A Journal of Entomology. Volume XIII (New Series) 1932-1933 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. DE LA TORRE-BUENO Editor CARL G. SIEPMANN G. P. ENGELHARDT PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VOL. XIII (n. s. ) CONTENTS Plates i-xxxvi Comparative Skeletal Morphology of the Noctuid Tym- panum, A. Glenn Richards 1-43 Microlepidoptera of Cuba, August Busch 151-202 Some Pacific Coast Otiorhynchid Larvae, H. H. Keifer 45-84 The Nearctic Social Wasps of the Subfamily Polybiinae, J. Bequaert 87-148 I VOL. XIII (New Series) JUNE, 1932 No. 1 BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press, Lime and Green Sts., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue April 29, 1933 Application for entry as second-class matter under the Act of March 3, 1879, made June 15, 1926, at the Postoffice at Lancaster. Pa. NOTICE Title Page and Index to Volume XII, will appear with Number 2, Volume XIII. Yoii. XIII (n.s.) Americana June, 1932 No. 1 COMPARATIVE SKELETAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE NOCTUID TYMPANUM1 By A. Glenn Richards, Jr., Rochester, N. Y. I. Introduction 1 II. Literature 3 III. Technique 4 IV. General description of the tympanal region 5 V. Comparative morphology of the Noctuid tympanum 9 VI. Exotic genera examined 30 VII. Other Noctuoid families 31 VIII. Morphological homologies in the tympanal region 34 IX. Discussion and conclusions 38 X. Summary 41 XI. Acknowledgments 42 XII. Literature cited 42 Plates i-xx I. Introduction The tympanum is a specialization which has arisen at least three times in the Lepidoptera. Being absent from the Jugatae and all of the “micro-families” as well as many of the high- est groups it must be looked upon as a rather recent development. For convenience the families may be divided into three groups which will be found to correspond very well with known relation- 1 A thesis presented to the Graduate School of Cornell Univer- sity in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy*1' •• - v ■ •• • .. . • 1 MAY 6 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. i ships except in one case. These are : 1. the thoracic type confined to that group of families known as the Noctnoidea ; 2. the first ab- dominal type (on the first abdominal segment) found in the Geo- metroidea, Drepanoidea and many of the Pyralidoidea ; and 3. the second abdominal type (on the second abdominal segment) confined to the small superfamily the Uranioidea. All of the other groups of moths, as well as the butterflies, lack any semblance of this organ. Despite its great similarity throughout, the tympanum of the first abdominal segment probably arose at least twice since no one wTould like to relate the Pyraloids so closely to the Geometroid- Drepanoid stem, and because only the higher groups of Pyraloids possess a tympanum. However the Geometridae, Drepanidae and Thyatiridae (Cymatophoridae) are all closely related and may well represent a single origin of the organ. This abdominal type is located on the anterior part of the segment, ventral to the spiracle, and has four scolopalae faced in the opposite direc- tion from those found in the Noctuoids. The type of tympanum found on the second abdominal segment is confined to the Uraniidae and Epiplemidae. It is reduced or variously developed in the Epiplemidae, but in the Uraniidae, as described by Eltringham (1923), it is well developed and exhibits a striking and fundamental sexual dimorphism. In the males the tympanum is postspiracular and covered by a posteriorly project- ing flap of the lateral body wall of the same segment. In the females it is prespiracular and covered by a flap-like evagination of the metathorax. In the former case (males) the scolopalae have the same relations as those found in the Noctuoids (where the tympanum is also on the posterior part of the segment), whereas in the latter (females) the scolopalae have the opposite orientation as found in the Geometers and Pyralids. The thoracic type is found in various stages of development in the lowest family of the Noctuoidea, the Dioptidae. The lower members of this family have an extremely rudimentary organ whereas the higher forms possess a tympanum of varying degree of perfection (Forbes, 1922). All the members of the other fami- lies have a well developed organ except wingless females (Lyman- triidae) and possibly certain others.2 2 European species of Syntomis lack a tympanum but possess a counter tympanal membrane according to Eggers. Boa has a tympanal membrane, but no counter tympanal membrane. 2 June, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA The Noetuoid3 tympanum is found on the metathorax near its junction with the abdomen, and will be described in detail later. The two scolopalae point towards the tympanal membrane as is also the case in the male Uraniids, but the reverse of the female Uraniids, Pyralids and Geometers where the tympanum is pre- spiracular. For a complete description of the histological details the reader is referred to Eggers (1919 and 1928). The present paper deals exclusively with the thoracic type, especially the quadrifid Noctuidae, and is confined to the sclerite homologies and a comparative morphology of the grosser structures and accessory structures in the various genera and subfamilies of the Noctuoidea. II. Literature The lepidopterous tympanum was first commented on by Swin- ton (1877) and then by Sharp (1899) for the Uraniidae. A number of short notes followed. The most important was one by Jordan (1905) which divided the families into the same groups as those of Eggers, but made the mistake of locating the organ one segment further posteriorly than it actually belongs. In 1912 Eggers pub- lished a preliminary note on the Noctuidae closely followed by his professor, v. Kennel (1912), on the Geometridae and Pyralidae. When the war delayed the publication of his thesis Eggers (1916) published another brief summary of his work at about the same time as Forbes (1916), working without a knowledge of Eggers ’s and v. Kennel’s papers of 1912, published a preliminary report mainly dealing with phylogenic implications. Then in 1919 Eggers ’s thesis was published. It covered the literature to date, the distribution of the organ in the various families of the Lepi- doptera, and the gross and microscopic anatomy together with scanty accounts of the physiological and embryological aspects in the Noctuidae. In a later paper (1925) he has treated the physio- logical side more fully, and in this paper I have given the sclerite homologies and a comparative morphology of the skeletal struc- tures, leaving the embryological aspects for a later date. Subse- quent to Eggers and v. Kennel, Eltringham (1923) has published the gross and microscopic anatomy of the Uraniid type (second abdominal segment) in which there is great sexual dimorphism 3 In the Noctuoidea are included the Dioptidae, Notodontidae, Thaumatopoeidae, Hypsidae, Pericopidae, Cocytiidae, Lyman- triidae (Liparidae), Arctiidae, Lithosiidae, Syntomidae (Ama- tidae), Nolidae, Noctuidae and Agaristidae. 3 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. i even of histological details. Snodgrass (1926) and Mclndoo (1929) briefly review the subject, and Eggers (1928) has recently published a large work covering all the chordotonal organs of the Insect world. For extended bibliographies and a discussion of the older literature the reader is referred to the excellent works of Eggers (1919 and 1928). III. Technique Two methods were employed depending on whether or not suf- ficient material was on hand to sacrifice a specimen. If a whole specimen was to be used the wings were snapped off at the base and the specimen placed in boiling water for several minutes to soften and wet thoroughly. The head and end of the abdomen were snipped off with scissors (if a mounted specimen was being used the pin was removed at this point), and the thorax and remainder of the abdomen split longitudinally with a razor blade (best begun ventrally between the coxae). The pieces were then placed in cold caustic potash (5-10% KOH) for a variable length of time, de- pending on the size of the specimen involved (15-30 minutes or more), and then the solution raised to the boiling point. For a study of the tympanum it is better not to boil any except the larg- est specimens, but to remove the pieces to water as soon as the solution begins to effervesce. The specimen is then cleaned with the use of needles and a camel’s hair brush under a low power microscope, and preserved in alcohol for study. When a specimen could not be spared conveniently or when for purposes of identification it was desirable not to ruin the specimen, the region was dissected out and the insect respreacl. This is done by placing the specimen in a relaxing jar overnight or until thoroughly softened, and then cutting out this region of the body with a sharp lancet. The best results were obtained by sticking the lancet through the second abdominal tergite and cutting anteriorly into the thorax as far as desired ; then inverting the specimen and splitting between the coxae; next cutting the lateral membrane between meso- and metathorax and through the mesoscutellum to the first longitudinal incision, making certain to cut sufficiently deep to sever the underlying muscles and mesophragma. The re- gion may now be worked free with the lancet tip and any stray strands cut ; finally the lateral abdominal wall is snipped loose with fine-pointed scissors. The wing may be removed at the base and the specimen placed on the spreading boards to dry — the one wing being replaced later with a drop of shellac. The amputated piece 4 June, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA is placed in boiling water and finally potashed as above. This can be done for all except the smallest species of Noctuidae, and it leaves the specimens in good condition if carefully executed. To facilitate later study it is convenient to cut off the meso- phragma near its base in order to have an unobstructed view of the tympanal frame. IV. General Description of the Tympanal Region In the Noctuoidea the tympanum is located in the posterior part of the metathorax in the region between the epimeron and postnotum.4 Externally the tympanal cavity is visible as a de- pression just postero-ventral to the hind wing at the junction of the thorax with the abdomen, but in some forms is so completely concealed by scales and accessory structures that it is invisible in a spread specimen. However the external features are quite easily seen in denuded specimens (figs. 1-4). Dorsally a thoracic segment is composed of prescutum, scutum, scutellum and postnotum (postscutellum, parapteron). The pre- scutum is infolded and need not be considered here. The scutum is the largest sclerite of the dorsal wall but is not involved in the tympanal modifications. The scutellum is smaller and laterally becomes continuous with the posterior margin of the wing; just posterior to the base of the wing this is expanded to form the alula from which many long scales project posteriorly and ventrally over the tympanal cavity. In some forms the alula is greatly expanded and may even be strongly chitinized, forming a large flap over the tympanal cavity. The remaining part, the postnotum, is greatly modified, as well as the adjacent parts of the first abdominal seg- ment. These will be discussed fully below. The lateral and ventral sclerites have been thoroughly dealt with by Shepard (1930), and it is sufficient for our purposes to say that the lateral body wall of this segment is divided by a dorso- ventral suture into an anterior part, the episternum, and a poste- rior part the epimeron. As a rule the secondary suture dividing the epimeron into an anterior portion, the preepimeron, and a posterior portion, the epimeron proper, is well developed in forms with a tympanum ; the dorsal portion of the epimeron proper be- coming greatly modified in the transformations leading to the formation of the tympanum. 4 The exact boundaries of these sclerites as well as the origin of the pockets will be discussed in a later section. 5 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. i As stated above the main tympanal modifications affect the epimero-postnotal region (fig. 1). At its dorso-posterior corner the epimeron sinks inward somewhat and becomes membranous, thence passing over into the transparent, iridescent tympanal mem- brane ( tymp .) which is supported by a heavy semielliptical frame- work open anteriorly. Between the epimeron proper ( epm .) and the tympanal membrane there is usually a small sclerite, the “nodular sclerite,” which supports the tympanal membrane ante- riorly (“Epaulette” of Eggers). It is usually a narrowly elon- gated sclerite lying free in the membrane, but in a few cases is attached at either or' both ends of the tympanal frame (see figs. 20, 21, 26, 36 and 105). It has manifold variations, but as far as checked seems to be specifically constant. In some species it is greatly reduced or even lacking. The region anterior to the nodular sclerite when membranous is referred to as the “acces- sory” or “false” tympanal membrane. The tympanal sense organ (chordotonal string) is attached to the center of the tympanal membrane at a point indicated by a light opaque speck in the otherwise transparent membrane (shown in fig. 1 as a black dot). Facing the insinking of the thoracic wall is a similar opposing one on the first abdominal segment. The pleuron of this segment forms the posterior wall of the tympanal cavity, and, in addition, has a secondary lateral development, the hood, which is an evagina- tion extending laterally and anteriorly so as to cover the posterior part of the tympanal cavity. Its scales, together with those of the alula, form a more or less complete covering (mainly dorsal) for the delicate naked membranes within. In the Noctuidae the hood is always postspiracular except in the Herminiinae where it is pre- spiraeular (fig. 3). Eggers says that these two types of hoods are not to be homologized. However this may be as regards families I am not certain, but within the Noctuidae I am extremely skepti- cal of their distinctness. The lateral type of hood is shown in fig- ure 1 with the spiracle under its center. The subdorsal type with the spiracle outside is seen in figure 3 (hood prespiracular) ; this same type may also be found in other groups with a postspiracular hood (spiracle under hood). The “two-hooded” condition charac- teristic of the Plusiinae is shown in figure 4 (this second hood may be merely a development of the small ventral lobe seen in figure 1. Compare the other Plusiine sketches). And finally some forms have lost the hood entirely as in figure 2 (Pantheinae and certain other scattered forms). 6 June, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA The heavy supporting part of the hood is the internal wall (fig. 5a), but in the Erebine-Catocaline complex this is frequently sup- plemented by another secondary chitinization (fig. 5b). In reality these are separated from one another by a band of membrane though at first glance from the side they seem to represent a sin- gle, uninterrupted chitinization. Associated with the tympanal membrane is a second one, the counter tympanal membrane (c. tym/p.) (“Gegentrommelfell” of Eggers), which lies dorso-medial to the true tympanal membrane. It also lies in a special cavity which, however, being merely a slit is not visible externally except in rare cases such as Raphia (fig. 2). These counter tympanal cavities are developments of the lateral part of the intersegmental groove, and, accordingly, are not com- plete dorsally from one side to the other though in extreme cases they may be separated by only a thin membrane. Laterally they become continuous with the true tympanal cavities. The counter tympanal membrane is separated from the true tympanal mem- brane by the framework to be discussed below. Internally it is bounded by the same air sac, and seems most likely to serve as a resonator (Eggers). When the counter tympanal membrane is absent the tympanal air sac extends anteriorly beyond the nodular sclerite onto the “accessory tympanal membrane.” It is interesting to note, as Eggers has, that the counter tym- panal cavity may enlarge internally because it does so at the ex- pense of the large abdominal air space, but that the true tympanal cavity must enlarge by the development of secondary structures surrounding it since its internal development would interfere with the adjacent vital organs and muscles. Due to the rigidity of the tympanal frame there is a nonflexi- bility between the thorax and abdomen incompatible with move- ment. This is overcome by the loss of chitinization in the middle of the first abdominal segment to allow an intrasegmental flexure. Turning to the internal features we recognize many of the same structures. In figure 6 I have attempted to throw these features into three dimensions and in figure 7 have illustrated the same in- sect in the diagrammatic representation which will be used throughout the body of this paper. The most prominent feature now is the tympanal frame (“lamelle” of Eggers) with its four pockets, but tympanal and counter tympanal membranes, nodular sclerite, scutum and scutellum will serve for orientation (the ante- rior end in the internal drawings is the right of the figure). Usually these pockets are located in the same relations as here; 7 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. i that is, two dorsally facing in opposite directions with their bases together; one on the posterior side opening ventrally; and a large double-pocket at the postero-ventral corner. For convenience of reference these pockets have been numbered I-IV respectively, beginning with the most dorso-anterior one. Below pocket IV the epimeron extends ventrally to the coxa, but from the lower medial corner of the pocket a chitinous band passes ventrally and ante- riorly. This is part of the dorsal margin of the epimeron which further on becomes continuous with the dorsal margin of the furci- sternite. Its relation to the margin of pocket IV will be referred to later where for convenience it will be termed the “band” (com- pare figs. 27 and 34, etc,). Just dorsal to the subalar sclerite is a scutal phragma (sc. ph.) which serves as an internal brace for the anterior end of the tympanal air sac. This air sac extends from slightly anterior to the nodular sclerite posteriorly to the interseg- mental groove. Its outer wall is fused with the tympanal and counter tympanal membranes, and the cavity within its interior is connected with the main tracheal system by a single small branch from the center of the medial surface. This air sac always covers the first three pockets, but, as a rule, only partially covers the IVth; at times it may be more or less intimately fused with the Illrd and less often with the IVth. The line of fusion with pocket IV is indicated by a line labeled “ x” in figure 7. In the two genera Catocala and Ophideres (figs, 89 and 90) there is a small projection from the tympanal frame between pockets I and II or from the ventral border of pocket I. This is the “Bugel” of Eggers, and, in Catocala at least, serves for the attachment of the tympanal nerve as it passes medially towards the metathoracic ganglion. None of the other genera examined pos- sess such a structure ; in which case Eggers says that the nerve is attached to the frame itself. How far the various knobs on pocket I enter into this is uncertain. In Plusia (see fig. 109) it serves both as a support (stress-line) for the tympanal air sac and as an attachment for the chordotonal string. A comparison of other forms suggests the same thing (compare figs. 65, 109, 139, 140, etc.). From the upper corner of the frame the large, heavily chiti- nized, ter go-pleural suture of the first abdominal segment extends posteriorly as the main thoraeico-abdominal brace. It also forms one side of the frame of the counter tympanal membrane and one wall of the counter tympanal cavity. The outline of the hood, when present, is shown by a dotted line (as in fig. 7) ; the spiracle of the first abdominal segment is also 8 June, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA outlined (dotted if behind frame in drawing). However this type of representation will not show whether the spiracle is inside or outside the hood (hood pre- or postspiracular) , and reference must be made to the text for this point. Also there is a ventral fovea on the first abdominal segment shown by a dotted line in figure 2. Muscles are attached to this, but it will not be considered further in this paper. V. Comparative Morphology of the Noctuid Tympanum Herminiinae This group, the Herminidae of Guenee and the Heliini and Herminiini of Smith, has not received general recognition in recent years, and the genera concerned have been scattered among others of quite different structure until the group was revived by Forbes (1918). From our point of view they may be defined as Noctuids with a prespiracular hood (fig. 3), 5 and accordingly from a tym- panal standpoint are the most distinct of all the Noctuid sub- families. With the exception of the six lowest genera treated here6 plus a number of forms from the old world tropics, the group is quite homogeneous in that the males all have a modified fore tibia. Many of the genera also possess a knot-like modification of the antennae of the males. As stated above the prespicular hood is the best character of the group. It is well developed, either rounded or squarish, and lies clorso-anterior to the spiracle except in Paraherminia and Dercetis. The palpi and legs are long ; the thoracic segments are strongly slanted posteriorly ; the metascutellum is broad and low, and all the parts are closely scaled. The alula is normal and small, and the nodular sclerite well developed. Internally the structures are re- markably constant throughout, and remind one of the condition found in the Hypsidae from which the Noctuids are thought to have been derived. Pocket I moderately developed ; II well devel- oped and usually symmetrical though frequently reduced on the dorsal side ; III elongated with a small mouth ; IV primitive and except in Paraherminia not complete anteriorly. Counter tym- 5 I.e., spiracle outside the hood. This is the primitive condition found in all other Noctuoid families except the Agaristidae and Nolidae. Judging from the basal group this is a derived condition and not a direct hangover from Hypsid ancestors. 6 Paraherminia, Dercetis, Herminia, Camptylochila, Pseudaglossa and Reabotis. 9 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. i panal membrane and cavity normal. Frequently the epimeron is noticeably swollen just ventral to pocket IV, but this is not homol- ogous with the swelling seen in a denuded Plusia (enlarged pocket IV). Paraherminia (fig. 8) and Per cells1 are placed as the lowest genera of Herminiinae although the spiracle is slightly under (ventro-anterior to) the greatly reduced hood. Paraherminia is the only form in the group with a complete anterior boundary to pocket IV (resembling certain Rivulinae in this respect). Dercetis is the same as Paraherminia except pocket IV which is as in Her- minia. Herminia (fig. 9) has the pockets slightly different, but fundamentally the same; however the spiracle is far outside (pos- terior to) the hood, much more so than in any other Noctuid ex- amined. Also pocket IV in these three genera differs somewhat from that in the main body of Herminiinae in having the posterior wall curved anteriorly at its ventral end. As interpreted here these three genera, representing a rather large group in the old world tropics, form a connecting link be- tween the Herminiinae and Rivulinae (normal fore tibia, hood- spiracle relationship and pocket IV). A similar pocket IV is rarely found among our American species (compare Plusiodonta and the South American Aglaonice) . Next is the very homogeneous group composed of Camptylochila (Epizeuxis auct.) (fig. 10), Pseudaglossa and Reabotis (fig. 11). The hood is rounded and subdorsal with the spiracle just outside on its lower margin (opposite mouth of pocket III). The internal features are also quite typically Herminiine except that pocket II is slightly modified in Camptylochila. The first two of these genera make up the Heliini of Smith, while the third has been heretofore treated as among the pseudo-deltoids near Gabara. This group is distinguished from the following by the short, unmodified fore tibia in the males. The remaining genera of Herminiinae are essentially alike (figs. 12 and 13) though there is some difference in the size of the mouth and the length of pocket III and in the symmetry of pocket II. This later character must be used with extreme caution since it varies greatly in a single specimen according to the angle from which it is being viewed. 7 D. bilineata B. & Mc.D. has been removed to Micrastis by Barnes and Benjamin. I have not seen the species. 10 June, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA North American Forms Examined 8 Bleptina caradrinalis Gn. *Camptylochila aemida Hbn. americalis Gn. rotundalis Wlk. Chytolita morbidalis Gn. Dercetis vitrea Grt. Hormisa absorptalis Wlk. Hypemda cacuminalis Wlk. *Lascoria ambigualis Wlk. *Palthis angulalis Hbn. Phalaenophana pyramusalis Wlk. Phalaenostola larentioides Grt. Philometra metonalis Wlk. *Pseudaglossa lubricalis Geyer Reabotis immacidalis Hist. Reject aria albisinuata Sm. Renia salusalis Wlk. *T etanolita mynesalis Wlk. Zanclognatha cruralis Gn. laevigata Grt. jacchusalis Wlk. ochreipennis Grt. Xylormisa louisiana Fbs. Rivulinae This subfamily is proposed to include the rather distinct basal group of Noctuid genera which, however, contain a number of forms of doubtful relationship. Although the Herminiinae are placed first because of the hood-spiracle relationship, this is the most primitive subfamily of the Noctuidae and the one from which the Herminiinae and higher subfamilies seem to have been derived. The subfamily is very difficult to describe on superficial or gen- eral characters although presenting a certain common habitus throughout. They are small moths with delicate wings. The an- tennae are ciliated or pectinated, never possessing a knot-like modi- fication ; palpi porrect or ascending, but never as greatly developed as in many Herminiinae, Hypeninae and Erebinae. The venation is variously modified : some genera have the usual deltoid venation (8 'alia, etc.) ; others have a double areole ( Boletobia group) ; while others have no areole and may or may not have lost a vein from the fore wing ( Rivula , Hypenodes, etc.). The metascutellum is usually broad and low ; the thoracic segments not strongly slanted posteriorly as in the Herminiinae, and the legs of moderate length and unmodified. Incidentally this group includes all the Noctuid genera I know to lack the ocelli.9 The hood, as in all the subfamilies except the Herminiinae, is postspiracular (spiracle out of sight under hood) or rudimentary. Alula normal ; nodular sclerite normal or rudimentary. Pocket I 8 More than one specimen, frequently many specimens, have been dissected of those species preceded by an asterisk (#). 9 Acidaliodes, Hypenodes, Hypenopsis, Menopsimus and Para- hypenodes. 11 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. i well developed; II various, sometimes greatly enlarged or passing along the base of III to the posterior edge of the frame or extending ventrally to IV ; III small, rarely rudimentary or lost ; IV usually double (both margins meeting the “band” — see under sections 4 and 8) and when single (margins fused, not reaching the “band”) the other characters not as in the Erastriinae. Bivula (fig. 14) seems to be the most primitive Noctuid genus examined. The pockets are scarcely more than a ridge-like frame, and quite similar to their Hypsid ancestors. Salia (fig. 15) is much the same but somewhat more highly developed. Hypenocles and Hypenopsis (fig. 17) are quite similar to one another and illustrate the lines of development leading into the central group of the subfamily. Pocket II is developing along the inner margin of the frame and pocket IV is enlarging (in Hypenodes intermediate between Hypenopsis and Salia). Mycterophora longipalpata and rubricans (fig. 18) are much the same, but with pocket III greatly reduced, but M. inexplicata ( slossoniae ) (fig. 19) is markedly dif- ferent and more like Parahypenodes (fig. 20), both of which have the margin of pocket IV distinct from the “band.” As shown by the variations of Prosoparia to be discussed below, Menopsimus (fig. 21) is simply an aberrant member of this group in which pocket II extends completely across the base of pocket III and in which the mouth of pocket III has enlarged dorsally all the way to the base. The hood is reduced and membranous in Mycterophora and Menopsimus, and entirely lost in Parahypenodes. Oxy cilia (fig. 22) and Zelicodes form an offshoot from this group. In 0. tripla pocket IV is almost closed as shown in figure 22, but in 0. malaca and Zelicodes it is more open (similar to Mycterophora rubricans) . Dyspryalis (fig. 23) and Acidaliodes (fig. 24) have lost pocket III, perhaps as the end result of the type of reduction shown in the genus Mycterophora. Acidaliodes is the only genus lacking ocelli outside the homogeneous Hypenodes-Parahypenodes group, and looks like a Mycterophora which having lost pocket III has devel- oped pocket II along both sides of the frame to pocket IV instead of merely down the anterior side. Dyspyralis with its peculiar dorso-posterior development of the tympanal air sac is not so easily reconciled, but looks like a derivative of the same type. Melanomma (fig. 16) with pocket IV intermediate between Salia and Oxycilla is a peculiar genus tentatively placed with these. Sigela (fig. 26) lacks a hood and has pockets II and III much as 12 June, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA in the central group of Rivulinae, but pocket IV is wrong for this subfamily as well as for the Erastriinae where it has been placed heretofore. The only other place where a similar pocket IV is encountered is in the Herminodes-Gabara series of Erebinae. The genera Prosoparia and Stellidia also belong in this sub- family, but show considerable variation. P. tenebrosa is the only species examined in which the two sides of a single specimen were observed to differ from one another. Figure 25 shows the right side of one specimen (compare Parahypenodes and Sigela) while the left side of the same specimen has pockets I and II rudimen- tary ; III small and almost closed ; and IV sloping away ventrally with its anterior and posterior walls never joining one another. A second specimen was similar to figure 25, but its right side had pockets II and III just as in Menopsimus, and its left side had pocket III even more open. P. perfuscaria and 8. vanata had pocket IV rudimentary as in the left side of the first specimen of tenebrosa, but not enough material was at hand to check bilateral and intraspecific variation in these species. The European Parascotia fuliginaria has pockets II and III as in figure 25, but pocket IV as in Mycierophora inexplicata. And the European Madopa, which looks just like Salia superficially, has pocket IV as in Hypenopsis, etc. North American Forms Examined Acidaliodes flavipars Dyar Dyspyralis illocata Warr. nigellus Stkr. Hypenopsis macula Druce Melanomma auricinctaria Grt. Menopsimus caducus Dyar Mycterophora inexplicata Wlk. longipalpata Hist, rubricans B. & McD. Oxycilla malaca Grt. tripla Grt. Parahypenodes quadralis B. & McD. Prosoparia perfuscaria Grt, Rivida propinqualis Gn. Salia interptcncta Grt. Sigela basipunctaria Wlk. Zelicodes linearis Grt, Hypeninae At present we are still unable to make any really satisfactory subdivision of the Hypenine-Erebine-Catocaline complex, but we can point out a number of more or less natural groups all of which are markedly interrelated. The most homogeneous of these includes the Hypena series, and is treated here as a separate subfamily. Tympanally it is well set off from the Erebinae except for the 13 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol XIII, No. i genera Plusiodonta and Scoliopteryx,10 and is connected via Pleo- nectyptera with the Rivulinae on the one side and the Pangrapta- Herminodes series and thence the typical Erebinae on the other (plate 20). Metascutellnm moderate, usually higher than in the Rivulinae. Hood always well developed, full or subdorsal11 ; alula normal, and nodular sclerite usually linear. Pockets I and II various ; III long and fused with the air sac ; IV always double, often overhanging ventrally. Group 1: Pleonectyptera (fig. 27) is the only American genus placed here along with the European Aventia which is quite similar. The tympanum is quite unspecialized, and appears to connect the Hypeninae proper with the Rivulinae and Erebinae. The only point of modification is the slightly overhung pocket I. Group 2 : This lashed-eyed group is altogether similar through- out, and includes Anepischetos, Bomoloclia, Hypena, Lomanaltes and Plathypena. Figure 28 shows the structure of all except Lomanaltes (fig. 29) which is slightly modified. Pocket IV is be- coming somewhat reduced and overhung ventrally though it is a different type from that in the Erebine series. In the Hypeninae pocket IV is always double, and any variations are clearly modifica- tions of a double pocket. The higher Erebinae, however, are de- rived by reduction from forms with a single pocket ( Pang rapt a - Herminodes) , and accordingly present a different habitus even when reduced to the stage represented by the Hypeninae. Because of this origin Scoliopteryx seems certainly an Erebine, but Plusio- donta is more questionable. Group 3 : Characterized by the subdorsal hood and the further modification of pocket IV. Hormoschista is close to the Hypenini ; the hood being intermediate between Hypena and Prothymia ; pocket I full and deep, and IV slightly more open. In this genus the scutal phragma is greatly attenuated and reaches to beyond the middle of the nodular sclerite. Ommatochila (fig. 30), Cryphia (fig. 31) and Protocry phia are usually placed in the Erastriinae, but have the typical tympanum of this group.12 Protocryphia 10 The immediate Hypena group and Scoliopteryx are the only quadrifids with lashed eyes outside the Plusiinae. The caterpillar is also similar. 11 The spiracle lies opposite the mouth of pocket III, but the hood varies in relation to these. Compare figs. 27 and 32. 12 One might add that Cryphia and Protocryphia will key to the Erebinae, not the Erastriinae, on Hampson’s M2 character. 14 June, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA differs from Cryphia in having pocket II deep and overlapping III. The nodular sclerite is not linear in either genus, and the spiracle is higher on the abdomen than usual (opposite base of pocket III instead of mouth). Spargaloma is similar to Ommatochila except that pocket I is shallow and not overhung, and pocket II deeper and overlapping pocket III. Prothymia (fig. 32) is more primitive in some respects, but its hood is further dorsal than in the other genera. The tropical Aglaonice snelleni belongs here, and as noted before Plusiodonta shows striking similarities. North American Forms Examined Anepischetos minualis Gn. Bomolocha baltimoralis Gn. madefactalis Gn. Cryphia pervertens B. & McD. Hormoschista latipalpis Wlk. Hypena hunvuli Harr. Lomanaltes eductalis Wlk. Ommatochila mundula Zell. *Plathypena scaber Fabr. Pleonectyptera historialis Grt. pyralis Hbn. Prothymia semipurpurea Wlk. Protocryphia secta Grt. Spargaloma sexpunctata Grt. The Erebine-C atoc aline Complex All the remaining quadrifid genera, except the small subfamilies to be treated later, are grouped together into this complex series. Hampson’s division based on spined vs. unspined tibia is a purely artificial one as shown by such genera as Arete and Pararcte, and by the European Leucanitis which is just like our American Synedas in tympanal and other characters except that the mid-tibia are spined, and by other similar cases. All the North American genera have been examined, and in addition as many exotic forms (both old and new worlds) as possible at present. However this series has its centers in the tropics of the two hemispheres and can be satisfactorily treated only on a world basis. This is impossible at the present due to the large number of genera unavailable, but it is thought that a thorough representation of the groups has been examined. In the other subfamilies species within any single genus are almost always constant, but in the Erebine-Catocaline complex practically every species is slightly different though fundamentally similar to the other species of the same genus and more different from other genera. A number of rather well defined groups (tympanally) stand out each containing some atypical forms, but usually these series intergrade and show characters of every other group also. Accordingly the present arrangement which is based 15 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. i upon the tympanum supplemented and tempered by other charac- ters must be considered extremely tentative until many more forms and many other structures have been studied and correlated. The metascutellum tends to be high and narrow. The alula unmodified and small in all groups except Alabama and Anomis; the hood usually well developed and rarely subdorsal as in the Hypeninae. As previously noted the hood proper is frequently supplemented by a second pleural chitinization of the first abdom- inal segment (fig. 5, a and b) which may even make that part of the body protrude as a whole (fig. 1). The internal features are too various for generalization. Group 1 : This is the most primitive of the subfamily and shows relationship to Pleonectyptera. The metascutellum is intermediate in most, but high and narrow in Sylectra ; alula normal ; hood pres- ent except in certain species of Gabara, either single or double. Pocket IV single and leading up to the secondarily double type of the higher Erebinae. Pangrapta (figs. 6 and 7), Isogona (fig. 33) and Metalectra (fig. 34) represent the primitive Erebine type espe- cially for pocket TV. Pangrapta was used as the type of the gen- eral description and need not be rediscussed. Sylectra is clearly a modification of this leading toward the higher Erebine type. Diallagma (fig. 35) and Egryrlon (fig. 44) are both near to Isogona and Metalectra. From this Pangrapta-Isogona series we pass insensibly over into the Herminodes-Gabara-Scolecocampa series where every species has a slightly different tympanum conforming to the same general style. The species intergrade hopelessly from a generic point of view (single genus?), and one must speak of specific points to say that one species is high and another lower. From Isogona we pass through Herminodes (figs. 36-37) and Scolecocampa (figs. 38-39) into the western species of Gabara (fig. 40), and thence into a separate side line leading to the extremely modified eastern species of the genus. Twelve eastern specimens of Gabara were examined, but I cannot be positive of the species even after com- parison with the U. S. N. M. and Barnes Collections. As near as I can say figure 41 is either an odd bipnncta (Tenn.) or a n. sp., and one specimen of humeralis was the same ; figure 42 with some slight variation in pocket III will hold for two Connecticut speci- mens of bipnncta, three humeralis and one n. sp. ? from Tennes- see; while figure 43 represents two specimens of pulverosalis, one of bipnncta (Conn.) and one of umbonata (= humeralis H) . At any rate figures 41-43 represent the extent of variation. The chief 16 June, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA modifications concern pockets III and IV which become greatly re- duced— and pocket III even lost in some (fig. 43). As is usual when pocket III is lost, pocket II extends ventrally to pocket IV. Concurrent with these are the reduction and final loss of the nodu- lar sclerite and the hood. Pseudorgyia (fig. 45) is similar to some species of Herminodes, and Phiprosopus (fig. 46) is also a member of this group. Of the two specimens of Phiprosopus examined one had pocket IV as in H. guttata; the other was aberrant as shown in figure 46 — the other features were alike in the two specimens. Group 2 : Includes a rather artificial group of genera which connect the first group with the central groups of Erebinae. Strenoloma (fig. 47) is much like Group 1. Hypsoropha (fig. 48) is less so, and the two N. A. species differ from one another in cer- tain quantitative respects. Calpe (fig. 49), 13 Rhescipha (fig. 50) and Capnodes (fig. 51) are only slight modifications of the same style (the South American Teinanomis, as expected, is identical with Rhescipha) . These then grade over into the higher Erebine style via modifications such as shown by “ Anticar sia” schausi (fig. 53), A. gemmatilis (fig. 54) and Antiblemma (fig. 55). Alabama and Anomis (fig. 52) are extreme forms in this gen- eral neighborhood. Each has a full hood and an enlarged alula (however not chitinized as in the Tarachini). Pocket IV is some- what more reduced in Alabama than Anomis, otherwise the two genera are about alike. Plusiodonta (fig. 56) is placed here tentatively though tym- panally it has more in common with the Hypeninae (note full hood and pocket IV). Group 3 : The Melipotis-Syneda series. This is probably the best defined of all the Erebine groups. The hood and alula normal ; tympanal membrane and nodular sclerite quite characteristic ; pock- ets various, but usually I modified, II and III moderate, and IV double and flanged. Phoberia (fig. 57) has the characteristic nodular sclerite and pocket I as in Ulosyneda (fig. 58). Cissusa (fig. 59) is much the same but has pocket I modified by a pouch-like evagination. Meli- potis (fig. 60), Bolina (fig. 61), Cirrhobolina (fig. 62 ) ,, Drasteria, Syneda (fig. 63), Litocala (fig. 64) and Hypocala (fig. 65) all possess the same characteristic features (shape of nodular sclerite, pouched pocket I and flanged pocket IV). Drasteria is almost 13 The tropical Parachabora abydas placed in Calpe by Hamp- son has a tympanum more like Massala (Group 4). 17 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. i identical with Melipotis. Panula (fig. 66) is an extremely aberrant member of the group (compare Thysania and Euclidia) . The European Leucanitis has the wing pattern of some of our American species of Synecla, but the mid-tibia are spined. Its tympanum is identical with Syneda and affords good evidence of the artificiality of any division on spines. Group 4 : A large group characterized by an overhung or pouched pocket I14; pocket II reaching III and usually angled on it ; III moderate, as a rule not extensively fused with the air sac ; IV double and except for Eulepidotis, Massala and Toxocampa dis- tinctly flanged. Eulepidotis (fig. 100), Massala and Toxocampa (fig. 67) con- nect this series with the next by having all the characters of this group except the flange on pocket IV. Eulepidotis is the most intermediate and emphasizes the artificial nature of these two groups as split here — it might perhaps better be looked upon as a single group branching in two directions. Massala has an enlarged alula and pocket IV as in Antiblemma ; otherwise it is as in Toxo- campa. Bendis (fig. 68) with a small pouch on pocket I and a large flange on pocket IV shows the typical structure of the series. Epi- dromia is quite similar, but the pouch on pocket I is as large as in Toxocampa. Mazacyla and Kakopoda (fig. 69) have a small, pointed, finger-like pouch on pocket I ; pocket II reduced though larger in Mazacyla ; pocket III free, and pocket IV normal. Yrias (fig. 70) has the same general style, but pocket I reduced to an overhung one. Heteranassa (fig. 71) and Coenipeta (fig. 72) are merely somewhat reduced forms of the same style, and Euparthenos (fig. 73) a further development of pocket I along the Yrias type. Matigramma (fig. 74) seems to be reduced from near Euparthenos, and Eubolina is almost identical, but with pocket I more overhung. Zale (fig. 75) and Zaleops (fig. 76) are very close to one another, and have pocket IV re-fused into a single pocket. Selenis (fig. 78) and Ephesia (fig. 79) are the only other genera with a flange on pocket IV, but they have pocket I normal though chopped off anteriorly (compare Tyrissa, fig. 83). Coxina (fig. 80) and Safia (fig. 81) have pocket I unmodified and the flange on pocket IV extremely reduced, but disregarding 14 A slight retrogression of the margin of the mouth of any pocket with a pouch will obviously end in one with the margin extending into an overhung flap. 18 June, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA spinecl tibia would be placed with Zale and Zaleops on non- tympanal characters.15 Group 5 : More or less artificially separated from the last group by the unflanged margin of pocket IV. Also pocket I is never modified as in most of the forms in group IV. Focillidia (fig. 82) and Tyrissa (fig. 83) are rather similar and tend to connect this group with the last. Distinct from these Hemeroblemma (fig. 84) and Latebraria (fig. 85) lead up to the type found in the large Bio syr is -Erebus series (fig. 86). Thysania zenobia (fig. 87) like certain other scattered forms is aberrant in pocket IV, but the South American agrippina is intermediate to the Blosyris type (unfortunately only one specimen of each species was available for examination). This group with only slight varia- tions includes the dominant series of large tropical Erebines of both hemispheres (spined and unspined tibia). Catocala (fig. 89) and Ophideres (fig. 90) are of much the same tympanal style, and are alike in being the only genera which possess a “bfigel” (chitinous projection from the inner margin of the frame). Variation within the genus Catocala is extremely minor. The hood is subtriangular (subgenera Mormonia & Catocala of B. & McD.) or elliptical (subgenus Eunetis of B. & McD.) ; the nodu- lar sclerite varies from simple and filiform to broad and sculptured ; the pockets are almost identical throughout though pocket II varies slightly in symmetry from species to species in the first subgenus. Group 6 : This is the rather homogeneous central group of “ Catocalinae.” Tympanally there is an indescribably different habitus which suggests a separate origin from the conglomerate called Group 2. Caenurgia (fig. 91) is the most primitive, though Parallelia (fig. 92) and Argyrostrotis (fig. 93) are much the same. Celiptera (fig. 94) is somewhat more modified, and Euclidimera (fig. 95) considerably so. Then there is a group of three genera with pockets I and II very small and pocket IV fused into a single one. Of these Phurys (fig. 96) is not greatly removed from Argy- rostrotis, while Dory odes (fig. 97) and Cutina (fig. 98) are slightly more so. Eight specimens of Euclidia were dissected ; five of these were alike and similar to the last three genera (fig. 99) ; two had pocket IV open as in Doryodes, while the eighth had carried the unification to the same point as shown by Panula and Thysania (see figs. 66 & 87). And finally Pelamia (fig. 77) is much more 15 One could make a natural subdivision of this group by putting in Panapoda as a tympanally aberrant genus and then segregating those genera with relatively small hind wings. 19 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. i like Group 4, and is the only member of this group with a pouch on pocket I. Scoliopteryx (fig. 101) seems best placed as an aberrant genus of Group 5 although it shows similarities to the Hypena group in its lashed eyes and caterpillar, and less in its tympanum. Gonodonta (fig. 102) although an undoubted Erebine is suffi- ciently peculiar to prevent satisfactory placement at the present. Panapoda (fig. 88) and Siavana look as though they should be placed with the small hind-winged genera of Group 4 {Mas sala, etc.)-, but tympanally pocket TV is wrong (compare the similar digression of this pocket in Thysania, Pamela and Euclidia ) . Noropsis (fig. 103) has an almost vestigial frame with pocket III lost ; no hood, and only the barest traces of a nodular sclerite. It has a very vague resemblance to the Pantheinae, but is too aber- rant to be safely placed. Litoprosopus (fig. 104) with two hoods, an evaginated nodular sclerite and a sunken tympanal region with pocket TV bracing it from below, looks like a combination of a Notodontid with a Plusiid. It is probably the most aberrant genus examined. North American Forms Examined Diallagma latiorella Wlk. Egryrlon filaria Sm. * Gab am bipuncta Morr . Group 1 *Phiprosopus callitrichoides Grt. *Pseudorgyia versuta Harv. Scolecocampa atriluna Sm. humeralis Sm. obsenra Grt. pulvero satis Sm. stygialis Sm. subniveosella Wlk. umbonata Sm. n. sp. ? liburna Geyer Sylectra ericata Cram. Group 2 Alabama argillacea Hbn. Anomis erosa Hbn. Antiblemma inexacta Wlk. Anticarsia gemmatilis Hbn. Herminodes atrosignata Wlk. schausi B. & Benj. guttata Schs. insula Dgn. perfasciata Dgn. Calpe canadensis Beth. Capnodes placida Schs. *Hypsoropha hormos Hbn. Isogona natatrix Gn. texana Sm. Metalectra discalis Grt. tantillus Grt. *Pangrapta decoralis Hbn. monilis Grt. *Plusiodonta compressipalpis Bhescipha obtusa Wlk. Strenoloma lunilinea Grt. Gn. 20 June, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Group 3 Bolina cellaris Gn. Cirrhobolina mexicana Behr Cissusa mucronata Grt. Drasteria occulta Hy. Edw. Hypocala andremona Cram. Litocala sexsignata Harv. *Melipotis jucunda Hbn. *Panula inconst ans Gn. Phoberia atomaria Hbn. Syneda adumbrata Behr Ulosyneda valens Hy. Edw. Group 4 Bendis detrahens Wlk. Coenipeta unilob a Gn. Coxina cinctipalpis Sm. *Ephesia elonympha Hbn. Epidromia delinquens Wlk. Eubolina impartialis Harv. Eidepidotis ilyrias Cram. julianatta Stoll *Euparthenos nubilis Hbn. Heteranassa minor Sm. Kakopoda cincta Sm. Massala abdera H.-S. obvertens Wlk. Matigramma laena Grt. *Panapoda rufimargo Gn. Safia bilineata Sm. Selenis sueroides Gn. Siavana repanda Wlk. T oxocampa victoria Grt. Yrias repentis Grt. *Zale lunata Drn. ‘ ‘ undularis Drn. Zaleops umbrina Grt. Group 5 Cat ocala aholibah Stkr. arnica Hbn. badia G. & R, cara Gn. cerogama Gn. coccinata Grt. delilah Stkr. epione Drn. flebilis Grt. habilis Grt. ilia Cram. “ illecta Wlk. innub ens G11. insolabilis Gn. junctura Wlk. messalina Gn. micronympha Gn. minuta Edw. palaeogamma Gn. piatrix Grt. relicta Wlk. similis Edw. sordida Grt. idtronia Hbn. vidua A. & S. Erebus odorus Linn. Focillidia texana Hamps. Latebraria amphipyroides Gn. Ophideres fidlonica L. Parallelia bistriaris Hbn. Peosina (= Hemeroblemma) pandrosa Cram. Thysania zenobia Cram. Tyrissa marginal a Warr. Gonodonta nutrix Cram. Litoprosopus coachella Hill. “ futilis G. & R! *Noropsis hieroglyphic 'a Cram. *Scoliopteryx libatrix Linn. Group 6 Argyrostrotis anilis Drn. Caenurgia crassiuscula Gn. Celiptera frustulum Gn. Cutina albopunctella Wlk. Doryodes bistrialis Geyer * Euclidia cuspidea Hbn. Euclidimera caemdea Grt. Pelamia disseverens Wlk. Pelamia latipes Gn. Phurys lima Gn. 21 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. i Stictopterinae A small subfamily apparently derived from the higher Erebinae of Group 4. Tympanally they are extremely close to the Plusiinae, for which, indeed, they would serve as prototype. The neotropical Stictoptera clara (fig. 107) has a large hood with a ventral lobe ; slender nodular sclerite ; attenuated scutal phragma ; pocket I with a large overhanging pouch ; II and III short, and IV single and intimately fused with the tympanal air sac. The Indo-Australian 8. melanistis has the two hoods of the Plusiinae, but the internal details as in clara. Forms Examined Stictoptera clara Cram. Stictoptera melanistis Hamps. Plusiinae This is the most homogeneous and distinct of all the quadrifid groups, but tympanally at least is related to the higher Erebines through the Stictopterinae. The metascutellum is broad and moderately high ; the alula normal but sometimes enlarged, and also there is a second hood ventral to the normal one (fig. 4). 16 Pocket I shallow, frequently overhung ; II reaching III, sometimes with a small mouth, and in Abrostola overlapping III ; III moderate and not extensively fused with the air sac ; IV very large, swollen, and intimately fused with the tympanal air sac as in the Stictopterinae. A denuded specimen of Plusiine, Herminiine or certain other forms presents a swollen area of the epimeron ventral to the tym- panal membrane. In the Plusiinae this is the greatly enlarged pocket IV (“epimerale akzessorische Tympanalkammer” of Eggers), but in all other forms it is a swollen area of the epimeron ventral to pocket IV. Abrostola (fig. 108) is the only genus with pocket II overlapping III; it also has the smallest hoods. Autographa (figs. 4 & 109) is the most highly developed genus, with enormous hoods and pocket IV. Chrysoptera (fig. 110) is somewhat reduced, and Eosphorop- teryx is almost identical. Palaeoplusia is close to Plusia except that pocket II is not contracted at the mouth. Plusia (fig. Ill) is slightly different, and Pseudeva less so. Syngrapha is just like Autographa. 16 This second hood is not heavily chitinized like the first but it projects over the tympanal cavity in the same manner as the “nor- mal” hood. 22 June, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Forms Examined 17 Abrostola urentis G11. Autographa brassicae Riley Eosphoropteryx thyatyroides Gn. gamma Linn. calif ornica Speyer precationis Gn. simplex Gn. Palaeoplusia venusta Wlk. Plusia aerea Hbn. Pseudeva pur pur ig era Wlk. Syngrapha ignea Grt. Chrysoptera moneta Fabr. Euteliinae This subfamily is generally considered a derivative of the Ere- binae, and if so would be from Group 4 close to the Stictopterinae, but tympanally they have much in common with the Erastriini. The metascutellum is moderate, tending to be narrow; hood small, more or less subdorsal ; alula small and unmodified ; internal fea- tures various. Aon (fig. 112) has pocket III reduced, and IV conical and flanged. It looks more like an Erastriine than an Erebine. Eutelia (fig. 113) has a large flag hanging into the tympanal air sac from the frame just anterior to pocket I ; pocket IV is greatly reduced, and there is a membranous second hood ventral to the normal one (compare the Stictopterinae). Marathyssa (fig. 114) and Paectes (fig. 115) are much more alike than the other two genera. Compare the Erastriine genera (such as Euaontia, FLomo- lagoa and Phoenicophanta) as well as the Erebine genera of Groups 4 and 5. Tympanally speaking the Erastriinae seem to have been derived from some point between the Rivulinae and Hypeninae with Eublemima as the connecting link They are distinctly divided into two tribes by the excessive development and chitinization of the alula in one group of genera. From this subfamily three others are to be derived and possibly a fourth. The Acontiine-Sarrothripine series is derived from among the middle Erastriinae, while the Acronyctine series and thence the other trifid subfamilies and the Agaristidae are derived 17 Diloba caendeocephala placed here by Ilampson has a typical Acronyctine tympanum similar to that of Trachea (fig. 143). Forms Examined Aon noctuiformis Neum. Eutelia adidatrix Hbn. * Marathyssa inficita Wlk. *Paectes abrostoloides Gn. Erastriinae 23 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. i from among the higher Erastriinae which retain an unmodified alula. Typical members of the trifid subfamilies are essentially similar to the Erastriinae in tympanal structure. The Euteliinae are derived by Hampson from the Erebinae, but tympanally they have as much in common with the Erastriinae. As is the case with certain of the other quadrifid subfamilies, this group has been separated by Hampson on a basis of the in- tangible M2 of the hind wing. It may be separated from the Rivuline-Hypenine series by pocket IV which is usually elongated and always single {is., margin distinct from “band”) except in the connecting genus Eublemma. This condition is also encountered in certain Erebinae though somewhat different there (compare Egryrlon, fig. 44). The metascutellum is narrow and high ; the nodular sclerite fre- quently weak but rarely absent ( Erastria and Grotelli forma) ; the alula normal or modified as to be described later ; hood normal, greatly reduced or frequently lacking. In some genera (see Hemispragueia) the hood is so reduced that it no longer covers the spiracle, though the hood when present at all is always postspiracu- lar. When the alula is modified the hood is never well developed and usually is entirely absent, but it is rudimentary or absent in many forms with a perfectly normal alula. The thorax as a whole does not slant posteriorly as in most Deltoids, and the legs and palpi are short and without special modifications. Eublemma (fig. 116) is considered a connecting link to the Deltoids, mainly on a basis of pocket IV which is a truly double one with its opposing walls meeting in an angle at the “band.” Nevertheless this pocket, as well as pocket II, is showing the same shape and tendencies prevalent in the Erastriinae proper and not in the Deltoids. Also the hood is large and primitive, the alula normal, and pocket III not fused with the tympanal air sac. The metascutellum is not as high in this group as in most Erastriinae. Erastriini : This tribe includes all those genera in which the alula is unmodified, and is connected with the Tarachini by Chamy- ris, Cerathosia and Diastema. The largest and most typical group of genera include Amiana, Cobubatha (fig. 117) Erastria, Erastriodes (fig. 118), Euaontia (fig. 119), Exyra, Ozarba and Sexserrata. In this group the hood is well developed, usually subdorsal and pointed ; pockets I and II usually very shallow with II tending to be lopsided ; III not fused with the tympanal air sac, and IV deep and narrow with its margin tending to become an integral part of the tympanal air sac. The exceptions are that in Amiana we have the first step of fusion of 24 June, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA pocket III with the air sac ; that Erastria has pockets I and II deep and lacks a nodnlar sclerite ; and that Sexserrata has no hood. The second group is undoubtedly derived from the above. It includes Lithacodia (fig. 120), Neotarache (fig. 121) and Capis (fig. 122), and is characterized by the extreme reduction of pocket III. Typical species of Lithacodia (fig. 120) have a well-developed, rounded hood with the spiracle just beneath the lower corner ; pocket I shallow; II deep and reaching the tergo-pleural suture of the first abdominal segment; III and IV about as in Group 1. L. caduca and Neotarache (fig. 121) have pockets I, II and III reduced with III becoming little more than a transverse ridge, and IY more intimately fused with the air sac. Caduca has a rudimen- tary hood; Neotarache lacks a hood. “L.” albidula and Capis (fig. 122) carry the reduction of pockets I, II and III a step further, but IV is somewhat different. Albidula has a small hood ; Capis has none. Venationally and structurally Capis is almost identical with albidula. There is a third well defined group composed of Chamyris, Cerathosia and Diastema. These genera have the pockets just as in the Tarachini (fig. 131) (and might therefore if one wished be placed as the most primitive of that tribe) except that the alula is unmodified and that a small hood is present in all except Cerathosia. This group is closely related to O'zarba, Cobubatha and certain other odd genera. The West Indian “Tarachidia” disgrega also belongs here. Tympanally speaking the other genera represent more or less isolated modifications of the general Erastriine type. Amyna (fig. 123) , if not an Acronyctine, must be derived from the third group. It has a curious fifth pocket overlying pocket II (this will be dis- cussed later in the morphological section). Cydosia (fig. 124) is a true Erastriine not greatly different from Cobubatha. Grotelli- forma (fig. 125) is an extremely modified form which has no hood and no nodular sclerite (scutal phragma torn away in dissection) ; pockets I, II and III rather normal, but the air sac very intimately fused with pocket IV and separated from its posterior wall so that we find a shallow wall representing the dorsal and posterior portion of pocket IV, covered but distinct from the air sac which is fused with the antero-ventral wall (compare the Lithosiids). Homolagoa (fig. 126) is much like the third group. Oruza (fig. 127), Phobo- losia (fig. 128) and Phoenicophanta (fig. 129) are separate modifica- tions near the first group. And Xanthoptera (fig. 130) is an ex- tremely modified form related to the first and second groups. 25 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. i Tarachini : A very homogeneous group which might be made to include the third group of Erastriini. The alula is enlarged into a strongly chitinized, flap-like structure which conceals most of the tympanal membrane ; and the hood is rudimentary or absent. This group includes Conacontia, Conochares, Fruva, Graeperia, Helio- contia, Hemispragueia, Neptunia, Paracretonia, Spragueia, Tar ache and Tarachidia (fig. 131). The internal structures are the same throughout and almost identical with the third group of Erastriini ( Chamyris , etc.), and very close to certain trifids. Pocket I is deep and almost closed; II deep, overlapping the base of III and reach- ing the corner of the tergo-pleural suture of the first abdominal segment ; III also deep and intimately fused with the tympanal air sac; IV as shown. The seutal phragma is very small (not true for the third group of Erastriini) and the nodular sclerite weak. North American Forms Examined Amiana niama Dyar Amyna bidlula Grt. Capis curvata Grt. Cerathosia tricolor Sm. Chamyris cerintha Treit. Cobubatha quadrifera Zell. Conacontia augustipennis Grt. Conochares arizonae Hy. Edw. Cydosia nobilatella Cram. Diastema tigris Gn. Erastria dividua opipara Hy. Edw. Erastriodes propera Grt. Euaontia clarki B. & McD. Eublemma minima Gn. obliqualis Fabr. Exyra semicrocea Gn. Fruva fasciatella Grt. Graeperia sutrix Grt. Grotelliforma lactea Stretch. Heliocontia apicella Grt. Hemispragueia idella Barnes Homolagoa grot elli for mis B. & McD. Lithacodia albidida Gn. caduca Grt. carneola Gn. N eotarache deserticola B. & Benj. Neptunia pulchra B. & McD. Oruza albocostaliata Pack. Ozarba aeria Grt. Paracretonia aleptivoides B. & McD. Phobolosia anfracta Hy. Edw. Phoenicophanta bicolor B. & McD. Sexserrata hamponsi B. & Benj. Spragueia dama G11. Tarache aprica Hbn. Tarachidia candefacta Hbn. *Xanthoptera nigrofimbria Gn. Acontunae This subfamily is closely related to and combines the characters of both tribes of Erastriinae. The alula may be small and unmodi- fied ( Hylophila & Sinna), or large and unchitinized (Gabala), or almost as heavily chitinized as in the Tarachini ( Earias ). The hood may be normal, rudimentary or entirely absent; metascutel- 26 June, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA him broad and low ; pockets various, but undoubtedly modified from the higher Erastriinae. E arias (fig. 134) has pocket II turned backwards, so to speak, as in Characoma and Sarrothripus (closure at distal end and sub- sequent migration of mouth ? Compare Menopsimus ) ; III and IV as in the higher Erastriinae in all forms. The anterior end of the tympanal air sac is sufficiently chitinized to remain as an acces- sory anterior pocket in potashed specimens ; this is very common in the trifids and is also found in certain other forms. Hylopkila (fig. 135) has pockets I and II more normal and the hood mem- branous. Gabala and Sinna (fig. 136) are merely somewhat re- duced forms. Gabala has a large alula and no hood; Sinna has a small alula and a small hood. The American genus Bagisara (fig. 137) has been moved to the Acontiinae by Heinrich18 on a basis of the caterpillar and M2 of the hind wing. The Acontiines and higher Eratriines generally are so similar to the Acronyctiinae in tympanal structure that I would not like to commit myself on the point. Suffice it to say that the tym- panum, while somewhat different from the European Acontiines, is nevertheless closer to these than to any other form examined except Ipimorpha. The tympanum of Ipimorpka is almost iden- tical with that of Bagisara, and Dr. Forbes says that the cater- pillar also looks Acontiine. Forms Examined Earias chlorana L. Sinna extrema Wlk. “ vernana Hbn. Gabala argentata Butl. Bagisara subusta Hbn. Hylopkila bicolorana Poda Ipimorpka pleonectusa Grt. Sarrothripinae Closely related to the last family of which it is placed as a derivative by Hampson. Metascutellum low and either broad, nar- row or pointed ; hood usually well developed, sub-dorsal and pointed ; alula small and unmodified. Internal features about as in the Acontiinae. In Baileya (fig. 138) the hood is small, but strongly chitinized and pointed ; pockets I and II normal ; III greatly expanded and fused with the air sac ; IV conical as in the Erastriinae. Casandria (fig. 139) has a smaller hood with the spiracle ventro-anterior to 18 In Bottimer, L. J., Notes on some Lepidoptera from eastern Texas. Journ. Agr. Research 33 (9), p. 799. 1926. 27 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. i it ; pockets I, II and III reduced ; III not fused with the air sac ; IV typically Sarrothripine with a chitinous extension along the inner wall of the air sac towards pocket I. Characoma (fig. 140) has the entire air sac strongly chitinized with a heavy bar connect- ing the anterior end of pocket I to pocket IV along the medial wall of the air sac ; pocket II as in E arias; III fused to the air sac and opening into IV ; anterior end of the tympanal air sac strongly chitinized. Sarrothripus (fig. 141) is a continuation of the same .scheme with the fusion more advanced; pockets I and II as in E arias, but III and IV intimately fused, the small dotted triangle in the figure representing the wall between pockets III and IV. The hood is small and membranous in both Characoma and Sar- rothripus. The palearctic genera Blenina and Gadirtha resemble Hylopliila, whereas the nearctic genera are more like Earias. The neotropical Stictothripa (fig. 142) is somewhat different; pocket II is large, long and fused with the medial wall of the air sac, and in this process pockets II and III have become united. It is, however, distinctly Sarrothripine. Forms Examined * Bailey a ophthalmica Gn. Casandria abseuzalis Wlk. Characoma nilotica Rogenh. Sarrothripus lintnerana Speyer. Blenina senex Butl. Elisma narcissus Cram. Gadirtha inexacta Wlk. Stictothripa albescens Dgn. Pantheinae A small and extremely homogeneous group of hairy-eyed quadri- fids. Their relation to the other subfamilies is more obscure than that of any other group. They have the general appearance of the Acronycta group of Acronyctinae, but have a highly modified cater- pillar and an equally isolated tympanum. The tympanum might be considered an extreme modification from the trifids or Erastriines or even from the Erebines, but is too aberrant for more than a mere guess (compare Noropsis, fig. 103 and Aon, fig. 112). The metascutellum is moderately narrow; the hood never well developed and as a rule entirely absent, fig. 2 ; the alula small and unmodified. Pocket II reaches the corner of the tergo-pleural su- ture of the first abdominal segment, and covers pocket III when that pocket is present; pocket IV conical and fused with the tympanal air sac. All the forms examined are almost identical in tympanal struc- ture (fig. 132) except that there is a very small hood in P. palata, 28 June, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Charadra and Colocasia, and that pocket III is smaller in most genera and entirely lost in Bathyra, Lichnoptera and Raphia (fig. 133). Forms Examined Bathyra sagata Wlk. Panthea coenobita Esp. Charadra deridens Gn. “ fur cilia Pack. Colocasia propinquilinea Grt. “ palata Grt. Lichnoptera cavillator Wlk. Raphia abrupta Grt. *Raphia frater Grt. The T rif id Subfamilies The trifid subfamilies have not been as thoroughly examined as the quadrifid ones, but they seem more homogeneous in tympanal structure, and the typical forms not greatly different from the higher Erastriinae. Metascutellum broad and either high or moderately low ; hood moderate, never greatly enlarged; alula normal; counter tympanal cavities larger than in the quadrifids except for certain Erastriines. Internal features of typical forms about as in the higher Eras- triinae. Achatodes, Balsa, Brotolomia, Gortyna, Laphygma and Trachea (fig. 143) are all much alike and very similar to the higher Eras- triinae. Acronycta (fig. 145) is considerably different, but Amphi- pyra is only slightly modified (reduced pockets). The genera examined of the Cuculliinae, Poliinae and Agrotinae are all almost identical (fig. 144) and even more like the higher Erastriine type than the Acronyctinae (except Atethmia, which is like Trachea) . Pocket I overlaps and connects with IV ; II over- laps III a long distance, and III is fused with the air sac. Forms Examined Acronyctinae Achatodes zeae Harris Amphipyra pyramidoides G11. Acronycta americana Harris Balsa malana Fitch. Gortyna nictitans americana Spey. Laphygma frugiperda A. & S. Phlogophora iris Gn. 'Sept is (= Trachea) arctica BvcI. Sidemia devastator Brace 29 Cuculliinae Atethmia pampina Gn. Cucullia asteroides Gn. Poliinae Cirphis unipuncta Haw. N ephelodes emmedonia Cram. Neuria product a Grt. Agrotinae Feltia herilis Grt. Graphiphora c-nigrum L. Heliothis virescens Fabr. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. i VI. Exotic Noctuidae In addition to the exotic genera specifically treated in the text a number of others have been examined. These represent so small and scattering a percentage of the world fauna that it does not seem advisable to discuss them in detail. Suffice it to say that they do not appear to invalidate any of the statements made in this paper. Representatives of the small subfamilies have been treated along with the American forms in the text and a few exotic Erebines are also included in that section. Names preceded by a dagger (f) are commented on in the appropriate section of the text. Herminiinae Amilaga albiapicata Holl. Asthala silenusalis Wlk. Bocana manifestalis Wlk. Echanella albobasalis Holl. Edessena hamada Fldr. “ Epizeuxis” crucualis Fldr. Hadennia emmolodes Beth-Bak. f Herminia tentacularia L. Hydrillodes toresalis Wlk. Nodaria ext emails Gn. Oxaenamis brontesalis Wlk. f Paraherminia derivalis Hbn. f Pseudaglossa albomacidata Leech Simplicia schalousalis tribinia Beth-Bak. Systaticospera orphnina Beth-Bak. Zanclognatha cribralis Hbn. Rivulinae f Hypenodes albistrigalis Haw. \Madopa salicalis Schiff. Mosopia eudoxusalis Wlk. Ostha centripomens Dyar f Parascotia fuliginaria L. f Prosoparia tenebrosa Schs. f Stellidia vanata Schs. Tholomiges turfosalis Wlk. Hypeninae f Aglaonice snelleni Moesch. Anoratha costalis sinuosa Wilem. f Aventia flexula Schiff. Bertula similalis Swinh. Catada renalis Moore Dichromia leucotaenia Snell triplicalis Wlk. Euphiuche apoblepta Turner. Harita rectilinea Moore Osericana molybdaenis Hmps. Rhynchina abducalis Wlk. Rhynchodontodes antiqualis Hbn. Erebine-Catocaline Complex Achaea echo Wlk. * ‘ indeterminata Wlk. * 1 mormoides Wlk. “ sp. f Apopestes cataphanes Hbn. f Arete papuensis Warr. Arsaciodes rufa Schs. Audea bipunctata Wlk. Baputa dichroa Narsch. Blosyris buteo Gn. phianassa Cram. scops Gn. scopsella Hmps. Cosmophila fulminans Beth-Bak. Cycligramma latona Cram. Deinhypena lacista Holl. Homodes propitia Gn. Latebraria janthinida Gn. t Leucanitis picta Christ. Lineopalpa horsfieldi Gn. Lopharthrum comprimens Wlk. Masca abactalis Wlk. 30 June, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA f Mazacyla relata Wlk. Mursa phtisialis Gn. Oxyodes scabiculata Fabr. f Parachabora abydas H.-S. Parallelia algira L. f Pararcte schneideriana Cram. Rhododactyla semirosea H.-S. Sarrothrocerus alluaudi Mab.19 Sosxetra grata Wlk.20 Spieredonia retorta L. Sypna achaeopsis Prout f Teinanomis sergilis Stoll f Thysania agrippina Cram. Erastriinae f “Tarachidia” disgrega Mosch. Acronyctinae t Diloba caendeocephala L. Graphelysia strigillata Roths.21 VII. Other Noctuotd Families Dioptidae : Because of their especial interest as the most primi- tive Noctuoid family, this group is also treated under the morpho- logical section. The metascutellum is broad and usually low ; no hood and no nodular sclerite, and the tympanal and counter tym- panal membranes small. The epimeron is concave so that the tympanal membrane faces ventrally, and a chitinous prong from the epimeron reaching towards the anterior end of pocket I serves as a support for this membrane. The subalar sclerite is well devel- oped and reaches the anterior end of pocket I ; the scutal phragma is large and high up on the scutum (compare the Notodontids). Pockets I and II are represented by the basal ridge only ; III absent, and IV far ventral and only slightly developed. Myoma (fig. 152) is easily understood from the family descrip- tion. Phryganidia is fundamentally the same but reduced, however Cyanotricha and Josia (fig. 153) have a more highly developed organ. Also these last two genera have a peculiar outside pocket not seen elsewhere (see under next section). Incidentally Cyano- tricha and Josia show the secondary subdivision of the epimeron into two sclerites whereas the first two genera do not. 19 Classed by Seitz as a Hypsid, but has a typical Erebine tym- panum with a single pocket IV about as in figure 47. 20 An aberrant quadrifid genus with the tympanum of a trifid (fig. 105). 21 This species was described as an Arctiid ; later moved to the Acontiinae by Forbes (1924), and then placed in the Hypsids by Seitz. It has the postspiracular hood of the Noctuidae, but its internal features present one difficulty (fig. 106). Pockets I, II and III will fit in in any number of places and accordingly give us no clues, but pocket IV is of the primitive type found in the Hypsids- Aretiids but very rare in the Noctuidae above the Rivu- linae. (Only in Plusiodonta and the Cryphia group). 31 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. i The neotropical Cyanohypsa (fig. 154) has a hopelessly aberrant tympanum. The metascutellum is very high ; the hood, nodular sclerite and scutal phragma absent ; the tympanal membrane small and facing ventrally with the margin of the epimeron reaching the anterior end of pocket I. Pocket I rudimentary • II very long and well developed; III and IV entirely absent. This genus has a quadrifid fore wing, but a tympanum of the trifid series (fore wing). Cyanohypsa and Thaumatopoea were the only genera ex- amined which had a tympanum and yet no trace of the anterior wall of pocket IV (dorsal border of epimeron represents the pos- terior wall, but the anterior wall lacking). Notodontidae : All the genera examined have the same tympanal structure (fig. 155). The metascutellum is high; the hood and nodular sclerite absent ; the scutal phragma high, and the epimeron concave with the tympanal membrane facing ventrally as in the Dioptidae. Pockets I and II very small ; III absent ; IV supporting the concave epimeron from below. The tympanal air sac is some- what more fused with the frame than in the Dioptidae. Thaumatopoeidae : As in the Notodontidae except that pocket IV is absent. The American genus Boa (fig. 156) is a connecting link between the trifid and quadrifid families. It has no hood, no nodular sclerite, and a moderately sunken tympanal region as in the trifid families, but a well developed pocket III and a scutal phragma as in the quadrifid families. Incidentally the counter tympanal mem- brane is heavily and uniformly chitinized. Hypsidae and Pericopidae : Simultaneous with the change from families with a trifid fore wing to ones with a quadrifid fore wing a number of changes are found in the tympanum. These are : the development of the hood (prespiracular), the nodular sclerite and pocket III ; the flattening out of the tympanal region, and the modi- fication of the scutal phragma into its definitive form. These changes are shown in figure 158 which also shows the low metascutellum ; the very slightly sunken tympanal region ; pocket I and II well formed but small, III large and free, and IV still of the primitive ventral brace type. Lymantriidae : Differs from the last only in that the tympanal region has become completely flattened and that pocket III is in- timately fused with the air sac (fig. 159). The wingless female of Hemerocampa has a vestigial tympanum, but the male has a normal one as in Porthetria. 32 June, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA The Japanese genus Camptoloma (fig. 157) is quite unique. The hood is absent; the scutal phragma and nodular sclerite are normal as are also pockets I, II and IV, but pocket III is enormous and like nothing else seen (that is if this pocket is really homologous with the pocket III of other forms). Arctiidae: Tympanally identical with the Pericopids (fig. 158) except that the hood is smaller and frequently pointed. Syntomidae : Fundamentally the same as in the Pericopids and Arctiids. In Ctenucha (fig. 160) and Scepsis pocket III has fused more intimately with the air sac. Scepsis differs from Ctenucha in having a larger nodular sclerite and pockets III and IV some- what shorter. The palaearctic genus Syntomis has no hood and no nodular sclerite ; a large counter tympanal membrane but only a very small tympanal membrane, and a frame in which all the pockets have become vestigial. Eggers (1919) has already noted this and queried its functional capacity. Lithosiidae : This family has a greatly reduced tympanum, but shows considerable variation among its genera. There is no hood and no nodular sclerite, and the pockets are greatly reduced. They may be distinguished from reduced Erastriines only by pocket IV which is double and primitive here, but single and usually fused with the air sac in the Erastriinae. Crambidia (fig. 150) shows this reduction towards a mere stress- line frame. Pocket III is the only one which is well developed. Hypoprepia (fig. 149) has small pockets I and II, but III and IV even more reduced than in Crambidia. The tympanum of the peculiar neotropical Gardinia is also of this type. Agaristidae: Alypia (fig. 146) is much like the Acronyctinae, but the counter tympanum is greatly enlarged and the counter tympanal membrane several times the size of the tympanal mem- brane (see Eggers 1919, fig. 19). Following Seitz I am treating Euthisanotia (fig. 147) and Psychomorpha (fig. 148) here; both have extremely modified tympanal frames not encountered else- where. All three genera have enlarged counter tympanal mem- branes and no hood. Nolidae: Tympanally (fig. 151) not at all like the Arctiid series, but very close to the Erastriinae. The metascutellum is low, and the hood membranous and completely dorsal to the spiracle so that it is impossible to state for certain whether it is pre- or postspiracu- lar. Pocket IV is single and fused with the air sac wall as in the Erastriinae. 33 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. i Forms Examined Dioptidae Cyanotricha bellona Dru. Josia auriflua Wlk. Myonia cingulina Dyar Phryganidia calif ornica Pack. Cyanohypsa stephanelli Giacomelli Notodontidae D at ana angusi G. & R. Heterocampa guttivitta Wlk. Ichthyura inclusa Hbn. Malocampa n. sp. near sorex Sells. Rosema zelica Stoll Thaumatopoeidae Thaumatopoea pityocampa Schiff. Doa ampla Grt. Hypsidae-Pericopidae Gnophaela vermiculata G. & R. Hypsa caricae L. Lymantriidae *Hemerocampa leucostigma A. & B. Porthetria dispar L. Desmoloma mollis Dyar Arctiidae Estigmene acraea Dru. Halisidota caryae Harris Syntomidae Ctenucha virginica Charp. Scepsis fulvicollis Hbn. Syntomis phegea L. Lithosiidae Afrida claricosta Dyar “ Chrysocale^ ( Gardinia ) magnifica Wlk. Crambidia pallida Pack. Hypoprepia miniata Kirby Agaristidae Alypia octomaculata Pabr. Euthisanotia grata Fabr. Psychomorpha epimenis Dru. Nolidae Celama triquetrana Fitch Roeselia minuscula Zell. Camptoloma interiorata Wlk. VIII. Morphological Homologies in the Tympanal Region By a comparison of the thoracic structure of representatives of certain families which lack a tympanum22 with the Dioptidae, Cyanohypsa and certain other primitive forms we can draw sclerite homologies with fair safety.23 In forms which lack a tympanum (fig. 161) the heavy posterior border of the epimeron becomes dorsally the epimero-postnotal suture and reaches the lateral extremity of the scutellum, thence curving ventrally and later dorsally in a wide semicircle to reach 22 Sthenopis quadriguttatus Grt., Pholus pandoras Hbn., Ypono- meuta multipunctella Clem., Anisota rubicunda Fabr., and Malaco- soma americana Fabr. 23 It seems superfluous to point out that the modifications brought about by the introduction of the tympanal air sac deprive us of any data ordinarily obtainable from muscle attachments. 34 June, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA the base of the wing at the epimero-episternal suture. In the mem- branous semicircle below the wing lies the large subalar sclerite with its posterior prong almost reaching the point of junction of the epimeron and scutellum. The postnotum is an oval, infolded sclerite which needs very little change to become the counter tym- panum. From the medial corner of the postnotum the tergo- pleural suture of the first abdominal segment extends posteriorly as a brace. In some forms ( i.e Yponomeuta) there is even a small scutal phragma a short ways up on the scutum. The Dioptid genus Myonia (figs. 152 and 162) has a very primi- tive tympanum, and shows the first steps in the development of this organ. As usual the posterior part of the dorsal margin of the epimeron is a strong ridge joining ventrally with the border of the furcisternite. Below its junction with the postnotum this border gives off a small ridge anteriorly onto the main body of the epimeron. The entire region has become extremely concave, and is braced from below by the margin of the epimeron and especially by this new ridge which has just developed. This secondary ridge becomes the anterior wall of pocket IV, the margin of the epimeron forming the posterior wall of this double pocket. Further dorsally the margin of the epimeron becomes the epimero-postnotal suture, and stands out as an internal ridge which represents the boundary between (common base of) pockets I and II. Further anteriorly just posterior to the subalar membranization, the epimeron has a dorsal prong reaching towards the anterior end of pocket I and thereby delimiting the tympanal membrane. Due to the concavity of the epimeron the tympanal membrane faces diagonally ventral. The large subalar sclerite reaches posteriorly to the anterior end of pocket I, and even seems to articulate with it. Just dorsal to the subalar sclerite is the axillary cord, and just above that the ventral margin of the scutum. From well up on the scutum there is a large scutal phragma which braces the tympanal air sac dor- sally. A small counter tympanal membrane completes the picture. This condition, with certain idiosyncrasies, holds fairly well for all the families with a trifid fore wing. In the peculiar genus Doa (figs. 156 and 163) we have the transition to the quadrifid series type. There is still no hood and no nodular sclerite, but there is a full-fledged pocket III bracing the main stress-line (epimero-post- notal suture) to the tergo-pleural suture of the first abdominal seg- ment, and a scutal phragma of the “higher” type. Then there is an abrupt jump from Doa to the Hypsids (fig. 158) where the tympanal concavity has flattened out almost com- 35 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. i pletely with a consequent distortion of the frame ; the pockets are all fully formed, and the hood and nodular sclerite have appeared. From the Hypsids to the higher Noctuids (fig. 164) the only funda- mental change is in the fusion of the anterior and posterior walls of pocket IV ; other changes are merely developments along lines already present. Summarizing this by the structures involved rather than by the representative forms we arrive at the following conclusions (plate 19) : The dorsal and posterior border of the epimeron is that shown by the heavy line in figures 161-164. It extends as a heavy band dorsally from the furcisternite to the end of the scutellum (being paralleled for part of the distance by the postnotum) and then makes a semicircle ventrally to reach the wing base. The posterior half of this border is the main brace of the region, and with the development of the tympanum becomes even heavier and stands out internally as a ridge. Ventral to the point where this suture reaches the postnotum a ridge develops anteriorly onto the epimeron as a ventral brace to the tympanal concavity. This ridge comes to form the anterior wall of pocket IV ; the margin of the epimeron just dorsal to it forming the posterior wall of this double pocket. This suture then passes along the posterior margin of the tympanal membrane to the end of the scutellum. Once dorsal to the mem- brane it stands out as an internal ridge, and from its inner margin a slight chitinous wall develops anteriorly onto the epimeron to form pocket I, and posteriorly into the postnotum to form pocket II. Pocket III when first found is already well developed. It lies on the postnotal side of this suture, and its base serves as a cross- brace from the tympanal membrane to the tergo-pleural suture of the first abdominal segment and less as a support for the counter tympanal membrane. This interpretation means that pockets I and IV are epimeral, whereas pockets II and III are postnotal. The main portion of the postnotum is very slightly altered. There is already an oval, lightly chitinized area in this sclerite, and apparently this becomes the counter tympanal membrane directly by fusion with the tracheal air sac wall. The ventral border of the postnotum gives rise to pockets II and III. From the peak at the dorsal end of the base of pockets I and II the margin of the epimeron extends diagonally ventral to the anterior end of pocket I, and is joined there by the posterior end of the subalar sclerite. It passes ventrally, presumably represented by the nodular sclerite, to the suture dividing the epimeron into the preepimeron and epimeron proper (when that is present), and 36 June, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA thence curving dor sally to the wing base. Apparently the epimeral prong bounding the anterior side of the tympanal membrane in the trifid families becomes detached as the nodular sclerite when the tympanal concavity flattens. The subalar sclerite articulates to the anterior end of pocket I, and in higher forms is represented by the narrow, chitinized rod extending anteriorly from pocket I just ventral to the axillary cord. Immediately dorsal to the axillary cord is the ventral edge of the scutum. In the trifid families there is a scutal phragma extending inwards from about two-thirds the way down the scutum. This becomes the dorsal brace of the tympanal air sac (‘ ‘ Spannleiste” of Eggers), and in the quadrifid families that part of the scutum ventral to the phragma is reduced to a very narrow strip. The phragma ends posteriorly at the ventral end of the scutellum just dorsal to the base of pockets I and II, and reaches anteriorly towards the wing base. When the tympanum first develops the epimero-postnotal suture is almost straight and the epimeron concave, with the tympanal membrane facing ventrally (see any Notodontid). In the quadrifid series this region becomes flush with the rest of the thoracic wall. Seemingly the “strain” produced by this change is the cause of the epimero-postnotal suture becoming so contorted. According to this view the tympanal frame has a double origin ; that part containing pockets I and II being epimeral, whereas that part containing pockets II and III is postnotal. The counter tympanal membrane is postnotal ; the dorsal brace of the tympanal air sac is a scutal phragma ; the chintinous rod extending anteriorly from pocket I is the subalar sclerite ; the nodular sclerite is a de- tached prong of the epimeron; the “accessory” or “false” tympanal membrane is the usual membranous area of this region, and the tympanal membrane may be either a part of this or more likely a secondary membranization of the epimeron. If one likes the “stress and strain” hypotheses used in studies of the vertebrate skeleton, he can account for the fundaments of all the complex parts of the tympanal frame with their aid. A few other points should also be mentioned here. In Amyna bulUda (fig. 123) the common base of pockets I and II has devel- oped medially beyond the wall of these pockets, and subsequently another chitinous wall has developed posteriorly from its inner edge to give a “pocket V” lying over (medial to) the base of pocket II. This is additional positive evidence of the method of formation of pockets I and II. Cyanohypsa (fig. 154) is very aberrant. Seem- 37 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. i ingly it possesses a functionally well developed tympanum, but there is no trace of the anterior wall of pocket IV, and pocket II is very deep, but pocket I rudimentary (of course no pocket III). Thaumatopoea also lacks the anterior wall of pocket IV. And finally in Cyanotricha and Josia (fig. 153) the tympanal concavity has been largely cut off from the exterior by the development around it of chitinous walls from its border. This results in a large kettle-drum structure with the tympanal membrane at its dorsal end and a relatively small opening to the outside indicated by a dotted line in figure 153. IX. Discussion and Conclusions General Evaluation of the Tympanal Characters The hood is found only in those families with a cpiadrifid fore wing, and even then is sporadically absent, though rarely so for entire groups (Lithosiidae and Pantheinae). It may be either full, subdorsal or dorsal — that is the first abdominal spiracle is typically opposite the mouth of pocket III, and when the center of the hood coincides with the center of the tympanal membrane the spiracle is under the middle of the hood. However in many forms the hood is developed dorsally, and its center no longer coincides with the center of the tympanal membrane. Although still in the same rela- tion to the tympanal frame the spiracle is then near the ventral edge of the hood of entirely below it (Nolidae). In some forms there is a small semimembranous lobe just ventral to the hood ; this becomes the second hood of the Stictopterinae and Plusiinae. Also in many genera of the Erebine-Catocaline complex there is another chitinization of the pleuron posterior to the hood (fig. 5). The shape and position of the hood is occasionally useful in phylogeny, and when so is usually a group character. It has been outlined in the diagram as it lay in the preparation, and might be pulled for- ward or backward so that its absolute size must be used carefully if at all. The alula is frequently enlarged, but in the Tarachini and a few Acontiinae is also heavily chitinized. The nodular sclerite offers specific characters as a rule, but occasionally is generic and less often grouping ( Hypena group, Melipotis-Syneda series). The shape of the tympanal membrane seems of little aid though more use may be made of it in the future (see Melipotis-Syneda series) . 