Linn. Sp. Pl.62. Willd. v. 1. 259. Vahl Enum.
r. 1.221. Fl. Br. 43. Engl. Bat. v. 14. t. 950. Host Gram. v. 3.
37. ^.53.

Mariscus n. 1343. Hall.Hist. v. 2. 179.

Cyperus longus inodorus sylvestris. RaiiSyn. 426. Ger. Em. 29./.
Lob. lev. I. 76./.

Pseudo-cyperus palustris, foliis et carina serratis. Scheuchz. Agr,
375.t.S.f.7—ll.

In fens and boggy places -, sometimes near the sea j but not com-
mon. Very rare in Scotland. CY^nml^-n r>,^^fit'cm<f-t^

Perennial. July, Aug.

Root long and creeping. Stem 3 or 4 feet high, erect, polished,
jointed -, angular at the top. Leaves keeled, taper-pointed -,
serratures very neat and sharp. Panicle erect, with many com-
pound, corymbose, bracteated, angular, furrowed branches.
Spikes mostly two-flowered, rusty brown. Drupa pointed, of a
shining brown 5 mealy within. Nut hard and thick, brown.,
unpolished, with 3 slight angles. Kernel solitary, roughish.

The genus Mariscus of Haller is only the Linnaean Schoenus under
another name. Mariscus of Vahl is a different genus, established
by him, and retained by Mr. Brown, who first determined Schoe-
nus Cladium of Solander, Swartz and Vahl to be the same species
as our Cladium .Mariscus. Schrader is of a different opinion,
and amongst other differences, which may be accounted for,
asserts that the fruit is surrounded by bristles. Swartz says
there are bristles at the sides of the inner glume, which sur-
rounds the germen ; and Dr. Browne before him had recorded
the existence of 2 such, arising from the back of the corolla,
towards its base. All the difficulty is removed by an examina-
tion in the Linnaean herbarium, of Dr. Browne's own Jamaica
specimen, which, being in an early state of flowering, and each
spike more or less perfectly 2 -flowered, the second or later^0M;cr
is not opened 5 and its stigma, not yet put forth, constitutes
these supposed bristles. 1 find the same thing in the English
Cladium Mariscus, and no doubt remains of their being one
species. Whether the second ^ower, or any rudiment of it, be
always present or not, there is only one drupa perfected in each
spike of the English plant, with something like an abortive flower
now and then attached to it at one side. My Jamaica specimen
has no fruit formed ; but by Dr. Browne's description it ap-
pears that or[Q flower only proves perfect, or fertile.

37

DIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
16. ANTHOXANTHUM. Vernal-grass.

Linn. Gen. 18. Juss. 29. Fl. Br. 31. Lam. t. 23.

Nat. Ord. Gramina. Linn. 4. Grainhiece. Juss. 10. Br.
Pr. 168. See next class.

Cal. single-flowered, of 2 ovate, pointed, concave valves ;
the inner largest. Cor, of 2 equal valves, shorter than
the cal. awned at the back ; the longer aiim jointed. Nect.
2 ovate, thin, minute scales, clasping the base of the ger-
men. Stam. protruding, capillary. Anth. oblong, forked
at each end. Germ, superior, oblong. Styles short.
Stigmas erect, long, downy. Seed 1, roundish, acute at
each end, naked, unconnected with the glumes.

True grasses. Stem jointed. Panicle dense, compound.

1 . A. odoratum. Sweet-scented Vernal-grass.
Panicle spiked, ovate-oblong. Flowers longer than their

awns, on short partial stalks.
A. odoratum. L'lnn. Sp. PL 40. JVillcl. v. 1. 156. Vahl Enum. v. 1.

310. FL Br. 31. EngL Bot. v. 9. t. 647. Curt. Lond. fuse. 1. t.A.

Hook. Scot. 11. Mart. Rust. t.23. StiUingJi. t.\. Schreb. Gram.

49. t. 5. Leers 6. t. 2./. I . Poit. et Turp. Par. t. 39. SincL 7.
Gramen vernum, spica brevi laxa. Rail Sijn. 398.

In meadows and pastures very common.

Perennial. May, June.

Root fibrous. Stems slender, rigid, smooth, a foot high, with I or
2 joints, tasting like lavender. Leaves flat, bright green, a little
hairy j each with a white, membranous, sheathing stipula. Fl.
generally closed, brownish ■ turning yellow with age. In drying
the plant exhales the odour of Woodruff, and is the chief cause
of the fragrance of new hay.

For a new and very curious view of x\\q: flowers of this genus, given
by Mr. Brown, see Hierochloe, Gen. 41.

Class III. TRIANDRIA. Stamens 3.
Order I. MONOGYNIA. Pistill.

* Floivers superior.

17. VALERIANA. Cor. 5-cleft; protuberant at the base.

Seed 1, with a feathery radiating crown.

18. FEDIA. Cor. 5-cleft; protuberant at the base. Caps.

crowned with the toothed calyx, without valves, of
1 — 3 fertile cells. Seeds solitary.

19. CROCUS. Cor. in 6 deep equal segments; tube

longer than the limb. Stigmas folded.

20. TRICHONEMA. Cor. in 6 deep equal segments ;

tube shorter than the limb. Filam.^ downy. Stigm.
very slender, deeply 'divided.^ »

21. IRIS. Cor. in 6 deep unequal segments, alternately

reflexed. Stigm. 2-lipped, like petals.

** Fl. inferior, chajffy. Seed 1.

22. SCHCENUS. Cor. none. .S/)/A^^ of very few flowers.

Glumes 2-ranked, with many smaller, empty, exter-
nal ones. Style simple at the base, deciduous.

23. RHYNCHOSPORA. Cor. none. _ %A^^ of very few

flowers. Gl. imbricated all round, with many smaller,
empty, external ones. Seed beaked with the dilated,
hardened, permanent base of the style.

25. SCIRPUS. Cor. none. Gl. imbricated all round,

uniform, concave, expanded. Style simple at the base,
deciduous.

26. ELEOCHARIS. Cor. none. Gl. imbricated all

round, uniform, expanded. Seed crowned and arti-
culated with the dilated hardened base of the style.

27. ERIOPHORUM. Cor. none. Gl. imbricated all

round, uniform, expanded. Seed subtended by nu-
merous very long hairs.
24. CYPERUS. Cor. none. Gl. imbricated, 2-ranked,
uniform, compressed. Style simple at the base, deci-
duous. Seed naked at the base.

28. NARDUS. Cor. of 2 valves. C«/. none,

Jiincus 4, 5 J 16.

39

Order II, DIGYNIA. Pistils 2. True
Grasses, Gramina.

* Flowers dispersed. Cal. of 2 or 3 valves, with a so-
litaryjloret,

3 1 . ALOPECURUS. Cal. of 2 valves. Cor. of 1 valve ;

simple at the summit; awned at the base. Styles com-
bined.

32. KNAPPIA. Ca^. of 2 valves. Cor. of 2 unequal, very

hairy, awnless valves.

30. PHLEUM. Cal. of 2 close, parallel, pointed valves,
concealing the coi\ of 2 awnless valves. Seed loose.

29. PHALARIS. Cal. of 2 close, parallel valves, con-
cealing the double cor. of 3 or 4 valves ; 2 innermost
downy, subsequently hardened, investing the seed.

33. POLYPOGON. Cal. of 2 valves, awned at the sum-

mit, concealing the cor. of 2 valves; the outermost
with a terminal awn. Seed loose.

34. MILIUM. Cal. of 2 tumid, close valves, inclosing

the cor. of 2 valves. Seed coated with the hardened
corolla. ' '

S5. AGROSTIS. Cal. of 2 acute valves, shorter than the
cor. which is membranous, tufted with hairs at the
base, unchanged. Seed loose.

36. CYNODON. Cal. of 2 lanceolate, acute, spreading,

equal valves, shorter than the cor. of 2 compressed,
very unequal valves. Seed coated with the hardened
corolla.

49. SPARTINA. Ccd. of 2 lanceolate, compressed, clasp-
ing valves. Cor. of 2 compressed, rather unequal,
lanceolate valves. Nect. none. Seed loose. Styles
combined.

53. STIPA. Ca/. of 2 lax, pointed, awnless valves. Cor.

with a terminal spiral awn^ jointed at the base.
55. LAGURUS. Cal. of 2 fringed valves, with terminal,

feathery awiis. Outer valve of the cor. with 3 awns.

37. DIGITARIA. ^ Cal. of 2 or 3 very unequal, close-

pressed, awnless valves. Cor. of 2 unequal, depressed,
awnless valves. Seed coated with the hardened corolla.
Arundo 2, 3, \, 5. Melica 1.

40

*^ Fl. dispersed, Cal, of 2 valves^ containing 2 or 3
Jlorets,

39. AIR A. Florets 2, without any intermediate rudiment.

Seed loose. Cor. unchanged.

42. MELICA. Florets 1 or 2, with the rudiments of 1

or 2 intermediate ones. Seed coated with the hard-
ened corolla.

40. HOLCUS. One Jloret barren. Cor. awned. Seed

coated with the hardened corolla. Cal. keeled.

38. PANICUM. One floret neuter. Cor. of the perfect
one awnless. Seed coated with the hardened corolla.
Cal. ribbed.

41. HIEROCLE. Florets 3 ; central one perfect, with 2

stame7is ; lateral ones barren, with 3. Cor. perma-
nently membranous. Seed loose. Styles distinct.

43. SESLERIA. Flor^ets 2 or 3, all perfect. Outer valve

of the cor. toothed ; inner cloven. Seed loose. Styles
combined,

*** FL dispersed, Cal. containing many Jlorets.

47. BRIZA. Cor. awnless, tumid, expanded, concave,

without a keel. Seed depressed, united to the corolla.
4:5. POA. Cor. awnless, compressed, keeled, ovate, acute.
Seed loose, elliptic-oblong.

44. GLYCERIA. Cor. awnless, cylindrical, furrowed,

ribbed, abrupt, not keeled. Seed loose, cylindric-ob-
long.
46. TRIODIA. Cor. orbicular, expanded, obscurely
ribbed, deeply cloven, with an mtermediate point;
both valves concave. Seed loose, depressed.

48. DACTYLIS. Cor. awned at the summit, lanceolate,

keeled, compressed ; inner valve folded, 2-ribbed.
Seed loose, oblong. Cal. compressed, taper-pointed,
unequal.
51. FESTUCA. Cor. awned at the summit, or pointed,
kee'.od, nearly cylindrical, concave ; inner valve flat,
2-ribbed, downy at the ribs. Seed loose, oblong.
Cal. concave, acute, very unequal.

41

50. CYNOSURUS. Cor. awned, at the summit, lanceolate,
keeled, concave ; inner valve flat, 2-ribbed. Seed
loose, elliptic-oblong. Cal. awned, equal. Spikelets
in pairs; 1 entirely neuter.

52. BROMUS. Cor, awned at the back, cloven, concave;
inner valve flat, 2-ribbed, bristly at the ribs. Seed
elliptic-oblong, united to the inner valve.

54. AVENA. Cor. awned at the back, cloven, nearly
cylindrical ; inner valve flat, ovate. Seed elliptic-ob-
long, united to the hard outer valve.

56. ARUNDO. Cor. surrounded with long permanent

hairs. Florets 1 or many.

**** PI aggregate, on a jointed, or toothed, common
stalk, isoith lateral excavations.

57. LOLIUM. Cal. of 1 principal valve, opposite to the

stalk, fixed, many-flowered.

58. ROTTBOLLIA. Cal. of 2 parallel, sometimes com-

bined, valves, opposite to the stalk, imperfectly 2-
flowered.
61. TRITICUM. Cal. of 2 transverse opposite valves,
solitary, many-flowered.

59. ELYMUS. Cal. of 2 parallel valves, aggregate, with

2 or more Jlorets.

60. HORDEUM. Cal. of 2 parallel valves, aggregate,

ternate, with Ijloret. CQi\ir3i\ Jto-joer only perfect

Order III. TRIGYNIA. Pistils 5.

62. MONTIA. Cal. of 2 leaves. Cor. monopetalous.

Caps, with 3 valves, and 3 seeds.
64. POLYCARPON. Cal. of 5 leaves. Petals 5, nearly
entire. Caps, with 3 valves, and many seeds.

63. HOLOSTEUM. Cal. of 5 leaves. Pet. 5, jagged.

Caps, with 6 teeth, and many seeds.

42

TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

* Floxsoers superior,
17. VALERIANA. Valerian.

Linn. Gen. 22. Juss. 195. B. Br. 37. Tourn. t.52. Lam, t. 24.
/. 1, 2. Gartn. t. 86.

Nat. Ord. Aggregates, Linn. 48. Dipsacece. Juss. 56.
Valerianece, DeCand, 64. Juss, Ann, die Mus, n, 18 the
same,

CaZ. a slight border, subsequently expanding into a crown
for the seed. Cor. of 1 tubular petal, with a protuberance
or spur on one side at the base, containing honey ; limb
in 5 obtuse, rather unequal, segments. Filam. 3, or fewer,
awl-shaped, erect, borne by the corolla, and as long as the
limb. Anth. oblong. Germ, inferior, elliptic-oblong, of 1
cell. ^Si'j/^^thread-shapedjthe length of the stamens. Stigma
mostly simple. Seed ovate-oblong, compressed, with 3
ribs at one side, and one at the other, crowned with many,
spreading, feathery rays, gradually unrolled.

Perennial herbs, with aromatic or fetid roots. Stem round.
Leaves opposite, simple, pinnatifid, or pinnate, smooth."
Fl, corymbose, spiked, terminal, reddish. The seed is
truty naked, having only a membranous film besides its
outer skin, or testa,

1. \ , rubra. Red Valerian.

Flowers with one stamen, and a long spur. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate, nearly entire.

V. rubra. Linn. Sp. PL 44. Willd. v. 1 . 175. Vahl Enum. v. 2. 1.
Fl. Br. 37. Engl. Bot. v. 22. t. 1531. Hook. Scot. 14. Don
H. Br. 76. Lam.f. 2. Dod. Pempt. 351./.

V. rubra Dodonsei. Ger. Em. 678. f.

V. n. 213 a. Hall. Hist. c. 1. 93.

V. marina. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. S.f. 2.

V. marina latifolia major. Moris, v. 3. 102. sect. 7 . t. 14. f. 15.

Phu peregrinum. Camer. Epit. 24. f.

On chalk cliffs and old walls.

In the chalk-pits of Kent^ certainly wild.

Perennial. June — Sept.

One to two feet high, leafy, veiy smooth, and rather glaucous.
Lower leaves somewhat stalked, lanceolate, entire ; upper ses-
sile, more ovate, occasionally toothed at the broadest part. Fl.
of an elegant rose-colour, scentless, numerous, erect, in a dense
corymbobe head, of forked, unilateral spikes.

TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Valeriana. 43

2. V. dioica. Small Marsh Valerian.

Flowers with three stamens, dioecious. Stem-leaves pinna-
tifid; radical ones ovate.

V. dioica. Linn. Sp. PL 44. fVilld. r. 1 . 1 76. Vahl Enum. v. 2. 2.

Fl. Br. 2>7. Engl. Bot. v. 9. t. 628. Curt. Lond. fasc. 4. t. 3.

Hook. Scot. 15. Fl. Dan. t. 687. Bull. Fr. ^ 31 1. Poit. ^ Turp.

Par. f. 41.
V. n.208. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 90.
V. sylvestris minor, & V. sylvestris, seu palustris, minor altera.

Rail Sijn. 200.
V. minor. Ger. Em. 1075./.

V. minor, et V. flore exiguo. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 2.
Phu minimum. Matth. Valgr. v. 1. 38./. Camer. Epit. 23. f.

In moist boggy meadows frequent.

Perennial. June.

Root creeping. Stem simple, 6 or 8 inches high • the fertile plant
most robust. Leaves and their segments mostly entire ; occa-
sionally serrated. Fl. flesh-coloured. Spur very short and blunt.
Seed-crown red, less feathery. Stam. and pist. sometimes in the
same^oit'er, but scarcely both perfect.

3. V. officinalis. Great Wild Valerian.

Stamens three. Leaves all piiui ate; leaflets lanceolate, nearly
uniform.

V. officinalis. Linn. Sp. PI. 45. Willd. v. 1 . 177. Vahl Enum. v. 2. 6.

FL Br. 38. EngL Bot. v. 10. t 698. Curt. Lond. fasc. 6. L 3.

Hook. Scot. 15. JVoodv. t.96. FL Dan. t. 570.
V. n. 210. Halt Hist. v.\.9\.

V. sylvestris major. Raii Syn. 200. Ger. Em. 1075. f.
Valeriana. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 1.
Phu. Column. Phytob. 1 13. t. 114.
Ph. parvum. Matth. Valgr. v. 1. 37./.
Ph. minus. Camer. Epit. 22. f.
Ph. germanicum. Fuchs. Hist. 857./.
/3. Valeriana sylvestris major montana. Bauh.Pin. 164. Dill, in

Raii Syn. 200.
V. foliis angustioribus. Riv. Monop. Irr. t.2.f. 1.

In marshes, and about the banks of pools and rivers.

/3. In dry mountainous woods and pastures.

Perennial. June.

J?oo< tuberous, somewhat creeping, fetid 3 in /3 more aromatic,
and preferred for medical use. Stem about 4 feet high, furrowed.
Leajiets coarsely serrated 5 those of the radical leaves broadest,
approaching to ovate 5 but there is no remarkably large termi-
nal leaflet; thoj^e of the stem in /3 are very narrow, and often

U TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Fedia.

entire. Fl. numerous, blush-coloured, or white, in large corym-
bose panicles.

This, as a medicinal plant, is but a substitute for the real ^»ou, or
Phu, of Dioscorides, V. Dioscoridis. Sm. Fl. GrcEc. Sihth. t. 33,

' which Dr. Sibthorp ascertained in his Greek tour.

4. \,pyrenaica. Heart-leaved Valerian.

Stamens three. Stem-leaves heart-shaped, serrated, stalked;
the uppermost pinnate.

V. pyrenaica. Linn. Sp. PL 46. Willd. v. I. 179. Vahl Enum.
V. 1. 11. DonH. Br. 77. Engl. Bot. v. 23. L 1591. Hook.
Scot. 15.

V. canadensis. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 4.

V. maxima, cacalise folio. Pluk. Phyt. t. 232./. 1.

In various woods in Scotland, particularly about Edinburgh and
Glasgow. G. Don, and T. Brown, M.D.

Perennial. July.

Stem 2 or 3 feet high, furrowed. Leaves all variously serrated ,- the
lower ones simple j upper accompanied with 1 or 2 pair of small
lanceolate leaflets. Footstalks of the uppermost leaves, as well
as their ribs and margins, often downy. Fl. light rose-coloured,
numerous, with a short spur. The scent of the root, and pro-
bably its qualities, agree with the last.

18. FEDIA. Corn-sallad.

Fahl Enum. v. 2. 18. Sm. in Rees's Cycl. v. 14. Hook. Scot. 12.
G(Ertn. t. 86.

Valerianella. Tourn. t. 52.

Valerianae species. Linn. Gen. 22,

Nat. Ord. see n, 17.

CaL of 3 or 4 variously-shaped teeth, subsequently enlarged,
and crowning the capsule. Co7\ of 1 tubular petal, with
a short blunt spur at one side ; limb in 5 obtuse, rather
unequal, segments. Filam. 3, sometimes more, borne by
the tube, rather shorter than the limb. Anth. roundish.
Germ, inferior, of 3 cells, roundish. Style thread-shaped.
Stigma notched. Caps, coriaceous or membranous, va-
rious in shape, not bursting, crowned with the permanent
calyxy usually of 2 abortive cells, and 1 fertile. Seeds
solitary, ovate, smooth, with a simple skin.

Annual herbs, about a span high, with a fibrous root^ forked
leafy siem^ and opposite, mostly simple and smooth, leaves.
Fl. small, bliieish, purplish, red, or yellow. Fruit very
various.

TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Fedia, 43

1. F. olitoria. Common Corn-sallad, or Lamb's
Lettuce.

Leaves linear-tongue-shaped, blunt. Flowers capitate. Cap-
sule inflated, two-lobed,

F.olitoria. VahlEnum. v. 2. 19. Hook.Scot.l5. Schrad. Germ. vA .95 .

Valeriana olitoria. M'illd. v. 1. 182.

V. Locusta. Zi;?«. 5/>, P/. 47, a. Fl.Br.2,9. Engl. Bot. v.\2. t.SW.

Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. t. 4. Mart. Rust. t. 24.
Valerianella arvensis praecox humilis, semine compresso. Rail Syn.

201. Moris, sect. 7. t. 16./. 36. .
V. n. 214. Hall. Hist. v. 1.94.
Lactuca agnina. Ger. Em. 310./. 1,2.
Locusta major, et minor. R'w. Monop. Irr. t. 6.

In corn-fields, and light cultivated ground.

Annual. j4pril — June.

Stem forked twice or thrice, furrowed, smooth, except a few de-
flexed hairs on the ribs just below each fork. Lower leaves spa-
tulate, stalked ; upper sessile, sometimes jagged. Fl. pale blue,
in round heads j none at the forks of the stem. Caps, smooth,
with a minute crown, of 3 inflexed teeth, one of them much the
largest. The leaves vary in form and division.

2. F. dentata. Oval-fruited Corn-sallad.

Leaves linear-tongue-shaped. Flowers solitary in the forks
of the stem. Capsule ovate, ribbed. Crown erect.

F. dentata. FahlEnujn. v. 2. 20. Hook. Scot. 15. Schrad. Germ. 96.

Valeriana dentata. Willd. v. \. ]83. Ehrh. Herb. 122. Fl.Br.\385.
Engl. Bot. V. 20. t. 1370.

V. Locusta olitoria. Fl. Dan. t. 738.

Valerianella n. 215. Hall. Hist. v. I. 94.

In corn-fields.

Found in Cornwall and Essex, by Mr. Edw. Forster j on Harleton
hill, Cambridgeshire, by the Rev. Mr. Holme.

About Edinburgh. Hooker.

Annual. June, July.

Leaves narrower than in the foregoing. Fl. smaller, purplish, al-
most all from the forks of the smooth stem. Caps, not inflated,
nor lobed. Crown of 3, scarcely more, erect, unequal teeth,
one much the largest.

Columna's synonym, Ecphr. t. 209. f. 2, appears doubtful, as the
seed of our plant is neither pierced nor umbilicated , that of
Rivinus evidently belongs to F. olitoria.

Fedia, as derived from Fedus, an ancient word, synonymous with
Hcrdus, a kid, is not unsuitable to this genus. Falerianella,
being a compound, as well as a diminutive, of an established
name, is inadmissible.

46 TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Crocus.
19. CROCUS. Crocus.

Lmn.Gen.2D. Juss.59. Fl.Br.39. Tourn.t. 183, 184. Lam.t.30.

Nat. Ord. Eiisatce. Linn. 6. Irides. Juss. 18. n, 20 and
21 the same.

Cal. radical, of 2 unequal, membranous, tubular sheaths,
single-flowered. Cor. superior; tube cylindrical, erect,
3 or 4 times the length of the limb, which is regular, in 6
elliptic-oblong, equal segments, 3 of them pardy internal.
Filam, in the mouth of the tube, shorter than the limb.
Anth. arrow-shaped, erect. Germ, at the root, inferior,
roundish. Style thread-shaped, very long, rising as high as
the stamens. Stigm. 3, dilated upwards, variously folded,
jagged, or many-cleft. Caps, membranous, of 3 cells,
and 3 valves. Seeds several, globular.

Stem or stcdk none. Bulb solid, externally coated. Leaves
several, recurved, linear, keeled, revolute, smooth, with a
white central stripe, radical as well as the Jlo^wers^ which
are blue or yellow, vernal or autumnal.

=* 1. C. sativus. Saffron Crocus.

Stigma prominent laterally, in three deep, Hnear, notched

segments.
C. sativus. Linn. Sp. PL 50, a. Willd. v. 1. 194. Vahl Enum.

V. 2. 45. fl. Br. 39. Woodv. t. 176. Redout. Liliac. t. 173.
C. officinalis. Huds. 13, a. Mart. Rust. t. 58.
C. autumnalis. Eiigl. Bot. v. 5. t. 343.
Crocus. RaiiSyn. 374. Ger. Em. 151. /. Trag. Hist. 763. f.

Fuchs.Hist. 441. f.
Crocum. Matth. Valgr. v. 1. 62, 63./,/. Camer. Epit. 33. f.
In meadows and pastures, naturalized probably.
Perennial. Sept.
Fl. shorter than the leaves, large, purple. Throat without hairs.

Stigm. deep-orange, fragrant, narrow, a little dilated upwards,

and notched at the summit. Anth. pale yellow. The stigmas

are the officinal Saffron.

2. C. vermis. Purple Spring Crocus.

Stigma within the flower, in three short wedge-shaped

jagged lobes. Tube of the corolla hairy at the mouth.
C. vernus. TVilld. v. 1. 195. Vahl Enum. v. 1. 46. Fl. Br. 40.

Engl. Bot. V. 5. t. 344. Ker in Curt. Mag. t. 860. Jacq. Austr .

app. t. 36. Redout, Liliac. t. 266.
C. sativus. Linn. Sp. PI. 50, /3.
C. officinalis. Huds. 13, /3.
C. n. 1257. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 127.

TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Trichonema. 47

C. vernalis caeruleus. Deering Nott. 60.
C. vernus, flore purpureo. Ger. Em. 154./.

In meadows about Nottingham plentifully, first observed by
Deering.

Perennial. March.

Fl. much like the last, occasionally white. Leaves less reyolute.
Stigm. pale, inodorous. Mr. Ker first noticed an assemblage of
entangled, jointed, pellucid hairs, closing the top of the tube j
an excellent character of this species. It is very common in
gardens, flowering a fortnight later than the still more abundant
Yellow Crocus, Curt. Mag. t.Ab.

3. C. nudiflorus. Naked-flowering Crocus.

Stigma within the flower, in three deeply-laciniated tufted
segments. Flower unaccompanied by leaves.

C. nudiflorus. Fl. Br. 41. Engl. Bot. v. 7. i.491. Vahl Enum.

v.2.46.
C. speciosus. Marsch. Taiir. Cauc. v. 1. 27, from the author.
C. sylvestris autumnalis. Dod.Pempt. 214./.
C. montanus autumnalis. Ger. Em. 154./. 6.
Colchicum commune. Deering Nott. 57.

In sandy meadows annually overflowed.

Between Nottingham castle and the Trent. Rev. Mr. Becker.

Perennial. Oct.

Tube of the cor. a foot long ; limb of a fine deep purple. Stigma
deep orange, not much scented. Leaves not produced till De-
cember, paler, flatter, with less of a white central stripe, than
in the two preceding. Capsule elliptical, stalked, ripening in May.

20. TRICHONEMA. Trichonema.

Ker in Sims 8( Kon. Ann. of Bot. v. 1. 222, Dryand. in Ait. Hart.

Kew. ed.2. v.\.S2. Sm. in Rees's Cycl. v. 36.
Romulea. Maratti Plant. 13. t.\.

Nat. Ord. see n. 19.

Cal. an inferior sheath, more than half the length of theror.
of 2 lanceolate, entire, permanent valves. Cor. superior ;
tube very short, funnel-shaped ; limb regular, somewhat
spreading. Filam. from the mouth of the tube, much
shorter than the limb, minutely hairy, with large, oblong,
converging anth. Style longer than the stam. Stigm. 3,
equal, spreading, very slender, rather abrupt, divided to
the base. Caps, roundish. Seeds globose.

Root a solid bulb. Stem simple or divided, naked, or bearing
one leaf. Leaves mostly radical, narrow, smooth. FL
solitary, various and changeable in colour and size.

48 TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Iris.

1 . T. Bulhocodium, Channel-leaved Trichonema.

Leaves linear, channelled, recurved, longer than the flower-
stalks.

T. Bulbocodium. Ait. Hart. Kew. ed. 2.v.\. 82.

Ixia Bulbocodium. Linyi. Sp. PI. 51. Willd. v. 1, 196. Vahl Enum.

V. 2. 50. Comp. 8. Etigl. Bot. v. 36. t. 2549. Fl. Gnec. v. 1 . 26.

t. 36. Jacq. Ic. Rar. t.27\. Curt. Mag. t. 265. Redout. Li-

liac. t.S8.
Sisyrinchium Theophrasti. Column. Ecphr. 328. t. 327.
Crocus vernus. Ger. Em. 153./. 1, 2.

On grassy hillocks in Guernsey. Mr. Gosselin.

Perennial. March, April.

Bulb ovate, with torn membranous coats, eatable. Leaves several,
spreading, 3 or 4 inches long. FL blue or purplish, ribbed,
varying to white or yellow, on simple or branched, sometimes
leafy, curved stalks.

21. IRIS. Iris, or Flower-de-luce.

Linn.Gen.27. Juss.57. Fl.Br.4\. Tourn. t. 186— 188. Lam.
t.33. Gartn.t. 13.

Nat. Ord. see n. 19.

Cal. an inferior sheath, of 2 leafy valves. Co?', superior ; 3
outer segments largest, rounded, reflexed, opposite to,
and applied underneath, the stigmas; sometimes hairy-
above ; inner erect, narrow : all united by a firm thick
base. Filam. awl-shaped, lying on the larger segments.
Anth, oblong, depressed. Germ, oblong, with 3 furrows.
Style short, thread-shaped. Stigm. 3, equal, dilated, and
of the texture of petals, two-lipped ; upper lip cloven,
erect; lower minute; with a cleft between them to re-
ceive the pollen. Caps, angular, of 3 cells and 3 valves.
Seeds numerous, 2-ranked, globular, or angular from
pressure.

Perennial smooth herbs, with a tuberous, sometimes bul-
bous, 7'oot, Stem leafy below, erect, round. Leaves
sheathing, mostly sword-shaped. Fl. several, large, pur-
ple, blueish, or yellow.

1 . I. Pseud-acorus. Yellow Water Iris.

Corolla beardless ; inner segments smaller than the stigmas.
Leaves sword-shaped. Seeds angular.

I. Pseud-acorus. Linn. Sp. PI. 56. Willd. v. 1. 232. Vahl Enum.
V.2. 138. Fl.Br.4\. Engl. Bot. i\9. t. 578. Curt.Lond.fasc.3.

TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Schcenus. 49

t. 4, Woodv. t. 40. Hook. Scot. 16. Fl. Dan. t. 494. Bull.Fr,
1. 137. Poit. 8^ Turp. Par. t. 4G. Cord. Hist. 134./
I. n. 12G0. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 129.

1. palustris lutea. Raii Syn. 374. Ger. Em. 50. f.
Pseudoacoium. Matth. Valgr. v. 1 . 20. f.
Pseudoiris. Dod. Pempt. 248./.

Acorus, Brunf. Herb. v. 2. 47. f.
Acorum falsum. Camer. Epit. 6.f.
A. officinarum. Fuchs. Hist. 13. f. 12.

In ditches, pools and rivers frequent.

Perennial. Julij.

Root horizontal, depressed, brown, very astringent. Stem 3 or 4
feet high. Leaves erect, ribbed, grass-green. Fl. from 3 to 6,
large, handsome, bright yellow j disk of the larger segments
pencilled with dark purple.

2. \,foetidissi?na. Stinking Iris, or Gladwyn. Roast-
beef plant.

Corolla beardless; inner segments spreading. Stem with
one angle. Leaves sword-shaped. Seeds globose.

I. foetidissima. Linn. Sp. PI. 57. Willd. v.\. 232. Fahl Enum.
V.2. 139. Fl. Br. 42. Engl. Bot. v. 9. t.596. Poit. Sf Turp.
Par. t.4o.

I. sylvestris quam Xyrim vocant. Raii Sjjn. 375.

Xyris. Ger. Em. 60. f. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 2 40. f. Camer. Epit. 7 S3. f.

Sphatula foetida. Fuchs. Hist. 793. f. 794. Trag.Hist. 904./

In groves, thickets, and under hedges, but rather rare. Dr. Wither-
ing observed it to be very common in all the south-west counties.

Perennial. May.

About 2 feet high. Leaves dull green, exhaling, when rubbed, a
scent compared to that of roast beef, to which it is no compli-
ment. Fl. dull pale purple, pencilled with dark veins. Seeds
orange-coloured, polished.

** Fl. inferior i chaffy. Seed 1.
22. SCHCENUS. Bog-rush.

Linn. Gen. PL 29. Juss.27. Fl. Br. 42. Br.Pr.23l, Lam. t.SS.f.l.
Chsetospora. Br. Pr. 232.

Nat. Ord. Calamaria, Linn. 3. CyperoidecE. Juss. 9. O/-
peracece. DeCand. 134. Br. Pr. 212. Five following
genera belong to the same. See Grammar 68, 198.

[This natural order, for which I prefer the original name of
Calamaria^ has received great illustration by Mr. Brown's
discoveries in New Holland ; and from his Prodrovms
the following characters, in addition to Jussieu's, given

50 TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Schoenus.

in the Grammar, are princi})ally taken. My calj/x, con-
sisting of a single scale or glume to eachjlower, and often
accompanied by many smaller empty ones in each spike,
is the palea (chaff or scale) of Mr. Brown. The Perianth,
or Cal2/j:, of this author, is either wanting, or consists of
rough bristles, various in number, or more rarely is mem-
branous, as in the genus Carex, consisting in that instance
of 1 valve ; in others of 3. But my objection to this view
of the subject is, that these bristles, or membranous parts,
are situated between the stamens and germen, and cannot
therefore be either calyx or corolla, but are rather an
appendage to the germen and seed, which latter they ac-
company to the last.

The stamens are " of a definite number, generally 3, some-
times 1 or 2, sometimes 4 or 6, very rarely 12;" their
Jilaments either capillary, or flat, lax and spreading, pro-
ceeding from the receptacle beneath the germen ; anthers
attached by the base, linear, undivided, mostly pendulous,
of 2 cells, bursting lengthwise. Germen with the rudiment
of a single kernel only, which is attached by its base to the
bottom; style cylindrical, or more commonly triangular,
finally separating, either at the base, or more usually at a
joint, a little way up, leaving the lower part to form a beak
to the seed ; stigmas linear, downy, rarely cloven. Seed
hard, often polished, coloured, and dotted, with as many
angles as there are stigmas ; its chief bulk consisting of a
firm albumen of the same shape; embryo simple, orbicular,
flattened, situated in the base of the seed, on the outside
of the albumen, as Mr. Brown observes in opposition to
Goertner, who, with Jussieu, describes this organ as within
the albumen; plumula not discernible.

The Jlowers are ranged in spikes, various in length; the
lower glumes of which are, many of them, in some cases,
abortive and destitute of any organs of fecundation.

I think nothing is gained by calling the seed of these plants
a nut, on account of its hardness, which is but compara-
tive ; there being no supernumerary integument to distin-
guish this seed from others, acknowledged to be simple
and naked.]

SCH(ENUS.

Spike of 1 — 3 Jloiaers, subtended by numerous, smaller,
empty, keeled, folded, crowded glumes, in 2 opposite
ranks. Cor. none. Filam. capillary, longer than the
glumes. Anth, linear, erect. Germ, superior, round' sh,

TRIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Rhynchospora. 51

more or less triangular, with or without a few rough
bristles, shorter than its own glume, underneath. Sti/le
capillary, simple and without a joint at the base, deci-
duous. Slig7)i. 3, acute, feathery. Seed the shape of the
germen, hard, loose, simply pointed.
Moot scarcely creeping. Ste?}2s erect, rushy, round or tri-
angular, without joints, leafy chiefly at the base. Leaves
sheathing, rigid. Spikes aggregate, brownish. The bristles
under the germen are present or not, in species otherwise
so nearly akin, that they appear scarcely to mark even
natural sections of the genus. The same is the case in
Scirpus.

1. S. 7ugricans. Black Bog-rush.

Stem round, naked. Head roundish, abrupt, overtopped
by one of the two floral leaves.

S. nigricans. Linn. Sp. PI. 64. Willd. v. 1. 261. FuhlEnum. v. 2.
208. FL Br. 43. Engl. Bot. v. ]G. t. ] 121. Hook. Scot. ]6.
Don H. Brit. 5 1 . Schracl. Germ. v. 1 . 113.

Cyperus nigricans. M^ith. 78.

C. n. 1347. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 181.

Juncus leevis minor, panicula glomerata nigrlcante. RaiiSyn. 430.

J. lithospermi semine. Magn. Monsp. 14.5. t. 144.

J, capitatus lithospermi semine. Moris, sect. 8. 1. 10./. 28.

Junco affinis, capitulo glomerato nigricante. Scheuchz. Agr. 349.
t.l.f. 12, 13, I 4.

On turfy bogs.

Perennial. June.

Root of very long strong fibres, crowned with black, shining, erect,
folded sheaths, a few of which bear very narrow, acute, upright
leaves, convex beneath, and embrace the bottom of the simple,
rigid, otherwise naked, stem, which is from 8 to 12 inches high.
Head black. Anth. long, prominent, yellow. Stigm. 3, dark
purple. Seed white and polished, with a few narrow rough
scales below the base, arising from the elongated receptacle,
represented in Eng. jBo^.but overlooked by Vahl and Schrader.

23. RHYNCHOSPORA. Beak-rush.

Fahl Eyium. v. 2. 229. Br. Pr. 229.

Nat. Grd. see ??,. 22.

Spike of 2 or 3 perfect Jlowers, subtended by numerous,
gradually smaller, empty, crowded glumes. Gl. all im-
bricated in every direction, concave, pointed. Cor. none,
Filam. 1, 2 or 3. A}ith. linear, erect. Germ, superior,

e2

52 TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Rhynchospora.

roundish, small, with several rough bristles, shorter than
its glume, beneath. Style capillary, with a broad base,
which remains, forming a hard, conical, compressed, pale
beak to the convex, otherwise obtuse, seed.
Stems erect, simple, leafy, triangular. Leaves keeled, with
entire sheaths. Spikes in corymbose, stalked heads, FL
sometimes partly monoecious, according to Vahl.

1. R. alba. White Beak-rush.

Heads abrupt. Stamens two. Leaves tapering. Numerous
bristles at the base of the seed.

R. alba. Vahl Enum. v.2. 236.

Schoenus albus. Linn. Sp. PL 65. Willd. v. 1 . 267. FL Br. 46.

EngL Bot. V. 14. t 985. Hook. Scot. 16. Don H. Br. 53. FL

Dan. t. 320, bad.
Scirpusn. 1341. HalL Hist. v.2. 179.
Cyperus minor palustiis hirsutus, paniculis albis paleaceis. Rail

Sijn. 427. Moris, v. 3. 239. secL 8. L 9. /. 39.
Gramen junceum leucanthemum. Ger. Em. 30.*
G. cyperoides palustre leucanthemum. Scheuchz. Agr. 503. t.W.

Gramini luzulae accedens glabrum, in palustribus proveniens, pa-
niculatum. Pluk. Phyt. L 34. f. \l.

On turfy bogs, most frequent in mountainous countries.

Perennial. July, Aug.

Root moderately creeping. Whole plant smooth and slender,
from 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves erect, shorter under the flower-
stalks. Spikes slender, very white when recent ; pale reddish
brown when old or dry. Stigm. 2. -Seed lenticular, greyish, with
a flat beak, one third its own length, and about 10 brown rough
bristles from the receptacle, rising above it.

2. ^.Jiisca, Brown Beak-rush.

Heads ovate-oblong. Stamens three. Leaves thread-shaped.
Three bristles at the base of the seed.

R. alba /3. Vahl Enum. v. 2. 236.

Schoenus fuscus. Linn. Sp. PL 1664. Willd. v. 1. 262. EngL BoL

V. 22. ^.1575. Don H. Br. 203. Ehrh. Beitr. v. 4. 154. Phy-

toph. n. 1. Roth Germ. v. 2. 48. Schrad. Germ. v.\. 110. Turn.

in BoL Guide 754. FL Dan. t. 1562.
Cyperus minor angustifolius palustris, capitulis fuscis paleaceis.

Moris. V.3. 239. secL 8. L 1 1./.40, bad. DHL inRaiiSyn. 427.

In bogs, rare.

On Cromlyn bog, near Swansea. Mr. E. Forster. Near Killarney,
Ireland, Mr. Mackay. Originally gathered near the isle of

TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Cyperus. 53

Purbeck, Dorsetshire, by the Rev. Mr. Lightfoot, according to
a specimen in the herbarium of the Rev. Mr. Hasted, Bury.
Mr. John Denson.
Smaller than R. alba. Leaves narrower, of a more even thickness,
not tapering. Glumes of a shining n ddish brow^n. Bristles only
3, alternate with the 3 permanent i^^am. Style varying in length.

24. CYPERUS. Cyperus, or Galingale.

Lifin. Gen. 29. Juss. 27. FL Br. 47. Tourn. t. 299. /. D— F.
Lam. t. 38. Gcertn. t. 2.

Nat. Orel, see n. 22.

Sj)i/ce mostly linear, compressed, of numerous Jloixers^ with
uniform, keeled glumes, imbricated in 2 opposite ranks,
all perfect, except one or two at the bottom. Filam. 2
or 3, short. Anth, linear. Germ, roundish, without
bristles beneath. Style simple at the base, deciduous.
Stigm. 2 or 3. Seed pointed, smooth, loose.

Root fibrous, or creeping. Stem simple, without joints,
round, or mostly triangular, leafy or sheathed about the
bottom, as well as at the summit. Spikes terminal, ag-
gregate, either capitate or spiked.

1. C. longus. Sweet Cyperus. English Galingale.

Stem triangular. Umbel leafy, twice compounded, with
naked stalks. Spikes alternate.

C. longus. Linn. Sp. PL 67. Willd. v. 1 . 285, excl. Rottb. svn.

Vahl Enum. v. 1. 346. Fl. Br. 47. Engl. Bot. v. 19. t. 1309.

Jacq. Ic. Ear. t. 297. B.aiiSyn. 425. Ger. Em.30.ff. Schrad.

Germ. v. 1. 120.
C. longus odoratus. Bauh. Theatr. 216. f. Moris, v. 3. 237. sect. 8.

f. 11./. 13.
C. odoratus, radice longa. Scheuchz. Agr. 378. t. S.f. 12.

In marshes, but very rare.

By a rivulet between St. David's town and St. David's head. Sir
John Cullum, Bart. At Walton in Gordan, Somersetshire.
Mr. Dyer.

Perennial. July.

Root moderately creeping, highly aromatic, and astringent. Stem
2 or 3 feet high, with a very large, leafy, compound, erect um-
bel, whose slender triangular stalks are closely sheathed at the
base. Spikes shining brown, narrow, erect, 5 or 6 together,
loosely spreading in 2 directions. Stigm. 3.

54 TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Scirpus.

2. Cfuscus. Brown Cyperus.

Stem triangular. Umbel compound, with three unequal

leaves beneath. Spikes crowded, spreading every way.

Stigmas three.
C. fuscus. Linn. Sp. PL 69. WiUd. v, 1. 280. Vahl Enum. v. 2.

336. Hook. Lond. t. 85. FL Dan. t. 179. Fl. Gmc. v. 1. 34.

t.AS. Poit. 8,' Turp. Par. t. 75. Schrad. Germ. v.\.\ 18. Leers 9.

t.\.f.2. E/irh.Calam. III.
C. n. 1349. Hall. Hist. i). 2. 181.

C. minimus, panicula sparsa nigricante, Scheuchz. Agr, 384.
C. minor pulcher, panicula compressa nigricante. Moris, v. 3. 239.

sect.S. t. 11,/. 38.

In wet meadows, rare,

Found by Mr. Haworth in a low marshy meadow, half a mile from
Little Chelsea. Hooker.

Annual. Sept.

Root of many simple fibres. Stems several, about 6 mches high,
smooth and pliant. Spikes numerous. Gl. brown, more or less
dark, pale at the keel ; the lower ones gradually deciduous with
the seed. Stam. but 2 according to Dr. Hooker ; 3 are repre-
sented in Fl. Dan. as well as by Leers^ Poiteau, and Bauer.
We have seen no living specimens to settle this matter. The
seed is triangular, inequilateral, pale, with a simple beak, Will-
denow, Vahl, and even Schrader, copy Linnseus's erroneous'
reference to Morison, if. 9, for 11 ,

25. SCIRPUS. Club-rush, and Bull-rush.

Linn. Gen. 30. Juss. 27. FL Br. 48. Br. Pr. 223. Lam. t.SS.f. 2.
Gartn. t.2.

Isolepis. Br. Pr. 221.

Nat. Ord. see n. 22.

Sj)ike of numerous Jloi^ers, all perfect. GL imbricated in
every direction, expanded, concave, uniform, except 1 or
2 occasionally. Cor. none. Filam. flat. Aiith. linear.
Style neither jointed nor dilated at the base, deciduous.
Stigm. 2 or 3, downy. Seed with or without rough bristles
beneath ; often pointed.

Bog or water plants for the most part, with generally
perennial, fibrous, seldom creeping, roots. Stem round or
angular, naked, except at the base or summit, without
joints. Irrflorescence usually compound, rarely simple.
isolepis differs solely in the want of bristles under the
germen.

TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Scirpus. 55

* S])?'kcs soliicny.

1. S. ccEspitosifs. Scaly-stalked Club-rush.

Stem round, striated ; sheathed and invested with numerous
scales at the base. Spike terminal. Outer glumes largest,
with leafy points.

S. caespitosus. Linn. Sp. PI 71. ^'illd. v. \. 292. Vahl Enum.

V. 2. 242. Fl. Br. 49. Engl. Bot. v.\b.t. 1029. Bel. Budb.

t.2S.f. 1. Hook. Scot. 17. Don H. Br. 132. Schrad. Germ,

v.\. 123. Ehrh. Calam. 102.
S. montanus, capitulo breviori. Bail Syn. 429. Scheuchz. Jgr. 363.

L7.f.\8.
S. n. 1334. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 1/6.
Juncus parvus montanus^ cum parvis capitulis luteis. Bauh. Hist.

f. 2. 523./. 2.

On turfy barren heaths common.

Perennial. July.

Boot with many coarse, tough, zigzag fibres. Stems numerous,
from 3 to 12 inches high, in dense tufts, erect, naked, except
at the base^ where they bear 2 or 3 very short leaves, with long
sheaths, besides numerous tumid, furrowed, polished, permanent,
radical, external scales. Spikes solitary, small, reddish brown,
many of them pinched and abortive ; sometimes entirely sup-
pressed ; whence the barren stems have been taken, as Schrader
remarks, for leaves. Two outer glumes as tall as the spike,
pointed, their seeds most invariably perfected. Stigm. 3, rarely
4. Seed elliptical, triangular, brown, with green edges, sub-
tended by about 6 forked bristles.

This specie's and the next approach in habit and character to
Eleocharis hereafter described, to which I would remove them
rather than not admit that genus. Mr. Brown, liowever, does
not enumerate them as belonging to it.

2. S. pauciflorus. Chocolate-beaded Club-rush.
Stem round, with a tight leafless sheath at the base. Spike

terminal, of few flowers, longer than its blunt membranous-
tipped outer glumes.

S.pauciflorus. Lightf. 1078. Fl. Br. 50. Engl. Bot. v. 16. t.l\22.
Hook. Scot. 17. "Don H. Br. 1 27.

S. Baeothryon. Ehrh. Phyt.3]. Lijin. Suppl. 103. fVilld. v. \. 293.
Vahl Enum. v. 2. 244. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 125. Both Germ.
V.2. 54..

S. campestris. Both Catal. r. 1. 5.

S. n. 1335. Hall. Hist. v.2. 176.

S. minimus, spica breviore, squamosa, spadice^. Scheuchz. Agr. 364.
t.7.f.\9.

On moors and mountains in Scotland, not uncommon.

56 TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Scirpus.

Near Yarmouth, Norfolk. Mr. D. Turner.

Perennial. August.

Smaller than the last, with several barren stems, but no real leaves.
The numerous radical polished imbricated scales are also want-
ing, there being only a very few thin and narrow ones, besides
the close abrupt sheaths which embrace each stem. Spike smaller
and blacker than in S. ccespitosus, but, except when starved,
twice as long as the 2 outer glumes, which end in a rounded
membranous border. Seed grey, shining, obtuse, with a brown
point, and at the base 6 fine rough bristles.

I prefer Lightfoot's unexceptionable and original name to the
pedantic one of Ehrhart, foisted, like many other such, by him,
into the Supplementum of Linnaeus, while printing ; contrary to
the author's intention.

3. ^.fluitans. Floating Club-rush.

Stem branched, leafy, pliant and floating. Flower-stalks
alternate, naked. Spikes terminal, of few flowers.

S. fluitans. Linn. Sp. PL 71. Willd. v. 1. 295. VahlEnum. v. 2.
246. Fl. Br. 5\. Engl. Bot. v. 3. t.2\6. Hook. Scot. 18. Don
H. Br. 129. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 130. Fl. Dan. t. 1082.

S. equiseto capitulo minori. Raii Syn. 431. Scheuchz.Agr.365.
t.7.f.20.

Isolepis fluitans. Br. Pr. 22 1 .

Gramen junceum clavatum minimum, sen Holosteum palustre
repens, foliis capitulis et seminibus psyllii. Moris, v. 3. 230.
sect. 8. t. 10./. 31. Pluk. Phyt, 1.35. f'.\.

In ditches and ponds j as well as in pools upon grassy commons
and heaths, occasionally dried up.

Perennial. June, July.

Stem zigzag, most slender in the lower part. Leaves awl-shaped,
keeled, spreading at nearly a right angle with their sheaths j
those that are under water longest and almost capillary. Flower-
stalks 2 or 3 inches long, compressed, contracted at the top.
Spikes solitary, small, pale green, with obtuse glumes, and
yellow anthers. Style short. Stigmas 2, long and feathery.
Seed pale, round, with 3 angles, and a very small point ; no
bristles underneath.

** Stem rounds isoith several spikes.

4. S. lacustris. Bull-rush.

Stem romid, naked. Panicle cymose, twice compound,
terminal. Spikes ovate. Bracteas generally much shorter
than the panicle.

5. lacustris. Linn. Sp. PL 72. Willd, v. 1. 296. Vahl Emm. v. 2,

TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Scirpus. 57

267. Fl. Br.t)2. Engl. Bot. v. 10. t. 66Q. Hook. Lond. ^ 91.
Scot. 18. Br. Pr. 223. Ehrh. Calam. 112. Fl. Dan. t. 1142.

S. palustris altissimus. Baii Syn. 428. Scheuchz. Agr. 354.

Juncus maximus, seu Scirpus. Bauh. Theatr. \7S.f.

In clear ditches, ponds, and the borders of lakes and rivers.

Perennial. July, August.

Root thick, creeping. Stems 4 — 6 feet high, soft, spongy, smooth,
used for thatching, and especially for platted chair-bottoms.
Leaves at the base 1 or 2, short, with long sheaths. Panicle
various in luxuriance, or number of spikes, which are brown,
soft, half an inch long, with fringed, pointed glumes. Stam. 3,
flat. Stigm. 3, rarely but 2. Seed obovate, flat at one side,
keeled at tlie other, having 6 rough bristles at the base, and
ending in a very small brown point.

5. S. glaucus. Glaucous Club-rush.

Stem roiindj naked, glaucous. Panicle cymose, not higher

than the bractea. Spikes ovate, conglomerate. Stigmas

two.

S. glaucus. Comp. 10. Engl. Bot. v. 33. t. 2321.

S. lacustris (3. Fl. Br. 52. Huds. 19. Hook. Scot. 18.

5. palustris humilior. Scheuchz. Agr. 356.

Juncus sive Scirpus medius. Rail Syn. 428. Bauh. Theatr. 181./.

In salt-marshes, and salt-water ditches, not uncommon.

On the west of Ardbigland, Galloway, Scotland. Mr. J. Mackay.

Shoreham, Sussex j and Cley, Norfolk. Mr. Borrer.
Perennial. August.
Two feet high, of a glaucous hue. Pan. less compound. Spikes

more crowded, darker, with broader glumes dotted with purple.

Stig7n. never more than 2. A very distinct species.

6. S. HoloschcBnus . Round-cluster-headed Club-
rush.

Stem round, naked. Spikes numerous, in globular, sessile
or stalked, heads. Bracteas two, unequal, leafy. Leaves
channelled. Seed without bristles.

S. Holoschoenus. Linn. Sp. PL 72. Willd. i\\. 297. Vahl Enum.

v.2.264. Fl.Br.53. Engl. Bot. v. 23. t. \6\2. Fl. Dan. t. 454,

bad. Dicks. Dr. PL 2. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 135.
S. maritimus, capitulis rotundioribus glomeratis. Raii Syn. 429.
Scirpoides maritimum, capitulis sparsis glomeratis. Scheuchz. Agr.

371. t.8.f.2—5.
Juncus maritimus capitulis rotundis. Moris, v. 3. 232. sect. 8. t. 10.

/ 1 7. Pluk. Phyt. L 40. f. 4. ReL Rudb. 22. f. 1, and 25. f. 3.

Bauh. Theatr. 174./.
Holoschoenus. Dalech. Hist. 987. f.

58 TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Scirpus.

On sandv sea shores, in the south of England, rare.

At Braunton Boroughs, Devonshire, found by Mr. Stevens. Ray.
In ISomfersetshire, Hampshire, Dorsetshire, &c. Sherard, Pe-
fiver, &c.

Perennial. Sept.

Roots tufted. Stems firm, rushy. Leaves and bracteas acute, with
a white furrow along the upper side. Heads sessile or stalked,
brown, opaque, varying from 1 to 12 or 15 in England, and to
more than 60 in warmer climates. Glumes obovate, with a point,
keeled, fringed. Siigm. 3. S. ausiralis and romanus of Linnaeus
are varieties of this, with 1 or 2 heads, and S. globiferus of his
son, in the Suppl. 1 04, is an opjjosite variety with about 60. -

7. S. setaceus. Bristle-stalked Club-rush.

Stem bristle-shaped, leafy at the base. Spikes about two,
sessile, surmounted by a leafy bractea. Seed furrowed,
without bristles.

S. setaceus. Linn. Sp. PL 73. Willd. v. 1 . 298. Vahl Enum. v. 2.

253. Fl.Br. 54. Engl. Bot. v. 24. t. 1693. Dicks. H. Sice.

fasc. 12. 1. Don H. Br. 130. Hook. Lond. t.97. Scot. 19.

Fl. Dan. t.Sll. Leers 10. t.l.f. 6. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 137.

Hofm. Germ, for 1800. t. 2. Ehrh. Phytoph. 51.
S. foliaceus humilis. Raii Syn. 430.

S. omnium minimus, capitulo breviori. Scheuchz. Agr. 358.
Isolepis setacea. Br. Pr. 222.
Juncellus omnium minimus. Moris, v. 3. 232. sect. 8. t. 10./. 23.

In watery places, on sandy or gravelly ground.

Annual. July, August.

Stems tufted, about 3 inches high, slender, with 1 or 2, rarely 3,
little roundish or ovate spikes, green or brownish, pointing ob-
liquely, apparently lateral, but what rises above them is a leafy
hractea, attended occasionally by a small one underneath. Stigvi.
3, downy. Seed turbinate, triangular, slightly pointed, greyish,
furrowed lengthwise, destitute of bristles.

8. S. cariciniis. Compressed Club-rush.

Stem roundish, leafy- at the bottom. Spikes aggregate, two-
ranked, many-flowered. Leaves flat, with rough edges
and keel. Seed with six bristles at the base.

S. caricinus. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 132. Wahlenh. Lapp. 16.

S. caricis. Retz. Prodr. 16. Roth Germ. v. 2. 56. Willd. Sp. PL

V. 1. 292.
Schoenus compressus. Linn. Sp. PL 65. Vahl Enum. v. 2. 2\4.

FL Br. 44. EngL Bot. v. II. t. 791. Hook. Scot. 1 6. Pollich

V. 1 . 35. t.\.f. 2, faulty. Leers 9. L \.f. 1, excellent, EhrK

Phytoph. 11. Dicks. K. Sice. fasc. 3. 2.

TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Scirpus. 59

Carex uliginosa. Limi. Sp. PL 1381. FL Suec. 325.

Gramen cyperoides, spica simplici compressa disticha. Pluk. Phyt.
t. 34. /9. Raii^Sijn. 425. Scheiicliz. Agr. 490. t. 11./. 6.

In boggy meadows, not very uncommon.

Perennial. July.

Root somewhat creeping. Stem about a foot high, simple. Leaves
grass-green, sheathing, acute, keeled, rough-edged towards the
end, nearly as tall as the stem. Spikes of a bright chesnut
brown, collected into a flat common spike, in 2 ranks, the outer
glume of each shorter than itself, and empty. Stigm. 2, (Pollich's
figure shows 3,) downy. Seed lenticular, grey, with 6 rough,
longish bristles beneath, and beaked with an unusually long
portion of the style, nearly the whole of it, though the stigmas
are deciduous.

9. S. riifus. Brown Club-rusb.

Stem round, leafy at the bottom. Spikes aggregate, two-
ranked, few-flowered. Leaves channelled, smooth, with-
out a keel. Seed without bristles.

S. rufus. Sclirad. Germ. v. 1. 133. t. \.f. 3. Fl. Dan. t. 1504.
Schccnus rufus. Huds. 15. Fl. Br. 45. E7igl. Bot. v. 15. t. 1010.

FahlEnum. v. 2. 215. Hook. Scot. 17. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 10. 6.

Don H.Brit. 52.
S. compress! varietas. Light/. 1138. t. 24./. 2.

In marshes towards the sea coast, in many parts of Scotland, as
well as in Mull, SkyC;. Arran, &c.

On the western coas't of Ireland. Dr. Wade. Near the bridge
between Bootle and Crosby rabbit-warren, between Liverpool
and Ince. Mr. John Shepherd. In Anglesea. Rev. H. Davies.

Perennial. June, July.

Root creeping, v/ith downy fibres. Stems 4 to 6 inches high, round,
quite smooth and even. Leaves 2, smooth throughout, semi-
cylindrical, channelled, but not keeled, generally much shorter
than the stem, which they embrace at the bottom with their
sheaths. Compound spike ovate, flat, imperfectly 2-ranked, of a
dark rusty brown. Bractea often very short ; sometimes nearly
equal to the whole spike, and leafy 5 often entirely wanting
Flowers 2, 3 or 4. Glumes turgid, even and polished ; the
outermost large, empty, as long as the partial spike to which it
belongs. Stigm. 2. Seed ovate, smooth, pointed at each end,
flat on one side, tumid on the other, tipped with a short jagged
beak left by the style, and certainly without any bristles at the
base. This last character, faithfully expressed in Engl. Bot.,
effectually distinguishes this species from the last 5 and at the
same time proves the unimportance of these bristles for a generic
character, the two species in question being so nearly allied, that
good botanists have hardly been able to discriminate them.

CO TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Scirpus.

*** Stem triangular. Panicle naked,

10. S. triqueter^ Triangular Club-rush.

Stem acutely triangular, straight, naked, sharp-pointed.
Spikes lateral ; sessile or stalked. Stigmas two. Seed
smooth.

S, triqueter. Uim. Mant. 1. 29. mild. v. 1 . 302. Vahl Enurn.

V. 2. 270. FL Br. 55. Engl. Bot. v. 24. t. 1694. Hook. Lond.

t.^2. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 140. Fl. Dan. t. 1563.
S. n. 1338. Hall. Hht. v. 2. ]77.
Juncus acutus maritimus, caule triquetro maximo moUi, et proce-

riornostras. Pluk, Almag. 200. Phyt. t. 40. f. 2. RaiiSyn.42S.
(3. Scirpus pungens. Vahl Eniim. v. 2. 255.
Juncus acutus maritimus caule triquetro, rigido, mucrone pungente.

Pluk. Almag. 200. Phyt. t. 40. f. 1 . Dill, in Rail Syn. 429.
J. acutus maritimus, caule triangulo. Bauh. Theatr. \7b.f. Moris.

r.S. 232. sect. 8. t. 10. f. 20. Rel. Rudb. 22. f. 2, 3.

About the muddy banks of rivers exposed to the tide, but rarely.
In the Thames at Lambeth, Battersea, &c. as well as below
London. Doody. /3. Found by Sherard in Jersey.

Perennial. August.

Root creeping, forming large entangled tufts. Stems 3 feet high,
acutely triangular throughout, pliant and cellular, with many
transverse interruptions ; the point erect and rather sharp. Leaf
solitaiy, very short, with a long close sheath. Spikes from a
lateral' cleft, 2 or 3 inches below the top, partly sessile, partly
on rigid angular stalks ; all ovate, of numerous, closely imbri-
cated, elliptical, concave, fringed, keeled, pointed, partly reddish,
glumes. Stam. 3, with 3 rough intermediate bristles. Stigm. 2,
downy. Seed roundish, obtuse, smooth and polished, in which,
as Schrader observes, it differs from the exotic S. mucronatus,
whose seed is minutely corrugated, with 5 or 6 rough bristles
beneath. Our S. triqueter has 3 or 4, scarcely more. /3, as far
as I can discover, is but a variety, whose spikes are all sessile.
Yet Plukenet's figure more resembles a Carolina species, .S.
americanusoi Pursh, n. 16 ^ and Commerson's specimen before
me, alluded to by Vahl, is like mucronatus, but has smooth seeds.

11. ^. carinatus. Blunt-edged Club-rush.

Stem bluntly triangular upwards, naked ; round at the base.
Panicle cjonose, terminal. Bractea pungent, channelled,
erect. Stigmas two.

S. carinatus. Comp.XO. Engl. Bot. v. 28. t. 1983. Hook. Lond. t. 79.
S. lacustris /3. Huds,\9. Fl. Br. 52.

Juncus aquaticus medius, caule carinato. Dill, in Raii Syn. 428.
Doody's Furrowed Bull-rush. Pet. Cone. Gram. n. 199.

TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Scirpus. 61

About the banks of large rivers.

In the Thames at Battersea- and Limehouse. Doody. Above
Westminster bridge. Mr. E. Forster. On the banks of the Arun,
near Arundel castle. Mr. Borrer.

Perennial. August.

Root creeping. Leaf none. Stem rather convex between the
angles ; not fiat, or concave, as in 6\ trigueter. Panicle most
like S. lacustris, but the principal bractea is often longer, and
more of the texture of the stem 5 still evincing its true nature,
as I apprehend, by being channelled ; though with regard to
terminal or lateral inflorescence, the present species is inter-
mediate in nature, between lacustris and triqueter. Spikes ovate,
numerous, rusty. Stigm. 2. Seed smooth, with 6 rough bristles
beneath.

###* ^^^^ triaiigulai'. Panicle leafy.

12. S. marithnus. Salt-marsh Club-rush.

Stem triangular. Panicle teraiinal, leafy. Spikes conglo-
merate. Glumes torn, with an intermediate point. Stigmas
three.

S. maritimus. Linn. Sp. PL 74. Willd. v. 1. 306. Fahl Enum.

V. 2. 269. Fl. Br. 56. Engl. Bot. v. 8. t. 542. Curt. Lond.

fasc.4.t.4. Hook. Scot. \9. Don H.Br. 131. Schrad. Germ.

?;. 1. 143. Ehrh.Calam. 12.
S. n. 1339. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 1/8.

Gramen cyperoides palustre, panicula sparsa. Rail Sijji. 425.
G. cyperoides, panicula sparsa, majus. Bauh. Theatr. 86./.
G. aquaticum cyperoides vulgatius. Ger. Em. 22. f.
Cyperus longus inodorus latifolius, spicis tumidioribus minus

sparsis. Moris, v. 3. 238. sect. 8. t. 11./. 25.
/3. Scirpus tuberosus. Desfont. Atlant. v. 1, 50.
S. maritimus. Fl. Dan. t. 937.
Cyperus rotundus littoreus. Ger. Em. 31./
C. rotundus inodorus littoreus. Mom. 2;. 3. 236. sect. 8. t.W.

f. 9. Raii Syn. 426.

In salt marshes, and about the banks of great rivers exposed to
the tide, frequent.

Perennial, July, August. '

Root creeping; in p knotty. Stem 1 — 3 feet high, striated 3 roughish
at the angles 3 leafy at the base and summit. Leaves sheathing,
keeled, dark-green, rough-edged, taper-pointed. Spikes ovate,
soft, partly stalked, solitary or aggregate 3 occasionally elongated
and cylindrical. Glumes membranous, of a dark uniform brown,
often minutely downy 3 the point, or awn, longer than in the
neighbouring species. Seed roundish, shining brown, with 3
blunt angles, and from 1 to 5 or 6 rough bristles.

62 TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Eleocharis.

13. S. sylvaticiis. Wood Club-rush. Millet Cy-

perus-giass.
Stem triangular, leafy throughout. Panicle terminal, leafy,

cymose, repeatedly compound. Flower-stalks sheathed

at the base. Spikes aggregate.
S. svh-aticus. Unn. Sp. PL 75. Willd. v.]. 307. Vahl Enum.

V.2. 271. FL Br. 57. Engl. Bot. v. 13. ^.919. Hook. Scot. 19.

Fl. Dan. f.307. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 145. Leers 10. t. \.f. 4.

Ekrh.Calam. 131.
S. n. 1340. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 178.
Cyperus gramineus. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 504. /. Rail Syn. 426.

Scheuchz. Agr. 393.
C. gramineus miliaceus. Ger. Em. 30,/.
Gramen cyperoides miliaceum. Bauh. Theatr. 90. f.
G. arundinaceum, foliis acutissimis, panicula inultiplici, cyperi

facie. Loes. Pruss. 119. t.33.

In nrioist shady woods, not common.

In Pembrokeshire, Warwickshire and Essex. Ray. In Norfolk.
Mr. Rose, and Mr. Stone. In several woods about London, as
well as in the south of Scotland.

Perennial. June, July.

Root creeping. Stem a yard high, or more, smooth. Leaves nu-
merous, grassy, flat ■ rough and cutting at the edges and keeL
Panicle of innumerable, little, dark-green, ovate spikes. Glumes
obtuse, with more or less of a small point. Stigm. 3. Seed len-
ticular, convex at one side, whitish, smooth, with 6 or 8 longish
rough bristles.

26. ELEOCHARIS. Spike-rush.

Br. Pr. 224.

Scirpus. Tourn. t. 300. Lam. t. 38./. 1 .

Nat. Ord. see n, 22.

SpiJce of numerous fowers, all perfect. Gl. imbricated in
every direction, expanded, uniform. Cor. none. Filam.
capillary. Anth, linear. Germ, compressed. Style di-
lated at the base, and united, by a suddenly contracted
joint, with the germen. Stigm. 2 or 3. Seed lenticular,
or triangular, crowned with the hard, discoloured,
wrinkled, triangular or compressed, permanent base of
the style. Bristles 4—12, finely toothed, beneath the
gei-men, rarely wanting, springing from one common mem-
branous base with the 3 stamens.

[The ingenious Mr. Kunth, in a treatise on the family of
Cyperacece, p. 4, has objected to Mr. Brown's idea of an

TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Eleocharis. 63

articulation in the sfijlc ; because, as he justly says, an
actual joint would intercq^t the impreojnation. But there
is no question of any such thing. There is nothing ana-
logous, in the vegetable body, to the joints in the limbs
of animals. The term is used for a certain point where,
after the original functions of the part have been per-
formed, a solution of continuity takes place ; as in the
rachis, or main stalk, of the spiked grasses, which becomes
very brittle at each joint, when the seeds ripen, though
originally continuous. The same may be observed in the
stalks of leaves, and of fruits.J
Water plants with simple leafless steins, sheathed at the
base, and a solitary, terminal, erect, leafless spike.

1. Yi, palustris. Creeping Spike-rush.

Stem round. Root creeping. Stigmas two. Seed lenti-
cular, most convex at one side.

Scirpus palustris. Linn. Sp. PL 70. HUM. t'. 1 . 29 1 . Vahl Enum,

V. 2. 247. Ft. Br. 48. Engl. Bot. v. 2. ^.131. Rel. Rudb. 27.

f. 2. Don H. Br. 126. Hook. Scot. 18. Fl. Dan. t. 2/3. Poit.

^ Turp. Par. t. 59. Leers 10. t. l.f. 3. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 127.

Walilenb.Lapp. 14.

S. n. 1336. Hall Hist. v. 2. 177.

S. equiseti capitulo majori, RaiiSyn. 429. Scheuchz. Agr.360.

Juncus equiseti capitulis. Beuih. Theatr. 186./.

J. minor, capitulis equiseti. Ger. Em. 35./. 1631.

Juncellus cyperoides, capitulo simplici, Loes. Pruss. 131. ^36-

In ditches, rivulets, and boggy ground, very common.

Perennial. June, July.

The root sends out horizontal runners, which fix themselves here
and there by fibrous radicles. Stems many together, erect, as
thick as a crow's quill, smooth, from 6 to 12 inches high, each
invested at the base with 2 or 3 tight, entire, cylindrical, reddish
sheaths. Leaves x\one. iS)327te ovate-oblong, acute, half an inch
long. Glumes brown, bluntly keeled, acute, encompassed with
a pale membranous border, and a little expanded while in flower.
Stam 3, capillary. Anth. linear, bufl^-coloured, loosely spread-
ing. Germ, ovate. iS^/^m«5 certainly but 2, downy, spreading, the
length of the style, whose base is greatly dilated, and ovate, but
its point of attachment with the germen is not thicker than the
upper part of the style. Seed yellow, polished, roundish-obovate,
tumid at each side, but most on that next the glume, crowned
by the brown, wrinkled, compressed, permanent, unpolished base
of the style, and subtended by from 3 to 5 bristles, about its
own length, rough with deflexed teeth. Three stigmas are very
erroneously represented, in Engl. Bot. this species not being
then well distinguished from the following.

64 TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Eleocharis.

2. E. multicaidis . Many- stalked Spike-rush.

Stem round. Root fibrous. Stigmas three. Seed acutely
triangular, as well as the permanent base of the style.

Scirpus multicaulis. Fl. Br. 48. Engl. Bot. v. 17. t. 1 187. Don
H. Br. 128. Fahl Enum. v. 2. 24G. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 128.

S. palustris /3, minor. Wahlenb . Lapp . 14. Hook. Scot. 18. Liiin.
FL Lapp. ed. 2.16.

S. t. 1G7. Fl. Dan. See the remarks to t. 287 of that work.

S. multicaulis, equiseti capitulis minoribus. Rel. Riidb. 28. f. 2.

S. equiseti capitulis crassioribus et habitioribus, pumilus et multi-
caulis. Rupp. Jen. ed. Hall. 319.

S. caule aphyllOj spica imbricata subrotunda,, glumis obtusis. Hall.
Enum. 249.

On turfy bogs, and wet commons, in many parts of Scotland, as
well as in Cornwall, Essex, Sussex, Yorkshire and Norfolk.
First noticed in the isle of Skye^, by Mr, John Mackay, in 1794.

Perennial. July.

Root tufted, with many long fibres. Whole plant rather smaller
than the preceding. Stems very numerous, 8 or 10 inches high,
sometimes more, spreading loosely, with 1 or 2 tight purplish
sheaths at the base. Leaves none. Spike smaller, more acute
and slender, than in the last, and rather darker coloured. One
or two of the lower flowers are often viviparous. Glumes obtuse,
with a membranous edge. Stam. 3. Stigmas certainly 3, as is
clearly expressed in Engl. Bot., though Professor Schrader, by a
scarcely credible mistake in any body, but least of all in him,
positively asserts that the painter has faultily drawn but 2 ! I
presume moreover to persist in the correctness of the above sy-
nonyms, contrary to his opinion. There being, as Schrader al-
lows, 3 stigmas, the seed, has one fiat side, and 3 nearly equal an-
gles, and is smaller and browner than that of E. palustris, having
moreover a triangular beak, or point. There are 5 or 6 rough
bristles at the base of the germen, often more or less deciduous.
Dr. Wahlenberg declares that he has carefully examined these
two species, and found them the same, the root not being creep-
ing in either. Professor Hooker, following him, has accordingly
made them varieties, I recommend to these excellent botanists
to consider the above particulars, and have no doubt of their
coming to a better authorized conclusion.

3. E. acicularis. Least Spike-rush.

Stem quadrangular. Stigmas three. Seed numerously
furrowed, without bristles at the base. Filaments per-
manent.

Scirpus acicularis. Linn. Sp. PL 71, omitting Scheuchz. syn.
mild. V. 1. 295. Vahl Enum. v. 2. 245. FL ^r. 51. EngL BoL

TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Eriophorum. 65

V. 11. t. 749. Hook. Loud. t. 49. Scot. 18. Fl. Dan. t. 287.
Dicks. H. Sice. fasc. 14. 1. Don U. Brit. 2. Ehrh. Phyt. 4K
Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 130.

S. minimus, capitulis equiseti. Dill. Giss. 165. Raii Syn. 429.

Juncelli omnium minimi, capitulis equiseti. Pluk. Almag. 201.
t.AO.f.7.

Juncellus clavatus minimus. Moris, v. 3. 234. sect. 8. t. 10. y. 37.

Cvperus acicularis. With. 78.

Mariscus n. .'346. Hall. Hist. ?;. 2. 180.

In damp spots, upon heaths, where water has stagnated during
winter. First noticed in England by the Rev. Mr. Dodsworth,
according to Ray and Plukenet.

Perennial. August.

Root fibrous, with slender runners. Stems numerous, erect, very
slender, from 2 to 6 inches high, certainly quadrangular, though
somewhat compressed, smooth, with a tight red sheath at the
base. Leaves none, though there are many barren stems which
resemble them. Spike minute, of 5 or 6 flowers. Glumes hvown,
acute, with a membranous edge. Stam. 3, their filaments flat,
longer than the seed, under the base of which they remain at-
tached, and hence, as Dr. Hooker well remarks, may have arisen
a report of this species having bristles under the germen. I
could never find any. The style is short, with 3 long stigmas.
Seed whitish, elliptic-oblong, with many longitudinal furrows,
and a small blunt beak. The seed of the lowest Jiower, though
perfectly formed, sometimes remains diminutive and abortive,
Kernel, according to Dr, Hooker, smooth, obovate,

27. ERIOPHORUM. Cotton-grass.

Unn. Gen. 30. Juss. 27. Fl. Br. 58. Lam. t.39. Gcertn. t.2.
Nat. Orel, see n. 22.

Spike of numerous Jlonsoers^ all perfect. Gl. imbricated in
every direction, uniform, flat, mostly membranous and
greyish, pointed, with 1 or 3 slender ribs, not awned ;
1 or 2 of the outermost often empty. Cor. none. Filam,
3, capillary. Anth. pendulous, prominent, linear. Germ,
obovate, encompassed with numerous fine hairs from the
receptacle^ shorter than the style, but subsequently greatly
elongated. Style simple, entirely deciduous. Stigm. 3,
downy. Seed obovate, sometimes minutely and bluntly
pointed, encompassed beneath with very copious, longj
cottony, white hairs.

Boot perennial, with strong fibres. Stem erect, simple,
leafy; rarely naked. Z/^'^i'^'s linear, or lanceolate. Spikes
one or several, erect or pendulous. Natives of boggy
meadows, or alpine moors.

VOL. I. F

66 TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Eriophorum.

* Spike soliiarj/,
I.E. vaginatum. Hare's-tail Cotton-grass.

Stem triangular above ; round below, with a swelling sheath.
Spike ovate. Glumes membranous.

E. vaginatum. Linn. Sp. PL 76. Willd. v. \. S\2. Vahl Enum,

V. 2. 388. Fl. Br. 58. Engl. Bot. v. 13. t. 873. Rel Rudb. 29. f.

Curt. Lond.fasc. 4. t. 10. firaves Br. Gr. t.\. Fl. Dan. t. 236.

Poit. 8^ Turp. Par. t. 49. Hook. Scot. 20.
E. csespitosum. Host Gram. v. 1. 30. f.39. Schrad. Germ. vA. 150.
Juncus alpinus, cum cauda leporina. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 514./.

Raii Syn. 436.
J. alpinus^ capitulo lanuginoso, Bauh. Prodr. 23./. Theatr. 187.

/. 188. Scheuchz. Agr. 302. t.7.f. 1—3. Prodr. 26. t. 7.f.\.
Gramen juncoides lanatum alterum danicum. Moris, v. 3. 224.

sect.^. t.9.f.6.

On barren mountainous moors, frequent. On turfy boggy heaths
in the south of England, more rarely.

Perennial, March, April.

Root slightly creeping. Stems tufted, jointed, smooth, finally
12 — 15 inches high, with 1 or 2 inflated, strongly reticulated
sheaths in the lower part, and below them several erect, slender,
triangular, striated, sharp-pointed leaves, nearly as tall as the
stem. Spike silvery grey when in flower, with long-pointed,
thin, single-ribbed scales, and yellow prominent anthers ; when
in seed very conspicuous, in May and June, from its copious,
long, white, soft and smooth hairs, by means of which the little
triangular seeds are finally carried away by the wind.

Ray reports that sheep are very fond of this plant. I have found
the leaves fed down early in the spring, before the stems run to
seed.

2. E. capkatum. Round-headed Cotton-grass.

Stem entirely round, with a swelling sheath. Spike roundish.
Glumes membranous.

E. capitatum. Host Gram. v. 1. 30. t. 38. Schrad. Germ. i>. 1 . 1 5 1 .

Comp. 1 1 . Engl. Bot. v. 34. t. 2387. Hook. Scot. 20. Fl. Ban,

^.1502.
E. Scheuchzeri. Roth in Sims ^ Kon. Ann. of Bot. v.\. 149. Vahl

Enum. V. 2. 388.
Juncus alpinus, capitulo tomentoso majori. Scheuchz. Agr. 304.

Prodr. 27. t. 7.f.2.

On a sand- bank by an alpine rivulet on Ben Lawers, Scotland,

near the limits of perpetual snow. O. Don.
Perennial. August.

TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Erlophonim. 67

Roo^ extensively creeping. Stem about half as high as the fore-
going, but of a stouter habit, and cylindrical throughout. Leaves
thicker, and much shorter. Glumes smaller, and not quite so
thin and delicate ; the outer one with many ribs. Hairs of the
seed much shorter than the former.

3. E. alpinum. Alpine Cotton-grass.

Stem triangular, naked above the leaves, which are shorter
than their sheaths. Spike oblong-ovate. Glumes firm,
strongly keeled.

E. alpinum. Linn. Sp. PL 77 . IVilld. v. \. 314. Vahl Enum.

V. 2. 388. Fl. Br. 60. Engl. Bot. v.b. t.3\\. Hook. Scot. 20.

Dicks. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 2. 290 ^ 356. Fl. Dan. t. 620. Dicks.

H. Sicc.fasc. 8. 3. Don H. Brit. 26. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 149.

Host Gram. r. 1. 31. t.AO.
Linagrostis juncea alpina,capitulo parvo, tomento rariore. Scheuchz.

Agr. 305. t.7.f. 4,
J uncus alpinus bombycinus. Bauh. Prodr. 23. Baiih. Hist. v. 2. 515.

Scheuchz. Prodr. 27. t. 8./. 1.

On turfy alpine bogs in Scotland.

On a moss 3 miles east of Forfar. 3Ir. Broivn S^ Mr. G. Don. On
the mountains of Breadalbane ; Mr. Somerville. Hooker.

Perennial. June, July.

Boot creeping, throwing up a row of crowded stems, destitute of
joints, 4 — 6 inches high, with 3 rough angles. Leaves few, very
short, channelled, rough-edged, with long, striated, smooth
sheaths. Spike erect, very small, of a few ovate, rusty, chaffy
glumes, each with a strong, green keel, and quite unlike the
grey, filmy, tapering scales of the 2 preceding species. Hairs
white and shining, few in each spike, erect, not concealing the
glumes.

The late Mr. G, Don justly pointed out to us that the shoot with
long leaves, annexed to the figure in Engl. Bot., belongs to
Carcx dioica, a plant frequently intermixed with this Eriophorum.

** Spikes several.

4. Ya. polystacldon. Broad-leaved Cotton-grass.
Stem round. Leaves flat, lanceolate, with a triangular point.

Stalks of the spikes smooth. Hairs thrice the length of
the spike.

E. polystachion. Linn. Sp. PI. 76. Willd. u. ]. 312. J'ahlEnum.
V. 2. 389. Fl. Br. 59. Engl. Bot. v. 8. t. 563. Dicks. Tr. of
Linn. Soc. v. 2. 289. H. Sicc.fasc. 4. 1. Hook. Scot. 21. Roth
Germ. v. 2. 63. Leers W.t.l.f. 5. Hoffm. Germ, for 1800. t. 3.

E. latifolium. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 154. Poit. S^ Turp. Par. t. 50.
Fl.Dan. M38I.

F 2

68 TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Eriophorum.

Linagi'ostis panicula minore. Vaill. Par. U7. t. 16./. 2,
L. panicula ampliore, Scheuchz. Agr. 306. ^
Gramen tomentosum pratense, panicula spars^. Bauh. Theatr.6\.f.
Moris. V. 3. 224. sect.S. t.9.f. 1.

In boggy meadows.

In Northamptonshire, Bedfordshire, Yorkshn-e, Cumberland, and
very common in Scotland. Dickson. In Shropshire. Rev. E.
Williams.

Perennial. April.

Hoot fibrous. Stem 2 feet high, jointed, striated, smooth, leafy,
somewhat angular at the top, but otherwise quite cylindrical.
Leaves many, smooth, broad and flat, with a narrow acute keel j
their points suddenly contracted, triangular, sharp. Spikes seve-
ral, sessile or stalked, ovate, grey, with leafy, pointed, sheathing
bracteas ; their stalks striated, but not downy. Glumes filmy,
bluntish, slightly keeled. ^?2^/i. linear, yellow. Stigm. 3, very
slender. Hairs of the seed about thrice as long as the spikes,
which become pendulous after flowering.

5. E. pubesrens. Downy-stalked Cotton-grass.

Stem angular upwards. Leaves flat, lanceolate, with a tri-
angular point. Stalks of the spikes downy. Hairs twice
the length of the spike.

E. angustifolium. Poit. ^ Turp. Par. t.5\.

In bogs and marshes.

At Frogden, Scotland. Mr. Arthur Bruce. On Cherry Hinton
moor, Cambridgeshire, always growing on grassy ground, not
in the bogs. Rev. J. Holme.
Perennial, April, May?

Smaller than the last, with which the leaves accord, except in
being narrower, and somewhat shorter. The stem is triangular
as low as the insertion of the first, or even second, leaf, but, as
far as can be judged from dried specimens, appears to be cylin-
drical at the bottom. Spikes from 2 to 8 or 9, their stalks some-
what angular, compressed and striated, clothed with fine silky
hairs. Glumes elliptical, flat, brownish -black, membranous,
single-ribbed, except the outermost, which has sometimes 3 ribs.
Stigmas 3, reddish. Seed obovate, triangular, tawny. Hairs
scarcely half the length of the last, very white and silky, ele-
gantly contrasted with the dark glumes, which they do not
conceal.
. The authors of the splendid, but unfortunately abortive. Flora
Parisiensis have mistaken this for the E. angustifolium of other
writers, which is their E. Vaillantii. Schrader, by his character
of the rough flower -stalks, and angular stem, appears to have
confounded our plant with the polystachion, his latifoLium,

TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Eriophorum. 69

6. E. angiistifoliiim. Common Cotton-grass.
Stem nearly round. Leaves linear, triangular ; channelled

towards the base. Stalks of the spikes smooth. Hairs

four times the length of the spike.
E. angustifolium. Roth Germ, v. 2. 63. Dicks. Tr. of Linn. Soc.

v.2.289. mild. v.\. 313. Vahl Enum. v. 2. 389. Fl. Br. 59.

Engl. Bot. V. 8. t. 564. Graves Br. Gr. t. 4. With. 72. Hook.

Scot. 21. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 153. Fl. Dan. t. 1442.
E. polystachion. Huds. 21. Curt. Lond.fasc. 4. t. 9.
E. Vaillantii. Poit. ^ Turp. Par. t. 52.
Linagrostis. RaiiSyn. 43d.
L. panicula ampliore. Faill. Par. 117. t. 16. f. 1.

In turfy, boggy, and muddy meadows, common.

Perennial. April.

Root creeping. Plant nearly as tall, though much more slender
than E. polystachion, with still longer hairs to the seeds, which
almost entirely conceal the grey, membranous, pointed glumes.
The spikes in seed, conspicuous for their whiteness, last through
tlie summer, and though partly drooping, are less absolutely
pendulous than those of the polystachion. The very narrow tri-
angular leaves afford a ready distinction.

7. E. gracile. Slender Mountain Cotton-grass.
Stem round, with three slight angles. Leaves triangular ;

channelled towards the base. Spikes longer than the
bractea. Hairs twice the length of the spike.

E. gracile. Roth in Sims S; Kan. Ann. of Bot. v.\.\bO. Comp. 1 1 .
Engl. Bot. V. 34. t. 2402. Hook. Scot. 20, Poit. et Turp. Par.
t. 53. li'ahlenh. Lapp. 19.

E, triquetrum. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 152. Fl. Dan. 1. 1441.

In boggy mountainous situations.

On Ben Lawers, and the Clova mountains, in a micaceous soil.
G. Don.

Perennial. July.

Root creeping, with slender, jointed runners. Stem slender, 6
inches high when in flower, twice as tall, like the other species,
in seed. Leaves recurved, linear, triangular, acute, very narrow,
smooth, shorter than the flowering stem ; channelled and keeled
in their lower part, with a short, lanceolate, entire sfipula. Spikes
3 or 4, pardy stalked, always nearly erect, accompanied by a
leafy, ribbed bractea, not so tall as themselves. Glumes almost
black, membranous, the uppermost somewhat pointed ; lowest
of all 3 -ribbed.

Our Scottish specimen is not in seed, nor are the flower-stalks dis-
cernible ; but it answers in other respects to German specimens
in seed, from Professor Schrader. In these the stalks of the

70 TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Nardus.

spikes are very minutely downy ; the seeds linear-obovate -, the
hairs about twice as long as the spikes. A Lapland specimen
from Dr. Wahlenberg agrees with them exactly.

28. NARDUS. Mat-grass.

Linn. Gen. 30. Juss. 33. Fl.Br. 61. Lam.t. 39.

Nat. Ord. Gramirui. Linn. 4. Gramincce. Juss. 10. Br.
Pr. 168. See next genus. 33 following genera belong
to the same. See Grammar, 68, 69, as also the follow-
ing order.

Common receptacle linear, toothed, unilateral. Flo\soers al-
ternate, sessile, all directed one way, perfect. Cal. none,
except a slight border from the recept. Cor» a glume of
2 unequal, lanceolate, pointed, concave valves ; tlie outer
one largest, embracing the other. Filam. capillary,
shorter than the corolla. Antli, oblong. Germ, superior,
oblong, slender. Style 1, short. Stigma 1, long, feathery.
Seed 1, linear, pointed at each end, invested with theper-

_^^.manent corolla.

A small genus of hard, rigid, slender, smooth grasses, with
simple, upright or curved, many-flowered spikes,

1. N. sfricUi. Common Mat-grass.

Spike bristle-shaped, straight. Leaves thrice the length of
their sheaths.

N. stricta. Linn. Sp. PL 77- WiUd. v. 1.314. Vahl Enum. v. 2.
396. Fl. Br. 61 . Engl. But. v.b.t. 290. Knapp. t. 2. Mart.
Rust. t. 27. Hook. Scot.2\. Cavan. Ic. v. 3. 2. t. 204./. 2. Leers
II. t. l.f.7. Schreb. Gram. 65. t. 7. Fl.Dan. t. 1022. Schrad.
Germ. v. 1. 157. Sincl. 171.

N. n. 1410. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 201 .

Gramen sparteum juncifolium. Bauh. Theatr. 69. f. 70. Scheuchz.
Agr. 90. t. 2./. 10. Raii Syn. 293.

G. sparteum^ capillaceo folio, minus. Moris, v. 3. 217. sect. 8. t. 7.
/.8.

Spartum nostras parvum. Loh. Ic. 90./. Ger. Em. 41 ./. 1 631 .

On barren, sandy, rather moist^ heaths and moors.

Perennial. Julij.

Root of numerous, very strong, downy fibres. Stems and leaves
furrowed, roughish with minute bristles, rigid, 4 or 5 inches high,
remaining bleached through the winter. SyoiA-es solitary, purplish,
oF many slender Jlowers, whose outermost glume is tipped with
a short rough awn. Schrank celebrates this deep-rooted grass
as a safe support to the hands of the alpine botanist, in precipi-
tous situations^ though it renders his ])ath very slippery.

71

TRIANDRIA DIGYNTA.

An entirely natural order, consisting of Gramina. Linn. 4.
Gramincce, Juss. 10. Br. Pr. 168. See Grammar, 6^, 69.

No natural order can be more clear and distinct than this.
But why Jussieu changed its old name Gramina, for
Graminecc, I cannot discover. The plants are woX. grassy,
but grasses, ipsa gramina. To call them graminece, is to
compare them to themselves.

The following view of their characters, taken chiefly from
Mr. Brown, will further illustrate what is contained in the
Grammar,

i^^ow^■5 for the most part united; sometimes monoecious;
more frequently imperfect in one or other of their organs
of impregnation.

Calijx of Linnaeus, {ghima of Brown,) a husk, or glume, con-
taining 1 or 2jlorets, or many Jlorets on a 2-ranked co7n-
mon stalk, or receptacle : it is mostly of 2 unequal valves,
rarely of 1 only, or entirely wanting.

Corolla, i^pcrianth of Brown,) a similar husk, ov glume, al-
most always of 2 valves, (rarely of but 1,) which are dis-
similar; the outermost generally keeled, having 1, 3, or
many longitudinal ribs, pointed, often cloven at the sum-
mit, often bearing from below the top, a jointed, twisting,
hygrometrical, often feathery, (rarel}^ simple and straight,)
awn; the innermost usually with 2 distant ribs, each at a
lateral fold ; generally without any awns, but with 2 if
any ; sometimes wanting.

Nectary of Linnaeus, {squamulcE of Brown,) 1, or 2 com-
bined, minute, membranous or fleshy scales, beneath the
germen, eidier both at one side, between the outer valve
of the corolla and the stame?is, or alternate with the valves,
and opposite to each other; someiimes entirely wanting.

Stamens below the germen, deflnite, except in Pariana ; ^fila-
ments long and capillary : anthers of 2 cells, oblong, pro-
minent, pendulous, forked and divaricated at each end.

Germen with a solitary kernel; styles mostly 2, either di-
stinct, or partly combined, rai'ely 1 only, and still more
rarely 3; Stigmas rough, or feathery, sometimes branched,
or compound.

Seed with a close, sim})le, flrmly united, membranous, co-
loured skin; either naked, and uncoimected ; or inclosed
in the })ennancnt hardened valves of the corolla, consti-

lit
72 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA.

tuting a spurious seed-vessel, often accompanied with a
spiral or feathery, finally separating, awn ; albumen mealy ;
embryo closely applied to the outer side of the albumen,
at the base, having a simple, shield-like, fleshy cotyledony
as durable as the albumen^ to which it is attached, under
the skin ,• plumida external, simple, in a membranous
sheath of its own, from whence, when burst, the primary
leaves of the young plant are protruded.

The genera of grasses are related to each other, as Mr.
Brown observes, in many different directions ; so that no
regular series can exhibit them all according to their na-
tural affinity. This able observer describes 3 principal
modifications of their fructification.

In the first the calyx contains 1, 2, or muny^fiorets. When
thejloret is solitary, the outer valve of the corolla is at the
inside of the outer, or smaller, valve of the calyx ; when
there are 2 or more Jlorets, they are either all perfect or
complete as to stamens and pistils ,- or the upper, or in-
nermost, are gradually smaller, and less perfect, wanting
stamens, or pistil, or both. Most of the Europa^an ge-
nera come under this section, though they differ in their
hvjlorescence, as Agrostis, Aira, Phleum, Alopecurus, Fes^
tuca, Poa, Avena, Bromus, Triticum, Hordeum, &c. These
genera, chiefly abounding in the temperate, and found
also in the frigid, zone, are of much rarer occurrence, if
not entirely wanting, in the torrid zones.

The second section has either 2 Jlorets in each calyx, or by
suppression of valves, or of organs of impregnation, one
jloret only; the more perfect, or durable, /^or^/' being al-
ways within, or next to, the inner valve ot the calyx. To
this very natural tribe belong Holcus of Brown, (for which
I retain the name of Sorghum, see Rees's Cyclop, v. 33,
and which is not found in Britain,) Andropogon, Ischcje-
mum, Saccharum, Panicum, &c., principally tropical
grasses, rarely occurring in the temperate, and scarcely at
all in the frigid, zones.

The third section is characterized by having the interme-
diate Jloret united, or most perfect, while those at each
side are either neuter, or furnished at most with stamenst
only. Mr. Brown considers this tribe as less natural, as
well aa less extensive, than the two former. Hierocle, of
which several species are found in the colder regions of
each hemisphere, is an example of it, and to this genus
Anthoxanthum bears a manifest relationship; see Diandria

TKIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Phalaris. 73

Digynia, p. 37. Mr. Brown traces an analogous struc-
ture in Pomcrculla^ Ehrharta, Tetrarrhena^ MicrolcEiia^
and perhaps Phalaris. In tliis last section are compre-
hended several genera, more or less anomalous in struc-
ture, and certainly ill understood by botanists in general.
They either have separated y/oiirr^, or a deficiency of
calyx, or an unusual number of stamens. Most of them
are tropical and aquatic grasses.

Grasses yield more sustenance to man and to the larger
animals, than all the rest of the vegetable kingdom to-
gether. Their herbage, so perpetually s})ringing, and so
tenacious of hfe, accommodated, in one instance or other,
to almost every climate, soil, and situation, affords to
Nature, her most welcome clothing, and to the cultivator
of the soil his chief riches. Nothing poisonous or inju-
rious is found among them, if we except the intoxicating
quality attributed to the seeds of Lolium ; but many are
gratefullv aromatic. Their farinaceous albumen supplies
man witfi the staff of life, in Wheat, Rye, Barley, Rice
and Maize, and makes a great part of the food of many
birds and small quadrupeds.

As man cannot live on tasteless unmixed flour alone, so
neither can catde, in general, be supported by mere grass,
without the addition of various plants, in themselves too
acrid, bitter, salt, or narcotic, to be eaten unmixed.
Spices, and a portion of animal food, supply us with the
requisite stimulus, or additional nutriment ; as the Ra-
nunculus tribe, and many others, season the pasturage and
fodder of cattle.

29. PHALARIS. Canary-grass.

Linn. Gen. 32. Juss. 29. FL Br. 62. Lam. t. 42. Gcertn. t. 80.
Schrad. Germ, v I. 177.

Cal. single-flowered, of 2, nearly equal, compressed, keeled
valves, whose straight inner margins meet. Cor. smaller
than the cal. concealed, of 3 or 4 valves ; the outermost
smallest, lanceolate, acute, of 1 or 2 valves ; 2 inner ones
twice as large, unequal, cartilaginous, downy, subsequently
hardened and closely investing the seed. Nect. 2 equal,
ovate, thin scales. Filam. capillary. Anth. oblong. Styles
very sliort, with long feathery stigmas. Seed ovate, coated
with the ijHier corolla. Stems leafy. Injlorescence more
or less compound, though often apparently a simple spike.

74 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Phalaris.

1. Vh. cajiariensis. Manured Canary-grass.

Panicle ovate, resembling a spike. Calyx-glumes boat-
shaped ; entire at the summit. Outer corolla of two
naked valves.

Ph. canariensis. Linn. Sp. PL 79. mild. v. 1. 326. Fl. Br. 62.
En^l Bot. V. 19. t. 1310. Mart. Rust. t. 17. Knapp t. 3. Hook.
Scot. 23. Schracl. Germ. v.l.\77. Leers \8.t.7.f.3f. Schreb,
Gram. v.l.SS.t. 10./. 2. Sincl. 303.

Phalaris. Ger. Em. 86./.

Ph. major, semine albo. Bauh. Theatr. 534. f. Scheuchz.Agr.52.
t. 2./ 3. A, C, E, F. Moris, v. 3. 186. sect. 8. t.3.f. 1. Dill,
in Rait Syn. 394.

In cultivated and waste ground, probably naturalized.

Annual. June — August.

Root of many white fibres. Stem 1 or more, 2 feet high, erect,
leafy, striated, roughish, with brown joints. Leaves broad, soft,
acute, with long tumid sheaths, and a blunt stipula. Panicle
compact, erect, compound, though resembling a simple ovate
spike, elegantly variegated with green and white. Seeds po-
lished, the usual food of Canary-birds.

2. Ph. aru?idi?iacea. Reed Canary-grass.

Panicle upright, with spreading branches. Flowers crowded,
unilateral. Outer corolla of two bearded valves.

Ph. arundinacea. Linn. Sp. PL 80. Comp. 11. Engl. Bot. v. 6.
t. 402. V. 30. t. 2160./ 2. Huds. 23. Hook. Scot. 23. Pur-
ton 69. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 180. t. 6.f. 5. Fl. Dan. t. 259.
Leers ]8. t.7.f.3. Ehrh. Calam. 5 1 .

Arundo colorata. Soland. in Ait. H. Kew. ed. 1. v. I. 116. Dry-
andr. ibid. ed. 2. v.\. 1/4. FL Br. 147. Knapp t. 98. Willd.
V. 1. 457.

a: n. 1524. Hall. Hist v. 2. 243,

Gramen arundinaceum acerosa gluma. Raii Syn. 400. Moris, v. 3.
203. secLS. t.6.f.4\.

G. aquaticum paniculatum, phalaridis semine. Tourn. Inst. 523.
Scheuchz.Agr. 126. t.3.f.4.

In ditches, pools, and the margins of rivers, common.

Perennial. July.

Root tufted, creeping, with strong horizontal shoots. Stem 4 or 5
feet high, reed-like, jointed, hollow, smooth. Leaves harsh,
lanceolate, flat, taper-pointed, striated, as well as their close
sheaths. Stipula short, bluntish, decurrent. Panicle erect,
large, lobed, with spreading, angular, rough branches. Fl. very
numerous, crowded, leaning one way, often purplish. Calyx-
glumes equal, acute, keeled, ribbed. Lnier Corolla downy ; at
length cartilaginous, inclosing the seed ; outer of 2 very minute.

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Phleum. 75

linear, swelling, firm glumes, each terminating in a tuft of hairs,
exceeding their own length.
Dr. Schrader has most happily corrected the misconception relative
to the outer corolla, which having been considered as tufts of
hair only, this grass was judged an Arundo. See t. 2160./. 2.
A variety with striped leaves is common in gardens. See SincL
253.

30. PHLEUM. Cat's-tail-grass.

Linn. Gen. 33. Juss.'lO. Fl. Br. 68. Lam. t. 42. Gc^rtn. t. I.

Cal. of 2 nearly equal, compressed, clasping, parallel, point-
ed, or avvned, more or less abrupt, valves, spreading at
the top, containing a single floret. Cor. of 2 unequal,
mostly awnless, valves, concealed within the calyx, al-
waj'S remaining membranous ; the larger valve clasping
the smaller. Filam. ca}:)illary. Antlu linear, prominent,
cloven at each end. Germ, roundish. Styles capillary,
spreadmg. Stigmas feathery. Seed elliptic-oblong, loose.

Annual or perennial grasses. Stem leaty. Iiifl. a spiked
cluster, or dense panicle, assuming the form of a spike.
Fl. numerous, crowded.

\,V\\.p7'ate?ise. Common Cat's-tail-grass. Timothy-
grass.

Cluster spiked, cylindrical. Calyx abrupt, fringed at the
keel, longer than its awns.

Ph. pratense. Linn. Sp. PL 87. mild. v. 1. 354. Fl. Br. 68. Engl.

Bat. V. 15. f. 1076. Mart. Rust. t. 5. Hook, Scot. 23. K)iapp t. 6.

Leers 17. t. 3./. 1. Schreh. Gram. v. I. 102. t. 14. Schrad.

Germ. v. 1. 182. Sincl. 83.
Ph. n. 152S. HalLHist.v. 2. 245.
Gramen typhinum majus, seu primum. Rail Syn. 398.
G. typhoides maximum, spica longissima. Bauh. Theatr. 49./.

Prodr.lO.f. Scheuchz.Agr.60.t. 2./. 5, A,B. Moris, v. 3. ] 93.

sect. 8. t.4. ord. 3.f.\.
Ph. pratense minus. Sincl. 85.
/3. G. typhinum minus. Raii Syn. 398.
G. tvphoides medium, sive vulgatissimum. 3Ioris. v. 3. 1 93. sect. 8.

t.4. ord. 3. f. 2.

y. Phleum nodosum. Linn. .Sp. PL 88. WiUd. v. 1. 355. Leers 17.

t.3.f.2. FLDan.L3S0. SincL87.
Ph. n. 1530. HalL Hist. v. 2. 245.
Alopecurus bulbosus. Dicks. H.Sicc.fasc. 12. 4.
Ciramcn nodosum, spica parva. Bauh. Tlicatr. 20. f. Dill, in Raii

Syn. 398.

76 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Phleum.

G. typhoides asperum alterum, Bauh. Theatr. 52./. Scheuchz.
Agr. 62.

G. typhoides minus. Moris, v. 3. 1 94. sect. 8. t. 4. ord. 3./. 3.

G. typhinum minus. Ger. Em. 12. f.

In moist meadows and pastures ; (3 in less fertile spots, and by
way sides ; y in barren ground^ occasionally flooded, or in very
dry situations ; all equally common.

Perennial. June — October.

Root somewhat creeping -, in /3 slightly tuberous ; in y bulbous,
often double. Stem from 2 to 4 feet high, knotty, erect ; in the
varieties partly decumbent J round, striated, leafy except near
the top. Leaves flat, roughish, with long, close, striated sheaths,
and a small blunt stipula. Cluster erect, cylindrical, obtuse,
from 2 to 6 inches long, of innumerable crowded Jlowers, on
short, subdivided, partial stalks. Cal. hairy, green or purplish,
with white ribs, and a broad, dilated, abrupt, membranous mar-
gin to each valve. Awns straight, short, rough.

Once celebrated for its agricultural merits, but now out of fashion,
though it spontaneously makes a part of the hay crop.

2. Ph. alpinum. Alpine Cat's-tail-grass.

Cluster spiked, ovate-oblong. Calyx abrupt, fringed at the
keel, as long as its awns. Root tuberous.

Ph. alpinum. Linn. Sp, PI. S8. H. Lapp. ed. 2.20. Willd.v.l-
355. Fl. Br. 69. Engl Bot.v. 8. t. 519. Dicks. Tr. of Linn. Soc.
V. 2. 288. Don H. Brit. 3. Hook. Scot. 23. Schrad, Germ. v. I .
184. FLDan.t.2\3.

Ph. n. 1529. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 245.

Gramen typhoides alpinum, spica brevi, densa et veluti villosa.
Scheuchz. Agr. 64. Prodr. 17. t. 3.

On the mountains of Scotland.

Near Garway moor. Mr. Dickson. On Ben Lawers. Mr. Brown.

Perennial. July.

Root tuberous, moderately creeping. Stem ascending, 6 — 12 inches
high, often decumbent at the base, leafy, smooth. Sheaths of
the upper leaves very long, a little inflated. Stipula short, acute.
Cluster about an inch long, often tinged with dull purple, as
well as the naked upper part of the stem, and sheaths of the
leaves. Calyx-glumes strongly fringed at the keel j their awns
about as long as themselves, or longer. Outer valve of the
corolla ribbed, tipped with a small awn.

3. Ph. asperum. Rough Cat's -tail-grass.

Panicle spiked, cylindrical. Calyx wedge-shaped, swelling

upward, pointed, rough ; keel naked. Stem branched.
Ph. asperum. Jacq. Coll. v. 1. 110. Jc. Rar. 1. 14. Villars Dauph.

r.2. 61. t.2.f.4. Schrad. Germ. v. \. 185.

TRIANDRIA— ^DIGYNIA. Phleum. 77

Ph. paniculatum. Huds. 26. Fl. Br. 70. Engl. Bot.v. 15. 1. 1077.

Knapp t.S. Ait. H. Kew. ed. 2. v. 1. 145.
Ph. viride. Allion. Pedem. v. 2. 232, from the author.
Ph. n. 1531. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 246.
Phalaris aspera. Retz. Obs.fanc. 4. \4. fruid. v. \. 328. Host

Gram.v. 2. 28. ^ 37.
Ph. paniculata. Ait. H. Kew. ed. \. v.\. 87. Sibth. Oxon. 34.

In dry open fields, rare.

Near Bristol, and on Newmarket heath. Hudson. Near Bourn
bridge. Mr. Crowe. In Badminton park, Gloucestershire, near
the lodge. Herb. Banks. In Bedfordshire. Rev. Dr. Abbot.

Annual. July.

Whole plant bright green. Root of several strong whorled fibres.
Stem 8 — 18 inches high, very smooth, leafy, branched from the
bottom, as well as in the upper part. Leaves roughish, pointed,
erect, with slightly swelling sheaths. Stipula oblong, generally
torn. Panicles terminal, solitary, erect, 2 or 3 inches long,
very dense, cylindrical, or somewhat tapering, rough to the
touch, when bent to one side proving to be much branched and
subdivided, consisting of innumerable little tumid /lowers, whose
calyx-valves are roughish, each tipped with a small rigid point ;
the keel often toothed, but neve^ fringed ; the inner edges mem-
branous and abrupt. Cor. of 2 unequal, oval, ribbed, somewhat
downy, glumes. Stam. and Styles capillary. Seed cylindrical,
minute, loose.

The synonyms in Villars and Hudson, as well as those of older
authors, are, as Schrader observes, to be received with caution.
I submit to the correction of the great author last mentioned as
to the specific name, which is perhaps preferable to our original
one, and certainly far more generally adopted.

4. Ph. Boehmeri. Purple-stalked Cat's-tail-grass.

Panicle spiked, nearly cj^indrical. Calyx-glumes linear-
lanceolate, slightly pointed, nearly smooth, abrupt at the
inner margin. Stem simple.

Ph. Boehmeri. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 186. Comp. 12.

Phalaris phleoides. Linn. Sp. PI. 80. IVilld. v. 1 . 328. Fl. Br. 63.

Engl. Bot. V. 7. ^.459. Fl. Dan. ^ 531. Host Gram. v. 2.26.

^.34. Ehrh.Phyt. 61. Sincl. 207.
Gramen typhinum, spica conoide striata, culmo violaceo. Barrel.

Ic.t.2\.f.\.

In high sandy or chalky fields, rare.

In several parts of Cambridgeshire. Lyons, Relhan, &c. In a

field at Narburgh, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe and Mr. Woodward.
Perennial. July.
Root fibrous. Stems 1 2 — 18 inches high, erect, leafy, of a shining

purple where naked, by which this species is readily known.

78 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Plileum.

The radical Leaves last in tufts through the winter ; those on the
stem have very long, scarcely inflated^, sheaths. Panicle as
remarkably lobed as the last. Glumes purplish, more or less
fringed with a few bristles, not soil hairs ; pointed^ not awned.
Cor. rather unequal^ membranous, scarcely downy. Shjles short.

5. Ph. Michelii. Michelian Cat's-tail-grass.

Panicle spiked, nearly cylindrical. Calyx-glumes lanceo-
late, taper-pointed, hairy, fringed. Corolla oblong, firm,
hairy; inner valve cloven.

Fh. Michelii. Allion. Pedem. v. 2. 233. Schrad. Germ. v. 1 . 187.

t. l.f. 2. Comp. 12. Engl. Bot. v. 32. ^.2265. Hook. Scot. 24.
Ph. n. 1532. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 24G.
Phalaris alpina. Hcenke in Jacq. Coll. v. 2. 91. Host Gram.

V. 2. 26. f. 35.
Gramen t_\^hoides alpinum, spica graciliori delicata et villosa.

Scheuchz . Agr . 65. Hall. Enum. Rar. 10. n. 264.
G. typhinum junceum perenne. Barrel. Ic. t. 21./. 2.
G. spicatum saxatile glabrum perenne, spica cylindracea rufescente

longa, locustis acutis cilii instar pilosis. Till. Pis. 72.

On the loftiest mountains of Scotland, but rare.

On the rocky parts of the mountains of Clova^, Angusshire. G. Don.

Perennial. Juhj.

Root fibrous. Stems tufted, from 1 to 2 feet high, leafy, some-
times purplish in the naked part. Leaves flat, pointed, rough-
edged ; the sheaths of the upper ones a little swelling. Stipula
short and blunt. Panicle close, from 1 to 3 inches long, much
thicker than the last. Calyx-glumes exactly lanceolate, not
abrupt, with sharp, rigid, often inflexed points ; their keels
strongly fringed ; the ribs and sides rough, with fine white hairs.
Cor. essentially different from the last, being of the texture of
the calyx, and almost as long, fringed ; the outer glume with
5 ribs J inner cloven at the summit.

