ft * Americana A Journal of Entomology. Volume XXVII (New Series) 1947 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE JOSEPH C. BEQUAERT, EDITOR GEORGE S. TULLOCH EDWIN WAY TEALE PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1947-1949 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA YOL. XXYII (N. S.), 1947 CONTENTS PAGE The North American Gall Midges of the Tribe Micromyini; Itonidae (Cecidomyidae) ; Diptera. A. Earl Pritchard. August 4 and 6, 1947 1 The Genus Baccha from the New World. Frank M. Hull. February 4, 1949 89 Index to Vol. XXVII, Nos. 1 and 2 New generic and specific names and main references in bold- face; synonyms in italics. aceris, Campylomyza, 19, 22 Acoenonia, 11, 14 adela, Polyardis, 48, 49; fig. 10 aequalis, Campylomyza, 19, 22 alexanderi, Monardia, 8, 43, 44 Amblyspatha, 17 americana, Cordylomyza, 7, 31, 32 Anaretella, 70 Anoplotermes, 10 antennata, Campylomyza, 42, 58 Monardia, 54, 55, 58 Xylopriona, 58 aporia, Polyardis, 48, 51 ; fig. 12 Apriona, 71 Aprionns, 3, 12, 14, 71, 72 apsectra, Bryomyia, 68, 69 articulosa, Campylomyza, 44 Monardia, 8, 42, 44 Xylopriona, 8, 42, 44 asemus, Aprionus, 72; fig. 15 anrantiaca, Joannesia, 74 balsamicola, Campylomyza, 20, 21, 22, 23 Monardia, 8, 20 barlowi, Campylomyza, 24 Monardia, 8, 24, 25, 26 barnesi, Mycophila, 4, 65 bengalensis, Peromyia, 75 bergrothi, Bryomyia, 67 bifida, Cordylomyia, 37 borealis, Joannisia, 8, 78 Peromyia, 8, 76, 78 boulderensis, Prionellus, 9, 24, 25, 28 bonlderi, Campylomyza, 9, 24, 28, 29 brevicornis, Campylomyza, 39 Cordylomyia, 8, 39, 41 Corinthomyia, 4, 8, 38, 39, 40 bryanti, Cordylomyza, 39 Cordylomyia, 8, 39, 40, 41 Bryomyia, 4, 12, 14, 66 Calospatha, 11 cambrica, Bryomyia, 68, 70, 71 Camptoza, 74 Campylomyia, 16 Campylomyza, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 29, 44, 45 Campylomyzariae, 9 Campylomyzidae, 9 Campylomyzides, 9 Campylomyzinae, 9 Campylomyzini, 1, 2, 3, 9 canadensis, Monardia, 8, 55, 57, 58 carolinae, Joannisia, 8, 76, 77, 78 carpini, Campylomyza, 7, 47, 50 Polyardis, 7, 8, 48, 49, 50, 51; fig.'ll cellularis, Prosaprionns, 29 cerasi, Campylomyza, 7, 69, 70 Ceratomyia, 60, 61 Ceratopogonidae, 10 cincinna, Corinthomyia, 8, 38, 39, 40, 41 coloradensis, Cordylomyia, 8, 31, 32 concinna, Corinthomyia, 41 coprophila, Cordylomyia, 8, 29, 31, 32 Cordylomyia, 3, 12, 13, 29, 30, 38, 42, 45 Corinthomyia, 12, 13, 38 crebra, Xylopriona, 42, 43, 45; fig. 13 Crespiniella, 60, 61 currei, Campylomyza, 39 Corinthomyia , 8, 39, 40, 41 Cylophora, 17 defectiva, Campylomyza, 20, 21, 22, 23 Prionellus, 9 denningi, Cordylomyia, 30, 37 dilatata, Campylomyza, 9, 18, 19, 26, 27, 28 ; fig. 7 Prionellus, 9, 26 eremi, Prionellus, 9, 23, 34 Euprojoannisia, 10 fasciata, Cylophora, 17 fenestralis, Nenrolyga, 17 flavida, Neptunimyia, 9, 69, 70 flavipes, Campylomyza, 7, 8, 9, 17, 19,* 21, 22, 23, 27, 28 flavopedalis, Joannisia, 8, 76, 77, 78 flavoscuta, Campylomyza, 7, 59, 60, 78 Joannisia, 8, 76, 77 foliata, Monardia, 8, 31, 32 fulva, Cordylomyia, 8, 31, 33, 34 fnngicola, Mycophila, 9, 64, 65 fusca, Campylomyza, 8, 9, 18, 19, 24, 25 ; fig. 2 fuscipes, Campylomyza, 19, 22 gibbosa, Bryomyia, 7, 9, 67, 69, 70, 71; fig. 8 Campylomyza, 7, 69 gilletti, Campylomyza, 43 Monardia, 8, 43, 44 gracilis, Corinthomyia, 8, 39 40, 41 graminea, Campylomyza, 20, 21, 22, 23 Prionellus, 9, 20 Heleidae, 10 hesperia, Campylomyza, 20, 21, 22, 23 Prionellus, 9, 20 Heteropezinae, 4 hirsuta, Campylomyza, 38, 39 Corinthomyia, 8, 39, 40, 41 illinoiensis, Monardia, 8, 43, 44 Itonidae, 10, 11 Itonidinae, 5 Joanissia, 74 Joannisia, 74, 75 johannseni, Ceratomyia, 7, 60, 61 Micromya, 7, 61, 62, 63 ; fig. 4 karnerensis, Campylomyza, 20, 21, 23 Monardia, 8, 20 kasloensis, Campylomyza, 51' Cordylomyia, 8, 51 Polyardis, 8, 51, 52 kiefferiana, Joannisia, 74 kollari, Monardia, 54, 55 lampra, Myeophila, 65 ; fig. 14 lateralis, Monardia, 8, 21, 22 latipennis, Campylomyza, 24 Joannisia, 58, 60 Prionellus, 9, 24, 25 Pro joannisia, 59 leguminicola, Campylomyza, 19, 21, 22, 23 Prionellus, 9, 20 n leptoproctus, Termitomastus, 10 Lestremiinae, 10 Lestremiini, 10, 14, 70 lerveillei, Peromyia, 74 Ugnivora, Campylomyza, 55 Monardia, 8, 54, 55, 56 lobdta, Campylomyza, 26, 27 longipennis, Aprionus, 9, 74 Campylomyza, 74 Prionellus, 9, 74 liieorum, Micromya, 60, 61, 62 Lycoriidae, 10 magna, Monardia, 57 mana, Micromya, 63 ; fig. 3 melanoptera, Campylomyza, 41 Micromya, 10, 12, 13, 18, 60 Micromyia, 60 Micromyini, 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 14, 45, 75 Micromyna, 9, 10 modesta, Campylomyza, 7, 79 Monardia, 8, 43, 44 Peromyia, 7, 76, 79 Trichopteromyia, 8, 58, 59 Monardia, 3, 12, 14, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 49, 52, 54, . 59 monilis, Prionellus, 9, 20, 22, 26, 27, 28 monotheca, Monardia, 52 Polyardis, 48, 52 monticola, Aprionus, 7, 73 Campylomyza, 7, 73 montana, Campylomyza, 9, 19, 23, 24 Prionellus, 9 mori, Urosema, 18 multiarticulata, Monardia, 8, 55, 56, 57 Mycophila, 3, 4, 12, 13, 46 neomexicana, Joannisia, 79 Peromyia, 8, 76, 79, 80 Neptnnimyia, 70 Neurolyga, 16, 17, 18 nigricans, Monardia \ 43, 44 nodosa, Joannisia, 76, 77 ormerodi, Amblyspatha, 17 Campylomyza, 4, 19 ovalis, Joannisia, 80 Peromyia, 75, 80 pennsylvanica, Joannisia, 8, 76. 77, 78 perissa, Acoenonia, 14, 15; figs. 1 and 6 Peromyia, 3, 4, 11, 12, 17, 18. 74, 75 Pezomyia, 11, 52, 53 photophila, Campylomyza, 76 Joannisia, 8, 76 Peromyia, 8, 75, 76, 77, 78 pimetorum, Cordylomyia, 29 pini, Prionella, 17 Prionellus, 17 Prionota, 17 pinicorticis, Aprionus, 8, 73 Campylomyza, 73 Monardia, 8, 73 Polyardis, 3, 12, 13, 47 pomiflorae, Campylomyza, 7, 20, 21, 22, 23 pomifolia, Campylomyza, 7, 20. 21, 22, 23 populi, Campylomyza, 24, 25, 26 Monardia, 8, 24 praelonga, Cordylomyia, 8, 33. 34 Prionella, 16 Prionellus, 16 Prionota, 16 producta, Bryomyia, 7, 68, 69 ; fig. 9 Campylomyza, 7, 68 Pro joannisia, 10, 58 Prosaprionus, 29 pulcherrima, Lindera, 75 pulchricornis, Campylomyza, 41 in querceti, Xylopriona, 44 reconditi, Anoploterm.es, 10 r oralis, Joannisia, 78, 79 rudis, Cordylomyia, 34 rugosa, Monardia, 8, 59, 60 sahariensis, Crespiniella, 60, 61, 62 Sciaridae, 11 scutellata, Campylomyza, 18 Cordylomyia, 8, 33, 34 silvana, Campylomyza, 9, 28, 29 Prionellus, 9, 29 simulator, Campylomyza, 9, 28 Prionellus, 9, 28 speyeri, Mycophila, 4, 65 spinigera, Aprionus, 71, 72 Stenospatha, 11 stirpium, Monardia, 4, 52, 53, 54, 55 strobli, Campylomyza, 24, 28 sylvestrip, Campylomyza, 34 Cordylomyia, 8, 30, 34, 36; * fig. 5 Termitomastidae, 9 Termitomastinae, 10 Termitomastus, 10 Tetraxyphus, 41, 42 texana, Campylomyza, 7, 31 Cordylomyia, 7, 8, 29, 30, 31,32,33 toxicodendri, Campylomyza, 43 Monardia, 9, 42 Xylopriona, 8, 9, 42, 43, 44 Tricampylomyza, 10 Trichelospatha, 11 Trichopteromyia, 12, 14, 58 Tricolpodia, 11 trifida, Bryomyia, 70 truncata, Campylomyza, 7, 36 Cordylomyia, 7, 30, 36, 37 tsugae, Campylomyza, 9, 20, 21 Prionellus, 20, 23 tuckeri, Campylomyza, 26, 27 Monardia, 9, 26 tumida, Cordylomyia, 8, 39, 40, 41 ulmaria, Monardia, 54 Urosema, 18 vanderwulpi, Monardia, 53, 55 Pezomyia, 53 versicolor, Campylomyza, 50 Cordylomyia, 8, 50, 51, 52 vitinea, Campylomyza, 7, 48 Polyardis, 7, 48, 49, 50 Wasmaniella, 10 xylophila, Cordylomyia, 30, 31, 33 Xylopriona, 12, 14, 41, 42, 45, 47 IV ,s I VOL. XXVII (New Series) JANUARY, 1947 No. I AMERICANA A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor GEORGE M. TULLOCH E. W. TEALE Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 ^Subscription, $5.00 per year Date of Issue, August 4, 1947. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa. under the Act of March 3, 1870. tJTOfOGl^ AmerigAna Vol. XXVII January, 1947 No. 1 THE NORTH AMERICAN GALL MIDGES OF THE TRIBE MICROMYINI; ITONIDIDAE (CECIDOMYIIDAE) ; DIPTERA1- 2 By A. Earl Pritchard University of California, Berkeley, California The classification of the North American species of the tribe Micromyini (Campylomyzini) has been badly in need of revision. Seventy-two North American species have been described which be- long in the Micromyini ; one of these species was described by Say, and all of the others were described by Felt. Fifty-seven of Felt’s species were based upon a single specimen each; only five species were described from more than two specimens each. Very few of these species have been recorded since originally described. The ' generic assignments of the North American species were admittedly provisional, and no general attempt was made to associate sexes. The present treatise of the taxonomy of the nearctic Micromyini is based upon a study of all of Felt’s types and upon a large amount of additional material most of which was collected by the writer in Minnesota. This comparatively large amount of material enables 1 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the Uni- versity of Minnesota, in June, 1942, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 2 Paper No. 2345 Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricul- tural Experiment Station, St. Paul 1, Minn. 1 AUG 1 1 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 1 one to reconsider many characters which were formerly regarded specific. Consequently, many species formerly recognized on a basis of slight differences, are not considered valid. Likewise a number of generic transfers are made of earlier described species, because of the more definite generic diagnoses. Campylomyza Meigen was the only genus generally recognized prior to 1894, for the species now included in the Micromyini. The only general treatise of the species of Campylomyza up to this time was that by Winnertz (1870). Rondani, during the middle of the nineteenth century, failed to recognize Campylomyza and proposed two other genera. Kieffer (1894), in Germany, began studies which were based upon examination of slide material with a compound microscope. He placed considerable emphasis on minute morphological char- acters which had not previously been studied, and because of this was inclined to pay little attention to the work of earlier students. Kieffer proposed a number of new genera which are closely related to Campylomyza, and he gave tribal rank to this generic group. Felt (1907) began studies of the North American gall midges and soon proposed a few new Micromyine genera. Felt referred many North American species to certain genera which Kieffer had estab- lished for European species. In some cases the species were cor- rectly placed, but in many other cases they were incorrectly assigned. Kieffer did not refer any European species to Felt’s genera. Many of their genera were established on monosexual characteristics, par- ticularly those of the female, so that generic assignments of the species were unreliable. Edwards (1938) presented an excellent treatment of the Micro- myini. His classification was partly based on a number of morpho- logical features which were previously unnoted. Edwards studied a large number of the existing European types, redefined many of the genera on a basis of both sexes, and definitely established for the first time the identity of a large number of species occurring in England. He was also the first to consider certain Micromyine species as occurring in both Europe and North America. Appar- ently this possibility had been rejected by Felt after a study of the Kieffer collection and other European material. The writer finds that all of the Micromyine genera now recog- nized in Europe are also tenable for North American species. A number of species are definitely recognized as occurring in both North America and Europe, and because of the close relationships 2 January, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA of many other species, it is expected that future studies will reveal still others. The Micromyine faunae of continental areas other than Europe and North America are practically unknown. Acknowledgments The writer wishes to express his appreciation for many courtesies extended him during the course of this study at the University of Minnesota, and particularly to acknowledge the aid of Dr. C. E. Mickel who rendered considerable encouragement, advice and criti- cism, Dr. W. A. Riley who generously made the excellent facilities of the University of Minnesota available, and Dr. A. A. Granovsky who took a great interest in the writer’s work. Dr. E. P. Felt was very kind to the author in offering assistance and furnishing sepa- rates of many of his own and Kieffer’s papers. Dr. R. D. Glasgow and Dr. C. C. Adams granted the writer the privilege of studying the Felt collection at the New York State Museum. Mr. C. F. W. Muesebeck and Dr. E. A. Chapin gave the writer much assistance in his studies and extended many privileges for studying the Felt types and the collection at the U. S. National Museum. Miss M. M. Carpenter was of great assistance in locating much of the literature in the Washington libraries. Dr. D. G. Denning, Dr. H. C. Knut- son, Dr. H. D. Pratt, Dr. H. T. Peters, Mr. H. P. Nicholson, and Mr. J. Standish all made a special effort to collect material for the writer. To all of these people and institutions, the writer is deeply grateful. Biology There have been very few studies made of the biology of the Micromyini. Although certain habitats of the larvae have been recorded for a number of species, there is very little knowledge of the actual food habits of the larvae. The biology of the North American species is very little known in comparison with that of European species. The larvae of the Micromyine gall midges are found character- istically in fungi and decaying organic material. Certain species of Mycophila and Monardia have been reared from mushroom my- celia. A number of species of Monardia , Peromyia, Aprionus, and Campylomyza have been reared from decaying logs and stumps of both deciduous trees and conifers. Two species of Aprionus have been reared from the galleries of scolytids under the bark of pine. One species of Peromyia has been reared from decaying peony roots. Species of Cordylomyia, Polyardis, and Mycophila have been reared 3 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 1 from manure. Larvae of certain species of Bryomyia, Peromyia, and Campylomyza have been found under moss. The habitats in which one may find a given species may be varied. Mycophila barnesi, for instance, has been reared both from mushrooms and manure. The larvae of a few species have been found more or less asso- ciated with higher living plants. Campylomyza ormerodi is said to be a pest on red clover roots in England. Another species of Campylomyza was reared from strawberry roots in California. The larva of an Indian species of Peromyia was found to be associated with leaf galls, but the relationship was regarded as that of inquiline. Barnes (1929) demonstrated that paedogenesis occurs in Myco- phila speyeri. Female specimens of other species of Mycophila and also Monardia stirpium have been observed to contain only a fewT large eggs; this characteristic in adult midges is correlated with paedogenetic reproduction. Paedogenesis is a biological character- istic of the closely related itonidids in the subfamily Heteropezxnae. Adults of the Micromyini are found throughout the spring, summer and fall in the northern United States and Canada. Typi- cally these midges inhabit well-shaded woodlands. Adults of Cam- pylomyza are commonly found along ditch banks, roadsides, and in yards and parks where they seem to be more abundant in the spring and in the fall. The males of Campylomyza sometimes fly in swarms. Specimens of many species are commonly found on the windows of dwellings, offices, and automobiles. On one occasion the writer found the females of Corinthomyia brevicornis to be crepuscular in flight. Morphology Sensorial Processes .■ — The flagellum of the female is provided with well-developed sensoria. A generalized condition is found in those species in which each flagellar segment is densely clothed dis- tally with sensorial bristles — bristles which are very thin-walled and very blunt distally. Certain of these bristles may be modified to form sensorial processes which may be elongate and slender, widened proximally and with a distal projection, or disc-shaped ; sometimes the processes are partially or mostly subdivided, digitate. The sen- sorial processes may be short and broad, each arising from several small pores, and apparently formed by the fusion of several proc- esses. The pores may be coalescent to form an irregular, large pore. A single process may be present in the form of a collar around the segment which arises from a number of pores. In one species an 4 January, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA incomplete and irregular ring is formed which is adnate to the seg- ment only at the pores, a condition very similar to that found in the tortuous circumfila of the Itonidinae. The first flagellar segment of the female sometimes has one or two pockets containing sensorial bristles. Sensorial processes on the male flagellum are very poorly developed. Sensorial bristles are also found on the inner-dorsal portion of the first palpal segment of both sexes ; in the female these bristles are sometimes set in a pocket. Wings. — The Comstock-Needham system of wing venation is em- ployed with certain modifications. As a matter of convenience, the writer follows Edwards in that the first section of Rs which appears as a cross-vein is termed Rs, and the long distal portion of this vein is termed R5. Tillyard’s modification of the cubitus is adopted, so that the first anal vein of Comstock is termed the posterior cubitus (CuP). Snodgrass has shown the independence of the second anal vein of Comstock from the remaining anal veins, and the writer follows Bradley in referring to this as the plical vein (PI). Edwards has employed the position of sensory pores on the veins in the vicinity of Rs as an aid in the recognition of generic groups. There are from two or four such pores on Rx, a similar pore on Rs, and another pore on either r-m or on R5 between Rs and the level of the end of Ra. Hypopygium. — Only the tergal portion of the ninth segment is present, and this forms an integral part of the male genitalia. This tergal portion is largely membranous, but a caudal area is usually sclerotized ; this tergal plate is here termed the ninth ter gum. The ninth tergum is connected laterally to the outer-proximal end of each basiclasper. The tergal portion of the tenth segment is usually represented by a pair of small pubescent lobes which are termed the tenth tergites; the sternal portion is represented by a setulose area which is usually divided and located underneath the ninth tergum. Felt sometimes used the terms “dorsal plate” and “ventral plate” in this tribe for parts of the ninth or tenth segments. The periphallic organs consist of a pair of claspers or forceps which are large, each composed of two segments, the basiclasper and the disticlasper. The basiclaspers below are nearly always united proximally (no subgenital plate is present). The inner-distal mar- gin of each basiclasper bears a long basiclasper root ; these roots are anteriorly united or connected by a transverse bridge. Each basi- clasper root bears a curved ventral arm which is connected with the tegmen and which is usually well developed. Edwards has referred to the two segments of the clasper as the “coxite” and “style” 5 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 1 respectively. The term coxite implies a serial homology with other paired segmental appendages, and the writer does not wish to com- mit himself on such homologies. The term style is particularly objectionable, because Felt and Kieffer previously used this term for the aedeagus or associated structures. Felt has referred to the two segments of the clasper as the “basal clasp segment” and “ter- minal clasp segment.” Phallic Organs. — There are usually two sclerotized structures associated with the genital or ejaculatory duct. This duct is covered dorsally by a rather broad, saddle-like sclerite which Edwards has termed the tegmen. The tegmen is variously modified but each proximo-lateral angle bears a strong tegminal root. There is often a rod-like structure under the tegmen which serves as an intromit- tent organ. Edwards has termed this the genital rod. The proxi- mal end of the genital rod is more heavily sclerotized and bears muscles on either side ; these muscles are attached to the proximal roots of the tegmen. The proximal end of the genital rod probably represents an apodeme of the aedeagus. The long distal portion of the genital rod usually appears to be narrowly divided. The com- mon genital duct extends above the base of the genital rod and usually ends in a membranous and setulose sac which lies at the end of the genital rod when this structure is present. The two testes are usually separate, but they may be united in a common sheath. Felt has used the term ‘ ‘ style ’ ’ for the Micromyine genital rod, and he has apparently used the term “harpes” for the tegmen. Ovipositor. — The ninth abdominal segment contains the opening of the oviduct. The sternal portion of the ninth segment is divided medio-distally ; the tergal portion of this segment sometimes has the distal portion separated to appear as an extra segment at the proxi- mal end of the lamellae. A pair of segmented lamellae are articu- lated to the tergal portion of the ninth segment. The proximal seg- ment of each lamella is formed by the lateral half of the medially divided tenth tergum and tenth sternum; the middle segment is formed from the lateral half of the medially divided eleventh ter- gum; and the distal segment is a cercus. One or two sclerotized spermathecae (the “ventral organs” of Felt) are present in the abdominal cavity. Felt’s Types Nearly all of the types of Felt’s species are in the New York State Museum or in the U. S. National Museum. Felt usually did not state the number of specimens examined either with regard to 6 January, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA types or to additional records. Because the Felt collection at Albany, New York, is of such fundamental importance to workers in the group, it has been the aim of the writer to show definitely what material is represented there. The exact disposition of all the types is herein indicated, and all other specimens further recorded from the Felt collection, either by Felt or in the present revision, are indi- cated as being in that collection by statements as to whether Felt has determined the species or not and, if so, his determinations. Data concerning types published by Felt but which are not on the labels, are indicated as such by the use of brackets. All of Felt’s material is mounted on slides, except in certain cases where the material is indicated as being on cardpoints or in alcohol. Reference Index of Species Described by Felt Felt’s revision of the group in 1913 is the latest comprehensive treatise of the Micromyini for North America, although additional species have been described by him since that time. The type slides of Felt’s earlier species were relabelled by him to conform with the generic changes made in his 1913 publication. In view of the fact that the taxonomic views adopted in the present revision differ con- siderably from those of Felt, a reference index is here included. The names of Felt’s species are listed alphabetically, employing the combinations used by Felt in 1913, or later, and their equivalents in the present revision are given in a corresponding list. Felt’s Names Campylomyza carpini Felt c. cerasi Felt c. flavoscuta Felt c. gibbosa Felt c. modesta Felt c. monticola Felt c. pomiflorae Felt c. pomifolia Felt c. producta Felt c. texana Felt c. truncata Felt c. vitinea Felt Ceratomyia johannseni Felt Cordylomyia americana Felt Equivalents in Present Classification Polyardis carpini (Felt) Bryomyia gibbosa (Felt) Trichopteromyia modesta Willis- ton Bryomyia gibbosa (Felt) Peromyia modesta (Felt) Aprionus monticola (Felt) Campylomyza flavipes Meigen Campylomyza flavipes Meigen Bryomyia product a (Felt) Cordylomyia texana (Felt) Cordylomyia tr uncat a (Felt) Polyardis vitinea (Felt) Micromya johannseni (Felt) Cordylomyia texana (Felt) 7 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 1 Felt’s Names Equivalents in Present Classification c. brevicornis (Felt) Corinthomyia brevicornis (Felt) c. bryanti (Felt) Corinthomyia brevicornis (Felt) c. coloradensis Felt Cordylomyia texana (Felt) c . copropkila Felt Cordylomyia texana (Felt) c. fulva Felt C or dylomyia. fulva Felt c. kasloensis (Felt) Polyardis kasloensis (Felt) c. luna (Felt) Corinthomyia brevicornis (Felt) c. praelonga Felt Cordylomyia fulva Felt c. scutellata Felt Cordylomyia fulva Felt c. sylvestris (Felt) Cordylomyia sylvestris (Felt) c. tumida Felt Corinthomyia brevicornis (Felt) c. versicolor (Felt) Polyardis car pini (Felt) Corinthomyia cincinna Felt Corinthomyia brevicornis (Felt) C. currei (Felt) Corinthomyia brevicornis (Felt) c. gracilis Felt Corinthomyia brevicornis (Felt) c. Mrsuta (Felt) Corinthomyia brevicornis (Felt) Joannisia borealis Felt Peromyia borealis (Felt) J. carolinae (Felt) Peromyia photophila (Felt) J. flavopedalis Felt Peromyia photophila (Felt) J. flavoscuta Felt Peromyia photophila (Felt) J. neomexicana Felt Peromyia neomexicana (Felt) J. pennsylvanica Felt Peromyia photophila (Felt) J. photophila (Felt) Peromyia photophila (Felt) Monardia alexanderi Felt Xylopriona toxicodendri (Felt) M. articulosa (Felt) Xylopriona articulosa (Felt) M. balsamicola (Felt) Campylomyza flavipes Meigen M. barlowi (Felt) Campylomyza fusca Winnertz M. canadensis Felt Monardia canadensis Felt M. foliata Felt Cordylomyia texana (Felt) M. gilletti (Felt) Xylopriona toxicodendri (Felt) M. illinoiensis Felt Xylopriona toxicodendri (Felt) M. karnerensis (Felt) Campylomyza flavipes Meigen M. lateralis Felt Campylomyza flavipes Meigen M. lignivora (Felt) Monardia lignivora (Felt) M. modesta Felt Xylopriona toxicodendri (Felt) M. multiarticulata Felt Monardia multiarticulata Felt M. pinicorticis (Felt) Aprionus pinicorticis (Felt) M. populi (Felt) Campylomyza fusca Winnertz M. rugosa Felt Trichopteromyia modesta Willis- ton 8 January, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Felt’s Names M. toxicodendri (Felt) M. tuckeri (Felt) Mycophila fungicola Felt N eptunimyia flavida Felt Prionellus boulder ensis (Felt) P. defectiva (Felt) P. dilatata (Felt) P. eremi Felt P. graminea (Felt) P. hesperia (Felt) P. latipennis (Felt) P. leguminicola (Felt) P. longipennis (Felt) P. monilis Felt P. montana Felt P. silvana (Felt) P. simulator (Felt) P. tsugae (Felt) Equivalents in Present Classification Xylopriona toxicodendri (Felt) Campylomyza dilatata Felt Mycophila fungicola Felt Bryomyia gibbosa (Felt) Campylomyza b oidderi Felt Campylomyza flavipes Meigen Campylomyza dilatata Felt Campylomyza mont ana (Felt) Campylomyza flavipes Meigen Campylomyza flavipes Meigen Campylomyza fusca Winnertz Campylomyza flavipes Meigen Aprionus longipennis (Felt) Campylomyza dilatata Felt Campylomyza mont ana (Felt) Campylomyza silvana Felt Campylomyza simulator Felt Campylomyza flavipes Meigen Tribe MICROMYXNI Rondani Micromyna Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod., 1 : 198, 1856. Campylomyzides Kieffer, Bull. Soe. Hist. Nat. Metz, (ser. 2)8: 48, . 1898. Campylomyzariae Kieffer, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 69 : 451, 1900 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124: 311, 1908; Felt, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 19 : 32, 1911 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 153, 1913; Kieffer, Gen. Insect., 152: 287, 1913; Felt, Philip. Jour. Sci., 13 (ser. D) : 297, 1918; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 257: 136, 1925; Felt, Lingnan Sci. Jour., 7 : 425, 1929; Mani, Rec. Ind. Mus., 36, 383, 1935; Mani, Xnd. Jour. Ent., 7 : 189, 1946. Campylomyzini Enderlein, Arch. Naturg., 77 (Bd. 1, Suppl. 3) : 195, 1911 ; Enderlein, Zool. Anz., 40 : 263, 1912 ; Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., 7 (ser. B) : 173, 1938. Campylomyzinae Enderlein, Zool. Anz., 40 : 262, 1912 ; Enderlein, Tierw. Mitteleur., 6 (Lief 2, Teil 3) : 61, 1936. Campylomyzidae Enderlein, Tierw. Mitteleur., 6 (Lief 2, Teil 3) : 60, 1936. Termitomastidae Silvestri, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino, 16(395) : 1, 1901; Silvestri, Redia, 1: 183, 1903. 9 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 1 Termitomastinae Silvestri : Speiser, Zool. Anz., 30 : 716, 1906 ; Brnes and Melander, Classif. Insects, pp. 274, 348, 1932; Mani, Ind. Jour. Ent., 7 : 190, 1946. Rondani, in 1856, proposed the stirps Micromyna for Micromya and related genera. This supergeneric name precedes by many years the use of the genus Campylomyza as the type of a super- generic concept. The tribe Micromyini is a division of the Lestremiinae, a sub- family characterized by having the basitarsus longer than the suc- ceeding segment and by having the wing venation not strongly re- duced. The tribe Micromyini is characterized particularly by the wing venation : M simple • Cu branched near middle of that vein ; h absent; Sc2 absent; CuP fused with Cu; and PI absent. There are three ocelli, and one or two sclerotized spermathecae are present. Some females are wingless ; the latter characters will serve for their tribal recognition. Wasmaniella Kieffer (1898) was based upon a wingless female specimen. Kieffer and Felt, who studied Kieffer ’s type, regarded this genus as a close relative of Campylomyza. Wasmaniella is a valid genus which is here transferred to the tribe Lestremiini. Euprojoannisia Brethes (1914) was proposed for a single species occurring in Argentina. Brethes stated that this genus was a mem- ber of the Lestremiinae. Although no further generic relationships were stated, the name implies a relationship with Projoannisia Kieffer, a Micromyine genus which was considered valid at that time. Euprojoannisia has not subsequently been mentioned in the litera- ture. Brethes’ description of the genus and of the genotype clearly indicates that this genus should be referred to the Heleidae ( Ceratopogonidae) . Tricampylomyza Kieffer (1919) has not been recognized since originally described. This genus included a single African species which was based upon a female specimen. This female was char- acterized as having the eye bridge laterally devoid of facets (or absent), Rt a little longer than Rs, empodium as long as the claws, palp one segmented, and flagellum composed of eight subellipsoidal, sessile segments, each bearing a pair of peg-like sensoria. Tri- campylomyza is possibly related to Micromya. Termitomastus Silvestri (1901) was erected for T. leptoproctus Silvestri, an inquiline in the subterranean galleries of the termite, Anoplotermes reconditi Silv., in Argentina and Brazil. Silvestri recognized the relationships of this species with the Itonididae, but believed that the presence of ocelli and an eye bridge were sufficient 10 January, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA to distinguish it as a new family. Speiser (1906) placed the cate- gory as a subfamily of the Lycoriidae (Sciaridae), while Brues and Melander (1932) and Mani (1946) considered it as a subfamily of the Itonididae. Edwards (1929) recognized the genus as a mem- ber of the Micromyini, closely related to the genus Pezomyia de Meijere. The original description together with drawings given by Silvestri (1903) indicate that Edwards is correct. It has been necessary to exclude from consideration Trichelo- spatha Kieffer, Calospatha Kieffer, Stenospatha Kieffer, and Tri- colpodia Kieffer. These genera were based on larvae, and the adults are unknown. Key to Genera (Males) 1. R5 extending to tip of wing; wing membrane clothed with macrotrichia ; genital rod narrow or absent 2 R5 ending well before tip of wing; wing membrane devoid of macrotrichia ; genital rod very large and massive. Acoenonia n. gen. 2. Costa ending abruptly at tip of R5 or reaching slightly beyond, but not extending halfway from tip of R5 to M; R5 with a sensory pore at level of tip of Ri, none on r-m ; with a ventral sclerite below the tegmen, the genital rod absent. Peromyia Kieffer Costa extending well beyond R5, reaching over halfway of the distance from R5 to M ; with a sensory pore on R5 proximal to level of end of Rx or on r-m 3 3. Rx at least three times the length of Rs ; with a sensory pore on R5, none on r-m ; empodium as long as the claws and broad ; tarsi without scales 4 Rx not over twice the length of Rs, or if longer then empodium absent ; with a sensory pore on r-m, none on R5 ; empodium narrower, often short or rudimentary, tarsi nearly always with scales, although they are sometimes long and nar- row 6 4. Flagellum with small, plate-like sensory processes distally on proximal segments; tegmen divided medio-distally and there provided with dorsal processes. Campylomyza Meigen Flagellum with only sensory bristles distally on each flagellar segment; tegmen not divided and without medio-dorsal processes 5 11 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 1 5. Flagellar segments each with one complete crenulate whorl of very long bristles ; cubital fork forming an acute angle. Cordylomyia Felt Flagellar segments each with four complete crenulate whorls of rather short bristles; cubital fork forming a nearly right angle Corinthomyia Felt 6. Pedicel enlarged; flagellum with seven or eight slender seg- ments, without distinct stems; claws lengthened; cubital fork almost forming a right angle ; palpal segments three, the second segment long and slender Micromya Rondani Pedicel not enlarged ; flagellum with eight to thirteen segments, with distinct stems which are sometimes short ; cubital fork usually acute angled; palpal segments three or four, the second segment not well differentiated 7 7. Empodium as long as the claws and rather broad ; ninth tergum narrow or moderately so; tegmen shield-shaped; disti- clasper with distal spine 8 Empodium rudimentary or short, rarely long and then very narrow and the disticlasper without a distal spine 9 8. Disticlasper with a very strong distal spine or spur ; flagellum twelve segmented Xylopriona Kieffer Disticlasper with a small distal spine ; flagellum eleven to thirteen segmented Polyardis n. gen. 9. Tegmen laterally with one or more pairs of opposing spines directed inwardly; ninth tergum very broad; genital rod absent; basiclaspers very long, below narrowly united at base Aprionus Keiffer Tegmen without paired spines 10 10. Flagellum eight- to ten-segmented, the stems short, and each segment with a single crenulate row of bristles ; disticlasper with distal spine ; genital rod absent Mycophila Felt Flagellum twelve-segmented, the stems long 11 11. Genital rod long, not modified 12 Genital rod with proximal portion very short, distally form- ing a pair of long, divergent processes which are usually lightly pigmented ; disticlasper without terminal spine ; ninth tergum broad Bryomyia Kieffer 12. Eye bridge six facets wide Trichopteromyia Williston Eye bridge not over four to five facets wide Monardia Kieffer Key to Genera (Females) 1. Costa extending well beyond R5, reaching over halfway of dis- tance from R5 to M; with a sensory pore on R5 proximal 12 January, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA to level of tip of Rx or on r-m (sometimes brachypterous or apterous) : 2 Costa ending abruptly at tip of R5 or extending slightly be- yond, but not extending halfway from tip of R5 to M ; with a sensory pore on R5 at level of tip of Ri, none on r-m; spermathecae two; flagellar segments with globular nodes and long stems Peromyia Kieffer 2. Rx at least three times as long as Rs ; with a sensory pore on R3, none on r-m; tarsi without scales; empodium as long as claws and broad 3 Rx not over twice the length of Rs, or if longer then empodium rudimentary ; with a sensory pore on r-m, none on Rs ; tarsi nearly always with scales, although they are some- times long and narrow; empodium narrower, often short or rudimentary (sometimes brachypterous or apterous) 5 3. Flagellar segments each with a distal sensory collar; sperma- theca one Campylomyza Meigen Flagellar segments each with distal sensory spines only; sper- mathecae two, although one may be very small 4 4. Spermathecae two, alike in size and pigmentation ; flagellar seg- ments longer than broad ; cubital fork acute angled. Cordylomyia Felt Spermathecae two, one large and lightly pigmented, the other very small and darkly pigmented ; cubital fork forming a wide angle Corinthomyia Felt 5. Spermatheca one 6 Spermathecae two 9 6. Flagellar segments each with only one or two sensory processes distally which arise from a number of small pores 7 Flagellar segments each with four or more sensory processes distally or with sensory bristles only 8 7. Cubital fork forming almost a right angle ; flagellar segments each with a distal sensory collar or ring wThich is inter- rupted on one side or both sides Micromya Rondani Cubital fork forming an acute angle; flagellar segments each with a pair of plate-like sensory processes which are broad and distally more or less lobed Mycophila Felt 8. Empodium as long as the claws and rather broad ; flagellar seg- ments each with sensorial bristles distally or with awl-like or disc-like processes Polyardis n. gen. Empodium rudimentary or half as long as the claws and very 13 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 1 narrow; flagellar segments each with four or more proc- esses which are slender or broad, sometimes digitate. Aprionus Kieffer 9. Flagellum with each segment provided with only two sensory processes which are slender and sometimes digitate, each arising from a single pore Bryomyia Kieffer Flagellum with each segment provided with four (rarely three) sensory processes or with sensory bristles only 10 10. Empodium as long as the claws, rather broad. Xylopriona Kieffer Empodium rudimentary 11 11. Eye bridge six facets wide; spermathecae somewhat retort- shaped ; sensory processes of flagellum disc-like, each with a long distal projection Trichopteromyia Williston Eye bridge not over four to five facets wide; spermathecae rounded or pear-shaped; flagellar sensoria disc-like or plate-like, rarely with a distal projection. Monardia Kieffer Acoenonia n. gen. Genotype. — Acoenonia perissa n. sp. The genus Acoenonia is widely divergent from all other genera included in the Micromyini. Acoenonia is distinctive particularly because of the abbreviated R5 which reaches the costa well before the end of the wing, the absence of macrotrichia on the wing mem- brane, the complete lack of eye bridges laterally, and the very mas- sive genital rod of the male hypopygium. The medial vein is simple and the cubital vein is forked, thus indicating relationships with the Micromyini. Acoenonia embodies certain features of the Les- tremiini. The vestiture of the tarsi is the same as in that tribe, consisting only of short bristles of about the same length, and the tenth tergites of the male hypopygium are strongly developed as in that tribe. Ocelli three, large. Eyes bare as usual ; eye bridge widely and entirely absent laterally; mediodorsal portion of the eyes about five facets wide along median line ; lateral portion of eye with a small lobe above at posterior angle. Antenna of male with two plus twelve segments, the flagellar segments stemmed, and each enlargement with a whorl of bristles. Palpus short, three segmented. Occipito-orbitals very short (they are usu- ally long and strong in the Micromyini). Legs short; tibia 14 January, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA without distal spurs as usual ; first tarsal segment as long as following three segments; claws with a median, angulate pro- jection; empodia rudimentary. Wings (Plate 1, fig. 1) broadly rounded, densely clothed with microtrichia, more densely so on veins, the veins not being otherwise well outlined, and with a sparse row of setae on R, Ri, and R5 ; C reaching well beyond R5, but not reaching apex of wing ; costal cell narrow ; Sc short, evanescent distally; h absent; Ri gradually coalescent with costa near middle of wing, containing two sensory pores (only one pore evident on one wing) ; Rs somewhat shorter than Rx, slightly oblique, containing a sensory pore on lower portion; R5 gradually coalescent with costa at three-fourths length of wing, with a sensory pore just beyond Rs ; r-m about four times length of Rs ; M simple, reaching apex of wing ; Cu forked near middle, the angle moderately acute ; Cu2 evanescent on distal fourth. Hypopygium with ninth tergal portion membranous ; tenth tergites a pair of well-developed lobes, tegmen well de- veloped ; genital rod exceedingly large. Acoenonia perissa n. sp. Male. — A small, dark brownish species, with light brownish wings. Flagellum with stems of middle segments about two- thirds length of enlargements, shorter on proximal and distal segments ; penultimate segment without stem ; twelfth segment rather small; each enlargement with a proximal whorl of setae, a median crenulate (but not obviously so) whorl of long bristles set moderately wide apart, and with a few long and very short bristles distally. Palp with first segment short, and the second and third segments successively decreasing in size ; first and second segments with a few long sensorial bristles inside. Meso- notum with dorso-central and lateral bristles; scutellum with four pairs of marginal bristles. Abdomen membranous, with- out sclerites, although the segmental interstices are sclerotized. Hypopygium (Plate I, fig. 6) with ninth tergal portion mem- branous ; tenth tergites a pair of well developed, angulate lobes beyond the tenth segment ; basiclaspers well developed, broadly united below, each with a small angulation inside and above, and below strongly and angulately produced ; disticlasper cus- pidate distally, with a rather narrow, dorsal flange on the inside extending proximally to a large proximo-dorsal angulate lobe which bears a wide flange ; basiclasper roots distally connected by a long, transverse bridge ; tegmen rather broad, with strong ~ 15 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 1 proximo-ventral roots, distally with a narrow hyaline cap and with a large, attenuated, membranous sheath bearing small, anteriorly directed teeth. Length of wing, 1.2 mm. Holotype. — Male, Anoka, Minnesota, August 30, 1941, A. E. Pritchard, at the University of Minnesota. The single male of this striking species was taken near a marshy area in the woods along Coon Creek. Genus Campylomyza Meigen Campylomyza Meigen, System. Beschr. Bekann. Eur. Zweifl. Insekt., 1: 101, 1818; Meigen, System. Beschr. Bekann. Eur. Zweifl. Insekt,, 6: 271, 1830; Macquart, Hist. Nat. Insect., 1: 150, 1834; Westwood, Introd. Classif. Insect., Gen. Syn., p. 126, 1840; Loew, Dipt. Beitr., 4: 12, 21, 1850; Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., 9: 3669 (misspelled as Campylomyia) , 1850; Walker, Insect. Brit., Dipt., 3 : 61, 1856 ; Schiner, Faun. Austr., Flieg., 2 : 411, 1864; Winnertz, Verh. Zool.-Bot, Ges. Wien, 20: 9, 1870; van der Wulp, Dipt. NeerL, p. 75, 1877 ; Skuse, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 3 : 133, 1889 ; Kieffer, Misc. Ent., 3 : 112, 1895 ; Kieffer, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, (ser. 2) 8 : 50, 1898; Kieffer, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 69: 437, 1900; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 313, 1908 ; Felt, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 19 : 34, 1911 ; Ender- lein, Arch. Naturg., 77 (Bd. 1, Suppl. 3) : 195, 1911; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 164, 1913 ; Kieffer, Gen. Insect., 152 : 296, 1913; Edwards, Encycl. Ent., 9 (ser. B, 2 Dipt.): 47, 1938; Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., 7 (ser. B) : 174, 1938. Neurolyga Rondani, Sopra Ale. Gen. Inset. Ditt., Mem. Sec. Serv. Ditt. Ital., p. 22, 1840 (review in Isis von Oken, 1844: 451, 1844) ; Rondani, Nuov. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bologna, (ser. 2) 6: 373, 1846 ; Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod., 1 : 199, 1856 ; Kieffer, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 69 : 442, 1900. Prionota Kieffer (not van der Wulp, 1885, Tipulidae), Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1894: clxxvi, 1894. Prionella Kieffer (not Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, “ Trypetidae”), Wien. Ent. Ztg., 13 : 205, 1894. New synonymy. Prionellus Kieffer (new name for Prionota Kieffer), Misc. Ent., 3: 91, 1895; Kieffer, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, (ser. 2) 8: 49, 1898 ; Felt, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 19 : 34, 1911 ; Enderlein, Arch. Naturg., 77 (Bd. 1, Suppl. 3) : 196, 1911; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 172, 1913 ; Kieffer, Gen. Insect., 152 : 290, 1913; Edwards, Encycl. Ent., 9 (ser. B, 2 Dipt.) : 49, 1938. 16 January, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Amblyspatha Kieffer, Marcellia, 12 : 52, 1913 ; Kieffer, Gen. Insect., 152: 299, 1913; Edwards, Encycl. Ent., 9 (ser. B, 2 Dipt.): 49, 1938. Cylophora Kieffer, Marcellia, 12: 55, 1913; Kieffer, Gen. Insect., 152: 299, 1913; Edwards, Encycl. Ent., 9 (Ser. B, 2 Dipt.) : 49, 1938. Genotype. — By subsequent designation of Westwood, 1840, Cam- pylomyza flavipes Meigen. Genotypes of synonyms and homonyms.— Neurolyga: by sub- sequent designation of Rondani, 1856, Neurolyga fenestralis Ron- dani; Prionota: monobasic (the second species was questionably included), Prionota pini Kieffer; Prionella : based on larva, no species included or mentioned, Prionota pini Kieffer, by present designation (Prionella was apparently a new name for Prionota , but this spelling was not subsequently mentioned) ; Prionellus : ipso facto , Prionota pini Kieffer ; Amblyspatha: by subsequent desig- nation of Edwards, 1938, Amblyspatha ormerodi Kieffer ; Cylophora : monobasic, Cylophora fasciata Kieffer. The genus Campylomyza may be recognized by having Rt long, the empodium long and broad, the eye bridge widely devoid of facets on either side, the male flagellar segments each with two complete and one incomplete whorls of long bristles and with a pair of small plate-like sensoria distally, the female flagellar segments each with a sensorial collar distally and the first segment with a pair of shallow sensory pockets, and the female with a single spermatheca. The male genitalia are characteristic, the ninth tergum being narrow, the basiclaspers rather narrowly united below, the roots of the basi- clasper convergent and with the distal ends united, the tegmen divided above with a pair of mediodorsal processes, and the genital rod with a characteristic enlargement distally. Neurolyga Rondani must be considered a synonym of Cam- pylomyza Meigen. Campylomyza was originally described as hav- ing sixteen antennal segments in the male. Rondani did not recog- nize Campylomyza in his own material and considered Neurolyga distinct from Meigen ’s genus on a basis of fifteen antennal segments in the male. Edwards has shown that Meigen erred, since Meigen ’s type males had fourteen segments ; Rondani also could have erred. Fifteen antennal segments are unusual in the males of the Micro- myine genera, and this number is not known to occur in combination with four palpal segments, except in Peromyia where the fourteenth segment is binodose. Edwards pointed out that Felt (and Mani) 17 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 1 was incorrect in considering Neurolyga a probable synonym of Peromyia, because Neurolyga was described as having the flagellar segments of the female scarcely petiolate. The best clue as to the identity of Neurolyga lies in Rondani’s redescription of the genus (1846) in which he notes that Ri is much longer than in Micromya. The wing venation, together with the description of the palpi and antennae of both sexes, presents strong evidence for synonymy of Neurolyga with Campylomyza. The genus TJrosema Kieffer was based upon a female specimen the description of which corresponds to a female of Campylomyza, except that the ovipositor was said to be large and densely hairy above. A Japanese species, TJrosema mori Sasaki, injurious to mul- berry was later referred to this genus by Sasaki. Edwards con- sidered TJrosema to be a probable synonym of Campylomyza, but the two genera should be considered distinct until TJrosema is more defi- nitely recognized and characterized. Four species of Campylomyza are here recognized from North America, although a number of others are probably represented in this region. Three of these species are common in both Europe and the United States. The males may be readily recognized by the genital characters. There are variations in the orientation of the tegmen of mounted specimens which cause considerable differences in the appearance of this structure, and this must be taken into con- sideration. There is some variation in the length of the flagellar stems of the male of a species, particularly of the penultimate seg- ment. The female of fusca may be readily recognized, but the females of the other species are difficult to recognize with certainty at the present time. There definitely is a variation in the number of flagellar segments in the female of a species, and there is also some variation in the shape of the wing. The proportional lengths of the palpal segments of a species is subject to variation. Edwards has attempted to use the form of the distal segments of the anterior tarsus of the female for species diagnosis, but, while this is a valu- able character, it is often difficult to appreciate. Felt has described three species of Campylomyza based on the female sex, which cannot be definitely recognized at the present time. Campylomyza scutellata Say cannot be recognized from the de- scription, and the type has been lost. The species of Campylomyza are commonly found in yards, gardens, cultivated fields, and along roadsides, as well as in the woods. The males are sometimes found flying in swarms. C. dila- 18 January, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA tata emerged from a vial containing vegetable matter and seeds, in Massachusetts, and was reared from a cage sown with oats, in Texas. C. ormerodi (Kieffer), is said to be a widespread pest on the roots of red clover in England. Winnertz, in Germany, reared a number of forms belonging to Campylomyza from rotten wood and also from mushrooms. Key to North American Species (Males) 1. Basiclasper produced into a long distal arm inside and above ; ninth tergum angulate, the sides convergent distally; disti- clasper broadened and rather truncate distally. dilatata Felt Basiclasper without a long distal arm; ninth tergum broadly truncate distally; disticlasper not broadened and truncate distally 2 2. Disticlasper attenuated distally; tegminal median processes forming a long acute angulation directed anteriorly. mcmtana (Felt) Disticlasper broadly rounded distally 3 3. Tegminal median processes composed of rounded, lamellate loops; basiclasper with distal end somewhat produced in- side and above fusca Winnertz Tegminal median processes not lamellate, but forming an angle directed anteriorly; basiclasper not produced at distal end inside flavipes Meigen Campylomyza flavipes Meigen Campylomyza flavipes Meigen, System. Beschr. Bekann. Eur. ZweifL Insekt., 1 : 101, 1818 ; Edwards, Encycl. Ent. (Dipt.), 9 (Ser. B 2) : 50, 1938; Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Bond., 7 (ser. B) : 175, 1938 (fig. head, male genitalia, female abdomen, male and female antennae, distal end of anterior tarsus of female, wings, palp). Campylomyza fuscipes Meigen, System. Beschr. Bekann. Eur. Zweifl. Insekt., 1 : 101, 1818 ; Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Bond., 7 (ser. B) : 176, 1938 (fig. male genitalia, distal end of male antenna). Campylomyza aeeris Meigen, System. Beschr. Bekann. Eur. Zweifl. Insekt., 1 : 101, 1818. Campylomyza aequalis Winnertz, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 20: 12, 1870. Campylomzya leguminicola Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 110: 19 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 1 98, 1907 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 315, 1908. New synonymy. Prionellus leguminicola (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 181, 1913 (fig. distal tarsal segment). Campylomyza graminea Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 110 : 98, 1907; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124: 315, 1908. New synonymy. Prionellus graminea (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 180, 1913 (fig. male antennal segments, palp). Campylomyza balsamicola Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 110 : 99, 1907 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 315, 1908. New synonymy. Monardia balsamicola (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 189, 1913 (photogr. male genitalia). Campylomyza pomi florae Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 110 : 99, 1907 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 315, 1908 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 168, 1913 (photogr. male geni- talia). New synonymy. Campylomyza tsugae Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 110: 101, 1907 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 314, 1908. New synonymy. Prionellus tsugae (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 176, 1913 (fig. female genitalia, palp, distal tarsal seg- ments). Campylomyza karnerensis Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 110: 101, 1907; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124: 315, 1908. New synonymy. Monardia karnerensis (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165: 188, 1913 (photogr. male genitalia). Campylomyza defectiva Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 314, 1908. New synonymy. Campylomyza defectiva (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Museum, 165 : 174, 1913. Campylomyza pomifolia Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 315, 1908; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165: 167, 1913 (pho- togr. male genitalia). New synonymy. Campylomyza hesperia Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 315, 1908. New synonymy. Prionellus hesperia (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 181, 1913 (photogr. male genitalia). Prionellus monilis Felt (not Felt, 1913), Jour. Econ. Ent., 8: 405, 1915. New synonymy. 20 January, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Campylomyza flavipes is a common and widespread species in both Europe and the United States. Edwards has very adequately redescribed and illustrated this species after studying Meigen’s type. The male of flavicipes is characterized by having the ninth ter- gum broadly truncate, the basiclaspers unmodified distally, the disti- claspers broadly rounded distally, and the tegmen with a pair of angulations medio-distally and with a pair of characteristic medio- dorsal processes which have anteriorly directed angles. Felt de- scribed eight species based on male specimens which are essentially identical. Differences in the orientation of the tegmen in the mounts of these specimens cause somewhat different proportions in some cases. The genitalia may be mounted to give a completely dorsal view of the tegminal processes, or the tegmen may be tilted until a posterior view of these processes is obtained. Likewise, differences in orientation may cause the caudo-lateral lobes of the tegmen to appear elongate, extending beyond the level of the medio-distal angulations or to appear broadly obtuse and not extending to the level of the medio-distal angulations; the medio-distal angulations may appear more divergent in some cases than in others. The male genitalia of the monotypes of leguminicola, karnerensis, lateralis, balsamicola, and graminea are upside down and appear similar, having the tegmen broadly rounded caudo-laterally, the medio- distal angles divergent. The male genitalia of the types of pomi- folia are right side up, with the caudo-lateral angles forming elon- gate lobes, the medio-distal angles approximate. The types of pomiflorae are right side up, with the caudo-lateral lobes somewhat variable, the medio-distal angles divergent. The genitalia of the types of herperia are right side up, one appearing as in leguminicola, the other as in pomifolia. There are no significant differences in the proportional lengths of the stems of the flagellar segments of these types, and the length of the stem of the penultimate flagellar segment is very variable. The stem of the fifth antennal segment is one-half as long as the proximal enlargement in all of these types except in the monotype of graminea and one cotype each of pomi- folia and pomiflorae where it is slightly longer. The female of flavipes is difficult to recognize with certainty. The monotype females of defectiva and tsugae are essentially iden- tical. The antennae of tsugae are badly crumpled, but the eleventh flagellar segment is connate to the penultimate segment exactly as in defectiva (Felt separated these females on a basis of a difference of number of antennal segments). The collars of the flagellar seg- 21 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 1 ments appear to be low on one side in both cases, and do not seem to be incised in the defectiva female. The legs of these two females are short and hairy, with the fifth segment of the fore tarsus slightly longer than the fourth and slightly larger, the fourth being about one and one-half times as long as broad. The radial and cubital veins are moderately well defined. These females thus agree with the flavipes female as described and figured by Edwards. The defectiva female was taken in association with the hesperia males, and the tsugae female was taken in association with the bal- samicola male. It thus seems reasonable to consider these females as representing flavipes. Edwards recognized fuscipes Meigen as a possibly distinct form which differed slightly from flavipes in having darker legs, the stem of the penultimate flagellar segment of the male shorter, and the ultimate flagellar segment of the female longer. This form is not worthy of specific rank, since these characters are shown by the series at hand to be variable in nature. Type. — Female, at the Paris Museum. Types of synonyms. — Fuscipes: type male (head and abdomen missing), at the Paris Museum; aceris: type male (lacking head), at the Paris Museum; aequalis: type male(s), at the University of Bonn; leguminicola: monotype male, at the New York State Mu- seum; graminea: monotype male, at the New York State Museum; balsamicola : monotype male, at the New York State Museum; pomi- florae: lectotype male, by present designation, at the New York State Museum; tsugae: monotype female, at the New York State Museum; karnerensis: monotype male, at the New York State Mu- seum ; defectiva: monotype female, at the New York State Museum ; pomifolia, lectotype male, by present designation, at the New York State Museum; hesperia: lectotype male, by present designation, at the New York State Museum. Specimens examined. — Indiana: one male, Lafayette, April 21, winter wheat (determined as monilis by Felt) ; seven males, seven females (all on cardpoints), April 27 and May 1, J. M. Aldrich, swept from winter wheat (in the U. S. National Museum, deter- mined by Felt as .? monilis ) ; one male, one female, May 1 [1914, J. M. Aldrich] swept from winter wheat (recorded and male de- scribed as monitis by Felt). Massachusetts: one male, Boston, May 10, Owen Bryant (monotype of lateralis , labelled “lateris”) . Minnesota: three males, Afton, May 10, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Alexandria, June 23, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Anoka, April 26, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Baudette, October 8, 22 January, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1941, D. G. Denning; three males, Campbell, October 15, 1941, D. G. Denning; eight males, one female, Ft. Snelling, April 27, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, southeast corner Houston Co., May 31, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, St. Paul, May 4, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; three males, three females, St. Paul, April 23-28, 1942, A. E. Pritchard and D. G. Denning. New York: one male, Albany, June 4, 1906 (monotype of leguminicola) ; one male, East Schodack, May 15, 1907 (undetermined by Felt) ; one male, Karner, April 27, 1906 (monotype of graminea) ; four males, Karner, May 14, 1906 (lectotype and paralectotypes of pomi florae) ; one male, Karner, May 16, 1906 (monotype of karner ensis) ; one male, Lake Clear, June 7, 1906 (monotype of balsamicola) ; one female, Lake Clear, June 7, 1906 (monotype of tsugae) ; two males (and one extra head), Nassau, May 6, 1902 (lectotype and paralec- totype of pomifolia) ; one male, Nassau (determined by Felt as pomifolia) ; two males, Nassau (undetermined by Felt) ; two males, Newport, July 27, 1906 (lectotype and paralectotype of hesperia) ; one female, Newport, July 27, 1906 (monotype of defectiva). Campylomyza Montana (Felt), new combination Prionellus Montana Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 182, 1913. Prionellus eremi Felt, Ent. News, 30 : 219, 1919. New syn- onymy. Campylomyza Montana is known only from two males taken in Boulder Co., Colorado. Montana is closely related to flavipes from which it differs in the male sex by having the disticlasper rather strongly attenuated on the distal half and the angulate dorsal proc- esses of the tegmen each with the anteriorly directed angulation long, very acute, heavily scleroterized, and the inner side of the process strongly enlarged near its origin. The male genitalia of the monotype of ereMi are askew and dis- torted, but are similar to that of the monotype of Montana. Felt did not regard eremi as a close relative of Montana, because the stem of the fifth antennal segment appears slightly shorter in the former species. The antennae of the eremi male are somewhat shrivelled, and this apparent difference cannot be considered significant. The stem of the penultimate flagellar segment is considerably longer in the Montana male than in the eremi male, but this character is known to be quite variable in closely related species. Felt also attached significance to the long fourth palpal segment of eremi, but in the monotype specimen this segment is considerably shorter on one side than the other. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 1 This species appears to be the same as that described by Ed- wards as C . strobli (Kieffer). It is the opinion of the writer, how- ever, that the identification of the female of montana should be definitely established before Kieffer ’s name is applied in this coun- try, since the type of strobli is a female. It might be mentioned that the female described as boulderi Felt, which is from the same locality as the types of montana and eremi, does not agree very well with Edwards’ description of the type of strobli. Monotype. — Male, at the New York State Museum. Types of synonyms. — Eremi: monotype male, at the New York State Museum. Specimens examined. — Colorado: one male [Boulder, April 25, 1909] Cockerell (monotype of montana) ; one male, Brainard Lake, August 28, T. D. A. Cockerell (monotype of eremi). Campylomyza fusca Winnertz Campylomyza fusca Winnertz, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 20: 12, 1870; Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., 7 (ser. B) : 179, 1938 (fig. male genitalia, distal ends of male and female antennae). Campylomyza populi Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 110 : 98, 1907 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 315, 1908. Monardia populi (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 189, 1913 (photogr. male genitalia). Campylomyza latipennis Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 314, 1908. New synonymy. Prionellus latipennis (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 179, 1913 (photogr. wing). Campylomyza barlowi Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124: 316, 1908. New synonymy. Monardia barlowi (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 190, 1913. Prionellus boulderensis (Felt) in part: Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 177, 1913. New synonymy. Campylomyza fusca is apparently a common species in both Europe and North America. Edwards first recognized that Mon- ardia populi (Felt) is a synonym of fusca. The male of fusca may be recognized by having the ninth tergum broadly truncate distally, the basiclasper distally with a rather broadly angulate development above and inside, the disticlasper broadly rounded distally, and the tegmen medio-distally with a pair of angulations and medio-dorsally with a pair of curved lamellate 24 January, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA processes formed of concentric layers. The tegmen is often tilted with the distal end down, and the tegminal processes then appear scalloped above and laterally attenuated. The three males repre- senting Prionellus latipennis (Felt), Monardia barlowi (Felt), and M. populi (Felt) all have genitalia of the typical form, those of populi being ventral view. The female of fusca may be easily recognized by the presence of a small, nearly geminate, heavily pigmented plate which is located below the distal end of the oviduct and just above the medio-distal division of the ninth sternum (Plate l] fig. 2). The taxonomic sig- nificance of this plate in the ovipositor is borne out by its presence in four females from Minnesota and one female from New York (paralectotype of latipennis) , all of which were taken in copulation with males of fusca. The flagellar segments of the female vary in number from ten to twelve, and the length of the knob distal to the terminal segment is variable. The length of the fourth palpal seg- ment varies from one to two times the length of the third. The wings of fusca usually have the radial veins heavily pig- mented and the cubital veins very lightly pigmented. Type. — Male(s), at the University of Bonn. Types of synonyms. — Populi: monotype male, at the New York State Museum; latipennis : lectotype male, by present designation, at the New York State Museum; barlowi: monotype male, at the New York State Museum. Specimens examined. — Colorado: one female, Boulder, T. D. A. Cockerell (determined by Felt as boulder ensis) . Minnesota*, one male, Afton, May 18, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; five males, Baudette, October 8, 1941, D. G. Denning; ninety-five males, six females, Campbell, October 15, 1941, D. G. Denning; fifty-six males, two females, Ft. Snelling, April 27, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; five hundred and two males, nine females, Hallock, May 23, 1938, A. E. Pritch- ard; two males, Hallock, May 5, 1941, H. P. Nicholson; six males, sixteen females, Little Falls, May 3, 1938, A. E. Pritchard; ten males, three females, Parkers Prairie, September 29, 1941, D. G. Denning; one male, one female, Pine City, May 3, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one female, St. Paul, April 25, 1938, A. E. Pritchard, at light; four males, three females, St, Paul, April 23-28, 1942, A. E. Pritchard and D. G. Denning ; eleven males, three females, Tenney, June 19, 1941, A. E. Pritchard. New York: one male, Albany, June 4, 1906 (monotype of populi ) ; one male, one female, Earner, April 28, 1907 (lectotype and paralectotype of* latipennis) . Oregon ; one female, Corvallis, May 18, 1896 (recorded by Felt as boulder - ensis ; retained in the Felt collection, and not in the U. S. National 25 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 1 Museum). Rhode Island: one male, Kingston, May 2, 1904 (monotype of baHowi) • one male (on cardpoint), Kingston, April 2, 1904 (determined by Felt as barlowi). Washington: eight males, Spokane, May 6, 1940, J. Standish. Alberta : three males, Cowdrey (one labelled “ Cowley”), July 16, 1913, F. H. Strickland (determined as %populi by Felt). Manitoba: one male, Aweme, July 11, 1907, N. Criddle (undetermined by Felt). Campylomyza dilatata Felt Campylomyza dilatata Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 110 : 149, 1907 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 316, 1908. Prionellus dilatata (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165: 178, 1913. Campylomyza tuckeri Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 316, 1908. New synonymy. Monardia tuckeri (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 190, 1913. Prionellus monilis Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165: 175, 1913. New synonymy. Campylomyza* lobata* Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., 7 (ser. B) : 181, 1938. New synonymy. Campylomyza dilatata is a widespread species in the United States and is very common in Minnesota. Edwards has recently described this species from England as C. lobata and stated that it is widespread and common in that country. The male of dilatata may be easily recognized by the genitalia which are characterized by having the basiclaspers each with a long lobe distally and inside, the ninth tergite convergent between the basiclasper lobes, the disticlasper enlarged and rather truncate dis- tally, and the tegmen disto-medially with three pairs of strong teeth. The male monotype of Monardia tuckeri (Felt) agrees en- tirely with the male lectotype of Prionellus dilatata (Felt). The female of dilatata is difficult to recognize. The monotype female of Prionellus monilis Felt was taken at the same locality and during the same month as the monotype male of tuckeri. It is identical with the paralectotype female reared with the lectotype male of dilatata. Felt separated the females representing dilatata and monilis by considering the antenna of one female thirteen- segmented and the antenna of the other female twelve-segmented with the last segment double. In both of these females, as well as in the other two females which were taken in copulation with lobata males, the terminal segment of the fore tarsus is distinctly longer 26 January, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA than the penultimate segment and is not enlarged; the fourth seg- ment is nearly twice as long as broad. The radial and cubital veins are similarly rather lightly pigmented. A series of females have been collected in Minnesota which probably represent this species, but these records are not included due to lack of certainty of the identification. Pelt’s subsequent record of monilis and description of the male sex was based upon a misidentification (see C. flavipes). The Felt collection contains two males, three females which are correctly determined as dilatata. With reference to these speci- mens, the accession book data are, “Collected by Mr. Hart, October 10, 1918. Supposed to be wheat midge. Forwarded by Dr. J. J. Davis, 1919.” One male in the Felt collection from Hazelton, Pennsylvania, May 11, 1910, Dietz (determined by Felt as Monardia Voarlowi Felt) is similar to dilatata except that the basiclasper lobes are shorter, the ninth tergum is wider distally, the tegmen bears a pair of long angulations medio-distally, and the mediodorsal tegminal process appear laminate. This male probably represents a different species. Lectotype. — Male, by present designation, at the New York State Museum. Types of synonyms. — Tuckeri: monotype male, at the New York State Museum; monilis: monotype female, at the New York State Museum; lobata: type male, at the British Museum (Natural His- tory). Specimens examined. — Massachusetts : one male, one female [Worcester] Thompson [reared from vial containing decaying vege- table matter and seeds] (lectotype and paralectotype of dilatata). Minnesota; nine males, Anoka, April 26, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; nine males, six females, Baudette, October 8, 1941, D. G-. Denning ; ninety-three males, Campbell, October 15, 1941, D. G. Denning ; one hundred and twenty-seven males, six females, Hallock, May 23, 1938, A. E. Pritchard; six males, twelve females, Hallock, May 5, 1941, H. P. Nicholson; two males, Parkers Prairie, September 29, 1941, D. G. Denning; one male, St. Paul, March 23, 1937, A. E. Pritchard; one male, St. Paul, May 7, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Starbuck, October 21, 1941, D. G. Denning; eight males, four females, Tenney, June 19, 1941, A. E. Pritchard. New York: one male, Nassau (undetermined by Felt). North Dakota; two males, Ellendale, April 28, 1939, D. G. Denning. Texas : one male, Plano, November, 1907 [E. S. Tucker] (monotype of tuckeri) ; one female, 27 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 1 Plano, November, 1907 [E. S. Tucker, reared from cage sown with oats] (monotype of monilis) . Campylomyza boulderi Felt Campylomyza boulderi Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124: 314, 1908. Prionellus boulder ensis (Felt) in part: Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165: 177, 1913 (emended spelling of specific name). C. boulderi is represented by a single female specimen since the specimen later recorded by Felt is not conspecific. This monotype female cannot be readily distinguished from other females and can- not be definitely associated with any male at the present time. C. boulderi differs from the female of flavipes and strobli in having the distal segments of the anterior tarsus longer and slenderer, the fourth and fifth segments each being about twice as long as broad, and the fifth segment not enlarged. Boulderi is very similar to the female of dilatata, but appears to differ in having Pi longer, nearly four times the length of Rs, the anal lobe more broadly rounded, and it is larger. There is no ventral plate in the ovipositor. Monotype. — Female, at the New York State Museum. Specimens examined. — Colorado : one female, Boulder, October 15, 1907 [T. D. A. Cockerell] (monotype of boulderi). Campylomyza simulator Felt Campylomyza simulator Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 314, 1908. Prionellus simulator (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N.'Y. State Mus., 165: 175, 1913. Campylomyza simulator is represented by a single female speci- men which is not easily differentiated from other females nor defi- nitely associated with the male sex. It is possible, however, that this represents a female of dilatata. The penultimate segment of the anterior tarsus is twice as long as broad, the ultimate segment slightly longer and scarcely enlarged. Ri is about three times the length of Rs ; the cubital veins are somewhat paler than the radial veins. There are ten flagellar segments, the ninth segment without a distal neck. Monotype. — Female, at the U. S. National Museum. Specimens examined. — British Columbia: one female, Kaslo, June 22 (not 26) [R. P. Currie] (monotype of simulator) . Campylomyza silvana Felt Campylomyza silvana Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 314, 1908. ' 28 January, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Prionellus silvana (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 174, 1913. Campylomyza silvana is represented by a single female specimen which cannot be easily differentiated from other females nor defi- nitely associated with the male sex at the present. This female closely resembles the monotype female of boulderi. The fourth and fifth segments of the anterior tarsus are subequal in length, each slightly over twice as long as broad; the fifth segment is not en- larged ; Ri is about four times the length of Rs ; and the anal lobe is not broadly rounded. There are ten flagellar segments, the ninth without a distal neck. Monotype.— Female, at the U. S. National Museum. Specimens examined. — British Columbia : one female, Kokanee Mt., August 11, 1903 [R. P. Currie] 8000 ft. (monotype of silvana). Genus Cordylomyia Felt Cordylomyia Felt, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 19 : 35, 1911 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 194, 1913 ; Kieffer, Gen. Insect., 152 : 295, 1913 ; Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., 7 (ser. B) : 199, 1938. Prosaprionus Kieffer, Marcellia, 12 : 54, 1913 ; Kieffer, Gen. Insect., 152 : 300, 1913, Genotype. — Monobasic and by original designation, ( Cordy- lomyia coprophila Felt) =C. texana (Felt). Genotypes of synonyms. — Prosaprionus : monobasic, Prosapri- onus cellularis Kieffer. The genus Cordylomyia differs from Campylomyza by having the eye bridge often better developed laterally, the cubital angle more acute; the flagellar segments of the male each with only one complete crenulate whorl, a short incomplete crenulate whorl, and only bristles distally; the male genitalia with the ninth tergum broader, the basiclaspers more broadly united below, the bridge of the basiclasper roots transverse, the tegmen without paired processes dorsally, and the genital rod differently conformed. The female of Cordylomyia differs from that of Campylomyza by having the flagel- lar segments each clothed distally with bristles only, the proximal segment with a single sensory pocket, the proximal palpal segment often with a sensory pocket, and with two well developed sperma- thecae. Cordylomyia pinetorum Edwards seems to resemble Cam- pylomyza in all respects except in the form of the flagellar sensorial processes, a character in which this species also differs from Cor- dylomyia. 29 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 1 The number of North American species of Cordylomyia is prob- ably considerably greater than that treated in this paper. Several of the species have been found only in the late fall or early spring, while others occur throughout the season. C. texana has been reared from manure at Washington, D. C. Key to North American Species (Males) 1. Disticlasper broadly rounded distally ; teginen without long paired processes distally 2 Disticlasper cupped distally, the inner side concave ; tegmen pro- vided distally with two pairs of long lobes denningi n. sp. 2. Ninth ter gum deeply and triangularly, emarginate on caudal margin; tegmen slightly convex distally, with a long acute projection directed laterally at each caudo-lateral angle; each eye completely and widely divided tr uncat a (Felt) Ninth tergum concave or sub truncate on caudal margin ; tegmen without a long angulation on each side caudo-laterally ; eye bridge laterally with one or two facets at narrowest 3 3. Tegmen with several strong teeth on each side caudo-laterally, the caudal margin appearing irregular 4 Tegmen with small denticulations caudo-laterally, the caudal margin evenly convex sylvestris (Felt) 4. Tegmen with caudo-lateral angles broadly produced, the teeth directed laterally texana (Felt) Tegmen with caudo-lateral angles not produced, the teeth di- rected antero-ventrally xylophila Edwards Ivey to North American Species (Females) 1. Eye bridge widely devoid of facets on either side ; flagellum with eight segments truncata (Felt) Eye bridge narrowed to one or two facets on either side ; flagel- lum with nine or ten segments 2 2. Palp without sensorial pocket on proximal segment, but with sensory bristles densely scattered over inside of that seg- ment 3 Palp with well outlined sensorial pocket on proximal segment which contains the sensory bristles 4 3. Flagellum with ten segments ; spermathecae rather large, rounded denningi n. sp. Flagellum with nine segments ; spermathecae very small, round. texana (Felt) 30 January, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 4. Sensory pocket on first flagellar segment largely open ; flagellar segments subcylindrical, each with large sensorial depres- sions distally ; spermathecae round fulva Felt Sensory pocket on first flagellar segment irregularly shaped, with small opening; flagellar segments obconical, without sen- sorial depressions; spermathecae ovoid sylvestris (Felt) Cordylomyia texana (Felt), new combination Campylomyza texana Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 316, 1908 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 170, 1913. Cordylomyia coprophila Felt, Jour. N. Y. Enf. Soc., 19: 35, 1911 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 197, 1913 (photogr. male genitalia). New synonymy. Cordylomyia americana Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 199, 1913. New synonymy. Cordylomyia coloradensis Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 199, 1913. New synonymy. Monardia foliata Felt, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 24 : 195, 1916. New synonymy. The four type males representing Campylomyza texana Felt, Monardia foliata Felt, Cordylomyia coloradensis Felt, and C. copro- phila Felt have been studied and found to be identical. The three type females representing Cordylomyia coprophila Felt, C. colo- radensis Felt, C. americana Felt are also identical. Eye bridge rather broad above, but narrowed to a single facet at origin on either side. Palpal segments four. Claws pointed, with strong teeth externally; empodium long and broad. Wings with Ra slightly over four times length of Rs ; cubital fork very acute ; Cu2 evanescent on distal sixth. Male. — Flagellar segments with distal stem of each segment about same length as proximal portion. Ninth tergum broad, the caudal margin slightly concave ; basiclasper rather broadly united below, the roots parallel and connected by a well marked transverse bridge ; disticlasper broad, broadly rounded distally ; tegmen short and broad, proximally connected with the basiclasper roots by narrow arms, the proximo-lateral teg- minal roots pigmented, broad, curving latero-ventrally ; distally the tegmen with caudo-lateral angles broadly produced and each bearing three or four strong teeth and several smaller ones caudal to this, the caudal pigmented margin concave but ir- regularly produced medially and with a hyaline membranous 31 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 1 envelope which may be irregularly convex to a variable extent ; genital rod divided below, scarcely divergent distally, capped by a membranous enlargement on either side of the distal end of the rod. Female. — Antenna with two plus nine segments, the ninth flagellar segment constricted beyond middle ; proximal flagellar segment with a moderately small but deep sensory pocket hav- ing the opening only slightly constricted ; following eight flagel- lar segments each markedly longer than wide and with a small distal neck, each provided with a proximal whorl of long bristles, a few shorter bristles beyond this, and rather long sensory bristles distally and beyond the middle on one side. Palp with proximal segment considerably enlarged, with almost the entire inner face densely set with sensory bristles but not set in a well outlined pocket. Anterior tarsus with distal two segments of about same length and breadth. Spermathecae two, very small, round, heavily pigmented. The Alabama female differs somewhat in that Rx is about five times the length of Rs on one wing and about six times this length on the other wing. Monotype. — Male, at the New York State Museum. Types of synonyms. — Copropkila: lectotype male, by present designation, at the U. S. National Museum; americana: monotype female, at the New York State Museum; color adensis : lectotype, male, by present designation, at the New York State Museum; foliata: monotype male, at the New York State Museum. Specimens examined. — Alabama; one female, Florence, J. M. Robinson. Colorado : one male, one female, Boulder [October, 1910] T. D. A. Cockerell, on window (lectotype and paralectotype of color adensis') ; one male, Boulder, March 20, 1916, T. D. A. Cockerell (monotype of foliata ) ; one male, one female, Boulder, October 21, 1916 (determined by Felt as coloradensis) ; one female, Boulder, October 15, T. D. A. Cockerell (monotype of americana) ; one male, Boulder, October 22 [T. D. A. Cockerell] (recorded as texana by Felt) ; 1 male (on cardpoint), October 22, Cockerell (U. S. National Museum) ; one male, Boulder, T. D. A. Cockerell (determined by Felt as texana) ; two males, Boulder, T. D. A. Cockerell, at window (undetermined by Felt). District of Columbia; one male, one female (also one pupal exuvium), Washington (lectotype and para- lectotype of copropkila) . Texas; one male, Plano, November, 1907, E. S. Tucker (monotype of texana). 32 January, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Cordylomyia xylophila Edwards Cordylomyia xylophila Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., 7 (ser. B) : 200, 1938 (fig. palp, female antenna, and male genitalia). Cordylomyia xylophila is closely related to texana from which it differs in having the cando-lateral angles of the tegmen unpro- duced and the teeth on these angles directed ventrally and somewhat anteriorly. The female which Edwards ascribed to xylophila differs considerably from that of texana in that the flagellar segments of the former are proportionally shorter with the distal sensory spines on each flagellar segment much shorter. Sensory pockets of the female palp or antenna were not mentioned by Edwards. Type. — Probably male, at the British Museum (Natural His- tory). Specimens examined. — Minnesota : one male, Campbell, October 15, 1941, D. G. Denning. Cordylomyia fulva Pelt Cordylomyia fulva Pelt, Canad. Ent., 58 : 266, 1926. Cordylomyia praeionga Felt, Canad. Ent., 58 : 266, 1926. New synonymy. Cordylomyia scutellata Felt, Canad. Ent., 58 : 267, 1926. New synonymy. Felt gave no reasons for considering C. fulva , praeionga, and scutellata as distinct species. The writer is unable to distinguish between the three type females, and they are all from the same locality. C. fulva was described as having twelve antennal seg- ments, but the monotype female of this species has only eleven seg- ments as in the other females. The male is represented only by one specimen, and this is in poor condition. The genitalia of this specimen are distorted, partial side view, but seem to be very similar to texana. The tegmen appears to have the caudo-lateral angles each broadly produced laterally, form- ing a bifid angulation provided with several strong teeth. The ninth tergum, disticlasper, and genital rod appear similar to texana. Palpal segments four, the fourth segment long. Wings with costal cell broad ; Ra very long, about six times the length of Rs ; cubital fork very acute ; Cu2 tapering, evanescent on dis- tal fifth. Male. — Eye bridge narrowed to two facets at origin on either side. Flagellar segments with stems decidedly longer than the enlargements, the bristles of the complete crenulate whorl very long. 33 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 1 Female.— Eye bridge narrowed to one facet at origin on either side. Antenna with two plus nine segments, the ninth flagellar segment compound, with a constriction beyond the mid- dle ; proximal flagellar segment with a moderately large sensory pocket which is largely open ; flagellar segments a little longer than broad, the distal segments somewhat longer, the distal neck short, each segment clothed with a proximal whorl of long bristles, shorter bristles scattered medially, and blunt bristles distally which are largely concentrated in a depression on either side. Palp with proximal segment somewhat en- larged, inside with a round pocket of sensory bristles which does not extend past middle of the segment. Anterior tarsus with distal segment a little longer than preceding segment, of same breadth. Spermathecae two, heavily pigmented, rounded, moderately small. Monotype.- — Female, at the New York State Museum. Types of synonyms. — Praelonga: lectotype female, by present designation, at the New York State Museum; scntellata: monotype female, at the New York State Museum. Specimens examined. — Minnesota: one female, Plummer, No- vember 20, 1933, D. G. Denning, collected off snow. British Columbia : one female, Cranbrook, May 19, 1920, C. Garrett (mono- type of fulva) ; one male, one female, Cranbrook, October 14, 1922, C. Garrett (lectotype and paralectotype of 'praelonga) ; one female, Cranbrook, October 23, 1921, C. Garrett (monotype of scutellata) . Cordylomyia sylvestris (Felt) Campylomyza sylvestris Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 110 : 97, 1907 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 313, 1908. Cordylomyia sylvestris (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 195, 1913. Cordylomyia sylvestris is a common species in Minnesota. Pre- viously this species has been known only from a single female from North Carolina. The female may be recognized by the character- istic sensory pocket on the proximal flagellar segment, and the male may be recognized by the characteristic tegmen. C. sylvestris is closely related to the European C. rudis (Winnertz), but the male genitalia (Plate I, fig. 5) differ from Edwards’ figure of that species in having the caudal margin of the ninth tergum more deeply emarginate and the caudal margin of the tegmen more broadly convex. Eye bridge rather narrow, ^one facet wide on lower lateral 34" January, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA portion. Palp four segmented, the fourth about one and one- half times as long as the preceding. Claws pointed, each with three strong teeth externally ; empodium long and broad. Cos- tal cell rather broad ; Ri four to five times (fully five times in the monotype female) as long as Rs ; cubital fork broad; Cu2 evanescent on distal fourth. Male. — Flagellum with segmental stems about as long as the enlargements, shorter on proximal and distal segments. Ninth tergum rather broad, the posterior margin deeply and roundly emarginate ; basiclasper roots nearly parallel, the bridge trans- verse and medially narrowed; disticlasper broadly rounded; tegmen broad, each proximo-lateral angle with a curved dorsal arm from the basiclasper root and with a rather narrow root directed latero-ventrally, each caudo-lateral angle a little pro- duced and provided with small denticulations, the caudal mar- gin broadly and evenly convex; genital rod parallel sided dis- tally, with a hyaline cap into which leads a large pigmented duct on either side of the tip of the rod. Female. — Antenna with two plus nine segments, the ninth flagellar segment long, compound, constricted beyond the mid- dle; first flagellar segment enlarged, with a large, irregular, sensory pocket having a small external opening ; following seven segments each a little longer than broad, tapering somewhat distally, and with a slight neck ; each segment with a proximal whorl of long bristles, a median, incomplete, and irregular whorl of shorter bristles, and moderately dense sensory bristles occupying middle half of length of the segment inside. Sper- mathecae ovoid (collapsed somewhat in the monotype), mod- erately large. Monotype. — Female, at the New York State Museum. Specimens examined. — Minnesota : one male, one female, Afton, May 10, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, one female, Afton, Septem- ber 6, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Aitkin, July 9, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Avon, June 24, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one female, Bacchus, July 8, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; five males, Detroit Lakes, June 20, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, one female, Grand Rapids, August 1, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; two males, Nisswa, July 8, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; two males, Pigeon River, August 3, 1941, A. E. Pritchard ; six males, one female, Pine City, May 3 and August 4, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one female, St. Paul, May 12, 1941, A. E. Pritchard and H. Knutson ; four males, one female, Tenstrike, July 31, 1941, A. E. Pritchard. North Carolina: one female, David- 35 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 1 son’s River, September 23, 1906, window of a woodland lint (mono- type of sylvestris) . North Dakota: one female, Fargo, Jnne 21, 1941, A. E. Pritchard. Cordylomyia tr uncat a (Felt), new combination Campylomyza truncata Felt, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 20 : 102, 1912 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 170, 1913. Cordylomyia truncata is characterized by having the medio- dorsal portion of the eyes completely and widely separated from the lateral portions and by the form of the male genitalia. The female has been previously unknown, but the Felt collection contains one female from the same locality as the monotype male, the eye struc- ture of which indicates that it is conspecific. This female is labelled “ ^wingless,” but the remaining portions of the wings are evident. Eye bridges devoid of facets laterally, the remaining por- tions of the eyes widely separated. Palp four segmented. Costal cell moderately broad; Rx four times as long as Rs; cubital fork rather broad ; Cu2 evanescent on distal fourth. Male. — Flagellum with stems about equal to the enlarge- ments or slightly longer on distal segments. Ninth tergum broad, the caudal margin broadly and acutely triangular emar- ginate ; tenth ter git es small, situated beneath the ninth tergum ; basiclasper roots convergent below; the bridge rather narrow and straight; disticlasper broadly rounded distally; tegmen evenly convex distally, the caudolateral angles extended into a laterally projecting spine on either side; proximally the tegmen heavily sclerotized on either side and with a curved arm on either side above which extends from the basiclasper root ; geni- tal rod appearing bifid for its entire length (ventral view), with the distal ends divergent, and with a membranous enlarge- ment distally which is acutely pointed and with a number of spinose projections distally. Female. — Antenna with two plus eight segments, the eighth flagellar segment compound, constricted beyond the middle and with the distal portion smaller and obconical ; proximal flagellar segment with a small, completely open sensorial cup ; flagellar segments each longer than broad (mostly shrivelled), with a slight distal neck, with a proximal whorl of long bristles, shorter bristles medially, and with dense sensory bristles distally. Characters of proximal palpal segment obscured in the mount, Spermathecae absent, probably lost in KOH treatment. Monotype. — Male, at the N. Y. State Museum. 36 January, 1947 ENTOMOLQGICA AMERICANA Specimens examined. — Pennsylvania ; one male, Hazelton, April 17 (not 19), 1910, Dietz (monotype of truncata) ; one female, Hazel- ton, May 12, 1910, Dietz (undetermined by Felt). Cordylomyia denningi n. sp. Cordylomyia denningi differs considerably from all other mem- bers in the genus by having two pairs of long lobes caudally directed from the distal end of the tegmen of the male genitalia (Plate I, fig. 7). These lobes are slightly irregular and appear to have dor- sal teeth. The male disticlasper differs from North American spe- cies and resembles the European bifida Edwards in having the inner side strongly concave and the inside margin below irregularly widened distally. A dark brown species, containing reddish pigment in life. Eye bridge broad above antennae, but narrowed to one facet at origin on either side. Palpal segments four. Claws acute, each with several teeth externally ; empodium as long as claws, very broad. Wings pale brownish, covered with long, fine macrotrichia ; costal cell rather wide; Ri about five times the length of Rs ; cubital fork acute, the branches long ; Cu2 evanes- cent on distal sixth. Length of wing, 1.9 mm. Male. — Antenna with two plus twelve segments, the stems of the flagellar segments slightly longer than the enlargements on proximal segments, decidedly longer beyond this; the pen- ultimate segment with a stem as long as the enlargement ; flagel- lar segments each with a median crenulate whorl of very long bristles, beyond this with an incomplete crenulate whorl, groups of short sensory bristles, and long bristles. Ninth tergum largely membranous, very broad, the caudal margin shallowly concave; tenth tergites a pair of deep lobes beyond the ninth tergum ; basiclaspers very broadly united below, the roots very long, subparallel, connected by a very broad, transverse bridge ; disticlasper broadly and evenly curved externally, irregularly widened distally and below on the inside, strongly and evenly concave on the inside above this ; tegmen heavily pigmented on either side, strongly widened proximally, the caudo-lateral angles with a very broad ventral root and with a dorsal arm curving from the basiclasper root, distally with the lateral margins approximated above and produced to form a pair of long caudally directed lobes, and the lateral margins belowT divergent and produced to form another pair of long caudally 37 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 1 directed lobes; genital rod somewhat widened distally and emarginate at distal end. Female. — Antenna with two plus ten segments, the terminal segment constricted near distal end • proximal flagellar segment with a moderately large, completely open sensory cup ; flagellar segments considerably longer than broad, attenuating somewhat toward the rather short distal stem, clothed with spines which distally are dense, sensory, and rather long. Palp with first segment enlarged, with sensory bristles scattered on the dorsal surface, densely so on proximal half ; distal three segments successively increasing in length. Spermathecae rather large, heavily pigmented, rounded, and each with a small neck directed inwardly. Holotype. — Male, Fridley, Anoka Co., Minnesota, April 3, 1942, D. G. Denning ; at the University of Minnesota. Paratypes. — One male, four females, Fridley, Minnesota, April 3, 1942, A. E. Pritchard and D. G. Denning. The type series was collected in a wooded ravine near the Mis- sissippi River, very early in the spring. This species is named in honor of Dr. D. G. Denning who collected specimens of this species and other material included in this revision. Genus Corinthomyia Felt Corinthomyia Felt, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 19: 35, 1911; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 200, 1913 ; Kieffer, Gen. Insect., 152: 295, 1913; Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Bond., 7 (ser. B) : 203, 1938. Genotype. — Monobasic and by original designation (Campy - lomyza hirsuta Felt) = Corinthomyia brevicornis (Felt). The genus Corinthomyia is closely related to Cordylomyia. The male flagellar segments of Corinthomyia, however, have a series of crenulate whorls of rather short, curved bristles. The female of Corinthomyia differs from that of Cordylomyia in having the flagel- lar segments each broader than long, the spermathecae two in num- ber, one large and lightly pigmented, the other very small and darkly pigmented, and the cubital angle is very broad. Only one species of Corinthomyia is known, and it is widely dis- tributed in North America. Edwards has described and figured the same species from Europe as tcincinna. The writer has seen one female from Angol, Chile, May 31, 1934, D. S. Bullock, which ap- pears to be identical with North American females. 38 January, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Corinthomyia brevicornis (Felt), new combination Campylomyza brevicornis Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 110 : 97, 1907 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 314, 1908. C or dylomy ia brevicornis (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165: 196, 1913 (fig. female antennal segments and palp). Campylomyza luna Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 313, 1908. New synonymy. Cordylomyia luna (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 196, 1913. Campylomyza hirsuta Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124: 315, 1908. New synonymy. Corinthomyia hirsuta (Felt) : Felt, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 19: 35, 1911 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus, 165 : 201, 1913. Campylomyza currei Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus, 124 : 315, 1908. New synonymy. Corinthomyia currei (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus, 165 : 202, 1913 (photogr. male genitalia). Campylomyza bryanti Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus, 124 : 313, 1908 (photogr. wing). New synonymy. Cordylomyia bryanti (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus, 165 : 195, 1913. Corinthomyia gracilis Felt, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 20 : 102, 1912 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus, 165 : 201, 1913. New syn- onymy. Cordylomyia tumida Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus, 165 : 197, 1913. New synonymy. Corinthomyia cincinna Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus, 165 : 200, 1913 ( lapsus calami as gracilis, p. 201) (fig. male antennal segments). New synonymy. Corinthomyia Icincinna Felt : Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc, Bond, 7 (ser. B) : 203, 1938 (fig. male wing, palp, antenna, genitalia, and female wing, antenna). New synonymy. The four monotype males representing currei, hirsuta, cincinna, and gracilis were differentiated by Felt largely on a basis of the number of crenulate whorls of bristles on the flagella!