38 June, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA The scutal phragma is alike throughout the families with a trifid fore wing, but in the quadrifid families offers only specific charac- ters as a rule. It has not been used in the grouping given in this paper. The counter tympanum is occasionally enlarged and greatly so in the Agaristidae. Pocket I is usually specific, but frequently offers grouping characters by pouches or an overhung margin. Pocket II is extremely variable and must be used with care. Its asymmetry is a risky character since it varies greatly according to the angle from which it is being viewed. Occasionally it overlaps pocket III and thereby offers a useful character. Pocket III usually offers good characters. Its relative propor- tions and the size of its mouth should be used with care, but the extent of fusion with the air sac and with pocket IV is better. Pocket IV offers some of the best characters. It may be either single or double ; sometimes fused with the tympanal air sac and less often with pocket III. In several groups there is a tendency for this pocket to be connected to pocket I by a line of chitinization along the median wall of the air sac. Frequently its size and shape serve excellently for linking genera. As noted before an epimeral bulge ventral to the tympanal membrane may be of either of two types : it may be an enlarged pocket IV (Plusiinae), or the epimeron ventral to this pocket and having nothing to do with the tympanal region (Herminiinae, etc.). A combination of all of these characters is naturally best, and no one is without exception. Without a doubt the accessory tympanal modifications frequently offer good characters for sub- families, generic groups, genera, subgenera and even species. It must be emphasized however that there are slight differences caused by the angle of projection and by any rupture in the dis- section. Characters especially affected by these factors have been given the least importance, and all specimens figured have been examined at least twice to minimize errors from this source. No sexual dimorphism was noted even in such genera as Palthis , except for the wingless J Lymantriids. Intraspecific variation is not common though a slight amount of difference in quantitative characters is usually observable (exact depth of pockets, length of projections, etc.). Intraspecific variation of a qualitative nature is exceedingly rare. In Prosoparia, as discussed in the text, there was great variation, but this was the only genus in which it was serious. In Phiprosopus and Euclidia (see in text) some of the 39 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. i specimens examined differed from the normal type of the group, whereas the majority fitted in very well. I am not certain of the identification of the eastern species of Gabara , but a series of a dozen mounts representing four or five species varied between the limits shown by figures 41-43, half of these being almost or quite like figure 42. Series of specimens of certain species were examined periodically (species marked by an asterisk * in the lists), and all forms which for any reason seemed out of place were examined by series. However the general tendency was to do another species of the same genus on the questionable assumption that if two species were alike, then two specimens of the same species would probably be alike also. And so in conclusion on this important point we can say that a slight amount of quantitative variation is usually present, but that vast quantitative or qualitative variation is rare. Freaks are occasionally found, but they, like variation, are certainly no commoner and no more serious than in other charac- ters such as venation and genitalia. ^ ^ ^ In all, 372 species representing 300 genera were examined. The majority of these were in the quadrifid Noctuidae, and of the genera of quadrifid Noctuids listed by Barnes & McDunnough from North America, Eupseudomorpha is an exotic Agaristid and Agassizia and Homophoberia are lost names; all the other North American quadrifid genera and most of the subgenera have been examined except Argilloplnora, Homocerynea, Proroblemma and Trichotarache (all Erastriinae) . The other families and subfamilies were not studied as intensively, but it is obvious that the greatest variation is to be found among the quadrifid Noctuids. Species within a single genus were almost invariably alike except in the Erebine- Catocaline complex, and even there the genera tend to hold to- gether. The tympanal characters would indicate about the same family derivation as given by Forbes in the “Lepidoptera of New York and Neighboring States/’ and a slight modification of this is given on plate 20. Doa apparently is a connecting link between the families with a trifid fore wing and those with a quadrifid fore wing. But if we are to put much faith in these family trees it seems strange that a large series of quadrifid families should be derived from another quadrifid set via several small trifid families (note the scutal phragma in this connection). The Nolidae have a caterpillar of the Arctiid series which, how- ever, has lost a pair of prolegs; they make a peculiar little cocoon 40 June, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA like the Acontiinae and Sarrothripinae ; Shepard (1930) reports some unique features in the thoracic sclerites, and in this paper the tympanum is shown to be of the Erastriine type. The Noctuoid families, other than the Noctuidae, Agaristidae, Lithosiidae and Nolidae, are remarkably homogeneous throughout and not highly modified from the primitive type exemplified by Boa and the Hypsids. The greatest variation is found in the Noctuidae, and even here the subfamilies with a trifid hind wing have reached a rather stable type. The Lithosiids and certain Erastriines have converged greatly by reduction, but can always be separated by pocket IV. On plate 20 is given a phylogenic scheme of the Noctuid genera based on the tympanum but considering other characters also. This may be read directly with the text and need not be discussed in this section. In a number of cases the tympanal characters definitely link otherwise isolated forms with well known groups (Raphia- Pantheine, Menopsimus-Rivulme, Reabotis-Camptylochila, etc.). This phytogeny of the Noctuid subfamilies is substantially the same as that given by Hampson, but the Plusiinae which are otherwise isolated are connected with the Erebinae via the Stictopterinae on the tympanum, and the Euteliinae show characters of both the Erebinae and Erastriinae. The Pantheinae are unplaceable. The division of the Erebine-Catocaline complex on a basis of spined tibia is purely artificial as shown by such genera as Arete and Pararcte, Leucanitis and Syneda, etc., etc. A tentative grouping on tympanal characters is given here : groups I, III and VI seem to be natural, but II is a conglomerate of forms which might be scattered among the others if so desired, and groups IV and V, which include the main mass of the subfamily, some might prefer to unite as far as the tympanum is concerned though they are distinct from the other groups and contain a number of rather vague subgroups of uncertain interrelationship. X. Summary 1. Short sections on literature and technique. 2. Thorough description of the region and the structure of the tympanal frame. 3. Systematic treatment of the tympanal modifications in the various families and subfamilies of the Noctuoidea with special emphasis on the quadrifid Noctuidae. 4. These modifications are discussed (as well as variation), and it is concluded that the accessory tympanal structures offer good 41 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. i characters for generic and subfamily phytogeny. A tentative phytogeny of the quadrifid Noctuids is presented (pi. 20). 5. Sclerite homologies and the probable origin of the complex structure are discussed. The tympanal membrane, the nodular sclerite and that part of the frame containing pockets I and IV are epimeral ; the counter tympanal membrane and that part of the frame containing pockets II and III are postnotal ; the dorsal brace of the tympanal air sac is a scutal phragma; the “accessory” tympanal membrane is the usual subalar membranization, and the chitinous rod extending anteriorly from pocket I is the subalar sclerite. It is possible to explain the origin of all of these parts on a “stress and strain” hypothesis (pi. 19). XI. Acknowledgements The author would like to express his indebtedness to the Cornell University Collection for much of the material studied ; to the U. S. National Museum for the loan of eighteen forms otherwise un- available ; to Dr. A. E. Brower for the named specimens of Cato cola, and to Miss A. E. Prout of the Hill Museum for quite a number of the old world genera. The author’s greatest thanks are due to Dr. W. T. M. Forbes for suggesting the problem as a continuation of his own work and for his interest and help throughout. XII. Literature Cited Eggers, F. 1919. Das thoracale bitympanale Organ einer Gruppe der Lepidoptera Heterocera. Zool. Jahrb. Anat. 41 : 272-373. Eggers, F. 1925. Versuche iiber das Gehor der Noctuiden. Z. Yerg. Physiologie 2: 297-314. Eggers, F. 1928. Die stiftfuhrenden Sinnesorgane. Morphologic und Physiologie der chordotonalen und der tympanalen Sinnesapparate der Insekten. Zool. Bausteine, Berlin. 2 : 1-354. (see for large bibliography) Eltringham, H. 1923. On the tympanic organ in Chrysiridia ripheus Drury. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, pp. 443-458. Forbes, W. T. M. 1916. On the tympanum of certain Lepidoptera. Psyche 23 : 183-192. Forbes, W. T. M. 1918. Guenee’s Herminidae revived. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 26 : 224-225. Forbes, W. T. M. 1922. The position of the Dioptidae. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 30 : 71-72. 42 J ourn. June, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Forbes, W. T. M. 1924. The family position of Graphelysia. Psyche 31 : 146-147. Jordan, K. 1905. Note on a peculiar secondary sexual character found among Geometridae at the Sensory organ situated at the base of the abdomen. Nov. Zool. 12 : 506-508. Kennel, J. von. 1912. Uber tympanal-organe im abdomen der Spanner und Ziinsler. Zool. Anz. 39 : 163-170. Mclndoo, N. E. 1929. Tropisms and Sense Organs of Lepi- doptera. U. S. N. M. Smithsonian Miscl. Coll. 81 : 1-59. Sharp, D. 1899. Uraniid tympanum (In his Insects — Cambridge Natural History 6: 419). Shepard, H. H. 1930. The pleural and sternal sclerites of the Lepidopterous thorax. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 23 : 237-260. Snodgrass, R. E. 1926. The morphology of the Insect Sense Organs and the Sensory Nervous System. U. S. N. M. Smithsonian Miscl. Coll. 77 : 1-80. Swinton, A. H. 1877. On an organ of hearing in Insects with special reference to Lepidoptera. Ent. M. M. 14 : 121-126. 43 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol.XIII (n. s.),No. i, PI. I ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. i, PI. II ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol.XIII (n. s.), No. i, PI. Ill ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. i, PL IV ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol.XIII (n. s.),No. i, PL V ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol.XIII (n. s.), No. i, PI. VI ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. i, PL VII ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. i, PL VIII ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. i, PL IX ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. i, PI. X ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. i, PL XI ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. i, PI. XII ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. i, PL XIII ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. i, PL XIV ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. i, Pl. XV ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. i, PI. XVI ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. i, PI. XVII ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. i, PI. XVIII ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. i, PI. XIX Fig. 161. Internal view of the posterior half of the metathorax of an non-tympanal form (based on Yponomeuta) . The dorsal and posterior border of the epimeron is shown by the heavy line in all the figures on this plate. Fig. 162. Internal view of Myonia (Dioptid) showing first tympanal modifications. Fig. 163. Internal view of Boa showing transition to higher type. Fig. 164. Internal view of higher Noctuid ( Calpe ) showing the final modifications and the limits of the contributing sclerites. Abd., abdomen; AT, accessory tympanal membrane; CT, counter tympanal membrane ; Epm, epimeron ; Eps, episternum ; Pepm, preepimeron ; PN, postnotum ; Sa, subalar sclerite ; Sc, meta- scutum; Scl, metascutellum ; Sc. ph., scutal phragma; T, tympanal membrane ; t.p.s., tergo-pleural suture of first abdominal segment. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. i, PI. XX Quadrlf ids I Trifids VOL. XIII (New Series) SEPTEMBER, 1932 No. 2 A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly tor the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, Lime and Green Sts., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue November 1, 1933 Application for entry as second-class matter under the Act of March 3, 1879, made June 15, 1926, at the Postoffice at Lancaster. Pa. Vol. XIII (n. s.) September, 1932 No. 2 SOME PACIFIC COAST OTIORHYNCHID WEEVIL LARVAE H. H. Keifer State Department of Agriculture, Sacramento, California The necessity for recognizing larvae of immigrant and native Otiorhynchine weevils has led the writer into a study of the larvae of the subfamily. As a result, there have been brought to light, up to the present, a few interesting forms which may have phylogenetic significance. The following account has the main object in view of emphasizing morphological similarities and differences in the larvae of the species treated. Remarks on classification are made from the larval standpoint, only. Synopses have been resorted to in order to more clearly set forth the important points. The descrip- tions are so written that the treatment of corresponding characters occurs at approximately regular intervals in the text; and so that all variable structures may be compared throughout. These descriptions and synopses are for the purposes of this article and are subject to revision when the larvae of more species become known. It is not intended that the host records and distribution data be complete. The author wishes to thank Dr. A. G. Boving and R. A. St. George who have placed certain extra-California larval forms in his hands for study. Dr. E. C. Van Dyke has kindly determined a number of adults reared from larvae. Other sources of material will be recognized as the species are mentioned. 45 ttav s ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 2 EXPLANATION OF TERMS The nomenclature of the various head and body areas is taken from the works of Boving, of Boving and Craighead, and of Cotton (see references). Where it has been found necessary to go beyond these, it is not with the intention to attempt the establishment of any new designations, but to clarify the studies in hand. The number of setae stated for each body area will be those on one side of the middorsal and midventral lines ; in other words, for one half of the larva. Thus the typical abdominal scutellum has in all ten setae, five on a side ; only the five will be mentioned. The setae on the frons and epicranium may be conveniently divided into several longitudinal groups; 1. the admedian frontal setae (mfs) with one long and two or three short, or minute setae; 2. the single sutural seta (ss) ; 3. a long admedian epicranial seta (adm) ; 4. three submedian setae with the first and third (sml and sm3) always long, the second (sm2) usually minute; 5. two long lateral setae (1 one and 1 two) ; 6. two sublateral setae (si) (next to cardo), of which one is most often minute; 7. the four posterior minute setae (pes). The groups of setae, under numbers 3, 4, 5 and 6 will be designated for convenience the “anterior epicranial setae.” The sensory papillae have not been investigated. The genus Pantomorus possesses the frontal and sutural setae as above, but the epicranial setae are so greatly modified that their homolo- gies are obscured. Presumedly, all these larvae have two spots or ocelli on each epicranial half for the reception of light stimuli. One of these spots is just lateral to the antenna; the other, on fully exposed heads, is near the first submedian epicranial seta (sml). It does not appear, however, that all species have pigment in connection with these rudimentary ocelli. The presence or absence of this pigment is not always easy to determine as it may have retreated far into the head. The presence of pigment is stated as far as observed. Mandibular structure varies according to the amount of use to which the mandibles have been subjected. The descriptions are as accurate as possible. The shield is the sclerotinized dorsal area on the prothorax. This is variously modified, making its limits rather vague. It does not include the setae of the prothoracic epipleurum (the small setae ceplialodorsad to the mesotlioracic spiracle), although these may at times be connected by sclerotin to the shield proper. 46 September, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA “Longitudinal hyaline bands” are the light areas that lie near and parallel to the epicranial suture (eps) on the epicranium (and sometimes part of the frons) which are not as heavily sclerotinized as the remainder of the head. “Sclerites of mentum” (m) will designate the crossed, or “psi- shaped” sclerites that support the lower oral structures from be- neath. They will be considered as complete when no part of the typical formation is absent. “Prominent seta ” is used for a hair easily visible under a low power binocular microscope. This is in opposition to minute seta. In general, there are three types of setae : long setae, short setae, and minute setae. Intergrades will be described as the need arises. Minute setae will generally be disregarded unless important. The long setae of the head are not as long as those of the body. The scuto-scutella (sc-scl) of the mesothorax and the metathorax have four setae in a row or line, transverse to the body, and the scutella (scl) of at least the first seven abdominal segments have five setae in a row. For the purposes of this article, these will be temporarily designated I, II, III, IV consecutively, from the dorsum down, on the thorax, and I to V on the abdomen. As we proceed caudally, we find that on the last two or three abdominal segments some modifications or reductions have taken place, in different ways according to the genera and species. The identity of V on the eighth segment is in some cases in doubt as its place may have been taken by the long alar seta (al). On some species, the two are definitely distinct ; on others, the long alar is apparently absent. Thus, in always designating this seta as V, when in doubt, convenience is considered the most important thing until the various identities can be definitely established. It must be borne in mind that individual variation in the number of setae on any area often occurs and for that reason single speci- mens are sometimes more or less atypical. GENERAL CHARACTERS The larvae of the Curculionidae are Coleopterous larvae which usually have a curved (cyrtosomatic) body, no real molar structure on the mandibles, and a hypopharyngeal bracon. The gular region and true legs are absent. For further particulars, see Boving and Craighead (2). The writer has examined all available material in an attempt to separate the larval Otiorhynchinae as a group from the remainder of the Curculionidae. Some progress has been made but as the 47 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 2 examples studied are comparatively few (forty-nine Curculionid plus Scolytid genera and fifteen Otiorhynchine genera) there is no way to be sure at the present as to just how well the characters in- vestigated will stand. It must be pointed out, however, that the groups represented by these genera are not closely related and there- fore somewhat representative of the whole family. The following account is offered for what is is worth. The Curculionid larval antenna consists of two segments : the first a membranous lobe bearing a number of sensory papillae ; the second or apical segment sclerotinized and of the various sizes and shapes as will be described. In all Otiorhynchine genera examined, the apical segment has been found to be oval, blunt, and broader than long (see figs. 1A, 18 A, 30). It is usually, though not always, over half as large as the basal segment and often subglobular. The typical apical antennal segment of the remainder of the family is much smaller than the basal segment, round and conical (see fig. 52 of Hypera punctata Fabr.). The most notable exception to this is found, as we would expect, in the genus Sitona. The Sitona larva has a fairly large oval apical antennal joint but possesses a median frontal carina, the latter absent from all Otiorhynchids on hand. In the Alophini, we find that Lepidophorus has no carina and a fairly large apical antennal segment, which, however, is compara- tively not as large as the typical oval segment described above, and is hemispherical. Trichalophus , also in the Alophini, has the same type of antenna as in Lepidophorus, but the apical segment is very small and there is a median frontal carina. Green Hyperine larvae have no carina but the apical antennal segment is small, round and conical. No apical antennal segment (with the exception of Sitona) has been found outside the Otiorhynchinae which in any way re- sembles that of Pantomorus or Brachyrhinus. This segment may be very small in a few Otiorhynchine species but should be always oval and blunt. The above information may be summarized as follows : 1. Apical antennal segment much smaller than basal, round at base, conical, or at least longer than wide; spiracles typically round, and with prominent annulate air-tubes which are often rather long ; median frontal carina usually present Cossoninae, Curculioninae in part 1. Apical antennal segment hemispherical or oval 2 2. Apical antennal segment hemispherical, of various sizes ; spi- racles round, lacking air-tubes; carina present and apical 48 September, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA antennal segment small (Trichalophus) or carina absent and apical segment rather large ( Lepidophorus ) Alophini 2. Apical antennal segment oval, usually large 3 3. Median frontal carina present ; lateral setae on anterior margin of epipharynx subulate ; spiracles round, opening small, air- tubes long and annulate (figs. 50, 51) Sitonini 3. No carina ; setae on anterior margin of epipharynx compara- tively broad and blade-like, rather flattened ; long or prominent air-tubes, when present on spiracles with small openings, lacking strong annulations Otiorhynchinae Otiorhynchid larvae when mature are of different sizes accord- ing to the species but all those examined have the head varying from light yellow to a clear orange-brown and the body whitish, curved, and subcylindrical. Head (except certain forms with an elongate retracted head) but slightly longer from base of clypeus than wide ; sides always curved; antennae as described; frontal sutures (fs) present or absent; epistome with a prominent lateral seta (sep) ; frons (f) without median frontal carina, with three or four setae and two sensory papillae ; one prominent sutural seta usually nearer to apex of frons than to antenna ; eight anterior epicranial setae on fully exposed heads; four minute posterior epicranial setae (pes) ; clypeus (cl) with two basal setae and a papilla; labrum (lbr) with three or four setae ; epipharynx with five or seven blade-like setae (on each side) on front margin, three interior setae and a papilla, and a lateral longitudinal spinulate area ; mandibles dark browm or blackish, with two apical teeth or without teeth, and two setae on outer surface; maxillary palpus (mxp) of two joints; maxillary mala with about twelve setae, part blade-like, part lanceolate; maxillae (mx) more or less entally and laterally spinulate; paragnaths (sides of hypopharynx) spinulate ; labial palpus of two joints; sclerites of mentum (m) variable, but median longitudinal piece not known to be wanting. Body armed with an approxi- mately regular pattern of setae which are usually stout and promi- nent; accessory setae known on at least one species; ventral and posterior setae usually stouter ; skin varying from entirely spinulate to entirely smooth. Prothorax with variable shield, reduced epi- pleurum. Meso- (T2) and metathorax (T3) with three dorsal areas: prescutum (psc) with one seta (which is longer than corre- sponding setae on abdomen), scuto-scutellum (sc-scl) with four setae, and a non-setiferous poorly defined postscutellum (pscl) ; alar areas (a) bearing one or two setae; epipleura divided into 49 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 2 tliree areas each: preepipleurum (ea) always with a long seta and at least largely sclerotinized on the mesothorax ; epipleurum proper (e) apparently with two variable setae and one minute seta, sclerotinized or not, mesoepipleurum fused with or partly separated from the mesopreepipleurum, m eta epipleurum always separated from the metapreepipleurum ; postepipleurum nonsetiferous. Thoracic hypopleura (hp) with two setae, one seta, one seta, respec- tively. Pedal lobes (cx of thorax) of all three segments with seven to nine setae, long to minute. Thoracic eusterna (eu) with one seta ; poststernellum present, nonsetiferous. First seven abdominal segments similar, the third nearly always about the thickest part of the body ; dorsum of each segment composed of : prescutum (psc), monosetiferous ; scutum (sc), nonsetiferous; seutellum (scl), with five setae, the lower four tending to be in two pairs; post- scut ellum (pscl) without setae. Alar area (a) of these segments situated just above spiracles and with one long (al) and one very short or minute seta: epipleurum (e) just below spiracle usually with two prominent setae, rarely with more; hypopleurum (hp) not more than one lobe, nearly always with two prominent setae next to parasternum but occasionally reduced; parasternum (cx of abdomen) with one seta; eusternum (eu) with two setae; postster- nellum (post) present on each of these seven segments but bearing no setae. Eighth segment resembling the first seven except the dorsum : scutellar setae often reduced in number and often either the long alar (al) or the lowest scutellar seta (V) absent ; no definite postscutellum. Ninth segment still further reduced : dorsum com- posed of one lobe ; epipleurum and hypopleurum fused into a large double rather vertical lobe with two (rarely three) setae dorsad, one usually minute ; no parasternal seta ; two eusternal setae. Tenth segment always unsclerotinized, very reduced, terminal or caudo- ventral in position, bearing two or three setae on a side. In some cases the abdomen may be largely sclerotinized on the eighth and ninth segments, in addition to or as an enlargement of the usual tubercles. The spiracles are all lateral : one on thorax on a meso- tlioracic lobe into the protliorax; one on each of first eight seg- ments; form variable according to the genus. Synopsis of Genera 1. Head lightly sclerotinized except anterior margin, light colored, frontal sutures absent; prothoracic shield with nine or ten setae, those on the anterior margin fairly evenly dis- 50 September, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA tributed; pedal lobes with eight or nine setae (including minute setae) 2 1. Head more or less heavily sclerotinized, usually clear orange- brown, frontal sutures present; prothoracic shield with eight or nine setae, the highest seta on the front margin distinctly isolated ; pedal lobes with seven or eight setae 5 2. Head retracted into thorax, considerably longer from base of clypeus than wide; two prominent setae on epicranium; skin with few spinules; large alar seta apparently absent from eighth segment; no largely sclerotinized posterior areas; tenth segment terminal; spiracles comparatively large, vertically oval, opening large and inner opening of atrium protected with fringed processes, air-tubes present but rudimentary Pantomorus 2. Head fully exposed, hardly longer from base of clypeus than wide ; six to eight prominent epicranial setae ; large alar seta always present on eighth segment; eighth and ninth segments largely sclerotinized ; tenth segment caudo- ventral ; spiracles various but lacking air-tubes 3 3. Frons with but one prominent frontal seta ; second submedian epicranial seta minute; basal segment of maxillary palpi as long as apical; skin without spinules; five scutellar setae on eighth segment; neither epipleurum nor hypo- pleurum modified; six setae (including both sides) closely grouped on posterior part of dorsal ninth lobe; spiracles comparatively large, vertically oval, opening large and with fringed protecting processes Rhyncagonus 3. Frons with more than one prominent frontal seta ; second sub- median epicranial seta short, prominent ; basal segment of maxillary palpi reduced, shorter than apical ; skin heavily spinulate ; less than five scutellar setae on eighth segment ; spiracles not large, round, opening small and round 4 4. Sclerites of mentum complete; thoracic alar areas with two prominent setae ; abdominal epipleura each with more than two (six to thirteen) prominent setae; hypopleura with two prominent setae each; three scutellar setae on eighth segment ; one seta on side of dorsum of ninth ; abdomen thickest at center of body Trigonoscuta 4. Lateral arms of sclerites of mentum incomplete at base ; thoracic alar areas with one prominent seta; abdominal epipleura with two setae each; hypopleura of first seven segments with but one prominent seta, the other seta very small; four scutellar setae on eighth segment; three setae 51 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 2 on side of dorsal ninth lobe at points on an inwardly oblique line ; abdomen thickest at seventh segment Mesagroicus 1 5. Head with seven prominent epicranial setae (both sublaterals prominent) ; a longitudinal hyaline area parallel to epi- cranial suture including part of f rons ; skin completely spinulate (except sclerotinizations) ; nine setae on pro- thoracic shield ; one prominent hypopleural seta on abdomen; four setae on scutellum of eighth segment; spiracles circular, opening round, air-tubes absent Dyslobus 5. Head with six prominent epicranial setae ; longitudinal hyaline areas when present not including part of frons ; skin with comparatively few inconspicuous spinules; eight setae on prothoracic shield; two prominent hypopleural setae on abdomen; five setae on scutellum of eighth segment (in some cases II may be minute or anterior) ; spiracles circu- lar, nearly always before 6 6. Meso- and mestascuto-scutellum with seta IV always separated from upper three which are usually on same tubercle ; no posterior segments largely selerotinized (except on seti- ferous tubercles) ; sternal setae of ninth segment about the same as those on proceeding segments BrachyrJiinus 6. Meso- and metaseuto-scutellum with seta I always separated from lower three; part of seventh and approximately all of eighth and ninth segments rather heavily selerotinized ; 1 Larvae, that it is reasonable to believe represent Stamoderes uniformis Casey, have been collected since this manuscript was sub- mitted. They fit in remarkably well with Trigonoscuta and Mesa- groicus, more nearly resembling the latter, but amply distinct from both in a number of details. The most interesting feature, from the standpoint of this synopsis, is the sclerotin on the head capsule. This sclerotinization not only occupies the anterior margin (as in Trigonoscuta and Mesagroicus) but extends a short distance back onto the frons and epicranium. The hyaline space in this sclerotin- ization on the front margin, laterad to the antennae, could be inter- preted as the base of the frontal suture. If so, it would then appear that the reason for the absence of frontal sutures is due to the lack of general head sclerotinization. (The head of Polydrusus is little darker than that of Mesogroicus or Trigonoscuta , but the frontal sutures are distinct.) The frontal sclerotinization on Stamoderes tapers to a slight line in the middle of the frons. This line prob- ably represents the median frontal carina, a character relied on herein to separate Sitona. 52 September, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA sternal setae of ninth segment moderately short, very stout, sub-parallel 7 7. Epicranium with a rather short longitudinal hyaline band from frontal suture to admedian epicranial seta ; III on pos- terior margin of eighth segment usually closer to I than to IV ; one long and two minute setae on frons ; all spiracles bifore Peritelinus 7. Frontal suture (fs) widened centrally but no hyaline band; seta III on posterior margin of eighth segment half way between I and IV or closer to IV ; one long and three minute setae on frons; spiracles varying from all bifore to none bifore Geoderces Genus Pantomorus Schon. Head elongate, distinctly longer from base of clypeus than wide, light yellow, lightly sclerotinized except anterior margin which is heavy; retracted over half its length into thorax; frontal sutures and hyaline areas absent ; frons with one prominent and three minute setae ; epicranial setae reduced in size and pushed forward, two prominent setae remaining on epicranium ; ocellar pigment present ; antennae with compara- tively large oval apical joint; epipharynx with five setae on front margin, the three internal setae of one side rather widely separated from those opposite ; mandibles with two apical teeth, when not worn ; maxillae spinulate on ental and outer sides, the ental spinules near the palpi unusually long; maxillary palpi with basal segment not reduced, as long as apical ; sclerites of mentum complete, no extra thickenings; subfacial area not spinulate. Body white, robust, not particularly taper- ing at either end, thickest approximately at center ; eyrtoso- matic ; no extra prominent lobes nor largely sclerotinized caudal areas (except tubercles) ; setae brownish, long, slender and tapering, conspicuous ; setif erous tubercles fairly large and prominent, often confluent ; a few ventral skin spinules. Thorax : shield with nine setae, four evenly spaced along an- terior margin ; mesoscuto-scutellum with I medium length, separated from the remainder which are equidistant, II short, III long, IV almost medium length; metascuto-scutellum the same, but IV further from III ; alar area of mesothorax with two setae, one short, one very short, the metathorax with two short alars; mesoepipleurum with one long and two minute setae, this area sclerotinized and fused with mesopreepi- pleurum ; metaepipleurum with one long, one short and one minute seta, distinct from metapreepipleurum ; pedal lobes with nine setae, one of which is minute, the rest prominent. Ab- 53 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 2 domen : scutellum of first seven segments with I rather short anteriorly, becoming longer caudad, II and IV short, the latter becoming longer caudad, III and V long; epipleurum and hypopleurum of all segments with two prominent setae ; eusternal setae all the same length. Eighth segment as those previous except the dorsum: I moderately long, II lost, III long, IV medium length, V long and on same sclerotinization as IV, long alar apparently absent. Dorsum of ninth segment with three setae, a line drawn between each forming a very obtuse angle inward ; lateral lobe with a long and minute seta above ; eusternal setae as those previous, unmodified. Tenth segment terminal, membranous, all setae very short. Spiracles : rather large, oval, more nearly vertical, mesothoracic largest, not twice as long as wide, opening almost as large as atrium (atr), air-tubes (at) rudimentary, not projecting; spiracular opening protected by long fringed processes. Pantomorus godmani (Cr.) (Fullers Rose Bettle) Figs. 8, 8A, 8B, 8C, 9, 10, 10A, 11 This is the only species of the genus available in the larval stage. The larvae are rather robust, not especially tapering, and the black- ish mandibles contrast with the light retracted head and white body. Length, 11^ mm. Distribution in California : general, but the species is more apt to appear in large numbers in the South. Hosts : a general feeder on shrubs and young trees. Larvae are best taken in the early spring, though they may occur during the summer. Adults have been reared and correlated with larval skins. While this insect is here termed Pantomorus godmani Cr., it has not always possessed that designation in the past (see Leng Catalog, 1920). The latest name used by the U. S. Bureau of Entomology is Asynonychus godmani Cr. The retracted and elongate head of Pantomorus is similar to a number of genera in the Curcidioninae and Scolytidae. All these latter have frontal sutures, however. Larvae of Naupactus (South America) can hardly be separated from Pantomorus. Epicaerus, as exemplified by cognatus Sharp (Mexico) is close to Pantomorus according to larval form, and definitely in the same series. The head of Epicaerus is elongate and retracted. The body is robust but the setae are shorter and of slightly different arrangement. 54 September, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA The spiracles of Epicaerus are not quite as large as those on Pantomorus but of the same shape and orientation ; small, strongly annulate air-tubes project a short distance from the upper end ; the inner opening is narrowed but there are short spinose processes. Genus Bhyncagonus Sharp (Figs. 47, 48, 49) A description of this genus does not properly belong in this paper but as Bhyncagonus possesses, in common with Trigonoscuta and Mesagroicus, several notable characters, a short resume of its morphology will be given. The head lacks frontal sutures but is fully exposed and not much wider than long. There is one promi- nent aclmedian frontal seta, and seven prominent epicranial setae. The basal segment of the maxillary palpus is unreduced. The skin is entirely lacking in spinules. Ten setae are on the shield; two thoracic alar setae; two prominent setae on the epipleurum; eight setae on pedal lobes. The abdomen has no accessory setae except possibly one on the lateral lobes of the ninth segment. No reduc- tions in setae have taken place. The eighth and ninth segments are largely sclerotinized, especially the large lateral lobes of the ninth. The ninth segment is conspicuously elongate. The epipleura, especially on the seventh and eighth segments, possess a peculiar disc-like structure. The tenth segment has been pushed down to a caudoventral position. The spiracles are rather large and ver- tically oval with a large opening. This opening is protected as in Pantomorus by numerous spinose processes. The inner opening of some of the abdominal spiracles has been narrowed, reducing the length of the spinose processes. The species studied is extraneus Perkins, kindly sent to the writer by Mr. 0. H. Swezey. It occurs in the Hawaiian Islands. The maxillary palpi, form of spiracles, and lack of skin spinules seem to be correlated with Pantomorus and Epicaerus. On the other hand, the fully exposed head, retention of the long alar seta on the eighth segment, the caudal sclerotinizations, the depression of the tenth segment, and loss of spiracular air-tubes, incline toward Mesagroicus and Trigonoscuta. The peculiar disc-like struc- ture on the abdominal epipleura of Bhyncagonus and Trigonoscuta should be noted. Genus Trigonoscuta Mots. Head : yellow, not heavily sclerotinized except on anterior margin, very little longer from base of clypeus than wide, fully ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 2 exposed ; frontal sutures and hyaline areas absent ; f rons with one long admedian seta, two very short setae, one minute seta ; eight anterior epicranial setae, six of which are long and two short but not minute, notably second subdorsal seta (sd2) ; ocelli pigmented ; antennae with large oval apical segment, somewhat produced laterally; epipharynx with five setae on anterior margin and three inner setae on each side, these last notably close to opposite three ; mandibles with two apical teeth ; maxillae with some spinules on ental and outer surface, none extra long ; basal segment of maxillary palpus reduced to a ring, much shorter than apical ; sclerites of mentum complete, rather slender, longitudinal piece rather short and base of lateral arms light ; subfacial area spinulate. Body : white, robust and not particularly tapering, somewhat curved, thick- est near middle ; lateral lobes rather produced, especially those caudad; last two or three segments (excepting tenth) largely sclerotinized ; setae of moderate length only, hardly contrasting with body color, mostly tapering but most of the lateral and posterior setae linear-lanceolate ; ventral setae distinctly heavier ; tubercles usually small, each seta tending to be on a separate sclerotinization ; skin, except sclerotinized areas, thickly set with rather inconspicuous, though comparatively long, spinules. Thorax: shield with ten setae, four along anterior margin subequally placed ; scuto-scutellar areas with moderately long setae, I and IV further from II and III than these last are from each other ; alar areas with two moderately long setae, those on the metathorax more widely separated ; mesopreepipleurum largely sclerotinized but metapreepi- pleurum with a small tubercle ; meso- and metaepipleurum almost unsclerotinized, with two medium length setae and a minute seta; both epipleural lobes separate from the preepi- pleura ; pedal lobes with eight prominent setae and one minute seta. Scutellum of first seven abdominal segments with I about medium length, II short, III rather long, IV short, V as III, all becoming longer caudad and V receding from IV ; epipleural areas large, with six to eight (or more) linear-lanceolate moder- ately long setae and a faint disc-like structure which is more easily seen caudad; hypopleura with two setae of moderate length ; eusternal setae equal in length. Scutellum of eighth segment with three long setae ; long alar present ; epipleurum as described for preceding but disc-like structure very large and prominent ; the two eusternal setae of each side linear- lanceolate and nearer each other than those opposite. Dorsum of ninth segment with a lateral prominent seta; lateral lobes with a caudodorsad prominent seta, a dorsad minute seta, and a short ventrad projection; eusternal setae about as those on 56 September, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA eighth. Tenth segment caudoventral, membranous, with one prominent and two very small setae. Spiracles: small, circu- lar, air-tubes absent, opening small, all about the same size. Trigonoscuta pilosa Mots. (Figs. 38, 38A, 38B, 39, 39A, 40, 41, 42) This seems to be the only species of the genus. The larvae are white, practically unicolorous throughout, robust, head rather pro- jecting ventrally, body blnnt caudally, hardly tapering. It burrows in the sand of the ocean dunes. Specimens 12 or 12^ mm. long are on hand. Adults burrow as well as the larvae but not as far down. Distribution in California : along the ocean. Hosts : the writer has only collected these from Strawberry roots, though Lupine and other plants may be fed on when available. Larvae can probably be collected throughout the year. No adults were reared, but as a number were closely associated with larvae in a few feet of sand, it seems quite reasonable to conclude that the identity is established. No other Otiorhynchid was found in this place. Genus Mesagroicus Schon. Head yellow, not heavily sclerotinized except on anterior margin, very little longer from base of clypeus than wide, fully exposed ; frontal sutures and hyaline areas absent ; f rons with one long and two short admedian setae (one seta apparently absent) ; eight anterior epicranial setae, all prominent (includ- ing second submedian and both sublateral setae, which are short) ; pigmented ocelli present; antennae with subglobular apical segment ; epipharynx with five setae on anterior margin and three inner setae (on each side), these last three close to the opposite three; mandibles toothless; maxillae with short spinules on ental and outer surfaces; basal segment of maxil- lary palpus reduced, little more than a ring of sclerotin, shorter than apical segment; selerites of mentum incomplete, the side pieces not distinctly joined to the central longitudinal piece ; subfacial area apparently spinulate in part. Body white, not very robust but not tapering from middle, not particularly curved, abdomen thickest at seventh segment; no lateral lobes more prominent than usual; large caudal sclero- tinizations (on eighth and ninth segments) ; setae short or of moderate length only, almost the same color as the body, regu- larly tapering; tubercles usually very small; skin thickly set with comparatively long spinules which obscure the very short and minute setae. Thorax : shield with nine setae, the four 57 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 2 along anterior margin subequally placed ; mesoscuto-scutellum and metascuto-scutellum with I and II short, III moderately long and close to II, IV not as long as III, I and IV isolated • one seta of moderate length on alar areas ; mesopreepipleurum largely covered with sclerotin, metapreepipleurum with a small tubercle ; epiplenra of last two segments separate from pre- epipleura and with a moderately long, a short and a minute seta; thoracic hypopleura with moderately large tubercles; pedal lobes with six prominent setae and apparently but two minute setae. First seven abdominal segments : prescutal seta short, slightly longer on seventh segment ; scuto-scutellum with I short, somewhat longer caudad, II and IV short, III and V long; short alar seta almost entirely obscured by spinules; epipleural areas rather large, with a long and short seta, no unusual structures ; hypopleura with a long and a minute seta ; outer eusternal seta longer than inner; ventral tubercles of seventh segment somewhat larger than those previous. Eighth segment : large dorsal and lateral sclerotinizations ; no prescutal seta; four scutellar setae, I apparently absent, II and IV moderately long, III and V long; long alar present but re- duced ; epipleurum with two long setae on large selerotinized tubercle ; hypopleurum with a long and a very short seta on large selerotinized tubercles ; ventral selerotinized tubercles somewhat larger, those on eusternum joined. Ninth segment somewhat elongate and narrowed posteriorly, heavily selero- tinized ; dorsal lobe elongate and acutely tapering, three long setae along each -side ; lateral lobes produced into a flat ‘ ‘ foot ’ ’ behind, two rather long stout lateral setae nearer dorsal edge ; eusternal setae rather long and stout. Tenth segment caudo- ventral, membranous, possessing one long seta and one rather short seta. Spiracles small, round, no air-tubes, opening rather small, mesothoraeic somewhat larger. Mesagroicus sp. (near hispidus Bueh. and strigisquamosus Buch.) (Figs. 43, 44, 44A, 45, 46) Approximate length of longest larva examined is 5^ or 6 mm. This is a small white species, the sclerotin light colored and not con- trasting with body color. Distribution in California— Sierra foothills. Hosts: the author collected larvae from near Ceanothus cuneatus, but presumably grass roots were fed on at least in part. Larvae are present as late as the middle of May. One adult was reared and determined as a species of this genus through the 58 September, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA kindness of Mr. L. L. Buchanan. A larval skin is associated with this adult. The three genera Rhyncagonus, Trigonoscuta and Mesagroicus constitute a remarkable series of forms, especially after one is accustomed to examining Brachyrhinus and Pantomorus. There are several good larval reasons for believing that they are more closely related to each other than to any others mentioned in this paper, as indicated in the generic synopsis. Larvae of Mesagroicus and Trigonoscuta, while not exactly close taxonomically, possess several notable similarities : 1. skin spinules; 2. general color of head, body and setae ; 3. form of spiracles ; 4. reduction in length of basal segment of maxillary palpus ; 5. increased size and length of the normally small frontal and epicranial head setae. These characters also differentiate Mesagroicus and Trigonoscuta from Rhyncagonus. The form of the caudal sclerotinizations and the position of the tenth segment are among the most noteworthy characteristics of these three genera. The writer has not seen fully exposed heads lacking frontal sutures, elsewhere. The remainder of the genera are grouped together because they possess frontal sutures on the larval head. As well as those described at length, Polydrusus, Pachnaeus, Diaprepes, Exoptlial- mus, and Trypopremnon belong here. While it is difficult to make definite statements of other charac- ters than the frontal sutures which separate this group from the former, these larvae seem to be distinct as a whole. The position of the setae on the anterior margin of the shield is consistent, and usually there are fewer setae on the shield and pedal lobes (see generic synopsis). These larvae taper more, from the middle to the ends. The spiracles are usually round and with a small open- ing. Air-tubes present on spiracles of this form usually lack annulations, or are only weakly annulate. The large oval spiracle of Diaprepes would not appear to be correlated with that of the Pantomorus-E picaerus group. It is only in this series possessing frontal sutures, that longitudinal hyaline bands are found. It must be admitted that when more forms are known this grouping based on frontal sutures may give way. It is justified in the light of present information, however. Genus Dyslobus Lee. Head brownish, rather heavily sclerotinized for the greater part, not much longer from base of clypeus than wide, fully exposed; frontal sutures present; a longitudinal moderately 59 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 2 wide hyaline area on each side of epicranial suture, sometimes not separated from this suture, extending from the prominent admedian frontal seta to near the posterior margin ; f rons with one prominent admedian seta (mfs) and three minute setae; the usual eight anterior epicranial setae present, with the sec- ond submedian (sm2) minute, but both sublaterals prominent; pigmented ocelli present; antennae with large, oval, blunt, apical joint; seven setae on front margin of epipharynx, and three interior blade-like setae, these latter rather close to the opposite group ; mandibles with two teeth when not worn ; maxillae with few spinules on ental and outer sides (variable) ; basal and apical segments of maxillary palpi unreduced, sub- equal in length ; sclerites of mentum complete and moderately thick ; subfacial area devoid of spinules. Body white ; cyrtoso- matic, thickest in center ; no extra prominent areas nor largely sclerotinized caudal areas; setae rather thin, regularly taper- ing, brownish, none very prominent ; setiferous tubercles typically quite small, not usually confluent, except some ventral and posterior ; skin thickly set with rather prominent spinules, except on tubercles and intersegmental areas. Shield of thorax with nine setae, four setae on front margin with the highest distinctly isolated. Meso- and metascuto-scutellum with I, II and IV rather short, III long, II and III tending to be closer to each other than to others especially on latter seg- ment; alar areas of last two thoracic segments with two short setae, those on the metathorax further apart; mesopreepi- pleurum largely sclerotinized ; metapreepipleurum with a small tubercle ; meso- and metaepipleurum each with two short setae and small sclerotinization, neither united with preepi- pleurum ; pedal lobes with eight setae, two of which are minute (in part obscured by spinules), the remainder long. Scutellum of first seven abdominal segments with I, II and IV short, III and V long ; epipleurum with a long seta and a medium length seta ; hypopleurum with a long seta and a minute seta ; euster- nal setae of equal length. Scutellum of eighth with II missing or I ?), all slightly longer than usual, IV closer to V than to III, large alar apparently absent; pleural areas as mentioned previously. Ninth segment with three dorsal setae at points of a triangle, apex forward; lateral lobe with a long seta and minute seta dorsad; eusternal setae unmodified. Tenth seg- ment terminal, membranous, with very small and minute setae. Spiracles round; air-tubes absent; opening round, not more than one half the atrium ; mesothoracic about twice as large as abdominal spiracles. The genus Dyslobus is quite different from any of the other genera examined. The writer received the Oregon species by ex- 60 September, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA change from Mr. J. Wilcox. Two unidentified larvae of this genus are on hand. The following specific distinctions are not very good but may hold in a majority of cases. Synopsis of Species Epicranial suture edged with sclerotin ; setae longer than in the following species, the spinules not as long; spiracular opening smaller; setae on dorsal ninth usually on more or less confluent sclerotinized tubercles decoratus Lee. Epicranial suture edged with sclerotin ; setae not as long as decoratus; spinules more conspicuous, quite heavy; spi- racular opening larger; setae on dorsal ninth on separate sclerotinized tubercles ursinus Horn. Epicranial suture not edged with sclerotin, at least anteriorly; setae not as long as decoratus ; spinules more conspicuous, heavy ; spiracular opening larger ; setae on dorsal ninth on separate sclerotinized tubercles granulatus Csy. Dyslolms decoratus (Lee.) (Figures 1, 1A, 2, 2A, 3, 3A, 5, 6, 6A) Larvae up to 10 mm. in length have been examined. The body is rather robust, curved, somewhat tapering. Head brownish with two median longitudinal whitish unsclerotinized areas, rather wide and prominent (figure 1) ; epicranial suture bordered with sclerotin ; seven prominent epicranial setae ; few spinules on ental side of maxillae. Body generally covered with spinules except on sclerotinized areas. Some of the setigerous tubercles tending to be rather large and confluent, the majority small. Spiracular opening comparatively small. Setigerous tubercles on dorsum of ninth segment tending to be large and confluent, usually uniting all of the posterior tubercles, and sometimes taking in the tubercle of the anterior seta, the spinules are thus restricted and do not occur between the setae, at least not between the posterior lateral and the nearest posterior median seta (see figure 5). (It is not im- probable that spinules may be between all of these setae on some individuals, which specimens would then be indistinguish- able from ursinus by that character.) Distribution: Oregon; Del Norte County, California. Host : destructive to Strawberries in Oregon. Larvae may be collected in August. The roarings are by Mr. J. Wilcox. 61 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 2 Dyslobus ur sinus (Horn.) (Figure 4) Individuals as long as 9 mm. have been examined. These larvae are very close to decoratus. Such differences as are enumerated are very slight and comparative. In ursinus, the white bands on the head tend to be narrower ; the sclerotin edging of the epicranial suture is present. The maxillae have more internal spinules. The body spinules are generally denser; the setae are shorter, and the sclerotinization much smaller around their bases ; the setae on the dorsal ninth are all separated by spinules (see figure 4). All of the spiracles tend to have larger openings. Distribution : Oregon : Northern California ? Host : destructive to Strawberries. Larvae occur in August. Mr. J. Wilcox has reared the species. Dyslobus granulatus Casey (Figure 7, 7A) Larvae 7J mm. long were induced to pupate. This species is more like ursinus than decoratus, both in vestiture of adult and larva, but smaller. The most notable difference which sets this species off from the two previously mentioned is the absence of the sclerotin edging along the epicranial suture. The body setae are generally shorter and those on the dorsal ninth placed closer to- gether. All tubercles separated on the dorsal ninth of the speci- mens examined. Distribution: Sierra Nevadas (Placer County). Host: Strawberries. Five larvae were collected in August by the writer and one adult reared, with a larval skin as proof of its correlation. Genus Brachyrhinus Bedel. Head orange-brown, heavily sclerotinized, little longer from base of clypeus than wide, fully exposed ; frontal sutures pres- ent ; no hyaline areas ; one prominent and three minute frontal setae ; six of the eight anterior epicranial setae prominent, with the second submedian (sm2) and one sublateral minute; pigmented ocelli (oc) present or absent; antennae with large oval apical joint, flattened apically or subglobular ; epipharynx with five anterior marginal setae, the interior setae rather widely separated from each other and those opposite ; mandibles, when not worn, with two apical teeth; ental side of maxillae somewhat spinulate ; maxillary palpus unreduced, 62 September, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA segments about of equal length; sclerites of mentum complete, thickness variable; subfacial area with no spinules. Body white, curved, subcylindrical, thickest centrally and somewhat tapering to both ends, especially caudally, no extra prominent lobes nor large sclerotinized caudal areas ; setae slender, taper- ing regularly, contrasting with body color ; setiferous tubercles generally large, tending to be confluent; spinules present but inconspicuous, often rather blunt, and not covering entire body surface. Thorax : shield with eight setae, the anterior margin with one isolated near middorsum and three close together near lateral edge ; mesoscuto-scutellum with I long or short, II and IV medium length, III long ; metascuto-scutellum variable ; scuto-scutellar setae on both segments with first three equidistant and one same compound tubercle (or sometimes I somewhat separated), IV distinctly isolated and on single tubercle ; alar areas of meso- and metathorax with one long or one medium length seta ; meso- and metaepipleurum with either a long seta and two minute setae, or with three minute setae, the former united with the preepipleurum, forming a large sclerotinization, the latter also sclerotinized but distinct; pedal lobes with seven or eight setae. Scutellum on each of first seven abdominal segments with I long or short, II and IV short, III and V long, the last four in pairs, II in part tending to be caudally reduced in size and anterior to the line ; epipleural and hypopleural areas with one long and one medium or short seta each; eusternal setae equal in length. Eighth segment about the same as those preceding, II of scutellum on part of species minute and pushed anterior, the large alar seta appar- ently absent. Dorsum of ninth with three setae variably placed, lateral lobe with a long seta and a minute seta dorsad, eusternal setae normal. Tenth segment terminal, membranous, and bearing three extremely small setae. Spiracles round or some- what oval, bifore ; mesothoracic spiracles largest ; air-tubes more or less projecting, without annulations. Five members of this large palearctic genus have found their way to California. The present distribution of these within the state is different in each case and some seem to be more destructive than others. For that reason, it is important to know what species any larva that is found represents. The key to four of these, by Lockwood and Keifer (5), which was based on spiracles alone, has since been found to be inadequate. Judging from the great diver- sity in size and form exhibited by the adults, the final definition of the larvae will be much broader than is allowed by the five imma- ture forms known to the writer. The following key has been proved 63 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 2 accurate by rearing all but ovatus, and examining numerous larvae. When using the key, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of long and short setae. Specific Synopsis 1. Seta I of scuto-scutellum (sc-sel) and scutellum (scl) long, much longer than II, as long as III, both preepipleurum (ea) and epipleurum (e) of last two thoracic segments with a long seta ovatus Linn. 1. Seta I of scuto-scutellum and scutellum short, at most slightly longer than II ; only meso- and metapreepipleurum with a prominent seta, epipleura with minute setae 2 2. Setae on dorsum of ninth segment at points of a triangle, apex forward ; seta II of eighth segment very short, minute, rather anterior 3 2. Setae on dorsum of ninth in a straight transverse line ; second seta on scutellum of eighth not reduced 4 3. Setae all rather long and attenuate, short setae not stout and spine-like ; sclerites of mentum not especially thickened. sulcatus Fabr. 3. Setae shorter, the short setae quite stout and spinelike ; sclerites of mentum notably thickened behind junction of cross pieces (see Fig. 19) rugosostriatus Goeze 4. Setae I and II of meta scuto-scutellum short, III long; pedal lobes with five prominent setae ; setae more attenuate ; ocel- lar pigment present meridionals Gyll. 4. Seta I of metascuto-scutellum short, II long, III short; pedal lobes with six prominent setae ; setae shorter especially caudad ; no ocellar pigment apparent cribricollis Gyll Brachyrhinus ovatus (Linn.) (Strawberry Root Weevil) (Figs. 12, 12A, 13, 13A, 14, 15, 16, 16A) Length 8 mm. Body not tapering quite as much as in the four following species. Ocellar pigment absent; paragnaths with short spinules; sclerites of mentum not unusually thick- ened. Seta I on all segments long, much longer than II and as long as III or nearly so ; I of metascuto-scutellum long, II rather short, III very long, IV moderately long; a prominent seta on meso- and metaepipleurum ; pedal lobes with eight setae, five of which are prominent ; integument discontinuously spinu- late with dorsal spinules from the mesothorax to the eighth ab- dominal segment ; scutellum of eighth with II short, no shorter 64 September, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA than IV, slightly anterior; each side of dorsum of ninth seg- ment with three setae at the points of a triangle, apex forward. Brachyrhinus ovatus is our smallest immigrant of the genus and is a very destructive strawberry pest which has not yet gained much of a foothold in California. Known California distribution: Del Norte County. (Stragglers have been taken near San Jose and Los Angeles.) Hosts in California : Privet, Strawberry. Larvae are presumably to be taken in the early spring. No adults have been reared by the writer, the authentication going to Mr. J. Wilcox, who has bred many of these from Strawberry roots in Oregon. Brachyrhinus sulcatus Fabr. (Black Vine Weevil) (Figures 24, 24A, 25, 25 A, 26, 26 A, 27, 28) Length 13 mm. or more. Pigmented ocelli present and easily seen ; spinules on ental side of maxillae and sides of hypophar- ynx (paragnaths) rather short; sclerites of mentum not thick- ened ; seta I on all segments short ; setae of metascuto-scutel- lum : I short, II long, III nearly as short as I, IV long ; no prominent seta on thoracic epipleura ; pedal lobes with seven setae, five prominent ; integument partly spinulate, dorsum with spinules except sixth, seventh and eighth segments. All body setae distinctly and strikingly longer than those of rugo- sostriatus; scutellum of eighth with II minute, anterior; each side on dorsum of ninth with three setae at points of a triangle, apex forward. This is our largest and most destructive imported species, though by no means the largest of the genus. Distribution in California : general. Hosts : a general feeder, the larvae are especially injurious to potted plants. Larvae may be taken at various times of the year. A number of larval skins are correlated with adults. Brachyrhinus rugosostriatus (Goeze) (Rough Strawberry Root Weevil) (Figures 17, 17A, 17B, 17C, 18, 18A, 19, 20) Length 11 mm. Pigmented ocelli present ; spinules on ental side of maxillae reduced in most cases to minute knobs, those on paragnaths distinctly longer; sclerites of mentum distinctly 65 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 2 thickened in the angles posterior to the junction of the crossed pieces ; seta I on all segments short, the metascuto-scutellum as in sulcatUs ; no prominent seta on thoracic epipleura; pedal lobes with seven setae, five prominent; integument with spin- ules on some areas, apparently more or less present on dorsum of all segments ; body setae shorter than sulcatus, the short ones especially stout and spine-like ; scutellum of eighth and dorsum of ninth as an sulcatus. Distribution in California : at various isolated points but gradu- ally occupying the unattained localities. Hosts in California : Strawberry to the north, but Privet, Coton- easter and other shrubs to the south. Larvae may be found in the early spring, several rearings have established the identity of this species and linked the larva with the adult. Brachyrhinus nieridionalis Gyll. (Figure 35) Longest larvae examined 12^ mm. Pigmented ocelli present ; spinules on ental side of maxillae reduced to knobs in most cases; spinules on paragnaths not as long as in cribricollis; selerites of menturn not thickened ; seta I short on all segments ; seta II on metascuto-scutellum but slightly longer, III long, IV moderately long; no prominent seta on thoracic epipleura; pedal lobes with eight setae : three very minute, one quite short, leaving four long ; integument not spinulate except in limited areas, the dorsal spinules much smaller than in cribricollis ; dorsal and lateral abdominal setae longer than in cribricollis, especially caudad ; scutellum of eighth with II no smaller than I, but slightly anterior ; three setae in a transverse line on each side on dorsum of the ninth segment. Known California distribution: Sacramento, Niles, San Jose, Menlo Park. Hosts in California : Privet and Cotoneaster. Larvae may be taken as late as May 1. Adults have been reared and associated with larval skins. Brachyrhinus cribricollis Gyll. (The Roman or Cribrate Weevil) (Figures 21, 22, 23, 36) Length up to 12 mm. No pigmented ocelli; spinules on maxillae the same as meridionalis but those on paragnaths dis- tinctly longer; selerites of menturn not thickened; seta I on 66 September, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA all segments short ; seta II of metascuto-scutellum long, III nearly as short as I, IV long ; no prominent epipleural seta on thorax ; pedal lobes with eight setae : two minute and six quite prominent ; integument discontinuously spinulate, spinules dorsally from mesothorax to seventh abdominal segment, more noticeable than in meridionalis ; dorsal and lateral abdominal setae not as long as in meridionalis ; scutellum of eighth with II no shorter than I and not anterior to the line ; three setae in a posterior row on each side on the dorsum of the ninth seg- ment. Distribution in California : various places in the Sacramento Valley; San Francisco Bay region; Los Angeles County; elsewhere. Hosts in California : Privet, Olive, Pyracantha and others. Larvae may be collected in the early spring. There is evidence to indicate that a second brood may occur. A number of adults have been reared and associated with larval skins. Genus Peritelinus Csy. Head: orange-brown, rather heavily sclerotinized, slightly longer than wide from base of clypeus, fully exposed ; frontal sutures present; a short hyaline area from the frontal suture, extending back to and including the prominent admedian epi- cranial seta (mes) ; frontal setae: one prominent and two minute, one minute seta absent; anterior epicranial setae eight in number, prominent except sd2 and one sublateral which are minute ; no pigmented ocelli ; antennae with large oval apical joint rather subglobular; epipharynx with five anterior mar- ginal setae, the inner three well separated from each other and from those opposed ; mandibles, when not worn, with two apical teeth ; ental and outer side of maxillae with a few short spinules; basal joint of maxillary palpi as long as apical joint; sclerites of mentum complete, moderately thick, slight indica- tions of thickening around junction; no subfacial spinules. Body white, cyrtosomatic, rather tapering to both ends, espe- cially caudally; largest circumference central; posterior part of seventh and about all of eighth and ninth abdominal seg- ments rather heavily sclerotinized; no extra prominent areas; setae rather stout, (distinctly stouter than in Geoderces), evenly tapering, stiffer ventrally, contrasting with body color and moderately long ; tubercles when isolated rather small, but approximate setae usually on compound and rather large tubercles; skin spinules present dorsally and ventrally but in most cases rather small, discontinuous, blunt, and inconspicu- ous. Thorax: shield with eight setae, those along anterior margin with one isolated near middorsum, and three, near 67 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 2 each other, rather lateral ; scuto-scutellar areas with I, II and IV medium length, III rather long, I somewhat remote, the remainder usually equidistant and on the same compound tubercle; alar areas with one long seta; meso- and metaepi- pleurum each with a medium length and two minute setae, both sclerotinized as are also the preepipleura ; mesoepipleurum somewhat distinct from mesopreepipleurum, metaepipleurum quite distinct; pedal lobes with six prominent and one minute seta. Abdomen : seutellum of first seven segments with I short, II slightly shorter, III and V long, IV as II ; epipleural and hypopleural areas with two prominent setae each ; eusternal setae of equal length. Seutellum of eighth with II consider- ably anterior to I and III, III usually though not invariably closer to I than to IV, V doubtfully present (though indicated), at least not on the same sclerotinization with the others and occupying usual position of large alar seta; pleurum as pre- ceding segments. Three setae on dorsal lobe of ninth segment occupying points on an inwardly oblique line ; lateral lobe with a long and a minute seta above ; eusternal setae of ninth unlike previous setae, very heavy, set close together and subparallel, of nearly equal length; tenth segment terminal, membranous, and with minute setae only. Spiracles rather small, circular, all bifore, mesothoracic largest, air-tubes apparently with in- dications of annulations on part of spiracles and projecting at least half their length beyond atrium. Peritelinus variegatus Casey (Figure 37, 37A) This genus is monospecific. The larva is about 6^ to' 7 mm. long when full grown. Distribution in California : common in the lower Sierras east of the Sacramento Valley, also probably found on the west side of the Valley. Hosts : larvae and adults have been taken from various species of Cecmothus, notably cuneatus ; a number of different kinds of shrubs are undoubtedly fed upon ; adults are at times injurious to leaves on fruit trees. Larvae are present up to the middle of April. A number of adults have been reared and associated with larval skins. This genus is very close to the following in larval form. The absence of one minute seta from each side of the frons is noteworthy as the usual four setae (including the long one) are found on all other genera here described except Mesagroicus. The absent seta in the case of Peritelinus seems to be the third (second minute), 68 September, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA although the first minute seta has been noted in one case to approxi- mate the position of the lost seta. This seta has been lost without a reduction of the frons in either case. The position of A8-III is only partly useful as a distinguish- ing character. Thus on the same larva it has been observed to be nearer I on one side and nearer IV opposite. No Geoderces has been seen, however, on which A8-III is nearer I than IV. Genus Geoderces Horn. Head orange-brown, fairly heavily sclerotinized, not much longer from base of clypeus than wide, fully exposed ; frontal sutures present, somewhat widened just above the large sutural seta ; no longitudinal hyaline area on epicranium ; frons with one prominent and three minute admedian setae ; anterior epicranial setae of eight members, the second submedian and one sublateral minute ; no pigmented ocelli ; apical antennal segment comparatively large, oval, subglobular ; epipharynx with five anterior marginal setae and three internal setae rather widely separated from those opposed ; mandibles, when not worn, with two apical teeth ; ental side of maxillae with a few short spinules, apparently none outwardly; basal joint of maxillary palpus as long as apical joint; sclerites of mentum complete, somewhat thickened at junction ; no spinules on sub- facial area. Body white, cyrtosomatic, rather tapering from middle and with posterior part of seventh and most of eighth and ninth segments largely sclerotinized, but no extra promi- nent areas, thickest at first part of abdomen ; setae somewhat stout, regularly tapering, conspicuous ; setif erous tubercles rather large, tending to be confluent when approximate; com- paratively few skin spinules. Thoracic shield with eight setae ; highest of the four on front margin isolated. Meso- and meta- seuto-scutellum similar : I, II and IV medium length, III long ; I furthest separated ; II and III usually closest, most often on same compound tubercle, which may include IV ; alar areas of these segments with a long seta. Meso- and metaepipleurum with a medium length and two minute setae, separated on each segment from preepipleurum, though more distinct on meta- thorax, all these areas somewhat sclerotinized ; pedal lobes with six prominent setae and one minute seta. Seutellum of first seven abdominal segments with I, II and IV short, III and V long; epipleural areas with a long and a rather short seta; hypopleural areas the same as the epipleura; eusternal setae of equal length. Eighth segment with II much anterior to usual line, III equidistant between I and IV or nearer IV, V doubtfully present (though indicated), at least not on same 69 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 2 sclerotinization as IV ; pleural areas as the preceeding. Dorsum of ninth with a large central sclerotinized lobe, some- what prominent, and with three setae on an inwardly oblique line ; lateral lobes with dorsad long seta and a minute seta ; sternal setae of ninth segment close, equidistant, very stout and subparallel, moderate length ; tenth segment terminal, membranous and with only minute setae. The spiracles either all bifore, part bifore and unifore, or air-tubes entirely absent; in one case the air-tubes show slight annulations. Three species of Geoderces have been examined but no specific determinations are now available. They are all very uniform in structure. Synopsis of Species Spiracles all bifore, mesothoracic with traces of annulations on the air-tubes Species No. 1 Spiracles of mesothorax bifore, the remainder unifore or air-tubes wanting Species No. 2 (near puncticollis Csy.) Spiracles entirely lacking air-tubes Species No. 3 Species No. 1 (Fig. 34) Length 8 mm. (probably not full grown). Distribution in California : Del Norte County. Host : Strawberry. This species is known only from a single larva which fits very well with the two following. No rearings have been made. Species No. 2 (near puncticollis Casey) (Figures 29, 29A, 30, 31, 32, 32A, 33) Length when ready to pupate 6-J mm. The spiracles that are bifore or unifore show no annulations on the air-tubes; most of abdominal spiracles without air-tubes. Distribution in California : Santa Clara County. Host: destructive to Strawberries. Larval skins have been associated with adults through rearing. This is a small species. Species No. 3 Length 6J mm. The lack of air-tubes on any of the spiracles seems to be the only difference between this and No. 2. 70 September, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Distribution in California : Sierras at middle elevations. Hosts : Bibes and herbs. Adults are correlated with larvae by rearing. The Geoderces larva differs from the Peritelinus larva mainly in four ways: 1. Geoderces possesses four setae on each side of the frons ; Peritelinus, three setae. 2. The absence of a hyaline area in Geoderces is relative, as a widened place occurs in the frontal suture just beyond the sutural seta, which is definitely correlated with the structure of Peritelinus. 3. The setae of Geoderces are distinctly more slender. 4. Seta A8-III, which may be nearer IV than I, or half way between, has never been noted as nearer I. In Peritelinus, however, this seta (as has been stated) may exceptionally be nearer IV, making this distinction rather poor. An unidentified larva possesses characters found in both Peritelinus and Geoderces. It has a narrow hyaline band on the head, much as that of the former genus, but the spiracles lack air- tubes as on one species of Geoderces. Genus Sitona Germ. (Figures 50, 51) This genus would not appear from larval form to be an Otiorhynehid, but it has interesting transitional characters. These have been stated in the synopsis at the beginning of this paper. The presence of a median frontal carina, and spiracles of a type not yet found in the 0 1 iorhyn china e would seem to definitely ex- clude this genus from that subfamily, on larval characters. (The larvae of Trypopremnon available to the writer have bifore spiracles but the air-tubes are shorter and lack the annulations shown by Pierce 6.) The head has a narrow hyaline band on the epicranium (not the Otiorhynehid style) and none of the setae normally minute are changed. The presence of frontal sutures should be noted. (For that matter, all the characters would place this genus in the frontal suture group should it be classified as an Otiorhynehid.) The body setae are not reduced in any unusual ways. Scutellar I is long. There are a few skin spinules. The writer has had the opportunity to examine the larva of Sitona hispidula Fab. through the courtesy of Mr. H. H. Ross and J. H. Bigger of the Illinois Natural History Survey. SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Barrett, R. E. — A Study of the Immature Forms of Cur- culionidae (Coleoptera) . University of Calif. Pub. in Ent. V. 5, p. 89-104, 1930. 71 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 2 2. Boving, A. G. and Craighead, F. C. — An Illustrated Synopsis of the Principle Larval Forms of the Order Coleoptera. Ent. Amer. Vol. 11, 1931. 3. Browne, A. C. and Keifer, H. H. — A Contribution of Our Knowledge of Prachyrkinus cribricollis. Mo. Bui. Cal. Dept. Agr. Vol. 19, p. 591, 1930. 4. Cotton, R. T. — The Larva of the Weevil Exoptkalmus quadri- vittatus Oliver (Coleoptera: Rkyncopkoridae) . Proc. Ent. Soe. Wash. Vol. 31, p. 27, 1929. 5. Lockwood, S. and Keifer, H. H. — Preliminary Observations on a Weevil, Brackyrkimis cribricollis (Gyll.), with Com- parisons to Related Forms Found in California. Mo. Bui. Cal. Dept. Agr. V. 19, p. 16-39, 1930. 6. Pierce, W. D. — Weevils Which Affect Irish Potato, Sweet Potato and Yam. Jr. Agr. Res. Vol. 12, p. 601, 1918. 72 September, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS a — alar area A1-A10' — abdominal segments adm — -admedian epicranial seta ant — antenna at — -air-tubes of spiracle atr — atrium of spiracle cl — clypeus cx — pedal lobes of thorax, parasterna of abdomen e — epipleurum ea — preepipleurum ep — epicranium eps — epicranial suture eu — eusternum f — frons fs — frontal suture hp — hypopleurum I, II, III, IV and V — setae of scuto-scutellum and scutellum lj-12 — first and second lateral head setae lbr — -labrum In — ligula m — sclerites of mentum mfc — median frontal carina mfs — admedian frontal setae mx — maxilla mxp — maxillary palpus 0 — opening of spiracle oc — ocelli pes — posterior epicranial setae post — poststernellum psc — prescutum pscl — postscutellum sc — scutum scl — scutellum sc-scl — scuto-scutellum sep — lateral epistomal seta si* — first sublateral head seta sm1, sm2, sm3 — first, second and third submedian epicranial setae sp — spinules ss — sutural seta Tx, T2, T3 — Thoracic segments 73 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 2 PLATE XXI Dyslobus decoratus Lee. Fig. 1 Front view of head with mandibles removed, showing hyaline bands. Fig. 1A Antenna as seen from above. Fig. 2 Left side of head and two thoracic segments. Fig. 2A Mesothoracic spiracle. Fig. 3 Left side of second abdominal segment. Fig. 3A Spiracle of second abdominal segment. Fig. 5 Detail of dor sum of ninth abdominal segment to show spinule arrangement. Fig. 6 Candal view of last three abdominal segments. Fig. 6A Eighth abdominal spiracle. Dyslobus ur sinus (Horn.) Fig. 4 Detail of left side of dorsum of ninth abdominal seg- ment, showing spinule arrangement. Dyslobus granulatus Casey Fig. 7 Caudal view of last three abdominal segments Fig. 7A Mesothoracic spiracle. 74 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. 2, Pl. XXI ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 2 Fig. 8 Fig. 8A Fig. 8B Fig. 8C Fig. 9 Fig. 10 Fig. 10A Fig. 11 Fig. 12 Fig. 12A Fig- 13 Fig. 13A Fig. 14 Fig. 15 Fig. 16 Fig. 16A PLATE XXII Pantomorus godmani Diagram of larva, left side. Mesotlioracic spiracle. Second abdominal spiracle. Eighth abdominal spiracle. Front view of head with mandibles removed. Maxilla and general suboral area from below. Ental view of maxilla showing spinules. Caudal view of last three abdominal segments. Brachyrhinus ovatus Left side of head and first two body segments. Mesothoracic spiracle. Left side of second abdominal segment. Second abdominal spiracle. Deformed mesothoracic spiracle. Ligula and sclerites of mentum. Caudal view of last three abdominal segments. Eighth abdominal spiracle. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. 2, PI. XXII PPM"' 16 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 2 Fig. 17 Fig. 17A Fig. 17B Fig. 17C Fig. 18 Fig. 18A Fig. 19 Fig. 20 Fig. 21 Fig. 22 Fig. 23 PLATE XXIII Brachyrhinus rugosostriatus Larva, left side. Mesothoracic spiracle. Second abdominal spiracle. Eighth abdominal spiracle. Front view of head with mandibles removed. Antenna, front view. Lignla and sclerites of mentnm. Caudal view of last three abdominal segments. Brachyrhinus cribricollis Ligula and sclerites of mentum. Mesothoracic spiracle. Caudal view of last three abdominal segments. 78 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. 2, PL XXIII ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 2 Fig. 24 Fig- 24A Fig. 25 Fig. 25A Fig. 26 Fig. 26A Fig. 27 Fig. 28 Fig. 29 Fig. 29A Fig. 30 Fig. 31 Fig. 32 Fig. 32A Fig. 33 Fig. 34 PLATE XXIY Brachyrhinus sulcatus Left side of head and two body segments. Mesothoracic spiracle. Left side of second abdominal segment. Second abdominal spiracle. Caudal view of last three abdominal segments. Eighth abdominal spiracle. View of general subfacial area and left maxilla. Ental view of right maxilla. Geoderces sp. No. 2 Left side of first two thoracic segments. Mesothoracic spiracle. Antenna, as seen from above. Second abdominal spiracle. Caudal view of last three abdominal segments. Eighth abdominal spiracle. Deformed mesothoracic spiracle. Geoderces sp. No. 1 Mesothoracic spiracle. 80 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. 2, PI. XXIV ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 2 Fig. 35 Pig. 36 Pig. 37 Pig. 37A Fig. 38 Fig. 38A Pig. 38B Fig. 39 Fig. 39A Fig. 40 Fig. 41 Fig. 42 PLATE XXV Brachyrhinus meridionalis Cyll. Left side of thorax and first abdominal segment. Brachyrhinus cribricollis Gyll. Left side of last two thoracic segments and first abdominal. Peritelinus variegatus Csy. Head with mandibles removed. Mesothoracie spiracle. Trigonoscuta pilosa Mots. Left side of head, thorax, first abdominal segment. First abdominal spiracle. Mesothoracie spiracle. Left side of last four abdominal segments. Eighth abdominal spiracle. Caudal aspect of last four abdominal segments. Maxilla, labium, and subfacial area. Head, mandibles removed. 82 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. 2, PL XXV ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 2 Fig. 43 Fig. 44 Fig. 44A Fig. 45 Fig. 46 Fig. 47 Fig. 48 Fig. 49 Fig. 50 Fig. 51 Fig. 52 PLATE XXVI Mesagroicus sp. Head with left mandible removed. Left side of entire larva. Mesothoracic spiracle. Caudal aspect of larva. Ventral view of suboral structures and of maxillae. Rhyncagonus extraneus Perk. Head with mandibles removed. Caudo-lateral view of last four abdominal segments. Mesothoracic spiracle. Sitona hispidula Fabr. Head without left mandible. Mesothoracic spiracle (right). Hypera punctata Antenna. 84 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. 2, PL XXVI VOL. XIII (New Series) DECEMBER, 1932 No. 3 A Journal of Entomoli 100* UUl DFC PUBLISHED BY THE XXjfyq T/ Q ,y ^ M1 BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY— PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, Lime and Green Sts., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue November 29, 1933 Application for entry as second-class matter under the Act of March 3, 1879, made June 15, 1926, at the Postoffice at Lancaster. Pa. VOL. XIII AmerigAna December, 1932 No. 3 THE NEARCTIC SOCIAL WASPS OF THE SUBFAMILY POLYBIINAE (HYMENOPTERA; VESPIDAE) By J. Bequaert DEPARTMENT OF TROPICAL MEDICINE,, HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL, BOSTON, MASS. The so-called social wasps of the New World are now placed in three subfamilies, viz., the Vespinae, Polistinae, and Polybiinae. These three groups are so distinct, structurally, that I must regard them as forming at least as many genealogical lines, each of them derived from its own ancestral stock of solitary wasps. What- ever similarity in habits they now exhibit is solely due to conver- gence and caused by the unavoidable reaction of communal life upon individual behavior. In the New World, the Vespinae are restricted to North Amer- ica, where they are represented by a number of species of the Hol- arctic genus Vespula (and one introduced Vespa), I have recently published a revision of these wasps. The Polistinae are a cosmo- politan group consisting of a single genus, Polistes, with many, rather closely allied, species. In the Nearctic Region this genus comprises not more than half a dozen species distinguishable by peculiarities of structure ; but some of these species vary tremen- dously in color. Contrasting with the foregoing two groups, the Polybiinae are essentially a tropical subfamily. They are especially numerous in the American tropics, where they offer so much variety in structure and habits, that one may well raise the question whether they are not a composite, or polyphyletic, group. 87 DEC 5 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 3 Only three species of Polybiinae are known to occur within the political boundaries of the United States, and only one of these ex- tends into the Dominion of Canada. Two genera only, Nectarina and Misckocyttarus, are represented, and it is important to note at once that these genera have many representatives in the Neotropi- cal Region. Moreover, of the three species, only one (M. flavit ar- sis) is a precinctive Nearctic insect; a second species (M. cubensis ) is a West Indian wasp that has invaded the southeastern United States; while the third (N. leckeguana) is a common and widely distributed South and Central American insect that barely crosses the Mexican border into Arizona and Texas, It would therefore seem that the Polybiine fauna of the Nearctic Region is unquestion- ably of Neotropical origin. At least two of the three species most probably extended their range into Nearctic territory after the close of the last Glacial Period. Key to Nearctic Genera Third and fourth segments of mid and hind tarsi with the inner lobe produced and decidedly longer than the outer lobe. Body long and slender, the abdomen much narrowed at the base ; first segment stalk-like. Scutellum and postscutellum forming one continuous slope. Eyes bare Misckocyttarus. Third and fourth segments of mid and hind tarsi with the inner and outer lobes equally developed. Body short and stubby, the abdomen broadly rounded off at base ; the first segment not stalk-like, very short and flattened against the much broader second segment. Scutellum mostly horizontal, its hind portion forming a protruding ledge over the vertical postscutellum. Eyes pubescent Nectarina. Mention should be made here of Polybia saussurei A. E. Holm- gren (1868, Kongl. Svenska Freg. Eugenies Resa, Yet. Iakt., II, Zook, 1, Insecta, Hym., p. 440; $ J1), described from “ California et Puna.” So far as I was able to discover, this insect has not been recognized since, although the types are in the Stockholm Museum. The description does not mention the characters needed to place it in one of the modern genera of Polybiinae. It is not impossible that it is a Misckocyttarus, but the coloration and small size (length, 8 to 10 mm.) exclude M. flavitarsis and the size is even too small for M. cubensis var. mexicanus. In any case, the locality ‘‘California” must have been due to an error in labelling the speci- mens. No wasp even remotely like the description of P. saussurei 88 December, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA has since been taken in the western United States.1 The conclusion seems therefore warranted that the type locality of P. saussurei was the island of Puna, in the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador. Nectarina Swainson and Shuckard Brachygastra Perty, 1833, Delectus Anim. Articul. Brasil., p. 145 (for two species: Brachygastra analis Perty, 1833, and B. scutellaris Perty, 1833 ; type by present designation : Brachy- gastra analis Pert y = Polistes lecheguana Latreille, 1824). Not Brachygaster Leach, 1815. 2 Brachygaster H. de Saussure, 1852, Et. Fam. Vesp., I, p. 171, foot- note (misspelling of Brachygastra Perty). Nectarina Swainson and Shuckard, 1840, On the History and Nat- ural Arrangement of Insects, p. 183, footnote (substitute for Brachygastra Perty, 1833 ;3 type by designation of Ashmead, 1902, Canad. Entom., XXXIV, p. 165 : Brachygastra analis Perty, 1833 = Polistes lecheguana Latreille, 1824). Not Nec- tarinia Illiger, 1811. Nectarinia H. de Saussure, 1853-1855, Et. Fam. Vesp., II, p. 225 (misspelling of Nectarina Swainson and Shuckard). Melissaia Shuckard, 1841, in White, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., VII, p. 320, footnote (substitute for Nectarina Swainson and Shuck- ard, 1840). Caba R. von Ihering, 1904, Rev. Mus. Paulista, VI, pp. 103 and 105 (substitute for Nectarina Swainson and Shuckard, 1840). Generic Characters. — Body thickset. Head broad and short ; eyes covered with short, scattered hairs, more numerous in the upper half ; inner orbits distinctly but moderately 1 The Frigate Eugenie called at many ports on the west coast of South and North America. But in California the Expedition vis- ited only San Francisco. So much collecting has been done near that city, that P. saussurei could hardly have escaped notice since 1868. 2 If Nectarina and Nectarinia are both regarded as valid names, as well as Polybia and Polybius, there seems to be no reason why Brachygaster Leach and Brachygastra Perty should be treated as homonyms. In view of the general use of Nectarina, I feel, how- ever, reluctant to return to the oldest generic name of the honey- wasps. 3 The name should be credited to Swainson and Shuckard jointly, since the footnote uses “we” and is not signed with Shuck- ard’s initials (see introductory note of the “ History and Natural Arrangement of Insects”). 89 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 3 emarginate; ocelli normal; oculo-malar space short, rudimen- tary or absent; genae broad, separated from the postgenae by a strong carina which reaches the base of the mandibles and continues behind the vertex; clypeus short, its lower portion broadly triangular and bluntly rounded off at apex ; mandibles rather narrow, the apical or cutting edge oblique and with four unequal teeth ; maxillary palpi 6- jointed ; labial palpi 4- jointed, the apical segment without erect inner seta. Antennae of 12 segments in female and worker ; of 13 segments in male, all the segments normal. Thorax short and thick, cubic ; anterior margin of pronotum truncate, dors ally with a raised rim which stops at or slightly below the humeri, where it forms right angles ; mesonotum without notauli ; scutellum very large, wider than long; its median portion with an anterior, hori- zontal area and a posterior, vertical portion, the two separated by a raised edge or ridge, usually somewhat concave in the middle; postscutellum (true metanotum) vertical, its posterior margin a deep, transverse, straight groove, which divides it from the propodeum as well as from the median propodeal area ; postscutellum in a plane with the hind portion of the scutellum and hidden (when viewed from above) by the more or less protruding transverse edge of the scutellum ; propodeum very short, its sides swollen and with a raised ridge or a strong angle, its median portion vertical and slightly concave, at the base with a distinct median, cordate area ;4 valvae surrounding the retractor muscle low, forming a broadly oval dorsal orifice ; mesopleura without even a trace of mesepisternal suture and without epicnemial suture ; mesepimeral suture obsolete or very slightly developed. Abdomen short and broad, globular, con- sisting mostly of the very large, swollen, bell-shaped second segment, in which the succeeding segments may be almost com- pletely retracted ; first tergite very short, much narrower than the second, scale-like and flattened against the second tergite, its narrow base, articulating with the propodeum, very short, not stalk-like, its spiracles more or less prominent, placed close to the hind margin; second sternite shorter than the second tergite, abruptly sloping at the base; sting strongly barbed. Legs rather short, of normal shape ; lateral lobes of tarsal seg- ments and claws symmetrical ; mid tibiae with two apical spurs. Wings short ; venation of the usual vespid type ; fore wing : 4 A comparative study of the postscutellum and base of propo- deum in the Vespidae seems to indicate that this “basal area” of the propodeum was originally part of the postscutellum and homol- ogous with the produced hind portion which in Vespinae and in Protopolybia is wedged in the base of the propodeum, from which it is distinctly divided. 90 December, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA basal vein ending close to the stigma; radial cell much nar- rowed and pointed in its apical half; second cubital cell nar- row, always much higher than wide ; hind wing with few hooks (6 to 9), a broad but rather short basal (or posterior) lobe, and a distinct preaxillary excision ; discoidella leaving the ner- vellus at about the upper third, far below the origin of the cubitella. The males differ from the queens and workers mainly in the narrower head and the elongate clypeus. Ex- ternally queens and workers are alike, though the former are slightly larger, with more swollen abdomen. H. von Ihering (1896), upon examining a number of females of N. lecheguana, found that in some the spermatheca was rudimentary and these he regarded as workers,5 Taxonomy. — Nectarina contains seven species separable by struc- tural peculiarities, viz., N. augusti (H. de Saussure), N. azteca (H. de Saussure), N. baccalaurea (R. v. Ihering), N. bilineolata (Spinola), N. buyssoni Ducke, N. lecheguana (Latreille), and N. scutellaris (Fabricius). I have seen specimens of all.6 They dif- fer mainly in the shape of scutellum and propodeum, the sculpture, and the development of the oculo-malar space (this is much longer in N. bilineolata than in most of the other species) . Each species appears to have a more or less characteristic color pattern, although some of them show a fairly pronounced geographical variation in color. Distribution. — The genus Nectarina is one of the most typical elements of the Neotropical fauna. It extends from southern Ari- zona (northermost locality: Nogales, in about 32° lat. N.) to north- ern Argentina (southermost locality: Buenos Aires, in about 35° lat. S.) ; it is not known to occur within the political boundaries of Chile and is entirely absent from the Antilles, though quite com- mon in Yucatan and Trinidad. One of the species ( N . lecheguana) covers the whole of this territory, but the others are much more restricted in distribution. N. azteca is known only from southern 5 R. du Buysson’s account of the morphology of Nectarina (1905, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, LXXIV, pp. 540-542, Pis. XI-XII), although quite extensive and well illustrated, does not mention some of the most important features of the genus, nor does it point out those that are diagnostic. 6 Nectarina championi Dover, 1925, Psyche, XXXI, (1924), p. 305, fig. 1 (2), from Chiriqul, Panama, is not a Nectarina, as I sus- pected from the description. Paratypes kindly sent to me by Mr. Hugh Scott show that it is a Parachartergus, related to P. frontalis (Fabricius), though quite distinct. 91 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 3 Mexico (States of Tepic, Michoacan, Mexico, Puebla, Guerrero and Oaxaca). A. baccalaurea is a species of the Andes of Peru and Ecuador (at about 1,600 m. altitude). A. buyssoni is known from only a few places on the Upper Amazon and Madeira Rivers (Taba- tinga in Brazil; Iquitos in Peru; I have seen a specimen from Tumupasa, Bolivia). A. augusti and A. bilineolata have much the same distribution, being known from Guatemala to southern Brazil and Paraguay. A. scutellaris is strictly South American (from Colombia to Sao Paulo, Brazil). Four of the species occur in North America, one of them being endemic there.7 Ethology.- — The nests are known of A. augusti , A. azteca, A. bilineolata, A. scutellaris and A. lecheguana. They agree in their general architecture, although each species shows certain definite building characteristics. The nest is aerial, entirely made of paper or cardboard and of the “ phragmocyttarous ’ 7 type, consisting of few combs (usually less than ten) of hexagonal cells enclosed in an envelope (calyptodomous) , with one or more openings for ingress and egress ; the first comb is attached directly to the support by its whole under surface and the succeeding combs are built on the lower sur- face of the envelope and later enclosed by lateral extension of the cover. In conical nests, the several combs are placed one above the other ; in spherical nests they are more or less concentric. The en- trance is either circular or slit-like and generally placed on one of the lower sides, the holes in the successive combs being also more or less eccentric. All five species mentioned above are polygynous, the nest containing several fertile, ovipositing females (queens).. Anew nest is started by a swarm leaving an old colony ; and since the swarm contains several queens, in addition to many workers, these wasps are typically pleometrotic. So far as known, all species store honey, often in large quantities, which perhaps helps the colony to survive through the winter or dry season, so that the nest may persist for several years. Moreover, so far as published observa- tions go, it would seem that the larvae of Nectarina are fed ex- clusively or mainly with honey and pollen. Nectarina lecheguana (Latreille) Text Figure 1. Plates XXVII and XXVIII Polistes lecheguana Latreille, 1824, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, XI, p. 317 (5; Brazil, without more definite locality; liolotype in 7 1 have seen A. bilineolata from Tegucigalpa, Rep. Honduras, and A. augusti from Columbian Farm, Sta. Clara Prov., Costa Rica. 92 December, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Paris Museum) ; 1825, Ann. Sc. Nat., IV, p. 339. Aug. de St. Hilaire, 1825, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, XII, PI. XII, fig. B; 1830, Voyage dans les Provinces de Bio de Janeiro et de Minas Geraes, II, p. 375, footnote. Vespa lecheguana Swainson and Shuckard, 1840, On the History and Natural Arrangement of Insects, p. 183. Polistes ( Brachygastra ) lecheguana White, 1841, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., VII, p. 319, footnote. Epipone lecheguana Curtis, 1844, Proc. Linn. Soc. London, I, No. 20, p. 188 ; 1844, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XIX, pt. 3, p. 258. Nectarinia lecheguana H. de Saussure, 1853-1855, Et. Fam. Vesp., II, p. 232, PI. XXX (nest, described on p. cxxxiv) and PI. XXXIV, figs. 1, 1 a-c, 3 and 3 a-c (J $). Dalla Torre, 1894, Cat. Hym., IX, p. 170. Fox, 1898, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadel- phia, p. 460. Holmberg, 1898, Segundo Censo Republ. Argen- tina, I, p. 590. Schrottky, 1902, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, (3) I, p. 116; 1903, An. Soc. Cient. Argentina, LV, p. 179. Brethes, 1903, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, (3) II, p. 16. Cockerell, 1927, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., LXXI, Art. 12, p. 2. Nectarina lecheguana F. Smith, 1857, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., V, p. 136; 1863, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, (3) I, pp. 501-503; 1864, Loc. cit., (3) II, p. 135. Dalla Torre, 1904, Gen. Ins., Vesp., p. 86. R. du Buysson, 1905, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, LXXIV, pp. 542, 547 and 558, PI. XI, figs. 1-7; PL XII, figs. 1-3, 6-8, 10 and 13; PI. XV; and PI. XVI ($ § J1). Brethes, 1906, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, (3) VI, p. 313. Ducke, 1906, Rev. d’Entom., Caen, XXV, p. 6; 1907, Bol. Mus. Goeldi (Para), V, pp. 155 and 157; 1908, Rev. d’Entom., Caen, XXVII, p. 84. Schrottky, 1908, Zeitschr. Wiss. Insektenbiol., IV, pp. 24 and 52 ; 1909, Loc. cit., V, pp. 210 and 212. Ducke, 1910, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, VIII, pp. 479 and 481 (J $) . R. du Buysson, 1910, Zool. Jahrb., Abt. Syst., XXIX, p. 231. A. de W. Bertoni, 1911, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, (3) XV, p. 115. Meade Waldo, 1911, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) VII, p. Ill; 1914, Loc. cit., (8) XIV, p. 406. Rohwer, 1914, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XLVII, p. 513. Ducke, 1916, Comm. Linhas Telegr. Estrat. Matto Grosso, Publ. No. 35, Ann. No. 5, Hym., p. 7 ; 1918, Rev. Mus. Paulista, X, p. 327. Bodkin, 1918, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lon- don, (1917), pts. 2-4, p. 309. Bradley, 1921, Actes Soc. Scien- tif. Chili, XXX, (1920), p. 57. Pellett, 1922, Science, LV, p. 644. Dover, 1925, Psyche, XXXI, pt. 6, (1924), p. 307. Fonseca, 1926, Rev. Mus. Paulista, XIV, (1925), p. 171. Stiles 93 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 3 and Hassall, 1928, U. S. Publ. Health Serv., Hyg. Labor., Bull. 150, p. 396. H. F. Schwarz, 1928, Jl. New York Ent. Soc., XXXYI, p. 460; 1929, Natural History, New York, XXIX, p. 425. Salt and Bequaert, 1929, Psyche, XXXVI, p. 261. Caba lecheguana R. v. Ihering, 1904, Rev. Mus. Paulista, VI, pp. 106, 109 and 233 (? £ J1). Vespa sericea Fabricius, 1804, Syst. Piezat., p. 266 (no sex; “in America meridionali”) . Not Vespa sericea Olivier, 1791. Brachygastra sericea Erichson, 1848, in Schomburgk, Reisen in Britisch Gniana, III, p. 590. Chart ergus sericeus Mobius, 1856, Abh. Naturw. Ver. Hamburg, III, p. 144, PI. XVI. Dalla Torre, 1894, Cat. Hym., IX, p. 169 ; 1904, Gen. Ins,, Vesp., p. 85. Brachygastra analis Perty, 1833, Delectus Anim. Artie. Brasil., p. 146, PI. XXVIII, fig. 6 (no sex given, but from the figure evi- dently J; State of Piauhy, Brazil). Spinola, 1841, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, X, p. 127 (J). Nectarina analis in Swainson and Shuckard, 1840, on the His- tory and Natural Arrangement of Insects, p. 183, foot- note. F. Smith, 1857, Cat, Hym. Brit. Mus., V, p. 136; 1862, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, (3) I, p. 39. Dalla Torre, 1904, Gen. Ins., Vesp., p. 86. Nectarinia analis H. de Saussure, 1853-1855, Et. Fam. Vesp., II. p. 230 (5). Dalla Torre, 1894, Cat. Hym., IX, p. 169. 8 Caba analis R. v. Ihering, 1904, Rev. Mus. Paulista, VI, pp. 107 and 113. Polistes mellifica Say, 1837, Boston Jl. Nat. Hist., I, pt. 4, p. 390 (5 c?; near Jalapa, Mexico) ; 1859, Complete Writings Entom., (Leconte’s Ed.), II, p. 769 (? ). F. Smith, 1857, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., V, p. 130. Cresson, 1865, Proc. Ent. Soc, Philadelphia, IY, p. 167 ($ c?)* Gundlach, 1886, Contrib. Entom. Cubana, II, p. 156. Fox, 1890, Ent. News, I, p. 93. Dalla Torre, 1894, Cat. Hym., IX, p. 163. Ashmead, 1894, Psyche, VII, p. 76; 1896, Bull. Labor. Nat. Sci. State Univ. Iowa, IY, No. 1, p. 31 ; 1900, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lon- don, p. 311 (in part). Lewis, 1897, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XXIY, p. 191 (J). Dalla Torre, 1904, Gen. Insect., Vesp., p. 77. Megacanthopus cubensis Ducke, 1908, Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr., p. 698 (.J1). Meade- Waldo, 1911, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) VII, p. 111. Polybia phthisica Cresson, 1865, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, IY, p. 167 (J ij'). Gundlach, 1886, Contrib. Entom. Cubana, II, p. 155. Not Vespa phthisica Fabricius, 1793. Specimens Examined. — Georgia: Billy’s Island, Okefenokee Swamp; St. Simon’s Island (J. C. Bradley. — Cornell Univ.). — Florida : Gainesville, Alachua Co. ; Silver Springs, Marion Co. (Geo. P. Engelhardt) ; Orlando, Orange Co. (A. L. Melander) ; Kissimmee, Osceola Co. (A.M.N.H.) ; Tampa, Hillsborough Co. (E. L. Bell) ; Naples, Collier Co. (G. B. Fairchild) ; Ft. Lauderdale, Broward Co. (D. M. Bates) ; Miami, Dade Co. (E. L. Bell) ; Key Largo; Metacumbe Key; Key West (G. N. Collins and C. L. Pol- lard.— A.M.N.H.). — Bahamas: without more definite locality (Acad. Pliila.) ; Nassau, New Providence (A.M.N.H.). Ashmead records cubensis from Eleuthera. — Cuba: without more definite lo- cality (Acad. Phila.) ; San Carlos Est., Guantanamo (A.M.N.H.) ; Estacion Central Agronomica de Cuba (Acuna. — U.S.N.M.) ; Mina Carlota, Trinidad Mts., one male, March 20, 1905 (George Salt) ; San Jose, Trinidad Mts., August 1930 (R. P. Dow) ; Camagiiey (J. 140 December, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Acuna) ; Santiago de las Vegas; Taco-Taco (S. B. Bruner and 0. H. Ballon) ; Tacajo near Banes, Oriente (J. Bequaert) ; Baragua, Camaguey, June 20, 1932, with nest (G. B. Fairchild and D. M. Bates) ; “Las Animas,” 500 m., Sierra de Rangel, Santa Cruz de los Pinos, Prov. Pinar del Rio (C. G. Aguayo) ; Isle of Pines. I have seen a few specimens of M. cubensis, at the Imperial In- stitute of Entomology (London) and at the Laboratory of Ento- mology of the Dept, of Agriculture of Jamaica, labelled “Hope Gardens, Jamaica.” This record, however, appears questionable, since no other entomologist has ever taken this wasp in the island. Queen and Worker.- — Reddish brown (Ridgway’s auburn to chestnut), with the following parts yellow (Ridgway’s light cadmium) : clypeus (except the narrow, dark-brown margin) ; a broad band bordering the inner orbits, touching the antennal socket, filling the ocular sinuses, and extending from the clypeus to the vertex, where the two lines converge so as nearly to meet in the middle line; a very broad band on the cheeks margining the outer orbits from the base of the mandibles to the vertex, but not quite meeting the inner orbital band ; two large spots above and between the insertions of the antennae, not quite meeting in the middle ; a small spot just below the insertion of each antenna ; sometimes a single spot just below the median ocellus ; mandibles, except their teeth ; anterior and posterior margins of the pronotum; two longitudinal lines on the mesonotum (sometimes obsolete or completely absent) ; a large spot under the insertion of the wings and another on the mesepisternum above the coxa ; narrow anterior margins of scutellum and postscutellum and several dots at their lateral extremities near the base of the posterior wings; two or four longitudinal lines on the posterior half of the propodeum ; apical margins of some 6r all abdominal segments to varying widths and either continuous on the sternites or not ; most of the tarsi, tibiae, and tips of the femora, together with spots on the coxae. Thorax darker reddish brown than the abdomen, the pleura being very dark or almost black in some specimens. Basal half of the petiole much darker than the apical portion, and the coxae, trochanters, and most of the femora very dark brown. Antennae ferruginous throughout in some specimens, in others darker in the middle above and almost yellowish at the tip. Wing's more or less tinged with amber yellow, especially along the anterior margin, basally hyaline, apically smoky; median and radial cells darker. The clypeus of some speci- mens bears in the middle a line of light red, which sometimes is much broader and this color may even cover the entire clypeus. 141 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 3 Male. — Coloration similar to that of the female and like- wise somewhat variable. M. cubensis var. mexicanus (H. de Saussure) Polybia m,exicana H. de Saussure, 1853-1855, Et. Fam. Vesp., II, p. 203, Pl. XXVI, figs. 6 and 6a (g; Mexico; type in Paris Museum). F. Smith, 1857, Oat. Hym. Brit. Mus., V, p. 130. Dalla Torre, 1894, Cat. Hym., IX, p. 164; 1904, Gen. Insect., Vesp., p. 78. W. A. Schulz, 1905, Hymenopteren-Studien, p. 132 (2). Specimens Examined. — Mexico: several females, workers and males without more definite locality (Acad. Phila.). — Guatemala: Palinque, one female (H. W. Atkinson). — Republic of Honduras: Tegucigalpa, one worker (F. J. Dyer) ; Puerto Castilla, one female; Prieta, one male (J. Bequaert). W. A. Schulz (1905) records P. mexicana from Popayan, Co- lombia. This identification is open to doubt, since I have seen a somewhat similar, but apparently distinct species from Panama. He claims that Fox’s specimens of “mexicana’’ from Rio de Ja- neiro, Brazil, (1898, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 451) could not have been that species. Most probably they were M. alfkenii Ducke, which, as I have pointed out above, is perhaps not distinct from M. cubensis var. mexicanus. Ashmead’s Polybia mexicana (1900, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 311), from Porto Rico, refers to Mischocyttarus phthisicus (Fabricius), the only Polybiine wasp known from that island. Polybia mexicana R. v. Ihering (1904, Rev. Mus. Paulista, VI, pp. 186 and 251), from southern Brazil, was Polybia oecodoma H. de Saussure, as recognized by Ducke. The color characters separating this Central American form from typical cubensis have been indicated in the key. The pattern and main tinge of the abdomen vary from pale brownish or orange red, with few yellow markings, to russet or blackish brown, with conspicuous yellow bands. In the males, the russet color of the body is almost entirely replaced by black. In all specimens seen, of both sexes, the mesonotum is brownish black or black with two curved longitudinal yellow stripes, which do not reach the front and hind margins. The var. mexicanus averages slightly larger than the typical form of the species. Acknowledgments I have studied specimens of North American Polybiinae belong- ing to the following public collections: American Entomological 142 December, 1932 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Society (at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, through Mr. E. T. Cresson, Jr.) ; American Museum of Natural History, New York (through Dr. F. E. Lutz and Mr. H. F. Schwarz) ; Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah (through Prof. V. M. Tanner and Mr. C. L. Hayward) ; California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (through Dr. E. P. Van Duzee) ; Department of Agriculture of Canada, Entomological Branch (through Mr. G. S. Walley) ; Entomological Department of Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. (through Prof. J. C. Bradley) ; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass, (through Mr. N. Banks) ; Oregon Agri- cultural Experiment Station, Corvallis, Oregon (through Prof. H. A. Scullen) ; and United States National Museum: (through Miss Grace Sandhouse) ; of private collectors I am particularly indebted to Mr. D. M. Bates, Mr. Richard Dow, Mr. G. B. Fairchild, Mr. Max H. Ruhmann, Professor G. J. Spencer, Mr. C. Lynn Hayward, Dr. George Salt, and Mr. H. F. Schwarz.32 I am also under obliga- tion to Mr. H. F. Schwarz and Miss Grace Sandhouse for much help and valuable suggestions. The photographs of the nests of Nectarina lecheguana and Mischocyttarus flavitarsis var. navajo I owe to the courtesy of the American Museum of Natural His- tory (through Dr. F. E. Lutz and Mr. H. F. Schwarz) ; while those of M. flavitarsis (typical) and M. cubensis were made by Mr. D. W. Farquhar. 32 Since the MS was sent to the printer, a large collection of Mischocyttarus was sent for study by the Department of Entomol- ogy, University of Kansas (through Mr. J. M. Brennan). 143 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 3 Plate XXVII Side view of nest of Nectarine lecheguana (Latreille), taken at Brownsville, Texas, by Mr. Herbert F. Schwarz and Dr. F. E. Lntz. A 20 cm. scale placed along the basal end. Courtesy of American Museum of Natural History, New York. 144 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. 3, PI. XXVII ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 3 Plate XXVIII Apex of the same nest of Nectarina lecheguanu (Latreille), shown in Plate XXVII. Courtesy of American Museum of Natural History, New York. 146 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. 3, PI. XXVIII ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 3 Plate XXIX Figs. 1 and 2. Nest of Mischocyttarus flavitarsis var. navajo J. Bequaert, taken by Dr. F. E. Lutz in the Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona; from the side and below. Natural size. Courtesy of American Museum of Natural History, New York. Figs. 3 and 4. Nest of Mischocyttarus flavitarsis (H. de Saussure), typical form, taken by Prof. H. A. Scullen near Cor- vallis, Oregon ; from the side and below. Natural size. Photo- graphs by D. W. Farquhar. Figs. 5 and 6. Nest of Mischocyttarus cubensis (H. de Saussure), taken by Mr. G. B. Fairchild and Mr. D. M. Bates at Baragua, Cuba ; from the side and below. Natural size. Photo- graphs by D. W. Farquhar. 148 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. 3, Pl. XXIX No. 4 VOL. XIII (New Series) MARCH, 1933 ! ® AmerigAn a A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION committee J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, Lime and Green Sts., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue February 7, 1934 Application for entry as second-class matter under tlie Act of March 3, 1879, made June 15, 1926, at the Postoffice at Lancaster. Pa. Vol. XIII March, 1933 No. 4 MICROLEPIDOPTERA OF CUBA By August Busck U. S. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, D. C. During the last few years considerable careful rearing of Micro- lepidoptera has been done by the “Departamento de Entomologia” of the “Estacion Experimental Agronomica” at Santiago de las Yegas, Cuba. This rearing has been done partly by my friend, the able chief of the Department, Dr. S. C. Bruner, but more especially at his direction by Mr. Angel II. Otero, who is particularly successful in collecting and caring for larval material and in rearing it to the adult stage in perfect specimens. I am very grateful to both of these gentlemen for placing in my hands this valuable material, which much more than doubles our knowledge of the Cuban fauna of Microlepidoptera. Only a small part of Mr. Otero’s reared species have been dealt with in this paper; the balance will be treated in a subsequent installment. Aside from its great technical interest, it is important to make this knowledge available in printed form because the collection embraces several actual and potential economically injurious species, which, owing to Cuba’s proximity to the United States, may easily become introduced here. In this paper is also included such other Cuban material as has accumulated in U. S. National Museum from other sources, notably species reared and collected for the “Estacion Experimental,” Central Baragua, by Mr. L. C. Scaramuzza and Mr. H. K. Plank, 151 1 o 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 the latter of whom Avas so kind as to do some light collecting at my suggestion. Most of the earlier Cuban material available was col- lected by Dr. Wm. Seliaus and by the Avriter. > Tavo new genera and twenty-five new species are described in this paper, and fifteen genera and species are recorded for the first time from Cuba. The food-plant records of a large number of these species are of particular value. The writer is under obligation to Mrs. Eleanor A. Carlin, of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, for her careful draAvings made under liis direction from slides prepared by him. All types and cotypes are deposited in the U. S. National Mu- seum ; a duplicate set of the same rearings is in the Agricultural Station’s collection in Santiago de las Vegas. Mr. Otero will give more detailed notes on the early stages of the reared species in a separate paper. Family Pterophoridae Exelastis pumilio Zeller Mimeseoptilus pumilio Zeller, Verli. Zool. bot. Gesell. Wien., vol. 23, p. 324, 1873. Mimaeseoptilus gilvidorsis (not Zeller) Hedemann, Stett. Ent. Zeitg., vol. 57, p. 8, 1896. 8 tenoptiliad pumilio Walsingham, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 58, 1897 ; Meyrick, Gen. Insect. Fasc. 100, p. 18, 1910. Marasmarcha liophanes Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 19, 1886; Gen. Insect. Fasc. 100, p. 18, 1910. Marasmarcha pumilio Barnes and Lindsey, Contr. Nat. Hist. Lep., vol. 4, p. 348, pi. 13, fig. 7, 1921 ; Forbes, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico, vol. 12, p. 78, 1930. Exelastis pumilio Fletcher, Cat. Ind. Ins., part 20, p. 38, 1931. This cosmopolitan tropical species was reared by Dr. Bruner from larvae feeding on Meibomia at Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. (Otero No. 9455.) Family Tortricidae Amorbia phaseolana Busck Amorbia phaseolana Busck, Bruner, Informe Dept. Ento- mology Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, p. 23, 1931. This species was described from tAvo males reared from Lima bean, to which crop it had become a pest of some economic impor- tance. Since then I have received a good series of both sexes from 152 March, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Mr. Otero reared from leaf -tying larvae on Psidium (Guava) and Althaea (Otero, No. 9524), proving the species as indiscriminate in its choice of foodplants, as are the other species of the genus. The females, as predicted, are considerably larger than the males, measuring 25 mm. in alar expanse. Genitalia of both sexes (pi. XXX, fig. 4, and pi. XXXVI, fig. 8) are typical of the genus. Apotoforma new genus Genotype. — Oxygrapha rotundipennis Walsingham (West Indies). Antennae of male, half the length of the fore wings, shortly ciliate on the underside, thickened with scales, and with a circle of erect scales on each joint. Labial palpi short porrect, second joint thickened with protruding rough scales towards apex, terminal joint short. Face smooth, clothed with very short scales, head with rough scaling; thorax smooth. Forewings with raised scales, without costal fold in the male, elliptical ; costa and dorsum gently and evenly rounded and meeting in the longitudinal center of the wing in an undefined evenly rounded apex ; 12 veins ; vein 6 to the tip of the wing or a little above it; 7 to costa; 8, 9, 10, and 11 well separated, nearly equidistant; 5 straight; 3 and 4 long-stalked ; 2 from middle of cell ; Ic present in its entire length. Hindwings as broad as forewings, trapezoidal ; costa and dorsum straight, parallel, termen nearly straight, apex bluntly pointed; 7 veins; 3 and 4 united; 5 approximate; 6 and 7 closely approximate throughout basal third of their length, enclosing apex. (PI. XXX, figs. 2 and 3.) Male genitalia with uncus and socii absent; gnathos flat- tened in center and with a narrow ventral plate along under- side of the alimentary canal to the tip of the tegumen ; trans- tilla a narrow curved band; harpes nearly divided, with a strongly chitinized broad bifurcate sacculus and a longer flimsy pointed costal part ; aedoeagus short, truncate, bilobed at apex; cornuti six equal rather long and slightly curved spines. (PL XXX, fig. 1.) Female genitalia with base of ovipositor lobes thickened, upturned; ductus short, looped just before bursa; bursa elongate oval, without signum. (PL XXXVI, fig. 9.) This remarkable genus is clearly a development from Peronea and has its counterpart in the Indian genus Paratorna Meyrick, which has an even more extravagant development of the forewings, with costa further deflected, so as to bring vein 5 to apex. The present genus differs also from Paratorna in having only 7 veins in 153 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 the hindwdngs, with 3 and 4 united, not stalked : the male genitalia substantiate the common origin from Peronea. The related genus Eboda Walker in which Meyrick has placed the genotype, r ot undip ennis, agrees with the present genus in vena- tion, but it has a very different wing form and possesses curiously developed socii. Apotoforma rotundipennis Walsingham Oxygrapha rotundipennis Walsingham, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 132, 1897. Eboda rotundipennis Meyrick, Gen. Ins. Fasc. 149, p. 59. 1913. Paratorna rotundipennis Forbes, Sei. Surv. Porto Rico, vol. 12, p. 83, 1930. Labial palpi ochreous white, touched with brown, ter- minal joint brown. Antennae dark golden fuscous. Lower half of face ochreous white; upper half and head dark brown. Thorax light ochreous brown. Forewings light ochreous brown ; costal edge reddish brown ; just before the middle of costa a broad outwardly oblique costal streak, dif- fused outwardly; at apical fifth another dark brown, out- wardly curved streak, parallel and close to the apical edge and reaching below the tip of the wing. At basal third two obliquely placed small tufts of raised black scales ; two simi- lar but smaller tufts on fold, and two at the end of the cell ; cilia light ochreous brown. Hindwings light ochreous fus- cous with ochreous cilia; abdomen fuscous. Legs ochreous, broadly barred with dark fuscous. In the U. S. National Museum are specimens from Havana, Cuba, C. F. Baker coll., and also reared series from Acacia, Ft. Prince, Florida (E. W. Berger), and Gainesville, Florida (T. L. Cain). Alar expanse. — 10-11 mm. Type. — British Museum. Type locality. — St. Thomas, West Indies. Foodplant. — Acacia arabica. Ancylis cordiae new species Second joint of labial palpi with strong tuft, concealing terminal joint; white at base, light brown at apex, with a small black spot on outer side. Face light ochreous. Head light ochreous brown. Antennae light brown with a black dot on underside of second joint. Thorax light brown. Forewings with strongly produced falcate apex, termen 154 March, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA sharply sinuate below ; light whitish brown with a large tri- angular dark brown spot resting on dorsal edge from base to apical fourth ; base of costa dark brown with a violet sheen ; costal edge darker brown with a series of nearly equidistant silvery geminate streaklets ; three equidistant small black dots in a row on basal third; dorsal half of apical part of wing mottled with black scales; apex brown edged with white ; cilia light brown. Hindwings light fuscous with a violet sheen. Abdomen dark fuscous above with silvery un- derside and ochreous genital tuft. Legs strongly tufted, light ochreous with dark brown tarsal annulations. Male genitalia (pi. XXX, fig. 6) without defined uncus; socii large, pendant; cucullus triangular, heavily spinecl on outer edge and with a single stronger spine on basal corner ; aedoeagus long, straight, sharply pointed; cornuti a large bunch of many long slender spines. Alar expanse. — 13 mm. Type. — U. S. National Museum Cat. No. 44132. Type locality. — Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Foodplants. — Cordia glol>osa and Gouania polygama (Otero No. 9721, leaf-tyer). Ancylis bauhiniae new species. Labial palpi smooth, blackish brown, base and inner sides ochreous. Lower face smooth, silvery white. Head blackish brown. Antennae with basal fifth and outer half blackish brown, separated by a wide cream-white band, last joint white. Anterior third of thorax and shoulder-flaps blackish brown, rest of thorax ochreous white. Forewings ochreous white; outer half yellowish, mottled with metallic leaden scales ; a large, semicircular, blackish brown dorsal spot from basal fifth to beyond middle of dorsum and reaching two- thirds the width of the wing; extreme base of costa blackish brown; outer two-thirds of costa narrowly light reddish- browm with alternating oblique white and metallic leaden streaklets; below this a longitudinal whitish streak, finely irrorated with transverse black streaklets ; this streak is con- tinued into a perpendicular white patch with black trans- verse lines; beyond this apical edge is light reddish-brown with a short silvery streak on the middle of termen before the light ochreous brown cilia. Hindwings dark fuscous with lighter cilia. Abdomen dark fuscous, with underside slightly lighter. Anterior legs blackish brown; posterior legs smooth silvery fuscous ; tarsi with narrow ochreous annulations. The male genitalia (pi. XXX, fig. 7) with short, pointed, hairy 155 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 uncus, well developed pending socii, evenly rounded cucul- lus, aedoeagus long, nearly straight, cornuti a bunch of (7-8) long slender spines. Alar expanse. — 9-41 mm. Type. — U. S. National Museum Cat. No. 44133. Type locality. — Santiago cle las Vegas, Cuba. Foodplant. — Bauhinia heterophylla. (Otero No. 9719.) This very striking species is somewhat divergent in the genus because of its smooth palpi and legs and the close proximity at base of veins 7 and 8 in forewings, but other characters and the pattern and general habitus are clearly those of Ancylis. Strepsicrates smithiana Walsingham Strepsicrates smitliiana Walsingham, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- don, p. 506, 1891 ; idem, p. 127, 1897 ; Wolcott, Journ. Dept. Agr. Porto Pico, vol. 8, p. 202, 1917 ; Forbes, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico, vol. 12, p. 91, 1931. Reared by Mr. Otero (No. 9468) from Guava, Psidium guajava, at Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Gymnandrosoma pithecolobiae new species Labial palpi black, slightly sprinkled with white scales on basal two-thirds of second joint and with extreme tip of ter- minal joint white. Maxillary palpi minute, white. Face black, in the male with lower third pure white ; in the female sparsely sprinkled with white. Head dark brown. Antennae less than half of wing length, stout, simple in the female, in the male ciliate and with basal sixth to six- teenth joints scooped out above to about half their thickness in a shallow notch. Thorax blackish brown with a central transverse band of reddish brown and with posterior tuft white. Forewings dark brown profusely mottled with black, bluish, reddish, and white iridescent scales, extreme costal base black, basal half of wing somewhat darker than apical half, containing more black scales, which tend to form irreg- ular transverse lines; apical half of costa with small, indis- tinct, geminate ochreous spots; at end of cell a pure white dot ; cilia bluish black mixed with brown. Hinclwings black- ish brown with lighter fuscous cilia ; in the male with a large, strongly tufted pouch on base of dorsum, closely covering the posterior tibia when the moth is at rest and containing a long ochreous hair-tuft and a patch of short modified yellow scales. Legs blackish brown, with narrow ochreous annula- tions, tuft on posterior tibiae yellowish. 156 March, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Male genitalia (PL XXX, fig. 5) very similar to those of the genotype and other species in the genus, but differing from all of them in the much more excavated neck and more pro- nounced and pointed base of cucullus. Female genitalia nearly identical with those of the other described species, with the same chitinized parts of the ductus, and with sig- num two strong curved thorns rather more slender than in the other closely allied species. Alar expanse.— 16 mm. Type. — -IT. S. National Museum Cat. No. 44134. Type locality. — Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Foodplant. — Pithecolobium. (Otero No. 9601, “feeding in the seeds. ”) The five described species of this genus are closely allied and very similar in coloration and structure. The present species agrees with Gymnanclrosoma aurantica Costa Lima, in the notched male antennae, not present in the other three species ; Dr. Da Costa Lima was so kind as to send me a male cotype of his species, reared from orange in Brazil ; from this species the present may most easily be distinguished by the white thoracic tuft and by the details of the male genitalia. There is, however, another undescribed species of this genus, feeding on Guava in Porto Rico, which also has a white thoracic tuft, and which presumably also will be found to occur in Cuba. Family Momphidae Stilbosis lonchocarpella new species Labial palpi yellowish white, so strongly mottled with black scales as to appear dark. Face silvery. Head black- ish brown. Thorax blackish brown with silvery posterior tip. Forewings light ochreous, mottled with shining blackish brown ; extreme base blackish brown ; beyond this, basal half of wing unmottled ochreous, except for a tuft of erect brown scales at basal fourth and the costal edge, which is strongly suffused with dark brown; this basal area is edged by two tufts of erect scales, the upper and slightly preceding ochre- ous, the lower and larger blackish brown ; beyond these is an ill-defined broad transverse fascia, heavily overlaid with blackish brown and edged exteriorly by two tufts of erect blackish brown scales tipped with ochreous ; a small less mot- tled ochreous area intervenes before the apical fifth of the wing, which is mixed black brown, with a metallic sheen ; cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings and cilia lighter fuscous. 157 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 Abdomen shiny dark fnscons with light ochreous underside. Legs blackish brown with narrow white annulations. Male and female genitalia typical of the genus, at once placing the species with the North American genotype, S. tesquella Clemens. Alar expanse. — 8-10 mm. Type . — U. S. National Museum Cat. No. 44135. Type locality.- — Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Foodplant. — Lonchocarpus sericeus. (Otero No. 9712.) The larvae are leaf-tyers and very similar to those of S. tes- quella,, white with tubercles small jet black dots. Family Gelechiidae Nealy da pisoniae Busck Nealyda pisoniae Busck, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, p. 229, pi. 1, fig. 5, 1900; Dyar, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 4, p. 470, 1901; List N. Amer. Lepid., No. 5569, 1903; Barnes and McDunnough, List Lepid. Bo. Amer., No. 6091, 1917. This interesting species, described from Palm Beach, Florida, and not hitherto recorded outside the type locality, was reared both by Mr. Otero (No. 9592) and by Mr. L. C. Scaramuzza (No. 3913) from Pisonea aculeata. The larva makes large irregular blotch mines on the upper sur- face of the leaf ; when mature it cuts its way out and spins a tough, oval, flat, white cocoon near by. The genitalia of both sexes are typical of the genus. The male genitalia of the genotype, Nealyda bifidella Dietz, drawn by Mr. Harry Bradford of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, are given (PI. XXXI, figs. 1 and 2) . The present species differs from it in hav- ing the aedoeagus longer and slenderer, the lower arm of the harp reduced to a strong curved spine, and the upper arm of the harp with a stout spine on inner side. The female genitalia of the present species have the ductus bursae longer and the signum much longer than in the genotype. T holer ostola evippella Forbes Tholerostola evippella Forbes, Journ. Dept. Agr. Porto Rico, vol. 15, p. 364, 1931. Described from collected specimens in Porto Rico. Mr. Otero has reared a large series of this species from leaves of Aeschynomene americana at Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. (Otero No. 9407.) The 158 March, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA genus differs in venation from Evippe Chambers only in having vein 6 of forewing separate from 7 and 8. Aristotelia eupatoriella new species Labial palpi very long and slender, terminal joint longer than second, light ochreous, second joint with three incom- plete broad dark brown annulations, terminal joint with four such annulations. Antennae blackish brown with first joint ochreous and with two longitudinal ochreous lines, consisting of single scales, two on each joint. Face light ochreous. Head and thorax light brown, mottled with black scales. Forewings with costal half light ochreous, heavily powdered with black and with black markings ; near base a broad black fascia reaching to the fold, edged outwardly by a nearly un- mottled, outwardly oblique, ochreous fascia reaching faintly to the dorsal edge ; this is followed on basal third by a black fascia reaching to the fold and continued outwards on the cell; at apical third a predominantly black area, containing a small unmottled, ochreous costal dash and followed by a larger conspicuous light ochreous costal dash, also present on the otherwise dark brown underside of the wing ; this light dash is in turn followed by an unmottled blackish brown spot just before the apex; dorsal half of the wing dark brown, sparsely sprinkled with dark scales, crossed at basal third by the light ochreous fascia and edged towards the second black costal fascia by a light ochreous longitudinal line ; on the underside of the forewings in the male, near base of costa, a strong tuft of long yellow hairs and another more basally of short black hairs. Hindwings light ochreous with base and two longitudinal broad lines of deep black scaling reaching from near base nearly to termen, the upper one broader and longer than the lower and separated from it by a thin line of the ground color (PI. 2, fig. 8) ; the basal patch is repeated on the underside of the wing, the basal half of which is clothed by semierect velvety scaling. Abdomen light ochreous with the three first joints velvety black above. Legs yellowish with broad black bars ; tarsi black with nar- row ochreous annulations. The females have no costal hair pencil at base of forewing, the hindwings are dark fuscous above with ochreous underside. Male and female genitalia typical of the genus (PI. XXXI, figs. 3, 4, and 6.) Alar expanse. — 10-11 mm. Type. — U. S. National Museum Cat. No. 44136. Type locality. — Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. 159 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 Foodplant. — Eupatorium villosum. (Leaf-tyer, Otero No. 9847.) The remarkable sex-scaling of the male at once differentiates this species from the several others of this immediate roseosuffusella group (Eucatoptus ) . Anacampsis meibomiella Forbes Anacampsis ( Compsolechia ) meibomiella Forbes, Journ. Dept. Agr. Porto Rico, vol. 15, p. 376, pi. 42, fig. 16, 1931. Described from Mr. Otero’s specimens No. 9454, reared from Meibomia, Santiago de las Yegas, Cuba. The figure number in the text is mistakenly given as 17, which represents Anacampsis melanophala, a very different insect; it should be fig. 16, as cor- rectly given in the explanation of plate 47. Polyhymno luteostrigella Chambers Polyhymno luteostrigella Chambers, Can. Ent., vol. 6, p. 247, 1874; Washington, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 95, pi. 7, fig. 78, 1892; Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 77, 1897 ; Busck, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 839, pi. 31, fig. 26, 1903; Meyrick, Gen. Ins., Fasc. 184, p. 105, 1925; Forbes, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico, vol. 12, p. 123, 1930. Reared by Dr. Bruner from Cassia chamaechrista \ No. 9423) at Santiago de las Yegas, Cuba. The species feeds on the same food- plant in Eastern and Southern United States. Gnorimoschema ly coper sicella Busck Phthorimaea ly coper sicella Busck. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 7, p. 171, pi. 2, 3, 1928 ; Sweezey, idem, p. 177, 1928; Campbell and Elmore, Calif. Mo. Bull., vol. 20, p. 458, 1931. Gnorimoschema ly coper sicella Busck, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 33, p. 60, 1931; Thomas, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 25, p. 137, 1932. Reared by Mr. Otero from larva mining on leaves of eggplant. (No. 9848.) The species, described from the Hawaiian Islands, where it is an introduced species, has been recorded from California, several localities in Mexico, both east and west, and from Pennsyl- vania. Its original foodplant is wild Solanum, but it occasionally becomes of some economic importance by injuring cultivated Solana- ceous crops like tomatoes and eggplant. 160 March, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Prostomens brunneus Busck Prostomens brunneus Busck, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 838, pi. 31, fig. 25, 1903 ; Meyrick, Gen. Ins., Fasc. 184, p. 140, 1925. This curious species (Genotype) had not been received since it was described thirty years ago from Florida and it is very gratify- ing that Mr. Otero has not only re-discovered it in Cuba, but also found its f oodplant ; the species is a leaf-tyer on Guava, Psidium guajaba. (Otero No. 9637.) Trichotaphe melissia Walsingham Dichomeris melissia Walsingham, Biol. Cent. Amer., vol. 4, p. 97, 1911. Cymotricha melissia Meyrick, Gen. Ins., Fasc. 184, p. 189, 1925. Lecitkocera emigrans Meyrick, Exot. Micros., vol. 2, p. 435, 1921. Brachmia emigrans Meyrick, Gen. Ins., Fasc. 184, p. 249, 1925. Trichotaphe (Onebala) melissia Forbes, Journ. Dept. Agr. Porto Rico, vol. 15, p. 373, 1931. A somewhat variable common species with wide distribution in the American tropics. The natural foodplant is Ipomaea, from which Mr. Otero reared the species in Cuba (Otero No. 9442) but the species is occasionally injurious to sweet potato. The writer has reared the species from both wild and cultivated plants in Bar- bados, guided by my late friend, John R. Bovell, at that time Di- rector of Agriculture on the island, who informed me that he had sent the species to Mr. Meyrick and received the name emigrans , thus enabling the synonymy. The type series of D. melissia in the U. S. National Museum came from Panama (Busck). We have the species also from Peru, where it is reported an eco- nomically important past of sweet potato. Family Oecophoridae Hypercallia bruneri new species Labial palpi and antennae rose-pink. Face, head, and thorax yellowish brick-recl with pink edges. Forewings light brick-red with costal and apical edges rose-pink; a canary yellow round dot on the middle of the cell ; another similar one on the end of the cell ; a small triangular, yellow costal spot on apical fourth ; terminal cilia from just below apex to 161 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 just above tornus light canary yellow, dorsal cilia pink. Hindwings and cilia light rose-pink. Abdomen above light reddish brown, underside yellowish. Legs light yellow, tibia rose-pink on the outer side ; last tarsal joints pink. Alar expanse. — -18 mm. Type. — U. S. National Museum Cat. No. 44137. Type locality. — Baracoa, Cuba; S. C. Bruner, collector. It gives me pleasure to name this strikingly beautiful species in honor of its collector, my friend Dr. S. C. Bruner, who has added much to the knowledge of Cuban insects. Family Stenomidae Stenoma comma Busck Stenoma comma Busck, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 40, p. 218, pi. 8, fig. 11, 1911 ; Meyrick, Exot. Micros., vol. 1, p. 509, 1916. Stenoma melancrypta Meyrick, Exot. Micros., vol. 1, p. 455, 1915. Part of the type series of this species came from Cuba (Schaus coll.). The species is also found in the Guianas, and, according to Dr. Forbes, in Porto Rico. We have the species in both sexes from Sierra Maestro, Cuba, 1,000 feet alt. (O. Querci, coll.), from which the figures of genitalia are drawn. (PL XXXI, figs. 5 and 7. ) The male of this pretty species is at once recognized by the black comma-like scaling near the base of the hindwings. Stenoma ocellea Forbes Mothonica ocellea Forbes, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico, vol. 12, p 130, figs. 3, 8, 1930. This species is uncomfortably close to Stenoma fluminata Mey- rick (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 716, 1912), described from Dutch Guiana and subsequently recorded from Brazil and Columbia (Meyrick, Ann. Nat. Mus. Wien, vol. 44, p. 253, 1930) ; without ex- amination of the genitalia, ocellea Forbes would be considered a synonym of Meyrick ’s earlier name. The genitalia also are very similar, but fluminata has a narrower, longer sacculus projecting beyond the edge of the eucullus, and has the uncus distinctly bifid, while in ocellea the latter is simple and the sacculus is broad and short, not reaching the outer edge of the eucullus. The lower edge of the vinculum in fluminata is distinctly and rather deeply bilobed, while in ocellea this edge is very evenly rounded. (Not shown in Forbes’s figure.) 162 March, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Forbes evidently placed his species in Mothonica on its general resemblance to the figure of the genotype, M. periapt a Walsingham (Biol. Cent. Amer., vol. 4, p. 153, pi. 5, fig. 30, 1912). It does not agree structurally with Walsingham ’s generic de- scription, which lays stress on the stalked veins 8 and 9 in the fore- wing and the approximate (not stalked) veins 6 and 7 of the hind- wing, while Forbes’s species has the former separate and the latter stalked. These venational characters are, however, not dependable in the family Stenomidae, where classification will ultimately have to be recast on characters of the genitalia ; these are very diversified in the family and enable excellent grouping of the more than one thousand species already described and at present lumped in the genus Stenoma. When this is done it is quite possible that the name Mothonica may be available for the group with the general type of genitalia represented by the present species, but as the genus was founded on a single female without abdomen, which first must be properly re-identified with corresponding males, and as it is very uncertain that this genotype really belongs to the same group as Meyrick’s and Forbes’s species, it seems a little “ mothonicos ” to apply Walsingham ’s name to species which do not agree with the main characters depended upon by the author of the genus ; I pre- fer to follow Meyrick including them in the present waste-basket, Stenoma, until the family is revised. The figure given by Forbes would indicate that the signum of the female is a single spiny plate, but the species has two such signa, as is the rule in the family, very much as in the figure given here for Stenoma comma Busck. In other species of the family the two are commonly connected by a narrow spiny band. Family Ethmiidae Ethmia confusella Walker Hyponomeuta confusellus Walker, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus., vol. 28, p. 531, 1863. Ethmia confusella Walsingham, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 88, 1897 ; Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 10, pp. 202, 205, 1902 ; Grossbeck, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 37, p. 143, 1917 ; Wolcott, Journ. Dept. Agr. Porto Rico, vol. 7, p. 203, 1923 ; Forbes, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico, vol. 12, p. 134, 1930. Cryptolechia strigosella Walker, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus., vol. 29, p. 710, 1860. 163 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 Psecadia ingricella Moeschler, Ab. Senck. Nat. Ges., vol. 15, p. 343, fig. 19, 189 • Walsingliam, Proc. Z00L Soc. Lon- don, p. 527, 1892. Not Etlimia ( Psecadia ) confusellci Rebel, (preocc.) Iris, vol. 13, p. 169, 1900. Described from Santo Domingo, this common species extends to most of the West Indian Islands; we have series from Cuba (Schaus), Santo Domingo and Calebra (Busck), Porto Rico (Forbes), Jamaica (E. L. Bell), Dominica (Kearfott collection), Grenada (Schaus), and from Key West, Florida. The genitalia are figured (pi. XXXIII, figs. 1 and la; pi. XXXYI, fig. 7). Ethmia cubensis new species Labial palpi dull white, second joint with three black annulations; terminal joint with two broad black annula- tions. Antennae dark fuscous, basal joints whitish. Face and head light ochreous fuscous with a small dark brown median tuft on posterior margin of the head. Thorax light ochreous fuscous with ten brown, nearly equidistant, mar- ginal dots. Forewings dull white, strongly suffused with fuscous ; costal edge light fuscous ; from base of costa an out- wardly oblique interrupted and irregular dark fuscous cloud to basal third of cell, followed by a small irregular nearly white area on the middle of the cell f from beyond this area an interrupted, irregular, longitudinal dark brown streak to below apex ; shorter longitudinal, ill-defined, brown streak- lets above and below the cell and along the veins; ten or eleven dark brown marginal spots from apical fifth of costa to tornus ; cilia white, mixed with brown and with dark brown apical pencils. Hindwings hyaline, semitransparent on basal half, darker, fuscous towards apex; cilia white, fuscous towards apex. Abdomen dark fuscous above, with whitish underside and with bright ochreous genital tuft. Legs light ochreous fuscous, front and middle legs barred with dark brown. Male genitalia (pi. XXXIII, fig. 2) with uncus hood- shaped, gnathos simple; thinly chitinized subscapium sup- porting underside of anal tube ; harps with sacculus strongly curved and tufted, ending in two stout black spines and a cluster of specialized flat scales ; cucullus upturned into a tri- angular piece and a curved, strongly haired apex; sacculus with large, erect, triangular flap posteriorly. Vinculum sim- ple ; anellus with two very long, erect, hairy papillae reaching to tip of gnathos ; aedoeagus robust, straight, with strongly 164 March, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA curved base and sharp apex; cornuti a single large hook. Female genitalia (PL XXXVI, fig. 3) with ductns mnch longer than the abdomen, spiralled, strongly chitinized towards ostium; signum a four-pointed star covered with minute spines, one diameter with a row of stouter spines. Alar expanse. — 23-26 mm. Type . — U. S. National Museum Cat. No. 44138. Type locality. — Sierra Maestra, Camagiiey, Cuba (Win. S cliaus, 0. Querci, and J. Acuna, collectors), (Otero No. 9862). Clearly the Cuban representative of the continental Ethmia baliostola Walsingham (Biol. Cent. Amer., vol. 4, p. 144, pi. 5, fig. 5, 1912), but considerably smaller and without the pure white apical area found in Walsingham ’s species ; this latter was described a unique type from Costa Rica in the U. S. National Museum. Since then I have collected a good series in Panama. The genitalia of the Cuban species are also similar to those of E. baliostola , but differ in detail, mainly in the form of the cucullus and in possessing two stout spines at the end of sacculus, which in Walsingham ’s species are replaced by additional large scales in the adjoining tuft, and by a large triangular erect flap on the succulus, represented in E. baliostola by a small stiff bristle. E. cubensis might also be confused with Ethmia flavicaudata Walsingham, which it resembles in pattern and size, but Walsing- ham ’s species, described from Mexico and extending to Panama, has very different genitalia in both sexes. The present species also occurs in Jamaica, from which we have specimens collected by Dr. Schaus. Ethmia oterosella new species Labial palpi dark fuscous on outer side, white on inner side with a fuscous dot on second joint near tip. Face, head, and thorax with light fuscous white-tipped scales. Fore- wings dirty white with a central longitudinal black streak from base beyond end of cell, somewhat dilated on the cell and edged with pure white scales; base of costal edge black; apical part of wing- suffused with light brownish fuscous ; cilia white, with a few small black terminal dots. Hindwings whitish fuscous, slightly darker toward apex; cilia white, abdomen light fuscous with whitish underside. Legs white suffused with fuscous. Female genitalia (PI. XXXVI, fig. 4) typical, with ductus longer than abdomen, twisted and looped ; signum a small erect ridge on a larger less chitinized base. 165 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 Alar expanse. — 12-15 mm. Type. — U. S. National Museum Cat. No. 44139. Type locality. — Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Foodplant. — Stenospermum hamilifolia. (A leaf-tyer, Otero No. 9632). It gives me pleasure to name this pretty species after the in- dustrious collector of so many new and reared specimens of Cuban Microlepidoptera, Mr. Angel It. Otero. This species is nearest the North American Ethmia macelhosiella Busck, but much smaller. The specimens before me are all females. Ethmia hir amelia Busck Ethmia hiramella Busck, Ins. Inscit. Menst., vol. 2, p. 56, 1914. This striking Cuban species has not been received since its de- scription, and its foodplant is not known. It is nearest in size, color, and pattern to E. xanthorrhoa Zeller from Porto Rico, and is easily mistaken for this species, but differs in details of pattern and in genitalia. (PI. XXXIII, fig. 3.) Ethmia suhsimilis Walsingham Ethmia suhsimilis Walsingham, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 89, 1897 ; Meyrick, Lep. Cat., part 19, p. 28, 1914. This species was described from a unique male from Jamaica. A homotype determined by Walsingham in 1908 from Cuba is in the U. S. National Museum. Mr. Otero has reared the species from larvae on Trichilia hirta at Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba (Otero No. 9583). In the National collection are other Cuban specimens col- lected by 0. Querci on Sierra Maestra, 1,000 feet altitude. The male genitalia (PL 5, fig. 2) are very similar to those of the North American Ethmia delliella Fernald. (Busck, Contr. Lepid., vol. 4, pi. 36, fig. 10, Decatur, 111., 1920), with which species, how- ever, it can not be confounded in coloration and markings; uncus broad, rounded ; gnathos with top strongly spined ; harpes bifurcate at apex, with both lobes sharply pointed; anellus with two long papillae, aedoeagus curved at base, drawn out into a long, attenu- ated stiff apex. Female genitalia (PI. XXXVI, fig. 5) with ductus spiralled, longer than the abdomen, strongly chitinized at ostium; bursa large, elongate ovate, with a long, transverse, minutely spined, comb-like signum. 166 March, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Ethmia submissa Busck Ethmia submissa Busck, Ins. Inscit, Menst., vol. 2, p. 57, 1914. This pretty species, described from Cuba, was taken again by Mr. H. K. Plank at Central Baragua, Cuba, and by Mr. J. Acuna at Camagiiey (Otero No. 9861), but the foodplant was not ascer- tained. The female genitalia (PI. XXXVI, fig. 2) are typical of the genus, very similar to those of E. subsimilis Walsingham (PL XXXVI, fig. 5), but the bursa is smaller and the signum larger than in this species, which is easily distinguished by the wing pattern. I have seen no male. Ethmia clarissa Busck Ethmia clarissa Busck, Ins. Inscit. Menst., vol. 2, p. 56, 1914. This species has not been received since its description from Cuba (Schaus coll.) and its foodplant is not known. The male genitalia are given (PI. XXXIV, fig. 1). Ethmia abraxasella Walker Psecadia abraxasella Walker, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus., vol. 30, p. 1017, 1864. Ethmia abraxasella Walsingham, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 90, 1897 ; Meyrick, Lep. Cat., part 19, p. 27, 1914 ; Wol- cott, Journ. Dept. Agr. Porto Rico, vol. 7, p. 203, 1923 ; Forbes, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico, vol. 12, p. 134, 1930. Psecadia aureoapicella Moescliler, Abh. Senck, Nat. Ges., vol. 16, p. 341, 1890. Recorded by Walsingham from Cuba ; we have no Cuban speci- men, but the species is easily recognized by the yellow dash below the cell. Specimens from Porto Rico are in the U. S. National Museum. Ethmia nivosella Walker Tamarrha nivosella Walker, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus., vol. 29, p. 817, 1864; Walsingham, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 114, 1897; Busck, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 30, p. 728, 1906. Psecadia adustella Zeller, Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., vol. 13, p. 240, 1877 ; Moeschler, Abh. Senck. Natur. Ges., vol. 16, p. 343, 1890. Ethmia nivosella Meyrick, Lep. Cat., p. 19, p. 28, 1914; Forbes, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico, vol. 12, p. 134, 1930. 167 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 Ethmia adust ella Wolcott, Journ. Dept, Agr. Porto Rico, vol. 7, p. 203, 1923. This and E. scythropa Walsingham have the curious erect scaling on the head (Busck, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 30, p. 729, 1906), which at once separates them from all the other species of the genus with normal smooth head. In the National Museum are specimens of the present species from Cuba (Wm. Scliaus) and also from Porto Rico and Jamaica. The genitalia are given. (PI. XXXIV, fig. 3 ; pi. XXXVI, fig. 1.) Ethmia scytliropa Walsingham Ethmia scythropa Walsingham, Biol. Centr. Amer., vol. 4, p. 148, pi. 5, fig. 13, 1912; Meyrick, Lep. Cat., part 19, p. 28, 1914. This species, described from a unique type in the U. S. National Museum from Costa Rica, is now well represented in the Museum by a large series from Costa Rica and by two specimens from Cuba (Schaus). It is closest to E. nivosella Walker, both in the tufted head and in coloration, but is larger and easily distinguished by pattern and genitalia. (PL XXXV, fig. 1.) Ethmia ornata new species Psecadia exornata Zeller (in part), Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., vol. 13, p. 239, 1877. Zeller included and described as a variety of his Peruvian spe- cies Psecadia exornata two smaller specimens from Cuba, differing in wing form and pattern as well as in size. I had this smaller Cuban species for several years under Zeller’s name, and it was so retained by Walsingham, but examination of Zeller’s types in Lord Walsingham ’s collection convinced us both that the Cuban species was not the same as the Peruvian species, and required a new name. As Zeller pointed out, the basal white area of the forewing is not spotted with greenish black, except on costal half, and the dorsal half is pure white; the tornal white area is larger than in exornata and the terminal edge is less golden. The genitalia readily separate the two species. The male geni- talia of both are given. (PI. XXXV, figs. 2 and 3.) Alar expanse. — 19-20 mm. Type. — U. S. National Museum Cat. No. 44140. Type locality. — Cuba. 168 March, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Family Elachistidae Donacivola new genus Genotype Donacivola saccharella new species Head smooth, much flattened, face strongly retreating, eyes not visible from above. Labial palpi with second joint very long, porrected, smooth, slightly thickened outwardly, terminal joint erect, half as long as second, slightly thick- ened, smooth, acute. Maxillary palpi obsolete; tongue well developed, spiralled. Antennae 4/5, simple, in male shortly ciliated (1/2). Thorax broad, flattened, smooth. Forewings elongate ovate, apex produced, attenuate and upturned; 11 veins, cell open between 9 and 10; 7 and 8 out of 6 to costa ; 6 to termen ; 4 and 5 out of 6 ; 9 out of base of 6 ; 3 absent ; 2 strong ; lc present in its entire length ; lb sim- ple. (PI. XXXII, fig. 5.) Hindwings (PI. XXXII, fig. 6) half as broad as forewings, lanceolate, pointed ; 5 veins, 4 and 5 absent ; cell open ; 6 and 7 stalked to termen ; 2 and 3 connate. Posterior tibia clothed with long fine but stiff hairs above and below. Male genitalia (PI. XXXII, figs. 1 and 2) with uncus ab- sent ; socii erect ; gnathos ball-shaped, transversely sculptured ; anellus with two upright papillae ; vinculum with short blunt anterior process ; aedoeagus straight. Female genitalia (PI. XXXII, fig. 3) with ductus bursa short, funnel-shaped, and chitinized on its outer half ; bursa very elongate ovate, granulated on inside, signum a long, nar- row, transverse, spiny band. The genus is a development from Elachista, from which it differs in the more complex venation and in the curiously upturned apex of the forewing, as found in the family Lyon- etidae. Donacivola saccharella new species Labial palpi ochreous white, terminal joint with base, apex, and a narrow annulation below apex black. Antennae light gray with faint darker annulations. Face silvery white ; head and thorax light gray. Forewings (PI. XXXII, fig. 4) light gray, a black spot at base of dorsum, an outwardly, sharply angulatecl black fascia on the middle of the wing continued into a longitudinal line to apex. Above and below this line and following the fascia a large costal and opposite dorsal white spot at apical third ; five converging black streaks in the costal cilia above apex, 169 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 separated by white ; a round black dot at apex and two black streaks parallel with the edge of the wing in the otherwise white outer part of the dorsal cilia ; inner cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings and cilia dark fuscous. Abdomen dark gray above with silvery underside. Legs silvery gray with broad black annulations. Alar expanse. — (With tips of wings flattened out) 8-9 mm. Type. — U. S. National Museum Cat. No. 44141. Type locality. — Baragua (L. C. Scaramuzza) and Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba (A. R. Otero). Foodplant. — Sugar-cane. — (Otero No. 9633.) The larva has a much elongated, flattened head, with biting mandibles (not a sapsucker). The two halves of the epicranium are greatly prolonged backwards. The edges of the epicranium, the endoskeletal ridges, and the mouth parts are strongly chitinized, dark brown, contrasting with the light yellow color of the rest of the head. Eye spots on front edge of the head capsule deep black. Body flattened and tapering backwards from the very broad first thoracic segment, more than twice the width of the head, which is partly withdrawn in it ; a thinly chitinized moon-shaped prothoracic shield. Two pairs of thoracic legs only, those on the first joint ob- solete. Abdominal feet on third, fifth, sixth, and ninth abdominal segments, each with a single transverse row of minute crochets. The larva makes an extensive, elongate, irregular mine on the base of the leaves of sug'ar-cane. When mature it is about 7-8 mm. long ; it leaves the mine and spins a slight dark brown cocoon under which it pupates. The pupa (PI. XXXII, figs. 7, 8 and 9) is a most extraordinary ex- aggeration of the pupa of the genus Elachista ; the back is flattened or even slightly concave, and the lateral edges are sharply produced and armed with strong, curved, forked spines, one on each abdomi- nal segment. Head and thorax armed with a similar strong but un- forked spines ; wing covers reaching to eighth abdominal segment ; no movable segments. Length 4 mm. According to reports from the two Cuban experiment stations, this species is a potential economic pest of sugar-cane but is at pres- ent kept well in check by abundant affective parasites. Family Gracilariidae Porphyrosela desmocliella Clemens Lithocolletis desmodiella Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 11, p. 318, 1859 ; Walsingham, Proc. Zool. Soc. 170 March, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA London, p. 146, 1897 ; Meyrick, Gen. Ins., Fasc. 128, p. 11, 1912; Braun, Cornell Mem., vol. 68, p. 193, 1924; Forbes, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico, vol. 12, p. 140, 1930. Porphyrosella desmodiella Braun, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 34, pi. 24, figs. 14-15, 1908. A series by Mr. Grove (No. 9621) at Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, from leaf -mining larvae in Bradburya species can not be dis- tinguished from our common Desmodium miner of the eastern part of the United States. Miss Braun’s genus Porphyrosela has been abandoned by herself and by Meyrick, I think, unwarrantedly ; the wing form and vena- tion, as well as larval characters, amply differentiate it. Phyllonorycter stigmaphyllae new species Labial palpi and face golden white. Tuft on head red- dish brown. Antennae dark fuscous, nearly black above, with narrow light ochreous annulations, underside golden white. Thorax light reddish brown ; underside silvery white. Forewings reddish brown with two white transverse fasciae and three white apical dashes; the first fascia from basal fourth of costa slightly inwardly oblique, narrowly margined basally by slightly darker blackish brown scales, outwardly gradually fading into the ground color ; second fascia on the middle of the wing straight, similarly edged basally and sim- ilarly fading into the ground color posteriorly; a golden white streak at tornus, an opposite golden white dash on costa, and an oblique golden white streak before apex ; apical cilia concolorous with wing, dorsal cilia silvery white. Hind- wings and cilia silvery white with apex touched by dark fus- cous. Abdomen dark fuscous above with silvery white un- derside and anal tuft. Legs with tibiae brown, tarsi silvery white with blackish brown annulations. Alar expanse. — 5-6 mm. Type. — U. S. National Museum Cat. No. 44142. Type locality. — Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Foodplant. — Stigmaphyllum sagralanum (Otero No. 9590). An interesting aberrant form, placed in Phyllonorycter solely on characters of the imago, which in all respects agree with the genus; venation and legs typical and the white wing-markings dark margined basally. On the other hand the larva and the mine are curiously similar to those of the genus C amer aria and on the first inspection of the mine and larva I unhesitatingly placed the species in this genus. 171 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 The larva is flattened, will thoracic segments enlarged, twice as wide as head and with a large, oval, chitinized, blackish dorsal spot on each segment as in Cameraria ; the head is flattened, triangular, with monthparts protruding in front, yet differing in details from Cameraria. The larvae make large irregular blotch-mines on the upper sur- face of the leaves, leaving the very thin upper epidermis semitrans- parent whitish, while the underside of the leaf shows no sign of the mine ; the jet black frass is scattered in the mine, but when mature the larva gathers some of it into a ring and uses it as the lateral edges of its nearly circular cocoon, spun above it, in which it pupates. Spanioptila spinosum Walsingham Spanioptila spinosum Walsingham, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 148, 1897 ; Meyrick, Gen. Ins., Fasc. 128, p. 12, 1912 ; Forbes, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico, vol. 12, p. 141, 1930 ; Journ. Dept. Agr. Porto Rico, p. 380, 1931. This curious spiny species has hitherto been known only from a few collected specimens from St. Thomas and Porto Rico. Mr. Otero has succeeded in discovering its larva and foodplant and has reared it to maturity at Santiago de las Yegas, Cuba. The species is a leaf- miner on Casearia hirsuta (Otero No. 9623). Chilocampyla psidiella new species Antennae pearly white without annulations ; flap of scales on basal joint black on outer third. Face pearly white. Head and thorax ivory white. Labial palpi with second joint light yellow sprinkled with black scales and with broad black outer edge ; terminal joint pearly white with a narrow black annulation near base; maxillary palpi yellowish, strongly shaded with black. Tongue very long, spiralled at tip. Forewings light yellow, sparsely sprinkled with black and with indistinct and ill-defined white markings; at basal fourth an indistinct and incomplete transverse whitish fascia, most noticeable by its edging of black scales ; before the mid- dle of costa is a similar faint whitish fascia edged with black and running obliquely to the middle of dorsum ; beyond this are four other outwardly oblique, faint, white streaks across the wing; between the first two of these is a longitudinal blackish streak above the middle of the wing, and along dor- sal edge are scattered slightly raised, black-tipped scales overlapping the edge. 172 March, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Hindwings dark fuscous with lighter cilia. Abdomen dark fuscous above with silvery white underside. Legs sil- very ochreous ; front and middle legs with the thickened ends of the tibiae black; tarsi with black annulations; posterior tibiae with two rows of even bristles above. Male genitalia. Harpes with sacculus straight, parallel; outer costal angle rather sharp, cucnllus evenly rounded ; anellus with two long curved arms lying along inner surface of harpes ; aedoeagus long, nearly straight ; cornutus a single very stout curved spine. Female genitalia with signum consisting of two long, stout, feathery spines connected toward anus by a horseshoe- shaped chitinization. Alar expanse. — 7-9 mm. Type. — U. S. National Museum Cat. No. 44143. Type locality. — Santiago cle las Vegas, Cuba. (A. R. Otero.) Foodplants. — Psidium guajaba and Eugenia axillaris. (Otero Nos. 9713 and 9471.) The species agrees with the type of the genus in general color and structure, but lacks the costal depression of the forewing of the male of the genotype, C. dyariella Busck, which apparently is merely a specific character. The genitalia easily separate the twc species in both sexes. The larva is a typical Gracilariid ; when mature, it is 6 to 7 mm. long and turns a deep wine red before spinning its cocoon. The mine on the upper side of the leaf begins as a narrow serpentine track, which broadens out into a large irregular blotch mine; the upper epidermis turns white and makes the mines very noticeable at a distance. Acrocercops sanctaecrucis Walsingham Dialectia sanctaecrucis Walsingham, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- don, p. 151, 1897. Acrocercops sanctaecrucis Meyrick, Lep. Cat., 6, p. 45, 1912; Gen. Ins., Fasc. 128, p. 16, 1912 ; Cotton, Journ. Dept. Agr. Porto Rico, 2, p. 300, 1918 ; Wolcott, idem, 7, p. 205, 1923 ; Forbes, N. Y. Acad. Sci. Surv. Porto Rico, vol. 12, p. 141, 1930; Journ. Dept. Agr. Porto Rico, p. 380, 1931. This pretty little .species was described from St. Thomas ; it was reared by Mr. Otero from blotch mines on Solanum torvum (No. 8146). I have reared it from the same plant on St. Croix and in Santo Domingo and have identified it from Porto Rico, reared from eggplant. 