6. Ph. arenariwn. Sea Cat's-tail-grass.

Spike slightly panicled, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse. Calyx-
glumes lanceolate, fringed, thrice the length of the abrupt,
notched, corolla.

Ph. arenarium. Linn. Sp. PI. 88. Schrad. Germ. v. 1.189. Comp. 12.
Hook. Lond. t. 7. Scot. 24. Ehrh. Calam. 132. Fl. Dan. t. 915.

Phalaris arenaria. Huds. 23. Fl. Br. 62, Eng. Bot. v. 4. t. 222.
Knapp t. 4. Willd. Sp. PL v. 1. 328.

Gramen typhinum maritimum minus. Raii Syn. 398. Pluk. Phyt.
i. 33./.8. Scheuchz. Agr. 63.

On the sandy sea coast frequent ; also on SwafFliam and New-
market heaths. Engl. Bot. At Narburgh, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe
and Mr. Woodtvard.

TRIANDRIA-.DIGYNIA. Alopecurus. 79

Annual. May.

Root of many lonp^, simple, partly downy, fibres. Slnms several,
except in a starved state, 3— G inches high • leafy below ; naked
and purplish above. Upper leaf very short, with a long, rather
swelling, sheath. Stipula lanceolate. Spi/ce thick and short,
variegated with green and white, narrow at the base. Inner
margin of the cali/x often a little abrupt. The ver)- short, ribbed,
abrupt, crenate outer glume of the corolla characterizes this
very distinct species. The whole plant is somewhat glaucous,
and after flowering remains long bleached, and often blown
about, on the sand. Professor Hooker's reference to Scheuchzer
should be 63, not 68, and belongs to Plukenefs synonym.

31. ALOPECURUS. Fox-tail-grass.

Linn. Gen.SS. Juss. 29. Fl. Br. 72. Lam. t.42. Gcertn. t.\.

Cal. of 2, nearly equal, compressed, ovate-lanceolate, ribbed,
clasping, acute valves, mostly, but not in every instance,
combined at the base, containing a single floret. Cor. of
1 valve, rather shorter than the calyx, concave, ribbed,
pointless. Aiijji from the base of the cor, and above
twice its length, roughish; finally twisted and reflexed.
Ftlam. capillary. Anth. cloven at each end. Styles more
or less combined. Stigm. long, feathery, spreading. Seed
ovate, smooth, loose, covered with the corolla.

Erect, decumbent, or floating grasses, mostly perennial.
Stem-leaves with long sheaths. Fl. numerous, apparently
spiked, but having simple or compound partial stalks.
Glumes particoloured, often downy. Aims prominent.

1. A. pratensis. Meadow Fox-tail-grass.

Stem erect, smooth. Spike somewhat panicled. Calj-x-

glumes acute, hairy, combined at the base, shorter than

the awn of the corolla.

A. pratensis. Linn. Sp. PL 88, JVilld. v. 1. 357. Fl Br 72 En^l

Bot. V. 11. t. 759. Hook. Scot. 21. Curt. Lond. fasc.o. tX

Mart. Rust. t. 6. Knapp t. 14. Graves Br. Gr. t.2\. Schrad

Germ.v.\.\70. Leers 15. t. 2. f. 4. Schreb. Gram. 133. t. 19.

f. 1. Sincl. 13.

A. n. 1539. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 248.

Gramen alopecuro simile glabrum, cum pilis longiusculis in spica.
Raii Syn. 396. r & ^j

G. alopecuroides majus. Ger.Em. 10. f. Moris. ?," 3. 191 sect 8

^4./.8.
G. myurum, spica molli candicante villosa. Scbcuchz. A^r. 70.
In meadows and pastures every where.

80 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Alopecurus.

Perennial. May.

Root fibrous. Stems from 1^ to 3 feet high, smooth, leafy.
Leaves a little glaacous, nearly smooth, flat ; upper ones more
rough, very short, with long, furrowed, slightly swelling sheaths.
Stipula short, obtuse, scarcely downy. Spike but partially
pauicled, though most of the flowers are stalked, 2 inches long,
thick, soft, of a silky hoary aspect. Calyx-glumes combined at
the lower part. Cof. folded, nearly as long, with 5 green rib«,
and a prominent dorsal awn. Anth. prominent, yellow. Styles
entirely united. Stigm. separate, about as long, slender, fea-
thery. Seed ovate.

An excellent grass for pasturage, being early, plentiful in produce,
and grateful to cattle in general.

2. A. alpinus. Alpine Fox-tall-grass.

Stem erect, smooth. Spike ovate, somewhat panicled.
Calyx-glumes woolly, obliquely abrupt, nearly as long as
the aw^n of the corolla.

A. alpinus. Engl. Bot. v. 16. ^.1 126. FL Br. 1386. Camp. 12.
Hook. Scot. 22. Don H. Brit. 4.

A. ovatus. Knapp t. 15 r wanting awns.

On the loftiest mountains of Scotland.

On the mountains about Loch ne gare, Aberdeenshire, Mr. R.
Brown ; who informs me that he communicated it to Mr. G. Don.

Perennial. July.

Root somewhat creeping, with many long fibres. Stern about a
foot high, bent at the lowest joint, then erect, leafy, smooth.
Radical leaves linear, narrow ; those on the stem two, broader,
and much shorter, smooth, with very long, smooth, slightly in-
flated, pale reddish sheaths, each crowned by a very short abrupt
stipula. The dense, spiked panicle is formed of numerous,
crowded, compound tufts, or lobes, as in the foregoing species,
but is ovate, and not an inch long. Calyx-glumes combined at
the base, sloped off at the point, 3-ribbed, shaggy with long,
dense, soft, white hairs. Cor. ovate, acute, folded, keeled, with
2 distant green ribs at each side, and a rough dorsal awn,
scarcely, if at all, longer than the calyx. Styles short, combined.
Stigmas slender, feathery.

No foreign author appears to have noticed this species.

3. A. agreatis. Slender Fox-tail -grass.

Stem erect, rough ish. Spike racemose, nearly simple, ta-
pering Calyx-glumes almost naked, combined at the
base, dilated at the keel.

A. agrestis. Lm«.Sp. PL 89. ^f'iZ/rf.i^'. 1.357. Fl.Br.7^. Engl.
Bot.v.\2. t.SAS. Mart. Rust. t. 22. Knajypt.lG. Hook.

TRIANDRIA^DIGYNIA. Alopecurus. 81

Scot. 22. Schrad Germ. vA. l/I. Schreh. Gram. v.\. 140.

t.]9.f. 2. Leers Itl t. 2. /.a. Fl. Dan. t. G97. Ehrh. Phijt. 71.

Sincl. 1 (if).
A. myosuroides. IJuds. ed. 1. 23. Curt. Loud. fuse. 2. t.7.
A. n. 1.V10. //(///. //w^. f. 2. 249.
Gramen myosuroides majus, spica longiore, aristis rectis. Rail

Syn. 397.
G. spicatum, spica cylindracea, tenuissima, longiore. ScJieuchz.

A^r. G9. t. 2.f. (), A, B.
0. alopecuroides, spica lon^a, tenuiorc. Moris, y.3. 192. sect. 8.

t 4./. 12.
(J. alopecurinum minus. Ger. Em. 1 1./.
/3. G. myosuroides minus, spica breviore, aristis recurvis. Rail

Si/)i. 397.

In cultivated fields^ and by way sides.

Annual. Juli/.

Root small, filDrous. Stems several, 1^ or 2 feet high, erect, leafy,
roughish to the touch in the upper part. Leaves pale, rough
above, with longish swelling sheaths, and each an oblong downy
stipula. Spike slender, tapering at each end, 3 inches long, often
purpHsh ; the partial stalks almost entirely simple, and close-
pressed. CaJyx-glumes combined a good way up, lanceolate,
narrow, a little downy at the edge ; tlieir keel dilated, but far
less fringed than in A. pratensis. Cor. smooth. Aivn twice the
length of the calyx. Styles short, united. Stigmas thrice as long,
slender, downy.

(3, in Buddie's herbarium, is a very trifling variety, merely starved.

4. A. bulbosus. Bulbous Fox- tail-grass.

Stem erect. Spike tapering, perfectly simple. Calyx-glumes
distinct, linear, pointed, downy. Root bulbous.

A. bulbosus. Linn. Sp. PI. 16G5. IVilld. v. 1. 356. Fl. Br. 73.
Engl. Bot.'v. 18. t. 1249. Knapp t. 17.

Gramen myosuroides nodosum. Dill, in Raii Syn. 397. t. 20. f. 2.

G. typhinum phalaroides, pilosa spica, aquaticum bulbosum. Bar-
rel. Ic. ^.699./.!.

In wet salt marshes, rare.

First found by James Sherard, but the place is omitted by Dillenius.
On the north side of Yarmouth, Mr. Woodward. In Cardift"
marshes, Ghimorganshire, and near the Aust passage. Rev.
Mr. LightfooVs herbarium. Near Weymouth, Mr. Lambert,

Perennial. July.

i?ooi of several, aggregate, ovate, solid, fleshy bulbs, sometimes
one above the other, with fibres beneath. Stems solitary from
the top of each bulb, slender, round, smooth, leafy, with 2 joints,
occasionally bent at the lowermost, otherwise erect^ about a

VOL. I, «

82 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Alopecurus.

span high. Leaves narrow, striated, slightly channelled or con-
cave ; those on the stem with long swelling sheaths. Stipula
lanceolate, short. Spike racemose, but hardly branched, the
partial stalks very short. Calyx-glumes broader, and less linear,
than they appear in Engl. Bot., being somewhat dilated upward,
and bordered at the keel ; they are minutely downy, or hoary
all over, with purplish ribs and point, the keel and ribs fringed.
Corolla bluntish, one third shorter than the calyx ; its awn
twice as long. Anthers scarcely protruding beyond the glumes.
Styles combined, short. Stigmas linear, downy, extending a little
beyond the calyx. The calyx-glumes are certainly not combined
in this species, which obliges me, with regret, to reject that part
of Schreber's and Schrader's generic character. Foreign bota-
nists seem unacquainted with this grass, nor have all those of
our own country known it well. None can be more invariably
distinct.

5. A. gemculatiis . Floating Fox- tail-grass.

Stem ascending, bent at the joints. Spike cylindrical,
slightly panicled. Calyx-glumes combined at the base,
abrupt, fringed. Corolla notched, its awn twice the
length of the calyx.

A. geniculatus. Linn. Sp. PL 89. fVilld. v. 1. 358, excluding the
reference to Fl. Dan. ! Ft. Br. 74. Engl. Bot. v. 18. 1. 1250.
Curt. Lond. fasc.5. t.6. Mart. Rust. t.97. Hook. Scot. 22.
Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 173. Leers 16. t. 2.f. 7. Ehrh. Calam. 42.
Sincl. 24o.

A. paniceus. Fl. Dan. ^,861.

A. n. 1541. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 249.

Gramen aquaticum geniculatum spicatura. Bauh. Theatr. 42. f.
Scheuchz.Jgr. 72. t. 6.f. C, D, E. Raii Syn. 396.

G. fluviatile spicatum. Ger. Em. 14. f.

*' G. aquaticum spicatura. Park. Theatr. 1275./."

G. alopecurum fluviatile geniculatum procumbens. Moris, v. 3. 193.
sect.S. t.4.f.]5.

/3. G, fluviatile album. Dill, in Raii Syn. 396.

y. Alopecurus bulbosus. Huds. 27, excluding the synonyms,

A. bulbosus geniculatus. Sincl. 185.

In ponds, ditches, and slow streams, floating widely on the surface.

y. In dry barren ground, or on walls.

Perennial. July.

Roots of many long fibres, from the lower joints of the branched,
spreading, leafy, smooth stems. Leaves much broader and shorter
than in the last, with roughish furrows, and long, smooth, rather
tumid sheaths. Stipula oblong, very thin. Spikes erect, 1^ or
2 inches long, bluntish, dense, but separable into short, branched

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Knappin. 83

lobes, or tufts, with smooth flower-stalks. Calyx-glumes nearly
equal, obtuse, purplish, combined at the base, minutely pointed,
but terminating in a membrane which conceals the dark-co-
loured point ; their sides hairy, and keels strongly fringed. Cor.
shorter than the calyx, abrupt, irregularly notched, ribbed
slightly at each side. Awn from below the middle, twice the
length of the calyx. Antli. linear, yellow. Styles short ; accord-
ing to Schrader combined at first, but subsequently distinct.
Stigmas long, cylindrical, acute, downy.
The root in var. y has extremely copious and long fibres, and one
or two of the lower joints of the stem, owing to a dry barren
situation, become oval and fleshy, as in Phleum pratense y,
p. 7'>. This lias by many been mistaken for A. bidbosus, which
always grows in water, and differs essentially in character, as
I trust can no longer be doubted,

6. A.ftdvus. Orange-spiked Fox-tail-grass.

Stem ascending, bent at the joints. Spike cylindrical, pa-
nicled. Calyx-glumes combined at the base, obtuse,
fringed. Awn the length of the calyx. Anthers roimdish.

A. fulvus. Engl. Bot. v.2\. t. 1467. Comj^. 13.
A. geniculatus var, 4. With. 121.

In ponds and ditches, floating on the surface.

In Edgbaston park, near Birmingham. Mltliering. At Swains-
thorpe, near Norwich. Mr. Stone, In Angusshire and Fifeshire,
Messrs. Don. Hooker.

Perennial. July.

Like the preceding in habit, and in general struct\ire; but our spe-
cimens are much more luxuriant. Spike about 3 inches long,
conspicuous for the orange colour of the anthers, v/hich are still
more peculiar on account of their short roundish figure. The
shortness of the aiv)is may be a variable circumstance. The sug-
gestion of Dr. Withering first led me to propose this as a species,
and 1 still wish to leave it for more accurate examination, though
Professor Hooker is of a different opinion. I hope not to be
thought precipitate or dogmatical, which faults 1 have had ex-
perience enough to wish, at least, to avoid.

32. KNAPPIA. Knappia,

Engl. Bot. V. 16. 1127. Fl. Br. 1387. Comp. 6. Hook. Loud.

t. 64.
Mibora. Adans. Earn. v. 2. 495. Beauv. Agr. 29. t. 8. /. 4.
Chamagrostis, Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 158.

Cal. of 2, nearly equal, expanded, concave, keeled, ovate,
abrupt, single-ribbed, awnless valves, containing a single
floret. Co7'. of 2 unequal, obovate, membranous, ribbed,

G 2

84 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Knappia.

very liairV) fringed, awiiless valves, rather shorter than
the caiyx ; the larger embracing the inner one. Filam.
capillary, twice as long as the calyx. AntJi. elliptic-ob-
long, cloven at each end, erect, with 2 minute terminal
beaks. Germ, minute, roundish. Styles very short. Stig-
mas rather longer than the stamens, cylindrical, downy,
acute. Seed loose, covered by the corolla, obovate, " co-
])iously dotted in longitudinal lines." Hooker.
Only one species is known.

1. Y^. agrostidea. Early Knappia.

K. agrostidea. Engl. But. v. 16. t. II 27. Comp. 13. Knapp t.WO.

Davies Welch Botanol, 9. Hook. Lond. t.Q\.
Agrostis minima, Linn. Sp. PL 93. ffVld. v. 1. 3/2. Fl. Br. 82.

Huds. 32. StiUingJi. Misc. prcef. 28.
Chamagrostis minima. Sclirad. Germ. v. 1. 158.
Gramen sparteam, capillaceo folio, minimum. Dill. Giss. append.

172. ^.16./. 1.
G. minimum. Dalecli. Hist. 424./. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 465./.
G. minimum, paniculis elegantissimis. Bauh. Theatr. 26. /.

Scheuchz. Agr. 40. t.X.f. 7, I.
G. minimum anglo-britannicum. Lob. Illustr. 20. Rail Indie. PL

Dub. 15. ^
G. loliaceum tenuissimum, unciale aut biunciale. Moris, v. 3. 182.

secL8. t.2.f. 10.

In sandy maritime pastures, very rare.

A few miles from Lee, Essex, near the mouth of the Thames.
LobeL Found by Mr. Stillingfleet in Wales. Huds. Frequent
on the south-west coast of Anglesea. Rev. Hugh Davies.

Annual. March, April.

Root of m.any long slender fibres. Stems 1 to 3 inches high, erect,
simple, slender, smooth, triangular, naked, except at the very
bottom, vrhere they are invested with the membranous sheaths
of a few short, obtuse, channelled leaves. Stipula membranous,
bluntish, cloven, but not deeply divided. Spikes solitary, simple,
erect, of from 6 to 1 0 fiowers, mostly sessile, alternate, erect ;
2 or 3 of the lowermost only more or less stalked ; their common
stalk zigzag, slender, smooth, angular, but not excavated as in
the truly spiked grasses. FL, like the top of the stem,, purplish.
Cor. white and feathery.

This little grass, well known on the coasts of France, soon disap-
pears after shedding its seeds. The name of Chamagrostis, com-
posed of Agrostis already established, is inadmissible. Mibora
of Adanson, whose meaning is not explained, but which is
partlv, as it seems, composed of ^opu, fodder, has been over-
looked, because that author's names, so often founded on a bad

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Polypogon. 85

principle, have been generally neglected. The construction of
this word is evidently incorrect, and to restore it would prove
more inconvenient than instructive. See Beauvais A<j[r. introd. ().

33. POLYPOGON. Beard-grass.

Desfont. Atlant. v. 1. G6. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 192, Comp. 7. Br.
Prodr. 173. Beauv. Agr. 17. t. 6./. 8.

Cal. of 2 nearly equal, folded, keeled valves, cloven at the
summit ; each with a terminal, straight, rough awn., pro-
ceeding from the keel ; containing a single floret. Cor.
.of 2, somewhat unequal, ovate, concave valves, much
shorter than the calyx, and inclosed within it : the outer
keeled, terminating in a rough awn ; the inner smallest,
aw^nless, with 2 ribs, cloven at the summit. Filam. ca-
})illary, about the length of the corolla. Anth. terminal,
oblong, cloven at each end. Gcrmcn oval. Styles short,
distinct. Stigm. feathery. Seed loose, ovate, polished,
covered b}' the corolla. The terminal straight awn of
the corolla is totally distinct in nature from the dorsal,
jointed, twisted, inconstant awn of an Agrostis.

Root fibrous or creeping, annual or perennial. Stems 1 or
more, simple or branched, jointed, leafy. Leaves roughish.
Panicle erect, compound, dense, ' lobed, bristly from the
copious a-isjns of the numerous, small, crowdcd^oterr.?.

1. V . monspeliensls . Annual Beard-grass.

Awns strai^^'ht, thrice as long as the calyx. Root fibrous.

P. monspeliensis. Desfont. Atlant. v. 1. 67. Schrad. Germ. v. 1.

192. Comp. 13. Marsch. Taur. Cauc. v. I. 48.
Alopecurus monspeliensis. Linn. Sp. PL 89. JFiiJi. 121.
A. aristiitus. Huds. 28.

A. altera maxima anglicapaludosu. Moris. i-.3. 191. sect.S. f.4.f.3.
A. maxima unglica. Raii Sijn. 396.
Phleum crinitum. Sc/ireb. Gram. v.\. lo 1 . t. 20. f. 3. FL Br. 71 .

Fl. GrcEc. V. 1. 46. t.62.
Agrostis panicea. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2.v.\. 148, mild. v. 1 . 363.

Fngl.Bot u. 24. t. 1704.
A. triaristata. Knapp t.23.
Gramen alopecurum mujus, sj)!cri viresccnte divulsa, pilis longiori-

bus. Barrel. Ic. t. 115./. 2. Scheuchz. Agr. l.")5.
(d. Alopecurus paniceus. Linn. Sp. PL 90. ff'ith. 121.
Cynosurus pauiccus. Linn. Sp. PL ed. 1. 73.
(iramen alopecurum minus, «pica virescente divulsa. Barrel. Ic.

1. 115 /; 1.

86 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Milium.

G. alopecuros minus^, spica longiore. Scheuchz. Agr. 154.
Cauda vulpis monspelliensium. Loh. Ic. v. 1 . 45./.

In moist pastures near the sea, but rare.

In Hampshire and Essex. Raij. Near Cley, Norfolk. Mr. W.
Humphrey , and Mr. Borrer.

Annual. July, August.

Root of several, somewhat downy, fibres. Stems generally nu-
merous, simple, smooth, a foot or more in height. Leaves
spreading, acute, flat, striated, rough at the ribs and margin ;
their sheaths long and smooth, with an oblong siipula, rough at
the back. Panicle pale, with a silky appearance from the long,
rough, shining awns of the calyx. Anth. short. Styles scarcely
any. /3 is a very trifling variety, diminished by want of nourish-
ment, as usual with annual grasses.

2. P. littoralis. Perennial Beard-grass.

Awns straight, about the length of the calyx. Root creep-
mg.

P. littoralis. Comp. 13.

Agrostislittoralis. Fl. Br. 78. Engl.Bot. v. 18. <. 1251. mth. 129 ?
Knapp t. 22. Dicks. H. Sice. fuse. 16. 1.

In muddy salt-marshes, rare.

Near Cley, Norfolk. Rev. Henry Bryant. On the Essex coast.
Mr. Dickson. Near the powder magazine, about 4 miles from
Woolwich. Mr. Geo. Jackson.

Root creeping, branched. Stems branched, smooth ; decumbent
and taking root at their lower joints ; about a foot high. Leaves
rough on both sides, as well as at their edges. Stipula slightly
downy. Sheaths striated, smooth. Pan. lobed, purplish, shining,
but less silky than the former, the awns being so much shorter.
Withering's figure, t. 23, represents the foregoing, but wants
the awn of the corolla, and his description does not answer well
to either species.

34. MILIUM. Millet-grass.

Linn. Gen. 33. Juss. 29. Fl Br. 75.

Cal. of 2 unequal, concave, tumid, keeled, clasping, awnless
valves, containing a single floret. Cor. of 2 unequal valves,
inclosed in the calyx ; the outermost broadest, sometimes
awned at the back, finally hardened and permanent. Anm^
if present, jointed and twisted. Ncct. cloven, membra-
nous. Filam. capillary, not longer than the calyx. Germ.
ovate. Styles combined, or very short. Seed ovate, coated
with the horny eorolla.

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Milium. 87

Root perennial, or annual. Stems erect, leafy, jointed. Pa-

. nicle loose or dense, much branched.
The hardened corolla, forming a coat to the seed, affords a

mark of distinction between this genus and Agrostis, no

less obvious than important, as those most deeply versed

in grasses will most readily allow.

1, M. cffusum. Spreading Millet -grass.
Flowers in a loose spreading panicle, without awns.

M. efFusum. Unn. Sp. PL 90. mild. v. I. 360. Ft. Br. 75. Engl.

Bot. V. 16. t. 1 106. Curt. Land, fasc, 4. /. 12. Knapp t. 19.

Hook. Scot. 24. Leers\8.t.8.f.7. " Fl. Dan. t. \\43." Schrad.

Germ. v. 1. 197. Smcl.300.
M. n. 1525. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 243.

Gramen miliaceum. Rail Syn. 402. Gcr.Em. 6./. Loh. Ic. 3./.
G. miliaceum vulgare. Maris, v. 3. 197. sect. 8. t. 5./. 10.
G. sylvaticum,paniculamiliaceasi)arsa. Bauh. Pin. 8. Theatr. 140.
/. 141. Scheucln. Agr. 133. t.3.f. 6.

In rather moist shady places, frequent.

Perennial. Jane, July.

Root fibrous, with several creeping shoots. Stems erect, slenrler,
3 or 4 feet high, round, jointed, leafy, smooth. Leaves briglit
green, broad, flat, with a single rib and'rough edges ; thAr sheaths
strongly ribbed, very smooth. Stipula oblong, a little jagged.
Panicle large, erect, lax, widely spreading, of several alternate
tufts, or half whorls, of slender, variously compound branches
scarcely rough, except in their upper part. Fl. solitary, slightly
drooping, ovate. Cal. permanently green, roughish, of 2 ellip-
tical, expanded, concave, ribbed, "nearly equal vah-es. Cor.
nearly the siiape and size of the calyx, to which it is opposite,
not contrary ; at first of a greenish white, polished ; after flower-
ing yellowish and horny, the larger valve embracing the other,
and both together forming a shining hard coat to the seed. Ann
none. Nectary a deeply cloven membrane. Anth. deeply cloven
at each end. Styles short, combined. Stigni. feathery.

2. M. lendigerum, Panick Millet-grass.
Flowers in a dense sjiikcd panicle. Corolla awned.

M. lendigerum. Linn. Sp. PL 0\. mild. v. i . 359. Fl. Br. 76.

Engl. Bot. V. 16. M 107. Fl. Grac. v. 1. 49. /. 65. Schreb. Gram.

v.2.\4. /.23./.3.
Agrostis australis. Linn. Mant. 1. 30.
A, rubra. Huds. ed. 1. 26.

A. vcntricosa. Gouan Hort.SD. t. if. 2. Knnp}> f, 25.
Alopccnru'« vetidicosus. Hwls. rd. 2. 28.

88 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Agrostis.

Panicum serotinum arvense, spica pyramidata. Tourn.Inst. b\b.
Rail Syn. 394.

Gramen paniceimi serotinum, spica laxfi pyramidali. Moris, v. 3.
189. Herb. Bobart.

G. serotinum arvense, panicula contracta pyramidali. Scheuchz.
Agr. 148.

G, aiopecuro accedens, ex culmi geniculis spicas cumpetiolis longi-
usculis promens. Pluk.Almag. \77. Pliyt. t.'SS.f. 6.

In fields where water has stagnated, especially towards the sea, but
not common.

In the isle of Shepey plentifully. Hiids. At Weymouth. Rev. Mr.
Lightfoot. In corn fields at GUlingham, Norfolk. Mr. Woodward.
At Cley, Norfolk. Mr. Rose.

Annual. August.

Stem branched from the bottom, smooth. Leaves roughish at the
edges, with smooth, striated, slightly tumid, sheaths. Siipula ob-
long, torn Avhen old. Panicle erect, lobed, but very close, taper-
ing, pale green, bristly, v/ith roughish and angular partial stalks.
Ft. small, pale green.' Cat. tumid and polished at the base ; its
valves compressed, membranous at the edges, rough at the
keel 5 one of them longest, and most pointed, but not av/ned.
Cor. much smaller ; its outer valve ovate, concave, obtuse,
downy, with a jointed, rough, twasting, dorsal aw?i, rather longer
than the calyx, rarely if ever wanting j inner smaller, cloven,
hairy at the base. Nect. deeply cloven, acute. Anth. short.
Seed coated with the hardened corolla, and enveloped in the
shining calyx.

35. AGROSTIS. Bent-giass,

Linn. Gen. 33. Juss. 29. Fl. Br. 77. Lam. t.4\.

Cal, of 2 rather unequal, acute, keeled, folded, clasping,
awnless, permanent valves, containing a single floret.
Co7\ of 2 unequal valves, generally larger than the calyx,
membranous, ribbed, unchanged after flow^ering, with a
tuft or two of hairs at the base ; the larger valve bearing,
constantly in some species, a rough, dorsal awn, which in
others is most generally wanting ; the smaller valve con-
stantly awnless, more membranous, various in size, and
occasionally abortive. Nect. of 2 minute scales, some-
times combined. Filam. capillary, rather longer than the
glumes. Anth. deeply divided at each end. Genu, ovate.
Stifles short. Stigm. densely feathery. Seed ovate, po-
lished, loose, wrapped in the unaltered corolla.

Habit various, generally slender, with fibrous, mostly per-
ennial, roots, and jointed, leafy, erect, ascending, or pro-

TRIANDllIA— DIGYNIA. Aoiostis. 89

str ate i;t cms. Leaves narrow, acute. Panicle much branch-
ed, generally spreading, of innumerable, solitary, erect,
smali Jloxi:crs. Cal. roughish, often coloured. Cor. most
frequently pale, or whitish. Seed very minute.
A^rostis, as generally understood by authors, is justly said
by Mr. Brown to be an artificial genus, and thereibre I
should scaicely hesitate to admit Tvichodium of Michaux
and Schrader, as an artificial separation from it, difierino-
only in having a single valve to the corolla. Such Schrader
found to be the case with A. canina, but I do not, and
therefore we have nothing to do with Trichodiwn in a
British Flora.

* Axuned.

1 . A. Spica vcjiti. Silky Bent -grass.

Awn straight, rigid, many times longer than the corolla.
Panicle loosely spreading.

A. Spica venti. Linn. Sp. PL 91. mUd. v. I. .36! Ft Br 77
Engl. Bot.v. 14. ^.O.-)!. K7iappt. 20. Leers \9.t.4. f. 1 Srhrad
Germ. v. I. 203. Fl.Dcm. t.SoS. . ■ ■ -

Avena n. 1480. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 228.

Gramen miliaceum majns, glumis aristatis, spadiccis et pallidis.
Rail Sijn. 405.

G. segetum altissimiim, panicula sparsa. Scheuchz. A^r 144
t.'S.f. 10. A, B. Bauh. Theatr. 33./. 34. « • •

G, harundinaceum. Ger. Em. b.f.

G. agrorum venti spica. Park. Theatr. 1 158./. Loh. Ic. 3.f.

In sandy corn-fields, occasionally overflowed, but not very common.

In several parts of Norrolk 3 and near Warrington, Lancashire.*
Near Kingston u'pon Thames. Bishop of Carlisle. Between
Kennington and Camberweil. Mr. Groult. At X^'althamstcw.
Mr. E. Forster.

Annual. June, July,

Root of many tliick whorled fibres. Stems one or more, 2 or 3 feet
high, erect, leafy, smooth, jointed near the base, unbranched.
Leaves spreading, ribbed ■ a little downy above 3 rough beneatii ;
their sheaths long, ribbed, smooth. Stipula jugged. Panicle
large, silky in appearance, leaning to one side, and^elegantly wav-
ing with the wind 3 its branches numerous, in alternate bundles,
finely subdivided, rough and angular up^^ards. Cal. r.nd CV;r.
polished, often purplish 3 outer valve of the latter rough with mi-
nute tubercles, and remarkable for its long straight awn 3 inner
minutely cloven at the point. Sctd minute, ovale, jxiinted, very
smooth.

90 TRIANDIIIA— DIGYNIA. Agrostis.

2. A. canina. Brown Bent- grass.

Awn incurved, from below the middle of the corolla ; inner
valve obsolete. Calyx ovate, coloured. Stems decum-
bent, with prostrate shoots. Stipula lanceolate.

A. canina. Linn. Sp, PL 92. JVilkl vA. 367. H. Br^. 78. Engl.
Bot. V. 2G. t. 1S5G. Knapp t.2\. Hook. Scot. 24. Leers 19.
t.A.f.2. Hoffm. Germ, for 1900. 34. t.Q.

A. vinealis. With. 127.

A. stricta. Sincl: 151.

Trichodium caninum. Schrcd. Germ. v. 1. 198.

Avena n. 1479. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 227.

Gramen paniculatum supinum, ad infima culmorum genicula fo-
liorum capiliarium fasciculis donatum. Scheucliz. Agr, 141. t. 3.
/ 9, C.

/3. Huds. 30, excluding the synon3'ms.

Agrostis tenuitblia. Curt. Brit. Gr. 42, without an awn.

A, fascicularis. Sincl. 155.

In meadows and pastures^, especially in damp boggy places, common.

Perennial. June, July.

Root creeping, with downy fibres, and many trailing leafy shoots.
Stems several, more or less decumbent, and taking root, at the
lower joints ; from 1 to 3 feet long, leafy, ascending, slender,
smooth. Leaves roughish on both sides, narrow, especially in
the radical tufts, where they are, as Professor Schrader remarks,
quite setaceous, and by the presence of such tufts this species is
readily distinguished from the awned varieties of A. vulgaris,
without adverting to the corolla. Sheaths striated, smooth. Sti-
pula lanceolate, elongated, finally torn ; in vulgaris this part is
extremely short. Panicle spreading when in flower, otherwise
collected into lobes or close tufts -, the branches capillary, elastic,
angular, rough, brownish purple. Fl. erect, shining. Valves of
the calyx ovate, pointed, purple ; occasionally yellow, Si7icl. 1 53. j
the outer one largest, with a rough keel ; inner smooth. Cor.
membranous, white or greenish -, the larger valve ribbed, notched,
about the length of the calyx, or rather shorter, with a jointed
incurved awn, from below the middle of its keel, extending a
little way beyond the point ; smaller valve often entirely want-
ing, though some flowers in every panicle usually have it, either
diminutive, as in Engl. Bot., or nearly equal to the awned valve,
as in a specimen before me. Leers, the most accurate of all ob-
servers in this tribe of plants, says this valve is very often want-
ing, but not always. Such a partial defic:ency could hardly
aftord a specific, much less a generic, distinction. The awn
varies in length, and is occasionally absent, as in var. /3, nothing
being more uncertain than the dorsal awns of grasses. The
terminal ones, whether uF the rabjv or corolla, are much more
to be trusted.

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNI A. Amostis. 9 i

to

3. A. setacea. Bristle-leaved Bent- grass.

Awn incurved, from near the base of the corolla; inner
valve minute. Calyx lanceolate, tapering, rough. Ra-
dical leaves bristle-shaped. Stem nearly erect. Panicle
close, oblong.

A. setacea. Curt. Brit. Gr. 42. Lond. fasc. 6. t. 12. FL Br. 79.
Engl. Bot. V. \7. t.l 188. Knapp t.2i. Hook. Scot. 25.

A. alpina. JVith. 128, with erroneous synonyms.

A. canina y. Hiids.'S] , excluding the syn.

On dry turfy heaths, in the south and west of P^ngland.

Mr. Curtis, who first distinguished this grass, received it from his
gardener Uobert Squibb, from Fiddletovvn heath, Devonshire.
The late Eavl of Gainsborough, and the present Bishop of Car-
lisle, observed it in Hampshire 3 the late Duchess Dowager of
Portland at Weymouth 5 and Mr. D. Turner in the Isle of \\'ight.
Professor Link sent it from Portugal, where he found it common
on heaths.

Perennial. July, August.

Root rather woody, tufted, with strong downy fibres. Stems 8 — 12
inches high, a little inclining, slender, nearly or viuite smooth,
leafy. Leaves pale glaucous green ; the radical ones involute,
almost capillary, erect, acute^ roughish, or downy ; those of the
stem shorter, broader, with very long smooth sheaths. Stipula
lanceolate, tender, often torn. Panicle erect, oblong, cylindn-
cal, but little spreading at any period 3 its branches rmgular,
bristly. F/. erect, pale purplish. CaZ. of 2 unequal, long and
tapering, keeled, scarcely awned, valves, rough at the edges and
keel, downy all over. Outer valve of the corolla lanceolate,
shorter than the calyx, with a rough twisting awn from near the
bottom, twice the length of the valve 3 inner very small, oblong,
about equal to the germen. Anth. purplish,, deeply cloven at
each end, prominent. Styles distinct.

Very different from A. alpina of Willdenow, Sp. PI. v. 1. 368, which
is Haller's ^re/m n. 147/3 as well as from his rupcstris, Hallcr's
n. 1478.

** Generally isoithout a-jcns,

4. A. vulgaris. Fine Bent-grass.

Panicle spreading; wdth divaricated, caj/illary branches.
Calyx-valves nearly ecjual. Stem erect. Stipula abrupt,
very short.

A. vulgaris. With. 132. Fl. Br. 79. Engl. Bot. v. 24. t. Ifi/I.

Knapp t. 26, ^^.115. Rclh. 27. IIoolc. Scot. 25. Sincl. 143.

Sclirad. Germ. v. 1. 206. /. 2./. 3. //o//w. Germ, for ISOO. 36.

t. 7.
A. hispid.i. Jf'Jld. V. I. 370.

92 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Agrostis.

A. tenuis, Sibth. 36.

A. capillaris. Abbot 14. Roth Germ. v. 2. 85.

A. polyiriorpha a, Huds. 3 1 .

A. stolonifera. Leers 20. f.4.f.6. Ehrh. Calam. 71.

Poa n. 1475. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 226.

Gramen miliaceum, locustis minimis, panicula fere arundinacea.
Rail Syn. 402.

3. Fl.Br.80. Schrad. Germ. v. 1.206. t.3.f. 1.

A. canina. With. 127.

y. Fl. Br. 80. Schrad. Germ. v. 1 . 206.

A. pumila. Linn. Mant. 1.31. Wiild, v.\.37\. Light/. 1081./.
in title of V. 2, bad. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 18.3. Ehrh. Calam. 105.

Gramen minimum palustre, panicula spadicea delicata, tenuifolium,
semine exiguo rotundo. Scheuchz. Agr. 131.

I. Fl. Br. 80. With. 133. var. 3.

A. vulgaris e, Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 207. t.2.f. 4.

In meado\vs_, pastures, waste ground, and the borders of fields,
every where.

Perennial. July, August.

Root tufted, strong, somewhat creeping. Stems 12 — 24 inches
high j in y 2 — 4 inches only ; erect or ascending, leafy, slender,
striated, smooth to the touch. ; their lowermost joints ofien
throwing out roots. Leaves linear, narrow, taper-pointed, rather
spreading, rough on both sides, with long, striated, smooth
sheaths. Stipula extremely short and abrupt, by which, as Pro-
fessor Schrader long ago noticed, all the varieties of this species,
whether awned or not, are readily distinguished from A. canina,
as also from alba. Panicle purplish, very delicate, slender, uni-
formly divaricated, with equidistant, elastic, finely capillary
branches, collected into small tufts after flowering ; their lower
part smooth j upper more or less rough, but the ultimfite stalks
are smooth. Fl. small, erect, shining. V^alves of the calyx lan-
ceolate, concave, somewhat unequal, with membranous edges ;
the keel of the larger often roughish. Cor. of 2 thin, very un-
equal, valves ; the smaller notched at the summit, hairy at. the
base ; larger 3-ribbed, shorter than the calyx, usually awnless,
but sometimes, as in var. /3, and not unfrequently in y, furnished
with a dorsal rough awn, about twice its own length. The an-
thers project just beyond the calyx, and are oblong, cloven at
each end. Styles very short. Stigm. densely feathery. Seed
ovate, tumid, especially in y, which is often, not always, infected
with the smut, or ustilago. In ^ the glumes become, more or
less, elongated and leafy, the fructification being transformed
into a bud, and the panicle viviparous. This happens chiefly in
shady or moist situationvS, where the whole plant is pale and
slender ; in dry exposed spots it is dwarf, condensed, of a fine
brownish purple all over.

The earliness of thi:> grass appears, according to Mr. Sinclair's ob-

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Agrostis. 93

servatlons, its chief agricultural value, the produce beinp- far from
abundant.
A. capilUiris, Linn. Sp. PL 93. Sm. PL Ic. t. a I, is a totally differ-
ent plant, found in Portugal, by the late Sir T. Gage, Bart.

5. A. alba. Marsh Bent-grass.

Panicle condensed at the hase of the main divisions ; .stalks

rough. Calyx- valves lanceolate, bristly at the keel. Stem

spreading, creephig. Stipula oblong, ribbed.
A. alba. Linn. Sp. PL9'3. mUd.v.\.37\. FLBr.Sl. EngL Bot.

V. \7.t.\ 189. Hook. Scot. 25. CuUum 23. Schrad. Germ v 1.

209, amid 3. t.2.f. 1.
A. mutabilis, Knapp t.2S.
A. polymorpha ?, palustris, Ilitds. 32.
A, palustris. SincL 237.
A. capillaris. Leers 20. t.4. f. 3. ?
A. stolonifera latifolia. SiricL 1 13, also aristata. 233.
Gramen miliaceum majus, paniculu spadicea, n. 11 ^ as also pani-

cula viridi, n. 12. DHL in Rail Si/n. 404.
^. A. stolonifera. Linn. Sp. PL 93. Herb. Linn. Willd. v 1 369

Fl. Br. 80. EngL BoL v. 22. L 1532. Mart. Rust. t. 120 Knaim

t.27. 8^t.\\6. ^^

A. polymorpha ^. Huds. 31.
A. alba. Leers 2] . t.4. f. 5.
Poa n. 1473. HctlL Hist. 225.
Gramen montanum miliaceum minus, radice repente. Rail Sun

402.? ^ '

G. caninum supinum. Ger. Em. 26./.
G. caninum supinum minus, Scheuchz. Agr. 128.
/. A. sylvatica. Huds. ed. 1.28. Linn. Sp. PL 1665 mild

V. I. 371.
A. polymorpha ij. Huds. 32.
Gramen miliaceum sylvestre, glumis oblongis. DHL in Raii Si/n

404. ^ *

In moist meadows, and fields inundated in autumn. /3 in ditches
and wet situations, on a clay soil, especially near the sea. y
in woods.

Perennial. July, August.

A larger plant than A. vulgaris, from which it essentially and mani-
festly differs, in having an elongated, ribbed, bluntish, mostly
downy, finally torn, stipula ; whereas that of vulgaris is scarcely
visible at all, or at most not a line in length. I concur with
Professor Hooker and Mr. Bicheno in uniting A. stolonifera to
alba, but by no means in perceiving any ambiguity between the
latter and vulgaris.

A. alba has long, decumbent, more or less branching, stems, send-
ing out roots from tiieir lower joints. The leaves are broad, flat.

94 . TRIANDllIA— DIGYNIA. Cynodon.

taper-pointed, ribbed, very rough on both sides to the touch,
especially at the edges. Sheaths long, smooth in my specimens,
though Professor Schrader informs me they are occasionally
rough. Panicle 4 — G inches long, alternately lobed, or divided
into several large, half-whorled, bundles, of extremely unequal,
angular, rough branches ; the lowermost particularly crowded,
generally much more so than is represented in Engl. Bot.
Calyx-glumes keeled, acute, slightly unequal, rather tumid j
their keels either entirely or partially rough Vv'ith little bristles ;
their sides smooth ; their edges not more membranous than the
other part, in which last character they differ from the vulgaris.
Cor. of 2 unequal valves ; the larger ribbed, and occasionally-
awned from a little below the summit. Styles very short.
Stigmas thick, feathery. The calyx is either greenish white, or
brownish purple, but not so constantly, in different individuals,
as to mark a durable variety.

In /3 the stem is more extensively creeping, sometimes floating j
but the chief difference consists in the still more dense and
tufted lobes of the panicle, as in EugL Bot. and Leers t. 4./. 5.
The calyx, besides, is generally rough all over, with little bristly
points 5 and I had thought, with the accurate Schrader, that this
roughness would afford a specific character ; but it is wanting
in the Liverpool specimens, see Engl. Bot. t. 1532.

y is distinguished by an elongation of the caL 8^ cor., the Jlowers
being imperfect, and many of them transformed to leafy buds.
The lower branches of the panicle are abortive.

A. coarctata, Ehrh, Calam. 133, referred by Schrader to the purple
variety, or rather state, of our alba, appears extremely different
in its narrow involute leaves, trading radical shoots, and slender
loose panicle. I have seen nothing like it in England. Ehrhart's
specimen in his Calamaria precisely accords with one sent by
Dr. Roth as his A. alpina; but it is a real Agrostis, neither A.al-
pina, nor A. rupestris of Willdenow • see Trichoclium n. 2 & 3
of Schrader; about vv^hich I find various errors, not concerning
the British Flora.

3G. CYNODON. Dogs-tooth -grass.

" Richard in Pers. Syn. v. 1. 85." Br. Pr. 187. Nutt. Gen. Amer.

56. Beauv.Agr.37. t.9.f.\.
Digitaria. Schreb. Germ. v. 1. 165.

CaL of 2 nearly equal, lanceolate, acute, keeled, awnless,
spreading valves, containing a single floret. Cor. of two
unequal, keeled, compressed, awnless valves; the outer^
most much the broadest, clasping the other. Nectary of
2 minute scales. Filam. rather longer than the corolla.
Anth. cloven at each end. Germ, ovate. Styles distinct.

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Cynodon. 95

Stigm. feathery. Seed ovate, coated with the hardened
corolhi.

Schrader and Brown have observed occasionally the rudi-
ment of a second flower, like a small bristle.

The stems are prostrate and creeping, leafy, with nprioht
flowering- branches. Fl. spiked, unilateral, somewhat al-
ternate, on the flat side of a linear triangular receptacle^
several of which are collected at the top of tlie branch.
The recept. is really neither jointed nor scrobiculated, so
that this genus cannot be referred to the spiked grasses,
which constitute our third section.

1. Q>» Dactylon, Creeping Dog's-tooth grass.
Spikes four or five, crowded together. Corolla smooth.

C. Dactylon. Br. Pr. 187.

Panicum Dactylon. Lhiii. Sp. PL 85. Willd. v. I. 342. Fl. Br. Q7.

Engl. Bot. V. 12. t. 850. FL Grccc. v.I.Ad.L GO. Knapp t. 13.

Dicks. Dr. PL 53. H. Sicc.fasc. 1 1. 1.
Digitaria stolonifera. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 165.

D. n. 1527. Hall Hist. v. 2. 244.

Agrostis linearis. Retz. Obs.fasc. 4. 19. Willd. v. 1. 375. Ascer^

tabled by Mr. Lambert.
Gramen repens, cum panicula graminis mannse. Raii Stpi. 399.
G. Dactylon, folio arundinaceo, majus et minus. Bauh. Theatr.

111 — 113,/,/. Moris, r.3. 184. w. 3, 4. sect.S. t.3.f.4.
G. Dactvlon, radice repente, sive officinarum. Town. Inst. 520.

Scheu'chz. Agr. 104. ^. 2./. 1 1, I.
G. dactiloides, radice repente. Ger. Em. 28./.
G. Canarium alterum. Lob. Ic. v. 1. 23./.

On the sandy shores of Cornwall abundantly, first noticed by
Mr. Newton in the time of Ray.

Perennial. Juhj, August.

"^riie roots are tough and creeping, almost woody, wit^ smooth
fibres. Stems also creeping to a great extent, matted, round,
jointed, leafy, very smooth. Leaves tapering, sharp-pointed,
ribbed, hairy, a little glaucous ; with long, striated, smooth
sheaths, and a hairy slipula. Flowering -branches a span high,
leafy, simple, terminating in 4 or 5 nearly equal, crowded, erect,
many-flowered, linear spikes ; the common stalk of each trian-
gular, roughish ; flat and slightly bordered on one side, along
which the nearly sessile, shining, pmpWahJloiccrs are ranged in
2 close alternate rows. The cor. is longer than the calijx, very
much compressed, opposite, not, as I once thought, alternate,
with respect to the latter.

9G TRIANDUIA— DIGYNIA. Digitaria.

37. DIGITARIA. Finger-grass.

Hall. Hist. V. 2. 244. Jusfi. 29. Nuft. Gen. Amer. 55. Beauv. Agr.

50. t. 10./. 12.
Syntherisma. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 160.

Cal. single-flowered, of 3 very unequal, close-pressed, awnless
valves ; the outermost minute, triangular, occasionally
wanting ; the next largest, as long as the corolla, concave,
ribbed ; the third innermost, opposite to the latter, hardly
one fourth its size, lanceolate, flattish, slightly ribbed.
Cor. of 2 unequal, elliptical, awnless, finally horny valves;
the outer shaped like the larger valve of the calyx, and
about as large, inflexed at the edges; inner narrower,
flat. Filam. capillary, rather longer than the glumes.
yintJi. short, cloven at each end. Gerjii. ovate. Styles
thread-shaped, about the length of the stamens. Stigmas
short, feathery, dense. Seed o\atQ^ coated by the harden-
ed polislied corolla.

Root fibrous, generally annual. Herbage coarse. Leaves
broad, ribbed, with long, warty, often hairy, sheaths.
Spikes several, alternate, rather close together. Fl. on
short, divided, partial stalks, unilateral, alternate, in 2
rows, on a zigzag, bordered common stalk.

1 . D. sanguincdis. Cock's-foot Finger-grass.

Leaves and their sheaths somewhat hairy. Flowers in pairs.
Calyx rough at the edges of its largest valve only.

D. saiiguinalis. Scop. Cam. v. 1. 52.

D. n. 1526. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 244.

Panicum sanguinale. Linn. Sp. PI. 84. Willd. v. 1 . 342. Fl. Br. 66.

Engl. Bot. V. 12. t. 849. Curt. Lond.fasc. 4. t. 7. Knapp t. 12.

B'lart. Rust. t.78. Hook. Scot. 21 . Schreb. Gram. v.].l\9.t.l6.

Ehr/i.Calam. 114.
Syntherisma vulgare. Schreb. Germ. vA. 161.
Gramen Dactylon folio latiore. Bauh. Theatr. 114./. Rail Syn. 399.

Scheucliz.Agr.\{)\.t.2.f.U,G,\{. Moris. Hist. v. 3. 184. n.2.

sect.8. t.3.f.2.
Ischsemon vulgare. Lob. Ic. v. 1. 24./. Ger, Em. 27. f.

In sandy cultivated fields, but rare.

In Ray's time it was found at Great Witchingham, Norfolk, and
about Elden, Suffolk, by Thomas Wlllisell. Hudson found it
n^!ar Guildford, There are specimens in Lightfoot's herbarium,
gathered near Brandon, Norfolk, and at Henham, Suffolk. Bat-
tersea fields have long been known to produce this grass, which

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Panicum. 97

is indubitably a native, tliough^ like all annual plants, variable
in its places of growth.

Annual. July, August.

Root fibrous. Stems numerous, bent and decumbent at the base,
then ascending, about a foot long, jointed, leafy, striated, smooth.
Leaves broad, pointed, striated, wavy at the edges, besprinkled,
like their long rather swelling sheaths, with little warts, many
of which bear bristly hairs. Spikes ^vom. 3 to 8, alternate, spread-
ing, crowded at the top of the stem, many-flowered. Common
stalk of each spike flat, wavy, winged, rough-edged, with a flat
mid-rib at one side, the other beset v>'ith 2 rows of unequally
cloven, two-flowered, short, erect partial-stalks. Fl. dark pur-
plish, erect, elliptic-oblong. Largest valve of the calyx with
usually five ribs, its edges rough or downy. Stigmas, and often
Anthers, violet coloured. Tlie specific name is said to have ori-
ginated in the use made of this grass in Germany, which is to
procure bleeding of the nose, by thrusting its spikes up the
nostrils.

Professor Schrader separates from this species, by the name of
Synfherisma glabrum, what Leers has described, and represented
in his t. 2.f. 6. I describe the native P^nglish plant, upon which
Haller evidently founded his Digitaria. Jussieu copied him, even
in his error respecting the character j nor did he advert to the
bivalve corolla, pointed out by Haller himself, in Panicum Dae-
tylon, which forms an exception to their definition of Digitaria.
I have therefore concurred with Mr. Brown and other able bota-
nists, in applying the name of CynocJon to the preceding genus,
retaining Digitaria for this. The advanced state of our know-
ledge requires the separation of both from Panicum, with whose
character they have never been found well to accord.

38. PANICUM. Panick-grass.

Linn. Gen. 32. Schreb. 46. Juss. 29. Sm. in Rees's Cycl. v. 26.
Fl. Br. 64. Lam. t. 43. Br. Pr. 189. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 239.
GiErtn. t. 1.

Pennisetum. Br. Pr. 195.

Cal. imperfectly two-flowered, of 2 very unequal, ribbed
valves ; the outermost various, generally triangular, very
short, sometimes wanting; inner much larger, concave,
elliptical, many-ribbed, for the most part awnless. One
Jlorct perfect;' the other either entirely neuter, or fur-
nished (in some foreign species) with stamens only. Co?-.
in \\\e former of 2 unequal, elliptical, membranous, acute
valves, both becoming horny, and forming a coat to the
seed: in the latter of 1 or 2 valves, the outermost concave,
of the texture of the calyx, ribbed, sometimes more or less

VOL. I. li

$8 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Panicum.

awned; the innermost flat, awnless, often wanting. Filam,
capillary, the length of the corolla. Anth. short, cloven
at each end. Germ, ovate. Styles distinct, awl-shaped, as
long as the stamens. Stigmas feathery, tufted, short. Seed
ovate, flattened at one side, coated with the ribbed hard-
ened corolla.
Pennisetum of Richard and Brown differs only in having a
number of abortive flower-stalks, improperly called an iii-
voliicrum, as they have no share in the fructification. I
therefore, notwithstanding these really great authorities,
decHne its adoption, there being no natural distinction of
habit in its favour.
Panicum is a very extensive genus, of large coarse grasses,
mostly annual in Europe, of no agricultural use; the in-

Jlorescence spiked or panicied ; the seeds in some instances
used for food. The great imperfection of its secondary

Jloret, so much resembling the calyx in one of its valves,
might well lead to an error, which Schreber and Jussieu
first corrected.

1. V. vert'icillatum. Rough Panick-grass.

Panicle spiked, cylindrical, lobed, with whorled branches ;
and several prominent bristles, rough with reversed teeth.
Corolla of the perfect floret slightly uneven.

P. verticillatum. Linn. Sp. PL 82. Willd. v, I. 334. H. Br. 64.

Engl. Bot. V. 13. t. 874. Curt. Lond.fasc. 4. t. 6. Knapp t. 9.

Graves Br. Gr. t. 10. Schrad. Germ. vA.239. Host Gram. v. 2.

\]. t. 13. Ehrh.Calam. 122.
P. n. 1543. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 2,50.
Gramen paniceum, spica aspera. Bauh. Theatr. 139. f. Scheuchz.

Agr. 47. Rail Syn. 394.
G. paniceum, spica simplici aspera. Moris, v. 3. 189. sect. 8. t. 4.

f. 11.
G, geniculatum. Ger. Em. 15./. 1. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 469./.

In moist cultivated fields, but rare.

About the banks of the Thames^ between London and Putney, in
several places. Mr. Newton. In Battersea fields, and near
Norwich,

Annual. July, August.

Root of several stout fibres. Stems one or more, from 6 inches to
2 feet high, simple, spreading, jointed, leafy, striated ; angular
and rough at the top. Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed, harsh
on both sides, very rough at the edges ; their sheaths long and
smooth. Stipula of numerous short hairs, continued a little way
down the margins of the sheath. Panicle compound, 2 inches

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Panlcum. 99

long, erect, somewhat lobed ; the branches short, about 4 in a
whorl, each of several flov/ers, every pair of which is accompa-
nied by about 2 channelled, angular bristles, longer than the
whole branch, and rough with minute teeth directed downwards.
Fi. generally in pairs, "oval, each inserted into a little terminal
disk, or cup, close to the bristles. Cal. pale with green rib^,
smooth and even. Cor. almost as large as the calyx; both valves
very minutely wrinkled, or dotted, at leasr in the perfect floret,
and constituting a rigid shining coat to the seed, inclosed in the
permanent, but loose and unaltered, larger valve of the calyx.

2. P. viride. Green Panick-grass.

Panicle spiked, cylindrical, continuous, with numerous pro-
minent bristles^ rough with erect teeth. Corolla of die
perfect floret slighdy uneven.

P viride. Linn.Sp.PL^^. M'ilUL v. ]. 335. Fl. Br. 05. Eugl.
Bot. V. 13. t. 875. Curt. Lond.fasc. 4. ^.5. Knapp 1. 10. Graves
Br. Gr. t.U. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 240. Leers \3. t.2. f.2.
Host Gram. v. 2. 12. t. 14. Ehrh. Calam. 1 13.

P. Crusgalli. Fl. Dau. t.852.

Gramen paniceum, spica simplici Isevi. Rail Stjn. 393.

G. panici efifigie, spica simplici. Gcr. Em. \7 . f.

In sandy fields, but not common.

In Battersea fields, Curtis, Soiverhy. On the west side of Norwich,
with the preceding.

Annual. July, August.

Smnller than the foregoing, but often so like it, that few persons
can distinguish them. The spike however is neither lobed, nor
whorled. Bristles more numerous, though often, as Ray found
them, not so prominent. The most essential distinction, pointed
out by Mr. Curtis, consists in the minute teeth of these bnsdes
being directed forward or upward, not downward ; and we can
hardly conceive this character to be variable. The neutcr/o/e^
is mo're frequently wanting in this species. The minute rough-
ness of the corolla is like the last. Sometimes the spike, though
usually green, has a purple tinge.

3. P. Crus-galli. Loose Panick-grass.

Panicle erect, branched, bristly. Flowers awned, unila-
teral. Leaves lanceolate, harsh, naked, without stipulas.

P. Crus-galli. Linn. Sp. PL 83. JVilld. v. 1. 337. //• Br. 65.
En^l Bot. V. 13. t. 870. Curt. Lond.fasc. 4. t. 8. ^"W- 1 ' •
Gi^avcs Br. Gr. t. 1 2. Schrad. Germ. v. 1 . 243. Leers 13. f. 2./. 3.
Ehrh. Calam. 104.

P. n. l.>44. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 2:>0.

100 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Aira.

P. sylvestre herbariorum. Park. Thealr. 1154./.

P. vulgare. Gar. Em. 85./.

Gramen paniceum, spicu divisa. Bank. Pin. 8. Theatr. \36.f.
Scheuchz. Ai^r. 49. Rali Sun. 394. Moris, v. 3. 189. w. 15. sect.S.
t.4.f.\5; ^alson. lO.f. 16.

In moist arable land, but rare.

Near Guildford. Huds. About Battersea, Putney, and Greenwich.
Rcnjj Lightfoot, Curtis, &c.

Annual. July.

Root fibrous. Stems several, often 2 feet high, stout, leafy, smooth,
with some tufts of radical leaves, and a few short, more spread-
ing, stems, at their base. Leaves harsh, pointed^ neither warty
nor hairy. There are no stipulas of any kind, one represented in
Engl. Bot. being an error. Sheaths compressed, striated, smooth.
Panicle erect, rigid, unilateral, with angular rough-edged stalks 5
its lower branches rather distant, and zigzag j upper crowded 5
all with tufts of fine smooth bristles, originating in tubercles, at
their base ; which bristles seem not essentially different from
those of Richard's Pennisetum, and greatly invalidate the sup-
posed character of that genus, of which our two foregoing species
are examples. The larger valve of the calyx is ovate, concave,
ribbed, bristly, pointed, or slightly awned^ smaller cup-shaped,
embracing the whole base of the flower. Cor. of the perfect
floret 2 ovate awnless valves, very smooth, and even, finally
horny, coating the seed 3 the larger concave, obscurely ribbed ;
the inner smaller, flattish : that of the neuter floret of 2 very
dissimilar valves ; the outermost resembling the outer valve of
the calyx, to which it has heretofore been supposed to belong,
concave, ribbed, bristly, inflexed at the edges, and terminating
in a rough, straight awn, generally short, as in Engl. Bot., but
sometimes very long as in Leers, and Morison's/. 16 ; the in-
nermost rather smaller, thinner, flat, notched at the tip, see
Curtis,/. 5. Stam. and Pist. in the perfect fl. only, about as
long as the corolla, and formed like those of the 2 species above
described.

The Linnoean P. Crus-corvi proves not a distinct species from this.

39. AIRA. Hair-grass.

Lin7i. Gen. 34. Juss.3\. FL Br. 83. Lam. t. 44. Gcrrfn. t.\.

Cal. of 2 unequal keeled valves, containing a spikelet of 2
perfect ^or^/5, one of them generally elevated on a short
stalk, without any rudiments of a third. Cor. of 2 oblong,
unequal, clasping valves; the outer one largest, with a
dorsal tw^isting awn, above the base, in several species
wanting; inner notched at the point, awnless. Nect, a
cloven scale. Filcmi. capillary. Anth, prominent, pen-
dulous, notched at each end. * Germ, ovate. Stijles short,

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Aiia. 101

(.istiiict.^ St/gm. featliery, large. Seed ovate, loose, co-
vered with the membranous corolla.
Inflorescetice panicled, eidier very loosely, or condensed into
a spike. The genus is, as Mr. Brown remarks under In's
Eriachne, Pr. 183, entirely artificial, allied to 3 or 4
others, from which it differs in the small number of florets.
We can therefore give no characteristic description of its
habit, any further than that the stems are erect, jointed,
and more or less leafy. Leaves generally narrow.

* Corolla a'wnless.

1. A. crislala. Crested Hair-grass.

Panicle spiked. Calyx longer than its flower-stalk, shorter

than the florets. Glumes all pointed.
A. cristata. Linn. Sp. PL 94. FL Dr. S3. Engl. Bot. v. 9. t. 6J8

Knapp ^30. Hook. Scot. 29. Schrad. Germ. v. I. 255.
Poa cristata. IViUd. v. I. 402. With. 145. Hull. 22. Reth. 3/

Sibth. 42. Abbot 19. Host Gram. v. 2. 54. t. 75. Leers 31 t 5
/. 6. Ehrh.Phyt. 32. ' ' '

Fcstuca n. 1444. Hcdl. Hist. v. 2. 217.
Gramen pumilum hirsutum, spica purpureo-argentea molii. Raii

Sijn. 396.
G. spica cristata, subhirsutum. Bauh. Prodr. 8. Thcatr. 43.

Scheuchz. Agr.\66. Moris, v. 3. 194. sect. 8. t. 4./. 7.

In dry, elevated, or calcareous^ pastures^ or on walls, not very
common.

Perennial. JuJi/, August.

Roots forming dense tufts ; their fibres downy. Stems simj^le, erect,
round, about 6 inches high, or more ; most jointed and leafy be-
low J a little downy above. Leaves rather stiff, linear, narrow,
acute, flat, single-ribbed, with long, clasping, more or less downy
or hairy .s7/e(/^/i5, and a very short, slightly "fringed, stipula. The
edges of the leaves are rough and hairy, as Plofessor Schrader
rightly observes, in opposition to my former descriptions, but
this character varies in degree ; their upper surface is strongly
ribbed. Panicle lanceolate, dense, erect, many-flowered, froni
1 to 4 or 5 inches long, compound and somewhat interrupted,
conspicuous for its shining silvery hue, mixed with pale purple
and green ; the common stalk densely downy. Fl. crowded,
erect. Glumes all similar, compressed, finely pointed, with mem-
branous edges. Florets very rarely 3.

Til is species is a Festuca, except in the small number of florets.

2. A. aqnatica. Water Huir-grass„

Panicle spreading. Florets awnless, even, obtuse, longer
than the rnlyx. J.eaves flat. SlijMila nblon<r.

102 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Aha.

A. aquatica. Linn. Sp. Pl.95. Willd. v. 1.376. Fl Br. 84. Engl.

Bot. V. 22. /. 1557. Curt Loud. fuse, l.t.b. Knapp t. 29. Hook.

Scot. 29. Schrad. Germ. v. 1 . 25G. Host Gram. v. 2. 30. t.4i.

Fl. Dan. t.38\. Ehrh. Calam. 4.
Poa dulcis. Salisb. Pr. 20.
P. n. 1471. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 225.
Gramen paniculatum, aquaticum miliaceum. Vaill. Par. 89. t. 17.

G. miliaceum aquaticum. Rail Syn. 402. Scheuchz. Agr. 17G.

In ditches, pools, and the margins of rivers.

Perennial. May, June.

Boot creeping, or floating, vv'ith long, white, shining fibres. Stems
floating, branched, leafy, smooth, very long, rising about 12 or
18 inches above the water. Leaves linear, bluntish, flat, flaccid,
partly floating, bright green, smooth, except at the edges. Sheaths
lax, slightly compressed, smooth, with a prominent, broad, rather
pointed, mem.branous stipula. Panicle erect, repeatedly branch-
ed, smooth ; the branches unequal, aggregate, angular, many-
flowered. Calyx-valves not on a level, short, abrupt, notched,
ribbed at the lower part, purplish, smooth. Florets much longer,
one on a short stalk 3 their valves oblong, even, purplish, notched
at the end, strongly keeled, never awned. Antli. prominent, ob-
long, yellow. Styles and stigmas short. The flowers abound
with honey. When growing accidentally out of the water, this
grass sometimes assumes a very dwarf habit. In natural affinity
it comes near Poajluitans, distans, and maritima.

** Corolla awned^i hairy at the base.
3. A. ccEspitosa. Turfy Hair-grass.

Panicle spreading. Florets about the length of the calyx,

abrupt, hairy at the base ; one of them on a hairy stalk.

Awn short, from the bottom of the outer valve. Leaves

flat.
A. csespitosa. Linn. Sp. Pl.^Q. Willd. v. 1.37 S. Fl.Br.84. Engl.

Bot. V. 2\. t. 1453. Knapp t. 33. Hook. Scot. 29. Schrad.

Germ.v.\.2D7. Leers 23. t. 4. f. 8. Host Gram. v. 2. 31. t. 42.

Ehrh. Calam. 52. Fl. Dan. t. 240.
Avena n. 1487. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 230.
Gramen segetum, panicula arundinacea. Scheuchz. Agr. 244. t. 5.

/. 2, 3.
G. miliaceum segetale majus. Rail Syn. 403.
G. segetale. Ger. Em. 5./.

In moist shady groves, and borders of corn-fields.
Very abundant in Scotland. Knapp, Hooker.
Perennial. June, July.
The fibrous 100 ts make very large and dense tufts. Stems a yard

high, with 2 joints, erect, smooth, leafy. Leaves narrow, rigid ;

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Aira. 103

furrowed and roughish above 5 their margins involute by drying j
radical ones copious. Sheaths smooth. Stipula oblong, acute,
often cloven. Panicle large, spreading horizontally, with innu-
merable capillary, elastic, angular, wavy, rough branches. Fl.
solitary, very small, purplish, shining, erect. Cat. pale and mem-
branous at the edges ; purple at the back, with a rough keel.
One floret sessile ; the other on a short hairy stalk, which is more
or less extended upwards, above the floret ; both beset with hairs
at the base, which are about half as long as the keeled, very ab-
rupt, notched valves of the corolla. Awn bent, springing from near
the base of the outer valve of each floret, and seldom rising above
it. Anth. purple, short and thick, concealing the still shorter
sfi/Ies and stigmas. This and the next approach Arundo in habit,
and even in the essential character of the hairs surrounding each
floret. But in Arundo those hairs are always more copious, and
as long as the glumes. All the following species moreover have
a tuft of hair at the base of each floret, but in general so minute,
tluat it could by no means authorize their union with Arundo.
They rather agree with Avena in this character, the nature of
their awns, and structure of their glumes.

4. A. alp'ina. Smooth Alpine Hair-grass.

Panicle rather close and upright. Florets the length of tlie
calyx, acute ; one of them on a smooth stalk. Awn short,
from near the top of the outer valve. Lecives involute-
awl-shaped, with smooth sheaths.

A. alpina. Linn. Sp. PL 96. Fl. Suec. ed. 2. 25. Willd. v. 1 . 379.

Wahlenb. Lapp. 34. ^.3. Hook. Scot. 29.
A. laevigata. E}igl. Bot. v. 30. t. 2102. Comp. 14.

On the highland mountains, in many places, as well as on the sea
shore of Scotland.

On the lofty mountains of Clova, Angusshire, and by the sea side
near Dundee. Mr. G. Don. Ben Lomond. Mr. David Don.
Ben Arthur. Professor Hooker and Mr. Borrer.

Perennial. June, July.

Habit very much like the last, but the stems are only half as tidl,
completely invested with the extremely long, smooth sheaths of
the short upper leaves, which, as well as the radical leaves, are
Mrmly involute, and pointed, so as to become awl-shaped. When
flattened they are found dee})ly furrov.'ed on the ui)per side ; but
the back, though bluntly ribbed, is very smooth to the toucii.
Stipula oblong, bluntish, often torn. Panicle with nearly up-
right and close branches, much fewer and less spreading than in
A.ccEspilosa. The Jlowers however are larger, greener, vastly
less numerous ; the upper ones, at least in mountainous places,
generally viviparous, from the transformation of the spikelet to
a bud, on whose first leaves the a\\ ns still remain 3 see Engl.

104 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Aira.

Bot. The partial stalk, elevating one Jloret, is very short, quite
smooth, not downy. Awn short, from above the middle of the
outer valve of eachjloret, and overtopping its cloven point.
I readily concur with the ingenious Dr. Wahlenberg, in taking this
for the real A. alp'ina of LinuEeus, though the Lapland specimen
in his herbarium is unnamed. Of Wahlenberg's A. atropurpurea,
Vahl's alpina, R. Dan. i. 961, there is no specimen at all ; nor
does Linnseus seem to have known this species, which is very
different from our alpina, the panicle being more like Jiexuosa.
Scheuchzer's synonym, Agr. 222, cannot, without the inspection
of a specimen, be safely referred to either.

5. A, Jiexuosa. Wavy Mountain Hair-grass.

Panicle spreading, triple-forked, with wavy branches. Flo-
rets about the length of the calyx, acute. Awn from the
middle of the outer valve, longer than the calyx, twisted.
Leaves bristle-shaped.

A. flexuosa. Linn. Sp. PL 96. Willd. v. 1 . 3/8. Fl. Br. 85. Engl.
Bot. L\ 22. ^. 15 1 9. Knapp f.3\. Hook. Scot. 30. Schrad. Germ.
V. 1.259. Leers23. t.5.f. 1. Host Gram.v. 2. 32. t. 43. Schr^h.
Gram. V. 2. D7.t. 30. FL. Dan. t.\b7 . Ehrh. Calam.81 .

Avena n. 1486. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 229.

Gramen paniculatum, locustis parvis purpuro-argenteis, majus et
perenne. Raii Sijn. 407.

G. avenaceurn paniculatum alpinum, foliis capillaceis brevibus, lo-
custis purpureo-argenteis splendentibus et aristatis. Scheuchz.
Agr. 216. t. 4.f. 1 6, A B C. Prodr. 23 t. 4.

/3. Aira montana. Hiids. 35. Dicks. H. Sice. fasc. 18.4. Leers 24.

t.5.f. 2; but not of LinncEus,
A. scabro-setacea. Knapp t. 32.
A. setacea. Huds. ed. 1 . 30.
y. Gramen alpinum nemorosum paniculatum, foliis angustissimis,

locustis splendentibus aristatis. Scheuchz. Agr. 2\S.
G. nemorosum, paniculis albis, capillaceo folio. Bauh. Prodr. 14.

Theatr. 97. Scheuchz. Prodr. 24. t. 6. Dill, in Raii Sijn. 407.

Moris. V. 3. 200. sect. 8. t. 7.f. the last.

In heathy, sandy, rather mountainous places, y in shady groves.

Perennial. July.

Root of many long and strong fibres, woolly in sandy ground. Stem
12 or 18 inches high, erect, slender, smooth, leafy at the base ;
naked above. LeateAsliort, slender, truely awl-shaped, or bristle-
shaped ; in 3 and y they are much longer, capillary, more co-
pious, somewhat glaucous, and roughish, reaching a good way
up the stem. Panicle loose, 'erect, divided in a threefold man-
ner, that is, with only opposite branches ; the branches and
stalks very slender, wavy or zigzag, angular, roughish ; in /3
and y less wavy and less regularly tcrnatc. Glumes of a .shining

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Alia. 105

copper-colour in general, with membranous edges ; in /3 and 7
mucii paler, or greenish. Awn bent and twisting, twice as long
as the calyx. Nectary deeply divided, full as long as the germen.
Styles spreading, with distant, oblong, feathery stigmas.
/3 has some marks of a distinct species, in the extreme slenderncs.s,
and slight roughness, of its leaves, as well as in the more irre-
gular disposition, and greater straightncss, of the branches of
its panicle. Nor is its pale colour owing to want of air or
light. Yet the flcxiiosa varies too much to allow of the esta-
blishment of a decisive difference. A. montuna of Linneeus is
very different, with broader leaves, and much smvWQvJioivers, in
a more compact panicle . It was not known to Mr. Hudson.

6. A. canescens. Grey Hair-grass.

Panicle rather dense. Florets shorter than the calyx. Awn
club-shaped, not longer; hairy at the joint. Leaves
bristle-shaped.

A. canescens. Linn. Sp. PL 07. Tnud. v.].370. Fl.Br.S6. Engl.
Bot. V. 17. t. 1 190. Dicks. Dr. PL 4. fVith. 137. t. 24. Knapp
t.34. Schrad.Germ. v.]. 263. Ehrh.Calam.34. Fl.Dan. t. 1023.

Avena n. 1483. Hall. Hist v. 2. 228.

Gramen miliaceum maritimum molle. Dill, in Raii Syn. 405.

G. foliis junceis oblongis, radice alba. Scheuchz. Agr. 242. t. 4.
/. 29, 30.

G. junceum. Dalech. Hist. 424. f. 425.

G. exile durius, Norvegicum aut Danicum. Loh. Advers. Nov. 466./.

On the sandy sea coasts of Norfolk and Suffolk.

Perennial. July.

Root somewhat creeping, with long capillary fibres. Stems slender,
smooth, a span high, more or less, often inclining, with several
joints ; leafy at the lower part. Leaves very numerous, chiefly
radical, in dense tufts, erect, triangular, extremely slender,
glaucous, minutely downy. Stipula lanceolate, decurrent. Pani-
cle 1 to 2 inches long, spreading when in full bloom, but other-
wise rather close. FL small, variegated with purple, wdiite, and
a glaucous green. Anth. dark purple. The most peculiar cha-
racter exists in the awn, wliose lower half is twisted j the up})er
straight and club-shaped 5 the joint surrounded with a whorl of
minute bristles.

7. A. prcccox. Early Hair-grass.

Panicle close, erect. Florets the length of the calyx, both
sessile. Awn nearly twice as long, irom the base of the
valve. I^eaves bristle-shaped, v/ith angular sheaths.

A. praecox. Linn. Sp. PL 97. ^Filld, v. 1. 380. FL Br. 87. EngL
Bot. V. 18. /. 129fi. Curt. Land. fasc. 3. f. 7. Knapp L 36.

106 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Aira.

Graves Br. Gr. t. 44. Hook. Scot. 30. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 262.

FL Dan. t. 383. Ehrh. Phijt. 8 1 .
Gramen parvum pi'cecox, spica laxa canescente. Pluk. Alrn. \77 .

Phijt. t. 33./. 9. Rail Sijn. 407. t. 22. f. 2.
G. minimum, spica brevi habitiore, nostrum. Rail Sijn. ecL 2. 253.

Scheuchz. Jgr. 219.

Common on dry gravelly ground.

Annual Maij, June.

Roof, of numerous long capillary fibres. Stems several, tufted, from
2 to 5 inches high, simple, erect, leafy, smooth. Leaves short,
bluntish, narrow, channelled, pale green, roughish, with tumid,
angular, smooth sheaths. Stipula lanceolate, closely embracing
the stem. Panicle erect, an inch long, compound, with angular
rough stalks. FL large in proportion to the panicle, pale green
or purplish. Cat. with a rough keel. Cor. smooth, except at the
very bottom, just above which the jointed awn of the outer
valve of each floret originates, and extends almost twice the
length of the calyx. u4nth. smal];^pale, Stigm. feathery, nearly
sessile. Seed cylindrical, clothed with the membranous cloven-
pointed corolla, which is minutely bristly at the base.

This trifling grass is of no agricultural use. It withers away as
summer comes on.

8. A. caryophyllea. Silver Hair'-grass.

Panicle spreading, triple-forked. Florets not longer than
the calyx, both sessile. Av/n twice as long, from above
the middle of the valve. Leaves bristle- shaped, with ribbed
close sheaths.

A. caryophyllea. Linn. Sp. PL 97. Willd. v. 1 . 380. FL Br. 88.

EngL Bot. V. 12. ^.812. CurL Lond.fasc. 6. t. 6. Knapp t. 35.

Hook. Scot. 30. StillinQjl.Misc.t.5. Graves Br. Gr.t.AD. Schrad.

Germ. v. 1. 261. Host^Gram. v. 2. 33. ^.44. FL Dan. t. 382.
Avena n. 1482. Hall Hist. v. 2. 228.
Gramen paniculatum minimum molle. Scheuchz. Agr. 215. t. 4.

/. 15.
G. paniculatum, purpuro-argenteum, locustis parvis, annuum.

Moris. V. 3. 200= sect. 8.t.5.f. 11. Raii Sijn. 407.
Caryophyllus arvensis glaber minimus. Bauh. Prodr. 105./.

On barren sandy heaths or hillocks, common.

Annual. June, July.

Root small, fibrous. Stems 4 to 6 inches high, with a few slender
leaves about the lower part, whose sheaths are smooth, purplish,
ribbed and striated, but not tumid and angular like the preceding.
Stipula lanceolate, taper-pointed. Panicle capillary, with mostly
ternate branches, which are nearly smooth, often purple, and a

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Holcus. 107

little zigzag. Fl. smaller, and far more numerous, than the last,
^^ shining with purple, green, and white.
The whole plant is soon dried up, and can yield nothing but a little

early food for sheep.

40. HOLCUS. Soft-grass.

Sm. in Rees's GjcL v. 18. FL Br. 88. Schracl Germ. v. 1. 247.
sect.l. Leers t. 7. f. 6,7.

Cal. of 2 unequal, keeled, ribless, awnless valves, containing
a spikelet of 2 JJorets ; one of them perfect ; the other
with an abortive germen. Cor, of 2 unequal valves ; the
larger ovate, keeled, awned at the back in one or both
florets, the axDii incurved ; smaller much narrov/er, awn-
less. Nect. a cloven, smooth, membranous scale. Filam.
3 in each floret. Anth. notched at each end. Styles short,
widely spreading. Stigm. large, feathery. Seed coated
with the hardened permanent corolla.

Boot perennial. Stem erect, leafy. Fl. panicled, numerous.

I concur with my learned friend Mr. Brown in separating
from this genus the Sorghum of old authors, whose cha-
racters I have given under that article in Rees's Cyclo-
j^ccdia. Linnaeus combined that and other things, under
liis Holcus, a name retained by Mr. Brown for the genus
Soighum ; the only point in which we differ.

1. H. lanatus. Meadow Soft-grass.

Calyx woolly. Lower floret perfect, awnless ; upper with
an arched awn. Leaves downy on both sides. Root fi-
brous.

Holcus lanatus. Linn. Sp. PL 1485. PVillcL v. 4. 933. Fl. Br. 89.

EngL Bat. v.\7.L\l 69. Curt. Lond.fasc. A.t.W. Knapp t. 37.

Slncl. 41. Hook. Scot. 28. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 251. Leera 2\9.

t. 7. f.6. Host Gram. r. 1. 2. t. 2. Schreb. Gram. v. 1. 145.

t.20.f. 1.
Avena n. 1484. HalL Hist. v. 2. 229.
Gramen pratense paniculatum molle. Bauh. Theatr.27.f. Prodr.

5.f. Sclieuchz. Agr. 234. t. 4./. 24, A, B.
G. miliaceum pratense molle. Rail Syn. 404.

Abundant in meadows and pastures.

Perennial. June, July.

Root tufted, not creeping. Stems erect, simple, IJ or 2 feet high ;
smooth above -, clothed in the lower part wilh soft deflexed
hairs, as arc also the sheatlis of the no less soft and downy
leaves. Stipula short and blunt. Panicle thrice compound, erect.

108 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Holcus.

spreading, but rather dense, whitish^ or purplish, with downy
stalks. Calyx-valves dotted, hoary, or downy, nearly equal in
length_, but the innermost broadest. Florets shorter than the
calyx, as is likewise the aien of the barren one ; but the essen-
tial specific difference, pointed out by Scheuchzer, between this
and the next, consists in the arched curvature of the awn, like
a fish-hook. That appendage is also twisted and recurved when
dry, turning inward when moist. Seed coated by the hardened
polished corolla.

2. H. mollis. Creeping Soft-grass.

Calyx partly naked. Lower floret perfect, awnless ; upper
with a sharply-bent prominent awn. Leaves slightly
downy. Root creeping.

H. mollis. Linn. Sp. PL 1485. fVilld. v. 4. 933. H. Br. 89. Engl.

Bot. V. \7.t.\ 170. Curt. Lond.fasc.5. t.8. Knapp t. 38. S'mcl.

43. Hook. Scot. 28. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 249. Leers 218. L 7.

f.7. Host Gram. v. 1.3. t.3. Schreb. Gram. v. 1. 149. t.20.f.2,
Avena n. 1485. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 229.

Gramen caninum paniculatum molle. Scheuchz.Jgr.235. t.A.f. 25.
G. miliaceum aristatum molle. Rail Syn. 404.

In pastures, shady copseS;, and hedges.

Perennial. July.

Root widely creeping, difficult of extirpation, but not very common
or troublesome in arable land. Whole plant more slender than
the former,, and less downy. Panicle more loose and smoother,
with conspicuous awns, which in drying bend at a right angle,
and extend beyond the calyx. The upper y?orei is said to be oc-
casionally perfect, as well as the lower.

Villars refers both these grasses to Aira, and Curtis inclines to
the same opinion ; but however miscellaneous that genus may
be, they differ from it in having a permanent hardened corolla,
forming a shining coat to the seed, which difference deserves
more attention than it has generally received.

3. H. avenaceus. Oat-like Soft-grass.

Calyx smooth. Barren floret lowest, with a sharply-bent
prominent awn ; fertile one slightly elevated, scarcely
awned. Leaves rather harsh. Root knotty.

H. avenaceus. Scop. Cam. v. 2. 276. Wiggers Holsat. 72. Fl.

Br. 90. Engl. Bot. v. 12. f. 813. Sibth. 40. Knapp t. 39.

Sincl.A9. Hook. Scot. 28. Schrad. Germ. v. 1.247.
Avena elatior. Linn. Sp.Pl. \\7. Hiids.53. Curt. Lond.fasc.3.

t. 6. Mart. Rust. t. 7. Cullum 42. Leers 40. t. 10./. 4. Schreb.

Gram. v. \.25.t.l.
A. n. 1492. HalLHht. v. 2.. 231.

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Hierochloe. 109

A. nodosa. Cnllum 41.

Gramen nodosum, avenacea panicula. Bauh. ProJr. 3.f. Raii

Syn. 406. Scheuchz. Agr. 237. t. A. f. 27, 28.
G. avenaceum, paniculii acerosa, semine papposo. Dill, in Rail

Syn. 406. Giss. 93. append. 48.
G. bulbosum nodosum. Lob. lev. 1.23, middle Jig.
G. caninum nodosum. Ger. Em. 23./.
G. avenaceum elatius, juba longa splendente. Moris, v. 3. 214.

sect.S. t.7.f.S7.
G. aven. elat. radice tuberculis prsedita. Moris, ibid.f. 38.

In pastures, hedges, thickets, and by road-sides, common.
Perennial. June, July.

Root more or less knotty, partly from the swoln joints of the base
of the stem, with downy fibres. Stem 3 feet high, smooth, sim])le,
jointed 3 the joints sometimes downy. Leaves deep green, rough-
edged, and rather harsh to the touch, with long, striated sheaths.
Stipula short, abrupt. Panicle erect, or a little drooping j its
branches rough, half-whorled, directed to one side. Calyx-valves
lanceolate, acute, concave, very unequal, Fl. of the same shape,
but larger ; the lower one most perfect, and most conspicuously
awned ; their inner valves narrow, membranous, and flat. Anih.
linear, cloven, hanging out at one side. Styles very short. Stig-
mas long, spreading horizontally, feathery on the upper side.
Seed nearly cylindrical, coated with the hardened corolla.
Professor Schrader (like Sir Thomas Cullum in his unfinished and
unpublished Flora) distinguishes the most bulbous state of tliis
grass as a species, by the name of H. bulbosus. It is but just
to record that Linnaeus, by a note in his copy of Scheuchzer,
seems to have had a similar intention. Yet I am persuaded that
a dry or fluctuating soil causes the production or increase of
these bulbs, as in Phleum pratense nodosum ; and moreover tliat
the occasional downiness of the joints may be attributed to the
same cause. In natural affinity this plant is certainly an Avena.
The awns vary in length as in many other instances.

41. HIEROCHLOE. Holy-grass.

Gmel.Sib. v. 1. 100, Br. Pr. 208. Sm. in Rees's Cycl. v. 18, Hook.

Scot. 28. Beauv. Agr. 62. 1. 12. f. 5.
Holcus, sect. 2. Sclirad. Germ. v. 1.252.

Cal. of 2 somewhat unequal, ovate, keeled, acute, awnless,
thin, membranous valves, containing a spikchi of 2)Jlorets ,-
the terminal one perfect ; lateral ones barren. Cor. of 2
unequal, permanently membranous, valves; the outer
largest, ovate, firmer than the calyx, ribbed, often rough,
sometimes awned at the back ; inner nuicli narrowei',
filmy, awnless, cloven or notched at the sununit, inflexed

1 10 TRI ANDRIA— DIGYNI A. Hierochloe.

at the margins. Necf. a membranous scale, various in
shape. Filam. capillary, 2 in the perfect floret ; 3 in each
barren one. Anth. linear, prominent, pendulous. Germ.
ovate, small. Styles short, close together, distinct. Stig.
mas longer than the corolla, linear, feathery. Seed ovate,
pointed, small, loose, the corolla remaining michanged.

A very natural genus of grasses, as Mr. Brown observes,
" natives of the colder regions of both hemispheres." All
the known species are remarkable for a fragrant scent
when drying, resembling that of Anthoxaiitlmm^ but su-
perior in degree, which is esteemed in Sweden to have a
narcotic effect. Mr. Brown, with his usual acuteness,
traces a further affinity to our Vernal-grass, in the 2 sta-
mens of the perfect Jloret of Hierochloe^ and in the rudi-
ments of 2 lateral neuter ^o;r^5 in Antlioxanthum. Such
he considers w^hat the Vvriter of this, and all preceding
botanists, have taken for the awned valves of the corolla^
our necteirij being the supposed corolla of his central, and
only perfect, Jloret, I have the greatest deference even
for the theoretical speculations of my ingenious and can-
did friend; but this, considering the structure of tiie parts,
and the analogy of other grasses, appears too paradoxical.
It is, however, like all that comes from him, worthy of
consideration; and may possibly be confirmed by a deeper
insight into the real nature of the parts of fructification in
this ver}^ peculiar natural order, in w^hich, above all others
perhaps, an indetermination of structure is remarkable.

The generic distinction between this genus and Holcus is
confirmed by the loose seed and unhardened corolla, which
characters did not escape the learned Schrader. All the
species seem to be perennial, bearing either flat or invo-
lute, smooth leaves, and panicled, yellowish Jtoxsoers, with
a silvery gloss. They turn brown by age or drying, but
retain their polish.

1. H. horealis. Northern Holy-grass.

Panicle somewhat unilateral, with smooth flower-stalks.
Perfect floret awnless ; barren ones slightly awned. Nec-
tary in two deep, unequal, linear segments. Leaves flat.

H. borealis. R(em. <Sr Schiilies Sijst. Veg. v. 2.513. Hook. Scot. 28.

H.ti.33. Gmel.Sib.v.]. 101.

Holcus borealis. Schrad. Gerra.v. 1. 2,^»2.

H. odoratus. Linn. Fl. Suec. 303. mild. Berol. 48. Wahlenb.
Lapp.Sl. Fl.Dan. /. 963. Sincl. 47,

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Mellca. Ill

Poa n. i)3. Linn. Fl. Lapp. ed. 1. 29. ed. 2. 30.

Gramen Marias Borussorum. Loes. Pruss. 1 1 1. ^ 26.

In valleys among the Highlands of Scotland.

Discovered by the late Mr. G. Don, in a narrow mountain valley-
called Kella, Angiisshire. Hooker.

Perennial. iMaij, June.

i?oo^ creeping extensively. Stons 12 — 18 inches high, erect, leafy,
smooth. Leaves rather broad, fiat, naked ; rough at the edges j
those on the stem with very long shcatJis, though the uppermost
leaf is often diminished almost to nothing. Slipula short and
broad, rather acute. Panicle erect, with slender wavy branches,
directed most to one side. Fl. erect, broadly ovate, tumid, green-
ish yellow, variegated with purple or brown. Florets not quite
filling the calyx. Awns not prominent.

1 have not examined British specimens, so as to make a full au-
thentic description of our native plant, but the abovi' particulars
agree with the foreign specimens in my possession. This species
and Professor Schrader's australis are both glued upon the same
paper in the Linnaean herbarium, w-ithout any indication where
they were gathered, or any mark of distinction between them.
A very accurate German botanist Mr. Schkuhr first distinguish-
ed them by the nectary, which in the australis is roundish ; and
one of its barren jiorets moreover has a large prominent awn.
To these characters we may add that the glumes are all rather
longer and more lanceolate, i\\^jiowers less tumid. Both species
are doubtless included under Holcus odoratus, Linn. Sp. PI.
1485 3 but the Swedish and Lapland plant appears, by what
Swartz always sent to Schrader, to be Hierochloe horealis, which
is evidently figured in Flora Danica.

H. borealis is said to be used, at high festivals, for strewing the
churches in Prussia, as Acorus Calamus has, time out of mind,
been employed in the Cathedral and streets of Norwich, on the
mayor's day.

42. MELICA. Melic-grass.

Linn. Gen. 34. Juss.^X. Fl. Br. 91. Lam. t. 44. Gctrtn. t. 80.
Beauv.Agr.GS. t. 14./. 4, 5.

Cal. of 2 unequal, expanded, concave, ribbed, membranous,
awnless valves, containing 1 or 2 perfect Jloi'cls, with the
stalked rudiments of 1 or 2 more. Co?-, of 2 unecjual,
firmer, and finally cartilaginous, oblong, awnless valves ;
the outer one largest, concave, ribbed, either fringed or
beardless; inner flat, with 2 marginal ribs. Ncct. cup-
shaped, at the base of the gcrmen. Filam. ca})illary,
hardly so long as the corolla. Ajith. prominent, pendulous.
Grrm. roundish. Styles elongated, distant. Sligmas ^Xxovty

112 TRIANDRIA—DIGYNIA. Mellca.

tufted. Seed ovate, loose, covered with the loose hardened
corolla.
Perennial harsh grasses, with slender oblong panicles, of
elegant, often drooping, ^ow^r^, greatly varied hi the dif-
ferent species.

1. M. unijlora. Wood Melic-grass.

Petals beardless. Panicle branched, drooping toward one
side. Flowers erect. Spikelet with only one perfect flo*-
ret.

M. uniflora. Retz. Obs. fasc. 1 . 1 0. Willd. y . 1 . 383. Fl. Br. 91,

Engl. Bot. V. 15. t. 1058. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. 1. 10. Mart. Rust.

t. 64. Knapp tA\. Graves Br. Or. f .49. Hook. Scot.Sl . Schrad.

Germ. v.\. 269. FL Dan. 1. 1 144.
M. nutans. Huds. 37. Rel. Rudb. 18./ 2.
M. Lobeiii. FUlars Dauph. v. 2. 89. ^-3. _
Gramen avenaceum nemorense, glumis rarioribus ex fusco xeram-

pelinis. Raii Sijn. 403.
G. avenaceum locustis rarioribus. Bauh. Theatr. 155. Moris, v. 3,

215. sect.8.t.7,f. 49, bad.

In groves and thickets, frequent.

Perennial, M«?/, Ju7ie.

Root creeping. ^Stem 18 inches high, smooth, slender, unbranched,
leafy. Leaves deep green, flat, thin, taper-pointed, with fine
rough ribs and edges. Sheaths nearly or quite smooth, half as
long as the leaves. Stipula short, variable, usually elongated
into a point op])osite to the leaf, which, as Schrader remarks, is
a rare circumstance. Panicle branched ; the branches few, ca-
pillary, rough, leaning to one side. Fl. upright, tremulous, ele-
gant, variegated with green, white, and deep reddish brown,
quite smooth in every [)art, except the inner valve of the corolla,
which is finely downy. The only perfect floret is sessile ; neuter
one on a stout bent stalk, its glumes small, abrupt and shape-
less. Seed covered with the pale, polished, ribbed, hardened
outer valve of the corolla, but quite unconnected with it.

2. M. nutans. Mountain Melic-grass.

Petals beardless. Panicle close, drooping, nearly simple.
Flowers pendulous. Spikelet with two perfect florets.

M. nutans. Linn. Sp.Fl.9'^. Willd. v.]. SS2. Fl. Br. 92. Engl.

Bot. V. 15. t. 1059. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. t.4. Mart. Rust. t. 65.

Knapp t.42. Rel. Rudb. 18./. 1. Hook. Scot. SO. Graves Br.

Gr. t.oO. Schrad. Germ. v. 1 . 267. Schreb. Gram. v. 2. 62. t.6.

f. A. Host Gram. v. 2. 9. 1. 10. Leers 24. t. 3./ 4.
M. montana. Huds. 37.

TRIANDRIA— DIGYXIA. Melica. 113

Poa n. 1-172. Hall. Hi^t. v. 2. 22.>.

Gramen avenaceum, locustis rubris, montanum. Sdieuchz. Agr.
\7\.t.3.f. IG, D— F. Bauli.TheatT. 155./. Prodr.20.f. Rail
Sijn. 4(]3. Moris, v. 3. 215. sect. S. 1. 1 . f. 48, had.

G. avenaceum locustis rubiis. Park. Theatr. 1151./.

In mountainous woods in the north of England, and in Scotland.

Perennial. June, July.

Root creeping, as in the preceding. Leaves smoother, and rather
narrower, with an extremely short stipula. Panicle for the most
part siPxiply racemose ; sometimes divided in the lower part.
Ft. of the colour of the last, but more pendulous, and essen-
tially different in having two perfect _/ore^A^, besides one or two
abrupt, long-stalked, neuter ones. The outer valve of the cu-
roila, in the former, is strongly and copiously ribbed ; the inner
very thick, and minutely downy, at the margin.

3. M. ccEvulea. Purple Melic-grass.

Petals beardless, acute. Panicle close, erect, compound.
Flowers upright, cylindrical.

M. cgerulea. Linn. Mant. 2. 325. mild. v. 1. 383. Fl. Br. 93.

Engl. Bot. V. II. t. 750. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. ^. 1 1 . Knapp t. 40.

Hook. Scot. 3 1 . Schrad. Germ. v. 1.269. Host Gram. v. 2. 7. t. 8.
Aira caerulea. Linn. Sp. PL 95. Huds. 33. Leers22. t. 4.f.7. Fl.

Dan. t. 239.
Molinia caerula. Beauv. Agr. 68. t. 14. f. 6.
Arundo n. 1518. Hall. Hist. zj. 2. 241.'
Gramen pratense serotinum, panicula longa purpurascente. Rail

Sijn. 404. Moris, u. 3. 201. sect. 8. t. 5./ 22.
G. arundinaceum enode minus sylvaticum. Scheuchz. Agr. 209.
G. paniculatum autumnale, panicula ampliore, e viridi nigricante.

76.207. t.4.f. 11, 12,

In barren sandy boggy ground, especially about turfy pools on
mountainous heaths.

Perennial. August.

A hard coarse reedy grass, varying greatly in luxuriance, rather
artificially referred to this genus, having more the habit, though
not the fructification, of Arundo. The root consists of many
strong fibres. Stems rather bulbous at the base, with a single
joint near the bottom. Leare*- taper-pointed, rough, except at
the back ; besprinkled with hairs on the upper surface, particu-
larly towards the top of the sheath. Panicle oblong, of numerous,
compound, close, furrowed, wavy, scarcely rough, branches. FL
dull violet-coloured, or brown, smooth. Cal. lanceolate, acute,
single-ribbed, compressed, unequal. Outer valve of the cor. of
a similar figure ; inner abru])t. Anth. violet-coloured. Stalk of
the spikelct much elongated, with 1 perfect Jloret, sessile at its
base 3 another on a level with the shorter valve of the c«?., and

Vol,. I. I

1 14 TRI ANDRI A— DIGYNI A. Seslerla.

1 or 2 neuter ones higher up. Seed loose, polished, invested
with the hardened cor., in which this grass differs from Aira,
whose petals remain membranous.
Shady situations render the panicle pale, brownish, or whitish. The
stems are said to be used for brooms, or even baskets, where
better materials are rare.

43. SESLERIA. Moor-grass.

Scop. Cam. ed.\.] 89. Juss. 31. Fl. Br. 93. Schrad. Germ. v. 1 .
271. Lam. t. 47.

Col. of 2 nearly equal, keeled, pointed, slightly awned valves,
containing 2 or 3 perfect florets. Cor. of 2 lanceolate,
keeled, acute, partly awned, valves ; the outermost undi-
vided, toothed; inner cloven. Filam. capillary, rather
longer than the cor. Antli. prominent, linear, notched at
each end. Germ, small, ovate. Styles more or less com-
bined. Stigm. long, linear, downy. Seed loose, covered
with the permanently membranous cor.

Root generally perennial. Stems simple. Leaves chiefly
radical, linear, keeled, bluntish. Fl. spiked, blueish, or
whitish.

1. S. carulea. Blue Moor-grass.

Spike ovate-oblong, imbricated. Bracteas alternate. Outer

valve of the corolla with three teeth.
S, caerulea. Scop. Cam. ed. 2. r. 1. 63. f7.JBr.94. Engl. Bot. v. 23.

t. 1613. Knapp t.A3. Hook. Scot.3\. Schrad. Germ.v. 1. 273.

Host Gram. v. 2. 69. t. 98. Arduin. Spec. 2. 18. t. 6. /.3, 4, 5.

Fl. Dan. t. 1506.
S. n. 1446. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 217.
Cynosurus cseruleus. Linn. Sp. PL 106. Willd.v. 1.414. Huds. 59.

Mart. Rust. t. 20. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 6. 3. Ehrh. Calam. 14.

Wulf. in Jacq. Misc. v. 2. 66. Jacq. Ic. Bar. t.2\.
Gramen parvum montanum, spica crassiore purpuro-ceerule^ brevi.

RaiiSyn.399.
G. glumis variis, Bauh. Theatr. 158./. Prodr. 21. f. Scheuchz.

Agr. 83. ^.2./. 9, A, B.

On moist alpine limestone rocks.

In many parts of Westmoreland. Common in the Scottish High-
lands'. Knapp, Hooker. Very common about Settle, Yorkshire.
Dr. Windsor.

Perennial. April — June.

Root long and strong, forming dense tufts. Stem about a span
high, without branches or joints, smooth, for the mo&t part

TRI ANDRI A— DIGYNIA. Glyceria. 1 15

naked. Leaves rather firm, spreading or recurved, single-ribbed,
striated, bluntish, with a short cartilaginous tip ; rough chietiy
at the edges and keel near the extremity. Sheaths short. Stipula
obsolete. Spike erect, blueish grey, shining, about an inch
long, somewhat branched or panicled, with notched or jagged,
short bracteas. Glumes all more or less awned. Calyx as well
as the outer valve of the corolla, fringed ; the latter terminating
in a short central awn, and a short tooth (Schrader says some-
times 2) on each side ; inner valve flat, cloven, with inflexed
margins, downy at the outer edges.
An elegant and singular grass, flowering too early to be often seen
by mountain travellers. Professor Schrader has much enriched
this genus, describing 6 German species, one of which, with an
annual root, is Cenchrus capitatus, Linn. Sp. PL 1488, Fl. Gnvc.
vA.Sl. t. 100. referred to Sesleria by the learned Host, I have
had no opportunity of investigating its structure, which has
never, till now perhaps, been rightly understood.

44. GLYCERIA. Sweet-grass.

Br. Pr. 179. Beauv.Agr. 96. t. 19./. 7.
Poa, sect. 2. Hook. Scot. 32.

Cal. of 2 unequal, awnless, concave valves, containing a
linear-oblong spikelet of numerous, awnless, alternate,
two-ranked, perfect^or^^f^, unconnected by any fibres, or
web, at their base. Cor, of 2 unequal valves ; the outer
cylindrical, ribbed and furrowed, scarcely keeled, entire,
more or less abrupt, and often membranous, at the point,
inflexed at the edges ; inner narrower, obtuse, or notched,
flat, membranous, with 2 nearly marginal ribs. Nect. a
tumid scale, notched or cloven, at one side of tlie germen.
Filam. capillary, longer than the cor. Anth. pendulous,
linear, deeply cloven at each end. Germen ovate. Styles
distinct, various in length. Stigmas spreading, feathery,
large, repeatedly branched or compound. Seed cylin-
dric-oblong, with a furrow at one side, loose, covered
with the unchanged corolla.

Root perennial, in some species annual. Stems leafy, knotty.
Fl. panicled, numerous.

I venture to admit into Mr. Brown's genus of Glyceria,
founded on Festiica^ (or Poa,) fluitans alone, such of our
former Poce as agi'ee with that grass in having linear
spikelets, cylindrical furrowed Jlorets, and for the most
part branched stigmas, which last character is considered
by that learned author as one of the most essential. It
occurs however in Poa annua, trivialis, prateiisis, and
1 2

116 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Glyceria.

perhaps in other indisputable species of that genus, whose
characters will be given hereafter. As to the present tribe,
the writer of this has long been convinced of their natu-
ral relationship to each other, and their ill agreement with
Poa^ and proposes the above characters, founded on the
shape of i\\eJlorets more especially, as no less obvious than
invariable.

1 . G. aquatica. Reedy Sweet-grass.

Panicle erect, repeatedly branched, spreading. Florets nu-
merous, obtuse, with seven ribs. Nectary cloven, acute.

Poa aquatica. Linn. Sp. PL 9S. mild. v. I. 385. Fl.Br.Qo. Engl.
Bot. V. 19. t. 1315. Curt. Lond. fasc. 5. t. 12. Knapp t.44.
Hook. Scot. 32. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 278. Host Gram. v. 2. 44.
t. 60. Fl. Don. t. 920. Leers 26. t.D.f.5

P. n. 1454. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 220.

Gramen aquaticum majus. Raii Syn. 411. Ger. Em. 6.f. Lob. Ic.
v.\.4.f.

G. palustre paniculatum altissimiim. Bauh. Theatr. 38. Scheuchz,
Agr.\9l.t.4.f.\.

G. paniculatum aquaticum latifolium. Moris, i?. 3. 201 . sect, 8. t. 6,
/.25.

In ditches, pools, and the margins of running streams, common.

Perennial. July.

Root creeping, jointed, with whorled fibres. Stems 5 or 6 feet high,
smooth, a little compressed. Leaves broad, flat, single-ribt^d,
linear, with a short point, rough at the edges and keel only.
Panicle large, repeatedly compound ; its branches alternately
half whorled, angular, rough. Spikelets erect, more linear than
in Engl. Bot., of from 5 to 1 0, or more, florets, whose outer
valve is blunt and strongly ribbed, cylindrical, not keeled ;
sometimes minutely downy. Common calyx even. Nectary
abrupt, of 2 short acute lobes. Styles a little distant, longer
than their feathery stigmas, which are repeatedly subdivided, as
in the next species.

A coarse grass, but not unacceptable to cattle, making a great
part of the hay in marshy lands. It is sometimes viviparous, but
sparingly. Leers is not correct in his figure of the stigmas.

2. Qi.fluitans, Floating Sweet-grass.

Panicle oblong, branched, divaricating. Spikelets close-
pressed. Florets numerous, obtuse, seven-ribbed, with
short intermediate ribs at the base. Nectary obtuse, tu-
mid.

G. fluitans. Br.Pr.\l9.

Festuca fluitans. Linn. Sp. PlWl. mild. v. 1 . 426. Huds. 4G.

TRIANDRIA-DIGYNIA. Glyceiia. 117

Curt Land. fasc. \.t 7. Mart. Rust. t. 1 13. Fl. Dan. t. 237
Host Gram.^ v. 2. 55. t. 77. Schreb. Gram. v. \.37.t.3. Leers

OD. t. O.J. 0.

PoaRmtans Scop. Carri.ed. 2. V. 1.73. Fl.Br.96. En^l. Bot
^.-2. J.1O20. Knappt.45. Salisb. Pr.2\. Hook. Scot. 32.
Schrad. Germ. v. 1 . 280.

P. n. 1 453. Hall. Hist. v. 2.219.

^'^Ifn ^'''^o'^'^o"'^ "^""^ longissima panicula. Bauh. Hist, v 2
49V. J. Ran Sijn. 412.

G. aquaticum fluitans, multiplici spica. Bauh. Theatr. 41 f
Scheuchz.Agr.]99.t.4.f.5. '•^'

G. fluyiatile. Ger. Em. 14./.

G. loliaceum fluviatile, spicfi longissima divisa. Moris, v. 3. 183.
sect. 8. t. 3.J^. 16.

G. mannae esculeiitum prutenicum. Loes. Pruss. 108. t. 21, bad.

In stagnant waters, and slow streams, frequent.

Perennial. June—August.

^TttilTpS ^f ^reeping or partly floating. Stems ascending, round,

sXen ?/^^ "T""'^' ^^""""^ tender, partly decumbent on the
surtace of the water, as are many of the long, linear, obtuse flat

noint d o^'"' /'"'^(" ''''^' --P--^-d, ?ery smooth. S^i^a
pomted, often torn, decurrent. Panicle nearly erect, lon/and
narrow doubly but sparingly branched, the branches roufhish
rather turned to one side, tor the most part erect, but while
flowermg strongly divaricated for a time. Spikelets erect, long-
linear, nearly cyhndrical, of 8-12, rather lax, florets. C«Z. mem-'
branous, obtuse, with a green keel, but no lateral ribs • one
valve much the largest. Outer valve of the cor. cylindrical ob-
tuse 3 membranous, and often notched, at the summit / mi-
nutely downy under a high magnifier, furnished with no promi-
nent keel, but with 7 equal, parallel, roughish ribs, besides a
short intermediate one, on each side of the central rib at the
bottom; inner valve flat, inflexed at the edges, with a mare-inal
rib, as in most of the true grasses, the summit cloven. Nect
thick and glandular, scarcely lobed. Anth. much contracted
after flowering. Germ, elliptical. Styles distinct. Stigmas
large and bushy, being, as Curtis and Brown remark, repeat-
edly compound. Seed elliptic-oblong, with a deep furrow at
one side.

Loesel describes the mode of collecting the seeds for food, of which
a more ample account may be seen in the Fl. Londinen.is. They
are said to be very sweet, especially before they arrive at matu-
rity ■ whence tlie name of Manna grass, which, no doubt, sug-
gested to Mr. Brown the generic name. The fine sharp bran is
said to kill intestinal worms in horses.

^hcjiouers, like those of Aira aquatica, have a sweet taste. The
nectary w really a secretory gland.

118 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Glyceria.

3. G. dista?is. Reflexed Sweet-grass.

Panicle branched, spreading ; the branches finally reflexed.
Florets about five, obtuse, obscurely five-ribbed, polished.
Root fibrous.

Poa distans. Unn. Mant. 32. WiUd. t;. 1. 401. FL Br. 96. Engl.

Bot. 1?. 14. ^.986. With, 141. ^. 25. Knapp t.47. Hook. Scot. 33.

Schracl. Germ. v. 1 . 282. Host Gram. v. 2. 46. t. 63.
P. retroflexa. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. t. 10.
P. salina. Pollkh Palat. v. 1, 89.
Aira aquatica /3. Huds. 34.

On sandy waste ground towards the sea, in many parts of England
and Scotland. Curtis noticed it on Hampstead hill.

Perennial. July, August.

Root fibrous, not creeping. Stems several, a foot high, round,
leafy j decumbent at the base. Whole plant slightly glaucous,
smooth. Leaves tapering to a sharp point. Stipula rather short,
obtuse, notched ; that of the upper leaves often pointed. Panicle
erect, with several series of half-whorled, angular, slender, rough
branches, rigidly bent downward in a very remarkable m';inner.
Spikelets linear, while young somewhat elliptical, variegated
with purple. Florets smooth and shining, rarely more than 5,
slightly distant. Outer valve of the corolla quite cylindrical,
without any keel, but marked with 5 blunt, more or less evi-
dent, ribs, which are commonly purple, and the interstices glau-
cous ; the point is abrupt and membranous j inner valve slightly
notched. Nectary deeply cloven. Styles short. Stigmas large
and densely feathery j according to Mr. Curtis "branched."

4. G. maritima. Creeping Sea Sweet-grass.

Panicle branched, rather close ; erect after flowering. Flo-
rets about five, somewhat pointed, slightly five-ribbed.
Root creeping.

Poa maritima. Huds. 42. Willd. Sp. PL v. ]. 396. Fl.Br.97,
Engl. Bot. V. 16. t. 1 140. Knapp t. 46. Dicks. H. Sice, fasc,
11.2. Hook. Scot. 33. Schrad. Germ. t). 1 . 281. Pi.oth Beitr.
fasc. 1. 6. Fl.Dan. t.'Zol.

Gramen paniculatum maritimum vulgatissimum. Raii Syn. 409.

G. caninum maritimum paniculatum. lb. 410.

In salt marshes on the coast, frequent.

Perennial. July — Oct.

Root creeping, by which it differs essentially from the last. Herbage
more glaucous. Leaves involute, sharp-pointed, with rather
tumid sheaths and a short stipula. Branches of the panicle
spreading whilst in flower, then erect, rarely divaricated, never
deflexed. Florets quite cylindrical, rather pointed, but not con-
stantly so, their five ribs less evident than in the last-described.