* segments. These four males all agree in having each flagellar segment provided with four complete crenulate whorls, followed by three incomplete crenulate whorls which successively shorten in length, the last being very short and somewhat irregular. If this is not taken into con- sideration, the number of crenulate whorls counted will depend on the angle at which one face of the antenna is viewed. The male 39 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 1 genitalia of these four types are identical except for the shape of the tegmen. In the hirsuta male, the tegmen is smoothly and evenly triangular with a broad base; in the other males, the edges of the tegmen are crumpled, and in correlation with this distortion, the base is of varying width. The tegmen is weakly sclerotized, and with treatment in KOH and mounting, the outline of the tegmen could easily become wrinkled and cause this apparent variation. The writer is unable to differentiate between the females repre- senting brevicornis, bryanti, tuna and tumida. There is no differ- ence in the length of Ri (subcosta of Felt) in proportion to the length of the wing as Felt’s key indicates. The fourth palpal seg- ment of tumida was characterized as being swollen distally; this segment in the monotype, however, is shrivelled on one palp and flattened on the other. There are no significant differences in the antennae of these type females. Male genitalia. — Ninth tergum rather broad, with a median portion non-pigmented and without setae, the anterior margin darkened except medially, and forming a broadly angulate emargination, the posterior margin rather rounded. Tenth tergites a pair of setulose lobes below the ninth. Basiclasper rather broadly united below the ninth. Basiclasper rather broadly united below, the roots long, somewhat convergent, with a transverse bridge which is concave on anterior margin. Disticlasper broad, broadly rounded distally, with many heavy bristles inside and distally. Tegmen shield-shaped, proximally with a pair of arms above each of which curves posteriorly from the basiclasper root, the proximo-lateral angles extending ventrally. Genital rod narrowly divided beyond base, with an elliptical, membranous enlargement distally which is somewhat pubescent and proximally connected with a pair of long tubes which enter on either side of the genital rod. Monotype. — Female, at the U. S. National Museum. Types of synonyms. — Luna: monotype female, at the New York State Museum; hirsuta: monotype male, at the New York State Museum; currei: monotype male, at the U. S. National Museum; bryanti: monotype female at the New York State Museum; gracilis: monotype male, at the New York State Museum; tumida: monotype female, at the New York State Museum; cincinna: monotype male, at the New York State Museum. Specimens examined. — District of Columbia : one female, Wash- ington, May 10, 1935, Alan Stone, on window. Florida : one female, Jacksonville (recorded by Felt as brevicornis ; retained in 40 January, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Felt collection and not in U. S. National Museum). Minnesota: one female, Crookston, July 2, 1938, A. E. Pritchard; twenty-seven females, Hovland, August 3, 1941, A. E. Pritchard, flying at dusk along Lake Superior; one male, seven females, Itasca Park, June 10, 1937, H. R. Dodge, New York: one female, Albany, August 1, 1906 (monotype of hirsuta) ; one female, Albany, June 25, 1907 (monotype of tumida) ; one male, Albany, July 5, 1907 (monotype of cincinna: labelled “ concinna”) ; one female, Albany, July 16, 1907 (determined by Felt as brevicornis) ; one female, Nassau, July 31, 1906 (recorded by Felt as brevicornis) ; one female, Nassau, August 10, 1906 (monotype of brevicornis) ; one female, Westfield, July 11, 1906 (monotype of luna). Pennsylvania: four females (all on cardpoints), Hazelton, April 11, 12, and May 12, 20, 1910, Dietz (determined by Felt as ? tumida ) ; four males (one on card- point), Hazelton, May 9, 10, and 11, 1910, Dietz (determined by Felt as ? gracilis) ; one male, Hazelton, May 18, 1910, Dietz (mono- type of gracilis). British Columbia: one female (on cardpoint), Kaslo, June 22, R. P. Currie (determined by Felt as currei) • one female (on cardpoint), Kaslo, June 23, R. P. Currie (in the U. S. National Museum) ; one male, Kaslo, July 6, Dyar (monotype of currei) ; one female, Kaslo, July 6, H. G. Dyar (recorded by Felt as brevicornis). Newfoundland: one female, Little River, August 18, 1905, Owen Bryant (monotype of bryanti) . Genus Xylopriona Kieffer Xylopriona Kieffer, Gen. Insect., 152 : 291, 1913 ; Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., 7 (ser. B) ; 204, 1938; Mani, Ind. Jour. Ent., 7 : 193, 1946. Tetraxyphus Kieffer, Gen. Insect., 152 : 290, 1913 ; Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., 7 (ser. B) : 204, 1938. Genotype. — By original designation Campylomyza pulchricornis Kieffer. Genotype of synonyms. — -Tetraxyphus: monobasic, Campylomyza melanoptera Kieffer. The genus Xylopriona is here recognized for a heterogeneous group of species all of which agree in having Rx short, the empodium as long as the claws, twelve flagellar segments in the male, and two spermathecae in the female. The male genitalia of these species are rather similar and are of the Monardia type, except that the ter- minal spine or spur on the disticlasper is more strongly developed. The females, however, differ considerably in the number of flagellar segments and in the form of the sensorial processes on the flagel- 41 ENTOMOLOG1CA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 1 lum. Xylopriona, based on the present concept, differs from Monardia essentially in having the empodium present, as long as the claws. The tarsal scales are present, being long and narrow. Tetraxyphus must be considered a synonym of Xylopriona. Edwards pointed out that the two genera might well be united and showed that there is no clear distinction between them in the male sex. Xylopriona was differentiated from Tetraxyphus by Kieffer on a basis of the structure of the female antenna. The sensorial processes of the female flagellum of Xylopriona are typically broad, each arising from a row of pores; these processes in Tetraxyphus are typically long and pointed, each arising from one large pore. Edwards showed, however, that intermediate forms occur. A generic distinction between Xylopriona and Tetraxyphus, thus seems to be unwarranted, and Mani has selected the former name in preference. Monardia articulosa ( Felt) and Monardia toxicodendri (Felt) t are here referred to the genus Xylopriona. The sensorial processes of the flagellum of the female in these two species are as in Monardia, in the form of discs and each arising from a single large pore. X. crehra has no well developed sensory processes on the flagellar segments of the female, but has many sensory spines as in Cordylomyia. Campylomyza antennata Winnertz was included in Xylopriona by Kieffer, because of a similarity in the sensory proc- esses of the female flagellum. Edwards transferred antennata to Monardia, attaching a greater significance to the lack of empodia in that species. One species, X. toxicodendri, was reared from cow manure, in Illinois. Key to North American Species 1. Palpus three segmented, the third segment but little longer than the second; male disticlasper short, with a very long distal spur ; female flagellum with nine to eleven segments, each with four sensorial processes in the form of discs. toxicodendri (Felt) Palpus four segmented or, if three segmented, the third segment very long 2 2. Female with twenty-two flagellar segments, each with four disc- like sensorial processes ; proximal flagellar segment of female without sensorial pockets ; male unknown. articulosa (Felt) Female with eight flagellar segments, each with densely set sensorial bristles distally; proximal flagellar segment of 42 January, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA female with pair of large sensorial pockets; male disti- clasper with a stout, curved spine distally crebra n. sp. Xylopriona toxicodendri (Felt), new combination Campylomyza toxicodendri Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 110 : 98, 1907 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 124 : 314, 1908. Monardia toxicodendron (misspelling for toxicodendri) (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 186, 1913 (fig. female antennal segments, palp, and ovipositor). Campylomyza gilletti Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 314, 1908. New synonymy. Monardia gilletti (Felt): Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165: 185, 1913. Monardia alexamderi Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 187, 1913. New synonymy. Monardia modesta Felt, Psyche, 20 : 142, 1913. New synonymy. Monardia illinoiensis Felt, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 43 : 47, 1935. New synonymy. Monardia nigricans Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Bond., 7 (ser. B) : 242, 1938. (fig. male genitalia, wing, female antenna, spermathecae) . New synonymy. X. toxicodendri is probably a rather widely distributed species both in North America and Europe. The male of toxicodendri may be easily recognized by the very long, stout, distal spur on the short disticlasper. The empodium is rather narrow and is as long as the claws. Edwards adequately described and figured the male sex from England. The stems of the flagellar segments of the male appear to vary somewhat, particu- larly on the penultimate segment. The female of toxicodendri typically has nine flagellar segments, the last segment being constricted. This number, however, is sub- ject to variation, and cannot be considered specific. The flagellum of the monotype female of gilletti has nine segments, the terminal segment simple; of the type females of alexanderi and illinoiensis, nine segments with the terminal segment constricted ; of the mono- type of toxicodendri, nine-segmented with the terminal segment compound; of modesta, ten-segmented with the tenth segment com- pound. There are no other apparent differences in these females. Each flagellar segment bears four disc-shaped sensoria each arising from a single pore, similar to that found in Monardia. The palpus is three-segmented (not four-segmented in illinoiensis as originally described), with the third segment but a little longer than the second. The spermathecae are two in number and are moderately 43 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 1 large, rounded and flattened, and darkened peripherally as in the single spermatheca of Campylomyza. Monotype. — Female, at the New York State Museum. Types of synonyms. — Gilletti: monotype female, at the New York State Museum ; alexanderi: monotype female, at the New York State Museum; modesta: monotype female, at the New York State Museum; illinoiensis : two males (on one slide), cotypes, at the U. S. National Museum (other cotypes are at the Illinois State Natural History Survey) ; nigricans: type male, at the British Museum (Natural History). Specimens examined. — Connecticut : one female, New Haven, November 4, 1903, H. L. Viereck (monotype of modesta). Illinois: two males, three females, Urbana, February 25, 1932, Carl Mohr [reared from cow dung]' (cotypes of illinoiensis). Minnesota: one female, Avon, June 24, 1931, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Bayport, May 10, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Hallock, May 23, 1938, A. E. Pritchard; two females, St. Paul, May 4, 1941, A. E. Pritch- ard; one female, Stillwater, September 27, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; two males, Wadena, July 3, 1941, A. E. Pritchard. New York cone female, Albany, June 4, 1906 (monotype of toxicodendri) : one female, Sport Island, Sacandaga River, July 25, 1909, C. P. Alex- ander (monotype of alexanderi). Pennsylvania: one female, Highspire (not Albany, N. Y.), September 11, 1907 (monotype of gilletti). Wisconsin: one female, Hudson, September 1, 1941, A. E. Pritchard. Xylopriona articulosa (Felt), new combination Campylomyza articulosa Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 315, 1908. Monardia articulosa (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 192, 1913. This species is known only from a single female specimen. The flagellum is very long, twenty-two segmented, and shaped as in X. querceti Edwards, the segments each being broader than long and with a short distal neck. There are four sensorial processes on each segment as in Monardia , the processes being disc-like and each arising from a single pore. There are four palpal segments. The empodium is as long as the claws, but very narrow. There are two rounded spermathecae. Monotype. — Female, at the U. S. National Museum. Specimens examined. — New Hampshire : one female, White Mountains, Morrison (monotype of articulosa) . {To he continued) 44 VOL. XXVII (New Series) APRIL, 1947 No. 2 AMERICANA A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor GEORGE M. TULLOCH E. W. TEALE Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $5.00 per year Date of Issue, August 6, 1947. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa. under the Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XXVII April, 1947 No. 2 THE NORTH AMERICAN GALL MIDGES OF THE TRIBE MICROMYINI: ITONIDIDAE (CECIDOMYIIDAE) ; DIPTERA By A. Earl Pritchard University of California, Berkeley, California ( Continued from vol. XXVII, no. 1, p. 44) Genus Xylopriona Kieffer ( continued ) Xylopriona crebra n. sp. Crebra conforms with the genus Xylopriona in having Rx short, the eye bridge not constricted laterally, and the empodium long and rather narrow. The male genitalia are very similar to the genitalia of typical Xylopriona. The ovipositor is very similar to that of typical Xylopriona, and the two spermathecae are also similar. The flagellum of the female, however, differs markedly from Xylopriona in lacking plate-like sensorial processes. The flagellar segments of the female are each provided distally with dense sensorial bristles as in Cordylomyia ; and the first flagellar segment bears a pair of sen- sorial depressions as in Campylomyza, but these are larger and more distinct than in that genus. The very acute cubital angle of crebra is distinctive. X. crebra is the only known species of the Micromyini in wdiich Rs may not be present. In the series of specimens at hand, Rs may be distinct, partially obsolete, or entirely absent. A sensorv pore is present on r-m immediately before the position of Rs. AUG 1 1 1947 45 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 2 A rather dark brownish species, the legs except for ultimate tarsal segments somewhat lighter. Eye bridge three or four facets wide laterally, three facets wide medio-dorsally. Palp three-segmented, the third segment twice as long as the second and sometimes subdivided ; without scales. Tarsi clothed with long and shorter bristles and a few long, narrow scales ; claw rather evenly curved, acute distally, with several fine teeth ex- ternally; empodium as long as claws, rather narrow. Wings long and narrow, light brownish; Ka less than twice the length of Rs ; Rs rather oblique, partially or entirely evanescent ; cubital angle very acute; Cu2 evanescent on distal half; anal angle broadly obtuse. Wing length, 1.5 mm. Male. — Antenna with two plus twelve segments, the ter- minal segment smaller, obconical ; segmental stems of flagellum excentric, slightly less than twice length of larger portions, somewhat shorter on proximal segments and of about same length as larger portion on penultimate segment; larger por- tions of segments each with a whorl of short bristles proximally, a complete crenulate whorl of long bristles medially, an incom- plete crenulate whorl of long bristles pre-distally, and several long bristles on one side distally. Palp with third segment very long, constricted medially. Hypopygium (Plate 2, fig. 13) with ninth tergum moderately broad, the anterior and posterior margins parallel ; tenth tergites a pair of lobes beyond the ninth tergum; basiclaspers moderately united below, the , basiclasper roots somewhat convergent and united distally by a long transverse bridge; disticlasper plump, with a heavy spine distally which is directed inwards; tegmen shield-shaped, with a dorsal arm on each caudo-lateral angle ; genital rod long, emarginate at distal end. Female. — Antenna with two plus eight segments, the distal segment with a terminal nipple ; proximal segment of flagellum with a pair of large, dark brown, somewhat irregular sensory pockets; flagellar segments distinctly longer than broad, ob- conical, each with a slight distal neck, clothed with a sparse median whorl of bristles and other bristles beyond this, distally with dense, moderately long sensory bristles. Third palpal segment not constricted. Ovipositor long, with segments seven to nine protrusible; ninth segment deeply excavated dorsally for insertion of the lamellae. Spermathecae two, darkly pig- mented, small, round. 46 April, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Holotype. — Male, Afton, Minnesota, May 18, 1941, A. E. Pritch- ard, at the University of Minnesota. Paratypes. — Two males, Afton, Minnesota, May 18, 1941, A. E. Pritchard and H. Knutson ; one female, Anoka, Minnesota, June 15, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one female, Swan Lake, Minnesota, August 6, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one female, Vineland, Minnesota, May 24, 1941, A. E. Pritchard. Polyardis n. gen. Genotype. — Campylomyza carpini Felt. The genus Polyardis is here proposed for a group of closely related species which are rather intermediate between Monardia and Xylopriona, but differing from both of these genera in having only one spermatheca in the female. Polyardis further differs from Monardia in having the empodium rather narrow, as long as the claws, and from Xylopriona in having the tarsal scales long but rather broad. The male genitalia are of the usual Monardia type. The flagellum of the female of Polyardis typically is densely set with sensory spines. A few of these sensory spines on each segment are differentiated into narrow, awl-shaped processes in one species, and in another species there are four modified disc- like processes on each segment. The number of flagellar seg- ments in the female is somewhat variable. Eye bridge two to three facets wide laterally and two to four facets wide dorsally. Flagellum of male eleven- to thirteen- segmented, each segment with one complete and one incomplete crenulate whorl, and distally with bristles or small plate-like processes; flagellum of female nine- to eleven-segmented, each segment with sensory bristles distally, awl-shaped sensory proc- esses, or four disc-like processes each bearing a curved and pointed projection directed to one side. Palpus three- or four- segmented. Mesonotal clothing sparse, mostly dorso-central and lateral. Tarsal scales dense, long, and moderately broad ; claws scarcely enlarged predistally, each with several fine teeth medio-externally ; empodium rather narrow, as long as the claws. Wings moderately clothed with macrotrichia ; costa nearly reaching media ; Rx about as long as or twice as long as Rs ; sensory pore present on r-m, not on R5 ; cubitus with pos- terior branch rather curved. Hypopygium with ninth tergum narrow ; basiclaspers moderately united below ; basiclasper roots convergent and rather roundly united distally ; disticlasper with a small spine distally; tegmen shield-shaped, broadly united 47 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VoL XXVII, No. 2 caudo-laterally with ventral arms of the basiclasper roots; genital rod long, not obviously modified distally. Spermatheca one, rather large, flattened and rounded. With the exception of monotheca, the species are very similar, but differ somewhat in the male sex in the number of antennal seg- ments, in the lengths of the flagellar stems, and in the shape of the tegmen. These characters appear to be constant for a species. Representatives of Polyardis occur in both North America and Europe. None of the species has been reared. Key to North American Species (Males) 1. Palpus three-segmented ; flagellar segments with bristles only ... 2 Palpus four-segmented ; proximal flagellar segments with small, disc-like sensorial processes monotheca (Edwards) 2. Flagellum eleven-segmented ; tegmen with sides nearly parallel on proximal half, convergent on distal half, and with apex acute vitinea (Felt) Flagellum twelve- or thirteen-segmented 3 3. Flagellum twelve-segmented; tegmen elongate, attenuated from base to a narrow apex adela n. sp. Flagellum thirteen-segmented ; tegmen rather broad 4 4. Tegmen broadly rounded distally, the apex abruptly hyaline. aporia n. sp. Tegmen with sides convergent distally, forming a pigmented angle at apex carpini (Felt) Polyardis vitinea (Felt), new combination Campylomyza vitinea Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 110 : 98, 1907; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124: 314, 1908; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 166, 1913 (fig. male antennal segments). Polyardis vitinea is known only from a single male specimen taken in New York. The male of this species may be recognized by having only eleven flagellar segments. The stem of the flagellar segments of the monotype are shorter than the enlargements, the penultimate segment is without a stem, and the terminal segment is about the same size as the preceding segment. The tegmen is moderately broad, essentially parallel sided on the proximal two- thirds and acutely tapering on the distal third; the distal margin is entirely sclerotized. Monotype. — Male, at the New York State Museum. Specimens examined. — New York : one male, Albany, August 15 (not 14), 1906 (monotype of vitinea). 48 April, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Polyardis adela n. sp. Polyardis adela is closely related to vitinea (Felt), but differs by having twelve segments in the male flagellum and the stems of the middle flagellar segments longer than the enlargements. The male genitalia are of the usual Monardia type, but the tegmen is distinc- tive, being long and slender, attenuated from the base, and with the narrow distal end hyaline (Plate II, fig. 10). The female has not been definitely identified. One female was taken in association with an adela* male at Fosston, Minnesota, which is distinctive because a few of the sensorial bristles on each flagellar segment are enlarged and awl-shaped, rather sinuate, and rarely forked. The flagellum of this female has ten obconical segments with the tenth segment compound, and the spermatheca is very large as in carpini. A yellowish-brown species, with darker thorax. Eye bridge about three facets wide laterally, four facets wide medio- dorsally. Palpi three-segmented; first segment with sensory bristles above ; second and third segments about equal in length. Mesonotum with dorso-central and lateral bristles. Tarsi clothed with longer and shorter bristles and densely clothed with long, rather wide scales; claws evenly curved, acute dis- tally, and with fine teeth externally; empodium as long as claws, moderately narrow. Wings light brownish; Rj. slightly longer than Rs ; cubital fork rather acute angled, the branches pale; Cu2 curved, evanescent distally. Length of wing, 1.1 mm. Male. — Antenna with two plus twelve segments; stems of the middle flagellar segments distinctly longer than the enlarge- ments, shorter on proximal segments ; penultimate segment with stem one-half length of enlargement (considerably variable) ; enlargements of flagellum with proximal whorl of bristles, a median crenulate whorl of bristles which are more closely set dorsally, a short portion of a crenulate whorl dorsally beyond this, and with distal bristles. Hypopygium with ninth tergum very narrow; tenth tergites a pair of lobes beyond the ninth tergum; basiclasper rather broadly united below, the basi- clasper roots convergent and united by a short, transverse bridge ; disticlasper rather short, attenuated somewhat, distally with a short, inwardly directed spine and several short, nodu- late bristles ; tegmen elongate, tapering from the base, and with the narrow apex hyaline ; genital rod unmodified distally. Holotype. — Male, Afton, May 10, 1941, A. E. Pritchard, at the University of Minnesota. 49 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 2 Paratypes. — Seven males, Afton, Minnesota, May 10, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; two males, Anoka, Minnesota, June 15 and Au- gust 30, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Duluth, Minnesota, Au- gust 2, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Fosston, Minnesota, July 30, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; two males, Hawley, Minnesota, July 25, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Houston Co., Minnesota, May 30, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Park Rapids, Minnesota, July 4, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, St. Paul, Minnesota, July 19, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Zumbrota, Minnesota, August 8, 1941, A. E. Pritchard. Polyardis carpini (Felt), new combination Campylomyza carpini Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 110: 100, 1907; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124: 314, 1908; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 171, 1907. Campylomyza versicolor Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124: 314, 1908. New synonymy. Cordylomyia versicolor (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 198, 1913. Polyardis carpini is a common species in Minnesota. The male is closely related to viiinea, but may be recognized by having thirteen flagellar segments with the stems of the middle segments slightly longer than the enlargements; and the tegmen rather broad, attenu- ating somewhat from the base, and distally somewhat angulate and evenly pigmented (Plate 2, fig. 11). The genital rod distally is somewhat enlarged and hastate. The female of carpini is characterized by having the flagellar segments obconical, each densely set with sensory spines distally ; the spermatheca very large, flattened and rounded, and less pig- mented centrally ; and the distal segment of the anterior tarsus not enlarged. The flagellum is nine segmented with the ninth segment compound or ten-segmented with the tenth segment compound, and all intergrades occur. The monotype female of versicolor agrees with females taken in association with carpini males in Minnesota. The flagellum of this monotype is nine-segmented with the ninth segment compound, the two components being about the same size and with a constriction between them, the spermatheca is collapsed, but obviously large. Monotype. — Male, at the New York State Museum. Types of synonyms. — V ersicolor : monotype female, at the New York State Museum. Specimens examined. — Minnesota : one male, Afton, May 10, 50 April, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, two females, Bemidji, July 31, 1941, A. E. Pritchard ; one male, Detroit Lakes, June 20, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Grand Marais, August 2, 1941, H. Knutson; five males, Pine City, May 3, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; five males, three females, Pine City, August 4, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, St. Paul, July 19, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Stillwater, Septem- ber 6, 1941, A. E. Pritchard. New York: one male, Albany, June 1, 1906 (monotype of carpini) ; one female, Albany, July 17, 1906 (monotype of versicolor) . Polyardis aporia n. sp. Polyardis aporia is closely related to carpini (Felt) with which species it agrees in having thirteen segments in the flagellum of the male. The male of aporia differs from carpini in having the stems of the middle flagellar segments slightly shorter than the enlarge- ments, and the tegmen broadly rounded clistally with a small but abrupt portion at the apex hyaline (Plate 2, fig. 12). These differ- ences are not great, but the constancy of such characters is supported by the series at hand. Three females collected in association with aporia in the field differ from the female of carpini only in having the spermatheca smaller and the distal segment of the anterior tarsus somewhat enlarged. Holotype. — Male, Bemidji, Minnesota, July 31, 1941, A. E. Pritchard, at the University of Minnesota. Paratypes. — -Two males, three females, Afton, Minnesota, Sep- tember 6, 1941, A. E. Pritchard ; one male, Aitkin, Minnesota, July 9, 1941, A. E. Pritchard ; one male, Bemidji, Minnesota, July 31, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Duluth, Minnesota, August 2, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Park Rapids, Minnesota, July 4, 1941, A. E. Pritchard ; four males, Pine City, Minnesota, May 3, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Swan Lake, Minnesota, August 6, 1941, A. E. Pritchard. Polyardis kasloensis (Felt), new combination Campylomyza kasloensis Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124: 314, 1908. Cordylomyia kasloensis (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165: 199, 1913. Campylomyza kasloensis Felt was based upon a single female specimen which cannot be definitely differentiated from the females of other species of Polyardis at the present time. This female is 51 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 2 very close to the monotype female of versicolor , but differs in having the branches of the cubital fork very distinct. The antennae of the Jcasloensis female are badly crurtipled, but there are ten flagellar segments, the tenth segment being double. Spermathecae are absent in the mount. R^ is a little over one and one-half times as long as Rs. Monotype. — Female, at the U. S. National Museum. Specimens examined. — British Columbia : one female, Kaslo, July 6 (not June 11), Dyar (not Currie) (monotype of kasloensis) ; one female, Kaslo, June 22, R. P. Currie. Polyardis monotheca (Edwards), new combination Monardia monotheca Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Bond., 7 (ser. B) : 241, 1938 (fig. wing, male genitalia, distal seg- ments of anterior tarsus of female, antennal segments of female, spermatheca) . Edwards recently described monotheca from England. One female from Kaslo, B. C., checks perfectly with Edwards’ descrip- tion and figures of this sex. Monotheca is more distantly related to the other species of Polyardis because the sensorial processes on the female flagellum are in the form of discs, each bearing a curved and pointed projection which is directed towards one side. The male bears similar, but smaller sensorial processes on the proximal flagel- lar segments. There are four palpal segments. Edwards discussed under monotheca another male which is a European representative of a species very similar to the other spe- cies here included in Polyardis. Type. — Female, at the British Museum (Natural History). Specimens examined. — British Columbia : one female, Kaslo, June 22, R. P. Currie. Genus Monardia Kieffer Monardia Kieffer, Misc. Ent., 3 : 111, 1895 ; Kieffer, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, (ser. 2) 8 : 50, 1898; Felt, Jour. N. 'Y. Ent. Soc., 19 : 35, 1911 ; Enderlein, Arch. Naturg., 77 (Bd. 1, Suppl. 3) ; 196, 1911; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165: 183, 1913; Kieffer, Gen. Insect., 152: 289, 1913; Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Bond. 7 (ser. B) : 236, 1938. Pezomyia Kieffer, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afr. Nord, 4 (Ann. 5) : 92, 1913 ; Kieffer, Gen. Insect., 152 : 301, 1913 ; Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Bond., 7 (ser. B) : 243, 1938. New synonymy. Genotype. — Monobasic and by original designation, Monardia stirpium Kieffer. 52 April, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Genotypes of synonyms. — Pezomyia: by original designation, (. Monardia vanderwulpi de Meijere) = Monardia stirpium Kieffer. The genns Monardia was originally proposed for a single species, Monardia stirpium Kieffer. Subsequently Monardia has included a number of heterogeneous species characterized by having four disc- like sensorial processes on each flagellar segment of the female. Felt, however, also included in Monardia species represented by females having other types of sensorial processes on the flagellum and males properly belonging to a number of other micromyine genera. Edwards refrained from restricting the limits of Monardia, particularly because there were no types of stirpium, the genotype, in Kieffer ’s collection, and he was unable to identify this species. Six males and one female are in the Felt collection, each labelled, “Monardia stirpium K., type, from J. J. Kieffer.” There is no reason to doubt that these are authentic cotypes. Monardia stirpium was based upon fully alate male and female specimens. These co- types agree with the specimens described as the fully winged form of Monardia vanderwulpi de Meijere. De Meijere, on a basis of reared material, contended in describing vanderwulpi that the male occurred in a macropterous and a brachypterous form and that the female occurred in a brachypterous and an apterous form. Edwards (1925) expressed doubt as to whether the macropterous form was conspecific with the brachypterous form, but later, after examining both macropterous males and females, stated that they were struc- turally alike except for the wings. V anderwulpi must be considered a synonym of stirpium. Pezomyia, a genus proposed by Kieffer, with vanderwulpi as genotype, must be considered a strict synonym of Monardia. Monardia stirpium is distantly related to the other species now included in this genus. A generic diagnosis on a basis of this species is important for future revisers of Monardia and closely related genera. The essential characters of Kieffer ’s types of stirpium are as follows: A very small, yellowish species. Eye bridge three facets wide medially. Antenna of male with two plus twelve antennal segments, the flagellar segments stemmed, each with one incom- plete crenulate whorl and with a small sensorial plate distally ; antenna of female with two plus ten segments, the flagellar seg- ments with short but distinct stems and each with four sensorial processes in the form of wrinkled discs, arising each from a single pore. Palpus three-segmented, the second and third seg- ments very short. Tarsi with short bristles, without scales; 53 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 2 anterior tarsus of female with terminal segment somewhat over twice length of preceding segment (a little crumpled, but cer- tainly not four times as long as penultimate segment) ; claws evenly curved, acutely pointed, somewhat dilated just beyond middle (scarcely evident in some views, appearing as a slight tooth in other views) ; empodium rudimentary. Wings (all dry mounts) small, rounded ; slightly longer than Rs ; r-m a little longer than Rs ; M faint ; Cu2 evanescent distally. Male hypo- pygium with ninth tergum narrow; disticlasper with a single distal tooth (one of the small nodulate bristles distally may cause it to appear as two teeth as Kieffer described it) ; tegmen shield-shaped ; genital rod long. Ovipositor with ninth abdomi- nal segment (bearing the oviduct) short, only slightly longer than the length of the lamellae; lamellae largely distal to the ninth segment, with the proximal segment very short, the middle segment longer than broad, and the distal segment over twice as long as broad and wide proximally. Spermathecae two, round. Monardia here includes those species having twelve flagellar seg- ments in the male ; the female flagellum with disc-like processes, each arising from a single pore or else plate-like processes, each arising from a number of pores ; the empodium rudimentary ; and the female with two spermathecae. In the present sense, Monardia includes three species groups in North America. One group is characterized by having very long, and the legs long and bristly ; one group is characterized by having the sensoria of the female flagellum in the form of transverse plates, each arising from a number of small pores ; and one group is characterized by having the sensorial proc- esses as in stirpium, but the legs are clothed with rather dense and rather broad scales. The relationships of these groups and the spe- cies included within them can better be evaluated when the males are known. It is peculiar that the male genitalia of Monardia ligni- vora is so dissimilar to that of typical Monardia , when the male geni- talia of species in other related genera very closely resemble the Monardia type. A number of species of Monardia have been reared from dead wood. M. lignivora was reared from fungus-affected heartwood of pine, in North Carolina. In Europe, ulmaria was reared from a rotten elm stump, stirpium was reared from a decaying pine stump and from a decaying willow log, antennata was reared from decay- ing wood, and kollari emerged from birch detritus. None of the species seems to be commonly collected, however. Barnes (1928) 54 April, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA suggested that ( vanderwulpi ) = stirpium may reproduce by paedo- genesis. Key to North American Species (Females) 1. Ri about twice the length of Rs or less ; tarsal scales broad and dense 2 Ri four times the length of Rs ; tarsal scales narrow and incon- spicuous ; very large species with very long legs. canadensis Felt 2. Flagellum with sensorial processes in the form of transverse plates, each arising from several small pores. antennatd (Winnertz) Flagellum with sensorial processes in the form of wrinkled discs, each arising from one large pore 3 3. Spermathecae round multiarticulata Felt Spermathecae pear-shaped, with the neck long and well differ- entiated lignivora (Felt) Monardia lignivora (Felt) Campymyza lignivora Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 110 : 100, 1907; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124: 314, 315, 1908. Monardia lignivora (Felt) : Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165: 191, 1913 (fig. palp, ovipositor, photogr. larva). Monardia lignivora is known only from the type series, from North Carolina. The female of this species may be recognized by the pear-shaped spermathecae. The male genitalia are distinctive, very dissimilar to the usual Monardia type. M. lignivora is closely related to the European kollari (Winnertz), but the eye bridge at origin on either side appears to be wider, and the spermathecae are more bulbous with the neck better differentiated. Eye bridge four facets wide laterally at origin and medio- dorsally. Palp four-segmented ; first segment subglobular, with sensory spines inside; fourth segment somewhat longer than either second or third. Tarsi densely clothed with rather short scales ; claws enlarged medially, with teeth proximally ; em- podium rudimentary. Ri nearly twice length of Rs ; r-m long, about twice length of Rs ; M rather faint ; Cu2 evanescent on distal third. Male. — Hypopygium with ninth tergum very broad, the anterior margin broadly and deeply triangular emarginate, nearly bisecting the tergum ; basiclasper rather broadly united below, the basiclasper roots with a long, transverse bridge dis- 55 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 2 tally ; disticlasper broadly rounded without a distal spine ; teg- men short and broad, with a wide emargination medio-distally • genital rod long. Female. — Flagellum with from seventeen to nineteen seg- ments (intergrades occurring in the type series) and with very short stems ; each segment with four sensorial processes in the form of wrinkled discs. Spermathecae two, large and bulbous with a long, narrow neck. Lectotype. — Male, by present designation, at the U. S. National Museum. Specimens examined. — North Carolina : six males, eighteen fe- males (also six larvae and one pupal exuvium), Davidson’s River, September 21, 1906, reared from fungus affected heartwood of pine (one male, two females, lectotype and paralectotypes of lignivora, at the U. S. National Museum ; three females on slides and five males, thirteen females in alcohol, paralectotypes of lignivora, at the New York State Museum — the distal ends of the abdomens of four of the alcoholic females are mounted). Monardia multiarticulata Felt Monardia multiarticulata Felt, Psyche, 21 : 109, 1914. Monardia multiarticulata is known only from a single female from New Hampshire. This female resembles lignivora, but the spermathecae are rounded, and the flagellar segments are more numerous. Female. — Eye bridge apparently broad. Antenna much as in lignivora, the flagellar enlargements wider than broad, the stems very short on proximal segments, somewhat shorter than the enlargements on the distal segments ; each flagellar segment with sensoria in the form of wrinkled discs (one antenna badly shrivelled, with two plus twenty-five segments where it is broken off, the other antenna with only a few proximal segments re- maining) . Palp four segmented ; first segment rather globular, with sensory spines inside ; fourth segment a little longer than either second or third. Mesonotum densely clothed with hairs. Claws slightly widened medially, with teeth on proximal half ; empodium rudimentary; tarsal scales long, but rather dense. Wings light brown, the area anterior to the radius darker ; Ra about twice the length of Rs ; M faint ; Cu2 evanescent on distal third. Spermathecae two, dark, each with small neck of duct darkened. Monotype. — Female, at the New York State Museum. 56 April, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Specimens examined. — New Hampshire : one female, Franconia (monotype of multiarticulata) . Monardia canadensis Felt Monardia canadensis Felt, Canad. Ent., 58 : 267, 1926. Monardia canadensis is a large species, known only from a single female from British Columbia. Canadensis is related to the Euro- pean magna Edwards, but has the mesonotum rather uniformly and densely clothed with setae, and the distal third of Cu2 is absent. Ri is long, about four times the length of Rs ; this is characteristic of canadensis and magna. Female. — Eye bridge two facets wide at origin below, about four facets wide medio-dorsally. Antennal segments two plus twenty-five, the last segment compound and abnormally dis- torted, composed of four segments (only one antenna present) ; flagellar segments with enlargements broader than long, the stems about as long as the enlargements on proximal segments, considerably longer on distal segments ; each enlargement dis- tally with four sensorial processes in the form of discs wTith undulate sides. Palpi long, four-segmented; first segment en- larged, densely clothed with sensory spines inside; fourth seg- ment not quite as long as preceding two. Mesonotum clothed rather uniformly with rather dense setae. Tarsi with many long and shorter bristles, with a few long, narrow scales ; claws very long, with a median thickening and several teeth proximal to this; empodium rudimentary. Wings brownish, with dark infuscation along costa and radius and somewhat on media and cubitus ; costal cell with a distinct bulge near middle ; Rx nearly four times the length of Rs ; r-m about three times as long as Rs ; M very plain ; Cui very long ; Cu2 absent on distal third. Spermathecae two, probably rounded, each with a small dark- ened neck to the duct. One female in the Felt collection, bearing the same data as the monotype of canadensis, and determined by Felt as f canadensis, represents a new species more closely related to magna. This female (the antennae are missing) agrees with magna in that the meso- notum has a large bare area on either side of the dorso-central bristles, and Cu2 extends to the margin, although thinner distally. It differs from magna, however, in having Rx over six times as long as Rs, R5 curving down a little at tip, and the costal cell not so obvi- ously widened. Monotype. — Female, at the New York State Museum. 57 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 2 Specimens examined. — British Columbia : one female, North Fork Wilson Creek, Michel, September 21, C. Garrett, 5200 ft. (monotype of canadensis) . Monardia antennata (Winnertz) Campylomyza antennata Winnertz, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 20 : 23, 1870. Xylopriona antennata (Winnertz) : Kieffer, Gen. Insect., 152: 291, 1913. Monardia antennata (Winnertz) : Edwards, Proc. Boy. Ent. Soc. Lond., 7 (ser. B) : 237, 1938 (fig. wing, male genitalia, female antenna, distal tarsal segments, claws, spermatheca, and ovipositor). Monardia antennata is here recognized for the first time in North America. The female is characterized by having the sensoria of each flagellar segment in the form of three or four broad plates, each arising from a number of small pores. The male has two crennlate whorls on each flagellar segment, and the disticlasper distally is broadly rounded, without a terminal spine. The empodium is rudi- mentary. Type. — Female, at the University of Bonn. Specimens examined. — Minnesota : one female, Stillwater, Sep- tember 6, 1941, A. E. Pritchard. Genus Trichopteromyia Williston Trichopteromyia Williston, Trans. Ent. Soc. Bond., 1896 ; 255, 1896; Kieffer, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, (ser. 2) 9: 16, 1901 ; Felt, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 19 : 33, 1911 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 161, 1913 ; Kieffer, Gen. Insect., 152 : 317, 1913 ; Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., 7 (ser. B) : 235, 1938. Projoannisia Kieffer, Neue Gallm.-Gatt., p. 2, 1912 (reprinted in Marcellia, 11: xi, 1913) ; Kieffer, Gen. Insect., 152: 294, 1913. Genotype. — Monobasic, Trichopteromyia modesta Williston. Genotype of synonyms. — Pro joannisia: monobasic and by origi- nal designation, ( Joannisia latipennis Kieffer) = Trichopteromyia modesta Williston. The genus Trichopteromyia was originally based upon specimens from the West Indies. Edwards has shown that this genus occurs in England, and it is here recorded from the United States for the first time. 58 April, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Trichopteromyia is closely related to Monardia which it resem- bles in most respects. The eye bridges of Trichopteromyia are very broad, however, about six facets wide medio-dorsally, somewhat wider laterally. The wing venation is similar to that of Monardia ; Rt is hardly twice as long as Rs ; media and the cubital branches are very faint. The claws are slender, slightly enlarged medially ; the empodium is rudimentary. The male genitalia are of the Monardia type. The female differs from Monardia in having the sensorial processes of the flagellum disc-like with a long, attenuated distal extension, and the two spermathecae are retort-shaped. T. modesta is the only species known in the genus. Only a few specimens of modesta have been collected in the United States. Nothing is known concerning the biology of this species. Trichopteromyia modesta Williston Trichopteromyia modesta Williston, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896: 255, 1896 (fig. wing, tarsus, and portion of flagel- lum) ; Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., 7 (ser. B) : 235, 1938 (fig. head, wing, male genitalia, female antenna, and ovipositor). Campylomyza flavoscuta Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 110 : 97, 1907 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 313, 1908 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 169, 1913. New synonymy. Projoannisia latipennis Kieffer, Neue Gallm.-Gatt., p. 2, 1912 (reprinted in Marcellia, 11 : xi, 1913) : Kieffer, Gen. Insect., 152: 294, 1913 (fig. wing). Monardia rugosa Felt, Psyche, 21: 110, 1914. New synonymy. Otherwise than the characters mentioned in the generic discus- sion, this species may be recognized by having the palpus three-seg- mented, with the third segment twice as long as the preceding seg- ment. The male is further characterized by having the disticlasper noticeably attenuated from the base. The monotype male of Cam- pylomyza flavoscuta Felt represents this species. The head of Felt’s type is largely broken off, but a portion of the eye bridge is left ; the palpi are missing. The male genitalia of flavoscuta are a little askew, but appear to be the same, the disticlasper typically tapering to a point. The female of modesta has ten flagellar segments, the stems being about three-fourths the length of the enlargements on the distal seg- ments, considerably shorter on proximal segments. The sperma- thecae are rather small, oblong-oval, with a large neck doubled back. The monotype female of Monardia rugosa Felt represents the female of modesta. 59 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 2 Types. — Two cotype females, one in the British Museum (Natu- ral History). Types of synonyms: — Flavoscuta: monotype male, at the New York State Museum; latipennis : type female, at the British Museum (Natural History) ; rugosa : monotype female, at the New York State Museum. Specimens examined. — Minnesota: one male, Frontenac, May 29, 1941, A. E. Pritchard. New Hampshire : one female, Hanover, July 5 (monotype of rugosa). New York: one male, Albany, June 4, 1906 (monotype of flavoscuta) . Genus Micromya Rondani Micromya Rondani, Sopra Ale. Gen. Inset. Ditt., Mem. Sec. Serv. Ditt. Ital., p. 21, 1840 ; Rondani, Nuov. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bologna, (ser. 2) 6: 373, 1846; Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod., 1 : 198, 1856. Micromyia Rondani (emendation for Micromya) : review of Rondani ’s 1840 paper, Isis von Oken, 1844: 451, 1844; Winnertz, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 20 : 26, 1870 ; van der Wulp, Dipt. Neerl., p. 78, 1877 ; Kieffer, Misc. Ent., 3 : 112, 1895 ; Kieffer, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, (ser. 2) 8 : 50, 1898 ; Kieffer, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 69 : 441, 1900 ; Felt, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 19 : 34, 1911 ; Enderlein, Arch. Naturg., 77 (Bd. 1, suppl. 3): 196, 1911; Kieffer, Gen. Insect., 152: 294, 1913; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165: 163, 1913 ; Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent, Soc. Bond., 7 (ser. B) : 254, 1938. Ceratomyia Felt, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 19 : 33, 1911 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 162, 1913 ; Kieffer, Gen. Insect., 152 : 317, 1913. New synonymy. Crespiniella Kieffer, Broteria, 21 (ser. zool.) : 88, 1924. New synonymy. Genotype.— Monobasic, Micromya lucorum Rondani. Genotype of synonyms. — Ceratomyia: monobasic, and by origi- nal designation, Ceratomyia johannseni Felt; Crespiniella ; mono- basic, Crespiniella sahariensis Kieffer. The original spelling of the genus Micromya Rondani must be retained, since evidence of the derivation of the word is not con- tained in the original publication. Moreover, Rondani consistently used this spelling, showing that he wished it to be spelled this way. Micromya may be recognized by having the antenna of the male with the pedicel enlarged and globular, the flagellum very slender, 60 April, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA seven- or eight-segmented, the sensoria forming an incomplete ring distally on each segment. The palpns of the male is distinctive, three segmented ; the first segment is somewhat enlarged, globular ; the second segment is long and slender, articulated to the ventral side of the first segment ; the third segment is rather short and coni- cal. The palpus of the female is similar to the male, but the second segment is not as slender and often proportionally shorter. The claws are longer in the male than in the female; the empodium is nearly as long as the claws, very narrow. The wings have the cubi- tal fork very wide, nearly right-angled. The hypopygium is in many respects similar to the Monardia type, but the basiclaspers below are very broadly approximate, united only proximally; the genital rod is short. There is a single spermatheca. The genus Ceratomyia Felt is a synonym of Micromya. This genus was proposed for a species from Mexico and has not subse- quently been recognized. Felt stated that Ceratomyia was distinct from Micromya because of the absence of the fourth vein in the former genus, although he had described the fourth vein as being indistinct in Winnertz’s material of Micromya lucorum which he had studied in Europe ; this character is of little significance. Felt further emphasized the presence of only six antennal segments in the male of Ceratomyia, basing his conclusion on a specimen having the distal flagellar segments broken off. This specimen represents a species which is very similar to, if not synonymous with, the geno- type of Micromya. The genus Crespiniella Kieffer is a synonym of Micromya. Crespiniella was originally proposed by Kieffer for specimens from Algeria, and the genus has not subsequently been discussed nor recognized. This genus was characterized as being related to Cera- tomyia Felt, but differing in having more than six antennal seg- ments. The description of the antennae, palpi, claws, and wings of the genotype, Crespiniella sahariensis Kieffer, clearly indicates that this species is very similar to, if not synonymous with, the genotype of Micromya. It is significant that Kieffer did not recognize the genus Micromya for any material on which he published. Micromya is here recorded from the United States for the first time. Two species are common in Minnesota. Nothing is known of the biology of species in this genus. Micromya johannseni (Felt), new combination Ceratomyia johannseni Felt, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 19 : 33, 1911 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 163, 1913. 61 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 2 Micromya johannseni is very similar to lucorum as redescribed and figured by Edwards on a basis of Winnertz’s identification of that species. North American material differs from Edwards’ fig- ures in having the claws somewhat shorter than the fifth tarsal seg- ment and very strongly curved at almost right angles (Plate 1, fig 4). It seems preferable to retain Felt’s name because of this discrepancy. The tegmen of the male hypopygium of johannseni also differs from that figured by Edwards ; but this structure is often indistinct, and a protrusion of the genital duct may occupy the genital cavity and appear similar to Edwards’ figure. Edwards stated that he had examined a series of males from Africa which were similar to European males of lucorum. The claws of the African sahariensis (a species which Edwards over- looked) were described as being strongly curved. It is possible that Edwards’ figure of the claws is misleading. The description of sahariensis agrees very well with johannseni except that the sensoria of the male flagellum are not mentioned nor those of the female flagellum adequately described; these sensorial processes are often difficult to see. The monotype of johannseni is a broken male. Only one leg is present on the slide, but the claws are lengthened and very strongly arched. The antennae are obviously broken, with only four flagellar segments remaining; the sensoria are narrow, horseshoe-shaped. The disticlasper of this specimen has an inner spine predistally. This spine was not present in Edwards’ material of lucorum nor in Kieffer ’s male of sahariensis. In the Minnesota males, the character of the spine on the disticlasper is somewhat variable, but is usually present. The tegmen is triangular, very lightly sclerotized. The wings are broadly rounded and hyaline. The female of johannseni is very similar to that of lucorum. The sensorial process of each flagellar segment forms a rather wide distal cup arising from a number of small pores, incomplete on one side (sometimes both sides) where the ends of the process form long pro- jections. The claws are heavy, distinctly widened predistally, and less than half the length of the fifth tarsal segment. Monotype. — Male, at the New York State Museum. Specimens examined. — Minnesota : one male, Appleton, August 10, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Crookston, July 29, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Hallock, May 23, 1938, A. E. Pritchard; two males, one female, Mentor, July 30, 1941, A. E. Pritchard ; one male, Stillwater, September 6, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Tenney, June 19, 1941, A. E. Pritchard. Mexico: one male, Ocotlan, 0. A. Johannsen (monotype of johannseni) . 62 April, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Micromya mana n. sp. Micromya mana is closely related to johannseni from which it differs in the male sex by having the sensorial processes of the proxi- mal flagellar segments awl-like and oblique, the claws less enlarged, being less than one-half the length of the fifth tarsal segment (Plate 1, fig. 3). The tegmen is more heavily sclerotized, and the disti- clasper usually bears no distal spine. The female of mana differs from johannseni in having the sensorial processes of the flagellum forming an irregular and thread-like, incomplete ring, the claws slenderer and not distinctly widened predistally. The wing of mana is distinctly slenderer and somewhat darker than johannseni. A small, light brownish species. Eye bridge about two facets wide laterally, wider above, but immediately narrowed at the medio-dorsal line. Tarsal scales long, rather broad, dense. Wings elongate, light brownish, the maerotrichia moderately dense ; Ri slightly longer than Rs ; M faint but evident ; Cu with fork wide, the branches evanescent only at distal ends; Cu2 curved proximally. Length of wing, 1.2 mm. Male. — Antenna with pedicel strongly enlarged, broader than long ; flagellum slender, seven segmented, the terminal seg- ment being elongate and compound, composed of two (or three) partially divided segments (rarely subdivided to form eight flagellar segments) ; each flagellar segment with a sub -basal whorl of long bristles which are wide apart on ventral side, with several small distal bristles, and proximal segments with a small, thin, oblique, awl-shaped sensory process which is often curved. Palp three segmented • first segment globular, densely clothed above with sensory bristles ; second segment long and slender and slightly enlarged distally, articulated to the ventral side of first segment; third segment one-half length of second, tapering distally. Claws slender, simple, strongly curved at nearly right angles, about one-half length of fifth segment; empodium not quite as long as claws, very narrow, with long hairs below. Hypopygium with ninth tergum narrow, the tenth tergites a pair of large setose lobes; basiclaspers below very broadly approximate, but divided in large part by a deep triangular emargination ; basiclasper roots convergent, distally united by a wide bridge, broadly connected by a pair of arms to the base of the tegmen ; tegmen triangular ; genital rod short but distinct. Female. — Flagellum eight-segmented; each segment obconi- cal, with a proximal whorl of bristles, and distally with a 63 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Voi XXVII, No. 2 narrow, irregular, sensorial ring, incomplete on one side (some- times more), and with the ends produced. Palp with the second segment broader and sometimes proportionally shorter than in the male. Claws shorter and a little heavier than in the male. Lamellae of ovipositor short and broad. Spermatheca large, flattened, rounded, with a peripheral neck for the duct. Abdo- men containing a large number of eggs. Holotype. — Male, St. Paul, Minnesota, July 19, 1941, A. E. Pritchard, at the University of Minnesota. Paratypes. — One male, Afton, Minnesota, May 10, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Anoka, Minnesota, September 11, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; two males, three females, Bemidji, Minnesota, July 31, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Brownsville, Minnesota, May 29, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Duluth, Minnesota, August 2, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one female, John Latch State Park, Minnesota, May 29, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; six males, three females, Mentor, Minnesota, July 31, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Pine City, Minnesota, August 4, 1941, A. E. Pritchard ; two males, Shevlin, Min- nesota, July 30, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; four males, Tenstrike, Minne- sota, July 31, 1941, A. E. Pritchard. Genus Mycophila Pelt Mycophila Pelt, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 19 : 33, 1911; Pelt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 161, 1913 ; Kieffer, Gen. Insect., 152 : 288, 1913; Barnes, Ent. Mo. Mag., (ser. 3) 63: 164, 1927; Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., 7 (ser. B) : 253, 1938. Genotype. — Monobasic and by original designation, Mycophila fungicola Pelt. The genus Mycophila was proposed by Pelt for a very small species from California. Barnes later recognized this genus for a species occurring in England. Edwards recently confirmed the generic reference for the English species and described an addi- tional species from England. Mycophila is characterized by having the flagellum of the male with only eight to ten segments, the stems short; and female with seven to nine flagellar segments and each segment with a pair of sensorial processes which are rather broad and lobed or digitate distally, each arising from a number of pores or with the pores con- fluent. The empodium is short or rudimentary. The male geni- talia are of a distinctive type, the tegmen being somewhat slipper- shaped and the genital rod entirely absent. Mycophila fungicola Pelt was reared from mushrooms, in Cali- 64 April, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA fornia. In England, speyeri (Barnes) was reared from mushroom my celia, and barnesi Edwards was reared from mushrooms and from manure. Barnes has shown that paedogenesis occurs in speyeri, and it is probable that the other species of Mycophila also reproduce paedogenetically. Mycophila fungicola Felt Mycophila fungicola Felt, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 19 : 33, 1911 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 161, 1913 (fig. wing, male and female antennal segments). The specimens on which this genus and species were originally based are a male and female in poor condition. The flagellum of the male is nine-segmented, the ninth segment compound, but in- completely divided. The flagellum of the female is seven-seg- mented, the seventh segment compound ; the sensorial processes are digitate distally. The palpi are not visible. The empodium is one- half the length of the claws (not rudimentary) in the male and a little shorter in the female. The male hypopygium is mounted laterally, so that its characters cannot be ascertained. The sper- matheca is broadly oval in shape. Lectotype. — Male, by present designation, at the U. S. National Museum. Specimens examined. — California: one male, one female, San Kafael, September 7, 1897, reared from mushrooms (lectotype and paralectotype of fungicola) . Mycophila lampra n. sp. Mycophila lampra is a small species, resembling speyeri (Barnes) in having the empodia rudimentary, but differing from that species in having the palpus three segmented and the sensorial processes of the female with long distal projections. The male hypopygium is distinctive in having the ninth tergum very broad, with the anterior margin broadly and deeply emarginate, and the basiclaspers nar- rowly approximate below (Plate 2, fig. 14). Eye bridge two facets wide. Palpus short, three-segmented ; first segment rather large, globular, with sensory bristles scat- tered above ; second segment articulated to the ventral side of the first; third segment rather attenuating (rarely indistinctly separated from the second). Mesonotum with only dorso-cen- tral and lateral bristles. Tarsi densely clothed with long, rather broad scales; claws evenly curved, acute; empodium rudimentary, represented by a few hairs. Wings rather 65 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 2 densely clothed with macrotrichia ; Ki slightly shorter than length of Es ; M and Cu very faint ; cnbital fork very acute • Cn2 curved. Wing length, 0.9 mm. Male. — Flagellum eight-segmented, the eighth segment simple (or compound with a medial constriction) ; segmental stems one-third the length of the enlargements, lacking (or very short) on penultimate segment; each segment medially with an oblique crenulate whorl in which the bristles below are wide apart and indistinctly crenulate; postmedially with a row of bristles above, and distally with several bristles and two sen- sory peg-like bristles. Hypopygium with ninth tergum wide laterally and very narrow medially, the anterior margin form- ing a broadly rounded and deep emargination ; tenth tergites a pair of widely separated setose lobes ; basiclasper below with a narrow proximal portion approximate but narrowly divided ; basiclasper roots united and forming a broadly rounded arch ; disticlasper attenuated only at distal end, terminated by a long, acute, inwardly directed spine ; tegmen elongate, nearly parallel sided, broadly rounded distally, with heavily pigmented proxi- molateral roots, and either side broadly curved inwards and proximally continuous with ventral arms of the arch of the basiclasper roots ; genital duct from the two elongate testes end- ing as a membranous tube between the sides of the tegmen. Female. — Flagellum eight-segmented, the eighth segment compound, constricted medially ; segments obconical, the distal stems slight; sensorial processes two to a segment (rarely one of these divided), each process rather broad and typically ex- tended into a pair of long, divergent, distal lobes, and each arising from one large pore formed by union of several smaller pores. Lamellae of ovipositor short and broad. Spermatheca one, subovate and with a small portion bearing the duct bent back. Abdomen containing several large eggs. Holotype. — Male, St. Paul, Lake Johanna, Minnesota, July 19, 1941, A. E. Pritchard, at the University of Minnesota. Paratypes. — One female, St. Paul, Minnesota, July 19, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Hudson, Wisconsin, September 1, 1941, A. E. Pritchard. Genus Bryomyia Kieffer Bryomyia Kieffer, Misc. Ent., 3 : 78, 1895 ; Kieffer, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, (ser. 2) 8: 49, 1898; Felt, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 19 : 35, 1911 ; Enderlein, Arch. Natur'g., 77 (Bd. 66 April, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1, Suppl. 3) : 196, 1911 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 193, 1913 ; Kieffer, Gen. Insect., 152 : 298, 1913 ; Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Bond., 7 (ser. B) : 208, 1938. Genotype. — Monobasic and by original designation, Bryomyia bergrothi Kieffer. The genus Bryomyia comprises a homogeneous group of species. The male may be recognized by the distinctive genitalia. The ninth tergum is broad, variously developed; the basiclaspers are broad, the basiclasper roots having strongly developed ventral arms ; the disticlasper has no distal spine ; the tegmen is weakly sclerotized and usually membranous, proximally deeply emarginate with the center of the emargination usually strongly developed; the genital rod is very short, but bears a pair of long processes which support a membranous enlargement. Each flagellar segment bears a com- plete crenulate whorl and three incomplete crenulate whorls beyond this which successively shorten in length. The palp is four seg- mented, but the third and fourth segments may sometimes be fused. The tarsi are densely clothed with short broad scales ; the empodium is somewhat shorter than the claws and very narrow or rudimentary. The female of Bryomyia may be recognized by having on each flagellar segment two sensory processes which are variously devel- oped. There are two large, rounded, and lightly pigmented sper- mathecae. In the Felt collection, there are two males and two females of the genotype, Bryomyia bergrothi Kieffer, from J. J. Kieffer (not labelled types, however). These specimens confirm Edwards’ iden- tification of the genotype. The ninth tergum of the male hypo- pygium is similar to that figured by Edwards as a variety of bergrothi. Bryomyia is here recorded from North America for the first time, although several species belonging here were described by Felt in other genera. The species of Bryomyia are not especially common. The Minnesota material was collected in well shaded and damp woods. One species, bergrothi, was reared from moss by Kieffer, in Europe. It is possible that the other species breed in similar habitats. Key to North American Species (Males) 1. Disticlasper plump, with a long, bare, dorsal flange 2 Disticlasper compressed, the lower portion folded under, and without a dorsal flange 3 2. Ninth tergum strongly bilobed, the lobes bare; bridge of basi- clasper roots broadly rounded gibbosa (Felt) 67 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 2 Ninth tergum with a distal, pubescent projection on either side ; bridge of basiclasper roots transverse cambrica Edwards 3. Disticlasper with a strong, angulate projection above at proximal angle product a (Felt) Disticlasper without the proximo-dorsal angle strongly pro- duced apsectra Edwards Bryomyia products (Felt), new combination Campylomyza producta Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 315, 1908 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 166, 1913 (photogr. wing, male genitalia). Bryomyia producta , previously known from a single male from New York, is here recorded from northern Minnesota and southern Ontario. The male may be easily recognized by the thumb-like pro- jection situated proximo-dorsally on the disticlasper and directed inwards (Plate 2, fig. 9). The female is unknown. The hypo- pygium for which Felt has presented a photograph is inverted. Male. — Flagellum with stems of middle segments about one- half the length of the enlargements. Empodium slightly over half the length of claws. Hypopygium with ninth tergum very broad, clothed with very long bristles and entirely pubescent; anterior margin of ninth tergum broadly and deeply emargi- nate, and emargination triangular with sinuate sides; ninth tergum distally and medially less pigmented, the posterior margin broadly and shallowly emarginate ; tenth tergites a pair of wide, setose lobes ; basiclaspers below with inner, distal mar- gins broadly rounded, but with a darkened ridge extending ventrally from the basiclasper roots; basiclasper roots conver- gent, with a short and broad ridge distally, the ventral arms wide, broadly rounded and approximate medially, disticlasper laterally compressed, ventrally turned inwards, the proximo- dorsal angle inside with an acutely angular projection; tegmen broad, weakly sclerotized, distally extending nearly to end of basiclaspers, proximally deeply and roundly emarginate, the center of the emargination strongly sclerotized and projecting dorso-posteriorly ; genital rod rather long, extending into a divergently forked process which supports a large distally widened, membrane. Monotype.- — Male, at the New York State Museum. Specimens examined. — Minnesota : one male, Duluth, August 2, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Tenstrike, July 31, 1941, A. E. Pritchard. New1 York : one male, Nassau, July 31, 1906 (monotype 68 April, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA of product a) . Ontario : one male, Middle Falls, August 3, 1941, A. E. Pritchard. Bryomyia apsectra Edwards Bryomyia apsectra Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc., Lond., 7 (ser. B) : 210, 1938 (fig. wing, male genitalia, female flagel- lar segments). Bryomyia apsectra is closely related to producta from which species it differs in the male sex essentially in having the empodia rudimentary and the disticlasper of the male genitalia without a strong, proximo-dorsal projection. The male hypopygium is other- wise very similar to that of producta. Edwards has not clearly illustrated the complex nature of the phallic structures, but there is very little doubt that Minnesota specimens represent the same species. The female is characterized by the long and slender flagellar seg- ments, each segment being rather attenuated to the distal stem and bearing a pair of long sensorial processes which are broad proxi- mally, tapering and usually curved distally ; the sensorial processes are sometimes distally bifid. Type. — Male, at the British Museum (Natural History). Specimens examined. — Minnesota : three males, two females, Grand Marais, August 2, 1941, A. E. Pritchard and H. G. Knutson ; two males, Nisswa, July 8, 1941, A. E. Pritchard. Bryomyia gibbosa (Felt), new combination Campylomyza gibbosa Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 110 : 100, 1907; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124: 316, 1908; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 169, 1913. Campylomyza cerasi Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 110: 101, 1907 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 316, 1908 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 168, 1913. New synonymy. Neptunimyia flavida Felt, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 27 : 279, 1919. New synonymy. The male of gibbosa may be recognized by the form of the male hypopygium (Plate 2, fig. 8). The ninth tergum bears distally a pair of large, sclerotized bare lobes; the basiclasper below has the inner, distal angles produced and setose ; the disticlasper above bears a long, bare sclerotized flange ; the tegmen is broad and long, proxi- mally with a deep, median emargination which becomes very narrow mediodorsally ; genital rod very short, bearing a pair of long proc- esses which diverge distally and support a membranous structure. 69 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 2 The hypopygium of the monotype male of Campylomyza cerasi Felt is inverted, but is similar to that of the monotype male of gibbosa. The empodium of gibbosa is characteristically slightly over one-half of the length of the claws. The empodium of the monotype male of cerasi is very difficult to see clearly, but appears to be less than half the length of the claws. The female of gibbosa may be recognized by having the flagellar segments with long stems and each segment provided with a pair of sensorial processes each of which is split into three to five long, slender prongs. The monotype female of N eptunimyia flavida Felt is a small, yellowish specimen, with the media simple, the cubitus forked, the legs short and densely scaled, the ovipositor slender, and with spermathecae present, two in number. This specimen, which is not closely related to (N eptunimyia Felt) = Anaretella Enderlein nor other genera of the tribe Lestremiinx, is here considered the female of gibbosa. Bryomyia trifida Edwards (European) is very similar to gibbosa and may be the same as this species. The North American males differ from Edwards’ figure of the hypopygium principally in hav- ing the broad, bare lobes of the ninth tergum more angulate distally and more widely divergent. The females of the two species are very similar. This, together with the fact that a male and female were collected at the same time and place, leads the writer to con- sider flavida as a synonym of gibbosa. Type. — Monotype male, at the New York State Museum. Types of synonyms. — Cerasi: monotype male, at the New York State Museum; flavida: monotype female, at the New York State Museum. Specimens examined. — Minnesota : one male, one female, Grand Marais, August 2, 1941, H. C. Knutson. New York : one male, Lake Clear, June 7, 1906 (monotype of gibbosa) : one female Keene Val- ley, August 20, 1917, H. Notman (monotype of flavida) ; one male, Nassau, May 15, 1906 (monotype of cerasi ). Bryomyia cambrica Edwards Bryomyia cambrica Edwards, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., 7 (ser. B) : 210, 1938 (fig. male genitalia). Bryomyia cambrica was recently described for a single male specimen from England. Two males from Minnesota are very simi- lar to cambrica and are here regarded as that species, although Ed- wards has not figured the details of the phallic structures. The female has not been recognized. 70 April, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Cambrica is closely related to gibbosa, but the empodia are rudi- mentary and the hypopygium differs considerably. The ninth tergum is broad, the caudal margin broadly and roundly emargi- nate, the caudo-lateral angles angulately produced and pubescent; the basiclasper is subtruncate distally, with the inner distal angles very dark, somewhat produced and setose, and distally and above with a small, setose protuberance; the basiclasper roots are distally connected by a long, transverse bridge; the disticlasper is plump, the distal, inner angles somewhat irregular, and the dorsal surfaces with a long, bare flange ; the tegmen is rather broad, rounded dis- tally, the proximo-lateral roots strongly developed, pigmented and each bearing a small inwardly directed lobe ; structure of genital rod not apparent. Monotype. — Male, at the British Museum (Natural History). Specimens examined. — Minnesota : two males, Grand Marais, August 2, 1941, A. E. Pritchard. Genus Aprionus Kieffer Apriona Kieffer (not Chevrolat, 1852, Coleoptera), Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1894 : clxxvi, 1894. Aprionus Kieffer (new name for Apriona Kieffer), Wien, Ent. Ztg., 13 : 205, 1894; Kieffer, Misc. Ent., 3 : 93, 1895 ; Kieffer, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, (ser. 2) 8: 49, 1898; Felt, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 19 : 34, 1911 ; Enderlein, Arch. Naturg., 77 (Bd. 1, Suppl. 3) : 196, 1911; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165: 182, 1913; Kieffer, Gen. Insect., 152: 300, 1913; Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Bond., 7 (ser. B) : 229, 1938. Genotype. — By subsequent designation of Kieffer, 1895, Apri- onus spinigera Kieffer (the original spelling of the specific name must be retained). Genotype of homonym. — Apriona: ipso facto, Aprionus spinigera Kieffer. The genus Aprionus comprises a homogeneous group of species. The male hypopygium is distinctive in having the ninth tergum very broad, the basiclaspers very long, with the proximal ends below nar- rowly united, and the tegmen laterally bearing opposing pairs of spines which are directed inwardly. The genital rod is absent, but a membranous and setose genital sac is located below the tegminal spines. The palp of a single species commonly varies from being three to four segmented. The empodium is rudimentary or short and narrow, not over one-half the length of the claws. 71 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 2 The female of Aprionus may be recognized by the single sper- matheca, in correlation with a short or rudimentary empodinm and the characteristic sensorial processes of the flagellum. These proc- esses are elongate or transverse, sometimes digitate, and although they are commonly four to a segment, may be more abundant. There are specimens of Aprionus miki Kieffer (not labelled types, however) in the Felt collection, and also other specimens of Aprionus from Kieffer bearing a manuscript specific name. The genus Aprionus is probably very large, although specimens of this genus are not very commonly collected. A. pinicorticis was reared from scolytid galleries in pine, in New Jersey. Kieffer and Winnertz reared a number of European species from logs or stumps of oak, willow, horn-beam, pine, and beech; one species was also reared from galleries of a scolytid under the bark of pine. Aprionus asemus n. sp. Aprionus asemus is closely related to the European spinigera Kieffer, but differs from that species in having the disticlasper with a bare and truncate, terminal projection, and tegmen with only four pairs of spines (Plate 2, fig. 15). The female has not been recognized. Male. — Eye bridge on either side above about four facets wide. Flagellum with stems about as long as the nodes, each node with one complete and two incomplete crenulate whorls and above with distal spines. Palp four-segmented. Meso- notum with bristles mostly dorso-central and lateral. Tarsi clothed with rather narrow scales ; claws bent, slightly widened beyond middle, with small teeth medially; empodium rudimen- tary. Wings with Rx twice the length of Rs. Hypopygium : ninth tergum very broad, truncate; basiclaspers long, below rather narrowly united proximally, the space between the basi- claspers below flask-shaped, but not strongly narrowed distally, the ventral arms broadly united with the tegmen; disticlasper short, but deep proximally, narrow, with a short and broadly truncate, bare projection distally; tegmen elongate, the proxi- mal angles not projecting anterior to the basiclasper bridge; tegmen laterally and above with four pairs of inwardly di- rected spines set almost at right angles, distally with a broadly rounded, weakly sclerotized cap enclosing the distal end of the large elliptical, setose, membranous modification at the end of the genital duct. Length of wing, 0.8 mm. 72 April, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Holotype. — Male, Bayport, Minnesota, May 10, 1941, A. E. Pritchard, at the University of Minnesota. Para types. — Three males, Hawley, Minnesota, July 25, 1941, A. E. Pritchard. Aprionus monticola (Felt), new combination Campylomyza monticola Felt, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 27 : 281, 1919. Aprionus monticola is known from a single male specimen from New York. The hypopygium of this specimen is distinctive; the basiclasper bears a long, angulate projection distally and below, and has a rounded projection inside predistally. The disticlasper is short, broadly rounded above, but with the inside concave below and narrowing to an acute apex. The tegmen bears three or four pairs of strong teeth. Monotype. — Male, at the New York State Museum. Specimens examined. — New York: one male, Keene Valley, H. Notman (monotype of monticola). Aprionus pinicorticis (Felt), new combination Campylomyza pinicorticis Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124: 315, 1908. Monardia pinicorticis (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 188, 1913. Aprionus pinicorticis is known only from a single female speci- men from New Jersey. The flagellum of this specimen is eleven- segmented, the distal segment strongly constricted beyond the mid- dle; the middle segments bear necks which are about one-third the length of the proximal enlargement, the necks being formed by a constriction beyond the sensoria which is wider than the very short distal stem of articulation. The flagellar sensoria are short and broad, each arising from a number of small pores which are often coalesced to form a large, irregular, transverse pore ; typically sensoria four to a segment, but sometimes divided. The palp is four segmented. The empodium is rudimentary. Rx is nearly twice the length of Rs. There is a single spermatheca which is rather large, somewhat ovoid. Monotype. — Female, at the New York State Museum. Specimens examined. — New Jersey : one female, Riverton, April 14, 1901 [reared from galleries of a scolytid in pine, by C. W. John- son] (monotype of pinicorticis ). 73 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 2 Aprionus longipennis (Felt), new combination Campylomyza longipennis Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124: 314, 1908. Prionellus longipennis (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 176, 1913. Aprionus longipennis is known from a single female specimen from New York. This female is very similar to pinicorticis from which it differs in having each flagellar segment more evenly attenu- ated distally and with a very short neck, the terminal flagellar seg- ment simple, and the spermatheca a little smaller and more evenly ovate. The flagellar sensoria are transverse, each arising from a transverse pore formed by the union of a number of small pores. Monotype. — Female, at the New York State Museum. Specimens examined. — New York: one female, Albany, August 2, 1906 (monotype of longipennis) . Genus Peromyia Kieffer Joannisia Kieffer (not Monterosato, 1884, Mollusca), Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1894: clxxv, 1894; Kieffer, Wien. Ent. Ztg., 13 : 205, 1894 ; Kieffer, Misc. Ent., 3 : 62, 1895 ; Kieffer, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, (ser. 2) 8: 48, 1898; Coquillett, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 37 : 556, 1910; Felt, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 19: 32, 1911 (misspelled as Joanissia); Enderlein, Arch. Naturg., 77 (Bd. 1, Suppl. 3) : 196, 1911 (misspelled as Joanisia) ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165: 156, 1913; Kieffer, Gen. Insect., 152: 292, 1913; Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Bond., 7 (ser. B) : 256, 1938. Peromyia Kieffer, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1894: clxxv, 1894; Kieffer, Wien. Ent. Ztg., 13 : 205, 1894 ; Kieffer, Misc. Ent., 3: 76, 1895; Kieffer, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, (ser. 2) 8: 48, 1898 ; Felt, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 19 : 32, 1911 ; Ender- lein, Arch. Naturg., 77 (Bd. 1, Suppl. 3) : 196, 1911; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 160, 1913 ; Kieffer, Gen. Insect., 152 : 292, 1913 ; Mani, Rec. Ind. Mus., 36 (1934) : 383, 1935 ; Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Bond, 7 (ser. B) : 264, 1938. Camptoza Enderlein, Tierw. Mitteleur, 6 (Bief 2, Teil 3) 62, 1936. Genotype. — Monobasic, Peromyia leveillei Kieffer. Genotypes of synonyms and homonyms. — Joannisia: by subse- quent designation of Coquillett, 1910, Joannisia aurantiaca Kieffer; Camptoza: the first of two species originally included, by present designation, Joannisia kiefferiana Enderlein. 74 April, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Edwards studied Kieffer ’s original series of the genotype of Peromyia and stated that the adults of this species differed from Joannisia Kieffer only in having two palpal segments instead of three or four. This character is here considered not to be of funda- mental importance. Since the name Joannisia Kieffer is a homo- nym, the name Peromyia should be used. The genus Peromyia contains a homogeneous group of small species. Peromyia differs considerably from the other genera of the Micromyini in having the costa not or but little produced beyond R5, the sensory pore of R5 at about the level of the tip of Rx (which is evanescent distally), and the flagellum of both sexes with sub- globular nodes and elongate stems. The flagellum is twelve-seg- mented in the male, with the terminal segment often binodose, in the female nine (rarely eight or ten ) -segmented ; each flagellar segment bears several elongate sensorial processes distally which are some- times digitate. There are two spermathecae. The body and append- ages are densely clothed with scales, but the scales are easily lost, so that it is often difficult to appreciate the presence of the scales or their form. The male genitalia are of a distinctive type. The genital rod is entirely absent, but there is a sclerotized plate ventrally in the aedeagus. In a specimen of photophila dissected by the writer, the tegmen appears as a cup-shaped dorsal saddle of the membranous extension of the common genital duct; the sclerotized ventral por- tion appears as a separate sheath, incomplete proximo-dorsally, in which the genital duct ends. It is possible that this sclerotized ventral portion is the modified distal end of the genital duct. There are a large number of species of Peromyia, although only five species are recognized at the present in North America. P. photophila, a common species in the eastern United States, was reared from decaying peony roots, in Pennsylvania. P. bengalensis Kieffer was considered to be an inquiline in galls on Lindera puleher- rima. Kieffer and Winnertz reared a number of European species from decaying wood; one species was reared from a fungus and another from tufts of moss. Key to Species (Males) 1. Basiclasper with a pubescent dorsal lobe directed caudally ; disti- clasper very large ovalis (Edwards) Basiclasper without a dorsal lobe ; disticlasper short 2 2. Disticlasper compressed and attenuated, bare and acute distally. photophila (Felt) Disticlasper plump, rounded distally 3 75 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 2 3. Disticlasper bearing a dense group of bristles at distal end. neomexicana (Felt) Disticlasper without a dense group of bristles distally 4 4. Tegmen with distal third narrowed and slender modest a (Felt) Tegmen broadly rounded distally, not narrowed borealis (Felt) Peromyia photophila (Felt), new combination Campylomyza photophila Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 110 : 99, 1907. Joannisia photophila (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124: 313, 1908 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 158, 1913 (fig. palp, male antennal segments). Campylomyza carolinae Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 110 : 100, 1907. New synonymy. Joannisia carolinae (Felt) : Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124: 313, 1908; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165: 158, 1913 (photogr. wing). Joannisia flavoscuta Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 313, 1908 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165: 159, 1913. New syn- onymy. Joannisia flavopedalis Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124: 313, 1908 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 157, 1913. New synonymy. Joannisia pennsylvanica Felt, Jour. Econ. Ent., 4: 476, 1911 (misspelled as Joanissia) ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 165 : 159, 1913. New synonymy. Joannisia nodosa Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., 7 (ser. B) : 263, 1938 (fig. wing, male genitalia, palp, male and female antennal segments). New synonymy. Peromyia photophila is a very small, yellowish species. The wings are densely clothed with macrotrichia ; the costa ends abruptly or extends slightly beyond the tip of R5. The palpus is densely clothed with scales and is four-segmented with the fourth segment very small, but occasionally the third and fourth segments are more or less united. The femora are clothed with long, narrow scales and short, broad scales, and below with long bristles ; the tarsi are densely clothed with short, broad scales. The male hypopygium is distinctive; the ninth ter gum is very narrow and divided medially ; the basiclasper roots are very broadly united distally ; the disticlasper is deep, compressed, attenuated dis- tally to a bare and acute apex; the tegmen is long, rather broad, somewhat narrowing on proximal two-thirds, broadly rounded on 76 April, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA distal third ; the ventral sclerite is subelliptical, broadly rounded on distal half. The interstices of the penultimate abdominal segments above are sclerotized, each bearing a median enlargement. The flagellum of the male has the stems about as long as the nodes on the proximal segments, somewhat longer on more distal segments. The male types of photophila Felt, carolinae Felt, pennsylvanica Felt, and flavoscuta Felt are all essentially identical. The mount of the male of pennsylvanica is very poor, and the genitalia of this speci- men cannot be made out in detail. The terminal antennal segment of photophila bears a small distal nipple; this nipple is slightly shorter in the type of pennsylvanica than in the types of photophila. The basiclaspers are partially divided below by a deep emargination ; beyond this emargination the basiclasper bears an edentation in Felt’s types. This edentation is small or absent in Minnesota males. The flagellar segments of the female each have four long and slender sensorial processes. The flagellar stems are somewhat longer than the nodes on the middle segments; the terminal segment is ovoid. The proportional length of the flagellar stems appears to be somewhat variable in the long series at hand. The spermathecae are round lightly pigmented except peripherally ; these, too, seem some- what variable in size (one female has one of the spermathecae larger than the other). The female monotype of flavopedalis agrees in all respects with the type females of carolinae and pennsylvanica, ex- cept for the palpal segments. This monotype has three palpal seg- ments, but the third segment is much longer than the second, and on one palp is partially subdivided just beyond the middle of the segment. Such a condition is sometimes found in the males of photophila. Lectotype. — Male, by present designation, at the New York State Museum. Types of synonyms. — Carolinae: lectotype male, at the New York State Museum; flavopedalis: monotype female, at the New York State Museum; pennsylvanica: lectotype male, by present designa- tion, at the New York State Museum ; nodosa: type male, at the British Museum (Natural History). Specimens examined. — Minnesota : two females, Afton, Septem- ber 6, 1941, A. E. Pritchard ; three males, ten females, Alexandria, June 23, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; two males, seven females, Anoka, June 15, September 3 and 11, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; seven males, three females, Appleton, August 9 and 10, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; two females, Brownsville, May 29, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; two fe- males, Detroit Lakes, June 20, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one female. 77 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 2 Floodwood, August 1, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; two males, three fe- males, Fosston, July 30, 1941, A. E. Pritchard ; two females, Fronte- nac, May 29, 1941, A. E. Pritchard ; one male, Glyndon, July 28, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; two males, three females, Houston Co., May 30 and 31, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; five females, John Latch State Park, May 29, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, three females, Kent, June 19, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; three males, three females, Little Falls, July 25, 1941, A. E. Pritchard ; one female, McIntosh, July 30, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one female, Moorhead, June 21, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Pine City, August 4, 1941, A. E. Pritchard ; seven females, St. Paul, August 4, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, two females, Shevlin, July 30, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; two females, Stillwater, September 6, 1941, A. E. Pritchard ; two females, Swan Lake, August 6, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; five females, Tenstrike, July 31, 1941, A. E. Pritchard ; one female, Two Harbors, August 3, 1941, H. Knutson ; one female, Wadena, July 2, 1941, A. E. Pritchard. New York: one male, Albany, July 4, 1906 (recorded as photophila by Felt; labelled ‘ ‘ type, ’ ’ but cannot be considered such, since it is slide no. C472, which was not originally included as a type) ; two males, Albany, August 8, 1906 (lectotype and paralectotype of photo- phila) • one male, Nassau, July 22 (not 24), 1906 (monotype of flavoscwta ) ; one female, Newport, July 25, 1906 (monotype of flavor pedalis) ; one male, Poughkeepsie, August 7, 1906 (paralecto- type of photophila). North Carolina: one male, one female, Davidson’s River, September 23, 1906 (lectotype and paralectotype of carolinae). Pennsylvania: one male, one female [Reading], November 14, 1908, bred from infested peony roots (lectotype and paralectotype of pennsylvanica) . Wisconsin : one female, Hudson, September 1, 1941, A. E. Pritchard. Peromyia borealis (Felt), new combination Joannisia borealis Felt, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 27 : 280, 1919. Joannisia roralis Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., 7 (ser. B) : 260, 1938 (fig. male genitalia). New synonymy. The male genitalia of borealis are distinctive. The ninth tergum has each lateral angle triangularly produced ; disticlasper short and broad, somewhat angulate inside, rounded distally; tegmen long, rounded distally ; ventral plate short, broadly rounded distally. The flagellar segments have the stems decidedly longer than the nodes; the terminal segment is binodose. The palpi are three segmented, the third segment slender, as long as the second or somewhat shorter. The femora are clothed with long and narrow scales ; the tarsi are 78 April, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA densely clothed with short and broad scales. The costa extends slightly beyond R5. The female has not been recognized. Monotype. — Male, at the New York State Musenm. Types of synonyms. — Bor alls: type male, at the British Museum (Natural History). Specimens examined. — Minnesota: one male, Afton, September 6, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Alexandria, June 23, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Tenstrike, July 31, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Vineland, May 24, 1941, A. E. Pritchard. New York: one male, Keene Valley, August 30, 1917, H. Notman (monotype of borealis). Peromyia modest a (Pelt), new combination Campylomyza modesta Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 110: 99, 1907 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 124 : 316, 1908 ; Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus, 165: 170, 1913. Peromyia modesta is known only from a single male specimen from New York. Modesta is closely related to borealis from which it differs in having the ninth tergum narrower with the lateral angles less produced, the disticlaspers more evenly ovate, and the tegmen narrow on the distal third. The antennae- of the monotype are shrivelled and broken, but the stems do not appear to be longer than the nodes. The abdomen and legs are densely clothed with scales, the tarsal scales being rather narrow. The costa ends abruptly at the tip of R5. Monotype. — Male, at the New York State Museum. Specimens examined. — New York : one male, Lake Clear, June 7, 1906 (monotype of modesta). Peromyia neomexicana (Felt), new combination Joannisia neomexicana Felt, Bull. N. Y. State Mus, 165: 160, 1913. Peromyia neomexicana is known only from a single male from New Mexico. The hypopygium of this specimen is distinctive : the ninth tergum is narrow, the lateral angles somewhat widened ; disti- clasper short and broadly oval, the ventral sclerite smaller, very pale, and rather truncate distally. The stems of the flagellar seg- ments are slightly longer than the nodes, distinctly longer on the distal segments ; the terminal segment is long and slender, binodose. The palp is four segmented. The scales of the legs are rather long and slender. The costa ends at the tip of R5. 79 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 2 Monotype. — Male, at the New York State Museum. Specimens examined. — New Mexico: one male, Pecos, August 25 [T. D. A. Cockerell] (monotype of neomexicana) . Peromyia ovalis (Edwards), new combination Joannisia ovalis Edwards, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., 7 (ser. B) : 258, 1938 (fig. male genitalia, antennal segments). Peromyia ovalis was described from two male specimens from England. Specimens from Minnesota agree in all respects with Edwards’ description and figures of this species. The male of ovalis is readily recognized by the hypopygium : the basiclasper above bears an elongate, pubescent, distal lobe which is directed posteriorly. The disticlasper is very large, elongate, and with the inner side broadly angulate. The tegmen is shield-shaped, turned down distally; the ventral sclerite above is a little shorter than the tegmen, truncate and turned up distally, below more heavily outlined, smaller and shield-shaped. The flagellar stems are a little longer than the nodes; the ultimate segment bears an elongate distal portion. The palpi are three segmented, the seg- ments successively decreasing in size. The scales on the tarsi are rather narrow. The costa extends well beyond R5. The female of ovalis agrees with the male in regard to palpi, wing venation and vestiture. The flagellar stems are about half the length of the nodes; each flagellar segment bears three (some- times two or four) elongate but strong sensorial processes. The two spermathecae are rounded, strongly outlined. Type. — Male, at the British Museum (Natural History). Specimens examined. — Minnesota: one female, Avon, June 24, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one female, Alexandria, June 23, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Bemidji, June 31, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Brauerville, August 6, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; one male, Flood- wood, August 1, 1941, A. E. Pritchard; two males, two females, St. Paul, July 19, 1941, A. E. Pritchard. Literature Cited Barnes, H. F. 1927. British gall-midges. I. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 63 : 16L-172, 211-221. 1929. Some remarks on paedogenesis in gall midges (Cecido- myidae). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 65: 138-139. Brethes, Jean. 1914. Descripcion de seis Cecidomyidae (Dipt.) de Buenos Aires. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires, 26 : 151-156. 80 April, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Brues, Charles T., and A. L. Melander. 1932. Classification of Insects. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 73 : 1-672. Coquillett, D. W. 1910. The type-species of the North American genera of Diptera. Proceedings of the United States Na- tional Museum, 37 : 499-647. Edwards, F. W. 1925. Sciara caudata Walk., Pezomyia vander- wulpi de Meij. and other Diptera (two new to the British list) reared from a rotten willow log. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 61 : 228. 1929. In Tonnoir, A. L. Diptera of Patagonia and south Chile, Part II, fasicle 1 — Psychodidae. 32 pp. London. 1938. A re-definition of the genus Campylomyza Meigen, with notes on Meigen ’s types (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), Ency. clopedie Entomologique, (ser. B, 2 Dipt.) 9: 47-52. 1938. On the British Lestremiinae, with notes on exotic species (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Proceedings of the Royal En- tomological Society of London, (ser. B) 7: 18-24, 25-32, 102-108, 173-182, 199-210, 229-243, 253-265. Enderlein, Gunther. 1911. Die phyletischen Beziehungen der Lycoriiden (Sciariden) zu den Fungivoriden (Myceto- philiden) und Itonididen (Cecidomyiiden) und ihre sys- tematische Gliederung. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 77 (Bd. 1, Suppl. 3) : 116-201. 1912. Zur kenntnis der Zygophthalmen, Ueber die Gruppier- ung der Sciariden und Scatopsiden. Zoologischer An- zieger, 40: 261-263. 1936. Die Tierwelt Mitteleuropas, 6 (Lief 2, Insekt., Teil 3) : 59-75. Felt, Ephraim Porter. 1907. New Species of Cecidomyiidae. Appendix to 22nd report of the State Entomologist 1906. New York State Museum Bulletin, 110: 97-165. 1908. Studies in Cecidomyiidae II. Appendix to 23rd report of the State Entomologist 1907. New York State Museum Bulletin, 124: 307-422. 1911. New species of gall midges. Journal of Economic Ento- mology, 4: 476-484, 546-559. 1911. A generic synopsis of the Itonidae. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 19: 31-62. 1912 New Itonididae (Dipt.). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 20: 102-107. 81 ENTOMOLOG1CA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 2 1913. A study of gall midges. Appendix to 28th report of the State Entomologist 1912. New York State Museum Bulletin, 165: 127-226. 1913. The gall midge fauna of New England. Psyche, 20: 133-147. 1914. Additions to the gall midge fauna of New England. Psyche, 21: 109-114. 1915. New gall midges. Journal of Economic Entomology, 8: 405-409. 1918. New Philippine gall midges, with a key to the Itonidi- dae. Philippine Journal of Science, 13 (sec. D) : 281-324. 1919. New gall midges or Itonididae from the Adirondacks. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 27 : 277- 292, 1919. Five non-gall-making midges (Dip., Cecidomyidae) . Entomological News, 30: 219. 1925. Key to gall midges (a resume of studies I-VII, Itonidi- dae). New York State Museum Bulletin, 257: 3-186. 1926. New nonrgall making Itonididae (Diptera). Canadian Entomologist, 58: 265-268. 1929. Gall midges or gall gnats of the Orient (Itonididae or Cecidomyiidae). Lignan Science Journal, 7: 413-474. 1935. A new gall midge. Journal of the New York Entomo- logical Society, 43: 47. Kieffer, J. J. 1894. Une note preliminaire sur le genre Campy- lomyza (Dipt.). Bulletin des Seances de la Societe Ento- mologique de France, 1894: clxxv-clxxvi. 1894. Ueber die Heteropezinae. Wiener Entomologische Zeit- ung, 13: 200-212. 1895. Essai sur le groupe Campylomyza. Miscellanea Ento- mologica, 3: 46-47, 57-63, 74^-79, 91-97, 109-113, 129-133. 1898. Synopse des Cecidomyies d ’Europe et d’Algerie decrites jusqu’a ce jour. Bulletin de la Societe d’Histoire naturelle de Metz (ser. 2) 8: 1-64. 1900. Monographie des Cecidomyides d’Europe et d’Algerie. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 69 : 181- 472. 1901. Suite a la Synopse des Cecidomyies d’Europe et d’At- gerie. Bulletin de la Societe d’Histoire Naturelle de Metz, (ser. 2) 9: 9-42. 1912. Neue Gallmucken-Gattungen, 2 pp. Bitsch. (reprinted in Marcellia, Bibliografia e Recensioni, 11: x-xi, 1913). 82 April, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1913. Nouvelles Cecidomyies mycophiles et xylophiles. Mar- cellia, 12: 45-56. 1913. Diptera, Cecidomyidae. General Insectorum, 152: 1- 346. 1913. Denx novelles Cecidomyies d’Algerie (Dipteres). Bul- letin de la Societe d’Histoire Naturelle de l’Afrique du Nord, (Ann. 5) 4: 90-92. 1924. Description de deux nouveaux genres et de trois novelles especes de Cecidomyies. Broteria, (ser. zool.) 21: 87-91. Loew, H. 1850. Dipterologische Beitrage, 4 : 39 pp. Posen. Mani, M. S. 1935. Studies on Indian Itonididae (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera). Records of the Indian Museum, (1934), 36: 371-451. 1946. Studies on Indian Itonididae (Cecidomyiidae : Diptera). VIII — Keys to the Genera from the Oriental Region. The Indian Journal of Entomology, 7 : 189-235. Macquart, J. 1834. Histoire Naturelle des Insects, Dipteres, 1 : 152-164. Paris. (Forming one of Roret’s “Collection des Suites a Buff on. ”) Meigen, Johann Wilhelm. 1818. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europaischen zweifliigeligen Insekten, 1 : 88-102. Aachen und Hamm. 1830. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europa- ischen zweifliigeligen Insekten, 6: 266-272, 308-309. Hamm. Rondani, Camillo. 1840. Sopra alcuni generi di insetti ditteri, memoria seconda per servire alia ditterologia Italiana, 28 pp. Parma. (Review in Isis von Oken, 1844: 449-452, 1844). 1846. Compendio della seconda memoria ditterologica, con alcune aggiunte e correzioni. Nuovi Annali delle Scienze Naturali di Bologna, (ser. 2) 6: 363-376. 1856. Dipterologiae Italicae Prodromus, 1 : 198-200. Parma. Schiner, J. Rudolph. 1864. Fauna Austriaca. Die Fliegen (Dip- tera), 2: 369-416. Wien. Silvestri, Filippo. 1901. Descrizione di nuovi Termitofili e rela- zioni di essi con gli ospiti. Bollettino dei Musei de Zoo- logia ed Anatomia comparata della R. Universita di Torino, 16 (395) : 1-6. 1903. Contribuzione alia conoscenza dei Termitidi e Termitofili dell ’ america meridionale. Redia, 1 : 1-234. 83 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 2 Skuse, Frederic A. A. 1889. Diptera of Australia, part 1. The Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, (ser. 2) 3: 17-149. Speiser, P. 1906. Uber die systematische Stellung der Dipteren- familie Termitomastidae. Zoologischer Anzieger, 30 : TIG- 718. Walker, Francis. 1856. Insecta Britannica. Diptera, 3 : 57-62. London. Westwood, J. O. 1840. Synopsis of the genera of British insects. An introduction to the modern classification of insects, 2 : 126-127. London. Williston, Samuel Wendell. 1896. XI. On the Diptera of St. Vincent (West Indies). Transactions of the Entomologi- cal Society of London, 1896: 253-255. Winnertz, Joh. 1870. Die Gruppe der Lestreminae. Verhand- lungen der kaiserlich koniglichen-zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 20 : 9-36. van der Wulp, F. M. 1877. Diptera Neerlandica, De Tweevleuge- lige Insecten van Nederland, pp. 43-81. Gravenhage. Zetterstedt, Johanne Wilhelmo. 1850. Diptera Scandinaviae, 9: 3669-3701. Lund. Explanation of Plates Plate I Fig. 1. Wing of Acoenonia perissa (holotype). Fig. 2. Female genitalia of Campylomyza fusca (Hallock, Minn.) Fig. 3. Distal end of posterior tarsus of Micromya mana (holo- type). Fig. 4. Distal end of posterior tarsus of Micromya johannseni (Crookston, Minn.). Fig. 5. Male genitalia of Cordylomyia sylvestris (Detroit Lake, Minn. ) . Fig. 6. Male genitalia of Acoenonia perissa (holotype). Fig. 7. Male genitalia of Cordylomyia denningi (holotype). 84 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n.s.) No. 2, PI. I 6. A. perissa 7 C. denningi ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 2 Plate II Fig. 8. Male genitalia of Bryomyia gibbosa (Grand Marais, Minn. ) . Fig. 9. Male genitalia of Bryomyia producta (Tenstrike, Minn.). Fig. 10. Male genitalia of Poiyardis adela (holotype). Fig. 11. Male genitalia of Poiyardis carpini (Detroit Lake, Minn.). Fig. 12. Male genitalia of Poiyardis aporia (holotype). Fig. 13. Male genitalia of Xylopriona crebra (holotype). Fig. 14. Male genitalia of Mycophila lampra (holotype). Fig. 15. Male genitalia of Aprionus asemus (holotype). 86 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n.s.) No. 2, PI. II 8. B. gibbosa 13. X. crebra 14. M. lampra f VOL. XXVII (New Series) JULY-OCTOBER, 1947 Nos. 3-4 AMERICANA A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Published Quarterly for the Society by the Business Press Inc. N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $5.00 per year Date of Issue, February 4, 1949 (jfOljULUGl^ Americana Vol. XXVII July, 1947 No. 3 THE GENUS BACCHA FROM THE NEW WORLD* Frank M. Hull University of Mississippi, University, Miss. The first part of these studies upon New World Baccha ap- peared in Entomologica Americana, Volume XXIII, No. 1, pages 42-99, 1943. Ten plates of figures of Baccha species appeared in that study and these ten plates are reprinted here in order that students of the Syrphidae may have the benefit of all the illustra- tions in one issue. N The flies of the genus Baccha are of "vyorld-wide distribution. There are three hundred sixty-eight described species now known which are apparently valid. A few of these are older species de- scribed by earlier authors, that have not been studied since they were described. Nevertheless, so numerous are the existent species that few of these names are likely to be synonyms. Of the known species, two hundred eighty-four are from the New World. In 1943 the author published a preliminary treatment of the species of the western hemisphere, treating one hundred fifty-eight species # The author is especially indebted to the National Society of Sigma Xi for providing funds from Sigma Xi Grants-in-Aid, to as- sist in the publication of this paper. The University of Mississippi has also made a contribution from University Research Funds. 