173 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 Acrocercops undifraga Meyrick Acrocercops undifraga Meyrick, Exot, Micros., vol. 4, p. 47, 1931 ; Forbes, Journ. Dept. Agr. Porto Rico, p. 380, 1931. Described from Haiti, where it was bred from Solanum torvum. Mr. Otero reared the series (No. 9491) before me from Solanum an- tillarum in January, while the closely similar A. sanctaecrucis has been reared by him and others from Solanum torvum (as well as from eggplant) ; the two species apparently feed indiscriminately on both plants. They are quite distinct both in genitalia and in pattern in spite of their similarity. In A. sanctaecrucis the first white, black-edged dorsal spot is more triangular and reaches across the wing to costa and the second nearly so, while in A. undifraga these spots are more rounded and do not reach the costa. I regret that I caused Dr. Forbes to consider this species synonymous with A. sanctaecrucis before sufficient study of the descriptions. Acrocercops cordiella new species Antennae somewhat longer than forewing, whitish fus- cous, with indistinct darker fuscous annulations ; basal joint with small blackish flap of scales. Second joint of labial palpi white with blackish fuscous outer side ; terminal joint pure white with an incomplete fuscous annulation close to the base. Head white. Thorax brown with a longitudinal white streak covering all but the sides. Forewings light brown with extensive white markings; entire dorsal edge white ; a large triangular dorsal spot on basal third reaching costal edge ; a second, more rounded, dorsal white spot not quite reaching costa ; a third, more flat- tened, dorsal white spot reaching into the cilia ; all of these white markings are edged above with black scales; above the last of the dorsal spots is a slender curved costal white streak also edged with black scales ; cilia golden brown except for the white tuft from the apical dorsal spot. Hindwings dark fuscous with lighter cilia. Under side of body silvery white, abdomen dark brown above. Front and middle tibiae smooth, not thickened, white with broad black- ish brown annulations; posterior tibiae and spurs silvery white with a double row of stiff bristles above, tarsi yellow- ish. Alar expanse.— 6— 7 mm. Type. — U. S. National Museum Cat. No. 44144. Type locality. — Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. F oodplant .- — Cordia alba. (A. R. Otero No. 9477.) 174 March, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA The species is exceedingly similar in pattern and color to Acro- cercops sanctaecrucis Walsingham and careful discrimination is necessary to separate flown specimens not reared. Perfect specimens, however, can be distinguished by the different details of ornamenta- tion, and the genitalia, although also closely similar, readily prove the two species distinct, as could be expected from the different foodplant families ; the aedoeagns of sanctaecrucis is stouter than that of cordiella and the harpes have two large, comb-shaped papil- lae, which are only faintly indicated in cordiella. Acrocercops melantherella new species Antennae slightly longer than forewings, rather thick, dark bronzy brown without color annulations, basal joint moderate smooth. Labial palpi with both joints somewhat thickened with scales, yellowish ; terminal joint with a broad dark brown annulation leaving only the tip yellow. Maxil- lary palpi yellowish with a narrow dark brown annulation at base of terminal joint. Face and head light yellowish brown, thorax darker brown. Forewings light brown dusted with dark purplish brown, especially on costal half ; a small light ochreous costal spot at basal third, a larger outwardly oblique ochreous streak before the middle of costa; a small ochreous costal at apical third and a narrow transverse light ochreous fascia across the wing at apical fifth ; a small ochre- ous spot on apex with apical cilia of some color ; cilia other- wise dark brown. Hindwings dark purplish fuscous with lighter cilia. Abdomen dark fuscous above with light ochre- ous underside and anal tuft. Legs ochreous with heavy blackish brown annulation ; posterior tibiae above and below with stiff bristles, which are continued on upper side of first tarsal joint. Alar expanse.- — 7 mm. Type. — U. S. National Museum Cat. No. 44145. Type locality. — Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Foodplant. — Melanthera deltoidea. (A. R. Otero No. 9548.) . An obscurely colored species which looks like a Marmara except for the bristles on the hind tibiae ; the roughened palpi and thick antennae are rather unusual in the genus. Acrocercops clitoriella new species Antennae slightly longer than forewings, light fuscous with faint darker annulations and light ochreous towards the tip ; basal joint short, smooth. Labial palpi with both joints 175 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 slightly thickened with scales, light ochreous, with tip of sec- ond and an annulation near the tip of terminal joint black. Maxillary palpi ochreons. Face and head light ochreons. Thorax darker ochreons, fuscous. Forewings dull ochreous, heavily overlaid with blackish fuscous scales; three narrow and faint, outwardly oblique, ocreous white streaks cross the wing, from basal third, middle, and apical third of costa; two small opposite costal and dorsal spots of same color just before apex. Hindwings dark fuscous. Abdomen dark fus- cous above, underside of body light ochreous. Legs ochreous, tarsi with heavy blackish brown annwlations ; posterior tibiae above with a double row of spines. Alar expanse. — 7 mm. Type. — U. S. National Museum Cat. No. 44136. Type locality . — Baragua, Cuba. (H. K. Plank.) Foodplant. — Clitoria sp. An obscurely colored species close to A. melantherella. Acrocercops rendalli Walsingham Dialectica rendalli Walsingham, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 151, 1897. Acrocercops rendalli Meyrick, Gen. Ins., Fasc. 128, p. 16, 1912 ; Forbes, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico, vol. 12, part 1, p. 144, 1930. Accepting for the present as correct Dr. Wm. Forbes’s and my own identification of this species, reared from a malvaceous weed in Porto Rico, I have no specimens of it from Cuba, but it presumably occurs there. It was described from Jamaica and in view of the three following very similar new species there is some doubt of the determination. It is a good example of the futility of mere color description even when the pattern is striking. Superficially these species are so much alike that even a careful worker would be apt to call them the same species, if foodplants were not known and geni- tal structures were not examined. The Porto Rican species agrees best with Walsingham ’s description, which does not mention the edging of the transverse markings wdth thin lines of black scales, conspicuous in the following species, but these are fugitive and may have been rubbed out in both the Porto Rican specimens and Walsingham ’s unique type. The costal edges of the harpes in this species are slightly concave, thickened and chitinized on basal half, sacculus evenly rounded, apex pointed; the anterior process of the vinculum is evenly rounded, thus differing from the following spe- cies. 176 March, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Acrocercops maranthaceae new species Labial palpi smooth, white, second joint longer than sec- ond, somewhat thickened with appressed scales, blnnt ; maxil- lary palpi short, white, terminal joint smoky, nearly black. Tongue more than twice as long as labial palpi, white. An- tennae longer than forewings, basal joint white with small scale flap light fuscous; basal third whitish, getting smoky outwardly, apical half dark fuscous. Face and head pearly white. Thorax with anterior edge broadly light brown. Forewings light brown with pearly white transverse markings; a white fascia at basal third is narrow on the costal edge and broadens out across the wing to dorsum, where its width is more than twice the width on costa, both edges margined with black scales; just beyond middle of costa is a second white, outwardly oblique, black-margined fascia with nearly parallel edges but slightly enlarged on dorsum; at apical fourth a round, white, black-edged costal spot and midway between this and the second fascia a thin, outwardly oblique, white, black-edged costal streak; on ex- treme apex and extending into base of cilia a small trans- verse white spot edged exteriorly by a short black line in the cilia ; apical cilia whitish fuscous, dorsal cilia dark brownish fuscous. Hindwings and cilia dark brownish fuscous. Legs white, heavily barred with blackish brown; tarsal joints white, tipped with brown; posterior tibia with stiff spines above, which extend out on first tarsal joint. Abdomen yellowish brown above, silvery white on the underside. Male genitalia with harpes elongate, narrowed at apical third and slightly wider beyond; vinculum with triangular pointed anterior process; aedoeagus long, stout, straight. Female bursa elongate, with a stout two-pronged signum one-third as long as bursa. Alar expanse.- — 7 mm. Type. — U. S. National Museum Cat. No. 44147. Type locality. — Santiago de las Yegas, Cuba. Foodplant. — Maranthacea sp. (Leaf-miner, A. R. Otero, No. 9639.) Acrocercops cissiella new species Coloration and pattern so similar to those of the fore- going species that description of these is nearly a repetition and, allowing for some slight individual variation, hardly sufficient for specific differentiation. The palpi and head, the thorax, and the white markings on the forewing are, how- 177 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 ever, more yellowish, ivory white ; the scaleflap on first an- tennal joint is larger; the white outwardly oblique costal streak at apical third is larger and has a minute opposite dorsal white fleck; the white costal spot at apical fourth is also larger than in the foregoing species and reaches nearly across the wing with a few white dashes in the opposite dor- sal cilia; the apical white spot and its perpendicular black border are more prominent and the apical cilia are white. The female bursa contains a very stout three-pronged sig- num, half as long as the length of the bursa and strikingly larger and stouter than that of the species. Alar expanse. — 7 mm. Type. — U. S. National Museum Cat. No. 44148. Type locality. — Santiago de las Yegas, Cuba. Foodplant. — Cissus sp. (Leaf -miner, Otero No. 9578.) The different foodplant and the very much larger signum in the female preclude this from being a variety of the foregoing species and clearly establish its specific validity. Acrocercops ipomoeae new species Labial palpi smooth, slightly thickened with scales, pearly white ; second joint with narrow longitudinal streak on outer side and tip blackish brown. Maxillary palpi white with blackish brown terminal joint. Antennae light fuscous, first joint white with a rather well-developed scaleflap white with black tip. Face and head pure white ; thorax white with base of shoulder-flaps and extreme posterior tip light brown. Forewings light golden brown with white markings oc- cupying the larger part of the surface; from basal third of costa a very broad white fascia more than twice as broad on dorsum as on costal edge, reaching there nearly to the base of the wing; a similarly shaped transverse white fascia at apical third, like the first slightly edged with blackish brown scales, especially on outer margins ; at apical fifth a large, elongate, white costal spot extended outwardly in an oblique white streak reaching nearly across the wing to an opposite, elongate, dorsal white spot; the dorsal cilia bordering this spot white, cilia otherwise golden brown. Hindwings dark brownish fuscous with lighter cilia. Ab- domen brownish fuscous above with silvery white underside. Legs white, heavily barred exteriorly with blackish brown, anterior and middle tibia slightly thickened with scales, pos- terior tibia with stiff bristles above extending out on first tarsal joint ; tarsal joints white with light brown annulation. 178 March, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Male genitalia with harpes strongly spined on outer sur- face and with outer half of both edges fringed with closely set dark-colored bristles; aedoeagus long, slender, straight, vinculum with anterior process long tongue-shaped. Female bursa elongate oval with seven small biforked signa set in a circle around the middle. Alar expanse. — 7 mm. Type. — U. S. National Museum Cat. No. 44149. Type locality. — Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Foodplants. — Ipomoea and Jaquemontia. (Leaf -miner, Otero No. 9716-9463.) While of the same group as the three species treated above, this species is readily recognized by its pattern and more golden color. The genitalia are of the same general type, but at once distinguished by the fringed and spiny harpes, the tongue-shaped process of the vinculum, and in the female by the multiple small spines of the same general shape as the single larger signum in the foregoing species. N eurostrata gunniella Busck Gracilaria gunniella Busck, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 30, p. 731, 1906. Acrocercops gunniella Meyrick, Gen. Ins., Fasc. 128, p. 16, 1912. Neurostrata gunniella Ely, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 19, pp. 41, 68, 1917. This striking species was described from Brownsville, Texas, and had not been received since. Mr. Otero has succeeded in rear- ing a series from Mimosa asperata in Cuba. Although of normal Gracilariid type, the larvae are true stem-borers in this plant, not merely mining under the epidermis, of the plant like the species of the genus Marmara, but actually boring into the pith of the stem, a very unusual mode of life in the family Gracilariidae. On maturity the larva comes out of the stem for pupation in a cocoon. The genus N eurostrata possesses a wing character not described by its author, namely, a very strong frenulum-like spine from the pronounced costal shoulder of the hindwing at one-third from base, stouter even than the frenulum itself, which is present in its normal position. The closely allied genus N eurobathra Ely, which differs mainly in the modification of the hindwings of the male, shows a corre- sponding character in three costal spines arising from the same 179 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 place, and the genus Micrurapteryx Spuler likewise has three or more stiff costal bristles on the shoulder of the hindwing, although not so strongly developed as in the two other genera. The male genitalia of N. ganniella have the harpes rhombic, short and broad, with costa and sacculus straight, parallel, and api- cal edge oblique, parallel with the base of the harpe ; vinculum with short pointed anterior process; aedoeagus long, nearly straight, pointed ; eighth abdominal segment with a pair of curved hair pen- cils. Bursa of the female with two large oblong forked signa. Neurostrata pithecolobiella new species Labial palpi with second joint and basal half of third joint thickened with outwardly increasing heavy scaling, abruptly cut off before apex leaving the very attenuated tip of third joint smooth • base and inner sides white, outer part of scaling blackish. Maxillary palpi short, slightly tufted at tip, white. Antennae longer than wing length, shiny black- ish fuscous. Face white. Head light brown with darker fuscous side tuft. Thorax light brown with dark fuscous shoulders. Forewings light ochreous brown with costal edge broadly suffused with bluish black scales; bluish black first and second discal spots more or less confluent with the dark costa ; a narrow outwardly curved irregular fascia just before apex and a large spot on apex, shiny bluish black, with a thin edge of the wing light brown. Four minute light ochreous nearly white costal dots on outer half. Base of cilia broadly shiny, bluish black, tips of cilia mixed with light brown ; costal cilia long and abruptly cut off at apex ; dorsal cilia short giving a hook-like appearance to the wing. Hind- wings blackish fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous above, un- derside lighter, male genitalia and two curved hair pencils on eighth abdominal joint light ochreous. Legs light ochreous on their inner sides, blackish fuscous on their outer side ; tarsi light ochreous, each joint slightly tipped with black. Male genitalia with harpes elongate, costa broadly thick- ened, sinuate, apex produced, outer edge sinuate, aedoeagus short, robust ; eighth abdominal segment with two long, curved hair pencils. Female bursa with two large elongate pronged signa. Alar expanse. — 9AL0 mm. Type. — U. S. National Museum Cat. No. 44150. Type locality. — Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. (A. R. Otero.) Foodplant. — Pithecolobium saman. (Otero No. 9683.) 180 March, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA The curious scaling' of the labial palpi, reminding one of the genus Epermenia, is unique in the family so far as known and at once distinguishes this pretty species, but does not, in my judgment, necessitate generic separation. The larva, of typical Gracilariid form, feeds in the stem of Pithecolobium. When mature it emerges and spins a narrow cocoon in the folded edge of a leaf and ornaments it with twenty or more pearly white composite air bubbles, voided from the anus and stuck out through slits in the cocoon, which are afterwards spun together again, as is the rule in the genus Marmara. Neurobathra curcassi new species. Second joint of labial palpi with well-developed triangu- lar tuft, dark fuscous with extreme base and apex and with the tips of the brush scales white; terminal joint white. Maxillary p'alpi fuscous with white! tips. Head light ochre- ous fuscous. Thorax light fuscous with dull ochreous lateral stripes. Forewings dark fuscous on costal half, lighter, ochreous fuscous on dorsal half ; costal edge from middle of wing nearly to apex narrowly ochreous white; from middle of costa a very outwardly oblique ochreous white streak and from apical third of costa a similar streak; two dorsal very outwardly oblique white streaks nearly opposite the costal streaks but slightly nearer base ; just before apex a blackish brown oval spot; cilia dark fuscous tipped with white. Hindwings dark fuscous with slightly lighter cilia. Abdo- men dark fuscous above, underside of entire body silvery white. Legs dark fuscous with white annulations. Alar expanse. — 10 mm. Type. — U. S. National Museum Cat. No. 44151. Type locality. — Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Foodplant. — Curcas curcas. (Otero No. 9591.) Close to the foregoing species and to the North American geno- type N. strigifinitella Clemens. N eurob athr a albomarginata Walsingham Coriscium albomarginatum Walsingham, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 154, 1897. Parectopa albomarginata Meyrick, Gen. Ins., Fasc. 128, p. 21, 1912. Acrocercops albomarginata Forbes, Sci. Surv. Porto Pico, vol. 12, p. 112, 1930. 181 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 Described from St. Thomas and recorded from Porto Rico by Forbes, but foodplant hitherto not ascertained. Mr. Otero reared the species repeatedly from leaf -mining larvae of Bradburya plumi- eri. (Otero No. 9679.) Gracilaria perseae Busck Gracilaria perseae Busck, Proe. Gan. Ent., vol. 52, p. 239, 1920; Moznette, U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bull. No. 1261, p. 20, fig. 15, 1922. The avocado leaf -roller, described from Florida, where it is at times seriously injurious to the young growth. Dr. Bruner reared this from avocado, Per sea per sea, at Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. (No. 9086.) Family Hemerophilidae Mictopsichia gemmisparsana Walker Gauris gemmisparsana Walker, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus., vol. 28. p. 415, 1863. Mictopsichia gemmisparsana Walsingham, Biol. Cent, Amer., vol. 4, p. 306, 1914; Meyrick, Am. Naturhist. Mus, Wien., vol. 44, p. 261, 1930. The foodplant of this common tropical species has not, so far as I know, been ascertained before. Mr. Otero has succeeded in doing so by rearing a series from Cissus sicyoides on which the larvae are leaf-tyers. This is the first West Indian record of the genus. TJsara eurythmiella Busck TJssara eurythmiella Busck, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 47. p. 59, 1914. This exquisite little species was described from Porto Bello, Panama (Busck coll.). Mr. Otero has succeeded in rearing the species in Cuba from two pepper plants, Piper aduncus and P. auritum (Otero No. 9850). This is the first record of the early stages of the genus. The larva spins a very characteristic open network cocoon, intermediate between that of Plutella and that of TJrodus, attached flat on the leaf like the former, but built up of thick, tough, transverse strands, connected with thick longitudinal lines, forming regular rectangular windows, through which the pupa can be seen ; at each end there is a prolonged longitudinal slit; through the posterior slit the larval skin is thrown out; through the anterior slit the adult emerges, leaving the pupal skin within the cocoon ; on the anterior third of the cocoon is an elevated 182 March, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA hump or shoulder, supported by the heaviest strand of silk, which probably is the first part made. The cocoon is 10 mm. long by 3.5 mm. wide at its broadest part, tapering towards both ends. The cocoons varied from light yellow to dark brown in color, probably due to exposure or moisture. The pupa is light yellow with dark brown pattern on the ab- dominal joints and with the spiracles on dark brown, protruding, lateral tubercles on second to eighth abdominal joints, small on the first three and the last, very prominent on the sixth and- seventh joints which are free and movable; anal joint without cremaster, but with a cluster of small ventral hooks ; wing covers and tips of antennae and legs reaching to middle of fifth abdominal joint. Length of pupa 7 mm. Brenthia pavonacella Clemens Brent Jim pavonacella Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 172, I860; Stainton (Clemens) Tineina N. Amer., p. 134, 1872; Zeller, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross,, vol. 13, p. 174, 1877 ; Moeschler, Abh. Senck. Nat. Ges., vol. 16, p. 335, 1890 ; Walsingham, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 120, 1897, Bio. Cent. Amer. Lep., vol. 4, p. 307, 1914; Meyrick, Gen. Ins., Fasc. 164, p. 24, 1914; Wolcott, Journ. Dept. Agr. Porto Rico, vol. 7, p. 205, 1923 ; Forbes, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico, vol. 12, p. 102, 1930. Choreutis suavis Felder, Reise Novara, pi. 138, fig. 3, 1875. This common North American species extends to Brazil and has been repeatedly recorded from the West Indies. Mr. Otero sent a series labeled: “common on Bradbury a plumieri,” which may well be a foodplant ; in North America the larvae feed normally on other leguminous plants, Amphicarpaea and Desmodium. Like several other species of the family, the moths can often be observed “dancing” in circles on leaves, displaying their hind- wings. Brenthia sapindella new species Labial palpi white, second joint with extreme base and a small outer spot before apex blackish brown, terminal joint with extreme base and extreme tip blackish brown. An- tennae dark purplish brown with a thin white line on under- side from base to tip and with a single white scale on upper side of each of the first eight or ten joints. Face white with a central brownish gray line. Head blackish brown. Thorax blackish brown with a thin transverse white line and with 183 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, Nq. 4 small lateral white dashes on anterior edge; shoulder-pads narrowly edged with white. Forewings blackish brown ir- rorated with white and bluish metallic scales ; a narrow, in- complete, and ill-defined white transverse streak near base, a broad middle area of white reticulation, broadest on dor- sum and not reaching costa, edged costally by heavy bluish metallic streaks ; outer third of wing but sparsely sprinkled with white but with a prominent transverse white spot on the end of the cell ; apical and terminal edges broadly lined with bluish metallic scales; cilia dark brown with a broad white pencil at apex and a smaller pencil near tornus. Hindwings blackish brown with base of costa and a broad streak from there to middle of cell white ; a white costal dash at apical third; an oblique white streak across veins 3 to 5 and a thinner white line across vein 2 ; inner edge touched with white ; the white markings are tipped by bluish metallic scales and a broad bluish metallic fascia crosses the tip of the wingv; cilia blackish brown, with apical part and a smaller terminal area broadly tipped with white. Underside of both wings with the upper pattern re- peated; on the hindwing even emphasized and with much heavier sprinkling of the bluish metallic scales, this side is the most conspicuously displayed, when the moths “dance” around with the hindwings lifted at right angles to the fore- wings. Abdomen dark brown above, underside of entire body silvery white. Legs white with narrow blackish brown annulations. Alar expanse. — 10 mm. Type. — U. S. National Museum Cat. No. 44152. Type locality. — San Diego de los Banos del Rio, Cuba. Foodplant. — Sapindus saponarius, (Otero No. 9809). Very similar to the genotype but larger and differing in details of ornamentation as well as in genitalia ; nearest to Brenthia ocel- lata Walsingham, but also amply distinct in structure from this Central American species. The foodplant of only one species of the genus was hitherto known and the assumption from this species that the genus was confined to leguminous plants is interestingly disproven by Mr. Otero’s rearing the present species from such a widely different plant family as the Sapindaceae. Tortyra ignita Zeller Choregia ignita Zeller, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., vol. 13, p. 195, 1877. 184 March, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Tortyra auriferalis Walsingham, not Walker, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 528, 1891 ; p. 121, 1897 ; Meyrick, Gen. Ins., Fasc. 164, p. 19, 1914. This species has mistakenly been considered identical with Walker’s San Domingo species, T. auriferalis, by Walsingham and Meyrick, who both mistakenly added other synonyms to Walker’s name. Almost every island and locality on the mainland has its own species of this genus, presumably feeding on different species of j Ficus. The very similar pattern and strong metallic colors of these beautiful insects have occasioned the muddled synonymy in this genus, as has been the case in other groups with striking pat- tern and colors, but careful examination easily discloses constant differences of color and pattern and the genitalia prove that these forms are not merely local varieties, but good valid species which do not interbreed. The present species is particularly easy to differentiate by the characters given by Zeller, who correctly diagnosed it as distinct, and it is very different from the larger, more pointed-winged, golden metallic San Domingo species described by Walker, which is nearer, although also very different from the following new species. Tortyra vividis new species Labial palpi metallic fuscous, with a green and silvery sheen; tip of terminal joint somewhat darker, dull, not metallic. Antennae dilated and ciliate in the male, dark metallic bluish fuscous. Face golden. Head and thorax strongly metallic golden purple. Fore- wings with ground color dull purplish brown finely irrorated with thin transverse lines of bluish white scales ; dorsal half of basal third heavily overlaid with green metallic scales ; transverse fascia before middle of wing metallic green, nearly straight, bordered on both sides with straight dark purplish brown lines, the inner one of which does not reach costa ; the entire tornal triangle from apical third of dorsum to apex strongly metallic green. Hindwings dark dull brown with costal edge white on basal two-thirds and with cilia whitish fuscous. Abdomen dark brown. Legs dark purplish brown with metallic sheen, tarsi with faint whitish annula- tions. Alar expanse. — 17 mm. Type. — U. S. National Museum Cat. No. 44153. Type locality. — Sierra Maestra, East Cuba, 1,000 feet alt. (0. Querci Coll., January.) 185 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 Choreutis leptilonella new species Labial palpi dark ochreous brown, much sprinkled with white scales and with inner side of second joint white. An- tennae dark brown, annulated with silvery white. Face and, head dark oclireous-brown. Lower face and underside of thorax silvery white. Thorax above dark ochreous-brown with a thin longitudinal central line of white scales and shoulders touched with white. The dark ochreous-brown ground color of the forewings nearly obscured by blackish- brown, golden ochreous, white, and silvery scales; from base of wing below costal edge a golden ochreous longitudinal line, edged above with metallic silvery scales ; at basal third a broad, diffused, irregular, transverse cloud of white scales across the wing; at apical fourth a somewhat defined, nar- row, outwardly angulated, white-dotted fascia, beyond which the tip of the wing is golden brown with sparse white single scales and groups of silvery metallic scales; two similar groups of silvery metallic scales at base of the wing, two larger ones on the middle of the wing, and a transverse streak of silvery scales on the end of the cell, edged on both sides with blackish-brown. Cilia bluish black. Hindwings dark blackish-brown with costal edge white and with a slight sprinkling of single white scales parallel to termen. Ab- domen blackish-brown with narrow white annulartions. Legs yellowish white with heavy black bars on tibiae and blackish- brown annulations on tarsi. Female genitalia with rather short ductus, the first half of which is strongly chitinized and pouched, the other half thin-walled; bursa elongate ovate with two large, unequal, longitudinal, feathery signa. The five reared specimens be- fore me are all females, hence I am, at present, unable to describe the male genitalia, which, however, undoubtely will conform to the generic type, the species being in all other respects typical of the genus. Alar expanse. — 12 mm. Type. — U. S. Nat. Museum Cat. No. 44154. Type locality. — Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Foodplant. — Leptilon sp. ( Erigeron ). (Otero No. 9511.) Family Plutellidae Acrolepia cestrella new species Second joint of labial palpi with well developed triangu- lar tuft on underside, terminal joint longer than second, thickened with scales, apex bluntly pointed; light ochreous, 186 March, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA darker ochreous on outer side and sprinkled with black scales. Maxillary palpi short, porrectecl, dark ochreous. Face smooth, light ochreous. Thorax and forewings whitish ochreous strongly suffused with dark ochreous-brown and sprinkled with sparse black scales ; an indistinct series of small, equidistant black streaks on costal edge ; two triangu- lar, nearly clear wdiite dorsal spots, one at basal fourth, the other on the middle of the wing, the latter edged by a few black scales ; a third smaller, white dorsal spot, just before the cilia, is also edged with black; a thin incomplete trans- verse line of black scales at apical fourth and a few white and black scales at apex; cilia dark ochreous brown, tipped with black. Hindwings dark fuscous with lighter cilia. Venation typical of the genus; forewings with 12 veins all separate, 7 to below apex, 1ft furcate at bace, lc present in its entire lengith. Hindwings with 8 veins, 3 and 4 stalked, 7 parallel to 6. Male genitalia typical of the genus, vinculum with very long, stout, anterior process ; aecloeagus long, straight, bulbed at base; harpes slender, pointed; eighth segment with two long expansible hair pencils. Female genitalia with ductus rather short, looped, posterior half strongly chitinized; bursa oblong oval, without signum. Alar expanse. — 12-13 mm. Type. — U. S. National Museum Cat. No. 55155. Type locality. — Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Foodplant. — Oestrum diurnum. (Otero No. 9500.) This is the first record of this genus from the West Indies. The species is typical in all respects and resembles in coloration the European A. assectella Zeller. Plutella maculipermis Curtis The common cosmopolitan so-called diamond-back cabbage moth has not previously been recorded from Cuba, although it was ex- pected to be present there. Mr. Harold K. Plank has sent me a series from Central Baragua, Cuba. The species is occasionally injurious to cultivated cabbage, but feeds normally on outer wild Cruciferae. Family Tineidae Tineola uterella Walsingliam Tineola uterella Walsingham, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 165, 1897 ; Biol. Cent. Amer., vol. 4, p. 368, 1914; Forbes, Sci. Surv. Porto Pico, vol. 12, p. 154, 1930. 187 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 Tinea uterella Meyrick, Exot. Micros., yol. 2, p. 595, 1922. Tinea allutella Meyrick (Rebel?), Exot. Micros., vol. 3, p. 552, 1930. There are several very similar species of this group, which make similar cases found in houses and on tree trunks in the American tropics. Although describing this species in his West Indian paper, Lord Walsingham made his Brazilian (Para) specimens the types of his Tineola uterella (Biol. Cent. Amer., vol. 4, p. 368, 1914), and I am not convinced that his West Indian (St. Thomas) speci- mens were truly conspecific. I am inclined to believe that a series in the U. S. National Museum reared from identical cases found in houses in Pernambuco, Brazil, represent the true uterella Walsing- ham. These average somewhat smaller in size and may eventually prove to be the Tinea borboropis Meyrick, from British Guiana (Exot. Micros., vol. 2, p. 275, 1919), also described from a mixed series, but afterwards (Exot. Micros., vol. 2, p. 595, 1922) restricted to three out of the eight original specimens, the balance of which Meyrick referred to uterella. Pending reexamination of the types of these species, which alone can definitely clear their status, I retain here Walsingham ’s name for the commonest West Indian domestic species, which I have col- lected on St. Thomas and on most of the West Indian Islands. This, however, is the one which presumably eventually will require a new name and if so I propose the name Tineola walsinghami. The genitalia of the commonest West Indian and the Pernambuco species are very distinct. Meyrick has subsequently (Exot. Micros., vol. 3, p. 552, 1930) identified Walsingham ’s uterella as identical with the Tineola allu- tella Rebel, described from the Canary Islands (Ann K. K. Hofmus., vol. 7, p. 270, pi. 17, fig. 3, 1892), but in view of our pres- ent knowledge of several closely similar American species of this group, it would be unwise to adopt this very doubtful synonymy and thus further complicate the nomenclature. Lord Walsingham, Mr. Durrant, and the writer discussed the possibility of this sy- nonymy, while comparing a reared series from the Canary Islands with the Walsingham type series at Merton Hall in 1908, but agreed that Walsingham was correct in retaining the two species as dis- tinct in his Teneriffe paper.1 1 Since this was written I have studied the types in the British Museum and through the courtesy of Mr. LI. Stringer I have made genitalia slides also of authentic Teneriffe specimens of Rebel’s species, enabling me to verify my conclusions. Tineola uterella Wals- 188 March, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Meyrick has removed uterella from the genus Tineola to Tinea; the species is somewhat heterogeneous in both genera, both in geni- talia and in the larval characters (the very long thoracic legs and the heavily chitinized thoracic plates ; the larva of Tineola bisel- liella has: no eyespots, those of mlost Tinea species htave normal eye- spots, that of uterella has only one) ; but the strong antennal pecten and the reduced maxillary palpi cause me to prefer retaining the species in Tineola as originally placed. Dr. Bruner (9418) and Mr. Otero (No. 9799) have both bred this species, provisionally retained as Tineola uterella, from flat seed-shaped cases found on inside walls of houses. So far as the writer has observed the species in the West Indies, the larvae are not cloth feeders, but live on insect remains caught in spiders’ webs. The superficially similar Gelechiid, Oesia macu- lata Walsingham, occasionally reared from cases of the same kind as those of the Tineola, may prove to be parasitic or predatory on that species. ingham applies to the Brazilian species, subsequently described as Tinea borboropis Meyrick ; the West Indian species should be known as Tineola walsingliami Busck ; aside from the more or less unreliable differences in color and size the genitalia give definite characters ; the aedoeagus of uterella is strongly serrate exteriorly, that of walsing- hami is smooth, and the harpes of the two species are quite distinct. The Teneriffe species Tineola allutella Rebel is quite distinct from the American species, though belonging to the same group. It has the aedoeagus smooth but has differently shaped harpes. 189 Fig. 1. Figs, 2- Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 PLATE XXX Apotoforma rotundipennis Walsingham, male genitalia. 3. Apotoforma rotundipennis Walsingham, wing venation. Amorbia phaseolana Busck, male genitalia. Gymnandrosoma pithecolobiae Busck, liarpe of male geni- talia. Ancylis cordiae Bnsck, male genitalia. Ancylis bauhiniae Bnsck, male genitalia. 190 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XXX ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 PLATE XXXI Fig-. 1. Nealy da bifidella Dietz, male genitalia, front view. Fig. 2. Nealy da bifidella Dietz, male genitalia, side view. Fig. 3. Aristotelia eupatoriella Busck, male genitalia. Fig. 4. Aristotelia eupatoriella Busck, aedoeagus of male. Fig. 5. S denoma comma Busck, male genitalia. Fig. 5 a. Stenoma comma Busck, divided hair-scale of harpe. Fig. 6. Aristotelia eupatoriella Busck, female genitalia. Fig. 7. Stenoma comma Busck, female genitalia. Fig. 8. Aristotelia eupatoriella Busck, scale pattern of hind wing. 192 Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XXXI ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 PLATE XXXII Donacivola saccharella Busck Fig. 1. Male genitalia. Fig. 2. Aedoeagus of male genitalia. Fig. 3. Female genitalia. Fig. 4. Wing pattern. Figs. 5 and 6. Wing venation. Fig. 7. Pupa, in cocoon, lateral view. Fig. 8. Pupa, ventral view. Fig. 9. Pupa, dorsal view. 194 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XXXII ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 PLATE XXXIII Pig. 1. Ethmia confusella Walker, male genitalia. Pig. 1 a. Ethmia confusella Walker, aedoeagus. Pig. 2. Ethmia cubensis Bnsck, male genitalia. Pig. 3. Ethmia hiramella Busck, male genitalia. 196 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XXXIII 5 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 PLATE XXXIV Fig. 1. Ethmia clarissa Busck, male genitalia. Fig. 2. Ethmia suhsimilis Walsingham, male genitalia. Fig. 3. Ethmia nivosella Walker, male genitalia. 198 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XXXIV crq crq orq ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 PLATE XXXV . 1. Ethmia scythropa Walsingham, male genitalia. . 2. Ethmia ornata Busck, male genitalia. . 3. Ethmia exornata Zeller, male genitalia. 200 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XXXV 3. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII, No. 4 Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. PLATE XXXVI Female genitalia Ethmia nivosella Walker. Ethmia submissa Busck. Etlimia cubensis Busck. Ethmia oterosella Busck. Ethmia subsimilis Walsingham. Ethmia scythropa Walsingham. Ethmia confusella Walker. Amorbia phaseolana Busck. Apotoforma rot unclip ennis Walsingham. 202 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XXXVI ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Index All names arranged alphabetically. Valid names in Roman; synonyms in italics ; now genera and species in bold face ; * indicates plants ; f indicates other animals. Abrostola, 22 nrentis, 23 * Acacia, 109 arabica, 154 Collinsi, 109 Ganmeri, 109 Hindsi, 109 riparoides, 109 Achaea echo, 30 indeterminata, 30 marmoides, 30 sp. 7, 30 Achatodes, 29 zeae, 29 #Achyranthea aspera, 109 Acidaliocles, 12 flavipars, 13 Acrocecops cissiella, 177 clitoriella, 175 cordiella, 174, 175 ipomoeae, 178 maranthaceae, 177 melantherella, 175, 176 sanctaecrucis, 173, 174, 175 nnclifraga, 174 Acrocerops, see Nenrostrata, 179 see Neurobathra, 181 Acrolepia assectella, 187 cestrella, 186 Acronycta, 29 americana, 29 *Aeschynomene americana, 158 Afrida claricosta, 34 Agassizia, 40 # Agave, 126 Aglaonice, 10 snelleni, 15, 30 Alabama, 16, 17 argillacea, 20 * Althaea, 153 Alypia, 33 octomaculata, 34 Amiana, 24 niama, 26 Amilaga albiapicata, 30 Amorbia phasiolana, 152 *Amphicarpaea, 183 Ampliipyra, 29 pyramidoides, 29 Amyna, 25 bullula, 26, 37 Anacampsis, meibomiella, 160 melanophala, 160 Anacampsis (Compsolechia) meibomiella, 160 Ancistrocerus arista, 110 navajo, 118 paredes, 110 Ancylis bauhiniae, 155 cordiae, 154 Anepsichetos, 14 minualis, 15 Anisota rubicuncla, 34 Anomis, 16, 17 erosa, 20 205 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.) Anoratha costalis sinuosa, 30 Anthidiellum apieale, 110 auricolle, 110 Anthiclium beniense, 110 Anthodioctes, 110 Antiblemma, 17, 18 inexacta, 20 Anticarsia gemmatilis, 17 1 ‘ Anticarsia ’ ’ gemmatilis, 20 schausi, 17, 20 Aon, 23 noctuiformis, 23 Apopestes catapbanes, 30 Apotoforma, 153 rotundipennis, 154 Arete, 15, 41 papuensis, 30 roseosuffusella, 160 Argyrostrotis, 19 Aristotelia eupatoriella, 159 anilis, 21 Arsaciodes rufa, 30 Asthala silenusalis, 30 Asynonj^clius, see Pantomorus, 54 Atethmia, 29 pampina, 29 Audea bipnneta, 30 Autographa, 22 brassica, 23 californica, 23 gamma, 23 precationis, 23 simplex, 23 Aventia, 14 flexula, 30 :Baccharis trinervis, 109 Bagisara, 27 subnsta, 27 Baileya, 27 ophthalmica, 28 Balsa, 29 malana, 29 Baputa dichroa, 30 Batazonus flavipennis, 135 Batbyra, 29 sagata, 29 ^Bauhinia heterophylla, 156 Bendis, 18 detr aliens, 21 Bertnla similalis, 30 Blenina, 27 senex, 28 Bleptina cardinalis, 11 Blosyris, 19 buteo, 30 phianassa, 30 scops, 30 scopsella, 30 Bocana manifestalis, 30 #Boerhavia erecta, 109 Boletobia, 11 Bolina, 17 cillaris, 21 Bomolocha, 14 baltimoralis, 14 malefactalis, 14 *Borreria suaviolens, 109 Brachmia emigrans, 161 Brachygaster, 89 B r achy g aster, 89 Brachygastra, 89 analis, 89, 94 aurulenta, 103 scntellaris, 89 sencea, 94 Brachyrhinus, 48, 52, 62 cribricollis, 64, 66 meridionalis, 64, 66, 67 ovatus, 64 rugosostriatus, 64, 65 snlcatns, 64, 65 206 Vol. XIII (n. s.) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA *Bradburya, 171 plumieri, 182, 183 Brenthia ocellata, 184 pavonacella, 183 sapindella, 183 Brotolomia, 29 Caba, 89, 94 analis, 94 Caenurgia, 19 crassinscula, 21 JCalliandra acuminata, 109 Calpe, 17 canadensis, 20 Cameraria, 171, 172 Camptoloma, 33 interiorata, 34 Camptylochila, 9, 10, 11, 41 aemula, 11 americalis, 11 rotundalis, 11 Capia, 25 curvata, 26 Capnodes, 17 placida, 20 Casandria, 27 abseuzalis, 28 "'"Case aria hirsuta, 172 * Cassia chamaechrista, 160 Catada yenalis, 30 Catocala, 8, 19 alioliba, 21 arnica, 21 badia, 21 cara, 21 cerogama, 21 coccinata, 21 delilab, 21 epione, 21 flebilis, 21 habilis, 21 ilia, 21 illecta, 21 innubens, 21 insolabilis, 21 junctura, 21 niessalina, 21 micronympha, 21 minuta, 21 palaeogamma, 21 piatrix, 21 relict a, 21 similis, 21 sorclida, 21 ultronia, 21 vidua, 21 #Ceanothus cuneatus, 58, 68 Celama triquetrana, 34 Celiptera, 19 Ceratliosia, 24, 25 tricolor, 26 Cerceris maximiliani, 10 #Cestrum diurnum, 187 frustulum, 21 Chamyris, 24, 25, 26 cerintha, 26 Cbaracoma, 27, 28 nilotica, 28 Charadra, 29 deridens, 29 Chart egus, 94, 104 arizonensis, 95, 99 aztecus, 95 cameroni, 95 centralis, 95 sericeus, 94, 104 Chilocampyla, 172 dyariella, 173 psiliella, 172 Choregia, see Tortyra, 184 Cboreutes leptilonella, 186 Cboreutis suavis, 183 i ; Chrysocala ’ ’ ( Gar dinia ) magnifica, 34 207 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.) Chrysoptera, 22 moneta, 23 Chytolita morbidalis, 11 Cirphis unipuncta, 29 Oirrhobolina, 17 uniloba, 21 Cissura, 17 mucronata, 21 *Cissus sp., 178 sicyoides, 182 #Clitoria sp., 176 Oobulatha, 25 quadrifera, 26 Coenipeta, 18 uniloba, 21 Colocasia, 29 propinquilinea, 29 Conacontia, 26 angustipennis, 26 arizonae, 26 Conochares, 26 *Oordia alba, 174 globosa, 155 Coriscium, see Neurobathra, 181 Cosmophila fulminans, 30 Coxina, 18 cinctipalpis, 21 Crambidia, 33 pallida, 34 * Croton fragilis, 109 Crypbia, 14, 15, 31 pervertens, 15 Cryptolechia strigosellci, 163 Ctenucha, 33 virginica, 34 Cucullia asteroides, 29 ^Cnrcas cnrcas, 181 Cutina, 19 albopunctella, 21 Cyanobypsa, 32, 34, 37 stephanella, 34 Cyanotriclia, 31, 38 bellona, 34 Cycligramma latona, 30 Cydosia, 25 nobilatella, 26 Cymotrichia, see Triebotaphe, 161 Datana angusi, 34 Deinbypena lacista, 30 ^Delphinium Ajacis, 109 Dercetes, 9, 10, 11 bilineata, 10 vitrea, 11 *Desmodium, 171, 183 Desmoloma mollis, 34 Dialecta, see Acrocercops, 173, 176 Diallagma, 14 talionella, 20 Diastema, 24, 25 tigris, 26 Dianthidium bolmbergi, 110 manni, 110 nectarinioides, 110 Diaprepes, 59 Dichomeris mellisia, 161 Dichromia leucotaenia, 30 triplicalis, 30' Diloba caeruleocepbala, 23, 31 Doa, 2, 32, 35, 40, 41 ampla, 34 Dolichoderus (Hypoclinia) abruptus, 119 Donacivola, 169 sacharella, 169 Doryodes, 19 bistrialis, 21 Drasteria, 17 occulta, 21 Dyslobus, 52, 59, 60 decoratus, 61, 62 208 Vol. XIII (n. s.) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA granulatns, 61, 62 ur sinus, 61, 62 Dyspyralis, 12 illocata, 13 nigellus, 13 Earias, 26, 27, 28 chlorana, 27 vernana, 27 El)oda rotundipennis, 154 Echanella albosalis, 30 Edessena hamada, 30 Elisma narcissus, 28 Elachista, 169, 170 Egryrlon, 24 filaria, 20 *Eheretia tinifolia, 109 Eospharopteryx, 22 thyalyroides, 23 Epeolus earner oni, 110 fulvopilosus, 110 xanthurus, 110 Epermenia, 181 Ephesia, 18 elonympha, 21 Epicaerus, 55 cognatus, 54 Epidromia, 18 clelinquens, 21 Epipone leclieguana, 93 Epizeuxis, 10 “Epizeuxis” crucualis, 30 Erastria, 24, 25 dividua opipara, 26 Erastriodes, 24 propera, 26 Erebus, 19 odorus, 21 *Erigeron, 186 Estigmene acraea, 34 Ethmia baliostola, 165 abraxasella, 167 adustella, 167 Clarissa, 167 confusella, 163 cubensis, 164, 165 delliella, 166 flavicaudata, 165 macelhosella, 165 nivosella, 167, 168 ornata, 168 oterosella, 165 scythropa, 168 submissa, 167 subsimilis, 166, 167 xantborrhoa, 166 Ethmia ( Psecadia ) confusella , 164 Euaontia, 23 clarki, 26 Eublemma, 23, 24 minima, 26 obliqualis, 26 Eubolina, 18 impartialis, 21 Eucatoptus, 160 Euclidia, 18, 19, 20, 39 cuspidea, 21 Euclidimera, 19 caerulea, 21 ^Eugenia axillaris, 173 Eulepidotus, 18 ilyrias, 21 julianatta, 21 Eunetis, 19 Euparthenos, 18 nubilis, 21 ^Eupatorium albicaule, 109 morifolium, 109 villosum, 160 Eupiuche apoblepta, 30 * Euphorbia heterophylla, 109 Eupseudomorpha, 40 209 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.) Eutelia, 23 adulatrix, 23 Euthysanotia, 33 grata, 34 Evippe, 159 Exelastis pumilio, 152 Exophthalmus, 59 Exyra, 24 semicrocea, 26 f Falco nudicollis, 112 Feltia her ilis, 29 *Ficus, 185 Focillidia, 19 texana, 21 Fruvia, 26 fasciatella, 26 Gaba (Nectarinia) mellifica, 95 Gabala, 26, 27 argentata, 27 Gabara, 10, 13, 16, 40 bipuncta, 16, 20 humeral is, 16, 20 ? burner alis, 16 n. sp. f , 20 obscura, 20 pulverosalis, 16, 20 istygialis, 20 subniveosella, 20 umbonata, 16, 20 Gadirtha, 28 inexacta, 28 Gardinia, 33 Gauris, see Mictopsichia, 182. Geoderces, 53, 69 sp. no. 1, 70 sp. no. 2 (near puncticollis), 70 sp. no. 3, 70 Gnophaela vermiculata, 34 Gnorimoschema lycopersicella, 160 Gonodonta, 20 nutrix, 21 Gortyna, 29 nictitans americana, 29 Gorytes similicolor, 110 #Gouana polygama, 155 Gracillaria perseae, 182 Gracillaria, see Neurostrata, 179 Graeperia, 26 sutrix, 26 Graphelysia strigillata, 31 Graphiphora c-nigrum, 29 Grotelliforma, 24, 25 lactea, 26 Gynandrosoma aurantiaca, 157 pithecolobiae, 156 Haddenia emmolodes, 30 Halictus sericeus, 110 Halisidota caryae, 34 Harita rectilinea, 30 Helioconta, 26 apicella, 26 Heliothis virescens, 29 Hemeroblemma, 19, 21 Hemerocampa, 32 leucostigma, 34 Hemispragueia, 24, 26 idella, 26 Herminia, 9, 10 tentacularia, 30 Herminodes, 13, 14, 16 atrosignata, 20 guttata, 16, 30 insula, 20 perfasciata, 20 Heterocampa guttivitta, 34 Heteranassa, 18 minor, 21 Homalogoa, 23, 25 grotelliformis, 26 210 Vol. XIII (n. s.) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Homodes propitia, 30 Homophoberia, 40 Homoserynea, 40 Ilormisa absorptalis, 11 Hormoschista, 14 latipalpis, 15 Hydrdllodes toresalis, 30 Hylophdla, 26, 28 bicolorana, 27 Hypanthidium taboganum, 110 Hypena, 13, 14, 20, 38 humilds, 15 Hypenodes, 11, 12 albistrdgalds, 30 Hypenopsds, 11, 12 macula, 13 Hypenula cacuminalis, 11 Hypercallda bruneri, 161 Hypera punctata, 48 Hypocala, 17 andremona, 21 Hypoclinea, see Dolicboderus, 119 Hyponomeuta, see Ethmia, 163 Hypoprepia, 33 mdndata, 34 Hypsa caricae, 34 Hypsoropha, 17 hormos, 20 monilis, 20 flbycter americanus, 112 Icaria, 118 artifex, 139 variegata, 139 Ichthyura inclusa, 34 Ipimorpba, 26 pleonectusa, 27 ^'Ipomaea, 161, 179 Isogona, 16 natatrix, 20 texana, 20 *Jaquemiontia, 179 Josia, 31, 38 auriflua, 34 Kakopoda, 18 cincta, 21 •"Koeberliana spinosa, 109 Lamonaltes, 14 eductalis, 15 *Lantana camara, 140 Lapbygma, 29 frugiperda, 29 Lascoria a.mbigualis, 11 Latebraria, 19 amphipyroides, 21 janthinula, 30 Lecithocera emigrans, 161 Lepidophorus, 48, 49 *Leptilon sp., 186 Leucanitis, 18, 41 picta, 301 Lichnoptera, 29 cavillata, 29 Lineopalpa horsefieldi, 30 Lithacodia, 25 albidula, 25, 26 caduca, 26 carneola, 26 corrupta, 25 Litho collet is, see Porpliyrosela, 170 Litocala, 17 sexsignata, 20 Litoprosopus, 20 coachella, 21 futilis, 21 ^Lonchocarpus sericeus, 158 Lopharthrum comprimens, 30 Madopa, 13 salicalis, 30 211 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.) Malacosoma americana, 34 Malocampa n. sp. near sorex, 34 Mamara, 175, 179, 190 *Mangifera indica, 109 ^Maranthacea sp., 177 Marasmarcha liophanes, 152 pumilio, 152 Marathyssa, 23 inficila, 23 Masca abactilis, 30 Massala, 17, 18, 20 abdera, 21 obvertens, 21 Matigramma laena, 21 relata, 31 Mazacyla, 18 Megacanthopus i, 112, 113, 114 atriceps, 118 carbonarius, 114 collar is, 112 cubensis, 140 flavitarsis, 114, 127 imitator , 118 labiatus, 114 longipetiolatus, 118 rotundicollis, 118 violaceipennis, 118 Megachile aurantipennis, 110 microsoma, 110 pulchriventris, 110 Meganthopus flavitarsis, 131 *Meibomia, 152, 160 Melampodium divaricatum, 109 Melanomma anricinctaria, 13 #Melanthera deltoidea, 175 Melipotis, 17, 18, 38 jucunda, 20 Melissaia, 89 Menopsimus, 10, 12, 13, 27, 41 caducans, 13 Mesagroicus, 52, 55, 57, 59, 68 hispidus, 58 sp., 58 strigisqnamosus, 58 Metalectra, 16 discalis, 20 tantillus, 20 Micrastis, 10 Micrur apteryx, 180 Mictopsichia gemmisparsana, 182 Mimaeseoptilus gilvidorsis, 152 Mimeoseoptilus, see Exelastis, 152 ^Mimosa asperata, 179 Mischocyttarus, 88, 112-116, 119, 125-142 alfkenii, 116, 117, 142 artifex, 118 ater, 118 basimacula, 116, 117, 118 bistriatus, 117 brnneri, 116, 117 buyssoni, 114 cassnnunga, 118 collaris, 118, 119 cubensis, 88, 115-118, 135, 136, 139-143 var. mexicanus, 88, 117, 136, 137, 142 drewseni, 118 filiformis, 114 flavitarsis, 88, 115, 116, 118, 119, 122, 125, 127, 131, 143 var. centralis, 123, 125- 127, 129-131, 133 flavitarsis, 123, 127, 131 idahoensis, 123, 125, 129, 133-135 kaibabensis, 122, 130, 133 212 Vol. XIII (n. s.) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA navajo, 122, 126, 127, 132, 133 ind e t erminalis, 116 labiatus, 112, 118 metathoracicus, 118 phthisicus, 116, 117, 137, 142 smithi, 112 Monacanthocnemis, 112 buyssoni, 114 filiformis, 112 Mormonia, 19 Mosopia eudoxusalis, 30 Mothonica periapta, 163 Mothonica, see Stenoma, 162, 163 Mursa pthisialis, 31 Mycterophora inexplicata, 12, 13 longipalpata, 12, 13 rubricans, 12, 13 slossoniae, 12 Myonia, 31, 35 cingulina, 34 My rap eta, see Miscliocyttarus, 127 Naup actus, 54 Nealyda bifidella, 158 pissoniae, 158 Nectarina, 88, 89, 91, 100 analis, 94, 104 augusti, 91, 92, 107 az'teca, 91, 92, 95 baccalaurea, 91, 92 bilineolata, 91, 92 binotata, 95 buyssoni, 91, 92 lecheguana, 88, 91, 93, 99- 112, 117, 143 var. aurulenta, 99 binotata, 95 borellii, 99 velutina, 99, 103 mellifera, 95 mellifica, 94 scutellaris, 91, 92 Nectarina championi, 91 Nectarinia, 89, 103, 106 mellifica, 94 Neotar ache, 25 deserticola, 26 Nepheloides emmedonia, 29 Neptunia, 26 pulchra, 26 Neuria procincta, 29 Neurobathra, 179 albomarginata, 181 curcassi, 181 strigifinitella, 181 Neurostrata gunniella, 179, 180 pithecolobiella, 180 Nodaria externalis, 30 Noropsis, 20, 28 hieroglyphica, 21 Odynerus cariniscutis, 110 cordovae, 110 otomitus, 110 peyroti, 110 similis, 110 Oesia maculata, 189 Ommatochila, 14, 15 mundula, 15 Onebala, see Trichotaphe, 161 Ophideres, 8, 19 fullonica, 21 Oruza, 25 albocostaliata, 26 Osericana molybdaenis, 30 Ostha centripomens, 30 Oxaenamis brontesalis, 30 ^Oxalis sp., 109 213 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s,) Oxycilla, 12 malaca, 12, 13 tripla, 12, 13 Oxygraphia rotundipennis, 153, 154 Oxyocles scabriculata, 31 Ozarba, 24, 25 aeria, 26 Pachnaeus, 59 Pacliodynerus argentinus, 110 brevithorax, 110 nasidens, 110, 111 Paectes, 23 abrostoloides, 23 Palaeoplusia, 22 venus t a, 23 Pal this, 39 angulalis, 11 Panapoda, 19, 20 rufimargo, 21 Pangrapta, 14, 16 decoralis, 20 Panthea coenobita, 28 furcilla, 28 palata, 28, 29 Pantomorus, 36, 38, 51, 55, 59 godmani, 54 Panula, 18, 19, 20 inconstans, 21 Parachabora abydas, 7, 31 Parachartergus, 91 championi, 91 frontalis, 91 Paraeretonia, 26 aleptivoides, 26 Paralierminia, 9, 10 derivalis, 30 Parahypenodes, 11, 12, 13 quadralis, 13 Parallelia, 19 algira, 31 bistriaris, 21 Pararcte, 15, 41 schneider iana, 31 Parascotia fuliginaria, 13, 30 Paratorna, 153 rotundipennis, 154 Parectopa, see Neurobathra, 181 Pelamia, 19 disservens, 21 latipes, 21 Peosina (Hemeroblemma) pan- drosa, 20 Peritelinus, 53, 67, 71 variegatus, 68 Peronea, 153, 154 ^Persea persea, 182 Phalenophana pyramidalis, 11 Phalaenostola larentioides, 11 Philometra metonalis, 11 Phiprosopus, 17, 39 Phlogophara iris, 29 Phoberia, 17 atomaria, 21 Phobolosia, 25 anfracta, 26 Phoenicophanta, 23, 25 bicolor, 26 Pholus pandoras, 34 Phryganidia, 31 californica, 34 Phthorimaea, see Gnorimos- chema, 160 Phurys, 19 lima, 21 Phyllonorycter stigmaphyllae, 181 ^Piper aduncus, 182 auritum, 182 #Pionea aculeata, 158 #Pithecolobium, 157, 181 saman, 180 Plathypena, 14 scabra, 15 214 Vol. XIII (n. s.) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Pleonectyptera, 14, 16 historialis, 15 pyralis, 15 Plnsia, 8, 22 aerea, 23 Plusiodonta, 10, 14, 15, 17, 31 compressipalpis, 20 Plutella, 182 macnlipennis, 187 Polishes, 87, 11, 125, 139 canadensis var. kaibabensis, 133 navajo, 133 fuscatns var. centralis, 131 patlipes, 126 utahensis, 135 lecheguana, 89, 92, 93 melliftca, 94, 102 Polistes ignobilis, 112 ignobilis, 118 Polybia, 105, 107 occidentalis, 101 var. scutellaris, 102 saussurei, 88, 89 Polybia indeterminalis, 116 decepta, 118 flavitarsis, 129 melanaria, 118 mexicana, 142 phthisica, 140 socialis, 118 ( Polybia ) div. Kappa, 112 injucunda, 112 div. Omega, 112 filiforme, 112 Polybius, 89 Polydrusus, 52, 59 Polyhymno luteostrigosella, 160 Porpbyrosela desmodiella, 170 Porthetria, 32 clispar, 34 Promachina trapezoidalis. 111 Proroblemma, 40 Prosoparia, 12, 13, 39 perfuscaria, 13 tenebrosa, 13, 30 Prostomens brunneus, 161 Prothymia, 14, 15 isemipurpurea, 15 Protocryphia, 14 sexta, 15 Protopolybia, 90 Psaenythia collaris, 110 fasciata, 110 Psecadia abraxasella, 167 a dust ell a, 167 aureoapicella, 167 exornata 168 ingricella, 164 Psendaglossa, 9, 10 albomaculata, 30 rubricalis, 11 Pseudeva, 22 purpurigera, 23 Pseudopolybia, 112 Pseudopolybia, 112 ingnobilis, 112 vicina, 112 Pseudorgyia, 17 versuta, 20 *Psidium, 153, 156 gnajaba, 161, 173 Psycliomorpha, 33 epimenis, 34 ^Pyracantba, 67 Raphia, 28, 41 abrupta, 29 frater, 29 Reabots, 9, 10, 41 immaculalis, 11 Reject aria albisinuata, 11 Renia salusalis, 11 Rhescipha, 17 obtusa, 20 Rhododactyla semirosea, 31 215 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIII (n. s.) Rhyncagonus, 51, 55, 59 extraneus, 55 Rhynchina abclucalis, 30 Rhynehodontes antiquatis, 30 *Ribes, 71 Rivula, 11, 12 propinqualis, 13 Roeselia minuscnla, 34 Ropalidia, 118 Rosemia zelica, 34 Safia, 18 bilineata, 21 Salia, 11, 12, 13 interpuncta, 13 Salpingogaster punctifrons, 140 *Sapindus saponarius, 184 Sarrothripus, 26, 28 lintnerana, 28 Sarrothrocerus alluaudi, 31 Scepsis, 33 fulvicollis, 34 *Sclerocarpus divaricatus, 109 Scolecocampa, 16 atriluna, 20 liburna, 20 lunilinea, 20 Scoliopteryx, 14, 20 libatrix, 21 Selenis, 18 sueroides, 21 Septis (Trachea) arctica, 29 Sexserrata, 24, 25 hampsoni, 26 Siavana, 20 repanda, 21 Sidemia devastator, 29 Sigela, 13 basipmictaria, 13 Simplicia schalousalis trilinea, 30 Sinna, 26, 27 extrema, 27 Sitona, 48, 52, 71 hispidula, 71 *Solanum, 160 antillarum, 174 torvum, 173, 174 Sosxetra grata, 31 Spanioptila spinosnm, 172 Spargaloma, 14 sexpunctata, 15 Sphiximorpha loewii, 133 Spieredonia retorta, 31 Spragueia, 26 dama, 26 Stamoderes nniformis, 52 Stelis costaricensis, 110 Stellidia, 13 vanata, 13, 30 Stenoma, 163 comma, 162, 163 fluminata, 162 melancrypta, 162 ocelles, 162 Stenoptilia f pumilio, 152 #Stenospermum liamilifolia, 166 Sthenopis quadriguttatiis, 34 Stictoptera clara, 22 melanistis, 22 Stictotliripus, 28 albescens, 28 ^Stigmaphyllum sagralanum, 171 Stilbosis lonchocarpella, 157 tesqnella, 158 Stratiomys mutabilis, 110 Strenoloma, 16 lunilinea, 20 Strepsicrates smithiana, 156 Sylectra, 16 ericata, 20 Syneda, 15, 17, 18, 38, 41 adumbrata, 21 Syngrapha, 22 ignea, 23 216 Vol. XIII (n. s.) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Syntomis, 2, 33 phegea, 34 Sypna archeopsis, 31 Systaticospera orphnina, 30 Tamarrha nivosella, 167 Tarache, 26 aprica, 26 Tarachidia, 26 candefacta, 26 “Tarachidia” disgrega, 25, 31 Teinanomis, 17 sergilis, 31 Tetanolita mynesalis, 11 Thaumatopoea, 32, 38 pityocampa, 34 Tholerostola evipella, 158 Tliolomiges turfosalis, 30 Thysania, 18, 19, 20 agrippina, 19, 31 zenobia, 19, 21 *Tillandsia, 139 Tinea barbaropis, 188 biselliella, 189 Tinea, see Tineola, 187 alutella, 188 Tineola uterella, 187, 188, 189 walsinghami, 188, 189 Tortyra auriferalis, 185 ignita, 184 vividis, 185 Toxocampa, 18 victoria, 21 Trachea, 23, 29 Trichalophns, 48, 49 *Trichilla birta, 166 Trichotaphe melissia, 161 Trichotarache, 40 Trigona postica, 110 Trigonoscuta, 51, 52, 55, 59 pilosa, 57 Trypopremnon, 59, 71 iTupinambis teguixin, 106, 111 Tyrissa, 18, 19 marginata, 21 Ulosyneda, 17 valens, 21 Urodns, 182 Usara enrytbmiella, 182 Yespa, 87, 107 maculata, 107 sericea, 94 Vespa, see Nectar ina, 93 atra, 112 sericea, 94 Yespnla, 87, 103 vulgaris, 108 Xanthoptera, 25 nigrofimbria, 26 Xylormisa louisiana, 11 Yponomeuta, 35 multipunctella, 34 Yrias, 18 repentis, 21 Zale, 18, 19 lnnata, 21 undularis, 21 Zaleops, 18, 19 umbrina, 21 Zanclognatha cribralis, 30 cruralis, 11 jacchusalis, 11 laevigata, 11 ocbreipennis, 11 Zelicodes, 12 linearis, 13 Zethus, 114 Jabiatus, 112 Number of New Genera in this volume, 2. Number of new forms in this volume, 28. 217 A Journal of Entomology. Volume XIV (New Series) 1933-1934 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. DE LA TORRE-BUENO Editor CARL G. SIEPMANN G. P. ENGELHARDT PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VOL. XIV (n.s.) CONTENTS Plates I-XXV. A Classification of Some Noctuid Larvae of the Subfamily Hypeninae, S. E. Crumb 133-197 A Grouping of the Agrotine Genera, Wm. T. M. Forbes 1-39 A Review of the North American Species of Agatkidium, H. C. Fall I 99-131 Head Characters of the Odonata, with Special Reference to the Development of the Compound Eye, Gideon Ting- wei Liu 41-97 VOL. XIV (New Series) JUNE, 1933 No. 1 A Journal of Entomology. * APR 1 6 1934 w ■ *.-N nf# PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY :VV PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, Lime and Green Sts., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue April 12, 1934 Application for entry as second-class matter under the Act of March 3, 1879, made June 15, 1926, at the Postoffiee at Lancaster. Pa. UTOtpJGlQ^ Americana Vol. XIV June, 1933 No. 1 A GROUPING OF THE AGROTINE GENERA Wm. T. M. Forbes CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, NEW YORK The Agrotines have always been a difficult region in our classi- fication of the Noctuidae. While perhaps not as complete a mys- tery as the series called Acronyctinae by Hampson, there has never been any agreement as to the content of the group, the manner of subdivision, or the relative importance of the various characters. There has been a tendency to make arrangements frankly artificial, and where the published statements seem to imply a certain amount of natural grouping1 these groupings agree neither with each other, nor wholly with the only well marked larval character, the rough or smooth skin. There are two other questions which are rather of 1 In Hampson ’s case the presentation of a phytogeny implies that a natural system is intended, but he puts forms in fact just as they would go according to his key-characters, frequently in viola- tion of well known larval and other characters, and the “phytog- eny” would appear to be really intended merely as a key to his seriation of genera. In the case of McDunnough’s revision (Bull, no. 55, National Museum of Canada) the arrangement is also in part confessedly artificial but certain groups appear to be presented as natural in the discussion on p. 19, namely Euxoa to Pseu- clorthosia, Trichosilia to Actebia or less definitely to Euagrotis, Metalepsis and Cerastis, H emipachnobia to Pseudospaelotis, with Peridroma (attached to the first group), Diarsia to Anomogyna, Trichagrotis to Mimobarathra, Adelphagrotis to Pseudoglaea, and Cryptocala to Pronoctua, the two latter groups again taking up the Euxoa series. Apr 1 6 1 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. i nomenclature than of taxonomy in the true sense, namely as to the proper size for genera, and the names to apply to them. In the first case I should go much less far than McDunnougli in subdivision, believing that a somewhat larger genus is of more use to the general entomologist, and that the minute subdivision that the taxonomist desires can best be accomplished by subgenera. I have suggested a list of some 20 genera, representing the principal structural types and the most striking aberrant ones, but there is a good deal to say for the general European custom of putting all the normal mem- bers of the series in a single genus ( Agrotis ). There is of course no justification for the equally common European custom of mak- ing a separate genus for the yellow-winged ones ( Triphaena ) as they are not at all a natural group. As to the names to use, I have followed McDunnough’s list for convenience of cross-reference, in the case of what I consider mere subgenera, but have been unwill- ing to drop the traditional name of Noctua, and so have applied it to the genus to which it has on the whole been most consistently applied, on the ground that it is suitable for a conservanda ruling. So I shall use it for the group containing triangulum and c-nigrum ( Graphipliora of McDunnougli, etc.) though frequently using the name Grapliipliora when referring to McDunnough’s revision. The present paper leans heavily on McDunnough’s revision (cited in the first footnote). I will limit myself in general to his genotypes, as in a good many cases where I have studied other spe- cies which he places in the same genus, I agree that they are too closely related to worry over. In the case of North American mate- rial I shall consider the same series of forms, since on the whole they represent a natural subdivision, but have expanded the view to in- clude a number of the more important genotypes from Europe and particularly a batch of material from South America, which gives a much clearer idea of the more primitive members of the tribe. Following McDunnougli I exclude the Heliothids, which will prob- ably make a good tribe, though my belief is that the connection between Rhodopliora and Agrotis is not a distant one. As to the Copahlepliaron and Agrotiphila groups, which he excludes, I am not so sure that they should be omitted, but I lack material, and particularly the material from the old world, which is needed for their real understanding. The eastern palaearctic and old world tropics have been omitted from lack of material. The only Ameri- can genus I have added is Manruta, on Benjamin’s suggestion. It proves to be a true Agrotine, related to Eucoptocnemis and the South American Tripseuxoa. 2 June, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Several genera with hairy eyes might be brought in question. Trichosilia and some species of Pachnobia have light hair, and their other structures show plainly that they belong with Agrotis and the normal naked-eyes Pachnobias, respectively. In the case of the genera with heavily hairy eyes, there is no question that they are aberrant Poliinae, where their genitalia fall into place. I have kept them in the tabulation because they were included by McDun- nough. Another aberrant group are Anytus, with its European cousin, Cyrebia, Fishia and Ufeus. These seem also not to be true Agrotids, though Ufeus in particular has something in common with the Agrotis group. I treat them as a separate group, but sus- pect they will eventually have to go with the “ Acronyctinae. ” It is assumed that McDunnough’s selection of genotypes is in accordance with the rules; in two cases I have used other names where a conservancla ruling would seem to be in order ; Noctua, al- ready mentioned, and Naenia, whose type under an absolutely lit- eral interpretation becomes the type of Phalaena Linnaeus. Only a few of the South American types are included in the tabulation, but in an appendix I have attached a discussion of a number of other forms, probably sufficient to give the character of the fauna. They seem to include an interesting series of aberrant members of group II, and suggest that South America will turn out the home of the most primitive types. Peridroma ( Hemi - euxoa) polymorpha in fact is perhaps the most primitive in geni- talia yet discovered, being only challenged by P. margaritosa which also includes South America in its range. The new Tripseuxoa carneata and Agrotis orestica are interesting and highly aberrant reduction forms, and the other members of Hemieuxoa link to Anicla in one way and to Loxagrotis in another. Believing that we have at present no reason for assuming any one character is more important than another in this series, I have made the trial of grouping them on the basis not of single charac- ters selected beforehand as primary, but by giving equal value to all the characters which were sharply enough defined to handle in a tabular way, hoping to find groups based on the maximum num- ber of resemblances. This method has made a series of groups which can hardly be defined on tangible single characters, or per- haps even on manageable groups of characters, but I believe has produced an arrangement more natural than any yet attained. At least it has set off one and perhaps two groups which show tangible larval characters. My procedure was to make up a standard list of characters for 3 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. i each genus, and then determine the number of differences between each two genera, regardless of supposed relationship ; — then I at- tempted to get them into a linear series so that the differences be- tween successive genera should be as small as possible. It was found that by cleaving them first into three main groups, it was possible to arrange the contents of each group in a nearly linear fashion. These three main groups might be considered to surround Agrotis or Feltia, Diarsia or Ochropleura ( cynica or pled a) , and perhaps Anomogyna or Apledoides. There were half a dozen genera which seemed to make a subgroup by themselves, though closely related to the Anomogyna complex, and finally a few which refused to enter the system, but stood rather equally apart from all these groups : Anytus, Fishia , TJfeus and Cyrebia; Tnchorthosia, Mimobarathra, Trichofeltia and Trichagrotis. The only North American genus that I have not studied is Apledoides ; Mr. Benjamin having kindly lent me from the Na- tional Museum all the others which were missing at Cornell. In most cases the genotype was studied, but in the following other species were used : Mesembreuxoa facicola Dyar in place of chilen- sis ; Loxagrotis acclivis in place of proclivis; Eucoptocnemis tripars in place of fimbriaris (a mere subspecies) ; Spaelotis clandestina in place of ravida ; Epipsilia grisescens for latens; Chersotis junda for redangida; Pachnobia okakensis for carnea ; Adelphagrotis in- determinata for stellaris; Fishia exhilarata for enthea ( evelina showed some differences), and Ufeus hulsti for satyricus. For Apledoides the characters were taken from McDunnough, and two small points not mentioned by him were assumed to be normal. The following characters were tabulated : Eyes: naked or hairy (the rudimentary hair of Tricho- silia got half a count). : lashed or not; giving half a count to forms with rudimentary lashes. Front: 1, smooth; 1J, slightly rough; 2, rough and rounded out; 2^, traces of a ring; 3, a raised ring. (The double ring of Proragrotis was not distinguished). Male antenna: 1, simple, shortly ciliate, 1^, suberrate and fasciculate; 2, strongly serrate ( Euxoa ) ; 2^, narrowly pectinate ( ypsilon ) ; 3, plumose (monochromatea) . Vestiture : forked, simple and mixed were each considered separated by one count ; intermediate types sometimes got a half-count, but the different degrees of mixed vestiture were not separated. Thoracic tufting : present or absent ; very weak or vague tufting being given half a count. 4 June, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Fore tibia : 1, unarmed ; H, a few rudimentary spines ; 2, spines about -J or -J length of tibia and not very stout spines J or ■£ length of tibia ; 3, a claw half the length of the tibia or very massive. Mid and hind metatarsi: upper spines present or absent; if only one or two spines were present or the middle or hind tibiae were unarmed a half-count was given. Male genitalia — Uncus : heavily tufted, densely hairy or with sparse loose hair only (half a count to each). Corona: 1, absent, 2, diffuse, 3, regular, near margin; 4, double, with both diffuse and regular portions. Clavus: present or absent. The clavus may possibly have been overlooked in a few forms where the sacculus is overdeveloped. A weak spine-tuft in the position of the clavus was not counted, unless it formed a definite separate organ. Clasper: absent, simple and longitudinal, simple and more or less transverse, and forked, were each counted as one degree apart from each other, and intermediate stages were given half-counts. Note that the dorsal arm of the so-called forked clasper is morphologically the ampulla, and that the ventral arm, or true claspsr, migrates to the lower edge of the valve, and then out, becoming the pollex. This struc- ture was counted as a rudimentary lower arm of a forked clasper in Ochropleura, but was treated as a separate organ in such forms as Noctua ( Graphiphora ) even when the chiti- nization supporting it was still preserved. Costal chitinization : a specialized chitinization ending abruptly at the base of the clasper was made one count dif- ferent from a simple costa ; a vague chitinization without definite end was given half a count. Costal process : a definite specialization of the costal edge got one count, a mere bend was not counted. Pollex: present or absent. See note on clasper. Digitus : present or absent. Sacculus : a specialized process attached to the sacculus was given one count ; a mere enlarged sacculus got half a count only when strikingly developed. The curious asym- metrical structure of Protexarnis was also given a half- count. Hadenid neck: an abrupt narrowing of the valve beyond the clasper, suggesting the form of “ Hadena” or “Mames- tra.” One count. ^doeagus : unarmed, with one spine, multiple spines, two spines or scobinate patch were each given one count from each other. A rudimentary spine, as in many Euxoas, got 5 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. i half a count. A scobinate patch was not counted in pres- ence of a well developed spine. Juxta: simple, with terminal spine, or with a square process were given one count from each other ; the rounded process of Noctua (Graphiphora) was counted as half a square process. An attempt was made to tabulate the shape of the juxta but it was often too indefinite to handle. Several other characters might have been used. The palpus shows some marked differences of type, but they were too ill-defined to be readily tabulated, and the most striking of them (the presence of long hair) correlated with the hairy thorax and merely reen- forced that character. My material was not all good enough to be sure of the shape of the abdomen, which is probably a significant character, especially in subdividing the third group. Characters limited to a single genus were not tabulated, and so the relationship shown by the table should often be taken to represent not the genus as it is, but its presumable ancestor lacking its present unique specializations. This applies for instance to the pyramidal thoracic tuft and fore tarsal spines of Richia, the fantastic front of Prora- grotis, and the uncus of Lampra. Such characters may perhaps be important for delimiting a genus, but give no light on the interre- lationships. In general, I believe they are modern, and may even fail when other species of the genus are studied. The chart will present the resulting relationships. Each square represents the relation between the genus named at the end of its line, and the one at the end of its column. E.g., the solid black square where the fifth line and third column meet indicates that the genera Onychagrotis and Mesembreuxou differ by not more than three characters. The arrangement is such that genera which come next to each other in order will have their correlations shown near the diagonal margin of the chart, the actual last row of squares representing the relations between successive genera. I have used dark symbols for small differences and pale ones for large differ- ences, so that a glance will show from the massing of dark areas toward the diagonal, that the arrangement is not too far from correct. The three large groups and two small ones are separated by heavy lines, and the largest is divided into two subgroups, marked by a broken line. The arrangement may be considered almost strictly linear within each group (or subgroup) but the aberrant genera have been placed at the ends of the groups, so that the cor- relations between the terminal members of adjacent groups are not high. 6 June, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA One may also pick out the types that are synthetic in character by running along the lines, and seeing where there is an unusually high per cent of dark symbols. For instance, if we run along the lines, we find Naenia and Crypt ocala show a massing of the solid black and the small white squares; they therefore differ by six characters or less from an unusually large number of genera in the third group, and so may be considered to represent the central forms of that group. On the other hand we find that Protexarnis has very few such symbols, and these few widely scattered ; it there- fore is an isolated form, — perhaps a primitive relict, that has gone off sideways. The heavy mass of dark in the group III indicates that a large number of the nominal genera here are very closely related, while the more scattered pattern in group II indicate a less homogeneous lot, that are no doubt older, for it is very generally believed that large numbers of groups with few species per group are a sign of age and partial extinction. If we take a difference of not more than six characters as being generally allowable within a genus, we will be led to admit approxi- mately the following genera : In group I, Chorizagrotis through to Trichosilia are obviously very closely related, and may be fairly rated as subgenera, but Eucoptocnemis and Manruta obviously stand out from all the pre- ceding and somewhat from each other, and should no doubt be kept as good genera, or combined with Tripseuxoa and each other. In group II, Pareuxoa lineifera stands entirely by itself. It certainly has little or nothing to do with true Euxoa, which is a homogeneous enough type, and so I am giving it a distinctive generic name. Stenagrotis, which is unknown to me, may be re- lated. There is no obvious reason for making a smaller or larger number of genera out of the remainder. Ochropleura is central and shows close links to all, even to the preceding and following groups, but the rudimentary lower fork of the clasp er is most nearly matched in Protogygia. Euagrotis is very close to Anicla, and both are connected closely to Hemieuxoa by South American species discussed in the appendix. Hemieuxoa, Periclroma and Diarsia make another group, marked, for instance, by the Hadenid neck and more normally forked clasper. Pseudorthosia, Richia, Pseudoglaea and Mesogona have the best claim for generic status. The group as a whole is interesting in distribution, having a most primitive South American group, with Peridroma, Hemieuxoa and Anicla ; the holarctic Diarsia, perhaps a little more at home in Europe than North America, the wide-spread Ochropleura, palae- 7 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. i arctic Mesogona, ancl endemic North American Bichia and Pseuclo- glaea. P. margaritosa, perhaps the most primitive of all, is now world-wide, though possibly most at home in South America, as the Chilean segregate, P. semifusca, would hint. While group II is heterogeneous, and the difficulty is to decide what groups to combine, group III is extremely homogeneous, and the trouble is where to make a cleavage at all ; in fact, except for a few aberrant types there is a temptation to leave groups III and IV undivided. Protexarnis may be set aside at the start, it really deserves a group to itself, and shows several primitive characters more normal in group II, such as the digitus, double clasp er and bearded uncus ; it is certainly a relict. Ammoconia is also a little aberrant, but the rest can at most be divided into two lots, with a good deal of embarrassment in drawing the boundary. I have drawn the chart on the assumption that Lycophotia to Hiptelia make one genus, and Pseudoseptis to Setagrotis another, but the two are massively connected, and even group IV joins on through Pachnobia and Hiptelia. Traditionally this series is cleaved by the presence or absence of spines on the fore tibia, but Noctua baja gives warning of the danger, as it is intermediate alike in tibial spining, appearance, and even in caterpillar. For the caterpillar resembles Bhynchagrotis barnesi even in habits, being a notorious climbing cutworm; and other species of Noctua also are identical with Bhynchagrotis even in markings. The yellow-winged European genera all come in this group (ex- cept Cyrebia , which is not a true Agrotid), but they are not at all close to each other, Triphaena ( pronuba ) going definitely with Noctua, while the other three group loosely about Bhynchagrotis. I believe the cause for these yellow Trifidae must be sought in some special past ecological factor in the Palearctic zone, and not a com- mon origin. The fact that they are limited to the Old World, ex- cept for a few modern stragglers, is curious. Group IV is plainly homogeneous, and hardly needs more than a single genus ; in fact we might add Hiptelia and Pachnobia and reconstitute the old genus Pachnobia of Smith et at., with very little violence. Choephora definitely belongs in this series, as Hampson has already placed it; but typical Epipsilia ( latens and grisescens) stands apart, and Hampson ’s name cannot be used. Tricliosilia has already been placed in group I, where it makes just about a good subgenus, and the hairy-eyed Pachnobias are cer- tainly not to be separated from okakensis ; but I believe the remain- der are not true Agrotines. The four genera with dense hair 8 June, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ( Trichorthosia , Mimobarathra, Trichofeltia and Trichagrotis) have some very distinctive characters, which reappear in the Poliinae, and no doubt that is where they belong-. I believe now that Tricliortliosia and Trichagrotis are mere variants of Eriopyga, to which their pattern also connects them, but Mimobarathra comes closer to Barathra itself, and Trichofeltia has no immediately obvi- ous connection. Perhaps a fuller study of the hairy-eyed series will put these genera in their proper places. The male of Trichagrotis is of course unknown, but the female only differs in the spining of the fore tibia from Trichorthosia, and the pattern is identical. McDunnough’s figure of Trichorthosia is incomplete; in fact the form has a triangular sacculus and exaggerated Hadenicl neck, its genitalia being of a perfectly normal “Poliine” type (fig. 10). The Anytus group are also wholly outside the Agrotine series, and will no doubt take their place when the “ Acronyctinae” are analyzed. Anytus and Fishia certainly have something in com- mon; Cyrebia has the socii of Anytus exaggerated, but Ufeus will probably attach to another group of Acronyctinae. The generic list then may run somewhat as follows : Group I Agrotis (with Chorizagrotis, Euxoa, Mesembreuxoa, Feltia, Ony- chagrotis, Pr or agrotis, Loxagrotis and perhaps Trichosilia ) Eucoptocnemis (with Tripseuxoa and Manruta) Group II Par euxoa (“Euxoa” lineifera ) Pseudorthosia Richia Pseudoglaea Ocliropleura (with Protogygiat) Mesogona Anicla (with Euagrotis) P eridroma (with Hemieuxoa and Diarsia) Group III Protexarnis Noctua (with Lycophotia, Heptagrotis, Eugraphe, Caradrina, Clier- sotis, Epipsilia, Triphaena, Graphipliora, Pachnobia and Hiptelia) Ammoconia Eurois (with Pseudoseptis, Actebia, Naenia, Anaplectoides, Hemi- grapliiphora, Eueretagrotis, Anomogyna, Spaelotis, Aplec- toides, Lampra, Euschesis, Pronoctua, Rhynchagrotis, 9 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. i Cryptocala, Abagrotis, Protolampra, Adelphagrotis , Pseudo- spaelotis and Setagroiis) Group IV Cerastis (with Metalepsis, S ora, Choephora, Paradiarsia and H emipachnobia) Group V (not Agrotine) Trichorthosia (with Trichagrotis ?) Mim oh arathra Trichofeltia Group VI (not Agrotine) Anytus, Fishia, TJfeus, Cyrebia, etc. In the following definitions of the groups, the word “usually” must be taken as applied to every character, as no one character seems stable in any case, unless the presence of dense hair on the eyes in group V. Group I : Front modified, antennae subserrate and fas- ciculate to pectinate, vestiture mixed, fore tibia with strong spines or terminal claws, mid and hind tarsi with upper spines; valve with normal corona, clasp er longitudinal (or a little oblique) or forked; costa normally thickened, the thickening ending abruptly at the clasp er, but not irregular in shape ; juxta unarmed, uncus heavily bearded and clavus often present. Larva so far as known rough-skinned. The chief exceptions are : front smooth in Eucoptocnemis, which has the strongest tibial claws of all; antenna most nearly simple in Chorizagrotis, Loxagrotis and Proragrotis ; vestiture hairy in Manruta and a few Euxoas ( host (mien - sis) ; costal chitinization absent in Proragrotis and Eucop- tocnemis, and weak in a few others; uncus not tufted in Proragrotis and weakly in Loxagrotis and Manruta. Group II : Front smooth ; antenna subserrate and fas- ciculate, or usually simple, vestiture mixed, fore tibia with moderate spining, hind tarsus without upper spines; geni- talia with corona present, clasper usually longitudinal or divided, juxta frequently with a spine; uncus normally tufted and clavus normally present; digitus often present; hadenid neck frequent. The chief exceptions are : front very rough and promi- nent in Pseudorthosia, with raised ring in Pareuxoa, rough in Mesogona and Protogygia; antenna almost pectinate in Pareuxoa; vestiture hairy in Pseudorthosia and Pseudoglaea and mostly hairy in a few others; hind tarsus with upper spines in Richia and Pseudorthosia, but fore tibia un- 10 June, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA armed in Pseudoglaea ; corona absent in Pseudorthosia and Pareuxoa. Group III : Front smooth, antenna simple or fasciculate ; vestiture mixed ; fore tibial and hind tarsal spining variable ; corona rudimentary or absent; lower fork of clasper fre- quently developed as a pollex, never normally developed; Sacculus more or less inflated, frequently modified more or less uncus with rudimentary tufting or none. The chief exceptions are front a little rough in Cara - drina, antenna pectinate in Hiptelia, some species of Noctua, Anomogyna, etc., vestiture hairy in Pachnobia and nearly so in Hiptelia ; a diffuse corona in Noctua and Ammo coma, tuft on uncus strong in Ammoconia, Actebia, and a few of the last subgenera, also apparently in Aplectoides ; clavus pres- ent in Eurois only. Group IV : Eyes always lashed, though often feebly ; front smooth ; antenna serrate or pectinate, weakly only in Cerastis; vestiture wholly or almost wholly of hair, often with a few flattened hairs and rarely with scattered spatu- late hairs; corona absent; clasper longitudinal or oblique, rarely very weak; juxta often with a spine; tuft on uncus weak or absent, and spines on fore tibia never strong, often absent; clavus absent. Group V : Eyes strongly hairy and more or less lashed ; front smooth, antenna subserrate to pectinate; fore tibia with rudimentary spines or none, and hind tarsus without upper spines ; corona present, sometimes rudimentary, digi- tus present, heavily cliitinized, and associated at base with clasper (perhaps a homologue of the true clasper rather than a real digitus) ; penis with numerous separate spines. If we ignore the numerous exceptions we may key the groups as follows : 1. Eyes strongly hairy, digitus associated with clasper ; penis with numerous spines Group V Eyes naked or with rudimentary hair, digitus well separated when present ; penis with a single spine or scobinate patch ...2 2. Corona normal, uncus tufted, clavus present 3 Corona absent, uncus with scattered hair, clavus absent 4 3. Front rough or modified, antenna serrate or pectinate, fore tibia with strong armature; hind tarsus with upper spines. Group I Front smooth, antenna simple, fore tibia weakly spined and hind tarsus without upper spines Group II 4. Vestiture hairy, antenna pectinated Group IY Vestitute mixed, antenna simple Group III 11 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. i Remarks on Certain Genera and Species Chorizagrotis. This genus