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Glyceria. 119

nor is there any prominent keel. Nect. deeply and acutely
cloven, tumid at the base. Stigm. apparently like the last. I
have not examined them in a recent state, the particular struc-
ture of that organ not having been resorted to for important di-
stinctions, till Mr, Brown described it in my second species of
Glyceria. xMr. Curtis indeed, as well as Mr. Sowerby, faithfully
represented what they saw in the respective plants, and accord-
ing to them the stigmas of many grasses appear to be repeatedly
subdivided.

5. G. procumbens. Procumbent Sea Sweet-grass.
Panicle lanceolate, unilateral, two-ranked, close, with rough

stalks; the main one cylindrical. Florets about five,

bluntish, five-ribbed.

Poa procumbens. Curt. Lotid.fasc. 6. ^ 1 1. Fl. Br. 08. EnH. Bot.

r. 8. ?. 532. Knappt. 49. Hook. Scot. 33. °

P. rupestris. With. 146. t. 26.
Gramen maritimum, paniculis asperis cristatis. Bocc. Mus. f. 1 . 1 35 ^

loliaceis, t. 95.

In waste ground near the sea.

At the foot of St. Vincent's rocks, and near the floating dock,
Bristol, as also on the coast of Essex. Curtis. On Scarborough
pier. Sir T. Frankland, Bart. Just over the bridge at Yarmouth.
Mr. D. Turner. I have the same from Amsterdam, and Boc-
cone's synonym shows this plant to be found also in Sicily.

Annual. July, August.

Root fibrous. Whole plant glaucous and rigid. Stems several,
more or less prostrate, a span or more in length, leafy, smooth.
Leaves flat, ribbed j rough above ; smooth beneath.' Sheaths
long, tumid, ribbed, smooth. Stipula rather pointed, often torn.
Branches of the panicle, as well as the spikelets, two-ranked,
turned all one way. Valves of the cal. blunt, very unequal ;
the outermost with 3 principal ribs. Outer valve of the cor. cy-
lindrical, witli 5 ribs, the central one most prominent towards
the summit, which is purplish, membranous, and obtuse ; inner
valve narrow, bristly at the lateral ribs. Nect. divided, sheathing
the germen. Styles \try short. S7i^?;ms branched and compound.
Seed elliptic-oblong, pointed, flattened^ loose.

6. G. rigida. Hard Sweet-grass.

Panicle lanceolate, unilateral, two-ranked, close, with
smooth stalks ; the main one bordered. Florets about
seven, acute, scarcely ribbed.

Poa rigida. Linn. Sp. PI. \0l. mild. v. \. 396. Fl. Br. 99. Engl.
Bot. V. 20. M371 . C7trt. Lond.fasc. 2. t. 4. Knapp t. 48. Hook,
Scot. 33. Schrad Germ. v. 1 283. Host Gram. v. 2. 53. /. 74.

120 TRIANDllIA— DIGYNIA. Poa.

Gramen exile duriusculum, in muris et aridis proveniens. Rait

Syn. 410.
G. panicuUi multiplici majus. Bauh. Prodr. 6./, bad. Theatr. 31.

/. 32, bad. Schcuchz. Agr. 271. t. 6./. 2.
G. minus duriusculum. Ger. Em. 4.f, bad.
G. loliaceum murorum duriusculum, spied erecta rigida. Moris.

v.S. 182. sect. S. t.2.f.9.
G. filiceum rigidiusculum. Vaill. Par. 92. t. 18./. 4.

On walls and dry gravelly banks, not uncommon.

Annual. June.

Root fibrous, woolly. Stems several, 3 — 5 inches high, peculiarly
rigid and wiry, as is also the, not inelegant, panicle. Leaves
short, narrow and pointed ; rough on the upper side. Sheaths
ribbed, smooth. StipiUa elongated, blunt and mostly torn.
Florets cylindrical, minutely pointed, furnished with a slight keel
near the summit, but rarely with any traces of ribs. Cahjx acute^,
strongly keeled. Anih. short, prominent. Styles scarcely any.
Stigmas large, tufted.

The whole plant generally assumes a brown or purplish hue, re-
maining bleached and dry after Midsummer. Professor Schrader
speaks of it as very rare in Germany, nor does Haller mention
this species at all.' Ehrhart published a most unnatural culti-
vated dried specimen, at no. 2 of a collection, whose title 1 know
not_, and which v>as never perhaps continued.

45. POA. , Meadow-grass.
Linn. Gen. 34. Juss. 32. Fl.Br.9b. Lam. t. 45.

Cal. of 2 unequal, avvnless, acute, ovate, folded, keeled valves,
containing an ovate, imbricated spikelet, of sevei'al awn-
less, alternate, 2-ranked, perfect Jiorets^ often connected
at their base by a condensed web, of long, white, cottony,
filaments. Cor. of 2 unequal valves; the outer ovate,
acute, strongly keeled, compressed, sometimes ribbed, en-
tire, more or less membranous at the summit, as well as
at the edges, which are flat, not inflexed ; inner narrower,
with 2 nearly marginal ribs, the edges membranous, in-
flexed, the summit cloven. Nect. a deeply-cloven scale.
Filam. capillary, longer than the corolla. Anth. pendu-
lous, oblong, cloven at each end. Germeti ovate. Sti/les
very short. Stigmas spreading, feathery, in several species
repeatedly branched. Seed elliptic-oblong, acute, some-
what angular, loose, covered with the unchanged corolla,
and sometimes woolly at the base with the permanent
web above desciibed.

lioal either fibrous or creeping, in most instances perennialc

TRIANDlllA— DIGYNIA. Poa. 121

Stems leafy, knotty. Leaves flat, linear. Fl. loosely pa^
nicled, numerous. Several species are among the most
valuable pasture grasses.

1. V. compress a. Flat-stalked Meadow-grass.

Panicle unilateral, rather dense. Stem compressed. Root
creeping. Spikelets ovate-oblong. Florets connected by
a web.

P.compressa. Linn.Sp.PlAm. Willd.vA.307. FL Br.90. EngL
Bot.v.6. t.265. Knappt.57. Hook. Scot. 34. Schrad. Germ.
V. 1. 303. Host Gram. v. 2.51. t. 70. Leers 30. t. b.f. 4. FL
Dan. t. 742.

?. n. 1455. HalL Hist. V. 2. 220.

Gramen pratense paniculatum medium. DHL in Rail Si/n. 409.

G. paniculatum, radice repente, culmo compresso. FailL Par. 91.
L\8.f.5. Sclieuchz.Agr.\9S.

On the tops of walls, and in dry barren ground, frequent.

PerenniaL June — Sept.

Root moderately creeping, with downy fibres. Steins obUquely as-
cending in the lower part, then erect and often crowded together,
near a foot high, remarkably compressed, by which this species
mav readily be known, as also by a sudden contraction where
the panicle begins. The branches of the latter are acutely an-
gular, rough, spreading considerably while in flower, but close
and erect both before and after. Leaves short, narrow, rough-
ish, especially at the edges, with long, compressed sheaths, and
a short obtuse stipula. The whole plant is more or less glau-
cous. Calyx-glumes 3-ribbed, Florets from 3 to 8 or 9, connected
at the base by a mass of white folded threads, as fine and soft
as a spider's web, which may be drawn out to a considerable
length. The outer valve of the cor. has 5 not very conspicuous
ribs, and is rough at the keel ; purplish upwards 3 silvery and
membranous at the margin. Stigmas slender.

Schrader's remarks seem to imply that the web is occasionally
wanting, in which I apprehend some mistake.

This grass, though not succulent, is eaten by all cattle, but cannot
be cultivated in moist or manured ground. Its produce any
where is far from abundant.

2. P. alphia, Alpine Meadow-grass.

Panicle loosely spreading. Spikelets heart-shaped, four- or
five-flowered. Florets rather sickle-shaped, hairy at the
base, without a web. Lower stipulas very short ; upper
oblong, acute.

P. alpina. Linn. Sp. PL 99. mil(Lv.\.3m. FL Br. \00. EngL
BoL V. 14. /. 1003. Knnpp i. 50. and t. 117. Light/. 06. Hook.

122 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Poa.

Scot. 34. Schrad. Germ. v. 1 . 292. Host Gram. v. 2. 49. t. 67.

Wahlenh. Lapp. 39.
P. n. 1456. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 220.
Gramen alpiimm paniculatum majuS;, panicula speciosa variegate,

Scheuchz. Jgr. 18G. Prodr. 20. t. 3.
/3. Fl. Dan. t. 807, fl. viviparous.
Gramen alpinum latifolium^ panicula laxa foliacea, &c. Scheuchz.

Agr. 2\2. t.A.f. 14.

On lofty mountains.

Common in the Highlands of Scotland. Hooker. On Corbie Craig
near the river Esk^ 5 miles from Forfar, Mr. G. Don. The late
Mr. J, T. Mackay sent it from the place last mentioned, as well
as from Ben Lavvers,, and other mountains of Breadalbane^ chiefly
in a viviparous state.

Perennial. July, August.

Root fibrous, tufted, not creeping. Stem A — 12 inches high, erect,
the lower joint only being sometimes bent; leafy below ; naked,
round, striated, and smooth at the top, with frequently a tinge
of purple. Leca-es linear, rather broad, flat, many-ribbed, bluntish
vi'ith a small point, rough at the edges and sometimes on the
upper side 3 a little glaucous beneath : radical ones numerous,
tufted, some of them narrower, spreading, with smooth lax
sheaths, and short blunt stipulas ; those of the stem having much
longer sheaths, each crowned with a lanceolate, often torn, sti-
pula. Panicle spreading, short, somewhat ovate, or triangular,
its branches angular, wavy, nearly smooth, mostly in pairs, re-
peatedly subdivided. Spikelets so broad as to be often almost
heart-shaped, usually of A florets, in cultivated specimens of 6, I
have never seen 9 or 1 1, as observed by Schrader. Glumes con-
cave, keeled, moderately compressed, green at the back, purple
at the sides, membranous and white at the edges, those of the
calyx 3-ribbed, much resembling the outer valve of the cor., ex-
cept that the lower half of the latter is silky, especially the keel,
and the base of each Jioret bears several longish straight hairs,
but the complicated web is wanting; inner valve finely fringed
at the ribs. Stigmas feathery, but according to Mr. Sowerby's
observation, slender, and I cannot ascertain whether they are
compound or not. The whole panicle often consists of buds in-
stead of real florets, particularly in wet seasons. There is also
a densely tufted variety, represented in Mr, Knapp's t. 117.

3. P. laa^a. Wavy Meadow-grass.

Panicle drooping, loosely spreading, zigzag. Spikelets ovate,
three-flowered. Florets connected by a web. Stipulas
all lanceolate.

P. laxa. '' Hwnke Sudet. 118." Willd. v. 1 . 386. Schrad. Germ. v. 1 .
291. Wahlenh. Lapp. AO. Hook. Scot. 34.

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Toa. 123

P. flexuosa. Ft. jBr. 101. Engl Bot.v. IG. t. 1 123. Don H. Brit. 6.

P. n. 1457. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 221.

Gramen alpinum paniculatiim minus, panicula spadiceo-viridi, ele-
gans, Scheuchz.Agr. 1G3. Prodr. 19. t.4.

G. paniculatum alpinum parvum, panicula spicata spadiceo-viridi,
elegans, Scheuchz. It. 6. 457./. 16.

In the Highlands of Scotland.

Found on Ben Nevis by the late Mr. J. T. Mackay, a most excel-
lent observer, who sacrificed his health and life to the too ardent
pursuit of botany and horticulture. See Ejigl. Bot.

Perennial, July.

Root slightly creeping. Whole plant more dwarf, slender, and de-
licate than the last, pale and somewhat glaucous. The leaves
are narrow, roughish above. Stipulas all lanceolate and acute.
Panicle rather close, with us more or less zigzag, especially
the lower ]}art. Spikeleis not heart-shaped, but all ovate, of 3
Jiorets, rarely 4, or 2, glaucous, coloured like those of P. alpina,
but paler, and essentially distinguished from that species by the
connecting complicated web at their bases, while the keel only
of each, not the sides, is silky.

Having now ascertained, by Swiss specimens, the true synonyms
of this rare species, I adopt its original name, as pointed out by
Professor Schrader.

Mr. Don found this grass most frequently viviparous.

4. P. hulhosa. Bulbous Meadow-grass.

Panicle close, slightly zigzag. Spikelets four-flowered. Flo-
rets hairy at the keel, connected by a web. Leaves finely
serrated.^ Stem bulbous at the base.

P. bulbosa. Linn.Sp.PL\^2,oiandy. Willd. v. 1.399. Fl.Br.
102. Engl. Bot. u. 15. t. 1071. Huds, 41. Knapp t. 53. Schrad.
Germ. v. 1. 294. Host Gram. v. 2. 47. t. 65.

P. n. 1461 . Hall. Hist. v. 2. 222.

G. xerampelinum, miliacea pertenui ramosaque sparsa panicula.
Scheuchz. Agr. 185 ; but not of Vaill. Par. 91.^

G. vernum, radice ascalonica. Vaill. Par. 91. <. 17./. 8.

On the sandy sea shore, and perhaps some other dry barren gi'ound.

Near Clapham in Surrey. Huds. ed. 1. 34. On the denes near
Yarmouth. Mr. Stone and Mr. D. Turner. At Little Hampton,
Sussex. Mr. Borrer. At Lowestoft, Suffolk, on the low sandy
ground between the middle part of the town and the beach,
plentifully.

Perennial. April, May.

Root a tuft of small, ovate, white scaly bulbs, as truly such as the
bulbs of a Lily or Garlick, and, like' them, tlirowing out fibrous
radicles from' their base; which hn))pcns when the autumnal
rains fix them in the moistened sand. Early in spring a dense

124 TlllANDRIA-DIGYNIA. Poa.

crop of linear, keeled, slightly glaucous leaves, serrated with fine
sharp marginal teeth, is produced, affording a grateful pasturage
for cattle, and withering by the time when summer feed abounds.
Their sheaths are broad, smooth, partly striated, rather lax, often
purplish. Stipulas all lanceolate, acute, of a moderate length,
considerably decurrent. Stem 4 or 5 inches high. Panicle ovate-
oblong, less spreading and lax than in either of the two last, and
scarcely at all zigzag. Spikelets of hardly more than A florets,
usually of 3, ovate, pale, variegated with green and a violet pur-
ple, somewhat shining, externally smooth, except the rough keel
of the calyx. Outer valve of the cor. ovate and acute, as in the
last, silky near the margin, hairy at the keel with a continuation
of the complicated, not very copious, web, which connects the
bases of the florets ; inner strongly fringed. Stigmas slender,
and, as far as I can judge, simply feathery.

I find no difference between this grass and what abounds in Ger-
many, France and Italy, in the early spring, except that the lat-
ter, in the streets of Rome, is usually viviparous, which circum-
stance has not been observed in England. Morison's sect.ii.t.^.
f. 14. Ger. Em. 3./ 1, and Barrel. Ic. t. 272. and t. 703./. 1,
represent this j and possibly /. 2. of the plate last quoted may
be the much larger oriental variety, preserved in the Linnsean
herbarium, and alluded to in Engl. Bot. as a distinct species.
It looks very different, having long and narrow leaves, but is
certainly what Linnseus intended by his variety /3. I have other
viviparous specimens, which evince a most Proteus-like nature
in Foa bulhosa, if they really belong to it 3 but this question is
here out of place.

Mr. Knapp's t. 53 has accidentally the root of some other species
subjoined.

5. P. trivialis. Rougbish Meadow-grass.
Panicle spreading. Spikelets three-flowered. Florets lan-
ceolate, five-ribbed, connected by a web. Stipula oblong.

Stem and leaves roughish. Root fibrous.
P. trivialis. Linn.Sp.Pl.^^. Willd. v. \.387. Fl. Br. 103. Engl.

Bot. v.l5.t. 1072. Curt. Lond.fasc. 2. t. 6. Knapp t. 54. Sincl.

21. Hook. Scot. 35. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 296. Host Gram. v. 2,

45.^.62.
P. dubia. Leers 28. t.6.f.5.
P. scabra. Ehrh. Calam. 72.
Gramen pratense paniculatum majus. Bauh. Theatr. 28./. Schcuchz.

Agr. 177. t. 3./. 17, A. latiore folio. Rail Stjn. 409.
/3. Poa setacea. Huds. ed. 1. 34.
In meadows and pastures, especially such as are rather moist, very

common.
Perennial. June — October.
Roots fibrous, Uiftcd. Stems several, about 18 inches high, erect.

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Poa. 125

leafy, with several knots ; the naked part cylindrical, roiighish
to the touch, as are the edges and backs ot the flat, slightly
spreading, lax, linear, deep-green leaves. In their long corn-
pressed sheaths also a slight roughness is sometimes perceptible.
Stipula acute, oblong, or lanceolate, 1 J or 2 lines long, as no-
ticed by Scheuchzer, Hudson and Curtis, by which this species
is invariably distinguished from the following. Scheuchzer's
synonyms of each, misapplied by Linn.Teus and all his followers,
see Fl. Br., are at length settled by the accurate Schrader.
Haller, I have authority to say, did not well discriminate these
two grasses ; and Linnaeus has recorded under P. pratensis, his
own ignorance of their distinctions, and those of 2 others, which
Willdenow has strangely perverted, so as to include the widely
different P. annua, and exclude aJpina, which indeed is not less
distinct, P«nic/e large, spreading, with half-w^horled, horizontal,
wavy, angular, rough, compound, but very unequal, branches.
Spikelets ovate, of three, sometimes only two, Jlorets, whose
glumes are rough at the keel. Outer valve of the corolla lan-
ceolate, acute, concave, moderately compressed, rather longer
than the cahji, keeled ; smooth, with 2 lateral ribs, at each
side ; membranous at the point ; inner lanceolate, acute, scarcely
cloven, or if so, the minute segm.ents are convolute and com-
bined, its edges inflexed, smooth. The bases of thejiorels are
attached to the receptacle and to each other by a few long, very
slender, convoluted filaments, which may be pulled out to a
considerable extent. Nectary ovate, deeply cloven, acute. An-
thers deeply divided at each end, with spreading lobes. Germ.
ovate. Shjles very short. Stigmas large, spreading, feathery,
repeatedly subdivided, as in the genus Glyceria. Seed lanceolate,
triangular.

Mr. Curtis, deeply versed in the practical economy of grasses, de-
clares this to be one of the most valuable for pasturage and hay,
yielding abundantly, though not particularly early ; and of the
most excellent quality.

The variety /3, of which I have an original specimen, is only a
starved plant, with short and slender Leaves.

6. P. pratensis. Smooth-stalked Meadow-grass.

Panicle spreading. Spikelets four-flowered. Florets lan-
ceolate, five-ribbed, connected by a web. Stipula short
and obtuse. Stem and leaves smooth. Root creeping.

P. pratensis. Linn. Sp. PL 99. Willd. v. I. 388. Fl.Br.\04. Engl.

Bat. I'. 15. 1. 1073. Curt. Lond.fasc. 2.t.'o. Knajyp ^.5.5. Dicks.

H.Sicc.fasc.\4.3. Sincl. \7. Hook. Scot. 3 j. Schrad. Germ.

V. 1 . 298. Host Gram. v. 2. 44. t.6\.
P. glabra. Ehrh. Calam. 62.
Gramen pratense paniculatum medium. Bauh. Theafr. 30. f.

Scheuchz. Agr.\80. Rati Syn. 409.

126 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Poa.

G- prateiise minus. Ger. Em. 2.f.

/S. Poa aiigustifolia. Lhui. Sp. PL 99. JVilld. v. 1. 387. Leers 2/ .

t.G.f.S. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 14. 4.
G. pratense paniculatum majus, angustiore folio. Raii Syn. 409.

Moris. V. 3. 20] . sect. 8. t. 5. f. 19. Scheuchz. Agr. 178. t. 3.
/17.B.

y. Poa subcaerulea. Engl. Bot. v. 14. t. 1004, ea?cZ. the reference to

Withering.
P. hiimilis. £/ir/t. Calam. 115. Cowp. IC. F/. /??•. 1387, excluding

the references to Willdenow, Haller and Scheuchzer.
P. caerulea. Knapp t.WS. Sincl. 19.
P. pratensis /3, alpina. //mc/^. 39.
P. pratensis /3, minor. Hook. Scot. 35.

In meadows and pastures, whether moist or dry, common.

/3, In woods, y. In momitainous situations, in Wales, Anglesea,
Westmoreland, Cumberland and Scotland.

Perennial. May, June.

Root creeping, with horizontal runners. General aspect of the
plant very like the last, with which it has been usually con-
founded, but the stem and leaves betray no roughness when
drawn through the hand. T\\^ florets are mostly 4, sometimes 5,
very rarely but 2, their connecting web very copious, as well as
long and complicated, their keel often silky. The outer valve
of the calyx has very prominent lateral ribs. But the clear and
essential mark of this species, compared with the last, consists
in its very short, abrupt, pointless stipula, which in every leaf,
of every variety, proves constant and invariable. Scheuchzer,
Hudson and Curtis have all observed this, we believe indepen-
dently of each other, and following botanists have confirmed the
truth of their remarks. The stigmas of P. pratensis are as much
branched as those of P. trivialis. P. pratensis of Leers, 28. t.6.
f. 4, cited with doubt in Fl. Br., is referred by Schrader to his
serotina, v. 1. 299.

/S differs chiefly in the narrowness of its leaves, which are involute,
and somewhat rigid, with roughish sheaths, especially the lower
ones. All authors, since the publication of Fl. Br., have con-
curred with me in making it a variety only.

y is remarkable for a glaucous hue of the whole herbage, less evi-
dent in Ehrhart's own specimen of his P. humilis, which is cer-
tainly my siibccerulea. The stem is but a span high ; the leaves
short, broad and flat. The panicle is much smaller and less
branched than in the common pratensis ; the spikelets similar,
except in their glaucous colour, more pointed calyx, and rather
more turgid and less angular j^ore^s, 3 in number, whose con-
necting web is extremely copious, so as to be visible without
pulling them asunder. Nevertheless, 1 submit to the opinion of
the accurate Schrader, who has, like myself, examined speci-

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Poa. 127

mens, and is a competent judge. The stipulas of the above 3
varieties are all alike.
As an object of agriculture P. prateusis is not less valuable than
the trivialis. It is earlier in lejif, and will thrive with less
moisture, though the latter produces, at last, a better crop.
Mr. Curtis and several other able botanists have rendered great
service to the farmer in directing his attention to such objects,
and it is undoubtedly worth his while to be select in seed for
grass lands. But, after all. Nature is supreme in the accommo-
dation of particular grasses to certain soils and situations, and
whatever we may sow, unless we have well studied her laws,
she finally triumphs.

7. P. annua. Annual Meadow-grass.

Panicle widely spreading. Spikelets ovate, five-fiowered.
Florets a little remote, five-ribbed, without a web. Stems
oblique, compressed.

P. annua. Linn. Sp. PI. 99. TVilld. r. 1. 390. Fl. Br. 105. Engl.

Bot. V. 16. t. 1141. Curt. Lond.fasc. 1. t. 6. Mart. Rust. t. 98.

Stillingfi^ t. 7. Knapp t 52. Hook. Scot. 35. Schrad. Germ,

V. 1. 304. Host Gram. v. 2. 46. t. 64. Leers29. t. 6./. 1. Ehrh,

Ca/am. 106.
P. n. 1466. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 223.
Gramen pratense paniculatum minus. Bauh. Theatr. 30. f.3\,

Scheuchz. Agr. 189. t. 3./. 17, E.
G. pratense minus, seu vulgatissimum. Uaii Sijn. 408.
G. pratense minimum album. Moris, v. 3. 201. sect. 8. t.b.f.2\.
G. minimum album. Ger. Em. 3./.

In meadows, pastures, waste and cultivated ground, every where,
except in alpine situations.

Annual. April — ISlov.

Root fibrous. Stems several, pale, very smooth, somewhat com-
pressed, leafy, jointed, branched at the base, spreading in every
direction, and taking root at many of their lower joints j their
length from 3 to 12 inches. Leaves of a fine light green, spread-
ing, linear, bluntish, flaccid, roughish at the edges only, flat,
except a crumpled portion here and there, characteristic of the
species, though not absolutely peculiar to it. Sheaths long, com-
pressed, smooth. Stipula oblong and acute at the upper leaves ;
shorter, obtuse, and jagged at many of the lower ones. Panicle
.smaller than in the two last, more lax, its outline, as Haller re-
marks, triangular ; its branches most directed to one side, all
nearly smooth. Spikelets variegated with green and white, ovate,
externally smooth and polished. Florets 5 or 6 j their outer
valves 5-ribbed, silky at the edges and back ; inner notched,
rough-edged. There is no web or hairiness at the base. Anth.

128 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Poa.

i^hoYt. Styles distant, very short. Stigmas very large and re-
])eatcdlv com])or.nd, as in Ghjceri'iJIuiians.
A good grass for fodder, abundant in proportion to the richness of
the soil, easily raised^ but not durable.

8. P. giaiica. Glaucous Meadow-grass.

Panicle spreading. Spikelets ovate. Florets from two to
five, obscurely five-ribbed, bluntish ; silky at the keel and
lateral ribs ; hairy at the base, without a web. Stipulas
of the lower leaves very short and blunt.

P. glauca. FI. Dan. t. 964. With. 148. Fl. Br. 1388. Comp. IG.

Engl. Bot. V. 24. t. 1 720. Hull 23. JVahlenh. Lapp. 41 .
P, csesia. Knapp t. 56.

P. n. 1468. Hall. Hist. v. 2.224, from its discoverer. Prof. Lachenal.
P. montana. Allion. Pedem. v. 2. 245.
P. nemoralis (3. Hook. Scot. 35.
Gramen paniculatum angustifolium montanum, panicula densa,

locustis parvis muticis. Scheuchz. Agr. 180.
/3. iVahlenb. Lapp. 41.
Poa csesia. Ft. Br. 103. Comp. 16. Engl. Bot. v. 24. t. 1719. Hook.

Scot. 34.

On the mountains of Wales, Scotland, and the north of England.

On Snowdon. Mr. Griffith. Brought from Scotland, and culti-
vated in Chelsea garden, Mr. Fairbairn. Plentiful on the Scot-
tish alps. Hooker. On Ingleborough, Yorkshire. Dr. Windsor.

j6. Received from Scotland, and long cultivated in Chelsea garden.
Mr. Fairbairn. On Ben Lawers, and other Highland moun-
tains. Mr. J. T. Mackaij. Brouglit from Ben Lawers by Mr.
D. Turner and Professor Hooker, to whom I am obliged for a
wild specimen.

Perennial, June, July.

The whole plant, in both varieties, is with us extremely and per-
manently glaucous ; in Lachenal's specimens less so, especially
the leaves. Root tufted, fibrous. Stems erect, 12 — 15 inches
high, leafy, furnished with from 2 to 4 joints : round, striated,
and almost perfectly smooth in the naked part above the leaves,
which is only occasionally angular and rough-edged near the
top. Leaves linear, bluntish, flat, single-ribbed, roughish to the
touch, except at the back towards the base. Sheaths striated,
somewhat swelling, roughish, though sometimes in a very slight
degree ; the upper ones as long as their respective leaves, or
longer. Stipula mostly very short and blunt, not projecting out
of the sheath ; but at the uppermost leaf, in both varieties, it is
sometimes greatly elongated, lanceolate, acute, and externally
downy. Panicle upright, spreading ; the branches 2, 3, or more,
together, simple or variously compound, angular, rough with
minute bristly teeth, especially near the flowers. Spikelets ovate^.

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Poa. 159

erect, variegated with glaucoiis-grcen, purple, and silvery white.
Calyx-glumes ovate-lanceohite," very acute, strongly 'keeled,'
smooth, except the upper part of the keel • membranous at tlie
edges 3 the inner one largest, with a short rib near the keel at
each side j the outer single-ribbed. Florets 2 or 3 in the first
variety J 4,5, or more, in the second, /3, always longer than the
calyx. Outer valve of the corolla ovate-lanceolate, either smooth
or minutely downy, hairy at the base; furnished with 5 ribs in-
cluding the keel, which, like the 2 nearly marginal ribs, is
clothed half way up with close silky hairs, the intermediate ribs
being smooth, and often so little prominent as to be discoverable
only by holding the glume against the light ; inner valve oblong,
slightly cloven, with inflexed edges, often rough at the fold.
IScct., according to Mr. Sowerby, of 2 notched scales, but I
suspect it to vary in this respect, as it does in size. Styles
scarcely any. Stigmas large, feathery, and distinctly compound
evep in a dried specimen.
(5 has broader leaves, and 4 or 5 Jlorets, even in a wild specimen
from Mr. Turner ; in cultivated ones there are often six, in
which case their common stalk is hairy, particularly close to
each floret ; but this is essentially different from the folded web
connecting the florets in other species. The calyx is often
broader, and quite ovate, in this variety, but there are imper-
ceptible gradations. The two varieties however remain constant,
through a long course of cultivation, and I have specimens of the
original glauca, raised from seed in Mr. Griffith's garden, quite
unaltered. Dr. Wahlenberg observed the leaves of glauca to be
often involute wiien dried ; ours seldom exhibit this character.
All things considered, I agree with the very able botanist last
named in reducing these two grasses, hov/ever different in
aspect, to one species ; and am happy to concur also with my
valued friend Professor Hooker in the same opinion ; but not
in referring P. glauca to the very distinct and well-marked P. ne-
moralisy though as Dr. Wahlenberg says it is an intermediate
species, he cannot mean a doubtful one, betv.-een the latter and
P. trivia lis.

9. P. nemorcdis. Wood Meadow-grass.

Panicle spreading, capillary. Calyx-glumes lanceQlhve, ta-
per-pointed, each three-ribbed. Spikelets lanceolate.
Florets about three, five-ribbed, acute ; silky at the keel
and lateral ribs ; hairy at the base, without a web. Sti-
pulas very short, notched.

P. nemoralis. Linn. Sp. PI. 102. Willd. v. 1. 399. FL Br. lOG.
E}igl. Bot. V. 18. t. 12G5. Knapp t. 58. Hook. Scot. :iD. Schrad.
Germ. v. 1. 301. Host Gram. v. 2. 51. t.7\. Leers 30. /. 5. /'. 3.
FL Dan. t. 749. Ehrh. Calam. 5.

P. angustifolia /3. Huds. 41.

VOL. f. K -

130 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Poa.

P. n. 14G9. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 22A.

Gramen paniculatum angustifolium alplnum, locustis rarioribus et

angiistioribus, non aristatis. Scheuchz. Agr. 1G4. Prodr. 18. f. 2.

It. 2. 135. {ed. Loud. G2.) ohs. 45. t. 18./. 3.
/3. Poa angustifolia a. Huds. 40.
P. pratensis, var. 2. With. 142. Hm/Z 21.

In groves and woods.

Most plentiful in the north of England, where it is very common j

as also in woods on a chalky soil in the south.
Perennial. June, July.

Root fibrous, scarcely creeping. Whole plant very slender and
delicate, l^ or 2 feet high. Stems several, erect, slightly com-
pressed, smooth, striated, leafy, with 4 or 5 joints. Lec/i-es al-
most all on the stem, grass-green, narrow, flat, with 3 principal
ribs and many intermediate ones j more or less rough, espe-
cially the mid-rib and edges j tapering to a fine slender point ;
the lowermost smooth at the back. Sheaths hardly so long as
the leaves, compressed, nearly smooth. Stipula very short in
all the leaves, and inclosed within the sheath, but visibly notched
along the margin. Panicle erect, or slightly drooping to one side,
very slender, with numerous, half-whorled, angular, rough, wavy,
compound branches. Spikelets erect, pale green and white, with
a purplish tinge ; their general surface shining, and nearly
smooth. Cat. of 2 unequal, lanceolate, taper-pointed, almost
awned valves, each with 3 ribs ; the keel, or central rib, rough;
the margin of the larger, or innermost, much dilated and mem-
branous. Florets 2 or 3, rarely 4. Outer valve of the cor. lan-
ceolate, acute, with 5 ribs, of which the 2 marginal ones and
the keel are finely silky at their lower part, the 2 intermediate
ones smooth, and not very conspicuous, unless the glume be
held against the light; inner valve narrow, rough-edged, cloven
at the point. The base of each floret is sometimes, not always,
hairy, but there is no complicated web. Stigmas large and tufted.
Mr. Sowerby found the nectary of 2 acute cloven scales.
|3 is of a firmer habit, less slender in every part, with a more dense
panicle, and sometimes more numerous ^orefi\ An original spe-
cimen proves it Mr. Hudson's P. angustifolia, of which he sub-
sequently made nemorcdis a subordinate variety. But it is not
angustifolia of Linnaeus, which belongs to pratensis. Neither is
it trivialis of Leers, whose considerable web indicates an aflSnity
to pratensis also. Morison's sect. 8. t. 5. /. 19, is, more safely
perhaps, transferred from the present plant to that species.
In Switzerland P. nemoraUs often bears, on the stems, rigid bristly
tufts like radicles, analogous to the mossy balls of the Dog-Rose,
and like them probably the effect of the puncture of some insect.
See JBocc. Mus. t. 59. Scheuchz. It. 1. 38. t. 5. /. 1. This has
not been noticed in Britain. Schrader makes it his var. /3 ; but
it is rather an accident than a variety.

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Tiiodia. 131

46. TRIODIA. Heath-grass.

Br. Pi. 182. KunthNov. Gen. et Spec. v. 1. 150. t. 47, 48. Beauv.
Jgr.76. t. 15./.!).

Cal. of 2 nearly equal, clasping, awnless, acute, ovate, con^
cave, keeled, valves, containing an ovate, imbricated, tumid
spikelcf., about its own length, of several two-ranked per-
fect Jiorets^ variously hairy at the base, but without any
complicated web. Cor. of 2 unequal, ovate, rigid, con-
cave valves, closely pressed together transversely ; the
outer obscurely many-ribbed, not keeled ; flat and ex-
panded at the edges ; deeply cloven at the summit, with
ari intermediate dorsal tooth, or awn, longer or shorter
than the lateral points ; inner smaller, lining the cavity
of the outer, fringed; cloven or notched at the point.
^ect. of 2 scales. Filam. capillary. Antli. prominent,
pendulous. Gcrmcn oval, flat. Styles short, distinct.
Stigm. cylindrical, feathery. Seed loose, oval, depressed,
convex on the outside, concave on the inner, closely
pressed between the unchanged valves of the corolla.

Hard, rigid, perennial grasses, with leafy stems. Inflores-
cence variously panicled.

1. T. decumbens. Decumbent Heath-grass.

Panicle nearly simple, close, erect. Florets four; their
middle tooth shortest. Calyx smooth. Stipula hair}'.

Festuca decumbens. Linn. Sp. PL 1 10. M^illd. v. 1 . 424. Huds. 47.
Fl. Dan. t. 162. Leers 34. t. 7.f. 5. Ehrh. Calam. 16. Dicks.
H.Sicc.fasc. 11.3.

F. n. 1434. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 213.

Poa decumbens. IVith. 147. Fl. Br. 107. Efigl. Bot. v.W. t. 792.

Hook. Scot. '36. Knapp ^.59. Sclirad. Germ. v. 1. 305. Host

Gram. v. 2. 52. t. 72.
Melica decumbens. Ji^eb. Gott. 3.
Gramen avenaceum parvum procumbens, paniculis non aristatis.

Raii Syn. 408. Pluk. Phijt. t. 34. /. 1. Mont. Prodr. 53. t. 2.

f.\,S;t.p.:^3.f.77.

G. triticeum palustre humilius, spied mutica breviore. Moris, v. 3.
\77.sect.S. t.\.f.6.

G. montanum avenaceum, locustis muticis tumentibus, pilosum.
Scheuchz. Agr. 170. t. 3.f. \6. A, B, C.

In spongy bogs, on barren, sandy, mountainous ground, frequent.

Perennial. July.

Root slightly creeping, with strong fibres. Whole plant harsh and
rigid, lying close to the ground except when in flower. Stem
from 4 to 12 incheslong, jointed, bent,lcafv,verv smooth. Leaves

a 2

132 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Briza.

linear, striated, rather glaucous, smooth, except towards tlie
points, where the rib and edges are very rough. Shealhs stri-
ated, hairy, especially at the top. Stipula a row of hairs. Fa-
n'lcle of a few large, turgid, purplish spikelets, its branches few,
wavy. The corolla has 2, or more, dense tufts of shining bristles
at its base, with 2 intermediate depressions. The middle tooth
is flattened, and close-pressed, not extended into a bristly awn.
When able botanists have much dift'ered about the genus of any
plants it is likely to prove a new one, as is the case \ni\\ this
grass. Several species of the same genus are found in New
Holland, and some on the mountains of South America. What-
ever the other species of the learned DeCandolle's Danthonia
may be, this undoubtedly belongs to Mr. Brown's very natural
genus of Triodla, which is enough for our purpose. It could
not, when properly examined, be placed either in Festuca or Foa;
still less, as some have thought; in Bromiis or Melica.

47. BRIZA. Quaking-grass.

Linn.Gen.35. Juss. 32. Fl. Br. \0S. Lam. t. 45. Gcsrtn.t.l.

Cat. of 2 nearly equal, awnless, obovate, or almost orbicu-
lar, obtuse, expanded, concave, slightly keeled valves,
containing abroad-ovate, or triangular, obtuse, compressed
.'^pikelet of many, awnless, two-ranked, perfect jiorets.
Cor. of 2 unequal, awnless, obtuse valves ; the outer or-
bicular, or obovate, expanded, concave, sometimes gib-
bous, contracted or inflexed at the edges, without rib or
prominent keel; inner much smaller, flatter, oval, or ob-
ovate, entire or notched, inflexed at the edges ; both per-
manent, embracing the seed. Neat, a cloven scale. Filam,
capillary, longer than the glumes. AntJi. oblong, cloven
at each end, pendulous. Oer?ne7i ovate. Sfi/les very short.
Stigmas feathery, long, cylindrical. Seed nearly orbicidar,
flat, pressed closely between the valves of the corolla, and
coated wdth the outer one, to which it is firmly united.

Hoot annual, or perennial. Ste7iis erect, leafy. Leaves flat,
Spikelets loosely panicled, for the most part elegantly pen-
dulous and tremulous; membranous and shining when
dry.

1. 3, minor. Small Quaking-grass.

Spikelets triangulai', seven-flowered. Calyx longer than
the florets. Stipula lanceolate, elongated.

B. minor. Linn. Sp. Fl. 102. mild. v. 1. 403. Fl. Br. 108. Eiigl.
Bot. V. 19. f. 1316. Fl. Grcec. v. 1. 58. t. 74. Schrad. Germ. v.\,
308. Host Gram. i;. 2.22. ^ 28,

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Biiza. 153

B. aspera. Krutpp t.Q\.

Gramen trcmulum minus, panlcula ampla, locustis parvis trian-

gulis. RailSyn.A\2.
G. tremulum minus, locusta dcltoide. Moris, v. 3. 203. sect. 8. t 6.

f.47.

In cultivated fields in the south of England, very rare.

Near Bath. Mr. Alchorne. Huds. Between Pensancc and Mar-
icetjevv, Cornwall, 1774. Light f. in his herbarium. Sent from
thence by Mr. Penneck, in J 803. Mr. Sowerbij. In Jersey.
Sherard. In Guernsey. Yalden.

Annual. Jidij.

Root fibrous, small, downy. Whole plant of a light bright green,
sriiooth, except the edges of the leaves; a span or more in height,'
with one or more stems. Stipida long, acute, decurrent. Pa-
nide spreading, with numerous, fine, capillary, rigid, zigzag
branches. Spikelets green and white, often with a purple tint,
shining. Calyx extending beyond the lowest ^^ore^^. Outer
valve of the corolla gibbous at the base; inner acutely cloven.
Seed orbicular, depressed, when ripe firmly attached to the outer
valve of the corolla.

Poa n. 1449. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 218. Gramen tremulum minus pani-
cula parva. Bauh. Prodr. 4./. Moris./. 46, appears, by Mailer's
account, a mere variety of the following.

2, B. media. Common Quaking-gra&s.

Spikelets ovate, about seven-flowered. Calyx shorter than

the florets. Stipula very short and bhmt.
B. media. Linn. Sp. PL 103. Willd. v. 1. 404. Fl. Br. 109. E?7'rl.

Bat. V. 5. 340. Mart. Rust. t. 39. Knapp t. GO. Hook. Scot. 37.

Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 309. Host Gram. v. 2. 22. t. 29. Fl Dan

i. 25.8. Leers 2d. t. 7. f. 2.
Poa n. 1448. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 218.
Gramen trcmulum. Rail Sijn. A\2.
G. tremulum majus. Bauh. Theatr. 22. f. Schcuchz. A^^r 204 i 4

/. 8. o • . . .

G. tremulum vulgare minus^ locustis rotundioribus. Bloris. v 3
203. sect. 8. t. 6.f. 45.

In pastures common.

Perennial. Majj, June.

Root fibrous, tufted. Stem 12 or 18 inches high, leafy at the bot-
tom chietty, smooth 3 straight and slender' in the' upper part.
Leaves deep green. Panicle very slender and tremulous, the
branches and spikelets tinged with purplish brown. Florets about
7, the lower ones projecting a little beyond the (Y////.1-, which ren-
ders the spikelet ovate. I have from Mr. J. E. Bowman a beau-
tiful Welch specimen, whose J/orcfs are 12 or more, green and
white, witii 3 ribs towards each margin, more conspi<.uous than

134 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Dactylis.

in the common kind ; yet there are scarcely sufficient grounds
to make it a species, at least not without a comparison of move
specimens.

48. DACTYLIS. Cock's-foot-grass.

Linn. Gen. 35. Juss.3\. FL Br. 1 10. Lam. t. 44.

CaL of 2 unequal, linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed, keeled,
compressed valves, containing a spikelet of several ^ore/5.
Cor. of 2 unequal, lanceolate, keeled, compressed valves ;
the outer one more or less awned, flat and membranous at
the edges ; inner about as long, but narrower, 2-ribbed,
folded, acutely cloven at the point. Nccf. of 2 lanceolate,
pointed scales, tumid at the base. Filam. capillary, longer
than the cor. Anth. cloven at each end. Germ, roundish.
Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas spreading, oblong,
feathery. Seed oblong, with a longitudinal furrow, covered
by the unchanged corolla, but loose, not attached to it.

Too near to Festiica.

Root perennial. Stem leafy, simple or branched, Flcivers in
dense unilateral panicled tufts,

1. Y>. glomcrata. Rough Cock's-foot-grass.

Panicle distantly branched. Flowers in dense globular tufts,
unilateral. Corolla somewhat awned, five-ribbed, taper-
pointed.

D. glomerata. Linn. Sp. PL 1 05. Willd. v. 1 . 408. FL Br.lW.

EngL Bot. V. 5. t. 335. Mart. Bust. t. 14. Knapp t 62. Hook.

Scot. 37. Sind. 9. Schrad. Germ. v. 1.311. Schreb. Gram. v. I .

72. t. 8./. 2. Host Gram. v. 2. 67. t. 94. Leers 21. L S.f. 3. FL

Dan. t. 743.
Bromus glomcratus. Scop. Cam. v. 1. 76.
B. n. 1512. HalL Hist. v. 2. 238.

Gramen asperum. Baiih. Hist. v. 2. 407./. RaiiS}jn, 401.
G. spicatum, folio aspero. Bauh. Proclr. 9. f. Theatr. 45. /.

Scheuchz.Agr. 299. t. 6.f. 15. Moris, r.3. 202. sect. 8. t. 6./. 38.

In meadows, hedges, and shady places, common.

Perennial, June — August.

Root fibrous, tufted. Stem erect, straight, 2 feet high j leafy be-
low 5 naked and roughish above. Leaves linear, flat, acute, dull
green, spreading, striated, harsh, rough-edged. SheatJts rough,
keeled, compressed. Stipula elongated, mostly torn. Panicle
alternately branched ; branches angular, stiff, very rough, spread-
ing, especially the lowermost, each bearing a compound, ovate
or globular, dense tuft, of unilateral, bristly, crowded spikelets
Calijx membranous, very unequal ; the outer valve 3-ribbcdj

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Spartina. 135

rough at the keel. Florets 3 or 4, rarely solitary ; common
stalk smooth. Outer valve of the cor. 5 -ribbed, rough at the
keel, with a short awn-like point ; inner fringed at the ribs.
Anth. pale violet, pendulous.
In shady places, orchards, &c., this is a har.sh coarse grass, not
very acceptable to cattle j but when cultivated on dry open
land, its quality becomes excellent, and the crop of tufted radi-
cal leaves abundant.

49. SPARTINA. Cord-grass.

Schreb. Gen. 43. Muhlenh. Gram. 53. Bcauv. Agr. 25. t. 7.f. (J.
Limnetis. Richard. — Nuttall Gen. 38.

Cal. single-flowered, of 2 unequal, compressed, lanceolate,
keeled, clasping valves ; the outer one sometimes smallest,
narrow and pointless ; sometimes largest, w itli a rough,
straight, terminal awn; inner cloven at the summit, with
more or less of an intermediate tooth, or point. Cor. about
the length and shape of the cal. of 2 lanceolate, bluntish,
clasping, compressed, awnless valves, the innermost ra-
ther the longest. Ncct. none. Filam. capillary, not so long
as the cor. Anth. erect, linear, entire at the top, cloven a^
the base. Gm«. elliptic-lanceolate. ^/^-^ combined a great
part of their whole length, separate at the top. Stigmas
feadiery, slender, various in length. Seed, oblong, com-
pressed, clothed with the unaltered corolla, but quite loose.

Hard, rigid, smooth, perennial, maritime grasses, with com-
pound, close, unilateral spikes of numerous/ottW5. This
genus is closely allied to Dactijlis, under which it has been
included by Linnaeus and most botanists ; but a compari-
son of their characters, given above, will prove them very
distinct. Schreber places Spartina in Triandria Mono-
gynia ; but a partial, or temporary, combination of the
2 styles of true Grasses is so common, and so various in
species of the same genus, that it is best not to take it too
strictly. There can be no reason to change the great
Schreber's original name for Limnetis.

1. ^.striata. Twin-spiked Cord-grass.

Spikes two or dn-ee, erect, with very smooth stalks. Glumes

downy. Outer valve of the calyx smallest.
Dactylis stricta. Soland. in Ait. H. Kcw. ed. \.v.\. 101 TViUd

V. 1 . 407. Fl. Br. 1 1 0. Engl. Bot. v. fi. t. 380. With. J 41). /. 27.

Knapp t. 63.
D. (-ynosuroidcs, Ilud.s. 43. Loe/t. It. Hi.sp. 1 15.
Spartum Esbe.\ianum,spica gcniina clau-sa. Dill, in Rail Si/n. 3P3.

156 TillANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Cynosurus.

In muddy salt-marshes^ on the eastern coast.

About the mouths of rivers in Kent and Essex, found by Merret,
Buddie, and Sherard. Dillenius. Plentiful in the isle of Shepey.
Bishop of Carlisle. At Aldborough, Suffolk. Mr. M^oodward and
Mr. Davy.

Perennial. August.

Root creeping, with strong fibres. Whole plant hard, tough and
rigid. Stems 10 — 20 inches high, several together, simple,
ascending, round, leafy from top to bottom, smooth, jointed.
Leaves numerous, straight, spreading, taper-pointed, keeled,
channelled, striated, of a dull green, smooth ; involute when
dry. Sheaths striated, smooth, very long, investing each other
far above tlieir respective knots ; their lower part remaining of
a fibrous spongy texture, after the upper part and its leaf are
gone. Stipula short and jagged. Spikes 2, rarely 3, rising just
above the short uppermost leaf, erect, straight, close together.
Common stalk simple, angular, with a linear hollow to receive
each spikelet, but not jointed. Spikelets imbricated, in 2 rows,
lateral, lanceolate, their glumes all more cr less downy or silky.
Outer valve of the culijx narrow, acute ; inner much broader
and longer ; membranous and cloven at the top, with a short,
thick, horny, intermediate point. Floret solitary. Valves of the
cor. less downy, acute, entire, finely striated. Nect. none, as
Schrader also observes Germen lanceolate. StT/les combinec|
about 3 fourths of their length. Stigmas slender, prominent.

50. CYNOSURUS. Dog's-tail-grass.

Lini. Gen. 36. Juss. 31. Ft. Br. 111. Lam. t. 47. Grrrl7i. t. 1 ,

&pihdets in pairs ; one entirely neuter, of numerous, two-
ranked, lanceolate, concave, pointed or awned, empty
glumes ; the other parallel to it, of several ^or<?/5. Cal. of
2 equal, lanceolate, membranous, concave, single-ribbed,
keeled, taper-pointed, awned valves, containing two or
three perfect j^ort'^5, the first sessile, the rest stalked, with
an occasional rudiment of more. Cor. wanting in the neu-
ter spikelet ; in the perfect one of 2 unequal lanceolate
valves; the outermost concave, keeled, more or less awned
at the summit, the awn straight ; inner two-ribbed, iiir
flexed at the edges, cloven at the point, awnless. Nect. of
2 acute scales. Filam. capillary, shorter than the glumes.
Anth. linear, cloven at each end. Germen elliptical. Styles
very short, distinct. Stigrdcis long, cylindi'ical, feathery.
Seed loose, invested with the unchanged corolla, elliptic-
oblong, with a furrow along the upper side.

The corolla is certainly not, as Schrader defines it, united

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Cynosurus. 157

with the seci1<f though Schreber's account of its " closely
entolcling the seed and not separating," might suggest
iiuch an idea ; for Schrader, so exact in what he observes
with his own eyes, does not describe the seed, as seen by
himself, in any of his species. In fact, the substance of
the corolla remains unchanged, and tlie seed is as little
attached to it, in either of our species, as in any grass
whatever.
Roots annual, or perennial. Stems erect, leafy. Spikes dense, ■
simple or com})oand5 assuming a crested appearance from
the neuter spikclcts, mostly concealing the perfect ones.

1. C cristatus. Crested Dog's-tail-grass.
Spike simple, linear. Neuter spikelets without av/ns.

C. cristatus. Linn. Sp. PL 105. IFilld. r. 1. 41 1. FL Br. Ill,
Engl. Bot. y. 5 . ^. 3 1 G. Mart. Rust. t. 1 OG. Knapp t. 6^. .S7i/-
lingft,. t.U. Hook. Scot. 37. Sincl. 27. Schrad. Germ. i;. 1 .314,
Host Gram. v. 2. GS. i. 90. Sclireb. Gram. v. 1. G9. t. S.f. I.
Leers 49. t. 7.f. 4. Ft. Dan. t. 238.

C. n. 1545. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 251.

Gramen cristatum. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 4oS,/. BauJi. Prodr. S.f.
Rail Sijn. 398. Ger. Em. 29*.

G. pratense cristatum. Bauh. Theatr. 42./. 43. Schcuchz. Jgr. 79.
^.2./.8 A,C,_

G. cristatum anglicum. Moris, r. 3. 1 94. sect. 8. t. 4./. G.

In dry pastures, parks and lawns^ every where.

Perennial. June, Juhj.

Root tufted, with long simple fibres. Stems several, 1 2 — 18 inches
high, siiniple, rigid, round, smooth, most leafy in the lower part j
remain in?; brown and withered, with their dry empty spikes,
through the latter part of summer, and making too conspicuous
a figure on huvns about houses. Leaves bright green, short,
narrow, smooth j with long, smooth, striated sheaths. Slipula
ratlier short and abrupt. Spike erect, rigid, linear, green, uni-
lateral, about 2 inches long, with a wavy, rough stalk. Anth,
prominent, pendulous, pur])le. Outer valve of the corolla with
a short awn. Glumes all permanent, especially the neuter spike-
lets. Seed elli])tic-oblong, acute, filling the valves of the corolla,

A valuable grass in pastures, for sheep and deer, thriving on dry
open ground, and, according to Mr. Sinclair, still better in wa-
tered meadows. Yet it is certainly not suited to marshy,, boggy,
or low land.

2. C. cchhialus. Rough Dog's-tail-grass.

Spike comjiound, ovale. Neuter spikelets awned. Awns of
the corolla full as long as the glume.

138 TllIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Festuca.

C. echinatus. Linn. Sp. PL 105. Willd. ^^ 1 . 412. Fl. Br. 1 12.
Engl. Bot. t;. 1 9. ^. 1 333. Fl. Grac. i?. 1 . 6 1 . ^. 78. Knapp t. Qb.
Sincl. 211. Schrad. Germ. v. 1.315. Host Gram. v. 2. GJ. t. 95.

C. n. 154G. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 251 ?

Gramen alopecuroides, spica aspera. Bauh. Prodr. 1 0./. Theatr. 58.
/. 59. Svheuchz. Agr SO. t. 2./. 8. B, D. Rail Syn. 397.

G. paniceum, spicii aspera latiore. Moris, v. 3. 1 S9. sect. 8. t.4.f.\o.

On sandy ground in the south of England, towards the sea.

Common in Jersey. SJierard. Near Sandwich. Hiidsoii. Near
Hastings, but very sparingly. Bishop of Carlisle. Sussex. Mr.
Sower by.

Annual. July.

Root with downy fibres, as usual in grasses inhabiting a loose sand.
Stems one or more, smooth, round, leafy, 10 — 20 inches high.
Leaves rough ish, broad at their base, tapering to a sharp point.
Sheaths two-edged, swelling, roughish. Stipulas lanceolate, the
uppermost longest. Spike dense, various in luxuriance, distin-
guished by the elegantly pectinated neuter spikelets at the back,
and bristly with the long rough aicns of the perfect ones in front.

The late Mr. Davall suspected the larger-spiked variety. Barrel.
Ic. 1. 123. /. 2, might be a distinct species. It.is the Swiss plant,
and approaches C. elegans of Desfontaines, Atlant. v. 1. ^.17.
Ours has a smaller spike, with much few^er flowers.

51. FESTUCA. Fescue-grass.

Linn. Gen. 36. Juss. 32. Fl.Br.]\3. Lam. t. 46.

Cal. of 2 very unequal, lanceolate, acute, pointed, concave,
keeled valves, containing an oblong, compressed, imbri-
cated spikelet^ of many alternate, two-ranked, more or less
awned, ])eY^ect florets. Cor. of 2 unequal valves ; the outer
generally nearly cylindrical, entire, pointed or awned,
keeled, concave, scarcely compressed, more or less ribbed,
longer than the calyx, a little inflexed at the edges ; inner
narrower, elliptic-oblong, two-ribbed, cloven or abrupt at
the summit, the margins membranous, folded in at each
rib, which is, for the most part, downy externally. Ncct.
of 1, deeply divided, or of 2 separate, sometimes cloven,
acute scales. Filam. capillar}^, shorter than the cor, Anth.
linear, j^endulous, notched at each end. Germcn turbinate.
Styles distant, short. Stigmas feathery. Seed oblong, with
a longitudinal furrow, acute, quite loose, though closely
enveloped in the unchanged corolla.

Root annual, or perennial. Stems erect, or spreading, leafy,
knotty. Leaves generally narrows Ft. panicled, often
purplibh, nearly or quite erect.

TRIAXDRIA— DIGYNIA. FesUica. 139

Schrebcr and Schrader, great authorities, assert the seed to
be attached to the corolla, as well as closely enveloped in
its glumes. But on a careful examination of many of the
most genuine species, this does not prove correct. There
is no connection, or union of the parts in question ; nor
is the corolla at all hardened, enlarged, or altered, as it
always is when united with the ripening seed.

1 . F. ovina. Sheep's Fescue-grass.

Panicle unilateral, rather close. Florets cylindrical, pointed
or awned ; smooth at the base, and at the edges of the
inner valve. Stem square. Leaves folded, bristle-shaped.
Stipula short and obtuse.

F. ovina. Lim}. Sp. PL 108. Mllld. r. 1 . 419. Fl. Br. 1 13. £»-/.

Bot. V. 9. t.rjS'). Mart. Rust. t. 102. Knapp t. 66. Hook. Scot. 38.

Schrad. Germ. r. 1 . 3 19. Host Gram. v. 2. CO. t. 84. Leers 32.

^.8./. 3.
Gramen foliolis junceis brevibus majus, radice nigra. Bauh.

Prodr. 11. Theafr. 73. Scheuchz. Agr. 279. t. 6.f. 8.
/3, Festuca rubra. IVith. 153 ; from the author.
y. F. csesia. En»l. Bot. v. 27. ^.1917. Comp. 17.
$. F. tenuifolia. Sibfh. Oxon. 44. Schrad. Germ. r. 1. 318.
F. ovina /3. Leers 33. t. S.f. 4.
F. ovina. Ehrh. Calam. .53.

F. duriuscula. nilars Daitph. 98; from the author.

Gramen capillaceum locustellis pennatis non aristatis. Raii Syn.
4 1 0. Pluk. Phyt. t. 34./. 2. Scheuchz. Agr. 2/5. t. 6.f 6.

G. foliolis junccis brevibus minus. Bauh. Theatr. 73. f; though
the glumes are said in the description to be awned.

G. loliaceum, foliolis brevibus junceis, minus. Moris, v. 3. 182.
sect.S. t.3.f.\3.

In dry open pastures, very common.

Perennial. June.

Root of numerous, long, capillary, smooth, blackish fibres. Stems
from 6 to 12 inches high, erect, slender, rather rigid, smooth ;
leafy below ; square in the upper part. Leaves chiefly radical,
very numerous, composing dense tufts, linear, acute, folded, or
involute, so as to be quite bristle-shaped, or capillary, roughish,
of a dull, sometimes glaucous, green. Sheatlis angular, or fur-
rowed. Stipula very shorty aftendcd at each side with more or
less of a polished tubercle at the top of the sheath, like a knot.
Panicle small, erect, slightly branched. Florets 4 or 5, nearly
cylindrical, acute, or awned, the keel scarcely prominent j the
upper part roughish with minute tubercles ; their inner valve
smooth at the ribs, or edges. The var. /3 hiis a more purjjlc
panidc \\v,\n usual ; \\\q florets in o have no awns, y is remarkable

140 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Festuca.

for a very glaucous hue in the herbage and glumes, which is un-
changed by many years' culture. But several circumstances have
of late convinced me, that such a liue will not always, as 1 once
thought, afford a specific character, and I concur with my friend
Professor Hooker in abolishing this as a species.

2. F. vivipara. Viviparous Fescue-grass.

Panicle unilateral, rather close. Florets compressed, keeled,
awnless, somewhat dow^ny, as well as the edges of their
inner valve, and the calyx. Stem square. Leaves folded,
bristle-shaped, smooth.

F. vivipara. Fl. Br. 1 14. Engl. Bot. v. 19. t. 1355. Knapp t. (i7.

Sincl.] 31. Don H. Brit. 154.
F. ovina (3. Linn. Sp. PL 108. Willd. v. 1.419. Hook. Scot 3S.

F. ovina y. ScJuYid. Germ. v. 1. 320.

Gramen sparteum montanum, spica foliacea graminea, raajus et
minus. Rail Syn. 410. t. 22. f. 1.

G. paniculatum sparteum alpinum, panicula angusta, spadiceo-
viridi, proliferum. Scheuchz. Agr. 213. Prodr. 21. t. 1.

On the tops of the loftiest mountains.

On Ingleborough, Skiddaw, Snowdon, and most of the ScottL^ili
mountains.

Perennial. July.

The root, leaves, and general habit, nearly agree with the last, of
which most botanists have esteemed this plant a variety. Though,
of course, aware of the strange alterations which take place in
viviparous grasses, I have been induced to make a species of this,
on account of the diversity of shape in the outer valve of each
Jioret, which is not cylindrical, but ovate, compressed and keeled,
as well as all over downy. These characters are seen in the very
few spikelets which are not viviparous. In those that are, the
lowermostj^ore^s are greatly elongated, and strongly ribbed, the
upper gradually transformed into leaves, so that each spikelet
becomes a bud ; for it is not the case with this, as in many other
viviparous grasses, that the seed merely vegetates in the husk,
like corn in a wet harvest. There are, in Aict, no organs of im-
pregnation, nor any form or traces of a real seed. Botanists who
can examine the plant at leisure, in its wild state, may perhaps
meet with specimens bearing some perfect J?o?fers, and the
corolla will then fsettle the question. I leave it to their decision.
Mr. Sinclair, who has well described the progress of this grass,
justly asserts that it remains entirely viviparous in a garden.
What he terms the germen, I presume to be the rudiment, or
heart, of the bud, or gemma, originating in the upper y/ore^ of
each spikelet.

The folded edges of the inner valve of the corolla, when it can
be found, are always downv.

TRI ANDRI A— DIGYNI A. Festuca. U i

3. F. duriitsciUa. Hard Fescue- grass.

Panicle unilateral, spreading. Florets longer than their

awns. Stem round. U})per leaves flat. Root fibrous.
F. diiriuscula. Unn. Sp. PL 108. mUd. v. 1, 421 . F/. Br. 1 1.5. Engl.

Bot. V. 7. t. 470. Knapp t. G8. Hook. Scot. 38. Schrad. Germ. v. 1 .

328. Host Gram. v. 2. 5D. t. 83. Leers 33. t. 8./. 2. Sincl. 31 .
F. heterophylla. Haenke in Jacq. Coll. v. 2. 93. JVilld. r. I. 421.
F, nemorum. Leijss. in Act. Soc. Nat. Scrut. Hal. v. 1. 3C8. Ruth

Germ. v. 2. 129. Schrader, ^ Davall.
F. n. 1438. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 214. Davall.
Gramen pratense, panicula duriore laxa, iinam partem spectante.

Raii Sijn. 413. ^. 19./. 1. Scheuchz. Agr. 285.
/3. Huds. 45. Fl. Br. 1 15. Schrad. Germ. v. 1 . 328.
Festuca dumetorum. Linn. Sp. Fl. 109. fVilld. v. 1. 422. Fl. Dan.

t. 700. SincL 135.

In pastures, dry meadows, waste ground, and thickets, common.

Perennial. June, July.

At least twice the size of either of the preceding. Root fibrous,
scarcely creeping, though sometimes throwing out short lateral
shoots. Stem 1 J or 2 feet high, erect, leafy, round, striated,
smooth. Leaves roughish at the edges and keel ; the lower ones
long, very slender, rigid, acute, compressed, striated 5 upper
broader, and flat. Sheaths close, smooth. Sfipula very short,
cloven. Panicle oh\ou[!;, much spreading when in flower j the
branches acutely angular, rough. Spikelets at first cylindrical,
but becoming flattened by the expansion of the glumes. Calyx
sharp-pointed. Florets keeled and considerably compressed, ge-
nerally smooth, from 4 to G or 7, the uppermost often imperfect ;
the outer valve tipped with a straight rough aicn, scarcely half
its own length ; inner roughish at the marginal ribs, slightly
cloven at the point. Stigmas cylindrical. In /3 the outer valve
of the corolla, not the calyx, is finely downy ; but there is no
other difference.

Whether Haller's n. 1437 may be referred likewise to this species,
the best Swiss botanists have always been in doubt.

Mr. Swayne has made a favourable report of this grass, as yielding
a good and early crop, acceptable to all kinds of cattle, which
Mr. Sinclair confirms.

4. F. rubra. Creeping Fescue-grass.

Panicle unilateral, spreading. Florets longer tlian tlieir
awns. Leaves downy on the u]:)})er side, more or less
involute. Root extensively creeping.

F. rubra. Linn. Sp. Pl,\m. IVilld. v. \. 420. Fl.Br.WG. Engl.
Bot. 29. t. 2056. Stillingfl. t. 9. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 329. Host
Gram. v. 2. 59. t. 82. Ehrh. Calam. 83.

142 Till ANDRI A— DIGYNI A. Festucii.

F. repens, a variety of duriuscula. Knapp t. 119.

F. (luriuscula /3. Hook. Scot. 'S"^.

Gramen alpinuni pratense, panicula duriore laxa spadicea, locustis
majoribus. Scheuchz. Agr. 287. t. 6./. 9.

/3. Festuca cambrica. Huds.Ab. With. \d5.

y. F. glabra. Light/. 1085. Huds. GAS.

8. F. glauca. Winch Guide, v. 2. pref. 2.

In mountainous pastures, and on alpine precipices, as well as on
the sandy sea coast, in many parts of h^ngland.

/3. On the ledges of Clogvvin y Garnedth, the highest rock of
Snovvdon. Herh. Banks.

y. At Ardbiglen in Galloway. Herh. Light/.

Perennial. July.

Tiie creeping root, which on the sea coast often extends to many
feet, or even yards, in length, may surely be depended on as the
specific character of this species. At least such is the opinion of
Professor Schrader, confirmed by the long practical experience
of Mr. Sinclair. The leaves also, at least the upper ones, are
broader; and yet rather involute than, at any time, compressed.
Their upper side is furrowed and downy ; the under smooth.
Panicle often a little glaucous, but 1 can find no distinctive cha-
racters in the fructification, except the notched nectaries, as
drawn by Mr. Sowerby, should be constant. The downiness of
th^ Jlorets varies, as in F. duriuscula.

5. F. hromoides. Barren Fescue-grass.

Panicle nearly erect, racemose. Florets tapering, sliorter
than their awns, rough at the top. Leaves tapering,
shorter than their sheaths. Upper half of the stem naked.

F. bromoides. Linn. Sp. PZ. 110. Willd. v. 1. 418. Fl.Br. 117.
Engl.Bot. V. 20. 1. 141 1. Knapp t. 69. Rel. Rudb. 17./.3. Hook,
Scot. 39. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 325. Ehrh. Calam. 6.

Gramen paniculatum bromoides minus, paniculis aristatis, unam
partem spectantibus. Raii Syn. 415. Pluk. Phyt. t.SS./. 10.

G. bromoides, panicula heteromalla longioribus aristis donala.
Scheuchz. Agr. 290. f. 6./. 10 j according to specimens sent by
the author to Sherard, now at Oxford.

On walls, and barren sandy ground.

Annual; some say biennial. June.

A pale, smooth, slender, insignificant grass, of short duration, af
least after flowering. Root of many small brown fibres. Steins
several, 4 — 12 inches high, bent at some of the lowest joints -,
leafy about the lower part ; naked, erect, angular, and very
smooth above. Leaves narrow, tapering, sometimes hairy on the
upper side, often involute ; the upper ones much shorter than
their angular, furrowed, lax sheaths. Stipula very minute. Pani-

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Festuca. J 43

ck' of a few long-stalked s-pikclets, turned most to one side.
Outer valve of the cali/x extremely narrow, aeute ; inner .3-ribbed,
awned. Florets slender, cylindrical, each with a tajjeriny; rough
point, and a long uj)right awn ; inner valve very thin and pellu-
cid, roughish at the edges near the summit only, the green la-
teral ribs smooth. Geriiien elliptic-oblong. Slij'ics scarcely anv.
Stigmas feathery, minute. Seed oblong, deeply channelled above,
convex beneath, downy at the point, quite unconnected with
the glumes, which remain unaltered. Schrader describes the
flowers of this and the following with only one siaincn, which
we have not observed in England. Mr. Sowerby has drawn 3
in the present species^ as has Leers in the next.

6. F. Myurus. Wall Fescue-grass.

Panicle drooping, elongated, rather close. Florets taper-
ing, shorter than their awns, rongh at the top. Leaves
awl-shaped. Stem leafy to the very sunnnit.

F. Mvurus. Linn. Sp. PL 109. IVilld. v. \. A22. Fl. Br. US. Engl.
Bot. r.20. t. 1412. Knapp t.70. Hook. Scot. 39. Schrad. Germ.
V. I. 327. Host Gram. v. 2. 66. t. 93. Leers 34. t. o.f. 5. Ehrh.
Calam. 15.

F. n. 1443. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 216.

Gramen murorum, spica longissima. Rail Si/n. -il5. Ger. Em.
29.* f. bad.

G. avenaceum murorum, spica longissima. Moris, r. 3. 215. sect. 8.
^7./.43.

G. festuceum myurum, minori spica heteromaila. Barrel. Ic. t. 99.
/. 1. Scheuchz. Agr. 294. f. (3./. 12.

On walls, and barren sandy ground, frequent.

Annual ; according to Schrader biennial. June, July.

Nearly akin to the la^t, with which every part of tlie fructification
agrees ; but the whole plant is larger and stouter ; the stem
clothed with leaves to the top ; and the panicle four times as
long, rendering the plant very conspicuous when waving in the
wind on the ridge of some ruined wall. It is perhaps " the
trembling rye-grass " of poets.

Scheuchzer's figure represents a variety with more downy or hairy
spikelets than I have ever seen, though they are sometimes rough
with minute points, nearly all over.

7. F. uiiigltimis. Single-husked Fescue-grass.

Panicle erect, nearly simple. Florets ta})ering, compressed,
awned. One valve of the calyx very short.

F. uniglumis. Soland. in Ait. Hon. Kew. ed. \.v.\. 108. Fl.Br. 118.
J' ;/-/. Bot. V. 20. /. 1 430. Knapp t.7\. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 17.1.

144 TRIANDUIA— DIGYNIA. Festuca.

F. nvenacea sterilis humillima, spicu unam partem spectante.

Petiv. Cone. Gram. 101. Dill, in, Raii Siju. 413. under n. 3.

t. 17. /'. 2 : but the ciiCition of Raii Sijn. ed 2. belongs to Bromus

diandrus.
Lolium bromoides. Huds.r>5. mth. \G9. Hull 27.

On the sandy sea coast, chiefly of Sussex.

In Mersey island near Colchester^ Essex. Dale. At Southend.
Mr. E. Forster.

Biennial. June.

Root fibrous, slightly downy. Stems severnl, from 6 to 14 inches
high, erect, leafy nearly to the top, simple, very smooth. Leaves
acute, somewhat involute ; very smooth at the back ; furrowed,
and often hairy, on the upper side. Sheaths longer than the
leaves, ribbed, smooth ; the uppermost large and inflated. Sti-
pula short, obtuse. Paiiicle rather close j its stalks all com-
pressed, dilated upwards, rough-edged, Spikelefs erect, or a
little turned to one side. Florets keeled, not cylindrical. Awns
long, rough, often purplish. One valve of the calyx is so minute
as to be scarcely discernible, by which character this species is
readily known from all our other grasses, though it agrees in
that respect with Siipa membranacea of Linnseus. The latter is
a true Fesiuca, scarcely diftering from this, indeed, except in
being larger, with longitudinally furrowed Jioiuer-stalhs. 1 be-
lieve it to be only a more luxuriant state of the same plant.

8. F. glgantea. Tall Fescue-grass.

Panicle drooping, twice compound, spreading. Florets from
three to six, ovate-lanceolate, shorter than their awns. Sti-
pula abrupt, auricled, clasping the stem.

F. gigantea. Villars Daiiph. v. 2. 110. FL Br. 120. Engl. Bot.
V.26. t. 1820. Hook. Scot. 39.

F. avenacea sterilis elatior, spicis aristatis in gyrum contortis. Bel.
Rudb. 17./. 21.

Bromus giganteus. Linn. Sp. PL 114. Willd. v. 1.435. Huds. 51.

Curt. Lond.fasc. D. t. 7. Knapp t. 87. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 3G2.

Schreb. Gram. v. 1. 88. ^.11. Host Gram. v. 1.6. t. 6. Leers 30.

t. 10./. 1. Ehrh. Phyt. 52. IVeigel Obs. U. t. I./.5.
B. n. 1510. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 238.
Gramen avenaceum glabrum, panicula e spicis raris strigosis com-

posita, aristis tenuissimis. Raii Syn, 415.

G. bromoides aquaticum latifolium, panicula. spars^ tenuissim^
aristata. Scheuchz. Agr. 264. t. b.f. 17.

G. sylvaticum glabrum, panicula recurva. Vaill. Par. 93. 1. 18./ 3.
iS. Hook. Scot. 39.

Festuca triflora. Engl. Bot. v. 27. t. 1918. Comp. 18.
Bromus triflorus. Linn. Sp. PI. 1 15. mild. v. 1 . 43G. Fl. Dan
t. 440. Sm. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 8. 27G.

TRIANDRIA-^DIGYNIA. Festuca. U5

Gramen bromoides panicuia sparsCi, locustis minoribus aristatis.

Scheuchz. Agr. o\\. t.b.f. \9.
In woods and hedges that are rather moist.
/3. In more dry or barren ground.
At Saham, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe, On the banks of the Esk, near

rortar. Hooker.
Perennial. July, August.

Root tufted of many strong, partly woolly, fibres. Stems three or
four feet high, erect, smiple, leafy, round, striated, smooth, with
several joints. Leaves nearly upright, a foot long, lanceolate,
taper-pointed, dark peen, broad, flat, with a mid-rib which is
pale underneath, and several parallel, lateral, roughish ribs : the
mterstices striated 3 edges rough. Mea^/,. striated, smooth and
naked, not hairy 3 the upper ones longer than their leaves-
lower short. Stipula very short, brown or purplish, often jagged'
with an acute auricle at each side, clasping the stem. PaMe a
little drooping, twice compound, the primaiy branches 2 or 3
togetlier, the rest alternate, all angular and rough. Spikelets
alternate, drooping, ovate, not half an inch long without the
awns generally of 4 or 5 perfect >re^., with the rudiments of
another. Valves of the calyx lanceolate, keeled, pointed : the
outer narrow, sometimes awl-shaped, withoutany lateral ribs • in-
ner with 3 rough ribs, including the keel. Outer valve of the co-
rolla ovate-lanceolate, scarcely keeled, 5 -ribbed at the upper part,
smooth, acute, and often cloven, at the summit, the mid-rib ex-
tended into a capillary, rough, whitish, often wavy, aicn, half as
long again as the glume ; inner valve very thin, a little con-
cave, cloven at the point, its lateral ribs smooth to the naked
eye, but appearing under a magnifier finely downy, as in others
ot this genus, not coarsely fringed as in Brojnus. Nectaru
acutely cloven. Germe.i elliptic-oblong. Styles ^hori. Stigmas
feathery, oblong, scarcely compound. Seed oblong, dark brown
or purplish, covered with the unchanged corolla, but I believe
not combined with either glume.
/3 is a much more delicate, paler, and narrower-leaved grass,
about 2 feet high, with a smaller, more upright, panicle; the
outer va ve of the calyx sometimes a mere bristle. But thout^h
reckoned distinct by Linnaeus and Scheuchzer, it proves when
carefully examined, to be marked by no real specific character,
the number of Jlorets being undoubtedly variable.

9. F. calamaria. Reed Fescue-grass.

Panicle repeatedly compound, spreading, erect. Florets

from two to five, oblong, cylindrical, keeled, angular,

ponited ; niner valve folded in the middle.
F. calamaria. FLBr. 121. Engl. Dot. v. 14. t. 1005. Knapp t. 72

Hook. Scot. 39. fVade PL Rar. Hib. 7.

VOL. I. L

146 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Festuca.

F. sylvatica. nilars Dauph. v. 2. 105. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 337.
Host Gram. v. 2. 56. t. 78.

Poa sylvatica. Pollich tJ. 1. 83 ; excl. Mailer's stjn.

P. trinervata. Elirh. Calam. 36. Schrad. Spied. 3. Willd. Sp. PI.
t>. 1.389. '' Fl. Dan. t. 1145."

Gramen paniculatum nemorosum latifolium glabrum, panicula nu-
tante, non aristata. Till. Pis. 75 3 in the Sherardian herbarium
from the author.

j3. Hook. Scot. 40.

Festuca decidua. BellardiMSS. Ejigl.Bot.v.32. t.2266. Comp.l8.

In mountainous woods of Scotland, Ireland, and the north-west
part of England.

Root fibrous, tufted. Stems several, upright, 2 or 3 feet high, leafy,
round, smooth 5 sheathed at the bottom with many short, blunt-
pointed, polished scales. Leaves lanceolate, or linear, flat, taper-
pointed, erect, striated, many-ribbed, rough at the edges, and
sometimes on both sides 3 their length from 6 to 18 inches 3
their colour a deep green. Sheaths cylindrical, striated, roughish
upwards 3 those of the upper leaves very long. Stipula short,
jagged 3 the uppermost a little pointed. Panicle spreading
while in flower, afterwards close 3 the branches slender, angu-
lar, smooth except the ultimate ones. Spikelets small in compa-
rison with the herbage, erect, often tinged with purple or brown.
Cal. of one awl-shaped, and one linear valve, both pointed, but
rather membranous than awned at the tip. Outer valve of the
corolla lanceolate, but inflexed at the edges, roughish upwards,
keeled, with a remote rib at each side, the point elongated,
membranous, with scarcely any traces of an awn, though some-
times strongly keeled to the tip of the membrane, and in /3
slightly awned occasionally 5 inner valve cloven, its 2 ribs
smooth, and brought so nearly together by a central fold of the
membrane, as often to assume the appearance of a simple keel 3
in /3 they are sometimes rough, Nect. cloven. Germen oval.
Styles very short. Stigmas cylindrical, feathery, small.

/3 is a smaller plant, with much narrower leaves, and scarcely more
than 2 perfect florets, the upper ones falling off early, for want
of strength. I am entirely obliged to my friend Prof. Hooker,
for suggesting it to be a variety only, differing from the original
species as F. triflora does from gigantea.

10. F. loliacea. Spiked Fescue-grass,

Spike two-ranked, drooping. Spikelets nearly sessile, linear-
oblong. Florets cylindrical, awnless, pointed, with five
slight ribs at the top.

F. loliacea. Huds. ed. 1.38. With. 157. Fl. Br. 122. Engl. Bot.
V. 26. t. 1821. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. t. 9. Knapp t. 74. Hook.
Scot. 40. mild. Sp. PL V. 1. 426. Schrad. Germ. v. 1.341.
SinclQl.

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Festuca. 147

F. elongata. Ehrh. Calam. 93.

F. fluitans /3. Huds. 47.

Poa n. 1 4:)2. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 219.

Gramen loliaceum vulgare, spicis rarius dispositis. Moris, v. 3.
\S2. sects. t.'2.f.2.

In rich moist pastures: and meadows, not uncommon.

Perennial. June, July.

Many botanists liave taken this grass for a variety of our Glyceria
^fluitans, and more perhaps have overlooked it for Lotium perenne;
yet it is certainly distinct f om both, as Mr. Curtis has well de-
monstrated. The root is fibrous. Stems several, erect, 2 feet
high, simple, leafy, round, very smooth, of a pale green like the
rest of the plant. Leaves linear, narrow, flat, smooth j with
long smooth sheaths ; and extremely short stipulas, embracing
the stem at each side with a small acute auricle, as in F.gigantea.
Spike a span long, or more, generally unbranched, of many al-
ternate, nearly or quite sessile, oblique, smooth, pale, upright,
compressed spikelets, on a wavy, angular, common stalk, chan-
nelled alternately to receive them, and rough at the angles, which
droops more or less in the upper part. Valves of the calyx very
unequal ; the smaller lodged in each channel of the stalk, linear-
lanceolate, varying in size, sometimes wanting ; larger opposite,
many-ribbed, bluntish. Florets \0 or 1 2, cylindrical j smooth
below ; compressed and keeled at the summit, with 2 slight ribs
at each side, and roughish, ending in an acute membrane, some-
times attended by a small point, like the rudiment of an awn ;
inner valve nearly as large, downy at the ribs, Germen obovate.
Styles very short. Stigmas densely feathery along the upper
side. Tiie seeds are rarelv perfected.

11. Y. jwatensis. Meadow Fescue-grass.

Panicle nearly upright, branched, spreading, turned to one
side. Spikelets linear, compressed. Florets numerous,
cylindrical, obscurely ribbed. Nectary four-cleft. Root
fibrous.

F. pratensis. Huds. ed. 1. 37. FL Br. 123. Engl. Bot. v. 23.
t. 1.592. Curt. Lond.fasc. G. t. 7. Mart. Rust. t.S4, Knapp
t. 73. Hook. Scot. 40. Schrad. Germ. v. 1 . 332.

F. elatior. Linn. Fl. Suec. 32. Host Gram. v. 2. 5/. t. 79. Schreb.
Gram. v. 1. 34. t. 2. Leers 35. t. 8./. 6. Ehrh. Calam. 44.

F. fluitans y. Huds. 47.
Poan,145I. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 2\9.

Gramen paniculatum elatius, spicis longis muticis squamosis. Raii
Syn. 411; but not Barrel. Ic. t.2h.

G. loliaceum, panicula multiplici et spicata. Scheuchz. Agr. 200.
t.4.f.Q.

In rather moist pastures and meadows.

\. 2

148 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Festuca.

Perennial. June, July.

Root fibrous, tufted. Stems several, erect, about 2 feet high, simple,
leafy, round, very smooth, bent at the lowest joint only. Leaves
linear, pointed, 'spreading, flat, striated ; rough at the edges,
sometimes on the upper side, especially the uppermost. Sheaths
striated, very smooth. Stipula very short and obtuse, often torn,
decurrent, clasping the stem. Panicle nearly erect, simply or
doubly branched, the branches inclining to one side, solitary or
in pairs, unequal, wdth compressed, rough stalks j all closed to-
gether after flow^ering. Valves of the calyx rather acute^ keeled,
smooth ; the larger ovate-lanceolate, v^^ith 3 or 5 ribs j smaller
single-ribbed. Spikelets linear, of 8 or 9 florets. Outer valve
of the corolla cylindrical, keeled, more or less purple, sniooth,
except the keel, obscurely 5-ribbed at the upper part, ending in
a membranous point, which, in the upper ^ore^s chiefly, is often
cloven, and attended by a short awn ; inner valve cloven, its
marginal ribs downy. Nectary with 4 divaricated points. Ger-
men obovate, with short distant styles, and thick feathery stigmas.
Seed lanceolate, channelled along the upper side, loose, acute.

A hardy early grass, aftbrding a plentiful crop. Curtis.

12. Y, elatiar. Tall Fescue-grass.

Panicle somewhat drooping, much .branched, spreading
loosely every way. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate. Florets
numerous, cylindrical, somewhat awned, obscurely ribbed.
Nectary four-cleft. Root creeping.

F. elatior. Linn. Sp. Pl\i\. Fl. Br. 124. Engl. Bot. v. 23-
t. 1593. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. t. 8. Hook. Scot. 40. Sincl. 255,
257. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 333.

F. arundinacea. Schreb. Spicil. 57. Ehrh. Calam. 125. Villars
Dauph. t;. 2.106. ^.4.

Bromus littoreus. fVilld. Sp. PL v. 1.14. Host Gram. v. I. 7*t. 8.

Si?icl 259.
B. n. 1511. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 23S.
Gramen arundinaceum aquaticum, panicula avenacea. Raii Syn.

411.

G. paniculatum nemorosum, latiore folio, glabrum, panicula nu-
tante non aristata. Dill, in Raii Syn. 4 11 3 but the plant of Mi-
eheli is F. calamaria, n. 9.

G. loliaceum, spica divis^, pratense majus. Moris, v. 3. 183. sect. 8.

G. arundinaceum, locustis viridi-spadiceis loliaceis, brevius aris-

tatis. Scheuchz. Agr. 266. t. 5.f. 18.
Dover Grass. Herb. Sherurd.

In moist meadows, osier-grounds, and the borders of ditches and

ponds, much less frequent than the last.
Perennial. June, July,

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Festuca. 149

Root somewhat creeping, with downy fibres, penetrating deeply
into the mud or clay. Stem about four feet high, reedy, striated,
smooth, leafy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, twice or thrice as broad
as the preceding, and much longer, many-ribbed, smooth, except
at the edges. Sheaths very long, smooth, Stipiila much like
the last. Panicle a foot or more in length, repeatedly compound,
spreading in every direction. Every part is nearly twice the
size of F. pratensLs. Spikelets ovate, less compressed, rather
more glaucous, and less purple. Fl. sometimes with consider-
able au-?is, generally with the rudiments of them, just below the
cloven membranous summit of the outer valve of the corolla.
Nect. with 4 upright points.

A coarse but nutritious grass, making sometimes a considerable
part of the crop of marshland hay.

13. F. sylvatica. Slender Wood Fescue-grass,

Spike simple, drooping. Spikelets nearly cylindrical, turned
to one side. Awns longer than their glumes. Leaves
hairy. Root fibrous.

F. svlvatica. Huds. ed. 1. 38. Mart. Rust. 1. 1 14. Knapp t. 76.

Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 13. 9. Lighff. 103.
F. pinnata /3. Huds. ed. 2. 48.

F. gracilis. '' Moench. Meth. 191." Schrad. Germ. v. 1 . 343.
Bromus sylvaticus. Pollich v. 1. 118. Fl. Br. 136. Engl. Bof.

i\ 1 1. t. 729. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 4. 300. Hull 26. Hook.

Scot. 40. Sincl. 2/3. PourretAct. Tolos.v.3.2,0S. Host Gram.

v.\. 17. ^.21.
B. gracilis. Weig. Ohs. 15. t. \.f. 1 1. Roth Germ. v. 2. p. 1. 145.

Willd. Sp. PI. V. 1. 438. Ehrh. Calam. 107.
B. pinnatus. Fl. Dan. t. 164.
Triticum n. 1432. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 213.
Gramen avenaceum dumetorum spicatum. Raii Sijn. 394.

G, loliaceum corniculatum latifolium, spicis teretiusculis angustis
et glabris. Scheuchz. Agr. 36.

In dry copses, thickets, and hedges, not rare.

Perennial. July.

Root fibrous, tufted. Stems 2 feet high, or more, round, leafy,
simple, smooth or a little haiiy j very slender, naked, and some-
what inclining at the top. Leaves spreading, flat, pointed, ribbed,
rough, more or less hairy, bright green ; tawny or yellow
towards autumn, but lasting long. Sheaths close, hairy, Stipula
short, blunt, notched, or torn. Spike simple, from 3 inches to
a span long, drooping at the top, rarely divided at the bottom.
Spikelets alternate, sessile, slender, an inch or more in length,
generally hairy, inclining more or less to one side ; their com-
mon stalk wavy, angular, scarcely rough. Cahjx-glnmps unequal,
lanceolate, many-ribbed, hairy ; the smaller pointed ; larg-cr

IjO TRIANDIIIA— DIGYNIA. Bronuis.

avvned Florets horn 6 to 9, or more, imbricated, somewhat cy-
lindrical ; keeled, ribbed, fringed, and hairy at the upper part,
with a terminal aim ; inner valve linear, flat, abrupt, inflexed at
the ribs, v/hich are strongly fringed. Nect. of 2 acute scales.
Germen elliptical. Styles very short. Stigmas small, feathery.
Seed linear, channelled, quite unconnected with the glumes
which enfold it.
The perfectly loose seed has determined me to adopt the opinion
of those eminent botanists, who, contrary to my former deter-
mination, still refer this plant and the following to Festuca. The
narrow cylindrical florets, and terminal awns, strengthen this
opinion , though the inner valve of the corolla is, in F. sylvatica,
more strongly fringed than is proper to the present genus. The
original name, given by Hudson, is, however, more conveniently
retained for this species, than for my F. calamaria, n. 9, as hav-
ing been so generally in use.

14. Y.pinnata. Spiked Heath Fescue-grass.

Spike simple, erect, two-ranked. Spikelets nearly cylindri-
cal. Awns shorter than their glumes. Leaves nearly
smooth. Root somewhat creeping.

F. pinnata. lluds. 48. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 13, 8. Knapp t. 75.
Schrad. Germ. v. 1 . 342.

Bromus pinnatus. Linn. Sp. PL 115. PFilld. v. 1. 438. Fl.

Br. 137. E7igl. Bot. v.W. t. 730. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. A. 301 .

Ret. Rudh. 11. Sind. 27 o. Pollich 7;. 1. 117. TVeig. Obs. 14.

t.i.f.lO. Host Gram. v.\. IS. t. 22. Leers 39. t. ]0.f. 3.
Triticum n. 143 1. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 212.
Gramen spica brizae majus. Bauh. Prodr. 18./. Theair. 133./.

Rail Syn. 392. Moris, v. 3. 205.

G. loliaceum corniculatum. Scheuchz.Agr.3D.

In open fields and heaths on a chalky soil.

Not uncommon in Yorkshire^ Oxfordshire, and Kent.

Perennial. July.

Root scaly, slightly creeping. Whole plant more rigid, and less
hairy than the last, the spike more elegant, erect, and smooth,
with more numerous florets, whose awns are shorter than the
glumes, and sometimes scarcely evident. The inflexed edges of
the inner valve of the corolla almost meet, covering the seed,
though quite unconnected therewith j their ribs are less strongly
fringed than in F. sylvatica.

52. BROMUS. Bronie-grass.
Linn. Gen, 36. Juss.32. Fl.Br.\25. Lam. t. 46.
CaL of 2 unequal, ovate or lanceolate, acute, compressed,
awnless, many-ribbed valves, containing an ovate, or ob=

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Bromus. 151

long, compressed, imbricated spikclct, of many alternate,
two-ranked, awned, perfect forcfs. Cor. of 2 unequal
valves; the outer elliptical, rarely lanceolate, concave,
scarcely compressed, more or less ribbed, longer than the
calyx, flat, or a little inflexed, at the edges ; cloven at the
summit; awned at the back just below die summit; cam
tapering, wavy, direct, generally as long as the glume,
or longer, decurrent at the base ; inner glume nearly as
long as the outer, but much narrower, two-ribbed, cloven
or entire at the summit, its margins membranous, folded
in at each rib, which is strongly fringed v.ith rather di-
stant bristles, curved ujnvard. Ned. a deeply divided
scale, or of 2 distinct entire ones. Filam. caj^illary, shorter
than the cor., sometimes but 2. Anth. generally short, pen-
dulous, notched at each end. Germ, ovate. Styles distant,
lateral. Stigmas densely feathery. Seed elliptic-oblong,
depressed, downy at the summit, concave or channelled
on the upper side, which is united to the unchanged in-
ner valve of the corolla, the other valve being usually
loose.

Root mostly annual or biennial : perhaps always one or the
other in the genuine species. Stems one o/more, erect,
simple, leaty. Herbage more or less downy, or hairy.
Panicle somewhat branched, many-flowered.

1. B. sccalinus. Smooth Rye Brome-grass.

Panicle spreading; slightly subdivided below. I^pikelets
ovate, of about ten, distinct, somewhat cylindrical, smooth
florets. Awns wavy, shorter than the glumes. Leaves
slightly hairy.

B. secalinus. Linn. Sp. PL 112. mild. v. 1 . 428. Fl. Br. 125.
Engl. Bot. v.\7.t.\\7\. Tr.of Linn. Soc. t;. 4. 28 1 . Kyjapp
t. 79. Hook. Scot. 41 . Schrad. Germ. v. 1 . 347. Host Gram.
t\ 1. 10. ^ 12. Ehrh. Calam. 45. Leers 36. t. \l.f.2, not ex-
cellent.

B. polymorphus y. Huds. 49.

B. vitiosus, PVeig. Obs. 4. t. \.f. 2.

Festuca avenacea, spicis habitioribus, glumis glabris. Raii Sijn.4\4.

F. graminea, glumis glabris. Scheuchz. Agr. 2b\.t. 5./. 10.

Gramen avenaceum, locustis majoribus squamatis, segetale majus
Moris. V. 3. 2\2. sect. 8. t.7.f. 16.

In cornfields.

Annual. July — Seplonber.

152 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Bromus.

Root fibrous, downy. Stem 3 feet high, round, smooth, with 4 or
5 somewhat downy knots. Leaves linear, pointed, flat, with
many minutely hairy ribs ; the edges, and upper side, besprinkled
with longer hairs. Sheaths striated, smooth and naked. Stipula
short and blunt. Panicle erect ; the lower branches whorled,
and somewhat compound ; upper alternate and simple 3 all an-
gular and rough, spreading as the seed ripens. Spikelets ovate-
oblong ; their Jlorets imbricated whilst in bloom 5 minutely
downy towards the edges and summit j convex at the back, with-
out any keel 3 obscurely 2-ribbed at each side 3 subsequently,
by the inflexion of their edges, the florets become cylindrical,
and their common stalk appears between them. The awns are
sometimes much shorter than the glumes, inserted below the
bluntish cloven point, and more or less wavy. The mn^r valve
is veiy obtuse, its ribs strongly toothed, or fringed, with distant
bristles. Styles ivom W\q opposite sides of the germen, below
the top. Seed elliptic-oblong 3 convex and loose at the back 3
channelled along the front, or upper surface, to which the chan-
nelled permanent inner valve of the corolla is closely attached,
As the seed ripens, the spikelets become pendulous.

A useless, and rather troublesome, weed in arable land.

2. B. velutmus. Downy Rye Brome-grass.

Panicle spreading ; scarcely subdivided. Spikelets ovate-
oblong, of from ten to fifteen crowded, elliptical, downy
florets. Awns as long as the glumes. Leaves slightly
hairy.

B. velutinus. Schrad.Germ.vA.M'^.t.^.f.2>. Hook. Scot. 4] ,

B. multiflorus. Sm. Tr. of Linn. Soc.vA. 283. Fl. Br. 126. Engl.
Hot. V. 27. t. 1884. Knapp t. 80.

Festuca graminea, glumis hirsutis. Bauh. Pin. 9. Theatr. 143,/.
Scheuchz.Agr. 250. t.5.f.9.

F. spicis habitioribus, glumis incanis. Petiv. Concord. Grain, n. 1 06.
Dill, in Raii Syn. 4\4,

In cornfields, rare.

Between Edinburgh and New Haven,

Annual. July.

Scarcely so tall as the foregoing. Panicle with almost entirely
simple branches, and fewer spikelets, which are larger, and their
glumes clothed all over with soft pubescence. Florets^ never be-
coming separated, or cylindrical, but remaining contiguous, or
crowded 5 though rather less so, and at the same time more nu-
merous, in our specimen than in those sent by Professor Schra-
der, on whom I am obliged to rely for its not being B. mulii^
forus of Weigel, which he declares to be arvensis.

Haller confounded this and the preceding under hi?^ n. 1502.

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Bronuis. 153

3. B. 7iioUis, Soft Broine-grass.

Panicle erect, rather close, compound. Spikelets ovate,
downy. Florets imbricated, depressed, ribbed. Awns
as long as the glumes. Leaves and sheadis very soft and
downy.

B. mollis. Linn.Sp.Pl.\\2. Willd. v. 1.429. FL Br. \26. Engl.

Bat. V. 15. t. 1078. Tr, of L. Soc. v. 4. 284. Curt. Lond.fasc. 1.

/.8. Mart. Rust. t. 99. Knappt.77. Hook. Scot. 4\. SmcL59.

Schrad. Germ. v. 1.351. Host Gram. v. 1. 16. t. 19. Schreb.

Gram. v. 1. 60. t. 6./. 1,2. Leers 37. t. 1 1./. i. Weig. Obs. 7.

t. 1./. 4. Ehrh. Calam. 55,
B. polymorphus cc. Huds. 48.
B. hordeaceiis. Linn. Sp. PL ed. 1. 77.
B. n. 1504. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 236.

Festuca avenacea hirsuta, paniculis minus sparsis. Rad Si/n. 4\3.
Gramen avenaceum pratense, panicula squamata et villosa. Moris.

v.3.2\3.sect.^. t.7.f. 18.
G. avenaceum, locustis villosis angustis candicantibus ct aristatis.

Scheuchz. Agr. 254. t. 5./. 12.

In fields and pastures every where, as well as on waste ground,
walls, and banks.

Biennial. June.

Root fibrous, whitish. Stem 2 feet high, or more, in good ground,
much more dwarf, scarcely 2 or 3 inches, in dry barren places,
when it becomes B. na7iMsof VVeigel, Obs. 8. t. \.f. 9, as we have
it from himself. The leaves are very soft to the touch, hoaiy
with fine, short, dense hairs, as are also the sheaths, but the
stem more frequently smooth, with downy joints, or knots. Sti-
pula short, with an obtuse point. Panicle 2 or 3 inches long,
hoary and downy all over, a little spreading when in full flower,
but otherwise erect and close ; its branches half-whorled ; the
uppermost simple ; some of the rest more or less subdivided j
all angular and downy. Spikelets numerous, nearly erect in
every stage of growth, ovate, acute, rather tumid. Glumes
downy in every part, except occasionally at the base ; those of
the calyx elliptical, acute 5 the larger with 5 or 7 strong ribs,
sometimes more ; the smaller with 3. Florets 7 — 10, rarely
fewer, closely imbricated in every state, elliptical, concave and
depressed, not at all cylindrical 5 the outer valve with 7 strong
ribs, membranous at the margin, blunt and deeply cloven at the
extremity, with a strong straight awn continued from the midrib,
and about the length of the glume. Shjles distant. Seed large,
elliptical, depressed, nearly flat, united with both valves of the
corolla, the inner one being obovatc, entire, strongly fringed.

Tliis grass makes a part of the general crops of iiard-Iand hav, but

154 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Bromus.

according to Mr. Sinclair, its crop of herbage is small and of
little value.

4. B. racejnosus. Smooth Brome-grass.

Panicle nearly erect, spreading, slightly branched. Spike-
lets ovate-oblong, naked. Florets imbricated, depressed,
ribbed. Awns as long as the glumes. Leaves some-
what downy.

B. racemosus. Linn. Sp. PL 1 14. TViUd. v. 1 . 436. Fl. Br. 128.
Engl. Bot. V. ]5.t.] 079. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 4. 286. Knapp t. 78.
Hook. Scot. 4 1 . Schrad. Germ. v. 1 . 352.

B. pratensis. Ehrh. Cahtm. 1 16. Engl. Bot. 1984, at the bottom.
Comp. 19.

B. arvensis. Knapp t. 82. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 18. 5. Engl. Bot.
V. 13. t. 920, excluding the synonyms. Sincl. 55.

Festuca avenacea, spicis strigosioribiis, e glumis glabris compactis.
Raii Syn. 414. Buddie's Herbarium.

Gramen avenaceum pratense, gluma tenuiore glabra. Moris, v. 3.
213. sect. 8. t.7.f. 19. BobarVs Herbarium. Dill, in Raii Syn.
414.

G. avenaceum hirsutum annuum, panicula ampliore, magisque
sparsa, locustis crassioribus glabris et aristatis. Till. Pis. 74.
SherarcVs Herb, from the author.

G. loliaceum alpinum, spica exili, rarioribus locustis. Pouted.
Comp. 46 . Herb. Sherard.

In meadows and pastures.

At Holkham, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. Earsham, Norfolk. Mr. Wood-
ward. Boyton, Wilts. Mr. Lambert. Also at Battersea, and
in various other parts of Britain.

Annual, or Biennial. June.

A very distinct species from the preceding, more slender in habit,
and much less downy, not at all soft to the touch. The panicle
is generally simple, its branches longer, and less divided, rough
with minute bristles, not downy. Spikelets larger, more turgid,
rough to the touch, but naked and shining. Outer valve of the
corolla marked with 2 green ribs at each side, which are scarcely
at all prominent, nor are there furrows between them as in
B. mollis. No one who has seen the plants together can mistake
them. The florets vary in number from 5 to 10. Authentic spe-
cimens, and Professor Schrader's accurate inquiries, have ena-
bled me to correct the synonyms of this species, and of B. ar-
vensis hereafter described. Much of the mass of error, which had
always enveloped this genus, was by similar means cleared away
in the 4th vol. of the Linnaean Society's Transactions ; but the
confusion among German authors, who had in vain undertaken
its particular illustration, could be set right by a consummate
botanist of that country only.

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Bionius. 155

5. B. sqiiarrosus. Corn Brome-grass.

Panicle drooping, scarcely branched. Spikelets ovate-ob-
lono-. Florets about twelve, imbricated, depressed, rib-
bed. Awns widely spreading. Leaves downy.

B. squarrosus. Linn. Sp PL U2. WillcL v. \ . 430. Huds. 49. Fl.

Br. 129. Engl. Bot. v. 27. t. 1885. Tr. of L. Soc. v. 4. 288.

Hook. Scot. 42. Schrad. Germ. v. 1 . 350. nUars Daiiph. r. 2. 1 1 5.

Host Gram. v.\. W. t.\3.
Avena n. 1501. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 235.
Festuca graminea, glumis vacuis. Scheuchz. Agr. 251. t. 5.

/. 11.
Gramen phalaroides majus acerosum^ nutante spica. Barrel. Ic.

t.24.f.\.
G, festuceum majus, locustis crassis lanuginosis, aristis recurvis

longissimis, Buxb. Cent. 5. 19. t. 38./. 1.

In cornfields, a doubtful native.

Near Glastonbury, Somersetshire, and Marshfield, Sussex. Huds.

In various parts of Scotland, Mr. G. Don. Hooker.

Annual. July.

Root small, fibrous. Stem a foot high, simple, smooth, striated,
leafy except at the upper part. Leaves linear, narrow, many-
ribbed, besprinkled with soft hairs. Sheaths clothed with hairs
pointing downwards, like the two last species. Siipula short,
blunt, hairy. Spikelets few, pendulous, large and tumid, full an
inch long.' Calyx strongly ribbed. Florets from 8 to 12 or 15^
closely imbricated. Outer valve of the corolla elliptical, con-
cave, somewhat inflexed at the edges, with 3 or 4 crowded very
evident ribs at each side, the whole surface either minutely
downy, more or less, or densely hairy, as described by Buxbaum
and Host ; the summit deeply cloven, furnished at the cleft
with a strong, dorsal, rough, tapering, twisting au-n, about the
length of the glume, strongly divaricated when diy ; inner valve
obtuse, entire, not one third so broad as the outer, strongly
fringed with distant bristles, and attached to the upper concave
side of the seed. Nectary permanent at the base of the seed, on
the opposite convex side.

Having never been able to see, in any collection, a native British
specimen of this species, and having received B. secalinus from
Sussex as squarrosus, by means of an old friend of Mr. Hud-
son's, I have always doubted the accuracy of his report. If
Mr. G. Don had ever seen the true plant, his correct eye could
not have confounded it with any other ; and yet tliat it should
be found '' in various parts of Scotland," though generally con-
fined to the south of Europe, seems, as Professor Hooker hints,
not probable.

156 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Broimis.

6. B. arvensis. Taper Field Brome-grass.

Panicle spreading, drooping, compound, half-whorled.
Spikelets lanceolate, acute. Florets about eight, imbri-
cated, smoothish, with two close ribs at each side. Leaves
hairy.

B. arvensis. Lmn. Sp. PL 113. Fl. Suec. n. 97. TVilld. v. 1. 434.

FLBr.lSO. Engl. Bot.v. 28. 1. 1984. Tr. of Lin?i.Soc. v. 4. 289.

Bel. Budb. 15./. 2, Hook. Scot. 42. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 356.

Host Gram. v. 1. 12. 1. 14. Leers 38. t. 11. /.3. VUlars Dauph.

f. 2. 116. Ehrh. Calam. 64.
B. spiculi-tenuata. Knapp t. 81.
B. versicolor. PolUch v. 1. 109.
B. verticillatus. Cavan. Ic. v. 6. 66. t. 590.
B. multiflorus. Weig. Obs. 2. t.\. f.l, according to a specimen,

Schrad.
B. n. 1509. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 238.
Festuca elatior, paniculis minus sparsis, locustis oblongis strigosis

aristatis purpureis splendentibus. BaiiSyn. ecZ. 2.261. ed.3. 414.

Herb. Sherard.
F, graminea effusa juba. Scheuchz. Agr, 262. t. 5.f. 15.
Aegilops major, caule et foliis arundinaceis, locustis glabrioribus

et angustioribus, e fusco xerampelinis. Dill. Giss. \30. append. 60.

Herb. Sherard.

In cornfields, rare.

Near Southampton. Sherard. In Durham, near the coast. Mr.
Knapp, &; Mr. W. Backhouse. Not uncommon in Scotland.
Hooker.

Annual. Jahj.

Stem about 3 feet high, sending out fibrous roots from its lowest
joints, erect, simple, except now and then at the base, smooth,
leafy, with 4 or 5 hairy knots. Leaves spreading, many-ribbed,
hairy, rough-edged. Sheaths long, ribbed, either nearly smootli,
or thickly clothed with soft deflexed pubescence. Panicle very
large and conspicuous, with numerous half-whorled, partly com-
pound,.harsh, spreading branches, the lowermost bracteated, as
it were, by a notched scale, various in size and shape. Spikelets
drooping and finally pendulous, ovate-lanceolate, variegated
with purple and green, smooth to the naked eye, but appearing
minutely downy when magnified. The outer valve of the corolla
has 2 lateral ribs at each side, close together, distinctly marked,
very different from the more numerous but fainter ribs of B. ra-
cemosus ; awn purple, as far as we have seen longer than the
glume, and quite straight, inserted below the divided point j
inner valve much narrower, very thin, the green ribs fringed
with spreading bristles. Nectary of 2 notched scales. Sttjles
distant, very short. Anthers purple.

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Bromus. 157

7. B. erectus. Upright Perennial Brome-grass.

Panicle erect, slightly branched. Spikelets linear-lanceo-
late. Florets about eight, loosely imbricated, lanceolate,
compressed. Awn shorter than the glumes, straight.
Radical leaves very narrow, fringed with scattered hairs.

B. erectus. Huds. 49. ¥1. BtA2>\. Engl. Bot. v. 7.t.47\. Tr. of
L.Soc.v. 4. 290. Dicks. H. Sice. fasc. 14. 6. Knapp t.SG. Hook.
Scot. 42. Sincl. 95. Schrad. Germ. v. 1 . 357. Fl. Dan. t. 1383.

B. agrestis. Allion. Pedem. v. 2. 249. Host Gram. v. 1. 9. t. 10.

B, perennis. Hilars Dauph. v. 2. 122.

B. n. 1507. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 237.

Festuca avenacea sterilis, spicis erectis. Raii Syn. ed. 2. 261 . ed.3.
413 J the synonyms erroneous.

Gramen bromoides pratense, foliis prseter culmiim angustissimis,
rara lanugine villosis. Scheuchz. Jgr. 255. ^. 5. /. 13 j in She-
rarcis Herb, from the author.

G. bromoides paniculatum, foliis et culmo villosis. Scheuchz. Agr.
257 ; according to Sherard.

G. quod Festuca pratensis lanuginosa C. B. Faill. Par. 93. t. 18.
f 2 J synonyms much confused.

G. avenaceum glabrum, panicula purpuro-argentea splendente.
Moris. V. 3. 213. n. 20. In Bobart's Herbarium.

G. loliaceum, locustis longis aristatis. Monti Prodr. 35./. 2 j ex-
cluding the references to Ray and Morison ; from the author in
Sherard' s Herbarium.

G. sparteum, longa et spicata panicula, lolii utriculis, festucce po-
tius, majus. Barrel. Ic. t. 13./. 1.

In fields and by road sides, in a sandy soil over chalk.

Not rare in Oxfordshire, where Sherard first noticed this species.
It occurs also in Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, and Kent.

Perennial. July.

Few plants, or then- synonyms, have been less understood by the
older botanists than this. Linnaeus had a specimen with a wrong
synonym, but knew nothing of its history, nor has he any where
described the species. It differs from all the foregoing in having
a strong, perennial, blackish root, and the ribs of'^the inner valve
of the corolla are finely downy, rather than fringed. These cha-
racters belong to Festuca more than to Bromus ; and if the seed
should prove entirely unconnected with the corolla, as I suspect,
it would confirm the relationship of the present plant to the
former genus. The numerous radical leaves are remarkable for
being very narrow, and fringed unequally with long, white, up-
right hairs ; those on the stem are broader, and nearly naked j
all of a fine deep green. Sheaths ribbed, mostly smooth ■ now
and then bearing a few hairs, intermixed with deflexed pube-
scence. Stipula very short, finally torn. The stem is 2 or 3 feet
high. Panicle erect and close, purplish, with yellow or saffron-

158 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Bromiis.

coloured anthers. Both valves of the corolla acute, cloven ; the
outer one lanceolate, angular, smooth or downy, more or less
compressed, with two strong distant ribs, and 1 or 2 short slight
ones, at each side. yJw7i from just below the membranous point,
stout and straight. Styles rather distant. Nectary acute^ deeply
cloven, tumid at the base.

8. B. asper. Hairy Wood Brome-grass.

Panicle drooping, branched. Spikelets linear-oblong. Flo-
rets about eight, rather distant, lanceolate, compressed,
downy. Awns shorter than the glumes. Leaves uni-
form ; lower ones hairy.

B. asper. Linn. Siippl. 41 1 . Willd. v. 1 . 432. Ft. Br. 133. Engl
Bat. V. 17. ^.1172. Tr. of Linn. Soc. f.4.293. Mart. Rust. t. 126 =
Knapp t. 85. Hook. Scot. 42. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 360. Host
Grain, v. 1.6. t. 7. Ehrh. Phyt. 42.

B. ramosus. Linn. Syst. Veg. ed. 13. J 02 ; hut not Mant. 34.
Cullum 40.

B. nemoralis. Huds.51.

B. nemorosus. Villars Dauph. v. 2. 117.

B. hirsutus. Curt. Lond.fasc. 2. t.8.

B. montanus. Pollich v.\. 116. Retz. Obs.fasc. 2. 7-

Poa n. 44. Gmel. Sib. v. 1. 110. t. 21 ; 'from the author.