89 ffEBl 5.1918 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 by key and illustrating ninety species. This paper presents a con- sideration of about two hundred forty New World species. The flies belonging to Baccha are attractive, usually slender and petiolate insects which are mainly tropical in distribution. This is shown by their regional distribution. From the Nearctic region there are twelve species known; from the Palaearctic four species, from the Ethiopian twenty-four species ; from the Oriental fifty-two species, and from the Australian region only four species. But from the Neotropical region there are now two hundred seventy- six species, or more than from all remaining regions. Very few species range widely, but clavata Fabr., for which the author has erected a new subgenus, ranges into Chile in the South and many parts of the United States in the North. The taxonomy of Baccha is complicated by the numerous variations and subgroupings. Cer- tain groups of species are easily segregated away from the re- mainder, but there are still large numbers of uncertain relation- ships where affinities are not easily determined. The wings of Baccha show valuable characters, but the degree of curvature of the third vein is highly variable between species, as is also the recession of the marginal cross veins. The alula shows all stages of reduc- tion; in not a few species it is totally wanting and these naturally are easily distinguished from others. There are many in which the alula has diminished to a microscopic linear trace, scarcely percepti- ble ; for these the alula may be described as less wide than the basal width of the costal cell, but the distinction naturally is unsatis^ factory. I wish to extend my thanks to Dr. C. H. Curran and Dr. C. L. Fluke who have materially aided me in the preparation of this paper through the loan of material. Dr. Curran made it possible for me to illustrate the types of many species described by him. Dr. Fluke has lent additional material for study. Dr. R. C. Osburn himself made the drawing of Baccha callida Hine and notes upon it. Mr. C. T. Greene has submitted valuable notes. Professor C. Stuardo of the University of Chile and Mr. Raul Cortes have sent specimens. Mr. John Lane has sent much material from Brazil. Dr. A. L. Melander loaned interesting material. The larval stages of Baccha are generally aphidophagous and may be important predators of aphids, mealy bugs, coccids or perhaps the young of fulgorids. It is hoped that this paper will aid in the study of these grace- ful and beautiful flies and stimulate interest in them. 90 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA The Genera and Subgenera Related to Baccha 1. Metasternum hairy, with a few to many long hairs. Abdomen usually oval ; often with parallel sides ; never very slender. Wings usually hyaline 2 Metasternum bare; abdomen petiolate, clavate, spatulate or with the sides parallel, but rarely narrowly oval. Flies some- times immaculate, but usually with a distinct pattern of vittae or fasciae or both. Wings rather frequently brown or yellowish, wholly or in part, often hyaline. Face with or without a tubercle, but always convex or the base pro- duced 4 2. Eyes pilose ; front and face swollen ; abdomen spatulate. Styxia Hull Eyes without pile ; front and face normal, not noticeably swollen 3 3. Eyes with a transverse line on each side; metasternal hairs few; abdomen immaculate, not petiolate, the sides paral- lel Orphnabaccha Hull Eyes without impressed line ; abdomen with a pattern of pairs of spots, oblique or transverse, or abdomen fasciate. Allograpta Say, Epistrophe Matsumura 4. Abdomen always strongly petiolate, the hypopygium enlarged. Third vein witlua distinct dip or curve, often with a deep loop ; subapical cross vein and usually the lower marginal cross veins strongly flexed and sigmoid; front usually pro- tuberant below Salpingog aster Schiner Third vein at most with a shallow concavity; the marginal cross veins not deeply sigmoid; hypopygium only very rarely enlarged 5 5. The three segments of the antennae are of nearly equal length ; hence the antennae are more elongate than usual. Therantha Hull First and second antennal segments short 6 6. Third longitudinal vein with a shallow curve into the first pos- terior cell; basal section of subapical cross vein with a strong bend ; hypopygium prominent. Baccha Fabr., subgenus Mimocalla Hull Third vein straight or if gently curved, the subapical cross vein is gently sinuous or straight ; hypopygium small or minute... 7 7. Face without a tubercle, gently convex or nearly straight. Leucopodella Hull a Face with a distinct tubercle 91 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 8. Subapical and lower cross veins largely straight, joining third and fourth veins respectively remote from the wing apex or margin 9 These cross veins long, gently sinuous, following close to the wing margin 10 9. Quite slender, elongate, petiolate flies; upper occiput as well developed as the lower occiput Xestoprosopa Hull Small, short, widely spatulate, or narrowly oval flies ; upper occiput reduced by the posterior development of the eye. Calo stigma Shannon 10. Abdomen in the female drawn out into an exceedingly long ovipositor Pelecinobaccha Shannon Abdomen of normal length, the female fifth and sixth segments not greatly extended 11 11. Epistoma directed forward beyond the base of the antennae; the whole face may sometimes be conical, or may be peak- like 12 Epistoma not prominent. Face tuberculate ; the epistoma and face not produced forward 15 12. Antennae arising far apart, the pits well separated. Face in profile more or less triangular, the lower face sloping ob- liquely upwards Rhinoprosopa Hull Antennae arising close, the pits adjacent. The whole face pro- duced forward, including the epistomal region 13 13. Face usually produced into a peak of varying degrees of bluntness, sometimes snout-like, the sides creased. Meso- notum always with a narrow, cinereous, or bluish medial vitta, besides sometimes other vittae. Abdomen usually dis- tinctly oval, sometimes wide-oval, sometimes slender or spatulate, but never narrowly petiolate; abdomen usually with characteristic patterns of several types, rarely im- maculate 14 Both face and epistoma produced forward beyond the antennal base, but mesonotum never with a medial blue vitta. Ab- domen slender and petiolate. Baccha Fabr., subgenus Dioprosopa Hull 14. Hind femora arcuate and spurred basally in the male; apex of hind tibia flared. Mesogramma Loew, subgenus Toxomerus Macquart Hind femora simple in both sexes Mesogramma Loew 15. Abdomen with the segments emarginate on the fourth, fifth 92 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA and sometimes with traces of snblateral creases towards the end of the third or the end of the second segment. Baccha Fabr., subgenus Aulacibaccha Hnll Abdomen with the segments not emarginate 16 16. Abdomen short, the sides parallel; wings quite long, alula ab- sent ; head quite large. Baccha Fabr., subgenus Pipunculosyrphus Hull Abdomen not shorter, or wings longer than usual; head of normal size ; alula present or absent 17 17. Mesonotum with a well developed anterior collar of hairs; sides of abdomen nearly or quite parallel and non-petio- late. Medial surface of second antennal segment often with a strap-like prolongation onto the third segment. Baccha Fabr., subgenus Ocyptamus Macquart Mesonotum without collar of hairs, or if this is present the abdo- men is distinctly petiolate. Medial surface of second an- tennal segment never produced Baccha Fabricius The Genera Most Closely Related to Baccha Fabricius Salpingog aster Schiner Salpingog aster Schiner, Novara Reise, Diptera, 344 (1868). These are large, bright colored flies restricted to the neotropics with one species occurring in Florida and another in Texas. They are distinguished by the prominent front, tuberculate face, sharp loop or dip in the third longitudinal vein, deeply kinked marginal cross veins, and the petiolate abdomen and large hypopygium. Over thirty species fall here. The subgenus of Baccha, Mimo- calla, appears to be an annectant group. Genotype: pygophora Schiner. Rhinoprosopa Hull Rhinoprosopa Hull, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Club, XX, 23 (1942). Here are found four species of large, petiolate flies with tri- angularly produced or peaked face. Genotype : aenea Hull. Orphnabaccha, new genus This genus is distinguished from Baccha by its pilose meta- sternum, rather wide parallel-sided abdomen and horizontal im- pressed line upon each eye. Genotype : Baccha coerulea Williston. Known from Browns- ville, Texas, and Mexico. 93 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 Therantha Hull Therantha Hull, Entomologica Americana, XXIII, 47 (1943). Very large, petiolate, light colored flies in which the three antennal segments are of about equal length. Genotype: atypica Cnrran. Leucopodella, new genus These flies may be distinguished from Baccha by the absence of the facial tubercle. Many of these species have a characteristic pattern of spots upon the wings and the hind femora are a little swollen toward the apex. The genotype is lamei Curran. In- cluded are: asthenia, balboa, bella, bigoti, bipunctipennis, boab- dilla, boadicea, carmelita, estrelita, gowdeyi, gracilis, incompta, lanei, olga, rubida and zenilla. The quite small, peculiar species, flukiella Curran, with its hyaline wings and simple femora, may be placed in the subgenus Atylobaccha, new subgenus. Xestoprosopa, new genus This genus is erected to contain two species, marmoratus Bigot and delicatula Hull. They are characterized by the wing- venation in which the anterior cross vein is well beyond the discal cell, but the lower cross vein is far towards the base of the wing and both marginal cross veins are straight and meet the third and fourth longitudinal veins nearly at right angles. The hind femora are a little enlarged distally, the face is bulbous rather than tuber- culate and the upper occiput is well developed in the male. Geno- type : Baccha delicatula Hull. Calo stigma Shannon Calostigma Shannon, Proc. U. S. N. Mus., LXX, 8 (1927). This is a well defined group of small, mostly polished flies in which the venation is characteristic. The marginal cross veins both end remote from the apex of the wing and at nearly right angles. The genotype is elnora Shannon. Included are : annulata, coreopsis, elnora, exigua, hyalipennis, neuraUs, obliqua, ophiolinea , ornatipes, panamensis and striata. Styxia Hull Styxia Hull, Entomologica Americana, XXIII, 46 (1943). A peculiar, monotypic group for eblis Hull. Distinguished by the swollen face and front, pilose metasternum and spatulate ab- domen. A sombre, dead-black fly with smoky wings, the color partly relieved by pale sulphur yellow marks. 94 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Pelecinobaccha Shannon Pelecinobaccha Shannon, Proc. U.S.N.Mus., LXX, 10 (1927). Flies in which in the female the segments of the abdomen, espe- cially the terminal segments, have become greatly lengthened. Genotype peruviana Shannon. The author would place telescopica Curran here. The Subdivision of the Genus Baccha There are comparatively few groups within the genus suffi- ciently well supported by structural characters upon which to base the erection of subgenera, but on the other hand numerous species groups may be recognized. Indeed the diversity of species and the number of types of abdomen and wings, as well as the large num- ber of known forms, suggest that the New World species of Baccha are a highly successful and rapidly evolving group. I have col- lected as many as eight species in a small bit of sunny clearing in Panama no more than ten yards long and less wide. The tristis group. This appears to be the largest of the Neo- tropical groups, at least as far as present material shows. To it I assign forty-five species. They are characterized by sombre color with the face black or blue black, but sometimes yellowish along the sides. The abdomen is always petiolate and is usually strongly narrowed and constricted upon or in the middle of the second seg- ment. The abdomen is sometimes wholly black or black with steel blue areas, but there may be obscure, reddish or yellowish areas along the sides of the second segment and similar triangles in the basal corners of the third and fourth segments. Nearly all of the species of the group show prominent opaque black patterns which occasionally have yellowish, vittate spots enclosed. In most of the species of this group the hind basitarsi are contrastingly colored with black on the apical segments and the basal segments white or yellowish. To the tristis group the author would assign the following species : ada, adspersa, alicia, ariela, beatricea, braziliensis, clarapex, colombiana, cor a, cost at a, cryptica, cybele, dr acula, fiametta, hi- antha, hirta, hirundella, ida, infanta, johnsoni, leucopoda, limpida- pex, mexicana, nerissa, nigrocilia, nitidula, panamensis, para, pili- pes, plutonia, pola, potentilla, priscilla, salpa, sappho, schwarzi, shropshirei, simulata, summa, susio, transatlantica, triloba, trinida- densis, tristis, vanda and zeteki. With further study minor subgroups may probably be recog- nized in this assemblage of species. Thus para and vanda are dis- 95 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 tinct in the elongate female sixth abdominal segment, besides the beautifully banded wings, but their males are not distinguishable by special characters. A study of figures 96, 120, 136 will show in these females a rounded sixth abdominal segment which tends to become subcylin- drical, but also to be somewhat flattened or compressed laterally in contrast to a group of species in which this segment is flattened, widened, dorsoventrally compressed and ridged in the middle (fig- ures 12, 15, 99, 138, 152, etc.). The lepida group. To this group the author assigns twenty- eight species.^ It includes all the forms which seem to have been derived from the basic pattern of yellowish spots which lie in the form of an inverted V. These V-shaped spots lie in pairs upon the third and fourth segments but may be considerably modified upon one or both of these segments. They may be distinguished how- ever, from those species which have linear, vittate patterns, such as lineata Macquart, livida Schiner, and norina Curran ; both groups are characteristically light ochraceous in coloration both upon the head, thorax and abdomen as well as upon the legs. The wings are usually tinged with yellowish brown. The species of this group are : abata, anona, arabella, brunni- pennis, callida, calypso , chapadensis, crocata, crocea, cubana, cym- bellina danaida, debasa, grata, io, lepida, oriel, placiva, prenes, prudens, pumila, rica, saffrona, Ursula, verona, vespuccia, vierecki, and virginio. The lineata group. This is the group, containing about fifteen species, distinguished by linear, vittate pattern upon the petiolate abdomen. Like the lepida group these flies are light ochraceous in coloration and this coloration is also shared by the broad, spatulate species of the cultrata group (see figures 234 to 241). All of the flies of this group have a prominent, raised ocel- larium, which is opaque, but this character is shared by at least a few but by no means all of the members of the lepid.a and cultrata groups. In many of these species the ocellarium is black pollinose in front, and yellow behind the ocelli. The species of this group are : amabilis, anera, flavipennis, idana, lineata, livida, macropyga, norina, notata, pennata, per- similis, ryl, vampyra, vittiger and zenia. The species Celia Hull while vittate, is aberrant and may not belong here. Aulacibaccha, new subgenus These species of Baccha have the abdomen distinctly emargi- nate upon at least the fifth and fourth abdominal segments and 96 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA this character is made the basis of the subgenus Aulacibaccha (sub- genotype titan Hull). The flies of Aulacibaccha contain the ob- soleta group. The obsoleta group. These flies are also ochraceous, but tend to be much darker than those of the preceding groups; many are rather dark brown. They are petiolate flies, with raised, opaque, bicolored ocellarium, with distinct light colored vittae upon the ab- domen. The group contains some of the largest known species of the genus. The group contains : arx, bivittata, druida, nectarina, obsoleta, phaeoptera, and titan, all of which are closely related (figures 28, 30, 48, 150, and 258-261). The opaque markings are never distinct and clear upon these species ; nevertheless, by a very oblique view from the rear they can be seen when present; such opaque marking appear to be lacking in some of them. The species flavipennis, pennata and zenia also have emarginate abdomen and possibly should be placed in this group. The cultrata group. These are flies distinguished by ochra- ceous coloration, together with a broad, spatulate or narrowly oval abdomen. The pattern is usually of transverse fasciae, sometimes interrupted, upon the second and third segments. In some in- stances the pattern is sufficiently like that of lepida (figure 5) to suggest a common relationship. To this group the author assigns : cultrata, cultrina, diana, diffusa, fragmentaria, iona, luctuosa, ochreolinea, papilio, pictula pinkusi and satyra. Through luctuosa the group appears related to Allograpta, all of the species of which have pile upon the metasternum. The pilose metasternum appears to have arisen many times independently among the Syrphidae. The pirata group. There seems to be a small group of species characterized by the parallel-sided abdomen with transverse bands. In this group the author places pirata and phobifer • possibly Cer- berus may also belong here. Subgenus Pipunculosyrphus Hull Flies distinguished by the large head, wider than the thorax, and the rather small, short abdomen, with parallel sides. Sub- genotype : globiceps Hull. Included also is tiarella Hull, closely related to the former. Subgenus Mimocalla Hull These flies are distinguished not only by the strongly petiolate, clubbed abdomen and greatly enlarged hypopygium, but also by the shallow dip in the third longitudinal vein and the shallowly sigmoid 97 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 subapical cross vein. This group of flies appears to be annectant with the genus Salpingog aster. Its wing characters, however, are not unique and are shared by other species of Baccha ; for instance the third vein of Mimocalla carlota (figure 340) is not more curved than that of Baccha arx (figure 361), or many other Baccha, nor its lower cross veins more sigmoid than these of Baccha duida (figure 341) . To this group belong : capitata, carlota, dolosa, erebus, flukei, nymphaea, and polista. The species flukei Curran was described in the genus Salpingog aster, but clearly belongs here; phobia Hull I have compared with flukei ; they are identical and flukei was over- looked because of its having been described in Salpingog aster. The subgenotype is capitata Loew. Subgenus Ocyptamus Macquart Under the name Ocyptamus I reluctantly recognize a number of species which have much in common, but with unsatisfactory structural characters for the support of the name. The species which belong here are mostly dark, reddish sepia ones and fall into what might be called the funebris group. The principal distinc- tion of the subgenus Ocyptamus, as pointed out by Shannon and Aubertin, lies in the presence of a well developed collar of hairs along the anterior margin of the mesonotum, which unfortunate^ is shared by other species in other groups. The collar is scant in peri Hull, but present. The subgenotype is fuscipennis Say. To this group belong • cylindrica, dimidiata, fascipennis, funebris, fus- cipennis, gastrostactus, inca, latiusculus, lemur, papilionaria, peri, calla, princeps, scutellata and violacea. The species lativentris Curran may be an aberrant member of this group. The species inca is the lightest species known to me. It is largely yellowish and distinguished by the pronounced, strap-like, medial prolongation of the second antennal segment; several other species of the group share this elongation to a less marked extent. The face in this group is usually yellow, the wings are sometimes wholly dark brown and more often dark brown upon the basal half or more, leaving the apex hyaline. Several older species have in the past been assigned to Ocyptamus, but the validity of these assignments must await restudy of the types involved. Ocyptamus was created by its author largely upon the basis of the wide, parallel sides of its abdomen. This character, unsupported by other structural differences, is insuffi- cient. The species infuscatus Bigot and proximus Schiner may prove to be synonyms of latiusculus Loew; other American species ’ 98 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA placed in the subgenus are: antiphates Walker, conformis Loew, fasciatus Roeder, fuscicosta Arrib., iris Austen, stolo Walker, and tarsalis Walker; albimanus Bigot belongs to valdiviana ; notatus Coq., as I have determined by type examination, is identical with gastrostactus Wied., and Pipiza costalis Walker is also this species. Ocyptamus cloralis Miller from New Zealand, rotundiceps Loew from S. Africa, and fuscicolor Bigot from New Caledonia, certainly do not belong in Ocyptamus. Baccha , sensu stricto The obscuricornis group. In this group may be placed those quite slender species with black or blue-blackish face or tubercle. There is a very extensive group of South American Bacchu in which the abdomen is slender and often very slender. They vary greatly both in the abdominal pattern as well as the characters of the wing. The alula shows varying degrees of reduction; often it is totally wanting in both sexes. Since there are both yellow faced species and black faced species in the group, I recognize for the present two species groups upon this distinction. In the black faced group of slender species may be placed : aster, bassleri, brevipennis, cyclops, deceptor, elongata (European) filiola, levissima, obscuri- cornis (North American and closely related to elongata), oenone, rugosifrons, stenogaster, vera and zephyrea. The species tricincta Bigot from the northwestern United States may possibly be distinct from obscuricornis Loew. The victoria group. Here are placed those slender species of Baccha in which the face is yellow. In some of the species that fall here the whole general color tends to be yellowish as in parvicornis, pyxia, etc. It is a rather larger group than the preceding one and perhaps more diverse. The following species are provisionally placed here : argentina, attenuata, aurora, banksi, delicatissima, filissima, hyacinthia, macer, mar a, mentor, minima, parvicornis, pyxia, sativa, titania, virgilio, zenilla, zilla, zinnia and zoroaster. The odd species micropelecina must for the present fall here. While there certainly are no valid structural characters among this assemblage for the erection of subgenera, further study may nevertheless reveal characters for the establishment of minor and smaller species groups. Dioprosopa, new subgenus This subgenus is erected to receive Baccha clavata Fabricius which, unlike any other species of Baccha known to me, has the 99 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 epistoma and whole face produced beyond the antennal base. It is a widespread species in North and South America. Aberrant Species of Baccha Fabricius There remain a number of species of South American Baccha with uncertain affiliations which make them difficult to place. These species are : aeolus, hromleyi, calypso, flat a, flukei, niohe, laticauda, melanorrhina , murina, neptuna, nodosa, oviphora, ovi- posit oria, scintillans, sepia, zita and zoheide. The species niohe may connect the tristis and lepida groups. As sepia and neptuna do not have a mesonotal collar they cannot well be placed with the funehris group and likely must be regarded as modified members of the lepida group; these two species together with danaida and Ursula seem to have certain characteristics in common. In the above discussion of species groups, the subgenera and through the following key to species the author has attempted to facilitate future studies of this great group of beautiful flies by providing a provisional segregation into some possible relationships. The genus seems, like Volucella, to be dominant in and highly char- acteristic of the New World tropics. Undoubtedly, more species await discovery. It is hoped that this paper will, by pointing out the more valuable of the known characters of the genus, make the description and allocation of new species more reliable. The types of all species in this country have been seen and illustrated. The author has studied some of the types of Bigot and Austen in the British Museum; however, I am by no means certain that I have correctly identified such Schiner species as I have been able to include in this study and the illustrations I have credited to his species must remain provisional. A Key to the New World Species of Baccha Fabricius, Together with Closely Related Genera and Subgenera 1. Face and epistoma projecting forward well beyond the antennal base 2 Face retreating below the tubercle, face short and not produced. If the tubercle is absent the face is gently convex 6 2. Antennae arising far apart, the pits well separated ; face in pro- file triangular, the epistoma directed straight forward ( Bhinoprosopa ) . ; 3 Antennae arising close, pits adjacent; face yellow with a wide, sharply delimited black vitta ; abdomen clavate, black with 100 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA basal divided yellow fascia on at least the third and fourth segments; scutellum bicolored (Southern U. S. ; neotropics). Dioprosopa clavata Fabricius 3. Pleura black except the yellow mesopleura and a spot on upper sternopleura ; face widely black below the tubercle (Euca- dor) Rhinoprosopa lucifer Hull Pleura almost entirely yellow ; face narrowly brown below 4 4: Face extending far below the end of antennae; without a tubercle (Peru) Rhinoprosopa flavophylla Hull Face extending but little beyond antennae ; at least a small tubercle (Haiti) 5 5. Sides of front orange, red or brown ; metapleura and hypopleura chiefly yellow; fourth abdominal segment and the second, third and fifth with pairs of large orange or yellowish oval spots (Haiti) Rhinoprosopa aenea Hull Sides of front pale yellowish brown; metapleura and hypopleura chiefly metallic black; fourth segment of abdomen with a narrow, arched, yellowish fascia, the convex side lying to- wards the base of the segment ; third segment with a pair of diagonal, yellow vittae (Costa Rica). Rhinoprosopa sycorax Hull 6. Face wide, swollen, somewhat bulbous, the frontoantennal region as in Scaeva , particularly prominent. Abdomen broad and flat, and slightly spatulate. Dull black flies, the sides of the abdomen with small, lateral linear, cream colored markings. Styxia eblis Hull Face normal, the antennal region not prominent 7 7. Wings glossy hyaline, sometimes with a small apical brown spot; small polished flies generally with yellowish longitudinal lines or vittae, straight or oblique, upon the third and fourth segments of the abdomen ; mesonotum usually with two or three narrow, pubescent vittae upon a polished surface ; face usually entirely yellow, rarely with a brown vitta ; subapical cross vein more or less straight, joining the third longi- tudinal vein rectangularly and quite remote from the apex of the wing ( Calostigma ) 38 Not such flies 8 8. Face atuberculate ; the face instead somewhat convexly rounded and protuberant upon the lower half ; upper occiput of male well developed above (lateral aspect) ; scutellum creased on margin; wings hyaline, all the cross veins clouded; both 101 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 apical cross veins nearly straight, ending remote from wing margin; slender, brown flies, the abdomen longer than the wings ( Xestoprosopa ) 9 Not such flies 10 9. Costa not brown above the central proximal spot; stigmal cell bicolored, pale brown at end of subcosta, then brown distally (Mexico) Xestoprosopa marmoratus Bigot Middle brown triangle extending medially above to costa; stigmal cell from end of subcosta entirely light brown (Ecuador) . Xestoprosopa delicatula Hull 10. Face tuberculate 29 Face practically or wholly non-tuberculate, gently rounded and convex in profile ; bind femora usually swollen apically ; face always black, brown or metallic bluish in color 11 11. Wings hyaline ; the stigma very pale dilute yellow ; hind femora not at all thickened or swollen apically; legs pale yellow, bind basitarsi black, their femora and tibiae black annulate ; quite small delicate flies (Brazil). Atylobaccha flukiella Curran Hind femora usually and probably always at least a little swollen or thickened apically, but in any case not such flies as above ; wings marked with spots at apex, near the middle of the wing, the anterior margin dark, or at least the stigmal cell dark (Leucopodella) 12 12. Wings with a brown or blackish spot at or before the anterior cross vein, at the apex of the wing, or the anterior margin of the wing brownish ; hind tarsi yellow or often nearly white 19 Wings hyaline or tinged throughout with pale brown, rarely with the apical end of the submarginal cell a little darker; stig- mal cell usually rather dark brown or its base still darker ; posterior tarsi brown; distal enlargement of hind femora more pronounced 13 13. Antennae entirely black; abdomen, especially the second seg- ment, very long and slender (Ecuador) zenilla Hull Antennae orange or red beneath upon the third segment or wholly orange 14 14. Base of stigmal area blackish and conspicuously darker than the remainder; female with well developed medial orange stripe upon fourth abdominal segment, lacking or evanescent upon the male 15 102 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Whole stigmal area evenly tinged with brown or blackish, the base scarcely or not at all darker 17 15. Antennae wholly orange ; second abdominal segment with a pair of snbapical reddish spots ; remaining segments with the base and a medial vitta of orange ; general color aeneons, the abdominal ground color shining black; female (Ja- maica) gowdeyi Curran Third antennal segment smoky or blackish above; second segment without reddish spots; medial vittae if present usually re- stricted to the fourth segment; general color of females bluish black 16 16. Hind tibiae distinctly yellow at base and apex, and brown in the middle (Brazil) asthenia Hull Hind tibia largely brown, the apex a little lighter (Haiti). carmelita Hull 17. Males; wings tinged with brown more or less throughout 18 Females; wings nearly hyaline gracilis Will, and estrelita Hull 18. Front transversely striate, but not ridged ; annuli of hind legs much wider, darker, and more conspicuous (Mexico, Costa Rica) gracilis Williston Front with a longitudinal ridge but not transversely striate ; front more brassy (Cuba) estrelita Hull 19. Large, slender, light reddish-brown flies, the small and middle cross veins margined with brown, wing apex light brown; alula reduced; hind femora thickened distally and brown annulate; second abdominal segment very long (Mexico). rubida Williston Not such flies , 20 20. Apical spot absent, the distal half of wing pale smoky; cross veins clouded (Ecuador) boadicea Hull Both spots present, either spot sometimes faint 21 21. A pale brown spot at apex of wing, the middle spot restricted to a zig-zag line over the cross veins and both spots often faint (Brazil) incompta Austen The central and apical blotches are more extensive 22 22. Apical spot obsolescent proximally to the junction of the third and fourth veins ; central spot inconspicuous 23 Both spots large, deep brown and conspicuous, the central blotch triangular and covering all middle cross veins 28 23. Basal half of abdomen beyond the first segment reddish; at least widely reddish along the sides; second segment some- 103 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 times with a narrow black stripe ; abdomen moderately ex- panded apically; hind femora and tibiae chiefly brown except at apices 24 Basal half of abdomen black 27 24. Fourth abdominal segment black ; alula rather narrow 25 Fourth segment with a pair of reddish spots at the base ; alula rather wide apically and considerably wider apically than in the middle (Colombia) bigotii Austen var. 25. Alula of male quite narrow; marginal cell between the wing spots virtually hyaline ; hind tarsi brownish yellow ; second abdominal segment without mid-dorsal black stripe (Pan- ama) bigot ii Austen Alula wider ; apical segments of hind tarsi nearly white : 26 26. Second abdominal segment with a conspicuous black surface stripe (Costa Rica) balboa Hull Second segment wholly light brownish red (Costa Rica). bella Hull 27. The last segments five or six times as wide as the middle of the second; hind femora and tibia black except at apices (Panama). olga Hull Very slender species; hind basitarsi thickened, the last segments whitish (Alto Parana) boabdilla Hull 28. Basal half of abdomen black (Paraguay). bipunctipennis Hull Second segment and base of third reddish brown and yellow (Bra- zil) lanei Curran 29. Metasternum with white pile; abdomen with nearly parallel sides, comparatively wide and flattened; face black, tuber- culate ; pile of abdomen sparse, the hairs curled over (Mex- ico, Texas) Orphnabaccha coerulea Williston Metasternum bare or pubescent only 30 30. All the abdominal segments of nearly equal length; first two segments lengthened, face yellow ; abdomen narrowly petio- late, considerably expanded beyond the sub-cylindrical sec- ond segment (Brazil, Colombia). Therantha atypica Curran Third antennal segment considerably longer than the first or sec- ond 31 31. The subapical cross vein is kinked and deep sigmoid on its basal portion and also the third longitudinal vein has a distinct though shallow dip into the first posterior cell; fronto- 104 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA antennal region of both males and females prominent ; third antennal segment rather long; abdomen wide posteriorly and clubbed, the males always with large, prominent knobbed or pointed hypopygia ( Mimocalla ) 32 If the third vein is dipped the subapical cross vein at most is sinu- ous or sigmoid ; the third vein is usually straight, or greatly convex towards the costa ; if curved downward the curve is long and spread over the greater part of its length; if the antennal region of the front is prominent the subapical cross vein is elongate and normal 48 32. Whole of first and second segments pale yellow (Brazil). Mimocalla nymphaea Hull These segments chiefly black, at least the second segment with yellow basal spots 33 33. Fore border of wing dark brown as far as the apex 34 Apical portion of wing margin clear 36 34. Face yellow ; scutellum black with only the base narrowly yel- low ; a black species, with a yellow basal fascia on the third abdominal segment, a pair of yellow spots at the base of the second segment (Mexico) Mimocalla dolosa Williston Face yellow with a red or brown vitta; yellowish to reddish spe- cies 35 35. Scutellum yellow; subapical cross vein sinuous but not re- current at apex (Cuba) Mimocalla capitata Loew Scutellum with a large discal black spot; subapical cross vein re- current at apex (Cuba) Mimocalla carlota Curran 36. Face quite dark brown in the middle (Brazil). Mimocalla ercbus Hull Face yellow, at most tinged with reddish centrally 37 37. Second segment of abdomen as wide at base as apex ; hind fe- mora brownish yellow throughout (Ecuador). Mimocalla flukei Curran Second segment of abdomen twice as wide at apex; hind femora black throughout its length beneath (Brazil). Mimocalla polista Hull 38. Basal two-thirds of the third abdominal segment pale yellow, with or without a slender median blackish vitta and usually short, sublateral extensions from the dark posterior fascia; second segment very broadly yellow thrbugh the middle, with or without a slender medial vitta; scutellum wholly yellow 39 105 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 Third segment with from three to five vittae, the lateral ones often oblique; scutellum yellow, black or with black or brown disc 42 39. Second segment of abdomen with a slender medial black vitta ; hind femur with a broad preapical black annulus (Brazil). Calostigma annulata Curran Yellow band of second segment uninterrupted, or at most with faint indications of such a vitta 40 40. Pleura entirely brownish yellow or orange (British Guiana). Calostigma neuralis Curran Metapleura, hypopleura, sternopleura or all three with a metallic black spot, sometimes forming an irregular oblique stripe 41 41. The sublateral extensions of black upon the third and fourth segments are blunt and somewhat rectangular; sixth seg- ment entirely black (Panama). Calostigma panamensis Curran These extensions of black are quite sharp and pointed; sixth seg- ment yellow with dark, linear posterior border (Honduras). Calostigma hyalipennis Curran 42. Apex of submarginal cell with a brown spot; scutellum yel- low 43 Wing hyaline throughout except stigma; scutellum at least in part brown or black 44 43. Sides of second segment yellow; outer two pairs of vittae of fourth and fifth segments not basally connected (female) ; male without a group of claw-like spines at apex of hind tibia (Bolivia) Calostigma elnora Shannon Sides of second segment black ; outer pairs of vittae on fourth and fifth segments connected (male) ; male hind tibial apex with a claw of three or four long black spinous bristles (Puerto Rico) Calostigma ornatipes Curran 44. With a medial vitta of yellow 45 Without a medial yellow vitta (Panama; Paraguay). Calostigma obliqua Curran 45. Central yellow fascia of second abdominal segment wavy and undulatory but unbroken; abdomen broad and jug-like in shape (Colombia) Calostigma ophiolinea Hull Central yellow fascia of this segment interrupted; more slender species 46 46. Second segment of abdomen barely wider than long; oblique basolateral yellow vittae of third segment reach the base as do the three central vittae; male (Peru). Calostigma coreopsis Hull 106 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA This segment more than twice as long as wide ; these vittae at least upon the outer pairs fail to reach the base of the segment ; the median vitta (sometimes divided) or the median three, may reach the base 47 47. Sides of first and second segments continuously yellow; sub- medial vittae of third segment do not reach the base ; male (Brazil) Calostigma striata Walker Sides of this abdominal segment black; the submedial vittae of third segment do reach the base (male) ; second segment of female as long as wide with a median yellow wedge, a pair of shorter sublateral wedge-like spots and the lateral margins yellow (Brazil) Calostigma exigua Williston 48. Face wholly or in part black, brown, brownish-black or steel- blue; a dark medial stripe often present, sometimes re- stricted to the area above the tubercle leaving the remainder of the face yellow or reddish 49 Face yellow to red or reddish brown; at most epistomal margin tinged with black 145 49. Wings wholly without alula ; second abdominal segment usually very slender 50 Alula very greatly reduced ; sometimes restricted to a trace, or alula normal 54 50. Second abdominal segment but little if any, more than three times as long as wide ; face largely yellowish, especially upon the sides, but obscurely brown on or above the tubercle ; shining brownish black flies, the abdomen slenderly spatu- late with small, basal yellow triangles that are situated low upon the sides of the second to fourth segments and hence are scarcely noticeable from above ; wing considerably longer than abdomen; upon the mesonotum only the humeri and a post-notopleural stripe yellowish (Chile). melanorrhina Philippi Second abdominal segment very slender and subcylindrical and from six to ten times as long as its greatest width 51 51. Front rugose 52 Front striate or smooth (Paraguay) zephyr ea Hull 52. Lateral corners of first abdominal segment without yellow (Brazil) rugosifrons Schiner The corners of this segment yellow 53 53. Base of third segment broadly yellow, medially indented pos- teriorly (Brazil) stenog aster Williston The base of this segment black, a pair of subbasal, separated yellow spots present (Chile) filiola Shannon 107 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 54. Alula restricted to a mere trace, distinguishable at apex, and definitely not so wide as the basal part of the costal cell 55 Alula near or quite as wide as the basal part of coastal cell or alula much wider than the coastal cell 56 55. Sides of first segment in corners black; no yellow spot visible from above on second segment; yellow spots of fourth seg- ment subbasal (Brazil) vera Hull Sides of first segment yellow ; spots of fourth segment reach the base (Brazil) aster Curran 56. Second segment of abdomen never less than five times as long as its greatest width; subcylindrical 57 Flies not of the exceedingly slender type ; second segment of abdo- men much less than five times as long as wide 64 57. Flies entirely without yellow pattern or markings upon ab- domen; abdomen (at least in female) longer than the wings .. 58 Marked with yellow upon the , abdomen 59 58. Second to fourth segments with pairs of opaque black spots (Brazil) levissima Austen These segments with a posterior fascia and median vitta of opaque black ; the latter may be expanded anteriorly to a round spot (Peru) bassleri Curran 59. Wings markedly shorter than the abdomen; abdomen with paired yellowish spots; first segment wholly black (Brazil). brevipennis Schiner Wings longer, nearly or quite as long as the abdomen, or longer ... 60 60. Base of third, fourth and fifth segments with a rather broad yellowish, uninterrupted fascia; base of second segment with or without paired yellow spots (Northwestern U. S. ; Idaho) • tricincta Bigot Base of these segments usually with paired yellow spots rather widely separated 61 61. Sides of first segment (whole segment) blackish (Northern U. S.) , obscuricornis Loew Sides of first segment with yellow 62 62. Wings tinged with smoky brown throughout; abdomen with extensive opaque black pattern on third to fifth segment (Colombia) cy clops Hull Wings hyaline or slightly tinged with yellowish brown ; with almost no opaque pattern '63 63. Last section of sixth vein straight ; wing hyaline (Virgin Is.) . deceptor Curran 108 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Last section of this vein convex (Jamaica) oenone Hull 64. Hind tarsi usually bicolored, at least in part white, yellow or reddish yellow, the second and third intermediate segments at least, always pale ; usually the basitarsi also, wholly or in part pale, or occasionally the basitarsi are entirely dark colored 65 Hind tarsi including the basitarsi either wholly dark brown or black or wholly light brown or reddish brown 127 65. Males 99 Females ! 66 66. Sixth abdominal segment almost double the length of the fifth 67 These segments of approximately the same length 68 67. Sixth segment forming a rounded, subcylindrical ovipositor; vittate marks on third to fifth abdominal segments faint, narrow, yellow but dark (Brazil) para Curran Sixth segment forming a flattened ovipositor, wider at base, rounded only near the apex and flattened from middle to base ; vittate marks larger, more distinct, yellow; smaller flies (Brazil). vanda Hull 68. Wings entirely dark brown, smoky or blackish, except for a preapical hyaline cross band, its margin sometimes dif- fuse 69 Wings without such cross band near the apex ; if the basal half or two-thirds more or less, is dark brown or black, the apex is clear, at least the apical posterior half of wing is clear; wing occasionally pale dilute yellowish brown, darker on the anterior half, or the wing almost entirely blackish but dif- fusely pale gray apically and posteriorly 71 69. Third to fifth segments with geminate yellow or orange vittate spots in the central portion of the opaque black triangles 70 The large, central opaque black triangles are without spots; small yellowish white triangles are present in the anterior corners of these segments (Brazil) alicia Curran 70. The vittate spots are slender and small; basal brown area of wing extended to fill all of the second posterior cell (Brazil) . sappho Hull These spots are shorter, wider, ‘ ‘ thumb-like ’ ’ ; basal brown of wing filling only the basal half of second posterior cell (Brazil). beatricea Hull 71. Abdomen shining dark sepia brown with or without yellow pattern; wide, flattened, rather oval, the last segments a 109 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 little wider than the basal ones ; second abdominal segment very little longer than wide; wing wholly dark reddish brown; mesonotnm with violaceous vittae sublaterally 72 Wing not wholly brown, as well as the second abdominal segment of these proportions 74 72. Abdomen without yellow pattern; first segment wholly brown (Brazil) violacea Hull Abdomen with pairs of small yellow spots on several segments 73 73. Sides of first segment yellow; fourth segment with linear or oval vittate spots ; fifth segment immaculate ; yellow mar- gins of front meet above in male (Paraguay). Ursula Hull First segment wholly black; fifth yellowish vittate; fourth with a pair of notched yellowish triangles; yellow sides of front do not meet above in male (Brazil) sepia Hull 74. Abdomen much elongated, especially the terminal two or three segments; second segment sometimes a little constricted in the middle ; hind femora and tibiae often with longer, thicker pile than usual 75 The female abdomen is not’ especially elongated and the terminal segments are never slender and subcylindrical ; pile of legs either long or short, usually short 79 75. Entire abdomen elongated, the sixth segment forming a slender cylindrical tube ; sixth segment several times longer than wide, and longer than the preceding segment 76 Only the terminal segments elongated and cylindrical 77 76. Abdomen shining black, second to sixth segments of approxi- mately equal length (Peru) peruviana Shannon Abdomen shining black with the sides of the second segment reddish near the base peruviana Shannon var. 77. Second segment with an opaque, medial, black or sepia brown vitta which is confluent posteriorly with an oblique fascia, and both rather narow, sides of this segment reddish ; base of third segment with a large, light reddish spot in either side; apex of fifth segment not swollen (Peru). erupt ova Hull Without such pattern; apex of fifth segment slightly bulging or enlarged 78 78. Opaque fascia of second segment divided narrowly, a pair of opaque vittae upon the fourth segment; ground color of second and third segments rather light red or pinkish brown (Colombia) stipa Hull 110 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA These fascia not divided on the second or third or present on the fourth segments; ground color darker (Panama). telescopica Curran 79. Hind femora and tibia thickly long black or sepia brown pilose 80 Without unusual pile upon these structures ; if thick, not long 83 80. Base of wings only black at extreme base over the first costal cells and below (South America) pilipes Schiner Approximately the basal half of the wing dark ; sometimes dilute 81 81. Abdomen black, the third and fourth segments with subopaque black vittae on a metallic blue background 82 Abdomen with large, yellow brown triangles in the lateral corners of the second to fifth segments; segments two to four with opaque black triangles centrally, that on the fourth seg- ment enclosing a pair of yellowish vittate spots. nigrocilia Hull var. kirtipes Hull 82. Blue vitta of fourth segment wide, broadly connected with the lateral corner triangles (Brazil) nigrocilia Hull Vittae slender; isolated, contained within the black triangle (Co- lombia) nigrocilia Hull var. inclusa Hull 83. Abdomen strongly clavate, the second segment rather narrow; third and fourth abdominal segments dull black with nar- row, widely separated yellow vittae that do not quite reach the posterior margin and are basally connected with a sub- laterally yellowish spot; fifth segment with four slender vittae. Face yellow with a brownish red bivittate stripe ; front of female black in the middle (Brazil). loivittata Curran Flies without complete vittae, or non vittate 84 84. Second segment of abdomen about six times as long as its least width 85 Second segment much less long, if narrow the fourth segment is wider than long 86 85. No opaque spots on fifth segment; paired spots of fourth seg- ment oval, longitudinal; opaque spots of third separated (Bolivia) plutonia Hull Fifth segment with a pair of opaque triangles ; the fourth segment with a pair of a larger, similar, more narrowly separated triangles ; the anterior and posterior opaque spots of second segment connected linearly (Trinidad). trinidadensis Curran 86. Abdomen entirely black, with large, central, velvet black spots 111 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 and fifth segment often with three small vittate black spots ; occasionally there may be faint, obscure, small, reddish tri- angles in the basal corners of the third and fourth segments, or rarely with a trace of medial yellow streaks 92 Abdomen in part yellowish brown with similarly colored spots and vittae 87 87. Wing with anterior border above the third vein completely dark brown, together with a central downward extension filling the second basal cell and basal third of the second posterior and cubital cells; sides of the second, together with large basal triangles in the third to fifth abdominal segments light yellow (Brazil) ariela Hull Not such flies 88 88. Third to fifth segment yellow brown in color, marked with opaque black; fifth segment trivittate, the others with cen- tral vitta and a large submedial triangle (Ecuador). nerissa Hull These segments with slender, "isolated vittate spots on large cen- tral opaque areas occupying most of the segment, the an- terior corners usually yellow, brown or reddish 89 89. Abdomen with virtually parallel sides ; not conspicuously wider apically; wing wholly dark reddish brown or sepia, sixth segment short (Brazil) peri Hull Abdomen petiolate; wing differently colored; sixth segment large, dorsoventrally flattened, subquadrate 90 90. Wing dilutely yellowish brown, the anterior margin diffusely and slightly darker 91 Wing with a broad middle triangle of brownish black; apex pale smoky but inconspicuous (Brazil) leucopoda Hull 91. Paired medial vittae of fourth and fifth segments not con- nected to the base ; second segment more or less unicolorous (Brazil) ada Curran These vittae are connected to a complete narrow basal fascia on these segments; second segment with a median vitta and subapical fascia (Brazil) susio Hull 92. Abdomen petiolate and narrow at base ; second segment about three to four times as long as wide ; the last three segments quite wide and oval; the fourth segment distinctly wider than long; small flies (Panama) zeteki Curran Abdomen narrowly petiolate ; second segment usually less than three or four times as long as wide; or the fourth segment not wider than long 93 112 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 93. Sixth segment flattened, bnt raised posteromedially due to a ridge formed by the ovipositor; opaque black of third and fourth segments broken up into vittae or at least the fascia incised posteriorly; or obscure slender yellow streaks are present 94 Sixth segment not ridged posteriorly; opaque black fascia of the third segment unbroken 96 94. Abdomen shining bluish black, with opaque black pattern; fifth segment trivittate, third and fourth with medial vitta and large submedial triangles (Brazil) ida Curran The opaque black of the third and fourth segments consists of fasciae, which may or may not be incised 95 95. Opaque fascia of third segment with obscure, yellowish paired streaks; fourth segment with geminate posterior incisions; fascia of fifth yellowish streaks ; second segment about twice as long as its apical width (Brazil) hirundella Hull No yellow streaks upon fascia of third or fifth segments; second abdominal segment at least three times as long as its apical width (Brazil) clarapex Wiedemann 96. Second abdominal segment about as long as wide; third and fourth segments with large, wide, elongate, narrowly sep- arated opaque vittate black spots (Brazil). lativentris Curran The second segment distinctly longer than wide ; third and fourth segments not with pattern 97 97. Opaque black of fourth segment without any trace of inter- ruption ; scutellum dark, reddish sepia brown, with a brassy reflection 98 This opaque black is divided by shining black, bluish, or yellowish streaks ; second segment not more than twice as long as its apical width; third segment very little widened basally (Brazil) braziliensis Curran 98. The black of the basal half of the wing extends along outward to fill the anterior margin of the wing ; squamae and fringe white; apical fifth of hind basitarsi yellow (Mexico). mexicana Curran The black of the wing does not extend below the stigma on the apical half ; squamae brown with blackish fringe ; hind basitarsi yellow on the apical half (Brazil) cor a Curran 99. Wing smoky blackish with approximately the apical fourth clear and hyaline or rarely pale grey brown 100 Wing entirely blackish or brownish black, at most the posterior 113 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 border sometimes barely a little paler, or whole wing dilute, light yellowish brown or grey with the anterior margin a little darker 110 100. Apex of wing quite hyaline, the margin of the dark color diffuse or clear 101 Apex of wing pale brownish grey, but still in contrast to the re- mainder (Brazil) be at rice a Hull 101. Ventral scut el him fringe black, copious 102 Ventral scutellum fringe white or yellow, copious 104 102. Third segment with a pair of long, submedial, shining vittate streaks enclosed within the triangle of opaque black (Para- guay) potentilla Hull Fifth segment almost wholly shining black without any trace of such streaks 103 103. The opaque black separated on third of fourth segment into three vittae (Peru) simulata Curran Third segment with an unbroken opaque triangle; fourth with a pair of triangles (Paraguay) nitidula Curran 104. Abdomen rather slender and entirely shining; abdomen with paired vittate streaks or triangles or both; less slender (Peru) peruviana Shannon Opaque triangles at least, distinct 105 105. Long, paired bluish black vittae extend posteriorly into the triangles of black upon the fourth or fourth and third segments 106 Without such bluish black vittae 107 106. Black triangle of third segment not cleft ; second segment five or six times as long as wide (Brazil) cor a Curran Triangles of both third and fourth segments cleft; second segment wider (Brazil) ida Curran 107. The opaque black triangles upon the third and fourth seg- ments are divided into a pair of trianges and a medial vitta 108 The large opaque triangle is cleft posteriorly with yellowish or brownish vittae 109 108. Vitta of second segment divided; lateral triangles of fourth segment small and short; second segments little more than twice as long as wide (Brazil) transatlantica Schiner This vitta undivided; triangles of fourth segment large and elon- gate; second segment three to four times as long as wide (Paraguay) cybele Hull 114 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 109. There are paired yellowish or brownish yellow vittae entering the opaque triangles ; basal corners yellowish brown (Brazil) clarapex Wiedemann Without such vittae ; the triangles of opaque black upon the fourth segment broken into one wide vitta and two small triangles (Brazil) limpidapex Curran 110. Wings dilute yellowish brown, the anterior margin sometimes a little darker 122 Wings wholly dark blackish brown, reddish brown, or smoky, the posterior border sometimes a very little lighter Ill 111. Opaque areas of the segments of the abdomen extensive, bell shaped upon the fourth segment, trimaculate upon the fifth segment, the shining ground color bluish to violaceous. Mesonotum steel blue, the sides violaceous and brassy be- hind the humeri (Mexico) tristis Hull Not such flies 112 112. Abdomen strongly petiolate and club shaped; segments three and four with a pair of submedial yellow vittae from base to apex, and short basal sublateral extensions of the same color (Brazil) bivittata Curran Abdomen not yellow bivittate 113 113. Ventral scutellar fringe absent; a dark brown, spatulate species, the wings wholly reddish brown (Paraguay). Ursula Hull Fringe present 114 114. Abdomen widely spatulate-elongate ; second segment one and one-half times as long as wide; sides of abdomen nearly parallel; segments with pairs of small yellow vittae on spots; wings wholly reddish brown (Brazil) sepia Hull Abdomen petiolate ; wings if wholly dark, blackish in color 115 115. Ventral scutellar fringe black 116 Fringe yellow 121 116. Basal corners of third and fourth segments always at least brownish red, or yellowish brown, these triangles sometimes acute and slender and lying chiefly along the lateral mar- gin; sides of face narrowly yellow 117 Without such basal triangles 119 117. Triangle of third and fourth segments without vittae, either grey or yellow (Mexico) mexicana Curran These opaque triangles with such vittae or vittate streaks 118 118. Slender, yellow vittae are present within the central opaque triangles, though sometimes faint (Brazil) para Curran 115 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 These vittae yellow or grey, smaller, more obscure and absent on the third segment (Brazil) vanda Hull 119. Face entirely shining bluish black- small species (Panama). panamensis Curran Face with a vertical yellow spot on either side or at least the lateral margins yellow, and black between; opaque triangles of third and fourth segments unbroken 120 120. Abdomen narrow ; no yellow markings ; a round opaque spot on the fifth segment (Peru) salpa Hull Abdomen twice as wide apically; basal corners of fourth segment yellow; fifth segment wholly shining black (Brazil). alicia Curran 121. Paired yellow vittae and basal triangles conspicuous fipon third, fourth, and fifth segments (Colombia). colombiana Curran At most with mere traces of such vittae; triangles absent; yellow vittae never present on fifth segment (Paraguay). cryptica Hull 122. Sides of face and front more narrowly, sharply yellow ; meso- notum with a submarginal yellow stripe continued part of the way behind the transverse suture (Brazil). pola Curran Without such stripe upon the meson otum 123 123. Third and fourth segments of the abdomen with slender, con- spicuous, slightly divergent yellow vittae, and small sub- lateral yellow spots lying outside of the vittae ; scutellum bluish black with white pile and fringe (Colombia). sckwarzi Curran Sublateral spots, if present, forming basal corner triangles 124 124. Discal scutellar pile white; black flies with the secotid ab- dominal segment six or more times as long as its greatest width (Panama) fiametta Hull Discal pile black ; second segment not so slender 125 125. Mesonotum with three light reddish brown pollinose vittae 126 Without such vittae ; second abdominal segment rather wide, but little longer than its apical width (Honduras). dracula Hull 126. Facial stripe brown; greater part of mesopleura posteriorly and sternopleura above, yellowish brown and diffuse. Re- mainder of pleura brown. Frontal callus apart from the central spot light brownish yellow; mesonotum above the wing extensively yellowish brown submarginally ; vittate 116 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA spots of third and fourth segments larger, a little longer, and upon the fourth segment disconnected from the basal fascia; hind basitarsi with blackish brown pile dorsally upon the basal third ; upper occipital pile golden except be- hind the ocelli (Brazil) ada Curran Facial stripe black ; the sternopleura above and the mesopleura be- hind with a rather sharp, yellowish elongate spot; re- mainder of pleura blackish. Upper occipital pile black; vittate spots of abdomen smaller, shorter, all connected basally; hind basitarsi wholly yellow white pilose (Brazil). summa Fluke 127. Third to fifth segments of abdomen with four small, circular, yellow spots; second segment with two spots; mesonotum with narrow, alternating vittae of brown and black; legs wholly black; strongly petiolate flies (Colombia; S. Amer- ica) adspersa Fabricius Without such spots ' 128 128. Hind femora and tibiae with unusually long, thick, black pile ; nearly the basal half of wings brown. Abdomen of female somewhat attenuated, the -fifth and sixth segments longer than usual 129 Not such flies 130 129. Hind legs almost wholly black ; second to fourth segments of abdomen orange-red, nonvittate (Colombia). oviphora Hull Hind femora yellow on basal half ; abdomen red basally but with brown vittae (Colombia) oviposit oria Hull 130. Abdomen either short and oval or the sides almost parallel; second abdominal segment wider than long, or very little longer than wide ; very slightly or not at all constricted at the base ; small, dark brown to black flies, with or without yellow markings ; the abdomen sometimes bluish or purplish- black 131 Moderately petiolate species, never very slender 135 131. Comparatively large, oval flies with four complete yellow vittae upon the third and fourth and sometimes the fifth segments; face reddish, the lateral margins with a brown stripe (Peru) idana Curran Not oval and vittate, with reddish tubercle 132 132. Abdomen short and oval ; dark sepia brown or brownish black species with yellow markings upon the abdomen, mostly brown elsewhere 134 117 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 Elongate spatulate flies, the abdomen with a yellow pattern, or with a distinct opaque black pattern 133 133. Third abdominal segment with a clear yellow fascia; yellow spots laterally upon the sides of the second (Ecuador). cerberus Hull Without yellow markings upon thorax or abdomen; basal half of wing diffusely smoky (Amazon) triloba Hull 134. Wings brown almost throughout, at least along the entire anterior border; abdomen with a purplish lustre (West Indies) latiusculus Loew The basal half of the wings brown (Neotropics). dimidiatus Fabricius 135. Scutellum wholly opaque light yellow; front roughened, the short antennae wholly black; margin of wing to the third vein brown ; the black abdomen flared on fourth and fifth segments (Brazil) laticauda Curran Abdomen not flared apically, with the wing border brown 136 136. Minute species, about three millimeters in length ; sepia brown flies with opaque markings, on the fourth segment trilobate (Colombia) infanta Hull Larger flies, differently marked 137 137. Abdomen strongly clavate ; the third and fourth segments black, with slender yellow vittae and with small, basal, sub- lateral spots or triangles of yellow (Colombia). sckwarzi Curran Not such flies 138 138. Bluish black flies, the abdomen strongly widened apically; abdomen steel blue with opaque black markings ; scutellum steel blue with long white pile ; pile of hind femora and tibia short, appressed and brown (Panama). skropskirei Curran Not such flies 139 139. Small flies with golden-brown or black reflection and opaque pairs of spots on single triangles 140 Without these spots on triangles 141 140. Third and fourth abdominal segments with large, central, metallic brassy black triangles (Argentina) priscilla Hull These segments with each a pair of small, oval or triangular spots (Mexico) nodosa Hull 141. Anterior border of wings brown beyond the stigma cell 142 Brown confined to base of wing, or base and stigma 143 142. Hind femora yellow on basal half - ( Southern U. S.). costata Say 118 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Hind femora wholly dark brown except narrow apex (Brazil). lativentris Curran 143. Stigma dark brown ; abdomen petiolate ; moderate size 144 Stigma pale; abdomen scarcely constricted; quite small flies; the wings brown on basal half ; the abdomen steel-blue with opaque black pattern, which on the fourth segment is tri- lobate (Amazon) triloba Hull 144. Scutellum and a notopleural spot yellow; thorax steel blue (Panama) banhsi Hull Mesonotum and scutellum brownish-black; third abdominal seg- ment with a subtriangular, basal, yellow spot and a less pronounced similar spot on the fourth segment (Br. Guiana) smarti Curran 145. Hind femora with dense, long, orange pile ; abdomen bilucent basal ly (Brazil) flat a Hull Pile normal; no hyaline windows 146 146. Plies with the wings almost wholly dark reddish brown ; ab- domen subspatulate, scarcely narrowed at base. Scutellum wholly black or brown, including the entire base, but if the margins laterally are sometimes yellowish-brown the wings are almost wholly dark brown 147 Scutellum usually wholly yellow or red; at least a part pale, the disk sometimes black or brown 159 147. Alula dark brown 148 Alula almost or wholly clear ; at most pale grey -brown 154 148. Abdomen dark brownish black without obvious pattern and with no yellowish markings; scutellum without diffuse yel- lowish lateral areas 149 Abdomen with a pattern, or scutellum yellow laterally 150 149. Female front black or brownish red; male hypopygium small and angulate to the right side (Brazil) funebris Macquart Female front bluish or greenish ; male hypopygium large, not pro- jecting to the right (Brazil) calla Curran 150. Alula absent or linear and less wide than the basal part of the costal cell 151 Alula normal or at least much wider than the base of the costal cell 152 151. Alula absent; scutellum wholly brown; abdomen spatulate, sepia, with pairs of obscure reddish brown vittae (Brazil). papilionaria Hull Alula long and linear; scutellum with the sides and apex yellow; linear margins on basal half of segments two to four yel- low; male (Peru) princeps Hull 119 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 152. Alula large ; scutellum yellowish, widely brown on the disc ; abdomen with paired yellowish vittae (Brazil) pen Hull Alula reduced; scutellum yellowish on the sides; abdomen wholly brown except quite linearly along the sides 153 153. Alula linear, but about twice as wide as the basal part of the costal cell; mesopleura and notopleura with a yellow spot; mesonotal vittae blackish; female (Ecuador). princeps Hull Alula wider apically than its middle, the apical corner rounded; pleura metallic black ; mesonotal vittae reddish brown (Brazil) prunella Hull 154. Wing chiefly hyaline, or slightly smoky along fore border basally or a spot at apex (South America; Colombia). gastrostactus Wiedemann Wing extensively brown or with a central brown triangle 155 155. Wing with a central triangle 156 Wing almost wholly dark brown ; usually at least the distal half of first posterior cell to wing margin clear 158 156. The costal cell is entirely dark brown; abdomen rather wide and short, sides nearly parallel (Female). gastrostactus Wiedemann Costal cell largely clear ; longer, subpetiolate species 157 157. The triangle fills the end of costal cell and proximal half or third of submarginal cell (Eastern U. S., Canada). fascipennis Wiedemann Costal cell clear ; only the base of third posterior cell brown ; very little brown color beyond the anterior cross vein (Western U. S., Canada) lemur Osten Sacken 158. Abdomen partly steel-blue (West Indies). cylindrica Fabricius Abdomen more or less bronzed-brown or black (Southern and East- ern U. S.) fuscipennis Say 159. The raised ocellarium is opaque brown or black and usually in contrast to the pollen of adjacent areas, either posteriorly or laterally; it is sometimes extended back to the occiput; ocellarium rarely reduced in one sex. Alula almost always large and normal and with convex margin; relatively con- stant in both sexes 160 Ocellar region very little or not at all raised and usually not con- trasted. Ocellar region more or less shining and sometimes even polished. Alula usually reduced to approximately the width apically of the first costal cell; rarely of normal width 190 120 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 160. Abdomen strongly petiolate; first segment with sparse, short, microscopic black setae ; second segment of male widely yel- low at base, of female with a yellow spot ; third and fourth segments with centrally oblique yellow vittae not quite meet- ing anteriorly. The basal corners are also yellow or vittate (Brazil) placiva Williston If the first segment is short setose, the pattern is different ; flies marked differently 161 161. Alula reduced till barely as wide or wider apically than the basal part of costal cell 162 Alula wide and convex 163 162. Third to fifth abdominal segments with five pairs of slender, yellow vittae, the outer pair may be expanded basally, ob- solescent posteriorly; third segment vittate (Brazil). macropyga Curran Abdomen flattened, broad at the base with nearly parallel sides ; wings dark reddish brown becoming a little paler diffusely upon the apical third; second and third segments with broad, narrowly interrupted orange fascia ; fourth and fifth with a pair of large short vittate orange spots, the basal corners sometimes with small spots (Brazil) iona Curran 163. With no trace of medial vittae upon the third and fourth abdominal segments; the yellow or brownish yellow vittae are restricted to a submedial pair, a sublateral pair or both ; either pair may be reduced to basal spots, connected or not connected to the pair which is complete and the basal spots may be drawn out a short way posteriorly into a sharp point 164 With upon the third and fourth abdominal segments a well marked medial yellow or yellow-brown vitta and one or two pairs of yellow vittae submedially and sublaterally ; sometimes the medial vittae are reduced to a trace 176 164. Inner vittae of third segipent short, oval, and isolated ante- riorly into thumb-like marks in both sexes; outer vittae short and much abbreviated (Brazil) grata Curran Submedial vittae continuous, connected or disconnected to the outer pair or to the basolateral spots 165 165. The sublateral vitta is reduced to a basal spot, either fasciate or attenuate posteriorly, and connected or not connected to the well developed pair of submedial vittae 172 All four vittae are complete or nearly complete upon the third and fourth segments 166 121 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 166. Second abdominal segment short, only as long as wide, or even less, and deeply constricted in the middle 167 Second segment longer than wide and ranging np to two to four or five times as long as wide, slightly or not at all constricted in the middle 168 167. Vittae of third, fourth and fifth abdominal segments un- broken; hind fermora yellow on the basal half (Brazil; Colombia) jlavipennis Wiedemann These vittae broken up into spots ; hind femora black (Panama) . pennata Hull 168. Second segment about one and a half times as long as wide; third and fourth segments with four narrow, pale, widely separated vittae, the inner ones slightly curved 169 Without such vittae, the second abdominal segment about twice as long as its greatest width or longer 170 169. The four vittae of the fourth and fifth segments connected basally; ground color dark brown or blackish (Brazil). diffusa Curran These vittae entirely separate; ground color pale yellowish or or- ange brown (Brazil) persimilis Williston 170. All the vittae straight and continuous; sometimes with a trace of a median fifth vitta ; second segment less than twice as long its greatest width (Brazil) zenia Curran These vittae not all straight and continuous or the second segment longer 171 171. Sublateral vittae incomplete, though reaching through most of the segment and curved or attenuate; abdomen very little constricted; sides of second segment yellow on basal two-thirds, this segment twice as long as its greatest width (Peru) amabilis Hull Abdomen greatly constricted and club-shaped, the second segment three times as long as its apical width ; the yellow vittae tapering and pointed posteriorly and more or less continu- ous upon the fourth and fifth segments ; outer vittae of third segment sometimes reduced or attenuate. Plies with occasionally a trace of a fifth medial vitta (South America; Brazil) phaeoptera Schiner 172. Second abdominal segment only two times as long as its great- est width ; short, greatly clavate or club-shaped species ; face usually with a brown stripe (Brazil) bivittata Curran Longer, more slenderly petiolate flies ; no brown marks on face. 173 122 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 173. Sides of second segment at base distinctly yellow; fifth seg- ment with a distinct medial yellow vitta; both medial and snbmedial vittae absent on third segment (Paraguay). nectarina Hull Not with this arrangement 174 174. Second abdominal segment four or five times as long as its greatest width 175 Second abdominal segment two or three times as long as its greatest width (true for both sexes) ; vittae of third and fourth seg- ments rather wide and quite prominent (Brazil). arx Fluke 175. Vittae of third and fourth segments quite slender; wing al- most uniformly light brown, with a faint lighter streak upon second basal cell; brown of submarginal cell not of two shades; brown spot of front connected below to brown of callosity (Paraguay) obsoleta Curran These vittae wider and more distinct ; the paler streak of the second basal cell quite distinct and continued distally ; submarginal cell yellowish brown basally, brown apically; larger flies; brown spot of front small and isolated; third to fifth seg- ments with a lead grey medial vitta (Brazil) druida Hull 176. Second segment of abdomen about as long as wide or still shorter 177 This segment distinctly longer than its greatest width and usually much longer 181 177. Second segment of abdomen as long as its basal width ; male ; female unknown (Brazil) anera Curran Second segment longer than its basal width 178 178. Second segment in female not greatly wider apically than basally ; pile on sides of first segment moderately abundant and long 179 Second segment greatly expanded apically ; the pile of the first seg- ment quite thick, fine, long and black (British Guiana). vittiger Hull 179. Wing with the apical half or more nearly or quite hyaline, the base brownish yellow 180 Whole wing rather evenly tinged with yellowish; female (Florida). notata Boew 180. Second segment of abdomen with the yellow oblique pair of spots oval and well developed (Panama) vampyra Hull These spots reduced to a fine but distinct line (Peru). idana Curran 123 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 181. Sublateral vittae of third and fourth segment expanded pos- teriorly ; apex of wing with a small brown spot (Paraguay). ryl Hull These vittae not thus expanded 182 182. Mesonotum with a pair of slender, metallic linear vittae, not widely separated, situated submedially, and an additional pair slightly wider, lying sublaterally upon the dark portion of the mesonotum; dark disc of mesonotum quite obscured by ochraceous pollen, the principal vittae margined and re- margined 183 Mesonotum with a pair of sublateral wide yellow pollinose vittae, tapering posteriorly and a somewhat similar, more slender medial one 186 183. Pile of thorax and abdomen black; male, female (Florida). notata Loew Pile of these areas largely yellow 184 184. More slender flies, light ochraceous, the central portion of third to fifth segments of abdomen with an opaque pattern, the outer vittae fused or separate (Texas). lineata Macquart Less slender ; dark ochraceous ; abdomen shining 185 185. The outer vittae of the abdomen are basally connected to the submedial pair upon the third and fourth segments (South America; Honduras) Iwida Schiner These vittae are narrow, continuous and not connected basally (Brazil) norind Curran 186. The outer submedial pair of vittae are reduced and attenuated to basal spots - 187 All four vittae present and more or less continuous 189 187. The submedial vittae are thin, narrow, poorly developed and absent in the male at least, upon the third segment (Para- guay) nectarina Hull These vittae are wide and conspicuous in both sexes 188 188. Sides of second and third abdominal segments with quite long pile ; linear medial vittae distinct ; opaque medial vitta of second segment distinct (Brazil) titan Hull Pile of this area short; medial vittae evanescent if present; no opaque vitta on second segment (Brazil) arx Fluke 189. Second abdominal segment long and slender and subcylin- drical (South America; Brazil) phaeoptera Schiner Second abdominal segment rather wide, a little flattened, not over twice as long as wide ; apical part of abdomen not greatly 124 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA wider than the base; pile on the margins of the segments alternating, about half black, half golden (Brazil) . zenia Curran 190. Large to medium sized species with oval or spatulate abdomen, its sides sometimes nearly parallel. Second abdominal seg- ment always from one and a half times as wide as long to approximately one and a half times longer than wide and often subquadrate ; this segment always slightly and gradu- ally widening towards the apex, and this segment always with an arched, central yellow fascia rarely interrupted in the middle and usually edged with opaque brown or black. Fourth segment frequently but not always with one or twro pairs of vittae; the outer vittae if present usually oblique and connected to the medial vittae at base, or reduced to a sublateral spot 191 Flies of comparatively slender proportions and often very slender. Abdomen always at least slightly petiolate and therefore the second segment often no wider apically than basally; this segment either subcylindrical or quite cylindrical. Sec- ond segment at least twice as long as wide and usually con- siderably longer. Alula always much reduced, sometimes absent 222 191. Alula absent 192 Alula present even though much reduced 193 192. Fascia of second segment interrupted ; vittae of fifth segment with a lateral production; first segment wholly dark (Bra- zil) Pipunculosyrphus globiceps Hull This fascia unbroken ; fifth segment vittae linear ; first segment yel- low laterally (Ecuador) scintillans Hull 193. Alula wide, normal and convex 194 Alula reduced to about the thickness of the first costal cell ; or the alula may be absent 197 194. Abdomen parallel sided but fasciate 195 Abdomen a little narrowed basally, and vittate on at least some seg- ments 196 195. Fascia of the second to fourth segment very slender but dis- tinct ; wings including alula completely dark brown ; meso- notum with a large rectangular black or golden pubescence or pollen extending from humeri to suture and medially a short distance, the pleura covered with similar pollen; the yellow brown scutellum has a triangular basal brown 125 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 smudge; face wide with parallel sides; metasternum bare (Brazil) pirata Curran The pale fasciae are much wider, the abdomen is a little more slender basally than apically and there is an additional pale fascia upon the second segment (Ecuador). phobifer Hull 196. The medial vittae of at least segments four and five slender, linear and complete ; sublateral vittae of fifth segment wider and complete; the taper of the abdomen begins at the end of the second segment; abdomen apparently lacking in opaque areas ; mesonotum with three blue green vittae, with- out violaceous reflections (Brazil) chapadensis Curran These vittae wider and not extending full length ; sublateral vittae of fifth segment reduced to spots ; abdomen with well devel- oped opaque areas ; mesonotum with three blue green vittae, without violaceous reflections (Brazil) flukei Hull 197. Fourth abdominal segment with a medial pair of yellow or orange vittae and with either additional outlying sublateral vittae, usually oblique, connected basally to the medial vit- tae, or with isolated, central sublateral orange spots lateral to the medial vittae 198 Fourth abdominal segment with either an arched yellow-orange fascia or isolated spots of similar color not connected with the base of the segment 218 198. The fourth abdominal segment has only the pair of submedial vittae and a pair of nearly central, sublateral, similarly col- ored spots 199 The fourth segment has an additional, sublateral, often oblique pair of vittae always connected basally or subbasally with the medial pair and often widely connected 202 199. Orange fascia of third segment twice interrupted, making a chain of four spots; fascia of second segment medially in- terrupted (Trinidad) pinkusi Curran Third segment fascia once interrupted; second segment fascia un- broken 200 200. Lateral fifth segment vittae long, basally connected to the me- dial pair ; second segment nearly twice as long as wide ; more slender species (Mexico) luctuosa Bigot Lateral fifth segment vittae reduced to a short acute basal spur, or isolated central spots 201 201. Lateral fifth segment vittae reduced to central sublateral 126 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA spots ; spots of third segment narrower and longer ; lateral spots of fourth segment widely separated from medial vittae (Brazil) papilio Hull Lateral fifth segment vittae reduced to sharp basal point ; third seg- ment spots wider and shorter ; lateral fourth segment spots narrowly connected to the medial vittae (Mexico). fragmentaria Hull 202. Wide, flat subspatulate, yellowish brown or reddish flies with yellowish brown wings ; third segment with the greater pos- terior part of the segment occupied by orange fascia, ex- tended on either side of the midline triangularly towards the base ; the basal corners and the middle are left thus with brown triangles, the medial one acute; remaining segments with subvittate spots; legs wholly pale orange except for a trace of a brown annulus apically upon the hind femora (Puerto Rico) rica Curran Without such wide, anteriorly produced fascia upon the third seg- ment; flies with different proportions to the segments and different pattern 203 203. Basal corners of fourth segment yellow-orange, this triangle produced down the lateral region to a varying extent 204 Basal corners of this segment brown or black ; a narrow, acute, basal extension of the medial vittae may rarely reach to the margin 207 204. Medial vittae of fourth segment widely diverging laterally at its apex; female (Brazil; Panama) pumila Austen These vittae nearly or quite straight 205 205. The wide yellow fascia of the second segment is divided into two oval, subvertical, elongate spots (Florida). calypso Hull Second segment fascia wide but uninterrupted 206 206. The yellow of each lateral half of third segment undivided by brown or black; female (Brazil; Panama) crocea Austen The yellow of each side of this segment divided linearly by a dark subvertical line (British Guiana; Mexico). prudens Curran 207. Third abdominal segment with an unbroken yellow fascia, which may occasionally be indented on either side medially 208 This fascia either broken into two distinct spots or this segment with an approximate duplication of the pattern upon the fourth 212 127 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 208. Sublateral vittae of fourth segment long and broadly con- nected to the basal yellow area 211 Sublateral vittae short, reduced to an oblique spot, the black of the sides of the segment tending to cut off the vittae from the base 209 209. Fascia of second segment quite narrow ; lateral vittae reduced to broadly attached spots, which however are drawn out posteriorly slightly; fifth segment with a single pair of vittae - cultrata Austen var. incisa new variety Second segment fascia quite wide 210 210. Fifth segment with two pairs of vittae (British Guiana) . cultrata Austen var. pictula Hull Fifth segment with one pair of vittae (Amazon) cultrata Austen 211. The black dividing the pairs of yellow vittae upon the fourth segment is short; yellow fascia of third segment reaching lateral margin widely* (Ecuador) satyr a Hull This black area of the fourth segment long, reaching to the basal fourth of the segment; fascia of third segment rounded laterally, not reaching the sides; male (Panama). cultrina Curran 212. Fourth segment with the medial vittate spots produced basally into a narrow arched line which curls convexly across the segment and laterally and posteriorly to end posteriorly in the lateral margin ; base of this segment wholly dark ; female (Amazon) cultrata Austen Without such arched linear pattern 213 213. Yellow markings of third segment broadly extended to the base, the basal corners however dark 214 The yellow color of this segment does not reach the base 215 214. Pattern of third segment with a rather close duplication of the pattern of the fourth segment; both sexes (Panama; Neotropics) lepida Macquart Third segment with large separated yellow triangles each pos- teriorly but briefly indented ; female (Panama ; Neotropics) . crocata Austen 215. Third segment with a pair of yellow triangular spots ; second segment fascia divided (Brazil) brunnipennis Hull Third segment with an interrupted fascia, in which of the spots ap- pear somewhat triangular ; the second segment fascia is uninterrupted 216 216. Second segment a little longer than its posterior width ; the 128 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA point of connection of the lateral oblique, vittate spots of fourth segment is near the middle; male (Brazil). vespuccia Hull This segment as wide or wider than long; connection of the vittae of fourth segment near the base 217 217. Second segment wider than long ; oval flies ; female (Panama) . ochreolinea Hull Second segment as long as wide; spatulate oval; female (Panama). cultrina Curran 218. Fourth, and also second and third abdominal segments with an arched unbroken yellowish fascia (Brazil) ... tiarella Hull At least one or more of these segments with interrupted fascia, the portions reduced to spots 219 219. The submedial spots of fourth segment elongate vittate, the base of the segment narrowly yellow but medially inter- rupted; first segment fascia nearly transverse, but inter- rupted (Brazil) iona Curran The submedial spots of the fourth segment extended laterally rather than posteriorly 220 220. Second segment fascia slender, narrowly interrupted, the halves quite oblique ; third segment fascia also interrupted (Brazil) danaida Hull These fasciae are uninterrupted but may be indented medially 221 221. Fourth segment medial spots much longer than the width of their lateral extension; fifth segment vittae reach the apex of the segment; male (British Guiana) diana Hull The medial spots of fourth segment short; fifth segment vittae much smaller and reach only two-thirds the segment ’s length; male (Brazil) x neptuna Hull 222. Alula present, even though sometimes reduced to a micro- scopic trace; alula usually about as wide as the width of the basal section of the costal cell, sometimes more narrow, sometimes a little wider 223 Alula completely absent; second abdominal segment always five to ten times as long as wide and cylindrical or at least sub- cylindrical 257 223. Alula virtually absent and restricted to a linear trace; alula obviously not as wide as the width of the costal cell; sec- ond abdominal segment from five to ten times as long as wide and at least subcylindrical 250 Alula as wide or wider than the costal cell ; second abdominal seg- 129 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 ment from two to three times as long as wide and sub- cylindrical 224 224. Fourth abdominal segment and sometimes the third with a V- shaped yellow spot or pair of convergent vittae (the outer element oblique) upon each side of the segment; the arms of these pairs of vittae basally fused, and usually not fill- ing the basolateral corners of the segment; the posterior cleft of these pairs of vittae sometimes reduced; always petiolate species 225 Fourth abdominal segment without such pattern 239 225. Basal corners of the third and usually the fourth abdominal segment yellow 226 The basal corners black or brown 228 226. Second segment widely yellowish in the middle in front of the dark apical portion of the segment 227 This segment largely dark, with scarcely any yellow color and this yellow color mostly linear and lateral; yellow vittae of fifth segment meet apically; female (Dominican Republic). oriel Hull 227. Yellow vittae of third segment meet medially, their apical ends acute ; fifth segment chiefly black, except for the yellow vittae; male (Mexico) prudens Curran These vittae do not meet, their apices rounded ; fifth segment chiefly yellow; male (Guatemala) callida Hine 228. The vittae of the mesonotum are reddish ; though with yellow pollen on the surface, the ground color is reddish and shines through 229 The vittae of the mesonotum are due to yellow or brown or other kind of pollen upon a black background 231 229. Pleura wholly yellow (Neotropics) crocea Austen Pleura widely black behind 230 230. Fascia of second segment narrow, reduced, quite oblique ; yel- lowish triangles of third segment reduced medioapically, narrowed, less triangular, and medially not extending more than half the length of the segment; female (Costa Rica). arabella Hull The second segment fascia wider but arched; third segment tri- angles full, more extensive; female (Panama). vierecki Curran 231. The yellow transverse fascia of the second segment is wide, uninterrupted and usually without medial indentation 232 130 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA This fascia is either widely interrupted by a dark medial vitta and the two halves are transverse or oblique or the fascia is much reduced but never uninterrupted 235 232. Basal corners of third segment yellow ; male (Brazil, Panama) . pumila Austen These corners dark 233 233. The two pairs of vittae of fifth segment connected at the base 234 These vittae widely disconnected; female (Ecuador) anona Hull 234. Fascia of second segment narrower, medially indented ; third segment little longer than its apical width ; medial vittae of fourth segment evanescent; male (Brazil) virginio Hull This fascia wider; third segment about twice as long as apical width; medial fourth segment vittae reach the apex; male (Brazil; Panama) crocata Austen 235. Third vein very strongly arched and its apical end drawn down with costa considerably below the usual point; basal corners of third segment yellow; female (Brazil) io Hull This vein gently arched ; basal corners black or brown 236 236. Fifth segment with two yellow vittae or none 237 Fifth segment with four yellow vittae 238 237. Second segment fascia of two quite oblique narrow yellow streaks; opaque pattern more extensive; female (Brazil). abata Curran Second segment with two yellow triangles ; opaque pattern reduced posteriorly, more extensive upon second segment ; male (Ecuador) cymbellina Hull 238. Second segment fascia narrow, oblique, medial fifth segment vittae evanescent; female (Brazil) debasa Curran Second segment fascia wide, of arched triangles; fifth segment medial vittae complete; female (Colombia) ... verona Curran 239. Sides of the abdomen quite parallel, neither base nor apex of the fourth segment wider than the second segment 240 Abdomen always petiolate ; fourth segment at base or apex usually twice as wide as the apex of the second segment, sometimes more, sometimes less 242 240. Scutellum brownish black, the base narrowly yellow ; segments two to five with each a pair of oval light brown or yellowish brown spots; male (Cuba) bromleyi Curran Scutellum yellow or yellowish brown 241 241. Second segment with a pair of quite elongate, vertical, yellow- 131 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 ish spots, their anterior and posterior ends rounded; dark pattern of remaining segments anchor-shaped, the figures, resting on the apex of the segment ; female (Cuba). cub ana Hull Second segment with a pair of small oval, oblique yellowish spots ; yellowish brown flies, the vittate, posteriorly notched pat- tern of remaining segments diffuse (Brazil). murina Curran 242. Basal corners of fourth segment yellow or yellowish brown 243 These corners black, though sometimes narrowly 246, 243. Abdomen very slender; second segment about ten times as- long as wide; female; mesonotum with violet vittae (Cuba). hyacynthia Hull Second segment much less slender 244 244. Abdomen much narrowed in the middle; second and third segment with narrow subvertical, slightly oblique, paired, yellowish streaks; male (Brazil) prenes Curran Abdomen not thus narrowed ; second and third segments with wider fascia and triangles or wholly dark 245 245. Second and third segments wholly dark; female (Brazil). zita Curran These segments with small yellow fascia or triangular vittae; male (Brazil) victoria Hull 246. Second segment with a complete yellow fascia; upon the third and fourth segments the elongate yellow vittae of each side fused across the mid line; male (Dominican Republic). oriel Hull These vittae are not fused medially 247 247. Second to fifth segments each with a pair of elongate, nearly vertical yellow vittae spots, their medial surfaces arched and curved, the area between opaque; male (Ecuador). niobe Hull Without such pattern of arched vittae 248 248. Second segment wholly dark or with very minute spots; this segment three to five times as long as its basal width 249 Second segment with arched, interrupted yellow fascia, above which the segment is cinnamon red ; this segment about two and a half times as long as wide; female (Ecuador). saffrona Hull 249. Second segment black ; yellow spots of segments three and four narrow, confined to the sides; male (Brazil) zita Curran 132 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Narrow yellow lateral spots on second segment ; those of next two segments irregular, posteriorly notched, reach much closer towards the midline; male (Brazil) zobeide Hull 250. Thorax including the mesonotnm pale reddish ochraceous; wings with a pale, diffuse, gray spot at the apex, the yellow of the second and third segments divided by a very narrow, medial line (Cuba.) parvicornis Loew Darker, brown or black species; the wing rarely spotted 251 251. The basal half of the second abdominal segment and the greater part of the first pale brownish yellow; length of second abdominal segment three to four times its least width j * 252 Base of second abdominal segment and the first segment predomi- nantly dark brown or blackish, the former often with paired small yellow spots; second segment usually approxi- mately ten or more times as long as least width, rarely as little as four times its width 253 252. Fourth and fifth abdominal segments with two pair of promi- nent yellow vittae, those of third segment broadly connected on each side at the base; no opaque pattern on third and fourth segments (Brazil) pyxia Hull Third and fourth segments each with a long prominent, posteriorly expanded, vittate yellow spot, which is short and acutely cleft posteriorly ; these segments opaque centrally, from rear view; fourth segment with a pair of small obscure spots at the base (Brazil) 253. The base of the second abdominal segment with a pair of dis- tinct, rather large, yellowish spots 254 The base of this segment with only a pair of small, obscure, widely separated reddish brown spots, or wholly dark 256 254. Fourth segment of abdomen with a pair of large yellow spots which lie on the base 255 This segment with a pair of lateral, small, elongate spots which at most reach the basal corners of the segment; whole anterior half of second segment yellow; abdomen with five pairs of spots or traces of such (Brazil) mar a Curran 255. Third segment with a pair of basal spots, almost adjoined, and with a pair of central spots, narrowly separated; fifth seg- ment of female with yellow spots (Brazil) ... harlequina Hull This segment with a pair of elongate, sublateral, subbasal, yellowish vittae; fourth segment wholly blackish (Paraguay). aurora Hull 133 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 256. Second abdominal segment four times as long as its least width; fourth and fifth segments with two pair of obscure reddish vittae; abdomen rather wide apically (Brazil). zenillia Curran This segment with a pair of yellowish red spots, nearly touching, more distinct laterally ; its least width one tenth its length ; abdomen laterally compressed (Yucatan) provocans Curran 257. Base of second abdominal segment dorsally, with a pair of distinct yellow spots, or with a wide basal yellowish or yel- lowish red fascia 258 Base of second abdominal segment usually blackish or sepia, some- times light yellowish or reddish brown over the whole an- terior half, merging gradually into the darker posterior part of the segment; this segment usually with a pair of yellowish or reddish spots beyond the middle 261 258. Basal fourth of second segment with a continuous, yellowish red fascia; front of male, at least, rugose (Argentina). argentina Curran Base of this segment with a pair of yellow spots ; front not rugose. 259 259. Base of fourth segment with a pair of large yellowish spots; length of second segment about eighteen times its least width ; very slender flies (Brazil) titania Hull Not yellow spotted at the base of the fourth segment 260 260. There is a tuft of black, spinous bristles near the ventral apex of the hind femora (Paraguay) macer Curran No such tuft of bristles (Colombia) filissima Hull 261. Fourth abdominal segment with yellowish or reddish spots or vittae that do not reach the base of the segment 262 This segment with such spots or vittae which reach the base widely or narrowly, or which rest upon the base 263 262. Fourth and fifth segments with two pairs of yellowish vittae (Brazil) zinnia Hull These segments with one pair of vittae each (Brazil). delicatissima Hull 263. Third and fourth abdominal segments with each a pair of small but distinct yellowish spots lying in the anterior cprners (Chile) melanorrhina Philippi These segments with elongate yellow or reddish vittae 264 264. Apex of wing with a small gray spot (Mexico). attenuata Williston Apex of wing without such spot 265 134 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 265. Fifth abdominal segment with a pair of diffuse, reddish or yellowish vittae (Brazil) zoroaster Hull Fifth segment immaculate 266 266. Third segment, at least viewed from above, without light col- ored spots or vittae reaching the base of the segment 267 The vittate spots of this segment reach the base 269 267. Second segment without light colored spots viewed above; third similarly without light colored spots, but opaque spots present (Brazil) virgilio Hull Light colored spots present upon both second and third segments. 268 268. Yellowish spots of second segment small, not extended toward the base (Brazil) minima Hull The spots of this segment reddish, obscure, but extended laterally as a streak, toward the base ; these vittae do not reach the base (Paraguay) mentor Curran 269. The spots of the fourth segment are quite deeply cleft, sepa- rated into four vittae (Brazil) zilla Hull These spots are short cleft from the posterior aspect 270 270. The wing is hyaline except faintly in the outer half of the marginal and submarginal cells 271 The whole wing is distinctly tinged with pale brown or gray (Vene- zuela) duida Hull 271. Base of second segment shining reddish, the yellowish spots small (Colombia) sativa Curran var. arsinoe Hull The base of this segment is sepia brown ; the spots are vittate streaks laterally (Brazil) sativa Curran The Species of the tristis Group Baccha ada Curran Baccha ada Curran, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. Hist., LXXVIII, 278 (1941). A large reddish sepia species in which the face is predomi- nantly yellow with diffuse, light reddish brown central stripe. This species is related to ida Curran, leucopoda Hull and a number of other species in which the fifth abdominal segment is ridged in the middle, flared and also ventrally flattened on each side, the segment but little narrowed apically, and in which the fifth segment is quite short, but laterally compressed and pinched. Susio Hull is especially close to this species. Length 12 mm. Male. Head: vertex is black with dark golden brown pollen and a single row of black bristles, the vertex only slightly raised. 135 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 The front is light yellow along the eyes, diffusely merging into a large brown triangle which occupies the greater part of the upper half of the front. The front is protuberant in the form of a circu- lar disc on the lower half. In the center of this disc is a very large, shiny black spot; the remainder is light yellow. The pile of the front is black, the face is light yellow, widely upon the sides and there is a light brown stripe down the middle of the face covering the prominent tubercle. The antennae are light brown with the dorsal half of the third segment blackish. Antennal pile black. The occi- put is black with greyish white pubescence becoming yellowish in the middle and light brown above. The occipital pile is stiff but only a little flattened, its color tends to match the pubescence. Thorax: mesonotum is dark sepia brown with slight golden caste over the middle and the lateral margins diffusely light yellow- ish brown. There are three prominent yellowish brown pollinose vittae, the outer pair is widest anteriorly, diverges and tapers to a point close to. the scutellum and the medial vitta is more slender but wider posteriorly. Pleura light yellowish to reddish brown, scutel- lum pale brownish yellow with the disc much darker especially when viewed from the side. Pile of scutellum and posterior half of mesonotum fine and black, ventral scutellar fringe composed of about twelve pairs of long golden hairs. Anterior margin of meso- notum with a distinct collar of yellowish pile. Pleural and noto- pleural pile yellow. Squamae yellowish with reddish golden fringe. Legs: pale brownish orange, the bases of the tibiae more yellow- ish except upon the hind tibiae, the femora are light reddish brown becoming darker on the posterior pair, posterior tibiae dark sepia except at the extreme base, its pile black. Hind tarsi pale yellow, the hind basitarsi brownish only dorsally at the base where its pile is also brown. Wings: light reddish brown in the costal, subcostal cells and lighter in color on the basal half of the marginal and submarginal cells. Remainder of wing dilutely pale brown, but not quite hya- line. Preanal spuria well marked. Alulae well developed. Third longitudinal vein very slightly undulate. Abdomen: is chocolate brown in ground color, the first segment is shining, the second elongate, subcylindrical, five or six times as long as its least width and widely opaqtie in the middle with an obscure yellowish spot on either side of the middle. Third and fourth segments in general with similar plan. The basal corners with acute elongate triangles of reddish brown, the greater part of each segment covered by an opaque but diffuse blackish triangle. 