has no really significant difference from Euxoa, even the clasper differing only in proportions, not at all in type. Protexarnis balinitis, which Smith put in Chorizagrotis, and McDunnough put immediately after, is really highly aberrant. Its digitus points to group II, the inflated sacculus more definitely to group III, of which it is perhaps an aberrant member. Mesembr euxoa. Practically a synonym of Agrotis. A well- marked group of Agrotini in South America, apparently distinct in origin from the primitive forms in group II. The transverse ridge on the front, used by Hampson to define the genus is meaning- less, like the vertical ridge which he reports for Feltia. Loxagrotis seems the most generalized member of group I. There would seem to be a real connection with Protogygia of group II and to the South American Hemieuxoas. This is the main part of the genus which Smith called Rhizagrotis. Trichosilia is hardly distinct from Loxagrotis. The hair on the eyes is weak, and similar to that in Pachnohia. Eucoptocnemis seems as isolated on full study as it has always been. The smooth front is unique in the Agrotis series, to which the genitalic characters attach it safely. The fossorial tibia is only matched in the Heliotliids, but other characters are entirely different, and I think it is merely a case of parallelism. The only relatives of Eucoptocnemis are Manruta, which has the same fos- sorial tibia and weak tongue, and looks a little like Eucoptocnemis, but differs clearly enough in the rough front, hairy vestiture, obso- lescent corona, etc., and the South American Tripseuxoa, which is intermediate, but side-specialized. Par euxoa lineifera has nothing in common with the real species of Euxoa, and no doubt its fossorial fore leg and modified front are a parallel adaptation for emergence from sun-baked desert soil, such as occurs in many other groups. Leaving these out of account, the affinities are plainly with group II, but there is a beautiful com- posite of primitive and side-specialized characters. I believe it represents a group that arrived early in South America before the two big modern groups of Agrotini were formed, and has survived and multiplied there. Temperate South America has a number of aberrant forms which may be related, including one or two transitional to Hemieuxoa, Pseudorthosia, Richia and Pseudoglaea are plainly synthetic forms ; Ricliia lies almost exactly intermediate between groups I and II, and the main reason for putting it in group II is the greater 12 June, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA heterogeneity of that group, which receives an aberrant form with less disturbance ; Pseudovthosia also tends to link with groups III and IV, and is an offshoot from far down in the evolution of the tribe; the superficial special likeness of Pseudoglaea to Mesogona is hardly carried out in more important characters. My belief is that McDunnough has these genera badly misplaced, especially Pseudoglaea, whose genitalic characters are utterly unlike those of the Bhynchagrotis series. The numerous spines on the penis, how- ever, are shared by Euevetagvotis alone. Ochropleura. The peculiar rudimentary spine on the lower margin of the valve gives the clew to the pollex, as it is clearly homologous with both the lower lobe of the clasp er of Euxoa or Hemieuxoa, and with the pollex of Noctua (Gvaphiphova) . Protogygia also shows the same stage of development, and there is something like it in Pseudospaelotis, while Euagvotis has preserved the supporting chitinization without the free point. In this series McDunnough has an entirely different grouping, interlarding Actebia, Spaelotis and Envois from my group III, and even the American members of group IV. Of these Envois and Actebia seem really to lean to group II, but I cannot see the connection of Metalepsis and Cevastis, H emipachnobia and Paradiavsia at all. Ochvopleuva is a peculiarly synthetic type, as the large number of close resemblances to other genera (small white squares in the table) will show, and is curiously distributed, with endemic species both in Europe and South America. P evidvoma mavgavitosa has the distinction of having more primi- tive characters or characters shared with the presumably ancestral Acronyctinae than any other species of the group (unless the South American Hemieuxoa polymovpha) ; in fact there is not a single character that I can definitely label specialized. The shape of the apex of the valve and the position of the digitus are specially Acronyctine characters. A pviovi it would be an open question whether the diffuse weak spining on the tibiae, as in P evidvoma, or the unarmed fore tibia of Bhynchagvotis, etc., were primitive, but I think the fact that P evidvoma is an isolated type, in a group largely of odd forms, while Bhynchagrotis is typical of a large and dominant modern group, is pretty conclusive. Pvotexavnis ( Chovizagvotis balinitis) is put by McDunnough immediately next to Chovizagvotis. The form of the clasper is the same, but every other character points to a wide separation from Chovizagvotis ; in particular the digitus indicates a much more primitive form. The position at the head of group III is rather 13 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. i arbitrary, but it shares more characters with members of this group than any other ; its affinities are widely scattered, and presumably it represents a side-specialization from the ancestor of the group. The digitus has otherwise disappeared from group III (except for a rudiment in Ammoconia ) but its presence in Metalepsis, which derives from group III, is a further indication that the group originally had it. Group III. The order of genera in group III is more arbitrary than elsewhere in the list, and would be changed by small changes in weighting of characters. The whole group are extremely closely related, and could well be left a single genus, but the separation into a Grapliiphora series and a Bhynchagrotis series appears to be natural. Some links are obvious, as between Caradrina, Clier- sotis and Epipsilia, but others may be parallelism, as between Lycophotia and Heptagrotis, in fact the peculiar type of valve would connect Lycophotia with Epipsilia. Eugraplie is unusual, in having upper spines on the mid- metatarsus only. Envois shows some resemblance to groups I and II, especially in having a well developed clavus ; it may be ancestral. Actebia has the spining of the tibia stronger than usual, and suggests a connection with Agrotis. It has a normally smooth caterpillar, unlike group I. Lampra fimbria has an unique reduced and malformed, trilobed uncus; otherwise it agrees with Noctua {Grapliiphora) . The cater- pillar is the wedge-marked type of this group rather than the striped type usual in group II, but does not discriminate between the subgroups. Lampra has the spined fore tibia of Noctua, while Triphaena shows the unarmed tibia of Bhynchagrotis ; they also differ in genitalia, Triphaena having the curious thin transverse clasper normal in the Bhynchagrotis series. Pachnobia and Hiptelia, which is certainly very close (not Orthosid), could nearly as well, perhaps better be put in the fourth group, but Pachnobia seems directly connected with Noctua also. Chersotis, which contains species which have also much in common, seems to have gone off in another direction, in the extreme develop- ment of the sacculus. Chersotis also has lashes on the scape of the antenna (not true lashes on the front) and an unique spine on the penis. Noctua ( Grapliiphora ) has a curious development of the juxta, differing from species to species. In c-nigrum it is scobinate, while in N. ( Lytaea ) umbrosa it has a double spine. The caterpillars of 14 June, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA this genus are well known for their paired blackish subdorsal patches, but really this pattern tends to appear in any part of group III, and is striking, e.g., in Triphaena, Lampra, Bhyncha- grotis, Spaelotis ; group II tends rather to be striped. Naenia. This is the genus which strict constructionists would make Noctua, or even Phalaena, as it contains the species named typica by Linnaeus. While a little exaggerated in appearance it is really very close to triangulum, the traditional type, so that the change would not be very violent after all. The most striking dif- ference is the heavy tufting, but larva as well as genitalia place it in this group. It seems very close to Anaplectoides ( pressa ). Group IV. Paradiarsia and Hemipachnobia go together, and stand a little apart from the rest, but hardly make what would normally be called a distinct genus. If a character is wanted to separate them the presence of upper spines on the hind metatarsus will serve. S ora has an unique bundle of long spines in the penis, and Cerastis a spinose gnathos, which are unique in the tribe, but probably hardly more than specific in significance. Group V. Mimobarathra. The appearance and heavy tufting suggest Barathra. The uncus is obsolete, fore tibial epiphysis modi- fied and tarsus spinecl. The type of digitus is much more to be ex- pected in the hairy eyed series, and the multiple spining on the penis is very rare in the Agrotini. Trichorthosia. McDunnough’s figure is incomplete (see fig. 10). The form has a widened tip of the valve with Hadenid neck and corona, and the whole thing indicates close affinity to Eriopyga , where the pattern is absolutely normal. Trichagrotis. The female shows no very important differences from the preceding, and the markings are almost identical. I sus- pect the slightly stronger spining is not of generic value. Trichofeltia. It is one of the mysteries how this type ever came to be confused with Feltia, with which it has practically nothing in common. The genitalia suggest Trichorthosia, but are much more specialized, and no doubt it will find its place when the hairy- eyed groups are properly studied. Phylogeny An attempt was made to select the most probable ancestor of the group by making out a list of characters that were either obviously primitive, or common to some Agrotini and many Acronyctinae. Where there was doubt an intermediate condition was chosen. When this list was compared with the characters of 15 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. i the various genera it was found that Peridroma saucia came far nearer than any other genus, and that group II as a whole was nearer than any other group. This suggestion that group II is ancestral is confirmed by the fact it is more heterogeneous than the others, and that it has a large percent of isolated species. Evolu- tion within the group may be indicated by the survival of the various ancestral characters of Peridroma in other subg'enera and genera. Hemieuxoa and Diarsia are obviously immediate derivatives of Peridroma. At the next level comes Ochro pleura, which is appar- ently on another line, and from which Protogygia may be directly derived ; Euagrotis and Anicla make another line ; perhaps asso- ciated with the first. This little genealogy is perhaps as plausible as any (fig. 11). Group I is obviously derivable from group II, and the ancestor might be something much like Protogygia, but with better devel- oped clasper, more like Peridroma itself or Hemieuxoa; from this there must have arisen two main branches, one which kept the forked clasper, and the other which lost the lower branch. From some member of the latter (most probably Onychagrotis) arose Manruta and Eucoptocnemis, which have a good deal in common but have diverged in the front and many details. Presumably the Heliothidini, which have also the rough front and granulose cater- pillar, come from the stock of group I, and it is possible that Manruta may represent the line of connection, though I believe that the Heliothidini arose from near typical Agrotis. Heliothis lacks the clasper, but it is perfectly well formed in Bhodophora. Group III is on the whole so homogeneous that phytogeny has little meaning. Actebia, Naenia, Pseudospaelotis and Setagrotis on the whole resemble Peridroma in the most characters, and are no doubt primitive in their subgroups; Anaplectoides is also low, and shows resemblances to the widest range of genera. The mass of subgenera may be divided into a group that tend to strengthen the leg-spining and to develop a row of spines on the metatarsi ( Eurois , etc.,) and one that tend to weaken the spining and finally lose it wholly from the fore-tibia ( Bhynchagrotis , etc.). Lampra is curi- ous in combining both tendencies, and is uniquely specialized be- sides, but must have some connection with Noctua, while the other yellow- winged genera belong to the BJiynchagrotis group, where each is specialized in a different way. Pachnobia and Hiptelia are directly derived from something like Noctua, and in turn supply the point of origin of group IV. 16 June, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Group IV seems to be composed of two main subgroups, one with Paradiarsia and H emipachnobia, the other with Sora and Cerastis as relatively primitive members, from which Metalepsis and Choephora are separately derived. Summary The Agrotini as restricted by McDunnough may be divided into four main subgroups : a. Agrotis, etc., with corona, modified front, antenna and fore legs; and rough caterpillar. b. Peridroma , etc., with corona, smooth head, frequently modi- fied genitalia and smooth generally striped caterpillar. c. Noctua, etc., without corona or special body-modifications, but with a tendency to reduction; caterpillar smooth with subdorsal spots as a rule. d. Cerastis, derived from c, but with hairy vestiture. 2. The second group is primitive, Peridroma saucia being the most primitive species ; the dominant 1st and 3rd groups are sepa- rately derived from it. 3. Cyrebia, Trichofeltia, Mimobarathra, Trichorthosia and prob- ably Trichagrotis are not Agrotini, besides the genera rejected by McDunnough. Manruta is Agrotid. SUPPLEMENT ON SOME SOUTH AMERICAN TYPES, INCLUDING NEW NAMES It has been assumed in the preceding that McDunnough ’s re- vision supplies most of the information necessary for the discussion of the North American forms, which have been supplemented by figures of a few European types not figured by Pierce. In the case of the South American fauna nothing has been published on their genitalia and little on their classification otherwise, so a little more detailed information is in order. The following notes include only perhaps half of the known South American Agrotids, but are suffi- cient to give a clear picture of the general character of the fauna. A large proportion of the remainder are represented only by speci- mens in the British Museum. They have not been studied with care, but their general appearance suggests that they will fall into the same groups, though they may add some further variety of structure. The most striking feature is that the third group, domi- nant in the northern hemisphere, seems entirely unknown from 17 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. i South America, and the fourth group, which is a segregate of it, is also absent. Generic terms are used in a more inclusive sense than by Mc- Dunnough, treating McDunnough’s genera as subgenera, as dis- cussed above. Agrotis Ochsenheimer (type Phalaena segetum Scliiff.) Antennae varying from nearly simple to pectinate, most typi- cally heavily serrate and fasciculate. Front rough and rounded out, except in the North Temperate race of A. ypsilon, and A. genictdata; frequently with a raised ring, which may contain unstable traces of further structures. Tongue strong. Fore tibia with heavy specialized spines supplemented with spines on the tarsus in A. orestica, new species ; mid and hind tarsi with upper spines; uncus heavily bearded, normal; valve with corona and simple curved clasper, without digitus or pollex, or costal or dorsal modifications ; clavus variable in size, sometimes minute, but never absent. Penis unarmed or with a simple small scobinate patch or a minute spine. In this conception I include Feltia and Mesembreuxoa, of the genera reported from the South American fauna, the frontal ridges which Hampson uses for their differentiation being inconstant acci- dents of development of the area within the chitinized ring. Of the genera not yet known from South America, Loxagrotis, Onyclia- grotis, Porosagrotis and Proragrotis are very close and should prob- ably be included; Euxoa with Chorizagrotis differs in the more complete forked clasper, but is really hardly distinct. The most convenient subdivision3 is by the male antenna, which varies from plumose ( fasicola ) to nearly simple ( orestica ) ; small differences in the genitalia, such as the armature of the penis, may be really more important, but the group is genitalically very uniform. Only A. orestica, new species, in more aberrant in lacking the corona and having enlarged spines on the fore tarsus. It has the minute single cornutus of typical Feltia. 3 A tabulation of the species indicates that the strength of the clasper is perhaps a more important character to divide Agrotis. In A. annexa, bilitura and fasicola, as well as the North American herelis group it is strong, while in malefida and experta, with the North American venerabilis, vetusta and volubilis, the wide-spread ypsilon and the European segetum, it is much weaker. A. edmondsi shows a very weak clasper, thus differing from fasicola, while orestica has an exceptionally strong one. June, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA * Antenna pectinate A. fasicola Dyar. My specimen is compared with the type, and seems to differ only in the much better condition. It is much like M. chilensis but much larger. The vertical ridge on the front fails as a character, and these two species will run in Hampson’s keys to lutescens and araucaria, from which they differ by the strongly developed black wedges before the s. t. line. A. edmondsi is really closer, but has contrasting pale veins (not white but light clay color). Male genitalia (fig. 1) with clasper larger in proportion to the valve than in the majority of species, and clavus minute. No cornuti. A. edmondsii Butl. Closely similar to the last in pattern, ex- cept that the veins are broadly streaked with cream or clay color. Antenna hardly as broad, but broader than in ypsilon. Genitalia with short clasper (fig. 2), slenderer valve than usual and obsolete clavus. Penis with a small scobinate patch as in A segetum, experta, etc. A. edmondsii Butl. Closely similar to the last in pattern, ex- in all its forms by the small black wedge at the outer side of the reniform. Otherwise some specimens may show a remarkable re- semblance to annexa, even with traces of its sexual dimorphism. Chilean specimens (A. y. robusta Blanch.) are very large and pale and have a strongly roughened and rounded front, while northern specimens, unlike most species of Agrotis, are smooth. The form from Lima, Peru, is normal in pattern and coloring, but shows traces of the rough front. Male genitalia similar in Europe, North America and Chile; figured by Pierce, Genitalia of British Noctuidae, PI. 16, under the name of suffusa. Clavus small but distinct, clasper small, as in edmondsii; penis with scobinate patch. Hampson puts A. araucaria, coquimbensis and americana in this group. None of these are at hand. ** Antennae strongly serrate and fasciculate A. annexa Treit. The antennal serrations in this species are very strong, and the female is strikingly darker than the male ; the relationship with ypsilon is certainly close. My specimens from Lima vary widely. The largest agrees with my notes on lutescens in the B. M., being large, with a heavy blackish shade below the base of the cell, and another from the end of the cell to the st. line. A small specimen (fig. 15) on the other hand has no traces of the two shades but only a slight basal dash and a very slender bar be- 19 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. i tween the orbicular and reniform, which are small but strikingly outlined with black. Others are intermediate and much like North American males. The female associated with lutescens in the B. M. is much paler than others and not much darker than the male.4 Male genitalia (fig. 14) with medium sized clasper, a little larger in proportion in the pauperized specimen (fig. 15), apex of valve a little extended costally but less than in malefida, strong slender clavus and unarmed penis.5 A. malefida Guen. This is one of the few Agroticls that are found in the Brazilian subregion, but apparently is less at home there than margaritosa and especially infecta. My male from Lima is paler and more crisply marked than normal ones and the females are much darker with obsolescent markings. The male resembles A. canities, but differs in having distinct subterminal black dashes between the veins, and (perhaps not always) in the solid black claviform. The female is hardly distinguishable from the blackish female of experta, which is common also at Lima, but malefida can generally be separated by the t. a. line, which loops out more than half way to the t. p. below vein A. The genitalia of A. malefida (fig. 17) seem indistinguishable from experta. A. experta Wlk. This is the common Agrotis at Lima, my specimens being taken at street lights in the city at the beginning of the rainy (or rather misty) season; May 15-21, 1920. The type were from Callao, only 7 miles away. This species is distinguished latter extremely variable in form, from a small circle to a long by its plainness; the ren. and orb. usually dark smudges, but the fusiform shape connecting with the ren. Specimens of both show the same genitalia. It agrees with malefida in genitalia, and in most pattern features, except for the vagueness of all markings, and with the local strain of malefida also in the sexual dimorphism, the female being blackish and the male light ash gray. It differs in the t. a. line, which is not strongly waved and not specially extended 4 Note that by some accident Hampson entered lutescens twice, as an independent species of Euxoa, and as a synonym of annexa. 5 Just here there is some tendency to preserve the digitus, as in the North American genus Richia, which may be related. In one specimen of annexa from Lima agreeing with form lutescens, there is a distinct trace as a chitinized prominence ; another pauperized specimen does not show a trace. In a North American specimen there is a just traceable rudiment, while in a closely related, but apparently undescribed species from the Argentine the digitus is well formed (fig. 16). 20 June, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA below the cell. The genitalia (fig. 5) are as in malefida, with the apex strongly extended costally, moderate clasp er, and small scob- inate patch on the penis, A. canities Hamp. (Grote ms.) was examined superficially at the British Museum. It differs from both these species in having no trace of subterminal black dashes, otherwise it might be a form of either, showing the general lack of contrasts of experta, with the course of the t. a. line of malefida. The ren. was round, but the Lima series of experta throws suspicion on this character. A. bilitura Guen. This species shows remarkably little really deseribable to separate it from annexa. The antenna is perhaps a little less serrate, the moth larger and heavier, not sexually di- morphic, but with identical markings. The best difference is per- haps the terminal area, which is luteous in annexa (concolorous with the lower median area in the male, but contrasting in the female) while in bilitura it is concolorous fuscous in both sexes. My specimens are from Lima, Peru, the types were from Chile. The male genitalia (fig. 6) have broader and more massive valves than the other species; clasper medium, clavus very strong and penis unarmed. “Euxoa” hispidula Guen. was not examined, it must be very close. *** Antennae simple, fasciculate A. orestica new species. Male antennae simple, but heavily bif asciculate ; front rough and rounded out, with a diffuse ring; eyes naked, with rudimentary lashes; thorax with mixed vestiture, largely spatulate, with rather divided tufts; palpus with second segment widened to end, but not: really clavate. Fore tibia with moderate spines, mid and hind tarsi with subdorsal series of spines; tarsal spines as a whole rather stronger than usual, especially on outer side of fore metatarsus. Male genitalia (fig. 20) with outer part of valve aborted, without corona, clasper large and simple,, longitudinal, costa with abrupt end to thickening, no speciaL modifications ; uncus broad and heavily bearded ; juxta simple, clavus very large; penis with heavily chitinizecL margin and both a minute spine and diffuse scobinate patch. Dull fuscous. Head blackish, with lower face fuscous;, palpi blackish, with luteous hair-scales on lower edge and tip of second segment, and luteous inner face ; antenna with, contrasting cream scape ; shaft above annulate with luteous and blackish, the base nearly solid blackish, and outer part be- coming mainly luteous. Thorax with basal half of collar black, contrasting, the rest frosted with fine white scale- 21 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. i tips. Abdomen lighter, and with a little warmer yellowish or huffy tint above. Fore wing mostly vaguely shaded, costa paler down to below cell toward base, defined below by a dif- fuse but contrasting black basal dash ; subapically also black- ish, ending abruptly at the position of the st. line; a faint darker t. shading opposite cell. B. 1. a conspicuous double blackish stria at costal edge, and showing again as a contrast- ing luteous oblique bar across the basal dash • t. a. also show- ing as a double costal stria and oblique bar across tip of basal dash ; the basal line oblique in, the t. a. oblique out. T. a. also faintly traceable the rest of the way, waved, and extended out below A. Claviform obsolete; orb. a pale Y, open widely to costa; ren. a vague pale shade, a little more defined on its inner side ; t. p. and st. pale, defined with dark, only visible in a favorable light; the t. p. excurved moderately, most strongly over M2 and M3 ; abruptly offset far in at costa, on lower half of wing lunulate, with two lunules in fold; st. extended half way to mar- gin opposite cell, dentate below. A fine faint broken black- ish t. line. Fringe with three paler and darker fuscous stripes, the extreme base palest. Hind wing translucent white, with a little infuscation on margin, on veins toward margin, and especially on the long hair at inner margin. Expanse 40 mm. Matucana, Peru, on west slope of the Andes; June 16, 1914. H. S. Parish; type male in Cornell University collection and one paratype, type no. 1242. This species may go in the subgenus Porosagrotis but is dis- tinguished by the loss of the corona. I do not know any other species that belongs with it; they may be found in Hampson’s last group of Euxoa ( e.g ., cleiducha) or Feltia ( clerica ). Euxoa Hubner ( Carneades Grote) (type nivens Hubner) Similar to Agrotis. Clasper deeply bifurcate. I have no authentic record of the occurrence of this genus (in the sense of Grote, Smith, McDunnough and North American work- ers generally) in South America, though I have a single female from Oroya, Peru, that appears to belong to it. Most of the Hamp- son species examined belong to typical Agrotis, — in fact, he even includes segetum, the type of Agrotis, in Euxoa. E. lineifera is a very distinct type, and does not even belong to this group. Sev- eral species have nbt been examined for genitalic characters, and where not very close to known species cannot therefore be placed. 22 June, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Tripseuxoa Hampson (type T. strigata Hampson) Showing the principal characters of group I. Tongue weak, front rough and rounded out ; eyes naked with rudimentary lashes ; antenna pectinate ; vestiture fine but mixed with hair and flattened hair ; tarsi without upper spines, fore tibiae spinecl. Thorax smooth. Male genitalia (fig. 21) without corona, clasper simple, oblique; no other modifications. Uncus bearded (modified). The genus is distinct enough to be kept separate from Agrotis, but could be legitimately treated as a subgenus of the North American Eu- coptocnemis, with ManriUa. The differences are numerous but not important, the chief being the weaker spining of the fore tibia as reported by Hampson (lost in my species) and loss of the corona. The latter character is paralleled by the preceding species of Agrotis, and in both cases accompanies a reduction of the whole end of the valve (unlike the Noctua group). Eucoptocnemis and Manruta also have a reduced corona, though it is recognizable. T. carneata new species, Light flesh color. Head and thorax dulled by fine white and blackish dusting. Palpi hairy, regularly tapering to- ward tip of second joint, blackish on outer side. Fore wing with the flesh tint intensified toward margins, very lightly flecked with scattered fuscous scales. Ordinary lines absent, all markings being of spots. T. a. represented by obscure dashes on Cu and A ; orb a dot ; ren. a vertical bar, with a suggestion of division into two thick spots ; t. p. a series of dots, parallel to outer margin; five of the dots (R5 and Mx, M3 and Cu-l, A) stronger, and those above R3 absent. Outer margin with a little more blackish dusting, but no 1. 1. Hind wing white, less transparent than in most South American Agrotids, R and Mx strongly stalked (as also in T. strigata, but unlike most Agrotinae). 27 mm. Lassance, Minas, Brazil, Nov. 15, 1919, R. G. Harris. Type in coll. Cornell Univ. Type no. 1243. This completes the first Agrotis group. The second seems much more characteristic of the Chilean subregion, being relatively richer there than elsewhere, and as remarked is probably more or less a group of relicts. The only principal type of the group absent from South America is the Holarctic Diarsia, which has the distribution of the third group and approaches it in structure. No South Amer- ican Ochropleura is at hand, but vibora must certainly belong to it. 23 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. i The most striking characters of the group are the preservation of the digitus and Hadenid neck, but the forms are varied, and many have lost one or the other. Where in the Agrotis group it is difficult to find distinctions good enough for species, in this group each species examined (outside of Diarsia) is almost distinct enough for a genus. For the present, Peridroma, which seems to be the oldest name, will be used in an inclusive sense. Peridroma ( Peridroma ) margaritosa Haw. (figs. 22, 30). This is an isolated species, worthy of a subgenus, and possibly a genus. The genitalia are figured by Pierce, pi. 18 (as saucia), also the valve and clasper in Smith, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 38, PI. 3, fig. 29. A specimen from Lima is typical in markings and structure, but it is possible that genitalic examination may show the Chilean P. semi- fusca is distinct. P. ochronota is a mere color form, present also in North America. In any case the species is closer to the South American Hemieuxoa complex than any other, and has probably spread in modern times from South America. The next few species would belong to Hemieuxoa of McDun- nough, or are transitional to Anicla, having the appearance of Anicla without its unique genitalic features. The first few species have a digitus, like typical Peridroma, though it is very small in H. rudens, and was overlooked by McDunnough, while the last two, which superficially resemble Anicla >, have also lost the digitus. Euagrotis McD. also belongs to this immediate group. P. ( Hemieuxoa ) rudens Harv. (figs. 23, 33) . This species is from North America, and is figured to show the small digitus, overlooked by McDunnough. This is the most specialized species, with the deeply forked clasper and lobed saccus. The penis has two spines. McDunnough ’s assumption that rudens and pellucidalis are di- morphic forms is confirmed by the presence of parallel dimorphic forms of the Lima species described below. P. ( H .) conchidia Btl. Through the kindness of Mr. Tams, I am able to figure a specimen from the British Museum, of the type lot (figs. 24, 32). The fork of the clasper is short, and terminal, the digitus is much stronger, and the lobing of the sacculus is over- shadowed by a great widening of the base of the clasper. The con- spicuous part of the clasper in this and the following species is the morphological equivalent of the true clasper as distinct from the ampulla, corresponding to the lower fork of the clasper in Euxoa and Chorizagrotis, and the bluntly rounded lower lobe in Peridroma proper, in rudens and microstigma it is the ampulla. Penis with 2 spines. I have seen only the type lot of this species, which resem- 24 June, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA bles the following remarkably in superficial characters. No speci- mens with black in the cell are known. P. (H.) polymorpha new species. Closely similar to P. (H.) conchidia, but duller, and without the yellowish shading beyond the cell and in the sub- medial region, etc. Dull fuscous, with scattered black scales, and faintly mottled in lighter and darker shades. Head and thorax concolorous but heavily frosted with fine white scale-tips. Antennae with shaft darker and scape paler. Fore wing with the veins a little brownish, and more flecked with black and white, but not at all contrasting. Ordinary lines double, blackish, waved and interrupted on veins, varying from distinct to practically obsolete. Basal line of lunules at costa and below cell, apparently less ob- lique than in conchidia ; antemedial regularly waved; post- medial sinuous out beyond cell and concave below, normal, usually very faint; subterminal irregular, pale and inter- rupted, sometimes obsolete ; with a dark shade at costa before it, and with more or less of a dark shade opposite cell be- yond, sometimes just crossing the line, and often obsolete; t. sp. sometimes more diffusely dark, or with a separate weaker dark shade at anal angle. T. line black, broken into dots between veins, and a gray line in fringe broken into dots opposite veins. Orb. small, round, dark gray, sometimes contrasting, encircled with luteous mixed with bright buff scales, and then with blackish, reniform similar, blunt kid- ney-shaped, extended at lower angle, usually similarly out- lined except at the lower outer extension, which is plain. Hind wing translucent white ; shaded broadly toward margin with light fuscous, and with light fuscous veins. 28-33 mm. The species is highly variable and shows the same dimorphism as H. rudens. In two specimens the tegulae and costal portion of the fore wing are heavily infuscated except for the pale apex, as in P. margaritosa f. ochronota; in two there is a slender black basal dash and bar connecting the orb. and ren. along the lower edge of the cell, and a narrow black stripe on the collar, in one the basal dash is heavy, the black in the cell takes the form of thick spots both before the orb. and beyond it, and the bar on the collar is heavy. This last corresponds to the rudens form of H. rudens. In this specimen the usual transverse markings are almost lost. Male genitalia (figs. 23, 31) substantially smaller in proportion to the size of the moth than in the other species examined ; uncus with a little double tuft of terminal spines; valve with hadenid neck 25 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. i strong, much broadened at the end with corona of only about 8 spines toward its costal side; lobe of sacculus rounded over, not prominent; clasper extremely modified, the costal lobe (the one which is forked in rudens ) reduced to a short blunt prong, but the dorsal one much enlarged and scoop-shaped, with concavely trun- cate end ; digitus weak, though larger than in rudens, and overlap- ping costal edge of valve ; juxta unarmed, penis with a single strong spine. The lower prong of the clasper is usually visible without dis- section and identifies the species immediately. Desert side of western Peru. Type male from Lima, May 14, 1920, at light in city, in coll. Cornell Univ., type no. 1244; para- types from same lot and till May 21 ; also from Chosica, May 25, and Matucana, May 12; the specimen with dark costa was taken at Lima, May 19, the two forms with black in the cell also at Lima, May 20. This is the commonest agrotid moth of the area, and we also have it from H. S. Parish, collected at Lima in 1914. P. (H.) microstigma Schs. This species has been seen only in the fully marked rudens- like form. The male genitalia (figs. 26, 34) are again quite unlike the other species in the form of the clasper, the upper lobe being slender, oblique and simple, and the lower represented only by a bluntly pointed extension of the whole clasper ; sacculus with a hairy lobe on its dorsal edge ; corona nearly lost, the hadenid neck nearly lost, and dorsal lobing in the sacculus completely smoothed out, digitus very large, nearly reach- ing tip of valve, uncus long and slender, and penis with four spines. P. (H.t) messia Guen. This species, which superficially can hardly be separated from infecta, is entirely different in details of genitalia (figs. 27, 35), in fact is as close to Ilemieuxoa as to Anicla. The little tuft of spines on the tip ,of the uncus suggest Hemieuxoa and the hadenid neck is well formed, but the digitus is absent, being replaced by a slight chitinization on the surface of the valve, which is found in various other forms; the clasper has a single free end, somewhat scoop-shaped and truncate, but from its attachment ob- viously distinct from the larger scoop of H. polymorpha. Penis with three spines. This species differs from Anicla infecta among other things, in the normal uncus, normally proportioned valve, with much stronger clasper, absence of the lobe on sacculus and loss of the clavus. In all but the last of these infecta is more special- ized. I have another species received as ferruginescens, which is probably correct, but lacks the black bar on the collar used by Hampson as a key character. Its genitalia are substantially as in 26 June, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA messia (figs. 28, 36), but the clasper is simpler and the corona weaker. P. ( Anicla ) infect a Ochs. Separate from all the preceding by the enormously exaggerated uncus and valves, but more primitive in preserving the clasper. The resemblance to Euagrotis, which is apparently purely North American, suggests that this species also may have originated in North America. South American specimens seem on the average less gray than northern ones, but the difference is only statistical, and there is no difference in the genitalia, which are figured by McDunnough, p. 42. Psaphara Walker Hampson sinks this genus to Epipsilia, a member of the third main group of Agrotinae. As McDunnough notes (p. 13) it has nothing in common with any of the northern types included in this conception, — it fact it belongs to group 2. It has a corona, hadenid neck, modified uncus, much as in P. margaritosa and P. ( Anicla ) infecta, and oblique clasper. The fore tibia is figured as simply spined (now missing from the type), tarsi with no upper row of spines, and antennae plumose. P. coppingeri , which is placed next to it by Hampson, is closely related, it seems, but the type has lost its legs; and it is likely that many or all the remaining South American “ Epipsilias” will belong here. It is a distinct subgenus of Peridroma or perhaps a distinct genus. Pareuxoa new genus (type Noctua lineifera Blanch.) Superficially with the structures of Euxoa, to the extent of having a raised ring on the front and serrate and fascicu- late antennae, but entirely different in appearance and geni- talic characters, in the latter definitely belonging to the sec- ong and not the first group of Agrotids, Eyes naked, with rudimentary lashes ; front with a raised ring; antenna heavily biserrate and fasciculate, vestiture smooth, hairy with a little flattened hair intermixed (unlike any true Euxoa known to me, the nearest being E. I wstoni- ensis, which has a mass of loose fluffy hair) ; fore tibia strongly spined, the longest spine about \ as long as the tibia ; mid and hind tarsi without upper spinules (unlike Euxoa). Male genitalia (fig 16) with corona absent and apical portion much reduced, the digitus very large and ex- tending well toward its tip ; clasper oblique with its dorsal base much swollen, costa thickened, but without abrupt end 27 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. i at base of clasper ; uncus flat, hairy, truncate but not modi- fied; tegumen with peniculi projecting as small free lobes; clavus absent, juxta with a central projection ending in a group of short heavy spines. The genus may be separated from Euxoa in Hampson’s arrange- ment by the smooth hairy vestiture and lack of upper spines on the tarsi ; in fact it belongs to group 2, from all the other types of which the combination of spined juxta and lack of corona will separate it. It has no close relatives known, and on a tabulation of characters seems to come closest to Mesogona and Pseudorthosia, with neither of which it has any true connection. NOTES ON. THE CLASPER In the preceding discussion I have followed the usual custom of using the term “clasper” in a somewhat inclusive sense. The mate- rial, in fact, gives a little clue to the true morphology of this group of structures. The clasper, in the broad sense, appears to be a definite appendage, or perhaps morphologically terminal segment of the valve, as is indicated by its independent muscle (fig. 24). This muscle always originates from inside the body-cavity, and sometimes, if not always, has fascicles also arising from the base of the valve, but both sets of fibres converge and are inserted at a single point, which is typically a separate selerite on the inner face of the valve. It would seem best to consider this selerite the true clasper, whether it is complex, as in many Noctuidae, or as in some Pieridae, is reduced to a mere chitinous rod. In the present group the primitive form appears to be a V-shaped chitinous base, to the notch of which the muscle is attached, and which terminates in two free processes. The more ventral normally continues the line of the muscle, and is the clasper proper (stippled in the series of diagrams, figs. 30 to 37) ; the more costal (solid black) is attached to the costal part of this base, and extends typically obliquely up and out. In this group it is similar in character, being a simple chitinous spike or hook, but in some Noctuidae it bears a tuft of bristles. Actually this is the structure called ampulla by Pierce. In the Agrotinae the two free processes are only occasionally both developed, as in P. ( Hemieuxoa ) polymorpha (fig. 31) and Euxoa , with Chorizagrotis. Occasionally the true clasper only is found ( H . conchidia , fig. 32), but it is much commoner for the true clasper to degenerate, as shown by the fact there is no projection opposite the muscle insertion, and then the ampulla to swing out 28 June, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ancl down, and take the function of the clasper ; — in which case it commonly gets the name of clasper as well, as in Agrotis and sev- eral genera related to it. It is interesting to note in following through the series of Diarsia, Ochropleum and Noctua, that in this series the true clasper has not degenerated directly, but has moved down to the edge of the valve, and then out toward the apex. By following out the series it is clear that the organ called “pollex” in the Noctua group is truly the clasper, while the organ that is considered the clasper, is morphologically the ampulla. Finally in a few species, the ampulla regains its character of a transverse hairy process, as shown by various species of Rhynchagrotis, and Triphaena pronuba (Pierce, Plate 15). Of course the line of development may be quite different in other subfamilies of the Noctuidae, some of which have a perfectly normal ampulla ( e.g ., Leucania turca, Pierce, pi. 6). The case of the hairy-eyed types is specially obscure (fig. 10), but my suspicion is that the more costal process, which has the muscular attachment is the true clasper, and the more ventral is either the ampulla which has passed under it, or more probably really the digitus. Postscript : Some additional material and study serves to round out certain points. Of the forms along the boundary, Timora and Adisura are normal Heliothines, but Copablepharon is very close to Agrotis, in fact hardly a subgenus. Actinotia shows a general Agrotine char- acter, but is generically distinct ; it has most of the characters of Anomogyna ; but with a well developed corona, and perhaps comes from the main stem of group 3. A number of further forms from South America were examined and most of them go to Hemieuxoa , but with very strong specific characters. H. strigata and lacteicosta are normal; strigigrapha and tiniloides have lost the corona, and mendosica has a double uncus. All show the double cluster of spines at the tip of the uncus, like the other Hemieuxoas. Ignicans is a normal Anicla, but very distinct from infect a; while leucanioides is nearest Anicla, but aberrant. “Episilia” rufisigna turns out to be a true Peridroma, though of course very distinct from margaritosa ; and still more definitely indicates South America as the home of that genus. Agrotis trisignata is a true Agrotis in the broad sense, but about equally distinct from Mesembreuxoa, Feltia and typical Agrotis. 29 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. i Several forms from temperate Central Asia go in group 3. “Lycophotia” alpestris is a Caradrina in the sense of McDunnough but leaning toward Chersotis and Lycophotia . “Epipsilia” junonia is a Chersotis, leaning toward Caradrina; and E. canescens lies between Graphiphora, Hiptelia and Pachnobia, filling the very small space between them. “Epipsilia” jiddussi is a more aberrant type, and comes nearest to showing the characters of Ochropleura. At first glance it gives the curious impression of a mixture of Agrotis and Pachnobia. Two forms from the Australasian region are now available. Agrotis innominata, which Hampson transferred to Lycophotia for some obscure reason, is a true Agrotis, and not far from the typical group. A. compta, which would at first glance be taken for a mere variety of Noctua baja, turns out to be an aberrant Diarsia. As these two forms are fairly representative of the Agrotids from the Old World Tropics, it seems not improbable that groups 3 and 4 will be as completely absent from the Old World tropics as they are from the new. They seem to be a modern North Temperate development, which has not yet had time to reach its full possible distribution. EXPLANATION OF FIGURES Except where otherwise stated the figures show the male geni- talia spread out in ventral view with the left valve removed, and the penis drawn separately and to the same scale. The separate figures are not to scale, except the series on the clasper (figs. 30-37). The valves are drawn as accurately as possible in flat side view, but the tegumen-rings are only partly indicated, showing the distortion resulting from mounting in most cases. The uncus is generally turned to show a side view. Plate I Fig. 1. Mesogona acetosellae, France 2. Ammoconia caecimacula, Vienna 3. Cyrebia anachoreta, Europe 4. Epipsilia g rises cens, Europe 5. Genealogy of the Agrotis group. The vertical distance in- dicates roughly the degree of specialization, 3 mm., representing roughly one tabulated difference from Protogygia 30 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV (n. s.), No. i, PI. I ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. i Plate II Fig. 6. TJfeus hulsti, Truckee, Cal. 7. Fishia evelina, Wallace, Idaho 8. F. exhilarata, Miniota, Man. 9. Hiptelia ochre ago, Europe 10. Trichorthosia parallels, Jemez Mts., New Mexico; valve only, showing apex and corona, missing in McDunnough’s figure 11. Genealogy of group II ; compare fig. 5 32 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV (n. s.), No. i, PI. II ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. i Plate III Fig. 12. Agrotis fasicola, Lima, Peru 13. A. edmondsvi, Yalclivia, Chile 14. A. annexa, Lima, Peru ; specimen with weak digitus 15. A. annexa, Lima, Peru; pauperized specimen, without digitus 16. A. new species, Potrerillos, Argentina (valve only) 17. A. malefida, Deming, New Mexico 18. A. experta, Lima, Peru 34 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV (n. s.), No. i, PI. Ill ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. i Plate IV Fig. 19. Agrotis bilitura, Lima, Peru 20. A. orestica, Matucana, Peru, type 21. Tripseuxoa carneata, Lassance, Minas, Brazil, type 22. Peridroma margaritom, New York (valve only) 23. P. ( Hemieuxoa ) rudens, Jemez Mts., New Mexico (valve only) 24. P. (PT.) concltidia<, Coquimbo, Chile (British Museum) 25. P. ( H .) polymorpha, Lima, Peru, type 36 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV (n. s.), No. i, PI. IV ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. i Plate Y Fig. 26. Peridroma ( Hemieuxoa ) micro stigma, Potrerillos, Argen- tina 27. P. (77?) messia, Chile 28. P. (77?) ferruginescens, Agualani, Peru (Rosenberg) 29. Pareuxoa lineifera, Chubut, Patagonia, genotype (Rosen- berg) 30-37. Clasp ers of species of Peridroma in the broad sense, showing the gradual modification and homologies of the lobes. In each figure the costal lobe (ampulla) is black, the dorsal lobe (clasper proper) is stippled, and the tip pf the costal thickening is marked with cross-lines 30. Peridroma margaritosa 34. P. microstigma 31. P. polymorpha 35. P. messia 32. P. conchidia 36. P. ferruginescens 33. P. rudens 37. P. infect a 38 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV (n. s.), No. i, PI. V PI. VI < 55 < O H-t w < < o I— I o o o § o H £ ^o° Xv * < oJ 'v v5» v/ 4m<°f 03 t . 5—* s « s « o « 3 Sf .5 w o 5 o g 6 «, § < .2-0 .S g S ^ O CM *s - ° 03 S-I cu e a> 03 bJD ^ .s « a n C O 2 | - » 1 « CNJ (H r- i — ( 1 1 1 1 1 P< -|w Hcv rniCM »+ iH tO «£> CT> CM VOL. XIV (New Series) SEPTEMBER, 1933 No. 2 AMERICANA A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. R ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly tor the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, Lime and Green Sts., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue June 15, 1934 Application for entry as second-class matter under the Act of March 3, 1879, made June 15, 1926, at the Postoffice at Lancaster. Pa. AMERICANA Vol. XIV September, 1933 No. 2 HEAD CHARACTERS OF THE ODONATA With Special Reference to the Development of the Compound Eye By Gideon Ting-wei Lew CORNELL UNIVERSITY CONTENTS I. Introduction 41 II. The Principal Types of the Odonate Head 42 III. The Endoskeleton 44 A. The Nymphal Tentorium 44 B. The Adult Tentorium 46 IV. The Exoskeleton 49 A. The Facial Region in the Anisoptera 49 B. The Facial Region in the Zygoptera 50 V. The Odonate Antenna 52 VI. The Development of the Compound Eyes 55 A. Development during the Nymphal Stage 55 B. Development during Metamorphosis 62 VII. The Facets of the Compound Eye 70 I. INTRODUCTION In the order Odonata the head characters are of great taxonomic value. Aside from mouthparts, they have been little studied. The aim of the present paper is to present facts concerning head struc- ture that have 'been investigated and observed and to indicate their bearing on relationship within the order. 41 d U (V 3 0 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 II. THE PRINCIPAL TYPES OF THE ODONATE HEAD The form of the head in the Order Odonata exhibits great vari- ations. The most obvious fact is the extraordinary development of the organs of sight. This development is accomplished either by enlarging the two compound eyes so as to increase the field and the number of the optical elements, as in the Anisoptera ; or by push- ing the compound eyes far apart, placing them on the lateral stalk- like ocular lobe so as to facilitate a wider range of vision, as is exhibited in the Zygoptera. The maximum development of both of these plans has been reached by the higher forms of the two suborders, and at the same time, the stages which lead up to these results are still preserved in the different lower forms. Thus we have the following principal types of head forms. ANISOPTERA The Gompkinae and the Petalurinae. — These lie nearest to the primitive type. The eyes are not excessively large and are wide apart ; width of epicranium separating the eyes is less than the diameter of the eye. Occiput broad, forming an occipital shelf ; vertex variable ; ocelli arranged into an approximately straight transverse line ; antennae four-segmented. Example : Gomphus ab- dominalis, Pis. VII; VIII, Fig. 1, and PL XV, Fig. 5. The Cordulegasterinae. — The eyes become more or less approxi- mated on the dorsal side but just fail to touch each other (some members of this sub-family have eyes just meeting at a point) ; occiput forming a shelf, subquadrate in shape ; vertex flat but much reduced in width on account of the encroaching of the eyes ; post and ante-clypeus well differentiated ; ocelli are arranged in a nearly straight line; antennae seven-segmented. Example: Anotogaster kuchenbeiseri , Pis, VII ; VIII, Fig. 2. The Libelhdinae. — The eyes become excessively large, encroach- ing upon the facial region, and thus affect the size and proportions of the facial sclerites; they meet on the mid-dorsal line for a con- siderable distance except in Diastatops. The front portion of the occiput is compressed into a thin sheet between the eyes, the pos- terior portion becomes a small occipital triangle; the vertex be- comes a raised, constricted plateau with two lateral ocelli sticking out on its sides, its bulging front wall arches over the median ocellus ; frons bulging, prominent ; antennae six-segmented. Ex- ample: Pantala flavescens, Pis. VII; VIII, Fig. 3. The Aeschninae. — The enlargement of the eyes reaches its maxi- mum development. The eyes become enormous, and confluent with 42 September, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA each other along the mid-dorsal line for a great distance ; vertex reduced to a very small raised hump, occipital triangle very small ; lateral ocelli are not in straight line with the median ocellus ; antennae seven-segmented. Example : Anax parthenope, Pis. YII ; VIII, Fig. 5, and PI. XV, Fig. 4. The Epiophlebiidae. — This is probably a side branch of this development. The eyes are enlarged to a great size, approaching each other but failing to touch ; occiput becomes reduced to a small sub-circular shelf ; vertex is excessively developed, forming a promi- nent shelf -like structure, projecting far out from the forehead re- gion ; the arrangement of the ocelli is most remarkably modified by the abnormal development of the vertex, the lateral ocelli mi- grate backward and are located at the caudal margin of the vertex being not visible from the front ; antennae 5-segmented. Example : Epiophlebia superstes, Pis. VII ; VIII, Fig. 6. ZYGOPTERA The Agrioninae. — The head characters show the most general- ized condition in this Suborder. The eyes are separated by a width of epicranium greater than the diameter of a single eye ; the post ocular lobe is not well developed, its diameter never exceeds that of the eye ; post ocular suture poorly developed ; epicranial suture absent ; antennae located nearer to the epistomal suture, clavola not segmented, its length always similar to that of the scape and pedicel. Example : Agrion atratum, Pis. VII ; VIII, Fig. 7. The Lestinae.— This shows a step of advancement in develop- ment, the post ocular lobe is better developed, the dorsal half of the eye is pushed outward, and the inner eye margins are not parallel with each other; clavola of antennae segmented. Epicra- nial suture present. Example : Lestes forcipatus, Pis. VII ; VIII, Fig. 8. The Coenagrioninae. — The higher forms of this sub-family show maximum of head widening. The development of the post ocular lobe is accompanied by a development of the post-genal region ; the epicranium becomes transversely elongated forming a kind of cross- stalk carrying the two eyes at its ends ; epicranial suture present ; antennae located further from the epistomal suture, clavola not segmented, its length greater than that of the scape and pedicel together. Example : Platycnemis annulata, PI. VII, Fig. 9. 43 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 III. THE ENDOSKELETON The head of the dragonflies is a specialized structure. The com- pound eyes have grown to enormous size occupying the greater part of the surface. In order to accommodate these huge visual organs the exoskeleton (facial sclerites) has undergone profound modifica- tions. The endoskeleton (tentorium) though modified and much elaborated, agrees in its construction with the typical arrangement which is characteristic of all the Pterygote insects. The tentorium consists fundamentally of three pairs of tentorial arms (anterior, dorsal and posterior arms) which originate as hol- low invaginations of the head wall. These invaginations grow deep into the head cavity until they meet each other just in front of the occipital foramen and fuse across the median line to form a central tentorial body; this is shaped like a transverse bar, appearing as the floor of the foramen. The anterior and dorsal pairs of the arms are typical. Modifi- cations of the tentorium occurs however in the occipital region. In most of the generalized insects the tentorial pits are plainly to be seen and serve for the identification of the origin of the tentorial invaginations. In the dragonflies the posterior arms are so short and broad and the tentorial pits are so completely fused and atrophied that their presence is almost unrecognizable (PL X, Fig. 6). This is true of the adult. But in the nymph stage they are not yet modified and are easily identified. This modification in the adult stage is evidently brought about by the abnormal development of the nymphal labium. In order to show the nature of this modification and its relationship with the development of the labium, a description of the endoskeleton of the nymphal head is necessary. A. The Nymphal Tentorium The tentorium of the nymphal head is generalized. The pos- terior arms lying on the lower ends of the occipital formamen, though short and broad, are recognizable. The tentorial pits (PI. IX, Fig. 4, pt) are distinct and wide, leaving no doubt as to the identity of these invaginations. The anterior arms (PI. IX, Figs. 2, 4, AT) are long and strong, and slightly twisted toward their roots which, when visible, appear as a pair of external pits lying between the gena and the trochantin just above the anterior articulation of the mandible (PI. IX, Figs. 2, 4 at). On their ventral side there is a pair of mandibular processes (PL IX, Fig. 2, mdp) ; these are delicate tendinous struc- 44 September, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA tures, their distal ends expanded into round flaps buried in the muscles in the body of the mandible. Their function is probably merely that of anchoring the big jaws in place ; the movement of the jaw is performed by other bundles of abductor and adductor muscles (Pl. IX, Figs. 2, 4, Ad. Md., Ab. Md.). The dorsal tentorial arms appear as a pair of dorsal off-shoots of the anterior arms (PI. IX, Fig. 4, DT). This is probably be- cause these two pairs of tentorial invaginations fuse before they make contact with the posterior elements. The outer ends of the dorsal arms do not appear as true invaginations but are tendinous flaps attaching to the hypodermis of the facial wall near the base of the antennae. The points of attachment are indicated externally by slight elevations, one behind each antenna (PI. IX, Fig. 1, DT). The body of the tentorium is inconspicuous, extending trans- versely and appearing as the floor of the occipital foramen (Pl. IX, Figs. 2, 4, Tnt) . In many cases there are on the ventral side of this central body twTo triangular projections (PL IX, Figs. 2, 3, W), to whose surfaces two bundles of trunk muscles are attached. These projections are, however, not constant structures, since they are absent in the Libellulinae. In the Libellulinae the body of the tentorium is somewhat arched, and the maxillary abductor muscles are directly attached to its front border. The Hypo-labial frame. — The endoskeleton of the nymphal head is complicated by the extraordinary development of the labium. The latter is highly specialized, serving the nymph as an unique raptorial organ. The mentum and the submentum are greatly en- larged and lengthened. The junction between them becomes a hinge, so that the labium, when at rest, can be folded together and directed backward, lying along the ventral surface of the body. The palpi are modified into movable lateral lobes, armed with elaborate hooks. (Pl. XIY and Pl. XVI). Movement of all the parts is controlled by muscles, tendons and ligaments, and during the action the whole organ can be thrown straight out with light- ning-like rapidity. A powerful organ like this will naturally re- quire some special device for its support. This requirement is ful- filled by an interesting modification of the hypopharynx. The base of the submentum occupies an enormous space as shown in Plate IX, Figs. 3 and 5. This space, the labial cavity, is chiefly braced with an anchor-like structure. The long shank of this structure extends posteriorly from the hypopharynx and traverses the entire length of the labial cavity, dividing the latter into two lateral halves. The crown (Cwn) of this structure sits 45 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 in a small pocket on the base of the submentum (Sml. pkt), while the two curved arms (Lat. a.) fit against the caudal rim of the cavity each terminating in a round fluke supporting the two latero-caudal corners. The antero-lateral rim of this cavity is framed by a pair of chitinous bars (HS). These, together with the anchor-like structure, form a complete framework, the sub- labial frame, supporting the whole circumference of the labial cavity and rendering it a strong base for the accommodation of the huge labium. This anchor-like structure is obviously a modification of a hypo- pliaryngeal apodeme. The mouth of the invagination (Pl. IX, Pig. 5, Mth) remains wide open like a pocket on the ventral side of the organ, the shank being merely a hollow tube. The chitinous bars on the antero-lateral corners of the labial cavity are the sus- pensorial plates of the hypopharynx found in common among the Pterygotes, but in this case very much enlarged. This sub-labial frame is found throughout this order of insects. In the Aeschnidae the labium is very long, the shank bearing at its middle portion a ventral projection, prominent and slightly curved downward and backward (PI. IX, Figs. 5, 6, Vk). This is characteristic of this group and is not found in other Odonates. The pair of triangular ventral projections on the body of the tentorium which has been mentioned above, when present, may also serve as a guide for the long shank of the sub-labial frame, because the shank, like the ventral nerve cord lies between them. The real relationship of these structures needs further investigation. B. The Adult Tentorium During the nymphal stage the submentum also covers the entire post-occipital region including the posterior tentorial arms and the lower half of the occipital foramen and consequently those parts that are covered remain membranous. During metamorphosis the big labium is cast off, and the original labial cavity is only in its lower half covered by the thin, plate-like adult labium (PI. X, Pig. 6). The exposure of the upper half of this cavity brings about an extensive chitinization of the lower occipital region. The short and broad posterior tentorial arms are somewhat more ex- panded and become so heavily chitinized that their external pits become completely closed. In some species the mouths of the original pits can be detected as a pair of dark lines. This accounts, as has been already stated, for the obscurity of the typical tentorial arrangement of this caudal region. 46 September, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA In the Libellulinae there is a pair of occipital processes extend- ing from the upper corner of the posterior arms, quite up to the upper margin of the sclerite (Pl. X, Fig. 3, ocp). Specimens treated with potash show that these processes are merely foldings of the occipital wall. This is probably a secondary development for strengthening the occiput, since it is present only in the Libel- lulinae, which are highly specialized forms in which the occiput attains the maximum size. The true front border of the Odonate cranium is an internal epistomal ridge, lying between the anterior articulations of the mandible; with both ends in connection with the genae (PI. X, Fig. 3, 5, er). This internal ridge is indicated externally by an epistomal suture, more commonly known as the fronto-clypeal suture since it is the dividing line of the frons and the clypeus. In dragonflies this epistomal suture is very prominent and deep, because the frons and clypeus are highly elevated (PI. X, Fig. 4, er). The inturned edges of these sclerites along this suture fuse into a broad chitinous fronto-clypeal shelf (PI. X, Figs. 4, 7, F. C. shf ) . The inner border of this shelf joins the internal epi- stomal ridge forming a strong bridge which braces the articulations of the jaws (PI. X, Figs. 2, 3, 5, er). On both sides of this bridge, just beyond the mandibular articulations, are the external pits of the anterior tentorial arms. These are narrow slits lying between the genae and the trochantins. The latter are reflexible areas be- tween the genae and the bases of the mandibles. The anterior ten- torial arms, shaped like twisted flat tubes, extend from these pits inward and upward into the head cavity until they reach the caudal part of the cavity, where they join the body of tentorium (PI. X, Figs. 4, 7, 8, At, Tnt). On the ventral surface of the anterior tentorial arms there are two pairs of processes. The anterior two of these are the mandibular processes (PI. X, Figs. 4, 8, Mdp), they are delicate and tendinous, very similar to those of the nym- phal tentorium ; their round tips are inserted in the heavy muscles of the mandibles. The posterior pair are the maxillary processes (PI. X, Figs. 4, 7, 8, Mxp), they are heavy projections arising from the inner end of the arm and with the maxillary abductor muscles attached to their anterior surfaces. These maxillary proc- esses are not found in the nymphal head, but functionally they are homologous with the ventral triangular projections of the cen- tral body of the latter. The shifting of the maxillary muscles to this anterior position is probably due to the increase of the depth of the head through the metamorphosis. 47 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 The dorsal pair of the tentorial arms is always the simplest. They extend from the dorsal side of the inner ends of the anterior tentorial arms, straight to the bases of the antennae (PL X, Figs. 4, 7, 8, Dt). The most marked difference between the dorsal tentorial arms of the adult and those of the nymph is that in the latter the outer ends are merely tendinous flaps attached to the hypodermis of the facial wall, while, in the adult these ends are represented by a pair of tentorial pits (PI. X, Fig. 1, Dt). These pits are not visible in natural condition but can be traced when treated with potash. In the Sub-order Zygoptera, especially the Agrionidae, these dorsal tentorial pits are very distinct. Another pronounced change in head of the dragonflies during metamorphosis is the extraordinary development of the compound eyes. The disturbance caused by the extension of these enormous visual organs into the facial area and the subsequent readjustment and modifications of the facial sclerites, is very remarkable, and will be discussed in another section of this paper. It is interesting, however, to see how the endoskeleton is involved in this abnormal development. Figure 1 of plate X illustrates the construction of the orbit of the compound eyes. This construction brings into cooperation three sclerites : the greater part of the ring is formed by the occiput which extends from beside the constricted vertex, arches over and covers the entire caudal and lateral sides ; the front side of the ring is formed by the reflexed lateral edge of the frons (Fr.) ; the ventral side is formed by the gena. In the more primi- tive forms such as the Gompliidae, the genae, while serving as a part of the orbit, at the same time are exposed as part of the face (PI. VII, Fig. 1). In the highly specialized forms the genae are completely concealed by the big eyes (PI. VII, Figs. 3, 5). They serve not only as a part of the orbit but also for the attachment of the frons, and so have eventually become a part of the endoskeleton. Since the anterior tentorial arms arise as invaginations on the genae, these structures are in direct continuation one with another. And since the epistomal ridge is also in direct connection with the genae, therefore the tentorium, epistomal ridge and the genae form together an endoskeletal frame (PL X, Figs. 2, 4, 5). The tro- chantin which is counted by some authors as an individual sclerite of the head is also in direct continuation with the anterior arm. It is probably only an extension of the external end of the arm. 48 September, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA IV. THE EXOSKELETON A. The Facial Region in the Anisoptera Representatives of eighteen genera of Anisoptera were measured as to the length of each of the six facial sclerites, occiput, vertex, frons, postclypeus, anteclypeus, and labium, and the results are in part presented in the following table : The measurements were made with a micrometer eyepiece and reduced to comparable units. The systematic range of the species measured is as follows : Numbers 1 to 8 of the following table are Aeschnidae, the first four being Aeschninae ( Gynancantha subinterrupt a, Anax partkenope, Aescknopklebia) longistigma, Nasiaeschna pentacantha) , the fifth, Cordulegasterinae ( Anotogaster kuckenbeiseri) , and the sixth, sev- enth and eighth, Gomphinae ( Progomphus obscurus, Octogompkus specularis , Hagenius brevistylus) . The last nine are Libellulidae, the first three being Cordulinae (Epitkeca marginata, Epicordulia princeps, Tetragonuria cy no- sura), the next a Macrominae ( Epophthalmia elegans), with the last five Libellulinae ( Pantala flavescens , Tramea chinensis, Cro- cotkemis servilia, Acisoma panorpoides, Pseudotkemis zonata). The last one is the rare and interesting sole representative of its family Epiophlebiidae : Epiopklebia superstes. Topographical Measurements of the Facial Regions of Odonata-Anisoptera No. Occiput W. L. Eyes C. D. Frons Post Ante Clypeus Post Ante Labr. 1 2.6 3.0 10.0 0.0 7.0 6.0 7.0 2.6 5.0 2 2.5 2.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 6.0 10.0 3.0 5.0 3 6.5 4.5 8.0 0.0 8.0 5.0 10.0 3.7 6.5 4 5.0 4.0 6.0 0.0 10.0 4.0 8.0 3.0 5.0 5 10.0 6.0 0.0 7.0 8.0 4.6 4.0 5.0 8.0 6 10.0 4.0 0.0 5.0 4.5 3.0 3.0 4.5 6.7 7 10.0 2.7 0.0 7.3 6.5 3.3 2.3 2.3 4.5 8 10.0 4.5 0.0 5.0 6.0 5.0 3.3 3.5 4.5 9 10.0 6.5 2.5 0.0 9.0 5.0 5.0 2.5 5.0 10 10.0 5.5 5.6 0.0 10.0 5.0 6.7 7.5 5.7 11 10.0 8.3 5.0 0.0 8.3 10.0 1.5 5.6 6.6 12 6.0 6.0 2.0 0.0 10.0 6.0 9.0 0.6 8.0 13 10.0 8.5 6.5 0.0 6.6 6.0 6.6 3.8 3.8 14 9.0 9.0 3.6 0.0 10.0 5.0 10.0 1.3 5.0 15 8.3 8.3 3.4 0.0 8.5 9.0 10.0 1.6 6.6 16 8.0 6.3 0.8 0.0 8.0 10.0 4.0 2.0 6.0 17 8.3 10.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 2.5 5.6 18 6.7 3.5 0.0 6.7 8.5 10.0 5.0 3.5 6.7 49 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VoL XIV, No. 2 In the preceding table the longest measurement is represented by the numeral 10 and the others by proportionate measurements. Column headings in this table indicate for the occiput, W — width, L — length ; for the eyes, C — length of the suture when conjoined, and D — distance between eyes when separate; for the frons and clypeus, Post — the superior, and Ante — the anterior measurement on midline, and for the labrum, length. In all these Anisoptera the head is wider than long, the excess in width ranging from one-eighth greater in Aeschnophlebia to one-half greater in Anotogaster. The vertex was so varied in form as hardly to admit of comparable measurements. It is smallest in the Aeschninae and largest (10) in Epiophlebia. B. The Facial Region in the Zygoptera In the head of the Anisoptera sutures separating occiput from vertex and vertex from frons are present, the sclerites although greatly modified in size and shape are yet recognizable. In the Zygoptera the above mentioned sutures are absent. Because of this it is difficult to determine homologies of the sclerites. In the Coenagrionidae an additional suture is secondarily developed as a result of the excessive enlargement of the postocular lobe. This suture, described more fully in the latter chapter, is designated by the writer as the postocular suture (Pl. VII, Fig. 8). Garman1 called this suture the epicranial suture. If his supposition is cor- rect then the frontal region would include the antennae and all three ocelli which is contrary to the more commonly accepted belief that the antennae are never included in the frons. Snodgrass in his recent work on the head of insects2 says “ . . . The muscles of the labrum, some of the dilator muscles of the pharynx, and the retractors of the mouth angles, when present, have their origin on the frons. By these characters, especially the position of the median ocellus and the origin of the labral muscles, the true frontal region is to be identified when the frontal suture is imper- fect or obsolete. ” Fortunately the majority of the Coenagrioninae have both this postocular suture and the epicranial suture well preserved, leaving no doubt as to the identity of the frons. In this study the posterior 1 Garman, P. The Zygoptera or Damselflies of Illinois. Bui. 111. Sta. Lab. of Nat. Hist. 1917. 12. p. 423-424. pl. LX. 2 Snodgrass, R. E. Morphology and evolution of the insect head and its appendages, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. 81. p. 121-122. 50 September, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA edge of the median ocellus lias been used as the caudal boundary of the frons when the epicranial suture is not present, and the measurements were taken from this point. Measurements were made also of the head topography of thirty- nine genera of Zygoptera of which the systematic range was as fol- lows : In the thirteen Agrionidae used were representatives of seven Agrioninae and six Epallaginae. In the twenty-six genera of Coenagrionidae, two were Megapodagrioninae, five were Les- tinae, and nineteen were Coenagrioninae. The measurements taken were width and length of head and of occiput, diameter of the eye, length of vertex, of frons, of postclypeus, of anteclypeus, and of labrum. There is space here for only the means of the measure- ments taken and these are again expressed in terms of 10, this numeral always representing the width of the head which is the longest of these measurements. The others are in proportion. Comparison of the Means of Measurements of the Head of the Five Subfamilies of Zygoptera Head Occiput D. L. L. L. L. L. : : of of of of of of W. : L. W. : L. E. Y. F. Pc. Ac. Lr. Agrioninae 10 5.1 2.5 .20 4.6 1.3 1.7 0.8 0.8 1.0 Epallaginae 10 4.9 2.2 .20 4.4 1.1 1.9 0.9 0.8 1.0 Megapod ’nae 10 5.1 2.4 .40 4.4 1.0 1.9 0.9 0.7 1.1 Lestinae 10 4.9 2.3 .20 4.8 1.0 1.8 0.8 0.9 1.1 Coenagr ’nae 10 4.4 2.1 .19 4.9 0.9 1.9 0.8 0.7 1.1 In striking contrast with the Anisoptera, where the enormous enlargement of the compound eyes greatly affects the size and pro- portions of the facial sclerites, the Zygoptera are remarkably uniform. A few of the head characters of the Zygoptera are of consider- able taxonomic value. These characters are, briefly, as follows : a. The epicranial suture, when present, begins near the caudal margin of the dorsum, extends forward between the lateral ocelli and forks just behind the median ocellus. The branches extend only for a short distance, rarely beyond the base of the antennae as is best shown in the Lestes (PI. VII, Fig. 8). This suture is present in every Coenagrionine but is absent in the Agrioninae — Hetaerina being the exception of the latter group. 51 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 b. The postocellar suture, in its median portion, when well developed is closely parallel to the hind margin of the dorsum. Its ends extend latero-anteriorly behind the ocelli to the inner margin of the compound eyes. In the Coenagrionidae this suture is dis- tinct and serves as a dividing line, separating the postocular lobe from the facial regions (PI. VII, Fig. 8). In the Agrionidae how- ever this suture is not well developed, being represented only by a pair of short transverse grooves running mesally from the inner margins of the compound eyes (PI. VII, Fig. 7). c. The antennae are always located below the level of the frontal suture (PI. VII, Fig. 7) in the Agrionidae, while in the Coenagrioninae the location of the antennae is always above or on the same level with the frontal furrow (PL VII, Figs. 8, 9). d. The postocular lobe is always more developed in the Coena- grionidae than in the Agrionidae. In the former its diameter often exceeds that of the compound eye. e. The number and relative length of the segments of the an- tennae. This will be discussed in the next section. V. THE ODONATE ANTENNA The antennae of this order are all short and inconspicuous. They are all setaceous, but vary considerably in shape and in num- ber of segments. The basal two segments (scape and pedicel) are much thicker; the clavola or flagellum is slender and bristle-like, consisting of from one to five segments. The antennae of the Gomphines are of four segments (PI. XI, Figs. 1, 11). The last segment is the longest and is much longer than the others. The scape and pedicel are usually similar in length. With the exception of a few primitive forms, the antennae of the Aeschnines are of seven segments. The third segment is the longest, the fourth is the shortest, especially in Anaciaeschna (PL XI, Fig. 3). The antennae of Gomphaeschna have only five seg- ments and the third is the longest (Pl. XI, Fig. 8). The antennae of the Caliaeschna has only six segments (Pl. XI, Fig. 10), the second segment being the longest. The Cordulegasterinae, also, have seven-segmented antennae. The pedicel is the longest segment (Pl. XI, Fig. 2). The third segment comes next in length, and the scape is short, being only half as long as the pedicel. The distal four segments are similar in length. 52 September, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA The Cordulines and Macromiines are very similar, the antennae being composed of six segments; (PL XI, Fig. 4). The third is longest. The other segments, including the scape and pedicel, are uniform in length. All the Libellulines have six-segmented antennae, and the majority have the last segment longest. The third segment is long- est in Potamarcha, Pant ala, Tramea, and Tritkemis. In Sym- petrum the third and sixth are nearly equal in length. In the isolated and very peculiar Epiophlebia the five-segmented antennae have the second joint nearly twice as long as the third, broadly dilated and hairy on the lateral margins. In the Sub-order Zygoptera, with the Lestines as the only ex- ception, the clavola is not segmented, and the number of the seg- ments in the antennae, therefore, is three. In the Agrioninae the clavola is the longest segment. The scape and pedicel are similar in length and are always longer than half the length of the clavola. Hetaerina is an exception in that the scape is slightly longest (PL XI, Fig. 17). In Coenagrioninae the clavola is longest but the scape is notice- ably longer than the pedicel (Pl. XI, Fig. 14) and it is always shorter than half the length of the clavola. In the Epallaginae the clavola is also the longest ; the two basal segments are not constant in length, their characters fluctuating between those of the Agrioninae and Coenagrioninae. In the Lestinae the clavola is two-segmented (Pl. XI, Fig. 3). In several cases three segments are observable, but in that case the distal two segments are never well differentiated. The segmented condition of the clavola is best shown in Sinolestes (Pl. XI, Fig. 21). The form of the adult antennae is not correlated with that of the nymphal stages, especially when the length of the segments is concerned. In the nymph of Agrionines the scape is hypertrophied ; its length exceeds that of all the remaining segments put together ; while in the adult stage it is the unsegmented clavola that is long- est (Pl. XI, Figs. H and 18). Another good example is Hagenius. In the nymph of this species the third segment is flattened and very broad (Pl. XI, Fig. B), while in the adult this segment is the shortest and the fourth segment very long. The segments of the clavola of the insect are never provided with muscles. This suggests that the sub-segmentation of the clavola is a secondary character. The fully developed Odonate nymphs with the exception of the burrowing forms — Gomphines, 53 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 Proportionate Length of Antennal Segments in Adult Anisoptera * Segments 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Pro gomphus obscurus 2 2 1.5 10 Octogomphus specularis 3 3 2 10 Ictinus pertinax 3.5 3.5 3 10 Gomphidia confluens 2 3.5 2 10 Anisogomphus flavescens 2 2 1 10 Gomphus abdominalis 2 2.5 1.5 10 Lanthus albistylus 2.5 2.5 2 10 Zonophora batesi 1.5 1.5 1 10 Gomphaeschna furcillata 7 8 10 6 5 Caliaeschna sp.? 4 10 6 3 3 Basiaeschna janata 5.5 8.9 10 6 6.7 5.5 4.5 A eschna umbrosa 5 5 10 5 6 5 5 Anax junius 5 6 10 4 6 6 5 Planaeschna 4 7 10 4 5.5 5.5 4 Gynancantha subinterrupta 5 6.5 10 4 5 6 5 Anaciaeschna jaspidea 4 6 10 1.5 3 3.5 8 Chloro gomphus papilio 4 10 4 2.5 2.5 2 2 Anotogastes Icuchenbeiseri 5 10 9 4 5 5 4 Cordulegastes diastatops 5 10 7 3 3 3 4 Epiophlebia superstes 4 10 6 3 3 Epophthalmia elegans 6 6 10 5 5 6 Epitheca marginata 6 7 10 7 8 8 Tetragonuria cy nosura 6.7 7.5 10 7.5 8 8.5 Didymops transversa 7 7 10 6.5 8 9 Nannophya pygmaea 3 6 5 2 4 10 Diplacodes trivialis 4 7 8 6 7 10 Neurothemis tullia 4 6 7.5 5 7.5 10 Deielia phaon 5 7 7 4 7 10 Brachythemis contaminata 4 6 6 3.5 6 10 Crocothemis servilia 3 7 8 4 6 10 Celithemis amanda 5 7.5 10 7.5 7.5 9 Bhyothemis fuliginosa 6 7 8 5 6 10 Palpopleura sexmaculata 3 6 6 3.5 4 10 Libellula angelina 4 7 8 5 6 10 Othetrum albistylum 6 7 9 5 6 10 Lyriothemis pachygastra 5 7 8 5 5 10 Pseudothemis sonata 3 5 8 5 5 10 Brachydiplax chalebea 4 6 7 6 7 10 Sympetrum baccha 4 7 10 6 7 9.8 Plathemis lydia 4 6 10 7 7 10 Acisoma panorpoides 4 6 7 4 6 10 Tramea chinensis 3 3.5 10 6 8 10 Pantala flavescens 3 7 10 5 6 7 Hydrobasileus croceus 4 5 9 6.5 9 10 Tholymis citrina 5 5 8.5 5 7 10 54 September, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA which have four (PI. XI, Figs. B and C), and Petalurines, which have six segments (PI. XI, Fig. 1)- — all have seven-segmented an- tennae (PL XI, Figs. D, E, F, G, H). The reduction of the num- ber and size of segments of the adult antennae is therefore a matter of degeneration. The degeneration of this organ is no doubt cor- related with the extraordinary increase of visual power, which is one of the most prominent characteristics of the order. The data on which the preceding generalizations are based is in the preceding table. The longest segment is set down as 10 ; the others in proportion. VI. DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPOUND EYES A. Development During the Nymphal Stage The external features of the nymphal head. — A few terms ap- plied to the larval head need to be defined, since they will be men- tioned frequently in the following discussion. A full description of the general structure of the larval head is not necessary. The dorsal aspect of Aeschna larvae of young, mature and in- termediate stages are shown in Plates XII and XIII, Fig. 1. During the early instars the sutures of the upper facial region are not distinct, the epicranial sclerites can only be referred to accord- ing to their respective regions. In an older larva the positions of the ocelli which usually indicate the boundary of the vertex be- came clearly marked on the cuticle. Thereafter the sclerites of the epicranial region can be more definitely distinguished. The figures show that the eyes are antero-laterally placed. The occiput is con- spicuous, and expands laterally into two prominent postocular lobes. The coronal or epicranial suture (Epi.S) is very distinct. It extends from the occipital foramen to the anterior border of the occiput where it forks abruptly; each arm turns at a right angle and extends laterally outward until it meets the caudal angle of the eye. In later development the caudal angles of the eyes grow like wedges and invade the occipital region along these sutures. The vertex is marked off posteriorly by the arms of the coronal suture, anteriorly and laterally by the developing ocelli. In Gynacantha this sclerite is almost a perfect square. The frons is bounded pos- teriorly by the median ocellus and anteriorly by the epistomal (fronto-clypeal) suture which is always very distinct. On each side of the frons is the base of an antenna ; instead of being a typi- cal ring-like antennal sclerite it appears like an extra segment of the antenna. The antennae are much more prominent than in 55 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 imago. The clypeus and labrum are well formed. Lateral and closely adjacent to the base of each antenna is an ovate cnticlar elevation, this is the external sign of the attachment of the dorsal tentorial arm (Dt). Immediately lateral to this tentorial eleva- tion, and extending all the way along the inner border of the eye is a long and wide crest-like structure; the cuticle of this whole region is tough and much wrinkled (B.Z.) This structure is of great importance in the development of the compound eye. The thick cuticle serves as a roof covering the underlying tissue which, as later experiments confirm, consists entirely of young buds of future ommatidia. This special feature is designated under the name “Budding-zone. ” The most striking character of the Odonate larval head is the labium. It is highly specialized, and unique in the animal king- dom. Its structure and function have been described in the sec- tion dealing with the larval tentorium. A lateral view of the head of an Aeschnine larva (Plate XIV, Fig. 3), shows that the labium in the Aeschninae is greatly elongated. The distal half is flat and straight, and when at rest the whole organ is folded and concealed under the head. The head is also dorso-ventrally flattened; it ap- pears as if the two were so modified to accommodate each other. In Libellulidae the labium is more elaborate. The median lobe is projecting and triangular; the lateral lobes, formed by the orig- inal labial palpi, are huge, triangular and very concave. They meet together along their distal borders above the median lobe. The whole organ is spoon-shaped (Plate XIV, Fig. 1, and Plate XVI, Fig. 4), and covers the lower half of the face like a mask. The head is more or less spherical. In a flat head like that of the Aeschinae, the front surface is greatly reduced and the eyes tend to spread out more or less in a single plane. But, when a head is sub-spherical, as in the Libel- linae, it offers a great space on the front side for the development of the eyes. Another point of difference is that in the Libelluline larval head the cuticle covering the budding-zone does not form a shelf -like structure as in the Aeschnine larva; however, its loca- tion and boundaries can be clearly made out. Experiments on the nymphs of Aeschninae. — The materials used for this experiment were young larvae of Aeschna um- brosa. Definite spots on the eye region of the young larval head were chosen and pricked with a fine needle to make slight wounds. The larva was then fed and its activities closely observed. Soon after the ecdysis, a careful examination was made of the growing 56 September, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA head to trace the scars of the wounds, and the locations of these scars were then compared with those retained by the exuvium. Drawings were made to record the results. The same process was repeated on the same individual for a number of successive in- stars. The new prickings were made, each time, at least several hours after the molting in order to permit the expansion of the head which follows ecdysis. The experiment was started on a very young larva with a head- width of 3.5 mm. Two punctures were made with a fine insect pin on the right eye region (PL XII, Fig. 1, scars Nos. 1, 2). Wound No. 1 was made on the root of the dorsal tentorial arm close to the base of the antenna : No. 2 was made on the middle of the budding- zone at the same level as No. 1. Since the head was so small the two punctures appeared very close to each other. Having been wounded the larva dashed around in the water, then dived to the depths of the aquarium and attached itself to the under side of a stick with its head invariably pointing towards the bottom. Hiding from the strong light it remained motionless for a considerable length of time, but finally recovered from the ex- citement and began to feed voraciously. The larva molted on August 17th, the size of the head was in- creased. The wounds caused by the prickings were carried by the growing head, partly concealed under the new cuticle and yet dis- tinctly visible. The location of No. 1 remained unchanged because the wound fell upon tissues outside of the growing eye (PI. XII, Fig. 1). The position of No. 2 moved laterally and came to lie on the outer edge of the budding-zone (Plate XII, Fig. 2). Another remarkable fact following the molting was the appear- ance of a band of new tissue along the inner margin of the eye (PI. XII, Fig. 2, N.T.). It was pale and contrasted plainly with the remaining parts of the eye which were more and less pigmented. The cuticle covering this band of new area was composed of small, compact and not well shaped facets, this structure being visible only with careful adjustment of focus under the binocular. The scars of the wounds on the exuvium were very distinct; they were not new holes but were healed up, thickened and dark brownish in color. They remained in the same places where they were first made. Since the larva was still very young no additional wounds were made at this time. Towards the end of the instar it was observed that the new tissue became much darker in color, es- pecially along the extreme boundary of the budding-zone where dark pigment granules were heavily distributed among the grow- ing cells. 