Gramen avenaceum dumetorum, panicula sparsa. Rail Syn. 415.

G. avenaceum dumetorum paniculatum majus hirsutum. Moris,
i;. 3.213. sect. 8. t.7.f27.

In moist woods and hedges.

Annual, or biennial. July, August.

Root of many stout, pale, spreading fibres. Stem erect, from 4 to
6 feet high, round, leafy ; smooth in the upper part. Leaves
spreading, deep green, lanceolate, pointed, harsh, many-ribbed,
a foot long, and | of an inch broad, fringed at the edges, espe-
cially towards the base, with coarse rigid hairs, variously di-
rected. Sheaths ribbed, mostly very rough, with defliexed hairs.
Stipula short, obtuse. Panicle a foot long, widely spreading ;
the branches seldom more than 2 or 3 together, very rough, the
larger ones alternately subdivided. Spikelets obliquely pendu-
lous, about an inch long, compressed. Calyx-valves very un-
equal, pointed, compressed j the outer smallest, single-ribbed ;
inner with 3 ribs, hairy towards the margin. Outer valve of the
corolla resembling the inner one of the calyx, hairy in like man-
ner at the margin, but with 2 slight intermediate smooth ribs ;
the keel extended into a nearly straight, stout, rough awn,
shorter than the glume, scarcely distinguishable at the origin
from its very slender cloven point ; inner valve concave, shorter,
but not much narrower, obtuse, the ribs finely and rather closely
fringed, AW^ deeply cloven. .S7?//e.s very short. Stigmas densely

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Bromiis. 159

feathery. Seed linear, channelled above, blunt and downy at the
summit, slightly attached to the inner valve, not at all to the
outer, sometimes indeed quite loose.

This gigantic grass has, like the last species, some points of agree-
ment with Festuca, especially in the shape of its glumes, the
finer fringe of the inner one, and the narrow, almost perfectly
loose, seed. The roo^ however is certainly not perennial, nor the
awn terminal. In agriculture this species is useless, but hardly
in any way troublesome to the farmer.

The exotic B. inermis is another ambiguous species, agreeing in
shape o( glumes, very short auiis, and loose seed, with Festuca, to
which genus it is referred by Schreber, Haller, and Moench.

9. B. sterilis. Barren Brome-grass.

Panicle drooping, mostly simple. Spikelets linear-lanceo-
late. Florets about seven, lanceolate, compressed, seven-
ribbed, furrowed. Awns longer than the glumes. Leaves
downy.

B. sterilis. Lmn.Sp.Pl.\\3. Willd. v.1.433. Fl. Br. \'S4. Engl.

Bot. V. 15. t. 1030. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 4. 295. Curt. Lond^

fasc. 1, t.9. Mart. Rust. t. 125. Knapp t. 84. Ger. Em. 76./.

Hook. Scot. 43. SincL\77. Schrad. Germ. v. I. 364. Host Gram.

v.\. 13. t. 16. Leers 37. t.l\.f.4. Ehrh. Calam. 27.
B. grandiflorus a. Weig. Obs. 9. t. \.f. 6.
B. n. 1505. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 237.
Festuca avenacea sterilis elatior^ seu Bromos Dioscoridis, Raii

Syn. 412. Moris, y. 3. 212. sect. 8. t.7.f.\l.
Gramen avenaceum, panicula sparsa, locustis majoribus et arista-

tis. Scheuchz. Agr. 258. t. b.f. 14.

In fields, waste ground, hedges, and on walls, common.

Annual. June, July.

Root fibrous, small. Stems erect, 18 inches or 2 feet high, leafy,
rather slender, round, smooth, sometimes taking root from the
lower joints. Leaves Xmear, narrow, flaccid, soft and downy on
both sides, with a few longer hairs at the edges towards the
bottom. Sheaths striated, angular, clothed more or less with
deflexed hairs, Stipula short, obtuse, finally torn. Panicle a span
long, spreading, like the last, but smaller and less subdivided.
Spikelets pendulous, lanceolate, rough to the touch, tinged with
purplish brown, an inch long. Florets finally more remote, as
well as more numerously and strongly ribbed, than the pre-
ceding, with intermediate furrows ; the inner valve notched, its
ribs more strongly fringed. Awn purplish, half as long again as
its glume. Nectary deeply divided. Stamens always 3, as in all
the foregoing. Germen obovate. iS^?//e5 lateral, very short. Stigmas
small, feathery, cylindrical. Seed lanceolate, channelled along
the upper side, and united to the inner valve of the corolla.

ICO TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Bromus.

The specific name alludes to the unprofitable nature of this grass
for the farmer. To whatever genus B. asper belongs, the present
species ought not to be separated from it, any more than the
following,

10. B. diandrus. Upright Annual Brome-grass.

Panicle upright, a little spreading, scarcely subdivided.
Florets lanceolate, with two close marginal ribs, and only-
two stamens.

B. diandrus. Curt. Lomhfasc. 6, ^.5. Fl. Br. 135. Engl. Bot.
V. 14. t. 1006. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 4. 296. Knapp L83. Graves
Br. Gr. t. 102. Hook. Scot. 43. Sincl. 179.

B. madritensis. Linn. Sp. PI. 114. Willd. v. 1.437. Schrad. Germ.
i;. 1.366. Host Gram. v. 1. 14. t. 17.

B. muralis. Huds. 50. Sibtlu Oxon. 48.

B. ciliatus. Huds. ed. 1 . 40.

B. gynandrus. Roth Catal. v. 1. 15.

B. sterilis, erecta panicula, major. Barrel. Ic. t.76.f. 1.

Festuca madritensis. Desfont. Atlant. v.\.9\.

F. avenacea sterilis, paniculis confertis erectioribns, aristis brevio-
ribus. RaiiSyn.ed.2.2Q\. PJuk.Plujt. t.299.f.2. Herb.Sherard,

F. avenacea sterilis, pediculis brevioribus et spicis erectis. Moris.
V.3. 212. sect. S. t. 7. f. 13. Herb. Bobart.

Gramen bromoides pumilum, locustis erectis majoribus aristatis.
Scheuchz.Agr. 260.

In sandy ground and on walls, but not general.

Common in Jersey. Sherard. At the foot of St. Vincent's rocks,
Bristol. Sir Joseph Banks. Near Battersea church. Curtis.
About Edinburgh. Mr. Arnott. At Southampton.

Annual. June.

Boot fibrous, small. Stems from 6 to 12 or 14 inches high, erect,
stiff, slender, round, smooth, leafy, with about 3 joints. Leaves
less downy than in B. sterilis, as are also the sheaths. Stipula
similar. Panicle totally different, being erect, tufted, and rather
close. Spikelets also erect, purple or brownish. Florets essen-
tially distinguished by having 2 strong ribs only, which are
close together, adjoining to the membranous margin at each
side. There are occasionally traces of an intermediate rib, in
the upper part only, between these and the keel. Hence Pro-
fessor Schrader describes 7 ribs, including, of course, the keel.
Inner valve strongly fringed. Nect. of 2 narrow scales. Stamens^
w^hether in wild or luxuriant cultivated specimens, never more
than 2, as Roth also asserts, and as Dr. Withering observed in
Portugal. Stijles short, lateral, much below the summit of the
germen, to which Roth found the stamens likewise attached, but
this circumstance is certainly not constant. Stigmas dense, fea-
thery. 5eefZ lanceolate, channelled, attached to the inner glume.

TRIANDIIIA--DIGYNIA. Stipa. liii

Whether more than one species be really confounded under the
above synonyms, there being a vast difference of size in different
specimens, even in the respective parts, few botanists are as yet
perhaps competent to determine. I cannot question that my ac-
curate friend Schrader has found, as he says, in some instances,
3 stamens. This only increases the uncertainty. Content with
describing English specimens, as I have seen them, I prefer the
excellent name given by a supereminent English botanist -,
though not the less aware of the impropriety of rejecting an es-
tablished appellation, however faulty, provided it be not altoge-
ther false or absurd.

53. STIPA. Feather-grass.

Linn Gen. 37. Juss. 30. Fl. Br. \3S. Lam.t.4\.

CaL of 2 nearly equal, lanceolate, concave, lax, pointed
valves, containing a solitary jioret. Cor. of 2 valves,
nearly equal in length ; the outer elliptic-lanceolate, in-
volute, slightly keeled, with a very long, terminal, twist-
ing tftcvz, jointed, and finally separable, at the base ; inner
ihuch narrower, hnear, awnless, inflexed at the edges,
smooth. Nect. of 2 linear-lanceolate, membranous, pointed
scales. Filam. shorter than the corolla. Anth. linear,
erect. Germ, oblong. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas cy-
Hndrical, feathery. Seed cylindrical, pointed, loose, closely
enveloped in the hardened outer valve of the corolla,
which is very sharp, and barbed with bristles, at the base,
so as to penetrate and fix itself in the earth.

Hoots fibrous, generally tufted and perennial. Leaves slen-
der, flat. Stems round, jointed, smooth, upright, leafy.
Panicle simple or branched. Flowers erect, slender, with
long awns, bent just above the twisting part; then straight;
either feathery or naked.

t 1 . S. pennata. Common Feather-grass.

Awns feathery.

S. pennata. Linn. Sp. PL \15. fVilld. v. 1.440. Fl.Br.\38. E)igl.

Bot. V. 19. t. 1356. Knapp t. 88. Sincl. 163. Schrad. Germ.

V 1.229.
S. n. 1514. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 239.
Gramen sparteum pennatum. Bauh. Theatr.70. f.7\. Dill, in

Rail Syn. 393.
G. sparteum pennatum majus. Barrel. Ic. t. 46.
G. spicatum, aristis pennatis. Scheuchz. Jgr. 153. t.3.f. 13, B.
Spartum austriacum. Ger. Em. 42. f.
Avena perennis austriaca capillacea, aristis longissimis pennatis.

Moris. V. 3. 210. sect. 8. t. 7 f.9.

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Avena.

On dr}' mountainous rocks 3 a doubtful native.

Found by Dr. Richardson, in company with Thomas Lawson, on
the lime-stone rocks hanging over a little valley, called Long
Sleadale, about 6 miles north of Kendall, Westmoreland. DUle-
nius. Nobody has been able to meet vt^ith it since.

Perennial. June.

Root fibrous, crowned with several stems, a foot high, and dense
tufts of upright, long, narrow, acute, dark-green, roughish
leaves. Sheaths striated, very long, especially the uppermost,
which is also considerably dilated, and envelops the young pa-
nicle, rising above it when in flower ; the leaf being recurved,
pendulous, involute and striated. Stipula oblong, obtuse. Pani-
cle simple, erect, of 6 or 1 Jlowers, whose elegant feathery awnSy
about a foot long, attract general attention, and are used for
ornament, in dress, or otherwise.

54. AVENA. Oat, or Oat-grass.

Linn. Gen. 37. Juss. 32. FL Br. 139. Lam. t.47.

Cal. of 2 rather unequal, ovate-lanceolate, concave, lax, mem-
branous-pointed, awnless valves, containing a lax spikelet,
of several alternate Jlorets. Cor. of 2 unequal valves ; the
outer firmer than the calyx, and about the same size,
ovate, involute, so as to be nearly cylindrical, pointed at
each end, concave ; deeply cloven at the summit, bearing
from the middle of the back a stout ms^n ; spirally twisting
in its lower part ; simple and tapering above ; spreading
when dry ; inner valve ovate, smaller, awnless. Nect. of
2 lanceolate scales. Filam. shorter than the corolla.
AntJi. rather short. Germ, obtuse. Styles somewhat la-
teral, short, distinct. Stigmas densely feathery. Seed el-
liptic-oblong, with a narrow channel along its upper side,
sometimes downy, closely enveloped in the hardened outer
valve of the corolla, retaining its aum.

Root annual or perennial. Habit, as well as the size of the
Jlowers^ extremely various. Pmiicle compound, or simple.
Glumes shining.

1. h.fatna. Wild Oat, or Haver.

Panicle erect, compound. Spikelets pendulous. Florets
about three, shorter than the calyx, bristly at the base,
with an oblique scar, all awned.

A. fatua. Unn.Sp.Pl.\\%. Willd. v . \ . 447 . Fl.Br.\39. Engl.
Bat. V.3]. <. 222 1 . Mart. Rust. t.8l. Knapp t. 93. Hook.
Scot. 43. Don H. Br. 80. Schrad. Germ. v. 1.373. Host Gram.

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Avena. 163

V. 2.42. ^58. Schreb. Gram. v. 1. 109. t. 15. Leers 42. t.9. f.A.

Ehrh. Calam. 28.
A. n. J 495. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 233.
A. svlvestris pilosa^ aristis recurvis. Moris, v. 3. 209. sect.S. t. 7.

Aegilops quibusdam, aristis recurvis, seu Avena pilosa. Rail

Siin.389.
Ae. bromoides. Ger. Em. 77./.
Gramen avcnaceum, utriculis lanugine flavescentibus. Scheuchz.

Jgr. 239. t.o.f. 1.

In corn-fields ; where it is often too abundant, especially among
barley.

Annual. June, Julij.

Root of several thick, whorled, woolly fibres. Stem a yard higli,
erect, simple, round, very smooth, most leafy belovv' Leaves
spreading, flat, linear, finely ribbed, rough, sometimes hairy, as
well as their thin smooth sheaths. Stipula short, abrupt, notched.
Panicle large and spreading, with half-whorled, slender, rough,
simple or compound, branches, which are tumid at the top.
Spikelets drooping or pendulous. Calyx an inch long, green,
many-ribbed, chaffy, smooth. Florets 2 or 3, tawny, obscurely
ribbed ; finally brown, with copious tawny bristles. Awn 2
inches long j spiral, stout and brown in its lower part, vrhich is
an excellent hygrometer, well known to natural philosophers.
The oblique scar at the base of each Jloret distinguishes this
species from A. sativa, whose scar is transverse, and the glumes
smooth.

The flowers serve rustic fishermen, instead of artificial flies, to catch
trout.

2. A. styigosa. Bristle-pointed Oat.

Panicle oblong, turned to one side. Florets two. Outer
valve of the corolla tipped with a double straight bristle.

A. strigosa. Schreh. Lips. 52. Willd. Sp. PI. v. 1. 446. FL Br. 1390.
Engl. Bot. V. 18. t. 1266. Comp. 19. Knapp t. 92. Don H.
Br. 8 1 . Schrad. Germ. v. 1 . 368. Host Gram. v. 2.41. ^ 56.
Ehrh. Calam. 38.

In corn-fields.

Common in Scotland, Wales, Yorkshire and Cornwall : see En<rL
Bot.

Annual. June, Juhf.

Root fibrous, smooth. Stem a yard high. Leaves more or less
glaucous, rough to the touch. Stipula short. The whole habit
of the plant resembles A. sativa, or Common Cultivated Oat,
except the panicle, which in A. strigosa is more oblong and uni-
lateral, less diffuse ; and the florets are essentially characterized
by a pair of terminal straight awns to the outer' valve, besides

M 2

164 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Avena.

the much longer dorsal spiral one, proper to the genus. The
same valve is moreover sometimes hairy. The^oref*, naturally
2, are sometimes 3 or 4. The partial stalk, elevating the sq-
comljloret, has a lateral tuft of hairs near the top.

3. A. pubescens. Downy Oat-grass.

Panicle erect, nearly simple. Florets about three, longer

than the calyx. Partial stalk bearded. Leaves flat,

dovtii}'. Root somewhat creeping.
.. pubescens. Uim. Sp. PI. 1665. mild. v. 1 . 448. FL Br. 140.

Engl.Bot.v. 23. t. 1640. Knappt. 90. Hook. Scot. 43. Sincl. 167.

Sdirod. Germ. v. 1 . 382. Leers 43. t. 9./. 2. Host Gram. v. 2.

37. t. .50. Fl. Dan. t. 1203. Ehrh. Calam. 7.
\. sesquitertia. Linn. Mant. 1 . 34 ; excl. the reference to Scheucbzer.

Willd.Sp. Pl.v. 1.44S.
A. n. 1498. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 234.
Gramen avenaceum 7, seu glabrum. (potiiis hirsutum) panicula

purpuro-argentea splendente. Rail Sijn. 406. t. 21./. 2. ed. 2.

2«)2. n.lO; see also p. 2.52 ^ 345.
G. avenaceum, panicula purpuro-argentea splendente. Schtuchz.

Jgr. 226. t.4.f.20.

In pastures on a chalky, or limestone soil.

Frequent in the open chalky parts of Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, and
Oxfordshire, as well as in other counties where the soil is similar.

Perennial. June.

Root strong, in some degree creeping, with slightly downy fibres.
Stems 1^ or 2 feet high, simple, straight, except at the lowest
joint, smooth, leafy. Leaves flat, obtuse, s])reading, clothed all
over, as are also the shealhs of the lov/er ones, with soft spread-
ing hairs. Stipulas acute, triangular ; the upper one elongated.
Panicle upright ; all its branches in general simple, 3 or 4 to-
gether, rough, erect, as vvell as the spikelels. Florets mostly 2,
with an imperfect one, all on a long, bent, bearded partud stalk.
Corolla with a purple stain. Ghunes all shining and pellucid at
the summit. Awn brown, rough, from the middle of the valve,
twice as long as the calyx. Styles very short.

4. A. pratensis, Navrow-leaved Oat-grass.

Panicle erect, with very short simple branches. Florets
about five, longer than the calyx. Partial stalk all over
hairy. Leaves involute, finely serrated, naked : sheaths
smooth.

A. pratensis. Linn.Sp.Pl.\\9. IVilld.v. \ . Ab\. Fl.Br.WO. Engl
Bot. V. \7.t.\ 204. Knapp t.9\. Hook. Scot. 43. Sincl. 201 .
Schrad. Germ. v. 1 . 385. Host Gram. v. 2. 38. ^.51. Leers 43.
t.9. f. 1.

TRIANDRIA—DIGVNIA. Avena. ]()5

A. bromoides. lAnn. Sp. PL 1 GGG. IVlUd. v. \ . 453. Gouan Horf.j2.

A. n. 1499. Halt. Hist. v. 2. 234.

Gramen avenaceum montanum, spica s'mplici, aristis recurvis.

Rail Sijn. 403. t. 2 1 . /. I . ed. 2. 2.J2. yi. 2, 8^- 345.
G. avenaceum angustifolium alpinum, spicata ])anicula, ex pur-

pureo, viridi, et argenteo variegata. Scheuchz. Agr. 230.
G. avenaceum alpinum glabrum angustifolium, locustis aristatis,

in spicam dispositis.. Ibid. 228. ^. 4./. 21, 22.

In dry chalky, or limestone, pastures, and heathy spots.

Perennial. July.

Root fibrous, tufted, downy. Stem 12 or 18 inches high, erect,
stiff, with one joint near the bottom, from which originates the
very long smooth sheath of the short uppermost leaf, investing
the greater part of the stem. Most of the leaves are radical,
tufted, rigid, finely serrated at their involute margins ; their
sheaths broad, smooth, durable. Panicle erect, resembling a
spike, many pf the upper spikeleis being sessile. Calyx-valves
narrow, 3-ribbed. Florets 4 or 5, the outer valve roughish,
ribbed, purplish, with a membranous point, often torn. Jivn
from above the middle, purplish, with a white tip. Inner valve
finely fringed. Nectary much longer than the germen. Styles
scarcely any. Stigmas oblong, feathery. Hairs of the common
stalk, or receptacle, shorter than in the last.

5. A. ulpina. Great Alpine Oat-grass.

Panicle erect, slightly branched. Florets about five, longer
than the calyx. Partial stalk bearded under each. Leaves
flat, minutely serrated, naked; sheaths rough. Root
fibrous.

A. alpina. Sm. Tr. of Linn. Sue. v.]0. 335.

A. planiculmis. Eiigl. Bot. v. 30. i. 2141. Comp. 20. Hook.
Scot. 43 ; but not Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 381. <. 6./. 2.

On lofty alpine rocks in Scotland.

Found by the late Mr. G. Don in 1807, upon the rocky summits
of the liighest mountains of Clova, Angusshire.

Perennial. July.

Root of several strong downy fibres, tufted, not creeping. Stem
2 feet high, erect, round, striated, smooth, leafy in the lower
half. Leaves linear, rough-edged, or minutely serrated, flat,
naked, with many rough ribs ; the radical ones folded, at least
when dry, and their extreme margin inflexed ; but none of tlie
leaves are involute, as in A. pratensis, nor so stronglv serrated.
Sheaths cylinch'ical, strongly ribbed, rough to the touch ; the
upj)ermost very long. Stipula triangular, acute, jagged ; the
uppermost somewhat elongated. Panicle 3 or 4 inches long,
erect, of a pale silvery brown, but little variegated ; branches
furrowed, or comj)ressed, rough at the oj)posite sides with mi-

166 TRIANDKIA— DIGYNIA. Avena.

nute erect bristles : tumid and angular at the summit; the
lowest divided, or branched ; the rest sim|)le, erect, often very
short and thick. Spikelets erect, an inch long at most. Calyx-
valves lanceolate, concave, each with 3 princi])al rough ribs, the
points acute, thin and pellucid. Florets 5 or C, two-ranked, ra-
ther distant, each subtended by a large tuft of bristly hairs,
slightly decurrent, but the rest of the partial stalk is nearly
naked. Outer valve of the corolla much like the calyx, but
somewhat rougher, and 5 -ribbed ; deeply cloven at the point.
Awn terminating the keel about the middle of the glume, brown,
rough, partly silky ; its lower half strongly twisted when dry j
upper bent variously, taper-pointed. The in)2er valve is lanceo-
late, extremely thin, flat, with finely downy, not inflexed, edges,
nor any traces of ribs ; the point acute, torn, not cloven.
A specimen from Professor Schrader of his A. planiculmis proves
different from our plant j having a strong widely-creeping root ;
the stem, as well as the sheaths, which clothe its lower part,
compressed ; leaves much broader, and all flat ; panicle a span
long, more compound, variegated with purple ; spikelets one
third smaller ; and the hairs on their partial stalks much less
tufted.

6. K.flavescens. Yellow Oat-grass^

Panicle much branched, spreading, erect. Florets about
three, longer than the very unequal calyx. Leaves flat,
a little downy. Root somewhat creeping.

A. flavescens. /J»?z. S;>. P/. 1 18. Willd.v. 1.449. FLBr. 142.

Engl. Bot. vA'i.t. 952. Curi. Loud. fasc. 3. t.5. Knapp t. 89.

Hook. Scot. 44. S'incl.39. Schrad. Germ. v. \. 377. Host Gram.

v, 3. 26. t. 38. Schreb. Gram. v. 1 . 76. t. 9. Leers 44. t. 10./. 5.

Ehrh. Calam. 56.
A. n. 1497. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 233.
Gramen avenaceum pratense elatius, panicula flavescente, locustis

parvis. Raii Syn. 407. Scheuchz. Agr. 223. t. A. f. 18.
G. avenaceum, panicula flavescente, locustis parvis, Moris, v. 3.

2\b.sect.Q. t.7.f.42.

In meadows, pastures, and by road sides, in chalky and hmestone
countries, frequent 5 sometimes on dry sandy soils.

Perennial. July.

Root more or less creeping. Stems a foot high, leafy, smooth, ra-
ther slender, with several, sometimes hairy, joints. Leaves nar-
row, taper-pointed, flat, hairy on both sides, many-ribbed.
Sheaths ribbed, besprinkled with deflexed hairs. Stipula .short,
jagged, fringed. Panicle rather close, half-whorled, sometimes
a little drooping, of innumerable small, yellowish, shining spike-
lets ; having sometimes AJlorets, instead of 2 or 3, in which case
their size is evidently increased. Calyx-valves acute, very un-

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Lagurus. 167

equal, the larger with 3 ribs. Outer valve of the corolla, with
3 or 5 ribs, cloven, its segments not more acute or awn-like than
usual ; inner notched, inflexcd at the edges. Awn from above the
middle of the outer valve. Germtn obovate. Slijies short, di-
stinct, erect. Stigmas densely feathery, compound. Partial stalk
of the florets bristly.
A valuable grass in upland pastures.

55. LAGURUS. Hare's-tail-giass.

Linn. Gen. 37. Juss. 30. Fl. Br. 143. Lam. t. 41. Gcertn. L 1.

Cal. single-flowered, of 2 long, slender, membranous, spread-
ing valves, fringed, as well as their terminal a-jon, with
numerous soft hairs. Cor, of 2 unequal valves, thicker
and firmer than the calyx; the outer longest, ovate-
oblong, concave, terminating in two equal upright a-jons,
shorter than the calyx, and bearing a much longer one
from the middle of its back, twisting in the lower part,
tapering and direct in the upper, reflexed when dry ; in-
ner valve smaller, involute, clove/i, awnless. Nectary
deeply cloven, acute. Filam. capillary, shorter than the
calyx. Anth. erect, oblong, cloven at each end. Germen
elliptic-oblong. Styles very short. Stigmas cylindrical,
feathery. Seed ohXong, obtuse, with a "furrow along the
front, loose, but enveloped in the unchanged corolla.
Root fibrous. Stem leafy, erect. Spike dense, many-flowered.

1. L. ovatus. Ovate Hare's- tail grass.

L. ovatus. Linn. Sp. Pl.WO. Willd. v. 1. 453. Fl. Br. 143. Engl
Bot. V. 19. 1. 1334. FL Grcec. v. 1.71. ^.90. Dicks. H.Sicc.
fuse. 7. 1 . Schrad. Germ. v. 1 . 227. Host Gram. v. 2. 34. t. 46.
Schreb. Gram. v. 1. 143. 1. 19./. 3.

Alopecuros genuina. Moris, v. 3 191. sect. 8. t.4.f. 1 .

Gramen spicatum tomentosumlongissimis aristis donatum. Scheuchz.
Agr.5S. t.2.f.4, B, C.

G. alopecuros, sJDica rotundiore. Bauh. Theatr. 56. /. Monti
Prodr. 59./. 87.

G. alopecurum molle, spica incana. Barrel. Ic. t. 1 16./ 1, 2.

In open sandy fields, near the sea, in the south.

In Guernsey. Mr. Gosselin.

Annual. June.

Root of several woolly fibres. Stem from 4 to 12 inches, or more,
in height, erect, with 4 or 5 joints, round, leafy ; naked, striated,
and smooth at the top. Leaves lanceolate, acute, many-ribbed,
downy on both sides -, wavy at the edges ; abrupt, sometimes
ovate, at the base. Sheaths inflated, ribbed, very downy. Sti-
pula oblong, embracing the stem, downy. Spike more or less

1G8 TllIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Arundo.

inclining, ovate, many-flowered, woolly from the copious soft
hairs of the calyx, and beset at the base with numerous empty
glumes of a similar structure ; the upper part is bristly with the
numerous, prominent, brownish awns of the flowers.
This grass serves, like the Stipa pennata, to decorate flower-pots
in winter) to which the foreign Briza maxima is a welcome ad-
dition.

56. ARUNDO. Reed.

Linn. Gen. 3S. Juss. 32. Fl. Br. 144. Lam. t. 46.

Cal, of 2 unequal, lanceolate, pointed, keeled, compressed,
awnless valves, containing one or more Jlorets. Cor, of 2
unequal valves ; the outer largest, lanceolate, keeled, com-
pressed, pointed; either entire or notched at the ex-
tremity ; with or without an a^son from some part of the
keel ; inner cloven at the point, inflexed at each marginal
rib ; each valve furnished, at the base, with numerous,
erect, soft, slender hairs, gradually elongated as the
flowers advance, and finally spreading in every direction.
'Nectary of 2 minute scales. Filam. capillary, about the
length of the calyx. Anth. cloven at each end. Germen
obovate, or oblong. Styles short. Stigmas feathery, densely
tufted. Seed oblong, pointed at each end, loose, but en-
veloped in the corolla, the hairs attached to which serve
as wings for the seed.

Root for the most part creeping. Stems erect, from 2 to 12
feet high, round, jointed, clothed with harsh, taper-
pointed, sheathing leaves. Panicle very much branched,
of innumerable flowers ; in A, arenaria close, and spiked.

1. A. Phragmites. Common Reed.

Florets about five, awnless, longer than the calyx. Panicle
loose.

A. Phragmites. Linn. Sp. PI. 120. Willd. v. 1 . 454. Fl. Br. 144.

Engl. Bot. V.6. t.40\. Knapp t. 95. Hook. Scot. 27. Schrad.

Germ. v. 1.223. t.5.f.4. Leers 45. t. 7.f. 1. Ehrh. Calam. 108.
A. n. 1515. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 240.
A. valiatoria. Raii Syn. 401. Ger. Em. 36. f.
A. vulgaris. Bauh. Theatr. 269 ./. Scheuchx. Agr. \6\.t.3.f. 14,D.
A. palustris. Matth. Valgr. v.\.\34.f. Camer. Epit. 73. f.
A. vulgaris palustris. Moris. iJ.S. 218. sect. 8. t. S.f. 1.

In marshes, ditches^ and about the banks of pools and rivers, very

abundant.
Perennial. July.
Root creeping. Stems stout, about 6 feet high, annual, hollow.

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Arumlo. 169

very smooth, with many knots. Leaves a fo6t long, or more,
lanceohue, many-ribbed, rough-edged, ta])cring to a tine, almost
capiUary, point; ovate at the base; smoothest at the back.
Shealhs long, close, striated, scarcely rough ; crowned with
tufted silky hairs, which supply the place of a stipuln. Panicle
very large, repeatedly compound, the branches half-whorled,
greatly subdivided, angular, nearly smooth, close, a little droop-
ing to one side, and waving ig the wind. Glumes brownish pur-
ple, all narrow, and smooth, except the keel of the outer valve
of the corolla, and the ribs of the inner. T'hcre is no aivn. The
hairs in this species spring rather from the common receptacle,
or partial stalk ; so that the lowermost^ore^ is, as Schrader re-
marks, almost without any, yet not quite so. The rest of the
species answer more truly to the generic character, having the
hairs on the corolla itself, and constituting- a most natural well-
defined genus ; from which nevertheless it would be very rash
to separate A. Phragmites ; for to say nothing of their common
habit, there are various gradations. Still less can the solitary
Jlorets of many species cause them to constitute a separate ge-
nus J yet some have attempted this, by the very faulty appella-
tion of Calamagrostis , compounded of two other established
names !
The Common Reed is useful for thatching, garden-fences, &c., and
is annually cut, as a regular crop, for such purposes.

2. A. epigejos. Wood Reed.

Calyx single-flowered, longer than the corolla. Panicle
erect, close. Flowers crowded, unilateral. Corolla with
a dorsal awn about as long as the hairs and calyx. Leaves
lanceolate.

A. epigejos. Linn. Sp. PL \20. Willd.vAAoG. Fl.Br.]4D. Engl.

Bot. V. 6. t. 403. Knapp t. 97. Schrad. Germ. t\ 1 . 211 . ^ 4./. 1.

Ehrli. Culam. 74.
A. Calamagrostis. Huds.bA. Light/. 106. Hook. Scot. 27 .
A. n. 1519. IIall.Hist.v.2.24\.

Calamagrostis lanceolata. With. 122 ; but not of Roth.
Gramen arundinaceum, panicula molli spadicea, majus. Raii Syn.

40 1 . Bauh. Theatr. 94. f. 95. Scheuchz. Agr. 1 22. t. 3./. 3, B.

Prodr.2\.t.b.
G. paniculatum palustre prgealtum exile, panicula arundinacea.

Ponfed. Comp. 56. Herb. Sherard.
In shady ditches, and moist woods, but rare.
Between Newington and Hornsey. Hudson. In Hethel and Ar-

minghall woods, near Norwich. Mr. Crowe. In Scotland, but

not common. Light/.
Perennial. July.
Stem nearly as tall as the last, but much more slender ; often

170 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Arundo.

branched at the bottom. Leaves linear-lanceolate, with a sharp
taper point, roughish -, a little glaucous underneath. Sheaths
striated, scarcely rough, except the long upper one. Stipula lan-
ceolate, acute, thin, soon torn. Panicle smaller, closer, more
erect, and of a brighter purplish hue than in the last ; the
branches rough, spreading when in flower only, beset with nu-
merous, crowded Jiowers, directed to one side. Calyx-valves
nearly equal, rough at the keel. Outer valve of the corolla about
half as long as the calyx, membranous, flat, with 2 rough mar-
ginal ribs at each side, and cloven at the point ; bearing from
its back, about the middle, a twisting inflexed awn, which rises
as high as the points of the calyx ; inner valve much smaller,
slightly cloven. The soft hairs, originating from the base of each
valve of the corolla, nearly surround the whole ^ore^ and are
about as long as the calyx, or finally somewhat longer, when
they carry away the ripe seed.
Linnaeus by mistake interchanged Scheuchzer's synonyms of this
and A. Calamagrosfis ; and thus some botanists, who trusted to
his citations, rather than to his definitions and characters, were,
as in other instances, misled.

3. A. Calamagrostis. Small Reed.

Calyx single- flowered, much exceeding the corolla. Panicle

erect, loose. Flowers scattered, spreading every way.

Awn terminal, short. Hairs longer than the corolla.

Leaves linear.
A. Calamagrostis. Linn.Sp.Fl.Vn. FL Br. \46. Engl. Bat. v. 2,0.

t. 2159. Knapp t. 96. Ft. Dan. t. 280. Schrad. Germ. v. 1.214.

t.A.f.A. Ehrh.Calam. 84.
A. epigejos. Huds. 54,
Calamagrostis epigejos. With. 123.
C. lanceolata. Roth Germ. v. 2. p. 1 . 90.
C. minor, glumis ruffis et viridibus. Dill, in Raii Syn. 401 ,
Gramen arundinaceum paniculatum montanum, panicula spadiceo-

viridi, semine papposo. Scheuchz. Agr. 124.

In moist woods, hedges and fens.

Near Oundle, T.eicestershire : Mr. Scamplon, Dillenius. In the
fenny parts of Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, and Lincolnshire, not
unfrequent.

Perennial. June, July.

Root fibrous, as Scheuchzer likewise seems to imply j scarcely
creeping j the fibres woolly. Whole plant much more slender
and delicate than the last. Stems 3 or 4 feet high, very smooth.
Leaves narrow, pointed, bright green ; roughish beneath 3 some-
times a little hairy on the upper side. Sheaths smooth. Stipula
oblong, obtuse, decurrent, mostly torn. Panicle much branched,
loosely spreading everyway, as are the Jiowers also, Calyx-

V(n^na-^rnjUoTT>f^^ -

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Anmdo. 171

valves lanceolate, acute, of a pale bronzed purple, the keel
roughish. Corolla not much above half as long, membranous,
white ; both valves notched at the summit, the larger bearing a
very small, rough, nearly terminal, awn. Hairs from the base of
the corolla, which they exceed in length.

4. A. stricta. Smallest Close Reed.

Calyx single-flowered, ovate, scarcely longer than the co-
rolla. Fanicle erect, close. Flowers scattered, spread-
ing every way, with a dorsal awn. Hairs shorter than
the corolla. Stipula very short.

A. stricta. Schrad. Germ. v. 1.215. t. 4. /. 5. Engl. Bat. v.ZO-

t.2\C)0. Cow/3.20. Hook. Scot. 27.
A. neglecta. Ehrh. Calam. 1 18. Sm. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 10. 337.

In marshy ground in Scotland.

In the \Vhite IMire, a mile from Forfar. Mr. G. Don.

Perennial. June.

Roof creeping. Stem scarcely 2 feet high, very slender and smooth,
with 2 joints. Leaves narrow, sharp-pointed, rough on the upper
side. Sheaths quite smooth, slightly striated. Stipula scarcely
prominent, except that of the uppermost leaf, which is very
short, abrupt, slightly notched, finally torn. Panicle from 3 to
5 inches long, slender, close, except when in full flower, of a
purplish brown ; the branches half-whorled, roughish. Calyx-
valves ovate, acute, not pointed, single-ribbed ; sometimes be-
sprinkled with short hairs. Corolla nearly as long as the calyx,
both valves membranous, flat, abrupt, and notched ; the outer
with 2 ribs near each margin, and a straight awn from the middle
of its back, scarcely overtopping the glume ; inner smaller, with
solitary, marginal ribs. Hairs but half the length of the largest
valve, a little elongated as the seed ripens.

5. K, arenaria. Sea Reed. Marram. Sea Mat-weed.

Calyx single-flowered, longer than the corolla. Panicle
spiked. Flowers erect, slightly aw^ned. Leaves involute,
sharp-pointed.

A. arenaria. Linn. Sp. PI. 121. Willd. v. 1 . 457. FL Br. 1 48. Engl.

Bot. v.8.t. 520. Knapp t. 99. Mart. Rust. t. 32. Hook. Scot. 27.

Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 12. 5. Schrad. Germ. v. I. 221. t. 5. /. 2.

Fl. Dan. t. 9 1 7. Ehrh. Calam. I 7.
Calamagrostis arenaria. RofJi Germ. v. 2. p. \. 93. H'ith. 123.
Gramen sparteum spicatam, foliis mucronatis longioribus, vel spica

secalina. RaiiSyn. 393. Bauh.Theatr.67.f.
G. spicatum secalinum maritimum maximum spica longiore,

Scheuchz.Jgr. 138. t.3.f.8.

172 TRIANDKIA— DIGYNIA. Lollum.

Spartum anglicanum. Ger. Em. 42./.

Frequent on the sandy sea coast.

Perennial. July.

Root jointed, creeping very extensively. Whole plant glaucous.
Stems ascending, 2 or 3 feet high, round, finely striated, very
smooth, almost solid. Leaves narrow, rigid, sharp-pointed, in-
volute 3 furrowed above j very smooth beneath. Sheaths close,
striated, nearly or quite smooth. Stipula lanceolate, pointed,
near an inch long, mostly divided, or torn. Panicle erect, quite
close, cylindrical, tapering at each end, perfectly resembling a
spike, straw-coloured, many-flowered ; the branches short, erect,
not much divided, close-pressed, angular and rough. Calyx-
valves nearly equal, lanceolate, keeled, compressed, rough at the
keel ; the innc* one rather the largest, with a rib at each side j
outer with a minute point below the summit. Corolla very like
the calyx, but rather smaller, and more ribbed, its outer valve
bearing a small short dorsal awn, below the top. Hairs chiefly
attached to the inner valve, and scarcely half its length. Nectary
longer than the germen. Styles distinct^ erect^ with long cylin-
drical feathery stigmas.

One of the most valuable grasses for binding the sand of the sea
shore, and raising those banks, which in Norfolk, and especially
in Holland, are the chief defence of the country, against the en-
croachments of the ocean. Elymus arenarius, Carex arenaria,
and even Festuca rubra, contribute to the same end.

57. LOLIUM. Darnel.

Linn. Gen.2>^. Juss.^l. Fl. Br. 148. Lam. t. 48.

Common receptacle^ or main stalk, many-flowered, con-
tinuous, elongated, channelled alternately, at each side, to
receive the separate spikelets. CaL of one valve, opposite
to each channel, lanceolate, slightly concave, permanent,
containing a compressed spikelet of numeroiis two-ranked
Jlorets ; there is sometimes a small inner valve, in the
channel. Cor. of 2 unequal valves, opposite to the calyx ;
the outer lanceolate, or elliptical, concave, somewhat
keeled, acute, cloven at the point, more or less awned;
the mson terminating the keel, at the cleft of the valve,
nearly straight, various in length, sometimes scarcely dis-
cerniijle; inner valve elliptic-oblong, rather smaller, in-
flexed at the edges. Nectary of two, sometimes cloven,
scales. Filam. capillary, shorter than the corolla. Anth,
cloven at each end. Germen obtuse. Styles very short.
Stigmas oblong, feathery along the upper side. Seed el-
liptic-oblong, channelled in front, v^here it is united to

TRIANDIIIA-DIGYNIA. Lolium. 173

the inner valve of the corolla, being loosely invested on
the opposite side with the outer valve.
Root fibrous, annual or perennial. Stems several, jointed,
leafy. Leaves flat. Spike two-ranked, of numerous alter-
nate spikelets.

1. h. perenne. Perennial Darnel. Rye-grass.

Corolla very slightly awned. Spikelets longer than the
calyx. Florets lanceolate.

L. perenne. Linn. Sp. PI. 1 22 WiUd. v.\.46]. FL Br. 1 48. Engl,

Bot. V 5. ^.315. Rel Rndh. 13./. Hook. Lond.fasc. \. t. 18.

Scot. 45. Knopp t. 100. Mart. Rust. t.4. Graves Br. Gr. t \ 1.5.

Slnd. 105. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 397. Host Gram. v. 1.20. t 2.3.

Schreb. Gram. v. 2. 79. f. 37. Leers 47. t.\2. f. 1. Ft. Dan.

t. 747. Ehrh. Calam. 94.
L. n. 1416. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 204.
L. nibrum. Ger. Em. 78. f.
Gramen loliaceum, angustiore folio et spica. Bauh. Theafr. 128./.

Rail Sipi. 395. Sdieucfiz. Agr. 25. Moris. v.?j. 182. sect.S.

t.2.f.2.

j3. Lolium tenue. Linn. Sp. PI. 122. M'illd. v. 1 . 4G2.

L. n. 1418. Hall. Hist. r. 2. 205.

Graminis loliacei anoustiore folio et spica, varietas, spica tereti,

angiistissinia. ScheucJiz. Agr. 28.
y. Lolium perenne /3. Leers as above, f + .
Gramen loliaceum paniculatum. Dill, in Raii Sijn. 395.
G. loliaceum, multiplici spicata panicula. Moris, as above.
$. G. loliaceum, spica lata, e plurimis spicis, dnplici versu dense

dispositis, constante. Scheuchz. Agr.2d. t. 1. f.7 , D. Prodr 16.

t.2.
G. loliaceum, spicis br.vioribus et latioribus, compressis. Moris.

as above.

In meadows, pastures, and waste ground, common.

y and S found occasionally near Norwich.

Perennial. June.

Root of a few simple fibres. Stems several, a foot high, more or
less, round, smooth, rigid, leafy, with purplish tumid joints, the
lowermost of which are bent. Leaves dark green, linear, pointed,
flat, smooth, striated. Sheaths compressed, striated, smooth.
Stipula sliort, entire, acutely auricled at each side. Spike nearly
upright, various in luxuriance, with a smooth conlmon stalk.
Spikelets numerous, alternate, erect ; usually many-flowered.
Outer valve of the corolla linear-lanceolate, keeled, acute, gene-
rally with a short au-n, just below the cloven tip, scarcely dis-
cernible, and frequently wanting. Sfi/les very short. Seed
linear.

174 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Lolium.

/3 is merely a starved state of the plant, with 3 or 4 Jlorets only,
but still the spikelet extends beyond the calyx, y has a branched,
or compound, general spike. $ bears a short, broad, ovate, close
spike Sometimes the Jlorets are, here and ther«, viviparous.

Well known to the farmer by the name of Uye-grass, or Ray-
grass. It yields an early crop of hay upon high or sandy lands;
and makes a fine turf, which however is said not to be lasting,
except on a rich soil. Much valuable information concerning its
cultivation and merits is collected by Professor Hooker, in his
continuation of the FL Londinensis. The result seems to be that
this grass is best suited to the light land of Norfolk, where it
first obtained its reputation.

2. L. temulentum. Bearded Darnel.

Awns longer than the corolla. Spikelets shorter than the
calyx. Florets elliptical. Stem rough in the upper part.

L. temulentum. Linn. Sp. PL 122. TViUd. v. 1.462. FL Br. 150.

EngLBot.v.l6.t.\]24. Knapp t. \0l. Hook. Scot. 45. SincL299.

SchracL Germ. v. 1 .400. Host Gram. v. 1 .20. t. 26. Schreh. Gram.

V. 2. 74. ^.36. Leers 4S. 1. 12. /. 2. FL Dan. t. 160. Ehrh.

Calam. 29. BulL Fr. t.\{i7.
L. n. 1420. HalL Hist. v. 2. 205.
L. album. Ger. Em. 78. f. Raii Syn. 395.
Zizania. Tdlands Ic. \\2.f.
Gramen loliaceum, spicalongiore. Baiih. Theafr. 121./. Scheuchz.

Agr. 31. t.l.f.7,E,F.

In fields, among w^heat, barley, or flax.

Annual. July.

Root of a few downy fibres. Stems 2 feet high, leafy, round ; smooth
and shining below ; rough upwards. Leaves of a brighter green
than the preceding, rough on the upper side. Sheaths roughish.
Stipula short, abrupt, notched. Spike about a span in length,
with a rough stalk. Calyx linear, flattish, many-rib])ed, roughish
at the edges, rising above the spikelets, generally attended, in
the lower ones, with a short elliptical inner valve, pressed close
to the channel in the stalk. Florets about 6. Outer valve of the
corolla elliptical, concave, with a dorsal awn, longer than itself;
inner rough at the folds. Seed elliptical, a little flattened, with
a furrow along its upper side, where it is firmly coated by the
inner valve.

The seeds are of very evil report, for causing intoxication, in men,
beasts, and birds, and bringing on fatal convulsions. Haller
speaks of them as communicating these properties to beer.

3. L. arvense. Short-awned Annual Darnel.

Corolla slightly awned. Spikelets as long as the calyx.
Florets elliptical. Stem very smooth.

TRIANDRIA— DIGYXIA. Rottbollia. 175

L. arvense. JVith. 1G8. Fl. Br. 151. Engl. Bot. v. 16. t. 1125.

Knapp t. 102. Hook. Scot. 45. Sc/irad. Germ. v. 1.399. Host

Gram. v. 3. 1/. ^ 25.
L. temulentum. Hiids. 55.
L. temulentum, a variety. Sincl. 301 .
L. verum Gesnevi. Moris, v. 3. 181. sect. 8. t. \.f. with a spike of

the last, annexed.

In fields, but not common.

In Scotland. Mr. J. Mackay, and Mr. Hopkirk. Near V/altham-
stovv. Mr. E. Forster.

Annual. Julij.

Rather smaller and smoother than the preceding, of which it is
probably but a variety. The awns, represented too long in Engl.
Bot., are either wanting, or at most very short, lax and weak.
There are sometimes 2 little inner valves to the calijx ; some-
times none at all. Schrader observes that the upper part of the
stem, and the common stalk of the spike, are not invariably
smooth.

58. ROTTBOLLIA. Hard-grass.

Linn.Suppl.\3. Schreb. Gen.72\. Juss.3]. Fl. Br. ]5l. Lam.
t.48.

Common receptacle, or main stalk, many-flowered, elongated,
jointed, finally separable, with a channel in each joint, al-
ternately disposed, to receive the Jlo?'eis, which are mostly
2 in each channel, of a different structure from each other,
1 only being always perfect. Cal. of 2 parallel valves,
opposite to die channel, lanceolate, spreading whilst in
blossom. Cor., in the perfect floret, of 2 lanceolate, acute,
membranous, nearly equal, valves, inflexed at the edges ;
in the other similar, if furnished with stame7is ,- if not,
merely a rudiment, or scale. Nect. of 2 acute scales.
Filam. capillary. Anth. pendulous, cloven at each end.
Germen oblong, obtuse, in 1 floret only. Styles short.
Stigmas widely spreading, feathery. Seed elliptic-oblong,
shut up in the cavity of each joint of the stalk, by the
closed glumes, and falling off with it.

Habit and size very various. Spikes either solitary, or ag-
gregate, brittle when the seed js ri])e.

1. R. incurvata. Sea Hard-grass.

Spike cylindrical, tapering. Cal3rx-valves combined below.

Floret solitary. Corolla awnless.
R. incurvata. Linn. Suppl. 114. Willd. v. 1.463. Fl. Br. 151.

176 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Elymus.

Engl.Bot.v.\\.t.7G0. Fl. Grcec.vA.72. t.9\. Knappt. 103.
Hook. Scot. 46. Schrad. Germ. v. 1.410. Host Gram. t;. 1. 18.
t.2S. Fl.Dan.t.93S. Cavan. lev. 3.7. t.2\3.

Aegilops incurvata. Linn. Sp. PL \ 490. Huds. 441.

Gramen Darvum marinum, spica loliacea. Ger. Em. 30.* Rail
Sijn. 39^j.

G.loliaceum maritimum, spicisgracilibus articulatisrecurvis. Moris.
V.3. 182. sect.S. t.2.f.8.

G. loliaceum maritimum, scorpioides, Sherardi. Scheuchz. Agr. 42.
t.2.f. 1, A, B.

On the sea coast, in salt marshes, in various places.

Annual. August.

Root fibrous, downy. Stems numerous, a span long, spreading,
partly procumbent, leafy, round, smooth, jointed and bent.
Leaves of a deep glaucous green, linear, narrow, acute, single-
ribbed, striated, rough on the upper side and at the edges.
Sheaths slightly tumid, stri-dted, smooth. Stipula short and
blunt. Spikes terminal, solitary, incurved, cylindrical, very
smooth, the closed, more or less combined, valve of the cahjx so
exactly closing the chink of each joint, both before and after
llowering, as to make one even surface. The rudiment of the
secondary^ore^ is but small and variable. All the glumes are
destitute of awns.

R. Jiliformis, Don H.Br. 1/8, whether the plant of Roth, Willde-
now, Monti, &c., or not, appears to me our incurvata, drawn up
weak among other grasses, as it occurs sometimes in Norfolk.

59. ELYMUS. Lyme-grass.

Linn.^Gen.39. Juss.3\. B. Br. \52. Lam. t. 49.

Common receptacle, or main stalk, many-flowered, continu-
ous, elongated, toothed alternately, at each side, and flat-
tened just above. Flowers two or more at each tooth, pa-
rallel. Cal. to each flower of 2 unequal, erect, linear-lan-
ceolate, or awl-shaped, pointed or awned, more or less
keeled, valves, containing a spikelet of several jlorets.
Cor. of 2 unequal, ovate-lanceolate valves ; the outermost
largest, keeled, ribbed, pointed or awned; the awn straight
and terminal ; inner flat, cloven, inflexed at the edges,
with a rib at each side. 'Sectary of two lanceolate scales.
Filam. capillary, shorter than the corolla. Anth. linear,
notched at each end. Germen turbinate. Styles distant,
very short. Stigmas feather^^, spreading. Seed, linear, or
lanceolate, channelled along the upper side, very hairy at
the summit, more or less attached to the unchanged
glumes of the corolla.

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Elymus. 177

Large, rigid, or coarse, mostly perennial, grasses ; various
in aspect ; some foreign species are conspicuous for their
long aii-?/s.

1 . E. arc?iarius. Upright Sea Lyme-grass.

Spike upright, close ; main stalk not winged. Calyx lan-
ceolate, the lengtli of the spikelets. Leaves spinous-
pointed.

E. arenarius. Linn. Sp. PL 122. Willd. v. 1.467. Fl. Br. 152.
Engl. Bof. V. 24. t. 1672. Knapp t. 108. Mart. Rust. ^ 31.
Hook. Scot. 46. Schrad. Genu. v. 1. 401. Schreb. Gram. v. 2.
85.^.40. FLDan.t.S47.

Triticum n. 56. Gmel. Sib. v. 1. 119. t. 25.

Spartimi herba 4 Batavicum. CUis. Hist. v. 2. 221./.

On the sandv sea shore.

In the isle of Bute, and in Devonshire, Huds. In various parts of
Scotland. Hooker. Abundant on the north coast of Norfolk.

Perennial. Juhj, but rarelv.

Root widely creeping. Stems 3 or 4 feet high, erect, firm, reed-
like, hollow, round, striated, leaf;/ chiefly at the base. Leaves
hard and rigid, very glaucous, spinous-pointed, one or two feet
long, involute ; their upper surface marked with strong rough
furrows j the under side quite smooth. Sheaths long, close,
furrowed, smooth. Stipula very short. Spike erect, close, glau-
cous, G — 14 inches long. Glumes finely downy. Florets about
3 in each s pikelet, rarely 4 ; the uppermost, in either case, usu-
ally wanting the germen.

As this plant rarely flowers on our coasts, it is often overlooked for
j^rundo arenaria, p. 171 ; but the short stipula essentially di-
.stinguishes this Elymus, which is perhaps the very best of all
plants to resist the force of the sea.

2. E. genicidatus. Pendulous Sea Lyine-grass.

Spike bent perpendicularly downward, lax; main stalk
winged. Calyx awl-shaped, longer than the spikelets.
Leaves spinous-pointed.

E. geniculatus. Curt. Brit. Gr. 46. Fl. Br. 153. Etigl. Bot. v. 23.

t. 1;kSG. Knapp t. 109. Sincl. 2G9.
Elymus. Linn. Am. Acad. v. /. 1 92. /. 2./. 5. IVith. v. 1 . 134. /. 2.

/. 2G.
In marshes near the coast, rare.
Near Gravesend. Mr. Dickson.
Perennial. JiUij.
Root of several downy fibres, scarcely creeping. Whole plant

glaucous, larger than the foregoing, but more slender in habit.

178 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Hovdeinn.

Stipula veiy short. Spike 1 j or 2 foct long, lax, at first erect,
but while in flower becoming strongly bent, at an acute angle,
at the second or third spikelet, so as to become permanently
pendulous. Cali/x-valves twice the length of the last, narrow
and tapering, smooth, half as long again as the spikelets. Florets
3 or 4 3 the outer valve ribbed and downy.
Cultivated for many years in a garden, this grass is little changed,
though all the spikes are not always reflcxed.

2. E. europcEiis, Wood Lyme-grass.

Spike erect. Florets about two, rough, awned, as well as
the calyx. Leaves flat, pliant.

E. europeeus. Unn. Mant.Sj. Willd. vA. 4/0. Fl. Br. 154.

Engl. Bof. V. 19. ^. 1317. MWi. 170. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 402.

Host Gram. v. 1. 22. t. 28. Elirh. Phijt. 3.
Hordeum sylvaticum. Huds.57. Mart. Rust. t.45. Knapp t. 107.
H.n. 1537. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 24S.
Gramen secalinum majus sylvaticum, Raii Syn. 392.
G. hordeaceum montanum, spica strigosiori brevius aristata.

Scheucliz.Agr. IG, Prodr. 14. t. 1.

In woods, thickets and hedges, on a chalky soil.

Not rare in Oxfordshire, Berkshire, Derbyshire, and the north of
England.

Perennial. June.

Root fibrous, tufted. Herbage of a grassy green. Stem erect, 2
feet high, simple, round, striated, smooth, most leafy in the
lower part. Leaves lanceolate, many-ribbed, flat, acute, rough
on both sides and at the edges. Sheaths clothed more or less
with deflexed hairs. Stipula very short, minutely notched. Spike
2 or 3 inches long, generally quite upright, close, green ; its
main stalk angular, furrowed, rough, zigzag. Flowers 3 together
at each notch. Calyx-valves awl-shaped, very smooth and even
at the base ; ribbed, angular, and roughish above ; each tipped
with a straight rough awn, half its own length. Florets often
solitary, never more than 2, all generally perfect. Outer valve
of the corolla lanceolate, ribbed, rough, especially in the upper
part, terminating in a long straight awn ; inner slightly cloven,
rough at the marginal ribs. Germen obovate, downy. Styles
distant, extremely short. Stigmas slender. Seed lanceolate,
with a furrow along the upper side, and a downy point, firmly
coated with both valves of the corolla.

60. HORDEUM. Barley.

Linn, Gen. 39. Juss. 32. Fl. Br. 155. Lam. t.A9. Gcertu. t. 81.

Common receptacle^ or main stalk, many-flowered, jointed,

elongated, toothed alternately at each side, the interme-

TRIANDRI A— DIGYNI A. Hordeum. J 79

(liate spaces flattened, and bordered. Flowers 3 at each
tooth, not all perfect, unequally stalked. Cal. to each
flower of 2 rather slender, variously shaped, pointed or
awned, parallel, upright valves. Floret solitary. Outer
valve of the corolla ovate, concave, angular, terminating
in a long, straight, rough axivi, rising above the awns of
the calyx ; inner smaller, lanceolate, flat, inflexed at the
edges, pointed. Nectary of 2 acute scales. Filam,, ca-
jiillary, shorter than the corolla. Anth. notched at each
end. Germen turbinate. Stj/les very short. Stigmas fea-
thered along the upper side. Seed ovate-oblong, pointed
at each end, with a narrow channel along the upper side,
firmly coated with both valves of the corolla.
Boot mostly annual. Ste?ns jointed, hollow, leafy. Spi/ce
nearly upright, close, bristly with the copious long aivns,
finally breaking at the joints.

1. Yi, 7?iw'i?iu?n. Wall Barley. Mouse Barley. Way
Bennet.

Lateral flowers barren. Calyx-valves of the intermediate
one lanceolate, fringed.

H. murinum. Linn. Sp. PL 126. Willd. r- 1 . 474. R. Br. 155. Engl

Bot.v. 28. t. 1971. Rel. Rudb. 12./. 2. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. t. 9.

Mart. Rust. t. 43. Knapp t. 104. Hook. Scot. 46. Smcl. 141.

Schrad. Germ. v. 1 . 404. Host Gram. v. 1. 25. f. 32. Fl. Dan.

t.G29. Ehrh.Calam.47.
H. n. 1536. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 248.
H. spurium. Ger. Em. 73./.

Gramen secalinum et Secale sylvestre. Raii Syn. 391.
G. secalinum vulgatissimum viarum. Moris, v. 3. 179. sect. 8. t. 6.

G. hordeaceum minus et vulgare. Bauh. Theatr. 134./, Scheiichz.
Agr. 14.

On waste ground, and by way sides^ common.

Annual. June — August.

i?oo^ fibrous. Stems 12 — 18 inches high, spreading and decum-
bent at the base ; then ascending, slender, leafy, smooth, with
3 or 4 joints. Leaves linear, flat, roughish, with long, rather
lax, strongly ribbed, smooth sheaths. Stipula short. Spike 2 or 3
inches long, cylindrical, very dense and uniform, two-ranked,
brittle. Two lateral ^o?rer6' stalked j their cah/x-valves bristle-
shaped, rough j those of the central ^flower linear-lanceolate,
three-ribbed, fringed with spreading hairs. Ij^iar^X flowers w\i\\
stamens only ; central one perfect, and considerably tlic largest.
Outer valve of the corolla of the latter concave, somewhat downy,

n2

ISO TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Hordeum.

finally coating the seed ; inner as long, but narrower and flat,
with a bristle at its base externally, probably the rudiment of a
secondy/ore^ A grass of no agricultural use.

2. a, pratciise. Meadovv Barley.

I^ateral flowers imperfect, with shorter awns. All the calyx-
valves bristle-shaped and rough.

H. pratense. Huds.56. Fl. BrA56. Engl Bot. v. 6. 409. Ret.

Rudb. 12./. I. Mart. Rust. t. 108. Knajop t.XOb. Hook. Scot.

A6. Sincl.203. Schrad. Uerm. v. ] . 405. Ehrh. Calam. 57 .
H. nodosum. Linn. Sp. PL 12G. Willd. v. \. 474, excluding Ray's

synomjm.
H. murinum /3 Ibid.

H. secalinum. IVilld. v. 1. 475. Host Gram. v. 1. 26. t. 33.
H. maritimum. El. Dan. t. 630.
H. n. 1538. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 248.
Gramen secalinum. Ger. Em. 29. '^. Raii Syn. 392.
G. secalinum pratense elatius. Moris, v. 3. 179. sect. 8. t. 2.f. 6.
G. spicatum secalinum minus. ScheiicJiz. Agr. 17. Vaill. Par. 83,

t.\7.f.6.

In meadows and pastures, especially such as are rather moist.

Perennial. June.

Root fibrous ; becoming bulbous in barren ground occasionally
overflowed. Whole plant more slender than either of our other
species. Stem more upright, and twice as tall ; naked and
smooth at the top. Leaves narrow, roughish, sometimes hairy,
as well as their sheaths, which are close, not swelling, with a
scarcely perceptible stipula. Spike 2 inches long, often tinged
with brown or purple. All the calyx-valves very narrow, bristle-
like, equal, rough at the back. La.terei\Jlowers stalked, with or
without stamens, but always destitute o^ pistils. Outer valve of
the corolla in all the /lowers ovate, awned ; the awn shortest in
the lateral ones. Germen in the middle flower only, turbinate.
Stigmas feathery along the upper side.

Thejlorets in all my British specimens are smooth, but in Ehrhart's,
from Hanover, they are partly besprinkled with soft hairs. This
is indeed a most trifling variety, as Professor Schrader consi-
ders it.

3. H. maritimum. Sea Barley. Squirrel-tail-grass.

Lateral flowers imperfect, with shorter awns ; the inner
valve of their calyx half-ovate. '

H. maritimum. With. 172. El. Br. 156. Engl. Bot. v. 17. t. 1205.
Knappt. 106. Hook. Lond.fasc. 1. /. 43. Scot. 46. Mart. Rust,
t. 44. Schrad. Germ. v. 1 . 406. Fahl Symh. v. 2. 25. Host Gram.
V. 1. 27. t. 34. Pourret Act. Tolas. t\ 3. 320.

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Tiiticum. 181

H. marinum. Huds.:)7. Dkks. 11. Sice. fuse. 5. 4.

11. geniculatiim. Allion. Pedem. v. 2. 2jiJ. t. 01./. 3.

II. rigiclum. Roth Catal. v. 1. 24,

(iramen secalinum palustre et maritimum. Jlaii Sijn. 302.

G. secalinum maiitimuin glaucifolium, spicis brevioribus. Moris.
V.3. \7[). sccf. S. t. 6./ 5.

G. spicatum secalinum maritimum minus. Sdieuchz. Agr. 18.

(t. hordeaceum a maritimis pumilum, Pluk. Phyt. ^.33./. 2, hud.

In pastures and sandy ground near the sea.

Annual. Jnne, July.

This species most resembles H. murinum in general habit, but i^ on
the whole rather smaller and more glaucous. The aicns are all
rougher, with minute bristly teeth. This roughness, and the
great brittleness of the main stalk of the spike, cause consider-
able inconvenience to horses in whose hay this grass chances to
be intermixed. It sticks in small Iragments to their gums, and
produces inflammation. Luckily the plant is not of common
occurrence ; but in the isle of Thanet, where it abounds, the
effect just mentioned is notorious. Mr. Curtis records this cir-
cumstance in Fl. Loud. fasc. 5, under t. 9, referring it to the
common //. murinum, for he w^as not then practically acquainted
with the difference between these two grasses, nor does he advert
to it ; but he subsequently knew them well, and 1 have speci-
mens from himself. The half-ovate form of the innermost valve
of the calyx, clearly distinguishes H. maritimum, as Hudson well
remarked. The tvvo species^ though similar, are obviously and
sufficiently distinct.

61. TRITICUM. Wheat. Vvlieat-grass.

Linn. Oen.40. Juss. 32. Fl. Br. 137. Lam. f. 49. Gcertn. I. SI.

Common receptacle^ or main stalk, many-flowered, elongated,
continuous, or somewhat jointed, toothed alternately at
each side, Avavy, compressed. Spikclets solitary at each
tooth, lateral, contrary to the main stalk, many-flowered.
Cal. of 2 concave, oblong, ribbed or keeled, nearly ecjual,
opposite valves, with or without terminal awns. Florets
3 or more, 2-ranked, applied laterally to the main stalk.
Outer valve of the corolla resembling the calyx, concave,
keeled or furrowed, pointed or awned ; inner flat, awn-
less, inflexed on each side at the lateral rib. Kectarij of
2 acute scales, tumid at die base. Filam, capillary. .//;///.
linear, forked at each end. Germc/i turbiniite*. Sti/les
short, distinct. Stigmas feathery. Seed ovate, obtuse, with
a narrow channel along the up]ier side, loose, but en-
veloped in the unchajiged corolla.

182 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Triticuni.

Root annual, or perennial. Habit various. Stem simple or
branched. Spikes simple and close, or compound and lax.

1. ^ , junceum. Sea Rushy Wheat-grass.

Calyx-valves blunt, many-ribbed. Florets about live, awn-
less. Main stalk smooth. Leaves involute, sharp-pointed.
Root creeping.

T. junceum. Lmn. Sp. PL 128. JV'dld. v. 1. 480, excl. most of the

syn. Ft. Br. 157. Engl. Bot. v. 12. t. 814. Knapp t. 1 13. Hook.

Scot. 44. Dicks. H. Sice. fasc. 6. 9. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 394.

Host Gram. v. 3. 23. t. 33. Fl. Dan. t.OlG.
Gramen maritimunij spica loliacea, foliis pungentibus, nostras.

Pluk. Phyt. t. 33. f. 4. Dill, in Rail Syn. 39 1.
(3. G. loliaceum maritimum supinum, spica crassiore. Tourn. Inst.

516. Dill, in RaiiSijn. 391.
y. G. caninum maritimum, spicfi foliacea. Bauh. Theair. 15. /.

Raii Syn. 391. Moris, v. 3. 178. sect. 8. t.2.f. 12.
G. caninum marinum alterum. Ger. Em. 2b. f.

On the sandy sea coast, frequent.

Perennial. July.

Root widely creeping, with numerous woolly fibres, well calculated
for binding the loose sand, which purpose it serves in common
with Elymus arenarius, Arundo arenaria, &c. The whole plant
is glaucous and rigid, like those grasses. Stem 1 2 or 18 inches
high, simple, inclining, leafy, round ; very smooth, even and
polished, tinged with a bright violet hue, below ; striated above.
Leaves strongly involute, many-ribbed ; smooth at the back j
marked with rough furrows on the upper side ; tapering and
pungent at the point. Sheaths furrowed. Stipida very short,
membranous. Spike simple, solitary, erect, rigid, of numerous,
alternate, rather distant, flat, ovate spikelets, each consisting of
5 or 6 smooth, awnless Jiorets. Calyx, and outer valve of the
corolla, many-ribbed, furrowed, keeled at the upper part, each
valve terminating in a slight notch, with a small, thick, inter-
mediate point, produced from the keel, most evident in the upper
Jiorets. The mairi stalk separates finally at the joints. The in-
ner valve of the corolla is minutely fringed.

This species is sometimes confounded with a maritime variety of
T. repens, hereafter described.

2. T. repens. Creeping Wheat-grass. Couch-grass.

Calyx-valves pointed or awned, lanceolate, many-ribbed.
Florets about five, sharp-pointed or awned. Leaves flat.
Root creeping.

T. repens. Linn. Sp. PL 128. fVilld. r. 1. 481. /'/. Br. 158. Engl.

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Tiiticum. 185

Bot. V. 13. t. 909. Knapp t.\\]. Hook. Scot. 44. Sincl. 307.

Schrad. Germ. v. 1.390. Host Gram. v. 2. 17. ^ 21. Leers 43,

t. 12. f. 3. Sc/ireb. Gram. v. 2. 24. t. 26. Ehrli, PL Of. 12.
T. n. 112G. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 210.
Gramen spica triticea repens vulgare caninum dictum. Raii Sijn.

390.
G. caninum repens vulgatius. Moris, v. 3. 178. sect. 8. t. 1./. 8.
G. caninum arvense, sive Gramen Dioscoridis. Scheucliz. Jgr. 5.
G. caninum arvense, sive primum. Baiih. Theatr. 7.f.
B. Glumes awjied. T. repens. Mart. Rust. 1. 124. With.\73. var.A.

Fl. Dan. t. 748.
Graminis spica triticea repentis vulgaris varietas, cum spica aris-

tata. Scheucliz. Agr. 9.
G. loliaceum, radice repente, &c., aristis longioribus donatum.

Vaill. Par. 81. t. 17./. 2.
/. Triticum junceum. Relh. 55.
T. repens var. 5. TVlth. 173.
Elymus arenarius. Huds. ed. 1. 44.
Gramen caninum maritimum, spica triticea^ nostras. Rail Syn. 390.

In waste, as well as cultivated, land, every where.
y. On the sea coast, not uncommon.

Root long, creeping deeply and widely, so as to be very difficult
of extirpation;, jointed, clothed with membranous sheaths ; the
fibres downy. Stems slender, erect, 2 feet high, most leafy
below J round, striated, and smooth, at the top. Leaves of a
dull, somewhat glaucous, green, linear, fiat, spreading, gene-
rally all directed one way ; their margin and upper side rough.
Sheaths tight, ribbed, smooth, or a little hairy. Stipula short,
finely notched. Spike 2 or 3 inches long, erect, fiat, of nume-
rous, pretty close, elliptic-oblong spikelels; the main stalk some-
times hairy, especially at the edges. Florets from 4 to 8 or 9,
the colour of the foliage. Valves of the calyx lanceolate, ribbed,
pointed or awned. Outer valve of the corolla similar, but with
fewer ribs, and those chiefly towards the summit, which ends
cither in a short point, continued from the keel, or in a terminal
rough aiv7i, various in length, but seldom longer than the glume
itself 3 inner valve obtuse, or notched, awnless. The maritime
variety y is rather stouter and shorter in habit, all over more or
less glaucous, though variable in that respect, and certainly a
mere variety. The leaves are often involute.

Schrader describes a more remarkable state of this grass, figured
in Leers 1. 1 2, /. 4, 1 , in which a great part of the spikelets in
the lower portion of the spike are double, or in pairs, contrary
to the generic character. But the creeping root distinguishes
this variety from the following species, with which it is con-
founded by Leers ; both being indeed considered by him as be-
longing to T. repens.

184 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Tiiticum.

3. T. caninum. Fibrous-rooted Wheat-grass.

Cal}Tc-valves somewhat awiied, with three or five ribs.
Florets Ibiir, awned. Leaves flat. Root fibrous.

T. caninum. Uik^^s. 5S. FL Br. 15D. Engl. Bat. v. 20. t. 13/2.

Knappt. 112. Hook. Scot. 44. Sincl. 03. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 389.

Host Gram. v. 2. 20. t. 25. Fl. Dan. t. 1447.
T. n. 58. Gmel. Sib. v. 1. 122. t. 27.
T. n. 1429. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 212.
Elvmus caninus. Lin7i. Sp. Fl. 124, IVilld. v. 1. 469. Leers 46.

V. 12./. 4, 2. Ehrh.Phyt.72.
Gramen spica triticea compacta, aristis longioribu.s. Scheuchz.

Agr. 10.
G. caninum aristatum, ratlice non repente, svivaticum. Rail

Syn. 390.
G. caninum non repens, elatius, spica aristata. Moris, r.3. 177.

sect. 8.t.l.f.2. Buxb. Cent. 4. 29. ^.50.

In woods, and shady liedges, on a chalky, or limestone, soil.

Perennial. July.

Boot of several downy stout fibres, not at all creeping. Sicins 2
feet high, leafy, round, minutely striated, very smooth. Leaves
nearly upright, lanceolate, taper-pointed, thin, flat, bright green,
rough on both sides ; sometimes hairy. Sheaths of the lower
ones only hairy. Stipula very short. Spike 3 or 4 inches long,
a little inclining, close. Spikelets alternate, except the lower-
most, which sometimes stand in pairs, side by side. Calyx lan-
ceolate, with 3, sometimes 5, stout, smooth, very neat, ribs ;
the keel being not rough as represented in Engl. Bot., though
the short terminal awn is sometimes so. Outer valve of the co-
rolla ribbed at the top only, with a much longer, rough own
from the keel ; inner valve fringed.

The fibrous root distinguishes this species from every variety of the
last,

4. T. cristatum. Crested Wheat-grass.

Calyx-valves elliptical, awned, keeled, obscurely ribbed.
Florets awned. Spikelets closely imbricated, depressed,
straight. Stems simple.

T. cristatum. Schreb. Gram. v. 2. 12. t. 23. f. 2. Engl. Bot. v. 32.

^2267. Comp. 22. Hook. Scot. 45. Bieberst. Taur.-Caucas.

V. 1. 87. Host Gram. v. 2. 19. t. 24.
Bromus cristatus. Linn. Sp. PI. 115. TFilld. v. 1.439.
Festuca n. 51. Gmel. Sib. v. 1. 1 15. t. 23.
Gramen triticeum, spica latiore compacta. Buxb. Ce?if. ]. 32.

t.50.f.3.
On the eastern coast of Scotland, very rare.

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. Triticum. 185

On steep banks, and rocks, ])y the sea side, between Arbroath and
Montrose. Mr. G. Don.

Perennial. July, but rarebj.

Root of several long, strong-, very woolly fibres, suited to a sandy
soil. Stems ascendini?, 12 or IS inches high, simple, wavy, slen-
der, rigid, leafy ; hairy at the top. Leaves linear, keeled, taper-
pointed, folded rather than involute, many-ribbed ; smooth be-
neath ; very hairy on the upper side. Sheaths close, striated,
smooth. St'lpula scarcely any. Spike terminal, erect, an inch or
more in length, ptde, bl'untish, compressed, of numerous small
oblong spilc'elcts, so closely crowded as to depress each other.
Florets variable in number from 3 to 6 or 7, either smooth or
hairy. Cali/x-valves elli})tic-oblong, with a terminal, straight,
rough awn, us long as themselves ; their lateral ribs obsolete,
or smoothed av/ay, not turgid as in 7'. prostratum, a species next
akin to this, but with a shorter, rounder, spike, annual root, and
branched stem. The outer valve of the corolla resembles the
calyx, but is longer j inner notched at the summit, its margins
infl'exed, as usual, at the lateral ribs.

Gmelin remarks that the hairiness of the leaves is variable. The
spikelets, in one of the Linnsean specimens, are extremely hairy;
in another, like Mr. Don's, smooth. In one Siberian specimen
they are viviparous, apparently after the manner of alpine grasses;
the'transformed glumes singularly enhu-ged, and strongly ribbed.

T. imhrieatum of Marschall von Bierberstein, Fl. Taurico-Cauca-
sica, r. 1.8S, sent from the Gottingcn garden by Professor
Schrader, seems to differ from the crislatnm in the much greater
dimensions of its herbage only, the spike being very like that of
our wild specimen, and but little larger. T. pectinatum of the
same author is but the smooth state of cristatum ; and I am well
satisfied that pubescence is here of no importance,

5. T. loliaceum. D'vvarf Sea Wheat-grass.

Calyx-valves obtuse, awnlcss. Florets numerous, avvnless,
elli})tical, ribbed. Si)ike unilateral. Stem branched.
Root fibrous.

T. loliaceum. Fl. Br. 1.59. Engl. Bot. v. 4. t. 221. Willd.Sp.Pl.

t'. 1.483. With.\7\. Knappt.WA. Hook. Scot. Ao. SchracL

Germ. v. 1. 39.5.
T. unilaterale. Ait. flort. Kew. eel. 1 . r. 1 . 1 22. Host Gram. v. 2. 21 .

t. 27 ; but not of Linnaeus.
Poa loliacea. Huds. 43. Relh.'S?.
Gramen pumilum, 4oliaceo simile. Rail Syn. 395.
G. exile duriusculum maritimum, foliolis circumvolutis, veluti jun-

ceis, brevibus. Pluk. Phyt. t. 32. f. 7.
G. loliaceum maritimum biunciale. Moris, v. 3. \ 82. sect.S. t. 2. /. 6.
G. loliaceum e\ile durius. Rel. Rudb. 13./.

186 TRIANDllIA— TRIGYNIA. Montia.

On the sandy sea coast.

Not rare on the sandy shores of Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex.

Annual. June, July.

Root of many long downy fibres. Stem rigid and wiry, as in my
Glyceria rigida, p. 119, branched from the bottom, generally 2
or 3 inches high, but various in luxuriance, leafy, very smooth
and polished, erect or decumbent. Leaves linear, acute, nearly
smooth 5 involute when dry. Sheaths close, keeled, smooth.
Stipula short, notched. Spike usually simple, but when highly
luxuriant, from culture, compound, always unilateral -, its main
stalk two-edged, wavy, smooth. Spikelets ovate-oblong, slightly
turgid, smooth, two-ranked, rather close, of numerous imbri-
cated^ore/s. Calyx strongly keeled, with a blunt membranous
point. Outer valve of the corolla resembling the calyx ; inner
fringed at the lateral ribs. Nectary undivided, obtuse, surround-
ing the base of the <Mow^ germen. Styles scarcely any. Stigmas
spreading, loosely feathery.

TRIANDllIA TRIGYNIA,

62. MONTIA. Blinks.

Linn.Gen.4\. Juss.3\3. FLBr.lGl. Mich.t.lS. Lam. t.bO.
GiErtn.t. \29.

Nat. Ord. Succulentce. Linn. 13. Portulacea;. Juss. 86.
See Samolus n. 118.

Cat. inferior, of 2 ovate, abrupt, concave, erect, permanent
leaves. Cor. of 1 petal, in 5 deep spreading segments;
the 3 smaller ones bearing the stamens ; 2 intermediate
lateral ones larger. Filam, capillary, not longer than the
corolla, to whose base they are attached. Anth. small, of
2 round lobes. Germ, superior, turbinate, 3-lobed. Styles
very short. Stigmas 3, oblong, downy on their upper side.
Caps, turbinate, of 1 cell and 3 valves. Seeds 3, roundish-
kidney-shaped, dotted. " The calyx has sometimes 3
leaves, in which case there are 5 stamens." Linn.

Annual, herbaceous, with opposite leaves^ and terminal
fovcers. Only 1 species known.

TRIANDRIA— TRIGYNIA. Holobteum. 187

1. M.fojitana, Water Blinks. Water Chickweed.

M. fontana. Linn. Sp. PL 129. iruid. v. 1. 487. Fl. Dr. 161.
£w-/. Bot. V. 17. t. 1206. Curt.Lond.fasc.3. t. 8. Hook. Scot. 47.
Schrad. Genu. r. 1 . 4 1 4. FL Dan. t.]3\. Ehrh. Herb. 72.

M. aquatica minor. Mich. Gen. 18. t. 13./. 2.

M. n. 301. HaU.Ulst.v. 1. 132.

Alsine parva palustris tricoccos, portulacae aquaticae similis. Ran
Sijn.3iy2.

Alsineformis paludosa tricarj)o.s, fiosculis albis inapertis. Pluk.
Phijt. ^ 7./. y . VaiLL Par. 1 0. t.3.f.4.

Camcraria arvensis et minor. DHL Giss. 46. append. 114. ^ 6 j bad.

In watery places, by the sides of little clear rills, especially on a
gravelly soil.

Annual. April, Maij.

Root tibrous. Herb smooth, rather succulent. Stem 2 or 3 inches
high, much branched, spreading, angular, leafy. Leaves elliptic-
lanceolate, entire, on short stalks. FL small, white. CaL reddish.
Seeds black. \'alves of the capsule permanent, involute at the
margins.

Micheli delineates a larger variety, not yet observed in Britain.

63. HOLOSTEUM. Jagged Chickweed.

Linn. Gen. 42. Juss. 299. FLBr.lGl. Lam. t.5\. Gcertn. t. 130.

Nat. Ord. Canjophijllccc. Linii. 22. Juss. 82. See Gram-
mar 161. iV. Gl-j 79, and many in Decandria^ the same.

CaL inferior, of 5 ovate, concave, permanent leaves. Petals 5,
oblong, unecjually jagged or toothed, deciduous. Filam. 3,
occasionally more, capillary. AiitJi. roundish. Genu.
roundish. Stijles 3, slender, short. Stigmas bluntish,
downy. Caps, nearly cylindrical, of 1 cell, splitting at
the top into 6 recurved teeth, finally separable into as
many pellucid valves. Itecept. central, oblong. Seeds
stalked, peltiite, roundish, rough, numerous.

Herbaceous, erect, or prostrate, smooth, rather glaucous.
Leaves opposite, undivided, entire. Fl. umbellate, or
panicled, white.

I. H. umbcllatum. Umbelliferous Jagged Chick-

weed .
Flower stalks umbellate. Leaves ovate, acute.

II. umbcllatum. Linn. Sp. PL 130. IVilUL v. 1. 4SD. FL Pr. \6\.
Engl. Bot. r. 1 . t. 27. Rose Elem. append. 445. t. 2.f. 4. Schrad.
Germ. V. I. 4lj. FL Dan. L 1204, not exact.

188 TRIANDRIA— TRIGYNIA. Polycaipoii.

H. quae Alsine verna glabra^ floribus iimbellatLS. Dill. Giss. 4\.

append. 130. f. 6.
Cerastium umbellatum. Huds. 201. Dicks. H. Sice. fuse. 2. 5.

Hook. Lond.fasc. \. t.l3.
Alsine n. 879. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 386.
Caryophyllus holosteus arvensis. Ger. Em. 595./.

On old walls, rare.

On several walls and roofs about Norwich, especially in the
northern part of the town ; first discovered by Mr. Pitchjvrd.

About Bury. Sir T. G. Culliim, Bart.

Annual. April.

Root small, fibrous. Stems vreak and partly decumbent, branched
from the bottom only, 4 or 5 inches high, round, leafy ; smooth
below 3 hairy and glutinous at the upper part, between the joints.
Leaves hardly an inch long-, spreading, single- ribbed, glaucous
and rather succulent, quite entire and even at the edges j ta-
pering somewhat at the base into short, broad, combined foot-
stalks. Flower-stalks about 5, terminal, umbellate, simple, spread-
ing, at length partly reflexed ; with several small hracteas at
their base. Calyx smooth, brownish. Petals white, with a tinge
of red, elliptic-oblong, variously and unequally jagged at each
side, not deeply and regularly cloven, as the character of Ceras-
tium requires. Stam. in our specimens nevermore than 3. Styles
3. Teeth or valves of the capsule, when perfect, naturally 6.
Seeds reddish. Professor Hooker has detailed, with great can-
dour and accuracy, the difficulties attending the generic deter-
mination of this plant. A new round-leaved species from Nepal,
having similarly jagged petals, confirms my opinion of the essen-
tial character 3 for the corolla of the Caryophyllece, whose pre-
sence separates them widely, in the natural system, from their
near allies, is found to afford their best generic distinctions.

64. POLYCARPON. All-seed.

Linn. Gen. 42. Juss.209. Fl. Br. 1G2. Lam. t.5\. Gartn. t. 129-

Nat. Ord. same as n. 63.

Cal. inferior, of 5 ovate, keeled, concave, pointed, permanent
leaves. Pet. 5, obovate, shorter than the calyx, alternate
with it, nearly entire. Filam. 3, sometimes 5, awl-shaped,
half the length of the calyx. Anth. erect, 2-lobed. Germ.
ovate. Styles 3, spreading, the length of the germen.
Stigmas obtuse, somewhat capitate. Caps, ovate, of 1 cell,
with 3 ovate, concave valves. Seeds immerous, slightly
kidney-shaped, rough, nearly sessile, on an oblong central
7'eceptacle,

Mr. Ferdinand Bauer observed the style and stigma to be
solitary in such oi ih^JloKcrs as have 5 stamcnc-.

TRIANDIIIA— TRIGYNIA. Polycarpon. 1S9

Herbaceous, branched, annual. Leaves opposite, in double
pairs, undivided, entire. Fl. small, in terminal, forked
panicles. Only 1 certain species.

1. V, tetraphijllinn. Four-leaved All- seed.

P. tetraphvllum. Unn. Sp. PL 131. Willd. v. 1. 490. Fl. Br. 1C2.

Engl. Bot. V. l."). t. 1031 . FL GnEc. v. 2. -1. t. 102. Dicks. H.

Sicc.faac. 17. 0. Schrad. Germ. v. \. 4\6.
Taronychia altera. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 389./. Bedeck. Hist. 1213.

Anthyllis marina incana alsinefolia. Ger. Em. 622./.

A. alsinefolia polygonoides major. Barrel. Ic. 1.531. '■

In waste ground on the south coast.

On various parts of the coasts of Devonshire. Huds. Dorsetshire,
and Portland island. BisJtop of Carlisle.

Annual. May — Aug. or later.

Hoot tapering. Stem very much branched, spreading flat on the
ground, beset with numerous, obovate, entire, dark green,
smooth, slightly succulent, stalked leaves, 2 pair together,
crossing each other, so as to resemble a whorl. Stipulas oppo-
site, membranous, pointed, jagged. Panicles terminal, several
times forked, smooth, with a pair of acute membranous bracteas
at each division. Fl. greenish white, small

Class IV. TETRANDRIA. Stamens

4, equal.

Order I. MONOGYNIA. Pisiill.

* Flowers monopetaloKs, superior, shigle-seeded.

65. DIPSACUS. Common Col, of many leaves. Proper

Col, single, superior, of 1 leaf, cup-shaped, crowning
the seed.

66. SCABIOSA. Com. Cal. of many leaves. Prop. Cal.
double, superior, crowning the seed.

** Fl. monop.^ superior^ 2-seeded.

70. RUBIA. Cor. bell-shaped. Fruit pulpy.
69. GALIUM. Cor. flat. Fr. dry.

68. ASPERULA. Cor. tubular. Fr. without a crown.

67. SHERARDIA. Cw\ tubular. Pr. crowned v,ith the
calyx, each seed, with 3 teeth.

*** FL monop.^ inferior.

71. EXACUM. Coi\ salver-shaped, spreading. Stam.
shorter than the limb. Caps, with 2 valves, separating
at the top, many- seeded.

72. PL ANT A GO. Cor. reflexed. ,S/r/w. very long. Caps.
bursting all round, of 2 or 4 cells.

73. CENTUNCULUS. Cor. tubular, spreading. Stam.
within the tube. Caps, bursting all round, of 1 cell.

Siome Gentiance.

75. EPIMEDIUM. Neat. 4, hollow, lying on the petals.
Pod superior, of 1 cell, with many seeds. Cal. de-
ciduous.

76. CORNUS. Nect. 0. Drupa inferior. Nut of 2 cells.

Cardcnmne. Senehiera, 2.

191

***** Petals Xi^aiitlng,

11. PARIETARIA. Cal. 4-cleft, inferior. Stam. elastic.
Seed invested with tlie elongated calyx. Some flowers
without stamens, their calyx remaining unaltered.

74. SAXGUISORBA. Cal. 4-cleft, superior, coloured.
Stam. dilated upward. Cajis. quadrangular, of 1 cell,
not bursting.

78. ALCHEMILLA. Cal. 8-cleft, inferior. Seed 1, or 2,
naked.

Order II. DIGYNIA. Pistils 2.

79. BUFFONIA. Petals 4^, C^^w. of 2 valves. 5^^/5 2.
Alchemilla. Gentiance, Cuscutce.

Order III, TETRAGYNIA. Pistils, or
Stigmas, 4.

so. ILEX. Cor. wheel-shaped, of 1 or 4 petals. Berry \\\i\\
4 seeds. Styles 0. Some^. barren.

84. MOENCHIA. Pet. 4. Caps, of 1 cell, and 1 valve,
with 8 teeth. Cal. 4-leaved.

83. SAGINA. Pet. 4. Caps, of 1 cell, and 4 valves. Cal.

4-leaved.
86. RADIOLA. Pet. 4. Caps, of 8 cells, and 8 valves.

Cal. of 1 leaf, in 1 2 segments.

85. TILL.EA. Pet. 4, 3 or 5. Caps, several. Seeds

several.

81. POTAMOGETON. Pet.^. Cal.O. Seeds 4^, naked,

sessile.

82. RUPPIA. Pet. 0. Cal. 0. Seeds 4, stalked.

Cerastium.

192

TETRAD DRI A MONOGYNIA.
65. DIPSACUS. Teasel.

Linn. Gen. 48. Jiiss. 194. Fl. Dr. 168. Tourn. t. 205. Lam. t. 50.
Gartn. t. 80.

Nat. Ord. Aggregatrc. Linn. 48. Dipsareo'. Jiiss. r)6, N. 66.
the same.

Common Cal, many-flowerecl, of man}^, spreading, perma-
nent, leaves, longer than each flower. Proper Cal. supe-
rior, double, short, undivided. Cor. of each flower mo-
nopetalous, tubular; limb in 4- or 5 lobes, erect; the outer
segment largest. Filam. capillary, from the mouth of the
corolla, longer than its limb. AntJi. oblong, incumbent.
Germ, inferior. Style thread- shaped, the length of the
cor. Stigma simple, or cloven. Seed naked, solitary, ob-
long, angular, crowned with the proper cal. Common re-
ceptacle conical, beset with acute scales, separating the
flowers, and extending beyond them.

Herbaceous, biennial, rough with prickles or bristly hairs.
Leaves opposite, often combined. -Ft. purplish, or white,
in terminal heads, surrounded by a leafy common calyx.

*1. T>.fullomim. Manured, or Fuller's Teasel.

Leaves combined, serrated. Scales of the receptacle hooked
backwards. Common calyx reflexed.

D. fulloniim. Linn. Syst. Veg. ed. 14. 143. JViUd. v. 1. 543. FL

Br. 1 08. Engl. Bot. v. 29. t. 2080. Ilooh: Scot. 49.
D. fullonum /3. ''Linn. Sp. PL 140. Iliids. 61.
D. sativus. Ger. Em. 1 107. /'. Raii Sijn. 1 92.
D. albus. Fuchs. Hist. 224.}: Jr. 127./
Carduus fullonum. Lob. Ic. v. 2. M . f.
Labrum Veneris. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 24./. Camer. Epit. 431./.

About hedges, according to Hudson ■ but sc.ircely wild.

Biennial. Juhj.

Root fleshy, tapering, branched. Stem 5 or 6 feet high, erect,
strongly furrowed, prickly, leafy, branched at the top. Leaves
sessile, combined at the base, serrated ol* jag£;ed, naked, with
prickly ribs. Ft. whitish, with pale purple anthers, very nume-
rous, in a close, obtuse, conical head, th<> intermediate scales
bristly at the edges; rigid, and hooked at the points; by which
they are rendered serviceable for carding woollen cle^th, being
fixed, in several rows, in wooden frames with handles, adapted
for that purpose. The scales arc just strong enough to raise the

TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Dipsacus. 193

wool, giving wav before they can injure the cloth. Some esteem
this but a luxuriant variety of the following, as it requires a very
rlchlv manured soil, to preserve its characters, anil useful pro-
perties,

2. D. sijlvesfris. A\'ilclTeasel.

Leaves opposite, serrated. Scales of the receptacle straight.
Common calyx inflexed, longer than the head.

D. sylvestris. Linn. Sijst. Veg. ed. 14. 143. Willd. v. 1. 544. Fl.

Br. 1G8. Engl. Dot. V. 15.M032. Curt. Lond.fasc.3. t.9. Hook.

Scot. 49. Jacq. Austr. t. 402. Ger. Em. 1 1(57./. Cord. Hist.

105,2./. Rail Syn.\ 92.
D. fullonum a. Linn. Sp. PL 140. Huds. 6 1 .
D. n. 198. Hall. Hist. v. 1.86.
D. purpureus . Fuchs. Hist. 225 . /. Ic. 1 28. /
Labrum Veneris. Lob. Ic. v. 2. 18./
L. Veneris alterum. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 25./ Camer. Epit. 432./

About moist hedges, and by road sides, frequent.

Biennial. July.

Less robust than the foregoing, about 4 feet high. Leaves often
joined at the base, but less remarkably. Heads large, encom-
passed and overtopped by the long, leafy, common calyx. Scales
of the recept. straight, taper, prominent. Cor. light purple, or
lilac, 4-cleft, as in the preceding.

3. Y). pilosus. Small Teasel. Shepherd's Staff.

Leaves stalked, with lateral leaflets. Common calyx de-
flexed, about the length of the head.

D.pilosus. Linn.Sp.Pl.\A\. Willd. v. \.bAA. Fl.Br.\69. Engl.
Hot. V. 13. t. 877. Cnrt. Lond. fasc. 1. t. 10. HooJ€. Scot. 49.
Jacq. Austr. t. 248. Fl. Dan. f. 1448.

D. n. 199. Hall. Hist. r. 1.86.

D. minor, sive Virga pastoris. Ger. Em. 1 168. Rail Syn. 192.

D. sylvestris, capitulo minore. Moris, v. 3. 1 68. sect. 7. ^.36./ 5.

Virga pastoris. Lob. Ic. v. 2. 18. / Matth. Falgr. v. 2. 26. /
Camer. Epit. 433./

In moist shady places, on a chalky, or limestone, soil.

In various parts of Norfolk and Suffolk ; also at Matlock bath,
Derbyshire, and occasionally in other places. In Scotland, ac-
cording to Lightfoot, but not common.

Biennial. August, September.

Stem 3 or 4 feet high, with spreading branches, angular, leafy,
rough with ascending hooked prickles. Leaves deep green,
ovate, pointed, strongly serrated, ternate. Fl. white, in small
globular heads. Anth. brown, or purplish. Scales straight.

VOL. I. o

194 TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Scabiosa.

fringed, as is also the crown of the seed. Cor. unequally 5-cleft.
A useless weed^, but not troublesome to the farmer.

6d. SCABIOSA. Scabious.

Linn. Gen. 48. Juss. \9i. FL Br. \70. Tourn. t. 263, 264. Lam.
t.57. Ga:rtn.t.86.

Nat. Ord. same as 7i. 65.

Commo7i Cal. many-flowered, of numerous spreading leaves,
surrounding the receptacle in several rows, and attached
to it; the innermost gradually smaller. Proper Cal.
double, superior, permanent; the outer shortest, mem-
branous, plaited, ribbed ; inner in 5, or more, deep, awl-
shaped, slender, sometimes feathery, segments. Cor. of
each flower monopetalous, tubular, dilated upwards ; limb
in 4 or 5, equal or unequal, segments. Filam. 4, spread-
ing, lax, from the mouth of the cor. longer than its limb.
Anth. oblong, incumbent. Germ, inferior. Style thread-
shaped, about as long as the corolla. Stigma obtuse, cloven.
Seed naked, solitary, crowned with the double, enlarged
or expanded, calyx. Common receptacle convex, either
chaffy, bristly, or naked.

A numerous, chiefly Europaean, genus, generally perennial,
in a few instances shrubby. Stem round, leafy. Leaves
opposite, mostly hairy ; generally compound, or divided.
Fl. solitary, terminal, stalked, purplish, or yellowish white.
The outermost corollas being often largest, render the
whole aggregate Jlower radiant in several species. The
corolla being in some 4-cleft, in others 5-cleft, divides the
whole into two great sections.

1. S. succisa. Devil's-bit Scabious.

Corolla in four equal segments. Heads nearly globular.

Stem-leaves distantly toothed.
S. succisa. Linn.Sp.Pl.\A2. mild. v. \. 548. Fl.Br.l70. Engl.

Bot. V. 13. t. 878. Curt.'Lond. fasc. 3. t. 10. Hook. Scot. 49.

Fl. Dan. t. 279.
S. radice succisa, flore globoso. Raii Syn. 191.
Succisa. Fuchs. Hist. 715. f.
S. sive Morsus diaboli. Matth. Falgr. v. 1. 571 ./. Camer. Epit.

397. f.
Morsus diaboli. Ger. Em. 726. f.

In grassy, rather moist, pastures.

Perennial. August — October.

Root blackish, abrupt at the \o\veY end. Stem a foot high, or more.

TETRANDRIA— MOKOGYNIA. Scabiosa. 195

rough with deflexed hairs. Radical leaves numerous, obovate,
entire ; those of the stem variously toothed, or coarsely ser-
rated ; the uppermost lanceolate, entire ; all dark green, harsh
and hairy. FL 3 or more, dark purplish blue 3 often milk-white ;
very rarely, according to Dr. Kendrick, of a pale purple. They
are'too bright a blue in Engl. Bot. The liairs on every part of
the Jioiver-stains point upwards. Seed-crown chiefly of 5 bristles.

2. S. arvensis. Field Scabious.

Corolla in four segments ; the marginal flowers radiant.
Leaves pinnatificl, cut. Stem bristly.

S. arvensis. Linn. Sp. PL 143. Willd. v. 1. 550. FL Br. 170.
En^L But. t;. 10. ^.639. Curt. Lond.fasc. 4. 1. 13. Hook. Scot. 49.
FLDan. t. 447.

S. n. 206. Flail. Hist. v. 1.89.

S. major communior, flore laciniato. Raii Syn. 191.

S. major vulgaris. Ger. Em. 719. /.

Scabiosa. Fiichs. Hist. 716./.

In cornfields and pastures.

Perennial. Jul?/.

Stem a yard high. \\'hole plant hairy 3 reported to be sometimes
smooth, with all the leaves undivided, but this has not been seen
in England. The radical leaves are lanceolate, serrated, stalked ;
the rest pinnatifid, the upper ones most deeply, and quite
sessile. FL large and handsome, of a fine pale purple ; changing
to a most beautiful green if held for a fev/ minutes over the
smoke of tobacco. Those of the disk are palest, or reddish,
nearly equal ; those of the circumference large, unequal, with-
out perfect stameris. Seed-crown small, bristly. Sheep and goats
are said to eat this herb, bat its bitter and nauseous flavour is
not aofreeable to domestic cattle.

3. S. columbaria. Small Scabious.

Corolla in five unequal segments. Radical leaves ovate, or
lyrate, notched ; the rejst pinnatifid, linear.

S. columbaria. Linn. Sr>.Vl.\4?>. IVillcL v.]. od2. FLBr.\7\.
EngL Bot. v.\9.t.\3\\. Hook. ScoL 50. Fl. Dan. t. 314.

8. minor vulgaris. Raii Syn. 191. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. 3./ 4.

S«»minor, sive columbaria. Ger. Em. 719./.

S. minor. Camer. Epit. 711./

In pastures, and waste ground, on a chalky, limestone, or gravelly
soil. Rare in Scotland, and mountainous countries.

Perennial. June — August.

Root woody; bristlv at the crown. Stem 12 to IS mches high.
Leaves and flowers smaller and more delicate than in thelast,
from which this species is elegantly and decisively distinguished

o 2

WG TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Sherardia.

by the 5-cleft corolla, which like that is radiant. Seed-crown of
5 brown bristles, accompanied by a short, notched, membranous
ruffle, originating in the outer calyx.

67. SHERARDIA Sherardia, or Field-
madder.

Li7in. Sp. PL 50. Juss.l96. Fl.Br.\7\. Lam. t. 61. Gartn.t. 24.
Nat. Ord. Stellated. Linn. 47. Ruhiacece, Juss. 57. 5^c/. 1.

3 following genera the same. See Grammar 127.
[The first section m Jussieu, to which all our genera belong,
vis the genuine type of this order, as originally understood.
It is marked by a Jruit consisting of 2 naked seeds, of a
roundish or perfectly globular figure, whose skin is either
smooth, granulated, hairy, or prickly, and in Ruhia is
internally pulpy. Or this fruit may be considered as a
pair of Utriculi ; or membranous capstdes without valves,
see Grammar 23; Rubia having a twin beiTy. The
latter accords with the sentiments of those who do not
acknowledge the existence of naked seeds. The leaves
are simple, undivided, 4 or more in each whorl; their
edges prickly rather than serrated. Flo'wers axillary or
terminal, generally many together.
These herbs are said to possess a diuretic quality.
A prize was offered in 1789, by the Academy of Sciences,
&c., at Lyons, for the best botanical and economical
treatise on the Linnaean Stellatce ; and it was gained by the
late M. Willemet of Nanci, whose work, forming a small
octavo volume, was published at Strasburgh in 1791.]
Cal. small, superior, of 1 leaf, with 6 segments or teeth, per-
manent. Cor. monopetalous, funnel-shaped ; tube cylin-
drical ; limb in 4, rarely but 3, equal, flat, acute seg-
.ments. Filam. from the mouth of the tube, recurved. Anth.
roundish, 2-lobed. Germ, inferior, of 2 round or oblong
lobes. Style capillary, divided at the top. Stigmas bluntish,
or capitate. Seeds 2, naked, roundish or oblong, rough,
each crowned with 3 teeth from the calyx.
Herbaceous, with branched steins, and whorled leaves. . .Fl.
terminal, or axillary ; blue or yellow.

1. S.arvensis. Blue Sherardia. Little Field-madder.

All the leaves whorled. Flowers terminal.

S.arvensis. Linn. Sp. Pl.\49. Willd. v.].574. FL Br.l7\. Engl.

Bot. V. 13. t. 891. Curt. LoncLfasc. 5. t. 13. Hook. Scot. 50.

Fl. Dan, t. 439. Willem. StelL 76.

TETRANDRIA^MONOGYNIA. Asperula. 197

^^7T^'n nV: Giss^^JPend. 96. /.3. Blair BoL E.s. 155. L4.
J. 6. Hall. Hist. n. 734. v. 1 . 321

Rubeola arvensis coerulea repens. Bauh. Prodr. 1 45. RaiiSyn. 225
Asperula flore cameo, acuto folio. Barrel. Ic. i.54\.f.\. ^ ^'''

In fallow fields, or among corn, on a light, or gravelly, soil
Annual. June— August. t> > 6 y, >oii.

Root small. Herb generally hairy. Stems several, branched
spreadmg, mostly decumbent, square, leafy, 3 to G inches lon^
Leaves 6 ma whorl, obovate, acute, entire, palish meen
roughest at the edges and keel. Fl. in a sessile terminal umbel'
enveloped with 1 or 2 of the upper whorls, whose leaves are
narrower, often more numerous, than the rest. Cor. slender of
yfXh'f ^"''i ^/^//;, tawny. Stigmas c.plt^te. Fndt
of 2 globular, closely combmed seeds, roughish, crowned with
the somewhat enlarged cali/x.

This is perhaps the only genuine species of SJwrardia. Two others
muralis- :ind erecta, may be seen in the Flora Grcrca ; but these
have oblong disunited seeds, whose crown is but obscure, and
vvhose>^j;er6- are yellow, with simple stigmas. S. fruticosa of
Linnaeus has not the cahjx proper to the genus, and resembles
in habit Lrmdea montana, Fl. Grwc. t. 143.

68. ASPERULA. Woodruff.

Linn. Gen. 50. Juss. 196. Fl. Br. 172. Lam. t.6].

Nat. Ord. see 7i. 67.

Cal. superior of 4 small teeth, deciduous. Cor. monopeta-
ous funnel-shaped; tube nearly cylindrical, various in
length; hmb in 4, occasionally but 3, deep, oblong, spread-
ing segments. Filam. in the mouth of the tube, alternate
with the segments, short. Antk. of 2 round lobes. Germ,
inferior, of 2 roundish lobes, %/e thread-shaped, divided
at the upper part Sttgm. capitate, small. Seeds 2, naked,
combined, globular, not crowned by the calyx.

Herbaceous, or somewhat shrubb3^, all European, of rather
humble stature. Leaves sessile, whorled, either nume-
rously, or not more than 4. FL always terminal, imnicled,
white, or reddish, rarely yellowish or blue; often fra-
grant. Seeds rough or smooth.

1 . A. odorata. Sweet Woodruff.

Leaves eight in a whorl, lanceolate. Panicles stalked, of
tew flowers.

A.odorata. Linn. Sp.Pl.XbO. Willd. v. 1.575. FL Br.\72 Ensl
Bot. v.W t. 755. Cart. Lond.fasc. 4. t 15. Hook. Scot. 50. Fl
Dan. t. o62. Dod. Pcmpt. 355./. milem. Stcll. 65.

198 TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Aspemla.

Asperula. Ger. Em. 1124./. Raii Syn. 224. Mill. Ic. t. 55. f. 2.

A. n. 728. Hcdl. Hist. v. 1 . 3 19.

Matrisylva. Trag. Hist. 49Q.f.

Galium Matrisylva. fi'iggcrs HoUat. 13.

Hepatica altera. Brunf. Hisi. v. \. 191. v. 2. S2./.

In dry mountainous woods.

Perennial. May.

Root creeping. Stems simple, annual, a span high, angular, smooth,
leafy. Leaves 7 — 9 in each whorl, usually 8, bright green,
spreading, about an inch long, rough at the edges only. Pani-
cles generally 3 together, on longish stalics, forked, not much
subdivided. Ft. pure white, with a short tube ; fragrant chiefly
at night. Fruit rough with ascending bristles. The herb v.'hile
drying has the scent of new hay, approaching to bitter almonds,
or Heliotropium peruvianum, of which it retains a portion some
time. The edges of the leaves stick to the hands, or clothes, in
a manner almost peculiar to the rough plants of this natural or-
der, caused by the minute hooked bristles to which that rough-
ness is owing.

2. A. cynanchlca. Small Woodruff. Squinancy-wort.

Leaves linear, four in a whorl ; the upper ones very un-
equal. Flowers all four-cleft. Fruit smooth.

A. cynanchica. Linn. Sp. PL 151. milcL v. 1.5/9. Fl. Br. 172.

E7igl. Bot. v.\.t 33. MWem. Stell. 67.
A. n. 730. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 320.
Rubeola vulgaris quadrifolia lajvis fioribus purpurantibus. Ruli

Syn. 225.
Rubia cynanchica. Baiih. Hist. v. 3. 720./.
Galium m.ontanum latifolium cruciatum. Column. Ecphr. v. 1 . 296.

t.297.f. 1.
Synanchica. Dalech. Hist. I IS5. Ger. Em. \ 120.

On dry chalky sunny banks, abundantly in the chalk counties, but
not in Scotland or Wales.

Perennial. June, July.

Stems numerous, ascending, from 4 to 6 inches high, copiously
clothed with linear smooth leaves, for the most part 4 in a whorl ;
but sonie of the uppermost are 2 of them so diminished, as to
have been overlooked, even by Linnaeus. Fl. in terminal pa-
nicled tufts, sometimes very fragrant. Cor. white or blush-co-
loured, elegantly marked with three red lines on each segment.
Fruit granulated, as Professor Schrader has remarked to m.e 3
though not bristly, as in Columna's figure.

Physicians do not, in our days, rely on the practice of old Dale-
champ, who recommends this plant, outwardly as well as in-
wardly, to cure the Squinancy, or Quinsy, Hence however we
have retained an obsolete and unmeaning name, for a plant
which might easily have had one more expressive.

TETRANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Galium. 199
69. GALIUM. Bed-straw.

Linn. Gen. 52. Juss.l96. Fl.Br.\73. Tourn. t. 39. Lam. t. 60.
Gcertn. t.24.

Aparine. Tourn. t.39.

Nat. Ord. see 7i. 67.

Cal. superior, very minute, with 4 teeth. Cor. monopeta-
lous, wheel-shaped, in 4 deep, acute, often long-pointed,
segments, without a tube. Filam. from the base of the
corolla, awl-shaped, shorter than the limb. Anth. of 2
round cells. Germ, inferior, of 2 combined globes. Style
thread-shaped, the length of the stamens, cloven at least
half-way down. Stigm. capitate. Seeds 2, naked, com-
bined, globular, not crowned by the calyx.

A genus, chiefly Europaean, more extensive than the last,
similar in habit. Fl. terminal or lateral, not sweet-scented.
The skin of the seed, as in Asj)erula, is either smooth, gra-
nulated, or bristly. In some species the Jlotvers are par-
tially imperfect ; in others partly 3-cleft, or 5-cleft.

* Fruit smooth,

1 . G. cruciatmn. Cross-wort Bed-straw. Mug-weed.
Leaves ovate, hairy, four in a whorl. Stem hairy, simple

above. Flower-stalks axillary, corymbose, with two leaves.

G. cruciatum. With. 186. Fl. Br. 173. Engl. Bot. v. 2. 1. 143.
HooJi. Scot. 5 1 .

G. Cruciata. Scop. Cam. v. 1. 100.

G. n. 709. Hall. Hist. ij. 1. 314.

Valantia Cruciata. Linfi. Sp. PL 149 1 . TJllld. v. 4. 95 1 . Hiids. 441 .
JVillem.Stell.S6.

Cruciata. Ger. Em. 1123./. Raii Sijn. 223. Dod. Pempt.357.f.

In thickets and liedgcs, common.

Perennial. Maij.

Root slender, creeping. Stem branched at the base, simple above,
12 or 18 inches high, square, hairy, supporting itself among
bushes, and beset with numerous whorls of soft, hairy, ribbed,
ovate leaves. Flowers small, yellow, about 8 on a slender co-
rymbose stalk, from the bosom of each leaf, and accompanied by
2 smaller ovate leaves, upon the stalk. Several of the Ji. want
the pistil ; some are 3-cleft ; a few occasionally 5-cleft. Fruit
quite smooth, concealed by the dcflexed leaves.

2. G. palustre. White Water Bed-straw.

Leaves obovate, obtuse ; the upper ones four in a whorl, un-
equal in size. Stem weak ; branched in the upper part
G. palustre. Linn. Sp. PL 153. irifld. v. 1^.585. H. Br. 174.

200 TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Galium.

Engl. Bot. V. 26. t, 1857. Hook. Lorid.fasc. 1. t. 20. Scot. 51.

Fl. Dan. t. 423. Willem. Siell. 44.
G. n. 719. Hall. Hist. V. 1.317.
Molluginis vulgatioris varietas minor. Rail Syn. 2\4. Buddie's

Herb, in the British Museum.

In moist meadows, ditches, and the borders of rivers, among reeds
and other tall plants, common.

Perennial. July.

Stems smooth, much branched, weak, 3 or 4 feet high when sup-
ported. Leaves always obtuse, smooth except at the edges ; the
lower ones, on the main stem, often 5 or 6 in a whorl ; the rest
but 4, of which 2 opposite ones are always smaller. Panicles
terminal, widely spreading, imperfectly corymbose, partly um-
bellate, smooth. Cal. scarcely any. Cor. white, with broad,
acute, not pointed, segments. Fruit small, very smooth. Fruit
dotted, sparingly perfected.