136 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA In each of these triangles there are a pair of obscurely margined but distinct light orange vittate spots. Fifth segment blackish with a pair of slender medial reddish vittae connected to a narrow basal fascia of the same color, all of which are obscurely and diffusely delineated. This species is known only from Nova Teutonia, Brazil. De- scription drawn from paratypes. Female. Similar to the male; the margins of the front are likewise obscurely light yellow and there is a medial stripe of yel- lowish to reddish pollen down the middle of the blackish brown front. A deep crease connects the central polished black spot of the front with the posterior upper blackish circlet which borders the base of the protuberant part of the front. Abdomen in general similar to that of the male, the second segment only about three times as long as its least width. On the fifth segment the central medial paired vittae connect to the narrow basal orange fascia ; the orange basal fascia of this segment diffusely expands towards the side. Sixth segment wide and flattened, narrowing a little posteriorly, with rounded ridge down the middle and the lateral margin narrowly creased on the posterior half. Baccha adspersa Fabricius Baccha adspersa Fabricius, Systema Antliatorum, 200 (1805). A black species easily recognized by the group of four small yellow spots found on the third, fourth and fifth segments of the abdomen. Signifera Austen was said by its author to differ from adspersa largely in the more oblique subapical cross vein. Punctata Shannon is almost certainly a synonym of adspersa or signifera. Length 9 mm. Male. Head: vertex shining bluish black, the vertical pile black and situated in a single row. The front is shining steel bluish black, but widely opaque black down the middle from the junction of the eyes to the characteristic deep circular crease which marks off the protuberant lower half of the front. On each eye margin upon the upper half of the front is a spot of pollen, brilliant and silvery when viewed from above or the side, oval in shape. Frontal pile black, face shining steel blue black with prominent tubercle, a triangle of silver pollen on the eye margin just below the anten- nae and a vertical band along the middle of the face opposite the tubercle also situated upon the eye margin. Facial pile pale, ex- cept beneath the antennae where it is black. Cheeks shining brown- ish black. Occiput steel bluish with bluish white pubescence and pale 137 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 brownish yellow, rather flattened hairs, unusually long and coarse and confined to a single row upon the middle of the occiput. The mid- dle of the eye margin is rather hollowed out and concave with fine black pile lateral to the yellowish flattened hair and the upper part of the occiput black pilose. Eyes with the upper facets enlarged and with an impressed crease separating the upper half of the eye from the lower. Antennae brownish black, the base of the third segment ventrally narrowly reddish. Thorax: black with considerable dark reddish sepia pollen which forms numerous vittae. There is a very slender medial vitta and on either side a scarcely wider vitta, diverging at its posterior apex where it is pointed, and all three of these vittae extend only two-thirds of the length of the mesonotum ending far from the scutellum. Lateral to these vittae there is a very wide band of brown pollen which is linearly divided in the middle, the division point is expanded into a rhomboid at the suture and both sections are broken by transverse non-pollinose lines along the suture. Pleura brownish black, becoming slightly bluish ventrally and pos- teriorly. Scutellum shining sepia, almost black, its pile and the mesonotal pile fine, erect and blackish. Squamae sepia, their fringe still darker. Mesonotum without a differentiated collar of hairs anteriorly. Ventral fringe of scutellum composed of ten or twelve pairs of fine black hairs. Legs: entirely black and black pilose ; all segments of hind tarsi black. Wings: brownish on the basal half, becoming quite diffuse close to the small cross vein, the brown color extending the length of the stigmal cell, but perhaps a little more yellowish. Outer half of wing hyaline; third vein very slightly undulate; preanal spuria distinct. Abdomen: black, the first segment and all of the second polished and shining, faintly bluish, except for a prominent opaque black triangle just before the end of the second segment. This triangle extends to the middle of the segment and bears a small, sharply delineated, short, oval, light yellow spot on either side of the opaque triangle, enclosed within it. Third segment nearly twice as wide at apex as at base. Most of the segment is covered by a very large, basally truncate, opaque black triangle leaving the posterior margin, the basal margin and the sides shining. There are four, prominent, sharply marked, short, oval, pale yellow spots, a pair narrowly separated by the thickness of one spot lying just beyond the middle of the segment and a pair, widely separated, 138 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA lying just before the middle of the segment. Fourth segment simi- lar to the third, bnt the basal width of the segment is relatively greater, and the opaqne black extends in almost full width to the base. The clear yellow spots are disposed in the same relationship, bnt each pair lies a little closer to the base of the segment. Fifth segment widest basally, with a smaller proportion occupied by opaqne black and the opaqne area widest at the base of the seg- ment ; the anterior pair of the yellow spots lie on the basal margin, the posterior pair lie before the middle of the segment. These spots likewise are disposed in the same patternal relationship. Thus, it will be seen that this species in both sexes has fourteen small, clear, rounded or very short, oval, light yellow spots. Female. In general similar to the male. Head: the front is polished shining black, the vertex considerably raised; the frontal spots of silver pubescence are not large, but are triangular and con- spicuous. Thorax: mesonotal vittate pattern similar to that found in the male. While strictly speaking there is no anterior collar of differ- entiated pile, nevertheless just back of each humerus the pile is yellowish and very slightly longer than the adjacent black pile. Therefore, it might possibly be said that this species has begun to acquire the first beginnings of a collar. Wings: they differ from the male in three respects. The brown of the basal half is perhaps a little darker, but is sharply delimited from the clear portion at the anterior cross vein and extends nar- rowly over the base of the third posterior cell, but does not fill the end of the anal cell. The alula is wholly brown and very large, perhaps even wider than in the male. The clear portion of the wing is really hyaline and the entire stigmal portion of the sub- costal cell and extreme tip of costal cell are also nearly hyaline. Abdomen: similar, with the same bright yellow spots and ar- rangements. The second segment is fully twice as wide at its apex as at its narrowed middle portion and is reddish along the sides in front of the opaque black triangle which is acutely pointed ante- riorly and medially ; the yellow spots lie only partly enclosed. The basal corners of the third segment and to a smaller extent of the fourth and fifth segments, especially on the narrowly curved-over portion, are reddish. Sixth segment nearly triangular, with short truncate apex, shining black but not ridged in the middle. Fifth segment raised in the middle of the posterior margin. End of sixth segment laterally compressed on either side. This species seems to be rather widely distributed in South 139 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 America. I have seen material from Iquitos, Peru ; Rurrenabaque, Beni, Bolivia; Restrepo and other parts of Colombia. The author collected a male at Barro Colorado, Panama in August. Known also from Brazil. The species punctata Shannon was described from Beni, Bo- livia. The only differences mentioned have to do with the mesono- tum, which Shannon described as aeneous vittate and the first abdominal segment was called aeneous. Description was from a single male. His description is brief and offers little basis for close comparison. Baccha alicia Curran . Baccha alicia Curran, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. Hist., LXXVIII, 278 (1941). A black species, without constricted or protuberant front. Mesonotum with scarcely any trace of vittae and sexually dimorphic in respect to the wings. Length 10 mm. Male. Head: vertex but little raised, dull shining black with only very faint evidence of pollen. Its pile within a single row, except within the ocellar circle. Front dull black, not prominently •protuberant and not constricted, but with a large, flattened, slightly wrinkled, circular callosity. This callosity is dark brown above, yellowish over each antenna with moderately large, central black spot. Upper half of front with on each side, narrowly separated, a large reddish brown pollinose triangle ; lower sides of front bluish black, rather shining. Margins of the eye narrowly whitish pollinose ; pile of front black. Face narrowly and diffusely yellow- ish along the sides, metallic silvery black in the middle and on the cheeks, but not bluish ; everywhere with fine sparse white pollen or micropubescence. Facial pile black with very few white hairs be- low. Tubercle moderate. Occiput black with shining silvery oi* bluish white pubescence and a single row of long, fine, whitish, scarcely flattened hairs. Eye deeply concave in the middle, with black hairs in front of the white ones. Upper occipital pile black. Antennae wholly brownish black, except that the ventral base of the third segment is very narrowly reddish. Thorax: mesonotum brownish black, faintly brassy, more so in front of- the scutellum, with traces of very faint dark brown or coppery brown vittae which are scarcely discernible. The humeri and scutellum are similarly brownish black. Mesonotal and scutel- lar pile fine, sparse and black. The mesonotum has a slightly dif- ferentiated collar of yellowish white pile anteriorly. Pleura metal- 140 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA lie black, everywhere thinly white pollinose, with whitish pile and a double row of fine black hairs on the upper posterior border of the mesopleura. Ventral scutellar fringe composed of ten to twelve pairs of fine, long black hairs. Squamae yellowish white with pale fringe. Legs: all three pairs of femora dark sepia brown, narrowly reddish brown at the extreme tip. Anterior and middle tarsi wholly, their tibiae except towards the base and the hind tibiae ex- cept the extreme base, dark sepia brown. Hind basitarsi blackish brown, except at the apex, with similarly colored pile. Apex of this segment and the second, third and fourth tarsal segments pale yellow with similar pile. Last segment brown. Wings: sepia brown, the stigmal area scarcely darker; at the end of the first posterior cell and narrowly and diffusely along the entire posterior margin of the wing, the brown color is a little lighter and paler. There is a diffuse, somewhat paler spot in the middle of the second posterior cell. Preanal spuria faint. Third vein distinctly undulate. Alula well developed and pale brown. Abdomen: moderately petiolate, black, the first segment, the sides, base and wide apex of the second segment shining. The second segment is about three or four times as long as its least width and not much wider apically. In the middle it has a promi- nent, opaque black triangle which is widely extended towards the base of the segment. There is only the faintest trace of a small yellow brown spot lying on each side of the anterior border of this opaque triangle. Third segment similarly colored, with a very large opaque black triangle occupying most of the segment but not quite reaching the base. On either side, not visible from above, the turned down lateral margin of the segment is light yellow, but this color disappears a little beyond the middle of the segment, the opaque black reaching to the margin at this point. Fourth segment similar, the anterior portion of the opaque black very wide and broadly rounded, virtually reaching the base of the segment, and the anterior corners with small wedge-shaped yellow triangles lying on the lateral margins and narrowly visible from above. Fifth segment entirely shining black. Female. Similar to the male ; the yellow of the face is a little more extensive just opposite the tubercle. The front is obscurely brownish pollinose over the upper two-thirds. The mesonotal vit- tae are also obscure, but slightly more distinct, and the mesonotum is greyish pollinose on the lateral margin and with a trace of grey pollen linearly on either side of the middle. The scutellum is some- 141 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 what lighter brown with grey pollen and the ventral fringe is shorter, lighter in color and appears to consist of as few as eight pairs of hairs. Middle of pleura with diffuse, obscure, vertical, yel- lowish stripe. Upon the legs all of the femora are lighter and more yellowish brown in color ; the hind femora appear yellowish brown on the basal half, but widely black on the distal half. The tibiae are dark brown, but only the hind tibiae and their respective basi- tarsi are as dark as in the male. The wings in the female have a characteristic, broad hyaline band just before the apex, leaving from two-thirds to three-fourths of the wing dark sepia and the apex narrowly likewise sepia. Abdomen in general similar to the male but a little broader; the second segment is relatively shorter and wider and entirely blackish from above with opaque black tri- angles, but viewed from the side the lateral margins are narrowly yellowish brown. The opaque black of the fourth and fifth segments forms broad arched bands which are a little more obscure and less distinct than upon the second and third segments. Upon the fifth segment the opaque area is greatly restricted upon all sides. Sixth segment trapezoidal, nearly as long as its basal width, rounded and prominently ridged in the middle, but flattened on either side with sharp, thin lateral margins. The seventh segment, however, is laterally compressed, as is characteristic of this group. This species is known only from Nova Teutonia, Brazil. Baccha ariela Hull Baccha ariela Hull, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sc., XXXIV, 398 (1944). This species is readily recognized by the large, central, irregu- lar triangle of brown upon the middle of the wing, which connects broadly with the complete, anterior border of brown. Belated to clarapex Wiedemann. Female. Length 11 mm.; wing 10 mm. Head: hemispherical. The vertex and front are dark, shining brown, obscured by mold, probably violaceous in life. The large, shield-shaped, light-brown area before the antennae contains a small shining black spot. The antennae are widely separated and short. The third segment is thick and rounded. The face is rather prominent; the large tubercle just barely farther than the antennal prominence. The antennae are dark brown. The arista is short and thickened and black. The face is light reddish brown or yellow. The tubercle is dark brown and diffuse. From the lower part qf the tubercle, along the oral margins of each side, there is a narrow, blackish stripe running to the black cheeks. The cheeks posteriorly and along the oral margin 142 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA are dark brown. The extreme lower occiput along the oral margin is light brown. The eyes are strongly excised just above the middle, silver-pubescent and scalose-pilose. The occiput behind is quite concave, so that the head fits well over the thorax and is very much wider than the thorax. Thorax: the dorsum is dully shining black with a strong violet cast. The sides, in a stripe almost as wide as the humeri and un- interrupted at the suture, are light ochre-brown. The pleura are entirely light yellowish brown. The humeri apparently are bare, but with some very short pubescence. The scutellum is entirely light coffee brown, dull shining. There is no scutellar fringe, but it may have been rubbed away. Legs: the first and second femora and tibiae are light orange brown or yellow, paler at the apices and bases of femora and tibiae, respectively. All the tarsi are dark brownish black. The bases of the hind tibiae are pale yellow. Wings: hyaline, except for extensive brown patterns. There is no stigmal cross vein ; the vena spuria is faint ; wings villose. The alulae are well developed. The entire anterior margin of the wing above the third vein is dark brown; this brown color descends basally to fill the first and second basal cells or slightly below them, to fill the basal anterior corner of the first posterior cell, nearly the basal half of the discal cell, and the basal half of the third posterior cell. Abdomen: strongly spatulate ; the sides of the fourth segment are parallel and three times as wide as the middle of the second seg- ment. The end of the second segment is one and two-thirds or one and three-fifths as wide as the middle. The extreme base of the abdomen is twice as wide as the narrow part of the second segment. The base of the second segment is little wider than the narrowest part. The end of the fifth segment is two-thirds as wide as the base of that segment ; sixth segment small. Abdomen obscured by mold; it appears to be dark reddish brown, with obscure yellow spots that are palest on the fourth segment, and triangular in shape, in the anterior basal corners. There are very dark opaque brown cross bands present; these are rather wide and begin on the pos- terior lateral margin and are directed obliquely toward the anterior middle of the segment and meet very broadly in the middle. This is the arrangement on third and fourth segments. The second seg- ment in the middle has a large, opaque, cone-shaped spot of the same color as the cross band. The pile of the abdomen is quite 143 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 appressed and black. The halteres are pale orange. The squamae are whitish with yellow margins. This species is known only from Brazil. Baccha beatricea Hull Baccha beatricea Hull, Ohio J. Sci., XLII, 73 (1942). A large sepia and black species, the wing with more than the apical third hyaline, but with an apical brown spot and the basal half of the anal and axillary cells hyaline. A larger species than clarapex Wiedemann and with apical wing spot. Male with wing apex smoky. Length 12 mm. Female. Head: sides of face and narrow margin of front yel- low. The facial tubercle, median stripe, vertex, and front, except for a yellowish preantennal spot in the middle of which is a black spot, are all black. Antennae black, the base of third segment below brownish. Thorax: metallic, brassy, brownish black; the humeri and noto- pleura are somewhat lighter brown and in the middle of the meso- notum, there are a pair of widely separated, obscure, pollinose vittae. Scutellum light brown, white pubescent, very short, sparse, black pilose ; the ventral fringe is yellowish. Legs: chiefly blackish, the anterior pair lighter, basal half of first and second tibiae whitish. Apical third of hind basitarsi and remaining segments whitish. Wings: broadly black on the anterior half of the basal third, widely and completely across the middle, and the whole of the sub- costal cell and a conspicuous apical spot blackish. Abdomen: slightly longer than wings, quite spatulate and chiefly dark brownish-black with pale pattern as follows : the an- terior corners of third, fourth and fifth segments and also, narrowly separated, diffuse, elongate, rather small, vittate, paired spots in the middle of each of these segments. Those of the fifth segment are connected by way of the basal margin with the anterior corners. Sixth segment not quite as long as wide. Male. I have seen males from Nova Teutonia. They are dis- tinguished from clarapex by the much larger size and the distinctly smoky wing apex above the third vein. This species is known only from Brazil. Described from Sao Paulo. Baccha cora Curran Baccha cora Curran, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. Hist., LXXVIII, 281 (1941). 144 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA A large species in which the female wing is entirely hyaline on the apical half. The front is protuberant, the face bright yellow on the sides. In the male the wing is darker brown basally, dilute and pale brown apically and posteriorly becoming almost hyaline along the edge. Length 12 mm. Female. Head: vertex shining blackish, the front with brown- ish or grey pollen on the upper half, protuberant but not markedly so on the lower half ; the circular constriction is not marked. The lower part of the front including all of the protuberant area, except the somewhat smaller than usual circular callosity, is shining steel blue black. The eye margins are very narrowly yellowish, with yellowish white pubescence ; frontal pile black, the callosity polished reddish brown merging into the central blackish spot. The face is dark reddish sepia including the cheeks, both overlaid with fine sparse whitish micropubescence; the sides of the face are widely bright clear yellow, sharply delimited ; facial pile black above, white below. Tubercle moderately prominent. Antennae rather large and brownish black, a little more reddish beneath. Occiput black- ish with greyish or yellowish pubescence and a prominent, double row of long, rather flattened, light yellow, scale-like hairs in the middle. The yellow hairs become more delicate ventrallv. Pile of upper occiput black; eye margin along middle of occiput con- siderably concave. Thorax: mesonotum shining brownish black, rather faintly and obscurely brown pollinose vittate. There is a short, indistinct pair of rather wide, reddish sepia pollinose vittae on either side upon the anterior half of the mesonotum, disappearing close to the trans- verse suture which is linearly reddish sepia pollinose. In an oblique light the entire posterior half of the mesonotum, however, is dark reddish sepia pollinose and there is a still darker semicircle lying on the base of the scutellum. The scutellum is a light reddish brown or chocolate color, with short, fine, erect black pile and a ventral fringe of about eight pairs of short black hairs. Pleura metallic black, everywhere finely dusted with whitish micropubes- cence ; the upper part of sternopleura and posterior half of meso- pleura are light yellow. Humeri dark brown; the squamae are light yellow with orange brown fringe. Halteres yellow with brownish orange knob. Mesonotal pile fine and blackish. Anterior collar well developed and golden. Legs: anterior and middle femora light reddish brown, some- what darker apically on the posterior surface. Their tibiae and 145 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 tarsi are dark brown, not perceptibly lighter at the base, except perhaps the extreme tip. Posterior femora dark reddish sepia brown, their tibiae still darker and almost black, the pile of the hind femora and tibiae blackish. Basal half of hind basitarsi black with black pile ; entire remainder of hind tarsi yellowish white with whitish pile. Wings: deep reddish sepia on a little more than the basal half, the brown color extending jnst beyond the anterior cross vein, but becoming quite dilute along the posterior border of the axillary cell. The wide prominent alula, however, is dark brown and the entire stigmal area or whole of the subcostal cell is deep brown ; the outer portic of the wing is completely hyaline. Preanal spuria rather well developed ; third vein but slightly undulate. Abdomen: strongly petiolate, the first segment dark brown (sides of mesonotum before the suture thickly dusted with bluish white pollen), with long abundant yellowish to whitish pile on the sides. Second segment light reddish or cinnamon brown basally and along the sides for two-thirds of the length of the segment; posterior fourth of segment dull shining blackish, before which is a small opaque black triangle longer and more pointed anteriorly and concave or hollowed out on all three sides. Second segment without yellow spot, the segment subcylindrical, not much narrower in the middle and equally wide basally and apically. The segment is perhaps four and a half to five times as long as its least width. Third segment black, with moderately large, nearly equilateral, opaque black triangle narrowly truncate, ending close to the base of the segment anteriorly and posteriorly a considerable distance from the end of the segment. Lateral basal corners of the segment ob- scurely reddish brown, the posterior end of the third segment at least twice as wide as the base ; fourth segment blackish, obscurely opaque in the middle and but little wider posteriorly than basally. Fifth segment with three obscure, opaque areas, the lateral ones larger, the medial one more narrow. Sixth segment about as long as its basal width, truncate posteriorly, strongly ridged in the mid- dle posteriorly, but the posterior lateral margins flattened with narrow, sharp edges. Seventh segment pinched and compressed laterally. Pile of the abdomen for the most part black, a little pale pile in the basal corners of the third and fourth segments and basally along the sides of the second. This species is known only from Chapada, Brazil. Described from paratype. 146 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Baccha costata Say Baccha costata Say, Jour. Acad. Sci., Phil., VI, 61 (1829). Baccha costalis Wiedemann, Ausser, Zweifl., II, 97 (1830). Baccha tarchetius Walker, List Dipt. Br. Mus., Ill, 549 (1849). A black species with small yellow triangles on the abdomen, face yellow laterally and the wing brown along the entire anterior border in front of the third vein. Length 10-11 mm. Male. Head: vertex shining black, but little raised, with black pile in two rows; the front is black with dark brown pollen on the upper half ; the eye margins yellow on the lower half and with yel- lowish white micropubescence almost up to the point of the junc- tion. The front is not protuberant and with only a trace of con- striction, but the circular rugose callosity is large and entirely black except for a brown spot over each antenna. Frontal pile black. Face shining metallic in the middle, broadly pale creamy yellow on the sides, both above and below, and the yellow sharply delimited. Tubercle moderate, facial pile white, cheeks polished shining brown ; occiput black with thick, greyish or bluish white pubescence and with a collar of slightly flattened, long, white hairs found in from three to four rows in the middle where the posterior eye margin is concave. Upper occipital pile also whitish. Antennae yellowish brown on the first two segments and the lower part of the third; upper two-thirds of third segment dark brown. Thorax: mesonotum dully shining black with only the faintest traces of vittae; mesonotum covered through the middle with thin sparse reddish brown pubescence ; from a posterior view there are a pair of wide reddish brown pollinose vittae on the anterior half of the mesonotum; lateral margins of mesonotum in front of and im- mediately behind the suture bluish white pollinose ; mesonotal pile fine and whitish ; anterior collar present, but not especially well de- veloped. Scutellum shining black, the margin more bluish black, its pile white ; the ventral fringe consists of eight pairs of especially long pale hairs. Pleura metallic black, the upper sternopleura and posterior mesopleura diffusely pale yellow. Pleural pile white; squamae white with white fringe. Halteres with orange knob. Legs: anterior and middle femora and basal half of hind femora yellow. The first four tibiae light yellow on the basal half, be- coming slightly darker apically. Anterior four tarsi light brown. Posterior tibiae pale yellow on the basal third, the remainder of these tibiae and all of their tarsi very dark brown, almost black wfith black pile. 147 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 Wings: rather slender, with a deep sepia brown color along the entire anterior margin in front of the third vein and including all of the first basal ceil, to just beyond the anterior cross vein and more dilutely on the basal half of the second basal cell. Remainder of wing hyaline. Alulae well developed and hyaline ; preanal spuria distinct ; third vein very slightly undulate. Abdomen: a little petiolate, shining black in color, the whole of the first segment, base, sides and apex of the second segment with slightly bluish reflections; the middle of the second segment from near the base to near the apex broadly opaque black. There are no yellow markings on the second segment. The opaque medial stripe is a little narrowed in the middle and almost encloses the full width of the subcylindrical segment posteriorly. The second segment is scarcely narrower in the middle and is fully three times as long as its least width. Third segment a little wider posteriorly, bluish black, narrowly at the apex and along each lateral margin, this color widening towards the base, leaving the middle of the segment with a large elongate anteriorly truncate triangle of opaque black which reaches the base of the segment. In each shining basal triangle there is a prominent, smaller, pale yellow triangle narrowly visible from above. Fourth segment similar to the third, but the segment is much shorter, nearly square, a little wider posteriorly; the opaque black triangle almost an equilateral triangle, except that it is concave posteriorly and anteriorly is notched on either side of the midline. Moreover, the pale yellow sharply marked triangles on the sides near the base are larger and more conspicuous, but the extent to which they may be seen from above varies slightly de- pending upon how much of the segment is curled over. Fifth seg- ment with a single, medial, rather small, oval, elongate, opaque black spot touching the base of the segment on the shining bluish- black background. Pile of the abdomen black, but pale on the basal half of the lateral margin of the third and fourth segments, entirely on the first segment where it is abundant and rather long, and almost through the whole length of the second segment upon the sides. Female. The female is very similar to the male. The abdomen shows some difference ; the second segment is relatively shorter and thicker, about twice or slightly more than twice its least width. Both third, fourth and fifth segments have rather large, con- spicuous, sharply delimited, pale yellow triangles in the basal corners of these segments, which are subbasal except in the im- 148 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA mediate anterior corner where the yellow reaches the base of the segment upon the fourth and fifth segments but not upon the third segment. The ground color of the abdomen is more strongly bluish black; the wide, anteriorly arched, opaque band of the fourth seg- ment is either deeply notched posteriorly or divided into two and there is a triangular opaque wedge in the middle of the fifth seg- ment, the acute end touching the base, and on either side a small opaque, oblique spot. Sixth segment short, almost triangular, ridged in the middle, flattened on either side, but the seventh seg- ment laterally compressed and extremely short. This species is widely distributed through the southern and Atlantic states. I have specimens from Clemson, South Carolina, Oxford, Mississippi, and State College, Mississippi. This species is also known from the following localities : Gainesville, Florida ; At- lanta and Stone Mt., Georgia; and Medina, Sandusky and Put-in- Bay, Ohio. Recorded from Litchfield, Conn., and New York. Baccha cryptica Hull Baccha cryptica Hull, Psyche XLIX, 97 (1942). Second abdominal segment longer than third, six or more times as long as its subbasal width. Black flies, the wings smoky brown almost to apex. Sides of the face broadly yellow. Related to ida Curran and clarapex Wiedemann. Length 12 mm. Male. Head: the face widely light yellow upon the sides, the cheeks blackish, the middle of face on the tubercle and above widely blue black, narrowly, so below the tubercle, but above extending on either side of the antennae to the blue black front. Sides of the front linearly yellowish and with a narrow eye-marginal stripe on the upper part of the front which is silvery pubescent. The upper third of the triangle of the front is opaque black and long, erect black pilose, the pile largely confined to areas along the eye margin and extending down to the upper part of the face ; lower facial pile white. Antennae black, the third segment reddish below. Arista blackish except at base. Occipital pile black above, black in the middle excavation and composed of practically a single row of sparse yellow hairs. Thorax: dark sepia brown, moderately shining with a slight, violaceous, narrow vitta sublaterally on either side of the mesono- tum. Pile short, erect, black and quite sparse. Pleura with a yellowish white pilose and pubescent vertical stripe. Scutellum dark brassy-brown, its pile short, erect and very sparse, its ventral fringe of ten or twelve hairs pale. 149 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 Legs : dark brown, the base of the first four tibiae diffusely and obscurely paler; the medial surface of the anterior femora is yel- lowish-brown, the hind tibiae and basal two-thirds of the hind basitarsi black and black pilose, their remaining tarsi yellowish white, the other tarsi dark brown. Pile of hind femora black and short. Wings: large, barely longer than abdomen, deep smoky brown, growing a little lighter narrowly over the posterior margin and apex. The anal crease is long, blackish, well formed and reaching the apex. Abdomen: elongate and spatulate and almost wholly brownish black ; the second segment very little narrower than its apex and a little over six times as long as its subbasal width. The apex of the third segment is two and a half times or more wider than its base. Fourth segment almost quadrilateral and barely wider apically. Second segment with a wide, medial, subbasal, opaque black vitta which apically expands to form a subapical fascia some distance from the apex. It is posteriorly indented. All of the third seg- ment black except for prolonged basal and lateral triangles and for an apical margin laterally attenuated. Middle of the opaque black with a pair of small, slender, yellowish vittate spots. Fourth seg- ment opaque black, except for narrow basal triangles and a narrow posterior margin widest in the middle. There are similar spots centrally on the fourth segment. There are three oval, elongate, basal, opaque black spots on the fifth segment. The pile of the abdomen is appressed and black, but whitish and long on the sides of the first segment, shorter and white on the sides of the second. This species is known only from Villarica, Paraguay. Baccha cybele Hull Bacclta cybele Hull, Psyche, LIV, 236 (1947). A black species; the wings sepia brown with only the apical fourth hyaline. Second, third and fourth segments of the hind tarsi white. Related to clarapex Wiedemann. Length 9.5 mm. Male. Head: the vertex is bluish black and shining, mod- erately raised; the black pile lies in a single row; the posterior lateral eye margins are deeply incised in the middle ; there is a long row of silvery occipital pile behind, fine and non-scalose, long in the middle, becoming blackish towards the top of the occiput ; along the indented area of the eye there is a double row of long fine black hairs, which are replaced by white ones on the lower part of the occiput. The occipital pollen is greyish white, but the black hairs 150 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA arise from minute black punctate spots. Front black, faintly bluish and in some lights with an azure blue reflection. The upper third of the front is opaque black bordered by brown pollen and in turn the brown pollen is bordered with a spot of silvery pollen which lies on the upper eye margin and is visible only from above. The antennal callus is large, shining brownish black, narrowly and dif- fusely brownish yellow along the sides in the middle of the face only. The cheeks are metallic black; the sides of the face are widely white pubescent or pollinose ; the tubercle is rather sharp, gently sloping above, somewhat more abruptly below. The an- tennae are dark brown, reddish brown below at the base of the third segment. The arista is dark brown, but lighter at the immediate base. The frontal pile and nearly all of the facial pile is black. Thorax: the mesonotum is black, moderately shining with a pair of very obscure, reddish brown pollinose spots on either side of the middle of the anterior margin; the entire anterior margin is more narrowly but similarly pollinose. There is a still more obscure, narrow, greyish streak down each side of the mesonotum reaching nearly to the transverse suture. The pleura are wholly metallic black, thinly whitish pollinose and with long sparse yel- lowish white pile. The scutellum is black with only a few, long, fine black hairs ; the ventral fringe consists of seven or eight pairs of moderately long black hairs. There is an anterior mesonotal collar of pale yellow hairs. The squamae are light brown; the halteres pale brown with reddish knob. Legs: the anterior and middle femora and tibiae are brownish black; their apices and bases of the tibiae are narrowly reddish brown. The anterior and middle tarsi are dark brown; the hind femora, except the narrow base and apex, and the hind tibiae, ex- cept the extreme base, are black, both with black pile. The basal three^f ourths of the hind basi tarsi are black and black pilose ; re- mainder of these tarsi with nearly similarly colored pile. Wings: sepia brown throughout, except upon the apical fifth; the brown color fills the discal cell. The alulae are wide and well- developed; there is an abnormality in the second longitudinal vein near the end of the marginal cell in both wings ; it consists of a spur directed obliquely outward cutting half way across the submarginal cell. Abdomen: petiolate, shining black, the first segment with slight bluish reflections, its sides with thick, long, yellowish white pile and some black hairs both dorsally and anteriorly. The second 151 ‘ ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 segment is a little bluish along the sides and narrowly along the apical margin. There is a prominent, subapical, opaque black annulus which is prolonged and produced forward in the middle to within a short distance of the base. The second segment is slightly over three times as long as its least width. The third seg- ment is considerably wider, especially at the apex, and with a pair of obscure, opaque black triangles on either side and a medial opaque stripe. The fourth segment is similar, the opaque areas less distinct. On both the third and fourth segments the opaque areas are only visible from an oblique posterior or anterior view. The fifth segment is wholly shining black ; the pile of the abdomen is black beyond the first segment, except for a very few white hairs on the sides of the second segment near the base. This species is known only from Villa Rica, Paraguay. Baccha dracula Hull Baccha dracula Hull, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., XXXVIII, 52 (1943). This species reminds me of hirta Shannon in general, through its robust-petiolate form and non-fissiform opaque pattern. It is readily distinguished by its smaller size and fine pilose hind tibia. Length 7 mm. Male. Head: the front bright steel-blue with blackish pile; the middle is narrowly black and is yellowish in front of the an- tennae, the yellow area with a central brown spot. The face is steel blue and obscurely yellow along the eye margins when viewed obliquely ; its pile is white ; almost the entire face except the tip of the tubercle is silvery pubescent. The antennae are dark brown, the third segment black except narrowly upon the base. The arista is slender, no longer than the antennae. Thorax: mesonotum moderately shining, brownish-black with a pair of white, obscure, brownish vittae upon the anterior portion when properly viewed. The mesonotal pile and anterior collar and that of scutellum is light brown becoming blackish on the sides of the mesonotum and dark brown or black upon the scutellum. Squa- mae white with white fringe. Pleura black with a bluish cast. Legs: slender, dark brown; the extreme apex of the femora and narrow base of the tibiae brownish-yellow. The hind basitarsi are dark brown, the second and third segments yellowish, the .last two and the remaining tarsi light brown ; the brown of the anterior legs is lighter than that of the posterior pair. Pile of legs black. Wings: quite pale brown, tinged with darker brown upon the 152 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA anterior basal half. Stigmal cell of about the same shade. Pre- anal spuria crease long, nearly straight and well defined, reaching the margin. Abdomen: spatulate, the base of second segment about three- fifths as wide as apex of third, the second segment of practically the same length as third and the fourth very nearly as long as third. The abdomen is dark shining brownish-black, subopaque upon the sides of the second segment and of the third and fourth segment. The anterior corners of the third and fourth segments are barely lighter brown, the color diffuse and obscure and this area covered with whitish pile; the remainder of the segment except for the white pile on the sides of the second segment black pilose. The black pile is appressed. This species is known only from Puerto Castilla, Honduras. Baccha fiametta Hull Baccha fiametta Hull, Entomologica Americana, XXIII, 75 (1943) . Related to tristis Hull through the non-vittate pattern of the opaque black spots; the species is much more slender and petiolate than tristis. Length 10 mm. Male. Head: face and front steel-blue, the latter with a wide, central, black stripe and on either side abundant black pile. Callus yellow with black spot. All pile black. Antennae dark brown, lighter below. Thorax: mesonotum brownish black with a pair of widely sep- arated, dark brown, pollinose vittae posteriorly confluent with a large transverse anteriorly triangular patch of brown pollen. Pleura and scutellum metallic black, the latter slightly brassy with white pubescence and pile and fringe. Squamae and fringe pale yellow. Legs: dark brown, the apices of the femora and base of tibiae narrowly pale. Hind basitarsi black ; next three segments light brown. Wings: pale grey, darker on the basal half of anterior margin. Stigmal cell darker ; alulae well developed. Abdomen: slender and black, shining bluish on the first and base of second segment. Second segment shining apically, opaque through most of its length. Third segment expanding widely api- cally, with a large black opaque triangle reaching from base to pos- terior third. Fourth segment similar, the black areas less extensive, ill-defined. Fifth segment shining. A recent additional male shows 153 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 the black triangles better defined and narrowly divided upon the fourth segment. This species known only from Barro Colorado Island, Panama, and Summit, Panama (N.L.H. Krauss). Baccha hiantha Hull Baccha hiantha Hull, Entomologica Americana, XXIII, 74 (1943). General color black, with a short subcylindrical sixth abdomi- nal segment. Related to para Curran. Length 11 mm. Female. Head: face and front steel-blue, the former yellow on the sides, the latter black broadly down the middle. Eye margins above linearly silver. Antennae black. Thorax: mesonotum dull black, with obscure, short, anterior, wide brown vittae and brown pollinose rectangle before the scutel- lum. Scutellum dark brown, with moderately short black pile and fringe of black and yellow hairs. Legs: chiefly blackish, anterior fourth dark brown on femora and tibiae ; apex of hind basitarsi and remaining segments whitish. Wings: dark brown on almost the whole border in front of the third vein and upon the basal two-thirds of whole wing. Abdomen: petiolate, the second segment subcylindrical, not especially narrow. Sixth segment laterally compressed at apex, the posterior half rounded. Dorsal view trapezoidal. Abdomen bluish- black with a large, central, opaque black triangle in the middle of the second, third and fourth segments and a similar, round, black spot on each side of the fifth segment. This species is known only from Nova Teutonia, Brazil. Baccha hirta Shannon Baccha hirta Shannon, Proc. U.S.N. Mus. LXX, art. 9, 11 (1927). The species hirta was the first of several to be described which are characterized by the long, black, shaggy hair of the hind tibia. Nigrocilia Hull is related, but is readily distinguished by being more petiolate, with shorter pile on the abdomen. In hirta the opaque black pattern of the abdomen is unbroken ; in nigrocilia it tends to be broken up into spots and vittae. Length 9 mm. Male. Head: black, frontal lunule large, with a pair of reddish brown spots, one above each antenna; frontal triangle large, face fairly broad, but little converging downward ; eyes narrowly sepa- rated from oral margin. 154 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Thorax: black, with black erect hairs. Legs: fore and mid legs brownish, mid femora rather long pilose ; hind legs black, the second and third joints yellowish, the femur and tibia clothed with black, shaggy hair. Wings: Length 7 mm. Bases of wings infuscated, squamae dark with dark cilia. Abdomen: spatulate, black. First tergite with long black hairs; second tergite bluish aeneous, an opaque black band beyond middle ; third and fourth tergites with aeneous cross bands on fore and hind margins; distal section of apical cross vein longer than posterior cross vein. Alula unusually large. From Shannon. This species is known only from Ivon, Beni, Bolivia. The author made a study and an illustration of the type at the U.S. National Museum. Baccha hirundella Hull Baccha hirundella Hull, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., XXXIX. 59 (1944). Related to clarapex Wiedemann ; the anal cell is wholly brown ; the ventral scutellar fringe is black ; the scutellar discal pile is ex- ceptionally sparse and black ; and the proportions of the abdominal segments are different. Length 9 mm. Female. Head: vertex and front moderately shining black, with a slight bluish cast and black pile; the sides of the front are narrowly and sharply light yellow and the yellow continues down- ward and slightly widens upon the sides of the bluish-black and white pubescent face. The pile upon the lower part of the face is whitish, but black near the antennae, the cheeks black and white pubescent. The antennae are wholly brownish-black ; the arista short, basally thick and blackish. The antennal callus is not pro- tuberant and is rugose and black above with a large central black spot in front preceded by yellow above each antenna. The frontal pile is black ; upper occipital pile black ; occiput bluish-gray pubes- cent and white pilose in at least two rows. Thorax: dull black with obscure, narrow, brownish, faint vittae in the middle and greyish pubescence laterally. There is a very low, inconspicuous, anterior collar of pile, evanescent however throughout the middle ; it might better be described as absent. Lateral margins of the mesonotum metallic. There is a pale yellow stripe posteriorly on the mesopleura and upper sternopleura, whit- ish pubescent and whitish pilose. Scutellum dark, reddish, sepia- brown with quite sparse, short black pile. I cannot discern any ventral fringe hairs. 155 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 Legs: dark brown, the apex and basal half of the first four tibiae diffusely yellowish-brown and pale yellow on the middle tibiae. The hind femora and their tibiae, except the extreme apex of the former, are black and black pilose. The basal two-thirds of the hind basitarsi are black and black pilose, the remaining seg- ments almost white. Wings: very strongly tinged with brown on all except the apical fourth which is hyaline. Whole of stigmal cell and costa and whole of anal cell brown. Alulae large, well developed, brown in color. Abdomen: petiolate, widest at the end of the fourth segment and scarcely less wide at its base and at the end of the fifth seg- ment. The end of the second segment is only a little wider than its base ; the segment is about two and a half times as long as its nar- rowest width. Sixth segment dorso-ventrally flattened, the pos-. terior middle portion ridged and creased on either side due to the lateral flattening of the ovipositor. General color of abdomen al- most blacli and shining; actually it is more nearly reddish sepia- brown. It is very dark on the basal half of the second segment, the middle of the third and apically on the fourth and the whole of fifth and sixth segments. There is a wide, opaque black triangle on the third segment, a large triangular fascia on the fourth segment, which posteriorly has two clefts in it which are bluish-grey; the anterior corners of the segment are also bluish-grey. Fifth seg- ment with medial, opaque, short, black vitta, and suggestions of similar vittae just laterally to the medial one, and the area between lighter reddish-brown. Pile of the abdomen black, except on sides of first segment. This species is known only from Nova Teutonia, Brazil. Baccha ida Curran Baccha ida Curran, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. Hist., LXXVTII, 279 (1941). A black species with sexually dimorphic wings. Outer third of male wing hyaline. Female wing with a preapical hyaline band. Length 12 mm. Male. Head: vertex bluish black, the black pile in a single row; the front black, broadly dark reddish brown pollinose across the upper half, the lateral margins very narrowly whitish in ground color and viewed from above with a narrow silver line of micro- pubescence which reaches almost to the eye junction. The lower half of the front is only very slightly protuberant and but slightly 156 ' July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA constricted ; the circular callosity is large, black on the edges, brown- ish yellow throughout the complete semi-circle, but shining black in the center. Frontal pile black. Face metallic black in the mid- dle and on the cheeks, the sides of the face broadly whitish, diffusely merging into the dark color. Face rather thickly covered with silvery to bluish micro-pubescence, the facial pile white below, black above. Cheeks black. Occiput black, with bluish white pubescence and a single row of rather long, scarcely flattened, whitish hairs which constitute the collar ; but in the middle of the lateral margin, where the eye is concave, there are two or three white hairs and numerous black ones. Upper occipital pile black. Thorax: mesonotum black, brassy sublaterally, becoming cop- pery to violaceous above each notopleura and wing. There are a pair of obscure light brown pollinose vittae, widely separated on the middle of the mesonotum, which extend narrowly back to join a large prescutellar rectangle of similar pollen. In certain lights, however, various shades of brown pollen may be seen over the entire middle of the mesonotum. Lateral margins greyish white pollinose before the suture. Scutellum sepia brown, its pile and the meso- notal pile fine, sparse and erect. Scutellar fringe consists of at least twelve pairs of moderately long yellow hairs ; the pollen of the scutellum is mostly greyish white. There is a moderately well developed pale collar of hairs anteriorly on the mesonotum. Pleura metallic black, white pollinose, the upper sternopleura and posterior mesopleura very obscurely yellowish. All pleural pile pale. Squamae pale yellow with paler fringe. Legs: anterior and middle femora reddish brown, their tibiae and tarsi a little darker and only narrowly and obscurely yellowish towards their bases. Pile of anterior four tarsi almost wholly light yellowish, except for some marginal black setae. Posterior femora and tibiae very dark sepia brown, almost black on their tibiae, and the hind basitarsi black, except the apex, and the pile of these femora and tarsi black. Apex of hind basitarsi, second, third, and fourth segments yellowish white with similar pile. Last segment brown. Wings: deep sepia brown on all except the apical third or fourth. The brown color fills the entire subcostal cell, where it is especially dark, and stops with diffuse margins in the middle of the first posterior cell, leaving the outer margin of the second and third posterior cell and the margin of the axillary cell nearly hyaline. The brown is more dilute posteriorly in the anal cell and 157 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 the alula is clear. Apex of wing beyond the brown color quite hyaline. Alulae large; preanal spuria distinct and third vein markedly undulate. Abdomen: petiolate and chiefly black in color. The whole of the first segment, except a narrow transverse band, bluish black with very fine pale pollen. Second segment not greatly narrowed in the middle, but about six times as long as its least width, subcylindrical, the linear lateral margin yellowish brown but not visible from above. Middle of second segment with a long vittate stripe of opaque black, somewhat narrow anteriorly, ending some distance from the base of the segment and beginning some ways from the posterior margin, and the posterior margin concave. Thus, the black extends obliquely nearly to the posterior lateral corners. Third segment opaque black, except along the sides and more widely at the basal corners and somewhat narrowly at the apex. There are a pair of metallic bluish vittae which enter the opaque black from the posterior end and extend about half way through its length. Basal half of the lateral margin of this segment also yellowish brown. Fourth segment similar to the third, except that the metallic vittae almost trisect the opaque black triangle and tend to leave isolated lateral triangles and narrow medial rectangles. Fifth segment with a short medial rectangle and a pair of larger submedial, oval, opaque black spots. Pile of abdomen black, but whitish in the lateral basal corners and along the sides of the sec- ond segment on the basal half. Pile of first segment long, white anteriorly and black behind. Lateral basal margin of fourth seg- ment brownish orange. Female. In general similar to the male ; the brown pollen of the front is restricted to a small rectangle just below the ocelli, al- though in a lateral view there is a very faint scattering of pollen in the middle. Middle of face coffee brown in color. Middle of occiput with two to three rows of white hairs and no black ones. Abdomen shorter and more robust on the second segment, but with the same general pattern; the opaque black of the third seg- ment resembles that upon the fourth segment of the male and in both of these segments the pattern suggests the figure of a moth with seini-folded wings. Fourth segment with the opaque black divided into two lateral triangles and a median wedge, none of which reach the base of the segment. Fifth segment similar to the male. Sixth segment strongly flattened dorso-ventrally, but ridged in the middle, the seventh segment laterally compressed. 158 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Wings similar to the male, the apical fourth being quite en- tirely hyaline. This species was described from Nova Teutonia, Brazil. I have also seen material from Paraguay. B. ida Curran var. idella, new variety A male from Villarica, Paraguay, in November (collection of A. L. Melander), differs from ida in having chestnut brown facial tubercle, more deeply fissured opaque triangles, and only eight pairs of longer yellow scutellar fringe hairs against fifteen to eighteen pairs in ida. Wings somewhat immature. Also one ad- ditional male from the same locality. Baccha infanta Hull Baccha infanta Hull, Entomologica Americana, XXIII, 74 (1943). Related to zeteki Curran. Front with a pair of leaf-like metallic spots on opaque black ; minute brownish-black flies. Length 3 mm. Male. Head: face steel-blue; front opaque black, with a pair of subcontiguous steel-blue, leaf-shaped spots ; callus rugose ; an- tennae brown. Thorax: shining brownish-black, with a pair of close, obscure, dark vittae anteriorly. Pile black; pleura, humeri and scutellum shining, brownish, metallic black. Legs: dark brown, tibial bases barely lighter. Wings: pale brown; alulae moderately wide. Abdomen: petiolate; sepia-brown; the second segment with a wide, postmedian, opaque black fascia, third segment with a very large, central, opaque black triangle, the posterior margin, sides and base reddish-brown ; fourth segment with median vittae and a lateral triangle on each side, apically confluent. This species is known only from Muzo, Colombia. Baccha johnsoni Curran Baccha johnsoni Curran, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. Hist., LXVI, 392 (1934). A quite petiolate, entirely black species, related to plutonia Hull and trinidadensis Curran. Plutonia has only a pair of oval opaque spots on the fourth abdominal segment. Length 10 mm. Female. Head: blue-black; the sides of the face broadly dull yellow on the middle ; face, occiput and two large frontal triangles 159 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 silvery pollinose. Pile of the face very short, sparse, white ; of the front, short, black; of the occiput, long and white. Front very narrow above, the sides parallel behind the ocelli, thence rather strongly diverging to the antennae; face narrowed below; cheeks very narrow, in profile sloping upward anteriorly ; face slightly re- ceding, with a very strong tubercle a little below the middle. An- tennae brown, the third segment three-fourths longer than wide, oval ; arista brown, slender, as long as the third antennal segment. Thorax: aeneous, the dorsum, except broad, incomplete sub- median vittae and the broad lateral margins, rather bronzed, with a pair of narrow, moderately separated, medial blackish lines; mesonotum thinly brown pollinose, the sides and pleura grayish pollinose, the pollen on the middle of the pleura with a brownish- yellow tinge. Dorsum with short, sparse black pile, the sides in front and the pleura with finer, longer, white pile. Scutellum bluish black, with short, sparse, black pile. Legs : brown or blackish; trochanters, immediate base and apex of the femora, broad bases of the tibiae and the apices of the anterior four, and the tarsi, except the first segment of the posterior pair, reddish yellow; the anterior four tarsi brownish basally on the upper surface. Pile of the femora black, the anterior four with some long whitish hairs behind ; tibiae blaek-haired ; the tarsi pale- haired on the pale portions. Coxae brown, gray pollinose and white pilose. Wings: yellowish brown on the basal two-fifths and in the costal and subcostal cells, elsewhere hyaline. Alulae strongly de- veloped. Squamae brownish, with brown border and fringe. Halteres reddish yellow. Abdomen: strongly constricted basally; blackish blue, the third segment with a small, subtriangular, orange, sub-basal spot on either side. Second segment with a broad, preapical, opaque black fascia ; third and fourth segments opaque or subopaque black on about the medial half, except toward the sides. Sixth and seventh segments bronze-black. Abdominal pile short and sparse, white on the sides of the second segment, except apically, on the sides of the third seg- ment basally and on the whole of the first segment, on which it is long laterally, elsewhere appressed and black. This species is known only from Bartica, British Guiana. Baccha leucopoda Hull Baccha leucopoda Hull, Ent. News, LIX, 5 (1948). A slender, spatulate species, with a large brown triangle in the middle of the wing and the base of the wings anteriorly brown. 160 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Hind legs black, the hind tarsi white apically. Related to clarapex Wiedemann. Length 12 mm. Female. Head: sides of the face broadly and sides of the front narrowly pale yellow. The middle of the face is blackish, the edges diffuse, the tubercle prominent, the sides of the face strongly narrowed from below in front. The front is widely black with dark brown pollen across the middle on the upper half, but white pollinose only on the linear lateral margin. The antennal callus is large, yellowish, brown, with a large, polished, round, black, central spot. The pile of the front and vertex is black ; the antennae are black; the arista dark brown. Thorax: mesonotum dark sepia brown with strong, brassy re- flection sublaterally in which there is a diffuse, obscure, vi olaceous stripe along the edge ; the scutellum is dark brown, a little lighter than the mesonotum and not brassy. The scutellar pile is exceed- ingly short and sparse, whitish over most of the disc with perhaps a few black hairs, all of it so short as to be scarcely discernible ; the ventral fringe consists of about ten pairs of short yellow hairs. Legs: all of the femora dark brown, nearly black outwardly upon the hind pair ; the anterior tibiae are pale yellow on the basal half, diffusely dark brown outwardly; the middle tibiae are similar, but only the apical third is dark. The hind tibiae are black and wholly black pilose ; anterior basitarsi blackish, the re- maining segments light brown; middle tarsi similar, the basal two- thirds of the hind basitarsi black and black pilose, the remainder of these tarsi white and white pilose. Wings: nearly hyaline; the apices of the submarginal and mar- ginal cells are faintly smoky. The middle of the wing has a large, sepia brown triangle which is fully as dark as the pterostigma ; it includes the end of the anal cell, but there are light streaks run- ning towards the base in the middle of the marginal, first posterior and discal cells, which probably represent an aberration. The basal half of the wing is sepia in front ; but the wing is hyaline behind and there is a nearly hyaline streak in the middle of the second basal cell, which is rather wide and which runs almost the full length of the cell. Abdomen: slender, elongate and spatulate, the first two seg- ments are dark sepia ; the second segment has a distinct, elongate black triangle in the middle, which is anteriorly truncate. The third segment is sepia brown, very dark, the basal corners laterally yellowish; the large, central, opaque black triangle contains a pair 161 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 of rather distinct yet diffuse, yellowish vittate spots. The fourth segment is similar, but a little shorter. The fifth segment is simi- lar, but much shorter and about half as long as the third segment. This segment has scarcely any trace of the yellowish brown in the basal corners. Sixth segment dorsoventrally flattened, about as long as its width at the base ; seventh segment visible and quite short. This species is known only from Goyas, Brazil. Baccha nerissa Hull Baccha nerissa Hull, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., XXXIII, 215 (1943). Reflated to colombiana Curran. The pleura are steel-blue. Hind femora and tibiae black. Third to fifth abdominal segments trivittate. Length 11 mm. Female. Head: face yellow laterally, its middle and the cheeks blue-black and white-pollinose ; the front is black, black pilose, narrowly yellow on the side and linearly white-pubescent. An- tennae dark brown ; the third segment orange below, blackish brown above, and rather elongate. Thorax: mesonotum dull black, with a faint bronze cast and a pair of wide, narrow, gray vittae reaching almost to scutellum. Pleura steel-blackish ; scutellum dark brown, with sparse black pile and long, mixed, ventral fringe. Legs: first four brown, dark at base of femora and tibiae black, tibial base narrowly yellow. Hind basitarsi basally black; remain- der of tarsi pale. Wings: pale brown, dark brown on anterior border, almost as far as end of stigmal cell. Alulae wide. Abdomen: petiolate, the first segment metallic black and ex- tending on to base of second. Second segment orange laterally and brown apically with opaque central triangles ; third and fourth segments reddish brown, with a medial black vitta and a lateral black triangle, all apically confluent, the post margins browp. Fifth segment trivittate ; sixth trapezoidal, basally flattened and black, laterally compressed apically. This species is known only from Pinas, Ecuador. Baccha nigrocilia Hull Baccha nigrocilia Hull, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., XXXIII, 215 (1943). This species is related to hirta Shannon through the presence- of the long, black, ciliate hind tibia; it is easily separated by its 162 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA more petiolate form, with the broken and fissiform character of the black opaque pattern. Length 9 mm. Female. Head: face and front steel-blue, the former rfarrow yellow on the sides, the latter protuberant anteriorly, widely shin- ing black in the middle, with black pile ; callus and antennae black. Thorax: mesonotum and scutellum shining black, with black pile and ventral fringe ; the notopleura bluish ■ the humeri sepia ; the pleura steel-blue, with vertical silver pubescence and silver pile and black-pilose on posterior half. Squamae and fringe black. Legs: jet black and pilose, the pile quite long on the hind pair ; apex of hind basitarsi and next two segments whitish. Anterior basitarsi and next two segments whitish. Anterior tarsi dilated. Wings: brown on basal half. Alulae very large; stigmal cell pale. Abdomen: strongly petiolate; first segment shining black and steel-blue posteriorly; second segment steel-blue on the basal third and side margins, with in the middle a pair of oblique black spots meeting above. Third segment reddish in the anterior corners, with large, central, opaque black triangle, which is postmedially indented; the posterior and anterior margins are shining. Fourth segment steel-blue, with, on each side, a large opaque triangle pos- ter omedially connected to a median black vitta that does not reach the base. Fifth segment with three black vittae on steel-blue ground. Sixth segment flattened, trapezoidal. This species is known from Sao Paulo, Brazil, and Ilha Seca, Brazil. Baccha para Curran Baccha para Curran, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. Hist., LXXVIII, 280 (1941). A species characterized by the dark colored, sexuafiy dimor- phic wings, the long, cylindrical, laterally compressed sixth seg- ment of the female and the vittate yellow on the abdomen of both sexes. Vanda Hull is closely related; refer to vanda. Length 10 mm. Male. Head: vertex dully shining black, with faint trace of brown pollen; the pile black, situated in at least two rows; the front is not protuberant or constricted below, but has the large circular preantennal callose areas. Callose area is yellowish brown, lighter above each antenna with large central shining black spot. The upper half of front on either side with a prominent triangle of brown pollen, but rather widely separated ; lateral margins of 163 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 the front narrowly yellowish, the yellow color overlaid with yel- lowish white micropubescence. The face is shining metallic black, thinly whitish pollinose, the sides of the face pale creamy yellow, narrowly above, more widely opposite the tubercle. These lateral yellow margins are not continuous with the frontal margins. Cheeks polished, bare and brownish black. Occiput metallic black, with silvery pubescence below, brownish pubescence above. In the middle there is a long occipital collar of scarcely flattened yel- lowish white hairs situated in a single row. Middle of eyes some- what hollowed out behind, with black pile in front of the collar. Thorax: mesonotum brownish black, obscurely brassy along the sides and with at most only faint traces of narrow, obscure, lighter brown vittae. Scutellum sepia brown, light brown polli- nose, its pile and the mesonotal pile fine and black ; ventral scutel- lar fringe of about six pairs of fine long black hairs. Pleura metallic brownish black, everywhere sparsely white pollinose ; the posterior mesopleura and upper sternopleura obscurely and dif- fusely yellowish brown; pleural pile whitish with some few black hairs on the dorsal posterior mesopleura. Squamae pale yellow, with similar fringe. Humeri dark brown. Legs : middle and anterior femora and the distal halves of ^their tibiae reddish brown; the extreme apices of the femora and the bases of the tibiae obscurely and diffusely lighter and more yel- lowish brown. Anterior fore tarsi dark brown. Hind femora and tibiae, except extreme apex of former and base of the latter, dark sepia brown. Hind basitarsi equally dark, except narrowly at the apex, and with blackish pile. Apex of hind basitarsi and second, third, and fourth segments pale yellowish white, the last segment light brown. Wings: brown, deeper in the costal and both basal cells and becoming progressively lighter towards the apex and posterior margin of the wing, where the brown color is quite dilute and pale. The wings, however, are nowhere hyaline and the stigmal area is darker than the costal cell. The preanal spuria is distinct and the third vein is distinctly undulate. Alulae' well developed. Abdomen: the general color black, bluish black and shining on the sides of the first and narrowly on the base and sides of the second segment. The apex if the second segment is also shining and the segment bears an extensive black area from close to the base to near the apex, narrowest anteriorly and enclosing about the middle of the segment a distinct clear, oblique slender wedge-like 164 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA yellow triangle. The third segment widens posteriorly until it is not quite twice as wide. It is brownish back basally and pos- teriorly, with a large, black, opaque triangle occupying most of the segment, truncated anteriorly and containing enclosed a pair of distinct, elongate, yellow, vittate spots. The extreme narrow basal half of the turned-under lateral margin is yellowish. Fourth seg- ment entirely similar to the third, but the opaque triangle is wider anteriorly, broadly rounded, and reaches the base of the segment and in each basal corner there is a brownish yellow triangle visible from above which is subbasal. This opaque area contains a pair of yellow vittae similar to those on the third segment. Fifth seg- ment shining black, with three small rounded to oval diffuse opaque black areas. Pile of the abdomen mostly blackish and short, but longer along the sides of the second and base of the third segment and white at the bases of each of these two segments. Pile of first segment abundant, long, fine and black. Female. Similar to the male in general, but differing in two important respects as shown below. Head: the face is more extensively yellow and the yellow color extends closer to the tubercle. Thorax: sides of mesonotum conspicuously dusted with thin bluish white pollen; ventral fringe of scutellum apparently re- stricted to two or three pairs of pale hairs. Legs : similar to the male. Wings: at once distinct from the male by the presence of a clear pre-apical hyaline band; the brown of the wing is perhaps a little darker than in the male. Abdomen: second segment considerably wider in proportion than in the male and perhaps only fifty percent longer than its posterior width. It has a nearly equilateral, opaque black triangle of considerable size, whose posterior margin is concave, and there are no yellow spots. Third segment with a very large, anteriorly rounded triangle, posteriorly concave enclosing two faint incon- spicuous, slender, yellowish brown vittae which emerge on the non- opaque posterior border. There is a very narrow yellowish margin to this and to the fourth and fifth segments, which are not visible from above and which run only about two-thirds the length of each segment. Fourth similar to the third; fifth segment with three moderately large, wide, elongate, opaque black spots separated by a pair of obscure, yellowish brown, slender, vittate streaks. Sixth segment very long and slender and subcylindrical. It is nearly 165 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 twice as long as the fifth segment and is about two and a half times wider at base than at apex. It is somewhat laterally compressed at apex. This species is known only from Nova Teutonia, Brazil. Baccha plutonia Hull Baccha plutonia Hull, Ent. News, LIX, 2 (1948). Related to trinidadensis Curran. The pattern and proportions of the abdominal segments are different. Length 8 mm. Female. Head: vertex steel bluish, with a single row of black hairs. The front is steel blue in the middle and below, quite pol- ished and somewhat purplish on the upper half, with a semicircu- lar spot of white pollen on either side on the eye margins; just in front of the antennal callus there is a deep, transverse, slightly arched crease ; the callus is yellowish brown. The face is some- what bluish black in the middle and faintly and obscurely yel- lowish brown beside each eye margin just below the prominent tubercle. The antennae and arista are sepia, the third segment a little reddish below. Thorax: the mesonotum is dark, sepia brown, with a pair of scarcely discernible blackish stripes on either side and a short, rather wide, widely separated, reddish brown pollinose stripe also on either side of the anterior margin which does not appear to reach even to the transverse suture. The notopleura are sparsely whitish pollinose and the same sparse pollen is continued broadly down the dark reddish brown pleura. The mesonotal pile is erect, but sparse, and there is perhaps a sparse white collar of pile anteriorly along the mesonotum which is evanescent or denuded in the middle. It appears to be considerably longer than the adjacent pile. The pleural pile is sparse, but rather long and light yellow. The scu- tellum is shining dark sepia brown ; the pile on the disk quite sparse, but whitish and rather long and erect; the ventral fringe consists of about four long pale hairs. Squamae brownish white, with dark brown fringe ; halteres with opaque whitish knob. Legs: anterior and middle legs light brown, the base, apex, and a narrow band across the middle of their femora obscurely yel- lowish, their tibiae brown in the middle, narrowly and obscurely yellow, at base and apex, their tarsi yellow. The hind femora are also light brown except at the base, apex and upon a narrow middle band, where they are diffusely yellowish. Hind tibiae widely brown in the middle, the base and apex narrowly yellowish. The hind basitarsi are pale reddish brown on the basal half ; remainder 166 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA of the hind tarsi pale yellow with yellowish pile. The pile of the hind femora and tibiae is almost entirely blackish. Wings: with the basal third diffusely tinged with pale brown; the remainder of the wing nearly or quite hyaline; pterostigma pale brownish yellow; alulae well developed, tinged with brown. Abdomen: quite slender and sub cylindrical on the second segment; the first segment and the sides of the second segment sepia with a bluish reflection. The apical fifth of the second seg- ment is reddish sepia with an opaque blackish band just in front and there is an elongate opaque blackish spot in the middle of the segment a short distance from the base. The third segment is considerably expanded apically, dark brown, the basal corners pale brownish yellow, scarcely visible except from the sides; the third segment has a large, central, posteriorly, medially indented opaque brown triangle ; fourth segment with a large, somewhat oval, opaque brown spot on either side in the middle of the segment; fifth and sixth segments dark shining sepia. This species is known only from Covendo, Bolivia. Baccha potentilla Hull Baccha potentilla Hull, Psyche, XLIX, 100 (1942). Characterized by the shining black abdomen, widely smoky wings and the shape of the abdominal segment. Second abdominal segment about two and a half times as long as wide. Related to clarapex Wiedemaipi. Length 10 mm. Male. Head: the checks, middle of face and front shining steel-blue ; the central portion of the front more blackish ; the upper middle front opaque, with on either side a pair of semicircular, silvery pollinose, eye-marginal spots. Pile of front and upper part of face long and black. The frontal pile is largely confined to the eye margins. The lateral silver pubescence of the face continues in moderate width up the sides of the face to a little above the an- tennae. The post-ocellar pile is black, confined to a single row of hairs. Occipital pile composed of one long posterior row and one shorter lateral row; its upper pile is yellow. The antennae are somewhat elongate, dark brown; the third segment below and base of arista reddish. Sides of face narrowly yellowish. Thorax: mesonotum shining brownish-black, with, viewed pos- teriorly, a pair of broad, submedial, brown pollinose vittae, evanes- cent in the middle of the mesonotum, but expanded anteriorly to form large triangles. Viewed anteriorly or laterally there are, be- tween these vittae, quite slender and almost touching, a pair of 167 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 brown vittae. The pile of the mesonotum and scutellum and its ventral fringe black. Pleura steel-bluish, with a trace of white pubescence in the middle and with white pile. Squamae light brown, with fringe brown. Legs: first four femora dark brown, lighter at apex • their tibiae dark brown, but pale narrowly at the base and at the extreme apex ; their pile almost wholly blackish. The hind femora and tibiae, and all but the narrow apex of the hind basitarsi, black and black pilose. Last hind tarsal segment brown ; other three segments yellowish-white and white pilose. First four tarsi brown. Wings: deep brown, except upon the apical fourth which is pale greyish hyaline. Anal crease well formed and brown. Abdomen: spatulate, the second segment about two and a half times as long as wide and subcylindrical. Third segment not quite twice as wide apically as basically. Fourth segment almost quadri- lateral, barely wider apically. Abdomen shining black, bluish upon the first segment, with a medial, opaque black vitta upon the second segment, expanded some distance from the apex to form an oblique fascia reaching the curved-under lateral margin. Third segment with a pair of practically fused, slender, medial vittae proceeding from the base to within a short distance from the apex and narrowly separated from large, submedial triangles beginning near the base, ending where the medial vittae end and extending laterally out to the margin and almost to the apex. Fourth seg- ment with a similar pattern, the submedial vittae separated, the lateral triangles smaller. Fifth segment with four slender vittate spots on the basal part of the segment. Lateral basal margin of second segment steel-blue. Pile of abdomen appressed and black, white ventrally on the sides of the first segment, with long black pile above. This species is known only from Villarica, Paraguay. Baccha priscilla Hull Baccha priscilla Hull, Entomologica Americana, XIII, 79 (1943). Traces to braziliensis Curran. Thorax, scutellum and abdo- men aeneous-black, with large, black triangles on second to fifth segments. Length 6.5 mm. Male. Head: face brownish-yellow, with black middle stripe; front brassy, flattened on lower half, which is divided by a cres- centic line ; pile black ; antennae orange, blackish above. Thorax: mesonotum, the pleura and scutellum brassy black 168 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA with whitish pile, the former with a pair of pale, yellowish-grey, narrowly divided vittae ; the scutellum is obscurely reddish apically, with microscopic short white pile and no fringe. Legs: brownish-yellow; the hind femora widely dark brown just past the middle. Wings: pale brown, with quite narrow alulae. Abdomen: petiolate; bright brassy black, with a large, central, opaque black triangle on second to fourth segments that is almost touching the base upon third and fourth. This species is known only from Potrerillos, Mendoza, Argen- tina. Baccha salpa Hull Baccha salpa Hull, Rev. de Entomologia, XV, 40 (1944). Characterized by the very dark, wholly blackish wings, the size and proportions of the second and third segments of the long ab- domen and the small, vertical yellow spot on the sides of the jet- black face. Related to peruviana Shannon. Length 14 mm. Male. Head: the vertex polished, shining black, the face, cheeks and front similar in color, the latter with an opaque area on the upper half and a small, silvery, brown-margined spot on the eye margin, which is not connected with the silver pubescence of the face. The pubescence of the face is extensive, but leaves the prominent tubercle bare ; there is a narrow, yellow-brown, vertical spot on each eye margin on the side of the face, about as long as the length of the tubercle. The pile of the face, except below the tubercle, and that of the front and vertex black; the vertical pile, excepting one or two hairs, is confined to a single row. The front is unusually prominent and protuberant and narrowly brown above each antenna. The first and second antennal segments are dark brown; third missing. Thorax: the mesonotum and scutellum are shining brownish- black with a faint, scarcely perceptible, golden or brassy cast ; the humeri are concolorous, the pile erect, short and black; the ventral fringe of the scutellum consists of about five moderately long black hairs ; the pleura are entirely steel-bluish black, with only sparse, yellowish pile. There appears to be a sparse, anterior collar of pile upon the mesonotum. Legs: hind femora, their tibiae and all but the apex of their basitarsi and their last tarsal segment black and short, black pilose ; the intervening tarsal segments are light brownish-yellow with pale pile. The first four femora are dark brown, their bases nar- 169 • ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 rowly lighter, their tibiae darker, their tarsi almost black and all of their pile blackish. Wings: almost wholly dark brown, barely lighter towards the apical sixth; the alula is moderately well developed. Abdomen: elongate, a little wider and more flattened apically than basally; the second segment is nearly cylindrical, with long, slender, black pile laterally throughout the entire length. The abdomen is shining black, bluish upon the first segment and sides of the second and marked with opaque black. There is a broad, subapical, black fascia, which is anteriorly prolonged into a wide, median vitta and which reaches nearly to the base of the second segment. There is a very large, elongate, triangle upon the second segment of opaque black, which occupies all of the segment, except the wide posterior margin of the segment and the anterior part of the lateral margins. The fourth segment has a similar but broader opaque triangle and the fifth segment a broad, oval, central, trans- verse spot; the third segment is a little shorter than the second, the fourth segment a little shorter than the third ; the long, rather abundant pile of the upper half of the first segment is black. The equally long pile of the ventral half and basilateral portion of the second segment is golden. This species is known only from Campamiento, Peru. Baccha sappho Hull Baccha sappho Hull, Entomologica Americana, XXIII, 69 (1943). Very much like para Curran in general color and the beauti- fully banded wings with their preapical hyaline fascia, but at once distinguished by the shorter, nearly square, and flattened sixth abdominal segment; in this respect it is like ida, but that species lacks the prominent yellow basal triangles and medial vittae. Length 10 mm. Female. Head: face and front black, the former yellow on the sides, the latter brown in the middle on the upper half, its eye margins narrowly yellow and silvery pubescent. Antennae and aristae black, except narrowly at base of third segment. Thorax: mesonotum dull black, with dark brown pollen and narrow, brownish-grey vittae and a brown rectangle before the scutellum; lateral margins silvery. Scutellum dark brown, its pile and fringe black. Legs: dark brown to black; apex of hind basitarsi and remain- ing segments yellow. 170 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Wings: black with preapical hyaline fascia. Abdomen: petiolate, shining black with a large, central opaque triangle in the middle of second and third segment ; all of the next two segments opaque black, except corners and posterior margins. Third to fifth segments with a pair of slender, yellow vittae and their anterior corners triangularly yellow. Sixth segment dorso- ventrally compressed, its lateral margins sharp. This species is known only from Nova Teutonia, Brazil. Baccha susio Hull Baccha susio Hull, Jour. Kans. Ent. Soc., XIV, 61 (1941). Related to ada Curran. From ada it differs in the distinctly shorter fourth and fifth abdominal segments (of female) and the absence of coppery or purplish reflection along the sides of the mesonotum. In ada the vittae of the fourth segment tend to be disconnected from the basal fascia and the lower occipital cilia are distinctly less flattened and coarse. Length 10 mm. Female. Head: cheeks light brown; face yellowish-brown along the sides, blackish along the tubercle in the middle. Vertex blackish above, with a single medial row of short, black hairs. Front brownish-black broadly throughout the middle ; pale brown along the edges. Antennae brown, the third segment darker apically and dorsally and about half again as long as wide. Thorax: mesonotum dark brown, feebly shining including the lateral margin; the 'middle of the disc with a pair of conspicuous, light, yellowish-brown pollinose vittae, widely separated, between which is a much more slender one running from anterior margin all the way to the scutellum. These vittae have brassy reflections. The post-calli and the humeri are brown, the latter paler. Pleura brownish black, the pro-, meso-, ptero-, and upper sternopleura ob- scurely reddish brown, densely covered with silvery pubescence and with some scattered pale pile. The mesonotum itself is broadly covered with pale, whitish-brown pubescence and with very short, sparse black pile. Scutellum light, brownish-yellow, obscurely brown across the disc, with short, sparse, stubby, black pile and blackish ventral fringe. Legs: front and middle tibiae and tarsi pale yellow; the last two tarsal segments barely darker and a mere suggestion of brown- ish, submedial annulus on the tibiae. Anterior femora brown, mid- dle pair darker, the hind pair quite dark brown, their pile brownish black. Hind tibiae, except extreme base, dark brown. Hind tarsi .quite pale yellow, the extreme base of basitarsi brownish. 171 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 Wings: diffusely tinged with brown along the anterior half. Abdomen: considerably constricted basally, dark brown in color, including the first segment and marked very vaguely with diffuse spots as follows: a pair of submedial, rather small, light brown elongate spots well separated in the middle of the third seg- ment; fourth segment with a pair of similarly placed and colored spots and the lateral anterior corners diffusely lighter brown. Fifth segment over twice as wide as long and a little shorter than the preceding segment, but with a similar arrangement of spots. Sixth segment rather long, flattened, ridged in the middle and, though only half again as long as wide, the basal width is much narrower than that of the preceding segment. This segment is apically pointed and laterally strongly compressed. Pile of the abdomen black, except for a few long pale hairs at the extreme base of the first segment. This species is known only from S. Avanhandara, Brazil. The author has compared susio with material from the type series of ada, to which it is very closely related. Baccha triloba Hull Baccha triloba Hull, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XLVI, 11 (1944). Abdomen steel-blue, with opaque black pattern, the fourth seg- ment trilobate. Related, perhaps, to lativentris Curran. Length 6.5 mm. Female. Head: vertex steel-blue, with a single row of black hairs. The front is wholly shining steel-blue with whitish pile. The antennal callus is also steel-blue. The face is entirely steel-blue, except for a tiny brown spot on the moderate tubercle ; the sides of the face are widely silvery pubescent and white pilose. The cheeks are very narrow and pale brown ; the antennae dark brown. Thorax: mesonotum shining bluish-black, with, viewed ob- liquely, a pair of slender, narrow, submedial, blackish and more or less linear vittae ; near the middle upon either side there is a similar one. The halteres are dark brown. The sides of the mesonotum, the whole pleura and scutellum are concolorous with the mesonotum. All the thoracic pile erect and whitish and quite sparse upon the scutellum. The extreme rim of the scutellum is somewhat reddish- brown. Legs: dark brown, the apical fifth of each of the first four femora and the narrow apices of the hind pair and the basal halves of all the tibiae pale yellowish. The hind basitarsi and remaining segments are dark brownish-black. 172 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Wings: basal half faintly and dilutely brown including whole of the stigmal cell ; apical portion hyaline ; alulae quite well de- veloped. Abdomen: flattened, spatulate, very little narrower basally, and shining bluish-black marked with opaque black. Beginning just at or past the middle of the second segment there is a wide, opaque black, continuous fascia narrowed laterally. In the middle of the third segment there is a transverse, black, opaque fascia which is postero-medially indented; the lateral portions of the anterior margin of this fascia are rounded and convex upon either side and the antero-medial portion extends forward as an anterior, rounded, narrow wedge that does not reach the base of the segment. Pattern of fourth segment similar to third. Fifth segment with three, some- what elongate, vittate black spots. This species is known only from the Amazon. Baccha tristis Hull Baccha tristis Hull, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., LYI, 140 (1930). A black species related to alicia Curran, which, however, lacks the three opaque spots on the male fifth segment. Related also to dracula Hull, but much more slender. Length 12 mm. Male. Head: face shining black, covered with exceedingly thin whitish pollen, giving it a grey appearance and becoming bluish opposite antennae and on sides of the front. The middle of front black, feebly shining, more polished just before the antennae, which is also slightly roughened or rugose. Cheeks shining black, bare. Face covered with fine, sparse, black hairs, in length equal to two- thirds the width of the third segment of antennae, the hairs be- coming more abundant and longer on the front, equal to the full width of third segment. Facial tubercle made rather prominent by the retreating epistoma ; concavity below antennae quite shallow. Flattened area before antennae bare. First and second segments of antennae dull black, the second barely longer than the first ; third segment and arista opaque dark brown, the latter short, thickened on the basal half. Pile of vertex black, shorter than on front. Face seen from directly in front distinctly narrower below. Occiput throughout gray pubescent, just above the middle with small group of stiff, black hairs, below with shorter, fine, white hairs. Thorax: dorsum of thorax metallic steel-blue, violaceous on the sides and slightly aeneous before the scutellum ; bronze colored im- mediately behind the humeri. Thorax clothed with numerous, fine, black hairs and with longer similar hair on the pleura. Halteres, dark brown. Squamae with a fringe of short brown hairs. 173 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 Legs : all the femora shining black, the narrow apices light brown. Fore and mid tibiae brown, shining, the hind tibiae nearly opaque black. Fore and midtarsi and the hind tarsi, except at the tip, dark brown. Hind basitarsi as long as entire midtarsi, its tip and the second and third segments of clear yellow with the bristles black and the hairs yellow; the last two segments dark brown. Wings: strongly smoky, growing lighter on the posterior half, about two mm. longer than the tip of abdomen. Abdomen: shining, dully bluish to violaceous, opaque black as follows : broadly in the middle of the second segment, a large bell- shaped spot in the middle of the third and fourth segments, each with an apical anterior production, and three small rounded spots transversely on the fifth segment. Dorsum of abdomen clothed with fine, black, appressed hairs, the sides of the third segment and the extreme rim of the second segment with white hair. This species is known only from Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Baccha vanda Hull Baccha vanda Hull, Ent. News, LIV, 136 (1943). This species is closely related to para Curran ; it differs in the reddish-brown face, absence of a black median line down the front (female), pair of distinct yellowish-grey vittae upon the mesono- tum, whereas para has only a thin, slender, gray stripe or line laid upon wider, diffuse gray pollen. The abdominal vittae are more distinct, are yellow, more curved, and upon the third segment are enclosed within the opaque area. The male is quite distinct in the slender, slaty vittae of the abdomen, which in para are large and yellow, reversing the characteristics of the sexes; vanda is smaller. Length 9 mm. Male. Head: face steel-blue, this color extending up to the lower part of the front ; the sides of the face are narrowly yellow, the pile whitish below and black above and broadly white pubescent. Front dull black, somewhat brownish pollinose in the middle, with long black pile ; the lunula is yellow, but black centrally. Antennae dark brownish-black. Vertical pile black, placed in a single row; ocellar triangle raised. Upper occipital pile black; ocular fringe very long, a single row behind, white, a shorter anterior row white below, black above. Thorax: mesonotum dully shining, brassy brownish-black, with dark brown pollen, with paler pollen on the lateral margins and a pair of reddish-brown vittae. Mesonotal pile black ; pleura metallic black. Scutellum brownish-black, with abundant, erect black pile and long black fringe. 174 July, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Legs : dark brown, the hind pair almost black, their second to fourth tarsal segments pale yellow. The bases of the tibiae are narrowly light brown. Wings: smoky brown throughout. Alulae well developed. Abdomen: petiolate. First segment and the second metallic black, the latter with si wide, black, opaque, sub apical fascia which is extended forward in the middle almost to the base. Third seg- ment dark brown, lighter on the lateral margin; most of the seg- ment is occupied by a large, central, opaque black, non-vittate tri- angle. Fourth segment with the lateral margins upon the basal half narrowly reddish, the basal triangles and the posterior margins shining and the remainder of the segment opaque black, with a pair of linear, dark brown vittae contained therein. On the fifth segment the vittae are still more obscure. This species is known only from Novo Teutonia, Santa Cather- ina, Brazil. Baccha zeteki Curran Baccha zeteki Curran, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 403, 9 (1930). A minute species, six to seven mm. long, with slightly protu- berant and constricted front and strongly petiolate abdomen. Length 6-7 mm. Male. Head: vertex but slightly raised, the black pile in a single row. Front but slightly protuberant and constricted opaque blackish on the upper half, with relatively quite large circular callosity which is light brown in color and darker brown in the center. Viewed from above there is a bright silvery triangle of pollen on each eye margin on the upper part of the front which is discontinuous with the similar micro-pubescence along the sides of the face. Middle of the face shining brownish to black in color, the tubercle moderately developed, the cheeks brownish. Pile of face pale, of the front blackish. Occiput blackish, with pale pubes- cence and a collar of long pale scarcely flattened hail's yellowish in color of which there are two rows in the middle. Antennae dark brown, lighter on the basal segments and below upon the third seg- ment. Thorax: mesonotum brownish, black, more or less shining with very faint sparse thin scattering of brown pollen, the pile is fine, erect and blackish and there is an inconspicuous anterior collar of fine, yellowish hairs. Scutellum nearly concolorous with mesonotum, the central fringe consisting of two or three pairs of fine, yellow hairs. Pleura brownish to metallic black, with yellowish pile and sparse yellowish pollen. Squamae brown with brown fringe ; halteres pale orange. 175 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 3 Legs: brownish; the bases of the anterior fore tibiae more or less yellowish ; the hind tibiae very narrowly yellowish at the base. Hind basitarsi dark brown, except at apex ; its apex and the second and third segments brownish yellow, the last two segments brown. Hind femora yellowish or reddish brown on the basal half, but dark brown apically, except at the extreme tip. Wings: dilutely tinged with brown on the basal half and in some instances quite pale. The alula is large, the pre-anal spuria distinct, the third vein nearly straight, the stigmal area a little darker. Abdomen: quite petiolate, brownish black, sometimes with bluish reflection on the sides of the second segment ; second segment with two opaque black bands, separated from each other and from base and apex of the segment by approximately the width of each band. Third segment much wider apically than basally and with a large, opaque black triangle which does not quite reach the 'base. Fourth segment with a large, opaque triangle broadly rounded and arched anteriorly, reaching or nearly reaching the base of the seg- ment and tending in some instances to be divided medially. Fifth segment with traces of three obscure basal spots which may be wanting. Pile of abdomen quite sparse and blackish, but yellowish in the basal, lateral corners of the third and fourth segments. There are a few long, yellow hairs along the side of the slender, sub-cylin- drical second segment and there are numerous long, yellow hairs on the sides of the first segment. Female. Similar to the male; the sides of the front on the lower two-thirds bright shining bluish and with narrow margins of silver pubescence. Upper part of front and vertex shining black ; the ocelli not at all raised. Mesonotum shining black, with faint, short, greyish vittae anteriorly on either side. Abdomen shining black, quite narrow upon the second segment ; the remaining seg- ments widely expanded and oval, the third segment almost an equi- lateral triangle with concave sides. The fourth segment with nearly parallel sides and a pair of rather widely separated, opaque black triangles. Fifth segment with a pair of tiny, narrowly sepa- rated, opaque black triangles. Second segment with only one opaque black band, the anterior band wanting or reduced to a tiny streak. The wing is a little more distinctly brown on the basal half but its margin is diffuse. This species was described from Panama. I have also collected it in Panama and collected a female in Honduras. (To be continued) 176 Vol. XXVII October, 1947 No. 4 THE GENUS BACCHA FROM THE NEW WORLD Frank M. Hull University of Mississippi, University, Miss. ( Continued from page 176) Appendix: New Species of New World Baccha Recently a number of undescribed species of Syrphid flies have accumulated in the collections of the author. Some of these belong to the genus Baccha and their descriptions are included in this paper at this time. The types are in the collection of the author. Baccha xantippe n. sp. An ochraceous species intermediate in female between crocea Austen and lepida Macquart. Length about 8 mm. Female. Head : face, cheeks and the sides of the front yellow, and antennae orange. The middle of the front has a prominent, dark brown stripe as wide as the black spot upon the callus. The vertex is blackish with yellow pollen ; its pile is confined to a single row of hairs. On the front the pile is dark in color and the facial pile is dark blackish along- the sides, but yellowish in the middle of the tubercle. The pile of the occiput is golden and not flattened. Thorax: mesonotum black in the middle with brassy to coppery reflections and a pair of widely separated, golden brown pollinose vittae that extend into a general area of such pollen lying before the scutellum. The humeri, the wide lateral margins of the meso- 177 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 notum, the postcalli, the entire scutellum and all of the pleura, except an oblique posterior band, are pale yellow. This posterior band is reddish sepia brown ; it lies in front of the posterior spiracle, covers the whole of the metapleura and hypopleura and the lower part of the sternopleura. There appears to be no collar of pile. The mesonotal pile is scattered and sparse and dark with a few yellow hairs anteriorly and upon the notopleura. Squamae yel- lowish brown with dark fringe and border. The halteres are yellow with reddish brown knob. Legs: entirely of a bright, rich, slightly brownish egg yellow ; the hind femora have a distinct, oblique, subapical, sepia brown annulus ; the pile of the legs is golden yellow. Wing ?: uniformly tinged with light brownish yellow throughout; the cental cell, first basal cell, base of marginal and submarginal cells barely darker. The stigmal area or outer half of the subcostal cell is darker brown than the remainder of the wing. The alula is a little wider apically than the costal cell, but of about the same width in the middle. Abdomen: first segment yellow, transversely brown in the middle. The second segment is as wide posteriorly as its length ; it is somewhat more narrow basally with a quite broad, complete, orange band or fascia ; the posterior margin of this band is not quite one-third of the length of the segment from the pos- terior margin. This band is bordered anteriorly and posteriorly with opaque black. The remainder of the second segment is reddish brown, scarcely lighter along the lateral margin. Third segment brownish black with a very large, wide, brownish orange band across the middle which is narrowly interrupted posteriorly; the brown medial vitta expands from a linear line to a conspicuous romboid which touches the base of the segment in the middle. The yellow, central fascia extends to the base of the segment anteriorly, but the basal part is nearly cut away by the medial romboid and by a baso- lateral, medially rounded extension of the dark color. Finally the large yellow fascia which is broken by the medial vitta into a pair of spots, is shallowly indented on each posterior half by the dark posterior border. The posterior border is opaque black where it touches the orange fascia. The fourth segment might be described as similar to the third, except that the medial vitta is wider pos- teriorly and posteriorly expands so as to leave the margin postero- medially of the yellow area around it. The yellow area, now in the form of submedial vittae, reaches the base of the segment and extends basally very narrowly to the sides. Finally there is a deep extension of the black from the postero-lateral corners of the seg- ment cutting into the brownish orange pattern so that there remains 178 October, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA a pair of orange vittae which diverge slightly anteriorly; these orange vittae connect broadly with a pair of equally wide, oblique, orange vittae lying diagonally across the antero-lateral corners of the segment. Fifth segment with four vittae, each outer pair con- nected basally and indented subbasally on the lateral margin. The outer vittae extend only two-thirds the length of the segment and these outer vittae are broadly rounded posteriorly ; the black spaces between the vittae on this and the preceding segment are opaque black. Holotype : female, Pucallpa, Peru, Dec. 9, 1947; a paratype in not quite such good preservation and with pattern not quite so clear, Dec. 3, 1947, Jose Schunke. Baccha anthinone n. sp. A large species, with the base of the wing black. Related to ida Curran. The apical half of the wing, though paler than the basal half, is rather deeply tinged with brown. In the middle of the wing the pale brown and dark brown show a tinge of yellow where they merge. Length about 14 mm. Male. Head: vertex, front, cheeks and face black with in places faint steel bluish reflections. The tubercle is well developed ; the sides of the face are rather obscurely and diffusely brownish white along the middle on each eye margin. Except for a few white hairs on the lower part of the face, the facial pile is black. The frontal and vertical pile are black and the hairs are quite long upon the front. The sides of the face are thickly dusted with white micropubescence which is especially thick along the eye margins where it, however, ends opposite the antennae. In an oblique light there is a silvery white triangle upon the eye margin on either side of the upper part of the front giving way above to a small spot of brown pollen. The upper portion of the front, in the middle be- tween these silver spots, is opaque black. The preantennal callus is very nearly black in the middle and just before the antennae there is a large, central, quite black spot. At first appearance the entire preantennal callus appears black. The lower half of the front is prominent and set off from the remainder by a shallow constriction. The first two antennal segments are black; the third is almost black throughout and of a uniform color and not reddish basally or ven- trally. Arista black. Occiput slightly bluish black with grey white pollen and whitish, slightly flattened hairs along the middle and with a row of black hairs above. Thorax: mesonotum polished shining black with rather abundant deep reddish sepia pollen. 