57 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 The larva molted again on August 31 (head-width of exuvium 4.5 mm.) . Again a band of new tissue appeared on the inner mar- gin of the eye (PI. XII, Fig. 3, N.T.). Scar No. 1 sank deeper under the cuticle, still remaining on the same spot. Scar No. 2 now moved to the outside of the budding-zone ; being pushed out by the new tissue. The scars became less distinct and were covered by new cuticle which bore almost no trace of damage (PL XII, Fig. 3, 2). Since the larva had grown bigger it was then possible to experi- ment on both eyes. Two additional punctures were made, there- fore, on the left eye (PI. XII, Fig. 3, 3, 4) • No. 3 was made on the extreme outer edge of the budding-zone (a position comparable to No. 2 in Fig. 2). No. 4 was made on the dividing line between the pigmented and unpigmented tissue (a position exactly correspond- ing to No. 2 on the right eye). This puncture was made as a dupli- cate of No. 2 because the ommatidia covered by No. 2, although damaged, became more normal after each successive instar; their expansion caused the scar to become diffuse. The next molting took place in September 14th (head-width of exuvium 4.9 mm.). Again a band of new tissue appeared on the inner margin of the eye, its . caudal end showing slight differen- tiation (PI. XII, Fig. 4, N.T.). It was noticed that the length of the band of new tissue increases rapidly instar after instar espe- cially on the posterior half, its extension gradually invading the occiput. Scar No. 1 now became deeply buried under thick chitin, its location still remaining unaltered. Scar No. 3 moved from the edge of the budding-zone and became lodged on the new boundary line between the new and older tissues exactly in the same way as had happened to No. 2 in the previous molting. Scar No. 4 moved laterally and appeared within the pigmented region of the eye (PI. XII, Fig. 4, 1, 3, 4). Another additional puncture was made on the extreme outer margin of the budding-zone (PL XII, Fig. 4, 5). The larva molted again on October 4th, the head was then a little more than 7 mm. in width (head-width of exuvium 6.6 mm.). The scars of the wounds moved laterally as before, only No. 1 re- maining unaltered in position. Scar No. 5 was pushed out by an- other band of new pale tissue; No. 3 moved to the pigmented area; No. 4 moved further laterally and became surrounded by well- shaped facets (Pl. XII, Fig. 5, 1, 3, 4, 5). The most striking thing appearing in this instar was in the band of new tissue. It became obviously differentiated into two parts. The anterior portion exhibited nothing different from those 58 September, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA of the previous instar, but the posterior portion appeared to be wider and the cuticle covering this portion appeared to be more rough and less transparent (Pl. XII, Fig. 4, 5, Nt., X.). These characters became still more pronounced toward the end of the instar. Unfortunately the larva died during the late period of this instar. A fully mature larval head of this same species is shown in PI. XIII, Fig. 1. It illustrates the subsequent development of this differentiated caudal portion of new tissue at the end of the larval life. Further experiments have confirmed that this patch of tissue is destined to form the big facets of the adult eye. I have reared several larvae of Anax junius, a common species of another closely allied genus. An examination of the successive exuviae of any one of these specimens showed very definitely that the tissue destined to form the big facets of the adult eye begins to appear and grows very rapidly during the last three instars (PI. XV, Figs. 1, 2, 3, X.). This offers a very useful supplement to the part which I failed to carry through in the above experiment with Aeschna. Besides the facts stated above I have also observed the develop- ment of a series of longitudinal dark bands across the larval eye. Toward the end of every instar, shortly before another strip of new tissue is added from the budding-zone, black pigment granules form thickly along the intermediate boundary between the eye and the budding-zone (PI. XI, Fig. 5). After the molting these pig- ment granules, being pushed out by the new tissue, establish them- selves in the eye as a longitudinal dark band marking the boundary of the next older tissue. It was interesting to notice that the wounds made on the extreme outer margin of the budding-zone were found to coincide with the dark bands. This showed quite definitely that the series of dark bands on the eye indicate suc- cessive increases of tissue. It would be an excellent means of esti- mating the age of the larva, by counting the number of instars that the animal has gone through, but for the fact that the bands aris- ing in the first few instars are confusedly combined into one mass, and the exact number of its components is obscured. Experiments and observations on nymphs of Libellulidae. — I applied the same experimental method to four species of Libellu- line larvae ( Plathemis lydia, Libellida pulckella, Sympetrum vicinum, and Tramea lacerata), and found that the manner of de- velopment of the compound eye in these more specialized groups agrees in principle with that of the Aeschninae. That is to say, 59 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 that the eye grows by accession of new tissues which arise from the budding-zone and are added to the inner margin from instar to instar. The result obtained from an experiment on Plathemis lydia was especially satisfactory because the longitudinal dark bands which mark the successive increases of new tissue are unusually distinct and conspicuous. The scars of the punctures made on the extreme margin of the eye or of the budding-zone were pushed out laterally by the new tissue and were found to coincide precisely with the longitudinal dark bands. However, there are a few points of difference in details. The subsequent development of the eye tissue in the Libellulidae is more complex, and exhibits some special features which do not occur in the Aeschninae. These points of difference may be briefly stated as follows : 1. Asa rule in the Aeschninae the eye tissue when first emerged from the budding-zone is pale and compact, but it eventually be- comes pigmented before another stripe of tissue is added. Prob- ably several instars are required to develop functional ommatidia. The larval eye tissues, arising either in the early or in the later instars, all go through the same process of development. In other words, the tissue arising from the successive instars becomes pig- mented and develops into ommatidia following an uninterrupted order — all except the patch of tissue on the mesocaudal corner of the eye. This differentiates itself from the remaining parts of the eye, being deprived of pigments and protected under rough and usually pigmented cuticle. This patch of tissue comes from the caudal portion of the tissue arising in the last three instars. There- fore in the eye of a grown Aeschnine larva there are two sets of distinctly distinguishable tissues (PI. XIII, Fig. 1, and PI. XV, Fig. 3, X and Y). In the Libelluline larva the tissue arising during the early in- stars ripens promptly into functional ommatidia. They are densely pigmented and the cuticle covering them develops into regularly six-sided facets. They occupy the dorso-lateral angles of the head and form the definitely projecting eyes of the larva. The late in- stars give rise to a big patch of tissue the caudal portion of which becomes distinctly differentiated and covered up by roughly wrinkled cuticle just as occurs in the Aeschnine larva. The an- terior portion of this late patch of tissue exhibits, however, remark- able differences from those of the preceding instars. It occupies a considerable area extending far forward into the lower facial region. The ommatidia instead of ripening remain rudimentary 60 September, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA and unpigmented and the cuticle of this region never bears regular facets. Not until toward the end of the last instar when the larva is almost mature does this region become rapidly and densely pig- mented; after this the last metamorphosis promptly takes place. Therefore in the eye of a grown Libelluline larva there are alto- gether three sets of distinctly distinguishable tissues (PI. XVI, Fig. 4, X, Y, Z). 2. Usually there are two transverse dark bands which extend between the budding-zone and the older pigmented tissue bridging over the unpigmented area. These dark bands do not appear in the very young larva. They begin to appear when the larva is nearly half grown and become more and more conspicuous as the eye keeps growing. They may be one or two, or they may be totally absent (as in Pant ala). When two are present the upper one al- ways extends closely along the front margin of the patch of tissue which is covered by rough cuticle and its inner end terminates near the base of the dorsal tentorial arm. The lower one always ex- tends approximately half way between the upper band and the front margin of the eye and has its inner end directed toward the base of the anterior tentorial arm. The significance of these bands is not yet clear. The longitudinal bands in Libellulinae vary in the different genera. In Plathemis and Libellida each instar gives rise to a band and the process continues throughout the larval life (PL XVIII, Fig. 3) . In Sympetrum and Mesothemis the bands are very distinct, but are present only in the pigmented functional area; the late instars do not give rise to any of these bands. In Trarnea the pig- ment granules appear only in the early instars and since they are confused they do not appear as regular rows. In Pantala the func- tional eye area becomes so intensely pigmented that these bands are totally obscured. In Acisoma the bands are present in the pig- mented area but every one of them is broken at its middle portion so they look as if they were arranged in two transverse rows. In the other genera which I have examined the bands are all present, and their number varies from six to nine (counting the early com- bined ones as a single band). In most cases they are confined within the pigmented functional area and in many cases they are so diffused that they can be detected only by close adjustment of focus under the binocular microscope. 61 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 B. Development of the Compound Eyes during the Metamorphosis The actual process of metamorphosis begins many days before the time of emergence. The change though internal, is expressed in a number of external characters and also in an alteration of be- havior of the nymph. The imaginal hypodermis of the labium shrinks from the cuticle and gradually retreats to the base of the submentum leav- ing the elaborate labium an empty shell. For this reason the nymph refuses to feed and remains quietly clinging to its support. In the meantime the color of the body becomes considerably darker and the whole body appears swollen, particularly the thoracic region. Owing to the developing of the large wing muscles, the wing-pads stand up vertically from the abdomen. The compound eyes swell up and extend far beyond the original eye boundary. This expansion of the eyes is distinctly visible through the cuticle, especially in the occipital region where the two eyes approach or actually touch each other pushing the prominent occiput out of its original position (PL XVIII, Fig. 2, X, X, X). When these changes are in progress the thoracic spiracles become functional. The nymph protrudes its head and later its thorax from the water. It may remain clinging to its support in this manner for hours or even for several days before emergence. The transformation which develops the adult eye from nymphal structure is a marvelous phenomenon of nature ; a detailed descrip- tion of which is beyond the scope of this paper. For the benefit of the present discussion the main characters of an adult eye will be here stated. In a typical adult eye of the dragonfly the omma- tidia are differentiated into two groups. Those of the upper group have bigger cones, consequently the facets are larger. The pig- mentation is usually absent. Those in the lower group have smaller facets and the pigmentation is very dense. In Libellulinae the two portions of the eye show different, or even strongly contrasting, colors. The big and small facets are marked off so sharply that eventually a transitional line appears between them. There is always a gradation between the two groups although the gradation varies greatly in degree among different forms. In some lower forms the change in size is so gradual that a transitional line is almost unrecognizable. The ommatidia on the margin of the eye, especially those on the lateral border where the eye is reflexed backwards, are usually not well formed. The facets of these re- 62 September, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA gions are either deformed or indistinct and the pigmentation is very light or even totally absent. In short, these ommatidia are much less perfect as compared with those which are closer to the facial region. Material used for this experiment were full grown or younger nymphs collected from different localities at Ithaca, N. Y. The experiments covered the following species : Aeschna umbrosa Anax junius Gomphus lividus Tetragonuria cynosura Libellula pulchella Sympetrum vicinum Tramea lacerata Plathemis lydia Ischnura verticalis The experiments were made by the same pricking method. Definite spots on the nymphal eye region were chosen and pricked with fine needle to make slight wounds. After the metamorphosis, when the adult head was fully expanded, a careful examination was made of the adult eye to trace the marks of the wounds and the locations of these marks or scars were then compared with those retained by the exuvium. Since an individual nymph can tolerate only a few wounds without upsetting its normal development, ex- periments on each species were carried by a number of individuals. The results obtained from the different individuals are here re- corded all together on only a few drawings. I emphasized the fact that the actual expansion of the eye tis- sue takes place days before the emergence, therefore, in this experi- ment all of the punctures were made on the nymphal head before the animal became fully mature. Mature nymphs do not serve the purpose. X, Y and Z Tissues. — In the preceding section I have stated that by the end of nymphal stage different sets of eye tissues are present in the nymphal eye region, and that they grow together like a piece of mosaic. In order to avoid unnecessary repetitions of wording I propose the following abbreviations : X tissue. — For the tissue which in all cases occupies the pos- terior corner of the nymphal eye and is covered by wrinkled cuticle, being deprived of pigmentation. Y tissue. — For the functional nymphal ommatidia which in all cases possess regular facets and are deeply pigmented. Z tissue.— For the non-functional late-developing tissue of such nymphs as Libellula. They do not possess regular facets and re- 63 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 main rudimentary and unpigmented until the end of the nymphal stage. 1. Experiments on Aeschna umbrosa. — In the eye of a mature nymph of this species only X and Y tissues are present as has already been mentionad. Attention is called to the fact that the part of the Y tissue immediately bordering the budding-zone, although pigmented has never functioned during the nymphal stage. Apparently metamorphosis occurs before it ripens into functional ommatidia. The dorsal aspect of the nymphal head is shown in PI. XIII, Pig. 1. The dots record the locations of the punctures pricked on the heads of the different individuals used in this experiment. Figures 2 and 4 illustrate the dorsal and front views of an adult head of this species. Figure 3 is a lateral view of the adult head showing the left eye. All the dots are labeled with Arabic numerals. All marks which correspond are labeled by the same number, no matter where they appear in these figures. The record shows the following facts : 1. Scars of all punctures made on the X tissue of the nymphal head appear on the adult head within the area of the big omma- tidia. 2. Scars of all punctures made on the Y tissue of the nymphal head appear on the lower lateral portion of the adult eye within the small area of the ommatidia. 3. Scars of all punctures made on the boundary line between the X and Y tissues of the nymphal head appear exactly or ap- proximately coincident with the transitional line of the adult eye. The transitional line of the adult eye in this species is not very dis- tinct, and is deeply curved. 4. Scars of all punctures made on the budding-zone of the nymphal head appear within the area of the small ommatidia of the adult eye, closer to the facial region. 5. Often in this species the longitudinal dark bands of the nymphal eye persist through the metamorphosis. Although only fairly recognizable they serve as excellent landmarks indicating the share which the Y tissue takes in the construction of the adult eye. In the nymphal eye these bands arrange themselves in longitudinal rows, parallel but slightly curved with their concave sides toward the facial region. After metamorphosis the orientation of these bands is altered; the ends of the bands bend away from the facial region. 64 September, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 6. Very often the ruptured cuticle when healing up forms a sharp scar pressing upon the underlying tissue. During the ex- pansion of the eye the scar, being fixed and immovable, scratches the delicate unfolding tissue and thus causes an extended wound which appears later on the adult eye as a linear white scar, as is illustrated in Plate XIII, Figure 2, small, No. 18, and in Plate XVI, Figure 5, small, Nos. 3 and 18. These facts confirm the following points : 1. The X tissue is destined to form the big ommatidia. 2. The Y tissue, or the functional nymphal eye, is retained as a part of the adult eye in this species. It is within the area of the small ommatidia, constituting the lower lateral portion of the eye • — the part which flexed rearward. 3. The main portion of the small ommatidia of the adult eye arises from tissues occupying the budding-zone and the region im- mediately adjacent to the budding-zone. 4. Great expansion and distortion of tissues occur during the metamorphosis. 2. Experiments on Anax junius. — Plate XY, Figs. 3 and 4 record the results of experiments on Anax junius. In this species the X and Y tissues keep to a distinct boundary line. Punctures were made purposely to cover this dividing line. The results of these trials were very satisfactory. The record shows nothing noticeably different from that of the Aeschna umbrosa except that in this species the big and small ommatidia are better differentiated and consequently the transitional line is more distinct. 3. Experiments on Gomphus lividus. — The nymph of Gom- phus burrows in the bottom mud and its body structures exhibit many adaptive characters related to this habit. The dorsal aspects of the nymphal head of Gomphus lividus are shown in Plate XY, Fig. 7. The antennae appear swollen and conspicuous but each one is reduced to four segments. The bases of the antennae are raised and very broad, occupying a considerable part of the front (B.A.). The tentorial projections are inconspicuous (D.T.). The budding-zone on each side is marked off by grooves and is broader at its posterior end (B.Z.). The facets of the eyes are very well developed in the young nymphs, but development seems subject to the law of use and disuse. In a full grown nymph the eye does not appear to be a very efficient organ; the cuticle is thick and opaque. The facets are exceedingly small in size, those on the side — the older tissues — are better formed but not comparable with those of the Libellulinae. The X tissue appears very late in the 65 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 nymphal stage, occupying a small area and is not sharply distin- guishable from the remaining parts of the eye; superficially it can only be recognized by its slightly wrinkled cuticle. The adult eye of Gomphus is not excessively large and the two eyes are separated by a wide occipital shelf (Pl. VII, Fig. 1, and PL VIII, Fig. 1). The big ommatidia are few in number and are irregularly grouped near the top of the eye. A great gradation of sizes occurs between the few regular big ommatidia and the regular small ones, the transitional line is therefore hardly recog- nizable. Puncture No. 1 was made on the side among the better formed facets; No. 2 made on the extreme lateral border of the eye; Nos. 3 and 4 were made on the budding-zone and No. 5 made on the ex- treme inner margin of the eye (Pl. XV, Fig. 6, small, No. 5 and Fig. 7, small, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4). The scars of these wounds appear on the adult eye in positions as are marked in Plate XV, Fig. 5, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). They were affected by the expansion but the change is apparently not very great. No. 5 moved from the ex- treme lateral margin inwardly into the eye; this is quite contra- dictory to the results obtained from species of other groups. The experiments on this species were done in the spring of 1931. At that time I did not notice the distinction of the different sets of tissues; furthermore, as has just been mentioned, the X tissue in this species is indistinct : therefore, no puncture was made to mark it. However, judging by the position of the scars of the other wounds, there can not be any doubt about the fact that the few irregularly grouped big ommatidia come from the poorly de- veloped X tissue of the nymphal head. 4. Experiments on Libellula pulchella. — The head characters of the Libelluline nymph have been discussed in the previous sec- tions. It is only necessary to repeat here that in the eye of a full grown nymph the three sets of tissues, X, Y, Z, are present. The adult eye of the Libelluline is a wonder of nature. The big and small ommatidia contrast strikingly in sizes and colors. Most of the facets either big or small are regularly six-sided. The transitional line is extraordinarily distinct and is not so deeply curved. The results of experiments on Libellula pulcliella are shown in Plate XVI, Figs. 4, 5 and 6. This species is excellent material for this experiment not only because of its large size but also because the different sets of tissues of the eye are very distinctly differ- entiated. The X tissue is covered by coarse and darkly pigmented 66 September, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA cuticle. The Y tissue forms the definite projecting nymphal eye. The Z tissue is broad and joins the X tissues end to end (Fig. 4, X, Y, Z). These are the results obtained : 1. Scars of all punctures made on the X tissue appear on the adult head within the area of the large ommatidia. 2. Scars of all punctures made on the budding-zone and Z tis- sue appear on the area of the small facets which cover almost the entire lower portion of the adult eye. 3. Scars of all punctures made on the boundary line between the X and Y tissues appear quite accurately on the distinct transi- tional line of the adult eye. 4. Punctures No. 1 and No. 2 , made near the center of the Y tissue, appear after metamorphosis on the extreme lateral margin of the adult eye (Fig. 6, scars 1 and 4), indicating that at least half of the nymphal eye has been pushed beyond the boundary of the adult eye. 5. Puncture No. 17 was made in contact with the tentorial ele- vation. This wound is not retained by the adult eye. 6. Punctures No. 7 and 7a were made close together on the margin of the budding-zone. After the metamorphosis the scars of these two wounds appear to be widely separated (Fig. 6, small numbers 7 and 7a). 7. A fold of membrane is found attaching on the lateral orbit just beyond the eye margin. When treated with KOH the mem- brane can be removed from the head and spread out like a pocket. It contains facets. The differentiation of the Z tissue is common to nymphal heads which possess a spoon-shaped labium, but in the Libellulinae the growth of this tissue is particularly pronounced. In this experi- ment Z tissue gave rise to the majority of the small ommatidia. It seems to indicate that in the higher groups of the Anisoptera the development of the compound adult eye had achieved a more definite scheme. The nymphal eyes complete their growth a con- siderable length of time before the nymph is mature. The later nymphal life is spent in the development of sets of tissues which are definitely set off to serve the adult life. These late tissues are capable of great expansion, during the metamorphosis they unfold and build up the complete adult eye pushing the nymphal omma- tidia quite to the lateral border where they are gradually discarded. The membrane-like fold found on the lateral orbit is the secondary cuticle of the nymphal eye formed during the last instar. It never 67 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 gets a chance to develop fully but is pushed out as a fold and at- taches itself behind the margin. 5. Experiments on Tetragonuria cynosura. — The nymphal eye of this Corduline nymph is small, rounded, and projects from the head prominently. The X and Z tissues are both present, they form a long but narrow patch bordering the inconspicuous bud- ding-zone. The boundary line between the Y and Z tissues is not distinct. Plate XVI, Figs. 1, 2 and 3 record the experiment on Tetragonuria cynosura. The results agree with those recorded for Libellula except : 1. The large and small ommatidia are not so sharply marked off in sizes. 2. The transitional line is indistinct and is sharply curved. 3. The ommatidia of the nymphal eye are not absorbed wholly. The nymphal eye is folded backwards on the lateral border of the adult eye making a jog in the margin; this is the often-noted tubercle on the hind margin of the eye in the Cordulinae. Both facets and pigments are found on the tubercle. 6. Experiments on Sympetrum and Tramea. — The results of the experiments on these two showed no remarkable difference from those recorded for Libellula. The nymphal eye is first folded under the adult eye, projecting beyond the lateral border like a tubercle black with pigments, but as the imago matures it is gradu- ally and completely absorbed. This is why in such specialized forms as Sympetrum and Tramea the lateral border of the adult eye appears to be straight and does not show any trace of the dis- carded nymphal eye. The most noticeable difference between the eye features of a mature Ischnura nymph and those of the dragonfly nymphs is that in the former there is no external sign of differentiation of tissues. The whole eye is pigmented and its cuticle is thin and transparent. The X and Y tissues such as have been distinguished in the dragon- flies do not appear in Ischnura nymphs. Although great expansion of the visual tissue does occur during the metamorphosis, yet all the scars of the wounds I made in my experiments on the nymphal eye of this species appear on the adult eye in similar positions. This shows that the nymphal eye is com- pletely retained by the adult, and that distortions and extensive shiftings of tissue do not occur during the transformation. In the adult eye of this species, as well as other species of Zy- goptera, the ommatidia are not sharply marked off into upper and lower halves by colors and sizes as in the dragonflies. All omma- 68 September, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA tidia are pigmented. Those close to the face are larger and are better formed, while those on the top, lateral and lower sides are comparatively smaller. The change is, however, very gradual, a transitional line like that of the dragonflies is not present. Summary of Eye Development 1. The eye develops by receiving tissue from the budding-zone, added to the inner margin from instar to instar. 2. The new tissue consists of visual elements which are physio- logically imperfect, and require further development to become functionally mature. 3. The late instars give rise to different sets of tissues, some of which may neither show any close affinity with those of the early instars nor exhibit any visual function during the larval stage. Experiments trace the development of the compound eye dur- ing metamorphosis and confirm the destination of the different sets of tissues. The adult eye, especially in the higher forms of Ani- soptera, comes from tissues which develop but never function dur- ing the nymphal stage. 4. The differentiation of the Z tissue from the Y tissue is most pronounced in the higher Libellulines in which it displaces the Y tissue completely. However, the Libellulidae are a large group, and there is variation among its members. The variation seems to be correlated with the form of the nymphal eye. Plate XVII illustrates roughly four principal types of variation. Figs. 1 and la are the front and dorsal aspects of the nymphal head of Didy- mops transversa — a Macromiine. The nymph buries itself in the bottom mud with the tips of the horn-like eyes projecting above the mud ; well formed ommatidia are found only on the tips of the eyes. After metamorphosis the nymphal eye is pushed out by the Z tissue, folding backwards beyond the lateral border of the adult eye (Fig. lb, NE) and is separated from it by a deep groove (g) which is in continuation with the contour of the lateral border of the eye. In Tetragonuria cynosura, a Corduline, conditions are as shown in PI. XVII, Figs. 2, 2a and 2b. The nymphal eye in this sub- family is small and projects from the head prominently. After metamorphosis, it is folded, as in Macromiine, backwards on the lateral border of the adult eye, making a jog on the margin but it is not separated from the adult eye by a groove (Fig. 2b, NE). In both Macromiine and Corduline the vestigeal nymphal om- matidia are found within the pocket or the jog. 69 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 In the higher Libellnlines the absorption of the nymphal omma- tidia by the adult eye is complete, leaving no trace except the wrinkled membrane (Pigs. 4, 4a and 4b). The absorption, howerer, is a slow process; thus, in the newly emerged adult the discarded vestige is still apparent as a black projection beneath the membrane but it gradually disappears as the imago grows older. In the ascending scale, from the lower to the higher forms, there is increasing modification. The improvement is made first by an enormous increase of area and number of the elements, as in C or duleg aster; then there is reduction in area and in the number of the elements but improvement in their size and uniformity. The development of the Y tissue is inversely proportional to the de- velopment of the X tissue. The expansion of Z tissue after the metamorphosis in Libelln- linae is very striking. It comes to occupy over half of the eye and expels almost the entire nymphal eye at the lateral border. So, the adult eye becomes a new and perfect organ by itself without the participation of the nymphal element. VII. THE FACETS OF THE COMPOUND EYE The facets are the corneal lenses of the ommatidia. They con- stitute the cuticular layer of the compound eye. I have been able to separate the cuticle of the eye of Pant ala flavescens into six layers. In Cor duleg aster I found many more, but was not able to find out the exact number. The thick cuticle of the Cordule- gasterinae is probably due to the long last stadium the nymph undergoes. The facets of the nymphal eye when fully formed are regular hexagons showing no difference from those of the adult eye. Those that arise from the older tissue are best developed ; they are found on the side of the eye. Those closer to the budding zone are minute and indistinct. In Gomphus there are only a small number of larger and even-sided facets, the remainder are small and very poorly shaped. In the Libellulines, although the nymphal eye is small, the facets are more regular and most of them are well formed. The arrangement and distribution of the facets in the adult eye has been much discussed in the previous sections. In Ani- soptera the contrasting sizes of the large and small facets first dif- ferentiate them abruptly into two main areas occupying upper and 70 September, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA lower portions of the eye ■ then within the area of the small facets those derived from the degenerated nymphal eye, if present, dis- tinguish themselves again from the true adult small facets. As a rule the facets, large or small, bordering the margin of the eye are more or less deformed. When the two eyes are confluent along the top of the head as in the Aeschnines and most Libellulines, the facets along the eye seam are not deformed and in some cases they are even the best formed and are largest of all. I made a one-by-one count of the number of facets in the eye of a few specimens. I found there are 6,925 facets in the adult eye of Ischnura verticalis, 7,274 in the adult eye of Matrona basilaris, 8,875 in the adult eye of Ictinus rapax. I should say that the accuracy of these numbers is at most 95%, because the facets on the margin, especially those on the lateral border, are indistinct. These numbers, however, covered all the distinct and recognizable facets. I made four measurements of the size of the facets in the spe- cies named in the following tables: 1 and 2. Height and width of eye. 3. Number of large facets per millimeter; the measurement was of the largest facets. 4. Number of small facets per millimeter — the measurement was made on the best formed small facets. The 46 species used represent nearly all the principal groups of the Order. These records show that in Anisoptera the height (dorso-ventral diameter) of the eye is about twice the width (lateral diameter) ; the average ratio being 1.93. In Zygoptera the width of the eye about equals the height, the average ratio being 1.217. The average ratio of size of large and small facets is in Gom- phinae, 2.68 ; in Aeschnines, 1.69 ; in Cordulegasterines, 1.66 ; in Macromines and Cordulines, 1.79; in Libellulines, 2.12; in Zygop- tera, 1.31. In Gomphines the ratio, according to the record, is rather high, due to the fact that in this group the large facets are few and very irregular, and that the measurements of large facets were made to cover only the largest ones. Within the Libellulines the size of the facets is, to a certain ex- tent, directly proportional to the size of the eye. The small eye has proportionally smaller facets. 71 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 Measurements of Compound Eye, and of Its Facets Species Hht of eye Wth of eye Ratio LF N. in 1 mm. SF N. in 1 mm. Ratio Progomphus obscurus 6.5 3.3 1.97 16.0 36 2.25 Ictinus rap ax 8.0 5.0 1.60 13.0 29 2.23 Gomphus agricola 4.4 2.8 1.57 11.0 39 3.55 Gomphaeschna furcillata 7.7 3.7 2.08 17.0 28 1.65 Anax parthenope . 10.7 5.5 1.95 17.0 28 1.65 Gynacantha subinterrupta . 9.83 5.7 1.72 13.5 23 1.77 Corduleg aster dorsalis 9.5 4.8 1.98 19.0 32 1.68 Chloro gomphus infuscatus .. 11.0 6.0 1.83 15.0 25 1.68 Azuma elegans 12.0 6.3 1.91 13.0 28 2.15 Didymops transversa 6.5 3.3 1.97 21.0 38 1.81 Epicordulia princeps 9.8 5.0 1.96 15.0 25 1.67 Cordulia shurtleffi 7.0 3.5 2.00 21.0 32 1.52 Acisoma panorpoides 4.7 2.5 1.88 22.0 43 1.96 Brachydiplax chalybea 7.6 3.8 2.00 13.5 31 2.38 Brachythemis contaminata . 6.4 3.6 1.78 15.5 32 2.13 Brachythemis leucosticta .... 5.6 3.0 1.86 18.0 38 2.11 Celithemis elisa 6.2 3.2 1.94 15.0 36 2.40 Crocothemis servilia 7.2 3.7 1.94 13.0 38 2.91 Diastatops obscura 4.7 2.6 1.81 28.0 36 1.29 Dielia phaon 7.8 3.9 2.00 16.0 28 1.75 Diplacodes trivialis 5.0 2.7 1.85 17.5 58 2.17 Erythrodiplax minuscula .... 4.2 2.1 2.00 22.0 44 2.00 Hydrob'asileus croceus 9.9 5.1 1.94 14.0 28 2.00 Ladona julia 6.5 3.4 1.91 19.0 35 1.88 Libellula semifasciata 7.5 3.9 1.92 14.0 35 2.50 LeucorrMnia frigida 5.4 3.0 1.80 18.0 38 2.15 Lyriothemis pachygastra .... 6.6 3.4 1.80 16.0 33 2.06 N eurothemis fulvia 6.8 3.5 1.94 15.0 33 2.20 Orthetrum melania 7.7 3.7 2.08 13.5 29 2.23 Pantala flavescens 8.8 4.3 2.04 16.0 29 1.81 Pseudothemis zonata 8.0 4.0 2.00 15.5 27 1.80 Palpopleura 6-maculata 5.5 2.8 1.96 1.50 36 2.40 Bodothemis rufa 7.3 4.2 1.74 14.0 30 2.14 Bhyothemis fuliginosa 7.1 3.7 1.92 18.0 28 1.56 Byothemis variegata 7.5 3.7 2.02 17.0 30 1.77 Sympetrum ardens 8.6 4.3 2.00 11.5 29 2.64 Sympetrum corruptum 6.9 3.4 2.03 16.0 32 2,00 Tramea chinensis 9.7 4.7 2.06 13.0 27 2.07 Trithemis f estiva 6.8 3.4 2.00 14.0 32 2.08 Pseudophaea opaca 3.8 3.3 1.15 31.0 42 1.36 Taolestes nectans 5.1 4.0 1.27 22.5 31 1.41 Agrion atratum 3.9 3.0 1.30 25.0 34 1.36 Bhinocypha perforata 3.8 2.7 1.41 27.0 37 1.37 Lestes uncatus 3.1 2.7 1.15 38.0 42 1.11 Argia apicalis 2.9 2.5 1.16 38.0 42 1.11 Platycnemis annulata 3.1 2.9 1.07 30.0 38 1.27 Hht of eye = Height of eye W'th of eye = Width of eye N. = number 72 LF = large facets SF small facets September, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abmus.Md Abductor muscle of man- dible Abp. Abductor apodeme of mandible Ad.nid Adductor muscle of man- dible Adp. Adductor muscle of man- dible Ant. Antenna At. Anterior tentorial arm Br. Brain B.Z. Budding zone Adm. Adductor muscle of max- illa Clp ; clp ; cly Clypeus c. Anterior articulation of mandible Own. Crown of hypo-labial frame DT. Dorsal tentorial arm dt. Dorsal tentorial pit E. Compound eye Epi.S Epicranial suture e. Articulation of maxilla er. Epistomal ridge es. Epistomal suture E.C.slif Fronto-clypeal shelf Fr.or fr. Frons Fr hn. Frontal horn g- Condyle for articulation of the cervical sclerites Ge. Gena Hypo. Hypopharynx k. Trochantin, flexible area between the lower edge of gena and base of mandible Lat.a Lateral arm of hypo- labial frame Lb.or lb. Labium LC. Labial cavity LF.or If. Large facets LgB. Longitudinal bands of nymphal eye LI. Lateral lobe of labium Lm.or 1m. Lab ruin LO. Lateral ocellus M. Membrane — 2nd cuticle of discarded nym. eye Md or md Mandible Ml. Median lobe of labium Mth. Mouth of hypopharyngeal apodeme Mx. Maxilla Ne. Nymphal eye Nt. New tissue of the grow- ing eye 0. Median ocellus Obt. Orbit Oe. Occiput Oc.F Occipital foramen Oc.hn Occipital horn Oe.shf Occipital shelf Oc.tub Occipital tubercle Oc. Tri Occipital triangle ocp. Occipital process Oes. Oesophagus Pol. Postocular lobe PoS. Postocular suture PT. Posterior tentorial arm pt. Posterior tentorial pit SF.or sf . Small facets Sk. Shank of hypo-labial frame Mt. Mentum of labium Sm. Submentum of labium Smt.pkt. Small pocket on the base of submentum for the reception of the crown of the hypo-labial frame t. Transitional line between the large and small facets TB. Transverse dark bands of the nymphal eye pecu- liar character of the Libellulines Tk.mus Trunk muscle bundles Tnt. Central body of ten- torium tra. Tracheal tube YY. Yentral triangular pro- jections of the tento- rial body YK. Yentral hook of the hypo-labial frame pe- culiar to the Aesch- nines X. X tissue of the nymphal eye Yx,or vx. Yertex Y. Y tissue of the nymphal eye — the pigmented functional nymphal eye Ya. The new tissue of the Y tissue of the last in- star ; is destined to form the true small ommatidia of the adult eye Z. Z tissue of the nymphal eye peculiar to the Libelluline nymphs; is destined to form the small ommatidia of the adult eye 73 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 Plate VII Illustrations of the Principal Types of Odonate Head (Front aspects) Fig. 1. Gomphus agricola 2. Chlorogomphus infuscatus 3. Pantala flavescens 4. Diastatops ohscura 5. Anax junius 6. Epiophlehia super stes 7. Agrion atratum 8. Lestes forcipatus 9. Platycnemis annulata ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, (n. s.), No. 2, PI. VII ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 Plate VIII Illustrations of the Principal Types of 0 donate Head (Dorsal views) Pig. 1. Gomphus agricola 2. Chlorogomphus infuscatus 3. Pant ala flaves-cens 4. Diastatops obscura 5. Anax parthenope 6. Epiophlebia super stes 7. Agrion atratum 8. Coenagrion barbatum 9. Gomphus flavicornis 5 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, (n. s.), No. 2, PI. VIII ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 Plate IX Illustrations of the Endoskeleton of the Nymphal Head Fig. 1. Dorsal aspect of nymphal head of Anax parthenope, showing the external tentorial elevation (DT). 2. Nymphal head of Gynacantlia subinterrupta, showing the ventral aspects of the tentorium. 3. Nymphal head of Gomplius agricola, showing ventral as- pects of the tentorium and the hypo-labial frame. 4. Nymphal head of Gomphus agricola, showing dorsal as- pects of the tentorium. 5. Hypo-labial frame of Gynacantha subinterrupt a, showing ventral aspects of the structure. 6. Lateral view of the hypo-labial Lrame of Gynacantha sub- interrupt a, showing the ventral hook (VK). 78 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, (n. s.), No. 2, PL IX ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 Plate X Illustrations of the Endoskeleton of the Adult Head Fig. 1. Head of Anax parthenope , lateral view, showing construc- tion of the orbit. 2. Head of Pant ala flavescens, showing relative positions of the tentorium (left) and facial sclerites (right). 3. Caudal aspects of head of Tramea chinensis, showing the occipital process (Ocp). 4. Head of Anax parthenope, showing lateral aspect of the tentorium of the Aeschninae. 5. Head of Gomphus agricola, showing front aspect of the tentorium of a Gomphine. 6. Head of Gomphus agricola, showing caudal aspect of the tentorium. 7. Head of Gomphus agricola sectioned at the mesal line, showing construction of the tentorium, and especially the tentorial body. 8. Lateral view of tentorium, head of Gomphus agricola with the compound eye removed. 80 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, (n. s.), No. 2, PI. X ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 Plate XI The Various Forms of the Antennae of Odonata I. Antennae of the Nymphs: A. Petalnra E. Platycnemis B. Hagenius F. Rhinocypha C. Gomplms G. Libellula D. Aesclma H. Agrion Antennae of the Adidt: 1. Gomplms 10. Caliaeschna 2. Chlorogomphus 11. Zonophora 3. Anaciaeschna 12. Taolestes 4. Tetragonuria 13. Lestes 5. Hydrobasileus 14. Coenagrion 6. Nannopbya 15. Platycnemis (highly magnified) 16. Pseudophaea 6a. Nannophya 17. Hetaerina 7. Anotogaster 18. Agrion 8. Gomphaeschna 19. Agrion 9. Ep ophthalmia 20. Rhinocypha 82 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, (n. s.), No. 2, PI. XI ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 Plate XII Record of Experiment on the Development of the Nymphal Eye in Five Successive Instars of Aeschna umbrosa Figs. 1-4. Drawn from exuviae. Fig. 5. Drawn from nymphal head. Small numerals, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, mark positions of punctures and scars. X designates the tissue that is destined to form large omma- tidia of the adult eye. 84 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, (n. s.), No. 2, PI. XII ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 Plate XIII Experiments on the Development of the Compound Eye During Metamorphosis ( Aeschna umbrosa) Fig. 1. Small numerals 1 to 21 record positions of punctures made on nymplial head. Figs. 2 to 4. Record by the same numbers the positions of the scars of the wounds as they appear on the adult’s head. 86 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, (n. s.), No. 2, PI. XIII 4 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 Plate XIV Illustrations of the Principal Types of the Nymphal Head of Anisoptera (Lateral aspects) Fig. 1. Pantala 2. Petalura 3. Gynacantha 4. Gomplius 5. Epophthalmia 6. Aeschnophlebia 7. Cordulegaster 88 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, (n. s.), No. 2, PI. XIV ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 Plate XV Experiments on the Development of the Compound Eye During Metamorphosis I. Record of Experiment on Anax junius: Pigs. 1, 2, 3. The exuviae of the last three instars, showing development of the X tissue. 3. Also records the positions of the punctures made on the nymplial head. 4. Adult head records positions of scars of wounds after metamorphosis. II. Record of Experiment on Gomphus lividus: Pig. 5. Adult head of Gomphus lividus records positions of scars of wounds after metamorphosis. 6, 7. Nymphal head, showing positions of punctures. 90 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, (n. s.), No. 2, PI. XV ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 Plate XVI Experiments on the Development of the Compound Eye During Metamorphosis I. Record of Experiments on Tetragonuria cy nosura: Fig. 1. Nymplial head, showing positions of punctures. 2. Lateral aspect of adult head, showing positions of scars of wounds. The Y tissue is pushed to the side, making a jog on the lateral margin. 3. Same, dorsal view. II. Record of Experiments on Libelhda pulchella: Fig. 4. Nymphal head, showing positions of punctures. 5. Dorsal view of adult head, showing positions of scars of the wounds. 6. Lateral aspect of adult head, showing the same. No. 17, made on the tentorial elevation of nymphal head, is not recovered. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, (n. s.), No. 2, PI. XVI ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 Plate XVII Illustrations Showing the Fate of Nymphal Eyes after Meta- morphosis in the Different Groups of Libellulidae Figs. 1 & la. Front and dorsal aspects of nymphal head of Didymops transversa. lb. Lateral aspect of adult eye. Figs. 2 & 2a. Front and dorsal aspects of nymphal head of Tetragonuria cynosura. 2b. Lateral aspect of the adult eye. Figs. 3 & 3a. Front and dorsal aspects of nymphal head of Plathemis lydia. 3b. Lateral aspect of the adult eye. Figs. 4 & 4a. Front and dorsal aspects of nymphal head of Libellula pulchella. 4b. Lateral aspect of the adult eye. 94 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, (n. s.), No. 2, PI. XVII ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 2 Plate XVIII Features of the Mature Nymphal Head of Lib ellulines Fig. 1. A cross section of mature nymphal head of Sympetrum vicinum, showing X and Y tissues and the post-retinal layer. Fig. 2. Fully mature nymphal head of Mesothemis , showing the expansion of the X tissue (X, X, X) shortly before metamorphosis. Fig. 3. Head of mature nymph of Plathemis lydia, showing the longitudinal pigment bands, the transverse bands and the X, Y, Z tissues. Fig. 4. Head of mature nymph of Sympetrum vicinum, showing transverse bands (TB) and X, Y, Z tissues. Fig. 5, 6. Nymphal head of Sympetrum vicinum, showing tra- cheation and pigments of the surface of the brain. Fig. 7. Dorsal view of the same. Fig. 8. Exuvium of Libelluline, showing the cleft of the molting on the thorax and head, particularly of the eye region. 96 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol, XIV, (n. s.), No. 2, PI. XVIII VOL. XIV (New Series) DECEMBER, 1933 No. 3 AMERICANA A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, Lime and Green Sts., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue August 13, 1934 Application for entry as second-class matter under the Act of March 3, 1879, made June 15, 1926, at the Postoffice at Lancaster. Pa. (jTOtfJLUGlQ^ Americana Vol. XIV December, 1933 No. 3 A REVIEW OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGATHIDIUM (COLEOPTERA; SILPHIDAE) By H. C. Fall, Tyngsboro, Mass. A recent critical survey of the Agathidium material in my col- lection has revealed the presence of a considerable number of un- described species. There is nothing surprising in this fact when it is recalled that the last published treatment of the genus was that of Dr. Horn in his Silphidae paper of more than fifty years ago. Since that time only four additional species have been described, viz: A. virile Fall (Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci. VIII, 1901), and A. macidosum (1928), A. canadensis (1930), and A. conjunctum (1933) by W. J. Brown, all in the Canadian Entomologist. While the chief incentive to the present paper has been to make known the new species that have come to my attention, it has been thought best in the interest of completeness to amplify the work by including short descriptions or pertinent notes on the old species as well, and to prepare a new tabular synopsis of all our known fauna. The various external structural modifications within the genus are in the main accurately noted and sufficiently described by Horn in his preliminary remarks. It should be said however that the membranous border of the clypeus is subject to individual vari- ation, at least in some species, and in an extreme case has been ob- served to be either distinct or apparently lacking in different ex- amples of the same species. That Horn was not very assiduous in his search for external sexual characters is evident from his statement that “sexual char- 99 AUG , 5 <89* ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 3 acters other than those found in the tarsi do not occur except in dentigerum.” As a matter of fact such characters are almost uni- versally present. A very common sexual mark is the presence of a bristle bearing fovea or erosion on the metasternum of the male. This structure however is sometimes very small and inconspicuous and in general would be quite concealed by the usual type of mount- ing, and hence easy to overlook. In the pursuance of my investigation I have carefully studied at the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge the types and other material in the Le Conte collection, which includes also types or typical examples of several of Mannerheim’s species; also the Blanchard and Bowditch collections now contained in the same mu- seum. The Blanchard collection, always notable for the condition and careful mounting of its specimens, deserves especial mention in that it furnished no less than four un described species in this genus, all of which were taken by Blanchard himself in the White Mts., in New Hampshire. To Mr. Chas. Liebeck, of Philadelphia, I am again indebted for valuable notes on certain of the Horn types and for the opportunity of studying his entire Agatkidium material ; moreover he has most kindly allowed me to retain the types of three new species contained in his cabinet. For aid in the way of specimens or information I am very grateful to a number of correspondents, notably Mr. C. A. Frost and Mr. Henry Dietrich : acknowledgment of such will be made in the proper places. All types of new species are in the writer’s collection unless otherwise stated. Table of Species of Agathidium 1. Mesosternum subhorizontal throughout and carinate in front, the intercoxal process not or but little oblique 2 Mesosternum steeply inclined to nearly vertical between the coxae, becoming horizontal and more or less broadly roof shaped anteriorly but not distinctly carinate 9 2. Metasternum each side with an oblique ridge or raised line ; body very strongly contractile 3 Metasternum without oblique ridge, body rather feebly con- tractile 4 3. Elytra seemingly impunctate under moderate power. a. Third antennal joint distinctly longer than the second. b. Sutural stria either wanting or not attaining the middle of the elytra. Sutural stria very fine, confined to the apical 100 December, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA third of the elytra; size large (3 to 4 mm.) ; color black when mature. (Eastern U. S.). oniscoides Beanv. Sutural stria slightly longer but rather feebly developed ; size small, a little over 2 mm. (fully extended) ; color reddish brown. (North Carolina) rubellum n. sp. Sutural stria wanting ; piceous ; length 2.5 mm. (extended). (North Carolina; New Hamp- shire) compressidens n. sp. 1)1). Sutural stria extending fully to the middle of the elytra, average length about 2 mm. exiguum Melsh. aa. Third antennal joint not or barely perceptibly longer than the second; sutural stria wanting. Form very convex ; upper surface highly polished ; metasternum very short dentigerum Horn. Form only moderately convex; entire upper surface alutaceous, the elytra most conspicuously so ; meta- sternum of male of normal length. (Alaska.) alutaceum n. sp. Elytra distinctly punctulate, otherwise nearly as in exiguum. calif ornicum Horn. 4. More elongate oval, the elytra conspicuously longer than wide and more or less attenuate posteriorly; prothorax usually distinctly wider than the elytra ; elytral punctures showing a more or less evident tendency toward a serial arrangement in longer or shorter lines at some portion of the disk 5 More broadly oval, elytra but little longer than wide and not appreciably attenuate ; prothorax scarcely or but very slightly wider than the elytra ; elytral punctures showing little or no trace of serial arrangement (except revolvens) .... 6 5. Form very much depressed ; antennal club piceous ; metasternal fovea of male small, circular (Alaska; Alberta; Illinois; Montreal ) depressum n. sp. Form less depressed; antennal club rufotestaceous like the stem. Metasternal fovea of male rather large and transverse. jasperanum n. sp. Metasternal fovea of male minute, punctiform. dubitans n. sp. 6. Elytra each with several impressed lines occupied with serial punctures revolvens Lee. Elytra almost without trace of impressed lines or distinct series of punctures 7 101 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 3 7. Metastemum of male concave anteriorly in about middle third, the concavity polished and bearing a transverse series of tine erect hairs ; hind femora of male toothed on posterior margin at some distance from the apex; size large (3 mm. not fully extended). (British Columbia) cavisternum n. sp. Metasternnm not concave anteriorly; tooth of hind femur of male apical or nearly so in position 8 8. Metasternal fovea or erosion of male tranverse, rather large and conspicuous. (California) virile Fall. Metasternal fovea of male very small, punctiform. (British Columbia; Washington) conjunction Brown. Metasternal fovea of male apparently lacking. (Glacier Park, Montana) omissum n. sp. 9. Left mandible not modified in the male 10 Left mandible of male either prolonged or bearing an erect horn ; clypeal emargination with more or less distinct mem- branous border ; body very convex and contractile 19 10. Hind angles of thorax quite sharply defined, subrectangular ; protarsi of female 4-jo in ted 11 Hind angles of thorax rather well defined, their vertices how- ever more or less narrowly rounded 13 Hind angles of thorax broadly rounded 18 11. Oblong oval, not very convex, scarcely at all contractile, black, thorax red, elytra each with six slightly impressed series of coarse punctures, the intervals also distinctly punctate. sexstriatum Horn. Broadly oval, convex, moderately contractile 12 12. Piceous, elytra each with two (sometimes more) feeble more or less abbreviated rows of punctures bistriatum Horn. Piceous, thorax orange red, elytra irregularly punctate throughout estriatum Horn. 13. Head with distinct postocular tempora, which when viewed from the front are nearly as long as and a little more promi- nent than the eyes ; elytral punctures unusually fine and numerous ; clypeal suture not impressed angulare Mann. Head narrowed immediately behind the eyes; clypeal suture more or less distinctly impressed 14 14. Size small (about 1.3 mm. not extended), color entirely rufo- testaceous ; clypeus not emarginate and without visible mem- branous border, clypeal suture finely impressed ; hind angles of thorax somewhat defined; ventral segments each with a single or nearly single transverse row of punctures. 102 December, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Entire upper surface almost completely impunctate ; pro- tarsi of female 4-jointed. (Lake Superior; Maine). parvulum Lee. Elytra very sparsely finely punctulate with tendency toward linear arrangement. (California). parile n. sp. Size larger (1.75 to 2.25 mm.), color black or piceous; ventral segments irregularly punctured 15 15. Head distinctly alutaceous and somewhat dull, finely and sparsely but distinctly punctate rusticum n. sp. Head polished, more numerously but very minutely and less distinctly punctulate... 16 16. Antennal stem rufotestaceous, club piceous ; size smaller (about 1.75 mm.). Clypeal margin not retracted, the edge very narrowly pale but apparently without membranous border ; 3rd an- tennal joint slender, narrower than the 2nd, twice as long as wide and as long as the two following united; elytral punctuation strong, completely confused. laetum n. sp. Clypeal margin retracted and with rather wide mem- branous border; 3rd antennal joint stout, not narrower than the 2nd, less than half longer than wide and shorter than the two following united ; elytral punc- tures finer and in part serially arranged. contiguum n. sp. Antennae entirely rufotestaceous; size larger (2.25 mm.) 17 17. Metasternum finely and sparsely punctate. athabascanum n. sp. Metasternum less finely and quite densely punctate, especially at middle alticola n. sp. 18. Sutural stria normal ; head with prominent postocular tem- pora ; size rather large, color rufotestaceous to piceous, sur- face not alutaceous, elytra coarsely punctate. (Pacific Coast) cocinnum Mann. Sutural stria normal, head without postocular tempora. columbianum n. sp. Sutural stria wanting, surface not alutaceous, virtually im- punctate rotundulum Mann. 19. Metasternum at middle extremely short ; upper surface com- pletely impunctate ; elytra without sutural stria ; size very small, length but little over 1 mm. (California). brevisternum n. sp. 20 Metasternum of normal length. 103 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 3 20. Protarsi of female 5-jointed 21 Protarsi of female 4-jointed; elytra very convex. a. Sutural stria present; metasternum alutaceous, nearly or quite impunctate. b. Color black or piceous. Upper surface virtually impunctate. atronitens n. sp. Upper surface of elytra very distinctly punc- tate ; sutural stria finer than usual. repentinum Horn. bb. Color entirely ruf otestaceous ; surface sparsely minutely punctate politium Lee. aa. Sutural stria wanting ; color testaceous with black markings ; surface evidently though finely punctate. maculosum Brown. Elytral punctures fewer and still finer than in the typical form, and almost confined to the middle of the disk, where they are serially arranged. maculosum var. franciscanum n. var. 21. Postocular temp ora present 22 Postocular tempora undeveloped, the head narrowed immedi- ately behind the eyes 23 22. Entire upper surface numerously finely punctate; size large, elytra more than 2 mm. long temporale n. sp. Head and thorax nearly impunctate ; size smaller, elytra 1.3 to l. 7 mm. long. Elytra rather sparsely but very distinctly punctate ; metasternum rather densely punctured .... assimile n. sp. Elytra very sparsely minutely punctulate ; metasternum more finely less closely punctured mollinum n. sp. 23. Hind angles of thorax more or less broadly rounded 24 Hind angles of thorax well defined 25 24. Color generally testaceous or reddish, the thorax with median piceous spot, the elytra with the suture, discal spots and lat- eral margin piceous ; or by diffusion the color may become predominantly piceous, the elytra with lateral paler spots of variable extent ; terminal joint of antennal club pale ; sur- face distinctly punctate pulchrum Lee. Color black or piceous, antennae and legs blackish, side and rear margins of thorax diffusely paler ; hind angles of thorax less broadly rounded, somewhat defined picipes n. sp. 104 December, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 25. Head and thorax piceous, margins of latter diffusely paler, elytral disk rufous with large blackish scutellar triangle ; head unusually strongly and conspicuously punctate. difforme Lee. Agathidium oniscoides Beauv. This common eastern species, though varying much in size, is on the average the largest in our fauna. Oddly enough the smaller specimens are nearly always females. It is highly polished and under low power appears to be “completely impunetate” as de- scribed by Horn. Under a J inch triplet however it is seen to be minutely punctulate throughout the upper surface. The sutural stria is shorter and finer than usual and quite characteristic of the species. In the male the hind thighs are more widened apicallv than in the female and are distinctly angulate on the posterior margin at the knee ; there is also in this sex a tuft or pencil of erect hairs arising from a shallow depression on the median line and near the hind margin of the metasternum. Occurs generally throughout the Eastern States from Canada to Georgia and west to Iowa and Arkansas. Agathidium rubellum n. sp. Body very contractile, rather broadly oval, moderately convex, reddish brown to rufotestaceous throughout, upper surface polished and virtually impunetate. Clypeus with more or less evident membranous border, clypeal suture obliterated. Antennae entirely pale, 3rd joint longer than the 2d and subequal to the next two united; 7th joint very little longer but not wider than the 8th. Hind angles of thorax broadly rounded, completely undefined. Elytra obliquely narrowed in basal two-fifths, the angle rounded and very obtuse; sutural stria fine, lightly but evidently im- pressed apically, completely disappearing some distance be- hind the middle. Metasternum impunetate, finely alutaceous at sides, polished at middle. Hind thighs rather stout, with a more or less defined angle at the outer condyle. In the material at hand females have not been recognized and it is impossible to say whether this character is a sexual one. In the male the tarsal formula is 5-5-4, and the basal joints of the protarsi are slightly dilated; in this sex also there is a very small bristle bearing puncture at about the middle of the polished median area of the metasternum. Length (fully extended) about 2 mm. or slightly more. Five examples of this species have been sent me by Mr. Liebeck, who had referred them to dentigerum. They are all from North 105 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 3 Carolina without more definite locality, and all are of the same color and of nearly uniform size. The tabular characters are suffi- cient to separate them from any related species. In assigning the specific name rubellum it is assumed that the color is normal and not due to immaturity. Agathidium compressidens n. sp. Body strongly contractile ; broadly oval, moderately strongly convex, piceous, surface polished- and impunctate. Clypeus broadly emarginate, with membranous border ; clypeal suture not detectable. Antennae rufous, first two joints of club darker, terminal joint paler, 3d joint distinctly longer than the 2d and as long as the two following united ; 7th plainly wider and longer than the 8th. Thorax slightly wider than the elytra, hind angles somewhat indicated though broadly rounded. Elytra as wide as long, humeri oblique, sutural stria wanting. Mesosternum sharply cari- nate and horizontal in front, a little oblique between the middle coxae. Metasternum with distinct oblique ridge each side, transversely strigoso-alutaceous laterally but without punctures, smooth at middle. Hind thigh slender; tarsal joints (J) 5-4—4. Length (extended) 2.5 mm. At the base of the intercoxal process of the first ventral segment there is a small erect and somewhat oblique laminiform or com- pressed tooth. This may or may not prove to be a secondary sexual character of the female ; I have seen nothing like it in either sex of any other species. Described from two female specimens, one received from Mr. Liebeck and bearing label “ White Mts., N. H., woods,” the other (selected as the type) in my collection from Round Knob, North Carolina, received many years ago as dentigerum, which indeed it greatly resembles superficially. It is definitely separable from dentigerum by the 3rd antennal joint distinctly longer than the 2nd, and by the metasternum at middle being of nearly normal length. Agathidium exiguum Melsh. Closely allied and very similar to oniscoides but much smaller, averaging in length from 2 to 2.5 mm. when more or less extended. The punctuation of the upper surface is very fine, somewhat variable, but usually a little more apparent than in oniscoides ; the sutural stria is about twice as long as in the latter and much 106 December, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA coarser. The metasternum of the male is provided with a similar tuft of erect hairs, which in this case is more nearly at the middle of its length. The hind thighs are not materially different in the sexes. Exiguum inhabits the same region as oniscoides but its range is somewhat more extended if the reported locality “ Colorado7’ is correct. Agathidium dentigerum Horn. Black or piceous, margins of thorax diffusely rufescent, beneath including antennae and legs brown or reddish brown. The size is rather small (2 mm. or a little more fully extended), the body per- fectly contractile. Surface smooth and polished, quite impunctate, and without sutural stria. The 2nd antennal joint is rectangular, slightly wider and just perceptibly longer than the 3rd, strictly speaking a unique character. The hind femur of the male is armed with a triangular tooth near the outer condyle. The above set of characters are quite sufficient to distinguish this species from any other in the genus ; however it possesses another all but unique feature in that the metasternum is extremely short at middle so that the middle and hind coxae are almost in contact. This character was overlooked by Horn and I have ob- served it elsewhere only in the very small brevisternum n. sp., which belongs to a wholly different section of the genus. I have seen no females of dentigerum but Horn says they have the slender tarsi with 5-4-4 formula and simple hind femora characteristic of females in general. Dentigerum was described from a single pair taken by Schwarz at Stone Creek, Lee Co., Virginia. There is a single male bearing this label in the Le Conte collection, the location of the original female is unknown to me. Mr. Liebeck writes that neither of the original types are now in the Horn collection. I have seen a num- ber of specimens taken by Schwarz at Bound Knob, N. C., and others from Black Mts., N. C., collected by Beutenmuller. Agathidium alutaceum n. sp. Body very strongly contractile, rather broadly oval and moderately convex; piceous, antennae and legs paler, entire' upper surface very finely alutaceous and sparsely minutely punctulate under the strongest hand lens ; head and thorax moderately shining, the elytra slightly less so because of the more obviously alutaceous surface. Clypeal margin just visibly retracted and with perceptible membranous border; 107 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 3 clypeal suture invisible. Antennae reddish brown, the ter- minal joint slightly paler ; 3rd joint very slightly longer than the 2nd and barely as long as the two following united, 7th and 8th transverse, not very unequal. Hind angles of thorax completely undefined, sides continually arcuate with the base. Elytra as wide as long, evidently narrowed basally but with- out lateral angle ; sutural stria wanting. Metasternum finely alutaceous, a little smoother at middle, punctures few and fine, oblique ridges rather feeble. Hind tarsal joints (§) 5-4-4. Length 2.25 mm. (thorax raised but head deflexed). Described from a unique female specimen with locality label “ Alaska, 7 ’ received from Mr. Liebeck. Among the few species without sutural stria this one is unique in its entirely alutaceous upper surface. Agathidium calif or nicum Horn. Among the species of the first limited group, viz., those possess- ing the oblique metasternal ridge, this is the only one in which the elytra show an evident punctuation under moderate or low power. The head and thorax appear to be impunctate, but under higher amplification are seen to be minutely alutaceous with scattered ex- tremely fine punctures. In almost every other respect agrees nearly with exiguum, the characters of which need not be here repeated. Just behind the middle of the metasternum in the male there is a shallow pit or impression bearing short erect hairs. This species is said by Horn to occur in “California, Nevada and Washington Territory.” It is represented before me by several examples from Salmon Arm, British Columbia, sent by Mr. Hugh B. Leech, a specimen from Fresno Co., Cal. (Dietrich), and a single male in my own collection from Lake Tahoe, California. Agathidium depressum n. sp. Form much depressed, elongate oval, distinctly attenuate posteriorly, body only feebly contractile. Color piceous, thorax usually more or less rufous especially around the margins, the elytra often becoming gradually rufous or rufescent at apex. Antennae rufous, club piceous, 3rd joint a little longer than the next two, 7th very distinctly both longer and wider than the 8th. Clypeal margin truncate, just perceptibly retracted and with distinct membranous border ; clypeal suture very fine, detectable but not im- pressed. Entire upper surface shining, not at all alutaceous, everywhere numerously punctate ; the punctures of the head 108 December, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA and thorax rather fine, those of the elytra coarser and closer, with here and there a tendency toward a serial arrangement. Prothorax perceptibly wider than the elytra, hind angles broadly rounded ; elytra very plainly elongate and gradually narrowed from near the base ; sutural stria long, extending to the basal third or fourth. Body beneath piceous, legs reddish brown. Mesosternum a little oblique between the coxae, horizontal and carinate in front. Metasternum hori- zontal, alutaceous, sparsely punctate, oblique lateral ridge wanting. Tarsal formula 5-5-4 (.J'), 5-4-4 (J). In the male there is a small round bristle bearing fovea near the middle of the front margin of the metasternum, the basal two joints of both fore and middle tarsi are very dis- tinctly dilated, and the rear margin of the hind femur is dis- tinctly angulate at its outer extremity; not so in the female. Length (extended but head vertical) 2.8 to 3.25 mm. In the type the dimensions of the elytra are — length 2.2 mm., width 1.75 mm., the thorax slightly wider than the elytra. The type is a male collected at Terrace, British Columbia, by Mrs. W. W. Hippisley and kindly given me by Mr. C. A. Frost. Other localities represented before me are Seward, Alaska, VI— 15— 1911 (W. S. McAlpine), 1 $; McKinley Park, Alaska, July 8, 1924, one pair (.J' J) collected by the writer; Edmonton, Alberta, 1 J', (F. S. Carr) ; Montreal and Rigaud, Quebec, l-J', 3Js, sent by Mr. Liebeck. A single female example from Urbana, Illinois (C. P. Alexander, May 1, 1921), sent by Mr. Frost, is doubtfully referred. It is a little less depressed than the typical form but scarcely differs otherwise ; the male when found may show it to be distinct. There are under revolvens in the Le Conte collection two “Cal.” examples which seem to belong to this species, and it is probable that others will be found so placed in various collections. This and the following seven species constitute a compact and well defined group, which while possessing with the preceding group the subhorizontal mesosternal intercoxal process, is charac- terized by the absence of the oblique metasternal ridge, the gen- erally less convex form and low degree of contractility; the meta- sternum is long, horizontal, alutaceous and usually more or less subrugulose ; the 3rd antennal joint longer than the two following united; the upper surface distinctly punctate throughout. The species are very generally referred to revolvens in collections and this name may appropriately be applied to the group. Agathidium jasperanum 11. sp. Very similar to the preceding species, the description of which applies equally well here except in the following par- 109 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol.XIV,No.3 ticulars. The size is slightly smaller on the average than in depressum, the form noticeably less depressed when viewed in profile ; antennae entirely rufous, the club not appreciably darker than the stem ; the metasternal fovea of the male much larger and transversely oval in form. The color is about the same, the upper surface piceous, the thorax usually rufes- cent, but the elytral apex scarcely so. Length 2.5 to 3 mm., width about 1.7 mm. The type series comprises four examples, all taken by the writer, viz. — Jasper Park, Alberta, August 4, 1924 (2J\ 1J) ; White Horse, Yukon Territory, June 21, 1924 (1 5). The type is a male from the first named locality. Agathidium dubitans n. sp. Elongate oval, moderately convex, form distinctly less depressed than in depressum and nearly as in jasperanum. Color above piceous, the thorax broadly diffusely rufescent around the margins, legs and antennae throughout rufous. Upper surface shining, non-alutaceous and punctured as in the two preceding species. The elytral punctures are more or less serially arranged and some of the longer lines are very faintly impressed in certain lights. The hind angles of the thorax are broadly rounded, the elytra evidently elon- gate and feebly attenuate. In the male the metasternum bears a very small puncti- form setiferous fovea in the usual antero-median position, the basal joints of the fore and middle tarsi are perceptibly dilated, and the terminal angle of the hind thighs is sharply defined, a little obtuse. Length (partly extended) of type 2.9 mm., width of thorax 1.6 mm. Described from a single male specimen from Cloudcroft, New Mexico, and bearing date June 9-12. The metasternal fovea in the unique type is so minute as to easily escape notice. Because of the limited amount of material available for study it is not yet possible to say to what extent this metasternal fovea of the males may vary individually within the species. For the present it is assumed to be substantially constant. Agathidium revolvens Lee. This species was described from a unique female specimen from the north shore of Lake Superior. Several other examples from different regions were later placed with it in the Le Conte collection 110 December, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA but none of these is closely in accord with the type nor have I as yet seen a specimen that could safely be so referred. The following description drawn from the type is sufficiently full for comparative purposes. Form broadly oval, moderately convex, semicontractile. Above piceous black, shining ; legs and antennae entirely rufous. Clypeus truncate, very feebly retracted, with mem- branous border ; clypeal suture not impressed, barely detect- able. Third joint of antennae subequal to the next three, seventh joint only just perceptibly larger than the eighth. Head and prothorax finely sparsely punctate; elytra com- paratively coarsely and closely so and with several per- ceptibly impressed lines occupied by serial punctures. Pro- thorax not distinctly wider than the elytra, hind angles broadly rounded, scarcely defined; elytra very little longer than wide, humeri oblique with well defined obtuse angle. Metasternum horizontal, alutaceous and sparsely punctate, without oblique ridge. Length (extended) 3.4 mm. Revolvens is distinctly more broadly oval with less elongate elytra than in the three preceding species, in which moreover the serially arranged punctures nowhere occupy perceptibly impressed lines. With the exception of my A. virile (Oec. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci. VIII, 1901) and A. conjunctum recently described by Mr. W. J. Brown (Can. Ent. 1933, p. 46) the somewhat numerous closely allied species of this group have not hitherto been differentiated but have been referred indiscriminately to revolvens. In my Alaskan paper (Pan Pac. Ent. Jan. 1926) the McKinley Park and White Horse specimens which I recorded as revolvens belong respectively to depressum n. sp. and jasperanum n. sp. of the present paper. Agathidium cavisternum n. sp. Broadly oval, moderately convex, piceous black, shining, sides of thorax and elytral apex brunnescent. Clypeal mar- gin slightly retracted and with narrow membranous border ; clypeal suture undefined. Antennae entirely rufotestaceous, 3rd joint as long as the next three, 7th a little longer but scarcely wider than the 8th. Prothorax not distinctly wider than the elytra, hind angles broadly rounded. Elytra very little longer than wide, sides oblique for a short distance at the humeri, with distinct obtuse angle. Head and thorax sparsely fine punctate, elytra more coarsely and closely punc- tured, with faint indications of one or two impressed lines; 111 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 3 sutural stria attaining the middle. Metasternum alutaceous and sparsely punctate at sides, smooth with a few finer punc- tures at middle. Legs reddish brown, hind thighs rather coarsely and numerously punctate. In the male the metasternum becomes abruptly declivous and concave anteriorly in about the middle third, and with a transverse line of erect hairs within the concavity. In this sex also the basal joint of the protarsus is unusually strongly dilated, the 2nd joint and also the basal joint of the middle tarsus less evidently so ; hind thighs with a broad but sharply defined tooth at some distance from the apex. In the female the metasternum is horizontal throughout, the tarsi and hind femur unmodified. Length (type <$) 3.25 mm. ; two females are somewhat smaller. Described from four examples, three of which including the type were collected at Terrace, British Columbia, by Mrs. W. W. Hippisley and submitted by Mr. C. A. Frost, who kindly permits me to retain the type: the latter bears labels “IV-8-1924” and ‘‘sifting moss.” The fourth example is a male from Stickeen River Canon, B. C., collected by Wickham and submitted by Mr. Liebeck, to whom it is returned. This species is probably the nearest one of the group to the true revolvens, it being the only one to show faint traces of the im- pressed elytral lines which characterize that species. If the male of revolvens when found should prove to possess the pronounced and in part unique sexual characters of the present species, their identity could not be doubted. Agathidium virile Fall. Rather broadly oval, moderately contractile ; piceous black, sides of thorax diffusely paler ; legs and antennae entirely reddish brown ; surface polished and sparsely finely punctate, the elytra a little more coarsely so. Third anten- nal joint as long as the three following, seventh and eighth subequal. Prothorax scarcely wider than the elytra, hind angles rounded. Elytra perceptibly longer than wide, not at all attenuate, sides obliquely narrowed at the humeri, sutural stria strong, extending in front of the middle ; sur- face without trace of impressed lines and virtually without serially arranged punctures. Metasternum alutaceous and subrugulose, sparsely punctate. In the male the basal joints of pro- and mesotarsi are distinctly dilated ; the posterior margin of hind thighs is con- 112 December, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA cave and with a moderately strong dentiform angle at the outer extremity; the metasternal fovea varies somewhat in size, is near the anterior margin, transversely oval, and bears a line of short hairs, which in the type is interrupted in the middle. Length about 2.5 mm. (head deflexed), about 3 mm. fully extended. Southern California. The type is a male collected by the writer at Pomona, March 25, 1893. Other examples are from Riverside and Pasadena. With the above are placed in my collection a num- ber of specimens from Middle California (Alameda; Berkeley; Belmont ; Santa Cruz), some of which differ in having the antennal club infuscate ; these are probably not specifically distinct. Agathidium conjunctum Brown. Broadly oval, moderately convex and contractile ; black, pronotal sides and legs dark reddish brown. Antennae rufous, club somewhat darker ; 3rd joint as long as the three following, 7th slightly but distinctly longer and wider than the 8th. Hind angles of thorax broadly rounded. Elytra very slightly longer than wide, sides broadly rounded to apex, not at all attenuate. Head and thorax finely but dis- tinctly punctate, elytra less finely so, not at all substriate, scutellar stria attaining the basal fourth. Clypeal, sternal and tarsal structure as in other species of the group. Length of type (extended) 3.4 mm., width 2 mm. This species was described by Mr. W. J. Brown (Can. Ent. 1933, p. 46) from a single male taken at Langdon, British Colum- bia, March 7, 1931 (K. Graham). The hind thighs are described as “ widened apically, with a tooth on the lower posterior margin near the apex, the tooth moderate in size, wide at base, acute at apex.” The description states that the metasternum is “ without a fovea and hair tuft near the middle of the anterior margin, ’ ’ but in answer to my request that he confirm this statement Mr. Brown writes that “the bristle bearing pit is present; it is very small and punctiform.” In my own collection two examples (J\ 2) from Seattle, Wash., and also two from “W. T.” and one from Nevada submitted by Mr. Liebeck, are confidently referred to this species. Agathidium omissum n. sp. Oval, moderately convex and contractile ; piceous black, sides of thorax and apex of elytra brunnescent ; legs dark 113 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 3 rufous, antennae paler rufous, the club not darker. Anten- nae with 3rd joint as long as the three following, 7th joint slightly larger than the 8th. Upper surface strongly shin- ing, punctures of head and thorax sparse and fine, of elytra a little coarser. Elytra perceptibly longer than wide, oval, not attenuate ; sutural stria deep, attaining the basal fourth, otherwise without trace of impressed lines or serial punc- tures. Metasternum alutaceous, feebly rugulose, and sparsely punctate. Length (type, fully extended) 3 mm. ; width of elytra 1.5 mm., of thorax 1.6 mm. The unique type is a male, taken at Glacier Park, Montana, July 10, 1929, by Miss Edith Mank, who has kindly presented it to me. This male shows no detectable setiferous metasternal fovea, the basal joint of both fore and middle tarsi is conspicuously dilated, the second joint perceptibly so; the hind thighs are concave on their posterior margin, the outer extremity with a sharply defined tooth. This is the only species of the revolvens group thus far known (male of revolvens not known) in which the male is not character- ized by the presence of the bristle bearing fovea. Should its absence prove to be accidental rather than specific there would be little if anything to separate omissum from conjuncture. Agathidium sexstriatum Horn. The tabular characters constitute a quite sufficient diagnosis of this unusually distinct species. As there indicated it is the first of a series of four species having the hind angles of the thorax sharply defined and subrectangular and the protarsi of the female 4- jointed. The 8th antennal joint is distinctly wider than the 7th, both strongly transverse ; the clypeus is slightly more advanced than the sides of the front, without membranous border, the clypeal suture traceable but not impressed. The elytra are distinctly longer than wide in about the ratio of five to four. The mesosternum is elevated just before the middle coxae in a thin transverse process with rounded summit ; metasternum not alutaceous, numerously rather strongly punctate. In the male the four anterior tarsi are dis- tinctly dilated, and the metasternum shows in advance of the mid- dle two transversely arranged shallow erosions bearing golden yellow hairs. Length (extended) 2 mm. or a little more. Occurs in Western Nevada and the adjacent regions of Cali- fornia. 