G. album, Ger. Em. 1 126, though cited by Hay and all following
authors, appears by the figure to be some other species.

3. G. JVitherins^ii. Rough Heath Bed-straw.

Leaves about five in a whorl, widely spreading, lanceolate,
fringed with bristles. Stem upright, slightly branched,
rough with reversed hooks.

G. Witheringii. Fl.Br. 174. En^L Bot. v. 31. t. 2206. Hulled. 2.

44. Hook. Scot. h].
0. montanum. With. 128. t. 28, (incorrect), from the author.

In moist, heathy, rather elevated, spots.

On the high but boggy parts of Handsworth heath, near Birming-
ham, (now inclosed and cultivated). Withering. Norfolk. Mr.
Rose. In Bank Meadow, at Rose Castle, Cumberland. Bishop
of Carlisle.

Perennial. July.

Root creeping, slender. Stem upright, weak, about a foot high,
slightly branched, sometimes quite simple, quadrangular, leafy ;
the angles beset with minute hooks, curved downwards. Leaves
5, sometimes 6, in a whorl ; on the branches but 4 ; spreading
or deflexed, small, elliptic-lanceolate, bluntish, often tipped with
a very small bristle, not a hair, scarcely perceptible, and fre-
quently wanting ; the midrib rough underneath with reversed
hooks ; the upper side, near the edges, with bristles pointing
forward, as are also the edges themselves, except near the base,
where there are often some reversed hooks. Panicles small, ter-
minal, forked, smooth, except the main stalk. Buds purplish.
Cor. cream-coloured; segments 3 -ribbed, acute, pointless. Anth.
at first pale yellowish green, but soon turning to a reddish
brown. Style deeijly cloven. Sligm. globular, green. Germen
^n(\ fruit smooth.

TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Galium. 201

Dr. Withering's figure erroneously represents the stem clothed
with long, straight, erect hairs, though his own specimen is as
above described. Hence Professor Hooker judged this " a very
doubtful species"j but without seeing the plant, which may well
excuse his mistake ; for the species of this genus require accu-
rate and minute investigation. The present turns brown in
drying, which G. uliginosum does not. Other characters of the
latter will be found in their proper place.

4. G. saxatile. Smooth Heath Bed-straw.

Leaves six in a whorl, obovate, obtuse, with a small point.

Stem much branched, prostrate, smooth. Fruit granulated.
G. saxatile. Linn. Sp. PL 154. HWul.v. \. 588. Fl.Br.\75. Engl.

Dot. V. 12. t. 815. Hook. Scot. 51. Willem. Stell. 41.
G. montanum. Huds.67. Culluni 55. Relh.GG.
G. procumbens. Witli.\87. Slbth.50. Abbot 34.
G. harcynicum. H'eig. Obs. 25. Willd. Sp. PL v.\. 595. Ehrh.

Herb. 82. DeCancL Ic.fasc. 1.8. t. 25.
G. n. 717. Hall. Hist. v. 1.317.
Mollugo montana minor, galio albo similis. Raii Stfn. 224. Herb.

Buddie.
Ray's Small Madder. Petiv. H. Brit. t.SO.f. 6.

On heaths and hilly ground abundantly.

Perennial. June — August.

Root creeping. Stems procumbent, or straggling, smooth, square.
Leaves numerous ; small on the lateral branches ; thrice as
large on the stem ; obovate, with a small fiat point, dark green,
smooth on both sides, roughish at the edges, more or less, with
short, direct, tooth-like serratures. FL milk-white, copious and
very conspicuous amongst heath, grass, kc, in smooth, forked,
terminal ajid lateral panicles. Seeds reddish after the flowers
iall J wrinkled if abortive, as in Dr. Hooker's specimens 3 but if
fertde, minutely dotted while young, and subsequently covered
with prominent granulations.

Willdenow is wrong in his synonyms, as in most of the genus. No
species can be more common, or more distinct, though hitherto
greatly misunderstood. The leaves vary in breadth.

5. G. uliginosmn. Rough Marsh Bed-straw.

Leaves six in a whorl, obovate-lanceolate, rigid, bristle-
pointed ; their edges rough, like the stem, "^ith recurved
prickles. Fruit smooth, smaller than the corolla.

G. uliginosum. Linn. Sp. PL 153. mild. v. 1. 595. FL Br. 175.

EngL hot. V. 28. t. 1972. Don H. Br. 102. Hook. Lond.fasc. 1 .

t.2\. Scot.5\. Ehrh. Herb. Wl. WiU em. Stell. 40.
G. n. 713. HalL Hist. v. l.31() j from the son of the author. But

it can scarcely be Barrelier's t. 82.

202 TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Galium.

Aparine palustris minor parisiensis, flore iilbo. DHL in Raii Syn.
225.

In wet meadows, watery places, and ditches among reeds, &c.

Perennial. August.

Root and lateral shoots creeping. \\'hole plant of a rather bright
green, as in Professor Hooker's excellent figure, which it retains
when dry. The stems are brittle and weak, a foot high, sup-
porting themselves on other plants, and sticking by their rough
edges. Leaves pretty uniformly six in a whorl, except on the
weak, or ultimate, shoots ; lanceolate inclining to obovate, their
dilatation, if remarkable, being above the middle ; they end in
a pale bristle, and the tip of the leaf itself is discoloured 3 the
edges are uniformly beset with minute, recurved, very sharp
prickles, often accompanied with a less complete row of similar
prickles, on the disk adjoining^ directed the contrary way, which
may deceive an incautious observer. The main rib has recurved
prickles underneath, like the marginal ones. Fl. small, white,
on terminal, forked, smooth, slightly panicled, stalks. Anth.
pale. Fruit small, dotted. Willdenow places this among the
rough-fruited species ; but his synonyms are so confused, it is
impossible to ascertain what he intended.

If the points and prickles of the leaves, as well as their shape, be
duly observed, this plant can never be confounded with G. TVi-
theringii, for the characters thence derived, though much neg-
lected^ are no less constant than curious.

6. G. erectum. Upright Bed-straw.

Leaves about eight in a whorl, lanceolate, bristle-pointed,
with marginal prickles all pointing forward. Stem weak,
slightly hairy under each joint. Fruit smooth and even.
Corolla taper-pointed.

G. erectum. Huds. ^^. FL Brit. 1/6. Engl Bot. v. 29. t. 2067.
Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 17.2. Hook. Scot. 5 1 ? IVillem. Stell. 47,
excluding the syn.

In hedges and pastures, whether dry or somewhat moist, but not
common.

On the bushy part of Heydon Common, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. In
dry hedges at Portslade, Sussex. Mr. Borrer.

Perennial. June, July.

Stems 1-J or 2 feet high, weak, resting on other plants, branched,
whitish or glaucous, square, except immediately under the
whorls, where they acquire intermediate angles, and are some-
what hairy, though otherwise smooth. Leaves lanceolate,
scarcely at all obovate, except some of the lower ones, a little
glaucous, copiously reticulated with veins 3 smooth on both sides,
even the midrib ; but the edges, and the adjoining portion of the
disk above^ bear a double row of hooked prickles, all directed

TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Galium. 203

forward By this the present plant differs essentially from G. uli-
ginosum, a/ well as in its larger size, s^touter habit, glaucous
hue and larirer less obovate leaves, though their discoloured tips,
and'terminal' bristles, agree. The>^fer.of the present, however,
are larner far more numerous, and crowded into dense, terminal,
compound panicles ; each segment of their coro//a tipped with
an awn-like point.

7. G. chiereum. Grey Spreading Bed-straw.

Leaves six or eight in a whorl, linear, bristle-pointed, with
marginal prickles all pointing forward. Stem weak,
much branched, smooth. Fruit smooth. Corolla taper-
pointed.

G. cinereum. AlUon. Pedem. v. 1. 6. t. 77./. 4. milem. SlelL 54.

G. diffusum. Hook. Scot. 52.

In the Lowlands of Scotland. ^ , o -i r T?A\r.

On the banks of the river Leith, near Slateford, 3 miles from Edin-
burgh. Mr. G. Don.

s3ot4-P^^^ Hor 2 feet high, -Pe^tedly br^^^^^^^

leafy, smooth, pale, or somewhat glaucous, quadiangular, one
or two of the angles sometimes doubled. Leaves 8 in a whorl on
the main stem 3 6 on the branches ; linear, scarcely at all lan-
ceolate, destitute of veiny reticulations, smooth on both sides,
the ed^es rou^h, especially towards the point, with sharp, shal-
low serratures, or close bristles, hardly more than a simple,
strictly marginal, row, pointing forwards. Panicles terminating
the stem and upper branches, 3-forked, corymbose ■ the upper
ones aggregate Stalks quite smooth. Cor. white, larger than
in the last, with horizontal segments, each tipped with a short,
taper, not bristly, point, various in length and direction. Stigmas
P-lobular, large. Fruit smooth, or slightly granulated.

Thik comes verv near G. erectum ; experience must prove how far
the ditlerences above indicated are constant. Seeds were s^^^^^^
by M Thouin, named - G. cinereum of DeCandolle and plants
raised from them flowered in August 1815, near Norwich. I
have a wild one from the late Mr. G. Don, as a new species ex-
actly an-rcein^ therewith. G. austriacum, Jacq. Austr. t. bU, ti-om
the author, comes nearer to this than the figure indicates ; but
the edj^es of its leaves are either quite smooth, or rough with a
few recurved prickles. The leaves of these 3 species are more
or less revolute, at least when dry.

8. G. aristatum. Bearded Bed-straw.
Loaves six in a whorl, stalked, lanceolate, flat, reticiilated
with veins, bristle-pointed, with minute marginal prick.es

204 TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Galium.

pointing forward. Stem much branched, spreading,
smooth. Seeds smooth, kidney-shaped, separated. Co-
rolla taper-pointed.

G. aristatum. Linn. Sp. PL 152.

G. foliis pluribus lanceolatis, pedunculis in summo caule floriferis.
Va?i Roy en Prodr. 256.

G. album linifolium. Barrel. Ic. v. 1. 12. t. 356.

Rubia Isevis linifolia, floribus albis. Bocc, Mus. v. 1. 83. t. 75.

On hilly ground in Scotland.

In Angusshire, but not common. Mr. G. Don.

Perennial. July, August.

The root appears by Boccone's figure, of which Barrelier's is a copy,
to be woody. Both figures, except the solitary leaf, are dimi-
nished. The stems are numerous, a foot high, upright, with co-
pious spreading branches, square, very smooth. Leaves 6 in a
whorl on the main stem, and often on the branches, though
sometimes but 4 or 5 ; the largest above an inch long, on short
broad stalks, elliptic-lanceolate, fiat, pliant, deep green on both
sides, with many interbranching veins, smooth except the edges,
which are very minutely prickly. Fl white, in terminal, forked,
aggregate, compound 'panicles, with perfectly smooth, slender,
but not capillary, stalks. Segments of the cor. spreading, each
tipped with a taper point of its own substance, as in the 2 last,
not with a real bristle. Seeds becoming kidney-shaped as they
ripen, with a central vacancy, smooth, or slightly granulated.

This new addition to our Flora, sent by the late Mr. Don as G. erec-
tum, is undoubtedly the original G. aristatum, described by
Linnaeus in Sp. PI. 152, with which he afterwards confounded
his l(Evigatuni, Sp. PI. 1667. But this latter proves on compa-
rison, as he himself suspected, the same with sylvaticum, remark-
able for its capillary panicle ; though it is the aristatum of many
succeeding authors, as far as they had any distinct ideas of that
little-known plant. The fruit of G. sylvaticuinis a small double
globe, the globular seeds being closely combined ; the leaves are
glaucous at the back ; the stem round ; in all which particulars
it differs abundantly from our true aristatum. Morison, cited
in Hort. Kew. does not prove the plant he mentions, whatever
it was, to have been cultivated in England ; for he only saw it
dry, brought from Paris by Sherard.

9. G. verrucoswn. Warty-fruited Bed-straw.

Leaves six in a whorl, lanceolate, with marginal prickles all
pointing forward. Stalks axillary, three-flowered. Fruit
warty, drooping.

G. verrucosum. Comp. 25. Fngl. Bot. t?. 31 . /. 2173. Fl. Grccc.

V. 2. 24. t. 133. Hook. Scot. 52.
G. tricorne. Don H. Br. 103.

TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Galium. 205

Valanthi Ai)anne. Liwi. Sp. PL 1491. ffVld. v. 4. 950 j with
fault// synonyma. Schrad. Spicil. 5;3. t. i.f.3. Willem. Stell 87.

Aparine semine coriaiulri saccharati. Toiini. Inst. 114. Vaill.Par.
t.4.f.3,b.

A. minor saxatilis, verrucoso semine. Cupan. Pannh. ed. \.v.\.
t.2l.

In cornfields, rare.

In the Carse of Gowrie, and near Forfar, Scotland. Mr. G. Don.
Near Malton, Yorkshire. Mr. R. Miller.

Annual. JiDie — August.

Roof slender, reddish when dried. Stems several, spreading, a
span long-, slightly branched, rough at the 4 angles with reflexed
prickles, while similar ones on the margins of the leaves all point
forward. Fl. small, pale yellow. Fruit a large double globe,
beset with pyramidal warts, which give it the form of coriander
comfits. The two lateral powers generally have no pistil.

10. G. tricorne. Rough-fruited Corn Bed-straw.
Three-flowered Goose-grass.

Leaves about eight in a whorl, lanceolate, with reflexed mar-
ginal prickles, like those on the stem. Stalks axillary,
three-flowered. Fruit sharply granulated, drooping.

G.tricorne. With.ed. 2. 153. Fl. Br. 176. Engl. Dot. v. 23. ^.1641.
Relh. 5G.

G. spurium. Huds. 68. With. 190. Sibth. d9. Abbot 33.

G. n. 72.5. Hall. Hist. v. 1.319. Davall.

Valantia Aparine. Mart. Rust. f. 122.

Aparine semine Iseviore. Raii Syn. 225.

A. semine Isevi. Vaill. Par. 14. t. 4./. 3 j except b.

A. coriandri semine, foliis asperis. Cupan. Panph. ed.2. t. 18.

A. foliis brevioribus, et semine leeviore. Moris, v. 3. 332.

In dry chalky fields, not common.

In the isle of Thanet, in Surrey, and near Stamford. Hudson. In
Oxfordshire, Yorkshire, Gloucestershire, Norfolk, and the isle
of Wight. FL Br. and Engl. Bot.

Annual. July.

Root small. Stems several, simple, weak, with four rough angles,
whose prickles are deflexed, as in the last. The edges and ribs
of the ^earei- are beset with similar prickles, all curved down-
wards, not, as in the preceding, directed towards the point.
This invariable character might have prevented Haller, W'illde-
now, and others, from confounding the two species, which in-
deed differ in other respects, Th^ Jlowers of the present are
greenish white, all three on each stalk generally perfect in
structure, though seldom all fertile. The />Mi/ is a double globe,
covered with bristly granulations, and looks as if it had been
siiaven with a razor.

206 TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Galium.

11. G. spm^'mm. Smooth -fruited Corn Bed-straw.

Leaves about eight in a wliorl, lanceolate, with reflexed mar-
ginal prickles, like those on the stem. Stalks axillary,
many-flowered, cymose. Fruit smooth, erect.

G. spurium. Linn. Sp. PL 154. Erigl Bot. v. 26. t. 1871. Hook.

Scot. 52. Don H. Br. 104. IVillem. Stell. 47.
G. n. 724. Hall. Hist. r. 1. 318. Nomencl. 66. DavalL
Apariiie vulgaris, semine minori. J^ailL Par. 14. t.A.f. 4 ; except h.

In cornfields in North Britain.

About Forfar, but sparingly. Mr. G. Don.

Annual. June, July.

This resembles the common G. Apar'ine, hereafter described, in
habit, but the leaves are sometimes shorter. Their general form
is linear-lanceolate ; and they are each tipped with a pale hair,
variable in length. They are from 6 to 8 or 9 in a whorl, naked
on both sides ; the edges and keel rough with small recurved
prickles, such as are found, mucli more sparingly, on the angles
of the square stem. Flowcr-stal/cs opposite, from most of the
whorls, rather longer than the leaves, not defiexed;, but always
erect, or spreading, rough, corymbose, each bearing 6 or 7 small,
green, perfect powers, with I or 2 floral leaves. Stigmas capi-
tate, Germen quite smooth. Fruit of 2 kidney-shaped seeds,
with a considerable central vacancy y their surface smooth and
even, except a slight ruggedness, apparently caused by drying.
Vaillant's beautiful plate represents them hairy, which has caused
some doubts as to his synonym. They may vary in this respect^
like several others of this genus. His fig. b, still more hairy,
belongs to V. Sparine.

12. G. piisillum. Least Mountain Bed-straw.

Leaves eight in a whorl, linear-lanceolate, hair-pointed, en-
tire, somewhat hairy. Panicles terminal, forked. Fruit
very smooth.

G. pusillum. Linn.Sp. PL 154. Willd. v. 1 . 589. FL Br. \77. Engl.

Bot. V. 2. t. 74. Hook. Scot. 52 ?
G. scabrum. Jacq. Austr. v. 5. 10. t. 422.
G. obliquum. Villars Danph. v. 2. 320. t. 8 ; according to sped-

mens from the author, and from his friend M. Chaix ; but the
Jloicers are not so much pointed as in Ids figure.
G. album supinum multicaule. Rupp. Jen. 4. Dill, in Raii Syn. 224.
G. foliis senis et novenis subasperis, spinula terminatis. Hall.

Efium. 460 ; sunonyms confused.
G. n. 715. Hall.' Hist. V. 1.316.

On limestone hills.

Near Kendall. Huds. In Scotland. Mr. G. Don. Near the lake

TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Galium. 207

of Killarney, Ireland. Rev. Mr. Butt. About Matlock bath,
Derhj^shire, plentifully.

Perennial. Jiiltj, ^uguat.

Stems very numerous, from A to 10 inches high, branched, square,
loosely spreading, and forming large tufts, conspicuous for their
innurnerable little milk-white Jlowers. The lower part of each
stem is frequently rough with short prominent hairs, such as are
scattered, often abundantly, over the Ic.wer leaves, but not
pointing upwards or downwards, nor do they form a regular
fringe on the margin • the upper leaves are smoother. Some-
times the whole herb is destitute of any such hairs. There are
no hooked prickles on any part, though a few of the hairs, about
the lower part of the margins of some leaves, are now and then
slightly deflexed. The branches are opposite, mostly smooth.
Leaves from 6 to 8 or 9 in a whorl, on the stem and main
branches j and indeed rarely fewer any where ; linear-lanceo-
late, scarcely inclining to obovate, bright green, shining, revo-
lute when dry, quite entire, tipped with a white bristle, most
evident on the upper and smaller ones ; the lowest are much
crowded. Flowers in copious, forked, smooth, minutely brac-
teated panicles, terminating the stem and branches. Segments
of the corolla acute, somewhat pointed. Style deeply cloven.
Stigmas globose. Fruit small, of 2 globular seeds, quite smooth.

This is, in itself, a most distinct and well defined species, ho other-
wise variable than in the pubescence, which is of a very pecu-
liar nature, at least among the smooth-seeded kinds ; consisting
of short, soft, directly prominent, hairs, not attaching themselves
to neighbouring substances, like the prickles of the foregoing
species. Nothing however, as Haller remarks, is more difficult
than the synonymy of this plant. Indeed most writers upon the
present genus mention every thing but what is important or
discriminative. Our plant is certainly that of Linneeus -, but
Haller, who in his first edition above quoted appears to have
meant the same, has there collected synonyms which belong to
the totally different G. glaucum. Under n. 717 of his 2nd edi-
tion, he has given such a description as cannot be mistaken,
though, according to Mr. Davall, he includes, under this number,
G. austriacum of Jacquin ; and there can be no certainty of his
references to older authors. I presume Mr. G. Don must have
known G. pusilliim, though Professor Hooker seems doubtful
about it, and I therefore quote his work with hesitation. Our
English plant could surely never have been, by any chance,
called Icrve ; for if one specimen be smooth, it is always accom-
panied by hundreds in every state of hairiness. G. piisillum of
Villars, if correctly drawn, must be different. His species require
an accurate scrutiny ; they are probably too many ; nor was
he or his pupils invariably correct in the specimens of this diffi-
cult tribe, which they sCiVt named to their correspondents.

208 TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Galium.

13. G. veriini. Yellow Bed-straw.

Leaves eight in a whorl, linear, channelled, entire, rough.
Flowers in dense panicles. Fruit smootli.

G. verum. Linn. Sp. PL 155. WillcL v. 1. 590. FL Br. 178. Engl
Bot. V. 10. t. 660. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. t. 13. Mart. Rust. t. 54.
Hook. Scot. 50. milem. Stell. 6 1 .

G. n. 710. Halt. Hist. v. 1. 315.

G. luteum. Ger. Em. 1 126./. Rail Sijn. 224.

Galium. Mattli. Valgr. v.2.47b.f. Camer.Epit.S68.f. Fuchs.
Hist. 196./. Dod. Penipt. 355./. Mill. Ic. 93. t. 139./. 1 .

In hilly, bushy places, and about the borders of fields, in dry
ground, frequent.

Perennial. July, August.

l?oo^ creeping, of a tawny hue. Stems 18 inches high, somewhat
woody, round, v/ith numerous, opposite, square, leafy, often
downy, branches. Leaves narrow, deep green, revolute, deflexed,
rough with minute points, and each tipped with a hair. FL of
a golden yellow, extremely numerous, in dense tufted panicles,
smelling of honey, very strongly in the evening, or before rain.
Stamens short. Anth. brown in decay. Fr. small, round, blackish.
A kind of vinegar is said to have been distilled from the flowery
tops, and the herb was formerly used to coagulate milk, for
Cheshire cheese. Mr. Curtis reports tlrat the roots yield a better
red than Madder, and that the whole plant dyes a good yellow.

14. G. Mollugo. Great Hedge Bed-straw.

Leaves eight in a whorl, elliptical, bluntish, bristle-pointed,
rough-edged. Flowers in loose spreading panicles. Co-
rolla thick-tipped. Seeds smooth, globular.

G. Mollugo. Linn. Sp. PL 155. Willd. v. 1. 590. Fl. Br. 178.
EngL Bot. V. 24: t. 1673. Hook. Scot. 53. Fl. Dan. 1.455. Bull
Fr. L 283. Ehrh. PL Of. 441 . IVillem. StelL 32.

G. n. 711. HalLHist.v. 1.315.

Mollugo. Dod. Pempt. 354. f.

M. vulgatior. Rail Sijn. 223.

Rubia sylvestris. Ger. Em. 1118./. Fuchs. HisL 281./.

(3. Galium scabrum. With. 190, from the author.

In hedges and thickets.

Perennial. Juhj, August.

Stem 3 or 4 feet high, or taller if supported by bushes ; more dwarf
upon open chalky hills ; square, swelling and pale just above
the whorls, smooth, or a little downy ; in /3 hairy, as well as the
foliage, though not very remarkably. Leaves elliptic-obovate,
deep green ; paler beneath ; generally very smooth, except the

TETRANDRIA-MONOGYNIA. Galium. 209

edges, which are beset with small prickles, pointing forward
tlowers abundant, milk-white, in terminal loose panicles See;-
ments of the cor. three-ribbed, each tipped with a tumid point
not a bristle. Fruit small, often abortive.

15. G. a?iglicu7)i. Wall Bed-straw.

Leaves about six in a whorl, lanceolate, pointed, frin^red

witii prickles. Stems straggling, rough. Flower-stalks

cloven. Fruit granulated, without hairs.

G. anglicum. Huds. 69. Fl. Br. 1/9. Engl. Bot. v. C / 384
Willcm. St ell. 48.

G. parisiense. Ftelh. 67.

Aparine minima. Rail Syn. 22.5. t. O.f. 1.

On walls, and dry sandy ground.

In Kent. Huds. ' In several parts of iNorfolk, Suffolk, and Cam-
bridgeshire, especially on old ruins.

Annual. Ju}ie, July.

Root small. Whole plant scarcely a span high, with many spread-
ing, square, slender and brittle stems, whose angles are rou2h
With defiexed bristles, as the little leaves are at their edoes and
sometimes other parts, with prickles directed forwards 'xhe
lovver leaves are obovate, coarsely reticulated with veins Fl
pale greenish yellow, not hair-pointed. Germen and fruit rouffh
with minute tubercles, but never observed to be hairy. In this
last particular, and the dark-purple corolla, G. parisiense of Lin-
naeus, G. htigiosum of DeCandolle, Ic. 8. t 26, differs from our
plant ; nor does the fruit of the latter, though densely hairy
seem to be warty. I have G. anglicum, nevertheless, from Nar-'
bonne, and it is G. divaricatum of Pourret.

** Fniil bristly,

16. G. borcale. Cross-leaved Bed-straw.

Leaves four in a whorl, ovate-lanceolate, three-ribbed,

smooth, with rough edges. Stem erect. Fruit rouah with

hooked bristles.

G boreale. Z^««. %P/. 156. Willd. v. 1.59.1. Fl.Br.]SO En-l
Bot.v.2.t. 105. Hook. Scot. 53. Fl. Dan. 1. 1024. Elirh Herb 92
Uillem. St ell. 31.

G. n.722. Hall. Hist. v. 1.318.

Mollugo montana erecta quadrifolia. Raii Syn. 224.

Ilubia pratensis leevis, acuto folio. Bauh. Prodr. 145.

R. erecta quadrifolia. Bauh. Hist, v 3. ;;. 2. 7 Ki. /;

In rocky shady places, by rivers and lakes, in the north of England,

and in Scotland, not uncommon.
Perennial. Juhj.

VOL. 1. I.

210 TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Rubia.

Root creeping, reddish^ having the dyeing- quality of Madder, but
in a slighter degree. Stems erect, square, roughish, 18 inches
high, with many shortish leafy branches. Leaves various in
breadth, the largest about an inch long, rough at the edges
only, with 3, sometimes 5, strong ribs ; the under side palest,
Fl. white, in numerous, compound, tufted panicles, having at
each division a pair of small, ovate leaves. Cor. scarcely pointed.
Fruit globose, of 2 kidney-shaped seeds, hoary with dense bristly
hairs, hooked at the ends. Some foreign specimens have nar-
rower leaves, as in J. Bauhin's figure^ and shorter bristles on the
fruit, but there appears to be no specific difference.

17. G. Aparine, Goose-grass, or Cleavers.

Leaves eight in a w^iorl, lanceolate, keeled, rough, fringed

with reflexed prickles. Stem weak. Fruit bristly.
G.Aparine. Linn. Sp.PL\i)7. Willd.v.\.D97. H.Br. 180. LngL

Bot. V. 12. t. 810. Curt. Land. fuse. 2. t. 9. Mart. Rust t. 104.

Woodv. suppL t. 269. Hook. Scot. 53. Fl Dan. t. 495. Bull.

Fr. t.3\D.' Willem.Stell.2D.
G. n. 723. Hall. Hist. V. 1.318.
Aparine. RaiiSyn. 225. Ger. Em. \\22.f. Dod. Pempt.Sbd.f.

Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 163. /.faulty. Camer. Epit. 557./.

In hedges, every where.

Annual. 31ay — August.

Root fibrous. Stem branched, britde, supporting itself upon other
plants, often 3 or 4 feet long, the 4 angles beset with hooked
prickles, like those on the edges and keels of the leaves, by all
which the herb sticks to our hands and clothes, as well as to the
coats of animals, as do likewise the seeds. Fl. small, pale buff-
coloured, but few^ together, on lateral leafy stalks or branches.
Fruit a double globe, rough with minute short hooks. The ex-
pressed juice of the herb is reckoned antiscorbutic. The roasted
seeds are said to be no bad substitute for coffee, to which they
are botanically related ; and if raised for a crop they might,
perhaps, have the additional recommendation, to some people,
of being very much dearer.

This common Europaean plant has been found wild in the remote
country of Nepal, by the Hon. Captain Gardner, from whom
Dr. Wallich has sent us specimens,

70. RUBIA. Madder.

Linn. Gen. 52. Juss. 197. Fl.Br.lSl. Tourn. t. 38. Lam. t. CO.
Nat. Ord. see n. 67.

Cal. none, or very small, superior, with 4 teeth. Cor. mo-
nopetalous, bell-shaped, in 4 or 5 deep segments, without

TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Exacum. 211

a tube. Filam. from the base of tlie corolla, shorter than
its limb, awl-shaped. Anfh. of 2 round cells. Germ, in-
ferior, of 2 round lobes. Style short, deeply cloven. Siigm,
capitate. Berry a smooth double globe. Seeds solitary,
roundish, with a central depression. T\\Qjiowers have, in
some instances, five segments, and as many stamens.
Habit like the last, but perennial, and sometimes shrubby,
as well as evergreen. Fl. yello\\*ish. Friiit succulent,
black.

1. R. pe7'egrina. Wild Madder.

Leaves four, or more, in a whorl, elliptical ; shining and
smooth on the upper side. Flowers five-cleft.

R. peregrina. Linn. Sp. PL 158. fVilld. v. 1. 604. Fl. Br. 181.
Engl. Bot.v.\2.t. Sol. Cullum56. Hu(1s.6d. Willem. Stell. 20.

R. anglica. Huds. ed. 1. 54.

R. tinctorum. JVith. \93. Hull 3d.

R. sylvestris aspera, qupe sylvestris Dioscoridis. Raii Syn. 223.
ed. 1.317. Moris. V. 3. 326. sect. 9. t.2\.f.2.

R. silvestre aspera. Zann. 1st. 167. t. 67.

Wild Madder. Petiv. H. Br. t. 30./. 3.

In thickets, and on stony or sandy ground, in the west of Britain.

On St. Vincent's rock, and in Devonshire. Ray. In Cornwall.
F. Borone. On Tunbridge rocks. Bishop of Carlisle ; not now
to be found there. Forst. Tonhr. 21. Plentiful all over the
sandy islands on the west of Scotland. Dr. Mitchell. Linn. Cor-
resp. V.2. 449. Yet this plant has escaped the notice of Light-
foot and Hooker. Not unfrequent in South Wales ; and the
Rev. H. Davies found it on the sea coast of Anglesea, though
not common.

Perennial. Jime — August.

Root creeping, fleshy and tender, of a tawny red, useful in dyeing,
if not so good as the Cultivated Madder. Slem branched, spread-
ing, square, perennial and partly shrubby , its angles rough with
hooked prickles ; as are the edges and rib of the broad, shining,
dark, evergreen leaves. Fl. yellowish green, in forked terminal
panicles. Cal. wanting. Cor. concave, but shallow. Germen
smooth. Berries juicy, in pairs, black and shining j one of them
often abortive.

The late Mr, Davall ascertained Haller's n. 708 to be, not this
species, but R. tinctorum.

71. EXACUM. Gentianella.

Linn. Gen. 5/. Juss. 142. Fl. Br. 182.

Nat. Ord. Botacea: Linn. 20. Geyitiancv. Juss. 4G. Gen-
tia/ierp. Br. Prodr. 1-49. See n. 134, 135.

p2

212 TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Exacum.

Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, divided about half way down into 4
equal, acute, sim})le segments, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal;
tube swelling, the length of the calyx; limb in 4 deep,
spreading, equal segments, imbricated in the l)ud. Filam.
fi'om the tube of the cor. between the segments of the limb,
and much shorter, thread-shaped, nearly equal, erect.
Anth. roundish-oblong, of 2 cells. Germ, oval, superior.
Style terminal, thread-shaped, a little inclining, as long as
the limb, permanent. Stigma capitate, undivided. Capsule
filling the tube of the cor. which gradually enlarges with
it, elliptical, compressed, of 2 valves with inflexed edges,
imperfectly dividing it into 2 cells. Seeds numerous, small,
rough, attached to a fixed, or finally separated, double
receptacle.

Herbaceous, smooth, intensely bitter. Leaves simple, entire,
and as well as the branches, or Jlower-stalks, opposite. Fl.
terminal, generally yellow.

1. Yi. filiforme. Least Gentianella.

Leaves sessile. Stem thread-shaped, forked. Flowers on
long stalks.

E. filiforme. J7. 5r. 182. Engl.Bot. vA. t.235. With. 194. Willd

Sp. PL V. 1. G38. Alt. Hurt. Kew. ed. 2. v. 1. 250. Hook. Loud.

fasc. 2.91. t. 86. " DeCand. Fr. ed. 3. v. 3. 663."
Gentiana filiformis. Linn. Sp. PL 335. Huds. 103. Fl. Dan. t. 324.

Ehrh. Phyt. 43.
Centaurium palustre luteum minimum nostras. Raii Syn. 286.

VailL Par. 32. t.Q.f.3.

On sandy or turfy bogs.

In Dorsetshire, Cornwalb Devonshire and Sussex, not very un-
common. In Dursey island^ Cork_, Ireland 3 Mr. Blashford.
WadePLRar.Hib. 11.

Annual. July.

Root small, fibrous. Stem 2 — 4 inches high, erect, round, slender,
branched from the bottom, more or less forked. Leaves chiefly
radical, lanceolate or spatulate, single-ribbed, not an inch long.
Fl. small, yellow, erect, stalked, solitary at the end of each
branch.

The structure of the receptacles appears somewhat different from
Mr. Brown's idea of what is strictly proper to Exacum ; but, as
Linnaeus observes, there are few genera in which some part or
other of the fructification is not various, or liable to exceptions;
a principle very judiciously kept in view by our learned country-
man in the following genus.

TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Plaiitaoo. 213

&

72. PLANTAGO. Plantain.

Linn. Gen. i>7 . Juss. 90. FL Br. \S2. Toiirn.t.4S. Lam. t.S5.

Br. Pr. 424. GcErtn.t.bl.
Coronopus. Tourn. t. 49.

Nat. Ord. Plantajrijics. Juss. 31. Plantas:inccc. Br. Pr. 423.

Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 4? deep, erect, equal or unequal,
segments, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, tubular, perma-
nent, finally membranous; tube swelling; limb in 4 deep,
reflexed, ovate, acute segments. Fllam. from the tube,
alternate with the divisions of the limb, extremely long
and prominent, capillary, at first folded inward, then
erect, finally flaccid. Anth. oblong, compressed, of 2 cells,
bursting lengthwise. Germ, inferior, ovate, of 2, rarely 4,
cells. Style vertical, capillary, but half the length of the
stamens. Stigma hairy, acute, generally undivided. Caps.
ovate, thin, bursting all round, of 2 cells, rarely 4, with
a longitudinal, finally separate, receptacle, bearing the
seeds on each side. Seeds either solitary, in pairs, or
numerous, oblong, sessile.

Herbs, generally almost stemless, for the most part peren-
nial. Leaves simple, undivided, or cut, or toothed, either
flat and ribbed, or semicylindrical and fleshy. Fl. in
simple, dense, stalked, mostly radical, cylindrical spikes.
Bracteas solitary to each flower.

1. V. major. Greater Plantain.

Leaves ovate, smoothish, somewhat toothed, on longish foot-
stalks. Flowerstalks round. Spike tapering. Seeds nu-
merous.

P. major. Linn. Sp. PI. 163. fVilld. r. 1. 641. Fl. Br. 182. Engl.
Bot. V. 22. t. 1558. Curt. Loud. fuse. 2.t.\\. Hook. Scot. 53.
Fl. Dan. ^ 46 1 . Camer. Epit. 26 1 . /.

P. n. 660. Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 293.

P. latifolia vulgaris. Raii Sijn. 314.

P. latifolia. Ger. Em. 4\9.f.

P. rubea. Brunf. Herb. v. 1 . 25./.

P. media. Matth. Valgr. v. 1. 435./.

/3. P. latifolia glabra minor. Dill, in Raii Syn. 314. Bauh. Hist.
v.3.p.2. 505./

y. P. major, paniciila sparsa. Raii Syn. 314. Bauh. Hint. v. 3.
p. 2. 503./

P. panniculis sparsis. Gcr. Em. 420./.

•5'. P. rosea sj)icata. Gcr. Em. 420./

P. rosea. Bauh. Hisl. v. 3. /;. 2. 503./

214 TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Plantaoo

&^

In meadows, pastures, waste and cultivated ground, common.

Perennial. All Summer.

Root of many long stout fibres. Stem none. Leaves numerous,
broad, with 7 or 9 ribs, on channelled ribbed stalks, often longer
than themselves ; the margins wavy, or variously toothed, Fl.
small, whitish, with reddish anthers, very numerous j imbricated
in the bud ; afterwards more distant ; composing several long
spikes, each on a simple, naked, radical stalk. Caps, membranous,
small, oval, pointed, with several angular seeds in each cell,
which are the food of small birds. The rose-shaped variety, and
the panicled one, are often kept in gardens, for the sake of
curiosity, and afford remarkable instances of vegetable trans-
formation.

This species, like the whole genus in general, is mucilaginous and
somewhat astringent} qualities which render it a, not altogether
useless, rustic medicine.

2. P. 7nedia. Hoary Plantain.

Leaves ovate, dov/ny, with very short footstalks. Flower-
stalks round. Spike cylindrical. Seeds solitar}^

P. media. Linn. Sp. Pl.\Q^. Willd. v. \ .642. Fl. Br. \S3. Engl.
Bot. V. 22. t. 1559. Curt. Lond.fasc. 4. t. 14. Hook. Scot. 53.
Fl. Dan. t.5S]. Camer. Epit. 262./. Ehrh. PI. Off. 342.

P. major incana. Raii Syn. 314.

P. major. Matth. Valgr. v. 1. 436./. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 23./.

P. incana. Ger. Em. 419./

In dry pastures, on chalky or gravelly hills, abundantly.

Perennial. June — August.

Root rather woody. Leaves all pressed close to the ground, hoary,
entire, with 5 or 7 ribs. Flowerstalks taller than the foregoing,
hoary. Spike shorter and thicker, very dense in eveiy part. Cor.
membranous and silvery in appearance, with shining, pink sta-
mens, and whitish, pointed anthers. Seeds one in each cell, semi-
cylindrical.

The Hoary Plantain, a great and lasting nuisance in fine grass-
plats, is best killed by a drop of vitriolic acid on the crown of
the root, which it never long survives. Its medical qualities are
like the former.

3. P. lanceolata. Ribwort Plantain.

Leaves lanceolate, entire, tapering at each end ; woolly at
the base. Flowerstalks angular. Spike ovate.

P. lanceolata. Linn. Sp. PI. 164. Willd. v. 1. 643. FL Br. 184.

Engl. Bot. V. 8. t. 507. Curt. Lond.fasc. 2. t. 10. Mart. Rust.

t.67. Hook. Scot. 54. Fl. Dan. t. 437. Ehrh. PL Off. 352. "
P. n. 656, Hall.HisL v. 1.292.

TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Plantago. 215

V. quinquenervia. Ger. Em. 422. /'. Raii Syn. 314.

P. longa. Matth. J'algr. v. 1. 437 j: Camer. Epit. 2C3. f.

P. minor. Bmnf. Herb. v. 1. 24./.

In meadows and pastures, very common.

Perennial, Jioie, Julij.

Root rather woody. Leaves numerous, erect, deep green, acute,
each tapering at the base into a broad, flat, ribbed footstalk,
accompanied at its insertion with large tufts of soft, white',
woolly fibres. Flowerstalks taller than the leaves, likewise woolly
at the base, five-angled, with intermediate furrows, nearlv
smooth, twisted. Spi/cc an inch long, with black imbricated
hracteas, and occasionally leafy at the base. Cor. pale. Jnth.
large, cream-coloured. The 'spikes are liable to the very same
transformations as in P. major. This species makes a part of
most meadow hay, and has been cultivated as a crop, but seems
to be now disused. Cattle are said not to eat it willingly at
least by itself. ^'

4. P. inaritima. Sea Plantain.

Leaves linear, channelled, nearly entire. Flowerstalks roiuul,

longer than the leaves. Spike cylindrical.
P.maritima. Lbui.Sp. PL 16o. Mllld. v. 1. 647. FI. Br. 184. En^l

Bot. V. 3. /. 175. FL GrcEc. v. 2. 37. t. 148. Hook. Scot, 54

Davies Welsh Botanol 16. Fl Dan. t. 243..
P. marina. Raii Si/n.3\5. Lob. Ic. v. 1. 306./. Ger. Em. 423./.
P. an alpina angustifolia. J . B. v. 3. 506 ?. Rail Syn. 315. Not

Bauhin's plant.
P. montana. Hiids. ed. 1. 53.
Coronopus. Ger. Em. 425./.
Sea Plantain. Petit: H. Brit. t. 4./. 9.

In muddy salt marshes, and about the mouths of large rivers • as
also on the loftiest mountains of Wales and Scotland.

Perennial. August, September.

Root long, cylindrical. Herb extremely various in luxuriance.
Leaves numerous, all radical, spreading, fleshy, from 4 to 12
inches long, linear, acute: channelled above ; convex beneath •
dull green, smooth, or somewhat hairy ; either quite entire, or
frequently, in maritime situations, beset with a few distant,' ir-
regular teeth; more or less woolly at the base, but neither con-
tracted there, nor stalked. Flowerstalks several, taller than the
leaves, erect, or ascending, round and even, generally smooth.
Spike long and slender, many-flowered, slightly tapering, dense,'
uninterrupted, with fleshy bluntly keeled bractcas, not' longer
than the calyx. Stigma undivided', not cloven. I have not seen
the ripe capsule.
Some of the above figures, as those of FL Gnrc, Lobel, and one
of (ierarde's, represent the haves with a few teeth : but that

216 TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Centunculus.

circumstance is merely incidental, and does not mark even n
distinct variety. Yet such specimens were mistaken by Hudson
for P. Lop/lmgii, L'mn. Sp. PL 166, owing to the figure of Peti-
ver, above quoted, being erroneously cited by Linnaeus. On the
other hand, Ray himself took mountain specimens of our P. ma-
ritima for an exotic species of Bauhin, the Plantain noirdtre,
(P. nigricans) of Reynier's herbarium ; which Haller confounds
with lanceolata, and which others have referred as inaccurately
to alpina. Dillenius, between brackets, in the Synopsis, corrects
Ray's mistake.
Mr. Davies celebrates P. maritima, as a favourite food of sheep.

5.V.Coronopus. Buck's-horn Plantain. Star of the
Earth.

Leaves in many pinnate linear segments. Flower-stalks
round.

P. Coronopus. Lbm. Sp. PL 166. Willd. v. 1. 648. Fl. Br. 185.

Engl. Bot. V. 13. t. 892. Hook. Scot. 54. Fl. Dan. t. 2/2.
P. n. 658. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 293 ; excluding the reference to Petiver.
P. foliis laciniatis, Coronopus dicta. Raii Syn.3\5.
Coronopus. Matth. Vcdgr. v. 1. 448./. Camer. Epit. 276. f.
Cornu cervinum. Ger. Em. 427./. Lob. Ic. v. 1. 437./
Buck's-horn Plantain. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 4./ 10.
jS. Plantago gramineo folio hirsuto, minor, capitulo rotundo brevi.

Dill, in Raii Syn. 316.

On dry sandy or gravelly ground,' frequent ; often near the sea.

Annual. June- — August.

Root tapering. Leaves numerous, spread flat on the ground, pale,
hairy, pinnatifid and cut, with pointed segments, various in
breadth ; they are scarcely ever so starved as to be undivided,
answering to the var. /3. Spikes numerous, dense, cylindrical,
varying greatly in length, on spreading hairy stalks. Anthers
tipped with a membrane. Caps, of 4 cells, with a solitary seed
in each.

73. CENTUNCULUS. Chaff-weed.

Linn. Gen. 58. Juss. 95. Fl. Br. 1 85. Dill. Nov. Gen. 111. ^.5.
Br. Pr. 427. Lam. t. 83. Gcertn. t. 50.

Nat. Ord. Rotacece. Linn. 20. Lysimachicc. Juss. 34.

Cal, inferior, in 4' deep, lanceolate, acute, spreading seg-
ments, permanent. Cm\ shorter than the calyx, mono-
petalous, tubular, v/ithering; tube almost globular; limb
in 4 ovate, flat segments. Filain. short, equal, smooth, in
the mouth of the tube. Anth. roimdish, of 2 cells. Germ.
globose, in the tube of the cor. Style cylindrical, erect,

TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Sanguisorba. 217

as long as the stam. permanent. Sti<;ma simple. Caps.
globose, of one cell, bursting all round, almost membra-
nous. Seeds numerous, minute, angular, covering the
large, central, globose, pitted receptacle.
The Jloxijers are said to be occasionally 5-cleft, by which they
approach Anagallis ; but the tubular corolla, and naked
stamens, keep Centuncidus distinct.

I.e. minimus. Small Chaff weed. Bastard Pimpernel.

Flowers sessile. Corolla without glands at the base.

C. minimus. Linn. Sp. PL 16f). Willd. v. I. 653. Fl. Br. 185.

Engl. Dot. v.S.t.^3\. Curt. Land, fuse . 3. t. 11. Dicks. H. Sice.

fasc. 7.2. Don H. Br. 179. Hook. Scot. 54. FL Dan. t. \77 .
Centimculus. DHL in Raii Sijn. 1. HalL Hist.n. 627. v. 1. 278.
Anagallis paludosa minima, foliis rotiindis alternatis. VailL Par. 1 2

t.4.f.2.
Anagailidastrum exig-uum, foliis lanceolatis alternis, (lore albo fu-

gaci et vix conspicuo. Mich. Gen. 14. t. 18./. 2.
Alsine palustris minima, flosculis albis, fructii coriandri exiguo.

Mentz, PugilJ. t. 7.

On sandy watery heaths.

At Chisselhurst, Kent. Dillemus. On many heaths around Lon-
don, and near Ampthill, Bedfordshire. Fl. Br. and Engl. Bot. On
Eiist Heath, near Lowestoft. Mr. Lilli/ IVigg. Edgefield Com-
mon, near Holt, Norfolk. Rev. R. B. Francis. Near Ban try,
Ireland. Mr. J. T. Mackay. In the lowlands of Scotland.
Hooker.

Annual. June, July.

Very diminutive, simple or branched, from 1 to 2 inches high.
Leaves alternate, or nearly opposite, sessile, ovate, entire, smooth,
2 or 3 lines long. FL axillary, solitary, sessile, white or reddish'
expanding in bright sunshine only, and of very short duration.
Anagallis puraila, Swartz hid. Occ. v. 1. 345, is made a second
species of this genus by Mr. Brown, and, I believe, very justly.

74. SANGUISORBA. Burnet.

Linn. Gen. 58. Juss. 336. Fl. Br. 186. Lam. t. 85.

Nat. Ord. Sciiticoscc. Linn. 35. Rosacccc. Juss. 92. See
n. 78; also Grammar 171.

Cat. superior, of 1 leaf, in 4 deep, equal, ovate, spreading,
coloured segments. Cor. none. Filam. from the base of
the calyx, opposite to its segments, and nearly as long,
dilated upward, smooth. Anth. roundish, of 2 cells. Ger-
mcn inferior, quadrangular. Style thread-shaped, nearly

218 TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Sanmiisorba.

o*

as long as the stam. Stigma notched. Caps, quadrangular,
hard, not bursting, of 1 cell. Seed 1, or 2, elliptical.

Herbaceous, with pinnate, serrated leaves. Spikes dense, the
upper JIoxiDcrs earliest. Germen with 2 or 4 hracteas at the
base.

The unquestionable affinity of this genus to the natural class
Icosandria of Linneeus, induces me to conform to Jussieu's
ideas, so far as to take for a cali/i\ what Linnaean botanists
have hitherto called corolla. Yet even Jussieu candidly
expresses his doubts in this case ; and I am well aware of
the danger of allowing metaphysical speculations, to inter-
fere with common sense, in Botany or any other science.
Whether the originally thin outer coat of the germen
should be taken for the body or tube of the calyjc^ as in
Rosa^ may admit of a question. That and the rest of the
germen certainly become together a hardened pericarp^ or
capsule, which part in Rosa is pulpy. I have seen but 1
seed, and 1 style in Sanguisorba, as represented by La-
marck. Jussieu describes 2.

1. S. officinalis. Great Burnet.

Spikes ovate.

S. officinalis. Linn. Sp. PL 169. fVilld. v. J . 653. Fl. Br. 186.
Engl Bot. V. 19. /. 1312. Mart. Rust. t. 142. Hook. Scot. 54.
Fl.Dan. t.97.

S. major, flora spadiceo. Raii Sijn. 203. Bduli. Hist. v. 3. p. 2.
120./.

S. major. Fuchs. Hist.7S8.f.

Pimpinella n. 705. Hall. Hist. ?;. 1.31 1.

P. sive Sanguisorba major. Matth. Valgr. v. 2.330. f. Camer.
EpiL77S.f.

P. sylvestris. Ger. Em. 1045.

In meadows and pastures, on a calcareous soil, that are rather
moist ; chiefly in the north of England ; more sparingly in the
lowlands of Scotland.

Perennial. June, July.

Root strong, somewhat woody, astringent. Hero smooth. Stem
2 feet high, erect, furrowed, leafy 3 panicled above. Leaves of
4 or 5 pair of heart-shaped, stalked, obtuse, strongly serrated,
veiny leciflets, with or without small sessile intermediate ones :
those on the stem alternate, smallest, with a pair of large, round-
ed, cut stipulas, united to the base of the common footstalk:
radical ones Vvuth very long footstalks. Spikes about an inch
long, dull purple, dense, on long flower-stalks. Bracteas green,
fringed, 4 under each flower 3 the calyx of Linnaeus. Cat. very
hairy externally at the base. Stigma 4-clcft. Seed solitary.

TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Epimedium. 219

Of no agricultural value ; though it makes a part of the hay, in
manyrich northern pastures. The taste is astringent, and the
plant has been recommended as a tonic, but the Puterium, its
near ally, is far more grateful in flavour.

2. S. 77iedia. Oblong Burnet.

Spikes cylindrical.

S. media. Linn. Sp. PL\69. ll'illd.v. 1.G54. Ait. Hort. Kew.ed.2.
v. 1.258.

Pimpinella minore di Candia. Zann. ht. 163, t. 65.

P. maxima canadensis, spica rubra glomerata. Moris, v. 3. 264»
sects. t.lS.f.S.

In pastures, in the west of Scotland. Mr. G. Don.

Perennial. Jnhj.

Taller and larger than the foregoing, with a much longer, and truly
cylindrical, spike, of rather {mlerjiowers. Mr. Don who sent it,
had scarcely an idea of its being more than a variety. Yet it is
certainly the plant of the authors above quoted, and is found
wild in "Siberia, as well as in Canada. The stigma is globular,
in numerous segments. But the shape of that part varies^ in
the present genus, according as it is more or less perfect.

75. E PI MEDIUM. Barremvort.

Lin?i. Gen. 59. Juss. 287. Fl. Br. 187. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 28.
Tourn. t.\]7. Lam. t. 83.

Nat. Ord. Corijdales. Linn. 24. Dcrbcridcs. Juss. 78. Ber-
beridecc. DeCand. 36. See Grammar 154 ; — also Bcrhc-
ris, 71. 200.

Cal. inferior, of 4 small, ovate, concave, spreading leaves,
deciduous. Cor. of 4 ovate, equal, concave, spreading
petals, opposite to the calyx. Nectaries 4, one lying upon
each petal, and nearly as long, pouch-like, obtuse, equal,
attached underneath "to the receptacle, by one side of the
orifice. Filam. awl-sha^ied, erect, close to the style. Ant/i.
of 2 oblong-oval, parallel cells, attached longitudinally to
the inner side of the ^filament, below its summit, each cell
opening by a valve, which bursts from the bottom and
rolls back. Germ, superior, elliptic-oblong, widi a furrow
at the back. Sti/le oblique, roundish, the length of the
stam. Stigma simple. Pod oblong, pointed, of 1 cell and
2 valves. Seeds numerous, unilateral, oblong.

Boot perennial, creeping. Stem annual, succulent; with scales
at the base. Leaves conqiound, heart-shaped, with bristly
serratures. Cluster terminal, simple or compound.

^20 TETRANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Corims,

1. E. alpinum, Alpine Barrenvvort.

Radical leaves none ; stem-leaf twice ternate.

E. alpinum. Uiin. Sp. P/. 171. fVilld. v. 1. 660. DeCand. Syst.

V. 2. 28. Fl. Br. 187. Engl Bot. v. 7. t. 438. Fl. Grcnc. v. 2.39.

t. 150. Cullum 60. With. 199. Hook. Scot. 5d. Hopkirk Glott. 25.
Epimedium. Dod. Pemp^. 599./. Ger.Em. 480./. Lind. Alsat.l36.

t.6.

In mountain thickets, rare.

In Bingley woods, Yorkshire, Dr. Richardson. On Carrock Fell,
Cumberland. Mr. Thomas Hutton. Skiddaw. Mr. E. Robson.
About the ruins of Mugdock castle, near Glasgow. Mr. Hopkirk.
At Hunter's Tryste, near Edinburgh. Dr. Hastings. Hooker.

Perennial. May.

Root slender, thread-shaped. Stems solitary, simple, a foot high,
pellucid and tender, each bearing one most elegant and delicate,
twice or thrice ternate, leaf, whose fringed veiny leaflets, 1 -^- or 2
inches long, hang perpendicularly, and increase in size after the
Jiowers are past. From the point of insertion of their common
footstalk, at the top of the stem, springs a branching cluster of
very handsome and singular drooping j^OM^ers, whose dark-red
petals are contrasted with the pale lemon-coloured nectaries,
which are full of honey, and altogether peculiar. The French
school deny them their proper appellation, because it was in-
vented by Linnaeus, and he sometimes extended the term too
far J but this is no objection to its just application, as in this in-
stance, the Orchis tribe, and others innumerable.

Another species, E. pinnatum, from Persia, is described by Pro-
fessor DeCandolle.

76. CORNUS. Cornel.

Li7in. Gen. 59. Juss. 214. Fl.. Br. 187. Tourn. t.4]0. Lam. t. 74.
GcErtn. t. 26.

Nat. Ord. Stellatce. Linn. 47. Cajprifolia. Juss. 58.

Cal. superior, of 4 minute, deciduous teeth. Cor. of 4 ob-
long, acute, fiat, equal jtetals^ broad at the base. Filam.
awl-shaped, erect, longer than th^pet. and alternate there-
with. Anth. roundish, incumbent. Germ, roundish, com-
pressed, inferior. Style thread-shaped, as long as the cor.
Stigma obtuse. Drtipa roundish, naked and pitted at the
summit. Nut oblong, or somewhat heart-shaped, of 2 cells,
with 1 kernel in each.

Shrubby or herbaceous; furnished rarely in the former case,
but always in the latter, with a large white involucrum^
of 4 leaves, under each umbel ; the cymose species have
none. Leaves simple, entire ; opposite, except in one in-

TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Conius. 221

stance. Stipulas none. Fl. numerous, cymose or umbel-
late, white or yellow in the shrubby kinds ; dark purple
ui the herbaceous ones. Fruit red and eatable ; or black
or white, and nauseous, bitter, or insipid.

1. C. sajigitinca. Wild Cornel-tree. Dog-wood.

Branches straight. Leaves green on both sides. Cymes
naked, flat.

C. sanguinea. Linn. Sp. PI. 171. IVilld. v. \.GG2. Fl. Br. 188.

Engl. Bat. v. 4. t. 240. Hook. Scot. 55. VHerit. Corn. n. 5. Fl.

Dan. t. 481. WUlem. Stell. 93.
C. n. 816. Hall. Hist. V. 1.363.
C. foemina. Raii Syn. 460. Ger. Em. 1467./.
Virga sanguinea. Matth. Valgr. v. 1.236./. Camer. Epit. 159./

In hedges and thickets^ especially on a clialk or limestone soil,
common.

Shrub. June.

A bush 4 or 5 feet high, with many opposite, straight, round,
smooth brandies, of a dark red when full grown. Leaves oppo-
site, stalked, ovate, acute, smooth and green, not silky, on both
sides, 2 or 3 inches long, with many transverse ribs ; they turn
entirely red, more or less deep, before they fall. Cymes termi-
nal, of numerous, greenish-whitej^ozters, unpleasantly scented.
Petals revolute at the sides, inserted, with the stamens, into a
glandular ring, crowning the germen. Fruit dark purple, very
bitter, like every other part of the plant. Matthiolus records
that an oil is obtained from these berries by pressure, after they
have first been boiled, which is used for lamps in the country
near Trent.

2. C. Siiecica. Dwarf Cornel.

Herbaceous. Umbel between two branches, stalked, with
an involucrum. Ribs of the leaves but slightly combined.

C. Suecica. Linn. Sp. P?. 1 7 1 . Fl. Lapp. ed. 2. 38. 1 5 ./. 3. Willd.

V. 1. 660. Fl. Br. 188. Engl. Bot. v. 5. /. 310. Hook. Scot. 5ij.

Don H. Br. 82. JVillem. Stell. 96.
C. herbacca. Huds.7l. Pall. Ross. v. 1.52; excluding the variety.
C. pumila herbacea, Chamsepericlymenum dicta. Dill. Elth. 108.

f. 91.
Chamaspericlymenum. Raii Syn. 261. Ger. Em. \206.f Park.

rheatr. 1461./. Clus. Hist.v. 1. 60./

In moist alpine pastures.

On the Cheviot hills of Northumberland, abundantly. Ray. In
the Highlands of Scotland, frequent in boggy spots about rivu-
lets. Light/oof. In the Hole of Horcum, near Scarborough.
Mr. T-avis.

922 TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Parietaria.

Perennial. June, July.

Root creeping, branched, slender. Stems herbaceous, 4 — 6 inches

high, erect, leafy, with 2 short branches, subsequently extended,

between which stands the solitary little umbel of dark purple
Jtowers, subtended by 4 unequal, white hwolucral leaves, tinged

with red, and finally turning green. Drupa red, sweetish. Nut

nearly globular, pointed.

77. PARIETARIA. Wall-pellitory.

Linyi. Gen. 54i. Juss. 404. Fl. Br. 189. Tourn.t. 289. Lam. t. 853.
GiETtn. f. 119.

Nat. Ord. ScabridcE. Linn. 53. Urticcc. Juss. 98.

Lwolucrum various, 1- or S-flowered, regular or irregular.
Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 4 deep segments, permanent ;
enlarged and hardened after flowering, except in flowers
that want stamens. Cor. none. Filam. recurved, linear,
wrinkled, elastic when disturbed. Anth. of 2 distant round
lobes. Germ, ovate. Style cylindrical, erect. Stigma tufted.
Seed ovate, flattened, polished, invested with the enlarged
calyx.

Roughish, branched, leafy herhs^ with alternate, stalked,
perhaps always entire, leaves. Fl. small, reddish, various
in the different species, some wanting the style, others the
stamens.

1. P. officinalis. Common Wall-pellitory.

Leaves lanceolate-ovate, without lateral ribs at the base. In-
volucrum three-flowered, with seven ovate segments. Stem
ascending.

P. officinalis. Liw«. % PZ. 1492. W\lld.v.4.95?,. Fl. Br. 189.

Engl. Bot. V. 13. t. 879. Curt. Loyid.fasc. 4. t. 63. Hook. Scot. 56.

Bull. Fr. t. 199. Fl. Dan. t. 521.
P. n. 1612. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 285.

Parietaria. Rail Syn. 1 58. Ger. Em. 33 1 ./. Brunf. Herb. v. 2.19./.
Helxine. Matth. Falgr. v. 2. 457./. Camer. Epit.Sid.f. Lob. Jc.

v.].258.f.

On old walls and rubbish, in sheltered places. ,

Perennial, June — September.

Root rather woody. Stems annual, branched, quadrangular, hairy,
reddish, succulent, very impatient of frost j clothed with nume-
rous, alternate, stalked, elliptic-lanceolate, acute leaves, of a dull
green, a little hairy 5 paler beneath. F/. numerous, axillary,
small. Involucrum stalked, in 7 deep, equal, hairy segments,
containing 3 Jtowers, of wliich the lateral ones are perfect, and

TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Alchemilla. 223

fertile, their red calyx becoming greatly elongated as the seed
ripens ; the intermediate one has no stamens ,\)\xt a fertile pJA-^i/,
whose calijx, though likewise investing its own seed, remains but
little altered.
The whole plant is mucilaginous, and has been used in medicine
as an emollient.

7S. ALCHEMILLA. Ladies Mantle.

Linn. Gen. (jA. Juss.337. FL Br. 189. Tourn.t. 289. Lam. t. 86,
Gartn. t. 73.

Nat. Ord. Scnticoscc. Linn. 35. Rosaccce. Juss. 92. See
71. 74; also Grammar 171.

Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, tubular, permanent ; the limb spread-
ing, in 8 segments ; 4 outer alternate ones smallest. Cor.
none. Filam. from the mouth of the calyx, opposite to
the smaller segments, awl-shaped, short. Aiith. roundish,
minute. Germ, in the bottom of the calyx, generally soli-
tar\\ Style from the base of the germen, thread-shaped,
about the length of the stamens. Stigm. cajiitate. Seed
1, occasionally 2, elliptical, compressed, naked, except
the closed permanent calyx.

Herbaceous, with alternate, stalked, lobed or fingered,
downy or silky, toothed or serrated, leaves. Stipulas in
pairs, large, cut. Fl. terminal or axillary, small, yellow^ish
green. The species are all astringent, and somewhat mu-
cilaginous.

1. A. vulgaris. Common Ladies Mantle.

Leaves lobed, plaited.

A. vulgaris. Linn. Sp. PL \7S. mihl.v. 1.698. Fl. Dr. 189. Engl.

Bot. V. 9. t. r)97. Abbot o6. t. I . Hook. Scot. 56. Purt. v. 1. 102.

t. 1. Ehrh. PL Of. 281.
A. n. 1.506. HaU. Hist. i\ 2. 2G2.
Alchimilla. Raii Syn. 158. Ger. Em. 949./.
Stellaria. Matth. Valgr. v. 2.519./ Camer. Epit. 908. /:
Pes leonis. Fuchs. Hist. 612. f. Brunf. Herb. v. 2. 53./
/3. Alchemilla minor. Huds. ed. 1. 59.
A. alpina pubescens minor. Pluk. PJiyt. t. 240./ 2.

In dry, rather mountainous, pastures.

Perennial. June — August.

Root woody, with long fibres. Stems from 4 to 8 inches high,
more or less procumbent, alternately branched, round, hairy,
leafy, terminating in numerous liule corymbose clusters, of green
Jlouers, on smooth, almost capillary, stalks. Radical leaves nu-

224 TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Alchemilla.

merous, on long footstalks, large, roundish kidney-shaped,
bluntly lobed, plaited, serrated ; of a fine green above ; most
hairy beneath j Stem -leaves of the same form, but a great deal
smaller, alternate, on short stalks, with a pair of large notched
stipulas to each.
/3 is a dwarf, more hairy, variety, growing in barren exposed situa-
tions.

2. A. alpina, Alpine Ladies Mantle.
Leaves fingered, serrated ; silky at the back.

A. alpina. Linn. Sp. PL 179. mild. v. 1. 698. Fl. Br. 190. Engl.

Bot. V. 4. t. 244. Hook. Scot. 5G. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 15.2. Fl.

Dan. t. 49.
A. n. 1567. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 262.
A. alpina pentaphyllos. Raii Syn. 1.58.
A.perennis incana argentea,seusericea, satinumprovocans. Moris.

V.2. 195. sect. 2. t. 20. f.3.
A. argentea montana pentaphyllea. Barrel. Ic. t. 7i)().
Pentaphyllum petrosum, Heptaphyllum Clusii. Ger. Em. 988./.
Stellaria argentea. Camer. Epit. 909./.

On alpine rocks, especially in a micaceous soil.

In Cumberland, Westmoreland, North Wales, and the Highlands
of Scotland, abundantly.

Perennial. Jiihj.

Rather smaller than the last, and essentially different, not only in
the silvery pubescence of the stalks, Jlowers, and backs of the
leaves, but in the latter being separated to the base into .0 or 7
obovate lobes, closely serrated towards the extremity. Nothing
can be more beautiful than the silvery splendour of their under
sides, especially in exposed and barren spots, when the leaves
are agitated by the wind. No figure can do them justice. The
upper surface is smooth and naked, of a fine green.

3. A. arvensis. Field Ladies Mantle. Parsley Piert.
Leaves fiat, three-lobed, cut. .

A. arvensis. Fl. Br. 190. Engl. Bot. v. 15. ^,1011. Hook. Scot. 56.
A. Aphanes. Leers 54. Sibth. 61. Abbot 36. Wilki. Sp. PL v. 1.

699.
A. n. 1569. HaU. Hist. v. 2. 263.
A. annua minima hirsuta, foliis inferne albicantibus. Moris, v. 2.

195. sect. 2. ^.20./. 4.
A. minima montana. Column. Ecphr. 145. t. 146.
Aphanes arvensis. Linn. Sp. PL \79. Huds.72. mth. 4, Hull 37.

Relh. 69. Purt. v. 1. 48. FL Dan. t. 973.
Percipier anglorum. Ger. Em. \594.f. Raii Sijn. 159.

TETRANDRIA-DIGYNIA. Buffonia. 225

In sandy or gravelly fields, especially when fallow, as well as on
heathy banks.

Annual. May — October.

Root small, fibrous. Stems numerous, about a finger's length
spreadmg or prostrate, round, leafy, hardly subdivided. Leaves
alternate, variously cut, on short stalks, with large deeply cut
stipulas FL green in axillary, hairy tufts, still shorter than the
footstalks. The whole plant is more or less hairy, and in fla-
vour and scent approaches its natural ally, Burnet. Like most
other plants which have obtained an empirical reputation for
calculous complaints, it is astringent, and perhaps slightly mu-
cilaginous, r o ;

The stamens, generally 4, are often solitary. In other respects it
IS altogetner an Alchemilla ; and, like A. vulgaris, has often 2
pistils, ° '

TETRANDRIyl DIGYNIA,
79. BUFFONIA. Buffonia.

Linn. Gen. 65. Juss. 300. Fl. Br. \9l. Lam. t. 87. Gcprtn. t.\29.

Nat. Ord. Caryophijlle^. Linn. 22. Juss. 82. iV. 63 the same.

Cal inferior, of 4 upright, awl-shaped, keeled, equal leaves,
membranous at their edges. Cor. of 4 elliptic-oblono-,
undivided, equal, upright petals, shorter than the calyx,
i'^ztewi. awl-shaped, smooth, shorter than the petals. Anth,
roundish, of 2 cells. Germ, superior, obovate, compressed'
Styles 2, short and distant, erect. Stigmas capitate. Caps
oval, compressed, of one cell, and 2 valves. Seeds 2, large
oval, compressed, tuberculated, inserted into the base of
the capsule.

Habit ofan^r^Tzon a, with awl-shaped /^«i;^5. Nearly smooth
in every part. Only 1 species.

1. Vi. tenmfolia. Slender Buffonia.

B. tenuifolia. With.205. Fl.Br.\9\. Engl. Bot v 19 f 1313
Bufonia. Linn. Sp. Pl.\79. mild. v. \. 700. Hud3. 72. Hull 3S

vol.. I. Q

226 TETRANDRIA— TETRAGYNIA. Ilex.

Alsine polygonoides tenuifolia, flosculis ad longitudinem caulis

velut in spicam dispositis nostra. Rail Syn. 346. Pluk.Almag. 22.

Phyt. t. Ib.f. 3. Brit. Mus. H. Sice. v. 95.foL35.
Herniaria angustissimo gramineo folio, erecta. Magnol Hort,

Monsp. 97. t. 15.
Polygonum angustissimo gramineo folio, erectum. Magnol Monsp.

211.

On the sea coast, very rare.

Found by Plukenet about Boston, Lincolnshire. Pluk. Almag. On
Hounslow heath, by Mr. Doody. Dill, in Ray's Synopsis. No
other botanist has met with this plant on Hounslow heath ; and
the late Sir Joseph Banks, who often examined the coast near
Boston, was persuaded that Bupleurum tenuissimum had been
mistaken for the Buffonia. Yet Plukenet and Dillenius cer-
tainly knew the latter perfectly, and the original specimen in
the British Museum is right.

Annual. June.

Root slender, fibrous. Stem smooth, round, alternately branched,
a span high. Leaves awl-shaped, 3-ribbed, smooth, combitied
by their broad sheathing bases, which are minutely fringed. Fl.
small, white, solitary, erect, on terminal or axillary roughish
stalks. Leaves of the calyx each with 3 close ribs, and broad
membranous margins.

Sauvages named this genus after his great 'countryman BuffoUy
who had indeed very slender pretensions to a botanical honour j
a circumstance supposed to have been indicated by Linnaeus in
the specific name, tenuifolia.

TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA.
80. ILEX. Holly.

Linn. Gen. 67. Juss.S79. Fl.Br. 192. Lam. t.89.
Aquifolium. Tourn. t. 371. Duham. Arh. v. 1 . 59.

Nat. Ord. Dumosce. Linn. 43. Wiamni. Juss. 95. See

Grammar 182.
Cal. inferior, small, of 1 leaf, with 4 small teeth, permanent.

Cor. wheel-shaped, in 4 deep, elliptical, spreading, con-

TETRANDRIA— TETRAGYNIA. Ilex. §27

, cave, segments ; or of 4 petals, cohering by their broad
bases ; much larger than the calyx. Filam, awl-shaped,
shorter than the corolla, and alternate with its divisions.
Anth, small, two-lobed. Germ, roundish. Styles none.
Stigmas 4, obtuse, permanent. Berry globular, of 4- cells.
Seeds soHtary in each cell, oblong, pointed, angular at the
inside, rounded externally.

St^metimes the fiox^oers are 5-cleft ; and the germen is often
wanting in some that are 4-cleft.

Slu'ubs or trees, with generally alternate, sometimes ever-
green and prickly-edged, leaves. Flowers axillary or ter-
minal, on compound stalks. Berries not eatable.

1. I. Aqidfolium, Common Holly.

Leaves ovate, acute, spinous and wavy. Flowers axillary,
somewhat cymose.

I.Aquifolium. Linn. Sp. PL IS\. Willd. v. 1.707. Fl Br. \92. Engl.

Bot. v. 7. t. 496. Hook. Scot. d7. FL Dan. t. 508. Elirh. Arb.2\.
Agrifolium. Ger.Em. 1338./. RaiiSyn.AQQ.
Aquifolium. Matth. Valgr. v. \. \AQ.f. Camer. EpiL 84. f. MilL

/c.31./. 46.
A. n. QQ7. HalLHist.v. 1.297.
/3. Agrifolium baccis luteis nondum descriptum. How Phyt. 3.

Rail Syn. 466.

In hedges and bushy places^ upon dry hills.

Tree. May.

A handsome evergreen tree, of slow growth, with a smooth grey
bark, which, abounding with mucilage, makes bird-lime, by ma-
ceration in water. The icood is hard, and close-grained. Leaves
alternate, stalked, rigid, shining, wavy, with spinous divaricated
lobes ; the upper ones on old trees, entire, with only a terminal
prickle. FL copious, white, tinged externally with purple ; the
earlier ones least perfect. Berries scarlet -, casually yellow.
Numerous variegated varieties are kept in gardens, and one
whose leaves are prickly on the disk. The tree bears clipping
well, but is not so fashionable for cut hedges as formerly. The
branches, laden with berries, are stuck about rustic kitchens and
churches "at Christmas, and remain till Candlemas day. In
Norfolk the Misseltoe accompanies them, and sometimes the
Euonymus. The Druids are said to have introduced this custom
for the accommodation of certain sylvan spirits, of a chilly con-
stitution, while the oaks were leafless. Agreeable associations,
connected with returning seasons, keep up such practices long
after their original meaning is forgotten.

Q 2

228 TETRANDRIA— TETRAGYNIA. Polamogeton.
81. POTAMOGETON. Pond-weed.

Linn. Gen. 67. Juss.]9. Fl. Br. \93. Br. Pr. 343. Tour n. t. 103.
Lam. t. 89. Gcertn. t. 84.

Nat. Ord. InundatcE. Linn. 15. Naiades. Juss. 6. Alisma-
cecE. DeCand. 116. Br. Pr. 342. N. 82 the same.

Cal. none. Cov. inferior, of 4 roundish, obtuse, concave,
equal, incurved petals^ with cla'isos about their own length,
deciduous. Filam. flat, very short, often more than 4.
Anth. exterior, oblong, 2-Iobed. Germens 4, superior,
ovate, acute, gibbous. Styles generally none. Stigm. ob-
tuse, permanent. Seeds 4, naked, roundish ; tumid at the
back ; compressed or angular at the inner margin. ''Em-
bryo curved," almost double. Gcsrt?i. Br,

Aquatic, floating or immersed, herbs, of a highly vascular
texture, whose evaporation, by their whole surface, is ex-
tremely copious and rapid. Stem branched. Leaves alter-
nate, or opposite, stalked or sessile, simple, undivided,
entire, rather membranous, smooth, with parallel longitu-
dinal ribs. Flowet's spiked, greenish, raised above the
water; the seeds ripened at the bottom. Four of our
species are found in New Holland.

1. P. natans. Broad-leaved Pond-weed.

Upper leaves oblong-ovate, stalked, floating, coriaceous ;
lower ones linear, membranous, sessile.

P. natans. Linn. Sp. PL 182. fVilld. v. 1. 712. Fl. Br. 193. Engl.

Bot. V. 26. t. 1822. Hook. Scot. 57. Mill. Illustr. MI. Fl. Dan.

t. 102.5. Br. Prodr. 343.
P. n. 843. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 375.
P. rotundifolium. Raii Syn. 148. Bauh. Pin. 193.
P. latifolium. Ger. Em. 821./.
Potamogeton. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 481./. Camer. Epit. 873. /.

Fuchs. Hist. 651. f. Trag. Hist. 688. /.

In pools, ditches, and slow rivers.

Perennial. July.

Roots creeping extensively in the mud. Stem round, much branch-
ed, several feet in length. Lowermost leaves alternate, linear,
acute, very narrow, sessile, membranous ; uppermost floating,
partly opposite, leathery, smooth, deep green, 2 or 3 inches long,
elliptical, often heart-shaped, with about 7 main ribs, and some
intermediate ones ; involute in the bud. Footstalks various in
length, semicylindrical, very vascular. Stipidas intrafoliaceous,
large, lanceolate, acute, concave, pale and membranous. Spikes
simple, raised an inch or two above the water, each on a long,

TETRANDRIA— TETRAGYNIA. Potamogeton. 299

thick, axillary stalk, suddenly contracted at the bottom of the
spike. F/. a little distant, quite sessile, rather numerous, ver-
tical, olive green, with yellow anthers, and plenty of whitish
pollen.
Except as manure, I know of no use for this, or any of the genus.

2. P. heterophyllum. Various-leaved Pond-weed.
Upper leaves elliptical, stalked, floating, slightly coriaceous;

lower ones lanceolate, membranous, sessile. Flowerstalks

swelling upward.

P. heterophyllum . Schreh. Lips. 2 1 . mild. Sp. Pl.v.\.7\3. Hoffm
Germ, for 1800. 81. Fl. Br. 1390. Engl. Bot. v. 18. t. 1285.
Hook. Scot. 57. Hopk. Glott. 27. Fl. Dan. t. 1263.

P. palustre. Teesdale Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 5. 43. Relh. 64.

P. gramineum. Lightf. 123. Fl. Dan. t. 222; without the floating
leaves.

P. forte species, foliis tenuibus et pellucidis, lapathi minoris forma.
Dill, in Rail Syn. 150?

P. folio angusto pellucido fere gramineo. Raii Syn. 148. ?

P. n. 850. Hall. Hist. v. ].377; excluding the reference to Ray.

In pools and ditches.

Near Beverley, Yorkshire. Mr. Teesdale. Berrington pool, Shrop-
shire. Rev. E. Williams. Cambridgeshire. Relh. &; Rev. J. Hem-
sted. At Old Buckenham, Norfolk. Mr. D. Turner. In Bar-
dowie loch, Clydesdale. Hopkirk. Angusshire. Mr. G. Don.

Perennial. July — September.

Smaller than the last. Floating leaves thinner, generally more
pointed, scarcely heart-shaped, seldom 2 inches long^ the sub-
mersed ones excessively numerous, lanceolate, tapering at each
end, not linear ; their length 1| or 2 inches j breadth at most
half an inch ; with 3 or 5 principal ribs. Stipulas blunter and
shorter than the former. Flower-stalks swelling upwards, or club-
shaped, often crowded at the tops of the branches. Spikes dense,
about an inch long, the stalks contracted suddenly below them.

3. V, perfoliatinn. Perfoliate Pond-weed.

Leaves heart-shaped, clasping the stem, uniform, all sub-
mersed.

P. perfoliatum. Linn. Sp. PI. 182. mild. v. 1. 713. Fl. Br. 104.

Engl. Bot. V. 3. t. 108. Hook. Scot. 58. Fl. Dan. t. 196. Raii

Syn. 149. Br. Prodr. 343.
P. n. 845. Hall. Hist. v. I. 376.
P. tertia. Dod. Pempt. 582. f Ger. Em. 822. /. Bauh. Hist. v. 3,

770./.
P. rotundifolium alterum. Loes. Pruss. 205. t. 65.

In ponds and rivers, very common,

230 TETRANDRIA— TETRAGYNIA. Potamogeton.

Perennial. July, August.

Whole plant immersed in the water, except the spikes, which con-
sist of a few brown flowers, with copious white pollen. Their
stalks are rather tumid in the upper part. Leaves all sessile,
1-1 or 2 inches long, uniform, olive-coloured, pellucid like oiled
paper, as Haller remarks ; harsh to the touch, but brittle j their
ribs reddish. Seeds compressed, shining. Stipulas tight and
close.

Haller esteems Loesel's plant a distinct species, and it is his own
n. 844. Dillenius has introduced it into Ray's Synopsis, next
to P. perfoliatum. The leaves are said by Haller to be firm {dura)
like those of the first 3 but he had seen only a dry specimen col-
lected near Berne, without^oM;er5, and the plant was never ob-
served afterwards.

4. P. denswn. Close-leaved Pond- weed.

Leaves ovate, pointed, opposite, crowded. Stem forked.
Spike of four flowers.

P.densum. Linri.Sp. Pl.\S2. mild.v.l.7U. Fl.Br.lOA. Engl.
Bot. V. 6. t. 397. Hook. Scot. 58. Fl. Dan. t. 1264.

P. n. 849. Hall. Hist. v. 1.376.

P. seu Fontalis media lucens. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. 769./. RaiiSyn.
149.

Tribulus aquaticus minor 2. Clus. Hist. v. 2. -252.

T. aquat. minor, muscatellse floribus. Goody er in Ger. Em. 823 j
but the figure is P. crispum.

In ditches, ponds and slow streams, not uncommon.

Perennial. June.

Smaller than the last, and of a much brighter green. AH the leaves
are under water, somewhat recurved, an inch or inch and half
long, very near together. Flowerstalks solitary, from the forks
of the s^ew, each bearing a small quadrangular head of 4 green
flowers, well compared, by Clusius and Goodyer, to the flowers
of Adoxa Moschatellina. -This head is just out of the water du-
ring impregnation i after which, by the increase of the branches,
it sinks, and ripens seed, whilst other flowers come forth above.
The deeper the water, the larger is the whole plant.

5. V.fluitans. Long-leaved Floating Pond-weed.
Lower leaves lanceolate, pointed and membranous, with

distinct ribs ; upper elliptic-oblong, stalked, coriaceous,

obtuse, floating.
P. fluitans. Roth Germ. v. I. 72. v. 2. p. \. 202. fVilld. Sp. PI. v. 1 .
- 713. Fl. Br. 1391. Engl. Bot. v. 18. t. 1286. Hook. Scot. 57.

Fl.Dan. t. 1450?
P. n. 847. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 3/6 3 excl. the syn. of Linnmis.
Fontinalis lucens major. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. 769./.

TETRANDRIA— TETRAGYNIA. Potamogeton. 231

In ponds, ditches, and slow streams.

In ditches, in marshy ground near Beverley, Yorkshire. Mr. Tees-
dale. Lilleshall mill-pool, Shropshire. Rev. E. Williams. In
the river at Scole, Norfolk. Mr. Woodward and Mr. D. Turner.

Perennial. July, August.

As large as the first species, with which it agrees in having the
upper leaves floating, and considerably coriaceous j but it is
really more akin to lucens, from which Haller had much diffi-
culty to distinguish our plant. He speaks of it as very com-
mon in Switzerland, and I have many specimens from the late
Mr. Davall. J. Bauhin's figure agrees far better with this than
with the following, to which his synonym has always been re-
ferred. The stem is 5 or 6 feet long. Whole plant nearly im-
mersed, a few of the uppermost leaves only being more or less
floating, during the flowering season at least. These are firm
and coriaceous, though less so than in P. natans, elliptic-oblong,
bluntish ; tapering at the base into foot -stalks, extremely various
in length. Stijndas sheathing. Flower-stalks axillary, solitary,
from various parts of the stem, slightly swelling upwards. Spikes
above an inch long, cylindrical, dense. The lower leaves are
sessile, occasionally somewhat stalked, lanceolate, mostly acute.
The ribs of all the leaves are distinct and separate from the very
bottom, by which this species essentially differs from the follow-
ing. All parts of the plant, especially the upper leaves, and
flowers, are tinged with a reddish hue, permanent in dried spe-
cimen:^, and resembling P. coloraium, Fl. Dan. t. 1449, what-
ever that may be.

6. P. lt(cens. Shining Pond- weed.

Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, pointed, membranous, stalked,

repeatedly triple-ribbed, all submersed. Spike dense,

many-flowered.
P. lucens. Lmn. 6p. P/. 183. Willd.v.\.1\\. Fl. Br. 194. Engl.

Bot. V. 6. t. 37G. Hook. Scot. 58. Fl. Dan. t. 195.
P. n. SAC). Hall. Hist. v. 1. 376 : excl. the sijn. of Linyiceus.
P. aquis immersum, folio pellucido, lato, oblongo, acuto. Rail

Sijn. 148.
P. longis acutis foliis. Ger. Em. 822./.
P. altera. Dod. Pempt. 582./.
P. alterum nostras, longis et obtusis splendentibus foliis, minutis-

sime crenatis. Pluk. Amalth. 1 77 ? Dill, in Raii Spi. 1 50 ?
Lapathum fluitans, longo serrato folio. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 988./.
Long Pond-weed. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 5./. 5.
In ditches, ponds, lakes, and slow streams, chiefly on a clay soil,

frequent.
Perennial. June, .July.
Rather larger than the last, floating entirely under water, except

\\\Qfl,owers. Stem not much branched. Leaves about 4 inches

232 TETRANDRIA— TETRAGYNIA. Potamogeton.

long, all nearly alike, more or less acute, tipped with a small
point ; their colour olive green, now and then reddish in the
upper ones ; their base usually tapering into the footstalk^ some-
times rounded 3 their margins more or less undulated, becoming
plaited when pressed, and the edge is rough, or very finely cre-
nate, but this last character varies. What is most characteristic
is the strong network, formed by the numerous transverse veins,
connecting the 5 or 7 longitudinal ribs : and especially the union
of the side ribs to the middle one, a considerable way above the
base of the leaf. The Jlowers talk swells towards the top. Spike
2 inches long, of very numerous, crowded, gveenjlowers.
Petiver's figure is justly commended by Haller ; but the latter quotes
P, serratum of Linnaeus very erroneously. Plukenet's definition,
of which Dillenius could make nothing, answers very well tp
some of my specimens.

7. P. lanceolatmn. Lanceolate Pond-weed.

Leaves lanceolate, membranous, flat, entire ; contracted at
the base; with chain-like reticulations near the ribs.
Spikes ovate, dense, of few flowers.

P. lanceolatum. EngLBot.v.1%.t.\%%o. Comp.27. Davies Welsh

Botanol. \S. Hook. Scot. dS.
P. setaceum. Linn. Sp. PL 184 ? Huds. 76 ? Fl. Br. 198 ^
P. racemosum angustifolium. Bauh. Prodr. 101 ?

In Anglesey and Scotland.

In the rivulet between Bodafon and Lligwy, Anglesea. Rev. H.
Davies. Found by Mr. G. Don in the Loch of Linthothen, An-
gusshire ; and by Mr. Maughan in a mill-pool by the bridge at
Bervie, Kincardineshire. Hooker.

Perennial. July, August.

The whole plant, not a quarter the size of the preceding, floats
under water, the powers always excepted, and is of a brownish
olive-colour. Leaves sessile, alternate except under each flower-
stalk, hardly 2 inches long, bluntish, even, entire, distinguished
by several series of beautiful, oblong, chain-like reticulations,
close to each side of the main rib. These unfortunately are not
expressed in Engl. Bot. Stipulas narrov/, lanceolate, acute.
Flower-stalks solitary, from the bosom of one stipula of the op-
posite leaves, shorter than the leaves, rather stout, each bearing
a small, sl^rt, dense spike, of 8 — 12 little brownish^oiyer^.

This species certainly answers to the definition of the hitherto un-
determined P. setaceum of Linnaeus and of Hudson ; but nothing
can be absolutely affirmed on this subject, nor does the name
well agree. Some may be inclined to refer to P. lanceolatum,
the No. 16 of Dill, in Rati Syn. 150, quoted above under hete-
rophyllum. I have only conjectures to offer_, which some au-.

TETRANDRIA— TETRAGYNIA. Potamogeton. 233

thentic specimens, if they exist at Oxford^ or elsewhere, may
confirm or refute.

8. P. crispum. Curled Pond-weed. Fresh-water

Caltrops.

Leaves lanceolate, waved, serrated, alternate; the upper
ones opposite. Flowers in loose spikes.

P. crispum. Liww. % PL 182. Willd.v.\.1\^. FLBr.ldb. Engl.
Bot. V. 15. f. 1012. Curt. Lond.fdsc. b.t.\b. Hook. Scot. 58.
Fl. Dan. t.927. Br. Prodr. 343.

P. n.848. Hall. Hist. V. 1.376.

P. seu FontinalLs crispa. Raii Syn. 149. Bank. Hist. v. 3. 770./.

Tribulus aquations minor, quercus floribus. Ger. Em. 824./.

Pusillum Fonti-lapathum. Lob. Ic. v. 1 . 286./.

/3. Potamogeton serratum. Huds. 7.5 , excl. perhaps all the syn.

Tribulus aquaticus minor. Clus. Pann. 7lS.f. 714 ^ 715. Hist,
V.2. 252 f.

T. aquat. minor, muscatellae floribus. Ger. Em. 824. f. not descrip-
tion.

In ditches, ponds, and rivulets, frequent.

Perennial. June, July.

Whole plant under water, bright green. Leaves sessile, or nearly
so, 2 inches long, bluntish, elegantly crisped at the edges, and
more or less undulated ; furnished with slight reticulations next
the rib, far less remarkable than the last. The lower leaves are
usually alternate ; upper ones often opposite. Fl. yellowish
green, with elongated reddish styles, in short loose spikes. Hud-
son's P. serratum is acknowledged by himself to be too near
crispum, of which it is doubtless a variety with more of the leaves
opposite, and all perhaps less undulated ; as in Clusius's figure,
annexed by Johnson, in Gerarde, to a description belonging to
P. densum.

9. P. compressum. Flat-stalked Pond-weed.
Leaves linear, obtuse, with a very slight point; two lateral

ribs meeting just below the extremity. Stem compressed.

P. compres.sum. Linn. Sp.PlAS^. IVilld. v. \.7l5. Fl.Br.\95.
Engl. Bot. V.6. t.4\S. Hook. Scot. 58. Fl. Dan. t. 203.

P. caule compresso, folio graminis canini. Raii Syn. 149, Dill.
Giss.l\2.

In ditches and slow stream.s.

Perennial. June, July.

Stem wavy, alternately branched, much compressed tliroughout its
whole length, though rounded at the edges. Leaves sessile, al-
ternate, except a })air or two of the uppermost, perfectly linear,
in which this species diflcrs from all the preceding ; they are 2

234 TETRANDRIA— TETRAGYNIA. Potamogeton*

or 3 inches long, and l-8thof an inch broad, rounded at the
end, with a minute, often scarcely perceptible, point. The mid-
rib becomes cellular, or vascular, in the upper leaves, as if com-
posed of oblong reticulations, in some degree resembling P. lan-
ceolatiun. Whether this appearance be owing to air-vessels,
produced in the flowering season, to render the plant buoyant,
we can but conjecture. At each side are 2 equidistant, parallel,
very fine ribs, of which the inner pair only are continued till they
form an arch just below the termination of the leaf, Stipulas
pale, partly cloven, embracing the stem. Flowers brownish, 4
or more in eacli small loose spike, just rising out of the water,
terminal till the branch rises above them.

10. P. cuspidatum. Pointed-leaved Pond-weed.

Leaves linear, with an oblique taper point; three principal
ribs, and numerous intermediate ones, all distinct. Stem
compressed.

P. cuspidatum. Schracl. Germ. v. 2.

P. compressum. Teesdale Tr. of Linn. Sac. v. 2. 106. Don H.
Br. 204.

P. gramineum latifolium. Loes^. Pruss. 206. t. 66 ; excellent.

In ponds and rivulets.

In a rivulet at Hovingham, Yorkshire. Mr. Robert Teesdale. In
the lake of Rescobie, and also in the lake of Forfar. Mr. G Don.

Larger than the last, with which it has, in England, always been
confounded. Professor Schrader has communicated it to me as
the P. cuspidatum of his Fl. Germ., the 2d vol, of which, if pub-
lished, has not yet reached us, and I have sought out such cha-
racters as my specimens afford. The principal one is indicated
in the name. The leaves are not rounded at the end, but taper
off rather suddenly and obliquely, into a terminal point, formed
of the substance of the leaf. There are, moreover, only 2 lateral
ribs, 1 at each side, half way between the mid-rib and the mar-
gin. These are often very inconspicuous ; but there are nume-
rous intermediate ribs, all over the leaf, which do not occur in
P. compressum. Both the lateral as well as all the intermediate
ribs keep distinct, and vanish just below the extremity of the
leaf. These characters, though not the intermediate ribs, are
clearly expressed in Loesel's figure, which has hitherto been
quoted for P. compressum, as has likewise Haller's n. 851. But
his character of the lanceolate leaves long ago caused the accu-
rate Mr. Davall to suspect an error in that reference. This cha-
racter indeed agrees admirably with specimens in the Linnsean
herbarium, of a plant erroneously taken for compressum, but
which I am told the late Professor Willdenow has somewliere
named complanatum. It^Jlower -stalks are near a foot long ;
Ze«fes 5 -ribbed, l-3d of an inch broad, tapering at each end.
This is very possibly Haller's n. 851.

TETRANDRIA-TETRAGYNIA. Potamogeton. 235
1 1. P. graminewn. Grassy Pond-weed.

Leaves linear, tapering downward, with solitary, very slen-
der, lateral ribs. Stem round, forked. Flower-stalks from
the forks, scarcely longer than the spikes.

P. gramineum. Linn. Sp. PL ISA. mild. v. I. 716. Fl. Br 196
Engl. Bot. V. 32. t. 2253. Teesdale Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 2 106*
Br.Prodr.343.

P. gramineum latiusculum, foliis et ramificationibus densissim^
stipatis. Dill, in Raii Stjn. 149. t. 4./. 3.

In ponds and ditches.

In ditches near Deptford. Buddie. Near Norwich. Mr. Rose. In
the ponds at Castle Howard, and near Beverley. Yorkshire
Mr. Teesdale.

Perennial. Jalij.

Herb submersed. Stem slender, thread-shaped, wavy, mucli branch-
ed, forked in the upper part. Leaves grassy, alternate, except
at the forks, crowded, spreading, 3 inches long, of a fine green,
linear, though gradually contracted toward the base, bluntish^
with an occasional small short point. Their mid-rib is more or
less accompanied by very narrow, oblong, parallel reticulations j
side ribs solitary, nearer to the margin than to the mid-rib, ex-
tremely fine, and sometimes scarcely discernible, vanishing' at a
greater or less distance below the point. There are no inter-
mediate ribs, Stipidas pale, usually convoluted, so as to be nar-
rower than their leaves. Stalks from the forks of the stem, per-
haps without exception ■ the remark to the contrary, in some
instances, being founded on a specimen of P. cuspidatum, mis-
taken by Linnieus. Spikes ovate, dense, generally quite as long
as their stalks, just raised above the water. Seeds almost globu-
lar, with an oblique point.

Tlie ribs of the leaves in this and the two preceding species will
always clearly ascertain them. They have indeed puzzled bota-
nists who have seen them only superficially, or not at all ; but
they are not the less distinct on that account.

12. V,pusilhim. Small Pond-weed.

Leaves linear, spreading at the base, opposite or alternate,
with solitary, very slender, lateral ribs. Stem round.
Flower-stalks axillary, mostly lateral, many times longer
than their spikes.

P.pusillum. Linn.Sp. PL [84. mild. v. 1.717. I'l.Br.\07. Engl.

Bot.v.3.t.2\D. Hook. Scot. 59. Ehrh.HerbAVl. El.Dan. t.l43['
P. n, 852. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 3/7.
P. pusillum, gramineo folio, caule tereti. Raii Si/n. I.IO. J'aill.

Par. 164. /.32./. 4.

236 TETRANDRIA— TETRAGYNIA. Potamogeton.

P. gramineum tenuifolium. Loes. Pruss. 206. t. 67.
Narrow Grass Pond- weed. Petiv. H. Brit, t.b.f. 11.

In ponds and ditches, especially on a clay soil, not uncommon.

Perennial. July.

Much smaller than any of the foregoing. Stem slender, round,
more or less branched, from 1 to 2 feet long, altogether sub-
mersed, the flowers only appearing above-water. Leaves 1^ or
2 inches long, scarcely a line in breadth, opposite under every
flower-stalk, otherwise alternate, rather acute ; their mid-rib
slightly accompanied by oblong reticulations ; lateral ribs to-
wards the margins, solitary, very slender, and often hardly visi-
ble ; if continued far enough, joining the mid-rib, at some di-
stance below the point, and not quite both together. Stipulas
sheathing, broader than the leaves. Flower-stalks lateral, axil-
lary j the uppermost sometimes surmounted by a pair of branches j
all much longer than the small, ovate spike, which consists of
but few Jlowers, becoming a little distant as the fruit advances.
Seeds ovate, obliquely beaked.

A perfectly clear and well-known species, though Willdenow has
misquoted Haller, and Haller the Fl. Dan. A variety somewhat
larger than common, but not otherwise different, was found by
Mr. Teesdale, near Beverley, which I have from Switzerland for
compressum, and it is also marked Haller's n. 851 ; a combina-r
tion of errors, for which the accurate Mr. Davall is not respon-.
siblCj for he had studied this genus correctly.

13. P. nectinatum. Fennel-leaved Pond-weed.

' Leaves bristle-shaped, single-ribbed, parallel, thickly set in
two ranks ; sheathing at the base. Spikes interrupted.

P. pectinatum. Linn. Sp. Pl.lS^. Willd. v. I. 715. Fl. Br. 197,
Engl. Bot. v.b. t. 323. Hook. Scot. 59. Ehrh. Herb. 123.

P. marinum. Linn. Sp. PL IS4. Wiild. v.1.7 \6. Huds.76, FL
Dan, t. 18(3.

P. n. 853. Hall. Hist. v.\. 377.

P. millefolium, seu foliis gramineis, ramosum. Raii Syn. 150.

P. maritimum, grandiusculis capitulis, capillaceo folio, nostrdsj.
Pink. Almag. 305. ^. 2 1 6. /. 5 . Dill, in Rail Syn. 150.

P. pusillum fiuitans. Bocc. Sic. 42. t. 20. f. 5,

P. ramosum foliis gramineis. Vaill. Par. 164. t.32.f. 5.

Millefolium tenuifolium. Ger. Em. 828./.

In rivers, ditches and ponds, whether of fresh or salt water.

Perennial. July.

Root tuberous, with creeping scyons. Stems very much branched,
various in length, leafy, zigzag. Leaves alternate, two-ranked,
slender, tapering, acute, their solitary rib connected by trans-
verse alternate veins with the margins ; clasping the stem with
their elongated sheathing base, which aj)pears to be lined with

TETRANDRIA— TETRAGYNIA. Ruppia. 237

the stipula, whose cloven summit rises a little above the sheath,
as in grasses. Spikes few, solitary, each from one of the upper-
most forks of the branches, on a longish stalk, cylindrical, with
considerable interruptions, rising just above the surface, seldom
produced but in still waters. Fl. 2 or 3 together, dull green.
Seeds scarcely more than I or 2 from each flower, gibbous.
Few plants vary more in the size of its herbage, which is most
considerable in rapid streams, where the flowers seldom appear.
Dillenius says the leaces are most slender, and the heads of
Jlowers largest, in salt-water ditches ; but this is d-sproved by
observation in England, and by Swiss specimens, all from fresh
water, as various as any ; so that P. marinum cannot be marked
even as a variety.

82. RUPPIA. Ruppia.

Linn. Gen. 68. Juss. 19. Fl. Br. 198. Lam. t. 90. Gartn. t. 84.
Buccaferrea. Mich. Gen. t. 35.

Nat. Ord. see ?^ 81.

Cat. and Cor. none. A?ith. 4, sessile, irregularly quadran-
gular, depressed, bursting by a horizontal transverse fis-
sure. Germens 4, occasionally 5, turbinate, at length
stalked. Styles none. Stigmas obtuse, depressed in the
centre. Seeds 4, naked, ovate, obliquely pointed, convex
at one side, bluntly keeled at the other, each elevated on
a stalk, 4 or 5 times its own length.

Habit of Potamogetoii, from which it differs in the want of
a corolla, in the posture as well as shape of the anthers,
and in the stalked seeds. But Linnaeus surely errs in using
the term spadix here, for what the former genus shows
to be ?Ljlower-stalk. Impregnation in Ruppia takes place
within the sheath of the leaf, and the seeds are subse-
quently raised above the w^ater to ripen ; just the reverse
of Potamogeton.

1. K.maritima. Sea Ruppia. Tassel Pond-weed.

R. maritima. Linn. Sp. PL 184. Willd. r. 1. 717. FL Br. 198.

EngL Bot. V. 2. t. 136. Hook. Lond. t. 50. 5co^59. Lighif. 124.
/. 8. /*. 1 . Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. J 7. 9.
Potamogiton maritimum, gramineis longioribus foliis, fructu fer^

umbellato. Rati Syn. 134. t. 6.f. 1.
P. maritimum pusillum alterum. Pliik. Phijt. t. 248./. 4.
Fucus ferulaceus. Ger.Em. 1573./.
Tassel Pond-weed. Petiv. H. Brit. t. (i.f. \.
Buccaferrea maritima, foliis acutissimis -, etiam foliis miniis acutis.

Mich. Gen. 72. ^35.

238 TETRANDRIA— TETRAGYNIA. Sagina.

In salt-water ditches.

Perennial ? Angus f, September.

Herb submersed" Roofs fibrous, in tufts, from several of the lower
joints of the long, slender, round, much branched, leafy stem.
Leaves alternate, linear, extremely narrow, more or less acute,
channelled, single-ribbed from about the middle upward, entire ;
dotted with brown or purple towards the edges 3 clasping the
stem with their sheathing, somewhat dilated, base. Spikes usually
2 -flowered, on short, solitary, axillary stalks. Fl. alternate, ver-
tical, as distinct on their common stalk as those of any Fotamo-
geton, and inclosed within the sheath of the neighbouring leaf,
as it appears, till impregnation is accomplished ; my account in
Engl. Bot. being, in this particular, incorrect. Professor Hooker
has rightly explained the process. After flovv-ering, the flower-
stalk, often spiral, is greatly lengthened, rising to'the surface of
the water, and carrying with it the 4 impregnated germens, each
raised on its own long and firm stalk, produced likewise after
the anthers are fallen. Each germen becomes an ovate, pointed
seed, the size of Millet, with a hard shell, that does not burst.
Dr. Hooker has admirably illustrated the history of this curious
plant, and has named the parts of the seed so as, surely, to
leave no room for any improvement. The germination of the
plant, when properly investigated, must show which is the real

83. SAGINA. Pearl- wort.

Linn. Gen.Q>S. Juss.2,00. FL Br. 199. Lam.t. 90. Gcertn. t. 129.

Nat. Ord. Caryophyllecc. Linn. 22. Juss. 82.

Cal. inferior, of 4 ovate, concave, equal, widely spreading,
bluntish, permanent leaves. Petals 4, ovate, obtuse, en-
tire, shorter than the calyx, alternate with its leaves,
spreading; sometimes wanting. Filam. thread-shaped,
ascending, shorter than the cal. and opposite to it. Anth.
of 2 roundish lobes. Germ, superior, ovate. Styles ter-
minal, short, rather spreading. Stigmas obtuse, downy.
Caps, ovate, of 1 cell, and 4 ovate, separate, equal valves.
Seeds numerous, minute, rough, attached, each on its own
stalk, to a central cylindrical y^eceptacle.

Small, generally smooth, herhs^ with opposite, narrow, en-
tire leaves^ and axillary, solitary, stalked, small, greenish
or white j^ot£;^r5.

1. ^. procumbens. Procumbent Pearl-wort.
Stems procumbent, smooth. Leaves minutely pointed.
Petals half as lono- as the calyx.

TETRANDRIA— TETRAGYNIA. Sagina. ^39

S. procumbens. Linn. Sp. PL 185. IVilkl r. 1. 718. Fl. Br. 199.

Engl. Bot. V. 13. t. 880. Curt. Lond.fasc. 3. t. 12. Hook. Scot.^0.

Arduin. Spec. 2. 23. t. S.f. 2.
Alsine n. 8G I . Halt. Hist. v. 1 . 382.
A. pusilla graniinea, flore tetrapetalo. Tourn. Inst. 2A3. Segu.

Veron. v.\.42\. t.D.f.3.
Alsinella muscoso flore repens. Dill. Giss. 81. Raii Syn. 345.

In sandy ground, or the walks and beds of neglected gardens, as
well as on shady walls, and gravelly banks, every where.

Perennial. May — August.

Root fibrous. Stems 2 — 4 inches long, spreading on the ground
in ever)' direction, leafy, round, taking root at their lower joints,
and if not disturbed, remaining through the winter, as Mr. Curtis
first remarked. Leaves in like manner evergreen, combined by
their membranous bages, three-ribbed, linear, about half an inch
long, smooth in every part, obtuse, with a very minute bristly
point. Floiver-stalks longer tlmn the leaves, smooth. jF7. droop-
ing, with white roundish petals. Seeds extremely minute. The
late Rev. H. Davies gathered on a green near Beaumaris, in
July 1817, a very pretty variety, with rose-like double ftoiceis,
of from 27 to 32 petals. This has found its way into some curious
gardens.

A different synonym of Tournefort is quoted in the Prodr. Fl. Gr^c,
which nevertheless is correct, though the above ought also to
have been noticed.

2. S. maiitima. Sea Pearl-wort.

Stems nearly upright, divaricated, smooth. Leaves obtuse,
without bristles. Petals none.

S. maritima. Don H. Br. 155. Engl. Bot. v.ZX.t. 2195. Comp. 28.
Hook. Scot. GO. Lond. f.\\D.

On the sea coast of Scotland, as well as of England and Ireland,
also on the Highland mountains.

On the coast near Aberdeen, and on the summit of Ben Nevis.
Mr. G. Don. At Bally-castle, near the Giant's causeway, Ire-
land. Mr. R. Brown. On Hartle-pier, Durham. Mr. fVinch.
In salt marshes at Southwold, Suffolk, abundantly. Professor
Hooker.

Annual. May — August.

Root tapering, fibrous below. Stems numerous, 2 or 3 inches
high, spreading at the bottom, but otherwise erect, branched,
leafy, round, smooth, often purplish. Leaves scarcely half the
length of the former species, but broader in proportion, thick
and blunt, often tipped with a minute point, but no bristle j com-
bined by their membranous bases, and sometimes fringed there-
abouts. Flower-stalks slender, erect, smooth, usually an inch
long. Calyx-leaves broadly ovate, obtuse, with a white mem-

240 TETRANDRIA— TETRAGYNIA. Moenchia.

branous edge. Petals abortive^ or entirely wanting. Capsule
rather longer than the calyx.
Mr. Don found sometimes 8 stamens. Professor Hooker says the
petals are entirely wanting, nor can I find any. The edges of
the calyx are occasionally violet-coloured.

3. S. apetala. Annual Small-floweved Pearl-wort.

Stems nearly upright, hairy. Leaves bristle-pointed, fringed*
Petals obsolete, or wanting.

S. apetala. Linn. Mant. 2. 559. mild. Sp. PI. v. 1. 719. Fl. Br.

199. Engl. Bot. t\ 13. ^. 881. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. t. 14. Dicks.

H. Sicc.fasc. 3. 6. Hook. Scot. 60. Don H. Br. 156. Arduin.

Spec. 2. 22. t. 8./. 1 ; bad.
Saxifraga anglica alsinefolia annua. Raii Syu. 345.

In dry, sandy, barren ground ; on walls and waste places ; very
common.

Annual. — May, June.

The whole plant is more slender than either of the foregoing. Stems
numerous, partly reclining but not taking root, more or less
hairy, or rough with prominent scattered points. Leaves shaped '
like those of S. procumbens, but fringed at the edges, each tipped
with a very distinct bristle ; and they are not unfrequently hairy
all over. Flower-stalks long and slender, and likewise hairy.
Flowers not perhaps so truly apetalous as the last, though often
perfectly so. The petals, if present, are white, not half the
length of the calyx, either entire or notched. Caps, pale, about
twice as long as the calyx. Seeds bordered with a black line 3
but this, as in Spergula and Arenaria, is variable.

84. MGENCHIA. Moenchia.

Ehrh. Beitr.fasc. 2. 1 77. Hook. Scot. 48.
Nat. Ord. see ?i. 83.

Cal. inferior, of 4 elliptic-lanceolate, concave, equal, con-
verging, pointed, membranous-edged, permanent leaves.
Pet. 4, lanceolate, undivided, entire, upright, shorter than
the calyx^ withering. Filam. thread-shaped, ascending,
shorter than the petals. Anth. of 2 roundish lobes. Germ,
superior, ovate. Styles terminal, very short, spreading.

^ Stigtn. obtuse, downy. Caps, the length of the calyx,
cylindrical, slightly ovate, of 1 cell, and 1 valve, mem-
branous, opening at the summit with 8, occasionally 10,
equal, shallow, acute teeth. Seeds numerous, kidney-
shaped, rough, attached, each on its own stalk, to a cen-
tral cylindrical receptacle^ half the length of the capsule.

TETRANDRIA— TETRAGYNIA. TiUaea. 241

Herbaceous, smooth, erect, with the habit and fruit of a
Cerastium, or Holosteum,

1. M. erecta. Upright Moenchia.

M. glauca. Pers. Sijn. i\ 1 . 153. Hook. Scot. 60.

M. Quaternelhu Ehrh. Phyt. 82. Beitr. v. 2. 178.

Sagina erecta. Linn. Sp. PL 185. Ullld. r. 1. 7 19. FL Br. 200.

Engl. Bot. V. 9. t. 609. Curt. Land. fasc. 2. t. 12. Dicks. H. Sice.

fasc. 6. 6. Drijand. Bibl. Banks, v. 3. 244. Huds. 73. With. 216.
Alsinella foliis caryophylleis. Raii Sijn. 344. t. 15./. 4.
Alsine verna glabra. Vaill. Par. 6. t.3.f. 2.
Chamselinum gramineo, seu acuto, folio. Barrel. Ic. t. 1165.

In pastures and heathy ground^ on a barren gravelly soil.

Annual. May.

Root small, fibrous. Whole herb glaucous and \try smooth.
Stems several, erect, 3 or 4 inches high, round, leafy. Leaves
opposite, sessile, linear-lanceolate, entire, single-ribbed. Flowers
erect, solitary, on long terminal stalks, conspicuous for the shining
white of their petals and the edges of their calyx-leaves. Caps.
of a light shining brown.

An elegant little plant, certainly misplaced in Sagina, as its habit
and the structure of the capsule evince. The uncertainty of
its genus is hinted, in FL Brit, and Engl. Bot. ; though I had not
then seen Ehrhart's work, to consider his characters. The ori-
ginal specific name erecta ought not to be changed. We may be
thankful to get rid of Quaternella.

85. TILLiEA. Tillsea.

Linn. Gen. 68. Juss.307. Mich. Gen. t. 20. FL Br. 201. Lam.
t. 90. G^rtn.t. 112.

Nat Ord. Succulent cb. Linn. 13. Sempet'vivce. Juss. 83.