179 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 There are no prominent vittae, although there are faint vittae of reddish pollen anteriorly which are well separated and which quickly become evanescent. There is a large subquadrate area in front of the scutellum which from lateral view appears opaque black ; from a posterior view it is thickly, rich, red brown pollinose. The scutellum is concolorous with the mesonotum; it is shining, with a few scattered blackish hairs, and a copious ventral fringe of about twenty, quite long, black or nearly black hairs. These shin- ing hairs in some lights appear to be deep reddish brown. There is a distinct but not very conspicuous, anterior mesonotal collar of moderately long, yellowish or reddish brown hairs. Squamae sepia brown with similar fringe. Halteres sepia with brownish red knob. Pleura polished shining black, thinly dusted with brownish or yellowish white pollen. Pleura with rather sparse pale pile down the middle. Legs: black, the anterior femora dark rich red- dish sepia and their tarsi very dark brown, almost black. The middle legs are missing, the hind basitarsi are black on the basal half and are therefore concolorous with the hind tibiae and tarsi; all of these are black pilose. The apical half of the hind basi- tarsi, the second, third and fourth hind tarsal segments and basal half of the last tarsal segments are white and white pilose. Wings: deep, somewhat reddish sepia upon the basal half; the color runs obliquely and quite diffusely across the wing from the basal half of the short subcostal cell, occupies the basal half of the stigmal area of the subcostal cell and extends only a little beyond the anterior cross vein. The remainder of the wing shows two colors; the apex is widely smoky brown, but not as deep as the base of the wing, and diffusely merges with the intervening area between the base which is also distinctly light brown, but in which there is a slight yellowish tint. The preanal spuria is well developed. Alulae large and deep brown. Abdomen: quite spatulate, first and second segments shin- ing black. The second segment is broadly opaque black subapi- cally; the opaque color extends from the lateral margin below di- agonally upward to form a medical extension or vitta which reaches almost to the base of the segment. This segment is narrowest in the middle and is about four times as long as its apical width, per- haps seven times as long as its least width. The pile is long and blackish along the sides and the pile on the first segment is long and distinctly reddish in the middle ; it is whitish below and black and shorter at the extreme anterior corner. The third segment is almost an equilateral triangle and hence widely expanded pos- teriorly. It is black and the greater part is covered by an extensive 180 October, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA opaque black triangle. This triangle reaches from the base to within a short distance of the posterior margin and is turned over laterally. The anterior basal corners are only very narrowly brown- ish and hence there are no conspicuous light colored triangles at the base of this segment. Fourth segment quite wide and battened ; it is nearly as long as wide, with a very large, anteriorly rounded and arched spot of opaque black which is indented medially and posteriorly leaving the anterior corners, the lateral margins nar- rowly and the posterior margin narrowly shining black. Fifth segment half as long as wide, shining black with three slightly elongate, posteriorly acute, basally merged, opaque black spots. > Female. Similar to the male, the pollen upon the upper half of the front reddish brown; the third antennal segment is black but slightly reddish at the base below, the sides of the face are more distinctly light clay color and this color extends higher and lower. The apical half of the wing is quite hyaline, except for a minute, almost unnoticeable, smoky tinge at the extreme apex of the sub- marginal cell. The distal border of the deep sepia brown base is slightly diffuse and anteriorly a little yellowish. On the abdomen the opaque black annulus of the second segment does not extend forward and this segment is but little over twice as long as its pos- terior width. The remaining segments, the third and fourth, are nearly of the same proportions ; the fourth has distinct geminate, submedial extensions into the oqaque black from the rear which do not however, completely divide this triangle. Fifth segment with a quite large, oval, opaque black spot on either side, widely separated, touching the base, reaching two-thirds the length of the segment and in the midle with a slender, basal wedge of opaque black reaching only half the length of the segment. Sixth segment trapezoidal, shining black, dorsoventrally flattened; it is about as long as its basal width. Holotype • male, Pucallpa, Peru, Dec. 12 ; allotype : female, Dec. 8, 1947 ; one paratype female Nov. 8, 1947, Jose Schunke. Baccha arethusa n.sp. A black species. More than the basal half of the wing sepia brown. The abdomen with long drawn out sixth segment. Related to telescopica Curran. The abdomen is almost entirely black or dark sepia brown, without reddish areas in the corners of second, third or fourth segments. Length 13 mm. Female. Head: front vertex, cheeks and face shining black. The face has a prominent tubercle and its sides are narrowly and obscurely reddish brown. The lower half of the front is especially 181 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 prominent and set off by a shallow constriction. The preantennal callus is totally black. The pile of the front and vertex is black ; there are just a very few whitish hairs on the upper part of the face and above them a few black ones. The upper part of the face is whitish micropubescent and there is thin, very sparse pubescence on the lower part of the face and a band across the middle of the front ; poor preservation makes it impossible to determine the color. The first two antennal segments are black, the third is brownish black, a little reddish at the base below. The arista is brownish bl^ck, but dark reddish brown at the base. The occiput is grey pollinose, with a fringe of slightly flattened hairs of dirty yellowish white color, and anteriorly above along the eye margin there is a single row of slender, black hairs. The mesonotum is black, mod- erately shining, with a grey pubescence and rather short, scattered blackish hairs which are yellow on the anterior margin and noto- pleura. There is no anterior collar of pile. The scutellum is deep, dark sepia brown with scattered brownish black hairs and about seven or eight pairs of dark brown ventral fringe hairs. The scutellum is shining. Squamae yellow on the upper squamae, dark brown on the lower squamae. Halteres reddish brown. Pleura black, dusted with whitish pollen and with yellowish white hairs on the posterior mesopleura, the upper sternopleura and anterior pteropleura. Legs: the femora and anterior and middle tibiae and their tarsi are very dark sepia brown, or reddish brown in some lights; the hind tibiae are so dark as to be almost black and this color extends over the basal four-fifths of their basitarsi and their pile is of the same color. The remaining segments of the hind tarsi, except the last one, are pale brownish yellow; terminal seg- ment brown. Wings: deep sepia brown on the basal two-thirds, the brown color runs from close to the end of the subcostal cell some- what ' obliquely down across the wing, leaving approximately the basal fourth of the first posterior cell brown and the remainder of the wing quite hyaline. The alula is well developed, but not re- markably deep. Abdomen: very dark sepia brown, nearly black upon the second, third and diffusely upon the basal half of the fourth segment, becoming black upon the fifth and sixth and the remainder of the fourth. The second segment is a little more than twice as long as its least width, subcylindrical with nearly parallel sides and slightly wider posteriorly. The third is a little wider posteriorly and about one and one-half times as long as its least width. The fourth segment is as long as the third, but a little more narrow posteriorly. Fifth segment slightly diminished in width 182 October, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA subbasally and then with parallel sides. It is almost but not quite as long as the preceding segment. Sixth segment subcylindical, a little compressed posteriorly and as long as the fourth and fifth to- gether or slightly longer. Holotype : female, Pucallpa, Peru, Jan. 4, 1947, Jose Schunke. Baccha selene n. sp. A very slender species with yellow face. Related to attenuata Williston. Length 10 mm. Male. Head: face, cheeks and front pale yellow, the latter with a small, round black dot upon the preantennal callus. The pile of the face and front and a single row of 'hairs upon the black vertex are pale yellow. Antennae pale orange. Face tuberculate. The occiput is black, covered with grey pollen and a single row of non-flattened yellow hairs from top to bottom. The middle of the posterior margin of the eye is slightly and gently excavated. The upper eye facets are only very slightly enlarged. Thorax: mes- onotum broadly black down the middle, with a brassy reflection along the lateral portion of the black area ; the lateral margins of the mesonotum are continuously pale yellow including the humeri, the postcalli and the entire scutellum. The black of the mesonotum is rather suddenly attenuated just before it reaches the scutellum and therefore reaches the scutellum in only about half its sutural width. There is no anterior collar of pile. Viewed from behind there are a pair of well separated, wide, grey pollinose vittae, well developed anteriorly, which seem to fade out before they reach the scutellum. This grey pollen in some light has a very pale yellowish or brownish cast. The mesonotal pile is yellow and there are a few similar short hairs upon the scutellum and apparently two yellow ventral hairs of moderate length on the lower apical margins of the scutellum which constitutes the only evidence of a ventral fringe. The pleura are light yellow with an oblique me- tallic black band running from and including the metanotum over the posterior part of the metapleura and hypopleura and interrupted by the yellow posterior spiracle. Squamae deep yellow, the halteres yellow with a distinctly brown knob. Legs: pale yel- low, the posterior femora with a wide, distinct, preapical brown annulus. The hind tibiae have a narrow brown annulus located just beyond the basal third ; it is followed by a wider, pale yellow band across the middle and a distinctly less obvious brown band which insensibly shades off into the lighter brown upon the remain- ing third of the tibiae. The hind tarsi are more or less brownish yellow on the basitarsi with light brown pile; the remaining seg- 183 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 ments are pale brown with perhaps a yellowish cast. Wings: slen- der, the alulae totally absent. There is a distinct, pale brownish yellow tint to the wings which therefore are not quite hyaline. The costal cell is similarly very pale yellowish, especially upon the outer portion. The stigmal area is deep brown throughout. The third longitudinal vein is nearly straight. Abdomen: without opaque areas; the first segment is yellow laterally, with about a dozen moderately long yellow hairs anterolaterally. It is widely shining sepia brown in the middle. The second segment is about ten times as long as its least width; it has parallel sides, except at the base where it expands; it is dark sepia brown in color, nearly black, especially posteriorly; some distance from the posterior margin of this segment there is a pair of brownish yellow, snbqnadrate, slightly diffuse but distinct yellowish spots which are narrowly separated by brown in the middle. Viewed from above one can only see traces of yellow in the basal anterior corners, but laterally the basal anterior corners are diffusely yellow to yellowish brown. This segment and the next are subcylindrical and tend to be laterally compressed. Third segment not quite as long as the second and only a little wider posteriorly. Viewed laterally there is a very distinct, posteriorly indented, elongate, anteriorly acute, yellow triangle on each side of the middle of the third segment ; a portion of this triangle is visible from above and the triangles are distinctly separated by black medially. Posteriorly the wide dark area is nearly black with a golden brown reflection. The dark color to- wards the base of the segment is distinctly brown. The fourth segment is black on the posterior two-fifths with large, lateral yellow triangles posteriorly indented, well separated in the middle, that reach to the base of the segment in almost half of their greatest width. The anterior corners of this segment viewed from the side are sepia brown, widely brown at the base, the brown becoming attenuated as the yellow triangle expands ; however, the lateral margins are brown throughout the entire length of the . segment. Fifth segment black, a little wider than long. Abdominal pile sparse, fine, bristly and black. Female. Similar to the male; the entire front is pale yellow, except the spot before the antennae. The pattern of the abdomen is quite similar to the male but the segments are not quite so slender. The second segment is approximately eight times as long as wide and the third segment about five times as long as its posterior width, perhaps less. The sixth segment is over three times as wide as long and shaped as a low trapezoid. The wings are quite hyaline with 184 October, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA uniformly dark brown stigmatic area and with the first posterior cell much more slender. Alulae also totally lacking. In both sexes there is the merest trace of diffuse smoky brown at the extreme apex of the submarginal cell. Holotype: male, Nov. 8, allotype; female, Dec. 9, 1947, Pucallpa, Peru, Jose Shunke. Baccha urania n. sp. A yellow and black species. The abdomen has nearly parallel sides ; the scutellum has a large, central, blackish spot upon the disc. Peiated to inca Curran. Length 14 mm. Wing 13.5 mm. Female. Head: lace and cheeks pale yellow, the face tuber- culate. The lower two-thirds of the front are pale yellow, except for a narrow thread-like brown line down the middle of the front which becomes slightly wider in the middle of the shining pre- antennal callus. The preantennal callus, except for this median line, is entirely pale shining yellow. The upper third of the front and the vertex are black, with several rows -of short black hairs ; the pile of the front is entirely black and fine and abundant, but the facial pile is pale yellow. First and second segments of antennae yellow with black pile ; third segment missing. The second segment appears to have been prolonged along the medial .surface as a strap- like process. The occiput is black, covered with yellowish pollen and pile. Thorax: mesonotum 'brassy black with a pair of distinct, widely separated, wide yellow pollinose vittae that become evanes- cent short distance from the scutellum and which have a small lat- eral notch at the transverse suture. The lateral margins of the meso- notum and the anterior half of the postcalli are widely pale yellow, including .the humeri and notopleura, but there is a brownish black spot immediately opposite the base of the wing which encroaches laterally upon these margins. The scutellum is pale yellow; the base and a minute triangle at each corner are dark brown and there is a large somewhat semicircular or triangle black spot on the disc. The pleura are light yellow anteriorly becoming brown on the lower portion of the sternopleura and the hypopleura; the anterior half of the metapleura is yellow, but it diffusely merges into the black, and the metanotum is also black. Squamae yellow with yellow fringe ; halteres entirely dark sepia brown. Legs : anterior four legs entirely light yellow ; the hind coxae and hind femora are light reddish brown on the lower half, with the dorsal surface nar- rowly yellow from base to the apical third, and at this point there is a wide dark brown annulus. Beyond this annulus the apices of the 185 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 femora are again light yellow. The hind tibiae are entirely black- ish throughout, except for the most extreme base and apex which are narrowly reddish brown. Hind tarsi entirely light yellow and entirely yellow pilose, except for a minute patch of blackish hairs at the base of the basitarsi. Hind basitarsi distinctly longer than all the remaining segments. Pile of hind femora and tibiae entirely black, except for two or three yellow hairs at the base of the femur. Wings: elongate, longer than the abdomen and tinged with brownish yellow which is a little deeper on the costal, subcostal and basal cells. Stigmal area yellowish brown. Alulae with the posterior margin straight ; they are only a little wider distally ; their width is not quite twice the width of the costal cell. The third longitudinal vein is nearly straight. Abdomen: elongate with nearly parallel sides; the first segment is yellowish on the basal half, but black posteriorly and in the middle ; its pile is yellow and long with a few black hairs posteriorly. The second segment is a little more than one and one-half times as long as wide ; it is barely wider posteriorly than basally. This segment is dark brown, blackish posteriorly, with an obscure, oblique pair of oval yellowish brown spots lying a little past the middle. These spots do not meet postero- medially. The segment is slightly shorter than the second and with a pair of obscure, elongate, brownish yellow spots that are rather widely separated in the middle. These vittate spots appar- ently originate on the basal margins, but do not reach the posterior margins. Fourth segment of about the same length as the third or slightly longer, with similar widely separated vittate spots. Fifth segment not quite as long as broad, with a pair of elongate, widely separated yellowish spots which are widely separated from both pos- terior and anterior margins. The posterior margin of the fourth and fifth segments is very narrowly yellowish brown. The sixth segment is in the shape of a short, truncate triangle; seventh seg- ment very short. The pile of the abdomen is entirely black beyond the first segment. The pattern of the abdomen is somewhat ob- scured by grease and bad preservation. Holotype : a female, Pucallpa, Peru, Dec. 8, 1947. Jose Schunke. Baccha Cordelia n. sp. A sepia brown species closely related to ovipositoria Hull, but without the medial vitta upon the second segment and with quite different proportions to the abdominal segments. Length 10 mm. Female. Head: the face and cheeks are shining steel bluish black with prominent tubercle; the sides and area beneath the antennae are greyish white pubescent with fine sparse white pile. 186 October, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA The preantennal callosity of the front is unusually protuberant ; it is set off from the remainder of the front by a strong crease ; it is shining black in color, becoming bluish on the sides, is divided by a medial crease-like furrow and the anterior portion is flattened and brownish yellow. The middle of the front is left with a large, nearly opaque, bluish green rectangle running almost from eye margin to eye margin and divided medially by a centrally enlarged opaque brown line. Viewed obliquely from above this bluish green opaque area is margined by an arched fascia of yellowish white or brownish white pollen and just outside of the central rectangle on each eye margin there is a tiny semi-circle of brilliant white pollen which is discontinuous with the similar linear pile upon the eye margin opposite the antennae. The vertex is quite swollen and protuberant ; it is polished black in color and from lateral view the strong protuberance is notched just before the anterior ocellus. The ocelli occupy an equilateral triangle. Pile of front sparse and black. First two segments of antennae yellowish brown, the second darker above and dorso-medially with a bluish reflection. Third segment blackish above, obscurely yellowish or reddish brown upon the lower half. Arista black, narrowly yellow at the base. The pile of the upper occiput is golden brown; the middle area has a single row of rather sparse, quite long, yellow, only slightly flat- tened hairs ; at the extreme middle recess of the occiput externally there are a few black hairs. Thorax: mesonotum black, dully shin- ing and rather heavily dusted with dark brown to brownish yellow pollen. There is a pair of widely separated, faintly bluish vittae which run almost or quite -to the scutellum. The lateral margins of the mesonotum are brown with brown pollen, the pile fine and black with a few golden brown or yellow hairs anteriorly. There is no differentiated collar of pile. The scutellum is sub translu- cent, yellowish brown, with abundant, erect brown or black pile and a ventral fringe of two or three pairs of long golden brown hairs. Pleura blackish below, becoming dark brown above ; the pollen upon the metapleura, pteropleura, mesopleura and the upper sterno- pleura is brown; upon the lower part of the pleura it is greyish white. Squamae dark brown; halteres reddish brown. Legs : anterior and middle legs entirely brownish yellow, except that the terminal two or three segments of the tarsi are dark sepia brown. The hind femora are light brownish yellow on the basal three-fifths, but entirely black upon the remainder as well as upon the hind tibiae and tarsi. Pile of the hind pair of legs entirely black. Wings: reddish sepia upon the basal half; the color extends to» 187 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 barely beyond the anterior cross vein and to the end of the costal cell ; the stigmal area of the wing is pale in color and almost hyaline ; the remainder of the wing is hyaline. Alulae unusually wide and deep and brownish. Abdomen: first, second, third and fourth seg- ments light reddish brown ; the second segment is one and one-half times as long as wide, and is barely more narrow basally. The posterior half of the second segment has an opaque reddish band arched anteriorly and anteriorly acute, but not continued forward on the anterior half of the segment. The posterior margin of this segment is shining ; there is a faint suggestion of obscure, diffuse, yellowish color anteriorly upon the arched opaque band. The third segment is as long as the second or barely longer and slightly more narrow posteriorly. It has three, large, vittate, opaque reddish brown spots narrowly separated by obscure, slightly curved, sub- medial, slender, yellow, streak-like vittae which are scarcely lighter than the general ground color but can be clearly seen in an oblique light. The fourth segment is similar to the third ; the opaque brown vittae are more narrow and, like those of the third segment, they fail to reach the end of the segment. Fifth segment diffusely yellowish brown upon the basal fifth, merging into black on the remainder of the segment; the entire segment is shining and its length is a little longer than wide. Sixth segment about as long as wide, a little narrowed posteriorly and shining black. Holotype : female, Pucallpa, Peru, Dec. 12, 1947, Jose Schunke, Baccha mima n. sp. A black species related to micropelecina Shannon, but without the yellowish subannulus upon the second abdominal segment and with different relative lengths to the segments. Wings brown upon the basal half. Length 12 mm. Female. Head: the face and cheeks are steel blue black, with a prominent tubercle and with fine greyish white pollen-like pubes- cence on the sides and beneath the antennae ; the face has a few fine, short, white hairs. The front is black and the lower part is swollen and protuberant and set off above the antennal callus with a distinct crease. . Immediately above this crease there is a large, round, opaque, velvet black spot. This spot lies in the center of a wide, central, frontal band of fine white pubescence which is con- tinued narrowly up along the eye margins from the face. Above this pubescent area the front is shining black, with faint bluish impression and is longitudinally striate. The front and vertex and upper occiput are shining bluish black; the pile is fine, short and black; the pile of the front is sparse and short and black. The 188 October, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA first and second segments of the antennae are brown;, the third segment is blackish above and over the whole lateral surface, but light brown medially upon the lower part. The occiput is black with greyish white pollen and bluish reflection and has a single row of long, pale, slightly flattened hairs, with a row of fine pale hairs external to the flattened fringe. Thorax: the mesonotum is black with steel blue reflections, only moderately shining anteriorly, but more strongly shining on the pleura, the scutellum and the pos- terior part of the mesonotum. Viewed in an oblique light there are a pair of narrowly separated black vittae down the middle of the mesonotum which are evanescent before they reach the scu- tellum. The scutellum is entirely shining steel bluish black; ap- parently it is without ventral fringe and its surface pile is ex- ceedingly short and sparse and dark in color. Pleura everywhere shining bluish black, with sparse white pollen. Squamae and halteres yellowish brown. Legs: all of the femora are light yellowish brown; all three pairs have diffuse-margined, subapical brown annuli ; those upon the hind femora are darker and oc- cupy nearly a third the total length. The anterior and middle tibiae are entirely light yellow; their tarsi are black, except that their basitarsi are slightly yellowish at the base and become brown- ish black upon their remainder. The hind tibiae are black, except at the extreme base; the hind tarsi are wholly black with black pile. Wings: deeply tinged with brown upon the basal half; the brown extends barely beyond the anterior cross vein, but includes the entire stigmal area; the remainder of the wing is entirely hya- line ; the alulae are well developed, brown in color and are as wide as the widest part of the anal cell. Abdomen: considerably longer than the wing. The first segment is brownish black, becoming diffusely yellowish in the corners, with a tuft of short black pile anteriorly and laterally with longer yellow pile. The second seg- ment is a little more than twice as long as wide, with nearly paral- lel sides ; it is shining sepia black in color, without opaque markings and without pale coloration when viewed from above ; turned over to one side this segment becomes, on the extreme lateral margin, shining light reddish brown, except at the apex. The third seg- ment is about three times as long as its basal width ; it is sub cylin- drical and a little more narrow at the apex; it is shining black on a little more than the posterior half and the black color merges diffusely into very dark reddish brown basally; the reddish brown becomes slightly paler when turned over to the lateral margin. Fourth, fifth and sixth segments entirely shining black. The fourth 189 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 has nearly parallel sides and is about two and one half times as long as wide ; the fifth is barely wider than the fourth and about one and one half times as long as wide. The sixth segment is short, about a third the length of the fifth and is laterally compressed. Holotype : one female, Pucallpa, Peru, Nov. 8, 1947, J. Schunke. Bacccha vanessa n. sp. A slender yellowish species with medial brown vittae upon the abdominal segment and inverted, yellow, Y-like figures upon the sides of the segments. Distantly related to parvicornis Loew. Length 11.5 mm. Male. Head: face, cheeks and entire front, except for a minute, preantennal circular black dot, pale yellow with similarly colored pile. The tubercle of the face is present but not prominent; the face recedes markedly below the tubercle. Eyes bare, with the upper facets slightly enlarged. The vertex is black, with yellow pollen and a single row of fine yellow hairs. Ocellar triangle elongate. The antennae are pale yellow, the arista black but yellow at the base. The occiput is grey pollinose over black ground color, with two or three rows of slightly flattened, shining, pale yellow hairs. Thorax: light yellow; the mesonotum is pale reddish or brownish yellow, with a pair of narrowly separated, brownish black vittae running down the middle of the mesonotum. These vittae are very narrow anteriorly, but gradually widen until at the base of the scutellum they are nearly as wide as the scutellum itself, but they do not reach the medial ends of the postcalli. Scutellum pale yellow, widely upon the base, sides and margin, but with a promi- nent, semicircular, metallic, brownish sepia spot upon the disc. There is also before the apical margin, lying in the brown spot, a transverse crease or depression reminiscent of the type found in Phalacromyia. The scutellar fringe consists of three or four pairs of fine yellow hairs. The pleura are entirely light yellow, except for a vertical sepia brown spot on the metapleura^ a similar and fissured spot between the sternopleura and the hypopleura and a minute vertical blackish spot just anterior to the anterior end of the squamae. Squamae short, together with the halteres yellow. Legs: entirely pale yellow; the hind femora apparently lack any trace of annuli, even in an oblique view. Wings: barely longer than the abdomen, hyaline, except the costal cell which is pale yellow and the stigmal area of the subcostal cell which is pale brown ; the basal half of the subcostal cell is also yellow. The third longitudinal vein is faintly curved on the basal portion of the first posterior cell, but apically is arched and curved downward, carry- 190 October, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ing the costa with it, as in the genus Rhingia. This condition is also found in certain other species of Baccha. There is a faint, smoky, narrow area at the apex of the submarginal cell which is almost unnoticeable. The alula is slender, linear and attenuated distally; its width is approximately that of the costal cell, but not greater. Abdomen: slender and light yellow, the first segment is entirely yellow with a tuft of fairly long yellow hairs at the lateral basal corner on each side. The second segment is seven or eight times as long as its least width ; the posterior end is scarcely wider than the middle, but the base, which, is narrowly pale yellow, is a little wider than the apex. Just before the posterior margin there is a moderately wide, anteriorly opaque brown band which is ex- tended forward linearly in the middle to meet a more narrow brown band lying in the middle of the segment. The medial, linear, vittate, connecting line is visible only when viewed obliquely from the rear. The remainder of this segment is yellowish brown. The third segment is yellowish brown, with slender medial brown vitta, subopaque and expanding close to the posterior margin into a brown annular band. Laterally this annular band sends a sharp, tri- angular, pointed extension forward which leaves the yellowish lateral areas of the segment indented and which forms the charac- teristic but somewhat obscure, yellowish, inverted V-like markings so characteristic of many species of Baccha. The fourth segment is similar ; the medial brown line is a little wider and more conspicuous and not connected posteriorly with* the lateral brown triangle. Fifth segment with three slender brown vittae, a medial one and the outer pair confined to the lateral margin and not, or scarcely visible from above. Hypopygium not visible from above, its color yel- lowish brown. Holotype ; a single male from Pucallpa, Peru. Collected by Jose Schunke, Nov. 8, 1947. Explanation of Plates Most of the drawings were made with the aid of the camera lucida. On account of wide variation in size it was not considered feasible to draw to scale, as the detail would not be adequately shown on the smaller species. Solid black indicates opaque black or brown; shaded portions indicate shining black or steel-blue; clear areas are yellow or reddish or pale brown. 191 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Plate III Baccha vespuccia (Hull), male. From type. Baccha simulata (Curran), male. From paratype. Pipunculosyrphus globiceps (Hull) , female. From type. Baccha amahilis (Hull), male. From type. Baccha lepida (Macquart), male. Baccha nodosa (Hull), male. From the type. Baccha clavata (Fabricius), male. Baccha anona (Hull), female. From type. Baccha neptuna (Hull)* male. From the type. Baccha sepia (Hull), male. From type. 192 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. Ill ( Baccha Plate VIII) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Fig. 14. Fig. 15. Fig. 16. Fig. 17. Fig. 18. Fig. 19. Fig. 20. Plate IV Baccha para (Curran), female. Baccha ida (Curran), female. From paratype. Baccha fiametta n. sp., male. Baccha clarapex (Wiedemann). Baccha alicia (Curran), female. From paratype. Baccha cora (Curran), female. From paratype. Baccha plutonia (Hull), female. From type. Baccha ida (Curran), male. From paratype. Baccha tristis (Hull), male. From type. Baccha ada (Curran), female. From type. 194 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. IV ( Baccha Plate IX) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate V Fig. 21. Baccha prevms (Curran), male. From type. Fig. 22. Mimocalla capitata Loew. Fig. 23. Ba&cha noriria... (Curran), male. From paratype. Fig. 24. Baccha macropyga (Curran), male. From paratype. Fig. 25. Baccha cubana (Hull), male. From type. Fig. 26. Baccha Iwida (Schiner). Fig. 27. Baccha victoria (Hull), male. From type. Fig. 28. Baccha phaeoptera (Schiner), female. Fig. 29. Baccha oriel (Hull), male. From type. Fig. 30. Baccha nectarina (Hull), male. From type. 196 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. V (. Baccha Plate X) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No.. 4 Fig*. 31. Fig. 32. Fig. 33. Fig. 34. Fig. 35. Fig. 36. Fig. 37. Fig. 38. Fig. 39. Fig. 40. Plate VI Leucopodella lanei (Curran), male. Calo stigma striata (Walker), male. From type. Baccha adspersa (Fabricius), male. Baccha ryl n. sp., female. Baccha crocata (Austen), male. Baccha flukei n. sp., female. Baccha niohe (Hull), male. From the type. Baccha pandora (Hull), male. From type. Baccha flukiella (Curran), male. From paratype. Baccha aeolus n. sp., female. 198 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. VI (. Baccha Plate XI) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate VII Fig. 41. Fig. 42. Fig. 43. Fig. 44. Fig. 45. Fig. 46. Fig. 47. Fig. 48. Fig. 49. Fig. 50. Baccha aster (Curran), female. From paratype. Baccha filissima n. sp., female. Baccha vera (Hull), female. From type. Leucopodella rubida (Williston), male. Baccha zita (Curran), male. From paratype. Calostigma exigua (Williston), female, f’rom type. Baccha crocea (Austen), male. Baccha bivittata (Curran), male. From paratype. Baccha ariela (Hull), from type. Baccha inca (Curran), female. 200 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PL VII ( Baccha Plate XII) ENTOMGLGGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate VIII Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 51. Baccha titania n. sp., male. 52. Baccha delicatissima (Hull), male. From the type. 53. Baccha beatricea (Hull), female. From type. 54. Baccha tricincta (Bigot), female. From type. 55. Leucopodella boadicea (Hull), male. From type. 56. Baccha* flada (Hull), male. From type. 57. Baccha crocata (Austen), female. 58. Baccha lepida (Macquart), female. 59. Calostigma ophiolinea n. sp., female. 202 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PL VIII ( Baccha Plate XIII) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate IX Pig. 60. Baccha telescopica (Curran), female. From paratype. Pig. 61. Baccha eruptova (Hull), female. Prom type. Pig. 62. Leucopodella hipunctipennis (Hull), female. Prom type. Pig. 63. Baccha virgilio (Hull), male. From type. Fig. 64. Baccha hr evipenms (Schiner), male. Fig. 65. Baccha flavipennis (Wiedemann), female. Pig. 66. Baccha zeteki (Curran), female. Fig. 67. Leucopodella olga (Hull), female. Prom type. Fig. 68. Therantha atypica (Curran), male. 204 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. IX (Baccha Plate XIV) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate X Fig. 69. Pelecinobaccha peruviana (Shannon), female. Fig. 70. Pelecinobaccha peruviana (Shannon), male. From type. Fig. 71. Baccha telescopica (Curran), var. stipa, n. var., female. Fig. 72. Baccha delicatula n. sp., male. Fig. 73. Leucopodella gowdeyi (Curran), male. Fig. 74. Baccha pumila (Austen), female. Fig. 75. Calostigma coreopsis (Hull), male. From type. Fig. 76. Baccha^ brunnipennis (Hull), male. From type. Fig. 77. Baccha papilio (Hull), female. From type. 206 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. X ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate XI Pig. 78. Baccha mimina (Hull), male. From the type. Fig. 79. Baccha aurora (Hull), female. From the type. Fig. 80. Baccha zoroaster n. sp., male. Fig. 81. Baccha pyxia n. sp., female. Fig. 82. Baccha zinnia n. sp., female. Fig. 83. Baccha phobifer (Hull), male. From the type. Fig. 84. Baccha satyra n. sp., male. Fig. 85. Styxia eblis n. sp., male. Fig. 86. Baccha saffrona (Hull), male. From the type. Fig. 87. Baccha scintillans (Hull), female. 208 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PL XI ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 u . Plate XII Fig. 88. Baccha Fig. 89. Baccha Fig. 90. Baccha Fig. 91. Baccha Fig. 92. Baccha Fig. 93. Baccha Fig. 94. Baccha Fig. 95. Baccha crocea (Austen), female. ochreolinea (Hull), female. From type. placiva (Williston), female; From type. cult rat a (Austen), male. cultrina (Curran), male. From paratype. persimilis (Williston), male. From type. pilipes (Schiner), male. vampyra (Hull), female. 210 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XII (. Baccha Plate XVII) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate XIII Fig. 96. Baccha hiantha (Hull), female. From paratype. Fig. 97. Baccha nerissa (Hull), female. From holotype. Fig. 98. Baccha trinidadensis (Curran), female. From holotype. Fig. 99. Baccha hirundella (Hull), female. From holotype. Fig. 100. Baccha leucopoda (Hull)., female. From holotype. Fig. 101. Baccha braziliensis (Curran), female. From holotype. Fig. 102. Baccha potentilla (Hull), male. From holotype. Fig. 103. Baccha panamensis (Curran), male. Fig. 104. Baccha limpidapex (Curran), male. From paratype. 212 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PL XIII ( Baccha Plate XVIII) 101 102 Fig. 105. Fig. 106. Fig. 107. Fig. 108. Fig. 109. Fig. 110. Fig. 111. Fig. 112. Fig. 113. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Baccha nitidula (Curran), male. Baccha para (Curran), male. From paratype. Baccha ida (Curran), var. idella, n. var. from holotype (Paraguay). Baccha celia (Hull), female. From holotype. Baccha colombiana (Curran), male. From holotype. Baccha vanda (Hull), male. From paratype. Baccha schwarzi (Curran), male. From holotype. Baccha alicia (Curran), male. From paratype. Baccha summa (Fluke), male. From holotype. Plate XIV 214 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XIV ( Baccha Plate XIX) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate XV Fig. 114. Baccha mexicana (Curran), male. From holotype. Fig. 115. Baccha para (Curran), male. From holotype. Fig. 116. Baccha ada (Curran), male. From paratype. Fig. 117. Baccha cybele (Hull), male. From holotype. Fig. 118. Baccha priscilla (Hull), male. From holotype. Fig. 119. Baccha transatlantica (Schiner), male. Fig. 120. Baccha transatlantica (Schiner), female. Peru. Fig. 121. Baccha cryptica (Hull), male. From holotype. 216 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PL XV ( Baccha Plate XX) 120 121 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Fig. 122. Bacchd Fig. 123. Baccha Fig. 124. Baccha* Fig. 125. Baccha Fig. 126. Baccha Fig. 127. Baccha Fig. 128. Baccha Fig. 129. Baccha Fig. 130. Baccha Fig. 131. Baccha Plate XVI danaida (Hull), male. From holotype. bromleyi (Curran), male. From holotype. livida (Schiner), female. pirata (Curran), female. From holotype. oriel (Hull), female. From paratype. calypso (Hull), female. From holotype. cymbellina (Hull), njale. From holotype. deloasa (Curran), female. From holotype. cylmdrica (Fabricius), female. norina (Curran), female. 218 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PL XVI ( Baccha Plate XXI) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Fig. 132. Fig. 133. Fig. 134. Fig. 135. Fig. 136. Fig. 137. Fig. 138. Fig. 139. Fig. 140. Plate XVII Baccha princeps (Hull), male. From holotype. Baccha papilionaria (Hull), female. From holotype. Baccha princeps (Hull), female. From holotype. Baccha violacea (Hull), female. From holotype. Baccha mexicana (Curran), female. From holotype of batesi Curran. Baccha beatricea (Hull), male. From holotype. Baccha susio (Hull), female. From holotype. Baccha nigrocil'ia (Hull), var. hirtipes (Hull), female. From type. Baccha Ursula (Hull), male. From holotype. 220 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PL XVII ( Baccha Plate XXII) 137 138 139 140 CH5 CTQ CTQ Cfq CTQ Cfq QfQ Gfq ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate XVIII . 141. Rhinoprosopa hicifer (Hull), male. From paratype. . 142. Rhinoprosopa aenea (Hull), female. From holotype. .143. Baccha ahata (Curran), female. From holotype. . 144. Baccha arahella (Hull), female. From holotype. . 145. Baccha fuscipennis (Say), female. .146. Rhinoprosopa flavophylla (Hull), female. From holo- type. .147. Rhinoprosopa aenea ( Hull), male. From paratype. . 148. Baccha vanda (Hull), female. From paratype. Fig. 149. Rhinoprosopa sycorax (Hull), female. From holotype. Fig. 150. Baccha obsoleta (Currant), male. From holotype. 222 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XVIII (Baccha Plate XXIII) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate XIX Fig. 151. Baccha infanta (Hull), male. From holotype. Fig. 152. Baccha costata (Say), female. Fig. 153. Baccha trilot) a (Hull), female. From holotype. Fig. 154. Baccha salpa (Hull), male. From holotype. Fig. 155. Baccha melanorrhina (Philippi), male (paratype of felix Shannon). Fig. 156. Baccha nigrocilia (Hull), var. inclusa (Hull), female. From type. Fig. 157. Baccha sappho (Hull), female. ‘From paratype. Fig. 158. Baccha laticauda (Curran), male. From holotype. Fig. 159. Orphnabaccha coerulea (Williston), male. 224 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.)> No. 4, PI. XIX ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate XX Fig. 160. Fig. 161. Fig. 162. Fig. 163. Fig. 164. Fig. 165. Fig. 166. Fig. 167. Baccha funebris (Macquart), male. Baccha u/rsula (Hull), female. From holotype. Baccha funebris (Macquart), female. Baccha gastrost actus (Wiedemann), male. Baccha gastrostactus (Wiedemann), female. Baccha tiarella (Hull), female. From paratype. Baccha tiarella (Hull), male. From paratype. Baccha fuscipennis (Say), female. 226 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XX ( Baccha Plate XXV) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate XXI Pig. 168. Baccha peri (Hull), female. From paratype. Fig. 169. Baccha costata (Say), male. Fig. 170. Leucopodella asthenia (Hull), male. From paratype. Fig. 171. Leucopodella bigoti (Austen), male. Fig. 172. Leucopodella balboa (Hull), female. From holotype. Fig. 173. Leucopodella bella (Hull), female. From holotype. Fig. 174. Leucopodella balboa (Hull), female. From holotype. Fig. 175. Leucopodella asthenia (Hull), female. From paratype. Fig. 176. Leucopodella gracilis (Williston), male. Fig. 177. Leucopodella boabdilla (Hull), male. From holotype. 228 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XXI ( Baccha Plate XXVI) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Fig. 178. Fig. 179. Fig. 180. Fig. 181. Fig. 182. Fig. 183. Fig. 184. Fig. 185. Fig. 186. Plate XXII Baccha ovipositoria (Hull), female. From holotype. Baccha fascipennis (Wiedemann), female. Baccha filiola (Shannon), male. Baccha murina (Curran), male. From holotype. Baccha zobeide (Hull), male. From holotype. Calostigma hyaUpennis (Curran), female. From holo- type. Calostigma annulata (Curran), male. From holotype. Calostigma ohliqua (Curran), female. From holotype. Calostigma exigua (Williston), male. From holotype. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XXII (. Baccha Plate XXVII) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate XXIII Fig. 187. Baccha aster (Curran), male. From paratype. Fig. 188. Baccha zephyr ea (Hull), male. From holotype. Fig. 189. Baccha stenogaster (Williston), female. Fig. 190. Baccha stenogaster (Williston), male. Fig. 191. Baccha oviphora (Hull), female. Fig. 192. Baccha fuscipennis (Say), male. Fig. 193. Calostigma elnora (Shannon), female. From paratype. Fig. 194. Calostigma ornatipes (Curran), male. From holotype. Fig. 195. Calostigma neuralis (Curran), female. From holotype. 232 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XXIII ( Baccha Plate XXVIII) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Fig. 196. Fig. 197. Fig. 198. Fig. 199. Fig. 200. Fig. 201. Fig. 202. Fig. 203. Fig. 204. Fig. 205. Plate XXIV Baccha cyclops (Hull), male. From holotype. Baccha deceptor (Curran), male. From holotype. Baccha oenone (Hull), male. From liolotype. Baccha obscuricornis (Loew), male. Baccha obscuricornis (Loew), female. Baccha obscuricornis (Loew), female, variety. Mimocalla dolosa (Williston), female. Baccha cerberus (Hull), male. From liolotype. Baccha diana (Hull), male. From holotype. Baccha dracula (Hull), male. From holotype. \\w\\\ ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XXIV ( Baccha Plate XXIX) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Fig. 206. Fig. 207. Fig. 208. Fig. 209. Fig. 210. Fig. 211. Fig. 212. Fig. 213. Fig. 214. Plate XXV Baccha lineata (Macquart), a male. Baccha lineata (Macquart), var. connexa, n. var., male. From type. Baccha io (Hull), female. From paratype. Baccha prudens (Curran), female. From holotype. Baccha prudens (Curran), male. Baccha notata (Loew), male. Mimocalla polista (Hull), male. From paratype. Baccha vierecki (Curran), female. Buccha grata (Curran), female. From holotype. 236 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XXV ( Baccha Plate XXX) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate XXVI Fig. 215. Baccha rugosifrons (Schiner), female. Fig. 216. Baccha aster (Curran), female. From paratype. Fig. 217. Leucopodella rubida (Williston), male. Fig. 218. Baccha zemlla (Hull), male. From paratype. Fig. 219. Baccha bassleri (Curran), male. From holotype. Fig. 220. Baccha levissima (Austen), female. Fig. 221. Mimocalla nymphaea (Hull), female. From paratype. Fig. 222. Mimocalla polista (Hull) , female. From paratype. Fig. 223. Mimocalla capitata (Loew), male. Fig. 224. Mimocalla carlota (Curran), female. From holotype. it ■ 238 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PL XXVI ( Baccha Plate XXXI) 221 222 223 224 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Fig. 225. Fig. 226. Fig. 227. Fig. 228. Fig. 229. Fig. 230. Fig. 231. Fig. 232. Fig. 233. Plate XXVII Baccha verOna (Curran), female. From holotype. Baccha chapadensis (Curran), female. From holotype. Mimocalla capitata (Loew), male. Mimocalla ercbus (Hull), male. From paratype. Mimocalla phobia (Hull), male. From paratype. Baccha idana (Curran), female. From holotype. Baccha shropshirei (Curran), female. From holotype. Baccha dimidiatus (Fabricius), male. Baccha not at a ( Loew), female. 240 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, Pl. XXVII ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Fig. 234. Fig. 235. Fig. 236. Fig. 237. Fig. 238. Fig. 239. Fig. 240. Fig. 241. Plate XXVIII Baccha iona (Curran), female. From holotype. Baccha pictula (Hull), male. From holotype. Baccha cultrina (Curran), male. From paratype. Baccha fragmentaria (Hull), male. From holotype. Baccha diffusa (Curran), female. From holotype. Baccha luctuosa (Bigot), male. From holotype. Baccha pinkusi (Curran), a female. From holotype. Baccha cultrina (Curran), female. From paratype. 242 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XXVIII ( Baccha Plate XXXIII) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate XXIX Fig. 242. Fig. 243. Fig. 244. Fig. 245. Fig. 246. Fig. 247. Fig. 248. Fig. 249. Baccha macropyga (Curran), male. From holotype. Baccha macropyga (Curran), female. Baccha Virginia (Hull), male. From holotype. Baccha vittiger (Hull), female. From holotype. Baccha lativentris (Curran), female. Baccha rica (Curran), male. From holotype. Baccha nigrocilia (Hull), female. Baccha pola (Curran), male. From holotype. 244 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PL XXIX ( Baccha Plate XXXIV) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Fig. 250. Fig. 251. Fig. 252. Fig. 253. Fig. 254. Fig. 255. Fig. 256. Fig. 257. Plate XXX Baccha sativa (Curran), var. arsinoe n. var., male. From Colombia. Baccha macer (Curran), male. From holotype. Baccha hyacinthia (Hull), female. From holotype. Baccha mara (Curran), male. From holotype. Baccha provocans (Curran), female. From holotype. Baccha pennata (Hull), male. Baccha pennata (Hull), female. From holotype. Baccha anera (Curran), male. From holotype. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XXX ( Baccha Plate XXXV) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Fig. 258. Fig. 259. Fig. 260. Fig. 261. Fig. 262. Fig. 263. Fig. 264. Fig. 265. i Plate XXXI Baccha druida (Hull), male. From paratype. Baccha titan (Hull), female. From paratype. Baccha titan (Hull), male. From paratype. Baccha arx (Fluke), male. From holotype. Baccha zilla (Hull), female. From paratype. Baccha mentor (Curran), male. From holotype. Baccha satina (Curran), male. From holotype. Baccha argentina (Curran), male. From holotype. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XXXI (. Baccha Plate XXXVI) CfQCfQCrq CTQ OQOQCfQCTQ ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate XXXII . 266. Baccha parvicornis (Loew), female. .267. Baccha ctuida (Hull), male. From holotype. . 268. Baccha harlequma (Hull), female. From holotype. .269. Baccha micropelecina (Shannon), female. From holo- type. . 270. Baccha callida (Hine), male. From holotype (by R. C. Osburn). .271. Baccha hirta (Shannon), male. From holotype. .272. Baccha zenillia (Curran), female. From holotype. .273. Baccha zenia (Curran), male. From holotype. 250 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PL XXXII (. Baccha Plate XXXVII) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate XXXIII Fig. 274. Fig. 275. Fig. 276. Fig. 277. Fig. 278. Fig. 279. Fig. 280. Fig. 281. Baccha zita (Curran), var. fused (Hull), female. From holotype. Baccha zita (Curran), female. Baccha micropyga Curran var. iolanthe n. var. (from Brazil). Baccha attenuata (Williston), female. Baccha delicatissima (Hull), male. From paratype. Baccha cylindrica (Fabricius), male. Baccha banksi (Hull), male. From holotype. Baccha johnsoni (Curran), a male. From holotype. 252 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XXXIII (j Baccha Plate XXXVIII) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Fig. 282. Fig. 283. Fig. 284. Fig. 285. Fig. 286. Fig. 287. Fig. 288. Fig. 289. Plate XXXIV Baccha ahata (Curran), female. From holotype. Baccha saiiva (Curran), male. From holotype. Baccha trinidadensis (Curran), female. From holotype. Baccha prudens (Curran), female. From holotype. Baccha mentor (Curran), male. From holotype. Baccha deceptor (Curran), male. From holotype. Baccha verona (Curran), female. From holotype. Baccha harlequina (Hull), female. From holotype. 254 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XXXIV ( Baccha Plate XXXIX) Fig. 290. Fig. 291. Fig. 292. Fig. 293. Fig. 294. Fig. 295. Fig. 296. Fig. 297. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate XXXV Baccha chapadensis (Curran), male. From holotype. Leucopodella zenilla (Hull), male. From paratype. Baccha gowdeyi (Curran), male. Baccha mara (Curran), male. From holotype. Baccha notata (Loew), male. Baccha diffusa (Curran), female. From holotype. Baccha tiarella (Hull), male. From paratype. Baccha hassleri (Curran), male. From holotype. 256 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.)> No. 4, PI. XXXV ( Baccha Plate XL) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate XXXVI Fig. 298. Baccha trilob a (Hull), female. From holotype. Fig. 299. Baccha gastrostactus (Wiedemann), male. Fig. 300. Baccha gastrostactus (Wiedemann), female. Fig. 301. Baccha melanorrhina (Philippi), male. Fig. 302. Baccha fascipennis (Wiedemann), male. Fig. 303. Baccha fascipennis (Wiedemann), female. Fig. 304. Baccha lemur (Osten Sacken), female. Fig. 305. Baccha zenillia (Curran), female. From holotype. 258 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XXXVI (j Baccha Plate XLI) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Fig. 306. Fig. 307. Fig. 308. Fig. 309. Fig. 310. Fig. 311. Fig. 312. Fig. 313. Plate XXXVII Calostigma ornatipe§ (Curran), male. From holotype. Calostigma dbliqua (Curran), female. From holotype. Calostigma elnora (Shannon), female. From paratype. Baccha macer (Curran), male. From holotype. Calostigma annulata (Curran), male. From holotype. Calostigma hyalipennis (Curran), female. From holo- type. Calostigma neuralis (Curran), female. From holotype. Baccha macropyga (Curran), male. From paratype. 260 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XXXVII ( Baccha Plate XLII) \ ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate XXXVIII Pig. 314. Baccha para (Curran), female. From paratype. Fig. 315. Baccha vanda (Hull), female. From paratype. Fig. 316. Baccha sappho (Hull), female. From paratype. Fig. 317. Baccha para (Curran), male. From paratype. Fig. 318. Baccha vanda (Hull), male. From paratype. Fig. 319. Baccha ida (Curran), male. From paratype. 262 ' ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XXXVIII ( Baccha Plate XLIII) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate XXXIX Fig. 320. Leucopodella boabdilla (Hull), male. From holotype. Fig. 321. Leucopodella lanei (Curran), male. From holotype. Fig. 322. Leucopodella bigoti (Austen), male. Fig. 323. Leucopodella incompta (Austen) , male. Fig. 324. Leucopodella bipunctipennis (Hull), female. From holo- type. Fig. 325. Leucopodella olga (Hull), female. From holotype. Fig. 326. Leucopodella rubida (Williston), male. Fig. 327. Baccha delicatula (Hull), male. From paratype. 264 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.)> No. 4, PI. XXXIX ( Baccha Plate XLIV) on? CfQ CTQ CT5 CTQ CfQ ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate XL .328. Baccha argentine^ (Curran), male. From holotype. . 329. Baccha pennata (Hull), male. From holotype. .330. Mimocalla capitata (Loew), male. .331. Baccha stenogaster (Williston), male. .332. Baccha anera (Curran), male. From holotype. .333. Baccha laticauda (Curran), male. From holotype. Fig. 334. Baccha globiceps (Hull), female. From paratype. Fig. 335. Baccha arabella (Hull), female. From holotype. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XL (. Baccha Plate XLV) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Fig. 336. Fig. 337. Fig. 338. Fig. 339. Fig. 340. Fig. 341. Fig. 342. Fig. 343, Plate XLI Baccha livida (Schiner), male. Baccha levissima (Austen), female. Baccha marina (Curran), male. From holotype. Baccha provocans (Curran), female. From holotype. Mimocalla carlota (Curran), male. Baccha duida (Hull), male. From holotype. Baccha io (Hull), female. From paratype. Baccha br evipennis (Schiner), male. 268 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XLI (Baccha Plate XLVI) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Fig. 344. Fig. 345. Fig. 346. Fig. 347. Fig. 348. Fig. 349. Plate XLII Rhinoprosopa sy corax (Hull), female. From holotype. Baccha sp. Baccha colombiana (Curran), male. From holotype. Baccha norina (Curran), male. From paratype. Baccha pola (Curran), male. From holotype. Baccha ariela (Hull), female. From holotype. 270 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XLII ( Baccha Plate XLVII) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Fig. 350. Fig. 351. Fig. 352. Fig. 353. Fig. 354. Fig. 355. Fig. 356. Fig. 357. Plate XLIII Baccha pilipes (Schiner), male. Baccha rica (Curran), male. From type. Baccha simulata (Curran), male. Baccha vera (Hull), female. From holotype. Baccha beatricea (Hull), male. From holotype. Baccha coerulea (Williston), male. Baccha hiantha (Hull), female. Baccha stenogaster (Williston), female. 272 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XLIII (Baccha Plate XLVIII) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. A Fig. 358. Fig. 359. Fig. 360. Fig. 361. Fig. 362. Fig. 363. Plate XLIV Baccha ida (Curran), female. Baccha fragmentaria (Hull), male. From holotype. Baccha mexicana (Curran), male. From cotype, lugit- bris Will. Baccha arx (Fluke), male. From holotype. Baccha bromleyi (Curran), male. From holotype. Baccha zephyrea (Hull), male. From holotype. 274 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XLIV ( Baccha Plate XLIX) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate XLV Pig. 364. Baccha Fig. 365. Baccha Fig. 366. Baccha Fig. 367. Baccha Fig. 368. Baccha Fig. 369. Baccha pirata (Curran), female. From holotype. erupt ova (Hull), female. From holotype. grata (Curran), female. From holotype. amahilis (Hull), male. From holotype. summa (Fluke), male. From holotype. telescopica (Curran), female. From paratype. m 276 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XLV ( Baccha Plate L) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate XLVI Fig. 370. Baccha fvmebris (Macquart), female. Fig. 371. Baccha iona (Curran), female. From holotype. Fig. 372. Baccha hivittata (Curran), male. From paratype. Fig. 373. Baccha idana (Curran), female. From holotype. Fig. 374. Baccha cora (Curran), male. From paratype. Fig. 375. Baccha schwarzi (Curran), male. From holotype. 278 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XLVI (. Baccha Plate LI) 372 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate XLVII Fig. 376. Baccha costata (Say), female. Fig. 377. Baccha prudens (Curran), male. From allotype. Fig. 378. Baccha debasa (Curran), female. From holotype. Fig. 379. Baccha fuscipennis (Say), female. Fig. 380. Baccha cylindrica (Fabricius), female. Fig. 381. Baccha fuscipennis (Say), var. fenestratus (Hull), fe- male. Type. x 280 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XLVII ( Baccha Plate LII) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Plate XLVIII Fig. 382. Fig. 383. Fig. 384. Fig. 385. Fig. 386. Fig. 387. Baccha mexicana (Curran), female. From holotype of batesi Curran. Baccha obsoleta (Curran), male. From holotype. Baccha vittiger (Hull), female. From holotype. Baccha limpidapex (Curran), male. From paratype. Baccha shropshirei (Curran), female. From holotype. Baccha ~braziliensis (Curran), female. From holotype. 282 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XLVIII ( Baccha Plate LIII) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, No. 4 Fig. 388. Fig. 389. Fig. 390. Fig. 391. Fig. 392. Fig. 393. Plate XLIX Baccha pinkusi (Curran), female. From holotype. Baccha ursula (Hull), female. From holotype. Baccha cora (Curran), male. From holotype. Baccha beatricea (Hull), female. From holotype. Baccha transatlantica (Schiner), male. Baccha transatlantica (Schiner), female. 284 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XLIX ; October, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Index abata, 96, 131 ; figs. 143, 282 ada, 95, 112, 117, 135, 171, 172; figs. 20, 116 adspersa, 95, 117, 137 ; fig. 33 aenea, 93, 101 ; figs. 142, 147 aeolus, 100 ; fig. 40 albimanus, 99 alicia, 95, 109, 116, 140, 173 • figs. 115, 112 Allograpta, 91, 97 amabilis, 96, 122; figs. 4, 367 anera, 96, 123 ; figs. 257, 332 anona, 96, 131 ; fig. 8 annulata, 94, 106 ; figs. 184, 310 anthinone, 179 antiphates, 99 arabella, 96, 130; figs. 144, 335 arethusa, 181 argentina, 99, 134 ; figs. 265, 328 ariela, 95, 112, 142; figs. 49, 349 arsinoe, 135 ; fig. 250 arx, 97, 123, 124; figs. 261, 361 aster, 99, 108 ; figs. 41, 187, 216 asthenia, 94, 103; figs. 170, 175 attemiata, 99, 134, 183; fig. 277 Atylobaccha, 94 atypica, 94, 104; fig. 68 Aulaeibaccha, 93, 96 aurora, 99, 135k ; fig. 79 Baccha, 91, 92, 93, 95, 98, 99, 100 balboa, 94, 104; figs. 172, 174 banksi, 99, 119 ; fig. 280 bassleri, 99, 108 ; figs. 219, 297 batesi, figs. 136, 382 beatricea, 95, 109, 114, 144; figs. 53, 137, 354, 391 bella, 94, 104 bigotii, 94, 104; figs. 171, 322 bipunctipennis, 94, 104; figs. 62, 324 bivittata, 97, 111, 115, 122; figs. 48, 372 boabdilla, 94, 104 ; figs. 177, 320 boadicea, 94, 103 ; fig. 55 braziliensis, 95, 113, 168; figs. 101, 387 brevipennis, 99, 108 ; figs. 64, 343 bromleyi, 100, 131 ; figs. 123, 362 brunnipennis, 96, 128 ; fig. 76 calla, 98, 119 callida, 96, 130 Calostigma, 92, 94, 101, 106, 107 calypso, 96, 100, 127 capitata, 98, 105; figs. 22, 223, 227, 230 carlota, 98, 105 ; figs. 224, 340 carmelita, 94, 103 celia, fig. 108 cerberns, 97, 118; fig. 203 chapadensis, 96, 126 ; figs. 226, 290 clarapex, 95, 113, 115, 142, 144, 149, 150, 155, 167 ; fig. 14 clavata, 90, 99, 101 ; fig. 7 coerulea, 93, 104; figs. 159, 355 colombiana, 95, 116, 162; figs. 109, 346 conformis, 99 connexa, fig. 207 cora, 95, 113, 114, 144; figs. 16, 374, 390 Cordelia, 186 . cereopsis, 94, 106; fig. 75 costalis, 99, 147 costata, 95, 118, 147 ; figs. 152, 169, 376 crocata, 96, 128, 131 ; figs. 35, 57 crocea, 96, 127, 130; figs. 47, 88 cryptica, 95, 116, 149 ; fig. 121 cubana, 96, 132; fig. 25 287 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII No. 4 cultrata, 96, 97, 128 ; fig. 91 cultrina, 97, 128, 129 ; figs. 92, 236, 241 cybele, 95, 114, 150; fig. 117 cyclops, 99, 108 ; fig. 196 cylindrica, 98, 120; figs. 130, 279, 380 cymbellina, 96, 131 ; fig. 121 danaida, 96, 100, 129 ; fig. 122 debasa, 96, 131 ; figs. 129, 378 deceptor, 99, 108; figs. 197, 287 delicatissima, 99, 134 ; figs. 52, 278 delicatula, 94, 102 ; figs. 72, 327 diana, 97, 129 ; fig. 204 diffusa, 97, 122 ; figs. 238, 295 dimidiatus, 98, 118; fig. 232 Dioprosopa, 92, 99 dolosa, 98, 105; fig. 202 doralis, 99 dracula, 95, 116, 152, 173 ; fig. 205 druida, 97, 123 ; fig. 258 duida, 98, 135 ; figs. 267, 341 eblis, 94, 101 ; fig. 85 . elnora, 94, 106 ; figs. 193, 308 elongata, 99 Epistrophe, 91 erebus, 98, 105; fig. 228 eruptova, 110; figs. 61, 365 estrelita, 94, 103 exigua, 94, 107 ; figs. 46, 186 fasciatus, 99 fascipennis, 98, 120; figs. 179, 302, 303 felix, fig. 155 fenestratus, fig. 381 fiametta, 95, 116, 153 ; fig. 13 filiola, 99, 107 ; fig. 180 filissima, 99, 134 ; fig. 42 flata, 100, 119 ; fig. 56 flavipennis, 96, 97, 122 ; fig. 65 flavophylla, 101; fig. 146 flukei, 98, 100, 105, 126 ; fig. 36 flukiella, 94, 102 ; fig. 39 fragmentaria, 97, 127 ; figs. 237, 359 funebris, 98, 100, 119 ; figs. 160, 162, 370 fusca, fig. 274 fuscicolor, 99 fuscicosta, 99 fuscipennis, 98, 120; figs. 145, 167, 192, 379, 381 gastrostactus, 98, 99, 120; figs. 163, 164, 299, 300 globiceps, 97, 125; figs. 3, 334 gowdeyi, 94, 103; figs. 73, 292 gracilis, 94, 103; fig. 176 grata, 96, 121 ; figs. 214, 366 harlequina, 133; figs. 268, 289 hiantha, 95, 154 ; figs. 96, 356 hirta, 95, 152, 154, 162 ; fig. 271 hirtipes, 111 ; fig. 139 hirundinella, 95, 113, 155; fig. 99 hyacinthia, 99, 132 ; fig. 252 hyalipennis, 94, 106 ; figs. 183, 311 ida, 95, 113, 114, 135, 149, 156, 159, 170; figs. 12, 18, 107, 319, 358 idana, 96, 117, 123 ; figs. 230, 373 idella, 159 ; fig. 107 inca, 98, 185 ; fig. 50 incisa, 128 inclusa, 111 ; fig. 156 incompta, 94, 103 ; fig. 323 infanta, 95, 118, 159; fig. 151 288 October, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA infuscatus, 98 io, 96, 131 ; figs. 208, 342 iolanthe, fig. 276 iona, 97, 121, 129 ; figs. 234, 371 iris, 99 johnsoni, 95, 159 ; fig. 281 lanei, 94, 104; figs. 31, 321 laticauda, 100, 118 ; figs. 158, 333 latiusculus, 98, 118 lativentris, 98, 113, 119, 172 ; fig. 246 lemur, 98, 120; fig. 304 lepida, 96, 97, 100, 128 ; figs. 5, 58 levissima, 99, 108 ; figs. 220, 337 leucopoda, 95, 112, 135, 160 ; fig. 100 Leucopodella, 91, 94, 102 limpidapex, 95, 115; figs. 104, 385 lineata, 96, 124 ; figs. 206, 207 livida, 96, 124; figs. 26, 124, 336 lucifer, 101 ; fig. 141 luctuosa, 97, 126 ; fig. 239 lugubris, 360 macer, 99, 134; figs. 251, 309 macropyga, 96, 121 ; figs. 24, 242, 243, 313 mara, 99, 133 ; figs. 253, 293 marmoratus, 94, 102 melanorrhina, 100, 107, 134 ; figs. 155, 301 mentor, 99, 135; figs. 263, 286 Mesogramma, 92 mexicana, 95, 113, 115; figs. 114, 136, 360, 382 micropelecina, 188 ; fig. 269 micropyga, fig. 276 mima, 188 Mimocalla, 91, 93, 98, 105 minima, 99, 135; fig. 78 murina, 100, 132 ; figs. 181, 338 nectarina, 97, 123, 124; fig. 30 neptuna, 100, 129 ; fig. 9 nerissa, 95, 112, 162 ; fig. 97 neuralis, 94, 106 ; figs. 195, 312 nigrocilia, 95, 111, 154, 162 ; figs. 139, 156, 248 niobe, 100, 132 ; fig. 37 nitidula, 95, 114; fig. 105 nodosa, 100, 118 ; fig. 6 norina, 96 ; figs. 23, 131, 347 notata, 96, 98, 123, 124; figs. 211, 233, 294 nymphaea, 98, 105; fig. 221 obliqua, 94, 106 ; figs. 185, 307 obscuricornis, 99, 108; figs. 199, 200, 201 obsoleta, 97, 123 ; figs. 150, 383 ochreolinea, 97, 129; fig. 89 Ocyptamus, 93, 98, 99 oenone, 99, 109 ; fig. 198 olga, 94, 104; figs. 67, 325 ophiolinea, 94, 106 ; fig. 59 oriel, 96, 130, 132 ; figs. 29, 126 ornatipes, 94, 106 ; figs. 194, 306 Orphnabaccha, 91, 93, 104 oviphora, 100, 117 ; fig. 191 ovipositoria, 100, 117, 187 ; fig. 178 panamensis, 94, 95, 106, 116 ; fig. 103 pandora, fig. 38 papilio, 97, 127 ; fig. 77 papilionaria, 98, 119 ; fig. 133 para, 95, 109, 115, 154, 163, 170, 174; figs. 11, 106, 115, 314, 317 parvicornis, 99, 133, 190 ; fig. 266 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVII No. 4 Pelecinobaccha, 92, 95 pennata, 96, 97, 122 • figs. 255, 256, 329 peri, 98, 112, 120 ; fig. 168 persimilis, 96, 122 ; fig. 93 peruviana, 95, 110, 114, 169 ; figs. 69, 70 phaeoptera, 97, 122, 124; fig. 28 phobia, fig. 229 phobifer, 97, 126 ; fig. 83 pictula, 97, 128 ; fig. 235 pilipes, 95, 111 ; figs. 94, 350 pinkusi, 97, 126 ; figs. 240, 388 Pipiza, 99 Pipunculosyrphus, 93, 97, 125 pirata, 97, 126 ; figs. 125, 364 placiva, 96, 121; fig., 90 plutonia, 95, 111, 159, 166 ; fig. 17 pola, 95, 116 ; figs. 249, 348 polista, 98, 105 ; figs. 212, 222 potentilla, 95, 114, 167 ; fig. 102 prenes, 96, 132 ; fig. 21 princeps, 98, 119, 120; figs. 132, 134 priscilla, 95, 118, 168; fig. 118 provocans, 134; figs. 254, 339 proximus, 98 prudens, 96, 127, 130; figs. 209, 210, 285, 377 prunella, 120 pumila, 96, 127, 131; fig. 74 punctata, 137, 140 pygophora, 93 pyxia, 99, 133 ; fig. 81 Rhinoprosopa, 92, 93, 100 rica, 96, 127 ; figs. 247, 351 rotundiceps, 99 rubida, 94, 103 ; figs. 44, 217, 326 rugosifrons, 99, 107; fig. 215 ryl, 96, 124; fig. 34 saffrona, 96, 132; fig. 86 salpa, 95, 116, 169 ; fig. 154 Salpingogaster, 91, 93, 98 sappho, 95, 109, 170; figs. 157, 316 sativa, 99, 135 ; figs. 250, 264, 283 satyra, 97, 128 ; fig. 84 schwarzi, 95, 116, 118; figs. 11, 375 scintillans, 100, 125; fig. 87 scutellata, 98 selene, 183 sepia, 100, 110, 115 ; fig. 10 shropshirei, 95, 118; figs. 231, 386 signifera, 137 simulata, 95, 114; figs. 3, 352 smarti, 119 stenogaster, 99, 107 ; figs. 189, 190, 331, 357 stipa, 110, fig. 71 striata, 94, 107 ; fig. 32 Styxia, 91, 94 summa, 95, 117 ; figs. 113, 368 susio, 95, 112, 171, 172 ; fig. 138 sycorax, 101 ; figs. 149, 344 tarchetius, 147 tarsalis, 99 telescopica, 95, 111, 181 ; figs. 60, 71, 369 Therantha, 91, 94, 104 tiarella, 97, 129; figs. 165, 166, 296 titan, 97, 124 ; figs. 259, 260 titania, 99, 134; fig. 51 Toxomerus, 92 transatlantica, 95, 114 ; figs. 119, 120, 392, 393 tricincta, 99, 108; fig. 54 October, 1947 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA * triloba, 95, 118, 119, 172; figs. 153, 298 trinidadensis, 95, 111, 159, 166 ; figs. 98, 284 tristis, 95, 100, 115, 135, 153, 173; fig. 19 urania, 185 Ursula, 96, 100, 110, 115; figs. 140, 161, 389 valdiviana, 99 vampyra, 96, 123 ; fig. 95 vanda, 95, 109, 116, 163, 174; figs. 110, 148, 315, 318 vanessa, 190 vera, 99, 108 ; figs. 43, 353 verona, 96, 131 ; figs. 225, 288 vespuccia, 96, 129 ; fig. 1 victoria, 99, 132; fig. 27 viereeki, 96, 130 • fig. 213 violacea, 98, 110; fig. 135 virgilio, 99, .135; fig. 63 virginio, 96, 131 ; fig. 244 vittiger, 96, 123 ; fig. 245, 384 Volucella, 100 xantippe, 100 Xestoprosopa, 92, 94, 102 zenia, 96, 97, 122, 125; fig. 273 zenilla, 94, 102; figs. 218, 291 zenillia, 99, 134; figs. 272, 305 zephyrea, 99, 107 ; figs. 188, 363 zeteki, 95, 112, 159, 175; fig. 66 zilla, 99, 135 ; fig. 262 zinnia, 99, 134; fig. 82 zita, 100, 132; figs. 45, 274, 275 zobeide, 100, 133 ; fig. 182 zoroaster, 99, 135 ; fig. 80 291 GEORGE AmerigAna A Journal of Entomology. Volume XXVIII (New Series) 1948 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE JOSEPH C. BEQUAERT, EDITOR 1. TULLOCH EDWIN WAY TEALE PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VOL. XXVIII (N. S.), 1948 CONTENTS PAGE Notes on the Bionomics of Some Midwestern Pentatomidae. Charles 0. Esselbaugh 1 A Study of the Female Genitalia of Culicidae: with Particu- lar Reference to Characters of Generic Value. Edward I. Coher 75 Studies in the Malachiidae. II. M. Y. Marshall 113 VOL. XXVIII (New Series) JANUARY -APRIL, 1948 Nos. 1-2 AMERICANA A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE JOSEPH C. BEQUAERT, Editor GEORGE M. TULLOCH E. W. TEALE Published Quarterly for the Society by the Business Press Inc. N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $5.00 per year Date of Issue, January 24, 1949. ms^ Americana Vol. XXVIII January, 1948 No. 1 NOTES ON THE BIONOMICS OF SOME MIDWESTERN PENTATOMIDAE1 By Charles 0. Esselbaugh Pullman, State of Washington Table of Contents Introduction Overwintering Mating Pre-oviposition Period Oviposition Period Food and Feeding Habits Stink Glands Natural Enemies Symbiotic Bacteria' Rearing Effects of Temperature Upon Development Effects of Food Upon Development Page 2 3 6 7 7 8 12 13 14 15 ..... 15 16 1 Contribution No. 282 of the Department of Entomology, Uni- versity of Illinois. This paper has been prepared from such parts of my unpublished thesis as pertain to life history and food habits. I am much indebted to Dr. W. V. Balduf for a critical reading of the manuscript and many helpful suggestions. 1 FEB -7 1949 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 1 Rearing Cages Care of Caged Material Genus Euschistus Dallas Euschistus, variolarius P. de B. Euschistus euschistoides Yoll Euschistus tristigmus Say Mormiclea lugens Pabr Coenus delius Say Menecles insert us Say Trichopepla semivittata Say N eottiglossa sulcifrons Stal Neottiglossa cavifrons Stal Peribalus limbolarius Stal Genus Chlorochroa Stal Chlorochroa persimilis Horv Thy ant a custator Pabr Cosmopepla bimaculata Thom. . Solubea pugnax Fabr Acrosternum hilare Say Subfamily Asqpinae Spinola Podisus maculiventris Say Perillus bioculatus Pabr Summary Bibliography Index 16 17 17 18 20 21 23 24 25 26 27 28 28 30 30 32 35 39 41 45 46 52 58 60 69 Introduction The present paper is intended to supplement my recent publica- tion (1946) concerning eggs of essentially the same species. Like- wise omitted here, because of previous publication (1947), is such meager data as I have on Hymenarcys aequalis Say. Like the other papers, the data here presented were obtained for the most part at or near Urbana, Illinois, during 1942 to 1944. Some of the bibliog- raphy had, however, been assembled previously and some perhaps extends beyond the limits of this work, but is included as an aid to future investigators. It is hoped that documentation is reasonably complete through 1944 at least. Because there are always some limitations of space, however, I have felt it necessary to omit a number of brief refer- ences or those whose bearing on the subject are almost exclusively economic or confined to distributional lists. For the purposes of this paper, no distinction has been drawn between Pentatomidae, 2 January, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Scutelleridae and Coptosomatidae. While my personal observa- tions have not included the latter two groups, literature regarding them is cited. Some groups within the Pentatomidae have not been studied because of lack of material or inability to keep adults alive long enough to secure food records or oviposition, but like the above they have been included in the bibliography. The supplementary bibliography consists of comprehensive works dealing with life his- tories of species not otherwise cited in this work but which add to the background of the subject. There are admittedly numerous gaps in the data in addition to those already indicated. I have supplemented my own data, ob- tained by rearing and field observations, with records from pub- lished literature where such are available. In a number of species I have been unable to rear individuals through the second instar. In a few instances such data have been supplemented by rearing of nymphs collected in the field. As regards the food indicated here for some species, no claim is made for its preferential status with reference to the species at hand; but it is rather that upon which the species will feed and survive in captivity. In rearing, it is a decided advantage to know in advance one food item sufficient to maintain the species, bnt the population of most of these species is so small as to reduce the chance of obtaining this information from field observation to prac- tically nil. Use of the sweep net sometimes provides information of a sort, but both the net and the suggestions obtained thereby must be used with much discretion. A sufficiently large amount of a given plant species growing in pure stand is seldom available aside from cultivated crops, and attempts to sweep one plant species at a time in a mixed stand is uncertain at best. This method, however, and collection in hibernation quarters, were of necessity used to acquire specimens of all the species here discussed. Hibernating and mating data are not included in the detailed discussion for most species as these are sufficiently uniform to permit a general discussion. Overwintering. — Hibernation in the adult stage seems to be almost universal in this family. Accounts of overwintering in the egg stage are at hand for at least two species of the genus Apateticus , however. It seems possible that this may be true of still other species, for there is a considerable number of which the egg stage is yet unknown. The time of appearance of the first nymphs in early summer would hardly provide a clue, for the overwintering 3 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 1 eggs of Apateticus hatch little if any earlier than those of species which oviposit in the spring. Inasmuch as there are numerous nymphs in the field at the time when hibernation begins, it might be suspected that these too hiber- nate. Although these take to cover they seem unable to hibernate successfully, seldom surviving the first severe frost. Even in our southern states they seem unable to survive hibernation. Appar- ently the only exception noted, as regards American species, is a record by Blatchley (1895) in which he states that nymphs of Hymenarcys aequalis Say are rarely found in winter. No -other author supports this statement and Blatchley, in his Heteroptera of Eastern North America (1926), does not repeat it in his treat- ment of that species. There are, however, at least two records at hand of species in other parts of the world overwintering in the nymphal stage. Kershaw and Muir (1907) state that the oriental species Tessaratoma papillosa Thunb. is capable of overwintering in the fourth instar and Butler (1922) believes the European species Pentatoma rufipes does not overwinter in the adult stage. This latter belief is supported by Schmidt (1929), who records it as over- wintering as first instar nymphs in bark crevices, under lichens, etc. This leaves the great majority hibernating as adults, which seems to be the prevailing state of affairs in the Heteroptera. According to my observations, this group hibernates almost ex- clusively under ground cover such as grass, leaves and fallen weeds. Statements of Blatchley and a few others notwithstanding, I have found no living specimens under logs, chunks, pieces of bark, stones, etc. Using the latter statements as a suggestion as to where to find rearing material, time spent in searching was a total loss. Looking- in hollow, weed stems, under loose bark and in cracks and crevices has been in vain. Admittedly a number of pieces of insects were found in such locations, usually a scutellum or hemelytron, indi- cating to me that the specimen had been eaten there by a field mouse. Whether the mouse found the bug there is impossible to say, but at any rate such a place would seem to offer the poorest chances of escaping such a fate. There remains, then, the possibility of seeking shelter beneath loose bark of standing trees. This I have not explored, but Dennys (1927), in British Columbia, found Brochymena affinis not only under the loose bark of dead fir trees but also inside old beetle tunnels. This is not surprising since this is an arboreal species ; but B. arlorea, also arboreal, has so far been found hibernating under and among fallen leaves. 4 January, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Of those species seeking shelter under ground cover, it seems worthy of note that nearly all took a position next to the soil itself rather than between layers of leaves. Whether this is due to the more abundant moisture supply there, or some other cause, does not seem to have been determined. At any rate I can testify that none of the ten or more species placed in a refrigerator were able to sur- vive, although not subjected to temperatures as low as they survive outdoors. It may be well to mention, too, that about as many indi- viduals taken beneath ground cover are found lying on their backs as are found in other postures. Some of them were frozen fast to the soil. The mortality during hibernation is high, probably usually ex- ceeding 75 per cent in the latitude of north central Illinois. There are probably a number of factors involved, including temperature, humidity, drainage, predatory rodents, amount and nature of cover, snowfall, the condition of the individual insect as regards bound water and reserve fat, and in some cases the presence of suitable food to be utilized on warmer days. Parish (1934) states that the mortality of Euschistus variolarius is 100 per cent if blanketed with snow. In the case of all insects which hibernate on the ground, many probably drown. Several authors mention great temperature fluctuations as being unfavorable. Rodents, such as field mice, ap- parently exact a considerable toll and, although no supporting record is at hand, a considerable number are probably attacked by entomogenous fungi, even during hibernation. It seems to be generally considered by investigators that Penta- tomidae do not hibernate in the gravid condition and it is usually intimated that those which go into hibernation are newly matured individuals, or at least the last generation. Caffrey and Barber (1919), however, in their study of Chlorochroa sayi, report fully developed ovaries in the females at the time the bugs leave hiber- nation in late April or early May. They also believe that the last two generations of this species hibernate. They found no eggs in the newly matured females. If gravid females do not hibernate, it must follow that males do so and such seems to be the case, al- though not necessarily in the same sex ratio as obtains during the active season. Kirkland (1896), in his report on what he called Podisus serieventris, stated that mating took place shortly after the last molt and that the males did not attempt to hibernate. How- ever, this has not been borne out by Prebble (1933) in his excellent account of that species. As for the time of entering and leaving hibernation, temperature 5 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 1 is probably a deciding factor in regions of colder climate. Although they are inactive whenever the temperature drops below about 55 degrees F., some species show a tendency to hibernate even under hothouse conditions, as indicated by Whitmarsh (1917) for Acro- sternum hilare. Parish (1934), on the other hand, was able to rear Euschistus variolarius throughout the year in the greenhouse. Al- though not clearly demonstrated, there may be a diapause in the case of some species. Given a normal season, most species emerge from hibernation during late April in north central Illinois. Mating. — Mating does not usually take place immediately upon emergence from hibernation. The bugs are quite sluggish at first, being content to crawl up on something and bask in the sun. I have observed this phenomenon on some small Aesculus growing in the edge of a woodland. These plants were from three to ten feet in height and the leaves had just unfolded and were the only foliage in the woods. Three species of Euschistus and a few other Penta- tomidae inhabited them for a few days, until other foliage began to appear. At first they were only basking in the sun, but after three or four days they began mating. As other foliage appeared the bugs gradually left the Aesculus. They were not observed to feed upon it. It is not uncommon to find individuals of two different species of Euschistus intermating under these conditions, but females of these pairs kept for observation failed to oviposit. Foot and Strobel (1914), however, were able to secure offspring from such crosses, though a large percentage of the eggs were infertile. The occur- rence of individuals with mixed characters furnishes evidence that successful crosses between species of this genus occur in nature. I have several specimens which combine characters of E. variolarius and E. euschistoides. In copulation the individuals are usually seen attached end to end. Although this final position is always the same, the method of making the original attachment apparently varies somewhat with the species. As described for some species, the male, after more or less preliminary routine of stroking the female with his antennae and showing other signs of attentiveness, mounts on the back of the female. From this position the male extrudes the genital segment and rotates it through an arc of 180 degrees while turning it down- ward so that the aedeagus and claspers may enter the valves of the female, then dismounting and taking the more familiar position referred to above. 6 January, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Aside from the overwintered individuals, adults may mate any time from a few hours to a few weeks following the final molt. In general the members of the predaceous subfamily Asopinae seem to mate sooner after reaching adulthood than do other members of the family, in some instances within a few hours. Among some of the other species an interval of three to five weeks is not uncommon. Pre-oviposition Period. — After mating, varying lengths of time are required for sexual development of the female and subsequent oviposition. Olsen (1910) records an instance in which a female of Podisus maculiventris oviposited the next day after becoming adult. If this record is correct, one must assume that sexual development was largely completed before the adult form was attained, which has yet to be demonstrated in this family. Usually the pre-ovipositional time required is from one to four weeks, the first figure being the more common. In all cases which have come to my attention, mating is frequent. It apparently has considerable bearing upon oviposition aside from the function of rendering the eggs fertile. Couturier (1938), in his exhaustive study of Podisus maculiventris, particularly as regards matters of oviposition, observed that in this species the ovaries begin to develop immediately upon fertilization, but remain reduced until then. This last is, of course, directly at variance with Olsen’s data unless one can accept an extraordinary rate of development of both ovaries and eggs. Foot and Strobel (1914), referring to Euschistus variolarius, state that “ normally mating occurs at rather definite intervals, eggs being deposited once or twice between matings.” They state fur- ther that the number of matings sometimes exceeds the number of ovipositions. Due to the fact that mating may occur day or night and may be of short duration, it is impossible for an investigator working alone to keep an accurate record of the number of matings or when the first one occurred. A pair of Euschistus tristigmus were observed mat- ing on eleven different days between July 3 and August 19. Since they were mating on five successive days, it is quite possible that some of these were merely continuations from the preceding day. On the other hand, there could well have been matings which were not observed. Oviposition Period. — As already indicated, oviposition may take place in autumn, but this is apparently exceptional. The only pub- lished instances seem to be limited to two species of Apateticus, no 7 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 1 records being available for other species of the genus. In general, oviposition takes place during spring and summer in our northern states, although in subtropical regions they continue to reproduce during the winter months. There is considerable variation both as regards beginning and duration of the oviposition period. It is also complicated by a number of species having two or more generations, differences in latitude, seasonal conditions, etc. Of the 17 species observed, three species were known to have begun oviposition during the last week in April and others may well have done so. Food and Feeding Habits. — It is well known that the Penta- tomidae include both phytosuccivorous and predaceous species. This difference seems to be closely bound up with the taxonomy. This is due to the fact that the character which separates the sub- family Asopinae from the remainder of the family is likewise the structure which fits it to its predaceous habit, viz. its stronger and heavier, but far more mobile, sucking beak. The subject of pred- atism in the family is a controversial one among writers. There seems to be little argument as concerns the Asopinae, all those whose food habits are known being predators, although a few have been indicated, in scattered references, as partaking of plant sap on in- frequent but rather definite occasions. The remaining subfamilies are regarded as primarily phytosuccivorous, but there are many references, probably too many, to predaceous activities on the part of a considerable number of species. Many of these are field records and are usually not borne out by investigators who have reared the species and have tried, through starvation, to induce them to attack the prey in question. Much of the animal diet consumed by other- wise phytosuccivorous species seems to consist of eggs, molting nymphs or dead individuals of their own or other species available in the cages. It is my opinion that actual active predatism among such species is far less prevalent than indicated. Meyer (1937), on the other hand, in discussing the scutellerid, Eurygaster maura, suspects this species requires animal food to get it past the critical second instar. It is generally considered that first instar nymphs do not feed, the alimentary tract being crammed with sufficient yolk to make feeding unnecessary. It would seem, however, that in some species it is necessary to the life of the nymph that some of the mucous-like fluid extruded from the egg at the time of hatching be imbibed to obtain a culture of coecal bacteria. The bacteria have in the mean- time been present in the adhesive portion of the egg mass, having 8 January, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA been secreted there by the mother at the time of oviposition. This has been investigated by Bonnemaison (1946), who found that in Coptosoma scutellatum Geoff, few uncontaminated nymphs were able to complete the first molt, but Eurydema ornatum L. was able to complete its development, although the first generation was undersized. The structure of the mouthparts of the Hemiptera is rather uni- form and is described with sufficient care in the general textbooks to make a detailed description unnecessary here. Elson (1937), however, makes an added comment that is worthy of mention. He points out that in the phytosuccivorous forms of the Hemiptera the salivary duct and food canal are of about the same size and suffi- ciently large to be functional, while in predaceous forms the salivary duct is so small that its usefulness may be doubted. He believes its function has been taken over in the majority of predatory species by the food canal. Whether these generalities hold good for the Pentatomidae was not specifically stated. Baker (1927) has made what is by all means the most pretentious study of the feeding processes of this family. His conclusions re- garding the functioning of the setae inside the host tissues are based upon observations of the involuntary movements of the setal tips, the latter observed while etherized Specimens were recovering from anaesthesis. It is known that the setae are exserted by shortening the labial groove through which they pass. This is accomplished by placing the end of the labium against the surface to be pierced and pushing, thus folding the dorsal side of the second rostral segment against that of the first, at the same time removing the setae from the groove in these two segments. The setae now enter directly into the groove of the third segment, giving them extra length so that they can be extruded from the tip of the labium to a distance approximating the length of the first two rostral segments. It is definitely estab- lished that the sheath (labium) itself does not enter the host tissue, be it plant or animal, merely serving to direct the tips of the setae and to prevent their buckling during insertion. It is here that Baker’s hypothesis applies. From his observa- tions he has concluded that the ental surfaces of the maxillary setae exert pressure upon each other. The latter are slightly longer than the mandibles and when extruded beyond them the tips curve, entad, forming hooks, which in the predaceous forms serve to hold strug- gling prey. The ability to hold resisting prey by means of stylets 9 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 1 alone has been noted by many observers. In fact, the ability of the bug to keep its bold exceeds its ability to keep its footing and it is thus dragged about when the prey attacked is sufficiently powerful. Baker argues, with excellent reason, that the miniature barbs on the mandibular setae would never hold in the soft, watery tissue of a larva and, if they did, the bug would be unable to release itself. He considers the function of the mandibles to be merely laceration. The hooks formed by the maxillae, on the other hand, can readily be straightened by pulling them back between the mandibles. He illustrates the maxillae of the phytosuccivorous Euschistus euschi- stoides Yoll. as functioning in the same manner, although there is no apparent necessity in such species. It must be admitted that this hypothesis explains admirably the ability of the bug to hold on and to release itself, but the bugs have another rather uncanny ability which this would seem to preclude. Reference is made to their ability to put the setae back into the labial groove after they have been taken out of it entirely. All the species I have observed have the setae outside the sheath at times, but it is quite customary for the younger instars of Cosmopepla bimacidata Thom, to feed with the setae removed, the sheath then being held in its customary resting position upon the sternum. Whenever the nymph is ready to replace the setae in the sheath, the latter is merely swung outward and held rigidly as the nymphs ‘ 4 sits up ’ ’ somewhat on the two posterior pairs of legs, placing the setae upon the groove. One of the anterior legs is placed upon setae and labium, near the base, and stroked heavily forward, bend- ing the sheath backward somewhat and thus opening the groove slightly. At this time the other anterior leg starts another stroke and presto, the stylets are back in the labial groove in a second or two ! I have observed the above operation on several occasions, but have never , noticed the ends of the maxillae in a curved position. Assuming that it has merely escaped my notice, how could the nymph have put them back ? It hardly seems reasonable to suppose that the mandibles would be able to straighten out the maxillae unless supported from the outside by the sheath. Phytosuccivorous species of Pentatomidae, when feeding, con- tinually probe the tissues with the stylets. They stand upon the surface upon which they are feeding, the stylets and the two apical rostral segments being directed more or less at right angles to the plane of the body, and the anterior end of the bug constantly works up and down at a rate of two or three times per second. When the bug is feeding upon some translucent material, such as the midrib 10 January, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA of head lettuce, the stylets can be seen darting through the tissues in a manner suggesting the action of a snake ’s tongue. The stylets do not stab straight in and out, but follow a decidedly sinuate path, probing in all directions, the tip sometimes coming back through the upper surface. It seems that this action punctures the cell walls, forming a single chamber from which the plant juices can be drawn. In this manner a considerable amount of fluid may be ex- tracted from a single puncture of the epidermis. If the region about a feeding puncture is examined, it will be found that the cells surrounding the puncture for some distance are empty and a more opaque white in color than the unaffected tissue. I have never seen either the movement of the body as described above or movement of the setae on the part of predaceous Pentatomidae when feeding, but Dr. W. V. Balduf, in his penciled comment on the manuscript of this paper reports such movement of the setae of Sinea diadema. In addition to the above, he reports having observed, when Sinea was feeding on a larva of Musca, body fluids of the larva flow toward the stylets from a considerable distance beyond their tips. It has been suggested by some authors that the saliva has the power of breaking down the cell walls of plants, but observation of the feeding process leaves considerable doubt as to whether it actu- ally serves that purpose, since the walls would be broken down mechanically before any but extreme chemical action would be able to accomplish it. In the predaceous species, on the other hand, it seems likely that the saliva plays an important part. This seems to be somewhat contradictory to Elson’s statement regarding doubt of the salivary canal being functional in predatory ITeteroptera. Judging by the short time required by some of these to kill prey, it seems to be in- dicated that the saliva at least contains some powerfully toxic ma- terial. Observation tends to indicate that the toxic effect is more or less proportional to the size and stage of development of the predator, being almost negligible in the earlier instars. According to Elson the saliva of predaceous Heteroptera is alkaline in reaction. Those species which confine their feeding to the vascular system of plants seldom cause much direct damage unless present in large numbers. In cases of severe attack the plant may wilt, but usually only temporarily. Of considerably more importance is the occa- sional damage caused by fungi which may be introduced through the feeding punctures. Many otherwise potent fungi have difficulty in penetrating the epidermis. This latter menace also applies to those species which feed upon fruits and seeds, but here the direct 11 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 1 damage may also be considerable, frequently resulting in a high percentage of shriveled and non-viable seeds and cereal grains and unmarketable fruits. A different form of indirect damage from that mentioned above may also result, when fruits are fed upon dur- ing the earlier stages of growth, resulting in malformation of the fruits and referred to as “ cat-facing. ’ * , Stink Glands. — It goes without saying that the most outstand- ing characteristic of the group, from the layman’s standpoint at leasts is their odor. This characteristic odor arises from a glandular secretion (supposedly) and is generally regarded as a protective adaptation, although this is challenged by Heikertinger (1917), who seems to regard the function as secretion only. The stink glands are present in both nymphs and adults, al- though in considerably different form. While in the nymphs there are three pairs of glandular openings on the tergum of the abdomen, the adult has only one pair, these located near the anterior margin of the metasternum. Whether this latter position is an adaptation or not, it certainly is an advantage not to have the openings covered by scutellum and hemelytra. Their effectiveness in the adult is further augmented by the presence, in most species, of a special evaporative area about the glandular openings. The nymphal scent glands have been studied by Kiinckel d’Herculais (1866), by Guide (1902), and more recently by Dupuis (1947). Although these tergal openings are still present in the adult they are no longer functional. Muir (Kershaw and Muir, 1907) has studied the scent glands of the oriental species Tessaratoma papillosa Thunb. and reports that from the fourth instar on, individuals have the power of ejecting the fluid some distance, six to ten inches in the case of the adults, and if received in the eye the smarting is almost intolerable. The effectiveness of this device in protecting bugs against their enemies has been the subject of considerable discussion. With respect to bird enemies, Beal (1909) and Knowlton (1944) indicate Pentatomidae are eaten freely, but Paddock (1918) says poultry will not eat the harlequin bug, Murgantia histrionica Hahn. Peckham and Peckham (1898) report a large unnamed spider being strongly repelled and almost overcome by the glandular dis- charge of a large pentatomid, also unnamed, which it had pounced upon. Conradi (1904) has killed boll-weevils and also toads, and stupefied a centipede, by subjecting them to discharge from stink glands of Euschistus variolarius and Brochymena annulata. He reports 15 minutes constant use made the glands less effective. 12 January, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Another point made by Conradi, one upon which I am inclined to disagree, is that the bugs themselves suffer no ill effects from the discharge material. Dennys (1927), in working with Brochymena affinis, reports that when disturbed they lost no time in discharg- ing with surprising accuracy a minute jet of whitish pungent- smelling fluids, except on frosty days, when they seemed unable to cause any trouble. Girault (1912) has also experimented with the toxicity of the glandular secretion of the Pentatomidae. He introduced insects into a vial in which an adult Brochymena sp. had been kept 24 hours, and found the fumes still lethal three days later. Hoffman (1927) reports a Loxa flavicollis flying beneath his clothing and causing a burning sensation. Further experiments, whether with the above species or other species of Loxa is not clearly stated, indicates the burning sensation always to be of short duration, but a brown stain- ing of the epidermis persisted three weeks in one instance and in another an erythrodermia over an area of 3 square inches resulted. My own experience in rearing the various species has been that nymphs of those species rarely discharge the secretion and that in no instance did the secretion cause any discomfort to my hands, although a yellowish stain resulted. Paddock (1918) indicates Murgantia kistrionica rarely emits odor in handling. Natural Enemies. — Some of the natural enemies were of ne- cessity mentioned under the preceding heading in so far as they were affected by the glandular secretion of the bugs. It would seem from the above that the stink glands are largely ineffective against birds. The same is probably true as regards protection against predaceous species of their own family, which are usually cannibalistic as well. Other insect predators such as Reduviidae, Phymatidae and Asilidae, are also sometimes listed among the natural enemies, but it seems to me there are less of these than would be the case if the glands were ineffective. The eggs, however, are frequently attacked by Orius and Collops. Few vertebrate enemies other than birds are recorded, but Conradi has examined a number of toad stomachs and found less than 3 percent of the contents to be made up of Hemiptera. The remaining natural enemies to be considered consist of insect parasites and parasitic fungi. Of the insect parasites those attack- ing the egg seem to be the more common. They belong to the hymenopterous families Scelionidae, Eupelmidae and Encyrtidae. Of these the Scelionidae comprise the majority of the species here concerned, these being several species each of the genera Trissolcus 13 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 1 and Telenomus, many of the specific names of which are derived from the pentatomid genera attacked. According to Ashmead (1893), the genus Trissolcus parasitizes only eggs of the Penta- tomidae. The adults, and rarely the nymphs, are parasitized by Tach- inidae, those most frequently mentioned being Gymnosoma fuligi- nosa Desv. and Trichopoda pennipes F. The parasitic larva leaves the host, before the death of the latter, to pupate. Leaving no visible opening to betray their departure, there has been some controversy among authors as to their means of egress, this in the past having been purported to be the anal opening of the interseg- mental membranes. Most of the instances studied have concerned a female host. Dupuis (1946) insists the anal opening is much too small to permit the passage of one of these larvae. He gives the vulvular opening as the point of departure in female hosts. In the case of male hosts, he believes the exit is made through the mem- brane connecting sternites VII and VIII ; the latter sternite being normally invaginated, is retracted again into the abdomen after the escape of the larva, leaving no outward sign of its passage. Two entomogenous fungi have been recorded from Pentatomidae (Headlee and McColloch, 1913), these being Sporotrichum gldbul- iferum and Entomophthora aphidis, now known as Beauveria globulifera (Speg.) Pic. and Empusa aphidis Hoffman respectively. Symbiotic Bacteria. — The gastric coecae, containing symbiotic bacteria, have been studied by several investigators. All agree the subfamily Asopinae has no gastric coecae or symbionts and the subfamily Tessarotominae does not seem to have been investigated. It also seems to be agreed that the subfamily Acanthosominae has two gastric coecae and the Pentatominae and Scutelleridae have four. Glasgow (1914) found the coecal bacteria to be apparently quite specific and that those of the Pentatomidae could not be cul- tured on artificial media, although those from Anasa tristis could be. There is disagreement regarding the transmission of the coecal bacteria to offspring. Convenvole (1933) , in studying Aelia rostrata Geoff r., considers the' symbionts to be transmitted within the egg. He claims the “krypts” break before oviposition, setting free spori- genous bacteria which migrate to the egg-follicles, enter the egg vitellum and pass into the mesenteron as soon as it has become con- stituted. Bonnemasion (1946), on the other hand, states the bacteria are not transmitted in the egg but in the sicky material used in fastening them. Coptosoma scutellatum places the bacteria in small masses between the eggs. When the eggs hatch, fluid is spilled out 14 January, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA from their interiors and the nymphs become contaminated by suck- ing up some of the fluid, the bacteria soon reaching the posterior portion of the mid-intestine where the “krypts” are already form- ing. He also states that the bacteria are largest at the time of the second instar, the length diminishing as the host develops, those infecting the egg being the smallest. He was able to obtain uncon- taminated, although underized, nymphs of Eurydema ornatum, but Coptosoma scutellatum failed to develop, few completing the first molt. Rearing In this work no insectary was available and all rearing was done indoors. Artificial heat was present during the earlier and later portions of the rearing period, otherwise windows were kept open constantly, allowing the room to take on outdoor temperatures so far as possible. Inasmuch as the room had only north and east exposures, the temperatures probably never reached as high maxima as outdoors. Likewise outdoor minima were probably never reached either. The cages were out of the direct rays of the sun, but near a north window. Despite these supposedly more constant temper- ature conditions, the data obtained tend to show a wider spread between the extremes in rates of development than those obtained by other investigators. Effects of Temperature Upon Development. — The effect of constant temperatures at different levels has been investigated by Couturier (1938) in so far as it pertains to the eggs of Podisus maculiventris Say. However, a comparison of constant and vary- ing temperatures in regard to their effect, upon rate of development does not seem to have been made. In other words, assuming the mean temperature is kept essentially the same as outdoors, how will data obtained from outdoor rearing compare with those from rearing in insectary or under natural conditions ? In instances where other investigators have reported upon the same species, the average time reported for both incubation and nymphal development is greater in almost every instance than my data show. This cannot be explained on the basis of higher indoor temperatures because in my work the same condition held when outdoor temperatures were highest, when they no doubt , exceeded those indoors. A possibility not yet investigated is that protection against low or high extremes of temperature, or both, favors rapid development, which again could be interpreted as meaning that my indoor temperatures were somewhere near optimum. 15 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 1 Effect of Pood Upon Development. — Inability to rear a number of the species was probably due to lack of proper food, or possibly to failure to keep it in a sufficiently succulent condition. This conclusion is based upon the fact that most of the individuals of the non-feeding first instar survived while mortality in the second instar was high, sometimes as much as 100 percent. It has become increasingly evident that it is necessary for the small nymphs of some species to be on suitable food from the time of hatching, even though they do not feed in the first instar. Placing them upon the food with a cameUs-hair brush, no. matter how carefully, always excites them, causing them to run about, usually leaving the food, which they never seem able to find again. Difficulties regarding the determination of acceptable food for even the polyphagous species is discussed by Michalk (1935), who points out that the nymphs are highly sensitive to a change in diet and are likely to refuse even one of the normal food plants if earlier feeding happens to have been upon some other plant species. He suggests there will be much less wasted effort if adults are brought into the laboratory for the purpose of oviposition and the nymphs reared upon the same plant upon which they hatched from the egg mass. He was thus able to rear Palomena prasina L. to maturity on Populus nigra, although nymphs collected at random in the field and brought into the laboratory had refused it. The desirability of such a method is sufficiently evident that it scarcely needs suggesting, but some serious difficulties still remain. It seems almost as important to keep the nymphs upon the actual plant part upon which oviposition took place as upon the same species of host plant. Removal of that part from the parent plant practically assures the immediate deterioration and early death of the part, necessitating changing the nymphs oyer to fresh food material, with attendant disaster to the nymphs. I have tried, with indifferent success, to induce the adult to oviposit upon some small potted plant, which could be kept alive as long as necessary. Usu- ally the adult refused to oviposit upon the plant provided, utilizing either the surface of the cage or not ovipositing at all. There seems to be little doubt that the solution lies in having an acceptable plant species growing in a cage, whether potted or growing in its natural habitat. Rearing Cages. — Because of their convenience, Stender dishes were used for incubation and in the rearing of the smaller nymphs. Most of the dishes available were about 20 mm. deep x 45 mm. in diameter. A disc of paper towel, cut as nearly the size of the bottom 16 January, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA of tlie dish as possible, was placed on the floor of the cage. This served three purposes ; first, it facilitated cleaning ; second, it served as a reservior for the necessary moisture ; third, it enabled a bug on its back to right itself. As for moisture supply, one or two drops of water were supplied twice daily to the paper discs by means of a medicine dropper. In my opinion, some means of ventilation, such as a perforated lid, would make a considerable improvement. In most cases nymphs of the first three instars were kept in this type of cage and then transferred to petri dishes or in some instances to the glass and screen cages described below. The cages used in the rearing of the larger nymphs and as oviposition cages for the adults were designed by myself. The glass top and bottom of the cage consist of two tops or two bottoms of petri dishes and a screen cylinder slightly longer than twice the depth of a petri dish is fitted into them and fastened together with two drops of solder. The amount of ventilation, and consequently the rate of drying out of the food, can be varied by cutting the screen cylinders to various heights. Usually a gap of about one- eight inch between the glass sections proved most satisfactory. The floor of the cage is covered with a disc of paper towel cut to fit. Care of Caged Material. — The amount of care required varies with the stage of development of the insects. The smaller cages, during the first instar, required no care other than the addition of a drop of water twice daily and the removal of dead individuals, but thereafter it was necessary to keep a supply of succulent food available and, for sanitary reasons, to change the paper discs on the bottom of the cage. Such material as bits of lettuce, corn, tomato, or green bean usually required renewal daily, while whole fruits lasted somewhat longer. Genus Euschistus Dallas The habits of the various species comprising this genus seem very much the same. All are quite general feeders on vascular tissue of herbaceous plants and on fruits and immature seeds of woody plants as well. It is my personal opinion, based on obser- vation, that these species are not often taken on the smaller grasses and other very thin-stemmed plants. The species studied sometimes attack eggs of their own kind and occasionally a freshly molted nymph or adult, or more frequently a dead individual. None seems to have much economic importance ordinarily, but may occasionally cause some damage locally, chiefly to fruits, such as peaches, causing dimpling and cat-facing. 