114 December, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Agathidium bistriatum Horn. Broadly oval, convex, semi-contractile, piceous, moder- ately shining. Clypeus rufous, without membranous border, clypeal suture finely impressed. Antennae brownish red, the first two joints of the club a little darker, the terminal joint paler; 7th and 8th joints progressively wider and strongly transverse. Head finely punctate ; thorax scarcely visibly so except under high power ; elytra conspicuously punctate, each with two or more incomplete rows of larger punctures on the disk. The elytra are scarcely longer than wide, humeral angles sharply defined and a little obtuse ; sutural stria moderate. Mesosternal intercoxal area pro- duced upward (as viewed inverted) in a thin transverse plate with rounded summit, the same as in sexstriatum; metasternum not alutaceous, finely punctate at sides, smoother at middle posteriorly. In the male the protarsi are moderately dilated, the meso- tarsi only feebly so ; the metasternum as in sexstriatum is provided with two ante-median shallow erosions bearing short erect yellow hairs. Length about 2.5 mm. Described from Western Nevada. I have in my collection an example from Lassen County in Northeastern California, collected by Nunenmacher. Agathidium estriatum Horn. Broadly oval, convex, semi-contractile, piceous, shining, thorax rufous. Clypeus a little advanced beyond the sides of the front, truncate, without membranous border, clypeal suture finely impressed. Terminal joint of antennae a little paler, 8th joint wider than the 7th. Prothorax sparsely minutely punctulate, hind angles sharply subrectangular. Elytra slightly longer than wide, moderately densely rather finely punctate, the punctures somewhat unequal to size. Metasternum very finely alutaceous and evenly rather sparsely finely punctate ; a small bristle bearing fovea before the middle in the male. Length about 2.5 mm. This species was described from a single male specimen from Garland, Colorado (Schwarz). There are now two Garland, Col., specimens in the Horn collec- tion (fide Liebeck), and the Le Conte collection contains a single male from the same locality; this last the only example of the species I have been able to study. Although Horn had not seen the 115 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 3 female he apparently assumed that it would have 4-jointed protarsi because of its natural association on other grounds with species having this character. Agathidium angular e Mann. Broadly oval, more evidently attenuate than usual, mod- erately convex ; color dark brown or piceous, the thorax inclining to be more or less rufescent. The clypeal margin is a little retracted and with membranous border ; clypeal suture traceable but scarcely impressed. Antennae rufous, the club darker, 7th and 8th joints strongly transverse, sub- equal. The sides of the head instead of being subparallel or obliquely narrowed immediately behind the eyes as in all the preceding species, are here a little swollen so as to be as prominent or a little more so than the eye itself. The hind angles of the thorax are somewhat defined but with rounded vertices. The entire upper surface is very finely but rather densely punctulate, the punctures on close attention showing considerable inequality in size. Metasternum alutaceous and finely punctate, and in the male there is before the mid- dle a minute punctiform fovea bearing one or two short erect bristles. The fore and middle tarsi of the male are moder- ately dilated. Length 2 to 3 mm. Horn’s diagnosis was evidently drawn from the two specimens of this species in the Le Conte collection. One of these, from Sitka (the type locality), bears a foreign number “93” and is in all probability from Mannerheim; the other is from Yeta Pass, Colo- rado, and presumably collected by Schwarz ; it appears to be iden- tical with the Alaskan specimen. In my own collection are ex- amples from Washington State (“W. T.”), Tuolumne Meadows, Cal., and Mohawk, Cal. (Penyes). I have also placed tentatively with these two entirely rufotestaceous specimens, a male from Plumas Co., California (Nunenmacher) and a female from “Ari- zona.” In these last the antennae are entirely pale. The most important characters of this species are the postocular tempora and the unusually dense punctulation. I observe in my own specimens referred to angulare that the antennal club is un- usually large, and that in certain examples at least the funicular joints are bristling with numerous short erect hairs. I could not test out this last character in the Alaskan example from Manner- heim because of the gummed up condition of the antennae. 116 December, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Agathidium parvulum Lee. Le Conte’s unique type of this species was judged by Horn to be merely a small specimen of politum. In this he was in error, as a careful examination of the type reveals numerous important differ- ences. Parvulum is smaller and even more convex than politum ; the surface is quite impunctate, the left mandible of the male is not at all modified, the elypeus is not emarginate and is without membranous border, the clypeal suture is finely impressed, the hind angles of the thorax are somewhat defined, and the ventral segments are provided each with only a single row of punctures extending from side to side ; in all of which respects it differs from the true politum. The size in parvidum is very small, about 1.3 or 1.4 mm. ; the color is entirely rufotestaceous ; the 7th and 8th antennal joints are very strongly transverse, the 8th fully twice as wide as long, the 7th a trifle wider and thicker than the 8th; the metasternum is finely alutaceous at sides, smooth at middle and virtually impunctate ; in the male there is a well defined erosion with erect hairs before the middle. Le Conte’s unique type is a male from Marquette, Lake Superior. Besides this I have seen but one other specimen, a female, in the Blanchard collection at the Cambridge Museum. This female shows the tarsal formula 4 4 4. Agathidium parile n. sp. Very small, length about 1.4 mm., strongly convex, en- tirely rufotestaceous ; surface highly polished, very sparsely finely punctulate, the punctures most evident on the elytra, where they exhibit an obvious tendency to arrangement in rows. The elypeus, clypeal suture, antennae, hind angles of thorax, metasternal and ventral sculpture, are almost pre- cisely as in parvulum. As in parvulum also the humeral angle is sharply defined and a little obtuse, and the sutural stria is moderately deep and attains the middle of the elytra. Described from two male specimens collected by Dr. Fenyes at Sugar Pine, California. These show a minute punctiform bristle bearing fovea on the median line of the metasternum in advance of the middle. Agathidium rusticum n. sp. Broadly oval, moderately strongly convex, piceous. Head rather strongly alutaceous and finely but distinctly punctu- late ; thorax minutely alutaceous with scattered very fine punctules; elytra non-alutaceous, distinctly sparsely punc- 117 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 3 tate, the punctures here ancl there showing a serial arrange- ment. Antennae rufous, outer five joints piceous ; 7th joint wider than and nearly twice as thick as the 8th. Clypeal margin virtually level with the sides of the front and with extremely narrow membranous border ; clypeal suture strongly impressed. Hind angles of thorax well defined, a little obtuse. Metasternum finely alutaceous at sides, smooth at middle, punctures sparse and unevenly distrib- uted. Before the middle of the metasternum in the male is a transverse linear erosion bearing a row of about eight erect setae ; the female has not been seen. Described from two male specimens, of which the type in my own collection is from the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and bears label “Crawford Notch, 7-25-08.” The second example, furnished by Mr. C. A. Frost, is labelled “Holliston, Mass., V-5 or 18, 1923 (J. H. Emerton).” The most notable feature of this species is the distinctly aluta- ceous head, the thorax being very feebly alutaceous and the elytra not at all so. Agathidium laetum n. sp. Moderately broadly oval, strongly convex ; head and elytra piceous, thorax rufopiceous ; integuments polished ; head and thorax sparsely very finely punctulate, elytra sparsely but very distinctly strongly confusedly punctate. Antennae rufous, club piceous ; 3rd joint much more slender than the 2nd, twice as long as wide and as long as the two following, 7th and 8th subequal and strongly transverse. Clypeal margin not retracted, feebly arcuate, continuous with the sides of the front, margin very narrowly pale ; clypeal suture impressed. Hind angles of thorax a little obtuse, defined, but with vertices narrowly rounded. Elytra oval, distinctly longer than wide, humeral angle sharply defined, somewhat obtuse; sutural stria strongly impressed, attaining the middle of the elytra. Metasternum not aluta- ceous, and with a few scattered punctures. Tarsal formula of female 5-4-4. Length (not extended) about 1.75 mm. Described from two female specimens taken by the writer at Pasadena, California, one bearing date 4-15-05. This species agrees with the preceding in a considerable number of features but is easily separable by the tabular characters. In addition to the points there mentioned the rufescent thorax and non-alutaceous metasternum in laetum are probably also distinctive. 118 December, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Agathidium contiguum n. sp. Oval, moderately convex, piceous, margins of thorax pallescent ; integuments shining ; head and thorax minutely obsoletely punctulate ; elytra less finely and more distinctly punctate, with evident tendencies toward serial arrange- ments. Antennae rufous, club piceous; 3rd joint as wide as the 2nd, less than one-half longer than wide and shorter than the two following united; 7th and 8th transverse, the former a little thicker but scarcely wider than the 8th. Clypeal margin retracted and with wide membranous border ; clypeal suture impressed. Hind angles of thorax somewhat defined but with rounded vertices. Elytra perceptibly wider than the thorax and a little longer than wide, humeri ob- tusely but sharply angled ; sutural stria moderate. Meta- sternum very finely alutaeeous, finely sparsely punctate. In the male the metasternum shows a transverse arcuate scratch or erosion before the middle, in which is a series of about nine fine punctures which probably bore fine erect setae, but these have now been lost. Length (extended) about 1.8 mm. Described from a male specimen from Washington State (“W. T.”) sent by Mr. Liebeck. With this I place a female ex- ample also sent by Liebeck, from Seattle, Wash. This latter scarcely differs from the type except in being entirely rufotesta- ceous and in having the terminal joint of the antennae paler ; its tarsal formula is 5-4—4, that of the male 5-5-4. Agathidium athabascanum n. sp. Rotundate oval, strongly convex; piceous brown, legs, antennae and ventral segments reddish brown. Upper sur- face entirely without alutaeeous sculpture, strongly shining ; head and thorax with very obscure minute punctulation, which is almost invisible except under a strong lens; elytra finely but distinctly uniformly punctate, without any ten- dency toward serial arrangement. The 7th antennal joint is triangular, only slightly transverse, 8th a little shorter but subequal in width to the 7th. Clypeal margin not retracted and with pale coriaceous border; clypeal suture impressed. Hind angles of thorax defined, a little obtuse, their vertices narrowly rounded. Elytra very nearly as wide as long ; sutural stria moderate. Metasternum finely alutaeeous and sparsely finely punctate ; male with an antemedian very small punctiform bristle bearing fovea. Length (not extended) 2 mm.; width 1.5 mm. 119 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 3 Described from a unique male specimen taken by the writer at Jasper Park, Alberta, Aug. 4, 1924. Agathidium alticola n. sp. This species is so completely in accord with the preceding except in the one tabular character — the punctuation of the metasternum — that it seems not worth while to repeat the description. In athabascanum the metasternum is sparsely finely punctate and without a defined impunctate area along the rear margin. In the present species the metasternum is densely a little less finely punc- tate over the entire surface excepting a narrow sharply defined area on either side along the posterior margin but not attaining the outer angle, which is entirely impunctate. The proper description of the clypeal margin is somewhat un- certain. In the male type there appears to be a well defined mem- branous border ; in another example this border seems quite lacking, and in others the appearance is intermediate. A similar situation has been observed in certain other species, it being at times difficult to distinguish between a true membranous border and a mere pale more or less coriaceous edge of the clypeus itself. I11 the female the tarsal formula is 5 4-4. Length 2 to 2.25 mm. Six examples of this species have been seen, all bearing the label “White Mts., N. H., subalpine, July 1, 1896,” and probably all collected by Frederick Blanchard from whom I received my pair. Agathidium concinnum Mann. Rotundate oval, moderately convex, color varying from rufotestaeous to piceous, surface strongly shining, not at all alutaeeous. Head very finely punctulate, thorax equally finely but more sparsely and very indistinctly so, elytra rela- tively quite coarsely not densely punctate. Antennae either entirely* rufous or with the club darker; 7tli joint a little larger but scarcely wider than the 8th. Clypeal suture im- pressed. Hind angles of thorax broadly rounded. Elytra very little longer than wide, humeral angle rounded, sutural stria strong. Metasternum alutaeeous, distinctly punctate; male with a punctiform bristle bearing fovea before the mid- dle. Length averaging about 2.5 mm. This is perhaps the commonest Agathidium of the Pacific Coast, ranging from Southern California to Alaska. Two examples from Colorado (Breckinridge and above Ouray, collected by Wickham) have been sent by Mr. Liebeck. 120 December, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Horn describes the clypeus as entirely corneous. This is proba- bly true but in many specimens the edge is narrowly pale, simulat- ing a membranous border ; in one example the pale margin is wider than usual and has all the appearance of being truly membranous. In several males in the series before me there is a minute denticle near the middle of the rear margin of the hind femur ; other males show no trace of this and I am as yet unable to discover any corre- lated characters which permit of making a division into two species. The prominent tempora at once distinguish this species from its nearest relatives and constitute its most important character. Agathidium columbianum n. sp. Broadly oval, moderately convex ; piceous, the sides of the thorax diffusely, and antennae and legs paler ; entire upper surface polished; head and thorax minutely sparsely punc- tulate, the elytra rather sparsely but very distinctly so, the punctures showing no trace of serial arrangement. Head without post-ocular tempora ; clypeus entirely corneous, arcuately more prominent at middle than the sides of the front ; clypeal suture impressed. Hind angles of thorax broadly rounded. Elytra perceptibly longer than wide, humeri rounded, sutural stria well impressed. Metasternum alutaceous and distinctly punctate; male with a punctiform bristle bearing fovea before the middle. Length (body somewhat extended) 2 mm. Described from a single male specimen taken at Terrace, British Columbia, by Mrs. Hippisley, and kindly given me by Mr. Frost. This species is without any marked peculiarities of structure and is to be recognized by the combination of tabular characters. The antennae are not clearly visible as mounted. Agathidium rotundulum Mann. Globose oval, strongly convex and contractile ; piceous, margins of body often paler; feet and antennae rufous, the antennal club piceous. Surface strongly shining, absolutely impunctate, elytra without sutural stria. Clypeus not at all retracted, truncate at middle, entirely corneous ; clypeal suture not impressed, traceable only in certain lights. Hind angles of thorax broadly rounded. Beneath sparsely punc- tulate ; metasternum of normal length. Length 1.5 mm. (body contracted), 2 mm. (fully ex- tended) . 121 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV. No. 3 Described from Alaska. There is in the Le Conte collection a supposedly typical example from Mannerheim bearing number “95.” This is doubtless one of the two specimens from Manner- heim from which Horn says he drew his description. Mr. Liebeck’s collection contains two examples from Vancouver. I have in my own collection a specimen from the Santa Cruz Mts., California, which agrees in all visible characters with the one from Manner- heim. Both specimens are so mounted that it is impossible to determine their sexual characters. The small size, impunctate surface and lack of sutural stria easily distinguish this species from any other in this part of the genus except brevisternum, which is even smaller and has the horned left mandible in the male, and an extremely short meta- sternum. Agathidium brevisternum n. sp. Form globose, very convex and strongly contractile ; color reddish brown to castaneous, paler beneath ; upper surface shining and absolutely impunctate. Antennae entirely pale, 3rd joint elongate cylindrical, 7th oval, rather longer than wide, 8th oval and a little transverse. Clypeus truncate, with or without evident membranous border ; clypeal suture not impressed. Hind angles of thorax feebly defined, ver- tices rounded. Elytra a little wider than long, humeri rounded, sutural stria wanting. Metasternum very short at middle. In the male the basal joints of the four anterior tarsi are slightly dilated as usual, and the left mandible is armed with a moderately long erect curved horn. Length (body contracted) barely 1 mm. Described from a single pair kindly given me many years ago by Mr. Schwarz, from a series collected by Mr. H. S. Barber at Eureka, California. The type is a male and bears date 24th of May. This minute species is easily recognizable in the group having the left mandible prolonged or horned, by its size, absolutely smooth upper surface, and lack of sutural stria. Agathidium atronitens n. sp. Globose oval, very convex, black or piceous, upper sur- face polished and impunctate. Antennal stem rufous, first two joints of club piceous, terminal joint paler; 2nd joint slightly longer than the 3rd, 7th and 8th moderately trans- verse and subequal. Clypeal suture completely undefined. 122 December, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Hind angles of thorax only feebly defined, their vertices rather broadly rounded. Elytra as wide as long; humeri rounded; sutural stria moderate. Metasternum alutaceous and almost or quite impunctate. Tarsal formula of female 4-4-4. Length (not extended) about 2 mm. To this species belong the piceous examples included by Horn under politum. Horn observed that the dark specimens were “absolutely smooth” while the pale ones were “microscopically punctulate.” Further study would have revealed that the dark form is perceptibly more convex and that in it the 3rd antennal joint is barely as long or even slightly shorter than the 2nd, while in the pale form the 3rd joint is distinctly longer than the 2nd as is usual. Horn states that the protarsi of the female are five jointed, whereas in both politum and the present species there are only four joints in this sex. Only two examples of the present species are before me ; the type, a female from Urbana, Illinois, in my own collection, and a male from the District of Columbia sent by Mr. Liebeck. In this male the left mandible is distinctly prolonged but not horned ; the bristle bearing fovea of the metasternum is probably present but is invisible as mounted. Mr. Liebeck writes that the specimens of this species in the Horn collection are from the District of Columbia and Missouri. Agathidium repentinum Horn. The following is Horn’s description. “Oval, convex, contractile, piceous, shining. Head sparsely punctulate, clypeus prolonged at middle, truncate at tip and corneous. Thorax more than twice as wide as long, hind angles broadly rounded, surface sparsely punctulate. Elytra oval, very little longer than wide, humeri oblique forming a distinct angle with the sides, sutural stria extremely fine but attain- ing the middle, surface very distinctly punctate. Body be- neath sparsely punctate. Length 2 mm.” I give as a valuable addition to the above the following notes submitted by Mr. Liebeck after a careful examination of the type. “The color of the elytra, most of the head, and antennal club is piceous ; the base of the head at middle, antennae except the club, thorax, tip of elytra and the entire under surface is reddish brown, the latter of varying shade ; entire upper and under surface aluta- ceous. Clypeal suture fine and distinct, the front third of the clypeus pale and sharply defined but corneous like the remainder. 123 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 3 The punctures of the head are fine and separated by rather more than their own diameters ; clypeus at base with coarse punctures which gradually become smaller to the limited pale area which is impunctate. The antennae are rather short, 2nd joint almost glo- bular, 3rd cylinclriform and but little longer, 4th and 5th not transverse almost quadrate, 6th slightly and 7th and 8th decidedly transverse. The thoracic punctures are finer than those on the head. Elytra very convex, notably high for the size ; the sutural ,striae are distinct when viewed from above toward the apex, sharply defined and not impressed each side as with many other species. Probably Dr. Horn used the expression ‘extremely fine’ because the groove is sharply limited on the flat surface without any notice- able impression each side. The elytra! punctures are coarser and more distinct as compared to those of head and thorax, dense at sides, where they are separated by their diameters or less, somewhat finer and more widely spaced on the disk and still finer toward the apex.” Horn’s description was drawn from a unique female specimen taken by Frederick Blanchard in the “White Mountains, New Hampshire, woods. ’ ’ Not having seen an example of repentinum an inquiry addressed to the National Museum brought a reply from Mr. W. S. Fisher that they had in their collection four examples of a species from Bear Paw Mt., Montana, which had thus been referred by Schwarz. Two of these specimens, a male and female, were sent me for exami- nation and I in turn sent the female to Mr. Liebeck for comparison with the Horn type. He reports that the Montana specimen agrees well in all essential features with the type and that he “feels safe” in assuring me of their specific identity. If this be the case it becomes necessary to shift the position of repentinum in the table to the group having the left mandible of the male horned, since in the Bear Paw Mt. male the left mandible is thus armed. In the Bear Paw Mt. female the protarsi are quite surely four jointed. Horn failed to state the number of protarsal joints in his unique female type and Mr. Liebeck writes that he is unable to determine the number with certainty. Agathidium politum Lee. Broadly oval, moderately strongly convex, rufotesta- ceous ; surface apparently impunctate but with a strong lens minute punctules can be seen scattered sparingly over the elytra, and detectable with more difficulty on the thorax. 124 December, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Antennae entirely pale, 3rd joint distinctly longer than the 2nd. Clypeal margin a little retracted, the membranous border narrow and varying in distinctness ; clypeal suture traceable but not impressed. Hind angles of thorax broadly rounded. Elytra slightly longer than wide, humeral angle obtuse, indicated but with rounded vertex; sutural stria rather long, distinct. Metasternum alutaceous, virtually im- punctate ; a punctiform bristle bearing fovea in the male in the usual position before the middle. Left mandible of male either prolonged or with an erect curved horn. Protarsi of male feebly dilated, the middle tarsi scarcely perceptibly so ; tarsal formula in the female 4-4—4. Length (not extended) about 2 mm. Le Conte’s type was taken by Melsheimer in York Co., Pennsyl- vania. It is a male and is the sole representative of the species in his collection. Horn states that the species occurs from Canada to Kentucky and from Pennsylvania to Missouri. There are before me specimens from Montreal, Can., Providence, R. I., and Cincin- nati, Ohio. Agathidium maculosum Brown. Globose-oval, strongly convex; flavo- or rufotestaceous with black markings as follows : — a transverse occipital band ; a median rounded pronotal spot of variable size ; a sutural stripe which is dilated at base into a transverse quadriform area, a further lesser expansion at middle, be- hind which it is rapidly attenuate and does not reach the apex; also on each elytron two small discal longitudinal spots arranged transversely, the inner of which may or may not coalesce with the median expansion of the sutural stripe. Clypeal margin not advanced beyond the sides of the front, truncate, with very narrow membranous border ; clypeal suture strongly impressed. Antennae with 3rd joint slender and elongate, 7th and 8th subequal. Hind angles of thorax rather sharply defined, subrectangular, their vertices nar- rowly rounded. Entire upper surface finely and sparsely punctate, the elytra a little less obscurely so; sutural stria wanting. Metasternum alutaceous, with a few fine punctures. The tarsal formula of the male is 5-5-4, and of the female 4-4—4. Length (contracted) about 2 mm. This species was described by Mr. W. J. Brown (Can. Ent., 1928, p. 145) from five specimens including both sexes, all taken at Victoria, British Columbia, April 11, 1921 (W. Downes). Mr. Brown writes me “I find no trace of a fovea, but at the middle of 125 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 3 the metasternum is a transverse row of bristles. This row contains nine or ten bristles and its length is subequal to one-third the length of the metasternum on the median line.” No mention is made in his description of any modification of the left mandible in the male and it is to be presumed none such is present. In the material before me there are five examples of this species, three from Olympia, Washington, sent by Mr. Liebeck, and two females in my own collection, one from Goldstream, Vancouver Island (very near the type locality), the other from Madison, Wash- ington. Two of Mr. Liebeck ’s specimens are males and in one of them I find the transverse row of bristles occupying a feebly eroded line on the metasternum, and in addition the left mandible is armed with a long slender curved horn. In the other male the horn is lacking. This is probably only another and very striking instance of that variability in the development of the mandibular horn which is referred to by Horn in his paper under A. politum, where he also alludes to a male of A. pulchrum in his collection in which the mandibles do not differ from those in the female. In color and markings maculosum is strongly suggestive of pul- chrum, but in the latter the pattern is a little different, and the un- impressed clypeal suture, broadly rounded hind angles of the thorax and presence of a sutural stria at once make the separation easy. A. maculosum var. franciscanum var. nov. Around San Francisco Bay there occurs a variety of this species which while perfectly in accord in all essential features, differs so constantly in one or two respects from the typical northern form as to merit a distinctive name. In Brown’s description of maculosum he says of the elytra — ‘ ‘ disk without trace of striae, ’ ’ and this is substantially true of all the northern specimens seen. In them the elytral punctures are distributed without order over the whole surface though somewhat less distinct towards the sides. In franciscanum the elytral punc- tures are much fewer and still finer and nearly all contained in about four discal linear series, the inner one longest but reaching neither base nor apex, the elytra in more than outer half absolutely impunctate. Furthermore there is in franciscanum a narrow piceous stripe along the outer margin of the elytra, this not attain- ing the apex but continued along the oblique base above the humeral angle. In typical maculosum this dark marginal stripe is either entirely lacking or only vaguely indicated. The sexual characters are precisely as in the typical form, the mandibular horn, as in the latter, being sometimes present but more often wanting. 126 December, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA All specimens of this form that I have seen were submitted by Mr. Henry Dietrich, who took them at Berkeley and in Marin Co., California, January, 1920. They bore the name A. pulchrum and specimens may have been distributed as such by Mr. Dietrich. The type is a horned male from Berkeley and bears date Jan. 8, 1920. Agathidium temporale n. sp. Oval, a little elongate, moderately strongly convex ; color throughout black or piceous, the antennae and legs only slightly less dark. Clypeus a little retracted and with a more or less obvious membranous border ; clypeal suture not impressed. Head with distinct tempora, which however are rather short and of equal prominence with the eyes. An- tennal stem dark rufous, the club piceous ; 3rd joint gradu- ally widened and distinctly longer than the 2nd but scarcely as long as the next two ; stem bristling with numerous erect hairs. Upper surface moderately shining and exhibiting a relatively dense dual system of punctulation, consisting of fine punctures intermixed with still more minute ones, this sculpture being most evident on the elytra. Hind angles of thorax somewhat defined but with their vertices rounded. Elytra distinctly longer than wide ; humeral angles well de- fined and obtuse ; sutural stria reaching more than half way to base, moderately strongly impressed. Metasternum finely alutaceous and sparsely punculate. Length (not much extended) nearly 3 mm. Described from a single male specimen taken at Randolph, New Hampshire (Sept.), by Mr. John D. Sherman, Jr., but now in the Blanchard collection at Cambridge, Mass. The type is a male with a long curved horn arising from the left mandible ; there is an ante- median metasternal fovea from which rises a tuft of erect hairs, and the pro- and mesotarsi are distinctly dilated basally. With the above type, which remains in the Blanchard collec- tion, I have placed with some confidence an entirely rufotestaceous female which agrees in all essentials except that the punctuation is somewhat less dense and the minute punctules less evident. This specimen was collected by Mr. Blanchard himself at North Conway, New Hampshire, (June), and is in his collection. This species by its distinct tempora and the character of the punctuation shows an unmistabable affinity with angulare, and with that alone, but differs therefrom in the modified left mandible of the male. 127 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 3 Agathidium assimile n. sp. Oval, rather strongly convex, piceous black, above very strongly shining, surface polished ; head and thorax sparsely very finely to almost impunctate, elytra less sparsely and quite strongly distinctly punctate. Antennae dark rufous, club piceous, stem bristling with erect hairs on the lower side; 3rd joint moderately elongate triangular, 7th not wider than the 8th. Clypeal margin a little retracted and with membranous border ; clypeal suture not impressed. Head with evident post-ocular tempora. Elytra a little longer than wide, humeral angle fairly distinct but with rounded vertex, sutural stria moderate. Metasternum alutaceous, un- usually densely and strongly punctate except for a small area each side along the rear margin. In the male the left mandible is armed with a short acute triangular horn, the four anterior tarsi are moderately di- lated, and there is a rounded setiferous ante-median meta- sternal fovea. Length 2.25 to 2.5 mm. Described from a male specimen taken at Indianapolis, Indiana, 7-14-10, with which I confidently associate a male and two females in the Blanchard collection, all bearing label “Mt. Washington, N. H., subalpine, 7-4-96.” In these latter the pronotal punctures are a little more evident but variable among themselves, and the elytral punctures are somewhat less sparse. In the male the left mandible is armed with a long erect horn ; the female tarsal formula is 5-4-4. In its close and conspicuous metasternal punctuation this species alone closely parallels alticola, a species oddly enough also taken by Mr. Blanchard in the White Mountains on the same collecting trip, its label differing only in having a three days earlier date. Not- withstanding this coincidence and the further fact that the two spe- cies are identical in size, form and punctuation, alticola differs de- cisively by its entirely rufous antennae with nearly cylindrical third joint, the impressed clypeal suture, lack of tempora, and simple left mandible in the male. Agathidium mollinum n. sp. Broadly oval, strongly convex, black, highly polished; head and thorax nearly or quite impunctate, elytra very finely sparsely punctulate, the punctures, in part subserially arranged. Legs and antennae brownish, the latter with the club somewhat darker. Head with distinct tempora ; clypeal margin retracted and with narrow membranous border ; 128 December, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA clypeal suture detectable but not impressed. Hind angles of thorax broadly rounded. Elytra slightly longer than wide ; humeral angle well marked, a little obtuse ; sutural stria moderate. Metasternum alutaceous and sparsely punc- tulate. Length 1.75 mm. or slightly more. Three examples of this rather small species are before me, all from the Blanchard collection. The type is a male labeled “White Mts., N. H., woods.” In it the left mandible is a little stouter and somewhat prolonged but without horn. The other two examples are also males and were collected by Blanchard at ‘ ‘ Rangeley Lake, Maine, Aug. ’94.” In neither of these is the left mandible either horned or distinctly prolonged, but in both the mandibles are more prominent than is usual in females, and in one of them the left mandible is a little larger than the right. Type in the Blanchard collection ; paratype in my collection. Agathidium pulchrum Lee. This is one of the best known and most easily recognized species in our fauna. Only one other species — maculosum Brown — shares the distinction of possessing a variegated surface of yellowish or reddish and black markings, and these two species are instantly separable by the lack in maculosum and the presence in pulchrum of a sutural stria. The general character of the elytral markings is indicated in the tabular synopsis, but there is so much individual variation that hardly any two examples are completely identical in this respect. The form is broadly oval, the surface shining and finely and sparsely but perceptibly punctulate. The antennae are dark rufous basally, joints 7-10 piceous, the terminal joint paler. Clypeus distinctly retracted with evident membra- nous border; clypeal suture not impressed. Hind angles of thorax rather broadly rounded. Metasternum alutaceous and sparsely punctulate. Tarsal formula of female 5-4-4. Length 2 to 3 mm. Localities represented in the material before me are : Alameda Co., Santa Cruz, Kaweah, Pasadena and Pomona, all in California ; and a single example from the White Mountains, New Hampshire. Horn gives also Kentucky (Dury). My White Mts. example is a male with setiferous metasternal fovea ; it is more minutely punctu- late than the California specimens and the terminal joint of the antennal club is not paler, but seems not to differ otherwise. Horn 129 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 3 alludes to the variability in the structure of the left mandible of the male, and the fact that in one male before him the mandibles differ in no way from those of the female. Agathidium picipes n. sp. Broadly oval, strongly convex, black or piceous, the an- tennae and legs concolorous except the tarsi, which are brownish. Clypeal margin a little retracted and with mem- branous border; clypeal suture not impressed. Upper sur- face polished, head and thorax minutely obsoletely punctu- late, elytra sparsely and finely but more perceptibly so. Side margins of thorax nearly straight, the hind angles indi- cated and a little obtuse, their vertices rounded. Elytra nearly as wide as long ; humeral angle a little obtuse, rather well defined ; sutural stria moderate. Metasternum finely alutaceous at sides, smoother at middle, sparsely punctulate. In the male the left mandible is armed with a moderately long acute horn, and the metasternum bears an ante-median transverse scratch from which arises a row of fine erect hairs. Length 1.75 to 2 mm. Described from a single pair from California. The male type bears label Santa Cruz Co., VI ; the female is from Santa Clara Co. It is an almost invariable rule in this genus that in the dark colored species the antennae and legs are some shade of brown or reddish brown ; the present species however is notable in having the the appendages black or nearly so. Agathidium difforme Lee. Oval, a little more elongate than usual, strongly convex but only weakly contractile. Color an obscure brownish red, the pronotal disk, a scutellar or sutural triangle of variable extent, antennal club and metasternum, piceous. Upper surface strongly shining, the head finely but unusually dis- tinctly punctate, thorax more finely and obscurely so, the elytra more strongly punctate and showing a more or less evident tendency toward a linear arrangement of the punc- tures, especially toward the suture. Clypeus truncate, with or without an evident membranous border ; clypeal suture not impressed. Antennal stem rufous, the club piceous, 3rd joint elongate, 7th and 8th moderately transverse and sub- equal. Hind angles of thorax a little obtuse and rather sharply defined. Elytra perceptibly longer than wide, humeral angle distinct, a little obtuse ; scutellar stria mod- erate. Mesosternum with an erect transverse laminiform process just before the middle coxae. Metasternum finely 130 December, 1933 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA alutaceous at sides, smooth at middle, sparsely punctate ; in the male with a distinct transverse erosion bearing short erect hairs. Left mandible of male with a long curved horn. Tarsal formula of the male 5-5-4, of the female 5-4-4. Length (body fully extended) about 2 mm. Le Conte’s type of this species is a male from Lake Superior. With it in his collection is a female from Detroit, Michigan. In addition to these specimens I have seen only two others, a male from Mt. Seward, 4500 ft., in the Adirondack Mts., in Mr. Liebeck’s collection, and a female from the White Mts., New Hampshire, in the Blanchard collection. These all agree in the characteristic type of coloration but vary somewhat in the extent of the dark sutural triangle. The erect mesosternal lamina at the anterior limits of the meso coxal process is in every way similar to the structure shown in bistriatum and sexstriatum, and in all three species the mesocoxal process is more nearly horizontal than usual. There can be no doubt that the A. canadensis recently described by Mr. W. J. Brown (Can. Ent. 1930, p. 89) is identical with dif- forme Lee., of which it possesses every essential feature. The only apparent discrepancy is in respect to the membranous border of the clypeus. This is said to be present in difforme and absent in canadensis; I have shown however that this is an uncertain char- acter, subject to much variation in this and other species. 131 VOL. XIV (New Series) MARCH 1934 No. 4 A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BTJENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, Lime and Green Sts., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.0© per year Date of Issue November 8, 1934 Application for entry as second-class matter under the Act of March 3, 1879, made June 15, 1926, at the Postoffice at Lancaster. Pa. Vol. XIV Americana March, 1934 No. 4 A CLASSIFICATION OF SOME NOCTUID LARVAE OF THE SUBFAMILY HYPENINAE By S. E. Crumb U. S. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, PUYALLUP, WASHINGTON In Barnes and McDunnough ’s Check List,1 the nomenclature of which is followed in this paper, 44 genera and 178 species are in- cluded among the Hypeninae, of which 20 genera and 42 species are described as larvae in the following pages, together with an addi- tional genus, Litoprosopus ( ? ) , which is included on the basis of one doubtfully determined specimen in the collection of the U. S. Na- tional Museum. Barnes and McDunnough list a number of genera among the Hypeninae which were not previously associated with this subfam- ily, and several of these changes are supported by the available lar- val evidence, but the larva of Spargaloma would fit better in the Catocalinae-Erebinae, and examination of a single fragmentary larva of Rivula propinqualis Gn. indicates that, if this specimen is correctly determined, Bivula does not belong in the Hypeninae and probably would require a special subfamily. In the preparation of this paper the author has become particu- larly indebted to Dr. Harold Morrison, who has granted facilities for studying the larval material in the collection of the National Mu- seum, and to Carl Heinrich and F. H. Benjamin, for their uniform 1 Barnes, Wm., and McDunnough, J. A. Check List of the Lepi- doptera of Boreal America. Decatur, 111. February, 1917. 133 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 kindly helpfulness on many occasions. In addition to the material studied in the National Museum, the writer has reared most of the species described, and grateful acknowledgment is due his old asso- ciates, J. U. Gilmore, K. B. McKinney, and Joe Milam, for their assistance in collecting larvae. The drawings in Plate XXIII were made by P. M. Eide, and the writer wishes to express his apprecia- tion for this contribution. The writer has seen larvae in somewhat less than half of the genera both in the Hypeninae and in the Catocalinae-Erebinae, in five of the eight genera in the Plusiinae, and in 98 of the 352 genera of the higher Noctuidae. To avoid constant reference to these limi- tations in the following discussion of larval relationships, the reader is requested to supply some expression such as “in so far as is known” in connection with general statements. Two distinct types of larvae are found in the Hypeninae. What is referred to below as the lierminioid type is peculiar to the Hy- peninae and probably represents the closest approach in our fauna to the primitive Noctuid larva. The other, or hypenoid, type also includes the Catocalinae-Erebinae (except P2-P2 in Alabama and head granules in some species of Catocala and Melipotis) and is not much different from the great mass of the Noctuidae. The distin- guishing characteristics of these two types are as follows : Larvae of the herminioid type. P2-P2 equal to but three-fourths of PM31. P1 usually nearer to L1 than to median line of head and never more than slightly nearer to the median line. With strong generic differences in the character and orientation of the tubercles and setae of body (PI. XXIV, Figs. A-K). Head granulose throughout. Larvae of the hypenoid type. P2-P2 usually greater than P1— P1 and never more than slightly less. P1 decidedly nearer to median line of head than to L1. No marked generic differences in the character and orientation of the tubercles and setae of body (PI. XXII, Figs. A-D). Head smooth, or granulose on occiput only. Spiracles not emarginate at ends. The difficulties which usually beset any attempt to indicate the relationships of genera in a serial arrangement seem to be particu- larly pronounced in the Hypeninae, and the exact sequence in the 134 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA two major groups probably must remain largely a matter of opinion, especially in the herminioid section. The writer feels sure, however, that genera should be kept within the type group into which they fall. Larvae of the hypenoid type seem to fall into reasonably well de- fined groups, but in the lower section of the herminioid larvae the segregation of genera into groups is a precarious procedure since, with the possible exception of Phalaenostola-Philometra and Zan- clognatha-Chytolita, respectively, there is not a single instance of apparent relationship between two or more genera in which there are not incongruities which indicate that the genera must have had considerably different histories and that the apparent relationship may be entirely accidental. It seems desirable, however, that some record be made of the conclusions drawn from the larvae, and the writer ventures to offer the following outline. As indicated above, the larvae of the Hypeninae of our fauna are separable into two distinct groups, but in the herminioid genera Diallagma, Epizeuxis, Lascoria, and Tetanolita spiracles of the hy- penoid type are found, while in Tetanolita the arrangement of the head setae is of the hypenoid type. These similarities might be in- terpreted as indicating a tendency toward fusion of the two types, and it seems probable that they will be found to merge, but, in the present state of our knowledge, the data might be interpreted as indicating that the herminioids represent an ancient, conservative group distinct from the remainder of the Noctuidae. The hypenoid larvae included in this paper seem to divide into five groups. The herminioid larvae apparently divide to form two subtypes. Sub- type A includes two otherwise unrelated genera, Diallagma and Epi- zeuxis. Subtype B is conceived as consisting of four branches. I11 the opinion of the writer the generic relationships are as follows : Larvae of the hypenoid type Bomolocha, Platyhypena , Hypena, Baccharophagos, Scoleco- campa , Litoprosopus ( ? ) , and Metalectra have setigerous tubercles IV and V fused on the mesothorax and metathorax. This character is found in the Catocalinae-Erebinae in Anomis and Alabama alone and does not occur elsewhere in the Hypeninae except in Epizeuxis. Bomolocha, Platyhypena, Hypena, and Phiprosopus have the hind coxae close together, while these coxae are very widely sepa- rated in Saccharophagos, Bcolecocampa, Litoprosopus (?), and Metalectra. In the Catocalinae-Erebinae approximate hind coxae are usual among the lower genera, including Anomis and Alabama. 135 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 This condition does not occur elsewhere in the Hypeninae except in Diallagma. Bomoloclia, Platyhypena, and Hypena have a number of char- acters in common, as indicated in the key to genera, and are placed first. Saccliarophagos, Scolecocampa, Litoprosopus (?), and Meta- lectra would follow in the order named. Saccharophagos and Scole- cocampa have a number of characters in common, as indicated in the generic key; Litoprosopus (?) is very distinct, and Metalectra is a very peculiar genus with an arrangement of the setigerous tubercles on abdominal segment 1 not found elsewhere in the Hy- peninae except in Diallagma. Pliiprosopus is an anomalous genus and the writer has no opin- ion to offer as to its position except that it belongs in this group. Larvae of the herminioid type, except in Phalaenophana Subtype A. Larvae with the prothoracic spiracle posterior in relation to the cervical shield and with non-emarginate spiracles. Diallagma is placed first owing to the approximate hind coxae, which otherwise are found exclusively in the hypenoid larvae, and because of an arrangement of the ventral setae on abdominal seg- ment 1 which occurs elsewhere in Metalectra alone. Epizeuxis would follow. Specific differences are unusually strong in this genus and it seems probable that Epizeuxis includes representatives of several ancient lines of development which happen to be similar in some respects. Subtype B. Larvae with prothoracic spiracle anterior in rela- tion to the cervical shield and usually with emarginate spiracles. The tendency in this subtype appears to be toward a posteriorly tapered body form and the development of an anal fork and non- emarginate spiracles, and in each of the following groups the genera showing this tendency are placed first. Phalaenophana is segregated owing to the hypenoid arrange- ment of the head setae. An anal fork is developed and the spiracles are emarginate in this genus. Tetanolita, Benia, and Bleptina share a number of characters, as indicated in the generic key. Tetanolita has an anal fork and very faintly emarginate spiracles and agrees with Benia in a number of characters, including peculiarities in the setigerous tubercles and their setae. Benia is peculiar in having the granules of the head arranged in a reticulate pattern, the inter- stices of which are in the form of pits. This condition is not found elsewhere in the Hypeninae except in Bleptina, where it occurs in a less pronounced form than in Benia. A third group would include 136 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Lascoria and Palthis, which are peculiar in having a middorsal hump on abdominal segment 8. Lascoria has the spiracles non-emar- ginate and both genera have the body tapered posteriorly. A fourth group is conceived as including Phalaenostola, Philometra, Hormisa, and probably Zanclognatha and Chytolita. Phalaenostola and Philometra have an anal fork, and the character and orientation of the tubercles and setae are of a type not found elsewhere. These two genera and Hormisa have very peculiar spiracles, the outer mar- gin being embedded in the skin. This is not found elsewhere except in Diallagma. The position of Zanclognatha and Chytolita is even more definitely uncertain than is usual in this subtype, but they have nearly flat tubercles as in Hormisa and a body outline not found elsewhere except in Philometra. The following key is based on an examination of larvae in but 151 of the 4691 genera of the Noctuidae, but this material has been well distributed through the family, except that no larvae have been seen in the Euteliinae and Hyblaeinae. It seems probable that the characters given will be sufficient for the proper placing of larvae in nearly all cases. Key for the Hypeninae 1. Setigerous tubercle VIIC absent on abdominal segment 1 (PL XXII, Fig. H) with rare exceptions in which either seta III on abdominal segment 9 is modified, threadlike, of a char- acter different from setae I and II (PL XXI, Fig. I) and prolegs are present on abdominal segment 3 ( Perigea , Ogdo- conta) or setigerous tubercles I and II are approximate on a hump on anterior abdominal segments (Harrisimemna) . Interspace P2-P2 equal to or greater than P1-?1 or seta III modified on abdominal segment 9 2 Setigerous tubercle VIP present on abdominal segment 1 (Pl. XXII, Fig. I), except in Palthis, in which P2-P2 is decidedly less than interspace P1-?1 and seta III is normal on ab- dominal segment 9 with both tubercle and seta normal, of the same character as tubercle and setae I and II (Pl. XXI, Fig. H), except in Caenurgia, Pelamia, and Euclidia in which prolegs are absent on abdominal segment 3. Setiger- ous tubercles I and II never approximate 3 2. Crochets on prolegs uniordinal (Pl. XXV, Fig. G-) except in Cucullia Higher Noctuidae 1 Following Dr. McDonnough’s classification of the Agrotids (McDonnough, J. H. A Generic Revision of North American Agro- tid Moths. Canada Dept. Mines, Natl. Museum of Canada, Bull. 55, 78 p., illus. 1928.) 137 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 Crochets on prolegs biordinal (PL XXV, Fig. I). Plusiinae in part 3. Crochets on prolegs biordinal Plusiinae in part Croc! lets on prolegs uniordinal 4 4. Setigerous tubercle I minute (a mere setal insertion) on an- terior abdominal segments or skin smooth, unless (Me- lipotis) setigerous tubercle VIII is spiracle-like, without a seta. No confluent setigerous tubercles in VII group on abdominal segments 1 and 2. Prolegs present on abdominal segment 4 unless the setigerous tubercles are minute. Se- tigerous tubercles I and II both minute on abdominal seg- ment 8 or I decidedly smaller than II (PI. XXIV, Fig. S), except in Alabama , in which setigerous tubercle III on ab- dominal segment 6 is in a transverse line with II and IV, and IIP is large and occupies the usual position of III (PI. XXII, Fig. A) Catocalinae-Erebinae Setigerous tubercle I at least moderately large throughout. Skin granulose or hairy or with fused setigerous tubercles in VII group on abdominal segments 1 and 2, except in Metalectra, in which the prolegs are absent on abdominal segment 4. Setigerous tubercle VIII always bearing a seta. Setigerous tubercles I and II at least moderately large on abdominal segment 8 and I rarely much smaller than II. Setigerous tubercle III never in a transverse line with II and IV and IIP always very minute (PL XXII, Fig. C). Hypeninae Key to the Known Genera of Larvae of the Hypeninae 1. Head and body set closely with secondary hairs. Prominent fleshy middorsal processes on anterior abdominal segments. Ocelli I and II abruptly elevated above the surrounding sur- face of the head on a callus Phiprosopus Head without secondary hairs. Body rarely with secondary hairs. No middorsal processes on anterior abdominal seg- ments. Ocelli I and II usually with a small callus between them but never strongly elevated 2 2. Setigerous tubercle VI bearing four setae on prothorax and two each on mesothorax and metathorax Litoprosopus ( ? ) Setigerous tubercle VI bearing two setae on prothorax and one each on mesothorax and metathorax (Pl. XXI, Fig. A) 3 3. Interspace P2-P2 never more than about two-thirds as great as pi-P1 (pi XX, Figs. D, F), except in Phalaenophana, in which the spiracles are emarginate at the ends (Pl. XXIII, Fig. G). Head granulose throughout 9 Interspace P2-P2 equal to or greater than PMP1 (Pl. XIX, Fig. A; Pl. XX, Fig. B). Head smooth or granulose on occiput 138 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA only. Spiracles not emarginate at ends (PI. XXIII, Fig. F) 4 4. Prolegs present on abdominal segment 4. Setigerous tubercle VIP on abdominal segment I distinctly nearer to VIP than to VIII (PI. XXI, Figs. B, F). With fused setigerous tubercles in the VII group on abdominal segments 1 and 2 PI. XXII, Figs. B, D) 5 Prolegs absent on abdominal segment 4. Setigerous tubercle VIP on abdominal segment 1 approximately equidistant be- tween VIP and VIII (PI. XXI, Fig. C). Without fused tubercles in the VII group Metalectra 5. Hind coxae very widely separated (PI. XXV, Fig. B). Setig- erous tubercles Ia and Ib not confluent on mesothorax and metathorax (PI. XXII, Fig. F). Ocelli I and II without a callus between them. Three setigerous tubercles in the VII group confluent on abdominal segment 2 (PI. XXII, Fig. D). Interspace VIII-VIII on abdominal segment 7 greater than VIII— VII. Setigerous tubercle A3 about twice as near to 02 as to L1 (PI. XIX, Fig. B). Setigerous tubercle VIP approximately twice as near to VIP as to VIP on abdominal segment I (PI. XXI, Fig. B) 8 Hind coxae not widely separated (PL XXV, Fig. E). Setig- erous tubercles Ia and Ib confluent on mesothorax and meta- thorax (PI. XXII, Fig. G). Ocelli I and II with a callus between them. But two confluent setigerous tubercles in the VII group on abdominal segment 2 (PL XXII, Fig. B). Interspace VIII-VIII on abdominal segment 7 less than VIII— VII. Setigerous tubercle A3 approximately equidis- tant between L1 and O2 or nearer to L1 (Pl. XX, Fig. A). Setigerous tubercle VIP on abdominal segment .1 approxi- mately five times as near to VIP as to VIP (Pl. XXI, Fig. F) 6 6. Prolegs present on abdominal segment 3 Bomolocha Prolegs absent on abdominal segment 3 7 7. Interspace P^meclian line of head equal to two-thirds of P^L1 (Pl. XX, Fig. B). Spinneret attenuate at tip (Pl. XXV, Fig. A). Head without dark markings Platyhypena Interspace P1— median line equal to one-half of interspace P1- L1. Spinneret not attenuate at tip (Pl. XXV, Fig. C). Head with dark markings dorsally flypena 8. Setigerous tubercles I and II distinctly separate on abdominal segment 9. Setigerous tubercle III not directly anterior to the spiracle 011 abdominal segment 8 Saccharophagos Setigerous tubercles I and II with their bases fused on ab- dominal segment 9. Setigerous tubercle III directly an- terior to the spiracle on abdominal segment 8. Scolecocampa 139 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 9. Prolegs absent on abdominal segment 4. Setigerous tubercle VIP on abdominal segment 1 decidedly nearer to VIII than to VIP (PL XXI, Fig. D). Hind coxae touching. Diallagma Prolegs present on abdominal segment 4. Setigerous tubercle VIP on abdominal segment 1 decidedly nearer to VIP than to VIII (PI. XXI, Fig. E). Hind coxae never touching 10 10. Prothoracic spiracle on the line of the posterior margin of the cervical shield (PI. XXIII, Fig. E). Spiracles not emar- ginate at ends (PL XXIII, Fig. F; Pl. XXIV, Fig. N). Ocellus I flat on the head, not borne on a callus Epizeuxis Prothoracic spiracle anterior to the posterior margin of the cer- vical shield (Pl. XXIII, Figs. A-D). Spiracles distinctly emarginate at ends except in Lascoria and Tetanolita (Pl. XXIII, Fig. G; Pl. XXIV, Fig. M). Ocellus I inclined posteriorly, on a small callus 11 11. Setigerous tubercles PWP1 with their interspaces less than P2- P2. Setigerous tubercle P1 decidedly nearer to the median line of the head than to L1. Subanal setae very close to- gether, developed as an anal fork (Pl. XXIII, Fig. H). Phalaenophana Setigerous tubercles P1— Pl with their interspace decidedly greater than P2-P2 (Pl. XX, Figs. D, F). Setigerous tubercle P1 but little if any nearer to the median line than to L1. Subanal setae usually well separated, rarely devel- oped as an anal fork (Pl. XXIII, Fig. I) 12 12. With a distinct middorsal hump on abdominal segment 8. Body tapering posteriorly 13 Without a middorsal hump on abdominal segment 8. Body usu- ally broad posteriorly 14 13. Hump on the dorsum of abdominal segment 8 including setig- erous tubercle I. Setigerous tubercle II on abdominal seg- ment 8 but slightly larger than elsewhere. Granules of skin in the form of short, stout spines (Pl. XXV, Fig. J). Setig- erous tubercle VIP about twice as near to VIP as to VIII on abdominal segment 2 and absent on abdominal segment 1. Spiracles emarginate at ends (Pl. XXIV, Fig. M, d). Palthis Hnmp on dorsum of abdominal segment 8 including setig- erous tubercle II, which is much larger on 8 than on the preceding segments. Skin with minute rounded granules. Setigerous tubercle VIP nearly equidistant between VIP and VIII on abdominal segment 2 and present on segment 1. Spiracles not emarginate at ends, extremely narrow, twice as high as wide Lascoria 140 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 14. Setigerous tubercles A1-A2-A3 forming a very obtuse angle at A2 (PL XX, Pig. F). Setigerous tubercle IV on abdominal segment 5 at least about one-fourth nearer to III than to V, measured between the setal insertions. Setigerous tubercle IV on abdominal segment 4 usually less than the width of the spiracle removed therefrom. Dorsal setae of body usually blunt or enlarged at tip (PI. XXIV, Figs. E, H, I) 19 Setigerous tubercles A1-A2-A.3 forming approximately a right angle at A2. Setigerous tubercle IY on abdominal segment 5 equidistant between III and Y or near to Y, measured be- tween the setal insertions. Setigerous tubercle IY on ab- dominal segment 4 distinctly more than the width of the spiracle removed therefrom. Setae of body pointed at tip (PI. XXIY, Figs. A-C, G, J) 15 15. Subanal setae close together, developed as an anal fork (PI. XXIII, Fig. IP). Anal shield strongly declivous posterior to the antero-dorsal setigerous tubercles. Setigerous tuber- cles I and II directed posteriorly, their setae stout, bluntly pointed, about twice as long as the width of their tubercles (PI. XXIY, Figs. A, B). Spiracles peculiar, the outer mar- gin embedded in the skin and indistinct 16 Subanal setae well separated, not developed as an anal fork (PI. XXIII, Fig. I). Anal shield not strongly declivous posterior to the antero-dorsal setigerous tubercles. Setig- erous tubercles I and II not directed posteriorly except slightly on abdominal segments 7 and 8, their setae slender or very short (PI. XXIY, Figs. C, G, J) 17 16. Abdominal segments of about equal width throughout, with 7 and 8 slightly broadened. Setae I and II directed strongly posteriorly, almost parallel with the dorsum (PI. XXIY, Fig. B) Philometra Body tapering posteriorly. Setae I and II directed somewhat posteriorly but far from parallel with the dorsum (PL XXIY, Fig. A ) Phalaenostola 17. Body tapering posteriorly. Anal shield elongate, the posterior setigerous tubercles very strongly produced. Dorsal setae nearly twice as long as the width of their tubercles (Pl. XXIY, Fig. C). Spiracles peculiar, the outer margin em- bedded in the skin and indistinct. Interspace YIIb-YIIc on abdominal segment 1 nearly equal to YIP-YIII (Pl. XXI, Fig. G) II. or mi sa Body broadened posteriorly. Anal shield rounded, the poste- rior setigerous tubercles not very strongly produced. Dor- sal setae no longer than the width of their tubercles (Pl. XXIY, Figs. G, J). Spiracles normal, the outer margin sharply defined. Interspace YIP-YIP on abdominal seg- ment 1 decidedly less than YIP-YIII (Pl. XXI, Fig. E). .18 141 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 18. Spinneret shorter and stouter (PL XXV, Pig. P). Zanclognatha Spinneret longer and more slender (PL XXV, Fig. D). Chytolita 19. Anterior abdominal spiracles large, twice as high as wide (Pl. XXIV, Pigs. M, b). Insertion of seta IV on prothorax be- low the line of the center of the spiracle (PL XXIII, Fig. C ) . Dorsal setigerous tubercles nearly flat, their setae very strongly clavate or balloon-shaped, II no longer than the width of its tubercle (Pl. XXIV, Fig. I) Bleptina Anterior abdominal spiracles small, less than twice as high as wide (Pl. XXIV, Figs. M, a). Insertion of seta IV on pro- thorax above the line of the center of the spiracle (Pl. XXIII, Figs. B, D). Dorsal setigerous tubercles distinctly elevated, their setae rarely more than slightly enlarged at tip, if at all, II usually twice as long as the width of its tubercle (Pl. XXIV, Figs. E, H) 20 20. Prespiracular shield elongate, wedge-shaped, very narrowly separated from or connate with the cervical shield (Pl. XXIII, Figs. B, D). Spiracles strongly emarginate at the ends (Pl. XXIV, Fig. M, a). Head without pigment reticu- lation, the granules arranged in a reticulate pattern dor- sally enclosing pits Benia Prespiracular shield rounded, well separated from the cervical shield. Spiracles but very slightly emarginate at ends. Head with pigment reticulation, the granules not arranged in a reticulate pattern and not enclosing pits Tetanolita Bomolocha Hubner Body broadest through anterior abdominal segments and tapering strongly posteriorly. Skin smooth or with very minute granules. Hind coxae very close together. Prolegs present on abdominal segment 3. Anal shield normal. Prothoracic spir- acle on the line of the posterior margin of the cervical shield. Prespiracular shield well rounded, separated from the cervical shield. Spiracles neither elevated nor emarginate at ends. Head and body without reticulation. Setigerous tubercles rather large and distinctly elevated. Setae about half the length of an abdominal segment, pointed at tip. IV on prothorax above the center of spiracle. Interspace VIII-VIII on abdominal segment 7 less than VIII-VII. VII on abdominal segment 7 nearer to VI than to VIII. VIP remote from VIP and VIP on abdominal segment I. P and Ib confluent on mesothorax and metathorax. 142 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA IV and V confluent on mesothorax and metathorax. YIP and VIP confluent on abdominal segment 1. Subanal setae not modified as an anal fork. Head smooth, ocelli I and II with a callus between them. Ar- rangement of setigerons tubercles as follows : Interspace PWP1 less than P2-P2. A^A^A3 forming a very obtuse angle at A2. A3 approximately equidistant from O2 and L1. P1 about twice as near to the median line as to L1. Although this genus includes sixteen species, the writer has examined larvae in but three, and but one larva has been seen in each of these species. Ivey to Larvae of the Species Setigerons tubercles of body green palparia Walker Setigerous tubercles of body pink caducalis Walker Bomolocha palparia Walker ( scutellaris Grote) Head 2 mm. broad. Body about 17 mm. long and 3 mm. broad at middle. Green throughout, apparently without mark- ings, but this is uncertain since the larva is decolorized prepara- tory to pupation. Setigerous tubercles of body green, their setae nearly or quite black. Spiracles yellowish with brown rims. Head green, setigerous tubercles A3, P1, P2, and L1 black. Described from one live larva collected July 4, 1925, at Clarks- ville, Tenn. Moth determined by F. H. Benjamin. Food plant : Larva taken on trunk of oak. Distribution: New York, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Mary- land, southward to Tennessee ; also reported from British Columbia. Bomolocha caducalis Walker. Head 2.5 mm. broad. Body about 20 mm. long and 3 mm. broad at middle. Green throughout with a broken pale line ventrad of setigerous tubercle II. Setigerous tubercles of body pink. Spiracles pale with brown rims. Head with a dark spot anterior to setigerous tubercle P1. Described from one inflated larva in the National Museum collec- tion labelled “On walnut, September 3, 1882. No. 2841.” Food Plant : Walnut. Distribution : New York to Delaware and westward to North Da- kota, Missouri, and Texas. Platyhypena Grote Body broadened through anterior abdominal segments, and tapering decidedly posteriorly. Skin with extremely minute 143 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 rounded granules. Hind coxae very close together. Prolegs absent on abdominal segment 3. Anal shield normal. Protho- racic spiracle on the line of the posterior margin of the cervical shield. Prespiracrdar shield remote from cervical shield. Spir- acles neither elevated nor emarginate at ends. Setigerous tubercles rather large, conical. Setae rather stout, pointed at tip, about one-third as long as an abdominal segment. IV on prothorax above center of spiracle. Interspace VIII— VIII on abdominal segment 7 less than VIII-VII. VII on abdominal segment 7 nearer to VI than to VIII. VIP remote from VIIb and VIP on abdominal segment 1. Ia and Ib confluent on mesothorax and metathorax. IV and V confluent on mesothorax and metathorax. VIP and VIP confluent on abdominal segment 1. Subanal setae not modified as an anal fork. Head smooth, ocelli I and II with a callus between them. Arrangement of setigerous tubercles as follows : Interspace P1-?1 less than P2-P2. A:1-A2^A3 forming a very obtuse angle at A2. A3 slightly nearer to L1 than to O2. F1 distinctly nearer to margin of front than to Fa. P1 to the median line equal to two-thirds P1 to L1. But one species is included in this genus. Platyhypena scab r a Fabricius PI. XX, Figs. A, B ; PI. XXII, Fig. G; PL XXV, Figs. A, E. Head 2 mm. broad. Body about 25 mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad at middle. General color green with white lines. Body green both dorsally and ventrally. A geminate mid- dorsal line, a broken line somewhat ventrad of setigerous tuber- cle II, and a narrow band including the spiracles, white. No white subspiracular stripe. Spiracles white with brownish rims. Setigerous tubercles green, the setal insertions and setae brownish. Head smooth, green, without markings. Described from many live larvae collected August 20, 1926, at Clarksville, Tenn. Moths determined by H. G. Dyar. Food Plants : Alfalfa, clover, beans, strawberry, Ambrosia trifida. Distribution : Nova Scotia, New York, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina westward to Minnesota, Kansas, and Texas. Hypena Schrank Body broadest through the anterior abdominal segments and tapering decidedly posteriorly. Skin either smooth or with 144 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA very minute granules. Hind coxae very close together. Prolegs absent on abdominal segment 3, present on abdominal segment 4. Anal shield normal. Prothoracic spiracles on the line of the posterior margin of the cervical shield. Prespiraeular shield rounded, remote from the cervical shield. Spiracles neither elevated nor emarginate at ends. Setigerous tubercles rather large, somewhat conical. Setae rather stout, pointed at tip, about one-third the length of an abdominal segment. IV on prothorax above the center of the spiracle. Interspace VIII-VIII on abdominal segment 7 less than YIII-YII. YII on abdominal segment 1 variable in relation to VI and VIII. YIP remote from VIP and YIP on abdominal segment 1. Ia and Ib confluent on mesothorax and metathorax. IY and Y confluent on mesothorax and metathorax. VIP and VIP confluent on abdominal segment 1. Subanal setae not modified as an anal fork. Head smooth, or obscurely granulose dorsally, ocelli I and II with a callus between them, without pigment reticulation, but flecked with blackish dorsally. Arrangement of setigerous tubercles as follows : Interspace P1-?1 less than P2~P2. A1— A2-A3 forming a very obtuse angle at A2. A3 slightly nearer to L1 than to O2. F1 distinctly nearer to the lateral margin of the front than to Fa. P1 approximately twice as near to the median line as to L1. Four species are credited to this genus, all of which are here de- scribed in the larval stage. Key to Larvae of the Species 1. Ground color of head green. Dorsum of body green 2 Ground color of head white. Dorsum dusky owing to the pres- ence of close-set, very minute, rounded, blackish granules. decorata Smith 2. Skin smooth, entirely without granules calif ornica Behr Skin set closely with minute granules 3 3. Granules of skin pointed, upright, spine-like humuli Harris Granules of skin very minute, rounded, not upright. modesta Smith Hypena humuli Harris Head 1.8 mm. broad. Body about 18 mm. long and 3 mm. broad at middle. General color green with white lines. 145 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 Dorsum green, venter lighter green. A geminate middorsal line and a line ventrad of setigerous tubercle II, white. White stripe including the spiracles apparently absent. Spiracles pale yellowish or white wTith browmish rims. Setigerous tubercles dark, including those on the head. Head green freckled with dilute black dorsally, coarsely, obscurely granulose dorsally. Described from four alcoholic larvae in the National Museum col- lection labelled ‘ 4 Richfield Springs, N. Y., June 1887. ’ 7 Pood Plants: Hop ( Humulus lupulus L.) and stinging nettle ( Urtica spp.) . Distribution: Washington, Montana, and New York southward to Utah, Colorado, Kansas, and Virginia; also reported from Ala- bama. Hypena California Behr PI. XXII, Fig. B ; PL XXV, Fig. H. Head 1.8 mm. broad. Body about 21 mm. long and 2 mm. broad at middle. General color green with white lines. Body green both dorsally and ventrally, faintly suffused with pinkish. A deeper green subcutaneous middorsal line. A strong white line just ventrad of setigerous tubercle II and traces of a pale subspiracular line. Spiracles white with black- ish rims. Setigerous tubercles of body green with dark setal in- sertions. Head green freckled with black on posterior half, the setigerous tubercles black. Described from many live larvae collected in May, June, July, and August at Puyallup, Wash. Moths determined by William Schaus. Food Plant : Stinging nettle ( Urtica lyalli S. Wats.). Distribution : California to Washington and British Columbia. Hypena modesta Smith Head 1.7 mm. broad. Body about 22 mm. long and 2 mm. broad at middle. General color green, apparently without white lines. Setigerous tubercles green with dark setal insertions. Spira- cles pale with brown rims. Head green, the setigerous tubercles dark. Described from one inflated larva in the National Museum collec- tion labelled “ Nevada County, California. On nettle. No. 197.” Food Plant: Stinging nettle ( Urtica sp.). Distribution : California. 146 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Hypena decorata Smith PL XXI, Fig. F ; Pl. XXV, Fig. C. Head 2 mm. broad. Body about 25 mm. long and 3 mm. broad at middle. General color dark dorsally. Dorsum to ventrad of setigerons tubercle II dusky, with a dark middorsal stripe, tubercles I and II in pale spots. A strong dark stripe dorsad of setigerous tubercle III, remainder of supraspiracular area paler than the dorsum. Yellowish band below and partially including the spiracles, more evident ven- trally. Venter unmarked, tinged with pinkish. Spiracles yel- lowish with black rims. Setigerous tubercles pale or green with rather large dark setal insertions, III tending to be wholly black. Head white densely freckled with black, the freckles sometimes fused posteriorly, setigerous tubercles black . Described from many larvae collected during June and July at Puyallup, Wash. Moths determined by Carl Heinrich. Food Plant : Stinging nettle ( Urtica lyalli S. Wats.). Distribution : Washington to California. Saccharophagos Schaus (Gabara Walker in part) Abdominal segments of about equal width throughout. Skin set closely with small, rounded granules. Hind coxae widely separated. Prolegs absent on abdominal segment 3. Anal shield normal, the dorsal setae posterior. Prothoracic spiracle anterior to the line of the posterior margin of the cervical shield. Prespiracular shield irregular in outline, but little re- moved from the margin of the cervical shield. Head and body without pigment reticulation. Setigerous tubercles of body large, rather flat; their setae stout, pointed at tip, very long. IV on prothorax below center of spiracle. Interspace VIII— VIII on abdominal segment 7 greater than VIII-VII. VII on abdominal segment 7 nearer to VIII than to VI. Interspace VIIb-VIIa on abdominal segment 1 distinctly less than VIIb-VIIc ; the two equal on segment 2. Ia and Ib not confluent on mesothorax and metathorax. IV and V confluent on mesothorax and metathorax. VI approximately equidistant from VIIa and V on abdomi- nal segment 1. VIP and VIP confluent on abdominal segment 1. Subanal setae not developed as an anal fork. Head brown, freckled with small, dark spots, scarcely granu- lose. Front narrowed strongly at base. Ocelli I and II without 147 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 a callus between them. Arrangement of setigerous tubercles as follows : Interspace P1-?1 very slightly greater than P2-P2. A^A^A3 forming approximately a right angle at A2. A3 twice as near to O2 as to L1. F1 much nearer to the lateral margin of front than to Fa. P1 about three times as near to the median line as to L1 . Three or four species probably are included in this genus. Saccliarophagos mochisa S chaus Head 3 mm. broad. Body about 30 mm. long and 5 mm. broad, abdominal segments of about equal width throughout. General color pale, without markings, with large brown or black setigerous tubercles. Spiracles black throughout. Head brown, flecked with small dark spots. Described from two alcoholic larvae in the collection of the U. S. National Museum labelled “In cane, February 1923. Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico, R. H. Van Zwaluwenburg coll.” Food: Van Zwaluwenburg1 states that this larva often gnaws a rough cavity at the base of stalks of sugar cane and is sometimes found feeding on trash about the sprouted eyes several feet above ground. Distribution. Mexico. Scolecocampa Guenee Abdominal segments of equal width throughout. Skin with very small, rounded granules, particularly near the margins of the segments. Hind coxae very widely separated. Prolegs ab- sent on abdominal segment 3. Anal shield normal, rather coarsely granulose. Prothoracic spiracle decidedly anterior to the line of the posterior margin of the cervical shield. Pre- spiracular shield rather narrowly separated from the cervical shield. Spiracles neither elevated nor emarginate at ends. Head and body without markings. Setigerous tubercles large, somewhat elevated. Dorsal setae stout, pointed at tip, more than half as long as an abdominal segment. IV on prothorax above center of spiracle. Interspace VIII-VIII on abdominal segment 7 distinctly greater than VIII-VII. VII on abdominal segment 7 nearer to VI than to VIII. 1Van Zwaluwenburg, R. H. Insect Enemies of Sugarcane in Western Mexico. Jour. Econ. Ent., vol. 19, p. 668, August 1926. 148 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA III directly anterior to spiracle on abdominal segment 8. I and II with bases continent on abdominal segment 9. Ia and Ib separate on mesothorax and metathorax. IV and V confluent on mesothorax and metathorax. Two confluent tubercles in VII group (VIP and VIP) on ab- dominal segment 1. Subanal setae not modified as an anal fork. Head with impressed lines, and obscurely granulose clorsally. Ocelli I and II without a callus between them. Arrangement of setigerous tubercles as follows : Interspace P^P1 a little less than P2-P2. A1— A2— A3 forming a rather obtuse angle at A2. A3 nearly twice as near to O2 as to L1. F1 much nearer to the margin of front than to Fa. P1 about twice as near to the median line as to L1. This genus includes two species. Scolecocampa liburna Geyer PI. XIX, Figs. A, B ; PL XXI, Fig. B ; PI. XXII, Figs. C. D. Head 3.1 mm. broad. Body about 35 mm. long and 4 mm. broad at middle. Skin with obscure, small, rounded granules, transparent. General color whitish, without markings. Cervical shield dark fuscous, transversely oblong, extending laterally almost to the spiracle. Anal shield dark fuscous, large, semicircular in outline. Legs fuscous. Crochets of prolegs very long and slender. Spiracles small, dark fuscous. Setig- erous tubercles large, dark fuscous, shining. Head deep uniform black, with obscure coarse granules dor- sally. The larvae live in tunnels in rotten wood, the mouths of which are sometimes closed by a mass of frass and silk. They are found in wood so far gone in decay that larvae and adults of Passalus cornu- tus, angleworms, and millipedes are the chief forms of life with which the larvae are associated. Described from twenty live larvae collected September 14, 1920, at Magnolia, Tenn. Moths determined by H. G. Dyar. Food : Decayed logs and stumps of oak, sycamore, and other trees. Distribution : New York, North Carolina, and Florida westward to Missouri and Texas. Litoprosopus Grote ( ? ) Body of about equal width from the mesothorax to abdomi- nal segment 8. Skin with small, isolated, spine-like granules. 149 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 Hind coxae extremely far apart. Prolegs present on abdomi- nal segment 3. Anal shield normal. Prespiracular shield well separated from cervical shield. Spiracles neither elevated nor emarginate at ends. Setigerous tubercles large, II and III in particular, strongly conical, II about four times as large as I, III at least five times as large as IV, I and II very unusually close together, not more than the width of I removed from each other. Setae extremely long, longer than an abdominal seg- ment, pointed at tip. IV on prothorax below center of spiracle. Interspace VIII-VIII on abdominal segment 7 much greater than VIII-VII. Ia and Ib confluent on mesothorax and metathorax. Two confluent setigerous tubercles (VIP and VI Ic) on ab- dominal segment 1. Subanal setae not modified as an anal fork. VI with four setae on prothorax, two each on mesothorax and metathorax. VIP four times nearer to VIP than to VIII. Head strongly, transversely rugulose, not granulose. Ocelli I and II not on a callus. Arrangement of setigerous tubercles as follows : Interspace PM31 slightly less than P2-P2. A^A^A3 forming a slightly acute angle at A2. A3 nearer to L1 than to O2. Two species are included in Litoprosopus. Litoprosopus futilis Grote & Robinson ( ? ) Head 4.2 mm. broad. Body about 38 mm. long and 6 mm. broad at middle. General dorsal color apparently reddish brown. A geminate pale middorsal line including and bordered broadly by reddish brown and with transverse white lines and spots between setigerous tubercles I and II. Traces of broad, broken, pale longitudinal lines between I and II, and ventrad of II. A broad pale band with the spiracles well within it. The reddish brown dorsal coloration encroaches upon this pale band posterior to the spiracles, where but a narrow margin of white remains. Supraspiracular area reddish brown reticulate with white. Spiracles entirely black. Venter of dorsal color becoming more dilute midventrally. Cervical shield large, brown, polished, the setigerous tubercles not elevated. Setigerous tubercles dark, II and III in particular being strongly conical, II about four times as large as I, III at least five times as large as IV, I and II very unusually close together, 150 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA being not more than the width of I apart. Setae black, pointed at tip and extremely long, the seta on 3 being decidedly longer than an abdominal segment. Head uniform brown or black except for an oblique pale line posterior to ocellus I, strongly transversely rugulose but not granulose. Ocelli I and II are peculiar in that their interspace is greater than that of ocelli II and III. Described from one inflated larva in the U. S. National Museum collection labelled “Astoria, Florida, saw palmetto, No. 9261, H. G. Dyar collector. 7 7 Doctor Dyar was not certain that this larva was futilis but stated that futilis fed upon saw palmetto. This larva is peculiar in several respects, particularly in the char- acter of setigerous tubercle VI on the thorax, but otherwise seems to fit in very well near the head of the series of hypenoid genera. Distribution : Georgia and Florida. Phiprosopus Grote Body broadest through anterior abdominal segments, a mid- dorsal hump on abdominal segment 1, a middorsal, tapered, fleshy process on segment 2, longer than the segment, a shorter middorsal process on segment 3, a decided middorsal hump on segment 8, and distinct latero- ventral lobes on segments 8 and 9. Head and body bearing numerous secondary hairs. Hind coxae contiguous. Prolegs absent on abdominal segments 3 and 4. Anal shield normal, thin. Prothoracic spiracle on the line of the posterior margin of the cervical shield. Prespiracular shield remote from the margin of the cervical shield. Head and body without pigment reticulation. Setigerous tubercles of body small, merely a minute chitinous ring at the setal insertion; their setae moderately long, slender, pointed at tip. IV on prothorax above center of spiracle. Interspace VIII-VIII apparently many times as great as VIII— VII on abdominal segment 7. V and VI apparently close together on a fleshy prominence on abdominal segment 7. Interspace VIIa-VIIb twice as great as VIP-VIIC on abdomi- nal segment 1 ; relationship similar on abdominal segment 2. Ia and Ib not confluent on mesothorax and metathorax. IV and V not confluent on mesothorax and metathorax. No confluent setigerous tubercles in VII group on abdominal segment 1. Subanal setae not developed as an anal fork. Head brown, with numerous secondary hairs, smooth. Ocelli 151 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 I and II abruptly elevated above the surrounding surface of the head on a callus. Arrangement of setigerous tubercles as fol- lows : Interspace P1-?1 greater than P2-P2. A3 more than twice as near to O2 as to L1. F1 distinctly nearer to margin of front than to Fa. P1 decidedly nearer to median line of head than to L1. Two species are included in this genus. Phiprosopus callitrichoides Grote Head 2.5 mm. broad. Body about 25 mm. long and 3.5 mm. broad at middle. General color brown with a conspicuous pale or pinkish lateral stripe strongly produced ventrally on ab- dominal segments 4, 5, and 6, extending as a narrow stripe be- tween setigerous tubercle III and the spiracle on abdominal segment 7, and continuing dorso-posteriorly upon segment 8, where it seems to occupy most of the area included by setig- erous tubercles I, II, and III. Head with secondary hairs, smooth, brown, with the adfrontal areas and a narrow stripe mediad of the ocelli, pale. The specimen is not in good condi- tion for description. Described from one alcoholic larva in the collection of the U. S. National Museum labelled “New Haven, Conn., Nov. 1901. A. H. Verrill coll.” Food: Green briar ( Smilax rotundifolia L.). Distribution : New York, District of Columbia, North Carolina, Alabama, and Texas. Metalectra 1 Hiibner Abdominal segments broadened somewhat posteriorly. Skin minutely granulose, sometimes appearing smooth. Hind coxae widely separated. Prolegs absent on abdominal segment 3 and 4. Anal shield produced and upturned on posterior margin (at least in quadrisignata) . Prothoracic spiracle on the line of the posterior margin of cervical shield. Prespiraeular shield rounded, remote from cervical shield. Spiracles broad, neither elevated nor emarginate at ends. Head with distinct pigment reticulation. Body scarcely reticulate. Setigerous tubercles of body broadly bell-shaped, moderately large, and distinctly elevated. Setae rather stout, half as long as an abdominal segment, pointed at tip, I directed anteriorly and II posteriorly on the abdomen. 