Cal. in 3 or 4? deep, spreading, large, ovate, succulent seg-
ments, inferior. Pet. 3 or 4, ovate or lanceolate, acute,
flat, thin, rather smaller than the calyx, and alternate
with its divisions. Nect. none. Filam. 3 or 4, simple,
awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla, erect. Anth. roundish,
of 2 cells. Germens 3 or 4, ovate, superior. Styles ter-
minal, very short. Stigmas obtuse. Caps. 3 or 4, oblong,
pointed, recurved, bursting lengthwise at their upper edge,
each of 1 cell, and 2 valves. Seeds ovate, 2 in each cap-
sule.

Small, succulent, annual herbs, with numerous branches, op-
posite sessile leaves, and generally axillary^otLT?-^. This
genus differs from Crassida in the want ol nectariferous
scales, as well as in number of the several parts.

2i2 TETRANDRIA— TETRAGYNIA. Radiola.

1. T. ??i?/s'cosa. Mossy Tillaea.

Stems procumbent. Flowers sessile, mostly three-cleft.

T. muscosa, Linn. Sp. PL 186. TVilld. v.\.72\. FL Br. 201.
Engl. Bot. V. 2. ^.116. Roses Elem. append. 448. t. 2./ 2.

T. muscosa annua perfoliata, flora albo. Mich. Gen. 22. t. 20.

SempervivLim omnium minimum, repens, muscosum, polygon!
fiicie. Bocc. Mus. v. 2. 36. t. 22.

Polygonum muscosum minimum. Bocc. Sic. 56. t. 29.

Crassula foliis sessilibus connatis;, floribus aggregatis in foliorum
alis. Guett. Obs. v. 2. 97.

On the most barren sandy heaths.

Frequent in Norfolk and Suffolk, A troublesome weed on the
gravel walks at Holkham.

Annual. Matj, June.

Root fibrous, small. Stems at first erect, but soon becoming pro-
cumbent, an inch or two in length, round, leafy. Leaves^ oppo-
site, very succulent, reddish, smooth, oval, obtuse, combined at
the base. FL axillary, solitary, often accompanied by a pair of
smaller leaves. Col. pointed. Petals narrow, pointed, white
with a tinge of red. The whole plant is smooth, so small and
depressed that it only becomes remarkable by the ample reddish
patches, which it forms over the most dreary sands. Thejlowers
are naturally 3 -cleft, and of course triandrous5 but they are
sometimes 4-cleft in strong plants, and Gsertner says 5 -cleft.
Still the want of nectaries keeps them generically distinct from
the chiefly African genus Crassula.

86. RADIOLA. Flax-seed.

GmeL Syst. v. 2. 289. FL Br. 201 . DHL Gen. 126. t 7.

Linocarpum. Mich. Gen. t.2\.

Nat. Ord. Gruinales. Linn. 14. Akin to CaryopliyllecE,
Juss. 82. See n. 180. Lima, DeCand. 15. — It still re-
mains very doubtful to what Order this genus and Linum
are nearest akin.

CaL inferior, of one leaf, in 4 principal segments, each of
which is deeply and acutely 3-cleft, permanent. Petals 4,
obovate, undivided, spreading, the length of the calyx,
and alternate with its principal segments. Filam. 4, awl-
shaped, the length of the petals, without any intermediate
imperfect filaments. Anth. roundish, of 2 lobes. Germ,
superior, roundish, 4-lobed. Styles 4, terminal, capillary,
very short, permanent. Stigm. capitate, obtuse. Caps.
roundish, somewhat pointed, with 8 furrows, 8 valves,
with inflexed edges, cohering slightly in pairs, and 8 cells.
Seeds solitary, ovate, compressed, polished.

TETRANDRIA— TETRAGYNIA. Radiola. 243

Small, herbaceous. Stem repeatedly forked. Leaves oppo-
site, entire. Fl. from the forks and summits of the stem,
stalked. We know but one species, referred by Linnaeus
to Liiium, from which it differs in structure, as well as in
number and habit.

1. R. millegrana. Thyme-leaved Flax-seed.

R. millegrana. FL Br. 202. Engl. hot. v. 13. t. 893. Hook. Scot. 60.

R. linoides. GmeL Syst. v. 2. 289.

R. vulgaris serpyllifolia. Dill, in Raii Syn. 345. t. 15./. 3. Jacob

Faversh. 92.
Linum Radiola. Linn. Sp. PL 402. Syst. NaL ed. 12. v. 2. 225.

Willd. V. 1. 1542. Huds. 134. Dicks. H. Sice. fasc. 10. 7. Fl.

Dan. t.l7S.
L. n. 840. Hall. Hist v. 1.374.
Linocarpum serpylli folio/ multicaule et multiflorum. " Mich. Gen.

23. ^.21.
Millegrana minima. Raii Syn. ed. 2. 207. Ger. Em. 569. f.
Chamselinum vulgare, Faill. Par. 33, t. 4./. 6.

In wet sandy ground.

Annual. July, August.

Root fibrous, small. Herbsmooth. Stem 1 — 2 inches high, erect,
repeatedly forked, leafy, many-flowered, moderately spreading,
and somewhat corymbose. Leaves sessile, small, ovate, 3 -ribbed.
Fl. stalked, solitaiy, from the forks of the stem, as well as its
ultimate branches, white, very minute. Caps, light brown, ra-
ther depressed.

R 2

Class V. PENTANDRIA. Stamens5.

Order I. MONOGYNIA. Pistil 1.

* Flowers monopetalous, inferior-, isoith 2 or 4^ naked
seeds, Asperifoliae.

96. ECHIUM. Throat of the corolla dilated, naked;
Hmb irregular. Stigma deeply cloven.

91. PULMONARIA. Cor. naked in the throat, funnel-

shaped. Call/a: prismatic, 5'cleft at the margin.

88. LITHOSPERMUM. Cor, naked in the throat,

funnel-shaped. Cal. in 5 deep segments.

92. SYMPHYTUM. Cor, closed with awl-shaped con-

verging valves ; limb bell-shaped.

93. BORAGO. Co?\ closed with awl-shaped or notched

valves ; limb wheel-shaped.

95. LYCOPSIS. Cor. closed with concave obtuse valves,
funnel-shaped, with a doubly bent tube. Seeds con-
cave at the base.

89. ANCHUSA. Cor. closed with concave obtuse valves,

funnel-shaped; tube straight, tumid below. Seeds
concave at the base.

94-. ASPERUGO. Cor. closed with concave obtuse valves,
salver-shaped. Cal. of the fruit compressed, with
jagged parallel lobes.

87. MYOSOTIS. Cor. half closed with rounded valves,
salver-shaped ; lobes obtuse. Seeds perforated at the
base, borne by the calyx.

90. CYNOGLOSSUM. Cor. half closed with rounded

valves, funnel-shaped. Seeds depressed, imperforate,
borne by a central column.

** Fl. monopetalous, inferior, with numerous covered
seeds.

102. ANAGALLIS. Caps, of 1 cell, bursting all round.
Cor. wheel-shaped. Sfafn. hairy.

245

101. LYSIMACHIA. Caps, of 1 cell, with 10 valves.
Cor. wheel-shaped.

98. CYCLAMEN. Caps, of 1 cell, pulpy within. Cor.

wheel- shaped, reflexed. Stigma simple.
97. PRIMULA. Caps, of 1 cell, opening with 10 teeth.
Cor. salver-shaped; tube cylindrical; throat open.
Stigma globular.

100. HOTTONIA. Caps, of 1 cell, with 5 teeth. Cor.
salver-shaped. Stam. from the margin of the tube.
Stigma globular. Cat. in 5 deep segments.

99. MENYANTHES. Caps, of 1 cell. Cor. hairy.

Stigjna divided.

117. ERYTHR.^A. Caps, of 2 incomplete cells. Cor,

salver-shaped. Aiith. finally spiral.

113. DATURA. Caps, of 2 cells, and 4 valves. Cor.

funnel-shaped. Cat. deciduous.

114. HYOSCYAMUS. Caps, of 2 cells, with a lid. Cor.

funnel-shaped. Stigma capitate.

112. VERBASCUM. C^j95. of 2 cells. Cor. wheel-shaped,
irregular. Stigma obtuse. Stam. declining.

104. CONVOLVULUS. Caps, of 2 or 3 cells, with 2 seeds

in each. Cor. bell-shaped, plaited. Stigmas 2.

105. POLEMONIUM. Caps, of 3 cells. Cor. deeply

5-cleft ; tube closed by 5 valves. Stam. between the
valves, opposite to the segments.
103. AZALEA. Crti75. of 5 cells. Cor. heW-sha^ed. Stam.
from the receptacle. Anth. with 2 pores. Stigma
capitate.

127. VINCA. Follicles 2, erect. Cor. salver-shaped, ob-
lique. Seeds simple.

116. SOLANUM. Berry of 2 cells. Cor. wheel-shaped.
Anth. with 2 pores.

115. ATROPA. ^m^/ of 2 cells. Cor. bell-shaped. Stam.

distant, incurved. Anth. heart-shaped.
»** pi^ monopetalous, superior.

118. SAMOLUS. Caps, of 1 cell, with 5 recurved valves.

Cor. funnel-shaped, 5-cleft, with intermediate scales.
108. JASIONE. Caps, half 2-celled, opening at the top.
Cor. wheel-shaped, in 5 deep segments. Stigma club-
shaped. Anth. combined at the base.

246

107. PHYTEUMA. Caps, of 2 or 3 cells, bursting late-
rally. Cor. wheel-shaped, in 5 deep segments. Stigma
2- or 3-cleft.

109. LOBELIA. Caps, of 2 or 3 cells. Cor. irregular,

split lengthwise. Stigma capitate, hairy.
106. CAMPANULA. Caps, of 2 or 3 cells, with torn
fissures at the base. Cor. bell-shaped. Stigma 2-
or 3-cleft, revolute.

119. LONICERA. Berry of 1 or more cells, with many

seeds. Cor. irregular.

Rubia 1.
**** i^/. of 5, or 4!, petalsy inferior.

120. RHAMNUS. Berry of several cells. Cal funnel-

shaped, bearing the petals.

121. EUONYMUS. Caps, of 4 or 5 cells. Seeds with a

fleshy tunic. Cal. flat.

1 10. IMPATIENS. Caps, of 5 cells, and 5 elastic valves,

Cal. of 2 leaves. Cor. irregular.

111. VIOLA. Caps, of 1 cell, and 3. valves. Cal. of 5

leaves, extended at the base. Cor. irregular, spurred.

***** pi^ of S petals^ superior,

122. RIBES. Berry with many seeds. Cal. bearing the

petals. Style divided.

123. HEDERA. Berry ^\\}£\^ — 5 seeds. C«/. surrounding
. the germen. Style simple. Pet. broadest at the base,

#*#### p^fais 'ii)anti?ig.

125. GLAUX. C«/>5. superior, with 5 5^^^5. Ca/. coloured,

of 1 leaf.

124. ILLECEBRUM. Caps, superior, with 1 seed. Cal

cartilaginous, of 5 leaves.

126. THESIUM. Z)n//'a inferior, dry. C«/. coriaceous,

5-cleft, bearing the stamens.

Order II. DIGYNIA. Pistils 2. See be-
ginning of Vol. II.

247

PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA,
87. MYOSOTIS. Scorpion-grass.

Linn. Gen. 73. Juss. V6\. Fl. Br. 212. Dill. Gen. 99. t. 3. Lam.
t.9i. Gcertn. t. 68.

Nat. Ord. Asperifolice. Linn. -l-l. Boraginece. Juss. 42. Nine
followino; tjenera the same. See Grammar' 102.

[Professor Schrader, in a small treatise on the Asperifolice,
gives their natural characters as follows :

Root simple or branched, perpendicular, sometimes oblique,
very rarely creeping. Stem herbaceous, rarely shrubby;
branches alternate, axillary. Leaves for the most part
alternate, entire, sometimes wavy, or broadly toothed,
more or less bristly, like the rest of the herb ; tlieir bristles
proceeding each from a small prominence finally be-
coming callous; very rarely seated on a tubercle. Flovcers
alternate, with or without bracteas^ mostly forming a uni-
lateral cluster, at first spirally revolute, afterwards elon-
gated; tlie partial stalks enlarged as the seeds ripen.
Bracteas, if present, solitary, generally lateral, more or
less leafy, permanent. Calyx, except in Cerinflie, ofl leaf,
more or lo^s deeply 5-cleft, very seldom merely 5-tootlied;
the segments or teetii generally a little unequal ; perma-
nent, enlarged after flowering, and in some instances

, altered in shape. Corolla inferior, of 1 petal, 5-cleft, the
segments mostly equal ; the mouth either completely, or
imperfectly, closed with convex hollow valves; or beset
with swellings, or plaits, or dense hairs; or eiitirely naked
and pervious. Stamens from the interior part of the tube,
seldom from the mouth, alternate v/ith the segments of
the limb, and equal to them in number; anthers of 2
cells, distinct, very seldom attached to each other. Ger-
mens 4-, very rarely (in Cerinthe) 2 only, distinct, seated
on a fleshy or glandular receptacle, subsecjuently enlarged,
and supporting the ripe fruit. Sfijle 1, from the disk be-
tween the germens, permanent; and terminating in a
generally undivided stigma. Fruit as many close capsules
(achenia) as there are germens, various in substance, each
fin-nished, in some instances, with an umbilical de})ression,
from which proceeds the strophiolum, or crest, hardly oc-
curring but where that depression exists, and wliich is
v.hilish and (Icshy, occupying the whole cavity: but be-

248 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Myosotis.

comes contracted and wrinkled as the fruit ripens, so as
to render the depression more visible. Seed solitary in
each capsule, with a single skin, and no albumen; embryo
inverted ; cotyledons 2, slightly convex ; radicle superior.
Receptacle mostly unaltered, and flat ; in some convex ;
in some conical ; in odiers columnar, or pyramidal ;
marked with scars, or little hollows, where the capsules
are attached. Schrad. Asperif. 1 7.

I rather, after the example of Linnaeus, consider these sup-,
posed achenia as naked seeds ; nor is there any advantage
in denominating them, after Goertner and some other
writers, nuts, which in that case would merely mean /lard
seeds. The kernel within having but a single ski?!, mem-
brana ; and the near relationship of this Order to the
Verticillatcje of Ray and Linnaeus, the Labiatce of Jussieu,
being acknowledged, analogy, though often a treacherous
guide, must lead us to consider the second covering as
the outer skin, testa, in one case as well as the other. In
the Verticillatce there can be no question about the mat-
ter, if naked seeds be ever allowed to exist ; and to deny
this is merely a dispute of words. In the Asperifolicc, the
outer skin is often indeed elaborately constructed ; and
sometimes dowuiy, or prickly ; but such characters are
not more appropriate or essential to a seed-vessel than to
a seed. The seeds of Cerinthe, which at first sight seem a
difficulty less easy to be surmounted, are merely confluent,
or combined laterally, in pairs, like the nuts of Messer-
schmidia, which last are the seeds of a drupa, the only ge-
nuine mils, of which a Walnut is the type.]

Myosotis.

Cat. inferior, of 1 leaf, oblong, erect, divided half way down,
or more, into 5 acute equal segments, permanent. Cor.
of one petal, salver-shaped; tube cylindi'ical; limb ascend-
ing, or horizontal, in 5, rather deep, obtuse, often notched,
equal segments : mouth half closed with 5 little, rounded,
notched, convex, slightly prominent valves, Filam. very
short, in the throat. Anthers small, oblong, concealed
by the valves. Germens 4-, roundish, inserted into the
base of the calyx. Style thread-shaped, central, erect,
the length of the tube. Stigma obtuse. Seeds 4, ovate,
rather compressed, pointed, smooth, in the bottom of the
somev^'hat enlarged, closed calyx, each with a small hollow
at its point of insertion.

PENTAKDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Myosotis. 249

Herbaceous ; hairy or bristly. Leaves scattered, undivided,
entire, single-ribbed. Clusters terminal, many-flowered;
revolute in the bud. Cor. bright blue, or yellowisji ; red
before expansion, Seeds various ; highly polished ni all
our species.

* Roots 2^erenni(d^ or jierhaps biennial.

1. M, pahistris. Great Water Scorpion-grass.
Seeds smooth. Leaves and calyx roughish with close bristles.
Clusters leafless. Calyx funnel-shaped, with short broad
spreading teeth. Limb of the corolla horizontal, longer
than the tube. Root creeping.
M. palustris. Roth Germ. v. 1. 87. v. 2. p. 1. 221 Comp 33,
Engl.Bot.v.2S.t.\973. inth.'Z2b. HullA6. Relh. ed. \. /6.
Sibth.QS. Jbhot ^iO. Hook. Scot. 67. Lehm. Jsperif. S8.
M. scorpioides palustvis. Ger. Em. 337./ Linn. Sp. PL 188. H.
Br. 212 $. Huch.. 78. Curt. LoncJ.fasc. 3. t. 13. Han Syn. 229.
Ehrh. ilerb.2\. ,. , r -i

M. scorpioides. mild. Sp. PL r. 1. 746. PJahlenb. Lapp. o4.
Scorpiurus n. 59 1 a. HalL Hist. l\ 1 . 261 .
S. palustris perennis, viridioribus foliis. Mons. v. 3. 451. sect. 11.

^31.f. 4.
Echium 'scorpioides palustre. Bauh. Pin. 254.
Ana2:airLS aquatica. Pass. Ic. p. ult.f. 49.
Cynoglossa minor. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 176./.
In clear rivulets and ditches, common,
Perennial. June— August.

Roots very long, creeping, blackish, with numerous tufts ot strong
fibres. Herb bright green, rather succulent, from 6 to 12 or 18
inches high. Stems ascending obliquely, round, branching, leafy,
either nearly smooth, or clothed with, more or less spreading,
bristlv hairs. Leaves sessile, nearly uniform, elliptic-oblong,
bluntish, U or 2 inches long, clothed on both sides with small
close-pressed bristles, which scarcely render them rough to the
sight or the touch. Clusters many-flowered, 2 or 3 together, on
a terminal leafless stalk, or elongation of each branch 3 each
general and partial stalk, as well as both sides of the calyx,hemg
clothed with erect, or close-pressed, short, straight, simple, rigid,
pale uniform, bristly hairs. Partial stalks at first crowded into
a dense revolute spike, which unrolls gradually, and, after flower-
ing is greatly elongated, the stalks spreading almost horizontally
as the seeds ripen, forming a very lax straight cluster Calyx
about half the length of each partial stalk, after the flower is
past • bell-shaped at the base ; the limb divided half way down
into 5 broad, triangular, rather expanding, segments. Tube of
the corolla about as long as the calyx, whitish 3 limb longer.

250 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Myosotis. .

horizontal, of a beautiful enamelled sky blue, with white elevated
ribs at the base of each rounded, scarcely notched, segment ; the
valves of the mouth yellow. Thejlower-buds are of a fine pink.
Style the length of the tube. ^Stigma capitate, umbilicated.
Seeds ovate, compressed, obtuse, blackish, highly polished,
somewhat bordered.
This most elegant plant, the Forget-me-not, or emblem of affec-
tion, among the Germans, is the most distinct, and best known,
example of its genus, though too long confounded with other
common species. The perennial creeping roots, shining green
herbage, and enamelled blossoms, are ail strikingly characteristic.
Linnaeus records its being hurtful to sheep -, which, like a similar
report of Hijdrocotyle vulgaris, may have arisen from those ani-
mals suffering from frequenting the wet situations of these plants.

2. M. ccESpitosa. Tufted Water Scorpion -grass.

Seeds smooth. Leaves and calyx besprinkled with erect
bristles. Clusters leafy at the base. Calyx funnel-shaped,
with broad spreading teeth. Limb of the corolla the
length of the tube. Root fibrous.

M. csespitosa. '' Schulz Stargard. suppl. 2. Reichenbach Amcen»
1. 26." according to Dr. Panzer of Nuremberg.

In watery places.

Near Tunbridge j and at Binfield, Berks. Mr. T. F. Forster.

Perennial, or biennial. May, June.

Root fibrous, or slightly creeping. Stems numerous, a foot high,
crowded, erect, much branched, leafy and many-flovvered. Whole
herb of a weaker, paler, more lax habit than the foregoing, having
always a leaf or two at the base of each cluster. The Jloicers are
smaller, paler, and far less conspicuous. Calyx rather more
deeply 5 -cleft, with fewer, more dispersed and lax, bristles.
Seeds like the last. The plant remains unchanged by cultiva-
tion, and is doubtless a very distinct species.

3. M. mtermedia. Trailing Hairy Scorpion-grass.

Seeds smooth. Leaves hairy. Clusters leafless. Tube of
the calyx clothed with hooked bristles ; segments with
straight upright hairs. Root creeping. Stems decumbent.

M. intermedia. ''Link. Reichenbach Amcen. 1.22." Dr. Panzer.
M. scorpioides. Fl.Dan. ^.583, largest figure.

In dry shady places.

In a small wood at Edgefield, near Holt, Norfolk, in a perfectly
dry situation. Rev. R. B. Francis. On hedge banks near Nor-
wich, towards Keswick. Mr. J. Backhouse.

Perennial. April, May.

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Myosotis. 251

Root long and creeping. Herb of a dull green, copiously clothed
with lax spreading liairs, sometimes minutely callous at their
origin. Stems several, very hairy, leafy, more or less branched,
from 4 to 10 inches high ; procumbent at the lower part. Leaves
oblong ) the lowermost often obovate, and tapering at the base.
Clusters in pairs or solitary, on terminal, leafless, upright stalks.
Hairs on the general and partial stalks erect, but not close-
pressed. Partial stalks when in fruit longer than the calyx,
spreading not quite horizontally. Calyx bell-shaped in the lower
half, and plentifully clothed with spreading, pcirtly brownish,
hooked bristles ; in the upper half deeply 5 -cleft, the lanceolate
converging segments covered with straight, erect, silvery hairs.
Cor. bright blue, almost equal in size and beauty to that of
M. palustris. ' Seeds oval, brown, highly polished.

4. M. sijlvatica. Upright Wood Scorpion-grass.

Seeds smooth. Leaves hairy. Clusters with a leaf at the
base. Tube of the calyx clothed with hooked bristles ;
segments with straight upright hairs. Root fibrous.
Stems erect.

M. sylvatica. Leiim. Asper'if. So. Hook. Scot. 66.

M. scorpioides sylvatica. Elirh. Herb. 31.

M. scorpioides y. Fl. Br. 212.

M. scorpioides latifolia hirsuta. Merr. Pin. 82. Dill, in Rail Syn.
229. t. 9./. 2.

Scorpiurus n. 591 /3. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 262.

In woods and dry shady places, frequent.

Perennial. June, July.

Root fibrous, branching at the summit. Stems one or more^ erect,
12 or 18 inches high, branched at the upper part, leafy, angular,
clothed ivithsoft spreading hairs. Leaves oblong, obtuse, clothed
' and fringed with similar hairs, slightly callous at their base ; the
lowermost obovate, each tapering into a footstalk. Clusters
terminal, mostly solitary, very long and straight when in fruit,
each with a sessile, ovate, acute leaf, at the base of its stalk.
Partial stalks moderately spreading, somewhat longer than the
calyx, and clothed, like the common stalks, with short, upright
or incurved, hairs. Tube of the calyx bell- shaped, densely
clothed with fine, spreading, hooked bristles ; limb longer than
the tube, in 5 deep, unequal, lanceolate segments, rough with
erect, straight, brownish-tipped hairs. Corolla bright blue ;
limb horizontal, in .) obovate, flat segments, longer than the
pale tube. The flowers vary a little in size, and yield in beauty
to those of M. palustris. Tab. 583 of the Flora ])unlca is, as
Dr.Lehmann observes, not a good figure of this species, being un-
questionably, I think, drawn from the preceding, which escaped
his notice. ' DiUtnius's figure, in Ray's ^ynoiisis, is a good re-

252 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Myosotis.

presentation of M. sylvatica, which, as Merrett remarks, is very
common in woods in Kent.

5. M. alpestr'is. Rock Scorpion-grass.

Seeds smooth. Leaves hcairy, radical ones but half the
length of their footstalks. Clusters forked at the base,
leafless. Calyx deeply five-cleft, clothed with upright
hairs ; the lowermost incurved. Root fibrous, tufted.

M. alpestrls. Lekm. Asperif. 86. Hook. Scot. 66.

M. alpina. Don H. Br. 205,

M. rupicola. Engl. Bot. v. 36. t. 2.559. Comp. 33.

Lycopsis montana coerulea. Barrel. Ic. t. 404.

On the mountains of Scotland.

Plentiful on the summit of Ben Lawers, and other lofty Highland
mountains. Mr. G. Don^ Mr. J. Mackay, S^c.

Perennial. July, August.

Boot fibrous, or slightly creeping, blackish. Stems several, from
3 to 5 inches high, erect, simple, roundish, leafy, clothed with
spreading hairs. Leases ovate-oblong j the upper ones rather
pointed ; radical ones elliptical, on linear smooth footstalks,
twice or thrice their own length. Clusters either terminal, in
pairs, on a leafless stalk, with a solitary flower at the fork, or
axillary and solitary j all dense and revolute when in flower,
subsequently elongated 3 their stalks all clothed with erect or
close short silky hairs. Calyx in 5 deep, unequal, linear -lanceo-
late segments,' covered with similar upright hairs, those on the
very short tube only being slightly curved. Flowers blue, full as
large and ornamental as in M. palustris, pale pink in the bud,
their horizontal limb much longer than the very short tube j
valves white.

I have this from M. Villars as his alpine variety of M. scorpioides.
Haller, by his reference to Barrelier, seems to confound it with
the palustris, from which none can be more distinct.

** Roots annuaL

6. M. arvensis. Field Scorpion-grass.

Seeds smooth. Leaves hairy. Clusters stalked, with one
remote axillary flower. Calyx half-five-cleft, clothed with
spreading hairs ; those of the tube hooked. Root fibrous.

M. arvensis. Roth Germ. v. 2. p. 1. 222, Willd. Sp. PL v. 1 . 747.

With. 225. Sibth. 68. Abbot 40. Hook. Scot. 67. Engl. Bot.

V. 36. t. 2558. Comp. 33. Lehm. Asperif. 90.
M. scorpioides arvensis. Linn. Sp. PI. 188. R. Br. 212 a. Huds.

78. Relh.7D. Ehrh. Herb. 4\. Beitr.v. 5.\76. Bull. Fr. t. 355,

incorrect.
M. scorpioides hirsuta. Rati Syn. 229.

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Myosotis. 253

Scorpiurus n. 590. Hall. Hist. t\ 1 . 261 .

In dry sandy fields and open places, common.

Annual. June — Auf!;ust.

Root fibrous, generally simple at the crown, always annual. Stem
from 3 to 8 inches high, erect, branched and spreading from the
base, roundish, slender, leafy, clothed with partly spreading
hairs. Leaves covered with similar hairs ; the lowermost stalked,
obovate j the rest sessile, more or less obtuse. Clusters many-
flowered ; at first small, dense, and revolute j but very much
elongated, and quite erect, when in fruit ; almost always distin-
guished, as Mr. Borrer first remarked, by having one distant
drooping flower-stalk situated in the bosom of the uppermost
leaf. Sometimes there are more solitary flowers, or a small
cluster or two, so situated. Partial stalks, when in fruit, spread-
ing, covered with close hairs, and much longer than the calyx ;
of which the tube is bell-shaped, clothed with spreading or de-
flexed, hooked, bristly hairs ; the segments lanceolate, as long
as the tube, their hairs erect. Corolla with a white tube, as
long as the limb, which is small, bright blue, scarcely reddish in
the bud 5 its valves sunk in the tube. Seeds ovate, obtuse, keeled,
of a shining brown. The smaller Jlowers, and annual root, di-
stinguish this species from all the foregoing. The wooden cuts
of old authors do not precisely represent it, the artists probably
having M. sylvatica and intermedia in view at the same time,
though they distinguished M. palustris.

7. M. versicolor. Yellow and blue Scorpion-grass.
Seeds smooth. Leaves hairy. Clusters on long, naked

stalks. Calyx longer than the partial stalks ; hairs of its

tube hooked. Root fibrous.
M. versicolor. " Vers. Sijn. v. 1. 156." Lehm» Asperif. 93. Engl.

Bot. V. 36. 2558. t. 480./. 1 . Comp. 33. Hook. Scot. 67.
M. arvensis jS. Roth Germ. v. 2. p. I. 223. Willd. Sp. PL v. 1 . 747.
M. scorpioides /3. H. Br. 212. Huds. 78. Relh. 75.
M. scorpioides y. Linn. Sp. PL 189.
M. scorpioides collina. Ehrh. Herb. 51. Beitr. v. 5. 177.
M. scorpioides hirta minor. Rail Syn. 229.
Echium Scorpioides minus, flosculis luteis. Bauh. Prodr. 119.

Pin. 254.
Anchusa lutea. Cav. Ic. v. 1. 50. t. 69. f. 1 ; all the synonyms wrong.
Alsine myosotis av9ojw.yyX<v(j;. Belleval Ic. Ined. t. 1.
Small Scorpion-grass. Pet. H. Brit. ^ 29./. 1 1 .
In dry sandy fields and pastures, or on walls, as well as in moist

meadows.
Annual. April — June.
Root fibrous, simple at the crown, dark chesnut-coloured. Stem

as in the last, but rather more erect, usually 3 or 4 inches high,

but in wet grassy places from 6 to 12, as Mr. Borrer and Dr.

254 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Lithospermum.

Lehmann have observed. Leaves rather narrower than in M. ar-
vensis. Clusters elevated, either single or in pairs, on long,
terminal, Icciiifjss sUilks, unattended by a solitary distant flower.
Purtial stalks, even when in fruit, not half the length of the
calyx, which resembles that of the foregoing, but its hairs are
shorter, and less deflexed. Corolla small ; limb shorter than
the tube, blue in the lower half of each cluster, yellow in the
upper ; and Dr. Lehmann has determined these colours to be
immutable in the several flowers. In some instances the flowers
are by him said to be larger, and all yellow, in others all blue j
the stigma in the former being somewhat capitate, in the latter
slightly cloven. These last particulars have not been noticed
in England. They seem to indicate a specific difference. Ca-
vanilles may possibly have taken part of his description from
M. apula of Linnaeus^ whose synonyms he has applied to our
plant, copying them, as appears by his erroneous reference to
Lobel, without looking at the books, a practice which cannot be
too much reprobated.

88. LITHOSPERMUM, Gromwell.

Li7in.Gen.74. Juss. 130. FLBr.2l3. Tourn.t.do. Lam.t.9\.
Goer in. t.67.

Nat. Ord. see 7i. 87.

Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, oblong, in 5 deep, lanceolate, acute,
equal, nearly upright, keeled segments, permanent. Cor.
of 1 petal, funnel-shaped ; tube cylindrical, as long as the
calyx, or longer, open at the mouth ; limb divided half
way down into 5 equal, obtuse, upright segments. Filam.
very short, inserted into some part of the tube. Anth. ob-
long, concealed within the tube. Germem 4, inserted into
the base of the calyx. Style thread-shaped, shorter than
the tube. Stigma obtuse, notched. Seeds 4, ovate, pointed,
hard, either even or wrinkled, in the bottom of the mode-
rately spreading calyx.

Herbaceous ; minutely rough, or bristly. Leaves alternate,
or partly opposite, undivided, eiitire, with one principal
rib, and often transverse lateral ones. Clusteis or spikes
leafy, many-flowered ; revolute in the bud. Cor. whitish,
yellow, or purplish. Seeds grey, in some highly polished,
in others opaque and wrinkled.

1. L. officinale. Common Grnni well. Grey Mill.

Grey Millet.
Seeds even. Corolla not much longer than the calyx. Leaves
lanceolate, rather acute, with lateral transverse ribs.

PENTANDIIIA— MONOGYNIA. Lithospermum. 955

L. officinale. Liun. Sp. PL 189. Mllhl. y. 1. 751. Fl. Br. 213.

Engl. Bot. V. 2. t. 134. Flook. Scot. GS. Schrad. Asperif. 24./. 6.
L. n. 59.5. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 2G3.
L. seu Milium Soils. Raii Syn. 228.
L. minus. Matth. Valgr. v.2.269.f. Camer. Epif. 6j9.f. Ger.

Em. 609./.

In dry gravelly or chalky situations, amongst rubbish and ruins.

Perennial. May.

Root tapering, strong, whitish. V/iiole herb rough with minute,
close, callous bristles. Stem annual, near 2 feet high, branched,
round, leafy. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, greyish green, nume-
rous, sessile, alternate ; paler and softer beneath. Clusters axil-
lary and terminal, leafy, revolute, dense, finally elongated into
straight, leafy branches, their leaves often broader than those on
the main stem. Cor. of a pale buff-colour, with a protuberance
at the base of each segment, Stam. minute, in the middle of
the tube. Seeds grey, with a kind of porcelain polish, and a
stony hardness, whence they have been falsely reported to con-
tain calcareous earth, effervescing with acids, and to cure the
stone, I know^ not how. There are seldom more than 2 seeds
perfected in each flower.

2. L. arvense. Corn Gromwell. Bastard Alkanet.
Seeds wrinkled. Corolla not much longer than the calyx.

Leaves obtuse, without lateral ribs.

L. arvense. Linn. Sp. PI. 190. Willd.v. 1. 751. FL Br. 213. Engl
BoL V. 2. t. 123. Hook. Scot. 68. FLDan. t. 456.

L. sylvestre. Camer. Ep'it. 660./.

Heliotropium n. 594. HalL Hist. v. 1. 263.

Buglossum arvense annuum, Lithospermi folio. Raii Syn. 227.

Echioides flore albo. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 9.

Anchusa degener, facie Mil'ii Solis. Ger. Em. 610./.

In corn-fields and waste ground.

Annual. May, June.

Root tapering, with a bright red bark, which communicates its
colour to oily substances, as well as to paper, linen, and pale
faces. Stem a foot high, generally branched and spreading, often
decumbent. Leaves of a brighter green, and rather more hairy,
than in the former, without transverse veins or ribs. Spikes ter-

. minal, leafy, at length much elongated. Cor. white, with swell-
ings at the base of the limb. Seeds brown, polished, curiously
wrinkled and pitted, usually all perfected.

Willdenow says he has seen a variety with hXueJlowers.

3. \j.purpurO'C(Rruleum, Creeping, or Purple, Grom-

well.
Seeds even. Corolla much longer than tlie calyx. Leaves

256 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Lithospermum.

lanceolate, acute, without lateral ribs* Barren stems
prostrate.

L. purpuro-cseruleum, Linn. Sp. PL 190. Willd. v. 1.754, Fl.

Br.2\4. Engl. Bot. v. 2. tA\ 7* Hook. Lond. t. 12. Jacq. Austr.

f. 14. Ehrh. Herb. 22.
L. n. 596. Hall. Hist. V. 1.264.

L. majus Dodonsei, flore purpureo, semine Anchusae. Rati Syn. 229.
L. majus. Dod. Pempt. 83./. Ger. Em. 609./.
L. repens. Cli(s.Pannon.6S4.f.
Anchusa repens, lithospermi facie, floribus caeruleis, secundum

folia prorumpentibus. Pluk. Phyt. i. 7G.f. 2.

In thickets on a chalky soil, but rare.

On the top of a bushy hill, on the north side of Denbigh, Wales j
and near Taunton, Somersetshire. Ray. Near Greenhithe, Kent.
John Latham, M.D. Found in Darent wood, Kent, by the late
Mr. Curtis ; at Marychurch, Devonshire, by the Rev. Aaron
Neck 5 and near Caswell bay, Glamorganshire, by Mr. J. Tur- -

ner. Hooker, i^f-^n/, ri-e^/t Ctm^^n^W^^ /irrrMtfr^^A^,

Root woody, blackish, branching and tufted. Stems several, round, ^JJfisi
minutely bristly, leafy j some procumbent, simple, 12 or 18 f g^
inches long, taking root at the extremity, and bearing no flowers ; '^'^
others erect, a foot high, simple below, corymbose and many-
flowered at the top. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, taper-pointed,
contracted at the base into a short footstalk ; clothed on both
sides with short close hairs, accompanied on the upper with
many callous warts ; the under side palest. Spikes 2 or 3, ter-
minal, leafy, erect. Calyx narrow, bristly. Cor. full twice as
long ; externally reddish ; limb expanded, of a violet blue on
the upper side, with 5 pale swellings at its base, which do not
close the tube, in whose upper part the stamens are situated.
Seeds ovate, hard, of a silvery white, highly polished, slightly
rugged, rarely perfected.

Haller quotes Plukenet inaccurately, and is copied by others.

4. L. maritimiim» Sea Gromwell.

Seeds keeled, even. Leaves ovate, glaucous, besprinkled
with callous points. Stems all procumbent.

L. maritimum. " Lehm. Jsperif. 291." Hook. Scot. 68.

Pulmonaria maritima. Linn. Sp. PL 195. M^illd. v. 1. 770. Fl.
Br. 218. EjigL Bot. v. 6. t. 368. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. t. 18. Light/.
134. t 7. Don H. Br. 206. Fl. Dan. t. 25.

Echium marinum. Rail Syn. 228. Sibb. Scot, part 2. 55. 1. 12.

Cerinthe maritima procumbens, foliis et floribus cseruleis. Ddl.
Elth.7D.t.65.

C. foliis ovatis petiolatis. Linn. Hort. Cliff. 48.

Cynoglossum procumbens glaucophyllon maritimum nostras flori-
bus purpuro-cseruleis, semine laevi, Pluk. Phyt. t. 172./. 3.

# PENTANDRI A— MONOGYNI A. Anchusa. 257

Buglossum sive Borrago dulcis mellita Lancastriensis. Lob, 11-

lustr. 121.
B, dulce ex insulis Lancastrise. Park. Theatr. 7Qo.

On the sea shore, among sand or loose stones.

In many parts of the coasts of Scotland and the north of England.

Perennial. July, August.

Root fleshy, tapering. Whole herb remarkable for its beautiful
glaucous hue ; though the late Mr. J. Mackay met with speci-
mens of a grass green, on the coast of Inverness. Stems seve-
ral, entirely procumbent, a foot or more in length, alternately
branched, leafy, smooth. Leaves rather fleshy, ovate, with a re-
curved point, a solitary midrib, and a few obsolete transverse
veins j the base contracted into a broad footstalk ; both sides
more or less besprinkled with callous points, but, like every
other part of the plant, destitute of hairs or bristles. Flou-ers in
terminal leafy clusters, with some solitary axillary ones here and
there. Segments of the calyx deep and broad. Cor. twice as
long, fine purple ; the limb but little expanded, with 5 swell-
ings at its base, slightly overtopped by the stamens. Stigma
capitate, small. Seeds' large, ovate, pointed, keeled, closely
converging, even, but not highly polished.

By the synonyms it appears how differently botanists have, at all
times, thought concerning the genus of this plant, whose beauty
all have joined in celebrating. That it is a very bad Pulmonaria
I have long ago pointed out in Engl. Bot. The habit agrees with
Cerinthe, but not the flowers or seeds. Dr. Lehmann and Pro-
fessor Hooker have, well enough, removed it to Lithospermiim.
When fresh, the leaves have a flavour resembling oysters, far
fiom agreeable. The herb turns blackish in drying, which Dil-
lenius says may be prevented by immersion for a night in fresh
water.

89. ANCHUSA. Alkanet.

Linn. Gen. 74. Juss. 131. Fl. Br. 214. Lam. t. 92.
Buglossum. Tourn. <.53. GcErtn. t. 67.

Nat. Ord. see ?i, 87.

CaL inferior, of 1 leaf, oblong, cylindrical, in 5, more or
less deep, acute segments, permanent. Cor, of I petal,
funnel-shaped ; tube straight, cylindrical, tumid in the
lower part, as long as the calyx; limb more or less
spreading, in 5 rather deep, obtuse, equal segments;
mouth closed with 5 erect, obtuse, vaulted, hairy, con-
vero-ing valves. Filam, in tlie throat, very short, alternate
with the valves. Ant/i. oblong, concealed by the valves.
Germ. 4, attached to the base of the calyx. Sfj/lc cylin-
drical, shorter than the tube. Stigma cloven. Seeds 4,

2j8 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Anchusa^

roundisli, or obtuse, wrinkled, each hollowed out at the
base, so as to form a border to the scar, and all concealed
in the enlarged calyx.
Herbaceous, hairy or bristly, mostly perennial, or biennial.
Leaves alternate, seldom stalked, acute, single-ribbed,
often marked with callous points. Clusters many-flowered,
revolute, bracteated or leafy. Cor. fine blue or purple,
with light-coloured valves.

1. A. officinalis. Common Alkanet.

Spikes imbricated, unilateral. Bracteas ovate, as long as

the calyx. Leaves lanceolate.
A. officinalis. Linn. Sp. PL \9\. mild.v.\.75G. Pi. 5/. 214;

excluding the last 5 synonyms. Engl. Bot. v. 10. t. 662. Fl. Dan.

t. 572. Lehm. Asperif. 246. Schrad. Asperif. 23./. 1 . Ehrh. PL

Of. IS].
A. n. 59. Linn. Mat. Med. 20.

A. tinctoria. JVoodv. t. 92.

Buglossum n. 599. Hcdl. Hist. v. 1. 265 j comprehending, as it

seems, A. paniculata, Fl. Grcec. t. 163.
Buglossa. Brunf. Herb. r. 1. 112./.

B. major. Trag. Hist. 233./.
In waste ground near the sea.

On the links near Hartley pans, Northumberland. Rev. Thomas
Butt.

Perennial. June, July.

Root long, tapering, blackish, without any dyeing quality. Herb
all over rough with small bristly hairs, often proceeding from
callous warts. Stem U- or 2 feet high, erect, angular, leafy,
somewhat branched ; panicled above. Leaves lanceolate, long
and narrow ; the radical ones stalked ; the rest sessile, slightly
ovate at the base. Spikes generally in pairs, stalked, revolute,
with ovate, or ovate-lanceolate bracteas. Segments of the calyx
varying in depth, as Dr. Lehmann justly remarks. Cor. red at
first, then deep purple, with hairy blueish valves. Seeds ovate,
acute, brown, unequally wrinkled.

This has been reckoned one of the four cordial flowers, and as such
has come into medical use, along with Borage ; but virtues of
this kind attributed to either are truly nonsensical. Both plants
Ti-re mucilaginous, but the Mallow tribe is more so. Dr. Wither-
ing confounds the history of this Anchusa with that of the true
red Alkanet-root, A. tinctoria, Fl. Grcec. t. 166, valuable for the
beautiful colour it gives to oily substances, and which Linnaeus
confounds with his own Lithospermum tinctorium.

2. A. sempervirens . Evergreen Alkanet.
Flower-stalks axillary, each bearing two dense spikes, with

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Cynoglossum. 259

an intermediate flower, and two principal ovate bracteas.
Leaves ovate.
A sempervirens. Linn. Sp. PL 192. mild.v.\.7h9. FLBr.2\5.
Eu^t. But. V. 1. ^ 45. Hook. Lond. t. 94. Scot. 68. Lehm.Asperif.

2[\S. ..

Buglossum latifolium semper virens. Bauh. Pin. 256. Ddl. in Ran

Si/ n. 227.

B. semper virens. Lob. Ic. J73.f.

B. folio borraginis hispanicum. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 57/ -J. good.

Bovago semper virens. Gcr. Em. 797. f-

In waste ground, among ruins, and by road sides.

Near Horns-place, near Rochester. J. Sherard. About Norwich
in several places, as well as at Haddiscoe, Norfolk. At Wal-
pole bv Halesworth, Sufiblk ; and in several parts of the south
of Scotland. Hooker. At Inverary. Rev. W. Wood. On the
ruins of Maes-glas monasterv, FHntshire. Rev. W.Bingley. Near
Birmindiam, Worcester, and Sidmouth. Withering. I9 several
places near Setde, Yorkshire. Dr. Windsor. )f]^' '^.''^^f.'^ ""'^

Perennial. May, June. /Orx^ '^

Root thick, mucilaginous ; externally black. Herb rough with ra-
ther rigid hairs. Stems 18 inches high, round, leaty, annual.
RadicaF/ef/re5 stalked, a span long, lasting through the winter j
the rest sessile ; all ovate, broad, with transverse veins. Par-
tial bracteas lanceolate. Flowers more salver-shaped than most
of the genus ; the tube but half as long as the hmb, which is of
a most brilliant sky-blue ; the valves white and downy. The
Hower-huds are reddish. Seeds ovate, brown, compressed, w:th
elevated wrinkles. Lehmann remarks that the cavity, or perfo-
ration, at the base of each seed is closed with a scale.

90. CYNOGLOSSUM. HoundVtongue.

Linn.Gen.7:>. Jmss. 131. F/.^r.216. Tourn.t.57. Lam. t. 92.
Gar In. t. 67 .

Nat. Ord. see n, 87.

CaL inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, oblong, sligluly acute se^^-
ments, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, funnel-shaped, scarcely
lono-er than die calyx ; tube cylindrical, shorter than the
limb, which is divided halfway down into 5 rounded seg-
ments ; mouth about half closed with as many convex,
horizontal valves. Filam. in the throat, lower than the
valves and alternate with them. Ajith. roundish. Germens
4, depressed, horizontal. %/^ central, awl-shaped, almost
as long as the tube, permanent. Stigma small, notched.
Seeds 4-, depressed, roundish, imperforate at the base,
moj-e or less rough with hooked prickles, sometimes bor-

260 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Cynoglossum.

dered, all attached horizontally to a central columnar re-
ceptacle^ formed of the hardened, permanent, angular
style.
Herbaceous, seldom perennial. Merh downy, hairy or
warty, often fetid. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute;
the lower ones stalked, often rounded at the extremity.
Clusters numerous, stalked, bracteated or naked. FL
dull crimson, purple, or blueish. Seeds a kind of bur.

1. C officinale. Common Hound's-tongue.

Stamens shorter than the corolla. Stem-leaves broadly
lanceolate, down}', sessile. Flowers without bracteas.

C. officinale. Linn. Sp. PL 192. Wdld. v. 1. 760, Fl. Br. 216.
Engl. Bot. V. \3.t.92l. Curt. Lond. fasc. 4.t.\6. IVoodv. snppl.
t. 216. Hook. Scot. 69. Lehm.Asperif.l52. '' Fl. Dan. t. \\47."

C. n,587. Hall. Hist.v.l. 260.

Cynoglossum. Raii Syn. 226. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 175./.

C. majus vulgare. Bauh. Pin. 257. Ger. Em. 804./.

C. vulgare. Matth. Valgr. v. 2.531, 532./. Canier. Epit. 917. f.

In waste ground, and by road sides, common.

Biennial. June, July.

Root fleshy, tapering. Whole herb of a dull green, downy and
very soft, exhaling when touched a pungent and nauseous scent,
like that of mice, or, as some say, the urine of dogs. Stem 2
feet high, branched, leafy, furrowed, hairy. Leaves with a strong
mid-rib, aud several lateral veins ; those on the stem wavy,
broad at the base ; radical ones larger, a span long, tapering at
each end. Clusters terminal, panicled, without partial bracteas.
Calyx downy. Cor. and its valves dullcrim.son. Seeds obovate,
very rough.

This plant is esteemed narcotic, and dangerous for internal use.

2. C. sylvaticum. Green-leaved Hound's-tongue.

Stamens shorter than the corolla. Leaves lanceolate, some-
what spatulate ; the upper ones clasping the stem ; all
smooth and shining above; hairy and warty beneath.
Flowers without bracteas.

C. sylvaticum. HcEnke in J acq. Coll. v. 2. 77. FL Br. 216. EngL
BoLv.23.t.\642. With.228. Sibth.70. Hook. Scot. 69. Lehm.
Jasper if. \d7.

C. officinale y. Linn. Sp. PL 193.

C. officinale ^. Willd. v. 1. 760. Huds. 80.

C.n. 588. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 260.

Cynoglossa folio virente. Raii Syn. 226.

C. media altera, virente folio, rubro flore, montana, frigidarum re-
gionum. Column. £rp/?r. 176, f. 175, excellent.

PENTANDllIA— MONOGYNIA. Pulinonaila. 261

By road sides and hedges, in shady situations, rare.

In several parts of Essex, Worcestershire, Kent, and Surrey. lia?/,
Dillenius. In Oxfordshire. S'lblli. Near Norwich. Andrew
Caldwell, Esq. Found by Mr. G. Don, in the Carse of Gowrie,
Scothind. Hooker.

Biennial. June.

Undoubtedly distinct from the common species, in its bright shining
green colour, and want of downy softness, besides having
scarcely any scent. The leaves are smooth on the upper side,
except from the prominence of the callous warts of the under
surface when pressed ; the latter being rough to the touch, and
more or less hairy. Flowers at first opening reddish 3 subse-
quently of a dull blue. The Stem-leaves have a few short paral-
lel lateral ribs at the base.

91. PULMONAUIA. Lungwort.

Linn. Gen. 7d. Juss. ]30. Fl.Dr.2\7. Touni.t. 55. Lam. 1.93.
Nat. Ord. see ?i. 87.

Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, tubular, prismatic, with 5 angles ;
the border in 5 equal segments. Cor. of 1 petal, funnel-
shaped ; tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx; limb in 5
rounded, moderately spreading, segments ; moutli naked
and open. Filam. in the throat, very short. Anth. oval,
erect, converging. Germ. 4, roundish, downy. Style
thread-shaped, shorter than the calyx. Stigma small,
bluntish, notched. Seeds 4, almost globular, even and
polished, hairy, attached to the base of the enlarged, bell-
shaped calyx.

Herbaceous, hairy, of huuible growth. Fl. of a violet blue,
crowded, erect.

1 . P. officinalis. Common Lungwort.
Leaves ovate.

P. officinalis. Linn. Sp. PL \94. mild. v. 1. 763. Fl. Br. 217.

Engl. Bot. V. 2.^.11 8, excluding the radical leaves. IFoodv. suppl.

t.2\2. mth.22S. Abbot 42. Hook. Scot. 69. Don H. Br. 157.

Fl. Dan. t. 482.
P. n.597. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 2G 1.
P. maculosa. Ger. Em. 808./. Lob. Ic. 586. f.
P. altera. Matth. Valgr.v.2. 3S7.f. Camer. Epit.7S4.f.

In woods and thickets, but rare.

In (Ui{f wood, 6 miles west of Darlington, Diuham. Mr. E. Robson.

Between Thurleigli and Milton-Ernys, Bedfordshire. Ihr. Dr.

Abbot. (\)mmon in Exbury wood, Hampshire. Mr. Kudge.
IV'ienuial. Maij. . '-^^^ - . '

262 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Symphytum.

Root fibrous. Stems 9 to 12 inches high, simple, erect, leafy, hairy
Leaves ovate, hairy, scarcely warty; paler beneath j mostly
speckled with white on the upper side, whence they have been
thought to resemble the human lungs, and were therefore sup-
posed good for coughs : the lower ones stand on long, bordered
footstalks. Clusters terminal, corymbose, erect, with a bractea
or two at the lower part. Fl. of a violet blue ; reddish in the
bud. Seeds brown, or blackish, downy.

2. P. angusiifoUa. Narrow-leaved Lungwort.

Leaves lanceolate.

P. an^ustifolia. Linn. Sp. PL 194. IVilld. v. 1. 768. Comp. 34.

En}l. Bot.v. 23. t.\Q2S. With. 228. Fl. Dan. t. 483. Park.

Parad. 2A8. t.2b\.f.2.
P. n.598. Hall. Hist. V. 1,265.

P. angustifolia, rubente caeruleo flore. Bauh. Pin. 260.
P. angustifolia caeruleo flore. Clus. Pannon. 673. /. 674. Bauh.

Hist. V. 3. .596./. Ger. Em. 808./. 3.
P. foliis Echii. Ger. Em. 808./. 2. RaiiSyn.226.
P. alpina, angusto folio. Bocc. Mus. liO. f. 86.

In woods and thickets, rare.

In a wood bv Holbury house, in the New Forest, Hampshire.
Mr. Goodyer ; Ger. Em. Among the ruins of the monasteiy of
Maes-glas, or Green-field, Flintshire, from whence it was sent
byMr.R.H.WaringofLeeswood. Mr.E.Robson. In a wood be-
tween Newport and Ride, in the Isle of Wight. Mr. Turner and
Mr. Borrer.

Perennial. May, June.

About twice as tall as the former, from which it differs in the lan-
ceolate shape of its leaves, especially the radical ones, which are
a span in length, tapering at each end, seldom spotted. The
limb of the cGrclla is shorter, with rounder segments. Calyx,
when in fruit, bell-shaped, and much dilated in width, without
prominent angles, its stalk bent downwards, which seems not to
be the case wVth P. officinalis. Seeds large, black, downy.

These are the only species of real Pulmonaria hitherto discovered,
whatever may become of the rest, some of which, as our mari-
lima, and the suffruticosa of Italy, have the calyx oi a Liihosper-
mum.

92. SYMPHYTUM. Comfrey.

Linn. Gen. 7Q>. Juss. 131. Fl. Br. 218. Tourn. t. 56. Lam. t. 93.

Gcertn. t. 67.
Nat. Orel, see ft. 87.
CaL inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, acute, straight segments,

permanent. Cor, of 1 petal, bell-shaped ; tubu about as

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Symphytum. 263

long as the Hmb, wliich has 5 shallow, spreading, acute,
marginal segments; mouth closed with 5 lanceolate,
fringed, converging valves, shorter than the limb. Filam,
short, in the throat, alternate with the valves. A7it/u
arrow-shaped, acute, concealed by the valves. Germ. 4,
abrupt. Stijle slightly club-shaped, as long as the corolla.
Stigma simple. Seeds 4, ovate, tumid, converging, at-
tached to the base of the enlarged calyx.
Herbaceous, perennial, hairy or bristly. Leaves ovate,
pointed, veiny. Clusters large, revolute, forked. FL of
various colours, spreading or drooping. Roots fleshy,
abounding in mucilage.

1. S. officinale. Common Comfrey,
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, decurrent, finely hairy.

S. officinale. Linn. Sp. PL 1 95. Willd. v. 1 . 770. FL Br. 2)8. EngL
Bot. r. 1 2. ^ 8 1 7. Curt. LomL fuse. 4. L 1 8. Woodv. suppL t.2\o.
Hook. Scot. 69. Fl. Dan. i. 6G4. Schrad. Asperif. 25./. 8.

S. n. COO. IIalLnist.v.\.2GQ.

S. magnum. BauJi. Hist. v. 3. 51)3./. Rati Syn. 231).

S. majus. Mattli. J'algr. v. 2. 310./. Camer. Epit. 700./.

Consolida major. Ger. Em. 806./

(3. Symphytum ])atens. Sibth. 70.

In watery meadows, about the banks of rivers and ditches.

Perennial. Muij, June.

Root externally black, oblong, fleshy, yielding much pure insipid
mucilage, which renders it useful in coughs, and all internal
irritations. Stems 3 feet high, hairy, winged v/ith the decurrent
bases of the taper-pointed, wavy, rough-edged leaves. Clusters
hairy, stalked, in pairs, revolute. Cal. more or less spreading in
the buff-coloured, as well as purple, variety ; which last is
Dr. Sibthorp's .S. patens, and Haller describes its Jlower shorter
than the other ; but I have not been able to find a specific
difference.

2. S. tuberosum. Tuberous-rooted Comfrey.
Leaves ovate, slightly decurrent, rather harsh ; ujiper ones

opposite.

S. tuberosum. Linn. Sp. PL 105. PfVhL v. 1. 771. FL Br. 219.
EngL Bot. v.2\. t. 1502. Light/. 1091 . Hook. Scot 69. Don
//. J5r. 133. Jacq. Obs. /asc'^ 3. \2. t. 63. Austr. t.22j. Ger.
Em. 806./. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. 594./

S. radice tulDerosa. Camer. Epit.70\./

In moist shady places in tlic north.

Oppobitc to the new well at the water of Leith, but more jilcntifuUy

2<34 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Borago.

in Dr. Robertson's walks at North Marchiston, near Edin-
burghj first observed by Mr. Yalden. Lightfoot. In several other
places in the south of Scotland, according to Mr. Hopkirk^
Mr. Maughanj &:c. Hooker. In Durham. Mr. Robson.

Perennial. Juii/.

Root knobbed and branched, externally whitish. Herb of much
humbler stature than the last, with a simple, scarcely winged,
stem, and more ovate, rather harsher, leaves. Flowers fewer,
drooping, yellowish white, tinged with green ; their valves finely
toothed at the edges.

93. BORAGO. Borage.

Linn. Gen. 77. Juss. 131. Ft. Br. 219. Tourn. t. 53. Lam. t.94.
Nat. Ord. see it. 87.

Cal. in 5 deep, moderately spreading, segments, permanent.
Co7\ of 1 petal, wheel-shaped ; tube of various lengths ;
limb in 5 deep, flat or tv/isted segments, widely spreading;
mouth bordered with 5 short, obtuse, notched valves, or
with aw4-shaped ones, or with both, in which case the
latter bear the stamens at the inner side. Filam. awl-
shaped, various in length, converging. Antli. arrow-
shaped, or oblong and notched. Germ. 4. Style cylin-
drical. Stigma capitate. Seeds 4, ovate, converging, rug-
ged or tuberculated, attached to the base of the closed
calyx.

Herbaceous, rough with prickly hairs, or bristles. Flo'-iioers
numerous, panicled, handsome, blue or white. Dr. Leh-
mann has, with the greatest propriety, separated from this
genus three tropical Linnsean species, (wliich have a
naked throaty and their seeds attached to a winged cen-
tral column,) by the name of Trichodesma,

1. B. officinalis » Common Borage.

Limb of the corolla flat, much longer than the tube; mouth
with a double row of valves ; the innermost awl-shaped,
bearing the stamens.

B. officinalis. Linn. Sp. PI. ]97. Willd. v. I. 776. Fl.Br.2l9.

Engl. Bot. v.\.t.36. Hook. Scot. 70. Lehm. Asperif. 201 .
B. n. 607. Hall. Hist. V. 1.269.
B. hortensi.s. Ger.Em.797 .f. Raii Syn. 228.
Borago. Brimf. Herb. v.\. 113./.
Buglossum, sive Borrago. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 527. /. Camer.

Epit.9]4.f.
Buglossa urbana. Cord. Hist. 109. 2./.

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Asperugo. 265

In waste or cultivated ground, and by road sides, frequent ; yet
generally thought not indigenous.

Biennial. June, July.

Root tapering, mucilaginous, as well as the herbage, whicli is
clothed all over with very pungent bristles. Stem branched, 1^
or 2 feet high, round, spreading, leafy. Leaves alternate, ovate,
wavy, and more or less toothed ; the lower ones broadest, and
stalked. Flovcrs numerous, in terminal drooping bunches, very
beautiful. Corolla an inch broad, of a most brilliant blue ; pink
in the bud. Valves and anthers prominent, blackish. Seeds
wrinkled and warty, of a light sliining brown. The whole plant
has an odour approaching to Cucumber and Burnet, which gives
a flavour to a cool tankard ; but its supposed exhilarating qua-
lities, which caused Borage to be reckoned one of the four cor-
dial flowers, along with Alkanet, Roses, and Violets, may justly
be doubted.

94. ASPERUGO. Madwort.

Linn. Gen. 77. Juss. 13\. FL Br. 220. Tourn.t.bA. Lam.t.9A.
Schrad. Asperif.f. 9.

Nat. Ord. see n. 87.

Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, divided halfway into 5 small, nearly
equal, segments, permanent; subsequently enlarged, com-
pressed, forming two erect, parallel, unequally sinuated
and toothed, veiny lobes. Cor. of 1 petal, funnel-shaped;
tube cylindrical, very short ; limb longer, in 5 rounded
spreading segments ; mouth nearly closed by 5 convex,
obtuse valves, converging horizontally. Filam. very short,
in the throat, alternate with the valves, and concealed by
them. Anth. small, roundish, of 2 lobes. Germ, 4-, com-
pressed. Style erect, the length of the tube. Stigma blunt.
Seeds 4, obovate, tuberculated, compressed, imperforate
at the base, attached laterally in pairs to a central column,
formed of the lower part of the style.

Herbaceous, prostrate, rough with minute, rigid, depressed
bristles. Floral leaves opposite. FL axillary, blue.

1. K, procwnheiis. German Madwort.

Calyx of the fruit fiat.

A.procumbens. Linn.Sp. Pl.im. Willd.v.\.77Q. Fl. Br. 220.

Enrrl.Bot.v.\0.t.66\. Fl. Grcpc.v.2.(j5.t.\77. Hook. Scot.70.

Don H. Br. 158. Ft. Dan. t. 552. Lehm. Asperif. 208. Schrad.

Asperif. 26. f. 9.
A. n. GOO. Hall. Hist. v. L 2G9.
A. vulgaris. Raii Sijn. 228.

266 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Lycopsis.

A, spuria. Dod. Pempt.SoG.f.

Alysson germanicum echioides. Lob. Zc. 803./. Dalech.HistA 143./.

Aparine major Plinii. Ger. Em. 1122./

Borrago minor sylvestris y.ap7ro;/73vo7ry;. Column. Ecphr. 1 8 1 . <. 1 83.

Cynoglossa topiaria forte Plinii. Banh. Hisf. v. 3. 601 ./. The same

cut is put in the preceding page, for C. folio virente !
German Madwort. Petiv.H. Brit. t. 29./. 12.

In rich waste ground, but rare.

Near Newmarket ; by Boxley, in Sussex ; and in the Holy island.
Ray. At Wangford, near Brandon. Mr. F. Eagle. Near Pur-
fleet, Essex, found by Mr. Alchorne. Huds. About the church
at Newmarket. Relhan. At Dunbar. Lightfoot, Hooker.

Annual. June, July.

Root small, tapering. Stems prostrate, square, leafy, a foot or two
in length, their angles beset with reflexed prickles. Leaves
2, 3, or 4 together, dark green, elliptic-lanceolate, bordered
with direct prickles, and rough with depressed bristly hairs, so
that the plant sticks to the hands or clothes like Galium Aparlne.
Flowers small, axillary, solitary, on short stalks ; limb of a fine
deep blue • valves white or reddish. Cal. when in fruit de-
flexed, much enlarged. Seeds whitish, finely granulated. Co-
lumna's Greek appellation compares the enlarged calyx, aptly-
enough, to a Goose's foot. This appears to be the only genuine
species of Jsperugo, so that the specific character is superfluous.

95. LYCOPSIS. Biigloss.

Linn. Gen. 78. Juss. 131. Fl. Br. 220. Lam. t. 92. Gcprin. t.67.
Echioides. Dill. Gen. 100. t.2.

Nat. Orel, see n, 87.

Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, oblong, acute, erect, or
somewhat spreading, segments, permanent. Cor. of 1
petal, funnel-shaped; tube cylindrical, curved to one side
just above the base, and recurved towards the summit ;
limb in 5 rather deep, rounded segments, sometimes ob-
lique, and slightly irregular; mouth closed vvith 5 rounded,
convex, hairy, converging valves. Fila/ii. very small, within
the tube at its uppermost curvature. A?itk. oblong, in-
cumbent. Germ. 4. Sfijle thread-shaped, half the length
of the tube. Stigina obtuse, notched. Seeds 4, ovate, angu-
lar, with a bordered scar, attached to die base of die en-
larged swelling calyx.

Herbaceous, bristly and warty. Leaves for the most part
sessile, alternate, often wavy, or sligluly sinuated. Clus-
ters terminal, solitary, or in pairs, somewhat bracteated.
Fl. briglit blue, or pur])lish.

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Echium. 267

Dr. Lehmaiin has reduced this genus to Anchusa, with
which it agrees in the bordered scar of the seed; but the
curvature of the Uibe affords a remarkable and constant
character, and I concur with Professor Hooker in keep-
ing them distinct, notwithstanding the above eminent au-
thority.

1. \u. arvensis. Small Bugloss.

Leaves lanceolate, wavy, somewhat toothed, very bristly.
Stalks of the flowers and fruit erect. Limb of the corolla
slightly unequal.

L. arvensis. Linn. Sp. PL 199. mUd. v. 1 . 780. Fl. Br. 221 . Engl.
Bot. V. 14. i. 938. Curt. Lond. fuse. 5. t. 17. Hook. Scot. 70. Fl.
Dan. f.435. Ehrh. PL Of. ,382.

L. n. G05. IlalL Hist. v. 1.2G8.

Anchusa arvensis. Lehm. Asperif. 225. Bieberst. Taur. -Caucus.
r. 1.123.

Buglossa svlvcstris minor. liaii Syn. 227. Ger.Em. 700./.

Echion. Fuchs. Hist. 268. t. 269.

Echioides. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 7.

In fields, waste ground, and on dry banks, common.

Annual. June.

Root small, tapering, whitish. Whole herb very bristly and i)rickly.
Stem erect, branched, slightly angular, leafy, 1 to 2 feet high.
Leaves light green, single-ribbed ; the lower ones bluntest, and
tapering down into footstalks ; the rest sessile, or clasping the
stem. Clusters in pairs, forked, revolute : erect, displaying
their enlarged bristly hracteas, when in fruit. Partial stalks
shorter than the calyx, erect, especially in fruit. Cal. very bristly.
Cor. bright blue 5 tube and valves white ; limb a little irregular
and inclining. Seeds hard, grey, ovate, pointed, wrinkled and
granulated.

96. ECHIUM. Viper's-bugloss.

Linn.Gen.78. Juss.lSO. FL Br. 22\. Tourn.t.oA. Lam. t. 04.
Gairin. t. 67.

Nat. Ord. see 11. 87.

CaL inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, awl-shaped, upright seg-
ments, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, bell-sha})cd ; tul)e
very short; limb erect, gradually dilated u})ward, its
margin in 5, more or less unequal, broad, rather spread-
ing segments, of which the 2 up})ermost are longest, tiie
lower one smallest and most reflexed ; mouth t)})en and
naked. Filani. awl-shapcd, une(|ual, declining, as long as
the corolla, or longer, inserted into the IuIjc. AiU/t,

!268 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Ecbium.

roinKiisb, incumbent. Germ. 4, rounded. Style decHning,
tbe lengtli of tbe stamens, often Jiairy. Stigma deeply
cloven, acute. Seeds 4, ivrinkled /jr rougb, obliquely
pointed, attacbed to tbe base of tbe hardened, sligbtly
enlarged, calyx.
Herbaceous or sbrubby, eitber bristly, or merely warty; in
some instances hairy, or silky. Leaves oblong. Spikes
in pairs, many-flowered ; either terminal and solitary, or
lateral and collected into long leafy clusters. Corolla blue,
red, or white ; generally large and handsome.

1. E. vulgare. Common Viper's -bu gloss.

Stem bristly and warty. Stem-leaves lanceolate, bristly,
single-ribbed. Spikes lateral, deflexed, hairy.

E. vulgare. Linn. Sp. Pl.200. Willd.v. 1. 787. FL Br. 222. Engl.

Bot. V. 3. ^.181. Mart. Rust. t. 136. Hook. Scot. 70. FL Dan.

t. 445. Bail Sijn. 227. Ger. Em. 802./. Bauh. Pin. 254. Clus.

Hist. V. 2. 143./. Ehrh. PL Of. 392.
Echium. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 7. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 345./. Gamer.

EpiL 737./
E. n. 603. HalL Hist. v. 1. 268.
E. sive Buglossum sylvestre. Lob. Tc. 570. f. .
Buglossa sylvestris. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 111./
^.Huds.Sd,. FL Br. 222.
E. alterum, sive Lycopsis anglica. 3Ierr. Pin. 35. DilLin Rail

Sijn. 228.
E. violaceura. With. 233 ? possibly of Lin nee us.
Echii altera species. Dod. Pempt. 631,/
Lycopsis. Raii Sijn. 227.
L. altera anglica. Lob. Ic. 579. f.
L. anglica, Ger. Em. 802./

In fields and waste ground, especially on a sandy or gravelly soil j
as vv-ell as on old walls,, and rubbish.

Biennial. June, July.

Whole herb very rough with prickly bristles arising from callous
points, intermixed with smaller hairs. Stems one or more, 1
to 2 feet high, erect or spreading, simple, round, leafy. Leaves
alternate, lanceolate, single-ribbed, entire, dull green, tapering
at the base ; the lowest stalked. Clusters terminal, leafy, com-
posed of numerous, axillaiy, stalked pairs of dense, -reflexed^
hairy spikes^ each of numerous, crowded, large, hcciutifuX Jlowers ;
pink in the bud, then blue or purple, occasionally white. As
the seeds ripen, each spike becomes a spreading lax cluster, like
the figures indicated under our variety 3, all which seem to re-
])resent either the E. vulgare at an advanced period, or in a
dwarf and starved state. Yet some of these figures having been

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Primula. 2G9

adopted by Linnaeus (through C. Bauhin) for his E. italicum,
and he having thence been led to mark that species as a native
of England, it has been received into all our Floras, and pub-
lished by Mr. Dickson in his Hort. Sicc.fasc. 14. 18, and also in
Engl. Dot. V. 29. t. 1 081 , from garden specimens, for the Lijc.opsis
of Ray, found plentifully, as be reports, in Jersey. The Jersey
plant however, as fiir as I liave been able to learn, has blue
Jlowers ; whereas E. italicum is always white. Ray cites the
figure of Dodonaeus, which is from the very same' block with
Lobel's and Gerarde's, as a good representation of his plant.
Our E. vulgare may frequently be found very nearly answering
to this figure, nor have I ever been able to detect a second
species in England, whatever may be found in Jersey ; on which
subject some authentic information, by means of specimens or
seeds, is very desirable. Possibly E. plautagijieiim, Fl. Greec.
t. 179, having lateral ribs to its leaves, like the above wooden
cut_, may be the plant of Ray and Dodonaeus.

97. PRIMULA. Pi-inirose, and Cowslip.

Linn. Gen. 80. Juss. 96. Fl. Br. 222. Tourn. t. 47. Lam. i. 98.
Gcertn. t.oO.

Nat. Ord. Precia^.'Lmn.^l. Li/si mac/iia. Juss, 3 if. Primn-
lacecE, Br. Pr. 427. iV. 98 the same, also 100—102.
See Grammar^ 95.

[There appears little reason for Ventenat's change of the
original name of this order to Primulacea^. Mr. Brown,
who adopts the latter, adds the following characters to
those of Jussieu, given in the Grammar.

Calijx in 5, rarely 4, segments, regular, permanent. Corolla
regular ; limb in 5, rarely 4, divisions. Stigma capitate.
Capsule with parallel, not imbricated or infiexed, valves.
Seeds jDeltate, furnished with alhimen^ in which is lodged
the embryo^ parallel to the scar ; radicle indeterminate in
direction. Herbs, with mostly opposite, sometimes whorl-
ed, sometimes scattered, leaves. See the characters of the
Lentibidarice, an order separated from this, p. 27.]

Primula.
Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, tubular,with 5 angles and 5 teeth, regu-
lar, erect, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, salver-shaped; tube
cylindrical, as long as the calyx, or longer; limb s})reading,
in 5, rather deep, inversely heart-shaped, obtuse segments;
throat concave, hemispherical, pervious. Filam. in the
throat, very short, opposite to the segments of the limb.
Anth. pointed, erect, converging, not prominent. Germ.
globular. Style thread-shaped, the length of the calyx.

270 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Primula.

Stigma globular. Caps, cylindrical, as long as the calyx
which invests it closely, of 1 cell, opening with ten acute
parallel teeth. Seeds numerous, roundish, covering a cen-
tral, ovate-oblong, unconnected receptacle.
Herbaceous, stemless, perennial. Leaves simple, mostly
toothed ; tapering at the base, or stalked. FlGtxer-stalks
umbellate, bracteated. Cor. yellow, red, or purplish.

1. P. vidgaris. Common Primrose.

Leaves obovate-oblong, tootlied, wrinkled. Stalks single-
flowered. Limb of the corolla flat.

P. vulgaris. Iliids. 83. Fl Br. 222. Engl. Bot. v.\. t. 4. Hook.
Scot. 71.

P. veris y, acaulis. Linn. Sp. PL 205. FL Dan. t. 194.

P. vcris vulgaris. Raii Syn. 284.

P. veris minor. Ger.Em. 781./.

P. elatior (3, acaulis. irUld. ?;. 1 . 801.

P. acauiis. Jacq. Misc. v. 1. 158. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. t. 16.

P. n. 608. HalL HisL v. 1. 270.

P. sylvarum. Loh. Ic.D68.f.

Alisma sylvarum. Column. Phyt.2\.f.

/3. Primula elatior. Hook. Lond. t.d.

In groves, thickets, hedges and waste grassy places, abundantly.

Perennial. April, May.

Root somewhat fleshy, with long fibres. Leaves numerous, radi-
cal, obovate-oblong, unequally toothed, soft and somewhat
downy, reticulated with veins ; tapering gradually downward
into broad short footstalks. FL numerous, large, sulphur-
coloured, with a darker radiating spot in the middle ; their scent
agreeable, though slight. Sometimes the Jloiver-stalks form an
umbel, being elevated on a common stalk, as tall as the leaves,
a few remaining single from the root ; but this variety, my /3, is
distinct from P. elatior. I have such a specimen from the Rev.
Mr. Relhan. There is always an awl -shaped brae tea at the base
of each particular stalk, whether radical or umbellate.

There are cultivated varieties, Vv4iite, purplish, or brown, single or
double, of which the double sulphur-coloured is peculiarly
elegant.

2. P. elatior. Oxlip Primrose.

Leaves toothed, wrinkled, contracted towards the middle.
Stalk many- flow^ered. Limb of the corolla fiat.

P. elatior. With. 234. TL Br. 223. En^L Bot. v. 8. ^.513. CuU
turn 73. Hook. Scot 7 1 . Willd. Sp. FL t\ 1 . 801 . Jacq. Misc.
V. 1. 158.

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Primula. i>71

P. veris /3, elatior. Linn. Sp. PI. 204. Fl. Dan. w. 433. /.43^.

P. veris altera. Camer. Epit. 884. /:

P. vulgaris /3. llnd.s. 84.

P. n. 609. Hull. Hist. V. 1.271.

P. pratensis inodorata lutea. Raii Stjn. 284.

Herba Paralysis. Camer. Epit. 404./. 2. Bncif. Herb. v. I. 97./

In woods, thickets, or pastures, rare.

Perennial. Jpril.

Leaves contracted, or sinuated, about the middle, in which respect
this species differs from the preceding, and more agrees \\itli th^
followmg. The foicers are sweet-scented, all umbellate, smaller
with a less expanded limb, than in the former, or its varieties •
but larger, paler coloured, and less cup-shaped, than in the Cow-
slip. It has otten been supposed a mule between these two most
common species ; and having often, perhaps, been confounded
with the umbellate variety of the Primrose, its histoiy and true
nature have become the more obscure.

3. P. verL^. Common Cowslip. Paigle. '^

Leaves toothed, wrinkled, conti'acted towards the middle.

Stalk many-flowered. Limb of the corolla concave.
P. veris. Linn. Sp. PL 204. mild. v. 1. 800. Huds. 84. Fl. Br 223

Engl. But. V. \.t.5. Hook. Scot. 71. Camer. Lpit. 883. f
P. veris officinalis. FL Dan. n.434. L 433. Bull. Fr. t. \7\,
P. veris major. Raii Syn. 284. Ger. FZm. 780. f.
P. officinalis. Jacq.Misc.v.l.\o9. mth.234. CurL Lond. fa-c 6

t.15. J " ' '

P. n. 61 0. HaU. Hist. v. 1.271.

Herba Paralysis. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 96./

In meadows and pastures, chiefly on a clay, or chalky, soil.

Perennial. April, May.

Leaves hoary, more finely downy and soft than in either of the
foregoing, contracted in the middle, so as frequently to become
heart-shaped, as it were, with winged footstalks - their maro-in
wavy, as well as toothed. Flowers numerous, in one or more
umbels, with small partial bracteas, on downy common stalks
much taller than the leaves. Cal. downy. Limb of the corolla
much smaller than the last, concave, or cup-shaped ; of a deeper
yellow on the upper side, with 5 orange spots, or freckles, in
which Shakspear has supposed their sweet odour to res'ide.
These flowers make a i)leasant soporific wine, resembling that
of Elder-flowers, or the Muscat wines of the south of France,
A dark- flowered variety, called the Black Cowslip, has been sent
from Bedfordshire, by the late llev. Dr. Abbot, with the cah/v
divided to the base ; and from Northumberland, by Mr. Winch,
with the same part unaltered.

272 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Primula.

4. V.farinosa. Bird's-eye Primrose.

Leaves toothed, even ; powdery beneath. Limb of the co-
rolla flat; mouth with a notched border. Stigma undivided.

P. farinosa. Linn. Sp. PL 205. Willd. v. \.S02. Fl. Br. 224. Engl.
Bot. v.l.t. 6. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. t. 14. Hook. Scot.7i. Loud,
t. 133./. 6—9. FLDan. f. 125.

P. veris flore rubro. Ger. Em. 783. f. Clus. Pann. 340./.

Verbasculum umbellatum alpinum minus. Raii Sijn. 285.

Aretia n. 623. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 275.

In wet pastures and by rivulets, on mountains in the north of En-
gland, as well as in Scotland.

Perennial. June, July.

Half the size of the last ; distinguished by the white mealiness of
X\iQ flower-stalks and backs of the leaves, whose upper sides are
green, smooth, and even ; as well as by the beautiful rose-co-
XouvqA flowers, whose mouth is surrounded with a notched yellow
glandular border, which caused Haller to make this plant an
Jretia, such glands forming one of the chief characters of that
genus. They are however more remarkable and converging in
its genuine species.

5. P. scotica. Scottish Primrose. .

Leaves finely toothed, even; powdery on both sides. Limb

of the corolla flat; mouth v>ith a notched border. Stigma

five-cleft.

P. scotica. Hook. Lond. ^.133.

P. stricta. FLDan. L\3S5}

In the north of Scotland ; the soil or situation not recorded.

Found by Mr. Gibb of Inverness, on Holborn Head, near Thurso
in Caithness, abundantly, also in the way from Thurso to Dun-
beath. Hooker.

Perennial. July.

Akin to P. farinosa, but the mealiness is said to be yellower, ex-
isting, more or less, on both surfaces of the leaves. Limb of the
corolla violet ; its mouth not more glandular than my specimens
of the last. But the calyx is rather more tumid, and the 5-
notched stigma, accompanied by a furrowed style, appears to con-
stitute a sound specific character. The stamens being situated
a little lower in the tube is of no consequence. The variable-
ness of that circumstance is well known to cultivators of the
Polyanthus. Whether this be the P. stricta of Fl. Dan., can
only be ascertained by specimens, which I have not seen of
either. It is much to be wished that specific names, taken from
particular countries, perpetually introduced by gardeners, were
not sanctioned by superior authorities. It will be fortunate if
stricta, the older name, should prove to belong to this species.

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Cyclamen. 273
98. CYCLAMEN. Cyclamen. Sow-bread.

Linn. Gen. 8-2. Juss.97. Fl. Br. 22A. Tourn,t.6S. Lam.t.\00.
Nat. Ord. see w. 97.

Cat. inferior, divided half way into 5 ovate segments, per-
manent. Cor. of 1 petal, wheel-shaped; tube nearly glo-
bular, twice as long as the calyx, deflexed ; limb many
times longer than the tube, reflexed upwards, in 5 deep,
lanceolate, oblique, equal segments; mouth open, naked,
prominent'at the circumference. Filam, very short, in the
tube. Anth, straight, acute, converging, in the mouth of
the corolla. Germen roundish. Sti/le cylindrical, straight,
rather longer than the tips of the anthers. Stigma simple.
Caps, globose, of 1 cell, opening at the top with 5 parallel
teeth, the inside lined with pulp. Seeds numerous, some-
what ovate, angular, covering a central, roundish-ovate,
stalked, unconnected receptacle.

Herbaceous, stemless, perennial, smooth. Root orbicular,
depressed, intensely bitter and nauseous. Leaves varie-
gated. Flower-stalks simple, spiral after flowering; some-
times glandular, as well as \\\q footstalks. Cor, more or
less purplish, elegant.

*1. C hederifoliuni. Ivy-leaved Cyclamen.

Leaves heart-shaped, angular, finely toothed ; their ribs and
footstalks roughish.

C. hederifolium. IVilld. Sp. PL t;. 1 . 8 10. Ait. Hort. Kew. v.l.3\l.

Curt. Mag. t. 1001 ? Comp.35.
C. europBeum. Fl. Br. 224. Engl. Bot. v. 8. t. 548.
C. hederee folio. Bauh. Pin.3i)S. Ger. Em. 884. f.

In groves and thickets rare, scarcely indigenous.

On a bank at Bramfield, Suffolk^ on a wet clay soil. Mr. D. E.
Davij.

Perennial. April.

Root globular, brown, sending out many branched fibres. Leaves
beautifully variegated with dark and glaucous green ; their un-
der side paler, purplish, with slightly glandular ribs. Foot-stalks
round, more glandular ; tapering and wavy at the base. Flowers
pendulous, on naked wavy stalks, taller than the leaves. Cor.
white, or flesh-coloured ; purplish about the mouth. As the
fruit advances, the flower-stalks curl spirally, and bury it in the
earth. A very acrid plant, especially the root, whose acrimony
is not much perceived ut the first tasting, but sooh becomes in-
tolerable.

VOL. I. f

274 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Menyanthes.
99. MENYANTHES. Buckbean.

Linn. Gen.82. Juss. 98. Fl. Br. 225. Tourn. t. 15. Lam. t. 100.

Gcertn. f. 114.
Nymphoides. Tourn. t. ^7.
Villarsia. Venten. Clwix 9. Br.Pr.456.

Nat. Ord. doubtful ; akin to GeiitiaiicB, Juss. 46.

Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, slightly spreading, seg-
ments, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, funnel-shaped ; tube
short, somewhat dilated upward; limb divided beyond
the middle, into 5 spreading or recurved, more or less
pointed, segments, bearded on the disk, at the base, or
at the margin. Filam. awl-shaped, short, attached to the
tube, alternate with the segments of the limb. Anth. cloven
at the base, erect. Germ, conical. Style cylindrical, about
equal to the stamens. Stigma lobed or notched. Caps.
ovate, surrounded at the lower part by the calyx, of 1
cell, and 2, more or less separable, valves. Seeds nume-
rous, attached to the margins of each valve.

Villarsia is kept distinct from the original Menyanthes, by
Mr. Brown, after the example of Tournefort, Wiggers,
Ventenat, and others, chiefly because- of its corolla having
to each segment a bordered fringed margin ; while the
base of the limb, not the middle of the disk, is hairy, or
bearded. The leaves moreover are simple, not ternate.
But as this able botanist is doubtful of the natural order
of both his genera, which renders their limitation the
more precarious ; and differs from Wiggers in believing
they belong to one and the same order; I greatly scruple
to divide them. They are herbaceous, perennial, smooth,
aquatic or bog, plants, very vascular, with stalked leaves
QXid Jlo-uoers. Leaves ternate, oxidjlowei^s clustered, white
or reddish, densely shaggy, in Menyanthes. Leaves simple,
undivided, and^. axillary, or clustered, mostly yellow,
with a darker, elevated, naked disk, in Villarsia.

1. M. trifoliata. Common Buckbean, or Bog-bean.
Marsh Trefoil.

Leaves ternate. Disk of the corolla densely shaggy.

M. trifoliata. Linn. Sp. PL 208. mild. r. 1. 81 1 . Fl. Br. 225. Engl.
Bot. V. 7. t. 495. Curt. Lond. fasc. 4. t. 17. Woodv. Med. Bot.
t. 2. Hook. Scot. 71. FL Dan A. 541 . Bull. Fr. M3 1 . Bigelow
Med.Bot.Amer. t.4Q.

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Menyanthes. 275

M. n. 633. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 280.

M. pahistrc triphvllum, latifolium et angustifolium. Rail Syn. 285,

M. palustre. Da'lech. Hist, \020.2fg.

Trifolium paliulosum. Ger. Em. \\94.f.

In watery meadows, pools, ditches, and spongy boggy ground, fre-
quent.

Perennial. June, July.

Root black, creeping, with long stout fibres. Stems ascending,
round, leafy. Footstalks round, stout ; sheathing and dilated at
the base. Leaflets equal, obovate, wavy, each with a thick mid-
rib. Clusters stalked, each opposite to a leaf, many-flowered,
erect, partly whorled. Bracteas ovate, 1 to each partial stalk.
Calyx obtuse. Cor. flesh-coloured ; its filamentous clothing
white J all together very elegant. Anthers yellow. Fruit rarely
seen. The whole herb is very bitter, and a powerful sudorific.
An infusion of the leaves is a popular remedy for the rheumatism j
and has been recommended in gout, scurvy, ague, dropsy, &c*
In small doses it is tonic.

2. M. nymphcEoides , Fringed Buckbean. Fringed
Water-lily.

Leaves heart-shaped, wavy at the edges, floating. Corolla
fringed.

M. nyraphaeoides. Linn. Sp. PI. 207. JVilld. r. 1 . 8 10. Fl. Br. 226.

Engl. Bot. V.4. t.2\7. Fl. Dan. t.339.
Villarsia nymphseoides. Venten. Ch. 9.
Waldschmidia nymphaeoides. Wigg. Holsat. 20.
Nymphaea lutea minor, flore fimbriato. Raii Syn. 368.

In ponds, and the marginal recesses of large rivers, rare.

In several parts of the Thames. At Ankerwyck, near Windsor,
Bishop of Carlisle. Near Walton bridge. Earl of Dartmouth.
In the lake at Castle Howard, Yorkshire, brought thither from
near York, by Mr. Teesdale. Sir T. G. Cullum, Bart.

Perennial. July, August.

Root long and stringy. Stems several feet long, round, branching,
floating by means of their roundish-heart-shaped, very smooth

^ leaves, which are mottled above, purplish beneath ; involute in
the bud, as in Nymphcea and Nuphar. Fl. axillary, on simple
aggregate stalks, without bracteas. Cor. 1 i inch wide, spread-
ing, yellow, with a darker radiating disk. German with 5 pur-
pli.sh glands at the base. Stigma 5-cleft, notched, deciduous.
Caps, ovate, compressed.

I presume to correct the erroneous construction of the specific
name, as Tournefort, who has led every body else to write nym-
phoides, certainly did not mean to compare the plant to a nymph,
but to its fellow-creature the Nymphcea.

276 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Hottonia.

100. HOTTONIA. Featherfoil, or Water-
violet.

Lmi, Gen. 82. Juss,9o. FL Br. 226. Lam. t. 100.

Nat. Ord. Prccice. Linn. 21. Lijsimachia^. Juss. 34. Primu-
lacece, Br. Pr. 427. Two following genera the same.

Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, linear, ratlier spreading
segments. Cor, of 1 petal, salver-shaped ; tube cylindri-
cal, open, about as long as the calyx; limb flat, in 5 deep,
ovate-oblong, notched, equal segments. Filam. awl-
shaped, short, from the margin of the tube, each opposite
to a segment of the limb. Anth. incumbent, oblong.
Germeii globular, pointed. Style short, cylindrical. Stigma
globose, undivided. Caps, globose, pointed, of 1 cell, with
5 valves, subtended by the permanent calyx. Seeds nu-
merous, roundish, covering the large, globular, central,
unconnected receptacle.

Herbaceous, aquatic. Leaves many-cleft, immersed, smooth.
Fl. elegant, numerous, in whorled clusters, raised above
the water. The stamens, as well as segments of xhejlowei^
are occasionally 6, 7, or 8.

I. H.pahistris. Water Featherfoil. Common Water-
violet.
Stalks solitary, many-flowered; partial stalks whorled.

H.palustris. Linn. Sp. P1.20S. mild. v. ].S\2. Fl. Br. 226. Engl.

Bot. V. 6. t. 364. Curt. Lond. fasc. \. t. W. Fl. Dan. t. 487.

Ehrh. Herb. 83.
H. n. 632. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 279.
Hottonia. Boerh. Ind. Alt. v. 1 . 206. Raii Syn, 285. Ponted. An-

thol. 272.
Myriophyllum alterum. Matth. Valgr. v.2.b\\.f. Camer. Epit.

897./.
Viola palustris. Ger. Em. 826.

In clear ditches and ponds^ on a gravelly soil.

Perennial. June.

Herbage smooth, entirely under water. Root creeping. Stems
trailing, round, leafy. Leaves crowded, 3 or 4 inches long,
bright green, deeply pinnatifid, with linear segments. Stalks
central, solitary, naked below, rising high above the water, with
numerous whorls of elegant pink, or deep rose-coloured,^oe^;er5,
of the shape, and nearly the size, of a Priinrose, making a very
handsome appearance.

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Lysinmchia. 277
101. LYSIMACHIA. Loosestrife.

Linn. Gen. S3. Juss.Oo. Fl.Dr.227. Tourn.t.dd. Lam. 1. 10}.
Gcertn. t. 50.

Nat. Ord. see ii. 100.

Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, spreading, acute segments,
permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, wheel-shaped ; tube none ;
limb widely exjianded, in 5 deep, ovate-oblong segments.
Filam. awl-shaped, inserted into the base of the corolla,
opposite to each segment. Aiith. oblong, notched at each
end. Gennen roundish. Style thread-shaped, the length
of the stamens. Stigma obtuse. Cajjs. globular, pointed,
of 1 cell, and 10 valves, sometimes cohering in pairs.
Seeds numerous, angular, covering a large, central, orbi-
cular, unconnected, pitted receptacle.

The stamens are, in some instances, connected at their origin.
L. Linum-stellatum, see Fl. Grcec. t. 189, has really ten
valves to the capsule, though combined in pairs, as in our
L. 7iemorum. The corolla of the former indeed is less
deeply 5-cleft than it ought, as Linnaeus remarks, and
has really a short tube.
The whole genus is herbaceous, perennial, less frequently
annual. Leaves simple, midivided, entire ; opposite or
whorled ; scarcely ever alternate. Fl. scendess, terminal

' and aggregate, or axillary and solitary, rarely axillary and
aggregate. Cor. yellow ; in a few white, or flesh-coloured.

* Stalks many-Jlowered.

1 . L. vulgaris. Great Yellow Loosestrife.

Clusters panicled, terminal. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute.

L. vulgaris. Linn.Sp.Pl.2Q^. mild.v.l. 8\6. FL Br. 227. Engl

Bot?v. 1 1. ^ 761. Curt. Lond.fasc.o. 1. 19. Hook. Scot. /2. Fl.

Dan.t.GSO. Bull. Fr. t.347.
L. n. 630. Hall. Hist. v.\.27S.
L. lutea. Rail Syn. 2S2. Ger. Em.474.f.
Lysimachia. Matth.Valgr. v. 2.298. f. Camer.Epit.6S6.f.

In watery shady places, and reedy margins of rivers.

Perennial. July. ^ . , , . ...

Root creeping. Stems 3 or 4 feet high, erect, leafy, w'lth 4 or more
angles art'ording as the leaves are 2 or more together ; simple,
except at the top, where each terminates in a copious panicle ot
handsome yellow /oarr.s whose corymbose clusters are partly
axillary partly terminal j their talks awl-shaped biacteas, and

278 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Lysimachia.

pointed, fringed calyx, all more or less downy. Leaves on short
stalks, 2, 3, or 4 together, 2 or 3 inches long, varying in breadth,
single-ribbed, veiny ■ often downy beneath. Fl. an inch broad.
Stam. combined, smooth. Caps, rarely perfected.

2. L. thyrsiflora. Tufted Loosestrife.
Clusters lateral, axillary, stalked.

L. thyrsiflora. Linn. Sp. PL 209. mild. v. I. SIS. Fl. Br. 22S.
Engl. Bot. V. 3.t.\ 76. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 1 8. 7. Hook. Scot.
72. Fl.Dan. t.b\7.

L. n. 631. Hall. Hist. V. 1.279.

L. lutea, flore globoso. Raii Sijn. 283. Ger. Em. 47 o. f. How
Phyt.7\,

L. lutea. Clus.Hist. v. 2. 53. bothfg.

Lysimachium aquatile, Dod. Pempt. 607. f.

In watery places, very rare in England.

In the East Riding of Yorkshire j Mr. Dodsworth. Ray. By King's
Langley, Hertfordshire. Hoiv. In Anglesea ; Mr. Lhv, yd. DiU
lenius. . By the side of Loch Lomond ; in a bog at Forfar^ and
very plentifully in the borders of a lake, 4 miles east of Forfar.
Mr. J. Mackay. In a marsh beyond Fossil, North Britain ; Mr.
Hopkirk ; and by the lakes of Rescabie and Balgawen, Angus-
shire, frequent 3 Mr. David Don. Hooker.

Perennial. July.

Roots creeping, with whorled fibres. Stem 1 — 2 feet high, round,
quite simple, erect, leafy, slightly woolly. Leaves numerous,
opposite, sessile, smooth, lanceolate. Fl, small, yellow, in dense,
slightly branched, stalked, solitary, ovate, opposite, axillary,
downy clusters, about the middle part of the stem. Cor. dotted
with red, perfectly wheel-shaped, with solitary minute teeth be-
tween the segments. Stam. smooth, slender, as long as the co-
rolla, or longer. Capsules rarely seen.

** Stalks single-lowered,

3. L. nemoimm. Wood Loosestrife. Yellow Pim-

pernel.

Leaves ovate, acute. Flowers solitary. Stem procumbent.
Stamens smooth.

L. nemorum. Linn. Sp. PZ. 2 1 1 . TVilld. v. 1 . 820. Fl. Br. 228.

Engl. Bot. V. 8. t. 527. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. t. 18. Hook. Scot. 72.

FLDan.t.\74. Ehrh. Phyt. 33.
L.n. 628. Hall. Hist. v.\.27S.
Anagallis lutea. Raii Stjn. 282. Ger. Em.6iS.f.
A. flavo flore. Clus.Hist. v. 2. 182. f.
In moist woods, and shady, rather watery, places.

PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Anagallis. 279

o

Perennial. Mau — September.

Stems creeping at the base, decumbent, often pendent from banks
and rocks, branched, 12 or 18 inches long, leafy, square, smooth,
red and pellucid. Leaves opposite, stalked, veiny, of a bright
shining green, rather succulent. Fl. of a golden yellow, about
half the size of L. vulgaris, each on a simple, slender, twisting,
axillary, solitary stalk, about the length of the adjoining leaf.
Cal. awl-shaped. Cor. divided beyond the middle, fringed with
minute glandular hairs. Stam. yellow, quite smooth. Caps.
globular, of 10 narrow valves, connected in pairs. One of our
most elegant, though not uncommon, plants.

4. L. Nummidaria. Creeping Loosestrife. Money-
wort, or Herb Twopence.
Leaves somewhat heart-shaped. Flowers soHtary. Stem

prostrate, creeping. Stamens glandular.
L. Nummularia. Linn. Sp.Fl.^W. fVilld. v. I. 821. FI.Br.229.

Engl. Bot. V. 8. t. r)28. Curt. Lond.fasc. 3. t. 14. Hook. Scot. 72.

Fl. Dan. t. 493.
L. n. 629. Hall.IFst.v. J. 2/8.
Nummularia. Raii Si/n. 283. Ger. Em. 6S0.f. Camer. Epit.7bb.f.

In wet meadows, boggy pastures, and the borders of rivulets.

Perennial. June, July.

Herb smooth, of a pale green. Stems quite prostrate, creeping,
compressed, vvitii 4 prominent angles, a foot or 2 in length,
scarcely branched. Leaves on short stalks, roundish-heart-shaped,
wavy, with a small point. Flower-stalks angular, axillary, the
length of the leaves. FL rather larger than the last, pale le-
mon-coloured. Cal. ovate, or heart-shaped. Cor. clothed with
glandular hairs, as are likewise the whitish stamens. Caps, sel-
dom perfected, the plant increasing much by the roots.

102. ANAGALLIS. Pimpernel.

Linn. Gen. 83. Juss. 95. FL Br. 229. Tourn. t. 59. Lam. MOl.
Gcertn. i. 50.

Nat. Ord. see n. 100.

CaL inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, spreading, acute, keeled
segments, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, wheel-shaped ;
tube none; limb nearly flat, in 5 deep, roundish-ovate
segments, contracted at their base. Filam, erect, slender,
shorter than the corolla, clothed, in the middle part more
especially, with prominent glandular liairs. Anth. heart-
shaped. ' Germ, globose. S/i/lc thread-shaped. Sligm-a
ca})itate: or sometimes simple. Caps, globuhn*, of 1 cell,

280 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Anagallls

»

thin and pellucid, splitting horizontally into 2 hemisphe-
rical valves. Seeds numerous, angular, abrupt, covering
a large, central, orbicular, pitted, unconnected recej)tacle.
Herbaceous, or slightly shrubby, annual or perennial,
smooth, except the corolla and stamens. Leaves mostly
opposite, often dotted, as are also the stejns. FL elegant ;
scarlet, blue, or pink ; on simple axillary stalks.

1 . A. arvensis. Common Scarlet Pimpernel.

Leaves ovate ; dotted beneath. Stem procumbent. Corolla

minutely notched.
A. arvensis. Linn. Sp. PL 211. Willd. v. 1 . 822, /3. FL Br. 230.

EngL BoL v. 8. t. 529. CurU Lond.fasc. 1. 1. 12.' Hook. ScoL 72.

Ft. Dan. t. 88.
A. n. 625. HaU. Hist v. I. 276.
A. flore phoeniceo. Raii Syn. 282.
A. mas. Ger. Em. 617. f. Matth. Valgr. v. 1. 569. /. Camer.

Epit. 394./. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 238./.
/3. A. phoenicea, foliis amplioribus, ex adverse quaternis. Pluk.

Aim. 29. Rail Syn. 282.

In fields and gardens, common.

Annual. June — August.

Root small. Stem branched from the lower part, often dotted with
purple, more or less procumbent, square. Leaves sessile ; in
/3 four together ; ovate, many-ribbed ; dotted with purple at the
back. Flower-stalks angular, longer than the leaves, twisted
and recurved after flowering. Segments of the calyx lanceolate,
pointed, keeled^ membranous at the edges. Cor. bright scarlet,
with a violet-coloured mouth ; its edges finely crenate, or mi-
nutely fringed with glands. Stam. purple, hairy ; dilated and
smooth at the base. Anth. yellow, heart-shaped. Style purple,
permanent. Stigma capitate. Caps, pale and transparent, the
size of a pea, separating all round, the valves marked with
some indication of longitudinal separations, which seldom take
effect. Seeds roughish, abrupt externally, each with a central
dot.

The beautiful flowers close at the approach of rain, as farmers and
shepherds in general well know. They are very rarely found of
a brilliant white.

2. A. ccEVulea. Blue Pimpernel.

Leaves ovate, or somewhat lanceolate; dotted beneath. Stem
erect. Corolla strongly notched.

A. caerulea. Schreh. Lips. 5. Abbot 46. Engl Bot. v. 26. t. 1823,
Comp. 36. Hook. Scot. 72. Ft. Dan. t. 15/0.

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Anagallis. 281

A. arvensis. mild. Sp. PL r. 1 . 821 , a. n. Br. 230, v. Iluds. 87 $
A. n. 626. Hall. Hist. v. \.277'>

A. foemina. Rail Syn. 282. Ger. Em. 6\7.f. Matth. Valgr. v.\.
570. f. Camer, Epit.395.J\ very good.

In corn-fields, rare.

Between Stock well and Camberwell. Huds. In AVorcestershire.
Nash. Bedfordshire. Abbot. Devonshire, and near Bath j
Mr. Martyn. mt/i. At Great Saxham, Suffolk. Rei\ G. R.
Leathes. At Tharston, near Long Stratton, Norfolk. Rev. Mr.
Burroughs. About North Luffenham, near Stamford. G. Ainslie
Esq. About Glasgow, and other places in the south of Scot-
land, Hooker.

Annual. July.

Very like the last in every part, except the corolla being smaller,
of a most vivid blue, paler beneath, its margin strongly, acutely,
and unequally notched, as the cut of Camerarius very well ex-
presses. The stem in that cut is, moreover, erect, which
Mr. Leathes thinks essential to this species. I have not in-
variably observed it to be so. There is certainly no difference
in the calyx. Whether a species or variety, the Blue Pimper-
nel is reported to be constantly propagated by seed.

3. A. tenella. Bog Pimpernel.

Leaves roundish, somewhat pointed, stalked. Stem creeping.
Stigma acute.

A. tenella. Linn. Syst. Veg. ed. 14. 196. mild. Sp. PI. v. 1. 823

Fl. Br. 230. Etigl. Bat. v. 8. t. 530. Curt. Lond. fasc. 3. t. 15.

Cullum 76. Hook. Scot. 73. Don H. Br. 54.
Lysimachia tenella. Linn. Sp. P/. 211. Huds. 87. Dicks. H. Sice.

fasc. 2. 12.
Nummularia minor, flore purpurascente. Bauh. Prodr. 136./

Pm. 310. Rail Syn. 283. Ger. Em. 630. f. Moris, v. 2 567.*

sect. 5. t. 26./. 2.
N. rubra. Bauh. Hist. v. 3.271. f.

On wet, spongy, mossy bogs, not uncommon.

Perennial. July, August.

Root and stems creeping. \V'hole plant smooth, except the sta-
mens, depressed, branched, with small, roundish-ovate leaves,
finely dotted underneath. Flowers erect, rose-coloured, on slen-
der stalks much longer than the leaves, and becoming twisted
when in fruit. Stam. clothed with white, jointed, woolly fila-
ments. Anth. roundish, yellow. Stigma simple, rather acute.
Caps, smaller than the last, but otherwise precisely similar, as
well as the seeds, with which parts Linnieus was unacquainted
when he referred this species to Lysimachia. It yields to none
of our wild plants in elegance ; and being scarcely known on

282 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Azalea.

the continent, except in the south, is a welcome present to Ger-
man, Swiss and Swedish botanists.
The corolla is rather funnel-shaped, as in Centmiculus, and the
herbage most like a Lysimachia ; but the essential characters
are clear.

103. AZALEA. Azalea.

Linn. Gen. 85. Juss. 158. Fl. Br. 231. Lam. t.WO.f.l. Gartn.
^63.

Nat. Orel. Biconies. Linn. 18. Khododendra. Juss. 50.

Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, acute, upright segments,
coloured, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, bell-shaped, di-
vided half way into 5 nearly equal segments, whose mar-
gins are inflexed. Filam. inserted into the receptacle,
thread-shaped, unconnected. Auth. roundish, opening by
2 terminal pores. Germ, globular, with 5 longitudinal
furrows. Sfi/le cylindrical, erect, the length of the germen,
permanent. Stigma capitate, umbilicated. Caps, roundish,
with 5 deep furrows, umbilicated, crowned with the style,
of 5 cells, and 5 convex, acute, cloven-pointed valves,
whose inflexed edges form the double partitions. Seeds
numerous, roundish, dotted, attached to an unconnected,
tapering, central column.

Gsertner found but 2, or more commonly 3, cells to the
capside^ never 5. 1 have found 4 or 5.

That the American Azalece of the gardens must constitute
a distinct genus, has long been thought. But whatever
shall be determined conceiuiing them, the plant before us
is the identical Azalea.^ on which this genus was founded,
and which alone, except perhaps A. laj)ponica, answers
to the generic description of its author.

Shrubby, depressed,, evergreen. Leaves smooth, convex,
entire. Fl. red, on simple, aggregate, terminal stalks.

1 . A. procumhens. Trailing Azalea.

Branches spreading and reclining. Leaves opposite, revo-
lute, very smooth.

A. prociimbens. Linn. Sp. PI. 205. Fl. Lapp. ed.2. 60. t. 6.f. 2.

Willd. V. 1. 832. Fl. Br. 231 . Engl. Bot. v. 13. t. 865. Hook.

Scot. 73. Don H. Br. 134. Fl. Dan. t. 9. Pall. Ross, v.l.p. 2.

52. t. 70. f. 2.
A. n. 666. ^HnlLHisi.v. 1.296.

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Convolvulus. 283

Chamaerhododendros ferruginea supina, thvmi folio^ alpina, Bocc.
Mits. 64. t.j'S.

Chamaecistus serpyllifolius, Ger. Em. 1284./.

Ch. Septimus. Cl'us. Hist. v. 1. 75./.

Anonymos altera. Clus. Pann. i)7.f. 58.

A. fruticosa, foliis ericae bacciferae Matthioli, Bauh. Hist. v. 1 . b'27 f.

On alpine moors.

On the heathy summits of most of the mountains of Scotland.

Shrub. July.

Stems dwarfish, woody, rigid, round, buried in moss, with nume-
rous, alternate, leafy branches, t^ach 2 or 3 inches long, depressed,
spreading in all directions. Leaves opposite, small, elliptical'
obtuse, revolute, shining, on short, broad, fringed, footstalks'.
Flowers small, rose-coloured, on simple, smooth, red, terminal,
aggregate stalhs, each stalk with a convex bracten at its base!
Coat of the capsule spongy, with a deciduous cuticle. The an-
thers consist of 2 cells, each cell opening by a rather wide pore,
with a blunt border j nor have 1 ever found them bursting longi-
tudinally, as describ-d by an eminent French writer, which is an
extremily rare character in this natural order, if not absolutely
inconsistent therewith. See Hooker 230.

104. CONVOLVULUS. Bindweed.

Linn. Gr;.'.86. Juss. 133. Fl. Br. 232. Tourn.t.o/. Lam.t. J 04.

Gcorin.t.\3A. Br. Pr. 482.
Calystegla. Br. Pr. 483.

Nat. Old. CampanacecE. Linn. 29. Con-colvuli. Juss. 43.

CaL inferior, of 1 leaf, small, in 5 rather deep, ovate, imbri-
cated, converging, permanent segments. Cor. of 1 petal,
large, hell-shaped, regular, spreading, with 5 prominent
plaits, and as many very shallow lobes. 'Sect, a gland
under the germen. Filam. from the base of the corolla,
and half its length, awl-shaped, converging. Anth. ter-
minal, erect, arrow-shaped. Germ, roundish. Stijle
thread-shaped, as long as the stamens. Stigmas 2, spread-
ing, oblong. Caps, invested with the calyx, roundish,
either valvular, or bursting irregularly, of 1, 2, or 3,
more or less complete, cells, with a central, imconnected,
angular receptacle., whose angles are opposite to each su-
ture. Seeds large, roundish, 2 in each cell, attached to
the base of the receptacle.

Linufjeus observes there are few genera in which one part or
other of the fructification does not evade a strict limitation
of character. Such is the case with the seed-vessel in the
very natural genus Convolvulus.

284 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Convolvulus.

The plants have a milky juice. Stem leafy, herbaceous,
rarely woody, generally twining, from right to left, or
procumbent. Leaves alternate, simple, stalked, without
stipulas. Fl. axillary or terminal, on bracteated stalks ;
their colours various. Ours have all axillary, reddish or
white^ Jloxvey'S, and their roots are perennial, creeping ex-
tensively.

1. C. ai'vensis. Small Bindweed.

Leaves arrow-shaped, acute at each end. Stalks mostly
single-flowered. Bracteas minute, remote from the
flower.

C. arvensis. Linn. Sp. PL 218. PVilkl v. I. 844. Fl. Br. 232,
Engl. Bot. i\ 5. f. 3 1 2. Curt. Lond.fasc. 2. t.\3. Mart. Rust.
t. 89. Hook. Scot. 73. Fl. Dan. t. 459. Bull. Fr. t. 269.

C. n. 664. Hall. Hist. v.\. 295.

C. minor vulgaris. Raii Syn. 275.

Smilax lenis minor. Ger. Em. 861.^".

Helxine cissampelos. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 359./. Camer. Epit.
753./. Fuchs. Hist. 258./.

/3. Convolvulus arvensis minimus. Raii Syn. 276.

C. angustissimo folio nostras, cum auriculis. Pluk. Phyt. t. 24./ 3.

y. C. flore minimo, ad unguem fere secto. DM. in Raii Syn. 276.

In hedges, fields and gardens, very common ; an almost uncon-
querable weed, especially on a gravelly soil.

Perennial. June, July.

Root creeping, branching, extending to a great depth. Stems nu-
merous, angular, twining or prostrate, leafy, slightly downy, not
much branched. Leaves various in breadth, entire, smooth, on
channelled downy /oo^5^«ZA-5, not one fourth of their own length.
Flower-stalks as long as the leaves, sometimes divided, angular,
swelling upward, bearing 2 minute, downy, lanceolate bracteas
about their middle. FL fragrant like Heliotrope, but fainter,
very beautiful, of every shade of pink, with paler or yellowish
plaits, and stains of crimson in the lower part ; sometimes they
are nearly white. They close before rain. Anth. red, or white.
Stigmas linear, downy, almost equal in length to the style. I
have never seen the capsule or seeds.

2. C. sepium. Great Bindweed.

Leaves arrow-shaped, abrupt at the posterior lobes. Stalks
square, single- flowered. Bracteas heart-shaped, close to
the flower.

C.sepium. Linn.Sp.PL2\8. Willd. v. \. 844. FL Br. 233. Engl.
Bot. v.5.t.3\3. Curt Lond.fasc. I. t.\3. Mart. Rust. t. 88.
Hook. Scot. 74. FL Dan. t. 458.