17 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 1 Euschistus variolarius Palisot de Beauvois Food Plants. — In the midwest at least, this is perhaps the most common pentatomid species. Its food habits are in general those indicated for the genns. The list of its food plants is so long that it probably has little significance; it includes both wild and culti- vated plants. Most of the numerous food records fail to indicate whether or not nymphs were also present. Due to the dominance of the economic aspect of entomology, the majority of the records pertain to cultivated plants and include cotton, red clover, rye, corn, tobacco, tomatoes, broom corn, raspberries, beans, asparagus and even onions. Of these I have observed nymphs upon asparagus, where the principal attraction was the fruits. Woodside (1946) reports nymphs and adults in large numbers on corn. The species has also been credited, especially by the earlier authors, with predaceous habits. While it can and does utilize animal material at times, it seems rather more than possible that reports of predatism are based upon misidentification, for the superficial resemblance to the strictly predaceous Podisus maculiven- tris is very great in the case of the adults. Parish (1934) tried, through hunger, to force it to feed upon Illinoia pisi, Papaipema nebris, Leptinotarsa decemlineata and Autographa brassicae, but without success. The only instance I have seen where another species was attacked was an adult pentatomid, Acrosternum hilare Say, which was on its back and unable to right itself. It was being attacked by two adult E. variolarius on its ventral side, a good indication it had been attacked after getting in that helpless position. Although rescued as soon as observed, the victim failed to live the' day out. In this instance, as in punctured eggs observed, some fluid oozed out from the puncture and hardened, forming a tiny pyramid on each puncture. Parish reared this species upon ripe tomato, Olsen (1912) upon Lepidium virginicum and Onagra ( Oenothera ) biennis. I used head lettuce. More recently Woodside (1946) has reared the same species upon peach twigs with fresh leaves and upon firm ripe tomato. Mating. — I have kept no records on the mating habits of this species and such data as are available are contradictory. Parish (1934) believes the females normally mate only once, but Foot and Strobel (1914), presumably referring to this species, state that normally mating occurs during the breeding season at rather definite intervals. Since the latter authors stipulate observations being made two or three times nightly as well as during the day, 18 January, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA it seems possible the seeming discrepancy may be merely a matter of frequency of observation, such being a distinct handicap for an investigator working alone as Parish presumably did. Foot and Strobel also state females of this species may mate the same season they reach the adult state but are of the opinion that males do not reach sexual maturity until the next season. Duration of Immature Stages. Length in Days Minimum Maximum Mean Egg 3 9 5.6 First instar 2 11 3.5 Second instar 4 16 7.5 Third instar 5 17 7.9 Fourth instar 5 13 7.7 Fifth instar 8 16 10.0 Total 42.2 It is interesting to compare these results with those obtained by Parish for this same species. The time required from oviposition to final molt, according to Parish, was 56.2 days, or 14 days longer than indicated above. Only the final instar was in essential agree- ment, in all the other stages I obtained a lower minimum and a higher maximum time and in most cases, a significantly lower mean. Woodside did not give the actual time required for the development of this species, but indicated it to be greater than that of either E. servus or E. tristigmus, which he gave as 54.9 and 53.4 days respectively. Both Parish and Woodside report this species as producing but a single generation annually, but I have not found it to be so in Illinois, at least not during the season when the check was made (1944). What were evidently new generation adults were plentiful in the field shortly after mid- July, some having not yet completely hardened. A considerable number of these females were brought into the laboratory for dissection. Of those collected during late July, 78% contained eggs in the ovarian tubes, as did also 50% of those collected during early August. Natural Enemies. — -Parish lists three species of Tachinidae, viz. Trichopoda pennipes Fab., Gymnosoma fuliginosa Desv. and Cistogaster immaculata Macq. from overwintered adults, the first 19 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 1 named being the most important. I have not reared any parasites from this species. Euschistus euschistoides Vollenhoven Adair (1932) reared what he considered to be this species at Brownwood, Texas, but due to the confusion in the taxonomj^ and the supposed northern distribution of this species, there remains in my mind some question as to the identity of his material. The material reared by Woodside (1946) in Virginia was determined by Sailer, who indicated it to be the intermediate form between E. servus Say and E. euschistoides , which are suspected of being merely varieties of the same species. Food Plants. — This species, like others of the genus, is a very general feeder. Blatchley (1926) and Adair each indicate a number of food plants, the latter author stipulating development upon Cirsium virginianum, Centaurea americana, bean, cowpea, squash and tomato. He states nymphs feed upon juices of succulent shoots, buds or fruits of preferred host plants, with little or no feeding on the part of first instar nymphs. Stoner (1922) records nymphs and adults on the panicles of Rhus glabra. In the laboratory I found the species to feed readily upon head lettuce, green beans, corn kernels in the milk stage and growing seedlings of bean, pea and tomato. It also feeds to some extent upon dead or helpless individuals of its own species and, the adults at least, upon eggs of the same. Woodside (1946) reared it upon peach leaves and ripe tomato. On the economic side of the ledger, this species, if correctly determined, is beginning to attract attention in peach orchards and pecan groves, in the latter in connection with what is known as “ black pit” or “ kernel spot”. In its northern range, where there is no question as to its identity, it has attracted little or no attention as a pest. Duration of Immature Stages The listed data are based upon all individuals reared, regard- less of whether they completed their nymphal development. It would seem, however, that this leads to a misconception, for those individuals which were successful in completing the nymphal stage did so in an average of 43.3 days from the date of oviposition, the second and fourth instars especially being shorter than those given above. 20 January, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Length in Days Minimum Maximum Mean Egg 3 9 6.0 First instar 2 9 3.4 Second instar 4 12 8.3 Third instar 2 14 8.2 Fourth instar 4 16 9.9 Fifth instar 7 20 12.0 • Total 47.8 Adair does not give the length of the various instars, but gives the length of the life cycle from egg to adult as 31 to 39 days, the average length of the incubation period being 5.6 days and the nymphal period 29.9 days. Woodside found a mean of 57.5 days for the first generation and 54.9 days for the second. Both the above authors state that this species produces two generations annually. I have no positive data on this point, but the close parallelism with the first generation of E. variolarius indicates two generations for E. euchistoides as well ; otherwise the adults would be present in the field in active condition for three months or more without further reproduction. Natural Enemies. — No records seem to be at hand unless that of Ashmead (1893) giving Trissolcus euschisti from the eggs of E. servus can be so construed. Euschistus tristigmus Say Food Plants. — This species has also been reared by Woodside (1946) subsequent to my own investigations. He used peaches (fruits) as food in the rearing. I have successfully used head lettuce, ripe tomato, fruit from Lonicera sp. and bits of carrot. Olsen (1912) has reared it from egg to imago on Verbascum blat- taria and on fruits of the common elderberry. Porter et al (1928) report it as one of the species responsible for cat-facing on peaches and Morrill (1910) reports finding it on cotton. Dr. W. V. Balduf, in correspondence, informs me he has seen it time and again on rose hips in Minnesota. In general our knowledge of its food plants seems to be rather scanty, particularly with reference to the nymphs. Wild raspberry, wild blackberry and elderberry seem to be in- dicated, the species being most common in open woodland and along woods margins, where these plants abound. 21 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 1 Duration of Immature Stages. Length in Days Minimum Maximum Mean Egg 3 10 5.3 First instar 2 6 3.8 Second instar 3 16 8.7 Third instar 3 15 7.7 Fourth instar 4 23 8.8 Fifth instar 7 22 11.9 Total 46.2 Woodside (1946) reports a mean of 53.4 days for total duration of egg and nymphal stages. In studying his chart, similar to the one above, I have been much puzzled by the fact that his mean for the fourth instar is only half as great as those for the second, third and fifth. This is indeed unusual for it seems almost universal in the Pentatomidae for the second, third and fourth instars to be of approximately equal duration, with the fifth somewhat longer. Although the 6.7 days mean for the fourth instar seems unusually short, the 14.1 and 13.4 days for the second and third instars re- spectively, are still more unusual. In the sixteen species of which I have a corresponding record (see summary chart), the highest mean I have for the third instar is 9 days, with slightly less for the second. Number of Generations. — In this species the number of gener- ations seems to be somewhat complicated. A female which was definitely known to be an overwintered specimen continued oviposi- tion until August 7, which does not leave much time for the result- ing nymphs to mature. On the other hand, an individual of the second generation was observed to reach adulthood as early as September 6. In view of the above extremes, I know of no other way to express the number of generations than to call it two partial ones, the first, of course being practically complete. Natural Enemies. — No published record of parasites reared from this species seems to be at hand. I collected an egg mass at Urbana of what I considered to be this species and it turned out to be parasitized by an as yet undetermined hymenopteron. The only individuals recovered were a few which failed to emerge from the egg of the host. 22 January, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Morphological Variation. — It may well be of some interest to taxonomists to know that in my rearing of this species I did not find it to breed true. The parent stock, with which I began rearing, were all of the so called typical variety, Euschistus tristigmus tri- stigmus, but with one exception all the offspring of both F1 and F2 generations were what is commonly known as the variety pyrrho- cerus. I also found these offspring to be uniformly smaller than the parent stock, which fact I first considered to be due to dietary causes or some other factor connected with rearing, but upon in- vestigation I find the pyrrhoQerus in my personal collection average 1 mm. shorter than the others. This is also substantiated by the measurements given by Blatchley (1926). Mormidea lugens Fabricius This species has no economic status and its life history has ap- parently not been studied heretofore. The only literature concern- ing the species has to do with the few known food plants and eco- logical factors. Food Plants. — Probably most references are to the common mullein, Verbascum thapsus, but Blatchley (1926) states he has never taken nymphs from it. Blatchley also states that he found hundreds of this species on October 16, crawling over the foliage of Euonymus americanus, but did not state what stages were present. It is perhaps most commonly encountered on bluegrass, Poa pra- tensis, but whether it develops there or not is not definitely known. I have also taken the adults in fair numbers from Setaria sp., Hydro- phyllum appendiculatum and Actinomeris alternifolia, and secured oviposition upon the foliage of Saponaria officinalis and Oenothera sp. No food plant was found upon which second instar nymphs would feed when placed upon it. Third instar nymphs taken in the field were reared to adulthood on fresh bluegrass stems, thus I secured some meager data on the two final instars. Number op Generations. — Inability to rear this species through its cycle makes any opinion on this matter mere conjecture, but judging from the fact that oviposition took place as late as August 21, it seems likely that some females oviposit the same season they reach adulthood. Such being the case, there is at least a partial second generation. 23 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 1 Duration of Immature Stages, Length in Days Minimum Maximum Mean Egg 4 7 4.9 First instar 2 4 3.0 Second instar Third instar Fourth instar 8 10 9.0 Fifth instar 11 11 11.0 Coenus delius Say Food Plants. — This is another species of whose food habits little is known. Yan Duzee (1894) specifically records seeing a dozen or more individuals of this species sucking the juice from a bruised sweet apple. Mundinger and Chapman (1932) record it as one of the species present in orchards in the Hudson Valley, where some injury from plant bugs occurred, but they do not specifically link this species with the injury. Olsen (1912) has kept the adults in captivity two months on V erbascum blattaria. Stoner (1920) indi- cates its presence in timothy and clover fields and along roadsides where timothy and bluegrass were present. I fed nymphs on red clover, immature heads of timothy and foxtail grass and the achenes of Polygonum sp. The younger instars were also fed upon head lettuce. In the case of the timothy the bugs pierced the glumes and seed coat and fed upon the milky contents of the seeds. Duration of Immature Stages. Length in Days Minimum Maximum Mean Egg 3 6 4.8 First instar 3 4 3.2 Second instar 6 10 7.8 Third instar Fourth instar Fifth instar 9 12 10.5 Nymphal Development. — Stoner (1920) states that all nymphs secured by him were taken in July, but I collected a fifth instar nymph in the field on June 25, and it became adult two days later. 24 January, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA I took another on September 2. It would therefore seem that nymphs are in the field during the entire months of June, July and August, at least. Number of Generations. — A considerable number of nymphs in their late instars were brought into the laboratory and the result- ing adults were kept until sometime in September, when the last ones died. At no time was any mating observed nor were any eggs deposited. Moreover, females that died in captivity were dissected to determine whether any were gravid, but no eggs were found. Contemporary females taken in the field were dissected with like results. From these observations I am inclined to agree with Stoner (1920) that, in this latitude at least, the species completes but one generation a year and it seems to follow that sexually immature adults hibernate. Menecles insertus Say Food and Habits. — The food and habits of this species remain, for the most part, a mystery. It is one of the truly sylvan members of the family. The specimens I have taken during the summer sea- son were found either on tree trunks or on the foliage of weeds growing near by. Both Blatchley and Stoner (1920) state that they have never taken a specimen by sweeping, but I have done so on one or two occasions when sweeping about the bases of trees in open woodland. Park and Strohecker (1936) bring out the very interesting fact that this species is nocturnal and arboreal, hiding under leaf mold, etc. during the day and climbing tree trunks at night. By marking individuals with Baer’s Klondike Paint, while they were still in hiding, it was possible to observe their ascent by means of a flash- light. Whether this included nymphs was not stated. Likewise, what food, if any, was taken was not determined, the bugs ascending too high for observation. Van Duzee (1904) reports it as having- been taken in numbers from small hickory trees, but by whom, and whether this included nymphs, is not stated. Hart (1919) reports it as abundant on the sidewalks in late October and early November under a row of hard maple trees on the campus of the University of Illinois, also without reference to nymphs. Kirkland (1896) refers to this species as being predaceous upon gypsy moth larvae and is so quoted by Olsen and Stoner. It seems odd, however, that the many gypsy moth investigators have failed to mention it further. While the above references to food offer no direct evidence as to 25 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 1 what the nymphs eat, they are given here as possible leads on that point. Likewise I observed none of my captive adults feeding, but one was kept nine days on a potted Polygonum ( Periscaria ) sp. A single nymph, which survived the second molt, was carried into the final instar; while I provided principally head lettuce, it was also observed to feed upon honeysuckle berries. Duration of Immature Stages. Length in Days Minimum Maximum Mean Egg 5 6 5.3 First instar 2 3 t 2.7 Second instar 8 Third instar 11 Fourth instar 9 Fifth instar Number of Generations. — The number of generations produced annually is not known, but two are possible. Trichopepla semivittata Say Food Plants. — Like most of the Pentatomidae, this species is of no economic importance and as a consequence records of food plants are very limited. Blatchley (1926) and Van Duzee (1904) both give wild carrot, Daucus carota, as a food plant and the former also indicates the Umbelliferae generally in this connection. In an earlier publication (1896), Blatchley reports finding hundreds and in all stages of development on rattlesnake-master, Eryngium yucci- folium. In rearing, I used wild carrot. Both nymphs and adults exhibited a preference for the immature seeds of this plant. Duration of Immature Stages. The apparently excessive length of the final instar seems worthy of comment. These records are based upon 3 individuals which completed their development from September 26 to October 6, when temperatures were probably near the threshold of develop- ment. The records may therefore represent almost the maximum time required for this instar. 26 January, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Length in Days Minimum Maximum Mean Egg 4 7 5.5 First instar 3 5 3.9 Second instar 3 7 5.1 Third instar 3 5 4.1 Fourth instar 4 6 5.2 Fifth instar 12 19 16.3 Total 40.1 Number of Generations. — Circumstances are such as to lead me to suspect there are two generations annually. Fifth instar nymphs were taken in the field as early as May 30, but these were not reared to adults. Adults have, however, been obtained as early as July 2 (Long Island) from nymphs which I took with the sweep net. On the other hand, Van Duzee (1904) reports finding them on carrot blossoms (Buffalo, N. Y.) as late as November 3. These records seem to point to two generations. Neottiglossa sulcifrons Stal Little has so far been published concerning the food habits of this species and none of it designated as applying to nymphs. Blatchley (1926) reports beating it from oak and sweeping it from timothy meadows and roadside herbage. Stoner (1920) reports nearly all his specimens have been swept from sparsely growing blue-grass and timothy, and Ruckes (1938) indicates short range grass as its habitat in New Mexico. I have swept both nymphs and adults in some numbers from both bluegrass, Poa pratensis, and red top, Agrostis alba , and others from mixed roadside vegetation. One specimen seems to have been swept from Ambrosia elatior. Those in the cages were observed to feed upon both stems and seeds of bluegrass. Attempts at rearing the nymphs of this species have proven un- successful, the second instar nymphs refusing to feed. Oviposition was secured upon a seed pod of shepherd’s purse, Capsella bursa- pastoris, but none of the adults were observed to feed upon it. The incubation period in all cases observed was three days and a like period was required for most individuals to complete the first instar, the minima and maxima being two and four days respec- tively. Second instar nymphs lived from three to five days, but did not molt. Number of Generations. — Due to lack of information obtained 27 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 1 from rearing, it is difficult to arrive at any definite conclusion, but there have been no indications of more than one generation an- nually. Fifth instar nymphs and what were apparently recently matured adults were brought in from the field, where some of the nymphs transformed to adults, but no mating or oviposition took place although they were kept until they died. These were taken July 30 and it hardly seems likely that there had been a previous generation. There is more than the usual amount of overlapping with the winter generation, adults of both generations being present in the field at the same time. Neottiglossa cavifrons Stal This species was taken in fair numbers on several occasions, along with N. sulcifrons, from Poa pratensis and Agrostis alba, from May 13 to July 7. I have not reared the species other than to obtain three masses of eggs, these on June 2 and July 7. They were attached to stems of bluegrass. I noted two pairs mating at the same time, late at night on June 2. Blatchley reports taking it from bush clover ( Lespedeza ) and Hart (1919) from Pycnanthe- mum. No other bionomic data concerning the species seems to be at hand. Peribalus limbolarius Stal Food Plants. — Pack and Knowlton (1930) have reported this species feeding upon wheat, but it does not seem to have assumed any economic importance. Stoner (1920) gives Solidago sp. as the most important food plant, stating they may often be captured from it in large numbers, but I have found the available species of 'Solidago singularly unproductive of any species of Pentatomidae except in late autumn, when it is about the only vegetation remain- ing green. Stoner also reports sweet clover as being quite heavily infested at times and also gives clover and timothy as favored plants, and has also swept them in great numbers from a field of turnips. Blatchley (1926) gives shepherd’s purse and cauliflower as food plants and in addition, “Solidago and other Compositae.” I have taken it in greatest numbers from field pepper-grass, Lepi- dium campestre, a close relative of shepherd’s purse, so it may well be that it feeds on many Cruciferae. I have obtained a great many nymphs by sweeping mixed vegetation, but it has not been possible to trace them to any particular food plant. The inflorescence of field pepper-grass, before the seed pods were matured, served for rearing the nymphs. 28 January, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Duration of Immature Stages. Length in Days Minimum Maximum Mean Egg 3 6 4.1 First instar 1+ 6 2.7 Second instar 2 13 4.2 Third instar 2 9 6.6 Fourth instar 9 12 11.2 Fifth instar 16 . 16 16.0 Total 44.8 Due to certain circumstances, I have reason to suspect the exis- tence of discrepancies in the table given above. The trouble seems to lie in a sudden and sustained drop in temperature on September 8, giving rise to a considerable increase in the time 'required for development. Since two-thirds of the individuals completing the third instar and all those completing the last two instars did so after this date, it seems positive that the figures obtained for these instars would be too high. The third instar illustrates this point. Prior to September 8 none of the nymphs in question required more than four days to complete this instar. It so happened that no more performed the third molt until September 15, and beginning as of that date all the other individuals required from seven to nine .days. Considering the matter from the standpoint of seasonal effects, it seems evident that those individuals completing their develop- ment during midsummer require considerably less time than shown in the above table. Also the fact that only one individual com- pleted the final molt leaves us with insufficient data there. The time required for the six successive stages of this individual were 3, 3, 4, 4, 9 and 16 days respectively, or a total of 39 days, but it seems very probable indeed that the last two instars were prolonged by cool season conditions. The time required during midsummer probably does not much exceed thirty days. Number of Generations. — I have not determined the number of generations. Stoner (1920) computes from records and data, the nature of which he does not indicate, that two generations, and possibly a partial third, develop annually in the field in Iowa. Natural Enemies. — No insect parasites or predators seem to be recorded for this species. I have reared one tachinid, undeter- 29 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 1 mined and now apparently lost, from this species. Knowlton (1944) reports P. abbreviatus Uhler as taken from bird stomachs, so this species is most likely, subject to attack. Genus Chlorochroa Stal Prom the evidence at hand it seems that there is in this genus a decided tendency to feed upon the starchy contents of seeds while these are yet in the milk or early dough stage. This at once sug- gests the possibility of their becoming pests of cereal grains and such is indeed the case. Two of the species, C. sayi Stal and C. ligata Say, are pests of some importance in some of our western states and in Canada. As a consequence of their economic impor- tance their life histories have been studied and the nymphs de- scribed. For pertinent information regarding the immature stages and life history of C. sayi, the reader is referred to Caffrey and Barber (1919) and Patton and Mail (1935). There are some rather glaring discrepancies in the two accounts of the life history, causing some doubt as to whether they actually pertain to the same species. C. ligata has been studied by Morrill, who has published at least four articles on it (1905, 1907, 1907-a, 1910). The last paper is the most comprehensive. I have studied C. persimilis Horvath and have obtained a limited amount of data. Chlorochroa persimilis Horvath Pood Plants. — Unfortunately the literature concerning this species is in a deplorable state. Van Duzee (1917), in his Cata- logue, cites C. persimilis as a synonym of C. uhleri Stal and was apparently followed by all subsequent authors until comparatively recently, my information to the contrary having come from Dr. H. M. Harris. The two above species are now recognized as distinct and until the distribution of each is definitely determined, records of food plants and the like are in most instances valueless. One ex- ception is that of Vestal (1913), whose paper antedates Van Duzee ’s error. Another is that of Hart (1919). Malloch, in edit- ing Hart’s paper after the latter’s death, indicates that Hart had used the name persimilis. Vestal treats the spqcies from the standpoint of a plant ecolo- gist. He states that this species is the characteristic pentatomid of the sands of Illinois, where it swarms over the prickly pear cactus, Opuntia rafinesquii, and is also associated with the dwarf cedar, Juniperus sabina, in a similar habitat in Michigan. He has also found it on Chrysopsis, Kuhnia, Ambrosia psilostachya, Lespedeza capitata and grasses. 30 January, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Felt (1915) and Stoner (1922) likely refer to this species, al- though using the name uhleri. Felt reports injury in New York to green corn, peas, tomatoes, currants, blackberries and the seeds of sunflowers. Stoner reports sweeping it in considerable numbers from Rhus glabra at Douglas Lake, Michigan. Both nymphs and adults were present, but only the adults were observed to have their mouthparts inserted in the fruits. They were also often found on V actinium pennsylvanicum and Gaylussacia baccata , but he does not consider these as food plants because attempts at rearing nymphs upon the former were unsuccessful; the nymphs were not observed to feed. The records of Downes (1926) and Pack and Knowlton (1930) seem more likely to refer to the real C. uhleri . Stoner (1920) in- dicates the species as having a number of food plants, including quite a number of cultivated crops. The nature of this list causes me to suspect the species referred to is not persimilis. Lacking data to the contrary, the species treated by him may well have been the true uhleri. In rearing C. persimilis, I supplied head lettuce in part, but with little success. A supply of Opuntia fruits, while they lasted, was far more satisfactory. Confined nymphs were also observed to feed upon green tomato, green crabapple and kernels from roast- ing ears. The adults also sometimes sucked their own eggs. I have not observed nymphs feeding in nature, but the adults seem to con- fine their attention to the fruits (almost always the depression in the upper end), at least while they were available. Duration of Immature Stages. Length in Days Minimum Maximum Mean Egg 3 6 4.8 First instar 2 12 3.5 Second instar 5 11 7.6 Third instar 5 Fourth instar 9 Fifth instar 21 The available data on this phase are totally inadequate. Rec- ords for the three final instars are available for only one indi- vidual, no others completing the third instar. 31 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 1 It may well be suspected that thp final instar was abnormally long in this individual, but the duration of the first three stages was in each instance very close to the mean, the total for this indi- vidual being 49 days. Since the majority of the nymphs died during the second instar, it seems that suitable food was not provided or possibly that some other condition was unfavorable. This point is in need of further study, as no one has mentioned whether or not the nymphs nor- mally feed upon Opuntia. It may also be significant that no eggs were in evidence upon the Opuntia when the adults were collected, although it seems certain that oviposition was going on at that time because individuals brought into the laboratory oviposited the first night. It should also be pointed out that oviposition in the laboratory was almost entirely upon the sides of the cage or upon the paper floor. These circumstances lend some credence to the possibility that the adults do not oviposit upon their principal food plant. Number of Generations. — Inasmuch as the rearing material was not collected until July 30, what had transpired previously is a matter of conjecture. In addition to a considerable number of adults, three nymphs were taken, one of them in the fourth instar and the other two in the fifth. It would appear that the first gen- eration was just then being completed. This is further substan- tiated by Hart (1919), who records nymphs in the field from June 6 to October 30. Two generations seem to be indicated. Natural Enemies. — No parasites emerged from the material I collected and there seems to be no record in published literature. Thyanta custator Pabricius Due to the plasticity of the various species of this genus, there has been some confusion concerning their identity, thus clouding published food records with uncertainty. These uncertain food records comprise most of the literature on this species ; they would indicate the species to be a very general plant feeder, but no men- tion is made of any tendency toward predatism. While there are a number of cultivated food plants on this list, the species does not seem to have assumed sufficient economic importance any- where to have prompted any attempt at control measures. Pood Plants. — Among those crops recorded as suffering in- jury are oats, corn, sorghum, asparagus and the see^L crop of sugar beets. Other crops attacked, but apparently less seriously, are wheat, Milo maize, cowpeas, clover, timothy and cotton. As re- 32 January, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA gards injury to asparagus, I find such a situation difficult to un- derstand. Although they feed readily upon the fruits of this plant during late summer and early autumn, this would seem unimportant. Uncultivated food plants include wild grasses, Solanum nigrum, Solidago and other Compositae. I have swept it from Aster spp. and, in the vicinity of Urbana, Illinois, it was found to be most abundant upon some Sympkoricarpos orbiculatus. Scott and Fiske (1902) obtained it in considerable numbers in jarring peach and plum trees for curculio. The above records are all to be un- derstood as pertaining to adults and may or may not furnish food for nymphs. I have on numerous occasions obtained nymphs by sweeping, but for the most part they have not been traceable to any particular food plant. In eastern Washington the species is quite common and I have swept both nymphs and adults from rabbit brush, Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pall.) Britton. Near Bath, Illinois, I have also taken the species from pokeweed, Phyto- lacca americana. In captivity the nymphs were found to feed readily upon head lettuce and kernels of sweet corn cut from roasting ears. Migration. — Several instances have been recorded (Severin, 1937; Ainslee, 1939; Wilbur, 1939) of mass flights by this species. Severin ’s report concerned such a flight at Sioux Falls, South Da- kota, on the night of October 5, 1936. During the evening and succeeding few days, millions swarmed about the lights of the city and invaded stores, residences and other buildings. There was no crop damage. Ainslee refers to this same incident and also re- cords two subsequent flights at Sioux City, Iowa, in 1937 and 1939. It may be significant that two of these flights occurred on October 5 and the other on October 8. Bugs were swept up from the stores by the pailful, being more numerous about bright street lights than about residences. Another very striking manifestation of this phenomenon oc- curred October 14, 1938, in Kansas, according to Wilbur. At no less than twelve localities, located in a reasonably straight line, they occurred in great numbers, sufficient in one or two instances to halt night football games which were in progress, being five inches deep under the floodlights in one instance, and covering the field sufficiently to obliterate the line markers. These annual migrations have never been explained. In no in- stance has there been evidence of unusual abundance prior to the flights. Speaking of the flight at Sioux City in 1939, Ainslee re- ports that very few had been collected during the summer season. 33 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 1 The Kansas flight followed the warmest two-week period in Oc- tober ever recorded in that state. When one considers that all these flights took place at the end of the feeding season, it becomes apparent that food is not a fac- tor. It seems probable, however, that it may be connected in some manner with hibernation. That they are occasionally attracted to lights at other times is evidenced by the fact that one came to my stndy light in the laboratory on the night of July 11. A fellow student, James Slater, took another under similar circumstances July 29. Mating and Oviposition. — I have no exact information as to the beginning of the mating season of this species, the first ob- served instance of mating having been after the beginning of the oviposition period. Two females dissected in the laboratory May 2J were found to be full of eggs, but the earliest oviposition in my rearing cages was June 8. Highly contradictory to this is a rec- ord by Van Duzee (1894) in which a nymph of this species, taken in the vicinity of Buffalo, N. Y., attained the adult state May 1. I have observed a pair mating in an indoor cage as late as Oc- tober 23. My limited data indicates that this species mates frequently during the oviposition period. One female was observed to mate August 12, 16, 19, 21, 22, 26, 27, 30, September 3, 5, and 8 and oviposited August 16, 26, 29, 31, September 2, 5, 8, 9 and 15. The egg masses consisted of 51, 59, 38, 33, 33, 34, 39 and 47 eggs respec- tively, a total of 334. Dissection of this female after death (Sep- tember 22) showed 8 eggs still in the oviducts. Duration of Immature Stages. Length in Days Minimum Maximum Mean Egg 3 8 4.5 First instar 2 - 8 3.8 Second instar 3 11 6.9 Third instar 6 17 8.3 Fourth instar 8 12 9.8 Fifth instar 7 16 12.0 Total 45.3 Of those individuals which succeeded in reaching the adult stage, 38 to 47 days were required, the average being 41.7. 34 January, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Number of Generations. — Essig (1915) considers that there is one uneven “brood” per year. I have been unable to compre- hend the meaning of the above statement. Definite data, in the sense of having reared successive generations, have not been se- cured, but I have records of oviposition by females which seem- ingly could not have belonged to the overwintering generation. Females collected in the field oviposited fairly regularly up to September 29. From this and the fact that a number of the ovi- positing females seemed to be newly matured, I conclude that there must be at least a partial, if not a complete, second genera- tion in the latitude of north central Illinois. Natural Enemies. — The natural enemies recorded for this spe- cies consist mostly of hymenopterous egg parasites. Eupelmus hirtus (Eupelmidae) is recorded by Ashmead (1885), Trissolcus thyantae (Scelionidae) by Ashmead (1893) and Girault (1907) and Telenomus ashmeadi (Scelionidae) by Morrill (-1907). In ad- dition to the above, Hadronotus mesillae (Scelionidae) is recorded by Cockerell (1897) from an undetermined egg whose inadequate description suggests it may have been that of T. custator. I have reared an as yet undetermined tachinid from this species. That birds destroy some is to be expected and Knowlton (1944) reports finding 26 individuals of this species in the recognizable material in 19 bird stomachs. In which species of bird they were found is not indicated. According to Headlee and McColloch (1913), it is also attacked by two species of entomogenous fungi, Sporotrichum glol)uliferum (Beauveria' globulifera) and Entomophthora ( Em - pusa) aphidis. Cosmopepla bimaculata Thomas Food Plants.— The list of plants fed upon by this species has become a long one. The first account seems to be that of Lintner (1885), specimens having been submitted to him along with a statement to the effect that the species was seriously injuring po- tato vines. Van Duzee (1894) reports it as being especially fond of mullein. He also records observing it on wild columbine in such numbers as to nearly cover the -plants, their activity in this instance being mating rather than feeding. Lugger (1900) records large numbers of this species on raspberry and blackberry. Olsen (1910) has studied the life history of the species, but has not given the details of the nymphal development. He found it on moth mullein, V erbascum blattaria, and successfully reared it from egg to adult, using fresh leaves of this plant as food. In a sub- 35 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 1 sequent publication (1912), he adds several food plants to the list, including Scrophidaria nodosa (S. marilandica L.), Ranuncu- lus sp., mints and thistle. Stoner (1917) reports sweeping it in great numbers from Brassica nigra and also in some numbers from Thaspium aureum Nutt. In a later publication (1920), he adds Daucus carota and in a still later paper (1922-a) gives Potent ilia monspeliensis. Balduf (1926) regards it as a potential pest of cultivated snapdragon. Griswold (1937), in addition to colum- bine already mentioned and snapdragon, also gives beardtongue and V erbascum , the latter apparently a garden variety, as. food plants. Ruckes (1938), in his collecting in New Mexico, reports tak- ing all his specimens from grasses in old cultivated plots. The works of Blatchley (1926) and Torre-Bueno (1939) contain lists which are supposedly compiled but contain in addition to the above, Phytolacca, Saponaria, Solidago, Ambrosia, Stachys, Mentha, nettle and oats. To these I can add Collinsia verna, Leonurus sp., Ra- nunculus abortivus, Sanicula canadensis, Physostegia virginica and Hydrophyllum appendiculatum. Head lettuce was used most ex- tensively in the rearing cages, but green beans and corn kernels in the milk stage were also found to be satisfactory. In confinement, the species was also observed to feed upon ripe fruits from Loni- cera sp. It is, of course, doubtful whether most of these plant species are more than rarely fed upon and it is even likely that some are not actually food plants. It seems to be somewhat significant that one-third of the plant species recorded above belong to one or the other of two plant families, the Scrophulariaceae and the Labiatae. In view of this fact it seems likely that other representatives of these families will be found to be fed upon by this species. Observations suggest, too, that this pentatomid feeds upon a succession of plants during the season. In this locality it was found earliest on Collinsia verna, where it appeared in great num- bers about May 1, but all had left by May 12, although the Col- linsia still seemed to be in fairly succulent condition. It was next observed on Sanicula canadensis and Ranunculus abortivus, both of which were abundant about the edges of the stand of Collinsia. After several more days they gradually left the Sanicula and Ranunculus, but it was impossible to trace their movements and it has not been taken anywhere else in numbers anywhere approach- ing those on the plants just mentioned. ■ It seems quite possible that during midsummer a larger number of acceptable but scat- 36 January, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA tered food plants are available. In September they were quite plentiful, along with the cydnid, Sehirus. cinctus, on false dragon- head, Pkysostegia virginica, in' the University gardens. Dr. W. V. Balduf informs me he has taken it on Salvia officinalis and I have found it in abundance on a Verbascum phoenicicum hybrid. On a few occasions I have seen nymphs of this species feeding upon animal matter ; in one instance on a dead nymph of the same species and in another instance on a dead nymph of Acrosternum. No evidence is available as to whether either was attacked while alive. It must be borne in mind, too, that this took place in con- finement. Had more acceptable plant food been available to these individuals, it is quite possible they would have ignored animal food. Olsen (1913) reports the male sucking out the eggs. Hibernation. — Despite the fact that this is one of the more common pentatomid species in many sections of the country, I have found no reference in literature to its hibernation. That it hibernates in this latitude is, it seems, a foregone conclusion, be- cause it appears in the spring within a few days of the earliest of the Pentatomidae. I have so far taken only one hibernating in- dividual, that one being beneath fallen leaves in a woodland. Since it was in this same woodland that they appeared so suddenly and in such numbers on Collinsia verna , it would seem reasonable to suppose that they hibernated nearby, but very extensive collect- ing thereabouts failed to disclose their hibernating quarters. Mating. — That mating took place on wild columbine and on Collinsia verna has already been stated. Balduf (1926) reports that mating also, occurred on snapdragons. I have also seen this activity on Sanicula, Ranunculus and Hydrophyllum. They also mated in the rearing cages, where lettuce was provided as food. From these observations I at first suspected that mating might occur on any plant they happened to be inhabiting. A rather dif- ferent light was shed upon this matter when a number of mating individuals were transferred from Collinsia to potted seedlings of bean, corn and beet. Here mating stopped immediately and no oviposition took place. They were kept on these plants until death and the females were then dissected. No eggs were found in the oviducts. It is surmised that these plants are not relished as food by this species and that they did not eat enough to enable them to carry on the regular reproductive processes, the absence of suit- able food, then, being a deciding factor. Pre-oviposition Period. — The pre-oviposition period is not defi- nitely known but apparently, in the case of overwintered females 37 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 1 at least, it seems to be quite short, for oviposition occurred within four days after I first found the adults mating. Taking these matters into consideration, it would seem that the pre-oviposition period could scarcely exceed a week. Oviposition. — To date I have not found the egg masses of this species in the field. In the laboratory, oviposition occurred from May 8 to September 19, with no appreciable gaps. Diligent search of Collinsia verna, and the other food plants upon which this spe- cies was fairly swarming during early May, did not disclose any oviposition there, although it had already begun in the laboratory. Balduf (1926) found egg masses on garden snapdragon as late as October 14. The eggs may be attached to any of various surfaces, such as the foliage or stem of the plant or on various parts of the cages. Unlike other species so far investigated, they did not hesitate to oviposit freely on such hairy surfaces as that afforded by the foliage of common mullein. However, as already mentioned, they refused to oviposit upon corn, bean or beet seedlings. Duration of Immature Stages. Length in Days Minimum Maximum Mean Egg 3 8 4.6 First instar 1+ 10 2.7 Second instar 3 14 8.3 Third instar 4 11 6.8 Fourth instar 6 21 7.9 Fifth instar 7 16 10.3 Total 40.6 In the above table it is interesting to note that the minimum time increases steadily with each succeeding instar. However, the maximum time required for the different instars shows great ir- regularity. As is to be expected, those maturing after mid-Sep- tember require more time for development. Number of Generations. — The number of generations has not been definitely determined for this species and apparently cannot be determined or even estimated under field conditions because of excessive overlapping of generations. Under indoor conditions three generations are indicated, but this number may not be real- ized in nature. 38 January, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Natural Enemies. — The only citation referring to this phase seems to be that of Balduf (1926), who discovered an egg parasite subsequently described as Telenomus cosmopeplae Gahan. Of the eggs examined by him from August 3 to September 30, 33.9% were found to be parasitized. The same writer reports finding 25.1% of the eggs empty, with shells still intact and considers this predatism to be due to the Anthocorid bug Triphleps ( Orius ) insidiosus. His conclusions are drawn from the known habits of the above and its actual pres- ence on the plant. Also mentioned is the occurrence of a cone- shaped protuberance of dried yolk on the outside of such eggs. Since Triphleps was actually present it was more likely the preda- tor, but it seems advisable to point out that any sucking predator, including the adults of Cosmopepla , would have left the same symptoms. Solubea pugnax Fabricius This species is a resident of regions which normally have a milder climate than that of north central Illinois. It seems ap- parent that it occurs in our latitude in numbers only after one or more mild winters although, according to Forbes (1905), it has occurred in injurious numbers as far north as Minnesota. At any rate, after two mild winters it was fairly common about Urbana during the summers of 1942 and 1943. Adults are active fliers and take wing at the least disturbance, but fly only a short distance. Both adults and nymphs seek shelter from rain, wind and hot sun. In common with a few other species of the family, this one is known to migrate to new species of host plants during the feeding season. Dahms (1942) reports that the adults appeared in the sorghums about August 7 and were practically all gone by Sep- tember 1, although caged individuals were still alive October 3. Where they came from or where they went is not known. Douglas (1939) also mentions migration to rice fields, in this case from wild grasses growing nearby. The reason for migration is thought to be the hardening of the seeds upon which they feed. According to Douglas, the nymphs are active swimmers and, in the flooded rice fields, resort to this means for migrating purposes and as a means of escape from danger. Food Plants. — In the vicinity of Urbana it was most abundant on foxtail grass, Setaria sp., but was also present on asparagus, Literature contains references to a considerable number of wild host plants, all grasses, with the species of Setaria, Panicum and 39 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 1 Paspalum heading the list. From the economic standpoint, rice is the principal host plant, but it is also sometimes injurious to wheat and sorghums. In all cases the damage is done to the kernels, the attack coming during the milk stage. Its economic status has been studied by Ingram (1927), Douglas (1939) and Dahms (1942). It is, according to Douglas, one of the most important rice pests, causing what is known as “pecky rice.” The kernels contain spots varying in color from a light yellowish stain to a coal black one, and in size from a pinpoint to the entire kernel. The actual discoloration is due directly to disease organisms which enter the feeding punctures. Dahm records it as a pest of sorghums, par- ticularly the late-maturing varieties. Corn is also mentioned as a food plant by Forbes (1905) and Headlee and McColloch (1913), but the extent and nature of the damage is not indicated. Ash- mead (1887) reports it feeding in considerable numbers on corn pollen. As has been the case with several other phytosuccivorous spe- cies, it has also been credited with predatism by some writers. C. Y. Riley (1885) lists it among six species of Pentatomidae as ac- tually observed destroying the cotton worm, Alabama argillacea. Other references to this (Lugger, 1900; Forbes, 1905; Olsen, 1912 and Garman, 1891) are apparently merely passing the good word along, no one but Riley mentioning an actual observation. I can concede that it sometimes sucks out its own eggs in confinement. Hibernation. — The species apparently does not hibernate suc- cessfully in the latitude of north central Illinois, the exceptions be- ing the occasions of unusually mild winters. This phase is like- wise not discussed in the literature known to me. I have taken only one living specimen from hibernation, that from beneath a tuft of Hemerocallis in late November. The earliest date of spring collection of overwintered individuals is May 29, but they were undoubtedly out long before then. Mating. — I have recorded no observations concerning the mat- ing of this species and do not recall having seen it, even in the rearing cages. Davis (1925) reports seeing many pairs mating at night at the tops of the tall Johnson grass, but none were observed during the day. Number of Generations. — Due to inability to obtain adults in hibernation, or even shortly thereafter, it has not been possible to determine definitely the number of generations in this region. It is a species, however, which in more favorable climate produces several generations annually. According to Douglas, there are 40 ’ January, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA two or three generations produced on wild grasses before migra- tion to the rice crop about the middle of August, and one complete and three partial generations thereafter. Judging by the length of the life cycle, four complete generations are easily possible here. Duration of Immature Stages. Length in Days Minimum Maximum Mean Egg 4 8 5.2 First instar 2 4 2.7 Second instar 3 11 6.0 Third instar 3 12 5.4 Fourth instar 3 12 6.3 Fifth instar 6 15 9.9 Total 34.5 The minimum time required for any individual to complete its development was 28 days and the maximum 40 days. Natural Enemies. — Ingram (1927), whose studies on this spe- cies concern rice culture, names the red-winged blackbird as the most important of eight bird predators. He lists the egg parasites Ooencyrtjis anasae and Telenomus podisi as being important. ILeadlee and McColloch (1913) report that it is attacked by the fungus Sporotrichum globulif erum . Acrosternum hilare Say The food habits of this species are such as to give it a certain degree of economic importance, with a consequent increase in the amount of literature over that of most other species. A consider- able amount of this literature is under the name Nezara hilaris, as it was formerly known. Some authors also used the name Acrosternum hilaris, in fact some still do. The species has been studied in Ohio by Whitmarsh (1914, 1917), in Virginia by Schoene and Underhill (1933), by Underhill (1934) and in Utah by Sorenson and Anthon (1936). Morrill (1910) has also given it some study, mainly as pertains to cotton, but has treated it very briefly in his paper. Food Plants. — From the economic standpoint, the species is important chiefly as a pest of fruits, particularly stone fruits. Indeed, if one uses the term “fruit” in the botanical sense it can be said that the species feeds almost exclusively upon that part. 41 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 1 The studies of Whitmarsh were instigated as the result of a very destructive attack on the peach crop in northern Ohio. Sorenson and Anthon, in Utah, report this species infesting cherries, apri- cots, peaches, grapes and pears, moving from one to the other as they ripened. Mundinger and Chapman (1932) report finding sweet corn in the Hudson River valley heavily infested by this species. Morrill, in discussing its depredations upon cotton, re- ports that the bolls are usually the part attacked, often causing them to fail to open properly. According to the observations of Underhill, bushes and trees are preferred to herbaceous plants. He provides a list of 52 food plants, about two-thirds of which are native and ornamental trees and shrubs and the remainder cultivated fruit and garden crops. 'Nymphs were not found on more than half the above plants. He considers elder, black locust and honey locust to be the preferred hosts. Schoene and Underhill state that no single host provides food for long enough time for the insect to maintain itself in num- bers. They consider that cultivated crops a’re damaged only when the succession of wild hosts is broken. Severe injury to lima beans by this species is closely associated with a fungus disease organism, Nematospora phaseoli. In addition to his observations upon dam- age to cotton by this species, Morrill (1910) also lists tomatoes, egg-plant, turnips, mustard, peas, oranges, beans, cabbage, peaches and okra as food plants. At Amherst, Massachusetts, he found both nymphs and adults on European linden in unusually large numbers, feeding almost exclusively upon the fruits. Stoner (1920) has taken it on Corylus americana and on Vitis sp. Hutson (1933) is of the opinion that this species will subsist on nearly any available plant, but notes further that both nymphs and adults seem to prefer developing fruits. Torre-Bueno (1912) found it abundant on goldenrod growing under and near bushes along fences, a tendency which I have also noticed. He also quotes Kirkaldy as reporting it on trumpet creeper and cowpeas in addition to several plants listed above. In addition to the above published records, I have seen both, nymphs and adults feeding upon the fruits of asparagus and Celt is occidentalis and have also taken adults from Sambucus canadensis and Benzoin aestivate. A fellow student, William Rapp, brought me several nymphs of this species, reporting them feeding upon Impatiens biflora and Dr. W. V. Balduf informs me he has observed an adult, feeding upon the fruits of Rosa rugosa. Comstock (1879) gives a sort of hearsay account of this species 42 January, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA attacking larvae of Alabama argillacea but the reporter lost the bug and could not definitely identify it. Comstock also quotes Townend Glover as having made such a statement. Whitmarsh, however, was unable to get hungry individuals to attack caterpillars of any kind. I have observed two newly hatched nymphs sucking unhatched but fertile eggs of the mass from which they had hatched. Hibernation. — Those writers who have found its hibernating quarters agree that it chooses a well-drained, sunny situation. Un- derhill (1934) and Sorenson and Anthon (1936) definitely state that the bugs are among leaves, the implication being that they are not in contact with the soil. I have taken this species in hibernation, uncovering them with a lawn rake, so always found them on the ground, but they could well have been dislodged from the leaves since none were dirty as were those species taken from the surface of the soil. The winter mortality of this species is frequently very high. Sudden drops in temperature after periods of mild weather are particularly unfavorable. Underhill brings out the interesting fact that this species is unable to survive the winter in unbroken hibernation, but must have opportunity to feed upon young shoots etc. on warm days. He was unable to carry individuals through successfully until he placed the cage over some shoots or twigs, finding dogwood to answer this purpose very well. This observa- tion is supported by Blatchley (1895), who reported collecting it on warm, sunny days in early March, feeding on shrubbery. According to Whitmarsh (1917) there is a prevailing tendency to become inactive during the winter months, even when kept in a heated room. They came out occasionally and fed for a short time, only to return to the litter in the bottom of the cage, where they remained for several days at a time. Oviposition Period. — This phase of the life history seems to vary in a rather confusing manner in different parts of the coun- try. According to the observations of Whitmarsh and myself, ovi- position begins in early June and is completed by the end of July, but Underhill and Sorenson and Anthon report the beginning as one or two weeks later and extending into September, giving an oviposition period more than a month longer. Duration of Immature Stages. A comparison of the four sets of data already mentioned almost leaves one the impression that the four investigators were 43 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 1 working with different species. The strange feature, it seems to me, is that while Underhill (1934) and Sorenson and Anthon (1936) have been in such close agreement np to this point, they now represent the extremes in the divergence of data. The aver- age time required for the last four nymphal instars, Underhill’s figures are little more than half those of Sorenson and Anthon for corresponding instars. My figures, given in the table above, are for the most part, somewhat less than the average of these two ex- tremes. My data for the final instar probably have no signifi- cance whatsoever, based as they are upon only two individuals. They are, however, almost identical with the extremes reported by Sorenson and Anthon. Length in Days Minimum Maximum Mean Egg 4.5 8 6.3 First instar 3 6 4.0 Second instar 5 16 7.3 Third instar 3 13 9.0 Fourth instar 8 28 10.6 Fifth instar 16 27 21.5 Total 58.7 Number of Generations. — It seems to be agreed that there is but one generation of this species per year and this is probably correct. The last of my overwintered adults died August 7. Since the first new adults appear during the first week of July, the two generations overlap to some extent, but adults are very scarce here during late J uly and early August. Natural Enemies. — In addition to unfavorable climatic factors and the customary general predators, several parasitic enemies have been reported by Underhill and also by Schoene and Under- hill (1933). One tachinid, Trichopoda pennipes, has been re- corded as attacking the nymphs and adults. Egg parasites listed are Trissolcus euschisti (Scelionidae) , Anastatus reduvii, A. mira- hilis, A. pearsalli (Eupelmidae) , Telenomus podisi and T. dim- mocki (Scelionidae). Of these, T. euschisti and A. reduvii are regarded as the most important. He also found evidence of egg predatism, but was unable to assign it to any particular enemy. 44 Vol. XXVIII Americana April, 1948 No. 2 NOTES ON THE BIONOMICS OF SOME MIDWESTERN PENTATOMIDAE By Charles 0. Esselbaugh (Continued from page 44) Subfamily asopinae Spinola This subfamily not only contains all the known definitely pre- daceous species of the family but, so far as known, consists exclu- sively of predaceous forms. To be sure, the food of some of the species is yet unknown and the predaceous habit may be found to exist in other subfamilies, but for the present this subfamily and the predaceous habit are coextensive. Naturally the group is not simply a physiological one, but is based upon a sound morphological character, but this ties in so well with function as to be in effect the same. The nymphs and adults alike may be distinguished by the structure of the rostrum, particularly the basal segment, which is scarcely at all embedded between the bucculae, thus permitting the entire rostrum to be swung out until it projects directly forward, making possible an attack on more or less mobile prey. The Asopinae also seem to differ in yet other respects from the phytosuccivorous forms. In general they seem more agile, not better fliers but in being quicker on foot. As a group they seem less meticulous in placing their eggs and to require less time for 45 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 2 development, especially in the time required to attain sexual ma- turity. This more rapid rate of development seemingly cannot be explained from the standpoint of an adaptation to their predaceous form of life, but may well be considered as being due to it. This can be reasoned from the fact that their food is much higher in protein content, which provides building material in a more avail- able form than in plant sap. While the earlier instars do not differ greatly in length from those of the phytosuccivorous ones, the short duration of the later instars and the speed of the reproductive processes of the Asopinae are really phenomenal. The fact that they are predaceous is of considerable economic significance. There is always the possibility of a predator off- setting its beneficial acts by preying upon beneficial species. For- tunately in such instances as are known, the prey of the Asopinae consists predominantly of larvae, usually of Lepidoptera and Cole- optera, so on the whole they may be considered beneficial. Podisus maculiventris Say Due to the spectacular but non-specific predatism by this spe- cies and its frequent occurrence, it has for many years attracted the attention of naturalists and laymen alike, and its possibilities as a control agent have inspired numerous investigations by economic entomologists. All this has led to a formidable bibliography, only part of which can be acknowledged here. As early as 1897, Kirk- land listed 47 citations, mostly economic, and the literature has built up steadily since that time. Previous to 1899 this species was known as Podisus spinosus Dallas. At that time an unknown paper by Thomas Say came to light, containing a prior description. It is also found in the litera- ture under the names. Arma spinosa and Apateticus maculiventris. Strangely enough, from the standpoint of bionomics, by far the most exacting and comprehensive study has been made by Coutu- rier (1938) in France, where this species has been introduced to combat the Colorado potato-beetle. The above study has to do largely with factors affecting development and behavior, with a view to determining its capabilities and its chances of successful acclimatization. A number of the findings are of considerable in- terest and will be mentioned from time to time in this discussion. Life history studies have also been carried on to a certain degree by Morrill (1906), Olsen (1910) and Whitmarsh (1916), none of whom give a particularly complete account. Food Habits. — This species is the best known representative of 46 April, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA a subfamily which is supposedly entirely predaceous. There are some who claim this species and the following one are vegetarian during certain brief intervals, such as during early nymphal life and immediately after leaving hibernation. Couturier states first instar nymphs sometimes suck sap from plants, but in the absence of vegetable material manage as well on eggs of their own or other species. The records of species fed upon by this predator seem almost endless, but with the major emphasis apparently upon naked cater- pillars and grubs including, of course, those of the Colorado po- tato-beetle. From observation it seems that almost any free-living chrysomelid larva is eligible as a source of food. Their predatism is not, however, limited to larvae. Stoner (1920) cites J. L. Hors- fall as having observed the species feeding upon Lygus pratensis (oblineatus) . I have observed the species feeding upon an adult of Anatis quinquedecempunctata, a few undetermined moderate sized Scarabeidae and even a full-grown Melanoplus f emur-rubrum. The latter was already dead at the time of observation and it is doubtful whether the bug actually killed it. In addition to the above, I have also observed confined nymphs and adults feeding upon various pupae, including Ascia (Pier is) rapae, Autographa brassicae, Depressaria heracliana and an unde- termined tachinid. The young nymphs fed exclusively upon eggs of various insect species until able to overpower small larvae, aphids, etc., but can be fed upon bits of larger larvae if eggs are not available. Freshly molted individuals of many insect species, including their own, are ready prey for both nymphs and adults. The largest larva I have known to be successfully attacked was one of the black swallow-tail, Papilio polyxenes, at least two inches long, which was placed in the cage. From the above it would seem safe to say that their range of insect prey was almost un- limited. Couturier, however, reports that it accepted larvae of Cossus cossus only with great reluctance, but he has seen it suck out noctuid larvae recently killed with acetic ether and has often obtained adult specimens reared on dead and already darkened larvae and pupae of bees. Another interesting sidelight on the feeding habits of this spe- cies is an observation related to me by Dr. E. P. Breakey. It must be conceded that insects which live within a web enjoy a con- siderable degree of protection from parasites and predators, but Dr. Breakey observed an individual of what he considered to be this species giving considerable attention to a colony of fall web- 47 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 2 worm larvae, apparently trying to find one of the latter near enough to the outer wall of the web to be reached by means of the rostrum. Curiosity prompted me to place a small earthworm in the cage with an adult of this species. It was promptly attacked but not successfully, the bug immediately releasing its hold at the first struggle of the worm. It tried once more, but abandoned the at- tempt thereafter. It seems possible that the two firm layers of circular and longitudinal muscles, acting at right angles to each other, form too much of a barrier to the use of the slender stylets. In rearing, I was unable to supply the same species of larvae at all times and as a consequence, this element was largely a mat- ter of chance. Larvae of Ascia rapae were the ones most fre- quently supplied, but involved too frequent trips for their collec- tion. The larvae of the parsnip web-worm, Depressaria herac- liana (Oecophoridae) , were found to be quite desirable. They were acceptable to the bugs and had the advantage that they could be kept alive for several days in salve boxes with punctured lids, requiring little or no attention. A number of them pupated, but were still acceptable prey to any but the younger nymphs. Manner of Attack —The attack of this species upon its prey has been described in literature in a number of instances. McDermott (1911) gives the following account of its attack upon a larva of Hyphantria cunea. He first tried taking an already dead larva away from the bug and met with stout resistance, the bug hanging grimly on. Upon placing a new live victim near, the bug showed immediate interest, following the caterpillar while carry- ing the beak extended forward and close to the surface beneath it. Twice the bug came as close as the hairs of the caterpillar per- mitted, and finally inserted the stylets into the venter. The cater- pillar snapped its head around and the bug retreated, apparently fearing the jaws. The third attempt was successful, the bug keep- ing its hold despite efforts of the caterpillar to bite. The cater- pillar ceased struggling after a few moments, suggesting the in- jection of some toxic material. When placed in a test tube the bug released its prey. The caterpillar crawled away as though uninjured, but soon died. In commenting upon the attack of P. maculiventris upon Mala- cosoma americana, Baker (1927) points out that the latter shows no tendency to avoid the bug, in fact the bug would give right of way to a caterpillar moving energetically in its direction. It is his opinion that an active, fully-grown caterpillar would stand a 48 April, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA good chance of avoiding attack so long as it remained active. In this instance, however, the bug circled around the caterpillar, fol- lowing it and attacking as soon as the caterpillar stopped. Under such conditions as these, where the prey is large and pugnacious, the predator frequently gets pretty badly mauled at first, but almost invariably succeeds eventually. The predaceous habit is developed early in life. There seems to be some contradiction among authors as to whether feeding takes place during the first instar, but actual, predatism is developed by the start of the second instar and the nymphs cannot subsist on vegetable diet alone after that time. The prey attacked by the second instar nymphs is usually small but not necessarily so, as they do not hesitate to team up on larger prey. I observed a second instar nymph of this species attack and overcome an undetermined aphid twice its own size. The bug caught up with the aphid on the vertical glass side wall of a stender dish and at once succeeded in inserting the stylets near the anus of the aphid and attaching itself. At first the aphid dragged the bug about, but after a short time lost its footing, and for a time was held suspended in mid air. The bug was unable to stay on the vertical wall of the dish and de- scended to the bottom. There the aphid threshed about consider- ably, and even walked over the bug’s back, but the bug pivoted and hung on. After about five minutes the aphid ceased to struggle. It seems to require a longer time for small nymphs to quiet their prey and it is the opinion of some authors that the small nymphs either lack the toxic fluid or possess it in much smaller amounts. Mating and Oviposition. — The mating process of this species does not seem to have been recorded in the literature. While I have seen pairs in copula, the preliminary acts have not been ob- served, nor has the duration been noted. The individuals when observed were attached end to end as noted for the other species. Little information is available, either, as to the mating period. I collected a gravid female April 25, but oviposition had possibly already begun. It seems possible that overwintered females mate soon after leaving hibernation, and those of other generations soon after becoming adult. Couturier states that adults attain sexual maturity with the final molt and that copulation may take place within a few hours, or when the integument has dried. According to him, mating causes development of the ovarian tubes, which re- main reduced until then. This species apparently leaves hiberna- tion about the first week in April in the latitude of Urbana. 49 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 2 Oviposition and the factors which influence it have been the subject of some very exacting research by Couturier (1938). Mor- rill (1906), Olsen (1910), Whitmarsh (1916) and Wilson (1933) have recorded some data on oviposition, but in all these cases their extent is very limited. Whitmarsh indicates the oviposition period to be late May and early June, but that is by no means the extent of this operation as I have oviposition records extending from April 26 to August 3 and there seems little doubt that it continues considerably later. Couturier says oviposition starts about one week after mating and, if kept in the presence of the male, continues until death or slow- ing up of ovarian activity due to cold. In fact, he states that death is frequently due to ovarian activity at temperatures too low for oviposition. The implication seems to be that death is caused by the pressure of the large number of eggs inside the body. The limits for the number of eggs and also the number of masses are apparently tremendously influenced by conditions. Couturier did not condescend to record those whose total oviposition was less than 300 eggs. The maximum performance recorded by him for one female is 1097 eggs in 58 depositions. The 13 females upon which I have oviposition records were much less prolific, the average number of depositions being slightly more than five, with a maximum of ten. The greatest number of eggs per female was 256 in seven masses. The usual number of eggs per mass is about 25. The color of the eggs of this species varies considerably and Couturier has given this matter careful study. He concludes that this variation is influenced in part by the food of the female and in part by whether the eggs were deposited in light or darkness. The food of the female influences the color of the vitellus and light con- dition at the time of oviposition influences the color of the serous envelope covering the chorion. He considers that a change from light to darkness activates a reflex, in two to five minutes, causing the female to deposit on the egg a melanizing substance which de- termines the darkening. The process is not reversible upon re- storing light. It is to be noted that all the immature stages of this species are of approximately equal duration and, with the exception of Perillus ~bioculatus, it requires the shortest time for development of any of the pentatomid species studied. Couturier lists three factors as influencing the speed of nymphal development: (1) sex, (2) tem- 50 April, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA perature and (3) nature of the prey. He indicates that males re- quire slightly less time except for the final instar, which is the same for both sexes. Temperature influences the speed of development far more, however, four to five months being required at 13.5- 21.5° C., while at 27.5-31.5° C. the time required was only 20 to 24 days. Duration of Immature Stages. Length in Days Minimum Maximum Mean Egg 2 7 4.6 First instar 3 5 3.4 Second instar 3 7 4.7 Third instar 3 5 4.0 Fourth instar 3 6 4.4 Fifth instar 4 7 6.1 Total 27.2 The nature of the prey apparently exercises a considerable in- fluence on the rate of nymphal development, Couturier observing that nymphs developed considerably more rapidly on larvae of Ephestia kuhniella than on Leptinotarsa decemlineata. He attrib- utes this to more concentrated food in the case of Ephestia kuhni- ella, whose food (flour) is of very low water content. A further contribution to this phase of the investigation comes from Landis (1937). He makes the observation that the rate of development of the predatory nymphs appears to correspond to the date of de- velopment of the hosts fed upon. In support of this he points out that nymphs reared upon larvae of Plutella maculipennis, Crio- ceris asparagi, Lema trilineata and Leptinotarsa decemlineata com- pleted development in that order. He also points out the impor- tance of the host plant fed upon by the prey in its effect on the predator. Nymphs fed upon larvae of L. decemlineata which had fed upon Solanum carolinense developed more slowly and a greater number died than was the case with those fed on larvae of the same species but reared upon other food plants. He attributes this to presence or absence of toxic materials in the food planfs and which the predatory nymphs obtain through feeding upon the larvae. Both Couturier and Morrill have recorded temperatures in con- 51 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 2 nection with their test of time required for incubation. A com- parison of these data suggests that incubation requires more time at a given’ constant temperature than at an equivalent daily mean temperature with its accompanying fluctuations. Couturier gives the minimum temperature at which incubation will take place as 15° C. and the maximum as less than 35°, with 28-32° as the opti- mum. At this temperature he says incubation requires four days and that the species seems unable to develop in less time. In con- tradiction to this, I have records of eggs of this species developing in little more than two days, but temperature records are not available. To add further to the discrepancy, the average incuba- tion time, as indicated in the above chart, is only 4.6 days. More than 60% of the masses hatched in four to five days. Number of Generations. — Stoner (1920) is of the opinion that this species produces two generations annually in Iowa, basing his opinion upon the collection of half -grown nymphs in June and July and again in the latter part of September. I am convinced, however, that there are at least three generations annually at Ur- bana. Two generations were reared to maturity and a female of the second generation contained 12 eggs in the oviducts at time of death on August 15. A bit of calculation will show this to be fairly conservative. Allowing 28 days to reach adulthood, 7 days to become mated and a pre-oviposition period of like length, gives a total of 42 days between generations, which in view of the above study appears ample. The first adults actually matured May 25. On the basis of the above, the next generation would become adult July 5 and the third August 16, allowing time for at least a partial fourth generation. Natural Enemies. — Few natural enemies have been recorded. Apparently no vertebrate enemies have been mentioned in the liter- ature, nor any insect predators outside its own species, its canni- balistic habits being well known. Girault (1907) lists four hymenopterous egg-parasites, viz., Tele- nomus podisi, T. dimmocki, Trissolcus podisi and Trissolcus thy- antae. Trissolcus podisi was recorded by Ashmead as early as 1893. No record of parasites of the nymphs is at hand. Perillus bioculatus Fabricius Food Habits. — There are at hand many records of this species attacking the Colorado potato-beetle and, so far as known, this forms its principal food. Landis (1937) also found larvae of Criogeris asparagi, Lema trilineata, Disonycka xanthomelaend and 52 April, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Autographa brassicae to be acceptable as food for the species. Knight (1922) also tried a number of insect species as food, none of which were readily accepted. When the bugs refused to feed upon a species of Calligrapha, a genus closely related to Leptino- tarsa, he gave it up as hopeless. Later, however, he found it feeding upon Trirhabda canadensis in nature and this was found to serve equally as well as Leptinotarsa as food ,in the rearing cages. Ac- cording to Landis, the species also feeds upon the eggs of Lema trilineata in the field. Although other species have at times been reported as fed upon by this predator, some extenuating circumstances seem to have been involved in all cases. Marsh (1913) reported it as attacking Ma- mestra (Cer arnica) picta in a cage with some hungry bugs. He states both nymphs and adults fed upon it, but leaves the implica- tion he does not think they would have done so under normal con- ditions. An experience of my own is of interest. For convenience of transportation a few Perillus adults were placed in a screen con- tainer of about one pint capacity, along with some larvae of the potato-beetle and Ascia rapae, the latter intended as food for some Podisus then being reared. Upon opening the container, a Perillus was found to be feeding upon one of the Ascia rapae. In the transfer to the cage it dropped the larva which was, however, placed in the cage. The bug soon returned and finished it. Inas- much as this happened in the presence of potato-beetle larvae, it at least indicates a lack of persuasion of any kind. Bruneteau (1937) successfully fed P. bioculatus on Epilachna corrupta and cabbage worms during a scarcity of L. decemlineata. Nash (1912) has also reported several nymphs, to which he re- fers as Perilloides claudus, feeding upon larvae of the tussock moth. This latter is merely a color form of P. bioculatus and the fact that he refers to ‘ ‘ several ’ ’ nymphs of this form, which is usually greatly in the minority, without any reference to the regular color form, raises some question as to identify. The record of Green (1899) that they fed upon “the larvae of various moths” may also be based upon a faulty determination of the predator. Landis collected some data concerning the suitability of the larvae reported by him as food for P. bioculatus. Strangely enough, he found it developed more rapidly and with less mortality when fed on larvae of Lema trilineata and Crioceris asparagi than when fed on L. decemlineata. He also found that the food plant of the host larvae influenced the rate of development of Perillus ' 53 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 2 nymphs, as was the case with P. maculiventris, the larvae from Solarium dulcamara producing the highest growth rate and those from S. carolinense the lowest. This brings up the question of the possible effects of small amounts of arsenic in the body fluids of the prey, such as L. decemlineata , for whose control arsenic is em- ployed. There is disagreement here. McDaniel (1924) states that Perillus suffers no harm from the use of arsenical sprays, but Knight, as a result of his extensive experience, is convinced that it is very detrimental indeed. He considers that Perillus is more sensitive to arsenic poisoning than is the potato-beetle. He states that one can go among sprayed potato vines and select potato-beetles which appear healthy, but when fed to Perillus the latter soon die. He is of the opinion that spraying for the potato-beetle is one of the factors which tend, to check the increase of Perillus in commer- cial fields. Second instar nymphs usually feed upon eggs of L. decemli- neata or Lema trilineata, if available^ but are not necessarily de- pendent upon them. When eggs are lacking they usually attack a small larva, often resorting to teamwork to overpower it. I have even on one occasion seen an adult potato-beetle being successfully attacked by four second instar nymphs. The victim was then lying on its back on the ground, kicking helplessly. As regards vegetable diet, Knight states that the overwintered adults, upon leaving hibernation, refuse their regular diet of potato- beetle larvae or eggs until they have partaken of a certain amount of sap from the potato plant. According to his statement, this feeding upon plant sap is only from one-half to three-quarters of an hour duration, after which the bug is ready to go on with its regular activities and takes no more vegetable food thereafter. He considers this one feeding on sap to be somehow necessary physio- logically. The sucking of sap by first instar nymphs of various predaceous species has been hinted by various authors. As for this species, Knight considers that it is possible but doubtful. He has on a few occasions seen actions which could be so interpreted. Manner of Attack. — I have often had occasion to observe the feeding habits of this predator. A potato-beetle or large larva fights savagely when pierced by the stylets and would be capable of snipping off an antenna or leg with its strong mandibles should it get in a position where it is able to use them. The adroitness of the bug in handling such situations is really surprising. It seems necessary for the bug to place its fore feet upon the prey to pierce the exoskeleton of an adult beetle, but thereafter retreats as far as 54 April, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA the length of the rostrum will permit, neatly sidestepping the mad- dened rushes of the prey. In this there is some contrast with Podisus, which is more inclined to stand its ground. A favorite stratagem resorted to by Perillus, and less frequently by Podisus, is to back up on some more or less vertical surface. From such a vantage point the victim can be suspended in mid-air from the ros- trum, after which there is no more difficulty. This is an astonish- ing feat of strength, for a fully-grown potato-beetle larva would seem to be at least twice as heavy as the bug. Color Forms. — The species occurs in two color forms which are sufficiently distinct to have led to some taxonomic confusion. Say (1825) described the white-marked form as a distinct species, Pentatoma clanda, frequently mentioned erroneously as clauda or claudus, depending upon the generic name used. Distinct color forms begin to become apparent as early as the fourth instar, but still more so in the fifth, the tergum of those destined to be the so- called “ variety claudus ” being practically white rather than the usual red. In the adults of this form the customary red or orange pattern is not only replaced by white, but the white is even more extensive, including broad white margins on the corium, whereas orange or red markings are always confined to pronotum and scutel- lum. According to Knight (1922, 1924) and Palmer and Knight (1924), the orange or red pattern is due to deposition, beneath the hypodermis, of carotin pigment derived from the body fluids of the potato-beetle. Ordinarily the bug is incapable of assimilating carotin, hence its deposition, but occasional individuals, which are nearly always females, are able to eliminate it during periods of high temperature, then giving rise to the white-marked form. While a few males may have the white color form for a time, they usually change to the red or orange form. Some females also make this change, supposedly due to the slowing down of their metabol- ism. Once this change has taken place it is irreversible. Hibernation. — After the potato vines have been killed by frost in September, Knight has found many bugs in depressions in the ground beneath piles of dead plants, while others leave the patch entirely and fly in search of more suitable hibernating quarters. He also says that they frequently enter buildings and that such situations appear to be most favorable for overwintering success- fully. It is his opinion that in northern regions a greater relative abundance of Perillus may be correlated with nearness to cities and villages, where large numbers probably pass the winter within 55 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 2 buildings of various kinds. They leave hibernation as soon as the ground thaws in the spring* I have been unable to take any specimens of this bug in hiberna- tion, despite careful searching under debris about the sites of potato patches where bugs were present in moderate numbers during the preceding season. The above statement by Knight is in general agreement with my experience with other species, but not this one. It is realized that the above account is based upon a relationship between climate, the development of the potato plant and the de- velopment of the potato beetle which does not obtain here ; conse- quently there is some uncertainty as to the behavior of Perillus under Illinois conditions. The potato beetles do not appear here, in any numbers at least, until perhaps three weeks after most in- sects leave hibernation, and disappear again about the middle of August or shortly thereafter. Perillus bioculatus does not seem to be in evidence either before or after this season, my earliest collec- tion record being May 25 and the latest August 18, by which time the potato vines were mostly dead and the potato beetles were as scarce as the bugs. In contrast to this, Knight has found them in the active state from May 7 to the last days of September in the vicinity of St. Paul, Minnesota, where the season should be some 17 days behind that of Urbana in the spring and a like amount ahead in the autumn. From the above it seems that the bug should be active quite some time before there are pothto vines or potato-beetles. One can- not help wondering how it spends this time and what its source of food may be. Since in Minnesota the potato-beetle is present in the field until frost, there is no such period to account for at the end of the season there, but in Illinois the potato-beetle has entered the ground from six to eight weeks before the first hard frosts, and Perillus bioculatus has likewise disappeared. Has the latter geared itself to the life cycle of its prey and gone into aestivation, or is it less dependent upon L. decemlineata than has been supposed? Mating. — When mating begins in Illinois is unknown to me. According to Knight, this takes place at an early date, specifying that it begins as soon as the overwintered bugs have had their spring meal of sap from the potato vine. I have on one occasion observed the mating procedure of this species, in which case the male coupled himself to the female with- out mounting upon her back, and his procedure in doing so was a far cry from the courtship described for this species by Knight and for other species by other authors. The male lifted the abdomen 56 April, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA of the female by placing his head beneath it, then tried to swing his genital segment about before the female lowered her abdomen. Failing in this several times, he then tried to accomplish the same result by jouncing up and down on her head with his fore feet. Through perseverance he was eventually able to keep the caudal end of the female up long enough to insert the claspers. Mating is of frequent occurrence and of considerable duration. During the oviposition season the adults mate almost daily and may remain in coitu for twelve or more hours. As in most Pentatomi- dae, repeated mating is necessary if the female is to produce fertile eggs for more than a week or two. As in Podisus, the fe- males attain sexual maturity with the final molt and may mate within a few hours, or as soon as the integument has hardened suf- ficiently. Knight (1922) also seems to have proven that at least some fe- males of this species overwinter in a gravid condition, actually depositing fertile eggs in the spring. So far as I am pware, this has. not been demonstrated for any other member of the family. Duration of Immature Stages. Length in Days Minimum Maximum Mean Egg 3 7 4.4 First ins tar 1 4 2.2 Second instar 1 4 2.6 Third instar 1 4 3.5 Fourth instar 2 5 3.1 Fifth instar 3 8 5.4 Total 21.2 As in some of the tables for the other species, based upon all the individuals, this one is somewhat misleading. A case in point is the low minima of the first three instars. Although several indi- viduals came through these instars in one day or slightly more, none of these reached maturity. Furthermore it seems unlikely that the third instar should be longer than the fourth, as shown in the table. This seeming discrepancy is probably due to insufficient data, which in this instance was rather meager. A comparison with Knight’s data at this point is interesting. 57 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 2 The above writer did part of his rearing at Batavia, New York, and the remainder at St. Paul, Minnesota. He found the time required for development from egg to adult to be about four days longer at St. Paul. I find that it requires even about three days less here than at Batavia. Number of Generations. — Knight considers that three genera- tions mature when the first eggs are deposited about June 10. According to the interpretation I put upon his data, the third generation is only partial, probably less than half the eggs deposited by the overwintered females being produced in time to result even- tually in a thifd generation. Considering the early closing of the active season in Illinois, it seems unlikely that any third generation actually matures here. This is not to say that there is no third generation, but that they do not reach adulthood. Natural Enemies. — I have not reared any parasites from P. bioculatus, nor have I found any reference to such in the literature. There seems likewise to be no record of cannibalism. It would seem, however, that the species lacks sufficient protection to be im- mune to general predators. Inasmuch as Podisus maculiventris is usually present where there are potato-beetles, it seems reasonable to suspect that it would also attack P. Moculatus, particularly molt- ing or freshly molted individuals. Summary For quick reference, it has been attempted to summarize in the following table such data as are sufficiently uniformly presented to permit tabulation. Since the table was originally designed for the entire thesis, it also includes data on the eggs, which are not treated in this paper. Also more or less extraneous material are the data on .Chlorochroa sayi, C. ligata and Nezara viridula, which have been obtained from published literature. The table is intended to be largely self-explanatory. The data contained in the column concerning the number of generations is in most cases somewhat uncertain, but, except for the three species just referred to, are to be construed as applying to conditions in the vicinity of Urbana, Illinois. The data in the final column is based upon rather meager observations and no doubt has all the shortcomings of such data. The abbreviation “vase.” in this same column refers to vascular tissue as the part attacked. 58 April, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Speoies No. gen. Number eggs per mass Duration of Immature Stages in Days Total of immature atagea Food Egg First inatar Second inatar Third in8tar Fourth instar Fifth inatar Eusohietua variolarlue i+ 6-40 Av.18.4 3-9 Av.5.6 2-11 Av.3.6 4-16 Av.7.5 5-17 Av.7.9 6-13 Av.7.7 8-16 Av.10.0 36-49 Av.42.2 Vaec. Fruita Eusohiatua eusohiatoidea 7 6-66 Av. 21.7 3-9 Av.6.0 2-9 Av.3.4 4-12 Av.8.3 2-14 Av.8.2 4-16 Av.9.9 7-20 Av. 12.0 36-62 Av. 47 .8 Vaec. Fruita Eusohiatua tristigmus 2+ 1-28 Av.13.6 3-10 Av.6.3 2-6 Av.3.8 3-16 Av.8.7 3-16 Av.7.7 4-23 Av.8.8 7-22 Av.11.9 28-63 Av.46.2 Vaao. Fruita Mormidea lugens 7 7-20 Av.10.2 4-7 Av.4.9 2-4 Av.3.0 - ' - - - - Vaec. 7 Hymenaroys aequalis t 4-13 Av. 8.2 4.6 Av.4.3 1.6-3. 5 Av. 2.1 - - - - - Vaec. T Coanua daliua 1 1-20 Av.7.3 3-6 Av.4.8 3-4 Av.3.2 6-10 Av.7.8 9-12 Av. 10.6 - - - Vaao. Saeda Manaolaa inaartua t 10-13 Av.11.3 4-6 Av.6.3 2-3 Av. 2.7 8 11 9 - - 7 Triohopepla aemivittata 2 7 4-28 Av.12.4 4-7 Av.5.6 3-6 Av.4.1 3-7 Av.6.4 3-6 AV.4.1 4-6 Av.6.2 12-19 At. 17.0 33-43 Av.40.0 Seeds heottigloeea aulclfrona T 2-8 Av.6.8 3 Av.3.0 2-4 Av.3.0 - - - - - 7 Peribalus Hmbolari.ua 2 + H> 2-28 Av. 16.0 3-6 Av.4.1 1-6 Av.2.7 2-13 Av.4.2 2-9 Av.6.6 9-12 Av. 11, 2 16 44.8 Seeds Vase. Chloroohroa aayl 3t -60 Av. 2b 6-7 Av. 7 6 Av.6.0 7-9 Av.6.2 6-7 Av.6.4 7-10 Av.8.2 13-17 Av. 14.9 * Seeds Chloroohroa ligata 7 -79 Av.28.4 3-7 Av.6.2 4-6 Av.4.6 6-7 Av.6.0 6-10 Av.8.0 6-12 Av.8.0 7-17 Av.12.0 Av.43.7 Fruita Seeds Chloroohroa peraimllla 2 7 3-43 Av. 21. 3 3-6 Av.4.8 2-12 Av.3.6 6-11 AV.7.6 5 9 21 49.6 Fruita Thyanata ouatator 2 7 8-72 Av.35.4 3-8 Av.4.5 2-8 Av.3.8 3-11 Av.6.9 6-17 Av.8.3 8-12 Av.9.8 7-16 Av.12.0 38-47 Av.45.3 Fruits Seeds 7 Coamopapla blmaculata 3 7 2-24 Av.11.3 3-8 Av.4.6 1-10 Av.2.7 3-14 Av.8.3 4-11 Av.6.8 6-21 Av.7.9 7-16 Av. 10.3 33-46 Av.40.6 Vase. Solubea pugnax 7 8-44 Av.26.7 4-8 Av.5.2 2-4 Av.2.7 3-11 Av.6.0 3-12 Av.5.4 3-12 Av.6.3 6-15 Av.9.9 , 28-40 Av.34.5 Seeds Acroaternum hilare 1 y-b9 AV. 29.8 4-8 Av.6.3 3-6 Av.4.0 5-16 Av.7.3 3-13 Av.9.0 8-28 Av. 10.6 16-27 Av. 21.5 54-81 Av. 58 .7 Fruita Vase. Nazara viridula 7 60-116 Av. T 4-5 Av.4.5 3 Av.3.0 3-13 Av . b . 9 1-11 Av.5.2 4-12 Av.7.3 3-19 Av.9.4 Av.36.3 Fruits Vase. Podlaua maoul iventr i a 37 5-62 Av. 24. 7 2-7 Av.4.6 3-5 Av.3.4 3-7 Av.4.7 3-5 Av.4.0 3-6 Av.4.4 4-7 Av.6. 1 19-29 Av.27.2 Pred. Perlllua bioculatua 2-3 7-32 Av.16.6 3-7 Av.4.4 1-4 Av.2.2 1-4 Av.2.6 1-4 Av.3.5 2-5 Av.3.1 3-8 Av.6.4 16-23 Av.21.2 Pred. 59 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 2 Bibliography Adair, H. S. 1932. Black pit of the pecan and some insects caus- ing it. U.S.D.A. Cir. 234 (N.S.) : 8-13. Ainslee, C. N. 1939. Swarm of Thyanta custator. Jour. Econ. Ent., 32: 886. Aiyar, T. V. 1913. On the life history of Coptosoma cribraria Fabr. Jour. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, 22: 412-414. Anderson, T. J. 1919. The coffee bug, Antestia lineaticollis Stal. British East Africa Dept. Agr. Div. Ent. Bull. 1 : 1-53. Ashmead, W. H. 1885. Studies on North American Chalcididae, with descriptions of new species from Florida. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 12: xiv. Ashmead, W. H. 1887. Report on insects injurious to garden crops in Florida. U.S.D.A. Div. Ent. Bull., 14: 16. Ashmead, W. H. 1893. 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Annotated list of the Pentatomidae re- corded from America north of Mexico, with descriptions of some new species. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 30 : 1-80. Van Duzee, E. P. 1917. Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico excepting the Aphididae, Coccidae and Aleuro- didae. Univ. Calif. Pubs. Ent. II. Vestal, A. G. 1913. An associational study of Illinois sand prai- rie. Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist., 10: 29-30. White, W. H. and L. W. Brannon 1939. The harlequin bug and its control. U.S.D.A. Farmers’ Bull. 1712:1-10. Whitmarsh, R. D. 1914. The green soldier bug ( Nezara hilaris). Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 : 336-339. Whitmarsh, R. D. 1916. Life history notes on Apateticus cynicus and maculiventris. Jour. Econ. Ent., 9: 51-53. Whitmarsh, R. D. 1917. The green soldier bug. Ohio Agr. Exper. Sta. Bull. 310: 1-34. 67 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 2 Wilbur, D. A. 1939. Mass flights of the pentatomid Thyanta custator (Fabr.) in Kansas. Jour. Kans. Ent. Soc., 12: 77-80. Wilson, J. W. 1932. The biology of parasites and predators of Laphygma exigua Hubner reared during the season of 1932. Fla. Ent., 17 : 1-15. Woodside, A. M. 1946; Cat-facing and dimpling in peaches. Jonr. Econ. Ent., 39: 158-161. Woodside, A. M. 1946. Life history studies of Euschistus servus and E. tristigmus. Jour. Econ. Ent., 39 : 161-163. 68 Index Main page reference in bold face ; * indicates plants. Acanthosominae, 14 Acrosternum, 37 hilare, 6, 18, 41, 59 hilaris, 41 *Actinomeris alternifolia, 23 Aelia rostrata, 12 #Aesculus, 6 *Agrostis alba, 27, 28 Alabama argillacea, 40, 43 * Ambrosia, 36 *elatior, 27 #psilostachya, 30 Anasa tristis, 14 Anastatus mirabilis, 44 pearsalli, 44 reduvii, 44 Anatis quinquedecempnnetata, 47 Apateticns, 3, 4, 7 maculiventris, 46 aphid, 47, 49 apple, 24 apricot, 42 Arma spinosa, 46 Ascia rapae, 47, 48, 53 Asilidae, 13 Asopinae, 8, 14, 45 asparagus, 18, 32, 33, 39, 42 * Aster, 33 Autographa brassicae, 18, 47, 53 bacteria, 8, 14 beans, 18, 20, 36, 37, 38, 42 lima, 42 beardtongue, 36 *Beauveria globulifera, 14, 35 beet, 37, 38 sugar, 32 bees, 47 ^Benzoin aestivale, 42 blackberry, 21, 31, 35 blackbird, red-winged, 41 bluegrass, 23, 24, 27, 28 boll-weevil, 12 ^Brassica nigra, 36 Brochymena affinis, 4, 13 annulata, 12 arborea, 4 broom corn, 18 cabbage, 42 cabbage worm, 53 Calligrapha, 53 #Capsella bursa-pastoris, 27 carrot, 21 wild, 26, 27 cauliflower, 28 cedar, 30 #Celtis occidentalis, 42 #Centaurea americana, 20 centipede, 12 Ceramica picta, 53 cherry, 42 Chlorochroa, 30 ligata, 30, 58, 59 persimilis, 30, 59 sayi, 5, 30, 58, 59 uhleri, 30, 31 *Chrysopsis, 30 #Chrysothamnus nauseosus, *Cirsium virginianum, 20 Cistogaster immaculata, 19 69 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 2 clover, 24, 28, 32 bush, 28 red, 18 sweet, 28 Coenus delius, 24, 59 Coleoptera, 46 *Collinsia verna, 36, 37, 38 Collops, 13 Colorado potato-beetle, 46, 47, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58 columbine, 35, 36, 37 Coptosoma scutellatum, 9, 14, 15 Coptosomatidae, 3 corn, 18, 20, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42 #Corylus americana, 42 Cosmopepla bimaculata, 10, 35, 39 Cossus cossus, 47 cotton, 18, 21, 32, 41, 42 cotton-worm, 40 cowpea, 20, 32, 42 crabapple, 31 Criocerus asparagi, 51, 52, 53 *Cruciferae, 28 currant, 31 #Daucus carota, 26, 36 Depressaria heracliana, 47, 48 Disonyeha xanthomelaena, 52 dragon-head, false, 37 earthworm, 48 egg-plant, 42 elder, 42 elderberry, 21 #Empusa aphidis, 14, 35 Encyrtidae, 13 #Entomophthora aphidis, 14, 35 Ephestia kuhniella, 51 Epilachna corrupta, 53 *Eryngium yuccifolium, 26 *Euonymus americanus, 23 Eupelmidae, 13 Eupelmus hirtus, 35 Eurydema ornatum, 9, 15 Eurygaster maura, 8 Euschistus, 6, 17 euschistoides, 6, 10, 20, 59 servus, 19, 20 tristigmus, 7, 19, 21, 59 tristigmus pyrrhocerus, 23 variolarius, 5, 6, 7, 12, 18, 21, 59 field mouse, 4, 5 field pepper-grass, 28 fir, 4 foxtail grass, 39 *Gaylussacia baccata, 31 goldenrod, 42 grape, 41 grasses, 33 Gymnosoma fuliginosa, 19 gypsy-moth, 25 Hadronotus mesillae, 35 harlequin bug, 12 *Hemerocallis, 40 hickory, 25 honeysuckle, 26 ^Hydrophyllum appendicula- tum, 23, 36, 37 Hymenarcys aequalis, 2, 4, 59 Hyphantria cunea, 48 Illinoia pisi, 18 *Impatiens biflora, 42 Johnson grass, 40 70 April, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA #Juniperus sabina, 30 #Kuhnia, 30 *Labiatae, 36 Lema trilineata, 51, 52, 53, 54 *Leonorus, 36 ^Lepidium campestre, 28 #virginicum, 18 Lepidoptera, 46 Leptinotarsa, 53 decemlineata, 18, 51, 53, 54, 56 *Lespedeza, 28 #capitata, 30 lettuce, head, 11, 18, 20, 21, 24, 26, 31, 33, 36 lichens, 4 linden, European, 42 locust, black, 42 honey, 42 Loxa, 13 flavicollis, 13 *Lonicera, 21, 36 Lygus oblineatus, 47 pratensis, 47 Malacosoma americana, 48 Mamestra picta, 53 maple, 25 Melanoplus femur-rubrum, 47 Menecles insertus, 25, 59 ^Mentha, 36 Milo maize, 32 mint, 36 Mormidea lugens, 23, 59 mullein, 35 common, 23, 38 moth, 35 Murgantia histrionica, 12, 13 Musca, 11 mustard, 42 *Nematospora phaseoli, 42 Neottiglossa cavifrons, 28 sulcifrons, 27, 28, 59 nettle, 36 Nezara hilaris, 41 viridula, 58, 59 noctuid, 47 oak, 27 oats, 32, 36 Oecophoridae, 48 ^Oenothera, 23 ^biennis, 18 okra, 42 *Onagra biennis, 18 onion, 18 Ooencyrtus anasae, 41 *Opuntia, 31, 32 *rafinesquii, 30 oranges, 42 Orius, 13 insidiosus, 39 Palomena prasina, 16 #Panicum, 39 Papaipema nebris, 18 Papilio polyxenes, 47, 48 parsnip web-worm, 48 ^Paspalum, 40 pea, 20, 31, 42 peach, 18, 20, 21, 33, 42 pear, 42 pecan, 21 Pentatoma clanda, 55 clauda, 55 rufipes, 4 Pentatomidae, 2, 3, 10, 14, 22 Pentatominae, 14 71 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 2 Peribalus abbreviatus, 30 limbolarius, 28, 59 Perilloides clandns, 53 Perillus biocnlatns, 50, 52, 59 Periscaria, 26 Phymatidae, 13 *Physostegia virginica, 36, 37 ^Phytolacca, 36 #americana, 33 Pieris rapae, 47 plum, 33 Plutella maculipennis, 51 *Poa pratensis, 23, 27, 28 Podisus, 55 maculiventris, 7, 15, 18, 46, 54, 58, 59 serieventris, 5 spinosus, 46 poke-weed, 33 #Polygonum, 24, 26 *Populus nigra, 16 potato, 35, 54, 55, 56 potato-beetle, see Colorado *Potentilla monspeliensis, 36 poultry, 12 prickly pear, 30 *Pycnanthemum, 28 rabbit brush, 33 ^Ranunculus, 36 #abortivus, 36, 37 raspberry, 18, 21, 35 rattlesnake-master, 26 red-top, 27 Reduviidae, 13 #Rhus glabra, 20, 31 rice, 39, 40, 41 *Rosa rugosa, 42 rose, 21 rye, 18 #Salvia officinalis, 37 *Sambucus canadensis, 42 ^Sanicula canadensis, 36, 37 *Saponaria, 36 ^officinalis, 23 Scarabeidae, 47 Scelionidae, 13 #Scrophularia marilandica, 36 *nodosa, 36 #Scrophulariaceae, 36 Scutelleridae, 3, 14 Sehirus cinctus, 37 *Setaria, 23, 39 shepherd’s purse, 27, 28 Sinea diadema, 11 snapdragon, 36, 37, 38 #Solanum carolinense, 51, 54 ^dulcamara, 54 *nigrum, 33 *Solidago, 28, 33, 36 Solubea pugnax, 39, 59 sorghum, 32, 39, 40 spider, 12 #Sporotrichum globuliferum, 14, 35, 41 squash, 20 *Stachys, 36 sunflower, 31 swallow-tail, black, 47 #Symphorycarpos orbiculatus, 33 tachinid, 29 Tachinidae, 14, 19, 47 Telenomus, 14 ashmeadi, -35 cosmopeplae, 39 dimmocki, 44, 52 podisi, 41, 44, 52 Tessaratoma papillosa, 4, 12 72 April, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA #Thaspium aureum, 36 thistle, 36 Thyanta custator, 32, 59 timothy, 24, 27, 28, 32 toad, 12, 13 tobacco, 18 tomato, 18, 20, 21, 31, 42 Trichopepla semivittata, 26, 59 Trichopoda pennipes, 19, 44 Triphleps insidiosus, 39 Trissolcus, 13, 14 euschisti, 21, 44 podisi, 52 thyantae, 35, 52 trumpet creeper, 42 turnip, 28, 42 tussock moth, 53 *Vaccinium pennsylvanicum, 31 ^Yerbascum, 36 %lattaria, 21, 24, 35 *phoenicicum, 37 *thapsus, 23 *Vitis, 42 web-worm, fall, 47 wheat, 28, 32, 40 73 VOL. XXVIII (New Series) JULY, 1948 No. 3 f)T°&0GlC/f 'AmericAna A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE PUBLICATION COMMITTEE JOSEPH C. BEQUAERT, Editor GEORGE S. TULLOCH E. W, TEALE Published Quarterly for the Society by the Business Press Inc. N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $5.00 per year Date of Issue, March 29, 1949 Vol. XXVIII July, 1948 No. 3 A STUDY OF THE FEMALE GENITALIA OF CULI- CIDAE : WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO CHARACTERS OF GENERIC VALUE1 By Edward I. Coher University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts Table of Contents page Introduction 76 Acknowledgments 77 Method of Preparation and Study 77 Explanation of Illustrations 78 Review of Literature 79 Summary of Terms in Literature 84 Key to Included Genera and Species 86 Generic Studies 87 Genus Anopheles 87 Genus Trichoprosopon 89 Genus Sabethes 93 Genus Phoniomyia 96 Genus Tripteroides 99 Genus Aedes 100 Genus Haemagogus 102 Genus Armigeres 103 Genus Aedeomyia 106 Conclusions 108 References Cited 109 1 This paper was submitted in partial fulfillment for the Degree of Master of Science, at the Department of Entomology, University of Massachusetts. 