1 This is the original spelling. 152 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA IV on prothorax above center of spiracle. Interspace VIII— VIII on abdominal segment 7 less than VIII-VII. VII on abdominal segment 7 nearer to VI than to VIII. VIP remote from VIP and VIP on abdominal segment 1. VIP anterior to VIP. Ia and Ib may or may not be confluent on mesothorax and metathorax. IV and V confluent on mesothorax and metathorax. No confluent tubercles in VII group. Subanal setae not modified as an anal fork. Head either smooth or granulose, ocelli I and II without a callus between them. Arrangement of setigerous tubercles as follows : Interspace PWP1 less than P2-P2. Aa-A2-A3 forming approximately a right angle at A2. A3 approximately equidistant from O2 and L1. F1 nearer to margin of front than to Fa. P1 three times as near to median line as to L1. Seven species are credited to this genus, and of these but two spe- cies have been described in the larval stage. Key to the Known Larvae of the Species Setigerous tubercles Ia and Ib confluent on mesothorax and meta- thorax (PI. XXII, Fig. G). Head set sparingly with subconi- cal granules on occiput iantillus Grote Setigerous tubercles Ia and Ib separate on mesothorax and meta- thorax (PL XXII, Fig. F). Head entirely smooth. quadrisignata Walker Metalectra tantillus Grote ( monodia Dyar) Head 1.4 mm. broad. Body about 19 mm. long and 3 mm. broad at middle. General color brown, made up of flecks of in- fuscated brown and reddish. With a geminate pale middorsal line including dark fuscous spots anterior to setigerous tubercles I, between I and II, and posterior to II. Similar spots ventrad of I and II. Coloration paler midventrally. Spiracles pale or brownish with dark rims. Setigerous tubercles conspicuously prominent even on the ven- ter, I reddish brown, II pale. Head closely reticulate with dark brown, without definite submedian arcs, set sparsely with subconical granules. Described from one inflated larva in the United States National Museum collection, labelled “Under a log. July 22.” 153 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 Food : Probably fungus. Distribution : North Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Metalectra quadrisignata Walker {t actus Grote) PI. XXI, Fig. C. Head 1.6 mm. broad. Body about 18 mm. long and 3 mm. broad at middle. General color indeterminable. Body marked with blackish, which is especially. conspicuous on the anterior portion of the segments between setigerous tubercles I and III. Setigerous tubercles but moderately prom- inent, I and II apparently of the same color. Ground color of head apparently white overlaid by fuscous reticulation. Spiracles pale or brownish with black rims. The crochets on the prolegs are very long and slender, which also is true in M . tantillus. Described from one mature and two immature larvae collected September 17, 1928, at Concordville, Pa., by C. A. Thomas. Moths determined by Frank ITaimbach. Food : Cultivated mushrooms. Distribution : Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Diallagma Smith Body decidedly broadened through the metathorax and first abdominal segment and tapering to the rather blunt posterior extremity. Skin, including the setigerous tubercles, set with rather small, somewhat isolated, rounded granules. Hind coxae very close together. Prolegs absent on abdominal segments 3 and 4. Anal shield with median posterior setae distinctly lower than adjacent setae. Prothoracic spiracle on the line of the posterior margin of the cervical shield. Prespiracular shield rounded, remote from the cervical shield. Spiracles neither elevated nor emarginate at ends, retracted into the skin on the anterior abdominal segments. Head with pigment retic- ulation. Body not reticulate. Setigerous tubercles rather large, and distinctly elevated, subcylindrical on abdominal segments posterior to 3, on which segments tubercle II is distinctly larger than I, II prostrate on abdominal segments 8 and 9. Setae blunt, tending to arise from the posterior face of their tubercles, except II on abdomi- nal segment 8, and no longer than the width of their tubercles, I and II both directed posteriorly, except on abdominal seg- ment 8. 154 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA IV on prothorax far below center of spiracle. Interspace VIII-VIII on abdominal segment 7 slightly less than VIII-VIL VII on abdominal segment 7 slightly nearer to VI than to VIII. VIIa remote from VIP and VIP on abdominal segment 1. VIP slightly anterior to line VI to VIII on abdominal seg- ment 1. Ia and Ib well separated on mesothorax and metathorax. IV and V separated on mesothorax and metathorax. No confluent tubercles in VII group. Snbanal setae probably modified as an anal fork. Head with rather small rounded grannies. Ocelli I and II without a callus between them. Arrangement of setigerous tubercles as follows : Interspace P^P1 greater than P2-P2. A^A^A3 forming a very obtuse angle at A2. A3 approximately equidistant from O2 and L1. F1 distinctly nearer to Fa than to the margin of front. P1 approximately equidistant between the median line and L1. Two species are included in this genus. Diallagma latiorella Walker PI. XXI, Fig. D ; PI. XXIV, Fig. K. Head 1.4 mm. broad. Body about 16 mm. long and 2 mm. broad at middle. General color rather dark. Dorsum to just ventrad of setigerous tubercle II dark tinged with reddish and bordered laterally by a pale line ; a narrow dark middorsal stripe. From ventrad of setigerous tubercle II to and including the spiracles abruptly much paler, flecked and streaked with reddish brown and darker in the line of the spir- acles. Spiracles entirely black. From spiracles to ventrad of setigerous tubercle VI a decided light brown. Remainder of venter dark with a brown midventral stripe. Head white, front medially and laterally black, a strong black stripe from setigerous tubercle A1 straight posteriorly, growing less intense posteriorly, with dark reticulation poste- rior to the ocelli and on the posterior margin of the head. Described from six live larvae collected April 27, 1927, at Clarks- ville, Tenn. Moths determined by J. McDunnough. Food: The larva is found in clumps of bluegrass ( Poa pratensis L.) . where it feeds upon both the dead and the live grass. Distribution : Florida and Tennessee. 155 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 Epizeuxis Hiibner The species included in this genus do not form a natural group, and many of the characters used in generic diagnoses are variable within the group. The following characters are constant : Anal shield normal. Prothoracic spiracle on the line of the posterior margin of the cervical shield. Prespiracular shield rounded, well separated from the cervical shield. Spiracles sometimes elevated at ends, but never emarginate. Interspace VIII— VIII on abdominal segment 7 less than VIII-VII. YII on abdominal segment 7, nearer to VIII than to VI. VII® not remote from VIP and VIP on abdominal segment 1. Ia and Ib separate on mesothorax and metathorax. No confluent setigerous tubercles in VII group. Subanal setae not modified as an anal fork. Ocelli I and II without a callus between and partially includ- ing them. Arrangement of head setae as follows : Interspace P^P1 greater than P2-P2. A^A^A3 forming approximately a right angle at A2. As indicated to some extent in the following key to the species, the variation in major characters among the species is greater than should be expected within a genus. Epizeuxis rotundalis is unique among the Hypeninae in the character of the labial palpus, in the shortness of the median line of the head, and in the right angled oc- cipital sinus; lubricalis and gopheri are unique in the character of their setigerous tubercles ; americalis and aemula are unique in the location of setigerous tubercle O2 ; and forbesi and julia are very peculiar in having the skin pubescent, while they differ decidedly from each other in some major characters. Fifteen species are credited to this genus. Key to the Larvae of the Species 1. Setigerous tubercles I and II very strongly elevated and sub- cylindrical, higher than their basal width, at least on posterior abdominal segments (PI. XXII, Fig. E; PI. XXIV, Fig. P). Interspace II to II on abdominal segment 8 less than I to I. Cervical shield with surface irregular. All setae on tarsus slender, pointed (PI. XXIV, Fig. Q) 2 Setigerous tubercles I and II not very strongly elevated, flat or conical, basal width greater than their height. Interspace II to II on abdominal segment 8 greater than I to I. Surface of 156 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA cervical shield almost regular. Tarsal setae various (PI. XXIV, Figs. L, 0, R) 3 2. Prolegs on abdominal segment 3 non-functional knobs, without crochets. Labial palpus as long as spinneret. Setigerous tubercle VIIa present on abdominal segment 1. Setigerous tubercles II and III directed anteriorly on anterior abdominal segments (PI. XXII, Fig. E) lubricalis Geyer Prolegs functional on abdominal segment 3. Labial palpus about one-fourth as long as the spinneret. Setigerous tubercle VIP absent on abdominal segment 1. Setigerous tubercles II and III not directed anteriorly on anterior abdominal segments. gopheri Smith 3. Setigerous tubercle O2 more than twice the width of ocellus I re- moved therefrom. Spiracle with narrow rim (PL XXIV, Fig. N, b, c) 4 Setigerous tubercle O2 but little more than width of ocellus I re- moved therefrom. Spiracles with broader rim (PI. XXIV, Fig. N, a) 5 4. Prolegs present on abdominal segment 3. Crochets on prolegs short. Median line of head above apex of front very nearly equal to twice the height of front. Head with distinct pigment reticulation. Spiracles broad (PI. XXIV, Fig. N, b). aemula Hiibner Prolegs absent on abdominal segment 3. Crochets on prolegs long. Median line of head above apex of front equal to one and one-half times height of front. Head without pigment reticulation. Spiracles extremely narrow, slitlike (PI. XXIV, Fig. N, c) americalis Guenee 5. Skin obscurely granulose. Prolegs without crochets on abdomi- nal segment 3. Tarsi long, the apical setae slender, pointed (Pl. XXIV, Fig. 0). Papilla on basal segment of labial pal- pus dome-shaped (Pl. XXV, Fig. K). Thorax and anterior abdominal segments not lobed ventro-laterally. rotundalis Walker Skin pubescent or hairy. Prolegs with crochets on abdominal segment 3. Tarsi short, the inner apical setae spatulate or fan-shaped (Pl. XXIV, Figs. L, R) . Papilla on basal segment of labial palpus a slender cone (Pl. XXV, Fig. H). Thorax and anterior abdominal segments lobed ventro-laterally, the segmental incisure deep 6 6. Body broadened on metathorax and anterior abdominal seg- ments. Skin with minute pubescence. Dorsal setae of abdo- men pointed, prostrate. Head without pigment reticulation. forbesi French 157 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 Body not broadened on metathorax and anterior abdominal seg- ments. Skin with coarse barbed pubescence half as long as the setae. Dorsal setae of abdomen capitate, erect. Head with pigment reticulation julia Barnes and McDunnougli Epizeuxis gopheri Smith Head 2.1 mm. broad. Body about 21 mm. long and 3 mm. broad at middle, broadest through abdominal segments 3, 4, and 5. Skin set closely with coarse, abruptly elevated, corrugated granules which are higher than wide and circular in cross sec- tion ; general color apparently dusky brown, without markings. Setigerous tubercles of body prominent, subeonical, except I and II which are strongly elevated and subcylindrical ; their setae stout, corrugated, blunt at tip and about one-fourth as long as an abdominal segment. Setigerous tubercle YIIa absent on abdominal segments 1 and 2. Each proleg on all abdominal segments with but three or four crochets of very unequal length and but slightly curved. The two ventral setae on shield of proleg bifid from the base. Claw on leg extremely long and slender. Spinneret extremely long and slender, about four times as long as the labial palpus. Color of spiracles indeter- minable. Head brown, set closely with very small rounded granules, the setae as on the body excepting A1, F1, and those ventrad of the ocelli, which are pointed at the tip ; tubercles rather strongly elevated. Described from one alcoholic larva in the National Museum col- lection labelled “Florida (Altamont). From the nest of a burrow- ing turtle. No. 5921.” This specimen is not named in the United States National Museum collection, but from statements of Smith1 and Hubbard2 it seems reasonably certain that it is gopheri. The specimen may have been collected at Crescent City, Fla. Food: Fresh excrement of the gopher turtle ( Gopherus poly- phemus ), the larva spending its life far under ground in the bur- row of this tortoise. Distribution : Florida. Epizeuxis americalis Guenee PL XXIII, Fig. E ; PL XXIV, Fig. N, c. Head 1.3 mm. broad. Body about 18 mm. long and 2 mm. broad at middle, broadening gradually to abdominal segment 7. 1 Smith, J. B. Description of the Gopher Moth. Can. Ent., vol. 31, p. 84, April, 1899. 2 Hubbard, H. G. The Insect Guests of the Florida Land Tor- toise. Insect Life, vol, 6, p. 305, 1894. 158 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Skin almost unpigmented, with small, isolated, rounded gran- ules, among which larger rounded granules are scattered ; gen- eral color a dull, uniform gray sometimes faintly suffused with pinkish, venter sordid gray. No markings. Setigerous tuber- cles of body large, somewhat elevated, their setae yellow and tapering toward the tip, which is somewhat enlarged, I and II about one-third as long as an abdominal segment, I directed somewhat anteriorly, and II somewhat posteriorly. Spiracles dark with black rims. Head brown, without markings, set closely with small, infuscated, rounded granules. Described from a large number of live larvae collected during April at Puyallup, Wash. These larvae are abundant in the mOunds of the ant Formica rufa, a medium-sized mound probably contain- ing several hundred of them. When the mound is disturbed the ants swarm out very pugnaciously, but either ignore these larvae when they are encountered or seize them and carry them into the nest just as is done with the young of the ant. Moths determined by Carl Heinrich. Food : Materials of the ant mound, including needles of Douglas fir, bark of twigs of Douglas fir, and dead leaves of various kinds. In confinement the larvae consume a remarkably large amount of this debris. Distribution : Washington, Minnesota, and New York, southward to New Mexico, Texas, and Florida. Epizeuxis aemula Hiibner. PI. XXIV, Fig. N, b Head 1.4 mm. broad. Body about 19 mm. long and 2.6 mm. broad, broadening gradually from prothorax to abdominal seg- ment 8. Skin set very closely with small, rounded granules; general color varying from a moderately dark gray tinged with pinkish to a rosy pink throughout. A distinct dusky middorsal stripe. No other markings, except an indefinite dusky shade subdorsally. Spiracles brownish with black rims. Setigerous tubercles small, but slightly elevated, dark; their setae pale, about twice as long as the width of their tubercles, stout, blunt apically, I directed anteriorly and II posteriorly on the abdo- men. Head brownish closely reticulate with fuscous, sub- median arcs present dorsally. Described from four live larvae collected during April at Clarks- ville, Tenn. Moths determined by H. Gr. Dyar. Food : Our specimens of these larvae were reared on dead leaves. They also have been reported as injurious to corn fodder in Missis- 159 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 sippi, and have been beaten from spruce, where the larvae probably were feeding in a webbed-up mass of the dead needles. Distribution : British Columbia, Minnesota, New York, and Con- necticut, southward to Utah, New Mexico, Texas, Mississippi, and Georgia. Epizeuxis forbesi French ( merricki Smith) PI. XNIV, Fig. L. Head 1.1 mm. broad. Body about 12 mm. long and 1.6 mm. broad at middle, broadened on mesothorax and metathorax and upon abdominal segments 7 and 8. Skin set very closely with minute, very short pubescence ; general color nearly black, the dorsum sometimes paler. The body may be unicolorous except that the venter is less dark than other parts, or the dorsum to well ventrad of setigerous tubercle II may be of a sharply de- fined paler shade with a dusky middorsal line. Spiracles brown- ish with black rims, narrow, the inner margin of rim strongly elevated. Setigerous tubercles small, not strongly elevated, fus- cous ; their setae white, weak, curved, prostrate, rather long, pointed at the tip, I on the abdomen directed antero-dorsally and II postero-dorsally. Head brown, without markings, set closely with coarse, distinctly conical, dark granules. Described from seven live larvae collected during March at Clarksville, Tenn. Moth determined by Carl Heinrich. Food : Dead leaves of deciduous trees. Distribution: New York to Illinois and Tennessee. Epizeuxis julia Barnes and McDonnough PI. XXIV, Fig. R. Head 1.5 mm. broad. Body about 14 mm. long and 3 mm. broad at middle, distinctly broadest through the metathorax and abdominal segments 1 and 2, and tapering posteriorly. Skin set closely with very minute granules which bear rather coarse, dark, barbed hairs, which are about half as long as the primary setae, and in addition the skin is clothed with an ex- ceedingly fine pubescence ; general color a rather dark gray. No markings except a dark middorsal stripe. Setigerous tuber- cles of body moderately large, the central portion elevated, sub- conical; their setae slender, somewhat enlarged at tip, two or more times as long as the breadth of their tubercles, I on the abdomen directed somewhat anteriorly and II posteriorly. Tubercles on cervical shield strongly elevated. Spiracles, in- cluding rims, brown. Head pale brownish with close dark retic- 160 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA illation, submedian arcs on occipnt only, an unmarked area above the base of the antenna, grannies rather coarse, rounded. Described from eight live larvae collected during March, April, and May at Clarksville, Tenn. Moth determined by Carl Heinrich. Food : Bark of fine dead twigs which are in early stages of decay, and perhaps dead leaves also. Distribution : New York and Tennessee. Epizeuxis rotundalis Walker PI. XXIV, Figs. N, a , 0 ; PI. XXV, Fig. K Head 1.8 mm. broad. Body about 22 mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad at middle, broadening very gradually from the prothorax to abdominal segment 8. Skin unpigmented, translucent, set closely with small, colorless, isolated, slightly elevated grannies ; general color varying from pale gray to dusky gray, depending upon the color of the contents of the alimentary canal. No markings. Prolegs on 'third abdominal segment distinct but without crochets. Spiracles entirely black. Setigerous tuber- cles pale fuscous, slightly but distinctly elevated, their setae pale brown, coarse, of nearly uniform diameter throughout but faintly enlarged at tip, I directed slightly anteriorly and II posteriorly on the abdomen. Cervical shield dark fuscous. Head uniform black, without markings, set closely with very fine rounded granules. Described from many live larvae collected in February and March at Clarksville, Tenn. Moths determined by Carl Heinrich. Food : This larva lives in the humus beneath leaves in the woods and apparently pupates in such situations without forming a cocoon. It has been taken feeding upon dead coral fungus and on dead leaves, and has been reared on dead leaves. Distribution : New Hampshire, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Vir- ginia, and Florida westward to Kansas and Texas. Epizeuxis lubricalis Geyer PI. XX, Figs. C, D; PI. XXI, Fig. A; PI. XXII, Fig. E; PI. XXIII, Fig. F ; PI. XXIV Figs. N, d , P, Q. . Head 1.5 mm. broad. Body about 19 mm. long and 3 mm. broad at middle, abdominal segments of about equal width throughout. Skin closely covered with black rugae ; general color blackish, without markings. All setigerous tubercles above the line of the prolegs large, covered with scale-like granules, I and II remarkable subcylindrical appendages (PI. XXIV, Fig. 161 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 P), III similar but much smaller, I dark, II yellowish; their setae stout, slightly cilavate, blunt and short ; I and II both di- rected anteriorly on first six abdominal segments, I anteriorly and II posteriorly on segment 7, and both posteriorly on the re- maining segments, III oriented the same as I. Spiracles black. Head uniform black, seta A1 and those below the ocelli pointed at. tip, the remainder as on body, wTith close, elevated, rounded, black granrdes. Described from many live larvae collected in October, April, and May at Clarksville, Tenn. Moths determined by H. G. Dyar. Food: Always found associated with rotten wood, but whether the larva feeds upon wood or upon fungi associated with it is not known. Larvae have been taken feeding on fungi and also feed to some extent upon green plants in captivity. Distribution : Nova Scotia, New York, North Carolina, Georgia, and Florida westward to Minnesota, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. Phalaenophana Grote (Hetero gramma Guenee) Metathorax and abdominal segments 1 to 5 of about equal width, segment 7 somewhat broader than 6, segment 8 dis- tinctly narrower than 7. Skin set closely with rather coarse, elevated, isolated granules, which tend to be arranged in trans- verse linear series interspersed with coarse pale granules. Hind coxae somewhat separated. Prolegs present on abdominal seg- ment 3. Anal shield depressed medially on posterior margin, the median setigerous tubercles distinctly lower than those ad- jacent. Prothoracic spiracle slightly anterior to the line of the posterior margin of the cervical shield. Prespiracular shield rounded, well separated from the cervical shield. Spiracles ele- vated and emarginate at ends. Head with close pigment reticu- lation. Body scarcely reticulate. Setigerous tubercles of the body distinctly elevated, setae at least twice the width of their tubercles in length, tapering toward the blunt tip, I directed anteriorly on the abdomen and II posteriorly. IV on prothorax not above center of spiracle. Interspace VIII— VIII slightly less than VII-VIII on ab- dominal segment 7. VII on abdominal segment 7 nearer to VIII than to VI. VIP not remote from VIP and VIP on abdominal segment 1. Ia and Ib separate on mesothorax and metathorax. IV and V separate on mesothorax and metathorax. 162 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA No confluent setigerous tubercles in VII group. Subanal setae close together, modified as an anal fork. Head with isolated, minute, rounded granules, more strongly elevated dorsally, and not arranged in a reticulate pattern. Arrangement of setigerous tubercles as follows : Interspace P1-?1 somewhat less than P2-P2. A1-A2-A3 forming a slightly obtuse angle at A2. A3 nearer to O2 than to L1. F1 scarcely nearer to the margin of the front than to Fa. P1 about twice as near to the median lines as to L1. This genus includes two species. The larva of but one of these is known. Phalaenophana pyramusalis Walker PI. XXIII, Fig. H ; PI. XXIV, Fig. F. Head 1.3 mm. broad. Body about 16 mm. long and 2.4 mm. broad. General color dark gray or dull black. Throughout is an undercolor of obscure green suffused and splotched, rather than reticulate, with infuscated red, inter- spersed with pale flecks formed by coarse pale granules. Mid- dorsal pale line absent. Coloration intensified on anterior half of abdominal segments in a dark spot between setigerous tuber- cles I, and forming a continuous middorsal stripe on abdominal segments 7, 8, and 9, where it is bordered laterally by a conspic- uous, curved, pale mark beginning narrowly between III and the spiracle on segment 7, including II of this segment, and I and II of the following segments. On each abdominal segment an infuscated red mark arising ventrad of IV and broadening obliquely upward ventrad of III to the anterior margin of the segment, where the mark fuses with the general coloration. Spiracles small, entirely black, set in small pale areas. Traces of a band of yellowish flecks ventrad of the spiracles. Red less infuscated and green more evident ventrally. Setigerous tubercles in general black with pale apices and set in pale circles, I black, at least on dorsal margin, with the apex white, II white with the dorsal margin dusky, setae infus- cated at base and paler apically. Head pale greenish, submedian arcs indicated anteriorly and on the occiput, a narrow unmarked area above the base of the antennae to A3, adfrontal areas black, remainder of head closely reticulate with black. Described from fifteen live larvae collected in October at Clarks- ville, Tenn. Moths determined by H. G. Dyar. 163 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 Food : Larvae are found in cool, moist situations such as are pre- ferred by jewel weed (Impatiens) , where they feed on forest leaves black with decay. Distribution: New York and District of Columbia westward to Missouri and Texas. Tetanolita Grote Body not broadened through the mesothorax and metathorax. Abdominal segments of about equal width to 7, which is slightly broader than the preceding segment. Skin set closely with small, rounded granules, interspersed with coarse, rounded or subconical granules, not arranged in a reticulate pattern. Hind coxae well separated. Prolegs present on abdominal segment 3. Prothoracic spiracle anterior to the line of the posterior margin of the cervical shield. Spiracles elevated and but slightly emarginate at ends. Head with distinct, but not prom- inent, pigment reticulation. Dorsum of body with or without reticulation. Setigerous tubercles of body rather strongly elevated, with a subapical angulation. Setae I and II twice as long as the width of their tubercles, stout and but very slightly enlarged apically, I directed anteriorly and II posteriorly on the abdomen. IY on the prothorax above the center of the spiracle. VII on abdominal segment 7 nearer to VIII than to VI. YIIa not remote from YIIb and YIP on abdominal segment 1. P.and Ib separate on mesothorax and metathorax. IY and Y separate on mesothorax and metathorax. No confluent setigerous tubercles in YII group. Subanal setae apparently developed as an anal fork. Head with isolated, rounded granules not arranged in a retic- ulate pattern, and not enclosing pits. Arrangement of setigerous tubercles as follows : Interspace PM31 distinctly greater than P2-P2. A^A^A3 forming a very obtuse angle at A2. A3 distinctly nearer to O2 than to L1. F1 not nearer to margin of front than to Fa. Four species are credited to this genus. Tetanolita palligera Smith Head 1.3 mm. broad. Body about 14 mm. long and 2 mm. broad at middle. General color dusky gray. Dorsum, barely including setigerous tubercle II, pale with a middorsal black stripe and faintly tinged with reddish at the juncture of the segments. No subdorsal pale line. Supraspi- 164 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA racular area dark, with isolated pale flecks. Spiracles entirely black. A yellowish broken line of flecks below the spiracles. Venter livid, marked with reddish and flecked with yellowish. Setigerous tubercles black, surrounded by a pale or yellowish area made up of large granules ; their setae long, yellowish, stout, and but very slightly enlarged apically. Head pale brownish, not prominently but nevertheless distinctly reticulate with dark brown. The character of the anal shield and subanal setae was not noted, but in a single larva apparently of this genus, taken at Clarksville, Tennessee, the anal shield is depressed on the posterior margin, with the median setigerous tubercles somewhat below those adjacent, and the subanal setae are very close together and modified as an anal fork. The Clarksville specimen differs in having close, distinct pig- ment reticulation on the body, and probably is mynesalis Walker. Described from one live larva collected April 18, 1930, at Yakima, Wash. Moth determined by Carl Heinrich. Food : Taken among dead apple leaves. Distribution : California and Washington. Renia Guenee Body of about equal width from metathorax to sixth abdomi- nal segment or broadening gradually posteriorly to this seg- ment. Segments 7 and 8 abruptly widened. Skin granules very fine, slightly isolated, tending to be arranged in lines, sometimes in a reticulate pattern. Hind coxae very widely separated. Prolegs present on abdominal segment 3. Anal shield normal. Prothoracic spiracle anterior to the line at the posterior margin of the cervical shield. Prespiracular shield elongate, wedge-shaped, very narrowly separated from, or con- nate with, the cervical shield. Spiracles elevated and emar- ginate at the ends. Head without pigment reticulation. Mark- ings of body usually obscure, sometimes sharply defined. Setigerous tubercles of body distinctly elevated. Setae I and II usually blunt, or clavate, I at least slightly longer than the width of its tubercle, II usually twice as long, I directed ante- riorly and II posteriorly. IV on prothorax above the middle of the spiracle. Interspace VIII— VIII on abdominal segment 7 usually less than VIII-VII. VII on abdominal segment 7 decidedly nearer to VIII than to VI. VIP not remote from VIP and VIP on abdominal segment 1. Ia and Ib not confluent on mesothorax and metathorax. 165 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 IV and V not confluent on mesothorax and metathorax. No confluent setigerous tubercles in VII group. Head with coarse contiguous granules arranged dorsally in a reticulate pattern enclosing pits. Arrangement of setigerous tubercles as follows : Interspace PVP1 distinctly greater than P2-P2. A1— A2-A3 forming a very obtuse angle at A2. A3 usually nearer to O2 than to L1. F1 scarcely nearer to the margin of the front than to Fa. P1 but slightly, if any, nearer to the median line than to L1. Fourteen species are placed in this genus, the larvae of six of which are here described. Key to Larvae of the Species 1. Dorsal setae of body acutely, abruptly pointed, I no longer than the width of its tubercle, II but little longer than the width of its tubercle (PL XXIV, Fig. H). Setigerous tubercle II paler than I. With a bright red middorsal line. discoloralis Guenee Dorsal setae of body blunt or clavate at tip, I usually distinctly longer than the width of its tubercle, II twice as long as the width of its tubercle (PL XXII, Fig. E). Setigerous tubercles I and II unicolorous black, with a dusky reddish or fuscous middorsal line or none 2 2. Setigerous tubercles I and III with their bases confluent on ab- dominal segment 9 4 Setigerous tubercles I and III well separated, distinct, on ab- dominal segment 9 (Pl. XXI, Fig. H) 3 3. Setigerous tubercles I and II with a subapical angulation (PL XXIV, Fig. E). Body with a dusky middorsal line. Head pale brownish with slender black submedian arcs. Spiracles pale with black rims factiosalis Walker Setigerous tubercles I and II conical or nearly so. Body without a middorsal pigment line. Head dusky brownish with a pale area above the base of the antennae, without submedian arcs. Spiracles brownish with black rims sobrialis Walker 4. Seta I stout, clavate, but little longer than the width of its tuber- cle. Body setae white, in live larvae. Venter marked with bright red from the spiracles ventrally. Spiracles pale with black rims flavipunctalis Geyer Seta I rather slender, scarcely clavate, at least twice as long as the width of its tubercle. Body setae black or brown, in live larvae. Venter marked with dusky reddish from the spiracles ventrally. Spiracles brownish with black rims 5 166 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 5. Prespiracular shield connate with the cervical shield (PI. XXIII, Fig. D). Head unicolorous dnsky brownish except for dark spots at setigerous tubercles salusalis Walker Prespiracular shield narrowly separated from the cervical shield (PL XXIII, Fig. B). Head pale brown with a dusky spot beside the base of the front and with dark spots at the setig- erous tubercles fraternalis Smith Renia f actio sails Walker PI. XXIV, Fig. E. Head 1.3 mm. broad. Body about 16 mm. long and 2.3 mm. broad. General color dusky. Dorsally to setigerous tubercle III dusky, tinged rather than marked with reddish, with a strong dusky stripe middorsally and a distinct, somewhat broken, pale line ventrad of setigerous tubercle II. Spiracles pale with black rims. Abruptly much paler ventrad of the spiracles, the ventral tubercles set in pale spots encircled with reddish. Setigerous tubercles fuscous. Their setae pale, stout, blunt at tips, tending to be set on the posterior face of the tubercles and about twice as long as the width of the tubercles. Head pale brownish, the submedian arcs, which extend poste- riorly along the margin of the occipital angle, and a stripe pos- terior to the ocelli through O2 to the posterior margin, black. Described from five live larvae collected May 1927, at Lexington, Ky., by K. B. McKinney and the writer. Moth determined as be- longing to this species by F. H. Benjamin. Food : Dead leaves of deciduous trees. Distribution : Nova Scotia to Virginia and westward to Ken- tucky. Renia sobrialis Walker PL XXII, Fig. F ; Pl. XXIV, Fig. M, a. Head 1.5 mm. broad. Body about 15 mm. long and 3.5 mm. broad. General color dark, approaching black. Body, dorsad of the line of the prolegs, dusky, obscurely marked with livid reddish which appears ventrally as a bright red reticulation. Just ventrad of setigerous tubercle II is a broken pale line more pronounced at the juncture of the seg- ments and marked with red. No middorsal stripe. Cervical shield nearly black. Spiracles brown with black rims. Setigerous tubercles shining black. Setae I to V slightly en- larged toward their tips, I (the shortest) at least twice as long as the breadth of its tubercle. 167 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 Head dusky infuscated brown except for the front, a stripe arising above the base of the antennae and extending to P2, and a spot on the posterior margin, which are pale. Described from eight live larvae collected February 1927, at Clarksville, Tenn. Moths determined by H. G. Dyar. Food : Dead leaves of deciduous trees. Distribution : Nova Scotia to Virginia and westward to Tennes- see and Mississippi ; also reported from Colorado. Benia salusalis Walker PI. XXIII, Fig. D. Head 1.5 mm. broad. Body about 17 mm. long and 3.5 mm. broad. General color dusky brown. An obscure dusky middorsal line. Markings of body an ob- scure reddish, more evident from the spiracles ventrally. Sub- dorsal pale line not indicated except faintly at the juncture of the segments. Cervical shield brownish. Spiracles brown- ish with black rims. Setigerous tubercles black. Setae dusky or black, I to V slightly enlarged toward their tips, I (the shortest) at lejast twice as long as the breadth of its tubercle. Head unicolorous dusky brownish without traces of pale stripes, the setigerous tubercles in dark spots. Described from five live larvae collected February 1927, at Clarksville, Tenn. Moths determined by H. G. Dyar. Food : Dead leaves of deciduous trees. Distribution : New York to Florida and westward to Colorado. Benia fraternalis Smith Head 1.4 mm. broad. Body about 15 mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad. General color dusky. Dorsal coloration made up of obscure infuscated reddish and pale spots. A series of subdorsal pale spots at the juncture of the abdominal segments. Cervical shield brown. Spiracles very dark brownish with black rims. Venter paler than the dorsum, marked throughout with dark red. Setigerous tubercles black. Setae pale brownish, but slightly enlarged toward their tips, I (the shortest) twice as long as the width of its tubercle. Head brown, with a dilute fuscous spot opposite the base of the front and an indefinite fuscous line from O2 to the posterior margin. Setigerous tubercles in dark spots. Adfrontal areas infuscated. No other markings. 168 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Described from three live larvae collected March 1927, at Clarks- ville, Tenn. Moth determined by H. G. Dyar. Food : Dead leaves of deciduous trees. Distribution : North Carolina to Florida and westward to Ten- nessee. Renia flavipunctalis Geyer PI. XXIII, Fig. G. Head 1.5 mm. broad. Body about 16 mm. long and 3.5 mm. broad. Skin finely reticulate with fine raised lines, the reticu- lation irregularly replaced, especially on the dorsum, by cor- rugated subconical granules. General color dusky brownish. Dorsal coloration made up of rather sharply defined dusky reddish and yellow spots. A distinct dusky reddish middorsal line. Traces of a yellow line between setigerous tubercles II and III, also a similar one ventrad of the spiracles. Setigerous tubercles black, set in yellow spots throughout. Venter pale marked with bright red. Spiracles pale brownish with black rims. Setigerous tubercles strongly elevated. Setae white, I clavate, II stout and not tapering toward the blunt tip, I slightly longer than the width of its tubercle. II twice as long as the width of its tubercle, I directed anteriorly and II posteriorly on the abdomen. Head coarsely granulose, with obscure pits, brown, with dusky areas beside the front which may reach the posterior margin. No other markings. Described from twenty-five live larvae collected at Clarksville, Tenn., March 1927. Moths determined by Carl Heinrich. Food : Larvae are found among drifted dead leaves in deciduous forests and have been reared on dead oak leaves. Distribution : Canada to Vermont, Maryland, and North Caro- lina and westward to Michigan, Kansas, New Mexico, and Texas. Renia discoloralis Guenee PI. XX, Figs. E, F; PL XXI, Fig. H; PI. XXIII, Fig. B; PL XXIV, Fig. H ; Pl. XXV, Fig. B. Head 1.7 mm. broad. Body about 22 mm. long and 4 mm. broad. Skin with a fine reticulation of obscure elevated lines. General color effect light brown. Dorsal coloration made up of a bright red reticulation on a yellowish ground, including a red middorsal stripe. A yellow 169 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 line extending from ventrad of setigerons tubercle II diag- onally upward to and including tubercle II of the following seg- ment. Splotches of yellow throughout. Setigerous tubercle in yellow spots throughout, I black, II brownish. Spiracle pale yellowish with black rims. Venter paler than the dorsum, marked with bright red. Setigerous tubercles rather strongly elevated. Setae I to V stout, heavy, suddenly constricted near the apex to a sharp point, I no longer than the width of its tubercle, II somewhat longer than the width of its tubercle. Head coarsely granulose, with obscure pits, brown, with dis- tinct dusky submedian arcs. Adfrontal areas dusky. No other markings. Described from twenty-six live larvae collected in February and March 1927, at Clarksville, Tenn. Moths determined by Carl Hein- rich. Food : The larva occurs among dead leaves, upon which it has been reared. Distribution: New York to North Carolina and westward to Kentucky and Tennessee. Bleptina Guenee Body gradually increasing in width from the prothorax pos- teriorly. Abdominal segments 7 and 8 abruptly wider than the preceding segments. Character of skin granules variable. Hind coxae very widely separated. Prolegs present on abdomi- nal segment 3. Anal shield normal. Prothoracic spiracle an- terior to the line of the posterior margin of the cervical shield. Prespiracular shield well rounded, well separated from the cer- vical shield. Spiracles elevated and emarginate at ends. Head and body without pigment reticulation. Setigerous tubercles of body gently convex, nearly flat. Setae I to V very shorthand extremely strongly clavate or capitate, scarcely longer than the width of their tubercles, I and II up- right. IV on prothorax below the center of the spiracle. Interspace VIII— VIII on abdominal segment 7 less than VIII-VII. VII on abdominal segment 7 decidedly nearer to VIII than to VI. VIP not remote from VIP and VIP on abdominal segment 1. P and P not confluent on mesothorax and meta thorax. IV and V not confluent on mesothorax and metathorax. No confluent setigerous tubercles in the VII group. 170 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Subanal setae not modified as an anal fork. Head with rounded granules, either coarse or minute, some- times arranged in a reticulate pattern dorsally, with dark im- pressed spots. Arrangement of setigerous tubercles as follows : Interspace P1-?1 greater than P2-P2. A1-A2-A3 forming a very obtuse angle at A2. A3 somewhat nearer to O2 than to L1. F1 much nearer to the margin of the front than to Fa. P1 but slightly, if at all, nearer to the median line than to IV . Six species are credited to this genus. Key to Larvae of Species 1. Skin very minutely granulose, appearing smooth. Spiracles bright yellow. Dorsal setae of body yellow. Setigerous tuber- cles of body in reddish circles inferior Grote Fine granules of skin interspersed with very coarse, corrugated, elevated, pale granules. Spiracles dark regularly flecked with golden brown. Dorsal setae of body pale. No special mark- ings about the setigerous tubercles 2 2. Ground color of head brown caradrinalis Guenee Ground color of head black medialis Smith Bleptina inferior Grote PI. XXIII, Fig. C ; PL XXIV, Figs. I, M, b. Head 1.9 mm. broad. Body about 15 mm. long and 3 mm. broad at middle. General color black or dark infuscated brown. A subdorsal stripe ventrad to setigerous tubercle II and circles about tubercles I to VI, dull reddish. Venter dusky. No other markings. Dorsal setae yellow. Spiracles bright con- spicuous yellow with black rims. Head dull brownish, with numerous dark depressions, bases of setae and margin of front dark. No other markings. Described from twenty live larvae collected in February at Clarksville, Tenn. Moths determined by F. H. Benjamin. Food : Dead leaves of oak and other trees. Distribution : Virginia, Georgia, and Florida westward to Mis- souri, Tennessee, and Texas. Bleptina caradrinalis Guenee PL XXI, Fig. E. Head 1.5 mm. broad. Body about 18 mm. long and 3.5 mm. broad at middle. General color varying from nearly black to 171 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 dark infnscated brown, the skin having a finely speckled ap- pearance owing to the presence of coarse pale granules. The coloration may be nearly uniform throughout except for a pale midventral stripe, or there may be a dark middorsal stripe, four small dorsal pale spots at posterior margins of ab- dominal segments, and a pale to reddish stripe dorsad of the spiracles. Dorsad setae pale. Spiracles dark, their centers reg- ularly flecked with golden brown. Head brown with close-set dark depressions, a pale stripe ex- tending along the adfrontal sutures and upon the median line, margin of front dark, the granules arranged in a reticulate pat- tern dorsally, enclosing pits. Described from thirty-four live larvae collected in February at Clarksville, Tenn. Moths determined by F. H. Benjamin. Food : Dead leaves of deciduous trees. Distribution : British Columbia, North Dakota, Minnesota, New York, and New Hampshire southward to Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Mississippi, and Alabama. Bleptina medialis Smith Head 1.5 mm. broad. Body about 12 mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad at middle. General color black, both dorsally and ven- trally. Four dorsal pale spots at juncture of abdominal segments. A pale stripe above the spiracles. Cervical shield pale with a broad black subdorsal stripe. Spiracles dark, regularly flecked with golden brown. Head black. Two larvae have been collected in March at Clarksville, Tenn. The one from which this description was made probably was imma- ture. Moth determined by F. H. Benjamin. Food : Dead leaves of deciduous trees. Distribution : Florida and Tennessee. Lascoria Walker Body broadest through anterior abdominal segments and tapering distinctly posteriorly, with a middorsal hump on ab- dominal segment 8. Skin with minute, almost continguous, rounded granules. Hind coxae somewhat separated. Prolegs present on abdominal segment 3. Anal shield with the posterior setigerous tubercles somewhat produced. Prothoracic spiracle anterior to the line of the posterior margin of the cervical shield. Spiracles very slightly elevated and not emarginate at 172 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ends. Prespiracular shield well separated from the cervical shield. Head and body with pigment reticulation. Setigerous tubercles of body of moderate size, but slightly elevated, except II on abdominal segment 8, which is conspicu- ously large, bluntly subconical and strongly elevated, with a subsidiary area at apex in which the seta is inserted. Setae slender, twice as long as the width of their tubercles, pointed at tip, I nearly upright, II directed slightly posteriorly. IV on prothorax above center of spiracle. Interspace VIII— VIII on abdominal segment 7 equal to VIII-VII. VII on abdominal segment 7 much nearer to VIII than to VI. VIP somewhat nearer to VIP than to VIII on abdominal seg- ment 1. Ia and Ib well separated on mesothorax and metathorax. IV and V separate on mesothorax and metathorax. No confluent setigerous tubercles in VII group on abdominal segments 1 and 2. Subanal setae not modified as an anal fork. Head with minute, contiguous granules not arranged in a reticulate pattern. Arrangement of setigerous tubercles as follows : Interspace PWP1 greater than P2-P2. A1— A2-A3 forming a right angle at A2. A3 distinctly nearer to O2 than to L1. F1 slightly nearer to Fa than to lateral margin of front. P1 slightly nearer to median line of head than to L1. This genus includes two species, but one of which is known in the larval stage. Lascoria* ambigualis Walker Head 1.6 mm. broad. Body about 13 mm. long and 2 mm. broad at middle. General color dark. Body ground color pale, reticulate throughout with fuscous, somewhat paler and tinged with dull red ventrad of the spira- cles. Middorsal pale line evident on anterior abdominal seg- ments as a large V-shaped pale mark at posterior margin of segments, but strong and continuous posteriorly. Indefinite pale areas at juncture of abdominal segments in the line of the spiracles and dorsad of setigerous tubercle II. No other mark- ings. Setigerous tubercles black, round in outline, but slightly ele- vated, except II on abdominal segment 8, which is conspicu- ously large, bluntly subconical, and strongly elevated. The setigerous tubercles are peculiar in that each bears an apical, 173 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 brown, subsidiary tubercle in which the seta is inserted. Spira- cles extremely narrow, blackish brown with black rims. Head white, faintly tinged with green, an unmarked area mediad of the ocelli and including setigerous tubercle L1 ; other- wise closely reticulate with black. Submedian arcs not repre- sented except in a spot including A1 and A2. Front white with two black vertical stripes. Described from two live larvae collected November 18, 1931, at Washington, D. C., by J. U. Gilmore. Moth determined by F. H. Benjamin. Food: Taken on cultivated Chrysanthemum. Distribution: Canada, New York, and the District of Columbia to the Gulf of Mexico and westward to the Central States and Texas. Palthis Hubner Body slightly broadened on the metathorax, but not on ab- dominal segments 7 and 8, with a decided middorsal hump on abdominal segment 8, including I. Skin set with short, stout, spine-like granules. Hind coxae widely separated. Prolegs present on abdominal segment 3. Anal shield normal. Pro- thoracic spiracle anterior to the line of the posterior margin of the cervical shield. Prespiracular shield rounded, well sepa- rated from the cervical shield. Spiracles elevated and emar- ginate at ends. Head with pigment reticulation. Dorsum of body obscurely reticulate. Setigerous tubercles of body distinctly elevated. Setae slen- der, pointed at tip, somewhat longer than the width of their tubercles, I directed anteriorly and II posteriorly. IV on prothorax scarcely above the center of the spiracle. Interspace VIII-VIII slightly less than VIII-VII on abdom- inal segment 7. VII on abdominal segment 7 somewhat nearer to VIII than to VI. VI Ic absent on abdominal segment 1. Ia and Ib separate on mesothorax and metathorax. IV and V separate on mesothorax and metathorax. No confluent setigerous tubercles in VII group. Subanal setae not modified as an anal fork. Head with small, isolated, rounded granules arranged in a reticulate pattern dorsally. Arrangement of setigerous tuber- cles as follows : Interspace P1-?1 greater than P2-P2. A1^A2-jA3 forming a right angle at A2. A3 about twice as near to O2 as to L1. 174 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA F1 not nearer to the margin of the front than to Fa. P1 approximately equidistant from the median line and L1. This genus includes two species. Larvae of both of the species of Palthis have been seen but the specimens are not in good condition for description. In each of these species there is a pale or yellowish mark arising as a distinct narrow stripe at the anterior margin of abdominal segment 7 , ex- tending obliquely upward between the spiracle and setigerous tuber- cle III and broadening posteriorly until it occupies the area between I, II and III on abdominal segment 8. In angulalis Hiibner the body is obscurely reticulate with reddish while in asopialis Guenee this reticulation is fuscous. But two larvae of angulalis have been seen. These were collected, one from Amelanchier florida and one from blackberry, by Wm. W. Baker at Puyallup, Washington, in September. Bird1 has reared angulalis from Prunus virginiana L. Two larvae of asopialis have been examined. One of these was swept from Coral Berry (Sym- phoricarpos orbiculatis Moench.) at Clarksville, Tenn., on October 3 while the second specimen was collected by K. B. McKinney at Moss Bluff, Texas, in October. Both species are said to have the same range which extends from New York, Maryland, North Carolina and Georgia westward to British Columbia, Washington, Manitoba, Minnesota, Missouri and Texas except that asopialis is not reported from British Columbia, Washington and Manitoba. Phalaenostola Grote Body slightly broadest through anterior abdominal segments. Skin with small, isolated, rounded granules, interspersed with coarse, irregular, corrugated, subconical granules. Hind coxae rather close together. Prolegs present on abdominal segment 3. Anal shield depressed medially on posterior margin, the median setae distinctly below the adjacent setae. Prothoracic spiracle anterior to the line of the posterior margin of the cer- vical shield. Prespiracular shield rounded, well separated from the cervical shield. Spiracles elevated and emarginate at ends. Head with sparse pigment reticulation. Dorsum of body not reticulate. 1 Bird, Ralph D. Notes on Insects Bred from Native and Culti- vated Fruit Trees and Shrubs of Southern Manitoba. Can. Ent., vol. 57, No. 6, p. 125, June 1927. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 Setigerous tubercles distinctly elevated. Setae rather stout, pointed at tip, somewhat more than the width of their tubercles in length, I and II both directed posteriorly. IV on prothorax below the center of spiracle. Interspace VIII— VIII much less than VIII-VII on abdomi- nal segment 7. VII on abdominal segment 7 nearer to VIII than to VI. VIP remote from VIP and VIP on abdominal segment 1. VIP nearly in a transverse line with VIP. Ia and Ib separate on mesothorax and metathorax. IV and V separate on mesothorax and metathorax. No confluent setigerous tubercles in VII group. Subanal setae modified as an anal fork. Head with small, isolated, rounded granules, not arranged in a reticulate pattern. Arrangement of setigerous tubercles as follows : Interspace PVP1 greater than P2-P2. A1— A2— A3 forming a right angle at A2. A3 slightly nearer to O2 than to L1. F1 scarcely nearer to the margin of the front than to Fa. P1 somewhat nearer to L1 than to the median line. This genus includes but one species. Phalaenostola laurentioides Grote PI. XXIV, Fig. A. Head 1.2 mm. broad. Body about 15 mm. long and 2 mm. broad at middle. General color brownish gray. A strongly marked dark middorsal stripe. Body dorsad of the spiracles with many pale flecks which are not arranged in lines. A red stripe just ventrad of setigerous tubercle II, an- other dorsad of III. Ventrad of III to and including the spira- cles more infuscated, especially posteriorly and reticulate with red. Spiracles entirely black. Traces of a pale subspiracular stripe bordered ventrally anteriorly by a red line, and bearing oblique red stripes posteriorly. Venter reticulate with red, with a bright red midventral stripe. Head white reticulate with dilute black, adfrontal areas dilute black. Described from eleven live larvae collected during April at Clarksville, Tenn. Moths determined by H. G. Dyar. Food: Larvae taken in clumps of bluegrass ( Poa pratense) and among weed litter. Feed upon both live and dead bluegrass, dead forest leaves, and live clover. Distribution : New York, Ohio, Indiana, Tennessee, Missouri, and Kansas. 176 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Philometra Grote Body very slightly broadened on the metathorax and abdomi- nal segments 7 and 8. Skin set irregularly with a mixture of fine granules and coarse subconieal granules. Hind coxae some- what separated. Prolegs present on abdominal segment 3. Anal shield depressed medially on posterior margin, the median posterior setae distinctly below the adjacent setae. Prothoracic spiracle anterior to the line of the posterior margin of the cer- vical shield. Prespiracular shield well rounded, well separated from the cervical shield. Spiracles elevated and emarginate at ends. Head with distinct pigment reticulation. Dorsum of body not reticulate. Setigerous tubercles of body strongly elevated. Setae set rather on the posterior face of the tubercles, stout, pointed at the tip, at least twice as long as the width of their tubercles, I and II both directed supinely almost parallel with the dorsum. IV on prothorax not above the center of the spiracle. Interspace YIII-YIII less than YIII-YII on abdominal seg- ment 7. YII on abdominal segment 7 decidely nearer to YIII than to YI. YIIa not remote from YIP and VIP on abdominal segment 1. Ia and Ib separate on mesothorax and metathorax. IY and Y separate on mesothorax and metathorax. No confluent setigerous tubercles in YII group. Subanal setae modified as an anal fork. Head with rather small, rounded granules arranged in a re- ticulate pattern dorsally. Arrangement of setigerous tubercles as follows : Interspace PWP1 distinctly greater than P2-P2. A1-A2— A3 forming approximately a right angle at A2. A3 slightly nearer to O2 than to L1. F1 scarcely nearer to margin of front than to Fa. P1 somewhat nearer to L1 than to median line. This genus includes three species, of which we have seen the larva of but one. ...Philometra metonalis Walker PL XXIY, Fig. B. Head 1.2 mm. broad. Body about 20 mm. long and 2.4 mm. broad at middle. General color dark gray. Dorsum to just ventrad of setigerous tubercle II sordid pale with a prominent dark middorsal stripe and sparse transverse reddish fuscous markings midway between I and II. From ven- 177 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 trad of II to and partially including the spiracles infuscated, tinged with reddish, darker ventrally. Spiracles entirely black. Abruptly much paler vent-rad of the spiracles to VI and marked with reddish which tends to form oblique stripes poste- riorly. Venter below VI much infuscated, as dark as the supra- spiracular area, with a dull red midventral line. Setigerons tubercles dark, their setae pale. Head pale, closely reticulate with dilute black, without submedian arcs. Described from four larvae; two collected at Clarksville, Tenn., in April, and two collected at Lexington, Ky., in May. Moths deter- mined by H. G. Dyar. Food : Dead bluegrass ( Poa pratense) and dead leaves of decidu- ous trees. Distribution : Nova Scotia, New York, Pennsylvania, and Vir- ginia westward to Kentucky and Tennessee ; also reported from Al- berta and British Columbia. Hormisd Walker Body somewhat broadened through anterior abdominal seg- ments, tapering posteriorly. Skin with fairly large subcylindri- cal granules in pale flecks. The darker areas with smaller, strongly convex granules. Hind coxae somewhat separated. Prolegs present on abdominal segment 3. Anal shield tapering posteriorly, the posterior setigerous tubercles very strongly produced. Prothoracic spiracle anterior to the line of the poste- rior margin of the cervical shield. Prespiracular shield rounded, well separated from the cervical shield. Spiracles elevated and emarginate at ends. Head with pigment reticula- tion. Body not reticulate. Setigerous tubercles of body nearly flat. Setae slender, pointed, scarcely twice as long as the width of their tubercles, I and II both directed slightly posteriorly. IV on prothorax well below center of spiracle. Interspace VIII— VIII much less than VIII— VII on abdomi- nal segment 7. VIP remote from VIP and VIP on abdominal segment 1. VIP anterior to VIP on abdominal segment 2. VIP approximately equidistant from VIP and VIII. Ia and Ib separate on mesothorax and metathorax. IV and V separate on mesothorax and metathorax. No confluent setigerous tubercles in VII group. Subanal setae not modified as an anal fork. Head with isolated, minute granules, not arranged in a retic- ulate pattern. Arrangement of setigerous tubercles as follows : 178 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Interspace P1-?1 greater than P2-P2. A1— A2~A8 forming approximately a right angle at A2. A3 slightly nearer to O2 than to L1. F1 nearer to Fa than to the margin of front. P1 slightly nearer to L1 than to the median line. This genus includes four species, the larva of but one of which has been examined. Hormisa litophora Grote PI. XXI, Fig. G; PI. XXIV, Fig. C. Head 1.6 mm. broad. Body about 20 mm. long and 2.2 mm. broad at middle. General color gray, matching dead, weathered bluegrass. A distinct but not very prominent dark middorsal stripe bor- dered laterally by aggregations of pale flecks. A pale line of flecks ventrad of setigerous tubercle I, and a broader one ven- trad of II, both much stronger posteriorly. All of these pale lines alternating with obscure red lines. Supraspiracular area infuseated, somewhat paler ventrally and more strongly pig- mented posteriorly. Spiracles entirely black. A pale sub- spiracular stripe bordered ventrally anteriorly by a reddish stripe and bearing oblique reddish stripes posteriorly. A broken dusky reddish midventral stripe on abdominal segments 1 and 2. Setigerous tubercles black, their setae small. Head white, with the adfrontal areas, two straight reticulate stripes above the front, a reticulate stripe between A2 and A3 and ex- tending to the posterior margin, and a reticulate stripe poste- rior to the ocelli, dilute black. Described from four live larvae collected during April at Clarks- ville, Tenn. Moths determined by H. G. Dyar. Food: Both live and dead bluegrass ( Poa pratense) and also green clover. Distribution : New York and Connecticut to Tennessee. Zanclognatha Lederer Body broadened on the mesothorax and metathorax and on abdominal segments 7 and 8. Skin granules small, rounded or flat. Hind coxae very widely separated. Prolegs present on abdominal segment 3. Anal shield normal. Prothoracic spira- cle anterior to the line of the posterior margin of the cervical shield. Prespiracular shield well rounded, well separated from cervical shield. Head and body with distinct pigment reticula- tion. Spiracles elevated and emarginate at ends. 179 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 Setigerous tubercles of body round in outline, gently convex in profile, nearly flat. Setae very short and pointed at tip, scarcely as long as the width of their tubercles, I and II both directed slightly posteriorly. IV on prothorax below center of spiracle. Interspace VIII— VIII on abdominal segment 7 less than VIII-VII. VII on abdominal segment 7 decidedly nearer to VIII than to VI. VIP not remote from VIP and VIP on abdominal segment 1. Ia and Ib not confluent on mesothorax and metathorax, IV and V not confluent on mesothorax and metathorax. No confluent setigerous tubercles in VII group. Subanal setae not modified as an anal fork. Head with fine, rounded contiguous granules not arranged in a reticulate pattern. Spinneret short and stout. Arrangement of setigerous tubercles as follows : Interspace P1-!51 distinctly greater than P2-P2. A1— A2-^A3 forming approximately a right angle at A2. A3 distinctly nearer to O2 than to L1. F1 approximately equidistant between lateral margin of front and Fa, or nearer to margin of front. P1 approximately equidistant from the median line and L1, or nearer to L1. This genus is very near Chytolita, and the two may not be dis- tinct. It includes thirteen species, of which the following have been examined : Ivey to Larvae of the Species 1. With a dark middorsal stripe. Spiracles entirely black. Pig- ment reticulation of body fuscous or dull reddish 2 Without a dark middorsal stripe. Spiracles pale with black rims. Pigment reticulation of body bright red 3 2. Pigment reticulation of body fuscous, with conspicuously coarser pale granides in the interstices of the reticulation. pedipilalis Guenee Pigment reticulation of body dull reddish, without coarser pale granules in the interstices of the reticulation. lituralis Hiibner 3. With a pale spot dorsad of setigerous tubercle II throughout and posterior to III on abdominal segment 7 cruralis Guenee Without a pale spot dorsad of setigerous tubercle II or poste- rior to III obscuripennis Grote 180 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Zanclognatha ohscuripennis Grote Head 2 mm. broad. Body about 13 mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad. Coloration made up of a bright red reticulation with the in- terstices yellow. No dark middorsal stripe and no pale spots dorsad of setigerous tubercle I or posterior to III. Spiracles pale with black rims. Head with coarse reddish brown reticu- lation. Described from two inflated larvae in the United States National Museum collection labelled “ July 26, 1882. No. 2807.” Food : Dead leaves. Distribution : New York, North Carolina, and Alabama. Zanclognatha lit ur alls Hiibner Head 1.5 mm. broad. Body about 17 mm. long and 3 mm. broad. General color dusky brownish to purplish. Coloration made up of a dull red reticulation with the inter- stices not yellow but pale. A dusky middorsal stripe more evi- dent on anterior half of each abdominal segment. A round, definite, pale area surrounding setigerous tubercle I. A pale spot dorsad of II throughout and posterior to III on abdomi- nal segment 7. Spiracles entirely black. Setigerous tubercles pale fuscous. Head pale with brownish fuscous reticulation. Described from three live larvae collected in February at Clarks- ville, Tenn. Moths determined by F. H. Benjamin. Food : Dead leaves of deciduous trees. Distribution : New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Florida westward to Tennessee and Texas. Zanclognatha cruralis Guenee PL XXIII, Fig. A; PI. XXIV, Fig. M, c; PI. XXY, Fig. F. Head 2 mm. broad. Body about 16 mm. long and 3.5 mm. broad. General color pale leaf brown tinged with pink. Coloration made up of a bright red reticulation with the in- terstices pale yellowish brown. An indefinite, sinuous, pale line ventrad of setigerous tubercle II. A pale spot dorsad of setigerous tubercle II throughout and posterior to III on ab- dominal segment 7. No trace of a middorsal dusky stripe. Se- tigerous tubercle I not in a definite, round, pale area. Spiracles pale brownish with black rims, the extreme edge of the elevated rim pale brownish. Head pale, closely reticulate with brown- ish red. 181 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 Described from twelve live larvae collected during February and March at Clarksville, Tenn. Moths determined by H. G. Dyar. Food : Dead leaves of deciduous trees. Distribution : Nova Scotia, New York, Maryland, and North Carolina westward to Illinois and Tennessee, also reported from New Mexico. Zanclognatha pedipilalis Guenee PI. XXIV, Fig. J. Head 1.8 mm. broad. Body about 20 mm. long and 3 mm. broad. General color sordid brownish. Dorsal coloration made up of a rather coarse-meshed infus- cated brown reticulation with the interstices yellowish. A strong, continuous, dark middorsal stripe bordered by indefi- nite pale stripes formed by a concentration of pale flecks in this area. A dark dash from each abdominal spiracle directed diag- onally upward and forward to slightly beyond the margin of the preceding segment. An indefinite pale spot dorsad of setig- erous tubercle I throughout and posterior to III on abdominal segment 7. Spiracles deep brown or black. Midventral reticu- lation bright red. Ground color of head pale, with traces of dark submedian arcs anteriorly, closely reticulate with dark fuscous dorsally. Described from eleven live larvae collected in April and October at Clarksville, Tenn. Moths determined by F. H. Benjamin. Food : Dead leaves of deciduous trees. Distribution: New York to Virginia and westward to Missouri and Tennessee. Chytolita Grote This genus is very close to Zanclognatha, differing only in hav- ing a longer and more slender spinneret, and in the angle formed at A2 by setigerous tubercles A^A^A3, this angle being slightly acute in Chytolita and slightly obtuse in Zanclognatha. From the stand- point of larval structure, these two genera are scarcely distinct. Three species are credited to this genus. Chytolita morbidalis Guenee PI. XXIV, Fig. G; PI. XXV, Fig. D. Head 2 mm. broad. Body about 16 mm. long and 3.5 mm. broad at middle. General color a pale leaf brown tinged with pink. 182 March, 1934 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA A dark middorsal stripe. Body throughout with a bright red reticulation which forms an indefinite sinuous subdorsal line, the interstices of the reticulation pale yellowish brown. Setig- erous tubercle I in a definite, round, subdued pale area on each abdominal segment. No pale spot dorsad of II or posterior to III on any abdominal segment. Spiracles entirely black, ex- cept that the extreme upper edge of the rim is pale brownish. There are no large granules in the interstices of the reticula- tion. Head pale, closely reticulate with brownish red. Described from many live larvae collected during February and March at Clarksville, Tenn. Moths determined by F. H. Benjamin. Food : Dead leaves of deciduous trees. Distribution : Nova Scotia, Massachusetts, Maryland, and North Carolina westward to Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico. From two larvae collected April 8, 1925, at Clarksville, Tenn., a moth, doubtfully determined as Chytolita petrealis Grote by F. H. Benjamin, was reared. These larvae were not distinguishable from those of morbidalis. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 Plate XIX. Larval Structures. A. S 'colecocampa liburna: Head of larva, anterior view, showing ar- rangement of setae. B. S colecocampa liburna: Head of larva, lateral view, showing ar- rangement of setae. Explanation of symbols used in Figures A and B A1, A2, A3, anterior setae Adf A, adfrontal area Adf 1, Adf2, adfrontal setae E1, E2, epistomal setae F, front F1, Fa, frontal seta and puncture L1, lateral seta ML, median line O1, O2, O3, ocellar setae P1, P2, posterior setae SO1, SO2, subocellar setae I, II, III, IV, V, VI, ocelli Punctures are but rarely visible in the Hypeninae. 184 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV (n. s.), No. 4, Pl. XIX ML a B ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 Plate XX. Larval Structures A. Platyhypena scabra: Head of larva, lateral view, showing ar- rangement of setae. B. Platyhypena scabra: Head of larva, anterior view, showing ar- rangement of setae. C. Epizeuxis lubricalis: Head of larva, lateral view, showing ar- rangement of setae. D. Epizeuxis lubricalis: Head of larva, anterior view, showing ar- rangement of setae. E. Renia discolor alis: Head of larva, lateral view, showing ar- rangement of setae. F. Renia discolor alis: Head of larva, anterior view, showing ar- rangement of setae. 186 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV (n. s.), No. 4, PL XX ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 Plate XXI. Larval Structures. A. Epizeuxis lubricalis: Setal map of prothorax (TI), mesothorax ( TII ), first abdominal segment (ii), third abdominal seg- ment (Aj), seventh abdominal segment (A7), eighth abdom- inal segment (A8), and ninth abdominal segment (Ap). Seta Ic is absent on the prothorax in this species. B. Scolecocampa liburna: Portion of venter of first abdominal seg- ment showing arrangement of setae. C. Metalectra quadrisignatai: Portion of venter of first abdominal segment showing arrangement of setae. D. Diallagma latiorella: Portion of venter of first abdominal seg- ment showing arrangement of setae. E. Bleptina caradrinalis : Portion of venter of first abdominal seg- ment showing arrangement of setae. F. Hypena decorat a: Portion of venter of first abdominal segment showing arrangement of setae. G. Hormisa litophora: Portion of venter of first abdominal seg- ment showing arrangement of setae. H. Benia discolor alls : Portion of abdominal segment 9 showing se- tigerons tubercle and seta III normal, of the same character as I and II. I. Agrotis c-nigrum: Portion of abdominal segment 9 showing setigerous tubercle and seta III modified, different in char- acter from I and II. 188 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV (n. s.), No. 4, Pl. XXI ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 Plate XXII. Larval Structures. A. Alabama argillacea: Portion of abdominal segment 6, lateral view, showing arrangement of setae. B. Hypena calif ornica: Abdominal segment 2, ventral view, show- ing arrangement of setae and confluent setigerous tubercles. C. Scolecocampa liburna: Portion of abdominal segment 6, lateral view, showing arrangement of setae. D. Scolecocampa liburna: Abdominal segment 2, ventral view, showing arrangement of setae and confluent setigerous tuber- cles. E. Epizeuxis lubricalis: Portion of fourth abdominal segment, lat- eral view, showing arrangement and orientation of setigerous tubercles. P. Benia sobrialis: Portion of mesothorax, lateral view, showing character and arrangement of setigerous tubercles. G. Platyhypena scabra : Portion of mesothorax, lateral view, show- ing character and arrangement of setigerous tubercles. H. Euxoa scandens: Abdominal segment 1, ventral view, showing arrangement of setae and the absence of seta VIP. I. Zale sp. : Abdominal segment 1, ventral view, showing arrange- ment of setae and the presence of seta VIP. 190 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XXII E ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 Plate XXIII. Larval Structures. A. Zanclognatha cruralis: Portion of prothorax, lateral view, show- ing relation of cervical shield, spiracle, and prespiraeular shield. Cs, cervical shield; Sp, spiracle; Ps, prespiraeular shield. In this species and in those figured in B, C, and D seta Ic is absent on the cervical shield and Y is absent on the prespiraeular shield. B. Benia discolor alls : Portion of prothorax, lateral view, showing relation of cervical shield, spiracle, and prespiraeular shield. C. Bleptina inferior: Portion of prothorax, lateral view, showing relation of cervical shield, spiracle and prespiraeular shield. D. Benia salusalis : Portion of prothorax, lateral view, showing re- lation of cervical shield, spiracle, and prespiraeular shield. E. Epizeuxis americalis : Portion of prothorax, lateral view, show- ing relation of cervical shield, spiracle, and prespiraeular shield. In this species seta Ic is absent on the cervical shield. F. Epizeuxis lubricalis: Prothoracic spiracle. G. Benia flavipunctalis : Prothoracic spiracle. H. Phalaenophana pyramusalis : Posterior extremity of abdomen, posterior view, showing relation of setae. Al, antero-lateral seta; Da, dorso-anterior seta; PI, postero-lateral seta; Pm, postero-median seta ; SaS, subanal seta. I. Palthis asopialis: Posterior extremity of abdomen, posterior view, showing relation of setae. S 'aS, subanal seta. 192 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV (n. s.), No. 4, Pl. XXIII ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 Plate XXIV. Larval Structures. A. Plialaenostola laurentioides : Dorsum of abdominal segment 5, lateral view, showing character of tubercles and setae I and II. B. Philometra metonalis: Dorsum of abdominal segment 5, lateral view, showing character of tubercles and setae I and II. C. Hormisa litophora: Dorsum of abdominal segment 5, lateral view, showing character of tubercles and setae I and II. D. Palthis asopialis: Dorsum of abdominal segment 5, lateral viewr showing character of tubercles and setae I and II. E. Renia factiosalis: Dorsum of abdominal segment 5, lateral viewr showing character of tubercles and setae I and II. F. Phalaenophana pyramusalis : Dorsum of abdominal segment 5,. lateral view, showing character of tubercles and setae I and II. G-. Chytolita morbidalis : Dorsum of abdominal segment 5, lateral view, showing character of tubercles and setae I and II. H. Renia dis color alis : Dorsum of abdominal segment 5, lateral view, showing character of tubercles and setae I and II. I. Bleptina inferior: Dorsum of abdominal segment 5, lateral viewr showing character of tubercles and setae I and II. el. Zanclognatha pedipilalis : Dorsum of abdominal segment 5, lat- eral view, showing character of tubercles and setae I and II. K. Diallagma latiorella: Dorsum of abdominal segment 5, lateral view, showing character of tubercles and setae I and II. L. Epizeuxis forbesi: Tarsus, showing character of apical setae. M. Spiracles from third abdominal segment, showing relative size and emarginate ends, a , Renia sobrialis ; b, Bleptina inferior ; c, Zanclognatha cruralis ; d, Palthis asopialis. N. Spiracles from third abdominal segment, showing relative size and non-emarginate ends, a, Epizeuxis rotundalis; b, Epi- zeuxis aemula; c, Epizeuxis am eric alis ; cl, Epizeuxis lubri- calis. O. Epizeuxis rotundalis : Tarsus, showing character of apical setae and length of tarsus. P. Epizeuxis lubricalis : Setigerous tubercle I. Q. Epizeuxis lubricalis: Tarsus, showing character of apical setae and length of tarsus. R. Epizeuxis julia: Tarsus, showing character of apical setae and length of tarsus. S. Zale sp. : Portion of dorsum of abdominal segment 8, lateral view, showing setigerous tubercles I and II. 194 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV (n. s.), No. 4, PL XXIV ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV, No. 4 Plate XXV. Larval Structures. A. Platyhypena scabra: Spinneret. B. Renia discoloralis : Metathorax, ventral view, showing coxae widely separated. C. Hypena decorata: Spinneret. D. Chytolita morbidalis : Spinneret and labial palpi. E. Platyhypena scabra: Metathorax, ventral view, showing coxae not much separated. F. Z anclognatha cruralis : Spinneret and labial palpi. G. Feltia subgothica: Crochets on proleg, showing uniordinal ar- rangement. H. Hypena calif ornica: Labial palpus, showing character of pa- pilla (P). I. Autographa verruca: Crochets on proleg, showing biordinal ar- rangement. J. Palthis asopialis: Portion of skin highly magnified, showing character of skin granules. K. Epizeuxis rotundalis : Labial palpus, showing character of pa- pilla (P). 196 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XXV ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Index to Yol. XIV (n.s.) 1933-1934. Valid genera and species in Roman type; new genera and species in bold face; synonyms in Italics; f indicates other ani- mals; * indicates plants. Abagrotis, 10 Acisoma, 61 panorpoides, 49, 54, 72 Actebia, 1, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16 Actinotia, 29 Adelphagrotis, 1, 10 indeterminata, 4 stellaris, 4 Adisura, 29 Aeschna, 55, 59 umbrosa, 54, 56, 63, 64, 65 Aeschnophlebia, 50 longistigma, 49 Agathidium, 99-131 alticola, 103, 120, 128 alutaceum, 101, 107 angulare, 102, 116, 127 assimile, 104, 128 athabascanum, 103, 119, 120 atronitens, 104, 122 bistriatum, 102, 115, 131 brevisternum, 103, 107, 122 californicum, 101, 108 canadensis, 99, 131 cavisternum, 102, 111 cocinum, 103, 120 columbianum, 103, 121 compressidens, 101, 106 conjunction, 99, 102, 111, 113, 114 contiguum, 103, 119 dentigerum, 100, 101, 105, 106, 107 depressum, 101, 108, 110, 111 difforme, 105, 130, 131 dubitans, 101, 110 estriatum, 102, 115 exiguum, 101, 106, 107 jasperanum, 101, 109, 310, 111 laetum, 103, 117 maculosum, 99, 104, 125, 126, 129 var. franciscanum, 104, 126 mollinum, 104, 128 omissum, 102, 113, 114 oniscoides, 101, 105, 106, 107 parile, 103, 117 parvulum, 103, 117 picipes, 104, 130 politum, 104, 117, 123, 124 pulchrum, 104, 126, 127, 129 repentinum, 104, 123, 124 revolvens, 101, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114 rotnndnlum, 103, 121 rubellum, 101, 105, 106 rusticum, 103, 117 sexstriatum, 102, 114, 115, 131 temporale, 104, 127 virile, 99, 102, 111, 112 Agrion atratum, 43, 72 Agrotiphila, 2 Agrotis, 2, 3, 4, 9, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 29, 30 americanum, 19 annexa, 18, 19, 20, 21 araucaria, 19 bilitnra, 18, 21 canities, 20, 21 chilensis, 19 197 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV (n. s.) compta, 30 coquimbensis, 19 edmondsi, 18, 19 experta, 18, 19, 20, 21 fasicola, 18, 19 genicrdata, 18 herelis, 18 Hspidula, 21 infecta, 20 innominata, 30 lutescens, 19, 20 malefida, 18, 20, 21 margaritosa, 20 orestica, 3, 18, 21 segetum, 18, 19, 22 suffusa, 19 trisignata, 29 venerabilis, 18 vetusta, 18 volubilis, 18 ypsilon, 18, 19 var. robusta, 19 Alabama, 134, 135, 138 * Ambrosia trifida, 144 #Amelanchier trifida, 175 Ammoconia, 8, 9, 11, 14 Anaciaeschna, 52 jaspidea, 54 Anaplectoides, 9, 16 pressa, 15 Anax j unins, 54, 59, 63, 65 parthenope, 43, 49, 72 Anicla, 3, 7, 9, 16, 24 ignicans, 29 infecta, 26, 27, 29 leucanioides, 29 Anisogomphus abdominalis, 54 Anomis, 135 Anomogyna, 1, 4, 9, 11, 29 Anotogaster, 50 kuchenbeiseri, 42, 49, 54 Anytus, 3, 4, 9, 10 Aplectoides, 4, 9, 11 Argia apicalis, 72 Azuma elegans, 72 Barathra, 9, 15 Basiaescbna janata, 54 Bleptina, 136, 142, 170 caradrinalis, 171 inferior, 171 medialis, 171, 172 Bomolocha, 135, 136, 139, 142 cadncalis, 143 palparia, 143 scutellaris , 143 Brachydiplax chalybea, 54, 72 Brachythemis contaminata, 54, 72 leucosticta, 72 Caennrgia, 137 Caliaeschna, 52, 54 Caradrina, 9, 11, 14, 30 alpestris, 30 Catocala, 134 Celithemis amanda, 54 cliSci 7 2 Cerastis, 1, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17 Chersotis, 9, 14, 30 juncta, 4 junonia, 30 rectangnla, 4 Chlorogomphus infuscatus, 72 papilio, 54 Choephora, 8, 10, 17 Chorizagrotis, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 18, 28 balinitis, 13 * Chrysanthemum, 174 Chytolita, 135, 137, 142, 180, 182 morbidalis, 182 petrealis, 183 Copablepharon, 2, 29 Cordnlegaster, 70 diastatops, 54 dorsalis, 72 Cordulia slmrtleffi, 72 Crocothemis servilia, 49, 54, 72 Cryptocala, 1, 7, 10 Cucullia, 137 Cyrebia, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 17 198 Vol. XIV (n. s.) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Deielia phaon, 54, 72 Diallagma, 135, 136, 137, 140, 154 latiorella, 155 Diarsia, 1, 4, 7, 9, 16, 23, 24, 29 compta, 30 Diastatops, 42 obscura, 72 Didymops transversa, 54, 69, 72 Diplacodes trivialis, 54, 72 Epicordulia princeps, 49, 72 Epiophlebia, 50, 53 superstes, 43, 49, 54 Epipsilia, 9, 14, 27 griscecens, 4, 8 latens, 4, 8 "Epipsilia,” 29 canescens, 30 juldussi, 30 junonia, 30 Epitheca marginata, 49, 54 Epizeuxis, 135, 136, 140, 156 aemula, 156, 157, 159 americalis, 156, 157, 159 forbesi, 156, 157, 160 gopheri, 156, 157, 158 jnlia, 156, 158, 160 lubricalis, 156, 157, 161 merricki, 160 rotundalis, 156, 157, 161 Epopthalmia elegans, 49, 54 Eriopyga, 9, 15 Erythrocliplax minnscula, 72 Euagrotis, 1, 7, 9, 16 Euclidea, 137 Eucoptocnemis, 2, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 16, 23 fimbriaris, 4 tripars, 4 Eueretagrotis, 9, 13 Eugraphe, 9, 14 Eurois, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16 Euschesis, 9 Euxoa, 1, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 18, 20, 27, 28 bostoniensis, 10, 27 cleiducha, 22 lineifera, 22 monochromatea, 4 nivens, 22 ypsilon, 4 "Euxoa,” 21 Feltia, 4, 9, 12, 15, 29 clerica, 22 Feltia, 18 Fishia, 3, 9, 10 enthea, 4 evelina, 4 exliilarata, 4 Formica rufa, 159 Gabara, 147 Gomphaeschna, 52 furcillata, 54, 72 Gomphidia confluens, 54 Gomphus, 66, 70 abdominalis, 42, 54 agricola, 72 lividus, 63, 65 JGopberus polyphemus, 158 Graphiphora, 2, 5, 9, 14, 30 Gynacantha, 55 subinterrupta, 49, 54, 72 "Hadena,” 5 Hagenius brevistylus, 49 Harrisimemna, 137 Heliothis, 16 Hemieuxoa, 3, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16, 24 conchidia, 25, 28 lacteicosta, 29 mendosica, 29 polymorpha, 3, 13, 25, 28 rudens, 24, 25 strigata, 29 strigigrapha, 29 tiniloides, 29 Hemigraphiphora, 9 Hemipachnobia, 1, 10, 13, 15, 17 Heptagrotis, 9, 14 Vol. XIV (n. s.) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Hetaerina, 51, 53 Heterogrcmima, 162 Hiptelia, 8, 9, 11, 14, 16, 30 Hormisa, 137, 141, 178 *Humulus lupulus, 146 Hydrobasileus croceus, 54, 72 Hypena, 135, 136, 139, 144 calif ornica, 145, 146 decorata, 145, 147 lmmuli, 145 modesta, 145, 146 Ictinus pertinax, 54 rapax, 71, 72 #Impatiens, 164 Iscbnnra, 68 verticalis, 63, 71 Ladona julia, 72 Lampra, 6, 9, 14, 15, 16 fimbriata, 14 Lanthus albistylus, 54 Lascoria, 135, 137, 140, 172 ambigualis, 173 Lestes, 51 forcipatns, 43 uncatus, 72 Leucania turca, 29 Leucorrhinia frigida, 72 Libellula, 61, 63, 68 angelina, 54 pulchella, 59, 63, 66 semifasciata, 72 Litoprosopus (?), 133, 149 Litoprosopus, 135, 136, 138 futilis, 150 Loxagrotis, 3, 9, 10, 12, 18 acclivis, 4 proclivis, 4 Lycophotia, 8, 9, 14 “Lycophotia” alpestris, 30 Lyriothemis pachygastra, 54, 72 Lytaea, 14 “Mamestra,” 5 Manruta, 2, 7, 9, 10, 12, 16, 17, 23 Matrona basilaris, 71 Melipotis, 134, 138 Mesembreuxoa, 6, 9, 12, 29 Mesembreuxoa, 18 chilensis, 4 fasicola, 4, 19 Mesogona, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 28 Mesothemis, 61 Metalectra, 135, 136, 138, 139, 152 monodia, 153 quadrisignata, 152, 154 tactus, 154 tantillus, 153, 154 Metalepsis, 1, 10, 13, 14 Mimobarathra, 1, 9, 10, 15, 17 Naenia, 3, 7, 9, 15, 16 typica, 15 Nasiaeschna pentacantha, 49 Neurothemis fulvia, 72 tullia, 54 Noctua, 2, 3, 8, 9, 11, 14, 16, 17, 23, 27, 29 baja, 8, 30 c-nigrum, 2, 14 triangulum, 2 (Graphipliora), 5, 6, 13, 14 (Lytea) umbrosa, 14 Ochropleura, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 16, 23, 29, 30 cynica, 4 plectra, 4 vibora, 23 Octogomphus specularis, 49, 54 Ogdoconta, 137 Onychagrotis, 6, 9, 16, 18 Orthetrum albistylum, 54 melanica, 72 Pacbnobia, 3, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 30 carnea, 4 okakensis, 4, 8 Palpopleura sexmaculata, 54, 72 200 Vol. XIV (n. s.) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Palthis, 136, 140, 174 angulalis, 175 asopialis, 175 Pantala, 53, 61 flavescens, 42, 49, 54, 70, 72 Paradiarsia, 10, 13, 15, 17 Pareuxoa, 9, 10, 11, 27 lineifera, 7, 9, 12, 27 Passalus cornutus, 149 Pelamia, 137 Peridroma, 1, 3, 7, 9, 13, 16, 17, 24, 29 conchidia, 24 coppingeri, 27 ferruginensis, 26 infecta, 26, 27 margaritosa, 3, 13, 24 f. orchronota, 25 messia, 26, 27 microstigma, 24, 26 ochronota, 24 pellucidalis, 24 polymorpha, 3, 24, 26, 28 rudens, 24, 25, 26 rufisigna, 29 saucia, 16, 17, 24 semifusca, 24 Perigea, 137 Phalaena, 3, 15 triangulum, 15 Phalaena segetum, 18 Phalaenophana, 136, 138, 140, 162 pyramusalis, 163 Phalaenostola, 135, 137, 141, 177 laurentioides, 176 Philometra, 135, 137, 141, 177 metonalis, 177 Phiprosopus, 135, 136, 138, 151 callitrichoides, 152 Planaeschna, 54 Plathemis, 61 lydia, 54, 59, 60, 63 Plathypena, 135, 136, 139, 143 scabra, 144 Platycnemis annulata, 43, 72 *Poa pratensis, 155, 176, 178, 179 Porosagrotis, 18, 22 Potomarclia, 53 Progomplms obscurus, 49, 54, 72 Pronoctua, 1, 9 Proragrotis, 4, 6, 9, 18 Protexarnis, 5, 8, 9, 12 balinitis, 12, 13 Protogygia, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16 Protolampra, 10 *Prunus virginiana, 175 Psaphara, 27 Pseudoglaea, 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 margaritosa, 8 semifusca, 8 Pseudophaea opaca, 72 Pseudorthosia, 1, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 28 Pseudoseptis, 8, 9 Pseudospaelotis, 1, 10, 13, 16 Pseudothemis zonata, 49, 54, 72 Renia, 136, 142, 165 discoloralis, 166, 169 factiosalis, 166, 167 flavipunctalis, 166, 169 fraternalis, 167, 168 salusalis, 167, 168 sobrialis, 166, 167 Rhinocyplia perforata, 72 Rhizagrotis, 12 Rhodophora, 2, 16 Rhynchagrotis, 8, 9, 13, 14, 16, 29 barnesi, 8 Rhyothemis fuliginosa, 54, 72 variegata, 72 Richia, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 20 Rivula propinqualis, 133 Rodothemis rufa, 72 Saccharophagos, 135, 136, 139, 147 201 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIV (n. s.) mochisa, 148 Scolecocampa, 135, 139, 148 liburna, 149 Setagrotis, 10, 16 Sinolestes, 53 #Smilax rotundifolia, 152 Sora, 10, 15, 17 Spaelotis, 9, 13, 15 clandestina, 4 ravida, 4 Spargaloma, 133, 136 Stenagrotis, 7 Sympetrum, 61, 68 ardens, 72 baccha, 54 corruption, 72 vicinum, 59, 63 *Symphoriearpos orbiculatis, 175 Taolestes nectans, 72 Tetanolita, 135, 136, 140, 142, 164 mynesalis, 165 palligera, 164 Tetragonuria cynosura, 49, 54, 63, 68, 69 Tholymis citrina, 54 Timora, 29 Tramea, 53, 61, 68 chinensis, 49, 54, 72 lacerata, 59, 63 Trichagrotis, 1, 4, 9, 10, 15, 17 Trichofeltia, 4, 9, 10, 15, 17 Trichorthosia, 4, 9, 10, 15, 17 Trichosilia, 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 12 Triphaena, 2, 8, 9, 14, 15 pronuba, 8, 29 Tripseuxoa, 2, 3, 7, 9, 12, 23 carneata, 3, 23 strigata, 23 Trithemis, 53 f estiva, 72 Ufeus, 3, 4, 9, 10 hulsti, 4 satyricus, 4 *Urtica lyalli, 146, 147 * spp., 146 Zanclognatha, 135, 137, 142, 179, 182 cruralis, 180, 181 lituralis, 180, 181 obscuripennis, 180, 181 pedipalpalis, 180, 182 Zonopbora batesi, 54 0 26 New Genera in this Index New Species in this Index 202