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Convolvulus. 285

C. n. 663. IMl Hist. v. 1. 293.

C. major. Rail Stjn. 2/5. Baiih. Hist, v. 2. 154./.

Calystegia sepiuni. Br. Pr. 483.

Smilax lenis, sive Itevis, major. Ger.Em.S6l.f. Dad. Pevwt.

392./.
S. laevis. Fuchs. Hist. 720. f. Matth. J'algr. v. 2. 552./ Camer.

Epit. 932./.

In moist hedges, osier holts, and thickets.

Perennial. Jidij, August.

Routs long, creeping extensively, rather fleshy. Stems twining,
several feet lo^ig, leafy, angular, smooth,' slightly branched.
Leaves nearly vertical, on smooth stalks ; pointed at the end j
variously lopped at the base, which tlie wooden cuts of old au-
thors, excej)t Dodonaeus and Gerarde, do not express. Fl. soli-
tary, large, pure white for the most part ; occasionally of an
uniform flesli-colour, or rose-colour. Stam. and Pist. white.
Stigmas short and blunt. The large bracteas inclose the calyx,
which is one of the characters of My. Brown's Calystegia, as its
name implies. 1 have not seen the fruit. The root has been
used as a purgative, being near akin to the acrid and violent
Scammony.

3. C. Soldanella, Sea Bindweed.

Leaves kidney-shaped, somewhat angular. Stalks single-
flowered, their angles membranous. Stems procumbent.

C. Soldanella. Linn. Sp. PL 226. IVilld. v. 1 . 87G. FL Br. 233.

EngL Bot. V. 5, f. 314.
C. maritimus, Soldanella dictus. Raii Syn. 276.
Soldanella marina. Gtr. Em. 838. f.
Brassica marina. Cord. Hist. 205. 2./ Malth. Valgr. v. 1 . 427./

Camer. Epit. 253./
B. marina, sive Soldanella. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 166. f. Dalech. Hist.

526./.

On the sandy sea shore.

Perennial. June, July.

Root extensively creeping. Herb smooth, rather succulent. Stems
lax, procumbent, spreading in a circular form, slightly branched,
angular, often purplish, 1 to 2 feet long. Leaves on longish
stalks, heart- or kidney-shaped, more or less pointed, entire, or
sometimes angular. Fl. very large in proportion, and remarka-
bly handsome, on long, solitary, angular stalks swelHng upward,
their 4 angles bordered and purplish, Bracteas ovate, close to
tlie calyx, but rather shorter. Cor. as large as the last, of a de-
licate purplish pink, with pale yellow ])laits. Stigmas short, awl-
shaped. Caps, roundish, somewhat lubed. Seeds large. The
Jlowers expand in the sun-shine only, and arc of short duration.

286 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Polemonium.
105. POLEMONIUiM. Jacob's Liidder.

Linn. Gen. S7. Jns.^.. ]36. FLBr.234. Tourn. t. 61. Lam.t.lOG.
Gcertn. t. {)2.

Nat. Ord. Cainpanacecc, Linn. 29. Polenionia. Juss. 44.

Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, cup-shaped, divided halfway into 5
broad, rather acute, segments, permanent. Cor, of 1 petal,
wheel-shaped; tube very short, closed at the top by 5 con-
vex, downy valves ; limb large, dilated, spreading, slightly
concave, in 5 deep, roundish-ovate, obtuse, equal segments.
Filam. awl-shaped, inclining, shorter than the corolla, in-
serted into the tube, between the valves, and opposite to
each segment of the limb, yhith. terminal, erect, oblong;
roundish after bursting. Germ, ovate, acute. Style cy-
lindrical, the length of the stamens. Stigma in 3 acute,
revolute segments. Caps, ovate, with 3 blunt angles, in-
vested with the calyx, of 3 cells, and 3 valves, separating
at the top ; partitions contrary to the valves. Seeds nu-
merous, oblong, triangular, attached to the innermost
angle of each cell.

Herbaceous, with mostly pinnate leaves, and terminal, pa-
nicled, blue or purplish, J/ owers,

1. V. ccEruleum. Blue Jacob's Ladder. Greek Va-
lerian.
Leaves pinnate. Flowers erect. Root fibrous.
P. caeruleum. Linn. Sp. PI. 230. Willd. v. I. 886. Fl. Br. 234.

Engl. Bot. V. \.t.\A. Hook. Scot. 74. Fl. Dan. t. 255.
P. n. 665. Hall. Hist. ?;. 1. 296.
P. vulgare cseruleum. Raii Syn. 288.
Valeriana grseca. Dod. Pempi.^b 1 ./. 352. Ger. Em. 1 076./. Bauh.

Hist.v.3.p.2.2\2.f.

In bushy places, in the north of England, and south of Scotland,but
rare.

At Malham Cove, in Craven, Yorkshire , also in other parts of
that neighbourhood, first found by Dr. Martin Lister j and sub-
sequently by Dr. Richardson. Raii Si/n. At the Lover's Leap,
Buxton. Rev. Mr. Wood. Near Bake well, Derbyshire ; Mr.
Whately ; and in Gordale, Yorkshire ; Mr. Gough. Withering.
Two miles east of Queen's Ferry, on the coast ; Mr. Maughan j
in Arnistone woods ; Mr. Arnott -, Del vine woods ; Mr. Mur-
ray. Hooker.

Perennial, June.

Root fibrous, not creeping. Herb nearly smooth, 1^ or 2 feet high.
Stem angular, leafy, hollow, often reddish, unbranchedj pa-

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Campanula. 287

nicled at the top. Leaves alternate, of many elliptic-lanceolate,
entire leajicls, with an odd one of nearly equal size. Fl. rather
drooping, numerous, blue, occasionally white. Stalks and calijx
a little downy. A common ornament of rustic gardens, of no
particular qualities, notwithstanding its name of Valerian, de-
rived perhaps from the leaves, which resemble those of some
ValeriancB. It is not known to be a Greek plant, nor does Dios-
corides appear to have mentioned it.

106. CAMPANULA. Bell-flower.

Linn. Ge«. 88. Jmss. 164. Fl. Br.2?A. Tourn.t.37. Lam. t. 123.
GcErtn. t.3\.

Nat. Ord. Campanacece. Linn. 29. CamjpanulacecE. Juss. 52.
Three following genera the same. See Grammar 1 1 7.

Cal. superior of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, acute, rather spreading
segments; in some with intermediate, reflexed, tumid
lobes ; permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, bell-shaped, more or
less expanded, withering ; impervious at the base, com-
bined with the cal}^, and furnished at the lower part with
5 acute, converging valves, concealing the summit of the
germen ; limb in 5 broad, spreading, regular segments.
Filam. from the point of each valve, capillary, short, re-
tractile. AntJi. longer than their filaments, linear, com-
pressed, spreading. Germ, inferior, angular. Style thread-
shaped, down}', longer than the stamens. Stigma in 2 cr
3 oblong, revolute segments. Caj^s. roundish, obovate,
or prismatic, angular and ribbed, of 3 cells, rarely 2
only, bursting by 3 torn lateral openings, between the
ribs ; or sometimes valvular at the summit. Seeds nume-
rous, small, polished.
Milky herbs ; seldom shrubby. Leaves almost always al-
ternate ; simple, or rarely compound ; smooth or rough.
Fl. variously situated, mostly blue, inodorous. The style,
pardy very hairy, receives tlie pollen before it reaches the
stigma, and retains it long.

1. C rotujidifolia. Round-leaved Bell flower.

Radical leaves heart- or kidney-shaped, serrated; stem-leaves
linear, entire.

C. rotundifolia. Linn. Sp. PI. 232. mild. v. 1 . 892. Fl. Br. 235.
Engl. Hot. V. 13. t. 8(36. Curt. Lond.fasc. 4.t.2l. Hook. Scot.
74. Fl. Dan. t. 853. Ger. Em. 452./. Rail Syn. 277 ; exclud-
ing the reference to J. Bauhin.

C. n. 701. Hall. Hist. v. 1.310; excluding Ocder's syn.

288 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Campanula.

C. minor rotundifolia vulgaris. Bauh. Pin. 93.

C. minor alpina, rotundioribus imis foliis. Cius. Hist. v. 2. 173, as

to the figure, which is Gerarde's.
C. sylvestris minima. Dod. Pempt. 167 j the same figure.

On heaths, walls, banks, and about the borders of fields, common.

Perennial, Juhj, August.

Root somewhat creeping, rather woody. Herb smooth, dark green.
Stems more or less crowded, upright, round, sometimes a little
downy, about a span high, slightly, if at all, branched, each termi-
nating in a loose cluster of a few drooping, h\\ieJlowers, on long,
slender, tremulous stalks, with an awl-shaped bractea to each.
The radical leaves are numerous, heart-shaped, with a blunt point,
and 4 or 5 bluntish serratures at each side ; their footstalks
thrice as long as the leaves, linear and very narrow ; some of
these leaves are often kidney-shaped ; others ovate, or lanceo-
late, and entire. They all usually wither very soon, so that the
plant, when in flower, is found with stem-leaves only, which are
long, linear, acute, entire and very narrow, tapering at the base
into short footstalks. Segments of the calyx linear-awl-shaped,
entire, spreading. Cor. thrice as long, twisted in decay. Cap-
sule roundish. Sometimes, though rarely, the flowers are white.

On mountain rocks this species may perhaps assume a more humble
stature, with fewer flowers j nor are such variations unusual with
it in barren ground. One of them was originally taken for
C. uniflora of Linnaeus, a very different plant, by Mr. Hudson j
and probably by Ray for C. alpina rotundifolia minor, of Bauh.
Prodr. 34. This latter is really C. parva Anguillarce Contabrica,
Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 796 ; and there is a good figure in each of these
places. It is C. n. 702 of Haller ; C. t. 189 of Fl Dan.; and
C, pumila of Dr. Sims in Curt. Mag. t.5l2 ; being C. ccBsjntosa
of Villars, and of Scopoli, as well as pusilla of Hsenke in Jacq,
Coll V.2. 79. In our gardens it is usually white, and grows
luxuriantly under a frame, or in the open border ; being doubt-
less a constant and very distinct species, characterized by the
numerous serrated, obovate or lanceolate, stem-leaves ; to say
nothing of its smaller size, and brighter green hue. I have no
authority for believing that this C. ccespitosa, for so it should be
called, has ever been seen wild in Britain. In the Fl. Brit. I re-
lied on former authors, who have every one of them committed
some error in the synonyms, which the detail here given will
enable the reader to trace.

2. C patula. Spreading Bell-flower.

Radical leaves obovate, or elliptic -lanceolate; the rest linear-
lanceolate ; all even, crenate and roughish. Stem with
several iringed angles. Panicle spreading. Calyx minutely
toothed.

PENTANDRIA— MOXOGYNIA. Campanula. !^Sy

C. patula. Lhni.Sp. PL 232. JfVJdv. 1 . 896. Fl. Br. 235. Engl
Bot. v.X.t 42. Hook. Land. t.b\. Fl. Dan. t'373. Piutln
V.3.3A2.

C. n. 698. Hall. Hist. V. 1.309.

C. esculentaj facie, raniis et tloribus patulis. Dill. Elth. 68. i.bS.

C. minor alba, sive purpurea. Gcr. Em. 452 /. ?

In pastures, borders of fields, and hedges, rare.

On the outside of l^uddon wood, Leicestershire. Mr. Woodward.
In many parts of Worcestershire and Staffordshire. Withering
Near Holt, Norfolk. Rev. J{. B. Franci.t. At Cobham, Surry.
Engl. But. In several parts of that county and Kent. Mr. Graves.
In many places about Alcester. Burton'

Biennial. July, August.

Roof small, tapering, white. Stem erect, 2 feet high, leafy, having
about 5 angles, fringed with short deflexed hairs ; pan'icled and
spreading at the summit. Radical leaves stalked, spreading,
obovate, elliptical, or oblong, obtuse, bluntly crenate, roughish[
or fringed ; turning yellow, and withering when the^flowers ap-
pear 3 the stetn-lcaves are alternate, sessile, lanceolate or linear,
acute, less crenate, and rather smoother. Fl. of a fine blue, larger
than the preceding, more tapering at the lower part ; the limb
ribbed, gradually spreading. Segments of the calyx awl-shaped,
with one or more livid teeth on each side, towards the base. The
herbage, though bitter and milky, is often eaten by cattle.

3. C. Rapiinmlus, Rainpion Bell-flower.

Leaves wavy, crenate, roiighish ; radical ones elliptic-lan-
ceolate. Stem angular ; hairy below. Panicle compact.
Calyx entire.

C. Rapunculus. Linn. Sp. PL 232. Willd.v. 1 . 896. FL Br. 236.

Engl. Bot. V. 4. t. 283. Hook. Loud. t. 80. Fl. Dan. t. 8.)5.
C. n. 699. Hall. Hist. v.\.3\0.
Rapunculus. Camer. Epit. 221. f. bad. Maith. Falgr. v. 1. 397./.

much worse ; like a Linuni.
R. esculentus. Bauh. Pin. 92. Baii Syn. 277.
Rapuntium parvum. Ger. Em. 453. f.
Rapum sylvestre. Fuchs. Hist. 214 f. Ic. 122.
Raponeoli. Brunf. Herb. v. 2. 84./.

On banks, and about the borders of fields, not common.

About Old Buckenham castle, Norfolk. Mr. Pitchfurd. In many
parts of Kent and Surry, as well as in other ))laceSj on a gravelly
soil ; having formerly perhaps escaped from gardens.

Biennial. July, August.

Root spindle-shaped, white, milky, sweet, with a bitterish pun-
gency ; when cultivated, milder. It was formerly eaten raw, or
variously dressed. Stem a yard high, leafy, angular, more or

vol, r. u

C?90 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Campanula.

less rough all over its lower part. Leaves longer, broader, and
more uniform, than in the last species ; the lower ones taper-
ing into footstalks. Panicle long, cylindrical, of a regular
series of shortish, unequal, aggregate or subdivided, smooth,
bracteated stalks. Cal. slender, almost entirely without teeth.
Cor. light blue, swelling in the lower part.

4. C persicifulia. Peach-leaved Bell-flower.

Leaves smooth, slightly serrated ; radical ones obovate ;
those of tiie stem linear-lanceolate, sessile, remote. Stem
round, very smooth, with few flowers.

C. persicifoha. Linn. Sp. PL 232. Fl. Sitec. ed. 2. ^G. Willd. v. 1 .

897. Don H. Br. 1 80. Hook. Scot. 74. Fl. Dan. f. 1 087. Bull.

Fr. t. 3G7. Fl. Grcec. v. 3. 4. t. 205. Ger. Em. 45 1 ./. Lob. Ic.

327. f. Scop. Cam. ed. 2. v. 1. 145.
G. n. 697. Hall. Hist. v. 1.307.
C. persica; folio. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 171./.
C. media. Dod. Pempt. \66.f.
Phyteuma. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 533./. l)ad.

In woods in Scotland.

Near CuUen. Don.

Perennial. Juhj.

Root somewhat creeping. Stems li or 2 feet high, erect, simple,
round, pale, very smooth, more or less leafy. Leaves long and
narrow, with very shallow serratures, especially the uppermost,
which are acute, and nearly entire. Fl. very large, above an inch
wide, of a fine blue, erect. Germen often hairy, as Scopoli re-
marks ; but this character is not invariable. Segments of the
cabjx long, lanceolate, entire, very smooth and even. Haller
erroneously applies to this species Linneeus's remark of the
toothed calyx m C.patula.

The flowers are often solitary in wild specimens. In gardens, where
they are generally double, and often of a brilliant white, there are
always several on each stem. This plant being a native of most
parts of the continent, from Sweden to Greece, may well be
found also in Scotland, and I concur with Professor Hooker in
admitting it. Mr. Cr. Don's specimens have a perfectly wild
aspect.

5. C. latifolia. Giant Bell-flower.

Leaves roughish, ovate-lanceolate. Stem unbranched, round.
Stalks single-flowered. Fruit drooping.

C. latifolia. Linn.Sp.Pl.2\\Z. JVilld. v. \. 900. Fl. Br. 236. Engl.

Bot. 5. t. 302. Hook. Sc t. 75. Fl. Dan. t. 85.
C. n. 691. Hall. Hist. v. 1.307.
C. maxima, foliis latissimis. Banh. Pin. 94. Paii Sijn. 276.

PENTANDRIA-MONOGYNIA. Campanula. 291

C. pulchra, Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 807./.

Trachclium majus Belgarum, sive giganteum. Ger. Em. 448./.

In moist woods and thickets, by the sides of rivulets.

Not unfrequent in Scotland, 'and the north of England ; more
rare in the south. In Forehoe wood near Kimberlcy, Norfolk.
Mr. Ruse. In Suffolk, on a clay soil. Mr. Woodward. Near
Dunstable. Rev. Dr. Abbot. In shady woods at Matlock bath,
Derbyshire.

Perennial. July, August.

Root rather fleshy, very milky, as well as the whole herb. Stem
erect, 3 or 4 feet high, quite simple, leafy, round, with several
slightly prominent ribs, roughish with fine hairs. Leaves nu-
merous, alternate, on short stalks, ovate, pointed, doubly and
bluntly serrated, veiny, finely hairy, 3 or 4 inches long; the
uppermost lanceolate. Panicle terminal, but slightly branched,
leafy ; the upper leaves diminishing to linear, mostly entire,
bracteas. Fl. erect, large, deep blue 3 in gardens sometimes
white, with a purple eye. Cahjx lanceolate, pointed, entire, or
partly serrated. Caps, pendulous, hemispherical, smooth. It
varies with a spreading panicle and smoother leaves.

6. C. rajmnculoides. Creeping Bell-flower.

Leaves roughish; radical ones heart-shaped, crenate, stalk-
ed; U})permost sessile, lanceolate. Flowers drooping, uni*
lateral, in a terminal, bracteated, upright cluster. Calyx
reflexed.

C. rapunculoides. Linn. Sp. PL 234. TVilld. v. 1 . 901 . Fl. Br. 237'
Engl. Bot. V. 20. t. 13G9. Hook. Scot. 75. Fl. Dan. t. 132/-
Don H. Br. 55.

C. Trachelium. Bull. Fr. t.SlO.

C. n. 692. Hall Hist. V. 1.307.

C. repens, flore minore caeruleo. Bauh. Hist v. 2. 806. f. bad.

C. hortensis, Rapunculi radice repente. Moris, v. 2. 460 sect. 5
t.3.f.32.

In woods and fields, but rare.

In some woods in Oxfordshire, amongst yew trees. Buddie's her-
barium. At Blair in Scotland. Dr. Skrimshire. In corn-fields
2 miles north-west from Kirkcaldy, where it is considered as a
troublesome weed 3 Mr. Chalders. Hooker.

Perennial. Juhj, August.

Root creeping widely. Stems 18 inches or 2 feet high, erect, leafy,
slightly angular, roughish with minute deflexed hairs, simple, ex-
cept some small rudiments of branches rarely protruded. Leaves
veiny, rugged, scarcely roughish to the touch, bluntly and un-
equally serrated, of a rather deep shining green ; radical ones
very like those of Violets, heart-shaped, on long stalks ; upper
ones sessile, deflexed, ovate, or lanceolate ; gradually diminish-
u 2

'J9'-2 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Campanula.

ing to the lanceolate, or linear, bracteas, of the long, straight,
simple, many-flowered, terminal cluster. Fl. on very short
stalks, bright purplish blue, hairy, half the size of the last, droop-
ing all to one side. Cal. recurved, rough-edged, entire, not ser-
rated. Caps, roundish, with 3 prominent angles, opening by 3
large intermediate pores near its base.

7. C. Trachelhim. Nettle-leaved Bell-flower.

Stem angular. Leaves lanceolate, partly heart-shaped, sharp-
ly serrated, bristly as well as the calyx. Stalks axillary,
with few flowers.

C Trachelium. Linn. Sp. PL 235. mild. v. 1. 903. FL Br, 238.

Engl. Bot.v. 1. t. 12. Hook. LojuJ. t. 109. Scot. 75. Fl. Dan.

t.l026.
C n. 690. Hall. Hist. V. 1.307.
C, vulgatior, foliis urtic«, vel major et asperior. Bauh. Pin. 94.

RaiiSyn.27C).
C. Cervicaria dicta. Ftichs. Hist. 43 1 . ^ 432.
Trachelium majus. Ger. Em. 448./.
Uvularia major. Trag. Hist. 926. t 927.
Cervicaria major. Dod. Pempt. 164./.

In groves, thickets, and hedges, frequent.

Perennial. Juhj.

Root thick, and rather woody. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, simple,
straight, leafy, with several slightly winged and roughish angles.
Leaves harsh, coarsely and unequally serrated, taper-pointed,
ribbed ; the lowest large, on long stalks, heart-shaped, much
resembling the Common Perennial Nettle ; the upper ones on
shorter stalks, and more lanceolate, or ovate. Fl. on shortish,
simple or divided, stalks, from the bosoms of many of the upper-
most leaves, large, deep blue, sometimes white. C«Z. simply 5-
cleft, generally bristly at the base and margin. Cor. perfectly
bell-shaped, more or less fringed. The bristles of the leaves are
often as pungent as those of a Nettle, though not venomous.

The name Trachelium, from rpa^rj^os, the neck, alludes to the re-
puted virtues of this plant in disorders of the throat, to which
the other appellations of old authors allude. A decoction of
the herb, which is bitter and somewhat acrid, was used as a
gargle.

8. Q^. glomerota. Clustered Bell-flower.

Stem angular, simple. Flowers sessile, most of tliem in a

terminal head. Leaves ovate, crenate.
C. glomerata. Linn. Sp. PI. 235. M'illd. v. 1 . 903. Fl. Br. 238.

Engl. Bot. V. 2. t. 90. Hook. Scot. 75.
C. n. 685. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 305.
C.pratensis, flore conglomerato. Bauh. Pin. 94. Raii Syn. 277.

PENTANDIIIA— MONOGYNIA. Campanula. 293

Trachdium minus. Ger. Em. 449./.

T. alpinum, floribus conglomeratis. Hcrm. Parad. 235. t. 235.

Rapunculus calyculatiis. Barrel. Ic. t.j23.f. 3.

Gentiana coUina. With. 282. /. 1 1 ./. 8. From the author.

In dry open chalky pastures.

Perennial. July, ^■Jugust.

Root rather woody, with lon^ fibres. Stem from 1 to 18 inches
high, never branched unless injured, erect, straight, angular,
hoary with short deflexed hairs. Radical and lower stem-leaves
oblong-heart-shaped, on long stalks ; upper ones more acute,
ovate, sessile, clasping the stem j all crenate, hoary all over
with short close hairs ; paler at the back. Fl. of a puiphsh,
deep, but rich, blue, most of them in a dense terminal head,
subtended by 2 broad, concave, pointed, hoary bracieas ; a few
occasionally,' solitary or in pairs, sessile from the bosoms of the
upper leaves. Ca/. 'simply 5 -cleft, hoary. Cor. rather cylindri-
cal, hairy, about one third the size of the last.

In a cultivated state the herbage becomes over luxuriant, and less
hoary ; the ^/lowers paler, more numerous, but far less handsome.

Such is the case with many of the true chalk-country plants.

9. C. hybrida. Corn Bell-flower.

Stem often branched from the base, straight. Leaves oblonnr,
crenate, wavy. Corolla widely spreading, shorter than
the calyx. Capsule prismatic.

C. hybrida. Linn. Sp. PI. 239. IVilld. vA. 913. FL Dr. 239. Engl.
Bot.v.6. 1.375.

C.n. 704. Hall. Hist. f. 1.311.

C. arvensis erecta. Rail Syn. 278. Moris, v. 2. 457. sect. 5. L2.
/. 22.

Speculum Veneris minus. Ger. Em. 439. /'.

Onobrychis altera Belgarum et Dodoneei. Lob. Ic. 418./,

In dry or chalky corn-fields.

Annual. August.

Root small, tapering. Herb barely a span high, pale greyish green,
rough with prominent, rigid, minute hairs, especially the stem,
and the undulating margins of the oval sessile leaves. Fl. few,
terminal, solitary, sessile. Segments of the calyx lanceolate,
spreading, rough.' Cor. scarcely half their length, almost wheel-
shaped, with a plaits, deep blue, with a pale centre. Grrmen
much lengthened after impregnation, becoming a long triangu-
lar, downy capsule, opening towards the summit by 3 lateral
pores.

10. C. hederacea. Ivy-leaved Bell-flower.

Stem flaccid, much branched, procumbent. Leaves stalked,
smooth, heart-shaped, with angular lobe>\

294 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Phyteuma.

C. hederacea. Linn. Sp. PL 240. Willd. vA.9l6. Fl. Br. 239.

Engl. Boi. V. 2. t. 73. Hook. Scot. 75. Lond. t. 93. Dicks. Dr.

PL 56. H. Sicc.fasc. 10. 9. FL Dan. t. 330. bad.
C, Cymbalariae foliis. Raii Syn. 277. Ger. Em. 452. /. Bauh.

Prodr. 34. Moris, v. 2. 456. sect. 5. t. 2. /. 18. Pluk. Phyt.

L23.f.l.
C. folio hederaceo. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 797. f.

In wateiy shady places, not general.

Abundant in Cornwall, and many parts of the west of England, as
well as about Sheffield, Yorkshire. Ray. In Bagley wood, near
Oxford. Laivson. In Wales 3 Dr. Richardson. DHL In Sus-
!^x abundant. Hudson, Dickson, and Borrer. On a bog near
High-Beech, Epping forest. Mr. E. Forster. On Hartlebury
Common, Worcestershire. Rev. T. Butt. In the County of
Cork, Ireland. Mr. J. T. Mackay. In several parts of the low-
lands of Scotland, and in the Scilly islands. Hooker.

Perennial. June — August.

A delicate little smooth plant, whose long, trailing, entangled,
variously branched stems creep very far. Leaves about ^ an inch
vv^ide, rarely a little hairy, scattered, on longish slender stalks,
heart-shaped, with 5 acute principal angles, and a few smaller
intermediate ones. FL terminal, solitary, on long slender stalks,
more or less drooping, short-lived, light blue. Segments of
the calyx awl-shaped, entire, permanent, the capsule opening
at the summit, between them, with 3 valves, though even dried
specimens have indications of lateral pores, which do not open.
Seeds numerous, minute.

107. PHYTEUMA. Rampion.

Linn. Gen. SO. Juss. 165. FL Br. 240. Lam. t,l24. Gartn. t.SO.
Rapunculus. Town. t. 38.

Nat. Ord. see n. 106.

CaL superioi-j of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, acute, rather spreading
segments, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, wheel-shaped, in
5 deep, linear, acute, recurved segments. Filam. thread-
shaped, dilated at the base, scarcely attached to the co-
rolla, much shorter than its segments. Anth. oblong.
Germ, mferior, angular. Style cylindrical, curved, longer
than the stamens. Stigma in 2 or 3 spreading segments.
Caps, roundish, of 2 or 3 cells, with strong ribs, between
which it bursts by three irregular openings. Seeds nume-
rous, small, obovate.

Herbaceous, mostly perennial, milky, generally nearly
smoolli. FL blue, numerous, spiked or capitate, Leaves

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Jasione. '295

simple, crenate or entire ; in some almost grassy. Most
of the oriental species bear scattered Jloivcrs ; and one,
Plupinnalum, see Fl. Gncc. t. 220, has compound leaves.

1. V\\. orbicular c. Round-headed llampion.
Flowers in a roundish head. Leaves crenate ; radical ones

heart-shaped, or elliptic-lanceolate.
Ph. orbiculare. Lmn. Sp. V12A2. Willd. v. \.92\. rLBr2A0.

Eugl. Bot. V. 2. M42. Uook. Lond. t. 55. Jacq. Aiistr. t. 437-

Rapunculus n. 681. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 304.

R. corniculatus. jRii".3/oH07^. /rr. M 09./. 1. ... ^

R rorniculatus montunus. Rail Sini.27S. Gcr. Em. A-r^.f. '=>■

R. cornlculatus, folio oblongo, spica orbiculuri. Moris, v. 2. 463.

sect. 5. t.D. f. 47. ^^_

R.corniculatus carulcus minor, i^rirre/. Ic.^ a'-.).

Rapuntium montanum ravius, corniculatum. Column. Lcplir. —3
^.224.

In pastures, and bv road sides, on a chalky soil, bat rare.

On the downs of ' Sussex and Hampshire, ni manv places. Ray
In several parts of Surrey and Kent. Hudson, Hooker. Plentiful
near Leatherhead.

Perennial. August. rr ; -u

Root long and woodv, divided at the crown. Herb mdky, not
acrid. Stems solitary, simple, leafy, somewhat angular, smooth
a foot hi^h, or more. Leaves smooth, crenate, with a midrib
and many reticulated veins ; the earliest radical ones hear -
shaued • the next, like those on the lower part of the stem, el-
iiptic-lanceolate3 all on long stalks : those on the upper part
ovate or lanceolate, sessile, fringed at the base. H of an in-
tensely brilliant deep blue, numerous, inodorous, sessile, tormmg
a round head, accompanied by several close, ovate-lanceolate,
eafy braeteas. As the 3-celled eapsules ripen, the head be-
com^es oval, and the parts of the Jlower, alter lasting long in a
S state are finally, as Professor Hooker observes, deciduous,
except the fringed ealyx. The figures of Morison and Bar-
relier are copied from that ot Columna.

108. JASIONE. SheepVblt.

4'- rwco ir.r. Fl Br 241. Lam. t. 724. Gartn.
Linn. Gen. Add. Ji^ss. loo. ri.m.^-^

t.SO.

Nat. Ord. see Ji. 106.

Cal superior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, acute segments, perma-
n^Tcor. wheel-shaped, i. 5 deep, l-cec>h e ecpud
straight, moderately spreadmg segments f ^^^- ^^l"
shaped, short. Ani/^- oblong, combined at the base.

29G PENTANDUIA— MONOGYNIA. Lobelia,

Germ, roundish, inferior. Style cylindrical, erect, longer
than the stamens. Stigma cloven; in some flowers club-
shaped and only slightly notched. Caps, bladdery, round-
ish, with 5 angles, impeifectly 2 -celled, opening by a round
pore at the top ; the partitions perpendicular, opposite,
not completely meeting. Seeds numerous, elliptic-oblong,
very minute, covering a globular, stalked, unconnected
receptacle, in the bottom of the capsule.

The central Jlox<Dcrs having often a club-shaped stigma, are
abortive, while their anthers are the most perfect.

Herbaceous, with simple leaves, and aggregate hlueJlowers>,
Only one certain species. See Curt. Mag. t. 2198.

1. J. montana. Common Sheep's-bit. Sheep's Sca-
bious.

J. montana. Linn, Sp. PL 1317. TVilld. v. 1. 888. Fl. Br. 241.
Engl. Bot. V. 13. ^.882. Curt. Lond. fuse. 4. t. 58. Hook.
Scot. 76. FL Dan. f.,3l9.

Rapunculus n. 678. JlaU. Hist. v. \ . 303.

R. Scabiosse capitulo crerulco. Bauh. Pin. S2, Raii Syn. 278.

Ilapuntium alterum lej)tophvHon capitatum. Column. Ecpkr. 226.
^227.

Scabiosa minima hirsuta. Ger. Em. 723. f.

S. media. Lob. Ic. 536./.

In dry sandy fields, and heathy ground, plentiful.

Annual. June, Juhj.

Root tapering, rather woody, said to be occasionally perennial in
the south of Europe ; see Wiildenow. Herb rough with short
rigid hairs. Stems several, a span high, simple or branched,
roundish, leafy. Leaves sessile, oblong, bluntish, wavy, entire
or unequally serrated, gradually smalltr from the root upwards,
alternate. FL small, in round, solitary, terminal tufts, on short
partial stalks, each tuft surrounded by several ovate hracieas,
analogous to those of Phyteuma, which LinntEUs esteemed a ge-
neral calyx, misled by the idea of a compound flower, suggested
probably by the combined anthers. Corolla light blue. Stigma
purplish.

This plant is closely related to Phyteuma; but the partitions of the
capsule, and its terminal entire orifice, added to the combined
anthers, afford perhaps good marks of generic distinction.

109. LOBELIA. liobelia.

Linn. Gen. PL 456. Juss. 165. FL Br. 242. Lam. t. 724.
Rapuntium. Tourn.t.bl. Gcertn.f. 30.

Kat. Ord. see n. 106.

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Lobelia. 297

CaL superior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, small, nearly regular, per-
manent segments, surrounding the summit of the germen.
Cor. of 1 petal, irregular ; tube cylindrical, longer than
the calyx, split along the upper side ; limb in 5 deep, lan-
ceolate segments ; the 2 uppermost small, most reflexed,
and most deeply separated, constituting the upper lip ;
the rest more spreading, generally larger, forming the
under lip. Filam. awl-shaped, the length of the tube,
combined at the top. Anthers united into a cylinder,
more or less curved at the extremity, separating after a
while at the base into 5 parts. GermeJi pointed, inferior.
Style cylindrical, as long as the stamens. Stigvia capi-
tate, hairy. Caps, elliptical, angular, of 2 or 3 cells and
as many valves, bursting at the top, within the circum-
ference of the calyx ; partitions contrary to the valves.
Seeds numerous, minute, covering the conical recep-
tacle.

Herbaceous or shrubby, milky, acrid. Leaves simple, un-
divided. Fl. racemose or solitary, various in colour, in-
odorous. Pubescence various.

] . L. Dortmanna. Water Lobelia.

Leaves linear, entire, of two longitudinal cells. Stem nearly
naked.

L. Dortmanna. Linn. Sp. PL 1318. Willd. r. 1. 938. Fl Br. 242.
Engl. Bot.v.2. t. 140. Light/. 505. t. 21. Hook. Scot.76. Fl.
Dan. t. 39.

Dortmanna lacustris, floribus sparsis pendulis. Rudb. Act. Suec.
ann. 1720.97.^2.

Gladiolus palustris. Bauh. Pin. 41. Rudb. Elys. v. 2. 17./. 7.

G. lacustris Dortmanni. Cliis. Cur. Post. 40. f. Rail Syn. *287.

G. lacustris. Ger. Em. 105./.

In the lakes of Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and the north of England.

Abundant in those of North Wales and Scotland. Richardson,
Lightfoot. In most of the lakes, with clear gravelly bottoms, m
Westmoreland and Cumberland.

Perennial. July. , • j

Root of many long, simple, whitish fibres. Herb smooth, immersed
in water like the Hottonia. Leaves numerous, 2 inches long,
mostly radical, obtuse, recurved, tumid, divided internally, by a
longitudinal partition, into 2 cells. Stem solitary, erect, round,
hollow, slightly leafy, terminating in a simple cluster of light
blue, drooping, alternate flowers, raised several inches above the
water. Bracleas small, solitary, at the base of eadi partial stalk.
Cor. bearded at the mouth, as arc the anthvrs at their tips. Cap-

298 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Impatiens.

sule elliptic-oblong, with 5 angles, crowned,, a little below the
summit, with the upright calyx.

2. L. urens. Acrid Lobelia.

Stem nearly upright. Lower leaves obovate, slightly toothed ;
upper lanceolate, serrated. Clusters terminal.

L. urens. Li«/i. % PL 1321. WilU.vA^d^^. FL Br. 243. Engl.
Bot. V. 14. ^.953. Curt. Lond.fasc.6. L 63. Dicks. H. Sice. fuse.
16.9. BuU.Fr.t.d.

Rapunculus galeatus blsesensis, seu soloniensis, flore violaceo mi-
nore. Moris, v. 2. 467. sect. 5. t. 5.f. 56.

Rapuntium urens soloniense. Bocc. Sic. 21. t. 1 1,/. 3.

Draba flore cseruleo galeato. Bauh. Pin. 1 10. Prodr. 53.

On bushy heaths in Devonshire.

On Shute Common, between Axminster and Honiton. Mr New-
berry. On the slope of Kilmington hill, two miles from Axmin-
ster J Lord Webb" Seymour. Curtis. Near Ottery St. Mary.
Miss Burgess.

Perennial. August, September.

Root fibrous. Stem a foot or more in height, branched, leafy, an-
gular, roughish, not hairy. Leaves alternate, oblong, with shal-
low, irregular, tooth-like serratures, nearly smooth -, the lower-
most stalked. Clusters erect, long, simple, lax, with short,
roughish partial stalks, and linear-lanceolate hracteas. Calyx
and germen rough. Corolla light purplish blue, downy, with a
pale ribbed tube not an inch in'length. Anthers incurved, downy
externally, blackish. Caps, of 2 cells. The whole herb is milky,
fetid, and very acrid.

110. IMPATIENS. Balsam.

Linn. Gen. AbS. Fl. Br. 243. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. t.]2\. Lam. 1.725.

Balsamina. Juss. 270. Tourn.t. 23b. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. t. \20.
G(Ertn. i. 113.

Nat. Ord. Corydales. Linn. 24. Akin to Gerania. Juss. 73.
Perhaps allied in some points to Corchorus,

CaL inferior, small, of 2 roundish, pointed, concave, lateral,
rather unequal, coloured, deciduous leaves. Cor. of 5
unequal petals, ringent ; upper one roundish, flat, erect,
slightly 3-cleft, pointed in the middle, constituting the
upper lip ; lower pair very large, reflexed, dilated out-
wards, obtuse, irregular, constituting the lower lip i inter-
mediate pair opposite, at the base of the upper lip, some-
times united to the lower petals, sometimes wanting. Nec-
tary of 1 leaf, tubular, oblique at the mouth, whose upper
edge is attached to the receptacle, tapering at the base

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Impatient. '299

into a curved spur. Filam. from the receptacle, very
short, incurved, narrower towards the base. Anth. com-
bined at the base. Genu, superior, of 5 cells, ovate,
pointed. Style none. Stigma simj^le, shorter than the
anthers. Cajjs. ovate-oblonf^, of 5 cells, and 5 linear
valves, separating elastically, and curved spirally inwards.
Seeds several, oval, attached to a membranous-bordered
central column.
Annual herbs, with a branched, very succulent, leafy stem.
Leaves' undi\ided, serrated. Fl. axillary, stalked, pendu-
lous, red or yellow, inodorous, very ornamental.

1. \. Noli'ine-tangere. Yellow Balsam. Touch me
not.

Stalks solitary, many-flowered. Leaves ovate. Joints of
the stem swelling.

I. Noli-me-tangerc. Linn. Sp. PL 1329. JVilld. v. 1. 11/6. Fl.
Br.243. Engl. Dot. v. 14. ^.937. Hook.Scot.76. Fl. Dan. t. 582.
Impatiens. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. t. 121.
I. n. 557. Hall. Hist. V. 1.239.
I. herba. Dod. Fempt. C59./.

Balsamine lutea, sive Noli me tangere. Rail Syn. 31C.
Balsamina lutea polonica. Barrel. Ic. t. 1197.
Noli me tangere, Balsamita altera. Column. Ecphr. 149. t. 150.
Persicaria siliquosa. Ger. Em. 446. f.

In watery shady places in the North, but rarely.

In several parts of Westmoreland ; also in Yorkshire, Lancashire,
and Wales. Ray. On the banks of Wynundermerc, in little
brooks, and watery places, near Rydall hall, plentifully.

Annual. July, August.

Root fleshy, with numerous, entangled, horizontal fibres. Herb
smooth. Stem erect, pellucid, 12 or 18 inches high, veiy juicy.
Leaves alternate, stalked, ovate or elliptical, sharply serrated}
the lowermost serratures crowded and elongated. Stipulas none.
Fl. large and handsome, yellow, spotted internally with red, 4
or 5 together, on branching axillary stalks. Caps, succulent j
when nearly ripe elastic, bursting asunder with the slightest
touch, and scattering its seeds. In a dry garden the corolla is
often abortive. The leaves wither very soon after gathering ;
but I cannot find that they hang down in a flaccid state during
the night, as \'illars reports, whatever may be the case after a
day of southern sunshine, as he saw them in Daiiphiny. Dodo-
naeus speaks of this as a plant of pernicious qualities : and Hay
says it is dangerously diuretic.

300 PENTANDKIA—MONOGYNIA. Viola,
111. VIOLA. Violet.

Linn. Gen. 457. Juss. 294. Fl. Br. 244. Sm. in Rees's Cycl. v. 37.
Tourn. t. 236. Lam. t. 725. Gccrtn. t. 1 1 2.

Nat. Ord. Campanacece. Linn. 24-. Allied to Cist?. Juss. 80.
Violacece. Venten. Malmais. 27. Decand. 17.

[Ventenat declares, after Jussieii, that Viola is the type of a
natural order, jjreswned to exist, but of" which no other
genus is known. It were better to say it cannot be referred
to any known order ; for though it possesses here and
there a character of several different orders, it is hardly
allied, on the whole to any one.]

Cat. inferior, permanent, of 5 ovate-oblong, erect, equal,
acute leaves, inserted above their obtuse base ; 2 of them
subtending the uppermost petal; one each of the lateral
petals ; and one the 2 lowermost. Cor. irregular, of 5 un-
equal petals ; the uppermost solitary, broadest, most ob-
tuse, slightly cloven, directed downward (the position of
the flower being reversed), terminating at the base in a
horn-shaped blunt nectary, projecting betwixt the calyx-
leaves ; 2 lateral petals opposite, equal, obtuse, straight ;
2 lowermost (turned upward) equal, larger. Filam. very
small, 2 of which, adjoining the odd petal, have 2 com-
bined spurs, which enter the nectary. Anth. broad, con-
verging, scarcely connected, obtuse, each terminating in
a membranous point. Germ, superior, roundish. Style
thread-shaped, projecting be^^ond the anthers. Stigina
oblique, pointed or concave. Caps, ovate, triangular, ob-
tuse, of 1 cell and 3 rigid, finally reflexed, valves. Seeds
several in each cell, ovate, polished, attached to the linear
central receptacle of each valve.

The stigma of V. odorata, and its allies, is a simple liooked
point ; in V. tricolor, and others of the Pansy tribe, it is
a hollow knob, perforated at the summit, and gaping oc-
casionally. T^hejlower is reversed, or inverted, in all the
Europajan species ; in most of the Indian ones erect.

The species are numerous, almost entirely herbaceous, and
of humble stature. Stem trailing, or erect, or wanting.
Leaves stalked, simple, mostly alternate; in some instances
deeply divided; in ail crenate, or serrated. Stipidas in
pairs, various and remarkable. Fl. on simple stalks, va^
riously coloured ; very often streaked in a radiant man-
ner, like Veronica. One species especially is highly fra-
grant, and gives its name to a peculiar deep purplish-blue

PENTANDRI A— MONOGYNIA. Violn. SO I

colour, as well as to a delicious scent, resembling its own,
in the root of Irisjioventina^ and a few cryptogamic vege-
tables.

1. V. h'lrta. Hairy V^iolet.

Stem none. Leaves heart-shaped, rough with hairs, as well
as their footstalks. Calyx-leaves obtuse. Lateral petals
with a hairy central line.

V. hirta. Linn, Sp. PL 1324. mild. r. 1. 1 162. Fl. Br. 244. Engl.

Dot V. 13. i. 894. Curt. Lond.fasc. 1. t. 64. Hook. Scot, 76.

Fl.Dan. /. 618.
V. n. 559. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 240.
V. martia major hirsuta inodora. Moris, v. 2. 4/5. sect. 5. t. 35./. 4.

Rail Syn. 365.
V. fol. Trachelii, serotina hirsuta, radice lignosa. Merr. Pin. 125.
Viola. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 137./.3.
V. inodora. Riv. Pentap. Irr. M 19./. 2.

In groves and thickets, on a chalky or limestone soil.

In Oxfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex and Kent. Rail Syn. At
Marham, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. Near Bury, Suffolk. Mr. Wood-
ward. On St. Vincent's rocks, Bristol. Mr. Dyer.

Perennial. April.

Root rather woody, cylindrical. Stem none, except a few short,
simple, horizontal runners, forming leafy tufts, but not taking
root. Leaves oblong-heart-shaped, veiny, crenate, of a light
hoary green, clothed on both sides with short hairs. Footstalks
longer than the leaves, erect, rough with copious, prominent,
horizontal hairs. Stipulas lanceolate, chiefly radical, more or
less toothed, pale green. Flower-stalks taller than the leaves,
erect, smooth, with a pair of lanceolate, smooth bracteas, below
their middle. Fl. solitary, drooping, obliquely reversed, of a
light greyish blue, streaked with black, scentless. Lateral petals
marked, just above the claw, with a hairy line. Cal. smooth.
Stamens flat. Anth. each tipped with a 'flat, orange-coloured
membrane, converging, but not united. Capsule rounded, hair)%
with several round seeds.

2. V. odorata. Sweet Violet.

Stem none. Scyons creeping. Leaves heart-shaped, nearly

smooth, as well as their footstalks. Calyx-leaves obtuse.

Lateral petals with a hairy central line.
V. odorata. Linn. Sp. PI. 1324. JlVld. v. 1 . 1 1 63. Fl. Br. 245.

Engl. Bot. V. 9. t.6]9. Curt. Loyid.fasc. 1. ^63. Hook. Scot. 77.

Fl. Dan. t. 309. Bull. Fr. t. 169. Rcncalm. Spec. 141. r 140,

simpler. Ehrh. PI. Of. 158.
V. n.558. Hall. Hist. V. 1.240.

302 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Viola.

Viola. Brunf.Herb.v. I. \37.f. 1,2. Riv.Pentap. Irr. M19./. 1.

V. martia purpurea. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. 542./. Rail Syyi. 364.

V. nigra, sive purpurea. Ger. Em. 850./.

V. purpurea. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 522./ Camer. Epit. 910./

(3. V. martia alba. Rail Syn. 364.

V. flore albo. Ger. Em. 850./

In woods, hedges and pastures, frequent.

Perennial. March, April.

Root ratiier woody. Stem none, but the long, trailing, leafy scyons
spread very far, throwing out abundance of fibrous radicles.
Leaves of a darker green, and more rounded heart-like figure
than the preceding, veiny and somewhat wrinkled, but smooth
above, though slightly downy underneath. Footstalks nearly
smooth. *S^/;j?</(:/s lanceolate, with taper-pointed teeth. Flower-
stalks taller than the leaves, with a pair of narrow bracteas above
their middle, smooth. Flower drooping, deep pui-plish blue j
pale and streaked in the mouth ; with orange-tipped, uncon-
nected anthers ; its scent well known, and universally accepta-
ble, though sometimes causing headache. Thejiowers in /3 are
white, with a blueish spur. A double variety, highly fragrant,
is cultivated in gardens.

Mr. Curtis has observed the later flowers, of this and V. hirta, to
be often destitute of petals, which is the case with several foreign
species.

3. V. palustris. Marsh Violet.

Stem none. 'Leaves kidney-shaped, smooth. Root creeping.
Lateral petals with a hairy central line.

V. palustris. Linn. Sp. PL 1324. TViUd. f. 1 . 1 1 63. Fl. Br. 246.

Engl.Bot.v.7. t.444. Curt. Lo)id.fasc. S.t.oS. Abbot \90.t.3.

Hook. Scot. 77.
V. n. 560. Hall. Hist. v. 1.241 ; excluding the reference to Boccone

and Allioni.
V. palustris rotundifolia glabra. Moris, v. 2.4/5. sect. 5. t.So.f. 5.

Raii Si/n.364.
/3. V. rubra striata eboracensis. Rail Stjn.S65.
V. palustris. Fl. Dan. t. 83.

In mossy bogs, or on sandy turfy heaths, chiefly, though not ex-
clusively, in the northern and mountainous counties.

Perennial. April.

Smaller than the last, with creeping roots, but no scyons, and in
every part smooth. Leaves delicate, roundish-kidney-shaped,
generally pointless ; their marginal notches extremely shallow ;
their under sides often purplish. Stipulas radical, ovate, mem-
branous, nearly entire. Flower-stalks square, with a pair of
lanceolate bracteas about the middle. Fl. drooping, inodorous.

PENTANDRI A— MONOGYNI A. Viola. 303

very pale blue, with purple streaks j or white, in (3, with redder
lines ; the spiti- very short, and rounded, ^nth. orange-coloured,
bordered, distinct. Stigma hollow, tumid at the upper side.

4. V. cani/ia. Dog's Violet.

Stem at length ascending, channelled. Leaves oblong-
heart-shaped. Calyx acute. Stipulas serrated. Bracteas
awl-shaped, entire.

V. canina. Linn. Sp.Pl. 1324. mild.v. 1.1164. Fl. Br. 246. EmrJ.

Bot. V. 9. t. G20. Curt. Lond.fasc. 2. ^ Gl . Hook. Scot. 77. FL

Dan. t. 14."J3.
V. n. 5G3. Hall. Hist. V. 1.242.
V. n. 5 02. Hall. NomencL52.
V. martia inodora sylvestris. Rail Syn. 364.
v. inodora major. Riv. Pentap. Irr. t. 119./. 4.
V. canina sylvestris. Ger. Em. 851./.

/3. V. canina, flore albo. Merr. Pin. 125. Dill, in Raii %??. 3G4.
y. V. alpina. Hiids. ed. 1. 379.
\', martia alpina, folio tenello circinato. Raii Sijn. 3G6.

In groves, thickets, hedges, and heathy ground, the most common
species.

Perennial. April — August,

Root rather woody. Stem at first none, or very sliovt, but soon
rising to several inches in height, rather obliquely, being leafy,
angular, and smooth. Leaves heart-shaped, more or less elon-
gated into a point, nearly smooth, crenate. Footstalks slightly
dilated upwards. Stipulas rather deeply toothed, or fringed.
Flower-stalks square, erect ; the earliest ones radical ; the rest
axillary, solitary. Bracteas towards the upper ])art, narrow, en-
tire. Fl. nodding, inodorous, blue, m\\.\\ purple lines in the
mouth, and a greenish white, abrupt spur ; they are far less
handsome than V. odorata, more resembling V. hirta. Calyx-
leaves linear-lanceolate. Antli. orange-ti])ped, scarcely coher-
ing. Caps, oblong ; its valves compressed.

Tlie white variety is not frequent. The alpine one, y, is a very
uncertain plant, of which I know nothing but from the authors
quoted.

5. V. lactea. Cream-coloured Violet.

Stem ascending, round. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Stipulas
jagged. Bracteas lanceolate, somewhat serrated.

V. lactea. Fl. Br. 247. R. Cijcl. n. 27. Engl. But. v. 7. t.445.

Hook. Scot. 77. Sym. St/h. 61. Ait. //. Keiv. ed.2. v. 2. 46. Forst.

Tonhr. 29.
V. canina var. 3. With. 262.
V. Huppii. AlUon. Pedem. p. 2. 99. /. 2G./ 6.

304 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Viola.

V. n. 562. Hall. Hist. v.\.24\.

V. flore albo. Riv. Fentap. Irr.i. 120/ 1.

V. palustris angustis persicae foliis mucronatis et serratis, nondum

descripta. Rupp. Gen. ed. Hall. 289.
V. caule erecto, foliis ovato-lanceolatis serratis. Boehm. Lips. 190.

On mountainous boggy heaths.

On the sides of the bogs on Waterdown forest, near Tunbridge.
Mr. T. F. Forster. At Pendarvis, Cornwall j Mr. Stackhouse.
With. In hilly pastures near Peebles, North Britain 3 Mr.
Maughan. Hooker.

Perennial. Ma^j.

Much smaller than the last, and quite smooth. Stems creeping at
the base, then ascending, 2 or 3 inches high, round, or very
slightly angular in some parts, leafy. Leaves ovate-lanceolate,
bluntish, finely crenate j the lov^^ermost sometimes very small,
ovate, or even' heart-shaped. Footstalks dilated, or bordered,
towards the upper part, generally longer than the leaves. Sti-
piilas deeply toothed, cut, or often pinnatifid. Flower-stalks
much like canina. Flower smaller. Calyx-leaves long, linear.
Petals milk-white, or of a very pale blue, with purplish streaks.
Anth. tipped with a yellow membrane, distinct. Pistil as in ca-
nina. The bracteas are usually broader than in that species, and
more or less serrated, but this character seems variable. So
many botanists have distinguished this plant, and it is so little
changed by culture, except perhaps, as Boehmer says, in size,
that I cannot but retain it as a species, notwithstanding many
occasional scruples.

6. V^Jlavicornis. Dw-arf Yellow-spurred Violet.

Stem ascending, woody, somewhat angular, much branched.
Leaves heart-shaped, coriaceous, smooth and even. Sti-
pulas and bracteas fringed. Calyx-leaves lanceolate.

V. canina 7. FLBr.247.

V. caninse varietas minor. Dill, in Rail Syn. 364. t. 24./. 1.

In pastures, and on banks, in a gravelly soil.

About Mitcham, Surrey. Dubois. About Norwich. Mr. Crowe.

Perennial. May, June.

Root of many long fibres. Stem an inch or 2 high, partly decum-
bent, but not creeping, much branched, curved and twisted, per-
fectly shrubby, and lasting many years. Leaves alternate, firm,
rigid, very even and smooth, heart-shaped, obtuse, minutely cre-
nate, scarcely half an inch long, on linear footstalks about the
same length. Stipulas deeply serrated, or fringed with glan-
dular teeth. Flower-stalks 1^ or 2 inches long, erect, bearing
towards the top a pair of minute, linear, finely fringed bracteas.
Ft. half the size of V. canina, of a rather deeper blue, with a

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. \ iola. .?05

shorty blunt, yellowish sjnir. Cahjx-Ieavcs lanceolate, pointed.
Capsule shorter and rounder tb.an in canina.
This little plant, long ago communicated by the late Mr. Crowe,
is not uncommon, though usually neglected as a variety of the
/"". canina. It has remained unchanged, and of the same hum-
ble stature, perfectly shrubby, for above 12 years, in a common
garden ; and seems entitled to rank as a species, under the sy-
nonym of Dillenius; though his figure by no means represents
the true nature of tlie stem, nor does it exhibit any of the parts
most material for sjiecific discrimination. I have already ad-
verted to this ^'iolet in lleess Cyclopcedia under the canina, n.

7. V. tricolor. Pansy \lolet, Heart's-ease.

Stem angular, difliise, divided. Leaves oblong, deeplv

crenate. Stipula:^ lyrate, })innatifid. Bracteas obsolete.
W tricolor. Liun. Sp. PL 1326. Jfllld. f. 1 . II 68. Fl. Br. 248.

Eng/. Bot. V. 18. t. 1287. Curt. Loml. fasc. \. t.Gj. Woodv.

suppl. t. 2.V2. Hook. Scot. 77. Fl. Dun. t. 023. Raii Syn. 365.

Ger.Em.SiJ4. f. Riv. Pentap. Irr. f. 122. Renealm. Spec 144

t. 110. Elir}i.Pl.Oif'.27S.
V. n. 508. Hall. Hu^iv.]. 244.
Herba Trinitatis. Fnchs. Hist. 802. t. 803.
Jacea, sive Flos Trinitatis. Matfh. P'algr. v. 2.524./. Camer Epif

912./.
Garden Pansie. Pet. H. Brit. t. 37./. 8.
/3. Viola arvensis. Sibth.H4. S?/m. S?/n. 61,
V. n. 509. Hall. Hht. v. 1 . 244.
\. bicolor arvensis. Raii Sijn. 360.
V. bicolor. Riv. Penfap. Irr. t. 122. Ehji. PI. Of .339.
V. tricolor pctraea. Ger. Em. 854./.

.Tacea altera. Matth. I'algr. v. 2. 525./. Camer. Epit. 913. /'.
Corn Pansie. Pet. H. Brit. i. 37. f. 9.

In cultivated fields.

Annual, May — September.

Root fibrous, small. Stems 1 or more, weak, decumbent, a span
long, scarcely branched, except at the very bottom, leafy, angu-
lar, often zigzag, downy chiefly on one side. Leaves alternate,
stalked, ovate-oblong, deeply crenate, ribbed, a little downy ;
the lower ones often heart-shaped, especially in the variety /3.
Stipulas all deeply pinnatifid, with narrow tongue-shaped, or
linear, segments j the terminal one very large, ovate, or elliptic-
oblong, crenate. Flower-stalks axillary, solitary, longer than the
leaves, firm, with a pair of minute close bracteas near tiie sum-
mit. Calyx-leaves lanceolate, acute, smooth or downy, mostly
fringed, especially at the base, where they are much and un-
equally dilated. Petals very variable in size and colour, gent?-

VOL. I. X

^06 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Viola.

rally longer than the calyx j the odd one broadest and yellow ;
lateral ones pale blueishj 2 upper ones (the flower being always
reversed,) purple ; all more or less marked with black radiating
streaks. In p they are all shorter than the calyx^ the odd one only
being yellow, the rest whitish ; but there is no permanent spe-
cific difference.

8. V. lutea. Yellow Mountain Violet, or Yellow
Pansy.

Stem triangular, iinbranched. Leaves ovate-oblong, crenate,
fringed. Stipulas lobed, palmate. Bracteas minute, scarce-
ly toothed. Spur the length of the calyx.

V. lutea. Huds.ed.\.^2>\. FL Br. 24S. Engl. Bot. v. ]]. t.72\.
irith.2G3. Hook. Scot. 77.

V. grandiflora. Huds. ed. 2. 380. Lightf. 508.

V. n. 566 ^. Hull. Hist. V. 1.243.

V. montana lutea grandiflora nostras. Rail Sijn. 365.

V, flore luteo majore. Rlv. Pentap. In: f. 121.

Great Yellow Pansie. Pet. H. Brit. t. 37. f. 10.

In moist mountainous pastures.

Very common in the mountainous parts of Wales, and the north
of England, as well as in Scotland,

Perennial. May — September.

Root fibrous, slender. Stem 3 or 4 inches high, simple, leafy, tri-
angular, a little downy at one side ; tapering, weak, and de-
cumbent at the base, where it is sometimes, though very rarely,
divided. Leaves alternate, stalked, ovate, strongly crenate, a
little hairy, especially at the edges ; the lowermost small, round-
ed, or hea'-t-shaped. Stipulas large, deeply palmate, or fingered }
their middle segments largest. Flower-stalks one or two on each
plant, axillary, solitary, rising much above the top of the stem.
Bracteas towards the upper part of each stalk, alternate, small,
oblong, obtuse, occasionally with 2 small teeth at their base.
Fl. larger than the last, with which the calyx nearly agrees, but
the corolla is generally yellow, with blackish, branched, radiating
lines ; the lateral petals palest ; the 2 upper ones sometimes
purple. When all are purple, as sometimes happens. Professor
Hooker says this is V. amcena of authors. The anthers are di-
stinct, with a small orange-coloured appendage. Style with a
double curvature. Stigma club-shaped, hollow, hairy at the
sides, marked underneath with a dark purple line. All the pe-
tals are densely bearded round the mouth of the flower.

Great confusion has existed between this very distinct species and
the Linnsean V. grandiflora, whose flowers are twice as large,
and the spur twice as long as the posterior lobes of the calyx j
whereas in F. lutea those parts are of the same length ^ see
Rees's Cycl, n. 67.

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Veibascum. SOT
112. VERBASCUAI. Mullein.

Linu.Gen.97. Juss.\24, FL Br.249. Tourn.t.Gl. Lam.t.U?.

Gcertn. t.!J5.
Blattnrin. Toimi.t. 6],K.

Nat. Ord. Lurid(C. Linn. 28. Solanccc, Juss. 41. Four fol-
lowing genera the same. See Grammar 101.
[The Sohuicrc of Jussieii are better defined than heretofore,
as well as better contrasted with that author's Scrophula-
rice, by Mr. Brown, Prodr. 443, as follows.
Calyx in 5, rarely only 4, divisions, j^ermanent. Corolla
monopetalous, uiferior, deciduous ; the limb in 5, rarely
4, segments, regular, or a little unequal; in the most
genmne of the tribe, plaited in die bud ; in the more
doubtful ones, imbricated. Stam. attached to the corolla,
as many as the segments of its limb, and alternate there-
with ; one of them sometimes abortive. Germen single
of 2 or 4 cells, with many seeds. Stijle 1. Stigma obtuse'
rarely lobed. Fruit with 2 or 4 cells; either a capsule,
with a parallel and double imrtition ; or a hcrry whose
receptacles are united to the partition. Seeds numerous,
sessile ; with a fleshy alhimen ; embryo internal, more or
less curved, often out of die centre ; radicle directed to-
wards the scar.
Leaves undivided, or lobed. Partial flower-stalks without

hracteas. For the rest see Grammar.
These plants are distinguished from the Scroplmlarice of
Jussieu and Brown, (many of which are comprehended
by Linnasus under his Liiridce,) by having a curved or
spu-al embryo, and a corolla plaited in the bud, the
flowers being, almost without exception, regular, with as
many stamens as there are segments. " Hence," as Mr.
Brown observes, "the genera whose corolla is not plaited*
and whose embryo is straight, should either be excluded,
or should be placed, with such as have an imbricated
corolla, a slightly curved embryo, and 2 long, with 2
shorter, stamens, in a separate section, the foundation of
a new order."]

Veriuscum.
Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, small, in 5 deep, erect, acute, nearly
equal, segments, peimanent. Cor. of 1 j^etal, wlieel-
shapcd, unequal ; tube very short; limb spreadini^, in 5
dee]), rounded segments. Filam. 5, awl-shaped, unequal,
distant, declining, woolly, shorter tlian the corolla, in-
x2

308 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Vurbasciim.

sevtetl into its base. Anth, compressed, erect, more or
less kidney-shaped, bursting along tlie upper edge, im-
perfectly 2-cclled. Gormen superior, roundish. Style
thread-shaped, slightly swelling upwards, declining, rather
longer than the stamens. Stigma obtuse. Caps, ovate,
slightly compressed, or (In Btattaria of Tournefort) nearly
globular, of 2 cells and 2 valves, opening at the upper
part, the valves sometimes splitting half way down ; par-
tition double, from the infiexed parallel margins of the
valves, but often incomplete. Rcccpt. ovate or globular,
central, connected at each side, in an early state, with
the valves. Seeds numerous, minute, angular, dotted,
covering the receptacle.

Herbaceous, usually biennial, more or less woolly, or mealy,
mucilaginous, narcotic. Stem mostly solitary. Leaves
simple; either undivided, or pinnatifid ; all radical the
first year ; subsequently all cauline, alternate, sometimes
decurrent, simply or doubly crenate, or toothed, rarely
entire. Ft, very numerous, panicled or spiked, aggregate,
yellow; rarely white, brownish, or purple. Bracteas o\ate,
or lanceolate, pointed, of 2 orders, external and internal.
Whole genus perhaps Europa^an. Species extremely va-
riable, subject to cross imj^regnation.

The Btattaria of Tournefort is smooth, except fine glandu-
lar hairs on the stalks.

1. V. Thapsus, Great Mullein. High Taper.

Leaves decurrent, crenate, woolly on both sides. Stem
simple. Cluster dense. Flowers almost sessile.

V. Thapsus. Linn. Sp PL 252. Willcl v. 1 . 1 001 . Fl. Br. 249.

En^L Bot. V. 8. L 549. TVoodv. Med. Bot. M25. Hook. Scot. 78.

Sciirad. Ferhasc. 17. Fl. Dan, f. 631.
V. n. 581. Hall Hist V. 1.256.
V. mas latifolium luteum. Rail Syn. 287. Moris, v. 2. 485. n. 1.

s-ct.b. t.9.f. 1.
V. aut Phlomos vulgaris tnas. Lob. Ic. 561./.
V. candidum mas. Fuchs. Hist. 845. t. 846.
V. primum. Matth. Falgr. v. 2. 487./. Dalech.Hist. 1298./ Ca-

met. Epif. 878./
V. latius. F)od. Pempt. 143./
Tapsus barhatus. Ger. Em.773.f.
/3. Var. 2. Thapso-nigrura. With. 248.
On banks, and waste ground, on a chalky or gravelly soil.
Biennial. July, August.
Root spindle-shaped. Stem erect^ straight, 3 or 4 feet high, very

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Verbascum. 509

seldom branched, (though so represented in the figure of Came-
rarius, commended by Haller), leafy, woolly, slightly angular,
winged Leaves alternate, dccurrent, ovate-oblong^ minutely
crenate, very densely covered on both sides with white, branch-
ed, entangled, woolly hairs, the lowermost largest, and stalked.
Cluster terminal, cylindrical, dense, many-flowered. FL nearly,
but not quite, sessile, large, of a golden yellow, with red 5^^-
mens, and a green stigma. Outer bracteas ovate-lanceolate,
pointed, alternate, often smooth on the upper side ; inner ag-

• gregate, smaller, very woolly.

/3 is described with a branched stem, the upper leaves only dccur-
rent, and the hairs of the stamens jDurple. The late Mr. E. Rob-
son traced its origin to the pollen of F. nigrum impregnating
V. Thapsus. Mr. D. Turner found a variety answering to this
description, at Barton, near Swaffham, Norfolk.

2. V. Lychnilis. White Mullein.

Leaves we(lge-sha})ecl-oblong ; stripped of down on their
upper side. Stem angular, panicled.

V. Lychnitis. Linn. Sp. rL2b^. Willd. v. \. 1003 (3. Fl. Br. 230.

Engl. Bot. V. ] . t. 58. Hook. Scot. 78. FL Dan. t. 586. xMatth.

Falgr.v.2.40\.f. Ger. Em.77b.f.
V. n. 583 /3. Hail. Hist. v. 1. 257.

V. flore albo parvo. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. 357./. Raii Sijn.287.
V. candidum foemina. Fuchs. Hist. 84/./.
/3. V. Thapsi. Linn. Sp. PI. 1009.
V. Thapsoides. mild. v. \. lOOl. Huds. 90. mtJi. 249. Sym.Syn,

56. Schrad. Verhasc. 25. t. b.f. 2. *' Hoffmanns, et Link Lusit.

r. 1.214."
V. angustifolium ramosum, flore aureo, folio crassiore. Bauh. Hist.

V. 3. 860 -J according to Linnseus.

In pastures, by road sides, and other waste places, on a chalky
soil.

Plentiful in Kent. At Kinvcr, Stafl'ordshire ; according to Dr.
Stokes.

In several parts of the south of Scotland. Hooker.

/S. In Kent. Huds.

Biennial. July, August.

Stem erect, a yard high, straight, angular, woolly, leafy j panicled
at the top. Leaves elliptic-oblong, contracted at each end, finely
crenate, reticulated with veins ; white with a f^oft downy wool-
liness beneath ; dark green, and almost entirely naked, above;
the lowermost stalked ; upper ones smaller, sessile, not decur-
rcnt, generally numerous. Branches of the panicle racemose,
many-flowered. FL stalked, collected into small woolly tufts.
Outer 6/ (^c/cf'i lanceolate : inner very small. G//. woolly. Cor.

310 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Verbascum.

much smaller than the foregoing, cream-coloured, yellow at the
mouth 3 externally mealy. Filaments yellowish^ hairy. Antli.
orange-coloured, uniform.
The mule variety /3 I have never seen wild ; nor is there any au-
thentic specirnen in the Linnaean herbarium. Mr. Griffith of
Denbighshire has favoured me with specimens artificially pro-
cured, from V. Lychnitis by the pollen of V. T/jf/psws, which an-
swer to the description of Linnaeus, except that he mentions
'' a purplish beard upon the Jllaments, though less so than in
V. Lychnltlsr To explain this, we must recollect that he con-
founded with the Lychnitis our V. pulveridentum, whose stamens
are scarlet, for which colour he often uses the word jmrpureus.
Professor Link has sent from Portugal specimens, vvhich agree
with Mr, Griffith's, as his V. Thapsoides. But the corolla of both
is yellow • beard of x\\e filaments white. Their upper leaves are
somewhat decurrent. The species of Verbascum are extremely
obscure, and so, of course, are their intermixed varieties.

3. Y . pulverulentiim. Yellow Hoary Mullein. Nor-
folk Mullein.

Leaves ovate-oblong, obscurely serrated, clothed on both
sides with mealy deciduous wool. Stem round, panicled.

V. pulverulentum. Villars Dauph. v. 2. 490.' Fl. Br. 251. Engl.
Bat. V. 7. t. 487. Hook. Scot. 78.

V. Lvchnitis a. mild. Sp. PL v. 1 . 1003. mth. 249.

V. Lychnitis /3. Huds. 90.

y.u. 583, a. Hall. Hist. V. \,2b7.

V. pulverulentum, flore luteo parvo. Bauh. Hist. ij. 3. 856./. 857.

/3. V. nigro-pulverulentum. Fl. Br. 251. Rees's Cycl.

By road sides, and in the borders of fields, on a gravelly or chalky
soil, chieflv in Norfolk and Suffolk.

About Norwich and Bury 3 also at Wollerton, near Nottingham.
Ray. Abundant for 2 or 3 miles round Norwich, in fallow fields,
and on banks, hillocks, and waste ground.

p. At Hellesdon near Norwich, and in various parts of Norfolk oc-
casionally.

Biennial. July.

The whole herb is clothed with a white, mealy, somewhat unctu-
ous, woolliness, easily rubbed oft'. Stem from 3 to 5 feet high,
erect, round, leafy, copiously panicled, tapering upward, forming
a stately pyramid of innumerable golden flowers, with scarlet
stamens, bearded with pale-yellow, or white hairs. Leaves above
a foot in length ; elliptic-oblong, with many transverse ribs and
reticulated veins ; the radical ones somewhat stalked ; upper
ones ovate, pointed, sessile, gradually smaller. Bracteas linear-
lanceolate. Flowers stalked, disposed as in the last species, but
largei-, and always bright yellow.

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Verbascum. 511

B from its characters rather seems to be produced by tlie pollen of
this plant falling upon V. jiiiirriun, of which latter therefore it
ought, perhaps, to be deemed a variety. But the habit most
agrees with the pulvenilcntum, though the stem and branches are
more angular, and tinged with puri)le. Leaves less woolly, and
more strongly crenate. Hairs of the stamens violet-coloured.
Radical leaves considerably stalked. Root generally, if not al-
ways, perennial.

If the stem of F. pulvenilentum be smartly struck, 3 or 4 times,
with a stick, all the flowers then open will, in a few minutes,
throw off their corolla, the calyx closing round the gernien, so
that after 8 or 10 minutes none will remain on the ])lant. This
curious instance of irritability was first pointed out to me by
Don Joseph Correa de Serra, late Portuguese ambassador to the
United States, whose scientific knowledge, and philosophical
views of every subject, have long procured him universal resi)ect,
and at length the notice and confidence of his sovereign.

4. V. nigrum. Dark, or Black, Mullein.

Leaves oblong-heart-shapecl, stalked, waved and crenate,

slightly downy. Cluster mostly solitary.
V. nigrum. Linn. Sp. PL 253. mild. t,. 1 . 1004. FL Br. 25 1.

Eticrl Dot.v.\.t.59. Hook. Land. fasc.2.t.\03. Scot.7S. FL
Dan. t loss. Ger. Eni.77b.f. Trag. HisL 2\S.f. Renealm.
Spec. 107. t. 106.

V. n. 584. Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 257.

V. tertium. Matlh. Valgr. v. 2. ASO.f. Cam er. Epit. 8S0. f. ^

V. nigrum, flore parvo, apicibus purpureis. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. 8d/.J.
Rail Sijn. 288.

On banks, and by way sides, in shady lanes, on a gravelly or chalky
soil.

Perennial. July, August.

Stem simple, erect, 2 or 3 feet high, leafy, angular, brown or pur-
plish, terminating in rarely more than one long, upright, cylin-
drical, spiked cluster, of bright yellow, aggregate/o^re; 5, smaller
than the last ; the filaments densely clothed with violet-coloured
hairs. Leaves heart shaped, veiny, waved and crenate, of a fine
deep green, somewhat downy, but not hoary, all stalked, except
some of the small ui)])er ones j the radical ones a foot long, and
their stalks nearlv as much. „ , . c i f i

In Switzerland iho Jlowers are occasionally white. Seeds of such
a variety, sent to England, produced plants with a large copper-
coloured corolla, in the garden of the late Lady Amelia Hume.

5. V. virgatwn. Large-flowered Primrose-leaved
Mullein.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, toothed, sebbile; radical ones downy,

312 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Verbascum.

somewhat lyrate. Stem branched. Flowers aggregate,
partly sessile.

V. virgatum. With. 250. FL Br. 252. Engl. Dot. v. 8. t. 550.

Blattaria flore amplo. Ger. Em. 77S.f.

B. magno flore. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. 859./. Lob. Ic. 564./.

In fields and by way sides, rare.

F'ound plentifully in a field near Wrexham, by Mrs, Nasli 3 from
whose garden at Bevere, near Worcester, it is presumed to have
estahlished itself in several parts of that neighbourhood, as men-
tioned by Dr. Stokes and Dr. Withering. Rev. Mr. Baker.

Biennial. August.

Root thick, branched. Whole plant green, not hoary, though
clothed more or less with prominent, short, often forked, glan-
dular hairs. Stem 5 or 6 feet high, branched from the bottom,
leafy, stout, solid, round, slightly angijlar, and winged from the
partially decurrent leaves. Radical leaves resembling those of
a Primrose, but larger, more or less lyrate, always clothed with
the glandular hairs above described j those of the stem oblong-
lanceolate, sessile, doubly toothed,, often nearly smooth ; the
upper ones heart-shaped, taper-pointed, more simply toothed,
clasping the stem, and partly decurrent. FL axillary, usually
several together, partly stalked ; the uppermost solitary, espe-
cially on weak plants, the leaves which accompany them being
diminish^nl to slender-pointed bracteas. Calyx hairy and viscid.
Cor. large, bright yellow. Stamens yellow, bearded in the middle
with purple. Capsule globular.

6. V. Bluttana, Moth Mullein.

Leaves clasping the stem, oblong, smooth, serrated ; radical
ones sinuated. Clusters panicled, simple. Flower-stalks
ionffer than the bracteas.

o

V. Blattaria. Linn. Sp. PI. 254. Willd. v. 1. 1005. FL Br. 253.

EngLBot.v.G. t.393.
V. n. 585. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 258.
Blattaria. Matth. Valgr. v.2. 495./. Camer . EpiL SSd . f. Trag.

HisL 925./ Fuchs'^Hist. 182. t. 183.
B. lutea. DHL in Raii Syn. 288.

B. Plinii. Ger. Em. 776./. Lob. Ic. 564./ Merr. Pin. 16.
B. flore luteo. Ger. Em. 778./

On banks, in a gravelly soil, but rare.

Between Deptford and Greenwich. Merrett. In a lane between
Mitcham Common and Carshalton, and near Horn's Place, by
Rochester ; J. Sherard. Dill. On a bank 3 miles from Ro-
chester, near the river Med way. Mr. Jacob Rayer. Not un-
common in Devonshire and Cornwall.

Annual. Jubi.

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Datura. J 13

Root tapering, whitish. Stem 3 or 4 feet high, erect, leafy, smooth,
sohd, roundish, with several sHght angles ; simple below ;
branched at the summit in an alternate manner 3 each brunch
terminating in a long, upright, simple cluster, of numerous
handsome yeWowJloivers. Leaves dark green, shining, smooth,
veiny, with unequal teeth, or serratures ; radical ones a span
long, bluntish, sinuated, somewhat lyrate, tapering at the base
into a short stalk 3 the rest sessile, alternate, or partly opposite,
acute, spreading j broad and heart-shaped at the base, clasping
the stem. Flower-stalks solitary, simple, each with a solitary,
ovate, pointed bractea, shorter than itself, especially in the upper
part of each cluster. Segments of the calyx lanceolate, recurved,
clothed, like the stalks, with small glandular hairs. Cor. streaked
with purple at the base , stained with brown at the back, Stam.
very unequal, bearded with purple hairs. Caps, globose, with a
furrow at each side. Whole herb fetid and acrid. There is a
white- flowered variety in gardens, mentioned by C. Bauhin.

113. DATURA. Thorn-apple.

Linn. Gen. OS. Juss. 125. F/. i?r. 253, Law. f. \\3.
Stramonium. Tourn. t. 43, 44. Gcertn. t. 132.

Nat. Ord. see ii. 112.

CaL inferior, of 1 leaf, oblong, tubular, swelling, with 5
angles and 5 teeth, separating by a horizontal fissure all
round, near the base, leaving a circular, reflexed, perma-
nent portion underneath the germen. Cor. of 1 petal,
funnel-shaped, regular; tube cylindrical, rather longer
than the calyx ; limb moderately spreading, with 5 plaits,
5 angles, and 5 shallow, pointed, equal lobes. Filam.
equal, awl-shaped, as long as the tube, to which they are
united for about half their length. Anth. heart-shaped-
oblong, erect, compressed, obtuse. Germ, ovate, of 4*
cells. Style central, thread-shaped, straight, erect, the
length of the stamens. Stigma thick, obtuse, of 2 oblicpie
lobes, united above. Caps, roundish-ovate, often prickly,
subtended by the permanent base of die calyx, of 2 half
divided cells, and 4- valves; receptacles 2 to each cell,
columnar, vertical, spongy, dotted, each attached, by a
lateral jirocess, to the principal transverse partition.
Seeds kidney-shaped, dotted, very numerous, covering
the receptacles.

Herbaceous, or shrubby. Stem round, branched. Leaves
scattered, stalked, pliable, simple, either entire or toothed.

314 PENTANDRIA-MONOGYNIA. Hyoscyamus.

Fl. lateral, or, with some of the leaves, from the forks of the
stem, solitary, stalked, large, fraorant, white, or joiirplish.
Cajjs. beset with spines, or tubercles, or smooth, occa-
sionally in the same species.

=^1. D. Stramomum. Common Thorn-apple.
Fruit spinous, ovate, erect. Leaves ovate, smooth, sinuated.

D. Stramonium. Linn.Sp. PL2'jb. WilkLv. \.\mS. F/. Br. 254.
Engl. Bot. vAS. t. 1288. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. tA7. Woodv. Med.
Bot. t. 124. Fl. Dan. t. 436. Bull. Fr. t. 13.

Stramonium n. 586. Hall. Hist, v. 1. 258.

S. spinosum. Ger. Em. 348./.

Solanum pomo spinoso oblongo, flore calathoide. Stramonium
vulgo dictum. Ra'dSi/n.266.

S. Manicum Dioscoridis. Colunm. Phytoh. 46. t. 47. ed. 2. 37. 1. 12.

Tatula. Camer. Epit. \76.f.

In waste ground, and on dunghills -, supposed to be the outcast of
gardens.

By the road side beyond Brook, Norfolk, in the way to Bungay j
observed for many years, apparently wild. About London not
uncommon.

Annual. July.

A bushy, smooth, fetid herb, 2 or 3 feet high, of a narcotic quality,
and greatly in repute as a remedy for the asthma, being smoked
like tobacco. Stem much branched, forked, spreading, leafy.
Leaves from the forks of the stem, large, unequal at the base,
variously and acutely sinuated and toothed, single-ribbed, veiny,
of a dull green. Fl. axillary, erect, white, sweet-scented, espe-
cially at night, about 3 inches long. Fruit as big as a walnut
in its outer coat, very prickly. Seeds black.

The mention of this plant is interposed in Ray's Synopsis, ed. 2,
150, between several paragraphs which relate altogether to the
Jtropa Belladonna 3 an error which Dillenius has perpetuated in
his edition, 266.

114. HYOSCYAMUS. Henbane.

Lin7i. Gen. 98. Juss. 124. Fl. Br. 254. Tourti. t. 42. Lam. t.l\7.
Gcertn. t. 76.

Nat. Ord. see n. 112.

Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, tubular, swelling below ; limb in 5
acute segments; permanent. Cor, of 1 petal, funnel-
shaped, irregular ; tube cylindrical, short ; limb rather
spreading, divided half way into 5 obtuse, rounded seg-

PENTANDRIA-MONOGYNIA. Ilyoscyamus. 315

ments, one broader tlian the rest. Filam. from some part
of the tube, awl-shaped, inclinhig, somewhat unequal in
length. Anl/i. heart-shaped, incumbent. Germ, round-
isli. Style thread-shaped, recHning, the lengdi of the
longer stamens. Stigma capitate. Caps, ovate, filling die
body of the calyx, obtuse, marked with a longituthnal
furrow at each side, of 2 cells, o}:)ening transversely by a
convex lid ; rece})tacles oblong, convex, attached to the
perjDendicular jxirtition. Seeds numerous, obovate, curved,
dotted, covering the receptacles.
Downy, fetid, narcotic herbs, occasionally somewhat
shrubby. Stem round, branched. Leaves alternate, si-
nuated or angular. Fl. axillary, solitary, yellow or
whitish, variegated with purple.

1. H. niger. Common Henbane.

Leaves sinuated, clasping the stem. Flowers sessile.

H. niger. Linn. Sp.Fl. 257. tnilcl. i\ 1. 1010. FL Br. 254. Engl.

Bot. u. 9. ^ 591. IVooOv. MecL Bat. t. 52. Sims in Curt. Mag.

t. 2394. Hook. Scot. 7S. Ger. Em. 353./. Dreves Bilderb. t. 47.

Bull. Fr.t. 93. Fl. Dan. t. 1452.
H. n. 580. Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 254.
H. vulgaris. Raii Syn. 274.
Hyoscvamus. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 224./. Trag. Hist. 132. t. 133.

'Mafth. Valgr. v. 2. 410./ Camer. Epit. 807./ Riv. Monop. Irr.

t. 102.
H. flavus. Fuchs. Hist. 833./

On waste ground, banks, and commons, especially in a dry chalky
soil.

Annual. July.

Root spindle-shaped. Stem bushy. Leaves sessile, soft and pliant,
sharply lobed, downy and viscid, exhaling a powerful and op-
pressive odour, like all the rest of the plant. Fl. numerous from
the bosoms of the crowded upper leaves, almost entirely sessile,
of an elegant straw-colour, pencilled with dark-purple veins. A
variety without these veins, mentioned by several writers, was
found at Fincham in Norfolk, by the Rev, R. Forby, with an in-
termediate kind, very faintly veiny. The capsules and seeds of
Henbane, smoked like tobacco, are a rustic remedy for the tooth-
ache j but convulsions and temporary insanity are said to be
sometimes the consequences of their use. The seeds, abounding
with oil, may safely be eaten raw, at least in small quantities ;
and an extract of the herb, very cautiously administered, is re-
commended by some physicians as an opiate.

316 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Atiopa.
115. ATROPA. Dwale.

Linn. Gen. 99. Juss. 125. Fl. Br. 255. Lam. t. 1 14. Gccrln. ^ 131.
Belladonna. Tourn. t. 13.

Nat. Ord. see n. 112.

Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, acute, somewhat unequal
segments, permanent. Coi'. of 1 petal, bell-shaped ; tube
very short; limb tumid, ovate, longer than the calyx,
with 5 shallow, nearly equal, spreading marginal seg-
ments. Filaiiu from the tube, awl-shaped, nearly as long
as the limb, spreading and curved in their upper part.
Anth. deflexed, heart-shaped, 4-lobed, tumid. Germ,
ovate, with a nectariferous gland underneatli. Style thread-
shaped, reclining, as long as the corolla. Stigma capitate,
ascending. Berrij subtended by the enlarged calyx, glo-
bular, with 2 lateral furrows, of 2 cells; receptacles fleshy,
1 in each cell, attached to the transverse partition. Seeds
numerous, kidney-shaped.

Herbaceous or shrubby, smooth or downy, of a narcotic
and dangerous quality. Leaves stalked, simple, mostly
undivided. Fl, lateral ; solitary or aggregate.

1. K, Belladonna, Common Dwale. Deadly Night-
shade.
Stem herbaceous. Leaves ovate, undivided. Flowers solitary.

A. Belladonna. Linn. Sp. Fl. 260. Willd.v. 1. 1017. FLBr.255.
Engl. Bot. V. 9. t. 592. Curt. Lond. fasc. 5. t. 16. Woodv. Med.
Bot. t. 1. Hook. Scot. /8. Jacq. Austr. t. 309. Bull. Fr. t. 29.

Belladonna. Rail Syn. 265. Mill. Ic. t.62.

B. n. 579. Halt. Hist. v. 1.251.
Solanum lethale. Ger. Em 340./.

S. majus, sive Herba Belladonna. Matih. Valgr. v. 2. 419./. Ca-
mer. Epit.8\7.f'

hi hedges and waste ground, on a calcareous soil ; frequently
about antient ruins.

Perennial. June.

Root fleshy, creeping. Whole plant fetid when bruised, of a dark
and lurid aspect, indicative of its deadly narcotic quality. Stems
herbaceous, annual, three feet high, round, branched, leafy,
slightly downy. Leaves lateral, mostly 2 together of unequal
size, ovate, acute, entire, smooth. Fl. imperfectly axillary, so-
litary, stalked, drooping, dark dull purple in the border, paler
downwards, about an inch long. Berry of a shining violet black,
the size of a small cherry, sweetish, and not nauseous, so that
children have oflcu been tempted to eat it, to their own de-

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYXIA. Solammi. 3\

strnction. Only half one of these fruits is said to have proved
fatal, producing a deadly stupor. To make the patients swallow
vinegar, and to keep them from sleeping, may avert the fatal
consequences. Emetics do not take effect. The leaves applied
externally, as well as taken in powder, or infusion, have been
recommended to cure cancers ; but their use in any way occa-
sions dreadful uneasiness, horrors and swoonings, so that few
practitioners can persevere long in prescribing so distressing and
ambiguous a remedy.

116. SOLANUM. Nightshade.

Lmn. Gen. IGO. Jiiss. 126. FI. Br. 2hG. Diinal. Solan. 115. Toitrn.
t. C2. Lam. t. 115. Gcerin. t. 131.

Nat. Ord. see n. 112.

Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5, more or less deep, acnte sefr-
nients, permanent. Cor, of 1 petal, wheel-shaped ; tube
veiT short; limb much longer, reflexed, plaited, in 5
acute, equal, rather deep, segments. Filain. short, awl-
shaped. Anth, much longer, oblong, angular, convei-ging,
sometimes unequal, opening by two terminal pores. Germ.
roundish. Style thread-shaped, projecting beyond the
andiers, deciduous. Stigma obtuse, simple or' notched.
Ben-i/ roundish or ovate, smooth, with a terminal scar ;
of 2, occasionally more, cells, with a fleshy receptacle to
each, connected with the partition. Seeds numerous,
roundish, compressed, imbedded in pulp; sometimes
minutely dotted.

A numerous, principally tropical, genus of shrubs or Iierbs,
more or less narcotic, though in some cases rendered
eatable by cookery. Stem leafy, in some exotic species
prickly. Leaves nXievnute, stalked, rarely dec ur rent, mostly
simple, often variously lobed ; in some compound. Fl.
variously disposed, sohtary or aggregate, drooping, in-
odorous. Anth. yellow, j:)rominent. Cor. generally pur-
plish, or wliite. Lycopersieum seems well distinguished
as a genus by M. Dunal, alter the example of Tourne-
fort and others.

\, ^. Dulcamara. Woody Nightshade. Bitter-sweet.

Stem shrubby, zigzag, witliout thorns. Upper leaves hastate.
Clusters cymose.

S. Dulcamara. Linn. Sp. PL 2G4. JVUhl. v. 1. 1028. Fl. Br. 250.
Engl. Bol. V. 8. /. 3(i5. Curt. Loud. fnsr. 1. /. N. JVoodc. Med.

S18 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Solanum.

' Botf.'S3. Hook. Scot. 79. Fl. Dan. t.607^ Bull Fr,L 23.
Dunal 140.

S. n. 575. Hall. Hist. v. \, 248.

S. lignosum, sen Dulcamara. Raii Syn. 265.

Amava dulcis. Ger. Em. 350./.

Vitis sylvestris. Matth. Valgr.v.2. 619. f.Camer. Epit. 986./.

/S. Solanum lignosum, seu Dulcamara marina. Rail Syn. 265.

In hedges and thickets, especially in watery situations.

^. On the southern coast. Ray.

Shrub. June, July.

Root woody. Stem shrubby, twining, branched, rising, when sup-
ported, to the height of many i'eet. Leaves acute, generally
smooth ; in variety |3 hairy ; the lower ones ovate, or heart-
shaped 5 upper more or less perfectly halberd-shaped ; all en-
tire at the margin. Clusters either opposite to the leaves or
terminal, drooping, spreading, smooth, alternately subdivided,
and resembling cymes, though not really such. Bracteas minute.
Fl. elegant, purple with 2 round green spots at the base of each
segment. They are reported to vary occasionally to white or
flesh-colour, the spots being also sometimes white. Berries oval,
scarlet, juicy, bitter and poisonous. The root and young branches,
in the form of a decoction, much diluted with milk, have been
recommended in scrophulous or glandular obstructions.

Tlie leaves are not unfrequently found variegated.

2. S. nigrum. Common, or Garden, Nightshade.

Stem herbaceous, without thorns. Leaves ovate, bluntly
toothed, or wavy. Umbels lateral, drooping.

S. nigrum. Li7in. Sp. Pl.266. Willd. v. \. 1035. FLBr.25G. Engl.
Bot. V. 8. ^.566. Curt. Loml. fasc. 2. 1. 14. M'oodv. Med. Bot.
t.226. Hook. Scot. 79. Fl. Dan. t.4Q0. Bull. Fr.t. 67. Du-
nal 152.

S. n. 576. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 249.

S. vulgare. Raii Syn. 265.

S. hortense. Ger. Em. 339. f. Matth. Valg. v. 2. 415./ Camer.
Epit. 812./ Fuchs. Hist. 686. f. Brunf. Herb. v. 2. 29. f.

Common in waste, as well as cultivated, ground, and on dunghills.

Annual ; occasionally perennial. June — September.

Root fibrous. Herb fetid, narcotic, bushy, with numerous, angular,
or winged, leafy branches. Leaves undivided ; lengthened out
at the base, smooth. Umbels from the intermediate spaces be-
tween the leaves, solitary, stalked, simple, downy. Fl. white,
with a musky scent. Berries globular, black ; sometimes, as it
is reported, yellow. A grain or two of the dried leaf has some-
times been given to promote various secretions, possibly by ex-
citing a great, and rather dangerous, agitation in the viscera.

Many exotic varieties of this Solatium are mentioned by authors,
which perhaps may be entitled to rank as species.

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Erythra?a. 319
117. ERYTHR^A. Centaury.

Renealm. Spec. 77. " Borckh. in Roem. Archiv. v. 1. 28 " Br Pr

45 1 . Hook. Scot. 62.
Chironia. Curt. Lond.fasc. 4. 22. Fl. Br. 257. Fl. Grccc. v. 3. 31.
Centaurium minus. Tourn. t. 48.

Nat. Ord. Rotacece. Linn. 20. Gentianrv. Juss. 16. See
n. 134^, 135.

CaL inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, erect, acute, awl-sliaped
segments, sometimes united below by a membranous
border, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, salver-shaped ; tube
nearly cylindrical, slender, longer than the calyx ; limb
in 5 deep, ovate or lanceolate, equal, spreading segments,
about half the length of the tube, withering. Filam.
thread-shaped, equal, inserted into the tube,, alternate with
the segments of die limb, and much shorter. AntJi. ob-
long, incumbent, twisting spirally as the pollen ripens.
Germcn elliptic-oblong, or nearly linear, compressed.
Style terminal, cylindrical, prominent, on a level with the
stamens, straight, and generally erect. Stigmas 2, round-
ish, spreading till after impregnation. Cajis. elliptic-ob-
long, nearly linear, acute at each end, compressed, im-
perfectly 2-celled, of 2 valves widi inflexed margins.
Seeds numerous, roundish, in 4 rows, placed alternately
on the inflexed margins of the valves.

Herbaceous, annual, almost perfectly smoodi, very bitter.
Stem erect, square, either simple or very much branched,
in the same species. Leaves opposite, sessile, ribbed, un-
divided, entire. Liflor. simple, spiked, forked, or corym-
bose. Fl. rose-coloured, or yellow.

A very natural genus, well distinguished from Chironia by
the above characters ; particularly the long tube and
short limb; straight style ; 2 stigmas; and almost linear
capsule, destitute of a separate partition, or receptacle.
The annual root and whole habit differ also from C/ii-
ronia, which is shrubby. The name Erythrcva^ alluding
to the red colour of most of the flowers, is justly retainecl
for its priority of date, and fortunately is unexceptionable.
Chironia however, alluding to the botanical Centaur,
would more properly have belonged to the Centaurium
minus.) the type of our present Erythrcva ; though from
the first appropriated to an African genus, from which it
can bv no means be removed.

350 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Erythra?a.

1. E. Centaurium. Common Centaury.

Stem nearly simple. Panicle forked, corymbose. Leaves
ovate-lanceolate. Calyx half the length of the tube ; its
segments partly combined by a membrane.

E. Centaurium. " Fers. Syn.vA. 283." Hook. Scot.79.

E. vulgo Centaurium minus. Renealm. Spec. 77. t. 7^.

Chironia Centaurium. Curt. Loncl. fasc. 4. t. 22. With. 255. Fl.

Br.2o7. EngI.Bot.v.G.t.4\7. IVoodv.Med. Bot. t. 157. Willd,

Sp.Pl.v.X. 1068.
Gentiana Centaurium. Linji. Sp. PL 332. Huds. 102. Bull. Fr.

t.2h3. Fl.Dan. t.6\7.
G. n. 048. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 288.
Centaurium minus. Bank. Pin. 2/8. Raii Syn. 286. Tillands Ic.

t.29. Trag.Hist.l39.t. 140. Camer. Epit.42G.f. Fuchs. Hist.

387./.
C. parvum. Ger. Em.D47.f. Matth. Valgr.v.2.\9.f.

In dry gravelly pastures.

Annual. July, August.

Root small, tapering. Stem about a foot high, leafy, sometimes
branched at the upper part, and, when very luxuriant, from the
base also. Radical leaves obovate, numerous, depressed ; the
rest acute, ovate, or elliptic-lanceolate ; all three-ribbed, bright
green. Fl. nearly sessile, from the forks and terminations of a
corymbose, more or less dense, repeatedly subdivided, leafy or
bracteated, pawicZe. Brac'eas opposite, awl-shaped. CrtL slender,
partly membranous, sometimes more than half as long as the
pale greenish tube of the corolla, whose limb is of a most ex-
quisite and brilliant pink, rarely white ; expanded only in sun-
shine, and closing as soon as gathered. Anth. yellow, spiral,
with 3 convolutions, after bursting. Style rather oblique, if not
curved or deflexed. Caps, slender, brown, invested closely with
the permanent dilated tube of the corolla.

A celebrated stomachic and tonic, now left to rustic practitioners.

2. E. lit tor alls. Dwarf Tufted Centaury.

Stem simple, straight. Leaves linear-obovate ; obscurely
three-ribbed. Flowers densely corymbose, nearly sessile.
Calyx as long as the tube ; its segments combined below.

E.littoralis. HooA:. ScoL 80.

Chironia littoralis. Turn, and Dillw. Guide, 469. Winch, v. 2.

pre/. 3.
Ch. pulchella. Don H. Brit. 7.
;3. Ch. Centaurium 3 variety 1st. Fl. Br. 1393.
On the sandy sea coasts of Scotland, Northumberland, Lanca.shire^

and Wales.

PENTANDllIA— MONOGYNIA. Erythrcea. 321

On the coast of Elgin. Mr. Brodie of Brodie. Guillon Links j
Mr. Maughan; shores of the Moray Frith; Mr. D. Don. Hooker.
On the Links, south of Bamborough castle, and on Holy Island,
abundantly. IVinch. On the Welch coast. Mrs. Dowson.

/3. On the sandy sea shore to the north of Liverpool. Dr. Bostock
and Mr. Shepherd.

Annual. June, July.

Stems generally about 2 inches high, stout, simple and solitary j
sometimes, especially in the variety p, there are several together
from the crown oftlie root 3 from 3 to 5 or G inches in height,
and somewhat forked at the top^ like the first species. Leaves all
linear-obovate, obtuse, often roughish at the edges, with an
obscure marginal rib at each side, not extending so far as the
mid-rib ; radical ones very little larger or broader than the rest,
which are variously disposed, mostly crowded about the top and
bottom of the stem, and an inch long. All the leaves indeed
seem liable to vary in breadth, and when they become almost
elliptical, there are 2 additional ribs. Fl. rather larger and hand-
somer than the foregoing, for the most part sessile, and crowded
into a dense head, or a partly forked, compact, corymbose pa-
nicle, which last is most usual in /3, Segments of the cahjx more
or less combined above the base, their edges somewhat, but not
uniformly, membranous j they are often minutely downy, some-
times 3-ribbed. As the capsule swells, the tube of the corolla
becomes longer than the calyx ; but never till the flower fades.
The style is perfectly straight and upright. The variety (5 is the
Swedish plant mentioned in E7igl. Bot. v. 7. at the bottom of
page 458.

3. E. latifoVia, Broad -leaved Tufted Centaury.

Stem three-cleft at the top. Flowers in dense forked tufts.
Calyx as long as the tube. Segments of the corolla lan-
ceolate. Lower leaves broadly elliptical, with five or
seven ribs.

Chironia Centaurium ; variety 2nd. Fl. Br. 1393.

On the sea shore of Lancashire.

In sandy ground near tiie sea, to the north of Liverpool. Dr. Bos-
tock and Mr. Shepherd. 1803.

Annual. July.

Root with many long fibres. Stem solitary, erect, scarcely 3 inches
high, leafy J simple below; divided at the top into 3 princii)al
branches, each terminated by a very compact, round, densely
forked, tuft, or head, o{ Jiowers, which are but half the size t)f
F.. Centaurium, the segments of their corolla being lanceolate,
and much narrower than in either that species or the last.
There is r.ow and tiien a smaller tuft, or two, situated lower
down. The leaves, especially the lower one?- are very diflerent

VOL. I, V

322 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Erythra^a.

from the last species, as well as from E. Ccntaurium, being some-
times almost orbicular, with 7 ribs in their lower part ; more
generally broadly elliptical, and obtuse, with j ribs. The calyx
is as long as the tube, or longer ; its segments broad and mem-
branous below ; tapering at the upper part. Anth. spiral when
old. ,S7«/^e erect, cloven, with 2 large sfio mas.
The broad many-ribbed leaves, and small tutted Jiowers, sufficiently
distinguish this species at first sight. I have not seen living
specimens.

4. E. pulchella. Dwarf Branched Centaury,

Stem forked, variously branched, or simple, winged. Flowers

solitary, stalked. ^ Calyx above half as long as the tube.

Segments of the corolla lanceolate. Leaves ovate-

E. pulcliella. Hook. Scot, 79.

Chironia pulchella. Willd. Sp. PL v. 1. 10G7. mth. 235. FL
Br. 258. Engl. Bat. v. 7. t. 458.

Ch. ramosissima. Ehrh. Herb. 124.

Gentiana pulchella. Swartz in StockJiolm Trans, for 1783. 85.
^.3./. 8, 9.

G. Centaurium /3. Linn. Sp. PL 333. mild.v. \. \06S. Wilh.2b5.

Centaurium minus palustre ramosissimum, llore purpureo. VailL
Paris. 32. t.G.f. 1.

In sandy ground, chiefly near the sea.

Near Gorlestone, Suffolk. Mr. Stone. On the dawns at Port
Owen, on the north coast of Cornwall. Mr. Watt. Brauntou
Burrows, Devonshire. Bishop of Carlisle. Hinton moor, Cam-
bridgeshire. Piev. Mr. Relhan. On the Denes at Lowestoft,
Suffolk.

Annual. August, September.

Root tapering. Stem solitary, erect, from 1 to 2 or 3 inches high,
sometimes more, varying extremely in luxuriance, being na-
turally much branched in a forked corymbose manner ; but in a
starved state, as Dr. Swartz met with it, quite simple and single-
flowered ; in every form it is leafy, and square, with mem-
branous, more or less dilated, angles. Leaves ovate, bluntish,
with 3 or 5 slender ribs j the upper ones more lanceolate ;
lowest obovate, or round. Fl. stalked, from each fork, as welF
as from each termination, of the stem, erect, slender. Cal above
half as long as the tube even in an advanced state ; at an early
period full as long, with slender awl-shaped segments, combined
by a membranous base. Cor. with a pale slender tube -, the limb*
of a full pink, as delicate and narrow as in the last, much less
ovate than in the two former species. The antliers are less spiral
than in any of them, making scarcely one turn. Style a little
oblique, with large spreading stigmas. Caps, long, tumid, in-
vested with the corolla, as in other species.

l^ENTANDRIA-MONOGYNIA. Samolus. 323
118. SAMOLUS. Brook-weed.

Z-inn. Gen. 89. Juss.97. Ft. Br. 250. Br. I'r. 428. Tourn t 60
Lam. t.lOl. Gcertn. t.30. ^•

Nat. Orel. Precice, Linn. 21. Akin \o LysimachicE, Juss. 34.
Cal inferior of 1 leaf; tube hemispherical, closely investing
the lower halt of the germen; margin in 5 deep, triangu?
lar, equal, permanent segments. Cor. of 1 petal, funnel-
shaped; tube wide, as long as the calyx; limb spreading,
m 5 deep, obtuse segments, with 5 small, intermediate,
conyergmg scales at their base. Filam. from the middle
ot the tube, opposite to the segments of the limb, awl-
shaped, short. Anth. sheltered by the scales of the corolla,
roundish, 2-lobed. Germ, superior, invested with the
tube of the calyx, nearly globular. Style erect, short, co-
umnar. Stigma capitate. Caps, globular, of 1 cell ; its
lower half closely invested with the tube of the calyx •
upper opening with 5 recurved valves. Seeds numerous'
small, angular, attached to the globose, central, uncon-
nected receptacle.
Herbaceous. Leaves alternate, undivided ; tapering at the
base mto footstalks. Fl. terminal, racemose, bracteated.
white.

This genus has marks of considerable affinity to Montia,
n. 62, and therefore to Jussieu's 86th order, Portulacece.
The apparently half inferior situation of the germen has
caused some doubts in the minds of the ablest botanists,
whether it could be referred to the Lysimachice, now
termed Primulacece. But that part is surely to be reckoned
superior; nor, were it odierwise, is such a difference
always essential; witness Vaccinium and Erica. See
Grammar 112, 2 U, 216.

1. S. Valerandi. Common Brook-weed. Water
Pimpernel.

Leaves obovate, obtuse. Clusters corymbose, many-flowered.
Bracteas solitary, in the middle of each partial stalk.

S. Valerandi. Linn. Sp. PL 243. mild. v. I. 927. Fl. Br. 239
Engl. Bot. V. 10. t. 703. Br. Pr. 428. Curt. Lond.fasc. 4. t. 20
Hook. Scot. 80. FL Dan. t. 198. Rail Syn. 283. Bauh Hist
V.3. 780. f. Ehrh.Phyt. 92.

S. n.707. liall.Hht.v. 1.312.

Anagallis aquatica rotundifolia. Qer. Em. 620. f.

Y 2

324 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Lonicera.

A. aquatica tertia. Lob. Ic. 4G7.f.

Veronica aquatica, folio subrotundo non crenato. Moris, v. 2. 323.

sect. 3. t.24. f.26.
Planta heteroclita, &c. Moris, v. 2. 324.
Alsine aquatica perennis, foliis bccabunga?. Moris, ibid. sect. 3.

t. 24. f. 28.

In clear watery places, on a gravelly soil. Found also in New
South Wales, according to Mr. Brown ; as well as in Africa and
North America.

Perennial. July.

Root fibrous, white. Herb smooth, slightly succulent, pale green.
Stem erect, round, leafy, a foot high, more or less, terminating
in one or more corj^mbose, alternate, upright clusters, of small,
white, scentless Jlowers. Bracteas solitary, at a slight bend in
the middle of each partial stalk, lanceolate, acute, deciduous.
Leaves an inch or 2 long, entire j the upper ones nearly sessile.
Capsules erect, each embraced by the pale tube of the calyx^ and
encompassed by its withered segments. Seeds black, turbinate,
angular, abrupt.

No particular qualities are attributed to this plant.

119. LONICERA. Honeysuckle.

Linn. Gen. 93. Fl. Br. 260. Lam.t. 150.
Caprifolium. Jm55. 212. Tourn.t.378. Gcerln.t.27.
Xylosteon. Juss. 212. Tourn. t.379.

Nat. Ord. Aggregates Linn. 48. Caprifolia. Juss. 58. See
Gramma}' 129.

Cal. superior, small, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep segments. Cor. of
1 petal, tubular ; tube oblong, swelling at one side ; limb
in 5 deep revolute segments, one of them more deeply
separated than the rest. Filam. awl-shaped, inserted into
the' upper part of the tube, and about equal to the limb.
Anth. incumbent, oblong. Germ, roundish, inferior. Style
thread-shaped, reclining, about the length of the corolla.
Stigma bluntly capitate. Berry roundish with a concave
scar, of 1 or more cells, sometimes double and confluent.
Seeds several, roundish, compressed.

Caprifolium, which includes the original Periclymenum,
though not that of Tournefort, has the limb of the corolla
very unequally divided. The Jlowers are whorled, or
capitate, bracteated. Berries solitary and distinct. Stem
twining.

Xylosteon, or rather Xylosteum, has a more deeply divided,
but not more regular, corolla, the tube being very short.

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Lonictia. .323

FL in pairs, bnicteated. Berries single-celled, distinct.
Stem erect.

The bra?ic/u'S, as well as leaves, of both arc ojij)osite ; the
latter simple, undivided, except casually; in some partly
confluent and perfoliate. 7-7. oltcn fraorant. Fruil not
eatable.

With the other LinnoLnm sections, whether entitled to rank
as distinct genera or not, we have no concern in an En-
glish Flora. I cannot account for the words "5/J///5 hi-
dlvisls" in the original specific character of Z. r^;7^/r«,
which apply, as Mr. Brown observes, to the whole genus.
The germcns of each pair of flowers are indeed perfectly
united, or " undivided," in this species ; so that, as Lin-
naeus expresses it in his manuscript, " there are 2 flowers
to the same germen ;" and perhaps he wrote originally
" baccis coadunato-globosis, stijUs divisis''

1. L. Caprifolium. Pale Perfoliate Honeysuckle.

Flowers ringent, whorled, terminal. Leaves deciduous; the
uppermost confluent and perfoliate.

L. Caprifolium. Linn. Sp. PL 246. IVilld. v. ] , 982. FL Br. 2fi0.

EngL Bot. V. 12. t. 799. Hook. Scot. 80. Jaco. Austr. t. 357.

Ehrh.PLExsicc.\4].
Caprifolium italicnm perfoliatum proecox. EngL GanL Cat. 14. ^ 5.
C. italicum. Dod. Pempt.AW.f.

Periclymenum. Matth. falgr. v.2.32\.f. Camcr. Epit.7 13. f.
P. italicum. R'lv. Monop. Irr. t. 123.
P. perfoliatum. Ger. Em. 891. f-

In woods and thickets, but rare.

In a wood near Elsfield, Oxfordshire, plentifully. Rev. T. Butt.
In Chalk-pit Close, Hinton, Cambridgeshire, certainly wild ;
also in another coppice in the same parish. Rev. R. Relhan. In
several woods in the south of Scotland. Hooker.

Shrub. Man, June.

Stem woody, round, smooth, somewhat branched, twining from left
to right, and climbing, where it meets with supi)ort, to a consi-
derable height. Buds axillary, opposite, solitary, acute, glaucous.
Leaves obovate, entire, smooth, glaucous beneath • the lower
ones distinct, and somewhat stalked 3 2 or 3 of the upper pairs
united ; the uppermost of all forming a concave cup. FL in one
or more axillary whorls, 6 in each whorl ; the uppermost termi-
nal, with a central bud ; highly fragrant, 2 inches long, yel-
lowish, with a blush-coloured tube. CaL slightly toothed.
Berries elliptical, of a tawny orange, each crowned with the al-
most entire rah/ v.

526 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Loiiiceni.

2. L. Periclymenum, Common Honeysuckle, or
Woodbine.

Heads of flowers ovate, imbricated, terminal. Leaves all

separate, deciduous. Flowers ringent,
L. Periclymenum. Unn. Sp. PL 247. Willd. v. 1. 984. Fl. Br. 260.

Engl. Bot, V. 12. t. 800. Curt. Lond.fasc, 1.^15, Hook. Scot,

80. Fl. Dan, t. 908. Ehrh. PL Of. 432.
Caprifolium n. 673. HalL Hist. r. 1. 301.
C. germanicum. Rail Syn. 458. Dod. Pempt. 411./. Engl. Gard.

Cat. t. 5.
Periclymenum. Ger. Em. 891./. Fuchs.HisL 645, t, G46,
P. germanicum. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 1 22.
P. hortense. Gesn. Ic, Pict,fasc. 1.38. t. 7.f. 49.
/3, Caprifolium non perfoliatum.foliis sinuosis et variegatis. Tourn,

InsL 608. DHL in Rail Syn. 458.
Periclymenum foliis quercinis. 3Ierr. Pin. 92.