75 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 3 Introduction The mosquitoes, because of their medical importance, constitute one of the most studied groups of insects. There are, however, certain aspects in the study of adult mosquitoes which have been neglected in favor of problems that seemed, to the pioneer workers, to be more promising of results. Among the less studied problems is that concerning the taxonomic value of the external female geni- talia. The Culicinae have been extensively studied since Ross’ dis- covery (1897-8) of their malaria-carrying propensity, but, it is only recently that the systematic treatment of this group has been clari- fied. Generic diagnoses are now considered to be not only adequate but comprehensive. Species diagnoses of some female mosquitoes on the basis of anatomical characters alone are difficult to attain in certain natural groups. When the distribution of such species is discontinuous, the locality data, if available, can be used as a cri- terion for the identification of the females. In those groups whose species do not have a discontinuous geographical distribution, it is only by association with the more easily identified males or larvae that the females can be classified. It is highly desirable that species identification be based on anatomical differences whenever possible in order to allow identification of specimens without resorting to knowledge of geographical distribution or to the association of the specimen with the opposite sex or with the immature stages. Objections to many anatomical characters heretofore used for identification arise from the fact that these characters apply only to perfect specimens. Since perfect specimens cannot always be obtained from field collections, the use of scale and bristle pattern as specific characters loses some of its value as a means of identifica- tion. Further complications are caused by seasonal and local varia- tions in scale and bristle pattern. These considerations make it all the more urgent for taxonomists to turn to new anatomical examina- tions of the insect in a search for further valid characters. In order to evaluate the characters observed in the female terminalia and to determine the extent of variation of these charac- ters, as many specimens of each genus and species were studied as were obtainable. Understandably, it is desirable to add as much knowledge as possible to the field; consequently, the genera and species selected for study in this paper have, for the most part, been deliberately selected so as not to repeat the work of earlier authors. Besides new generic studies, this author has chosen two prob- 76 APR 4™ 1819 July, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA lems on specific determination which will be examined from the standpoint of the female terminalia. First, certain members of the subgenus (Nyssorhynchus)1 of the genus Anopheles have been studied because they constitute one of the most important and challenging problems in the taxonomy of Neotropical mosquitoes. Secondly, an equally difficult problem is presented in this country by the genus Aedes in which two species of the scapularis group of the subgenus ( Ochlerotatus ) have been chosen for study, namely A. infirmatus Dyar and Knab and A. scapularis (Rondani). Dyar (1928) separates these on the basis of their geographical distribu- tion; Matheson (1944) separates them on the basis of the color of the mesonotal scale vestiture; Gjullin (1946) does not consider them to be separable. Preliminary work indicates that a limited use can be made of the female terminalia. This paper will include the results of a study of the anatomy of the female terminalia and the author ’s con- clusions as to their value in taxonomic work. Acknowledgments The author wishes to express his gratitude and appreciation to all those who have aided in the preparation of this paper by means of their kind suggestions and valuable criticisms. Especial thanks are due: Dr. John F. Hanson, who has directed the research; Dr. C. P. Alexander, Dr. J. R. Traver, and Professor A. P. French, who have aided in the revision of the manuscript. In addition, the author is indebted to Dr. John Lane, Dr. C. L. Remington, Dr. 0. R. Causey, Dr. L. M. Deane, and Dr. Alan Stone for much of the material used. The publication of the illustrations for this paper was made possible with the assistance of a grant from the Crampton Fund of the University of Massachusetts. Method of Preparation and Study The female terminalia of the mosquitoes studied were clipped from the abdomen at the anterior end of the seventh segment. They were then placed in warm KOH. The terminalia were observed at intervals under a binocular dissecting microscope so that too great an action of the alkali could be prevented; loss of pigment in the relatively delicate structures causes their boundaries to become indefinite. The terminalia were then put into acetic acid-water to 1 The names of subgenera, wherever mentioned in this paper will be enclosed in parentheses. 77 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 3 stop the action of the alkali. They were then transferred to water and the terminalia were drawn out of the protective sheath formed by the eighth (and in the case of Aedes by the seventh) abdominal segment. These abdominal segments were then split along the pleural membrane, as was part of the intrasegmental membrane between the eighth segment of the abdomen and the insula (genitalic part of eighth segment). By judicious tugging of the eighth ab- dominal sternite, the sigma could then be pulled open so that the insula could be the more easily studied. This process is best carried out in concavity slides with needles fashioned from “minuten nadeln, ” one of which is bent at the end to form a hook. The preparation was then transferred for study either to methocel dissolved in water or alcohol, or to plain water in a concavity slide. A small round piece of lens tissue was used to hold the terminalia in the position desired for study. Methocel is a clear viscous liquid in which the small terminalia can be suspended in any desired posi- tion for preliminary study. Dissected terminalia were mounted on slides using cellosolve as the clearing and fixing agent and diaphane as the mounting medium. This facilitated study of minute structures and setal patterns, especially on the insula. Storage was effected by placing a single terminalia in a small shell vial containing alcohol. The illustrations in this paper are not drawn to scale but rather of a size appropriate for the detail of structure depicted. All structures shown in the illustrations are slightly distorted in position to show their most characteristic shape. "Normally the sigma is folded at the ‘hinge’; however, in order to show the insula and the shape of the sigma, the latter has been pulled open and illustrated in this position. Species are arranged in what appears to be the correct phylo- genetic order as determined from the female terminalia only. Explanation of Illustrations Abbreviations 9 — Ninth ter git e 10 — Tenth tergite A— Atrial plate AC — Anterior cowl AM — Anal membrane AS— Anterior sigma C — Cercus H — Hinge I — Insula PC — Posterior cowl PG — Postgenital plate PS — Posterior sigma S — Spermatecal eminence 78 July, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Review of Literature Relatively little taxonomic work has been done with the external female genitalia of mosquitoes. Carpenter et al (1946) wrote, con- cerning the female terminalia : ‘ ‘ Although possessing many generic and subgeneric characters, they have been little studied and infre- quently used by workers in this country. ’ ’ The first reference to the terminalia is to be found in the work of Howard, Dyar and Knab (1912). A short description, unaccompanied by a figure of the terminalia, was given by these authors. The structures described bear the closest resemblance to those of certain Aedes, sensu strict o, or to those of the tribe Sabethini as I now know them. Despite this consideration I cannot, with certainty, homologize the structures described by the above authors with those now known to be present. Included in Waterston’s (1918) work were sketches of the terminalia of three species of mosquitoes with no descriptions and no names for the parts of the external genitalia. Brolemann (1919, 1920) studied six species of Aedes, three of Cidex, and three of Culiseta from France.1 He stated as his inten- tion : ‘ ‘ Pour plus de clarte, j ’etablirai, comme pour les males, un schema pour chacun des genres.” He made an attempt to homolo- gize structures of the female terminalia with those of the male and in doing so, approximated the conclusions drawn by Christophers (1923). Brolemann ’s figures indicate that he did nut attempt to draw out the retracted and folded portion of the terminalia ; thus his figures do not show the structure of the ninth tergite and sternite and the insula. In the 1920 paper, Brolemann mistakenly credited Culex geniculatus Theobald (= Cidex hortensis Ficalbi) to Olivier. Culex geniculatus Oliv. is actually an Aedes. Edwards (1921) used the length of the cerci as a valid charac- ter in a key to separate the Palaearctic members of the subgenera ( Ochlerotatus ) and (Finlay a) • he also included two rough sketches of species from each of these subgenera. Macfie and Ingram (1922) did extensive work on the “genital armature of the female mosquito.” Their studies included fifty African species in sixteen genera which, for reasons of synonymy and reduction of rank, .would now include forty-eight species in eight genera. Like Brolemann, these authors failed to draw out and to study completely the retracted portion of the terminal seg- ments. No advances over the earlier workers in their study of the 1 Studied as members of four genera in which they were placed at that time. 79 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 3 sternal area was made. These authors concluded that the species of certain genera show marked affinities ( Stegomyia = Aedes ( Si ego - myia ).) while the species of other genera show differences which almost appear to be generic in Value ( Mimomyia = Ficalbia ( Mimo - myia) and Ochlerotatus = Aedes ( Aedimorphus ) ) . I find that their conclusion is supported by the work of Edwards (1932, 1941), in which the African species of ( Stegomyia ) fall into one group of closely related species, while the African species of ( Mimomyia ) and ( Aedimorphus ) are split into several groups which show natural affinities almost of subgeneric rank. The authors noted that the genera Culiciomyia, Eumelanomyia, and Micraedes had “genitalia of Culex type,” but failed to take advantage of this knowledge to do revisionary work. It should also be noted that in their figure of Anopheles mauritianus Daruty and d’Emmerez, the posterior fifth of the cerci narrows abruptly. I find that this is somewhat akin to the situation in Anopheles shannoni Davis, of Brazil (Shan- non, 1933), the two species belonging to the same subgenus ( Anopheles ) . Christophers (1923), in making an histological study of the development of this organ, applied to its parts for the first time the names which served as a basis for later descriptive work. I have chosen to accept, for the present, Crampton’s (1942) rather than Christophers’ views as to the homologies of the female terminalia. My reasons for this will be discussed under the work of several of the later authors. Freeborn (1926) illustrated the terminalia of six species of California Aedes and one of Culiseta • a short discussion, with no noteworthy observations, is also included. Like the earlier workers, he too failed to extend the genitalic parts for complete examination. Davis’ (1926) attention was attracted by the female Anophelini because of their medical importance; he made special reference to some Brazilian species, finding little differentiation in the subfamily. Any differentiations he did make were based on the study of species of which he had but few specimens; thus variations within the species were not taken into account. He too, failed to prepare the genitalia correctly and, more important, in his extensive study1 I find that he could not with certainty form taxonomic groupings which approximated those now considered to be valid. Other small errors in editing appear in this paper. 1 Twenty-seven species were studied. Two of these are syno- nyms of other species studied. I cannot definitely ascertain which species Davis referred to as tarsimaculatus. 80 July, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Gerry (1932) published the most important work in the study of the female terminalia, up to this time. Despite Edwards’ (1941) assertion that Gerry mistakenly calls the cowl the ninth sternite, I choose for the present to accept Gerry ’s designation of the anterior part of the area termed “cowl” by Christophers. Gerry’s interpre- tations were more properly based on the phylogenetic study of a series of Diptera and their Mecopteran ancestors. These views are supported by the phylogenetic studies of Crampton. Gerry ’s illus- trations are much improved over those of all the earlier workers in this field, but, some of his drawings of certain species differ greatly in important details from those of later authors. Gerry studied a total of nineteen species in eight genera and concluded that the characters of the female terminalia are useful for generic distinc- tions. Shannon (1933) successfully used the shapes of the cerci of Anopheles shannoni Davis as characters in his key to the “Anophe- lines of the Amazon Valley.” Earlier (1931) he had used the length of the cerci as a character to separate the genera and sub- genera of some Brazilian mosquitoes. Gjullin (1937) studied twenty species of the genus Aecles and provided a key which differentiated six of the species on the basis of their terminalia. The other fourteen species were placed in two separate groups; one group of ten undifferentiated species and the other group of four undifferentiated species. Within each group were contained species with similar or identical coloration. It is difficult to comprehend fully the significance of Gjullin ’s illustra- tions since he has shown all the characters and structures in one ventral view. This detracts from the work’s general value. Marshall (1938) made a few brief observations on the female terminalia and stated that Aedes cinereus Meigen and A. genicu- latus Oliv. can be separated from all other British Aedes by the size of the eighth abdominal sternite and from each other by the shape of the cerci. Edwards’ (1941) study of African Culicine mosquitoes pro- duced a comprehensive study of the female terminalia of this group. Generic and subgeneric diagnoses were given, while figures of nine genera, including two subgenera of Culiseta and three subgenera of Aedes, were depicted. For the time being, I have not accepted Edwards’ interpretation of the homologies, of the sternal area of the female terminalia. I believe that he erroneously assumed that the atrial opening lies between the ninth and tenth sternites, for Crampton ’s phylogenetic studies indicate that the atrial opening in 81 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 3 the female occurs between the eighth and ninth abdominal sclerites. He has also arbitrarily restricted Christophers’ term cowl “to the sclerotized posterior rim of the atrium.” I feel that this step was in error, for Edwards thus included in his usage of the term ‘cowl’ part of the area termed sigma by Christophers. I would term the sclerotized area of Christophers’ cowl, the anterior cowl. The name posterior cowl could then be used, according to my terminology, as a term to describe the membranous area adjacent to the anterior cowl and the postgenital plate; thus Christophers’ term would not be changed but merely further delimited. Crampton (1942) discussed the morphology of the female terminalia. He designated the angle of Christophers’ sigma as the point of origin of the atrial plates while the term cowl was limited to the membranous area anterior to the base of the postgenital plate (my posterior cowl). Actually, the atrial plates arise from the anterior portion of the sclerotized area he designates as the post- atrial sclerite. He defined the postatrial sclerite as being the sclerotized rim of the atrium posterior to the angle of the sigma, and assigned it to the ninth segment. The preatrial sclerite (sclero- tized rim of atrium anterior to the angle of the sigma) and the insula were assigned to the eighth segment. Crampton definitely stated that the atrium is “situated between the eighth and ninth abdominal sclerites.” On the basis of this assertion, I reject Ed- wards’ morphological interpretations. Taylor (1943) gave brief reference to the structure and nomen- clature of the female terminalia. He also included a diagram illus- trating a ventral view of the generalized type of anopheline external female genitalia. It is evident that he accepted Edwards’ (1941) interpretation of the homologies of the parts of the female termin- alia. Cerqueira (1943) studied the female terminalia in the genus Haemagogus in order to determine whether or not characters of this structure would separate them. He described the “frequency of the number of setae on the ninth tergite” as being useful for this purpose in the three species studied. This criterion is probably helpful in the case of H. uriartei Shannon and Del Ponte, as Cer- queira stated, but not in H. capricornii (Lutz) and H. spegazzinii Brethes which exhibit too much overlapping in this character. H. capricornii has two to four, more frequently three setae, while H. spegazzinii has two to three, more frequently two setae, located on the posterior lobe of the ninth tergite. The three species were 82 July, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA figured in this work, but, no descriptions were included. A pre- liminary investigation by the present author indicates that dis- tinguishing characters which are more stable than the above dis- cussed ones may be present. The results of this study are discussed elsewhere in this paper. Headlee (1945) has sketched one very diagrammatic figure of the external female genitalia of Anopheles punctipennis (Say). Bohart (1945) discovered excellent diagnostic characters in the female terminalia of the Philippine species of the subgenus (Aedes), thus making possible for the first time differentiation of the other- wise indistinguishable females of this group. He has figured six ventral-view sketches of the terminalia which show the differentiat- ing characters remarkably well. He has used these characters effectively in his “Key to the Philippine Species of Aedes.” Bohart has adopted Edwards’ interpretation of the term cowl. Roth (1946) did perhaps the finest work with female terminalia. He reviewed the genus Wyeomyia from the taxonomic standpoint and presented a clear picture of the anatomy of the female termi- nalia by incorporating various views as to the composition of the sternal area. His illustrations and descriptions are excellent. The three species which he studied were easily separated on the basis of the characters found in the female terminalia and a taxonomic key using these differences was presented. The latest work in this field is that of Ross (1947) . He studied approximately twenty-eight species in ten genera from Illinois; twenty of these species were figured ; no discussion nor descriptions were included. His conclusions were: (1) that the female termi- nalia could be used for generic distinctions, although not adequately in the case of the genus Culex ; and (2) that the external genitalia showed subgeneric differences in Aedes, but no characters of specific value. 83 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 3 a o B 05 Sa ^ Lx o 05 S as w H o in PS £ CO 05 S.s £ 8 S a ^ bB no rs ^ b H -Q o £ cl -Q ^ m s = H pH 03 05 52 bo-g 2 A hL j= 5 C 03 03 8 g g ^ p ^33 g,® So’3^ SCT'S Ph” o ° 6 03 3 3 «^.tJ g g-e «0 U C P-D *E 0) P 0) M -M to P-» *C ^ O !)•- y N i O^ *j (j as M O C J3 03.£P£ 05 rrt S-« Sc c 3 O c3 c/> •v nj i £ g -S ago • C 5s Q, C -o ^ ■M c Cm o3 C o cm 0> ^ ° a b oj cl, 2 3 ^ Pnta 6 cl'3' ■gisJs -m o — *3 03 P O no P cl) Ph ca oa be 0) .<3 ta S 3 03 *P p O g ' Ph 0) Vb/ . ~T +5 C a p ° “ 03 g +jP S3, lh h-> *3 o g,05 ■5 1.2 fit: pft o P -M • — 03 ’W *C a) O'p 03 ^3 g-s o S ^3 3» g c oj -c ^ «■£ g-a'S p^l 3'c "p cc ’C 3 -° 3 o c - “ 03 03 C3 P *C o 3 -p ca Ph 2 a Ph ca a i i o C co UJ P .£ p H-> p •CSpg *£'is " r* I PL ^ be ® C5 O P -p 03 ^3 _2 5x O ^ -P .223 g 3 "p a) p p ca oa c3 p 0) 2.S Ph P 0) tx fx 0) 4-> o> “ 3 — ^ 05 o fx 03 S'? 0) p cj ca >» *p 0) P h .*. •G S 2 bfi 0) 0) y os 03 Lx y -a g^co 3 g ca 05 84 postgenital plate (ven- possibly 9th sternite or 10th & 11th sternites follows Gerry may contain 10th & tral wall of anal seg- 10th or both JJ' according to ment) , Gerry 8th sternite abdominal abdominal abdominal abdominal +preatrial sclerite k insula July, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 73 03 13 G ’-7 a o 03 > — s w os D H <3 OS W H 0) /—v 44 CA *C T* C3 03 CA *73 £ 2 w -5 £ w a 03 _ -T3 4-> ^ g 55 ^ 'C o o -M ft u (S -3 44 03 2 ‘Sd 0) ", tJ -§ S 3 s-> CA 4-4 a 0) *o g 8 Ofi ca 0) cO s-e a s cv. ft rJ 5M 'S3 > jb 0) o CA £ o > -ft «> (-! D 5 S I S S=a ^-§ to a — ■s t; « g O c3 4J a CA (_ t- O 03 O ft ft- -ft a 60 o o 2 44 O a 'a 'O o ca 3 43 33 ca as l- a 030 Ui u a 4J £ o ^ a o.S U 03 03 ■£ a t- 00 os £ 60 2.5 e3 o3 c O 53 a ^44 13 £ 2 a w ^ CA C4-1 gj 3 O 05 in t • - •s-g 43 c3 f-i 03 03 O CA 4-> 3 f- 43 w ra ta a 'ft p O « a ®< 2. g plat and a o 03 3.2 ‘-5s > : -Q cu a-S It IN 03 !A o 73 52 -a ca o 60 03 as "3 t = sN s a ft* ^ £ — t- o 73 -2 43 O-Sftg g « 2 g a 5/5 .3 43 .5 h3 ‘a 03 33 > 3 -a s ° s 44 ^ o Z3 a <5 1 8 c3 & 43 73 a a *- §3 03 " ft-J- ft 44 03 03 43 4-4 a 03 03 03 4-4 03 4-> 03 0) 4-> CA 03 4-4 *a (4 03 4-4 S 60 *a u 03 4-> CA ‘a t- 03 4-4 CA ’& 03 44 ts 'ft CA J3 J3 -a 44 -a *C n 4-> 44) 44 -a 44 o O T-4 4-4 o 4-4 03 r4 rH 1-4 03 rH o3 03 43 a a O CA 03 (U a cO rt a t- 03 03 55 «s 5 c- CA c S .5® & 03 CA bo “ *s ca a 03 03 _o 44 O 3 44 a'S § 2 2 o 85 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 3 Key to Included Genera and Species 1. Cerci cylindrical Anopheles Cerci flat, shape varied 2 2. Cerci with a widened mesal region Sabethini 3 Cerci without a widened mesal lobe ; tenth tergite absent 10 3. Tenth tergite present 4 Tenth tergite absent Tripteroides caledonica 4. Width of ninth tergite (along longitudinal axis of insect) nearly equal to length of cerci Phoniomyia 5 Width of ninth tergite not more than one-half the length of cerci 6 5. Longest transverse axis of insula at least two-thirds the length of long axis P. lassalli Longest transverse axis of insula not more than one-half the length of long axis P. fuscipes 6. With apex of postgenital plate reaching tips of cerci. Trichoprosopon 7 With apex of postgenital plate reaching beyond tips of cerci. Sabethes ( Sabethes ) 9 7. Tenth tergite divided into two lobes T. ( Trichoprosopon ) 8 Tenth tergite single, though severely constricted medially, transverse T. ( Hyloconops ) pallidiventer 8. Lobes of tenth tergite small; almost absent. T. ( T .) compressum Lobes of tenth tergite large T. (T.) sp. 9. Postgenital plate with two finger-like lobes 8. (S.) belisarioi Postgenital plate truncate 8. (8.) albiprivus 10. Atrial plates present Armigeres 11 Atrial plates absent 12 11. Atrial plates well-developed, ninth tergite consisting of a single plate A. (Armigeres) obturbans Atrial plates weakly developed, ninth tergite divided into two separate lobes A. ( Leicesteria ) digitatus 12. Ninth tergite absent Aedeomyia 13 Ninth tergite present 14 13. Postgenital plate longer than broad A. squamipennis Postgenital plate broader than long A. catasticta 14. With tips of cerci rounded Aedes 15 With tips of cerci truncate IT aemagogus 15. Cerci with a variable number of spatulate setae which do not occur near base A. ( Ochlerotatus ) scapularis Cerci with only an occasional spatulate seta near base or none at all A. ( Ochlerotatus ) infirmatus 86 i July, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Generic Studies Genus Anopheles Meigen, 1818. (Figs. 1 and 2) Syst. Beschr. Bek. Eur. Zweifl. Ins., 1 :10. Salient characters: Cerci snbcylindrical, bearing setae and spatulate setae ;x postgenital plate triangular, bearing two large apical setae (smaller, supernumerary setae occasionally pres- ent)-; atrial plates, ninth and tenth tergite present. (Deduced from the published work of other authors and unpublished results of work by the present author) . Subgehus Anopheles ( Nyssorhynchns ) Blancliard, 1902 C. R. Soc. Biol., 54: 785. Salient characters : Cerci subcylindrical, bearing setae and spatulate setae ; postgenital plate triangular, bearing two large apical setae (smaller, supernumerary setae occasionally pres- ent) ; insula shaped like half a disc with irregular margins; atrial plates, ninth and tenth tergites present. Anopheles ( Nyssorhynchns ) aquasalis Curry, 1932, Am. Jn. Hyg., 15 : 566. Cerci subcylindrical, tapering apically, slightly convex on outer surface, slightly concave on mesal surface, curving dor- sally; with mesal surface bearing medially projecting setae about one-half as long as postgenital plate; with dorsal, ven- tral and lateral regions bearing many spatulate setae a little longer than length of postgenital plate and bearing setae half again as long as interjacent spatulate setae; spinulose. Post- genital plate one-third the length of cerci; subtriangular and membranous with apex varying in degree of roundness; with two large apical or sub-apical setae which reach almost to tips of cerci; spinulose. Posterior cowl membranous, with indefi- nite outline ; weakly developed ; spinulose. Anterior cowl nar- row, transverse, weakly sclerotized, slightly swollen medially; with lateral portions extending obliquely cephalad from swollen area; spinulose. Sigma a narrow, weakly sclerotized, ribbon- like band; with portion posterior to ‘hinge’ short and weakly 1 The term ‘spatulate seta’ as used in this paper refers to a lanceolate-shaped seta with a crenated, truncate distal margin. The veins are parallel and the setae appear as in Fig. 24 when they have not completely expanded. 87 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 3 developed; with portion anterior to ‘hinge’ undifferentiated from insula except by its darker pigmentation ; spinulose. In- sula shaped like half a disc with irregular margins (see Fig. 1) ; bearing a group (27-36) of fine setae which are but little longer than spinulae and are set in large tubercles ; spinulose. Atrial plates large, transverse, postero-mesally directed, heavily sclero- tized; with extremities varying in shape and attached to sper- mathecal eminence ; transverse length six or seven times width. Tenth ter git e weakly sclerotized; consisting of two dorso-lateral lobes which narrow medially and extend to mesal margin of cerci; with lateral portions broad and extending ventrally; Figs. 1-2. Anopheles ( Nyssorhynchus ) spp. spinulose. Ninth tergite with median area a narrow, sclero- tized, transverse band; with lateral portions expanded, more heavily sclerotized and pigmented than median portion ; ex- tending latero-ventrally ; spinulose. Anopheles ( Nyssorhynchus ) galvdoi Causey, Deane and Deane, 1942, Rev. Paul. Med., 23 : 293-296. Similar to A. aquasalis in all details described for that species, except for the insula which bears 20-34 setae. Anopheles ( Nyssorhynchus ) benarrochi Gabaldon, Cova-Garoia and Lopez, 1941, Publ. Div. Malariol., 7 : 3-24. Similar to A. aquasalis in all details described for that spe- cies except for the insula which bears 19-26 setae. Available 88 July, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA specimens of this rare species which were studied appear to have the longest setae on the cerci no longer than the spatulate hairs. Further studies of freshly caught material are indi- cated. Original studies, by the author, indicated that specific differ- ences might have existed, but, after further studies it has been found that variations in all three species appear to embrace the same range. Genus Trichoprosopon Theobald, 1901 Mon. Cul., 2 : 283. Salient characters: Cerci flat, with a narrow base and widened mesally; with apex of postgenital plate reaching tips of cerci ; atrial plates present ; tenth tergite present ; ninth tergite present but with width along longitudinal axis not more than one-half the length of cerci. Subgenus Trichoprosopon ( Trichoprosopon ) Theobald, 1901 Mon. Cul., 2 : 283. Salient characters: Cerci flat, with a narrow base and widened mesally; with apex of postgenital plate reaching tips of cerci ; atrial plates present ; tenth tergite divided into two separate lobes ; ninth tergite present but with width along longi- tudinal axis not more than one-half the length of cerci. Subgenus Trichoprosopon ( Hyloconops ) Lutz, 1904 (in Bourroul) Mosq. Brasil, 53, 57 Salient characters: Cerci flat, with a narrow base and widened mesally; with apex of postgenital plate reaching tips of cerci ; atrial plates present ; tenth tergite transverse, strongly constricted medially ; ninth tergite present but with width along longitudinal axis not more than one-half the length of cerci. Trichoprosopon (Trichoprosopon) compressum Lutz, 1905, Im- prensa Med., 13: 171. (Figs. 3 and 4). Cerci flat; with a narrow base; widening mesally; with lateral margin convex and slightly concave near base; with apical two-thirds of dorsal surface bearing setae which are as long as cerci at apex and one-half as long nearer base ; with ventral surface connecting with anal membrane about half 89 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 3 way from apex ; with setae one-half the length of cerci cover- ing the ventral surface ; spinnlose. Postgenital plate about same length as cerci and not reaching tips of cerci ; lightly sclerotized; appearing heart-shaped with narrow end truncated by posterior cowl; bearing a circular patch of setae one-third as long as postgenital plate on each apical lobe giving the entire postgenital plate a tufted appearance ; ventral and apical sur- faces bearing a variable number of setae one-third as long as the postgenital plate ; with all surfaces bearing a variable number Figs. 3-4. Trichoprosopon ( Trichoprosopon ) compressum Lutz, 1905. Figs. 5-6. Trichoprosopon ( Trichoprosopon ) sp. Figs. 7-8. Trichoprosopon ( Hyloconops ) pallidiventer (Lutz), 1905. of setae one-fourth as long as postgenital plate; spinulose. Posterior cowl membranous, and connecting with postgenital plate laterally near apex; weakly developed laterally; spinu- lose. Anterior cowl a dark, narrow, transverse, sclerotized, ribbon-like band ; slightly expanded laterally ; spinulose. Sigma a dark, broad, sclerotized ribbon-like band posterior to ‘hinge’ with only dorsal margin spinulose ; ribbon-like anterior to ‘hinge’ and narrowing towards insula but broadly joined to it at a slight’ fold ; spinulose. Insula asymmetrically subovoid 90 July, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA with greatest transverse width one and one-third times the greatest length; distinguishable from sigma by lesser number of spinulae which occur on anterior portion of sigma ; bearing eight to ten setae on or near lateral margins ; spinulose. Atrial plates dark, transverse, sclerotized; irregular in shape (see Fig. 3) ; with base wide, and with narrow posteromesally di- rected extremities; slightly knobbed apically and joined to spermathecal eminence. Ninth tergite a dark, broad, trans- verse sclerotized ribbon-like band with a medially constricted posterior margin; with lateral portions narrowing and extend- ing obliquely cephalad; with each lobe laterad of the median constriction bearing three setae which are not quite as long as cerci ; spinulose. Tenth tergite divided into two small areas which are indefinite in shape, weakly sclerotized and lightly pigmented; spinulose. Trichoprosopon (Trichoprosopon) sp. (Figs. 5 and 6). Cerci flat; with a narrow base; widening apically to ex- hibit a subquadrangular appearance with ‘ corners’ rounded; with lateral edge straight ; with setae on apical half of dorsal surface a little more than one-half as long as cerci ; with other setae on dorsal surface one-third as long as cerci; with apical fourth of ventral surface bearing setae one-fourth to one-third as long as cerci; spinulose. Postgenital plate slightly longer than cerci and barely projecting beyond them; lightly sclero- tized, irregular in shape (see Fig. 5) ; with lateral margins forming a broad, pointed process before narrowing basally; with apex straight; with width of base slightly greater than width of apex; with two lateral apical setae and two dorsal subapical setae slightly anterior of the former which are one- half as long as the postgenital plate ; with apical half of dorsal surface bearing fine setae which are one-third the length of postgenital plate ; spinulose. Posterior cowl membranous ; well- developed; meeting postgenital plate one-third of its length from base ; narrow laterally ; spinulose. Anterior cowl a broad transverse, sclerotized ribbon-like band ; arched posteriorly and shelf-like over atrium; with median transverse area dark and narrow; spinulose. Sigma with portion posterior to ‘hinge’ dark, broad, sclerotized; a wide, ribbon-like band anterior to ‘hinge’ with a concave emargination on lateral edge just beyond ‘hinge’; folded so that insula is held at a right angle to rest of terminalia; spinulose anterior to ‘hinge.’ Insula dark, subtri- 91 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 3 angular; with a concave, subrectangular median area about one and one-half times as long as wide ; lateral portions sub- triangular and bearing six or seven setae about two-thirds as long as along each margin of concave portion or just laterad of it; spinulose. Atrial plates transverse, sclerotized with dark, apical subrectangular portion; with base wide, irregular in shape. Ninth tergite a dark, broad, transverse, sclerotized, rib- bon-like band; with median posterior margin expanded and bearing four setae as long as central portion of median ex- panded area; with lateral portions tapering and extending obliquely cephalad and only slightly laterally ; spinulose. Tenth tergite dark, sclerotized; divided into two dorso-lateral subrhomboidally-shaped portions ; spinulose. Trichoprosopon ( Hyloconops ) pallidiventer (Lutz), 1905, Imprensa Med. 13:125 (Figs. 7 and 8). Cerci dark, flat, with a narrow base, widening mesally; with lateral margin slightly convex; with dorsal surface bear- ing fine setae on the apical half, those nearest apex as long as cerci, those nearest base one-half as long ; with one or two of the shorter type of setae arising on mesal surface ; with ventral sur- face bearing fine setae two-thirds as long as cerci on apical half ; spinulose. Postgenital plate not reaching beyond tips of cerci and about the same length as cerci ; lightly sclerotized, irregular in shape (see Fig. 7), with lateral margins forming a broad, pointed process before basal constriction with apex widely and shallowly emarginate ; with width of base slightly less than width of apex ; with ventral surface bearing numerous setae as long as basal width of postgenital plate ; with setae confined to a subtriangular area whose base is at apex of postgenital plate and whose apex reaches half way- to base of postgenital plate ; with dorsal surface bearing two setae two-thirds as long as post- genital plate at one-third the distance from the apex ; with five or six setae one-half as long as the above occurring -distad to region of expanded lateral margin; spinulose. Posterior cowl membranous, well-developed, connecting with postgenital plate half way from base and expanded laterally ; spinulose. Anter- ior cowl a dark, wide, transverse, sclerotized ribbon-like band; expanded laterally with this portion extending obliquely cepha- lad; spinulose. Sigma light, broad, sclerotized posterior to ‘hinge’; with spinulae occurring only along dorsal margin; with anterior portion narrow just beyond ‘hinge’ and broaden- 92 July, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ing to meet insula at its postero-lateral corners ; spinulose. In- sula at right angle to rest of terminalia ; dark sclerotized, con- cave with nearly circular margins; bearing four or five setae decreasing in size from anterior one which is equal to one-half the width of the posterior margin, to the posterior most which is one-half as long; spinulose. Atrial plates transverse, post- eromesally directed; sclerotized; with apical posterior process and apical anterior portions joined medially (see Fig. 7.). Ninth tergite a dark, broad, transverse sclerotized ribbon-like band; with lateral portions extending obliquely cephalacl and latero-ventrally ; bearing two or three setae a little longer than postgenital plate on each side of midline ; with spinulae absent along median anterior margin. Tenth tergite lightly sclero- tized, transverse, wrinkled : constricted medially ; with spin- ulae finer and more dense than those on other areas. Genus Sabethes Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827 Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 3: 411. Only a single subgenus which is described below has been studied. Subgenus Sabethes ( Sabethes ) Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827 Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 3 : 411. Salient characters : Cerci flat, with a narrow base and widened mesally; postgenital plate not reaching tips of cerci; atrial plates present; tenth tergite divided into two separate lobes; width of ninth tergite along longitudinal axis not more than one-half the length of cerci. Sabethes ( Sabethes ) belisarioi Neiva, 1908, Braz. Med., 12: 351. (Figs. 9 and 10). Cerci dark, flat, with a narrow base; expanded mesally with straight edges and rounded “ corners”; with a triangular patch of unpigmented membrane mesally on base ; with setae on the dorsal, ventral and apical half ; with longest setae about one-half as long as cerci; bearing other setae about one-half to one-fourth as long as those above ; with shortest setae occurring cephalad; with a few interjacent spatulate setae about one-half as long as longest setae; spinulose. Postgenital plate about one-half times the length of cerci and not reaching tips of cerci ; with two finger-like lobes formed by an emargination a little 93 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 3 more than half as long as the length of this structure ; nar- rowing from a point equal with apex of emargination into a tongue-like portion which curves ventrally and expands slightly upon contact of its emarginate anterior end with posterior cowl; with anterior fourth of narrow area darker and more heavily sclerotized than rest of narrow area and bearing a vari- able number of setae like those at base of lobes ; with lobes each bearing four long setae dorsally (ultimate seta very light, slen- der and curved ; others dark, heavy and straight) ; all setae one- fourth the length of their lobe ; bearing fine apical setae, one- Figs. 9-10. Sabethes ( Sabethes ) belisarioi Neiva, 1908. Figs. 11-12. Sabethes {Sabethes) albiprivus Lutz, 1903. third to one-half as long as longest setae ; bearing setae a little longer than spinulae on all surfaces ; spinulose. Posterior cowl large, membranous, laterally expanded, and meeting postgen- ital plate latero-dorsally one-half the distance from its base; spinulose. Anterior cowl a wide, sclerotized, ribbon-like band, expanding laterally and narrowing where it meets sigma ; arched posteriorly; spinulose. Sigma a wide, sclerotized, rib- bon-like band; subtrapezoidally expanded posterior to ‘hinge’ and forming a broad base for atrial plates ; narrow anterior to ‘ hinge ’, widening, with sinuous margins to meet insula latero- posteriorly ; spinulose. Insula irregularly shaped (see Fig. -9) ; 94 July, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA with a median concave area differentiated from sigma by its heavier pattern of spinules; having two lateral heavily sclero- tized and pigmented areas each of which bears seven or eight fine setae almost as long as anterior width of insula ; setae set in unpigmented, membranous alveoli; less heavily spinulose than sigma. Atrial plates light, sclerotized, posteromesally di- rected, transverse ; with transverse width twice basal length ; narrowing to a point with a posterior emargination ; almost touching at mid-line. Tenth tergite poorly developed ; divided into two lobes which are subtriangular, weakly sclerotized, and almost entirely on latus ; usually partially hidden by ninth ter- gite ; spinulose. Ninth tergite a dark, sclerotized, ribbon-like band with width one-third the length of cerci ; extending and narrowing latero-dorsally ; with margin sinuous or straight and with or without small triangular notches on the median an- terior and posterior margins ; bearing two setae, wThich vary in length from approximately as long as to one and one-half times longer than width of the tergite at point where they arise laterad of triangular notch on posterior margin; spinulose. Anal membrane conspicuous and well-developed. Sabethes ( Sabethes ) albiprivus Lutz, 1903, (in Theobald) Mon. Cul., 3:323. (Figs. 11 and 12). Cerci flat; with a narrow base; expanded mesallv; with lateral margin almost straight and more heavily pigmented than mesal lobe ; with setae occurring on apical three-fourths of dorsal surface and with two or three of these on each cercus almost three-fourths as long as cerci ; with other setae de- creasing to one-fifth the size of cerci ; with a few setae one-half as long as longest setae on lateral margin ; with setae occurring on apical half of ventral surface and with one or two of these on each cercus one-third as long as cerci ; with smaller setae as on dorsal surface ; spinulose. Post genital plate about twice as long as cerci ; tongue-like ; lightly sclerotized ; with median area unpigmented and membranous; with ventral surface bearing a variable number of setae scarcely longer than spin- ules; with dorsal surface bearing six or seven setae about as long as width of apex of postgenital plate and with a few smaller setae ; spinulose. Posterior cowl membranous, well- developed, about one-third as long as post-genital plate; bal- looned laterally ; spinulose. Anterior cowl a dark, wide, trans- verse, sclerotized, ribbon-like band; arched posteriorly; with 95 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 3 anterior margin of median area slightly expanded ; with lateral portions expanded and well-developed ; spinulose. Sigma scle- rotized, subtrapezoidal, posterior to ‘hinge’ with a narrow dor- sal spinulose area ; narrow, sclerotized, ribbon-like band anter- ior to ‘hinge’; spinulose anterior to ‘hinge’. Insula (see Fig. 11), with two dark, lateral, snbtriangnlar sclerotized portions and a membranous area medially; bearing six or seven setae set in unpigmented membranous alveoli on each sclerotized portion ; with pigmented portions less spinulose than median membrane. Atrial plates lightly pigmented, sclerotized, trans- verse ; irregularly shaped (see Fig. 11) ; with apices fused medi- ally. Ninth tergite a dark, transverse, ribbon-like band, with width almost one-half the length of cerci; extending latero- dorsally; with lateral portions extending obliquely cephalad; bearing three to five (usually three) setae, on either side of mid-line ; with longest setae as long as ninth and tenth tergites combined, shortest setae one-half as long; spinulose. Tenth tergite divided into two lightly sclerotized and lightly pig- mented lobes at base of cerci; with transverse width about one and one-half times the length ; usually partially hidden by ninth tergite; spinulose. Genus Phoniomyia Theobald , 1903 Mon. Cul., 3: 311. - Salient characters : Cerci flat, with a narrow base and widened mesally; with apex of postgenital plate reaching be- yond tips of cerci; anterior median margin of anterior cowl emarginate ; atrial plates present ; tenth tergite divided into two separate lobes; ninth tergite with transverse width little more than twice its greatest length or with length nearly equal to that of cerci. Phoniomyia lassalli (Bonne-Wepster and Bonne), 1921, Ins. Ins. Mens., 9:8. (Figs. 13 and 14). Cerci dark, flat, with a narrow base; widening mesally; with lateral margin slightly convex; with apical half of all surfaces bearing sparsely scattered setae about one-half as long as cerci ; with ventral surface connected to anal membrane one-half the distance from apex to base ; spinulose. Postgeni- tal plate a little longer than cerci ; lightly sclerotized and pro- jecting well beyond the tips of cerci; subrectangular, twice as 96 July, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA long as wide with all “corners” rounded; with lateral margins slightly expanded half way from base to contact posterior cowl; with apical two-fifths of ventral surface bearing sixteen to twenty setae one-fourth the length of postgenital plate ; with dorsal surface bearing ten setae one-half the length of postgenital plate which are sparse along median line ; spinu- lose. Posterior cowl membranous, meeting postgenital plate half way from its base ; slightly expanded laterally ; spinulose. Anterior cowl a dark, broad, transverse, sclerotized ribbon- like band; with lateral portions very narrowly constricted; with median anterior margin broadly emarginate ; not broader ' Figs. 13-14. Phoniomyia lassalli ( Bonne- Wepster and Bonne), 1921. Figs. 15-16. Phoniomyia fuscipes (Edwards), 1922. than terminal portion of atrial plates ; spinulose. Sigma poorly differentiated posterior to ‘hinge’, but, appearing narrow, and sclerotized; narrow anterior to ‘hinge’ and broad- ening to meet postero-lateral margins of insula; spinulose. Insula dark, concave, subellipsoidal with posterior margin truncate ; with transverse axis being at least two-thirds the length of long axis ; bearing four or five asymmetrically placed setae (about as long as posterior margin of insula) along each anterolateral margin; spinulae smaller than those on sigma. Atrial plates dark, expanded at base ; with a narrow postero- mesally directed portion arising from posteromesal angle of base; apices fused to spermathecal eminence which is (Jarkly 97 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 3 pigmented and sclerotized. Ninth tergite dark, sclerotized, transverse ; with width little more than twice length ; longest axis two-thirds the length of postgenital plate ; extending lat- ero-ventrally ; anterior and posterior margins widely and deep- ly emarginate ; bearing five setae about as long as cerci on each lobe of posterior margin (four of these setae closely placed with fifth located laterad of and anterior to them) ; spinulose. Tenth tergite divided into two large dorso-lateral lobes; scle- rotized, irregular in shape (see Fig. 14) and wider laterally; spinulose. Phoniomyia fuscipes (Edwards), 1922, Bull. Ent. Res., 13:76. (Figs. 15 and 16). Cerci dark, flat, with a narrow base; widening mesally; with apical two-thirds of dorsal surface bearing setae which vary from one-fourth as long to as long as cerci; with longest setae near apex ; with ventral surface connected to anal mem- brane one-half the distance from apex to base and bearing setae, which are about one-third the length of cerci, over en- tire surface ; spinulose. Postgenital plate a little longer than cerci; lightly sclerotized, sub-rectangular with all “corners” rounded; with anterior margin less wide than apical margin and narrowly and shallowly emarginate ; widened laterally about two-fifths of distance from base to contact posterior cowl; with apical half of ventral surface bearing nine or ten setae one-fifth to one-fourth as long as wide of apical margin; with each lateral half of apical two-fifths of dorsal surface bearing four setae one-fourth the length of postgenital plate; spinulose. Posterior cowl membranous, meeting postgenital plate laterally at about two-fifths of distance from base; slightly expanded laterally; spinulose. Anterior cowl a dark, broad, transverse, sclerotized, ribbon-like band; lateral por- tions narrowly constricted; median anterior margin emargi- nate ; broader than terminal portion of atrial plate ; spinulose. Sigma with portion posterior to ‘hinge’ a narrow, sclerotized, ribbon-like band whose posteriormost portion has two small, angular projections; narrow anterior to ‘hinge’ and broaden- ing to meet posterior two-thirds of lateral margins of insula; sparsely spinulose. Insula dark, concave, subellipsoidal with anterior and posterior margins truncate; transverse axis one- half the length of long axis; bearing four setae about as long as posterior margin on each lateral margin (two of these lo- 98 July, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA cated at each anterolateral corner) ; spinnlose. Atrial plates dark, expanded at base, with a narrow posteriorly oblique, transverse portion; subapically folded dorsolaterally with darker notched apices ; apices fused to spermathecal eminence which is darkly pigmented and sclerotized. Ninth tergite dark, sclerotized, transverse ; with width little more than twice length; with lateral portions narrowing and extending lateroventrally ; with posterior margin expanded into two lobes separated by a wTide, deep median emargination ; with anterior margin slightly emarginate; with lobes bearing one or two setae as long as longest setae on cerci; sparsely spinulose. Tenth tergite divided into two large, dorsolateral lobes; dark, sclerotized, subrectangular, widening laterally and with a nar- row convex mesal margin; spinulose. Genus Tripteroides Giles, 1904 J. Trop. Med., 7 : 369. Only a single subgenus, which is described below has been studied. Subgenus Tripteroides ( Mimeteomyia ) Theobald, 1910 Mon. Cul., 5 : 210. Salient characters: Cerci flat, with a narrow base and widened mesally; postgenital plate reaching tips of cerci; atrial plates absent; tenth tergite absent; ninth tergite pres- ent; insula almost as large as postgenital plate. Tripteroides ( Mimeteomyia ) caledonica Edwards, 1922, Bull. Ent. Res., 13: 100. (Figs. 17 and 18). Cerci flat, with a narrow base, widening mesally; lateral edge slightly convex; with setae as long as apical width of postgenital plate and limited to a lateroventral area reaching half-way to base ; with dorsal surface bearing setae caudad of a line drawn from mid- way on lateral margin to apical mesal point of cerci ; with longest setae of dorsal surface one-third longer than those on dorsal aspect of postgenital plate and other setae about equal to them in length; spinulose. Post- genital plate about three-fourths the length of cerci; lightly sclerotized, subtriangular, truncate apically; with apex widely and shallowly emarginate and even with tips of cerci ; with lateral margins straight; with a pair of curved setae borne 99 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 3 on dorsal surface of each lobe, each seta as long as longest setae on cerci; with about fiften short, fine setae ventrally, occurring sparsely on apical two-thirds; spinulose. Posterior cowl narrow, membranous, divided into two separate lateral lobes; indefinite outline; spinulose. Anterior cowl a dark, narrow, transverse, sclerotized ribbon-like band ; slightly arched anteriorly; spinulose. Sigma a narrow, sclerotized ribbon-like band posterior to ‘ hinge’ and widened centrally to form an angulate process which projects mesally; lightly sclerotized anterior to ‘hinge’ and widening to fuse indistin- guishably with posterolateral margin of insula ; spinulose. Insula large, subtrapezoidal with posterior margin widely and Figs. 17-18. Tripteroides (Mimeteomyia) caledonica Ed- wards, 1922. shallowly emarginate, with anterior corners rounded; bearing six or seven setae about one-half as long as the insula along each lateral margin; spinulose. Atrial plates absent. Tenth tergite absent. Ninth tergite a broad, sclerotized, transverse, ribbon-like band extending laterodorsally ; with a median triangular notch on posterior margin; slightly broader later- ally ; bearing four setae as long as postgenital plate on each side of notch ; three of these closely grouped with the fourth laterad of and slightly below the others ; spinulose. Genus Aedes Meigen, 1818 Syst. Beschr. Bek. Eur. Zweifl. Ins., 1 : 13. Cerci flat; atrial plates and tenth tergite absent; ninth tergite present. (Deduced from the published work of other authors and material studied for this paper). 100 July, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Subgenus Aedes ( Ochlerotatus ) Lynch Arribalzaga, 1891 Rev. Mus. La Plata, 2 : 143. Cerci flat, elongate and bearing setae and spatulate hairs; atrial plates and tenth tergite absent; ninth tergite present. Aedes ( Ochlerotatus ) scapularis (Rondani), 1848, Studi Ent., Baudi and Truqui, 1: 109. (Figs. 19 and 20). Cerci long, flat, with tips sharply rounded; with outer margin convex, inner margin nearly straight; bearing a vari- able number of setae, some of which are as long as postgenital plate and some half as long ; with a variable number of spatu- late setae two-thirds as long as longest setae present but not Figs. 19-20. Aedes ( Ochlerotatus ) scapidaris (Rondani), 1848. Figs. 21-22. Aedes ( Ochlerotatus ) infirmatus Dyar and Knab, 1906. occurring near base ; spinulose. Postgenital plate one-half as long as cerci; lightly sclerotized; apically broadly and shal- lowly emarginate ; with lateral margins straight ; with its basal two-thirds slightly narrower than apical third ; with apex bear- ing one or two setae almost as long as postgenital plate on each lobe ; with 12-16 setae two-fifths as long as postgenital plate on apical third, mostly on lobes ; spinulose. Posterior cowl mem- branous; fused to dorsal surface of postgenital plate at two- thirds of distance from its base ; expanded laterally to fuse at angle of sigma ; spinulose. Anterior cowl a narrow transverse, 101 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 3 sclerotized ribbon-like band ; arched anteriorly ; laterally wider and less sclerotized than median area ; spinnlose. Sigma with portion posterior to ‘ hinge’ a narrow, sinuous, sclerotized rib- bon-like band and expanded at ‘hinge’; with portion anterior to ‘hinge’ weakly sclerotized and pigmented; spinulose. In- sula closely associated with sigma; transverse length twice width ; bearing two and occasionally four fine setae as long as longest setae on poslgenital plate and which are symmetrically placed on each side of mid-line; spinulose. Atrial plates ab- sent. Tenth tergite absent. Ninth tergite with transverse width a little longer than length ; with lateral margins rounded and narrowing proximally; with anterior and posterior mar- gins emarginate; with posterior margin more widely and less deeply emarginate than anterior margin which varies greatly in depth of emargination ; bearing 4—8 setae two-fifths as long as postgenital plate on each posterior lobe ; spinulose. A'edes ( 0 elder otatus ) infirmatus Dyar and Knab, 1906, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 14:197. (Figs. 21 and 22). Similar to A. scapularis in all details described for that species except for: (1) the cerci, which bear only an occasional spatulate seta near base, some specimens having none; (2) the ninth tergite, the lateral margins of which are more liable to be only slightly rounded ; (3) the anterior emargination of the ninth tergite, which may be less wide but deeper than in scapularis. Genus Haemagogus Williston, 1896 Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1896 : 271. Cerci flat and truncate ; atrial plates absent ; tenth tergite absent; ninth tergite elongated along longitudinal axis of insect body (v-shaped). The terminalia of the two species listed below were studied by Cerqueira (1943) and differentiation tentatively ascribed to differ- ences in “the frequency of the number of setae on the ninth ter- gite.” The findings of this author corroborate, in all details, the work done by Cerqueira, but indicate that variation in the char- acter mentioned above is much too great for specific differentiation as proposed by Cerqueira. Haemagogus capricornii (Lutz), 1905, Imprensa Med., 13: 83. Haemagogus spegazzinii Brethes, 1912, Bol. Inst. Ent, y Pat. Veg., 1 : 39. 102 July, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Genus Armigeres Theobald, 1901 Mon. Cul., 1 : 322. Salient characters: Cerei flat, bearing setae and spatulate setae; postgenital plate with a median concave area at base; atrial plates present (may be weakly developed in Leicesteria) ; tenth tergite absent ; ninth tergite present. Subgenus Armigeres ( Armigeres ) Theobald, 1901 Mon. Cul., 1 : 322. Salient characters : Cerei flat, subtriangular, bearing setae and spatulate setae ; postgenital plate with a median concave area at base ; atrial plates well-developed ; tenth tergite absent ; ninth tergite present and consisting of a single plate. Subgenus Armigeres ( Leicesteria ) Theobald, 1904 Entomologist, 37 : 211. Salient characters: Cerei flat, digitate, bearing setae and spatulate setae ; postgenital plate with a median concave area at base; atrial plates weakly developed; tenth tergite absent; ninth tergite divided into two separate lobes. Armigeres ( Armigeres ) obturbans (Walker), 1860, Proc. Linn. Soc. London, 4: 91. (Figs. 23 and 24). Cerei dark, flat, subtriangular, elongated, with outer mar- gin convex, inner margin straight; with five subapical, stout setae barely shorter than postgenital plate and which are lo- cated on ventral and lateral surfaces ; with all surfaces except membranous mesal surface covered with spatulate setae and setae (the latter one-half as long as longest setae mentioned above) ; spinulose. Post genital plate about two-thirds the length of cerei ; lightly sclerotized, campanulate ; its apex with or without a narrow and shallow emargination ; with median apical margin free of long setae ; with three long marginal or submarginal setae occurring laterad of each group ; middle seta of each group Similar to longest setae on cerei, other setae two-thirds as long; with apex also bearing a great many setae one-seventh to one-ninth as long as longest setae; with a large, pigmented, concave area situated on median part of base; with spinules one-half as long as shortest setae occurring ventrally from apex to concave area in a roughly triangular patch; smaller spinulae also present. Posterior cowl membranous, 103 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 3 connecting with postgenital plate one-third of distance from its base ; spinnlose. Anterior cowl a dark, heavily sclerotized, broad, transverse, ribbon-like band ; slightly arched posteriorly and shelf -like over atrium; expanded laterally; spinnlose. Sigma wide, heavily sclerotized posterior to ‘hinge’; shaped like a printer’s brace anterior to ‘hinge’ and narrowing from Figs. 23-24. Armigeres ( Armigeres ) obturbans (Walker), 1860. Figs. 25-26. Armigeres ( Leicesteria ) digitatus (Edwards), 1914. ‘hinge’ to median portion which connects with insula; spinn- lose. Insula subquadrate, anterior corners rounded; slightly expanded to meet sigma ; spinulose. Atrial plates short, trans- verse, posteromesally directed; transverse width little longer 104 July, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA than length; broadly attached to sigma; varying greatly in shape, generally notched (once or twice) apically. Tenth tergite absent. Ninth tergite with anterior and posterior mar- gins deeply and widely emarginate ; with pigmented area later- ally emarginate ; with lateral margins forming a pointed proc- ess ; with each posterior lobe bearing 7-13 setae approximately as long as shortest setae on cerci ; spatulate setae occasionally present ; spinnlose. Armigeres ( Leicesteria ) digitatus (Edwards), 1914, Bull. Ent. Bes., 4: 262. (Figs. 25 and 26). Cerci nearly flat, digitate, with mesal surface slightly con- cave, lateral surface slightly convex; with mesal margin not bearing setae ; with ventral surface bearing setae caudad of a line drawn from mid-way on lateral margin to apical mesal point of cerci; with apical setae of ventral surface about one- half as long as cerci, those nearer base only one-fourth as long as cerci; with dorsal surface bearing setae and spatulate setae caudad of a line drawn from three-fourths of distance from apex on lateral margin to a point one-fourth the distance from apex on mesal margin ; with dorsal surface bearing setae simi- lar to those on ventral surface and spatulate setae which are about one-half as long as longest setae and which decrease in numbers and length apically (apical ones one-half as long as basal) ; spinnlose. Post genital plate a little more than one- half length of cerci ; lightly sclerotized, subtriangular, resem- bling a truncated (basal three-fifths) triangle surmounted by a rectangular area with rounded apical corners and a narrowly and shallowly emarginate median apex; bearing two setae as long as postgenital plate on each lobe, one ventral, one apical; with six or seven setae (one-half as long as the above) borne ventrally on each lobe and one or two borne dorsally; with a small, circular, concave area mesally on base ; spinulose. Pos- terior cowl membranous, connecting with postgenital plate at point where latter is constricted; expanded laterally; spinu- lose. Anterior cowl a dark, narrow, sclerotized ribbon-like band; expanded laterally; spinulose. Sigma a dark, wide, sclerotized, ribbon-like band; narrowing slightly before, and then expanding to meet, postero-lateral margins of the insula ; spinulose. Insula rectangular with rounded corners; trans- verse width twice length; spinulose. Atrial plates weakly de- veloped; appear as lightly sclerotized and pigmented bands ' 105 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 3 along edge of sigma. Tenth tergite absent. Ninth tergite divided into two separate lobes which are lightly pigmented and poorly sclerotized, with indefinite margins ; with each lobe bearing 8-9 setae as long as longest setae on cerci, and often including a spatulate seta of varying size on each or either of the lobes; spinulose. Genus Aedeomyia Theobald, 1901 Mon. Cul., 2 : 218. Salient characters: Cerci flat; postgenital plate not reach- ing tips of cerci ; atrial plates, ninth and tenth tergites absent. Aedeomyia squamipennis (Lynch Arribalzaga), 1878, Nat. Argent., 1:151. (Figs. 27 and 28). Cerci flat, with basal half convex; with width of apical half one-third the length ; with basal half wider, its widest point one-half the length; with apical fourth of dorsal surface and apical fifth of ventral surface bearing setae one-third the length of cerci; spinulose. Postgenital plate about one-half the length of cerci and not reaching tips of cerci; with width of apical half slightly more than half the length; expanded basally to fuse with posterior cowl ; with distal margin widely emarginate and with depth of emargination one-third the length of postgenital plate; with lobes rounded, each bearing 4-5 setae, one of which is as long as postgenital plate, others two-thirds that length; with two types of spinules occurring ventrally, larger ones in a patch extending obliquely from base to apex of emargination and slightly decreasing in size as they do so; spinulae most dense dorsally and on lobes. Posterior cowl with margins indefinite ; developed laterad of sigma ; spinulose. Anterior cowl a dark, narrow, transverse, sclero- tized, ribbon-like band; arched posteriorly; spinulose. Sigma with portion posterior to ‘hinge’ dark, sclerotized, triangular with base at ‘hinge’; with portion anterior to ‘hinge’ narrower and less sclerotized and pigmented than portion posterior to ‘hinge’; folded so that insula is held at a right angle to rest of terminalia; spinulose. Insula connected with sigma at lat- eral extremities; with transverse width almost three times length; with anterior margin broadly rounded; bearing 4^5 setae irregularly placed (all may be on one side of midline or variously scattered) ; with spinulae present and these may oc- 106 July, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA cur as irregularly as the setae. Tenth tergite absent. Ninth tergite absent. Figs. 27-28. Aedeomyia squamipennis (Lynch Arribalzaga), 1878. Figs. 29-30. Aedeomyia catasticta Knab, 1909. Aedeomyia catasticta Knab, 1909, Ent. News, 20: 387. (Figs. 29 and 30). Cerci flat, with basal third slightly concave and tips bluntly rounded; with apical third of dorsal surface bearing- setae little more than one-third as long as cerci ; with anal mem- brane connecting about half way from base; with spinulae more dense on apical half. Post genital plate two-fifths as long as cerci and not reaching tips of cerci ; lightly sclerotized ; with transverse width slightly greater than length; with lateral margins convex, base slightly narrowed ; with apex widely and shallowly emarginate ; with 6-8 setae on distal half of each 107 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 3 lobe, two of these as long as postgenital plate, others two-thirds the length of longest setae ; spinulose. Posterior cowl mem- branous; with margins indefinite; weakly developed; spinu- lose. Anterior cowl a narrow transverse, sclerotized, ribbon- like band ; slightly arched posteriorly ; spinulose. Sigma with portion posterior to ‘hinge’ dark, sclerotized and expanded; with angulated mesal margin on each side connected medially by elongated spermathecal eminence and bearing only a few scattered spinulae with anterior portion narrowing from ‘hinge’ into a narrow, sclerotized, ribbon-like band whose transverse width is slightly greater than that of posterior mar- gin of insula ; folded so that insula is held at right angle to rest of terminalia ; spinulose. Atrial plates absent. Insula trans- verse, subtriangular, its apex broadly rounded ; with trans- verse width a little more than twice the perpendicular length from apex to base ; bearing 14—17 setae as long as perpendicu- lar; spinulose. Tenth tergite absent. Ninth tergite absent. Conclusions 1. The female terminalia of the genera of mosquitoes studied in this paper show morphological characters which are distinct for each genus. 2. Closely related species exhibit little or no differences in the female terminalia. 3. Within any given species, variation occurs in the shape of the lightly sclerotized postgenital plate, the membranous posterior cowl, and the sclerotized ninth and tenth tergites ; much variation also occurs in the number of setae or spatulate setae on these struc- tures and on the insula and cerci. 4. In the three species of closely related Anopheles ( Nysso - rhynchus) , only a single character was found that would tenta- tively differentiate the species benarrochi. It will be necessary to accept this differentiation as tentative until more material of this rare species can be obtained and studied. 5. A character is proposed to separate the two species of A'edes studied in this paper. The author feels that an even larger series of specimens than was examined should be studied for final verifi- cation of this proposal. 6. No differentiating characters were found to separate the two species of Haemagogus studied in this paper. The characters suggested by Cerqueira were found to be too variable to be of any use. 108 July, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 7. It is most interesting to note that the study of the female terminalia indicates that two genera of mosquitoes appear to have a different natural sequence in the phylogeiiy of the family than is indicated by the specializations of the larvae and by other parts of the adults. These genera are Tripteroides and Aedeomyia. Tripteroides (Mimeteomyia) , a Sabethine subgenus of the Ori- ental Region, was studied by the present author. This genus has been considered to contain some of the most primitive members of the tribe Sabethini. However, in the representative studied for this paper, T. (M.) caledonica, the tenth tergite and the atrial plates are absent. This fact would place it near the more highly developed Aedines and as one of the most specialized members of the Sabethini. Aedeomyia on the basis of female terminalia appears to con- tain the most specialized members of the Culicinae since the atrial plates and both the ninth and tenth tergites are absent. References Cited Bohart, R. M. 1945. A Synopsis of .the Philippine Mosquitoes. Nav. Med. Bull. 580: 1-88, figs. 1-91. Brolemann, H. W. 1919. Sur Quelques Cidex des Pyrenees. II. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 88 : 65-103, figs. 1-40. 1920. Sur Quelques Culex des Pyrenees. III. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 89 : 51-73, figs. 1-23. Carpenter, S. J., W. W. Middlekauf and R. W. Chamberlain. 1946. The Mosquitoes of the Southeastern U. S. east of Okla- homa and Texas. American Mid. Nat. Monograph No. 3 : 1-292, figs. 1-55. Causey, O. R., L. M. Deane and M. P. Deane. 1946. Studies on Brazilian Anophelines from the Northeast and Amazon Regions. I-III. American Jour. Hyg. Monographic Series No. 18 : vi + 1-50 ; Pis. 20 ; Tables 3. Cerqueira, N. L. 1943. Algumas Especies Novas da Bolivia, e Referenda a Tres Especies de Haemagogus. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 39 : 1-14 ; Pis. 1-4. Christophers, S. R. 192J. The Structure and Development of the Female Genital Organs and Hypopygium of the Mosquito. Indian Jour. Med. Res., 10: 698-720, figs. 1-3; Pis. 37-38. 109 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 3 Crampton, G. C. 1942. External Morphology of the Diptera. In Guide to the Insects of Connecticut, part VI, Fasc. 1. Connecticut State Geo. and Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. 64 : 10-165, figs. 1-17. Davis, N. C. 1926. Notes on the Female Hypopygia of Anopheline Mos- quitoes with Especial Reference to Some Brazilian Species. American Jour. Hyg., 6: 1-22, figs. 1-38. Edwards, F. W. 1921-22. A Revision of the Mosquitoes of the Palaearctic Re- gion. Bull. Ent. Res., 12 : 263-351, figs. 1-18. 1932. Diptera, Family Culicidae. Genera Insectoruin, Fasc. 194 : 1-258 ; Pis. 1-5. 1941. Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. III. Culicine Adults and Pupae. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London: viii + 1-499, figs. 1-184; Pis. 1-4. Freeborn, S. B. 1926. Mosquitoes of California. Univ. of California Pubns. Ent., 3 : 333-460, figs. 41. Gerry, B. I. 1932. Morphological Studies of the Female Genitalia of Cuban Mosquitoes. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 25: 31-75; Pis. 1-6. Gjullin, C. M. 1937. The Female Genitalia of the Aedes Mosquitoes of the Pacific Coast States. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 39 : 252-266 ; Pis. 25-27. 1946. A Key to the Aedes Females of America North of Mex- ico. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 48 : 215-236, figs. 1-2. Headlee, T. J. 1945. The Mosquitoes of New Jersey and Their Control. Rut- gers Press, New Brunswick : x + 1-326, figs. 1-87 ; Pis. 1-16 ; Tables 1-14. Howard, L. O., G. H. Dyar and F. Knab. 1912-17. The Mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies. Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub., 159: 4 vols., 1-1064, figs. 7 ; Pis. 1-150. Macfie, J. W. S. and A. Ingram. 1922. On the Genital Armature of the Female Mosquito. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., 16 : 157-188, figs. 1-23. Marshall, J. F. 1938. The British Mosquitoes. British Mus. Nat. Hist., Lon- don: xi + 1-134, figs. 1-172; Pis. 1-20; Tables 1-62. 110 July, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Matheson R, 1944. Handbook of the Mosquitoes of North America. Com- stock Publ. Co., Ithaca, N. Y. : viii + 1-314, figs. 1-42 ; Pis. 1-33. Root, F. M. 1947. Studies on Brazilian Mosquitoes, I. The Anophelines of the Nyssorhynchus Group. American Jour. Hyg., 6: 684-717 ; Pis. 1-9. Ross, H. H. 1947. The Mosquitoes of Illinois. Illinois Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull., 24 : 1-96, figs. 1-184. Roth, L. M. 1946. The Female Genitalia of the Wyeomyia of North America. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 39 : 292-297 ; PI. 1. Shannon, R. C. 1931. On the Classification of Brazilian Culicidae, with Spe- cial Reference to those Capable of Harbouring the Yellow Fever Virus. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 33: 125-157; Pis. 5-11. 1933. Anopheles of the Amazon Valley. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 35: 117-143, figs. 1-2; PI. 4. Taylor, F. H. 1943. Mosquito Intermediary Hosts of Disease in Australia and New Guinea. Service Pub. (Sch. Publ. Health Trop. Med.) Commonwealth of Australia, No. 4:1-154, figs. 1-75 ; Pis. 2; Table 1. Waterston, J. 1918. On the Mosquitoes of Macedonia. Bull. Ent. Res., 9 : 1-12, figs. 1-5. Ill Index Main reference in bold face. Aedeomyia, 86, 106, 109 Aedes, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 86, 100, 108 Aedimorphus, 80 albiprivus, Sabethes, 86, 94 (figs. 11-12), 95 Anopheles, 77, 80, 81, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88 (figs. 1-2), 108 Anophelini, 80 aquasalis, Anopheles, 87, 88 Armigeres, 86, 103 belisarioi, Sabethes, 86, 93, 94 (figs. 9-10) benarrochi, Anopheles, 88, 108 ealedonica, Tripteroides, 86, 99, 100 (figs. 17-18), 109 capricornii, Haemagogus, 82, 102 catasticta, Aedeomyia, 86, 107 (figs. 29-30) cinerens, Aedes, 81 compressnm, Trichoprosopon, 86, 89, 90 (figs. 3-4) Cnlex, 79, 83 Culicinae, 76 Culiciomyia, 80 Cnliseta, 79, 80, 81 digitatus, Armigeres, 86, 104 (figs. 25-26), 105 Eumelanomyia, 80 Finlaya, 79, 80 fuscipes, Phoniomyia, 86, 87 (figs. 15-16), 98 galvaoi, Anopheles, 88 geniculatus, Aedes, 79, 81 Cnlex, 79 Haemagogus, 82, 102, 108 hortensis, Culex, 79 Hyloconops, 86, 89, 90, 92 infirmatus, Aedes, 77, 86, 101 (figs. 21-22), 102 lassalli, Phoniomyia, 86, 96, 97 (figs. 13-14) Leicesteria, 86, 103 mauritianus, Anopheles, 80 Micraedes, 80 Mimeteomyia, 99, 109 Mimomyia, 80 Nyssorhynchns, 77, 87, 88 (figs. 1-2), 108 obturbans, Armigeres, 86, 103, 104 (figs. 23-24) Ochlerotatus, 77, 80, 86, 101 pallidiventer, Trichoprosopon, 86, 90, (figs. 7-8), 92 Phoniomyia, 86, 96 punctipennis, Anopheles, 83 Sabethes, 86, 93 Sabethini, 79, 86 scapularis, Aedes, 77, 86, 101 (figs. 19-20), 102 shannoni, Anopheles, 80, 81 spegazzinii, Haemagogus, 82, 102 squamipennis, Aedeomyia, 80, 106, 107 (figs. 27-28) Stegomyia, 80 tarsimaculatus, Anopheles, 80 Trichoprosopon, 86, 89, 90 (figs. 5-6), 91 Tripteroides, 86, 99, 109 uriartei, Haemagogus, 82 Wyeomyia, 83 112 A V \ VOL. XXVIII (New Series) OCTOBER, 1948 No. 4 A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE JOSEPH C. BEQUAERT, Editor GEORGE S. TULLOCH E. W. TEALE Published Quarterly lor the Society by the Business Press Inc. N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $5.00 per year Date of Issue, June 6, 1949 Vol. XXVIII October, 1948 No. 4 STUDIES IN THE MALACHIIDAE II By M. Y. Marshall, M.D. Murfreesboro, Tennessee Table of Contents Page Introduction 113 Discussion of Genera 115 Key to the Genera 122 Collops Erich son 123 Trophimus Horn 124 Temnosophus Horn - 124 Attalusinus Leng 124 Chaetocoelus Leconte 125 Malachius Fabricius 125 Tanaops Leconte 125 Anthocomus Erichson 126 Key to the North American Species 126 Acletus Leconte 132 Attains Erichson 132 Acknowledgments 141 References 142 Index 143 Introduction The purpose of the present paper is threefold : first, to present a generic revision of the family, with a new key to the genera; second, to offer a new key to the species of the revised genus Antho- 113 3 is m ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 4 comus, which is ma'de necessary by the inclusion in that genus of certain other groups of species; and third, to record some observa- tions on various species which have been made since the publica- tion of the first number of these Studies (1) and to describe a few new forms which have come to light since that time. When such competent entomologists as Brown (2) (3) and Hopping (4) (3) redescribe species that have been known for many years, assigning them to genera other than those to which they are at present assigned, and Fall (5) (6) describes a species, prolixi- , cornis , in the genus Malachius and then changes his mind, after sixteen years, and transfers it to Microlipus, because the thorax is somewhat narrowed posteriorly, it becomes rather obvious that something is wrong with the present generic set-up in the family. In 1917 Fall (6) pointed out that the characters which Horn (7) had used to separate the genera Malachius and Microlipus were not satisfactory and suggested that the species of Microlipus , with the possible exception of moerens Lee. and longicollis Mots., be trans- ferred to Malachius. He did not suggest that the native North American species presently assigned to Malachius were not con- generic with the introduced European species, aeneus Linn., the type species of that genus, but noted that the antennae in that species “do appear to be a trifle more removed from the frontal margin” than in our other species of the genus. More recently the present writer (1) investigated the species concerned and concluded that the native North American species now assigned to Malachius did not belong to that genus and that there were no differences of generic significance between those species and the species now assigned to Microlipus, citing the obser- vations on which these conclusions were based. An examination of the three North American species of Anthocoynus Erichson indicated further than there were no differences between them and the species just mentioned which could properly be regarded as of generic significance. If these observations were correct, the preparation of a new key, to include these three groups of species, was definitely indicated, but the matter was not pursued further at that time, for two reasons. In the first place, I did not know the genotype of Anthocomus and could form no opinion as to whether our three species had been properly placed in that genus and, in the second place, I was loath to make such a radical change in the arrangement of genera and species in the family, a considerable number of whose species had already been shifted back and forth from one genus to 114 October, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA another; and I wanted the opinion of a representative group of Coleopterists on the questions involved. Accordingly, I wrote to eleven of my coleopterological friends, all of them nationally known, requesting them to check my pub- lished observations and to favor me with their opinion and criti- cisms. Three of them stated that they were not sufficiently ac- quainted with the Malachiidae to feel justified in expressing any opinion ; but the remainder were unanimous in their agreement with my conclusions, insofar as they concerned the genera Malachius and Microlipus. Three of these latter further agreed that our species of Anthocomus should be included in the same genus with the other two groups, while five stated that they were either entirely unac- quainted with Anthocomus or insufficiently so to warrant an opin- ion. It appears that the only species of Anthocomus which is at all common in collections in this country is erichsoni Lee. and the males of this species are much rarer than the females. With this degree of moral support, I felt that I was on compara- tively safe ground in combining the North American species of Malachius with those of Microlipus ; but when it came to including our species of Anthocomus with the latter, I was practically on my own and felt that it was necessary to compare them carefully with the type species of that genus, as well as with the species of the other two genera. The status of Hapalorhinus Leconte, which is placed by Leng (8) as a synonym of Malachius , should also be con- sidered in the present revision. Discussion of Genera The original descriptions of the four genera involved, with a designation of the genotype of each, are here reproduced, since these descriptions are in scattered sources, not all of them easily accessible to many students and will be wanted by anyone who is sufficiently interested to check the present work. Malachius Fabricius (9). “Palpi filiform, the last joint seta- ceous ; maxillae unidentate ; labium rounded, membranous ; antennae filiform ” (translation from the Latin). The genotype is aeneus Linn., designated by Latreille (10) in 1810. Anthocomus Erichson (11). “Antennae distinctly 11-jointed; maxillary palpi filiform, the last joint subacuminate ; clypeus trans- verse, short, membranous; labrum transverse, the apex truncate ” (translation from the Latin). 1 1 The antennae are inserted at the sides of the head and exactly 115 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 4 at the anterior border, 11- jointed, usually simply filiform, at times feebly serrate, in the males of A. cardiacae pectinate, the second joint smaller, the others of like size. The epistoma is short, half as long as the labrnm, membranous. The labrum is much shorter than broad, squarely truncate anteriorly, rounded only at the front angles. It covers the tips of the mandibles. The palpi are filiform, the first and third joint of the maxillary palpi short, the second and fourth about equally long, the last more or less acuminate. The labial palpi are small, the first joint very short, the second and third about of equal length. The ligula is membranous, anteriorly rounded, as long as the labial palpi, or extends slightly beyond the latter. The tarsi are simple, not pubescent beneath, the first two joints of equal, the following two of decreasing length, the first joint of the posterior tarsi, however, somewhat shorter than the second. The claws are moderately small, the membranous appendages be- tween them almost of their length. The segments of the under side of the abdomen are corneous, the sternites of the middle ones, how- ever, interrupted in the center. The anterior tarsi are 5-jointed in both sexes.” ‘ ‘ The species of this genus are all small, and easily recognizable by reason of the fact that the head is not lengthened anteriorly and strongly narrowed, the epistoma is narrow and membranous and the middle abdominal segments are membranous in the center” (trans- lation from the German) . The genotype is fasciatus Linn., designated by Thomson (12) in 1859. In 1891, Abeille de Perrin (13), evidently unaware of Thomson’s designation, gave sanguinolentus Fab. as the genotype of Anthocomus and Champion (14), in 1914, following his lead, designated the same species as the genotype. The error of these last two authors, an error provided there was no designation prior to that of Thomson, caused some confusion and considerable delay in the present study, since their designations were discovered before that of Thomson, and it was necessary to write to the British Mu- seum on two separate occasions for examples of these tspecies, which were kindly furnished me by Dr. Howard R. Hinton of that Insti- tution, neither species being in the collection of either the United States National Museum or the American Museum of Natural His- tory. Both species are before me and since they are obviously con- generic, it makes no difference, for our purposes, which is eventually decided on as the genotype. Dr. Hinton has kindly permitted me to keep one specimen of each species, so that they are available to any- one in this country who" may wish to check the present work. 116 October, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Microlipus Leconte (15). “Antennae 11-jointed, elongate, sub- serrate. Maxillary palpi short, thick, the fourth joint conical. Labrum quadrate, with the apex subrotund. Clypeus short, mem- branous. Anterior tarsi with the fourth joint slightly lobed be- neath” (translation from the Latin). “The body is elongate and linear, the head as broad as the thorax, very much narrowed in front of the eyes, which are promi- nent; the tip of the elytra is simple in both sexes; the head of the male is slightly trifoveate ; the ventral segments of the abdomen are entirely corneous.” The genotype is laticeps Lee., by monotypy. Hapalorhinus Leconte (16). “Antennae frontal, inserted in rather large foveae, 11-jointed, pectinate or serrate ; maxillary palpi with the last joint elongate-acuminate ; labrum transverse, truncate ; clypeus short, membranous; anterior tarsi 5- jointed, those of the male not dilated; abdomen with the segments entirely corneous or membranous in the center; head short” (translation from the Latin). “A genus also intermediate between Malachius and Antho- comus, agreeing with the first in the position of the antennae, with the second by the membranous clypeus. ’ ’ The genotype is mirandus Lee., by present designation. Le- conte states: “besides the species here described, I refer to this genus Malachius auritus Lee.” The following comparative notes on Anthocomus fasciatus and sanguinolentus, together with our North American species of the genus, are here recorded, as pertinent to the present investigation. A. fasciatus Linn. 1 male, 2 females; length 3.5 to 4 mm. Of the same shape and habitus as A. erichsoni Lee. The male elytra are appendiculate, being of the same general type as erichsoni, i.e., the elytra apices are split horizontally, the lower lamina apparently softer and thicker than the upper and extending beyond it caudally. The proximal one-half, or slightly less, of the clypeus or epistoma is corneous, the distal half membranous, in both sexes. The fronto- clypeal suture in the male is clearly marked and bisinuate ; in the female it is subobsolete and straight. In both sexes, the anterior borders of the antennal foveae are practically tangential to this suture and the outer borders are almost in contact with the upper end of the mandibular articulations. A line tangential to the upper edges of the foveae just touches the anterior border of the eyes. A comparison of these specimens with Erichson’s definition of the 117 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 4 genus shows them to be in complete agreement with the latter, ex- cept as regards the clypeus or epistoma, which he states is mem- branous. If either fasciatus or sanguinolentus be considered as the genotype, the explanation of this discrepancy is not clear, since he would not have made the statement that the antennae are inserted exactly (“unmittelbar”) at the anterior border of the head if he had mistaken the membranous portion of the clypeus for the entire structure. Three specimens of each species are quite insufficient to determine the extent of variation in the relative proportions of the corneous and membranous portions of the clypeus and it is pos- sible that his definition of the genus was drawn from a specimen in which this structure was almost or entirely membranous. Horn (7) in 1872, made the following statement: “As Duval observed, very little reliance can be placed on characters drawn from the extent of the coriaceous margin of the front, or from similar structure in the ventral segments”, in the Malachiidae. My own observations along this line, already recorded (1), lead me to agree thoroughly with this statement and, since these observations were published, I found that Blaisdell (17) discussed the same question in the closely related Melyridae and arrived at similar conclusions. I believe, therefore, that we need not be too concerned over this discrepancy between the generic description and the genotype. A. sanguinolentus Fab. 3 females; length 4.5 to 7 mm. Of the same habitus as fasciatus. The antennal foveae have the same re- lation to the fixed points mentioned above in the case of fasciatus , except that they are placed slightly farther forward with relation to the eyes, due to the slightly more elongate frontal portion of the head in sanguinolentus. Only about one-third of the clypeus is corneous and in one specimen the left antennal fovea extends well down into the corneous portion of the clypeus. The other char- acters agree with those mentioned in the generic description, as in fasciatus. The labial palpi and ligula in both this species and fasciatus cannot be clearly seen, due to the manner in which they are mounted, but in erichsoni they agree with the generic descrip- tion. A. erichsoni Lee. is of the same general habitus as the pre- ceding species, although the males are somewhat more parallel than the male of fasciatus. The clypeal suture is distinct, slightly arcuate posteriorly and the corneous portion extends from one-third to one-half the distance from the frons to the labrum, this variation occurring at times in the same individual, i.e., the line of demarca- 118' October, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA tion between the corneous and membranous portions being oblique. The position of the antennal foveae, with relation to the fixed points mentioned above, is identical with that of the foveae in the geno- type. In the males, the clypeus and labrum are both shortened and the former is entirely corneous, but this is not of generic signifi- cance. The males have the antennae mildly serrate, the females scarcely so, as in the genotype. It is of interest to note that one European species, cardiacae, has the antennae pectinate in the male. The characters of generic significance in flavilabris Say and in the recently introduced bipunctatus Harrer are the same as those in erichsoni and it is concluded that there is no reason to question the correct placement of these species in the genus Anthocomus. As to the third species of Anthocomus in our lists, ventralis Horn, I assume that it was correctly placed in that genus by the author. My collection contains two specimens which were formerly placed under that name, one sent me so named by Mr. F. W. Nunen- macher and one, so identified, obtained from the American Museum of Natural History. On closer examination the former proved to be a male of Attains foveiventris Fall and the latter a male of Tanaops mimus Fall. Little help was obtained from studying the series of seven specimens placed under this name in the collection of the United States National Museum, four of which belong to a species of Attains, one is a female Tanaops and the remaining two are females of another species, possibly an Anthocomus, possibly not. A final effort was made to properly identify this species by an ex- amination of Horn's type, in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, but it was found that the type is missing from the collection of Horn types in that Institution. On comparing Fabricius’ description of Malachius with the type species, aeneus Linn., it is found that the characters in the genotype agree with the very brief description. The description could apply equally well to the species of Anthocomus, Microlipus and the North American species of Malachius ; but I believe that sufficient evidence has been presented to show that the latter group of species does not belong in the same genus with the genotype of Malachius. There are now before me two additional European species of Mala- chius, bipustulatus Linn, and coccineus Waltl. These agree with the genotype, and disagree with our species, in the position of the antennal foveae, the entirely corneous clypeus, the presence of cly- peal or frontal ridges or prominences in the male, a character wholly wanting in any of our species, and in the absence of any sexual mod- ification of the elytral apices. 119 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 4 The genotype of Microlipus, laticeps Lee., agrees with Leconte’s description of the genus, except that the antennae are subserrate only in the male, the clypens is not entirely membranous and, so far as I am able to determine, the fourth joint of the male protarsi is not lobed beneath. It appears that, with the exception of the 11- jointed antennae and the maxillary palpi, Leconte’s definition of the genus contains characters of specific value only and that it applies equally well to all our smaller and narrower species now assigned to Malachius. Fall (6) discussed and effectively disposed of the other characters which Horn had advanced to distinguish the two groups of species ; namely, the feebly serrate antennae, the slender form, the stouter front tarsi of the male and the apterous condition of the female in two of the species. He considered the two groups of species to be congeneric, but was inclined to transfer the species of Microlipus to Malachius , a procedure which, in view of the pres- ent evidence, appears to be inadmissible. Finally, if we exclude the characters which have been shown to possess only specific value, and compare the generic characters of Microlipus and Anthocomus, according to the original descrip- tions, we find that there are none which do not apply equally well to either genus and a comparison of specimens of Anthocomus erichsoni with those belonging to species of the other two groups fails to disclose, in my opinion, any differences which would justify their generic separation. The characters which Horn (7) gives in his 1872 key are precisely those which Fall (6) discussed and set aside, in 1917, as being either nonexistent or having no significance of generic value. Horn’s statement that the “elytra are similar in the sexes” in Anthocomus is an error, even as applied to our small number of s'pecies then assigned to the genus and is contradicted by himself later in the same paper (p. 117). Since we have decided that our species of Anthocomus are prop- erly placed in that genus and that there are no generic differences between it and the other two groups of species which we have been discussing, the only course which is open is to place these two groups in the genus Anthocomus, which has a twelve year priority over Microlipus. Microlipus is thus suppressed, as a synonym of Anthocomus. Malachius must remain in our lists for the single in- troduced species, aeneus Linn. Hapalorhinus was suppressed by Horn (7) in 1872, as a syn- onym of Malachius. Under the present arrangement, it becomes a synonym of Anthocomus, since its genotype, mirandus Lee., is being 120 October, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA transferred to that genus. Leconte’s short description of Hapalo- rhinus does not mention any generic characters which are in any wise different from those of Anthocomus. The clypeal suture is un- usually indistint in mirandus, in some specimens almost obsolete, which may be the explanation of Leconte’s statement that it agrees with Malachius in the position of the antennae ; and the length of both the corneous portion of the clypeus and of the labrum is quite variable. In no specimens that I have examined is the clypeus en- tirely membranous. In 1925 Hopping (4) redescribed Attains nigrellus Lee., as Microlipus falli. In placing the species in Microlipus he was un- doubtedly influenced by its pectinate antennae and its narrow, elon- gate form, characters in which it differs radically from all other North American species of Attains. Mr. J. W. Green, who is an indefatigable and a very accurate observer, has recently called my attention to a character which separates the genera of Malachiidae into two almost equal groups. In the first of these, which includes Endeodes, Malachius, Microlipus and Anthocomus, the lateral margin of the prothorax is acute and well defined in the basal half or less; in the other group, which includes (dollops, Temnosophus, Pseudebaeus, Tanaops and Attains, the acute lateral margin is not interrupted, but continues around the anterior angles to join the equally acute anterior margin. The only exceptions to this char- acter that have been noted, by either Mr. Green or by myself, are in two species of Attains, A. nigrellus Lee., and a species which is to be described in the present paper as Attains texanns. It is be- lieved that the three characters mentioned, i.e., the pectinate male antennae, the linear form and the interrupted thoracic margin, jus- tify the removal of nigrellus from Attains and its return to Acletus Leconte, which genus was erected by Leconte (15) for this partic- ular species. I do not find that the first protarsal joint in the males of nigrellus is “inferior and almost indistinct,” as Leconte states, but do find that it further differs from normal Attains in having the lobe of the second joint much shorter, being only about half the length of the third joint. In addition to the interruption of the acute thoracic edge, the lateral margin, viewed horizontally, is seen to be angulated ventrally at about the middle, while in Attains the lateral margin is either in the same horizontal plane throughout or has a smooth curve, with the convexity ventral. The last change which I wish to make in the generic arrange- ment is the addition of Attalnsinus to the key. Bradley (18), in 121 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 4 his ‘ ‘ Manual of Genera, ’ ’ did not include this genus in his key, for the obvious reason that Leng (19), who established the genus in 1918, for Ebaeus submarginatus Lee., gave no description of it, merely stating that submarginatus “ represents a new genus, nearer to Chaetocoelus than to Attalus.” Since the name was proposed in connection with a definite species, however, it will have to stand, description or no description (20). I have examined the species in the U. S. National Museum and made the following notes, which suffice for its placement in the key. Antennae 11- jointed, slightly serrate in the male, filiform in the female ; tarsi of male all 5-jointed, the second protarsal joint projecting in a lobe over the third; elytra covering three-fourths of the abdomen in the male, one-fourth in the female, the inner margins straight and in contact almost to the tips of the elytra, which are squarely truncate in the male, obliquely truncate in the female. Antennae inserted at the front margin of the front and far to the side, as in Anthocomus. Thorax narrowed behind ; abdomen without bristles. The genus is doubtfully distinct from Endeodes, but the single species, submarginatus Lee., can be easily separated from the known species of Endeodes by its small size and by the fact that in Endeodes the elytra are much shorter and separate much before reaching the tips, which are separately rounded. Previous keyS'to the genera of Malachiidae are those of Horn (7), Leconte and Horn (21), and Bradley (18). The two latter are merely copies of Horn’s key, even to the misstatement that the elytra are similar in the sexes in Anthocomus , but with the addition of Chaetocoelus. The key here presented likewise follows that of Horn, with such changes as are made necessary by the above discus- sion. I have had several requests for a key which does not depend upon sexual characters, but have not been able to construct one tvhich I think would be of any value. Possibly Mr. Green’s observa- tion as to the lateral thoracic margin might serve as the starting point of such a key. Key To The Genera 1. Antennae apparently 10-jointed; the second joint atrophic and very minute Collops Antennae distinctly 11- jointed 2 2. Male protarsi 4- jointed 3 Anterior tarsi 5-jointed in both sexes 4 3. Head' long; first joint of antennae cylindrical Trophimus 122 October, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Head short; first joint of antennae with a recurrent process. Temnosophus 4. Elytra abbreviated 5 Elytra covering the abdomen or nearly so 7 5. Abdomen with long bristles Chaetocoelus Abdomen without bristles 6 6. Size not over 2 mm. Sutural margins of elytra in contact al- most to the tips Attalusinus Size 3 mm. or more. Sutural margins of elytra diverging from near the base Endeodes 7. Antennae inserted on the front, the antennal foveae distant from the clypeal suture by almost or quite the diameter of a fovea 8 Antennae inserted at the front margin of the front, near the sides and contiguous to the clypeal suture 9 8. Male protarsi unmodified. Head short. One introduced species Mala chins Second joint of male protarsi slightly covering the third. Head usually elongate. Male with ventral abdominal pits. Tanaops 9. Male protarsi unmodified 10 Male protarsi with the second joint prolonged in a lobe over the third 11 10. Elytral tips of male prolonged and with a small cup-shaped process extending upward from the tip of each elytron. Pseudebaeus Male elytra modified or not ; if so, the tips are split horizontally, with a variously shaped process below the plane of the elytra Anthocomus 11. Form elongate; male antennae pectinate Acletus Form relatively broad; antennae never more than moderately serrate Attains Collops Erichson Shortly before his death, Mr. F. W. Nunenmacher sent me two species of this genus, supposedly described by Mr. Fall, under names which could not be found in the literature. Dr. Darlington informs me that no such names appear in the Fall collection, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Presumably they are manuscript names, but the further study and description of the species, if they prove to be undescribed, will have to await a future number of these studies. 123 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 4 One all-yellow male specimen, with the head and pronotum brownish, from Palm Springs, California, apparently represents a new species, but will not be described at the present time, due to the possibility that the very unusual color, for the genus, is due to bleaching of the specimen by chemicals. It is mentioned here in the hope that other similar specimens from the same locality may be dis- covered and sent to the author for study. Trophimus Horn Three specimens of aeneipennis Horn, in the collection of Mr. J. W. Green, from the Davis Mts. and San Saba, both in Texas, ex- tend the known range of this species, hitherto reported only from Colorado. I have also seen specimens from New Mexico, although I am unable to give the exact locality at the present time. Temnosophus Horn One female of impressus Schwarz, in Mr. Green’s collection, from Ocean City, New Jersey, and two females from the same local- ity, in the American Museum of Natural History, provide an inter- esting extension of geographic range for this species, hitherto re- corded only from Florida. Attalusinus Leng The single species, submarginatus Leconte, known for many years from the unique female type, which was recorded as from the “Colorado River, California,” was subsequently rediscovered by Dr. Schwarz at “Catalina Springs, Arizona,'” and a series of five specimens taken. It is from this series, located in the U. S. National Museum, that the above structural notes were taken. Mr. H. S. Barber informs me that Catalina Springs is an old name for a lo- cality in the foothills of the Santa Catalina Mts., just north of Tuc- son, Arizona, and near the mouth of Sabino Canyon. Dr. Schwarz ’ notes show that the specimens were taken by digging around the roots of a Composite plant, Riddellia sp., in April, 1898. It is to be hoped that collectors in this region will make a special effort to secure additional specimens of this rare and interesting spepies, which is probably common enough if looked for at the proper place and time. The epigeal habits of the species are a further indication of its relationship to Endeodes. The U. S. National Museum collec- tion also contains one male specimen from the Panimint Valley, California, and two males from Sabinas Hidalgo, Nuevo Leon, Mex- 124 October, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ico, which Mr. Barber does not regard as conspecific with the Ari- zona specimens. He states that ‘ ‘ such a distribution, straddling the continental divide, and in a genus in which the females at least are flightless must indicate existence of numerous species, of which I think three are before me and I believe none of them is submargi- natus Lee.” The further study and possible description of such of these species as may be new will have to await the opportunity to examine Leconte’s unique type. Chaetocoelus Leconte A single female specimen, in the U. S. National Museum collec- tion, labeled “Chaetocoelus n. sp.” upon examination does not ap- pear to be specifically distinct from the only presently known species of the genus, setosus Lee., although it is somewhat larger than any other of the dozen or more specimens present. The species is rare in collections; it was originally recorded as found “in the densest recesses of the forest, on grape vines. ’ ’ Malachius Fabricius The only species of this genus remaining in our lists, the intro- duced aeneus Linn., recorded from Eastern Canada, New England and New York, has now obviously spread entirely , across the con- tinent, in the region of the Canadian border, as I have numerous specimens collected in British Columbia. Observation of a dozen or so European species of Malachius in the U. S. National Museum collection indicates that some revisional work is desirable in that group of species, but I am content to con- fine my efforts, for the present, to the North American species of the family. Tanaops Leconte It is gratifying to learn, from Dr. E. C. Van Dyke, that with the assistance of the key which I offered in the first number of these studies (1), he was able to identify all the material in this genus in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, which prob- ably contains the richest material in the genus of any collection in the Country. Further, all of the species there mentioned, except testaceus Marshall, were found in that collection. Dr. Van Dyke has also added to the geographic distribution of two of the recently described species (1), as follows: T. oregonensis Marshall, from Humboldt Co., California, and T. nunenmacheri Marshall, from “several localities in Mono and Inyo Cos., California.” 125 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 4 T. basalis Brown. A series of five specimens, collected by Mr. Joe Schuh at different points in Oregon — Redmond, Albert Lake and Prineville — appear to be identical with the darkest colored in- dividuals from British Columbia (1) . In one of these, a female, the testaceous spot at the posterior thoracic angles, characteristic of typical specimens, is present and the entire lateral and posterior thoracic margins are narrowly pale, whereas the thorax in all the others is completely black. These specimens not only extend the known range of the species, but indicate that the species is more darkly colored in the southern portion of its range. Anthocomus Erichson Malachius Fabricius (in part). Microlipus Leconte. Hapalorhinus Leconte. Key to the North American Species 1. Both sexes winged; elytra more or less parallel 2 Females apterous ; the elytra strongly inflated posteriorly ... 35 2. Antennae serrate in the male 3 Antennae pectinate in the male 20 3. Elytra not appendiculate in the male 4 Elytra appendiculate in the male 11 4. Prothorax smooth and shining 5 Prothorax punctulate and more or less alutaceous 8 5. Prothorax with hind angles pale; elytra vittate in male. floricola (Martin) Prothorax unicolorous; elytra not vittate in male 6 6. Elytra unicolorous, metallic green or blue-green. viridulus (Fall) Elytra not unicolorous 7 7. Elytra bluish-green ; apex tinged with yellow ; male only known. laevicollis (Horn) Elytra metallic blue, with yellow spot at sutural angles in both sexes biguttulus (Horn) 8. Antennae of male as long as body; prothorax pale with small dorsal cloud product us (Fall) Antennae of male not over three-fourths as long as body ; pro- notum with broad dorsal dark stripe or with margins alone narrowly pale 9 9. -Prothorax distinctly wider than long, sides broadly pale. aequalis (Fall) Prothorax about as long as wide, margins narrowly pale 10 126 October, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 10. Elytra distinctly inflated posteriorly in female ; head scarcely wider in male than prothorax, the pale side margins of the latter very narrow, sometimes vestigial. franciscanus (Fall) Elytra not or very slightly inflated posteriorly in female ; head in male evidently wider than prothorax, the pale lateral margins of the latter better developed, especially at the front angles laticeps (Lee.) 11. Tips of elytra spiniform in the male, the appendix not visible from above acutipennis (Fall) Tips of elytra not spiniform in the male, the appendix visible from above 12 12. Thorax entirely reddish yellow; abdomen yellow. ventralis Horn Thorax not entirely yellow 13 13. Thorax with sides more or less broadly reddish yellow 14 Thorax entirely dark or with hind angles alone yellow 16 14. Elytra entirely dark in both sexes ; pale thoracic margins broad. erichsoni Lee. Elytra with tips reddish in the female 15 15. Thorax with numerous erect hairs; elytral spine of male red- dish at base and not sinuate or notched on outer side; ventral plate of elytral appendix relatively simple. auritus (Lee.) Thorax without erect hairs; elytral spine of male grayish at base and with a deep sinuation or notch at its outer side ; ventral plate of elytral appendix contorted and deeply emarginate contort us (Fall) 16. Elytra yellow, with a variably sized dark spot on each, just behind the middle bipunctatus Harrer Elytra either entirely dark or with sutural tips alone yel- low 17 17. Sutural tips yellow, elytra dull black, size 2.5 mm. prist inus (Fall) Elytra entirely dark 18 18. Male antennae feebly serrate; color piceous, faintly bronzed; epistoma yellow; size 3-4 mm. Eastern ... flavilabris (Say) Male antennae strongly serrate 19 19. Color dark blue-green; elytral appendix normal in type for the genus; size 4-5 mm. So. California falli, new name Color bluish-black; elytral appendix abnormal, with the lower 127 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 4 23. 