In hedges, groves and thickets, common,

j6. In a wood near Kimberley, Norfolk. Mr. Woodward,

Shrub. June, July, to October.

Stem twining and climbing, as in the foregoing, with opposite
branches. Leaves of a darker green, all distinct, sometimes
downy -, glaucous beneath ; by the sea side occasionally more
glaucous, and rather succulent ; in variety /3 sinuated, like these
of an oak, and variegated. Heads ofjlowers all terniinal, ovate,
most fragrant in an evening, Cal. distinctly 5 -toothed. Cor.
externally deep red ; or in the earlier-flowering varieties nil over
buff-coloured ; in the maritime plant smaller, and greenish.
J5emes nearly globular, deep red, bitter and nauseous; often
roughish -, accompanied by permanent bractcas.

A favourite plant in gardens and shrubberies. The true Woodbine
of poets, though likewise the " Twisted Eglantine" of Milton.
Notwithstanding Curtis's imperfect quotation, Shakspear is
guiltless of this blunder. He says

'^ So doth the woodbine, the sweet honeysucklcj.
Gently entwist the maple."

3. L. Xylosteum. Upright Fly Honeysuckle.
Stalks two-flowered, Berries distinct. Leaves entire, downy,

L. Xylosteum. Linn. Sp. PL 248. Willd. v. 1. 986. Comp. 39,
Engl Bot V. 13. ^. 916. FL Grcec, v. 3. 18. t. 223. Berk. Outl.
ed. 1. V.-2. 60. With. 247. FL Dan. t. 808.

Caprifolium n. 677. HalL HisL v. 1. 302.

Chamaecerasus dumetorum, fructu gemino rubro. Bauh. Pin. 45 1 ,
Duham. Arb. v. 1. 153. L59.

Periclymenum rectum germanicum. Gcr. Em. 1294,/,

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Rhamims. 327

P. rectum svlvestre. Gesn. Ic. Pict, fnsc. 1. 36. t. 14./. 47.

Xylo.steum.'/)orf. Pempt.4\2.f. Riv. Monop. Irr. 1. 120.

In thickets and rocky places.

In the fissures of rocks, under the Roman wall near Shewing-
Sheels, or rather Sewenshele, Northumberland. Ji'nllis. Plen-
tifully, and certainly wild, in a coi)i)ice called the Ilackctts, to
the east of Houghton bridge, 4 miles from Arundel, Sussex. Mr.
Borrer.

Shrub. Jul I/.

Stem erect, bushy, 4 or 5 feet high, with numerous, round branches ;
the young ones leafy and downy. Leaves deciduous, stalked,
ovate, acute, dull green, soft and flexible. Fl. small, cream-
coloured, or reddish, scentless, in pairs, on axillary simple stalks.
Bracfeas hairy, double ; the 2 outermost lanceolate, spreading ;
inner a small concave scale under each germen. Cal. in 5 ob-
tuse lobes. Cor. downy. Berries scarlet, oval, distinct, of I
cell, with about G seeds in each. A shrub of little beauty, and
no known i.itility, though common in plantations ; where 1 have
never seen any ripe fruit.

120. RHAMNUS. Buckthorn.

Linri. Gen. 105. Jim. 380. FL Br. 261. Toimi. t.306. Lam. t. 128.
GcErtn. t. 106.

Frangula. Tourn. t. 383.

Nat. Ord. Z)Mwzo5ir. Linn. 43. Rhamni. J uss. 95. N. 121
the same.

CaL inferior, of 1 leaf, funnel-shaped ; coloured internally ;
limb in 5, sometimes only 4, acute, equal, spreading seg-
ments. Petals as many as the segments of the calyx, alter-
nate with them, small, convergnig, sometimes imperfect,
or wanting. Filam. in the moutli of the calyx, opposite
to each petal, awl-shai:>ed, short. A?it/i. romidish, two-
lobed, small. Germ, superior, roundish, seated on a glan-
dular disk. Style short, cylindrical, rarely divided. Sti'gma
in 2, 3, or 4 lobes. Berri/ nearly globular, of 2, 3, or 4
cells. Seeds solitary in each cell, rounded externally,
flattened at the inner side.

The flowers are often more or less dioecious.

Stem shrubby. Leaves stalked, simple and undivided. Sti-
■pidas small, deciduous. Fl. small, on aggregate stalks,
yellowish. Berries blueish-black, purgative.

1. R. catharticus. Comnion Buckthorn.
Thorns terminal. Flowers four-cleft, dioecious. Leaves
ovate, serrated. Stem erect. Berry with four seeds.

328 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Rhamnus.

R. catharticus. Linn. Sp. PL 270. Wilkl v.\. 1002. FLBr.26\,

Engl Bot. V. 23. t. 1 G29. Hook. Scot. 80. M'oodv. Med. Bot.

t.\\4. FI.Dan.t.S^O. RouSi/n.466. Bauh. PinAJS. Dalech.

Hist. 145./. 146. Ehrh. PL Of. 200. *
R. n. 824. HalL Hist. v.\. 366.

R.soluhvus. Dod.Pempt. 7 ii 6. f. Gcr. Eyn. \337.f. \,2.
Cervispina. Cord. Hist, \7o.f.
Spina infectoria. Maith. Valgr. v. 1. 143./. Camer. Epit. 82. f.

Lob.Ic.v.2.lS\.f.

In hedges, groves and thickets.

Shrub. May. Fruit in September.

Branches alternate, or nearly opposite, spreading, straight, round,
smooth, hard and rigid, each terminating in a strong thorn, af-
ter the first year. Leaves deciduous, bright green, smooth,
ribbed j the young ones downy ; the earlier ones in tufts from
the flowering buds ; the rest opposite, on the young branches.
Footstalks dowmy. Stipulas linear. FL yellowish-green, on the
last year's branches, numerous ; the fertile ones with narrow
petals, rudiments of stamens, and a deeply 4-cleft style ■/ barren
ones with an abortive germen, and broader /je/aZ^. Berries glo-
bular, blueish black, nauseous, violently purgative, with 4 cells,
and as manv seeds; by which last character they are easily known,
by druggists, from the fruit of the tbllowing, which is supposed
to be less active. The unripe berries dye yellow.

2. R. Frangula, Alder Buckthorn. Berry-bearing
Alder.

Thorns none. Flowers all perfect. Style simple. Leaves
entire, smooth. Berry with two seeds.

R. Frangula. Linn. Sp. PL 280. Willd. v. 1 . 1098. FL Br. 262.

EngLBot.v. 4. t. 250. Hook. Scot.8\. FL Ban. t. 2/8.
R. n. 82 1 . HalL HisL i;. 1 . 365.
Frangula. Dod. Pempt.7S4.f. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 609. f. Camer.

EpiL 978. f. Duham. Arb. v. 1. 245. t. 100. Dalech. Hist. 200. f.

RaiiSyn.46j.
Alnus nigra, sive Frangula. Ger.Em. 1470./ Dalech. Hist. 97./

In woods and thickets. Rather rare in Scotland.

Shrubi May. Fruit in July.

Stem 3 or 4 feet high, with numerous, alternate, leafy, round,
smooth, blackish branches. Leaves alternate, (not opposite,)
elliptical, or roundish, pointed, entire, deep green, wdth many
parallel transverse ribs. Footstalks downy, as well as the minute
Stipulas. FL whitish, five-cleft, on simple, aggregate, axillary,
smooth stalks. Jnthers pm'\)\e. .S7?/Ze very short. Stigma en-
pitatCj cloven. Berries dark purple, each with 2 large seeds.

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Ribes. 329
121. EUONYMUS. Spindle-tree.

Linn. Gen. 107. Juss. 377. Fl. Br.2()2. Tourn. t.SSS. Lam. (. 131.
G(prtn. ^ 113.

Nat. Orel, see ?i. 120.

Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, flat, in 5 deep, rounded, concave,
permanent sepiients. Pd. 5, oblong, flat, spreading,
longer than the calyx. Filam. awl-shaped^ straight,
distant, attached to the germen as well as to die recep-
tacle. Anth. 2-lobed. Genu, superior, depressed, pointed.
Style short, simple. Sfigma obtuse. Cajjs. succulent, co-
loured, with 5 sides, 5 prominent angles, 5 cells, and 5
coriaceous valves having central partitions. Seeds solitary,
ovate; each enveloped in a succulent, folded, coloured tunic.

Shrubs with opposite branches, hard -jcood, and opposite, stalk-
ed, simple, smooth, deciduous leaves. Fl. on forked axillary
stalks; often 4-cleft. Filam. in some instances very short. *

1. E. eiiropmis. Common Spindle-tree, orPrickwood.

Flowers mostly four-cleft. Petals acute. Branches smooth
and even.

E. europceus. Linn. Sp. PI. 286. TViUd. v. \. \\30. FLBr.262.
Engl. Bot. V. G. t. 3G2. Hook. Scot. 81 . Bull. Fr. t. 135.

E. vulgaris. Raii Syn. 468. Scop. Cam. v. 1. 1G7. Ehrh. Jrb.3.

E. n. 829. Hall. Hist. V. 1.370.

Euonymus. Matth. Valgr. i\\. 173./. Camer. Epit. 102./. Dod.
rempt.7S3.f.

E. Theophrasti. Gcr. Em. \A6S.f.

Carpinus Thcophrasti. Trag. Hist. 982. t. 983.

In hedges and thickets.

Shrub, or small tree. Mai/.

Fetid in every part when bruised, and esteemed poisonous, whence
arose, by antiphrasis, the generic name, signifying in Greek of
good repute. Branches angular when young 5 afterwards round,
with a green, smooth, not warty, bark. Leaves ovate, pointed,
finclv serrated, about 2 inches long. ,S<ip«/«s awl-shaped, very
small, soon falling off. FL fetid; small, greenish white ; the
first only 5 -cleft. Caps, of a fine rose-colour, occasionally white.
Tunics of the seeds always orange-coloured, elegantly contnust-
ing with the red, or white, valves.

The very hard fine-grained wood is i)referrcd for s))indlcs, and for
skewers.

122. RIBES. Currant and Gooseberry.
Linn. Gen. 111. J//6.V.310. Fl. Br. 263. Lam. f. IIG.
Grossulavia. Tourn. f. 109. Gcvrfn. t. 28.

330 PENTANDRIA— MOKOGYNIA. Ribes.

Nat. Ord. Pomacece. Linn. 36. Cacti, Jiiss. 85. Grossularia:,
DeCand. 55.

Cal. superior, of 1 leaf, tumid; the border in 5 deep, spread-
ing, somewhat coloured, withering segments. Pet. 5, small,
obtuse, erect, from the rim of the calyx. Filam. short,
awl-shaped, erect, from the rim of the calyx, opposite to
each segment. Anth. incumbent, compressed, of 2 distant
lobes, bursting at the edges. Germ, roundish, inferior.
Style cloven. Stigmas obtuse. Berry globular, umbilicated,
of 1 cell, with 2 lateral, opposite, longitudinal receptacles,
A^ery juicy. Seeds uumeYous, roundish, slightly compressed,
or angular, each coated with mucilaginous pulp.

Stem shrubby; in the Gooseberry tribe prickly. Leaves
alternate, stalked, lobed, notched, deciduous. Ft. greenish;
clustered in the Currants ; in most of the Gooseberries

^ simply stalked. Fruit w^holesome, variously coloured.

* WitJiout prickles. Currants.
1. R. rubrum. Common Currant.

No prickles. Clusters smooth, pendulous. Flowers but
slightly concave. Petals inversely heart-shaped.

R. rubrum. Linn, Sp, PL 290. Willd. v. 1. 11 53. FL Br, 263.

Engl, Bot, V. 18. t. 1289. Hook. Scot.8\, Woodv. Med. Bot.

t.74, Fl.Dan. t.967.
R. acidum. E/irh. PL Off.232. Arb,8l,
R. vulgarisjfructurubro. Rail Syn. 456. Ger. Em, 1593./. Matth.

Valgr. V. 1. 152./. Camer. Epit.SS.f,
R. vulgaris acidus ruber. Bauh.Hist, v. 2. 97. f.
R. hortense. Trag. Hist. 994. f. 995.
(3. R. vulgaris fructu dulci. RaiiSyn, 456.
y. R. fructu parvo, Merr. Pin. 104. Dill, in Rati Syn. 456.

In mountainous woods, especially about the banks of rivers, in the
north of England, and in Scotland.

Undoubtedly wild on the banks of the Tees. Mr. E. Rohson. In
the isle of Isla, amongst brush wood, on the bank of the sound.
Light/. In Culross woods, Scotland. Mr. Maughan. P'requent
in hedges and thickets, by accident.

Shrub. May.

Stem bushy, erect, smooth, with a deciduous cuticle. Leaves al-
ternate, on long fringed stalks, 5 -lobed, doubly serrated, veiny ^
most downy beneath. Clusters simple, stalked, always pendu-
lous. Bracteas ovate, solitary under each partial stalk ; often
with a pair of smaller ones near the fiower. Cal. cup-shaped,
almost flat. Pet. yellowish, obtuse, or slightly cloven. Berries
globular, smooth, red and shining, each crowned with the wi-

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Ribes. 331

thered flower j in gavtlens either red, white, or flesh-coloured j
various in degree of acidity. One of the most wholesome and
grateful of fruits, esj)ecially if tempered with sugar. 1 have not
seen the small-berried variety y.
Mailer has '^ stipulcr hrevissbiKr," meaning hractca ; and by mistake,
in his Nomendator, has " foiiis," instead oi Jiorihus, '' planius-
culis,'' which error Willdenow co])ies. Hence it appears that
the latter used the Nomendator instead of the original Historia.

2. R. pctraiim. Rock Currant,

No prickles. Clusters somewhat hairy ; in flower upright ;
in fruit pendulous. Flowers slightly concave. Petals
bluntish. Bracteas shorter than the flower-stalks. Stem
erect.

R. petrseum. WuJJtn in Jacq. Misc. v. 2. 36, Jacq. Ic. Rar. v. I.
^49. mild. Sp. PI. v.L\\53. Fl.Br.26D. Engl. Bot.v. \0.
t. 705. Hook. Scot. 81 . Don H. Br. 159.

R. n. 818. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 364 3 including the cultivated R. ru-
brum.

In the mountainous woods of Durham and Scotland.

Near Eggleston, Durham. Rev. Mr. Harriman. Near Consclifl'e in
the same county. Mr. E. Robson. In Scots Wood Dean, North-^
umberland. iMr. Winch.

Shrub. Maij, June.

Stem bushy. Leaves like the preceding, but more downy beneath,
particularly about the veins. The clusters of greenish yellow,
often reddhh, Jlowers, at first erect, become pendulous when in
fruit. Pet. generally less blunt and abrupt than in R. rubrum.
Bracteas short, recurved, fringed. Berries globose, bright red,
acid.

This species, abundant in Switzerland, is certainly what Haller in-
tended under his n. 818, though he supposed the cultivated
Currants to be the same. He quotes R.Jlore ruhente of John
Bauhin, Hist. v. 2. 98, who gives no figure. Mr. Davall thought
this the only wild Swiss Currant, except alpinum and nigrum.
Jacquin's figure is erroneously drawnbyWulfen, with long awl-
shaped bracteas, quite diflferent from his own specimens.

3. R. spicatiim. Acid IMountain Currant.

No prickles. Spikes upright. Flowers nearly sessile. Petals
oblong. Bracteas shorter than the flowers.

H. spicatum. Robson in Tr. of Linn. Soc. r.3. 240. ^ 21. ff'ilh.
265. Fl. Br. 264, Engl. Boi. v. 18. t, 1290.

In woods in the north of England.

Near Richmond, Yorkshire, and between Piersbridge and Gain-
ford, Durham. Mr. E. Robson. At present extinct in the place

332 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Ribes.

last mentioned, according to Mr. Robson himself. Mlnch Bot.
Guide, V.]. 23.

Shrub. Mmj.

Tliis has the habit of the two foregoing species, but differs from
both in the extreme shortness of the \)ciYtiix\ Jloicer-sialks, ren-
dering the inflorescence a spike, rather than a cluster, which,
moreover, is erect both in flower and fruit. If these characters
be not constant, the present species probably belongs to R.pc-
Jrceum; which seems scarcely credible.

4. R. alpinum. Tasteless Mountain Currant.

No prickles. Clusters upright, both in flower and fruit.
Bracteas longer than the flowers. Leaves polished at the
back. Stem erect. Berries smooth.

R. alpinum. JAnn. Sp. PL 291. WilkL r. 1 . 1 154. FI. Br. 264.

Engl. Bot. V. 10. t. 704. Hook. Scot. 81. Jacq. Austr. t. 47. Fl.

Dan. t. 968. Ehrh. Arb. 51.
R. n.817. Hall Hist. V. K363.
R, alpinus dulcis. Bank. Hist. v. 2. 98./. bad. Raii Syn. 456.

In woods in the north of England ; also in Scotland, but rare.

Abundant near Bradford, Yorkshire. Dr. Richardson. Near Ripon.
Mr. W. Brunton. in Durham. Mr. E. Robson.

Shrub. 3Tai/.

Branches more upright than in R. rubrum. Leaves smaller, three-
lobed, remarkably shining beneath. Clusters erect, dense, with
long, narrow, brown bracteas, and short partial stalks. FL small,
greenish, observed by several botanists to be sometimes dioe-
cious. Berries of a fine deep scarlet, nuicilaginous and insipid.

5. R. nigrum. Black Currant.

No prickles. Clusters hairy, pendulous, with a separate
flovver-stalk at the base of each. Flowers oblong.

R. nigrum. Linn.Sp. PL29\. Willd.v. l.MoG. FLBr.26D. EngL
Bot.v.}8.L]29\. Hook. Scot. 82. Woodv. Med. Bot. t.7b. FL
Dan. t. 55C. Ehrh. Arb. 91. Lob. Ic. v. 2. 202. f. Same cut as
Gerarde's, hereafter quoted.

R. n. 819. HalL Hist. v. 1. 3G4.

R. nigrum vulgo dictum, folio olente. Bauh.Hist. v. 2.98. f. 99.
Rail Syn. 456.

R. n. 3. Ger. Em. 1593 ; to which belongs his fig. 2, copied by Do-
donjeus from John Bauhin, and erroneously given by Gerarde
for the White Currant. The solitary flower, faithfully repre-
sented at the base of some of the clusters^ indicates the present
species.

Ribesium fructu nigro. Dod. Pempt. 749. /.'good.

In sandy swamps and thickets, about the banks of rivers,

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Ribes. 353

In Cambridgesliire, Bedfordshire, Warwickshire, Cumberland and
Essex. Ra[/. In Costesy ishind, near Norwich. Mr. Rose. Be-
tween Norwich and Yarmouth, by tlie river, in several places ;
as also in Scotland.

Shrub. Maij.

Stem lower, and more spreading, than li. ruhnun. Leaves larger
and softer, glandular, with a strong Savine-likc scent, vvhen
rubbed. Fl. green, in droo])ing hairy clusters, remarkable for a
separate stalk at the base, whose fruit is earlier and larger than
the rest. Cal. tubular-bell-sh;iped, with reflexed segments.
Pet. ovate. Berries large, globose, black, gratefully subaciti,
with some of the flavour of the leaves. Tliey are esteemed very
useful in sore throats of any sort ; and by some writers are
reckoned powerfully diuretic ; but according to Dr. Woodville
this wants confirmation. Dr. Withering observed the petals to
change occasionally into stamens ,• the only instance upon record
of such a metamorphosis.

** Branches prickly. Gooseberries.
6. 11. Grossularia. Common Gooseberry.

Prickles one, two or three under each bud. Branches
otherwise smooth, spreading. Stalks single-flowered.
Bracteas close together. Segments of the calyx reflexed,
shorter than the tube.

R. Grossularia. Linn. Sp. PL 29 1 . mild. Sp. PI. u. 1 . 1 1 58. Fl.

Br. 266. En^l.Bot.v. IS. t. 1292. Hook. Scot. S2. Ehrh. Arb.

151.
R. Uva crispa. Fl.Dan. t.j46.
R. n. 820. Hall. Hist. v. 1.364. Davall.

/3. R. Uva crispa. Li7in. Sp. PL 292. milcL v.\.\ 158. Fl. Br. 266.

EngL Bot. V. 29. t.2037. Culliim 88, Schmicl. Ic.5. t.\. Ehrh.

Arb. 22. PL Of. 452.
Uva crispa. Fiichs. Hist. 18/./. Dod. Pcmpt. 74S.f. Ger.Em.

1324./
U. spina. Matth.Valgr. v.\.\b\.f. Camer, Epit.ST.f.

In hedges, thickets, waste ground, and on old buildings, frequent;

though supposed generally, in the south of England at least, to

have escaped from gardens.
In woods and hedges about Darlington plentiful. Mr. E. Robson.

Apparently indigenous in Hamilton woods, Scotland. 3Ir. Hov-

kirlc.
Shrub. April.
Stem bushy, spreading, with 1 , 2, or 3, straight, sharj), strong,

divaricated, awl-sl\ifcjjed prickles under each bud, but no bristles

or prickles on the intermediate spaces. Leaves smaller, rounder,

more smootli and shining, tlian in Common Currants, each

334 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Hedera.

three-lobed, and variously cut, a little hairy, of a pleasant green
while young. Footstalks hairy. FL green, or pale flesh-coloured,
bell-shaped, on simple drooping stalks, thickened upwards,
mostly 2 together, from the same bud as the leaves and future
branches. Bracteas small, ovate, fringed, in pairs, rarely 3, a
little below each flower ; sometimes united into a tube at the
base, which Linneeus thought a mark of the Smooth-fruited
Gooseberry, my ^, but it is not at all constant. Segments of
the calyx reflexed, often coloured. Fet, ovate. Germen gene-
rally hairy. Style often scarcely cloven, sometimes double. Berry
elliptic-oblong, or nearly globular, green or yellowish, rough
with scattered hairs ; in /3 smooth ; but Mr. Robson found this
not a permanent specific character. Cultivated varieties are of-
ten red or blackish. The Gooseberry is well known as a most
wholesome fruit, chiefly confined to cold or temperate climates,
neglected in Switzerland, and with difficulty raised in Italy.
R. reclinatum of Linnaeus seems a mere variety with long deflexed
branches, not uncommon.

123. HEDERA. Ivy.

Linn.Gen.lU. Juss.2\A. FLBr.267. Towrw. ^384. Lam.i.\4b.
Gctrtn. t.2Q.

Nat. Ord. Hederacece, Linn. 46. Aratice. Juss. 59.

Cal. minute, of 5 teeth, surrounding the germen. Pet. 5,
alternate with the calyx, oblong, widely spreading; broad-
est at the base. Filam. awl-shaped, erect, the length of
the petals, and inserted alternately with them. Anth. m-
cumbent, cloven at the base. Germen turbinate, sur-
rounded with the annular receptacle of the flower. Style
very short, furrowed. Stigma simple. Berry globular,
of 1 cell. Seeds from 3 to 5, oblong, vertical, convex ex-
ternally, angular at the inner edge.

Climbing evergreen shrubs, with scattered, smooth, stalked
leaves. Fl. in terminal bracteated umbels, or heads, pale
or greenish. Style sometimes cloven, or aggregate. The
character of Jussieu's 59th order should be so modelled
as to admit this genus, which he refers to his 58th, Capri-
folia.

1. H. Helix. Common Ivy.

Leaves some ovate, some lobed.

H. Helix. Linn. Sp.Fl. 2^2. Willd.v. \.\\79. Fl. Br.2S7 . Engl.

Bot. V. 18. t. \267. Curt. Land. fuse. \.t.\6. Hook. Scot. 82.

Fl. Dan. t. 1027. Bull. Fr. t. 133.
H. n. 826, Hall. Hist. V. 1.3G8.

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Illecebrum. 335

H. communis, major et minor. Rail Syn. 4.)D.

H. corymbosa and II. Helix. Ger. Em. 857. f.

H. arl)orea and II. Helix. 3Iatlh. Valgr. v. J . 572, 573./.

H. and H. Helix, sive minor. Comer. Epit. 398, 399./.

In woods and hedges, and on old buildings.

Shrub. October.

Stem branched, either trailing on the ground, and bearing 5-lobed,
white-veined leaves, but no flowers 5 or climbing, flattened, and
attached by dense tufted fibres, which serve for suj)port, not
nourishment; the flowering branches loosely spreading, round,
bearing ovate, undivided leaves. Umbels aggregate, green,'
many-flowered, their stalks clothed with starry pubescence, and
accompanied at the base by several small bracteas. Petals re-
flexed. Berry the size of a currant, smooth, black ; internally
whitish and mealy, with seldom more than 5 seeds. The whole
plant is somewhat aromatic ; and a very fragrant resin exudes
from the old stems when bruised.

124. ILLECEBRUM. Knot-grass.

Linn. Gen. \U. Fl.Br.267. Fl. Gr. v. S. 39. Br. Pr. 416, obs.
Paronychia. Tourn. t. 28S. Juss. 89. Lam. t. 180.

Nat. Orel. HoleracecE. Linn. 12. Amaranthi. Juss. 30.
IllecebrecE. Br. Pr. 4 1 3, obs.

Cal. inferior, 5-angled, of 5 coloured, cartilaginous, perma-
nent leaves, with distant spreading points. Cor, none,
Filam. capillary, shorter than the calyx, v>'ith 5 interme-
diate scales or bristles seldom wanting. Anth. simple, of
2 cells. Germen superior, ovate, acute. Stijle short.
Stigma obtuse. Caps, roundish, pointed at each end, of
1 cell, with 5, more or less distinct, valves. Seed solitary,
oval, pointed at each end, filling the capsule.

Stem herbaceous, with numerous, opposite, undivided, en-
tire leaves, and opposite membranous stipulas. Fl. axil-
lary, either whorled, or crowded into terminal leafy heads.^

1 . L vertkillatum, AVliorled Knot-grass.
Flowers whorled, without bracteas. Stems procumbent.
I. verticillatum. Linn. Sp. PI. 298. IVilld.v. I. 1205. Fl. Br.26S.

Engl. Bot. V. 13. t. 895. Dicks. Dr. PI. 57. H. Sice. fuse. 12. 13.

Fl. Dan. t. 335.
Corrigiola. Raii Sijn. I GO.
Polvgala repens. Ger. Em. 563./. Lob. Ic.4l6.f. Dalech.Uist.

489./.
Paronychia serpyllifolia palustris. Vaill. Par. 157. t.\5. f,7.

336 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Glaux.

In marshy boggy ground, in Cornwall and Devonshire.

In Devonshire not uncommon. With. About Pensans. F. Borone.

Perennial. Jiihj.

Root creeping. Herb smooth, branched, procumbent. Leaves
small, ovate, acute, or sometimes spatulate, scarcely stalked,
rather fleshy. Stipulas intrafoliaceous, small, white, jagged.
Fl. small, aggregate, axillary, white or reddish. Calyx- leaves
abrupt, with long, twisted, terminal bristles ; concave at the
inner side. Scales between the »tamens lanceolate, reddish,
pointed, alternate with the calyx, resembling petals. Fllam.
very short. Stigma notched. Caps, of 5 distinct valves.

125. GLAUX. Sea-milkwort.

Linn. Gen. 1 14. Juss. 333. Fl. Br. 2G8. Tourn. t. GO. Lam. t.\4\.

Nat. Ord. Calycanthemce. Linn. 17. Salicaricc. Juss. 91.

Supposed by recent authors, see Hook. Scot. 212, to be
allied to Samolus^ p. 323, and therefore to the Primulacece,
see p. 269; but their characters and habits are essentially
different.

Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, coloured, bell-shaped, in 5 deep,
spreading, obtuse, recurved segments, permanent. Cor.
none. Filam. awl-shaped, erect, not longer than the
calyx. AritJi. roundish. Germ, superior, ovate. Slyle
cylindrical, as long as the stamens. Stigma capitate.
Caps, globose, pointed, of 1 cell and 5 valves. Seeds 5,
roundish, attached to a very large, globular, central,
pitted receptacle.

Herbaceous. T^^^y^s opposite, simple, undivided. FL axillar}^

Li its calyx this genus is akin to Polygonum, in its fmiit to
Jussieu' s Li/shnachice ; but cannot well be referred to any
natural order yet defined.

1. G. maritivia. Common Sea-milkwort. Black
Saltwort.

G. maritima. Linn. Sp. PI. 301 . Wilhh z;. 1 . 1210. Fl. Br. 2C8.

Engl. But. V. \.t. 13. Hook. Scot. 82. Raii Syn. 285. FL Dan.

t. 548. Ehrh. Pliyt. 83.
Poly2:onum raaritimum longiiis radicatum nostras. Raii Syn. ed.2.

G9'.erf.3. IGl. Pluk. Phyt.t. 53./. 3.
Newton's Knotgrass. Pet. H. Brit. t. lO./.G.
Alsine bifolia, fructu Coriandri, radice geniculata. Lees. Pruss.

\3.t.3.
Herniaria glabra /3. Huds. 108

In muddv salt-marshes abundantlv.

PENTANDRIA-MONOGVNIA. Thesium. 337

Perennial. June, July.

Hoot of many long, thick, zigzag fibres. Stem erect, 3 or 4 inches
high, branched, round, smooth, densely clothed with elliptic-

^o tt?; 'r'""^ 'rf f/ ^'""«^'\^^"^-^^> P^-^le underneath, saltish
nnnl P .,f '^^^'«^,^-^^ Very short, or scarcely any. StijMa,
none. Fl. axillary, solitar>', nearly sessile, flesh-coloured.

126. THESIUAi. Bastard-toadflax.
Linn.Gen.WA. Juss. 7.'). FL Br.269. Lam. t. 142. Ga>rtn.f.S6.
Nat. Ord Veprecul^. Linn. 31. El,eagm. Juss. 75. Sa?Ua-
lacece. Br. Pr. 350.

Cal. superior, of 1 leaf, internally coloured, divided half
way down into 5 spreading segments, with intermediate
notches ; ultnnately closed, coriaceous, permanent Co?-
none. Filam, short, awl-shaped, erect, inserted into the
base ot each segment of the calyx, in the centre. Anf/i
roimdish. Germ, inferior, roundish, ribbed. Sfyle cylindri-
cal, as long as the stamens. Slig7na cloyen. Drupa oblono-
angular, dry, coriaceous, crowned by the inflexed calyx.
JSiit roundish.

Mr. Brown describes a small tuft of hairs at the outside of
each stamen.

Herbaceous, or shrubby, smooth, rigid, witli scattered, nar-
row leaves. FL clustered, or panicled, bracteated, small,
whitish, or yellowish.

1. T. linophyllum. Flax-leaved Bastard-toadflax.

Cluster branched. Bracteas three together. Leaves linear-
lanceolate. Tube of the calyx very short.

T. linophyllum. Linn. Sp. Pl.30\. IVilld. r. 1. 1211. R Br 269
Engl. Bot. V. 4. t. 247. Dicks. H. Sice. fasc. 11.5

T. pratense. Ehrh. Herb. 12.

Linaria montana, flosculis albicantibus. Bauh. Pin. 213.

L. adulterina. Raii Sf/n. 202.

Sesamoides procumbens nostras montanum, linariee folio, fioribus
albicantibus. Moris, v. 3. GOl. sect. 15. t. 1./. 3.

In high open chalky pastures.

In Cambridgeshire frequent j also in Sufiblk, on the west side of
Bury ; and in Dorsetshire. Found, by the Rev. 11. Forby, on
Limekiln hill, near Shouldham, Norfolk'.

Perennial. Jul?/.

Root woody, yellowish. Stems widely spreading, angular, leafy,
a span or more in length. Leaves turned to one side, rough -
edged, light green, an inch long at most. Clnslrrs terminal.

VOL. I. X

338 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Vinca.

many-flowered, erect, generally branched or subdivided. Partial
stalks alternate, erect, single-flowered, with 3 unequal, spread-
ing, lanceolate bracteas under the Jlower. Cat. with a very short
tube, and a broadish, white, sharply toothed border, irregularly
notched between the segments.
The varieties of Willdenow seem distinct species; especially
T. montanum, Ehrh. Herb. 2, a much larger, more upright,
herb, with compound, more slender, panicles; which is Haller's
n. 1573, and likewise Gerarde's plant, Ger.Em. 555, taken by
Ray for the English species.

127. VINCA. Periwinkle.

Linn.Gen.W^. JussA44. F/. Br. 269. Lavi.t.\72. Gartn.t. \\7.

Pervinca. Tourn. t. 45.

Nat. Ord. Contorted Linn. 30. Apociiiece. Juss. 47. See
Grammar 108.

Cat. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, upright, acute, permanent
segments. Cor. of 1 petal, salver-shaped; tube longer
than the calyx, cylindrical in the lower part, dilated and
marked with 5 lines above, 5-sided at the mouth ; limb
horizontal, in 5 deep, oblique, abrupt segments, attached
to the summit of the tube. Filam. from the middle of the
tube, short, doubly curved. Anth. membranous, obtuse,
erect, incurved, bearing pollen at each lateral margin.
- Germens 2, superior, roundish, accompanied by 2 lateral
roundish glands. Style 1, common to both germens, cy-
lindrical, shorter than the tube. Stigma 1, capitate, seated
on a flat orbicular disk. Follicles 2, cylindrical, acute,
erect, bursting along one side. Seeds several, oblong, cy-
lindrical, furrowed, without wings.

Stems trailing or reclining, perennial, somewhat shrubby.
Leaves opposite, ovate, entire ; in our species evergreen.
Fl. axillary, handsome, inodorous.

1. Y. minor. Lesser Periwinkle.

Stems procumbent. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, smooth-edged.

Flowers stalked. Segments of the calyx lanceolate.
V. minor. Linn.Sp.Pl^M. WilUiv. \. 1232. FLBr.270. Engl.

Bot. V. 13. ^.917. Curt. Lond. fasc. 3. t. 16. Hook. Scot. 82,

Ehrh. Arb. 102.
V. pervinca. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 178./.
V. pervinca minor. Rail Syn. 268. Ger, Em. 894./.
Pervinca. Trag. Hist. 394. /
P. n. 572. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 246.

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Vinca. 339

Clematis. Cower. Epit. 694./.

C. (laphnoides. Dod. Pempt. 405./. Lob. Ic. 635./.

In busily places, and about hedges and banks, but rare.

By Iloniiigham church, Norfolk, on a bank facing the south, plen-
tifully ■ also in several lanes in that parisli, undoubtedly wild.
Mr. Crowe. Abundant at Raleigh, Essex. Rev. U. B. Frartci
Near Rippon, Yorkshire. Rev. James Dalton.

Perennial. May.

Root creeping. Herb very smooth. Stems round, trailing j the
flowering branches simple, leafy, erect. Leaves dark shining
green, on short stalks, opposite, without stipulas. Fl. solitary,
an inch wide, of a fine violet blue. Fruit scarcely seen in En-
gland. There is a white-flowered variety in gardens, having va-
riegated leaves; and another witli double, more purple Jiowers,
well figured and described in Corner. Epit. 695.

2. V. 7najor. Greater Periwinkle.

Stems ascending. Leaves ovate, fringed. Flowers stalked.

Segments of the calyx bristle-shaped, elongated.
V. major. Linn. Sp. PI. 304. mild. v. 1. 1233. Fl. Br. 2/0. Engl.

Bot.v.S.f.5\4. Curt. Lond.fasc.4.t.l9. Hook. Scot. S2. Ehrh.

Arb.\\2.
Pervinca n . 5 73 . Hall. Hist. v.\.246.
P. vulgaris latifolia, flore caeruleo. Garid. Prov. t.S\.
Clematis. Matth. Falgr.v.2. SO.i.f.
C. daphnoides major. Bauh. Pin. 302. Raii Sijn. 268. Ger. Em.

894./ Dod. Pempt. 406./,
C. sive Pervinca major. Lob. Ic. 636./

In thickets and groves, especially on a wet soil.

Perennial. Mo?/.

Nearly t\yice as large, in every part, as the former. Stems branched,
ascending while in flower; afterwards procumbent, and taking
root near the extremity. Leaves fringed with short rigid hairs.
Fl. of a lighter blue. Cat. very narrow, mostly fringed witli
coarse hairs. Follicles unequal, filled with several large whitish
seeds, one above another.

22

ERRATA IN VOL. I.

,. 26. /. 8— read Ger. Em. 612. f.
49. /. 7 from the bottom, read Calamarice.
56. I. 21 — read equiseti.
60. /. 3 from the bottom, for (i read y- .
75. /. 9 — remove the /3 to the line immediately above.
188. after line 5, insert

A. verna. Dalech. Hist. 1234./.
198. l. 5--for Hist, read Herb.
225— last line, read Bufonia tenuifolia.

I N D E X

OF THE

NATURAL ORDERS
IN VOL I.

Aggregate page 4'2, 44, 192-
197, r.24

Alismacc-e 228

Amaranthi 335

Apocineae 338

Aralite 334

Aroidece 4, 31

Asperifoliae l;'47-269

Atriplices 2

Berberideae 219

Berberides 2.9

Bicornes 282

Boragineae 247-269

Cacti 330

'Calamariae '35, 49-70

Calycaiithemae 15, 336

Canipanaceae 283-298, 300

Campanijlaccae 28'"-298

Cnpntoiia 220, 324

CaryopbyllecE . . 187-1^9, 225,
238, 240, 212

Characeae 6

Chenopodese 2

Cisti . 300

Contorta? 338

Convolvidi 238

Cory dales 27, 29, 219, 298

Cyperaceifi y>^')

Cyperoidece 35, 49-70

I)ipsace<e .... 42, 44, 192-197

Diunosee 226, 327-329

Kla:agni oZ7

Ensatae page 46-49

Fluviales 4

Gentianae 211,271, 319

Gcntianea; 2! I

Gerania 298

Gramina 37, 39, 71-186

Gramineas 37, 71-1^6

Grossulariai 330

Gruinales 242

Haloragese 4, 9

Hederacese 334

Holeraccae 2,335

Hydrocharideae 31

Illecebrcce 335

Inundat£e 4, 6, 9, 22S, 237

Irides 46-^49

Jasmineas 13

LabiatcT^ 33, 34

Lentibularije 27, 29

Linei^ 242

Lurids 27, 307-318

Lysimachis . . 27, 29, 216, 269,
276-2b2, 323

INliscellaneac 31

Naiades . . 4, 6, 9, 31, 228, 237

Oleinje 13

OnagriE 15

Pediculares IG

Personat:r id

Piperitiis 4

Pistiaceae 31

Plantagincje '213

342

INDEX OF NATURAL ORDERS.

Plantagines page 21 S

Polemonia 286

Pomaces 330

Portulace^ 186

Precise 269-273, 276-282, 323
PrimulacesE 269-273, 276-282

Rhamni 226, 327-329

Rhododendra 282

Rosaceje 217,223

Rotacex 211,216, 319

RubiacesE 196-201

Salicarise 336

Santalaceas 337

Scabridx page 222

Scrophularinae 16

Sempervivae 241

Sentlcoss 217,223

Sepiarige 13

Solanece 307-318

Slellata^ 196-201,220

Succulentse 186, 24'1

Urticc€ 222

Valerianese 4-2-45

Vepreculae 337

Vcrticillatce 33-35

Violace^e 300

INDEX

OF THE

LATIN OR ITALIAN NAMES

IN VOL. I.

The si/nont/ins, as ivell as the names of plants incidentally mentioned, are in Italics,
those of the genera in capitals.

Acorum P^ge 49

Acorus 4-9

jEgilops bromoides ] 63

incurvata 176

major, cattle et foliis

ariind'maceis:, locustis gla-
brioribus et angustioribus,
ejiisco xerampelinis .... 156

quibusdam, aristis re-

curvis, sen Avena pilosa 163

Agrifblium 227

AGkOSTIS 39, 88-94

A. alba 93

— alpina 9 J , 94

— aristata 93

— auslralis 87

— canina 90

— canina 91, 92

— capillaris 92, 93

— coardata 94

— J'asciadaris 90

— hispida 91

— linearis 9.5

— littoralis 86

— minima 84

— miitabilis 93

— paliisfris 93

— paijicea 8.5

— polymorpha 92, 93

A. pumila ppge 92

— rubra 87

— riipcstris 91, 94

— sotacea 91

— Spica venti 89

— stolonifera 92, 93

— stricta 90

— sijlvadca 93

— tenuifolia 90

— tenuis 92

— triaristata 85

— ventricosa 87

— vinealis 90

— vulgaris 91

— vulgaris 92

AIRA . 40, 100-107

A. alpina 103

— aquatica 101

— aquatica 118

— ccerulea 113

— caespitosa 102

— canescens 105

— caryophyllea 106

— cristata 101

— flcxuosa 104

— Iccvigata 103

— montana •'...., 104

— praecox 105

— scabro-setacea 104

3U

INDEX or LATIN NAMES.

Aim setacea page lOl

ALCHEMILLA 191,223-225
A. alpina 224-

— Aphartc^ 224

— arvensis 224

— minor '^^23

— vulgaris 223

Al^a J

Alisma sylvarum 270

Alnus nigra, sive Frcuigida 328
ALOPECUUUS . . 39, 79-83
A. agrestis 80

— alpinus 80

— altera maxima anglica,

paludosa 85

— aristatus 85

— bulbosus 81

— bulbosus 75, 82

... 83
... 82
... 83
... 167
... 85

— fulvus . . . .

— geniculatus

— geniculatus

— genuina

— maxima anglica ....

— monspeliensis 85

— myosuroides 81

— ovatus SO

— pariiceus 82

— pratensis 79

— ventricosus 87

Alsine 188, 239

aquaticapcren n is,Joliis

324

10

S36
2t

9.T

becabungcs .
— aquis innatans, Jbliis

longiuscidis

bifolia, fructu corian-

dri^ radice geniculata . .

Jbliis trissaginis ....

veronicce

hederacea 25

media 24

'. myosotis anthomelinos 253

— — palustris minima^ Jlos-

culis albisy Jructu corian-

dri exiguo 217

— parva palustris tricoc-

cos, portulacce aquaticce

similis 187

polygonoidcs tenuifo-

nem caulis velat in spicam
dispositis nostra. . . . page 226

Alsine pusillagramineayjlore
tetrapetalo 2S9

' auartum <renus 25

recta .
verna

glabra.

26
188
241

Ahine/brmis paludosa tri-
carpos, Jlosculis aihis ina-

pertis ;

Alsinella Jbliis caryophylleis

muscoso Jlore repens

Alysson germanicum echioi-

187
241

239

266
25

conspicuo . . .
ANAGALLIS

lia,Jlosculis ad longitudi-

des.
Alyssum

Amara didcis 318

Anagallidastrum exiguuni,
Joliis lanceolatis alternisy
flore albo fugaci et vix

^ ■ ^ ^ 217

244, 279-282

Anagallis 21

A. aquatica 249

— . rotundijolia 323

tertia 524

— arvensis 2e0

— arvensis 281

— casrulea 280

—favo Jlore 278

— fcemina 28 1

— lutea 278

— mas 280

— paludosa minima, Joliis
rotundis alternatis 217

— pumila 217

— tenella 281

ANCHUSA .... 244, 257-259

arvensis 267

degener, facie Milii

Solis ^55

lutea 253

officinalis 258

panicidata 258

repens i lithospermi Ja~

cie, Jloribus ccerideis, se-
cimdian Jolia proi'uynpen^

tibus 256

sempervirens 25U

INDEX OF LATIN NAMKS.

Sio

Anchusa tincioria .... page 258

Anonymos altera 283

fruticosa, foliis ericcc

Imccifcrci'Motthioli .. '■2^?>

ANTMOXAN'rilUM 12, liT

A. odoratum ol

Antliyllis ahincfolia poly fro-

noides major 189

marina incana alsinc-

folia 1^9

Aparinc... 199, 210

aqui!^ innatans Terevi-

31
205

Sana, foliis Pcrccpier, ca-

preolis donata

coriandri scmine ....

Joliis hrcvioribus ct se^

mine Iceviore 205

.... 266
.... 209

major Plinii. .

minima

minor saxatilis,

verrii •

2C5
202

coso semine

. pal list r is minor pari-

siensisy/lore albo

- — . — semine coriandri sac-

charati 205

— semine Icevi 205

IcEviore 2^)5

vulgaris, semine minori 206

Aphanes arvensis 224'

Aqui folium 226, 227

Areiia 272

ARUNDO 41, 168-172

Arundo W.)

A. arenaria 171

— arenaria 177

.... 170
.... 169
.... 71'
.... 169
.... 170
.... 171
.... 16S
168
.... 171

— Calaniagrostis

— Calamagroslis

— colorata

— cpigejos

— cpigejos

, — ncglecta

— palustris

— Phragmites

— stricta

— xallaioria lf>"^

. — vulgaris 168

ASPliliUGO . . 241, 265, 266
A. proQuiuben? 265

. — spuria

266

Asperugo'vulgaris .... page 2o5
ASFEUULA .. 190, 197, 198

Aspcrula 1 98

A. cynanchica 198

— Jlore cameo, acuto folio 197

— odorata 1 97

ATllOPA 24-5, 316, 317

A. Belladonna 316

AVENA 41, 162-167

Jir;m..89, 90,102, 104, 105-

1C8, 155

A. olpina \G'>

— bromoides 1 65

— elaiior 1C8

— fatua 162

— flavescens 166

— nodosa 109

— pilosa 163

— planicidmis 165

— pratensis 164

— pubescens 164

— sesquitertia 164

— strigosa 163

AZALEA 245, 282, 2S3

A. procLiiubens 2^2

Balsamina 298

B. lutea polonica 299

sivc Noli-me-tan-

gere 299

Beccabunga 21

Belladonna 316

Blattaria 307

Bfloreamplo 312

luteo 312

— lutea 312

— mngnofore 312

— Ptinii 312

BORA GO .... 244, 264, 265

Borago 264

B. hortensis 264

— minor sylvcstris 266

— officinalis 2' "4

— scmpcrvirens 259

Brassica marina 285

BRIZA 40, 132-134

B. aspera 133

— maxima 168

— media 133

— uiinoi , 132

316

INDEX or LATIN NAMES.

BROMUS . . page 11, ]50_161

B. agrestis 157

— arvensis 156

— arvensis 154;

— asper 158

— ciliatus 160

— cristatus 184?

— diandrus 160

— erectus 157

— giganteus 1 44?

— glomeratus 1 34

— gracilis 149

— grandijlorus 159

— gynandrus 160

— hirsutus 158

— hordeaceus 153

— inermis 1 59

— littoreus 148

— madritensis 160

— mollis 153

— montanus 158

— rnidtiflorus 152, 156

— muralis 16)

— nemoralis 158

— nemorosus 158

— perennis 157

— pinnatus 149, 150

— polymorphus 151, 153

— pratensis 1 54

— racemosus 154

— ramosus 158

■ — secalinus 151

— spiculi-tenuata 1 56

— squarrosus 155

— sterilis 159

— sylvaticus 1 49

— trijlorus 144

— velutinus 152

— versicolor 1 56

• — verticillatus 156

— vitiosus 151

Buccaferrea maritima .... 237

BUFFONIA .. 191, 225, 226

B. tcnuifolia 225

Bufonia teyiuifolia 225

Biiglossa 258

B. major 258

— sylvestris 26 S

-- mi)wr 267

Biiglossa urhana .... page 264

Buglossiim 257, 258

B. arvense annuiim litho-
spermi folio 255

— dulce, ex insulis Lancas-
trian 257

— Jblio borragi?iis hispani-
cian 259

— latifolium semper virens 259

— semper virens 259

— sive Borrago 264

dulcis mellita

Lancastriensis

Cala?nao;roslis arenaria .

epigejos

lanceolata

957
171
... 170'
169, 170

minory glumis ruffis et

viridihus 170

CALLITRICHE .... 1, 9-11

aquatica 10

— ' — autumnalis 10

verna 10

Calystegia 283

sepium 285

Cameraria arvensis et minor 187
CAMPANULA 246, 287-294
C. alpina rotinidifolia minor 288

— arvensis erecta 293

— ccespitosa 288

— Cervicaria dicta 292

— cymhalaricejoliis 294

— esculentcB Jacie, ramis et
Jloribus patulis 289

— Jblio hederaceo 294

— glomerata 292

— hederacea 293

— hortensis, Rapunculi ra-
dice repente 291

— hybiida 293

— latifolia 290

— maxima, Jbliis latissimis 299

— media

— minor alba sive purpurea
alpina, rotundiori-

bus iinisfoliis

rotu7idiJolia vulga'

ris

— parva Anguiltarce Canta-

brica 288

.290
289

2r8

288

INDEX

Campanula patula . . page

— persicitolia

— pratensis, Jlorc conglome.

rato

— pulchra

— pumila

— pusilla

— rapunculoides

— Rapiinculus

— repots, Jlore minore ov-
ruteo

— rotundifolia

— sylvestris minima

— Trachelium

— Trachelium

— unijiora

— vulgatior, J7)liis urticce^
vel major et asperior ....

Caprifolium 324,

germanicum

italiciim. &c

)ion pirJolialnm,foliis

si?iuosis et variegatis ....

Carduusfidionum

Car ex are n aria

idiginosa

Carpimis Theophrasti ....

CaryophyUiis arvensis glaber
viinimus

■ ■ - holosfeus arvensis. . . .

Cauda equina fie mina ....

vulpis monspcUiensium

Cenchrus capitaius

Centaurium minus .... 319,

— — palustre ramosis-

simutn, Jlore purpurea . .

palustre luleum mini-
mum nostras

parvum

CENTUNCULUS 190,216

Centunculus

C. minimus

Cerastium umbcllatum ...

Cerinthe

C. maritima procumbensyjb'
His etjloribus ccerideis . .

Cervicaria major

Cervispina

Clic€lospora

Ol I,ATIN iNAMES.

347

288
290

292
291
288
288
291
289

291

287
288
292
291
288

292
326
326
325

326

192

172

59

328

iC6
188
A-
86
115
320

322

2J2
320

217
217
217
188
248

256

292

328

19

Chama'cerasus du)nctoruni,

frueiu gemino rubra page 326

Cha nuccistus serpyllifolius . . 283

Septimus 283

Chama-drys 23

Chamcelinum gramineo^ sen

acuta, folio. 241

vulgare 21-3

Chamccpericlymenum 221

Chamcerhododendros ferrn-
ginea supina, thy mi folio,

alpina 283

Chamagrostis 83

minima St

CHARA 1, 6-9

C. flexilis 7

— gracilis 8

— hispida 7

— incrmis pellucida 7

— major, caulibus spinosis 7
subci ncreajragilis 7

— minor, caulibus et Joliis
nuissimis 9

Chara nidifica 8

tomentosa 7

translucens 8

translucens major Jlex-

dis 8

minor Jlexilis . . 7

vulgaris 6

— ■■ — vulgaris Jceli da .... 6

Chionajithus 14

Chironia 319

Ch. Centaurium 320-322

— littoralis 320

— pulchella .320, 322

— ramosissima 322

CIUCiEA 12, 15, 16

C. alpina 16

omnium minima . . 16

— intermedia 16

— lutetiana l.S

— minima 16

CLADIUM 12,35, 36

C. germanicum '^(y

— Mariscus 36

ClematiK 339

daphnoidcs 3: 9

major 339

!4S

INDEX OF LATIN NAM£S.

Clematis sive pervinca ma-
jor page

Colchiciim commune

Consolida major

CONVOLV ULUS 245,283

C aiigustissimo Jolin nostras

cum auriculis

— arvensis

— arvcnsis minimus

— flore minima ad unguem
fere secto

— major

— maritimus, Soldanelladic-
tus

— minor vulgaris

— sepium

— Soldanella

Corchorus

Cornu cervinum

CORNUS ic;0, 220-

Jcemina

herbacea

« pumila herbacea, Cha-

mcepericli/meuum dicta . .

' sanguinea

. Suecica

Coronopus 213, 215,

Corrigiola

Crassulajvliis sessilibus con^
natis, Jioribus aggregatis
infoliorum alts

(U'ocum

CilGCUS 38, 46

Crocus

C autumnalis

— montanus autumnalis . .

— nudiflorus

' — officinalis

— sativus

— sativus

— speciosus

— sijlvestris autumnalis . .

— vernalis cccruleus

— vernus

— vernus

•^ Jlore purpureo . . . .

Cruciata

CYCLAMEN 245,

C. eurnpccuni.

339

47

263

285

284

284
284

284
285

276

284
284
285
298
216
-222
221
221

221
22!
221
216
335

242

46

,^7

46

46

47

47

46

46

46

47

47

47

46

48

47

199

273

273

Cijclamcn hederce folio page 273

C. hecierifolium 273

CYNODON 59,94,95

C. Dactylon 95

Cyyioglossa folio virente . . 260
C. media alter a, virentef olio y
ruhrojlore, montana, fri-
gidarum j-egionum 263

— minor 249

— topiaria forte Plinii. . . . 266
CYNOGLOSSUM. . 244, 259-

261

Cynoglossum 260

C. majus vulgare 2C0

— ofhcinale 260

— officinale 260

— procumbcns glaucophyl-
lon maritimum nostras,

jioribus purpuro-ccBruleis,
semine Icevi '^56

— sylvaticum 260

— vulgare 2(:0

CYNOSUllUS .. 41, 136-138

ccerulcus 114

cfistatus , , . . 137

echinatus 1 37

elegans 138

paniceus 85

CYPERUS 38, 53,54

C. acicularis 6!)

— fuscus 54

— gramineus 62

miliaceus 62

— longus 53

inodorus sylvestris 36

— ^ odoratus 53

— minimus, panicidd sparsd
nigricante 54

— minor angustfolius palu-
stris, capitulis fuscis pa-
leaceis 52

jpalustris hirsutus,

paniculis albis paleaceis . . 52

. pulcher, paniculd

comp^essd nigricante .... 54

— nigricans 51

— odoratus, radice longd . . 53
DACTYLIS .... 40, 131, 135

D. njnosuroides Vd5

INDEX or LATIN' NAMES.

340

page

313.

Dnrtylls glomerata . .

— stricta

J^arithnnin

DATUIIA .... 2t5

D. Strainonium

DKiITARIA :9, 9G,

Digitaria

1). saiigiiinalia

— st<)lo)ii/t'ra

DIPSACUS 19:), 192-

D alljus

— fuUonum

— fullonum

— minoj'f sive Virga pas-
toris

— pilosus

— jmrpiireus

— sativus

— sylvestris

capitido minore . .

Dortmanna lacustris, Jloii-

bus sparsis pendidis ....
Draba Jiore ccendeo, galea-

to

Echioides 266,

/lore albo

Echion

ECHIUM 244, 267-

Echium

altera species

alfenim, sive Ly cops is

anglica

italicnm

marivAim

planlagineum

scorpioides i}iinus,Jlos-

\\\5

,';i4.

311.

97

91-

96

95

■194-

192

192

193

193

193
193
192
193
192

culis luteis

palustre • • • .

violaceum

vulgare

ELE0CHAUIS....3S,

62

E. acicularis

— multicaulis

— paliistris

ELYMUS 41, 176

Elymus

E. arenarius '

— arenarius

— cauituis

297

298
7
255
267
■269
268
268

268
269
'256
269

253

249

268

268

^-()5

64

61-

63

178

177

177

183

184

F.lymn,? europaeus
— gcniciilatus • • •

page

178
177

EP1MHD1U:VI..19:), 219, 22)

Epiiiii-diii))i 22')

E. alpinuni 220

pinnalmn 220

Esquisetum fcetidiuii, sub

aqua repens 6

))7ajus subcinereum, a-

quis iinmersum 7

minus sub aqua repens,

ad genicula poliji^permon
palustre, linariiC sco-

pari(F folio
EKIOPilORUM .. 38, 65-70

E. alpiiium 67

— angListi folium 69

— august ifolium 6S

— ccespitosum 66

— capitatum 66

— gracile 69

— lati folium 67

— po]3'stachion 67

— polijstachion 69

— pubescens 6->

— Scheuchzeri 65

— triquetruvi 69

— vaginatmn

6i

— Vadlantii 6^>

ERYTHKiEA . . 245, 319-:/J2

— Centaurium ^2 )

— latifolia 321

— littoralis 320

— pulchella S22

EUONYMUS 246, 329

Euonijrnus 329

E. europneiis 329

— Theophrasti 329

— vuharis 329

EXACUM

19;\ 211, 212

E. filiforme 212

FEDIA 38, 44, 45

F. dentata 45

— olitoria 15

FESTUCA 10, 133-150

Fesluca 101, 1»4

F. arundinacea 148

— avenacca hirsuta, pani-
culis minus sparsjs 153

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

Fest. aven. spicis habitioribus

glumis gtabris .... page
sjjicis sti'igosioribus,

e gliimis glabris compactis
sterilis elatior, seu

Bromos Dioscoridis ....
steril. elat. spicis

aristatis in gyrum con-

tortis

■ — ster. humillima, spi-

ca unam ^jar^ewz spectante

— ster. panicidis con-

Jertis erectioribiis, aristis

brevioribns

— ster. pedicidis bre-

vioribus et sjncis erectis . .
' — I ster. sjncis erectis, .

— bromoides

— ccesia

— calamaria

— cambrica

— decidua

— decumbens

— duynetorum

— duriuscula

• — duriuscula 139,

■ — elatior

- — elatior

= — elatior, paniculis minus
spaj-siSi locustis oblongis
strigosis aristatis purpu-
reis splendentibus

• — elongata

— Jluitans 116,

— gigantea

— glabra

— glauca

— gracilis

— gramiiiea, effusajuba . .

glumis glabris. . . .

gl. kirsutis

vacuis

151
151<
159

heterophylla
loliacea. . . .
7nadritensis
Myurus . .
nemorum. . .

ovina . .

oviiia 139,

114 i
141

160

160
157
142
139
145
142
146
131
141
141
142
148
147

l:6

147
147
144
142
142
149
\56
151
152
155
141
146
160
143
141
139
140

141

139

152
149
146
139
144

Fcstuca pinnata P^ge 150

— jnnnata 149

— pratensis 147

— 7'epens 142

— rubra

— rubra

— spicis habitioribus, glumis
incanis

— sylvatica

— sylvatica

— tenuijblia

— trifiora

— uniglumis 143

— vivipara 140

Fontalis media lucens .... 230

Fontilapathum p)usillum . . 233

Fontinalis lucens major. . . . 230

Francrula S27, 328

FRAXINUS 12, 13-15

Fraxinus .- 14

F. excelsior 14

— excelsior 15

— heterophylla 14

— simplicifolia 15

Fucus feridaceus 237

GALIUM .... 190, 199-210

Galium 208

G. album linifolium 2C4

— alh.supinum muUicaule. . 206

— anglicum 209

— Aparine 210

— aristatum 203

— austriacum 203, 207

— boreale 209

— cinereum „ . . . 203

— Cruciata 199

— cruciatum 199

— difusum 203

— divaricatu7n 2C9

— erectum 202

— Joliis pluribus lanceolatis

pedunculis in summo caule

fioriferis 204

— fol. senis et novenis sub-

asperis spinuld terminatis 206

— glaucum 207

201

209

— narcynicum

— litisiosum . .

— Inteum

208

NDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

351

Galium Matrisijlva . . page 198

— INIollugo 208

*— inontamun 2(:0, 201

latifolium crucia-

turn 198

— obliquum 206

— palustre 199

— parisiensc 209

— procumbeiis 201

— pusillum 2C6

— pusillum 207

— saxatile 201

— scabrum 206, 208

— spurium 206

— spurium 205

— tricorne 205

— tricorne SOi

— uliginosum 201

— verrucosum 2.)1'

— verum 208

— Wither! ngii 2 )0

Gentiana Centaimum. . 320,

collina

filiformis

pulcliella . , „

Gladiolus lacustris

jmlustris

GLAUX 246, 326,

322
293
212
322
297
297
337

G, maritima 336

GLYCERIA.. .. 40, 115-120
G. aquatica 1 16

— distans 118

— fluitans 116

— maritima 118

— procLimbens 119

— rigida 1 i9

Gramen agrorum^ venti spied 89

alopecurinum minus. . 81

alopecuro accedens, ex

culmi geniculis spicas cum
petiolis longiusculis pro-
mens

alopecuro simile gla-

brum, cum pilis longius-
culis in spied 79

alopecuroides majus . . 79

88

spica aspera. . . .
spica tonga ir-

\^S

SI

Gramen alopccuros minus,
spied longiore page 86

spica rotundiore 1 67

alrweeurum fluviatile

gcnicutalum proeumbens . . 82

majusy spied vi-

rcsccnt e divulsd , pilis longi-
oribus B>i>

— minus, spied vi-

rescente divulsd 85

mollc) spied in-

cand 1 67

alpinum latifolium, pa-

jiieuld laxd Jbliaeed, Sfc. 122

_ — nemorosum pani'

cidaium, foliis angustissi-
mis, locustis splendeniibus

arisiatis 104

panicidatum ma-

jus, paniculd speeiosd va-

pan. minus, pa-

J 22

nicidd spadieeo-viridi, ele-

gans 123

p>atense, pani-
culd duriore laxd sjjadi-
ccd, locustis majoribus . . 1 42
aquatieum cyperoides

61

116

vulgatius

fluitans muliiplici

spied

geniculatum spi-

catum 82

. majus 116

paniculatum,pha-

laridis semine 74

'• spieatum 82

■ arundinaecum, accrosd

glumd 74

aquatieum, pani-
culd avenaced 148

I cnodc minus si/l-

\ vaticum .••.•.• ^ ^'^

' Jbliis acutissimis,

paniculd multipliei, cyperi

facie ; G2

I ■ paniculd molli

! spadiced majus 1 69

panieulatnmmon-

332

INDEX OI" LATIN' NAMKS.

ianiun paniculd spadiceo-
viridiy sem'me pajjposo p.

Grameri aspernm

avenaceum alpinumgla-

170
134-

brum angusti folium, locus-
tis aristatis, in spicain dis-

positis 165

angustifolium al-

pinuin, spicatd panicula,
ex purpureo viridi et ar-
gent eo variegatd 165

dumetorumy jja-

7iiculd sparsd 158

dumet. panicula.

158
149

109

turn majus hi7'sutum

dumet. spicatum
elaiiusjubdlongd

splendente

elat. radice tuber-

culis prceditd 1 09

glabrum, pani-
culd e spicis raris strigosis
compositd, aristis tenuissi-

mis .

glabr. paniculd

pmpuro-argented splen-
dente

hirsutum

annU'

cras-
ari-

um, paniculd ampliore ma
gisque sparsd^ locust is
sioribus glabris et

statis

locustis majoribus

squamatis, segetale majus

locust, rarioribus

locust. rubris.mon-

tanum

locust. villosisan-

144.

157

151
ll'i

113

orustis candicantibus et ari-

o

statis

153
165

143

montayiurn, spica

simplici aristis recurvis . .

murorum, spied

longissimd

nemorense, glu-

mis rarioribus ex fusco

xerampelinis 112

paniculd Jlave-

uejitCy locustis pa wis, ... 166

Gramen aven. pan. sparsd,
locustis majoribus et ari-
statis page

jmniculatum aU

pinum, Jbliis capillaceis

159

brevibus, locustis purpu-
reo-argenteis splendentibus
et aristatis 104

parvum procum-

bens, paniculis non ay-is-

tatis 131

pratense elatiusy

paniculd Jlavescente, locus-
tis parvis 166

■ ■ p7'at. glumd te-

nuiore glabra 154

septimum, seu

glabrum, (potiiis hirsu-
tum) jjaniculd purpuro-
argented splendente ....

uiriculis lanugine

Jlavescentibus 163

bromoides aquaticum

latifolium, jKiJiiculd sparsd
tenuissime aristatd 144

pianiculd hetero-

malld, longioribus aristis
donatd 142

• pan. sparsd, lo-

164

custis minoribus aristatis
paniculatum, Jb-

liis et culmo villosis

pratense, Jbliis

145

157

pr deter culmum angustissi"
mis, rard lanugine villosis 157

pumihim, locustis

ei-ectis majoribus aristatis i60

bulbosum nodosum . . 109

Canarium alterum . . 95

• caninum aristatum, ra-

dice non repente, sylvati-

cum 1 84

arvense,sive Gra-
meri Dioscoridis 183

canin. arvense, sive

primum 183

marinum alterum 182

maritimum pani-

culatum US

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

?53

Gramen canimim mariti-
mum, spied foliaced page

nodosum

non repcns ela-

tiuSy spica aristata

■paniculntum molle

rej^ens vulgatius

supinum

sup. minus ....

capillaceumy locustellis

pennatis non aristatis . .

cristatum

cyperoides miliaceum

panicula sparsa

majus.

iJiemum

palustre leucan-

palust. panicula

sparsd

• — spicdsimplici com-

pressd distichd

dactiloides, radice re-

pente

D act yl on y folio arun-

dinaceo, majus et minus. .

fo)l. latiore ....

radice repente,

sive ojjicinarum

Dioscoridis

exUe durius, Norvcgi-

cum aut Danicum

duriusculum, in

182
109

181.

108

183

93

93

139

137

62

61

52

61

59

95

95
96

95

183

105
muris et aridis provcniens 120

duriusc. mai'iti-

rtjum, foliolis circumvolu-
lis, veluti Junceis, hrevibus
-fostuceum majus, locus-

tis crassislanuQ-inosis, ari^
si IS rccurvis lontrissimis. .

myurum^ minori

spied hcteromalld

— fdiccu m rigidiusculum
— Jluviatik

album

spicatum

foliis junceis oblong is,

radice nlbd

foliolis junceis brevilms

majus, radice nigrd ....
VOL. I.

185

\5o

143

120

117

82

82

105
139

Gramen foliol. junc. brev,

minus page

o-enicidatum

glum is variis.

harundinaceum

hordeaceum a mariti-

mis pumilum

minus et vulmre

o

montanum, spied

strigosiori breviiis aristatd

junceum

clavaium mini-
mum

Icucanthemum . .

juncoides lanaium al-

terum danicum

loliaceum, ajigustiore

folio et spied

angust. fool, et

sp. varietas

alpinum spic. ex-

iliy rai-ioribus locustis . .

corniculatum. . . .

comic, lat folium y

spicis teretiusculis angustis
et glabris

exile durius. . . .
Jluviatile spica

longissimd divisa

foolioUs brevihus

junceis minus

locustis longis ari-
statis

maritimum biun-

dale

marit. scoypioides

Slier ardi

marit. spicis gra-

cilibus articulatis recurvis

multiplici spicatd

panicula

— — murorum durius-
culum y spica erect a rigid a

paniculd multi-
plici et spicatd

paniculatum , .

radice repente

&c , aristis longioribus
donatum

139
98

114
89

181
179

178
105

56
52

173

173

154
150

149

185

117

139

157

185

176

176

173

1^0

147
173

185

2 a

INDEX or LATIN NAMES.

Gj-amen loliacru'V, spica di
visa pratense majas page 148

. — spica lata e plu-

riniis spiels chiplici versu
dense disposiiis, const ante 173

spicii longiore . . 1 74-

spicis bi'cvibus et

laiioribus compressis .... 173

temiissimuin, iin-

ciale ant biunciale 84-

hizidce accede us p;Ia-

brum, in jmlustribus jvo-
veuiens, panicuhiium .... 52

manncB esculent um pru-

ienicum

]Slari(V Borussonim. .

maritimum paniculis

Gramen montanum avena-
ccHviy locustis midicis tu
mentibusy pilosum . . pa^^e

miliaceum minus,

r ad ice repente

■ muiorumj spica longii,-
sima

myosuroides majus^

spied longiore y aristis rcc-

1 1

93
U3

tis

117
111

asperis cristatis 119

spied loUacea,fo-

liis pungent ibus, nosti'as. . 182
— miliaceum aristatiim

molle .. .. 108

locustis minimis,

minus, spica bre-

viore, aristis recurvis. ... 81
nodosum »1

myurum, spica molli

candicante villosu. 79

nemorosum, paniculis

albis, capillaceo folio .... lO^

nodosum, avenaced pa-

nicula 10)

spica parva

paniculafcre arundinacea

majus, glumis

aristatis, spadiceis et pal-

lidis

maj. panicula

92

89

— palustre panicidatum
altissimum

paniceum serotinum,

sjnca laxa pyramidal i . .
spica aspera .

spica aspera

la^

spadiced; 2iUo panicula vi-

ridi 93

maritimum molle 105

pratense molle . . 1 07

tiore

spied divisd. . . .

spica siwplici as-

, segelale majus . .

sylvestre, glumis

ohlon^is

vulgar e

rdinimum

— album

anodo-britanni-

cum

102

93

87

127

84-

palustre, panicida

spadicea delicatd, tenuifo
Hum, semine exiguo ro-

iundo

panicidis elegan-

iissimis ,• • • • :

spica brevi habi-

tiore nostrum lOG

minus duriusculum .. 120

perd

spic. simpl. Icrvi

panici cffigie, spied

siwplici

paniculd multiplici ma-

116

88
98

138
1(0

98
99

£9

120

92

84<

jus

ptaniculatum angustifo-

Hum alpinum, locustis ra-
rioribus et angustioribus,
110)1 aristatis 1 JTO

angustif. monta -

num, paniculd densd, lo-
custis parvis muticis ....

aquatic2im latfo

Hum

aguaticum mUia-

ceum

autumnale, pani

culd ampliore, e viridi ni-
g-ricante

128
116
102

113

NDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

355

Gramen panicidatum bro'
moides viinuSy paiiiculis
aristaiis, luiam jjarte^u
spectantibus page

el alius, spicis

longis midicis squamosis. .

— locustis parvis

piirpiu-o-argoiteis majus

142
147

ct percnnc

— viarit. vulgatissimiim

minimum moUe

nemorosum laii-

104-

118
1C6

folium glahrum, paniculd
7iuia)ite, lion aristatd ....

nemor. latiorejb-

lioy glabrum, paniadd nu-
tante, non aristatd

palustre prccal-

turn exde,jKi}iiculd arundi-
naced

jmrpuro-argcn-

ieum, locustis parvis, an-
nuum .

radice repejite,

cidmo compresso

spaHeum alpi-

num, paniculd angustd,
spadiceo-viridi , prol iferum

• supinum, ad inji-

ma culmorum geniculajb'
Uorum cajjillariujn Jasci-
culis donatum

parvum marimim, sjn-

cd toliacea

montanum, spied

crassiore ^;« jpu ro ■ ccvrulea
brcvi

prcccox, spied laxd

canesceide

■ pJialaroides majtis ace-

rosum, nuiante spica ....

prat en sc cristatiim . .

rninimuvi album

minus

minus, scu vulga-

tissimum

jyanicula duriorc

I ax a, unam partem spcc-
tante

146

14S

169

1C6
121

140

9J
176

114
1C6

\5r>

lb7
127
126

127

141 '

2 a

Gramen pratense panicula-
tmn majus page

" panic, maj. an-

gustiorcj'olio

'paniculatum me-
dium 121,

paniculatum mi-
nus

■ panic, molle. . . .

serotinum, jjani-

culci longa jjurpurascenie

pumilum hirsutum, spi-
ca purpurco-a rgentcd main

• repens, cum ptanicula

graminis manna;

secal ilium

et Secale sylvesire

■ majus sylvaticum

maritimum glau-

cijolium, spicis brcvioribus

jjalustre et mari-
timum

jyratense clatius

vulgatissimum vi-

a7'um

scfretale

scp^etum altissimum

2m-

niculd sparsd ....
pajiiculd arundi-

naced

serotinum ai'vense, pa-

nicidd contractd pyrami-

dali .'

spartcum, capillaceojb-

lio, minimum

capill. folio minus

juncijhliuv.i ....

longd et spicatd

pajiiculd lolii lUricidis.Jcs-
tuccc potius, majus

montanum, spied

Jbliaced gramined, majus
ct minus

spicatmn, foliis

mucronatis longioHbns, xrl
spied sccalind

spied brizcc majus. . . .

eristatd, subhir-

sutum

124

126

i25

127
107

113

101

95
180
179

178

181

]81
180

179

102

89
102

88

84
70
70

157

u:)

171
150

101

S5G INDEX

Gramen sjncd triticea com-
pactd, aris/is longiori-
bus "page 184<

— trit. rcpens vul-

gare, caninum dictum . . 183

I trit. rep, vidgarc,

cum spied aristatd 1 83

spicatum, folio aspero 131'

. saxatile gJabrum

jjerenne, spied cylindraced
Tufescente longdi loeusfis
aciitis ciliiijistar pilosis . . 78

secaliniun mariti-

7Jiiim, glaucifoliiim^ spicis
brevioribus 181

— seccd. marit. maxi-
mum y spied longio7-e .... 171

■ seeal. minus .... 180

spied eylindraced,

tenuissimd, lonpiore .... 81

tomeniosum, Ion-

gissimis aristis donatum . . ]67

sylvatieum glabriim.,

jjnniculd recurxvi 144

— ■ paniadd miliaced

sparsd 87

tomentosum prate)7se,

panieuld sparsd 68

" tremutwm 1 S3

majus 1 33

minus S)'e 133

' ■ Vidgare minus 8^c. 133

triticum pnlustre hu-

milius spied midied bre-
viore 131

' sjned latiore eom-

paetd 1 81<

typhinum majus, seu

primiim 75

— maritimum minus 7 8

minus 75

— phalaroides-, pilo-

sd spied, aquatieum bulbo-
sum 81

— — typhoides alpinum, spi-
ed brevi densd et veluti vil-
losd 76

alp. spied graci-

liori delicatd et villosd . . 78

OF LATIN NAMES.

Gramen typhoides maximum,

spied longissimd . . . . page

medium,, sive vul-

to

vernum, radiee ascalo-

nied 123

spied brevi laxd 37

xe7-ampelimim, miliaeed

pertenui ramosdque sparsd

panieuld 123

Grcssularia '-^29

HEDERA .... 24-6, 334, 335

H. arborea 335

^ — communis, major et minor 235

— eorymhosa 3f^5

— Helix 334

— Helix, sive minor, '>35

Hederula aquatiea 32

Heliotr opium 255

Helxine 222

Hejjatica altera 98

Herniaria angustissimo gra-

mineo folio, erecta 226

• glabra 3S6

Herha paralysis 271

trinitatis 305

HIEUOCLE ...40,109-111

H.borealis 110

HiPPURIS.. 1, 3, 4

H. vulgaris 4

HOLCUS 40, 1{;7-109

Uolcus 109, 110

H. avenaceus 108

— horealis 110

— lanatus 107

— mollis 108

— odoratus 110

HOLOSTEUM . . 41, 187, 188
H.palustre repens,foliis ea-

pitulis et seminibus psyllii 5%

— quce Alsine verna glabra,
floribus umbellatis 188

— umbellatum I 87

HORDEUM ....41, 178-181

Hordeum 178

H. genieulatum 181

— marinum 181

— maritimum 180

— maj'itimum 180

INDEX OF LATIN NA3IES.

JOi

Hordeum niurinum . . page 179

— Diuri/iuni 180

— nodosum lh»()

— pratcnse IS'J

— rigidum 181

— secalinam 1 80

— spuriiLm J 79

— sijlvcdicum 178

Honninum pratcnse i,4?

sylvcstre 34-, 35

HOTTONIA 245,276

Hottonia '276

\\. palustris 276

Hi/drophace 32, 33

HVOSCYAMUS245, 3i4., 315

Hijoscijamus 315

H.Jiavus 315

— niger 315

- — vulgaris 315

Jacea altera , ':05

she Flos Trimtatis . . 305

JASIONE 24-5, 295, 296

J. montana 296

ILEX 191,226,227

I. AquiColium 227

ILLECEBRUM 246,335,336

I. verticillatum 3fi5

IMPATIENS .. 246, 29.-', 299

Impatieiis 299

/. hcrba 299

— Noli-me-tangere 299

IRIS.. £8,48,49

I. ftL'tidissinia 49

— pahistris lidea 49

— Pseud-acorus 48

— sylvestris quam Xyrim vo-
cant 49

Ischccmon vulgar e 96

Jsolcpis Jlnitans 5Q

' sciacca 58

Jiincelli omnium minimi^ ca-

pitulis cquiscti 05

Juncellus clavalus minimus 65
ci/peroides, capitulo sim •

plici 63

omnium minimus .... 56

Junco <ijffinisy capitulo glomc-

rato uigricanic 51

Juncus acutus maritimus^

caule triangulo .... page 60

marit. caule tri-

quetro maxima mollis et

prucerior nostras 60

marit. caule tri-

quetro rigido^ mucrone

pungente 60

^ olpinus Ijombycinus . . 67

. ^ capitulo lanugi'

noso 66

• capit, iomenioso

majori 66

cum Cauda lepo-

rind 66

aquaticus medius caule

carinato 60

capit at US) lithospermi

semine 51

— equiseti capitidis .... 63

Icevis minor, panicula

Q-lonierata ninricante .... 51

lithospermi semine . . 51

^ 7naritimus, capitulis rO'

iundis 57

maximus seu Scirpnis. . 57

minorj capitulis equi-

zeti 63

— — parvus montanus, cum

parvis capitulis luteis . . 55

sive Scirpus medius . . 57

Ixia Btdbocodium 48

Kali geniculatum 2

genie. percnneJ"rutico-

sius procumbens 3

KNAPPIA 39, 83-85

K. agrostidea 84

Labrum Veneris 192

Lactuca ns;nina 45

LAGUllUS .... 39, 167, 168

L. ovatus 167

Lnpathum/luitans, longo ser-

ralo folio 231

LEMNA 12, 31-33

L. gibba 32

— minor 32

— polyrrliiza 33

— tiibulca 32

358

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

J. ens palustris P^gc 32

Lentibularia 30

L. minor 31

Lenticula 31

L. aquatica trisulca 32 j

L. palustris august ifolia ,Jb'

lio in apice dissedo .... 10

major 33

major iriferne ma-

gis convexa, fructu pohj-

spermo 33

' ■ 32

vulgaris

Lenticularia major polyr-
rhiza, injeriw atro-purpu-

rea S3

• media, et minor .... 32

ramosa monorrhiza^fo-

liis ohlongis^ pedicidis lon-

gioribus donatis 32

LIGUSTRUM 12,13

Ligustrum 13

L. vulgare 13

Limnetis 135

Limnopeuce 4-

Linagrostis 69

juncea alpina^ capitulo

parvo, tomento rariore . . 67

panicula ampliore . . 68, 69

panic, minore 68

Linaria adulterina 337

L. montana,Jloscidis albican-

tibus 337

Linocarpum serpylli folioy
multicaule et midtijloriim 243

Linum Radiola 24-3

LITHOSPERMUM 244, 254-

257
L, arvense 255

— jnajus 256

— 7naj. Dodonm,Jlore pur-
pureo, semine Anchusce . . 256

— maritimum 256

— minus 255

— officinale 254

— purpuro-caeruleum .... 255

— repens 256

— seu Milium Solis ..... 255

— sylvestre 255

LOBELIA. . page 246, 296-298
L. Dortmanna 2:J7

— urens 298

Locusia major, et minor . . 45

LOLIUM 41, 172-175

L, album 174

— arvense 1 74

— bromoides ^ 1 44

— perenne 173

— ridirum 173

— temulentum 174

— temidenium 1 75

— tenue 173

— vcrum Gesvcri 175

LONICERA .... 246, 324-327
L. Caprifolium 325

— Periclymenuni 326

— Xylosteum 326

LYCOPSIS .... 244, 266, 267

Lycopsis 268

L. altera anglica 268

— anglica 268

— arvensis 267

— montana ccerulea 252

LYCOPUS 12,33,34

L. europaeus 34

— palustr isglaber 34

LYSIM ACHIA. . 245, 277-279

Lysimacliia 277

Z,. hinum-stellatum 277

— lidea 277, 278

jlore globoso .... 278

— nemorum 278

— Nummularia 279

— tenella 2Sl

— thyrsiflora 278

— vulgaris 277

Lysimachium aquatile .... 278

Mariscus 36, 65

Mary-ubium aqualicum .... 34^

Matrisylva 1 98

MELICA 40, 111-114

M. cnerulea 113

— decumbens 131

— Lobelii 112

— montana , . 112

— nutans 1 12

— nutans 112

NDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

559

Melica unidora V'^^^^ ' 1*^

Mli^NYANTIlES 21.5, '^74-, 275
M. nyniphieoidcs 275

— pnlustre 275

— pal. triphijllum, latifolium

el nngusliJ'oHum ^75

— trifoliata 271'

Mjssersc/nuidia 248

iSIiborn 8 >

MILIUM 39, 86-' 8

M.cffusum 87

— lendigerum 87

— SolU ""

MUlcfoUum fiqu(iticum,Jiore

lutco (ralcriculato

palustre (rnlcricitldlum

orfilcric. minus . .

tcnuijhlium

2r}L

SO

30

31

236

MUleo^rana mininm 243

MOliNCHlA . . J9I, 21' \ 24-1
M erccta 241

— frlauca 2H

— ^(luntcrneUa 21.1

jMoliuia cccrida i 13

MoUuginis vidgalioris varie-

tas minor 200

Mollugo 2{ 8

M. montnna erccta quadri-

folia 209

— mont. minory galio (Mo
similis 201

— vnhnlior 208

MONTI A 4i, ]86,-4a

M aquatica minor 187

fontana J 87

Morsus rrnUiiice minor .... 25
M YOSOTIS .... 244', 247-254

M. alpestris 252

. — alpina ^^52

— apula 254

— arvensis '^^52

— nrvensif 253

. — caespitosa 25')

— intermedia - 5 >

— palustrs 249

.— rnpicola 252

— scorpioidcs . 249-253

Mi/osolis scorpioides colli- 253

na page 253

hirsula 252

Jiirtn minor 253

lali folia hirsida . . 251

palustris 249

sijlvalica 251

Mijriophyllum altcrum .... 276

! NARDUS 39,70

j N. striata . 70

I Noli mc langere, Balsamita

j altera 299

Nummulnria 279

minor, Jlore purpu-

rasccnte 2.'- I

rnhra 281

Nifmpluua lutca minor, Jlore

jimbrudo 368

Onobrychis altera Belgarum

ct Dodoncci 293

PANICUM 10, 97-100

/-*. Crus-corvi

100
99
99
96

88

100

98

— Crus-palli

— sangiiinale

— serotininn arvense spied
pyramidaWi

— sylvcstre hcrbariorum . .

— verticillatum ........

— viride ^^

— xndgare 1^^^

PAIUETARIA. . 191,222, 223

Parictaria 2'-2

P. officinalis 222

Paronychia

altera .

serpyllifolia palustris

335

189

335

97

224
224

scarp arvijisis

252

Penniscturd

Pentaphi/llum petrosum, Hep-

taphyUum Clnsii

Percipicr Amxiorum

Pcriclymcnnm 325, 326

J'oliis quercinis S26

germanicum 326

liorlense 326

italicum -25

- -^ rccluyn germanicum . . 326
sylvcstre -27

360

NDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

Persicaria siliqnosn . . page 299

Pervinca 8^i8, 339

vulgaris lalijblia^ Jiore

C(^ruleo 339

Pes leonis 22S

PHALARIS 39, 73-75

Phalaris 74-

Ph. alpina 78

— arenaria 78

— arundinacea 74

— aspera 77

— canariensis 74

— major, semine albo .... 74

— paniculata 77

— pMeoides 77

PHLEUM 39, 75-79

Ph. alpinum 76

— arenarium 78

— asperum 76

— Boehmeri 77

— crinitum 85

— Michelii 78

— nodosum 75

— paniculatum 77

— pratense 75

— pratense minus 75

— viride 77

Phlomos vulgaris mas .... 308

Phu 43

■ germanicum 43

minimum 43

minus 43

parvum 43

peregrinum 42

PHYTEUMA . . 246, 294, 295

Ph. orbiculare 295

Pimpinella 218

maxima canadensis, spi-

ca rubra glomeratd .... 219

minore di Candia .... 219

PINGUICULA .... 12, 27-29
P. jiore amplo purpurea, cum

calcare tongissimo 29

— Jl, minore cameo 28

— Gesneri 28

— grandiflora 29

— lusitanica 28

—' sive Sanicula Eboracensis 28

Pinguicula villosa . . page 28

— vulgaris 28

Planta heteroclita, &c 324

PLANTAGO .. !90, 213-216
/-*. an alpina angustifulia ?. . 215

— Coronopus 216

— folds laciniatis, Corono-
pus dicta 216

— graminco folio hirsuto,
mi?ior, capitulo rotundo
brevi 216

— incana 214

— lanceolata 214?

— latifolia 213

— Loejlingii - 216

— longa 215

— major 213

— major , 214

— marina 215

— maritiraa 215

— media 214

— media 213

— mino r 215

— montana 215

— 7iigricans 216

— pannicidis spar sis 213

— quinquenervia 215

— rosea 213

— rubea 213

POA 40, 120-130

Poa 92,93, 111, 113, 115, 117,

121-123, 133, 147, 158

alpina 121

avgustifolia 126, 129, 130

annua 127

aquatica 116

bulbosa 123

cceridea, 126

ccBsia 128

ccmpressa 121

decumbens 131

distans 118

dubia 124

dtdcis 1('2

fiexuosa 123

Jluitans 116

— — glabra 1 25

— glauca 128

INDtX OF LATIN NAMES.

CI

Poa hmnilis page 126 I

laxa 122 I

— — - loliacea 185 !

maritima 118:

monlana 128 ]

ncnioralls I'-^O

ncmornlis 128

pratensis 125

pratensis

alp'nia

130

126

126

jjrocumbens 119

retrojtexa 118

rfg-zV/a 119

rupcstris 119

scilina 1 1^>

scabra 1 24*

setacea 1 24

suhccendca 1 26

sylvatica 144-

triner'vata 146

trivialis 124

POLEMONIUIVI 2i5, 286, 287

P, caeruleum 286

— vidgare cceruleum 286

POLYCARPON. . 41, 188, 189

P. tetrapbyllum 189

Poly gala repens 335

Polygonum angusiissimogra'
mineofolioy erectum .... 226

fcemina 4

maritimum^ longius ra-

dicatum nostras 336

muscosiim minimum . . 242

POLYPOGON .... 39, 85, .^6
P. littoralis 86

— monspeliensis 85

POTAMOGETON. . 191, 228-

237

Potamogeton 228

P. altera 231

— alteram nostras, longis et
ohtnsis splendent ihnsjbliis
mimdissime crcnatis .... 231

— aqiiis immer sum, f olio pel-
lucido, lato, oblongo, acuto 231

— caidc compresso .folio gra-
minis canini 233

230
2:^0

229

229
235
229

234

Potamogeton comprcssnm p, 234
crispum 23^'

— cuspitlatum 234

— densum

— lliiitans

— folio an gusto pcllucido,
fere gramineo

— forte species, foliis tenui-
bus et pellucidis, lapathi

minoris forma

-- gramineum

— gi-amineum

— lat folium

latiusculum, foliis et

ramijicationibus dcnsissime

stipatis 235

tenu folium 236

— heterophyllum ^29

— lanceolatum 232

^ lat folium 228

— longis acutis foliis 231

— marinum 236

— maritimum, ^ramineis
longioribus foliis^ fructu

fere umbellato 237

grandiusculis capi'

tulis, capillaceo folio, no-
stras 236

— pusilhim alterum. . 236

— m illefoliu m , sen foliis gra •
mineis, ramosum 236

— natans 228

— palustre .« 2!i;9

— pectinatum 236

— perfoliatum 229

— pusillum 2.''5

— pusillum fluitans 236

gramineofolio,caule

tereti .. . . 235

— racemosum angustifoUum '.^132

— ramosnm,foliis gramineis 236

— rotund foliiun 228

alterum 2i9

— serratum 233

— setaceum 2-2

— seu Fontalis media lucens 230

— iertia 229

PKIiMULA .... '2^^5,269-212

— cormvcssum.

233

aid is

270

3g:

INDEX OF LA'J'IN NAMES.

Primula elatior P^^g^*

— elatior

acaidis

— farinosa

— njficinalis

— pratensis inodorata liiiea

— scotica

— stricta

— si/lvarum

— veris

— veris acaidis

. altera »

Jlore rubro

'- major . . .

- minor . . .

- officinalis.

- vulgaris .
vulgaris .

— vulgaris

Pseudnacorum

Pseudoci/perus palustris,Jb-

liis et carina serratis ....

Pseudoiris

PseitdommTuhium palustre
PULMONARIA ....'J41,

P. alfi'ma, angustojblio. . . .
•—^altera

— angustifolia

— angustifolia cccruleo Jlore
ruhente cccruleo Jl.

— foliis Echii

— maculosa

— maritima 23'j,

— officinalis

— sujfruticosa

Quaiernella

RAUIOLA 101, 242,

R, linoides

— vulgaris serpyllifolia . .

Raponeoli

Rapum sijlvestre

Rapunculus 289, 295,

R, calyculatus .

— cornicidatus

cceruleus minor . .

— folio oblongo^ spica

orblculari

270 Rapunculus cornkulat mon-

27') tanus page 295

270 — esculcntus 289

272 — galeatus blesensis, seu so-

'■21 \ hmicnsisyjioreviolaceomi-

271 , nore 29S

272 I — scabioscE capitulo cceruleo i96
272 , Rapuntinm alterum leptO'

270 j)liijllon capitatum 296

271 montanum rarius, cor^

270 niculatum 295

271 parvum 2S9

272 urens soloniense .... 298

271 RHAMNUS. . . . 246, 327, 328

270 R. catharticus 327

27 < — Frangula 328

270 _ solutlvHs 328

270 RHYNCHOSPORA 38, 51-53

271 R.alba 52

49 ^alba 52

— fusca 52

36 RIBES 216, 329-334

49 R. acidum 330

34 — alpinuni 332

26 I — alpitms dulcis 3 b2

-262 —Jlore rubente 331

262 —fructuparvo 330

261 — Grossularia 233

262 — hortense 330

262 — nigrum 332

262 vulgo dictitniy folio

262 olente .- 332

261 — petraeum 331

262 — reclinatum 334

261 — rubrum 330

2 )2 — spicatum 334

241 —Uvacrispa 333

2l<;> — vulgaris acidiis ruber . . 330

243 fru^tu dulci 330

24 ) rubro 330

243 Ribesiumfructu nigro .... 332

289 Romulea \ 47

289 R0TTB0LLIA..4), 175, 176

296 R, Jiliformis 176

293 — incurvata 175

i9j Rubeola arvcnsis ca'rulea re-

295 pens 197

— vulgaris quad; i folia I'Tvis,
295 Jloribus puypurantibus . . 1 98

NDEX or LATIN NAMES.

365

IIUBIA. . . . page 190, 210, 211

anglica 211

cijnanchica 1 98

erect a quadrifoUa. . . . 209

IcBvis Ihi'ifolia, jiorihus

albis 204

peregrina 21 1

pratensis Iccvisy acuto

folio 209

silvestre aspera 211

sylvestris 2o8

— aspera, quce syl-
vestris Dioscoridis 211

tinctoriLin 211

Scabiosa columbaria page 195

— major commiinior, Jiorc

lacmiato .

RUPPIA 191,237,238

R. maritima 2 ^7

S AGIN A 191, 238-240

S. apetala 240

— erecta 24 1

— maritima 239

— procumbens 238

SALICORNIA 1,2,3

Salicornia 2

S. annua 2

— crcctasfoliis brevibuSi cii'
prcssiformis 3

— ciiropcca 2, 3

— fruticosa 3

— herbacea 2

— herbacea 2, 3

— procumbens 2

— radicans 3

— sive Kali geniculalum . . 2

SALVIA 12,34,35

S. pratensis 31'

— verbcnaca . '5

SAMOLUS 245, 323, 324

S. Valorandi :^23

SANGUISORBA l<jl, 217-219

S.major 218

Jlorc spadicco .... 218

— media 219

— Oificinalis 213

Sanicidas Eboracensis .... 28
Saxifragn anglica alsinefoUa

annua 2K)

SCABIOSA .... 11.0, 194-196

Scabiosa 195

S. arvcnsis. 193

195
vulgaris 1 95

— media 296

— minima hirsuta 296

— minor 1 96

sive columbaria .. 196

vulgaris 196

— radice succisa, jlore glo-
boso :.. 194

— succisa 194

SCnCENUS 38, 49-51

S, albus 52

— compressus 5S, 59

— Jiiscus 52

— Mariscus 36

— nigricans 51

— 7ii/}is 59

Scirpoides 57

SCIRPUS 38,54-62

Scirpus 52

S. acicidaris 64

— australis 58

— Bccothryon 55

— caespitosus 55

- — campestris 55

— caricinus 58

— caricis 58

— carinatus 60

— caide aphyllo, spied imbri-
cat a sub rotunda, glumis ob-
tusis 64

— equiscti capiiulis crassi-
oribus ct hahilinribus, pu-
milus ct multicaulis .... 64

— equiscti capitulo majori. . 63

— eq capit. mino) i 56

— fluitnns 5G

— foliaccus humilis 58

— glaucus 57

— globijcrus 5S

— Holoschoenus 57

— lacustris 5Q

— lacustris 57, 60

— maritimus 61

— marit. capitulis rotundi-
oribus glumcrafis 57

— mininuis, capit. cqui6cti. . 65

S6i

XDEX or LATIN NAMES.

Sc'irpiis m'uiim. spica breviore,
squamosa J spadicea. . pnge 55

— montanus, capitido hre-
viori 55

— • multicaidls 64"

— midtic. equiseti capitidis
minor ibiis 64

— palustris 63^ 64

— palust. Jmmilior 57

— pauciflorus 55

— jmnge?is 60

— romanus 58

— rufus 59

— setaceus 58

— sylvaticus 62

— triqueter 60

— iuberosus 61

Sclarea pratensisy foliis ser-

ratis.Jlore ccsruleo 34-

Scorpiurus ...... 219, 251, 253

palustris perennis, viri-

dioribus foliis 249

Sempervivum omnium mini-
mum.) repens, muscosmuy
polygonijacie

Serpicida

Sesamoides proaanbens no-
stras montanum-y linarice
Jolioy jioribus albicanti-
bus

SESLERIA .... 40, 114,

S. cserulea

SHERARDIA..190, 196,

Sherardia

S. arvensis

Sisyj-incJiium Theophrasti. .

Sium

Smilax Icevis

*S. lenis, sive Icrvis, major . .

Solanifblia Circcea alpina. .

SOLANUM....245, 317,

S. Dulcamara

— hortense

— lethale

— lignosum seu Dulcamara

— majus, sive Herba Bella-
donna

— Manicum Dioscoridis . .

— nimum

242
9

337
1J5
114

197

197

196

48

21

285

285

16

3i8

317

318

316

3i8

316
314

318

Solamim pomo spinoso ob-
longo, Jlore calathoide^
Stramonium rmlgo diet. p. 314

— vulgare 318

Soldanella marina 285

So)ghiim 107

SPARTINA .... 39, 135, 136

S. stricta 135

Spar turn Austriacum .... 161

Essexianumy spied ge*

mind clausd 1 35

i7r

70
293

49
328

herba 4 Baiavicum

— nostras parvum ....
Specidum Veneris minus

Sphatida fcetida

Spina iiifectoria

Stellaria 10,223

S. aquatica 10

— aq. foliis longis tenwissi-

mis 10

— argentea 224

— mirior et repens 10

STIPA 39,161, 162

S. pennata 161

Stranionium 313, 314

spinosum 314

Succisa 1 94

sive Morsus Dia-

boli 194

SYMPHYTUM 244, 262-264
S. magmon 263

— majus 263

— officinale 263

— patens 263

— radice tuberosd 263

— tuberosum 263

Synanchica 198

Syntherisma 96

glabrum 97

vulorare .

96

Tapsus barbatu^ 308

Tatula 314

Teucrium sextum pumilum . . 20
THESIUM.. .. 246,337, 3''8
T. linophyllum 337

— montanum 338

— pratense 337

TILL.EA 191, 241, 212

T. muscosa 242

INDEX OF

Tillcea muscosn annua per-

foliala.Jlorc albo . . page 242
Trachdium alpinum, Jlori-

bus conglomcratis 293

niajus 292

majus Belgaruin, sive

gigantcum 291

minus 293

Tribu/us aquaticus minor . . 233

• secundus 23')

■ viuscatel-

Icefioribus 2i0, 233

Trichodiiim 89

' caninum. 90

TRICHONEMA . . 38, 47, 48

T. Bulbocodium 48

Tri folium jxiludosum .... 275

TRIODIA 40, 13J, 132

T. dccumbens 132

TRITICUM .... 41, 181-186

Triticum 149, 150, 177

T, caninum 184

— cristatum 184

— imbricatum 185

— junceum 182

— junceum 183

— loliaceum 1 85

— jjectinatum 185

— prosiratum 185

— repens 1 82

— unilaierale 185

UTRICULARIA.. 12,29-31
U. intenne<^lia 30

— minor , . , . „ 31

— vulgaris 30

— vulgaris minor 30

Uva crispa 333

— spina 333

Uvularia major 292

Valantia Aparine 205

cniciafn 1 99

VALERIANA .... 38, 42-14

Valeriana 43

V. canadensis 44

-r- deiUnta 45

— dioica 43

— Dioscoridis 44'

— flare cxiguo 43

— foliis auixustioribus .... 43

LATIN NAMES. 305

Valeriana grceca .... page 286

— Locusia 45

— olitoria 45

— marina 42

latijhlia major.. 42

— maxima, cacal'ice folio . . 44

— minor 43

— officinalis 43

— olitoria 45

— pyrenaica 44

— rubra 42

— sylvcstris '13

Valeriajiella 44, 45

Verbascuhim umbellatum al-

pinum minus 272

VERBASCUM. .245, 307-313
V. angustijolium ramosuyn,
fore aureo, folio crassiore 309

— Blattaria 312

— candidum fcemina . ..... 3C 9

mas 308

— flore albo parvo 309

■^latius 3(:8

— Lycbnitis 309

— mas lalifolium luteum . . 318

— nigro-pulverulenlum . . 310

— nigrum 31 1

— nigr. fore jmrvOy npici-
hus jmrpureis 311

— primum 3( 8

— pulverulentum 310

— tertium 31 i

— Thapsi 3r'9

— Thapsoides '.09

— virgatum 311

VERONICW 12, 16-27

V. agrestis 24

— AUionii 22

— alpina 19

20
20
19
19
21

— alpina

— alp. bellid is folio minor . .

confoglia di Sopillo

frufescens

— Anagailis

— aquatica angusi folia mi-
nor

folio subrotundoy

non crenaio

lojigi folia media . .

321-
21

366 INDEX

Veronica aquat. rot 2!?irl /folia,
Becabunga dicta minor p.

— arvensis

— Beccabunga

— BcUardi

— caide simp/ici, Jloribus
congcstis tenniuato, Jbliis
ovato-acutis dcntatis ....

— chamcedryoideSyJoUis pe-
diculis oblongis insidenti-
bus

— Charaa^drys

— Jlosculis singularibuSy fo-

liis laciniatis.. erecta ....

— flosc. sing. hederulo'Jidioy
Morsus gallince minor
dicta

— Jblio hedercB

rutc^

— frutcscens

— fruticans serpyllijolia . .

— fruticuiosa

— Jridiculosa

— hederifolia

— hirsuta

— humifusa

— hybrida

— inas

recta lati folia, siiicd

ccerulea

supina ct vulgatis-

sima

— minima repcns

— minor

serpyllijolia ....

— montana

— moidana

— nummulai'ia

— officinalis

— palustris angusiijblia . .

— parmularia

— jnatensis Inti folia

. . minor

— procumbens

— pumila

— 2^y^^^^^^ • • •

— recta minima ...:....

— saxatilis

— scutellaia

OF LATIN NAMES.

21

24.
20
26

19

24
2y

26

25
25
26
18
19
18
19
25
22
20
17
22

18

22
20
20
20
23
26
19
22
21
2!
23
20
i4
19
19
17
19
20

Veronica setigera. . . . page

— spicata

— spAcata

— spicata cambrobritannica,
bugnlce subhirsuio folio . .

minor

recta minor

— sncculenta

— tcrtia fruticans

— vera et major

Villarsia nymphceoides

VINCA 245, 338,

V. major

— minor

— pervinca

minor

VIOLA '^46, :0C-

Viola :.01,

V. alpina

— arvensis

— bicolor

— canina

— canina- 3v;3,

sylvestris

— caule ercctOy foliis ovato-
lanccolatis serratis

— flavicornis

— flore alho 3G2,

luteo majore ....

— fol. Tracheliiy serotina

hirsuta, radice lignosa . .

— grandifora

— liirta

— inodora

major

— lactea

— lutea

— martia alba

inodora sylvestris

major Jtirsida in-
odora

pmpurca

— montana lutea grandi-
fora riostras

— nigra sive p^irpurea. . . .

— odoratu

— palustris

— jxtlustris

angustis jiersiccefo-

23
17
18

18

17

17

26

19

22

275

339

339

338

338

338

306

302

303

305

305

303

204

303

304
304
304
306

301
3(6
SOI
301
303
303
3C6
302
303

301
302

3C6
302
301
302
276

INDEX or LATIN NAMES.

367

His mucro7infis ct serrnli^
nondum descripla . . |)a«:c ^04-

Viola pahistr'is Pinguicula
dicta, lusiiauica 28

rotundiJhUa glabra ' 02

— purpurea f> )2

— rubra striata Eboracensis 3 J2

— Ruppii S03

— tricolor 3v\5

— tricolor petrcca 'So5

Virga pastoris page ^^-^

sanguiuca 221

Vilis sijlvcstris .SIS

IVahbchmidm vijmphccoidcs ti75

Xiflo4cum 324, 327

Xijris 49

Zizanla 1 74

ZOSl I:KA 1,4,5

Z. marina 5

INDEX

OF THE

ENGLISH NAMES
IN VOL. I.

Alder, berry- bearing, ^«oe 328

Alkanet 257-259

bastard 255

All-seed 188,189

Ash 13-15

Azalea 282

Balsam 298, 299

Barley 178-181

Barrenwort 219, 220

Bastard-toadflax 3;i7

Beak-rush 51, 52

Beard-grass 85^ 86

Bed-straw 199-209

Bell flower 287-294'

Bennet, way, 179

Bent-grass 88-94<

Berry-bearing Alder .... 328

Betony, Paul's, 20

B ndweed 283-285

Bitter-sweet 317

Bladderwort 29-31

Blinks 186, 187

Bog-bean 274*

Bog-rush .49-51

Borage 264

Brome-grass 150-160

Brooklime 20, 21

Brook-weed 323

Buckbean e^74, 275

Buckthorn 227, 228

BufFonia 225

Bugloss '266, 267

Bugloss, viper's,! .page 267-269

Bull-rush 56

Burnet 217-219

Butterwort 27, 28

Caltrops, fresh water, .... 233

Canary-grass 73, 74

Cat's-taii-grass 75-78

Centaury 319-322

ChafF-^weed 216,217

Chara 6-9

Chickweed, Germander, . . 24-

jagged 187

Speedwell 24

upright , 25

water 187

Clary 34, 35

Cleavers 210

Club-rush .. 54-62

Cock's-foot-grass 134

Comfrey 262-264

Cord-grass ] 35

Corn-sallad 44, 45

Cornel 220-222

Cotton grass 6.^^-69

Couch-grass 182

Cowslip 269-271

Crocus 46, 47

Currant . S29-333

Cyclamen 273

Cyperus 53, 54, 62

Cyperus-grass, Millet, .... 62
Darnel 172-175

INDEX UF KNGLISH NAMES.

369

Deadly- nightshade . , page 316

Devil's-bit 194

Dog's-tail-grass 1M6-138

Dog's-tooth-grass 94-, 95

Dog-wood '221

Duck-weed 31-33

Dwale 316

Enchanter's nightshade. . 15, 16

Featherfoil 276

Feather-grass 161

Fescue-grass 138-150

Finger-grass 96

Flax-seed 24-2, 243

Flower-de-luce 48

Fox- tail-grass 79-83

Galingale, English, 5'^

Gentianella 211,212

Germander chickweed. ... 24

wild, 23

Gladwyn, stinking, 49

Glasswort, jointed, 2, 3

Gooseberry, 329, 333

Goose-grass 205, 210

Grass, Barley, 179-181

Beard, 85, 86

• Bent, 88-94

'Brorae, 150-160

Canary, 73, 74

Cat's-tail, 75-78

Cock's-foot, 134

Cord, 135

Cotton, 65-69

Couch, 182

Darnel, 172-175

Dog's-tail, .... 136-138

Dog's-tooth, 94-95

Feather, 161

Fescue, 138-150

Finger, 96

Fox-tail, 79-83

Goose, 205-210

Hair, 100-106

Hard, 175

Hare's-tail, 167

Heath, 131

Holy, 109-111

VOL. I.

Grass, Lyme,. . . .page 176-178

Mat, 70

Meadow, 120^130

Melic, 111-113

Millet, 86-88

Moor, 114

Oat, 162-166

Panick, 97-100

Quaking, 132, 133

Rye, 173

Scorpion, 247-253

Soft, 107-109

Sqmrrel-tail, 180

Sweet, 115-120

Timothy, 75

Vernal, 37

Wheat, 181-186

Grass-wrack, 5

Grasses, natural order of, 70-

186
Grey Mill, or Millet, .... 254

Gromwell 254-257

Gypsy-wort 33

Hair-grass 100-106

Hard-grass 175

Hare's-tail- grass 167

Haver 162

Heart's-ease -05

Heath-grass 131

Henbane 314, 315

Henbit, small, 25

Herb Twopence 279

High Taper 308

Holly 226, 227

Holy grass 109-111

Honey-suckle 324-327

Horehound, water, 34

Hound's-tongue 259-261

Jacob's ladder 286

Jointed glasswort 2, 3

Iris 48,49

Ivy 334

Knappia, early, 84

Knot-grass ^^5

' Ladies Mantle 223-225

2 B

;to

INDEX OF ENGLISH NA3IEi>.

Lettuce, lamb's, page 45

Lobelia '^96-298

Loosestrife 211-219

Lungwort 261,262

Lyme-grass ........ 177, 178

Madw'ort 265

mountain, 23

Madder, field, 196

Madder, wild, 211

Mantle, ladies, 223-225

Mare's-tail 4-

Marram 171

Mat-grass 70

Mat- weed, sea, 171

Meadow-grass 120-1'^0

Melic-grass 111-113

Milfoil, hooded, 29-31

Milkwort, sea, 336

Millet-grass S6-88

Moenchia 240, 241

Moneywort ' 279

Moor-grass , ,, 114

Mouse-ear Scorpion-grass 247-

253
Mullein ,. ^. 307-313

Nightshade , 317, 318

deadly, ,, 316

enchanter's, 15, 16

Oat, bristle- pointed, .... 163

Oat-grass 162-166

Oat, wild, 162

Oxlip 270

Paigle 271

Panick-grass 97-100

Pansy y05, 306

Parsley Piert 224

Pearlwort 238-240

Pellitory, wall, 222

Periwinkle 338, 339

Pimpernel 279-28 1

bastard, 217

water, 323

yellow, 278

Plantain 213-216

Pond-weed .... page 228-237

tassel, 237

Prickwood 329

Primrose 269-272

Print, or Prim print, 13

Privet 13

Quaking-grass 132, J 33

Rampion 294, 295

bell-flower 289

Reed 168-172

Roast-beef plant 49

Ruppia . . 237

Rush, Beak, 51, 52

Bog, ...., 49-51

Bull, 56

Club, .. 54-62

Cotton, 65-69

Spike, 62-65

Twig, 35, 36

Saffron 46

Sage . •. 34, 35

Sallad, corn, 44, 45

Saltwort, black, 336

Sampire, marsh, 2

Sanicle, Yorkshire, 28

Scabious 194-196

sheep's, 296

Scorpion-grass 247-253

Sea-milkwort 3^6

Sheep's-bit 295, 296

Shepherd's staff , . 193

Sherardia 196

Soft-grass 107-109

Sow-bread 273

Speedwell 16-26

Spike-rush 62-65

Spindle-tree 329

Squinancy-wort 198

Star of the earth 216

Starwort, water, 9-1 1

Sweet-grass li 5-120

Teasel.. .,. 192, 193

Thorn-apple 313, 314

Tillaea 241^242

INDLX OF ENGLISH NAMES.

571

Timothy-grassi P^g^ 75

Toad flax, bastard, fJ37

Touch lue not 299

Trefoil, marsh, 271?

'l'»'ichonenia . .' 4-7, 48

Twig-rush 35, 36

Valerian 42-4'4'

Greek, 286

Vernal grass 37

Violet 300-306

water, 276

Viper's bugloss . . page 267-269

Wall-pellitory 222

Water-lily, fringed, 275

Water-star wort 9-1 1

Water-violet 276

Way Bennet 179

Wheat 181

Wheat-grass 181-186

Winter-weed 25

Woodbine 326

Woodruff 197, 198

END OF VOL. I

LONDON:

PRINTED BY RICHARD TAYLOR, SHOE-LANE.

jXrLAMMxM.

New York Botanical Garden Library

QK306.S62V.1 gen

Smith, James Edward/The English flora

5185 00123 1768

liiiiiiiiii

m