24. plate produced in a curved process, consisting of a central “horn” and two lateral “flaps,” that extend well- above the level of the elytra. Size 4.2 mm. Utah utahensis (Tanner) 20. Elytra appendiculate in the male 21 Elytra not appendiculate in the male 27 21. Appendices not visible from above 22 Appendices visible from above 23 22. Pectinations on antennal segments 6 and 7 longer than the seg- ments and constricted in the center antennatus (Hopping) Pectinations on segments 6 and 7 shorter than the segments and not constricted horni (Fall) Elytra of male either entirely yellow or yellow tipped with pale rufous; appendix slender mirandus (Lee.) Elytra of male either entirely dark or dark with pale tips ... 24 Elytral appendix of male broad, rounded at tips, without an accessory process parallel to inner margin of each; size 3.5 mm directus (Fall) Elytral appendix with accessory process; size 4 mm. or more 25 25. Elytra of male entirely blue, without pale tips. theveneti (Horn) Elytra of male black, slightly aeneous ; tips pale 26 26. Elytral appendix long and narrow, projecting well beyond the elytral tip. California bakeri (Fall) Elytral appendix broad and rounded, scarcely visible beyond the elytral tip. Colorado rotgeri (Marshall) 27. Prothorax longer than wide ; male antennae fully as long as the body prolixicornis (Fall) Prothorax wider than long; male antennae shorter than the body' 28 28. Elytra with a broad yellow vitta on each 29 Elytra not vittate 30 29. Elytra vittate in both sexes, antennal pectinations shorter. macer (Horn) Elytra vittate in male, tipped with yellow in female ; pectina- tions longer yuccae (Hopping) 30. Elytra tipped with yellow in both sexes 31 Elytra entirely dark in both sexes 33 128 October, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 31. Pectinations on antennal segments 7 and 8 twice as long as the segments ; elytra black with slight greenish luster. montanus (Lee.) Pectinations on segments 7 and 8 about as long as the segments ; elytra bluish in color 32 32. Pronotum black with broad lateral margins reddish and a black subbasal spot in each margin. Size 3 mm. blaisdelli (Hopping) Pronotum black, with the basal angles and rarely the basal and lateral margins narrowly red; no marginal spots; size 3.5 to 4.5 mm mixtus (Horn) 33. Sides of thorax broadly reddish yellow ulkei (Horn) Thorax entirely dark 34 34. Color black without metallic luster ; form slender ; size 3 mm. nigrinus (Fall) Color metallic blue ; form broader ; size 3.5 to 4 mm. calif or nicus (Barrett) 35. Pronotum with sides broadly reddish longicollis (Mots.) Pronotum entirely dark or with basal angles alone pale 36 36 Pronotum with basal angles yellow moerens (Lee.) Pronotum entirely dark moerens var. uniformis (Mots.) Of the 37 species treated in the above key, 26 are before me. The characters used in the key for the remaining species, which are floricola, laevicollis, productus, aequalis, ventralis, prist inus, falli, utahensis, bakeri , prolixicornis and blaisdelli, have been taken from the original descriptions of these species. A. ventralis Horn. An unsuccessful effort was made to obtain information concerning the two type specimens or cotypes of this species, which were finally found to be located in the Carnegie Mu- seum in Pittsburgh, that would resolve the doubts as to its identity expressed in the introductory portion of this paper. This is one of the intriguing problems that must await further investigation and the opportunity to personally examine the type specimens. A. bipunctatus Harrer. This European species was first re- corded from North America by French (22) in 1943, according to information furnished me by Mr. H. S. Barber, and again mentioned by the same author (23) in 1944. Mr. Barber states that it is now common in the houses around Washington, D. C. and I have speci- mens collected by Mr. J. W. Green at Easton, Pennsylvania, on IV-16-46 and identified by Mr. Barber. 129 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 4 A. flavilabris (Say). A statement that I made in 1946 (1) con- cerning this species requires correction. I stated then that “my single male of flavilabris does not have the elytral tips modified. ” The statement was an error, as the specimen in question was a male of Attains pallifrons Mots., so mounted that the anterior tarsi were not visible. A short series from New Hampshire, which I believe to be the true flavilabris, contains one male, in which the elytral apices are modified as in erichsoni. Mr. Brown was probably cor- rect in assuming that his specimens were flavilabris. A. utahensis (Tanner) . Assuming that the figures of the elytral appendices given by Professor Tanner with his description are typ- ical of the species and not some unusual distortion produced in the process of drying in the unique type, I am inclined to believe that the species represents a new genus, as the appendages are quite un- like anything known to me in the family, including horni and auri- tus, which he mentions as being “nearest to those found in utahensis.” A. horni (Fall). It has been suggested that Horn’s original name for this species, spiniformis, be restored, if the species is to be removed from the genus Malachius, in which it was described. I do not believe that this action would be permissible, since spini- formis was a homonym, rather than a synonym and, according to Article 36 of the International Rules “rejected homonyms can never be used again. ’ ’ A. mixtus (Horn). The examination of a series of 54 speci- mens of this species, collected by Mr. Joe Schuh at various points in Oregon, and about equally divided between the sexes, forces me to make a correction in my recent reference to the species (1). A reexamination of the females there referred to, from Chelan, Wash- ington, as well as those identified as mixtus by Mr. Nunenmacher, shows that they should be placed under horni (Fall). Mixtus re- sembles biguttulus rather closely, but the male antennae are defi- nitely pectinate. In some of the females the yellow apical spots are markedly reduced in size and in several these spots are altogether absent. The elytral apices of the males are thickened and rough- ened and most specimens show a rather large pit near the center of each yellow spot. In those specimens with the most pronounced pits, the latter become transverse, with an obvious tendency toward the lamination of the elytral apices seen in those species with fully developed appendiculate elytra. The species thus serves as a con- necting link between the two groups with and without elytral ap- 130 October, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA pendiculation and makes the placing of these two groups in the same genus less incongruous than it would otherwise appear. A. ulkei (Horn). A male from Baskerville Pk., Wisconsin, so determined by Mr. J. W. Green, and in which I concur, extends the range of this rare species, otherwise recorded, so far as known to me, only from “Dakota.” A. uniformis (Mots.). There has been considerable specula- tion as to the proper position of this form and especially as to its relation to moerens (Lee.). Horn (7), in 1872, placed the species as “possibly” a synonym of Microlipus laticeps Lee. Fall (6), in 1917 considered it as a synonym of moerens (Lee.), although his single specimen of uniformis came from a different locality than the other six specimens in his series of moerens. In 1944 Brown (3) expressed the opinion that moerens and uniformis were “spe- cifically or subspecifically distinct,” basing his opinion on a series of nine females of uniformis from British Columbia, whereas all of his specimens of moerens were, apparently, from the “San Fran- cisco region.” In 1946 the present author (1) expressed the same opinion as Mr. Brown’s, basing his conclusion on similar evidence, i.e., a series of 5 males of uniformis from Forest Grove, Oregon. The recent acquisition of additional material, consisting of seven males from Forest Grove and Cornelius, Oregon, all of them uni- formis and five females from Waldport, Oregon, all of them moe- rens, seemed to effectually dispose of the idea of one being a geo- graphic race of the other and, had it not been for Brown’s record of 9 females of uniformis, would have led to the conclusion that uni- formis was the male and moerens the female of the same species. The following notes, kindly furnished me by Dr. E. C. Van Dyke, from a study of the material in the collection of the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences, throw much additional light on the question. “I find that we have small series of both typical moerens and what I am inclined to consider the variety uniformis Mots. The latter, of which we have 47 specimens, are from San Francisco, Fort Baker, Marin Co., Salada Beach, San Mateo Co., Newark, Ala- meda Co., and the Berkeley Bay shore, all localities either close to the ocean or bay. It seems to me that they frequent the salt grass areas, near salt water. Our specimens of moerens, 19 in number, are from Carmel and Pacific Grove, Monterey Co., Larkspur, Marin Co., and Korbel, Humboldt Co. The red spots at the base of the pronotum vary in size, are most pronounced in several of the Lark- spur specimens, though much reduced in one. In our Salada Beach 131 . ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 4 uniformis, our most numerous examples are quite typical, though a few show faint traces of yellow at the base of the prothorax. In many places along the California coast, in what I call the maritime zone, there is a tendency toward melanism. We see it in Silis (Can- tharidae), in many Elaters, etc. I believe that moerens is likewise influenced by the humidity, and that uniformis is but a wet belt phase or variety.” As the evidence now stands, thanks to the observations of Dr. Van Dyke, I believe that uniformis should be placed as a color va- riety of moerens. Acletus Leconte This genus is restored, in the above key to the genera, for the species now known as Attains nigrellus (Lee.), which Horn (7) transferred from Acletus to Attains in 1872. I agree with Leconte that it is generically distinct, for the reasons given above, from the other species of Attains, those which were known to Leconte at the time that he described nigrellus (15), being placed by him in the genus Anthocomus. Attains Erichson A revision of this genus, long overdue, will be my concern in the next number of these Studies. At the present time I wish merely to offer the description of a few new species that have come to my attention recently, most of which center around morulus (Lee.). A. morulus (Lee.). A great deal of time and energy have been expended in the effort to correctly identify this species, not only by myself, but also by Mr. J. W. Green, who furnished me with numerous specimens of two similar species, from Pennsylvania and adjoining states, both of which correspond to Leconte’s short de- scription of morulus (15), and by Mr. C. A. Frost and Dr. P. J. Darlington, who on two separate occasions carefully examined Leconte’s type series of morulus in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at my request, the last time with the benefit of a pair, male and female, of each of the two species, carefully selected to show the distinguishing characters. These two species, which during months of correspondence were referred to as morulus I and II, together with A. smithi Hopping and a related form from Colorado, form a grpup of species which have for many years been confused in the best collections in the Country. 132 October, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA The type series of morulus contains ten specimens, the first of which, bearing a green disc which means 4 ‘Neb., etc.,” the name “Elaeus morulus Lee.,” in Leconte’s handwriting and a red label designation “Type 3481,” is taken as the holotype. According to Mr. Frost and Dr. Darlington, it is a female of “ morulus I.” Spec- imens 2 to 7 of the series, inclusive, evidently belong to “ morulus II,” to be described presently as Attains greeni, according to de- tailed information from Mr. Frost. Specimens 8, 9 and 10, all from Garland, Colorado, are not so easy to place acccurately from the information at hand. They apparently belong to either A. greeni or to a variant of A. smithi Hopping, to be presently described as Attains coloradensis. The type series obviously does not contain a specimen of the male which corresponds with the unique female type and the selection and description of the male allotype is there- fore indicated. A similar mixing of morulus and greeni was noted in the collections of both the U. S. National Museum and the Acad- emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, with greeni predominating in both collections. The following key will enable the four forms mentioned to be easily separated. They all run to morulus (Lee.) in Horn’s 1872 key. 1. Females with a deep, narrow notch at the apex of the last sternite, the surface of which is convex; head black, with only the membranous portion of the clypeus pale. Males with the last tergite parabolic in form, with a small semi- circular notch at the apex; head black, with the entire clypeus and a trilobed frontal area yellow 2 Females with the last sternite concave and unmodified at the apex; males with the last tergite triangular in form and widely emarginate at the apex. Head similarly colored in the sexes ; black, with the entire clypeus pale ... greeni n.sp. 2. Apical notch in the female deep, extending from slightly more than one-half to almost the entire length of the segment, the surface of which is more convex, less shining, more densely and coarsely pubescent. Notch at apex of last tergite in male plainly visible with low magnification. All the legs piceous-black in the female, the anterior one or two pairs slightly paler in the male morulus (Lee.) Apical notch in the female smaller, from one-sixth to slightly less than one-half the length of the segment, the surface of which is less convex, more shining, more sparsely and 133 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 4 finely pubescent. Notch at apex of last tergite in male extremely minute. Color of legs variable. Western 3 3. All the legs in both sexes testaceous, except the hind femora, which are mostly piceous. The trilobed frontal area of the males prominent and constant smithi Hopping Legs colored as in morulus, except that the anterior one or two pairs are often paler in the females, as well as in the males; the trilobed frontal area of the males usually re- duced or, rarely, absent coloradensis n. subsp. A. morulus (Leconte). Male. Elongate, slightly widened be- hind, upper surface black, feebly shining, with a sooty luster. Head black, the clypeus and a trilobed frontal area, the triangular lobes of which reach to the level of the middle of the eyes, testaceous ; labrum piceo-testaceous ; all the mouth-parts anterior to the base of the mentum and the genae testaceous, the tips of the mandibles, the last joint of all the palpi and the gula piceous-black ; short, broad, eyes prominent, definitely wider than the thorax across the eyes; surface more shining than that of thorax and elytra, sparsely and minutely punctured and with sparse, fine, pale pubescence ; a trans- verse row of black setae on the clypeus just anterior to the clypeal suture. Antennae feebly serrate, strongly pubescent, piceo-tes- taceous, darker toward the tips, the basal three joints testaceous, with a piceous spot on the dorsal surface of each; long, reach- ing almost to the middle of the elytra. Prothorax transversely oval, slightly narrowed behind, one-fifth wider than long, surface more finely punctate and pubescent than the elytra. Elytra black at the base, becoming slightly piceous in the apical three-fourths; surface slightly rugose, rather densely and finely punctured and with fairly dense, short, semi-decumbent brown pubescence, a few erect black hairs along the lateral margins. Elytral tips separately rounded, the pygidium and a portion of the penultimate tergite ex- posed. Pygidium piceous, parabolic, shining, with a small semi- circular notch at the apex and a lateral sulcus on each side, slightly nearer the margin than to the midline and not reaching the pos- terior border, the margin beset with numerous stiff, bristly hairs. The apical portion of the pygidium is reflexed and the apical notch becomes a groove on the under surface, opening into the genital aperture. Under surface piceous ; prosternum, mesosternum, meso- sternal epimera and narrow margins of the abdominal segments testaceous. The last sternite is formed of two lateral lobes, the antero-median portion of each being membranous and pale and the 134 October, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA tips separately rounded, leaving a crescentic aperture between them and the reflexed portion of the pygidium. The legs are tricolored, the anterior pair testaceous, the middle piceo-testaceous, and the posterior piceous. The tarsi are all darker than the tibiae and the coxae and trochanters lighter than the femora. Each of the anterior two pairs of femora has a narrow piceous stripe along its dorsal edge. The lobe of the second protarsal joint is long, reaching the end of the third joint and broadened toward the tip, which is rounded, with the edge black. Length 2 mm. to tips of elytra. Allotype , male, “Linwood, New Jersey, VII-17-44.” Described from a series of 20 males (including the par allotypes) , accompanied by a slightly larger number of females, collected by Mr. J. W. Green at Linwood and Atison, New Jersey, Wind Gap and Mt. Pocono, Pennsylvania, Up. Saranac, New York, and Black Mt., North Caro- lina. Allotype and parallotypes in the author’s collection. Parallo- types also in collections of Mr. Green and Mr. C. A. Frost. The parallotypes do not show much variation of importance. The length varies from 2.0 to 2.5 mm. (female from 2.0 to 3.0 mm.). In only one specimen is the trilobed frontal area definitely reduced, the central lobe of the area being narrowed and the sides rendered parallel, instead of diverging anteriorly, by a broadening of the black wedges extending between this and the narrower lateral lobes. In most of the specimens the legs are darker than in the type, the middle pair being piceous and the anterior piceo-testaceous. In a few the legs are uniformly piceous, as in the female. The two lobes which compose the last sternite are piceous or piceous-black in their corneous portions in all specimens except the type (in which these lobes are piceous in their central portions, with testaceous margins), leaving a transverse, membranous, conspicuous, diamond-shaped area, composed of the contiguous parts of the last two sternites. The adeagus, as usual in the family, is composed of a long cylin- drical sheath, from which projects the thin, sharp, bristle-like penis. The whole apparatus, when extended, is about the length of the ab- domen and must be telescoped when not in use. When fully ex- tended, as in one specimen, a second bristle-like organ projects from the sheath, ventrad of the penis and immediately turns cephalad, to form a sharp hook. This particular form of retaining aparatus, which is its obvious function, has not been noted in any other member of the family. The groove or slot in the end of the pygidium obviously serves as a director for the long, slender penis, which, in one specimen, is ob- served resting in this groove, in which it appears to fit perfectly. 135 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 4 A. smithi Hopping. While closely related to morulus, I am in agreement with Prof. Fall, who examined Hopping’s specimens, that the two species are distinct. The characteristic differences in the genital segments, as given in the above key, are constant and easily observed. Curiously enough, since the sexes are so easily separated by the male protarsal structure, Hopping appears to have confused the sexes when he stated : ‘ ‘ Male : Tip of last abdominal segment deeply, narrowly emarginate. Female : Tip of last ab- dominal segment rounded”; and again: “Five females out of a series of 24 have the apical part of the head, as well as the mouth- parts, testaceous.” In the series of two males and six females before me, obtained from Mr. Gf. Stace Smith, these characters are the same as in morulus and the exact opposite of what is stated by Hopping (4). A. smithi coloradensis, new subspecies. Resembles smithi in all respects except that of color. Male. Size and shape of morulus and smithi. Color of pro- thorax and elytra same, black, the elytra with a sooty luster and more numerous erect black hairs along the elytral margins than usu- ally observed in smithi. Head entirely black, except the mem- branous portion of the clypeus, the base of the mandibles, lower portion of the genae and ventral surface of the first three or four antennal joints, which are testaceous. Under surface piceous, the anterior edge of the prosternum, mesosternal epimera, anterior trochanters and posterior edge of the ventral segments, testaceous. Legs piceous throughout, except the ventral surface of the anterior tibiae and tips of the anterior femora, which are piceo-testaceous. Notch at tip of pygidium very minute, as in smithi. Female. Similar to male in coloration and vestiture of protho- rax and elytra. Head entirely black, except that those portions which are described as testaceous in the male, are piceo-testaceous in the female. Under surface entirely piceous, except the anterior trochanters and the posterior margins of the abdominal segments, which are testaceous. Posterior two pairs of legs entirely piceous, the anterior pair piceo-testaceous, with a piceous stripe along the dorsal edge of the femora. Last sternite relatively flat, glabrous, and shining, as in smithi, the coarse pubescence confined to the neighborhood of the margins, the apical notch narrow and short, extending about one-fifth the length of the segment. Length : male, 2.3 mm. ; female, 2.5 mm. Holotype, male, and allotype, female, collected by Mr. J. W. Green, “Deer Creek Canyon, Colorado, VII-13-39.” 136 October, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Described from a series of 17 specimens (including the para- types), 5 males and 12 females, 15 of them collected by Mr. Green at Deer Creek and Coal Creek Canyons, Colorado, and 2 by Mr. John Woodgate in the Jemez Mts., New Mexico. The five males show a marked range of variation in the color of the head, which is all black in the type; fully colored, as in the males of smithi and morulus, with the yellow frontal tri- lobed area, in two specimens, and intermediate in the other two, with the central lobe of this area reduced to an isolated yellow spot. The legs vary from all piceous, in the type, to a tricolored condition in one specimen, with the posterior pair piceous, the middle pair piceo-testaceous and the anterior pair testaceous. In three of the male paratypes the posterior two pairs are piceous and the anterior pair piceo-testaceous. In no case are they as pale as in the males of smithi. The legs in most of the female paratypes are colored as in the type ; in several they are uniformly piceous and in one spec- imen the anterior two pairs are piceo-testaceous. This form has been confused with morulus (Lee.) and it is largely for that reason that I am now calling attention to it. Males with the fully colored head superficially resemble morulus more than they do smithi and could only be separated from the former by the very minute apical notch of the pygidium. The female sec- ondary sexual characters, however, show unmistakably that the form is more closely related to smithi, of which it is a darkly colored vari- ant. Since none of this dark form has been found, to my knowledge, in the territory inhabited by smithi, British Columbia, and no typ- ical smithi in Colorado or New Mexico, I am treating it as a geo- graphical race or subspecies. Further material may reduce its rank to that of a mere color variety. A. greeni, new species. Male. Elongate, moderately widened behind. Black, surface shining, without sooty luster. Head short, inserted almost to the eyes, tempora straight ; black, the entire cly- peus, mentum, maxillae and ligula testaceous, the labrum, genae, gula, palpi and tips of the mandibles piceous; surface shining, feebly tri-impressed, sparsely and minutely punctulate and pubes- cent. Antennae almost attaining the middle of the elytra, moder- ately serrate, piceous, the under surface of the first three joints slightly paler. Prothorax quadrate, the sides parallel, the angles all broadly rounded, one-fourth wider than long, the surface finely punctulate, with moderately sparse, semidecumbent brown pubes- cence. Elytra evenly and finely punctate, scarcely at all rugose, 137 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 4 with uniformly distributed, almost erect, blackish-brown pubes- cence, the hairs longer and darker than in morulus and producing a slightly shaggy appearance; erect black setae, if any, not clearly differentiated from the rest of the pubescence. Pygidium and a portion of the penultimate tergite exposed, the former with sides almost straight, converging posteriorly, the apex broadly, triangu- larly emarginate. Under surface piceous, the prosternum, meso- sternal epimera and trochanters piceo-testaceous, the narrow mar- gins of the first four ventral segments testaceous. The last sternite is composed of two lateral lobes, which do not reach the apex of the pygidium, each lobe with a semicircular, hairy indentation in the terminal two-fifths and with the apex broadly emarginate. Legs piceous, with the ventral surface of the anterior pair piceo- testaceous. Lobe of the second protarsal joint darker and smaller than usual in the genus, scarcely reaching the end of the third joint, not perceptibly broadened distally, the apex obliquely rounded and with the usual black apical border almost obsolete. Female. Similar to the male in size, shape, color and luster and scarcely more dilated posteriorly. The head and antennae are similarly colored, which is not the case in any of the other three species of the morulus group ; the antennae are feebly serrate, much shorter than those of the male, passing the posterior border of the thorax by only one or two joints. Under surface similar in color, except that the second, third and fourth abdominal segments are broadly membranous and pale in the center and the anterior two pairs of legs are piceo-testaceous beneath. The last sternite is thin, strongly concave and closely applied to the ventral surface of the pygidium, the apex not reaching that of the latter segment, the anterolateral angles tumid, the median line finely carinate, the apex bisinuate and minutely notched at the tip. Length: male and female, 2.75 mm. Holotype, male and allotype, female, collected by Mr. J. W. Green, /‘Wind Gap, Pennsylvania, VII-26-47.” Described from a series of 38 specimens (including the para- types j, 13 males and 25 females, collected by Mr. Green at Wind Gap, Pennsylvania, Barnegat Bay, Atison, Cape May, Wading River and Phillipsburgh, New Jersey, and Black Mt., North Caro- lina. Specimens identified by Mr. Frost as belonging to this species, in the type series of morulus (Lee.), are labeled “Lake Superior,” “Middle States,” District of Columbia, and “Baldwin, Florida.” This species is the morulus II mentioned above and, as stated, 138 October, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA is mixed with morulus (Lee.) in the collections of the U. S. National Museum, the Museum of Comparative Zoology, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and probably many others. Both male and female are easily and unmistakably separated from morulus, as well as from the allied smithi and coloradensis, by the characters of the genital segments given in the above key. The amount of variation, considering the size of the series, is surprisingly small. In most of the males, the legs are colored as in the type ; in a few specimens they are uniformly piceous except for the trochanters and in one they are piceous with the basal one- third of all the femora piceo-testaceous. In two they are piceous with the anterior and the middle coxae and the basal half of all the femora testaceous, and in one unusually dark specimen even the trochanters are piceous. The adeagus is smaller than in morulus, with a recurrent crown of bristles arising from the distal end of the cylindrical sheath. In the females, the clypeus tends to be paler than in the males, yellow rather than testaceous and the lower border of the front, adjacent to the clypeal suture, is indefinitely paler. The legs in most females are uniformly piceous, in several are colored as in the type, in one the middle pair are darker than in the type and the anterior pair lighter, producing a definite contrast ; in two, the basal half of the anterior femora and anterior coxae alone are piceo-testaceous. In one unusually dark female, the clypeus becomes piceo-testaceous. A. texanus, new species. Male. Elongate, definitely widened behind. Head, short, black, shining, the eyes prominent, the clypeus, labrum, and a trilobed area comprising almost the anterior half of the front, yellow. The middle lobe of this area is wider than the lateral lobes and extends two-fifths of the distance from the clypeal suture to the occiput, the lateral lobes reaching the middle of the eyes and being continuous with the yellow genae and lower mouth-parts; the palpi piceous, the tempora short, not converging behind the eyes, the surface with a few minute punctures and sparse, moderately long, white pubescence. Antennae long, feebly serrate, attaining about the anterior fourth of the elytra, piceous, the first four or five joints testaceous beneath. Prothorax testaceous, with a broad longitudinal band, occupying the central one-third and not quite reaching either the apical or the basal margin, blackish piceous; oval, one-fifth wider than long, the sides parallel, feebly arcuate, the angles all broadly rounded, the acute edge interrupted at about the posterior third of the lateral margin, leaving the 139 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 4 anterior two-thirds of this margin obtusely rounded, the surface shining, finely punctulate and with white pubescence. Elytra thin, translucent, piceous, with the lateral, sutural and apical margins pale testaceous, the lateral pale margins slightly dilated just before the middle, the apical margins broad and the sutural margins widely dilated to form an ovoid, pale, depressed area, blunt and almost truncated anteriorly and pointed posteriorly, which extends from just behind the scutellum almost to the apical pale borders, but is not continuous with the latter and which extends laterally midway from the suture to each lateral margin; the surface shining, finely punctured and covered with a rather sparse, white, semidecumbent pubescence. The last two tergites are exposed, the propygidium piceous, the pygidium testaceous on the margins, with the basal portion piceous, both with several long, black, bristly hairs near their margins. Under surface black ; the narrow prosternum, meso- sternal epimera and the margins of the sternites yellow ; the last sternite testaceous, completely divided into two rounded lobes and overhung by the pygidium. Legs testaceous; the anterior femora with a piceous streak along the ventral edge; the middle femora piceo-testaceous, the posterior black ; the coxae black, with their tips and all the trochanters yellow; all the tarsi infuscate toward their tips, the lobe of the second joint reaching the distal end of the third, its tip black and obliquely truncate. Female. Similar to the male, except that the antennae are shorter, scarcely at all serrate ; the head is entirely black posterior to the clypeal suture ; the elytra more strongly widened behind, with the pale pubescence more prominent and an irregular row of dark, erect setae along their lateral and apical margins. Three tergites are completely exposed beyond the elytra, all black, with the pos- terior border of all except the pygidium yellow. The last sternite is black, triangular, the apex rounded and entire, larger than the corresponding segment in the male. The tarsi are unmodified. Length: male, 2.0 mm.; female, 3.0 mm. Described from a series of 7 males, 6 females, collected by Mr. J. W. Green at “Marfa, Texas, VII— 12-11.” Holotype, male; allo- type, female, and four paratypes in the author’s collection; seven paratypes in the collection of Mr. Green. The amount of variation shown in the series is small. Some of the males have the pygidium entirely yellow and show the row of bristles along the elytral margins seen in the allotype. In others there are scattered black hairs over the elytral discs, which is prob- i 140 October, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ably the case in all fresh specimens. One male has .the dark thoracic stripe dilated to cover most of the surface, which thus becomes piceous, with all the margins broadly pale; two other males show both of the exposed tergites testaceous. The adeagus, extruded in one male, consists of a straight cylindrical sheath, from the end of which projects the bristle-like intromittent organ. The same speci- men has a piceous spot in the middle of each pale thoracic margin. In one male the legs are entirely testaceous, except the posterior femora, which are piceous with the tips testaceous. Of the female paratypes, one shows a yellow area surrounding, and including, each antennal fovea. The legs in the females tend to be darker than in the males, all the femora and tibiae becoming piceous to piceo-testa- ceous in the darkest specimens. One female has the median dark thoracic stripe reduced to an elongated spot and the pale area on the elytral disc narrowly continuous with the apical pale margins. The tendency is obviously for the thorax to vary toward an all pale condition in the female, aud an all black condition in the male. The length varies in the male from 2.0 mm. to 2.6 mm. ; in the female from 2.5 to 3.0 mm. The species runs to the difficilis-lolndatus couplet in Horn’s key (7) and to cinctus in Champion’s key (14) to the Mexican and Cen- tral American species. Cinctus is differentiated at once by its larger size and the fact that the abdomen and the entire base of the elytra are yellow. From difficilis, according to specimens so deter- mined in the U. S. National Museum collection, it can be separated by the following characters of that species: clypeus and labrum black (only the membrane connecting the two pale) ; thorax black, with the basal margin narrowly red ; sutural pale border not dilated and continuous with the pale apical border ; legs black ; pubescence inconspicuous. Lobulatus , which it more nearly resembles, pos- sesses the following differential characters : epistoma as in difficilis; thorax black, with basal margin and posterior angles yellow; su- tural pale border slightly dilated and broadly continuous with the pale apical border; legs black, the anterior pair slightly paler; pubescence inconspicuous ; color of margins pale sulphur yellow or ivory, rather than testaceous. T exanus undoubtedly occurs in Northern Mexico, but is not included in the “Biologia, ” since Champion’s revision includes all of the species there mentioned. Acknowledgments I am greatly indebted to a number of entomological friends and correspondents for the many favors that they have shown me during 141 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 4 the course of the present study, favors such as the loan or gift of valuable material, the examination of types and other material which was unavailable to me, the checking of references, copying of descriptions, furnishing of notes, suggestions and opinions. Out- standing among those whom I wish to publicly thank are Messrs. J. W. Green, C. A. Frost, H. S. Barber, Joe Schuh and Drs. E. C. Van Dyke, Mont A. Cazier, E. G. Linsley, R. E. Blackwelder, H. R. Hinton and P. J. Darlington. Addendum In the present revision both Microlipus uniformis Motschulsky (1859) and Malachius uniformis Fall (1910) are included in the genus Anthocomus. Fall’s later name must then be rejected as a homonym. The new specific name Anthocomus falli has been pro- posed in the key (p. 127) to replace it. References 1. Marshall, M. Y. Studies in the Malachiidae. Canad. En- tom., LXXVIII, Nov.-Dee., 1946, pp. 183-195. 2. Brown, W. J. New Silphidae and Melyridae. Canad. En- tom., LX, 1928, p. 146. 3. Brown, W. J. Some New and Poorly Known Species of Co- leoptera. Canad. Entom., LXXVI, Jan. 1944, pp. 6 and 7. 4. Hopping, Ralph. New Coleoptera from Western Canada. Canad. Entom., LVII, 1925, p. 206. 5. Fall, H. C. List of the Coleoptera of Southern California. Occ. Papers, Calif. Acad, of Sci., VII, 1901, p. 246. 6. Fall, H. C. Short Studies in the Malachiidae. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XLIII, Mar. 1917, pp. 67-88. 7. Horn, G. H. Synopsis of the Malachiidae of United States. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., IV, 1872, pp. 109-127. 8. Leng, C. W. Catalogue of Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico. 1920. 9. Fabricius, J. C. Systema Entomologiae, 1775, p. 207. 10. Latreille, P. A. Considerations Generales. 1810. 11. Erichson, W. F. Entomographien, 1840. 12. Thomson, C. G. Skandinaviens Coleoptera, 1, 1859, p. 112. 13. Abeille de Perrin, E. Annales Soc. Ent. de France, LX, 1891, p. 187. 14. Champion, G. C. Revision of the Mexican and Central Ameri- can Malachiidae and Melyridae. Trans. Entom. Socy. of London, 1914, pp. 13-127. 142 October, 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 15. Leconte, J. L. Catalogue of the Melyrides of United States. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phil., VI, 1852, p. 168. 16. Leconte, J. L. Catalogue of the Coleoptera of Port Tejon, California. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phil., 1859, p. 74. 17. Blaisdell, F. E. The Tribe Dasytini of North America. Trans. Amer. Ent. Socy., LXIV, Mar. 1938, p. 3. 18. Bradley, J. C. A Manual of the Genera of Beetles of America, North of Mexico, 1930. 19. Leng, C. W. Notes on Some Changes in List of Coleoptera. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXVI, 1918, p. 206. 20. International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, Article 25. 21. Leconte and Horn. Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 1883. 22. French, G. T. Va. Dept. Agr. & Immig. Rep. 1942-43, p. 59. 23. French, G. T. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 37, No. 1, Feb. 1944, p. 103. Index New names and main references in bold face; valid generic and specific names in Roman ; synonyms in italics. bipustulatus, Malachius, 119 blaisdelli, Anthocomus, 129 Acletus, 121, 123, 132 acutipennis, Anthocomus, 127 aeneipennis, Trophimus, 124 aeneus, Malachius, 114, 115, 119, 120 aequalis, Anthocomus, 126, 129 antennatus, Anthocomus, 128 Anthocomus, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 126, 132 Attalus, 119, 121, 122, 123, 132 Attalusinus, 121, 123, 124 auritus, Anthocomus, 127, 130 Hapalorhinus, 117 Malachius, 117 bakeri, Anthocomus, 128, 129 basalis, Tanaops, 126 biguttulus, Anthocomus, 126, 130 bipunctatus, Anthocomus, 119, 127, 129 californicus, Anthocomus, 129 cardiacae, Anthocomus, 116, 119 Chaetocoelus, 122, 123, 125 cinctus, Attalus, 141 coccineus, Malachius, 119 Collops, 121, 122, 123 coloradensis, Attalus smithi, 133, 134, 136, 139 contortus, Anthocomus, 127 difficilis, Attalus, 141 directus, Anthocomus, 128 Ebaeus, 122 Elater, 132 Endeodes, 121, 122, 123, 124 erichsoni, Anthocomus, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 127, 130 143 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVIII, No. 4 falli, Anthocomus, 127, 129, 142 Microlipus, 121 fasciatus, Anthocomus, 116, 117, 118 flavilabris, Anthocomus, 119, 127, 130 floricola, Anthocomus, 126, 129 foveiventris, Attalus, 119 franciscanus, Anthocomus, 127 greeni, Attalus, 133, 137 Hapalorhinus, 115, 117, 120, 121, 126 horni, Anthocomus, 128, 130 impressus, Temnosophus, 124 laevicollis, Anthocomus, 126, 129 laticeps, Anthocomus, 127 Microlipus , 117, 120, 131 lobulatus, Attalus, 141 longicollis, Anthocomus, 129 Microlipus, 114 macer, Anthocomus, 128 Malachius, 114, 115, 117, 119, 120, 121, 123, 125, 126 Microlipus, 114, 115, 117, 119, 120, 121, 126 mimus, Tanaops, 119 mirandus, Anthocomus, 128 Hapalorhinus, 117, 120, 121 mixtus, Anthocomus, 129, 130 moerens, Anthocomus, 129, 131, 132 Microlipus, 114 montanus, Anthocomus, 129 morulus, Attalus, 132, 133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139 Ebaeus, 133 nigrellus, Acletus, 132 Attalus, 121 nigrinus, Anthocomus, 129 nunenmacheri, Tanaops, 125 oregonensis, Tanaops, 7125 pallif rons, Attalus, 130 pristinus, Anthocomus, 127, 129 productus, Anthocomus; 126, 129 prolixicornis, Anthocomus, 128, 129 Malachius, 114 Pseudebaeus, 121, 123 Riddellia, 124 rotgeri, Anthocomus, 128 sanguinolentus, Anthocomus, 116, 117, 118 setosus, Chaetocoelus, 125 Silis, 132 smithi, Attalus, 132, 133, 134, 136, 137, 139 spiniformis, Malachius, 130 submarginatus, Attalusinus, 122, 124, 125 Elaeus, 122 Tanaops, 119, 121, 123, 125 Temnosophus, 121, 123, 124 testaceus, Tanaops, 125 texanus, Attalus, 121, 139, 141 theveneti, Anthocomus, 128 Trophimus, 122, 124 ulkei, Anthocomus, 129, 131 uniformis, Anthocomus moerens var., 129, 131, 132, 142 utahensis, Anthocomus, 128, 129, 130 ventralis, Anthocomus, 119, 127, 129 viridulus, Anthocomus, 126 yuccae, Anthocomus, 128 Americana A Journal of Entomology. Volume XXIX (New Series) 1949 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE JOSEPH C. BEQUAERT, EDITOR GEORGE S. TULLOCH EDWIN WAY TEALE PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1949 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA * VOL. XXIX (N. Si), 1949 CONTENTS PAGE Psammocharini (Hymenoptera) of North America and the An- tilles : Key to Genera ; New Species and Key to Males of Pompilinus. R. R. Dreisbach 1 Contributions Toward a Monograph of the Mutillidae of the Neotropical Region. III. A Key to the Subfamilies Repre- sented and Descriptions of Several New Genera (Hymenop- tera). Rudolf M. Schuster 59 VOL. XXIX (New Series) Nos. 1 and 2 Americana A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE JOSEPH C. BEQUAERT, Editor GEORGE S. TULLOCH E. W. TEALE Published for the Society by the Business Press Inc. N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $4.00 Subscription, $5.00 per year Date of Issue, July 29, 1949. Vol. XXIX Nos. 1-2 PSAMMOCHARINI (HYMENOPTERA) OF NORTH AMERICA AND THE ANTILLES: KEY TO GEN- ERA; NEW SPECIES AND KEY TO MALES OF POMPILINUS By R. R. Dreisbach Midland, Michigan Contents page Introduction 1 The Genus Pompilinus in North America 12 Key to Males of Pompilinus 30 Literature References 34 Index 57 Introduction Mr. Nathan Banks has constructed numerous keys for the sep- aration of the various genera and species in the tribe Psammocha- rini, but these have been for the most part for the females only. For a number of years the writer has attempted to make up a key for the males in this tribe, but never was able to get anywhere, as there did not seem to be any external characters that would permit a person to make up such a key. It became evident that it would be necessary to study the genitalia of the types and then when 1 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 species representing similar genitalia were set off /together certain external characters might become evident. As a result the writer made up genitalia slides of the males in his collection, which had been named by Mr. Banks, and it became evident that the genitalia were specifically distinct and it would be possible to easily distinguish genera and species this way. Dr. J. Bequaert, Curator of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, very kindly consented to such a study of the types in that collection. Later the same study was made of the paratypes at the Academy of Natural Sciences, at Philadelphia, and of the types at the National Museum, at Washington. f)rs. Bequaert, Rehn, Muesebeck and Krombein extended every cour- tesy to the writer and he wishes to extend his sincere thanks to these curators, without whose cooperation this study would not have been possible. The procedure followed in making up the photomicrographs was as follows. The specimens were relaxed and then the geni- talia were extracted by means of a No. 0 or 00 insect pin slightly bent at the point. They were then boiled in 10 per cent caustic soda and the extraneous matter dissected away in a small Petri dish which had the bottom coated with a thin layer of paraffin. The paraffin was covered with fresh water, and this served to float out the extraneous parts while dissecting and also washed out the caustic solution, which was also expedited by pressing on the por- tion of the genitalia just above the car do. The car do was dis- sected away, as there appeared to be no visible difference in this part of the genitalia in the various species, and this made the washing much simpler. The specimen was then washed in 85%, 95%, and absolute alcohol in order, cleared in xylol, and mounted in clarite. The photomicrographs were then taken by placing the slides on the stage of a compound microscope, which had a mov- able adjustment, and taking the photo by means of a film holder which was attached above the eyepiece. Ordinarily a 40 mm. ob- jective and a 10 X eyepiece were used, but in several cases, as in the genus Pepsis, this gave too much enlargement, while in some cases, as in Ageniella, the enlargement was not enough. The tube holding the eyepiece could be raised or lowered to such an extent that when in the upper position it just about doubled the magnifi- cation of the lower position. As soon as these photomicrographs became available it was ap- parent that males with similar genitalia had some distinctive markings common to all, but different from those of other groups. 2 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA The following key is an attempt to distinguish these genera by means of external characters. It is realized that this is only a beginning and that another worker may not be able to arrive at the same results as the writer in the use of the key, especially if named specimens of the genera are not at hand for comparison. Mr. Banks used the tarsal comb of the female in separating a number of genera, but unfortunately this comb is not present in the males. There are other characters, however, common to both sexes, and so apparently the sexes can be associated in their cor- rect genus. When it comes to associating the males with their females within the genus, however, that is another matter, espe- cially in such critical genera as Anoplius, Pompilinus, and Ano- pompilinus, for instance. This is very well illustrated by the fact that in the genus Anopompilinus the writer (1) described eight new species in the males, thus making ten males, while there are only five female species known ; and in the genus Pompilinus there are nine new species at hand and there are more males than there are females already described. These males are from the same general territory as the named females, so it would seem that there is a good deal of confusion in pairing males and females, except in a few instances. The ability displayed by Mr. Banks to see traits that were common to groups of this family is indicated by the fact that the genera which he set up are clearly related groups, as evidenced by the study of the genitalia of the males. In only a very few cases in this tribe is a genus proposed by Mr. Banks questionable on the basis of genitalia, and then there are external differences that seem to indicate that they may well be recognized as distinct genera. In most genera and species the genitalia are specifically distinct, but in a few cases they are very similar, and it is en- tirely possible that the species or genus is of such recent origin that the genitalia have not developed any noticeable differences* or as in the case of the Eumenidae for instance, where the geni- talia are similar for different entities. This seems to be the case in the genus Pepsis of the subfamily Pepsinae, where the geni- talia cannot be used for separating species within certain groups, yet are distinctly different as between the groups or subgenera. It is realized that genera are artificial groupings, and, how- ever one may split or lump genera, the ultimate result of recog- nizing species is not affected. However, after 40 years of work- ing with dichotomous keys both in Botany and Entomology, it is certainly evident to the writer that it is much easier to construct 3 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 keys to the species when an assemblage of insects with similar characters are grouped into genera leaving a much smaller number to be keyed within the genus. Of course subgenera or groups a, ~b, etc. can be set up, but this is only another way of segregating them instead of using generic classification. In view of this, the writer considers a genus as a group of species which can be sep- arated in both sexes by means of external, easily discernible char- acters. On this basis the genus Arachnophila Ashmead is in- cluded in the genus Anoplius, as, while the females can be sepa- rated by means of the long hair on the femur, the males cannot be so separated. On the other hand the subgenus Hesperopompilus Evans (2) and the subgenus Ammosphex Wilcke are rated as dis- tinct genera, since they can readily be distinguished in both sexes from their nearest relatives and are distinctly different in funda- mental characters from these closely related species. As indi- cated in the paper on the new genus Anopompilinus (l)y this genus replaces the genus Anopliella Banks. Another character that seems to be correlated with the differ- ences in the genitalia is the last ventral segment. This varies with the species within the genus from slight to very great differences. Unfortunately this is not a character that can be used without at least partially dissecting a specimen, since the plate is telescoped within the preceding plate to such an extent that it is only occa- sionally that its characters are visible. Where the genitalia of two species are very similar, the characters of the last ventrite may make the identification sure, as this plate may be distinctly dif- ferent in the two species. This may be seen in the case of the genitalia and last ventrite in the photos of the genus Pompilinus, especially in those species closely related to P. marginatus (Say), as the genitalia are very similar, yet the last ventrite is distinctly different. There are a number of cases where ridges, swellings, or conspicuous hairs may make the dissecting of a specimen un- necessary, and of course as one becomes familiar with a group small differences become evident. The photomicrographs are in each case taken from the ventral side, as this gives a much better view of the various parts. The dorsal aspect does not add anything in general that cannot be seen from the ventral view. I take this opportunity to extend my thanks to Dr. Don Irish, of the Biochemical Laboratory of The Dow Chemical Company, for the numerous admirable photomicrographs which he has taken for this study. 4 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Key to Genera of Psammocharini in Both Sexes 1. Fore wing with two cubital cells; pronotum arcuate; pos- terior outer angles of the propodeum sharply pointed. Fig. 1 Aporinellus Banks Fore wings with three cubital cells; posterior angles of the propodeum not sharply pointed 2 2. Basal abdominal segment with appressed pubescence on the dorsal part different from that on rest of abdomen. Fig. 11 Episyron Sehibdte Basal abdominal segment with pubescence same as that on the rest of abdomen 3 3. Propodeum transversely striate ; marginal cell as long as its distance to wing tip Ridestus Banks Propodeum not transversely striate 4 4. Basal two-thirds of propodeum almost horizontal, apically deeply hollowed medially; postero-lateral angles forming backward-directed vertical ridges, which are bluntly pro- jecting DicyrtomaUs Bradley Not as above 5 5. Females 6 Males 27 6. Eyes converging toward the vertex so that the distance be- tween the eyes at the top is only three-fifths that at the bottom ; ocelli large and placed below the supra-orbital line so that a line passing just behind the rear ocelli meets the eyes at the point of their closest approach, which is some distance anterior to their posterior edge ; generally with considerable reddish or yellow, never wholly black; labrum exposed, upper margin of clypeus notched on each side ; size large ; long tarsal comb. Batazonus Ashmead Eyes may or may not converge, but if so comparative dis- tances between them at the top and bottom much less and a line passing just behind rear ocelli also almost passing behind posterior edge of eyes; upper margin of clypeus even 7 7. At least head and thorax black, except sometimes a white pos- terior margin on pronotum behind 9 Whole body and legs reddish or conspicuously marked with red or yellow; an impressed, median longitudinal line on pronotum behind 8 Whole body and legs reddish; eyes slightly but not strongly 5 8. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 converging above; head a little longer than wide; a long tarsal comb Arachnophroctonus Ashmead Ground color ferrugineous, more or less marked with yellow; metapostnotum concealed in the extreme middle, length- ened in a rounded lobe on each side; surface of propo- deum evenly rounded ; claws toothed ; tarsal comb of moderate length, shorter than the preceding. Poecilopompilus Ashmead 9. Head, antennae, thorax, and abdomen, both dorsal and ven- tral, completely covered with long, shaggy, upright hair; femora not long haired; antennal joints hollowed out slightly at each end Anotockares Banks Whole body not completely covered with long hair 10 10. Dorsal part of abdomen covered with long hair, as well as base and tip ; marginal cell as long as its distance to wing tip ; a short tarsal comb ; propodeum with upright hair; third joint of antennae barely as long as the first joint Chalcochares Banks No part of body covered with long hair, except there may be a few long hairs on base and tip of abdomeh and some long hair on femur in a few cases 11 11. No spines under last joint of fore and hind tarsi; third cubital not petiolate 12 Distinct spines under the last joints of fore and hind tarsi 14 12. Fairly large species; propodeum rather unusually hairy; ab- domen elongate; clypeus characteristic, long, and extend- ing outward from the eyes in a smooth curve which con- tinues across the front of clypeus, making the apical margin of clypeus a smooth convex curve ; wings colored, fuliginous, over 9. mm. long Sericopompilus Ashmead Propodeum not hairy above ; abdomen not so elongate ; cly- peus truncate in front and not curved outward; wings almost hyaline, only slightly darkened 13 13. Color black, small species under 5 mm. in length Gymnochares Banks Abdomen red or bluish, not entirely black. Hesperopompilus Evans 14. No distinct spine near middle of second joint of fore tarsi as long as that at tip 15 A distinct spine at middle of second joint of fore tarsi as long as that at tip 17 Tip of abdomen with numerous plainly stiff and bristly hairs ; 6 15. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA vertex not raised above the eyes; propodeum with up- right hair A noplius Lepeletier Tip of abdomen with but very few fine hairs 16 16. Vertex raised considerably above the eyes; propodeum nearly vertical and concave behind; base of third cubital cell oblique; propodeum long haired; head and thorax blue, legs with bluish color in reflected light. Anotochares Banks Vertex but very little raised above the eyes; propodeum slop- ing and rounded behind; base of third cubital cell ver- tical or a little recurved; propodeum without upright hair Anoplochares Banks 17. Spines on second joint of fore tarsi scarcely longer than the width of joint, at most twice as long 18 Spines on second joint of fore tarsi much longer than the width of joint, at least three times as long and sometimes much longer 21 18. Marginal cell hardly its length from wing tip ; third cubital cell not petiolate Anoplioides Banks Marginal cell plainly more than its length from wing tip 19 19. Third cubital cell never petiolate, and never sessile, but al- ways with a definite distance between the intersection of the second and third intercubital veins with the mar- ginal vein; propodeum with or without upright hair; mostly with short tarsal comb, but in one case with long tarsal comb; pulvillar comb not reduced; postscutellum not transversely striated Anopompilinus Dreisbach Third cubital cell always petiolate or sessile ; propodeum, ex- cept in a very few cases, without upright hair 20 20. Lateral ocelli nearer to eye margin than to each other; post- scutellum transversely striated, and almost as long as propodeum; two comb spines on anterior metatarsal joint; third cubital cell petiolate or if not then with characters as given above Ammosphex Wileke Lateral ocelli about as far apart as the distance between them and the eye margin ; postscutellum not striated and shorter than the propodeum; three comb spines on the anterior metatarsal joint Pompilinus Banks 21. Clypeus notched in the middle of front margin 22 Clypeus not notched in the middle of front margin 23 22. Propodeum and basal antennal joint very hairy; pronotum arcuate behind Lopkopompilus Radoszkowski 7 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 Propodeum and basal antennal joint not or scarcely hairy; pronotum angulate behind Notiochares Banks 23. Marginal cell more than its length from wing tip 24 Marginal cell not its length from wing tip 19 24. Antennae short, the third joint scarcely twice as long as it is wide and about equal to the third joint in length; pro- notum arcuate behind 25 Antennae long, the third joint plainly more than three times as long as wide, and much longer than the first joint. 26 25. Propodeum hairy, with upright hair ; mesoscutum and sides of thorax in general with some long hair. Sophropompilus Ashmead Propodeum not hairy above; mesoscutum and sides of thorax almost devoid of long hair N annopompilus Ashmead 26. Third intercubital vein sloping forward very little, thus the second and third cubital cells of about equal length along the marginal vein ; the second recurrent vein meeting the third cubital cell about the middle; color generally bluish or purplish in reflected light ; pronotum strongly angu- late ,. Pycnopompilus Ashmead Third intercubital vein sloping forward very strongly so that the third cubital cell is only about one half as long on marginal vein as on the cubital vein; the second recur- rent vein meeting the cubital vein about opposite the junction of the third intercubital vein with the marginal vein; color blackish in reflected light; head and thorax not nearly so hairy as preceding in most cases. Psammochares Fabricius 27. Ground color ferrugineous, more or less marked with yellow; generally the whole body and legs marked with red or yellow; a median longitudinal line on pronotum behind, except in one genus 28 At least head and thorax black, except sometimes a white pos- terior border on pronotum 30 28. Upper margin notched on each side; body with yellow mark- ings; labrum exposed. Fig. 12 Batazonus Ashmead Upper margin of elypeus even 29 29. Whole body and legs reddish, except thorax which has a vari- able amount of black; erect hair on propodeum. Fig. 17 A rachn oph rocto nus Ashmead Ground color more or less ferrugineous, more or less marked with yellow. Metapostscutellum concealed in the middle, 8 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA lengthened in a rounded lobe on each side ; surface of propodeum evenly rounded Poecilopompilus Ashmead 30. Head, antennae, thorax and abdomen, both dorsal and ven- tral, completely covered with long shaggy upright hair ; femora not long haired; antennal joints hollowed out slightly at each end. Fig. 8 Anotochares Banks Whole body not covered with long hair 31 31. A tuft of long hair on a small plate underlying the last ven- tral segment. Fig. 2 Lophopompilus Radoszkowski No such tuft of hair underlying the last ventral plate 32 32. A patch of relict hair on middle of posterior edge of the third ventral segment ; this shows up as an opaque, semicircular spot. Fig. 21 Notiochares Banks No such patch of relict hair on the third ventral 33 33. A white stripe on outer edge of posterior tibiae; fore wings with a subapical fumose band and a second one covering most of marginal and first cubital cells, all of third cubi- tal and the upper outer corner of the second discoidal cells; a distinct malar space. Fig. 13. Agenioideus Ashmead No such white stripe, no fumose bands on wings and no malar space 34 34. No erect hair on propodeum, although there may be a few appressed, more or less sericeous hairs 35 Erect hair on propodeum, in one case very short, but if so the pronotum arcuate 41 35. None of the claws cleft or split 36 At least the claws of the anterior pair cleft or split 37 36. Pronotum slightly angulate; antennal joints beyond the sec- ond two or three times as long as wide ; first recurrent vein meets the second cubital cell beyond the middle; third cubital cell long on the marginal vein, one half or more its length on the cubital cell ; marginal cell much longer than in the following species and its length about three-fifths its distance from wing tip. Fig. 18. Gymnochares Banks Pronotum arcuate; antennal joints beyond the second hardly longer than their width; first recurrent vein meets the second cubital cell at middle or slightly before ; third cubi- tal cell short, almost sessile, about its length from wing- tip. Fig. 19 N dnnopompilus Ashmead The claws of all the legs cleft or split ; marginal cell much 9 37. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 more than its length from wing tip ; third cubital cell sessile or petiolate; basal vein in fore wings generallly basad of the transverse vein. Fig. 9 Pompilinus Banks The claws of only the fore legs cleft or split, the claws of the middle and posterior legs with a small tooth about the middle of the long outer ray; in one case claws of fore legs not arising from the same point 38 38. Inner and outer claws of front legs similar 39 Inner and outer claws of front legs dissimilar, the inner one split or with two equal rays, and the outer one toothed. 40 39. Marginal cell generally considerably shorter than its distance to wing tip ; tooth of middle and posterior legs very small ; aedeagus with sides straight and with glandular protu- berances on sides in majority of cases; parapenial lobes straight, not twisted. Fig. 3 Anopompilinus Dreisbach Marginal cell just slightly shorter than its distance from wing tip, long and narrow; tooth of second and third pair of claws large; aedeagus much narrower in the middle than at the tip ; parapenial lobes broad and twisted ; last ven- tral segment pointed. Fig. 16 Anoplochares Banks 40. Inner claw of fore tarsi with two equal rays arising from same horizontal base, but with the bases of rays far apart; outer claws with tooth; last segment of fore tarsi asym- metrical, slightly produced on inner side. Fig. 22. H esperopompilus Evans Inner claw of fore tarsi split, with rays arising from the same place ; outer claw toothed ; last segment of fore tarsi paral- lel-sided. Fig. 23 Ammosphex Wilcke 41. The claws of all the legs cleft or split 42 Only the first pair of legs have the claws cleft or split, and this pair in one case with hardly more than a large tooth 43 42. Propodeum with the posterior face almost vertical, when seen from the side ; last ventral segment, when seen from the side, thin and almost flat in most cases ; ventral hair tufts present on the abdomen only infrequently; middle and posterior femur with a number of fairly long spines; some species with red on the abdomen ; ocellar triangle not the highest part of vertex, but the vertex just back of tri- angle rising higher. Fig. 7 PsammocKares Fabricius Propodeum with its posterior face forming a smooth curve with dorsal surface, not at all vertical ; last ventral plate, 10 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA when seen from the side, with some depth, slightly roof- shaped ; ventral hair tufts or bands present in most cases or at least an indication of them; but this character is variable, as the same species may or may not have them ; middle and posterior femur with smaller and fewer spines, partly due to the smaller size ; species all black ; ocellar triangle the highest part of vertex. Fig. 5. Anoplius Dufour 43. Fore claws with a large tooth, not split as the others at all; clypeus almost square, extending out from the front edge of eyes at an angle and then extending straight across, with a margin on the front, characteristic of the genus and quite different from the next; first and third intercubital veins sloping toward each other, but almost entirely straight ; species with the abdomen red in some cases, but where black with either a narrow, white posterior border on the pronotum or the posterior tibiae with a white line on posterior edge and the posterior tarsi with part of the joints, partly white, or all of these markings may be present; posterior face of propodeum almost -vertical. Fig. 6 8 ericopompilus Ashmead Fore claws definitely split; species with no red on abdomen, or in one case with an indication off red on first two abdominal segments only; tibiae and tarsi entirely black or bluish in reflected light 44 44. Head and fore coxae with short hair or none, no upright hair on the first joint of antennae ; last ventral segment flat except in two cases where it is raised slightly on the basal half ; marginal much shorter than its distance from wing tip. Fig. 3 Anopompilinus Dreisbach Marginal cell longer than its distance from wing tip 45 45. Coxae long-haired in most cases; last ventral segment roof- shaped, or ridged or with a protuberance at base ; prono- tum angulate; third segment of antennae almost three times as long as wide, at least twice as long; parapenial lobes with a hook at upper inner end and with this part very broad at tip ; body black for the most part. Fig. 4. Pycnopompilus Ashmead Coxae not long-haired ; last ventral not roof-shaped, nor with a ridge or protuberance at base; pronotum transverse, not angulate ; third antennal segment only one and one half times as long as wide; for the most part the body is 11 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 purplish or bluish in reflected light; posterior face of propodeum forming a smooth curve with the dorsal sur- face ; parapenial lobes without a hook at the tip and of an entirely different shape. Fig. 15. Sophropompilus Ashmead The Genus Pompilinus in North America The genus Pompilinus, as indicated in the key, is characterized by the marginal cell of the wing shorter than its distance to wing tip, third cubital cell always petiolate or sessile, propodeum in the great majority of cases devoid of upright hair, the males with all claws cleft or split, and the female with a tarsal comb no longer than the width of tarsal joint. Genitalia of the male are character- ized by the following: aedeagus almost parallel-sided to close to tip where it flares out very noticeably in most cases ; the parameres are wide for the most part, but there are cases where they are rather narrow; parapenial lobes- are narrow and straight and as long as the aedeagus. The volsellae are broad for the most part, with long hair borne near the tips, as is also the case generally for the parameres. An inspection of the figures will indicate these characters much better than can be described. The location of the types is indicated by the abbreviation after the data given, and the abbreviations used are as follows: (MCZ) Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College; (Kan) Uni- versity of Kansas; (MZ) Museum of Zoology at University of Michigan; (USNM) U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. ; (RED) Collection R. R. Dreisbach, Midland, Michigan; (INHS) Illinois Natural History Survey Division, Urbana, Illinois; (UA) University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; (OSU) Ohio State Uni- versity, Columbus, Ohio; (DS) Collection of David Shappirio, Washington, D. C. ; (PT) Patuxent Research Refuge, Bowie, Md. ; (Neb) University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska. Pompilinus dowi, new species. Figs. 51 and 52. Holotype male. Completely black exeept the apical half of tergite two which is red ; a very few long hairs on mentum, man- dibles, under side of neck and a very few shorter hairs on clypeus, front, vertex, pronotum, posterior orbits, and two or three on front coxae ; rest of body with no upright hair whatever ; the clypeus, face, broad inner orbits to just above antennae, base of mandibles, and front of first joint of antennae with appressed silvery pubescence ; the plate above middle coxae slightly less sericeous, and an indication of 12 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA silvery appressed -pubescence on side of neck, sides of prothorax, posterior face of propodeum, coxae and posterior orbits ; when seen from above an indication of emargination on front of clypeus, and when seen from the side hardly any bulge to clypeus; antennae located just barely above clypeus; the eyes when seen from the side do not reach quite to top of head, and in front only reach to about the middle of clypeus ; posterior orbits at the widest only one-half the width of eye ; when seen from the side, the front just above antennal fossae and the ocellar triangle above the level of eye ; anterior ocellus slightly more than its diameter from the lateral ones and these as far apart as their distance to eye margin ; no sulcus or line extending forward from fore ocellus; first and fourth antennal joints subequal and three-fourths as long as third joint, second joint one-third as long as first and the penultimate three-fourths as long as the ultimate joint; antennae long and slender ; pronotum slightly angulate ; propodeum appearing slightly granular; the whole abdomen covered with very closely appressed brownish hair; wings slightly fumous all over but much more so beyond the cells, with a milky, violaceous tinge in re- flected light ; third cubital cell strongly petiolate ; first intercubital vein slopes backward at the beginning and then curves much more strongly backward so that it is almost parallel with the cubitus at the end, thus making the second cubital cell appear almost six- sided, and it is about one-half as long on the marginal vein as on the cubital ; the first' recurrent vein meets the second cubital cell much beyond the middle, and the second recurrent vein meets the third cubital, cell slightly beyond the middle; basal vein slightly basad of the transverse vein and in the rear wings the subdiscoidal vein is much beyond the cubitus ; marginal cell two-thirds as long as its distance to wing tip ; no spines on femur and one small spine before the middle and a large one beyond the middle on the ventral surface of fore tibiae and a few long ones at tip ; middle and pos- terior tibiae with four or five rows of small spines; a few spines on metatarsal joints with almost none on rest of joints; spines on under side of last tarsal joint hardly raised, almost appressed. Length : head and thorax 3.31 mm., abdomen 3.0 mm., fore wing 5.96 mm., rear wing 4.64 mm.; genitalia: length 1.19 mm., width 0.662 mm.; last ventral: length 1.325 mm., width 0.265 mm. Holotype male : Coconut Grove, 1 Florida, Y-22-37, Richard Dow (MCZ). This species seems to stand out from the rest of the genus in the fact that the ocellar triangle is completely above the level of 13 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 the eye when the head is seen from the side, and the red on second tergite is present in only a few species. Pompilinus texanus, new species. Figs, 36 and 37. Holotype male. Completely black; clypeus, face to base of antennae, inner orbits about half way from antennae to anterior ocellus and extending out behind the insertion of antennae, the anterior corners of pronotnm, entire propodeum, sides of thorax, coxae and femur entirely covered with fine, appressed, silvery pubescence; dorsal and lateral surface of abdomen covered with a finer, shorter pubescence but silvery sheen is not nearly so notice- able; clypeus truncate and very slightly convex in middle as seen from the side ; vertex straight across, practically no bulge at ocellar triangle when seen from in front; a definite sulcus ex- tending from between insertion of antennae and the anterior ocellus; antennae short and slender, first, third and fourth joints about subequal in length ; anterior ocellus about its diameter from the lateral ones and these with about the same distance between them as their distance from the eye margin; pronotum hardly angulate; mesonotum and propodeum very short; fourth ventral with a heavy hair brush; third cubital cell petiolate, re- ceiving the second recurrent vein well beyond the middle, sec- ond cubital also receiving the first recurrent well beyond the middle, basal vein slightly basad of the transverse median vein, and subdiscoidal in hind wings arising slightly beyond end of cell; no upright hairs anywhere on body except the hair brush on fourth ventral which is long and dense; femur with only a few tiny spines, and the last two pairs of tibiae with about 3 to 4 long spines on each side on the dorsal surface; apical half of last ventral plate almost rectangular and very narrow for the genus, almost flat; the ventral surface of last ventral with a short hair brush which terminates a short distance from tip, and from there to tip with a few much shorter hairs; a few longer hairs projecting backward beyond tip of segment. This is a very short and stubby species, characterized by the last ventral segment and the genitalia, the volsellae flat and broad, almost of same form as those of P. cylindricus and P. subcylindricus, but with much more long hair on outer edge; the parameres are shorter than in the species men- tioned and much heavier, slightly club-shaped ; the marginal cell is very short, about two-thirds as long as its distance to wing tip ; the last ventral is very narrow, almost linear and five and two- 14 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA thirds times as long as wide; no other species has a last ventral segment anywhere nearly as narrow. Length: head and thorax 3.3 mm., abdomen 2.32 mm., fore wing 5.3 mm., rear wing 4.0 mm. j genitalia : width 0.596 mm., length 0.994 mm. ; last ventral width 0.199 mm., length 1.126 mm. Holotype male: Lee Co., Texas, VI-06, G. Birkmann (MCZ). Paratype males: Fedor, Texas, VI-6-04, G. Birkmann (RRD) ; Fedor Co., Texas, VI-6-01, G. Birkmann (MCZ) ; Fedor Co., Texas, VI-7-03, G. Birkmann (MCZ). The paratypes of this species have the following measurements. Length: head and thorax 4.0 mm., abdomen 3.64 mm., fore wing 5.96 mm., rear wing 5.00 mm. Pompilinus truncatus, new species. Figs. 40 and 41. Holotype male. Completely black, without any white what- ever, with very closely appressed sericeous hairs on thorax, espe- cially on the posterior surface of propodeum, which give the thorax a slightly velvety appearance ; the abdomen with similar pubescence on the dorsal surface but in much smaller amount, and without having the velvety appearance of the thorax ; white appressed hairs on the face below the antennae and with a few along the inner orbits for a short distance above the antennae, a very narrow band of similar hair on the posterior orbits, forming a complete circle around the head; first joint of antennae with a similar narrow band on the front which shows up in reflected light; clypeus truncate and almost flat in side view ; a few long hairs below the clypeus, on vertex and anteriorly on fore coxae ; rest of body almost devoid of upright hair; first antennal joint without any upright hair and about equal to the third joint in length; antennae slender and of medium length; head, when seen from in front, almost flat across the vertex, with a slight bulge at the location of the ocelli ; anterior ocellus about its diameter from the lateral ocelli, and these in turn farther from each other than from the eye margin; pronotum angulate and covered with fine velvety pubescence as is the whole thorax ; abdomen black opaque, with upright hairs only on last ventral segment; last ventral segment ovate-oblong, with a trans- parent membrane on the basal three-fourths, which on this sec- tion is about one-half the width of the central opaque part and then tapers out at about the last fourth ; the transparent edge has a few long hairs which are considerably longer than those on opaque section which is heavily haired with long close hair, this sternite completely flat in lateral view. The wings fumose all over with a 15 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 much darker cloud beyond the cubital cells, the same being true of the posterior wings; basal veins disjointed, with the transverse median beyond the basal; veins in rear wings slightly disjointed; marginal cell short and more than its distance from wing tip, as is usual in the genus ; first recurrent vein meeting the second cubi- tal cell near the end and the second recurrent joining the third cubital cell near the middle, this cell strongly petiolate ; the coxae with some sericeous hairs, but not as many as on thorax ; legs with no long hair except on the fore coxae, and with very few spines except a few on the middle and posterior tibiae ; longer spur of hind tibiae about two-thirds the length of posterior metatarsal joint. Length : head and thorax 3.8 mm., abdomen 4.4 mm., fore wing 5.97 mm., rear wing 4.6 mm. ; genitalia : width 0.596 mm., length 1.13 mm.; last ventral: width 0.464 mm., length 1.32 mm. This species was named for the appearance of the volsellae, which are sharply truncate across the top, and is distinguished by this character, although P. hispidus n. sp. has volsellae of very similar appearance; but the last ventral distinguishes these two species. Holotype male : Garatiot Co., Michigan, VIII-247, R. R. Dreis- bach (MCZ). Para type males : Manistee Co., Michigan, VII-16-40, R. R. Dreisbach (RRD) ; Midland Co., Michigan, VI-12-43, R. R. Dreis- bach (RRD) ; Boswell, New Mexico, VII-16-36, R. H. Beamer (Kan) ; Carlinville, Illinois, 1897, Robertson # 20220 (INHS). The paratypes of this species vary in size as follows : Head and thorax from 4.0 mm. to 4.33 mm., abdomen 4.64 mm., fore wing from 6.3 mm. to 6.6 mm., rear wing from 4.64 to 4.95 mm. Pompilinus bequaerti, new species. Figs. 32 and 42. Holotype male. Completely black ; head, thorax, coxae, femur, and to a much lesser extent the abdomen covered with fine, closely appressed, whitish pubescence; a few upright hairs on vertex, clypeus, under side of clypeus and head, fore coxae, neck and pro- notum, with the remainder of body devoid of upright hair ; clypeus slightly convex from base to tip when seen from side, vertex when seen from front, with a slight bulge at ocellar triangle; no trace of sulcus from ocelli to base of antennae ; anterior ocellus about its diameter from the laterals and these with the distance between them about equal to their distance from eye margin ; first, third and fourth joints of antennae subequal; pronotum slightly angulate. 16 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA The longer spur of posterior tibiae about three-fourths the length of posterior metatarsus ; third cubital cell not petiolate, sessile ; first recurrent joins the second cubital cell at the last third, the second recurrent joins the third cubital cell beyond the middle, basal veins interstitial; cubitus in rear wings arising slightly be- yond end of cell; wings as a whole slightly brownish and darker at tip beyond the third cubital cell; the last ventral is character- istic in ending in a point, at the middle of the rather blunt tip ; this segment not very wide, with a narrow translucent edge ; geni- talia specific in that the volsellae are devoid of long hair on the upper half. Marginal cell of this species is very small, and its distance from wing tip is one and one-half times its length. Measurements: head and thorax 3.3 mm., abdomen 3.5 mm., fore wing 5.95 mm., rear wing 4.6 mm.; genitalia: width 0.66 mm., length 1.2 mm.; last ventral: width 0.464 mm., length 1.06 mm. Holotype male : Meredosia, Illinois, XI-11-19-13, Sand pit (INHS). Paratype males: College station, Texas, IV-3-03, Bridwell (USNM) ; Lee Co., Texas, V-8-06, Birkmann (MCZ) ; Edgerton, Alberta, VI-20-36, E. H. Strickland (UA) ; Huron Co., Michigan, LX-11-27 #7, F. M. Gaige (MZ) ; Huron Co., Michigan, IX-4-27, F. M. Gaige (MZ) ; Southern Pines, North Carolina, VI-26-09, A. H. Manee (RKD) ; Fedor, Texas, V-8-98, Birkmann (MCZ) ; Lee Co., Texas, V-8-06, Birkmann (MCZ). The paratypes of this species vary in size as follows : head and thorax from 3.0 mm. to 3.64 mm., abdomen from 3.31 mm. to 4.43 mm., fore wing from 5.3 mm. to 5.63 mm., rear wing from 4.0 mm. to 4.3 mm. Pompilinus subtruncatus, new species. Figs. 58 and 59. Holotype male. Completely black, with silvery sericeous hairs on clypeus, face, and inner orbits to just above the base of antennae ; no silvery hairs except as noted above, but whole body with a vel- vety, bluish appearance ; a few long hairs on vertex, front, clypeus, base of mandibles, under head, lower part of neck, fore coxae and a very few shorter ones on pronotum, none on propodeum ; fourth and fifth ventrites very hispid all over ; when seen from the side the hair is very thick and short, but plainly visible above the sur- face; when seen from below these hair patches are plainly set off from rest of surface ; these hair patches approach the hair patches of the genus Anoplius but are very much shorter and much less 17 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 evident ; clypens hardly arched when seen from the side and trun- cate in front ; front just back of antennae and the ocellar triangle raised slightly above the eye margin, when seen from the side ; fore ocellus just about twice its diameter from the laterals and these one and one-third times as far apart as their distance to eye mar- gin; posterior orbits not quite as wide as eyes; first and third antennal joints subequal in length; pronotum slightly angulate; wings fumate all over but more strongly so at the tips ; third cubi- tal cell petiolate, first recurrent vein meets the second cubital cell before the middle and the second recurrent vein meets- the third cubital cell about apical third; basal vein slightly basad of trans- verse vein in fore wings and the subdiscoidal and cubital veins interstitial in the rear wings; legs with few short spines as usual in the genus; longer spine of posterior tibiae about three-fifths as long as the posterior metatarsal joint. Length: head and thorax 3.30 mm., abdomen 4.30 mm., fore wing 6.00 mm., rear wing 5.00 mm.; genitalia: length 1.325 mm., width 0.55 mm.; last ventral: length 1.325 mm., width 0.60 mm. Holotype male : Lincoln, Nebraska, VI-14-09, C. H. Gable (Neb.). The parameres of genitalia are like those of P. hispidus, while the last ventral segment is like that of P. truncatus. The volsellae are entirely straight across the top and do not have the inner edge at tip drawn out into a slight point. Last ventrite as mentioned is very much like P. truncatus , but still different as seen from the figures. Pompilinus rectangularis, new species. Figs. 34 and 35. Holotype male. Completely black; a very few long hairs on vertex, mouth, posterior orbits, and under side of head; the clyp- eus, face to antennae in middle and slightly higher along inner orbits, covered with glistening, silvery, finely appressed pubes- cence, and also the posterior orbits from about the middle to back of head; clypeus truncate and not bulging when seen from side; vertex slightly bulging at ocellar triangle when seen from in front; anterior ocellus separated from the laterals by about one and one- half its diameter, the lateral ocelli separated from each other by about one and three-quarters their distance from eye margin; a short sulcus extending backwards from between the base of an- tennae for a short distance, and fading out about one-fourth of its distance from the anterior ocellus; pronotum almost transverse, very slightly angulate ; the whole thorax, and the coxae of all the 18 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA legs covered with velvety, sericeous, finely appressed pubescence, the abdomen with only a trace of this pubescence but still notice- able; no upright hair whatever* on the propodeum; wings slightly brownish all over; marginal cell small, the distance from its tip to wing tip is twice its length, third cubital cell slightly petiolate, second cubital cell about twice as long on cubitus as on the marginal vein, the first and second recurrent veins meeting the third and second cubital cells respectively slightly beyond the middle ; basal vein only slightly basad of the transverse in fore wings; the sub- discoidal vein of rear wings arising slightly beyond the cell ; longer spur of posterior tibiae three-fifths the length of the pos- terior metatarsal joint; last ventral segment with the center longi- tudinally, opaque and this opaque portion is about one half of the width, the outer edge on each side transparent, this segment al- most rectangular from the broadest part of the front to the broad- est part of rear, hence the name ; genitalia with the long-haired, somewhat pointed volsellae, and the flat long-haired parameres characteristic. Length : head and thorax 3.44 mm., abdomen 3.44 mm., fore wing 5.66 mm., rear wing 4.96 mm.; genitalia: width 0.53 mm., length 1.06 mm.; last ventral segment: width 0.53 mm., length 1.26 mm. Holotype male : Falls Church, Virginia, VII-11, N. Banks (MCZ). Paratype males: (27) Midland Co., Michigan, R. R. Dreis- bach (RRD) ; Otsego Co., Michigan (2) VIII-15-43, R. R. Dreis- bach (RRD) ; Missaukee Co., Michigan, VII-3-45, R. R. Dreisbach (RRD) ; Mason Co., Michigan, VII-22-46, R. R. Dreisbach (RRD) ; Benzie Co., Michigan, R. R. Dreisbach (RRD) ; Roscommon Co., Michigan, VII-6-46, R. R. Dreisbach (RRD) ; Washtenaw Co., Michigan, VII-22-27, N. K. Bigelow (MZ) ; (6) Washington, D. C., VII-8-47, David Shappirio (DS) ; Patuxent Refuge, Bowie, Mary- land, VI-3-45, R. T. Mitchell (PR) ; Falls Church, Virginia, VIII- 22, N. Banks (MCZ) ; (3) Franklin Co., Ohio, VII-11-42, VI-3-42, (OSU) ; Atchison Co., Kansas, VII-29-24, E. P. Breakeley (Kan.) ; Holden, Massachusetts, VIII-8-05, J. C. Bridwell (USNM) ; Carlin- ville, Illinois, (5), 1895, Robertson (INHS) ; Petersham, Massachu- setts, (MCZ) ; Woodstock, Vermont, A. P. Morse (MCZ) ; Falls Church, Virginia, VII-11 and IX-6, N. Banks (MCZ) ; Hecton Mills, Pennsylvania, V-31-09, W. S. Fisher (USNM) ; St. Joseph Co., Michigan, V-30-41, R, R. Dreisbach (RRD) ; Manistee Co., Michigan, R. R. Dreisbach (RRD). 19 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 The paratypes of this species vary in size as follows. Length : head and thorax from 3.64 nun. to 4.0 mm., abdomen from 3.30 mm. to 4.64 mm., fore wing from 4.3 to 7.94 mm., rear wing from 3.64 to 6.62 mm. Pompilinus splendens, new species. Figs. 53 and 54. Holotype male. Black, except the posterior one-fifth of first tergite and all but posterior edge of second tergite which are red, the red on first tergite covering the dorsal surface and extending on the sides for about one-fourth of lateral surface, the red on second tergite covering whole dorsal surface as noted and extend- ing on sides for about two-thirds of lateral surface; the clypeus, face, front up to anterior ocellus, posterior orbits, pronotum, pos- terior surface and angles of propodeum, entire sides of thorax, and ventral surfaces of coxae and femur covered with fine, ap- pressed, sericeous hair which gives the insect a beautiful sheen; the mesonotum and abdomen without this silvery sheen and black except as noted ; a few long hairs on mouth extending downward, a very few upright hairs on vertex and on front of fore coxae, otherwise devoid of upright hairs; clypeus truncate, slightly raised above mouth and with a convex curvature from just below anten- nal base to front edge; antennae slender, first, third and fourth joints subequal; anterior ocellus about its diameter from the laterals, and these slightly closer to the eye margin than to each other; a slight sulcus extending from the anterior ocellus to be- tween the antennal sockets ; vertex about straight across when seen from in front, but with a slight elevation at ocellar triangle; pro- notum without angulation; fore wings slightly dark all over, but more heavily darkened from third cubital cell to tip, rear wings almost hyaline except apex; third cubital cell petiolate, basal vein in fore wings slightly basad of transverse vein, the subdiscoidal vein in rear wings interstitial with the median; longer spur of hind tibiae six-sevenths the length of posterior metatarsal joint. Length : head and thorax 4.0 mm., abdomen 4.25 mm., fore wing 6.2 mm., rear wing 4.6 mm. ; genitalia: width at base 0.4 mm., length 1.0 mm. ; last ventral length 1.19 mm. The genitalia are very similar to those of P. marginatus (Say), except that the parameres are concave on outer side a short dis- tance above base and then bulge outward about upper-third, the outer edge at top is almost a straight line with hardly any curva- ture, the inner edge is slightly concave at upper third ; the outer edge of P. marginatus, on the other hand, is a smooth convex 20 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA curve from base to tip, and the inner edge is also a smoother curve without concavity; it is also distinguished by the fact that the volsellae have no hairs on the surface, only on the edges in the species P. marginatus, while in this species the whole surface of volsellae is covered with long hair, the hair on the whole genitalia longer. The beautiful silvery, velvety sheen also distinguishes this from marginatus. Holotype male : Morton Co., Kansas, 2800 ft., F. X. Williams, VIII-5-11 (Kan.) V Pompilinus pseudoreductus, new species. Figs. 30 and 31. Holotype male. Completely black, except for two very small spots on inner orbits opposite the antennal sockets, which are whit- ish; a few long brownish hairs on vertex, much shorter upright ones on the clypeus, and very long upright white hairs on pos- terior orbits and on fore part of pronotum just back of head; the clypeus and face to above the antennae and along the inner orbits covered with closely appressed, silvery, pubescence ; clypeus with only a very slight bulge when seen from the side, the vertex with a slight bulge at ocellar triangle when seen from in front ; the fore ocellus larger in diameter than the lateral ocelli in the ratio of 5 to 4 and its distance from the lateral ones equal to its diameter, while the laterals are slightly farther apart than their distance to the eye margins ; no sulcus on front ; the antennae very slender, the first joint slightly longer than the third and this subequal to the fourth, the second very short, hardly more than one-fifth as long as third; first joint with no upright hair, but when seen from in front there is a line of whitish appressed hair; on the sides this shows up as a broader band of white appressed hair; pronotum only very slightly angulate and could be considered as without angulation, as this is a borderline case in this character; when seen in reflected light the entire thorax, with the exception of the dorsal surfaces of the pronotum and mesonotum, and the coxae covered with a beautiful whitish sheen, with a velvety-like appear- ance, the abdomen without this pubescence and without any upright hair ; the wings fuliginous all over, no more so at tip than the rest of wing; wings exceptionally long, the fore wing 6.62 mm. and the rear one 5.63 mm. ; the third cubital cell strongly petiolate, and as long on marginal as on cubital vein; the first intercubital vein is curved backward very strongly, the basal vein of the second cubital coalesces with the cubital vein for about the apical half, this with the curvature of the first intercubital vein making the 21 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 cell appear about seven-sided; second cubital cell about one-half as long on marginal vein as on cubital vein, the second intercubital vein meeting the third cubital cell in middle, basal vein strongly basad of the transverse vein in fore wings and the subdiscoidal vein in rear wings almost interstitial with the cubitus, actually arising very slightly beyond the cell; longer spur of posterior tibiae exceptionally long, seven-eighths the length of the posterior metatarsal joint; last ventral segment characteristic of the species, a slight ridge running lengthwise of the segment making the seg- ment slightly roofshaped, the opaque central portion wedge-shaped with the widest part apical, the transparent edges arising slightly behind the long-haired tip, flaring out and becoming widest about the middle where they suddenly curve inward and then outward again but not becoming as wide as the fore part; just beyond this indented part is a small tuft of five or six small hairs, not present in any other species, the edges of the transparent portion also have a row of tiny upright hairs extending from the tip to just before the indented portion ; the genitalia very similar to those of P. re- ductus, but differing in having the volsellae shorter than the para- penial lobes and aedeagus, and by the fact that the volsellae end in a sharper point and have a slightly incurved dorsal edge at the tip, whereas in P. reductus this edge rounds off in a continuous curve. Length: head and thorax 3.97 mm., abdomen 4.97 mm., fore wing 6.95 mm., rear wing 5.3 mm.; genitalia: width 0.464 mm., length 1.125 mm.; last ventral: width 0.53 mm., length 1.26 mm. (Midland Co., paratype). Holotype male: Muskegon Co., Michigan, VIII-16-45, R. R. Dreisbach (MCZ). Paratypes males: Allegan Co., Michigan, VIII-18-45, (RRD) ; Mecosta Co., Michigan, VIII-1-42, (RRD) ; Muskegon Co., Michi- gan, (2) VIII-2-44, (2) VIII-16-45, VIII-11-45, VIII-2-44 (RRD) ; Montcalm Co., Michigan, VIII-7-47 (RRD) ; Genesee Co., Michigan, VII-16-39 ; Gladwin Co., Michigan, VII-29-39 ; Newaygo Co., Michi- gan, VII-26-40; Otsego Co., Michigan, VIII-15-43; Midland Co., Michigan, VI-6-41, VI-21-34, (2) VII-21-34, VI-28-44, VII-8-34; Clare Co., Michigan, (2) VIII-16-44; all collected R. R. Dreisbach (RRD). Washtenaw Co., Michigan, (2) VII-21-27, VII-17-27, N. K. Bigelow (ML) ; Wayne Co., Michigan, VIII-12-18, F. E. McCain, (MZ) ; Danville, Illinois, VIII-31-24, VI-10-13, ACSB (INHS) ; Carlinville, Illinois, 1895, (5) No. 17066, (2) No. 17137, No. 17000, Robertson (INHS) ; Ogle Co., Illinois, Dozier and Mohr, 22 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VII-4-32 (INHS) ; Kansas Exp. 24.9, J. R. Horton (USNM) ; New Jersey, VI-15-90 (USNM) ; Falls Church, Virginia, VIII-4, IX-6, VIII-22, VII-24, N. Banks (MCZ) ; Glencarlyn, Virginia, (2) VI-14, VI-17, N. Banks, paratype No. 10015 of P. subcylindri- cus (MCZ) ; Virginia, VI-12 (USNM) ; Glen Echo, Maryland, (2) VII- 31-17 and summer 17, R. M. Fouts (USNM) ; Cabin John, Maryland, IX-1916, R. M. Fouts (USNM) ; Sandusky, Cedar Pt., Ohio, (2) Bridwell (USNM) ; Fedor, Lee Co., Texas, (3) IV-3-04, Birkmann (MCZ) ; Falls Church, Virginia, (8) N. Banks (MCZ); Glencarlyn, Virginia, VIII-17 ; Falls Church, Virginia, VIII- 22, VII-19, paratypes of P. subcylindricus No. 10015 ; Glen- carlyn, Virginia, (2) VI-1914; Wading River, L. I., New York, VII-25-14 (MCZ) ; Lincoln, Nebraska, VIII-7-14, E. M. Partridge; Omaha, Nebraska, VII-7-14, L. T. Williams; Oglalla, Nebraska, VI-24-13, R. W. Dawson; Bridgeport, Nebraska, C. E. Mickel; Mitchell, Nebraska, C. E. Mickel, VII-21-16 (all Neb.) ; Tama Co., Iowa, VII-20-35, H. E. Jaques (Jaq.) ; Keokuk Co., Iowa, VIII- 11-36, H. E. Jaques (Jaq.). The paratypes vary in size as follows: length of head and thorax from 3.3 mm. to 4.3 mm. ; abdomen from 3.64 mm. to 5.30 mm. ; fore wing from 5.3 mm. to 6.95 mm. ; rear wing from 4.64 mm. to 5.63 mm. The paratype from Mitchell, Nebraska, has more red on the first and second tergites than P. marginatus. Pompilinus hispidus, new species. Figs. 47 and 48. Holotype male. Completely black; a very few long hairs on vertex, posterior orbits, under clypeus, and under head; the cly- peus, face to just above the antennae, upper edge of posterior orbits and the whole thorax with very fine, closely appressed, sil- very pubescence, but none on the abdomen; clypeus truncate in front and almost flat when seen from the side, and vertex also almost flat when seen from in front, the ocelli just noticeable above the surface; fore ocellus less than its diameter from the laterals and these about as far apart as their distance from the eye margins; not the slightest indication of a sulcus between the fore ocellus and antennae ; when seen from the side, the top of head rises in a smooth curve to the highest part at the antennae, start- ing about half way between the anterior ocellus and the antennae ; antennae slender, the first, third and fourth joints subequal in length ; pronotum very slightly angulate ; propodeum absolutely smooth with no upright hairs and no sulcus ; wings strongly brownish all over; marginal cell twice its length from wing tip, 23 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 third cubital cell strongly petiolate, second cubital cell twice as long on the cubital vein as on the marginal vein; first and second recurrent veins meeting the second and third cubital cells respec- tively slightly beyond the middle ; basal vein slightly basad of the transverse vein in fore wings, and the subdiscoidal vein in rear wings arising beyond the cell ; longer spur of posterior tibiae three- fifths as long as the posterior metatarsal joint ; last ventral segment very hispid over the whole ventral surface, hence the name; this character will distinguish this species from any other of the genus and is visible without dissection; the genitalia are very similar to P. truncatus n. sp., but differ markedly by virtue of the parapenal lobes being much thicker at the basal third, and also by the fact that the volsellae are much shorter than the parapenal lobe and the aedeagus, while in P. truncatus they are only slightly shorter. Length: head and thorax 3.57 mm., abdomen 5.3 mm., fore wing 5.96 mm., rear wing 4.64 mm.; genitalia: width, 0.662 mm., length 1.32 mm.; last ventral: width 0.53 mm., length 1.32 mm. Holotype male : Tuscola Co., Michigan, VIII-20-40, R. R. Dreis- bach (MCZ). Paratype males : Midland Co., Michigan, VII-3-42, R. R. Dreis- bach (RRD); Lapeer Co., Michigan, VII-5-42, Geo. Steyskal (RRD) ; Huron Co., Michigan, VI-19-22, T. H. Hubbell (MZ) ; Baldwin Co., Kansas, Bridwell (USNM) 6, 7 ; Carlinville, Illinois, 1895, Robertson (INHS) ; Champaign, Illinois, A. S. Beardeley (INHS) ; Clay Co., Kansas, VIII-6, Bridwell (USNM) ; Lincoln, Nebraska; Omaha, Nebraska, VIII-26-13, L. T. Williams; Neligh, Nebraska, VI-22-09, W. Thompson (Neb). The paratypes of this species vary in size as follows : head and thorax from 3.0 mm. to 4.64 mm. ; abdomen from 3.64 mm. to 5.0 mm. ; fore wing from 5.0 mm. to 7.3 mm. ; rear wing from 4.0 mm. to 5.63 mm. Pompilinus ohioensis, new species. Figs. 33 and 57. Holotype male. Completely black; a few long hairs on vertex, mandibles, posterior orbits and under head, those on posterior or- bits and under head are white ; a small spot of white closely ap- pressed hairs at lateral edge and just behind the postscutellum ; when seen from the side the clypeus is without a bulge and only the • front at antennal fossae above the level of the eyes ; clypeus truncate in front; when seen from in front, the vertex is straight across, no bulge at ocellar triangle ; fore ocellus about its diameter from the laterals and these as far apart as two-thirds their dis- 24 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA tance to eye margin; first, third, and fourth antennal segments of snbeqnal length and the ultimate segment slightly longer, one and one-half times as long as the penultimate; pronotnm slightly an- gulate; propodeum without a sulcus, almost all in a horizontal plane, only a very short vertical section on the posterior edge; wings almost hyaline except beyond the cells where they are strongly colored; both recurrent veins received by their respec- tive cells beyond the middle ; third cubital cell petiolate ; mar- ginal cell one and one-half its length from wing tip ; basal vein is strongly basad of the transverse vein in fore wings and in the rear wings the subdiscoidal vein arises beyond the cubitus a con- siderable length ; no hairs or spines on femur or front tibia except a few spines on this tibia just at tip ; latter two pairs of tibiae with a row of small spines on dorsal edge and a row of smaller, fewer spines on ventral edge; no spines on tarsi except underneath; longer spur of hind tibiae eight-tenths as long as posterior meta- tarsal joint. Length : head and thorax 3.64 mm. ; abdomen 4.60 mm. • fore wing 5.96 mm., rear wing, 4.33 mm.; genitalia: length 1.06 mm., width 0.60 m. ; last ventrite : length 1.19 mm., width 0.60 mm. Holotype male: Pickaway Co., Ohio, VI-21-37, R. R. Dreis- bach (MCZ). Pompilinus reductus (Banks). Figs. 28 and 29. Pompiloides reductus Banks, Jr. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XXII, 1914, p. 302. Female, (o.d. Ont. Canada, Va. MCZ). Psammochapes ( Pompiloides ) reduct a Leonard, Cornell Uni. Agr. Exp. Stat. Mem. 101, 1928, p. 987. Pompiloides reducta Brimley, Jr. Elish. Mitch. Sci. Soc. LII, 1936, p. 126. (part desc. N. C.). Pompiloides reductus Brimley, Insects of N. C., 1938, p. 433. (N. C.). Allotype male. Completely black; a very few long hairs on vertex, fore part of pronotum, and fore coxae ; clypeus completely flat when seen from the side, truncate in front and covered with finely appressed glistening (in reflected light) white hairs, these also covering face to just above the base of antennae; anterior ocellus slightly more than its distance from the laterals and these slightly farther apart than their distance to the eye margins ; no sulcus on front between the anterior ocellus and base of antennae ; first, third and fourth joints of antennae subequal, first joint without upright hair, but the sides with closely appressed silvery pubescence; pronotum slightly angulate; the whole thorax and the 25 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 ' coxae covered with closely appressed silvery, glistening pubes- cence; no snlcns on propodeum; abdomen without any upright hair whatever and without the silvery pubescence of the thorax; wings brownish all over, but slightly more so beyond the cells ; third cubital cell p etiolate, second cubital cell almost square, as long on marginal vein as on cubital vein, first intercubital vein slightly bent just above the middle, first recurrent vein meeting the second cubital cell at about the apical third, second recurrent meeting the third cubital cell slightly beyond the middle, basal and transverse veins in fore wing interstitial, but the subdiscoidal in the rear wings arises beyond the cell; marginal cell one and one-third times its length from wing tip ; longer spur of posterior tibiae about three-fourths as long as the posterior metatarsal joint; last ventral segment with the transparent edges extending almost to the tip of segment in contrast to P. pseudoreductus n. sp., where the transparent edges start well back from tip ; this segment very broad, with the fine setae covering the whole surface to just beyond the broadest part, where they vanish with only two or three rows of hair extending backward along the midrib ; this segment is three-fourths as wide as long, and this is specific as no other species has as wide a segment compared to length; the volsellae are as long as parapenial lobes and aedeagus, in contrast to P. pseudoreductus n. sp., where they are considerably shorter. Length: head and thorax 3.32 mm., abdomen 4.5 mm., fore wing 5.96 mm., rear wing 4.65 mm. ; genitalia : width 0.53 mm., length 1.125 mm.; last ventral: width 0.60 mm., length 0.861 mm. Allotype male : Holliston, Massachusetts, VIII-6, N. Banks. (MCZ). Para-allotypes : Forest Hills, Massachusetts, J. Bequaert (MCZ) ; Holliston, Massachusetts, VIII-5, N. Banks (MCZ) ; Lex- ington, Massachusetts, VI-27 (MCZ) ; Fedor, Lee Co., Texas, V- 20-09 (MCZ) ; Midland Co., Michigan, VIII-20-42, VI-24-47, VII- 23-38, R. R. Dreisbach (RRD) ; Muskegon Co., Michigan, VIII- 11-45, VII-26-42(2), R. R. Dreisbach (RRD) ; Missaukee Co., Michigan, VII-9-45, R. R. Dreisbach (RRD) ; Alpena Co., Michi- gan, VII-28-46, R. R. Dreisbach (RRD) ; Emmet Co., Michigan, VIII-11-43, R. R. Dreisbach (RRD) ; Benzie Co., Michigan, VII- 28-40, R. R. Dreisbach (RRD) ; Gratiot Co., Michigan, (2) VII- 13-42, R. R. Dreisbach (RRD) ; Montcalm Co., Michigan, VIII- 1-43, R. R. Dreisbach (RRD); St. Joseph Co., Michigan, V-31-41, R. R. Dreisbach (RRD) ; Lake Co., Michigan, VII-30-40, R. R. Dreisbach (RRD) ; Newaygo Co., Michigan, VII-30-40, R. R. 26 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Dreisbach (RRD) ; Kalkaska Co., Michigan, VIII-8-39, R. R. Dreisbach ( RRD ) . This may not be the true male of P. reductus, and for that reason para-allotypes are designated, as it may be a new species. The paratypes of this species vary in size as follows : length of head and thorax from 2.65 mm. to 3.64 mm. ; abdomen from 3.7 mm. to 4.0 mm. ; fore wing from 4.33 mm. to 4.64 mm. ; rear wing from 3.31 mm. to 4.0 mm. Pompilinus clystera (Banks). Figs. 14 and 27. Pompiloides clystera Banks, Jr. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXII, 1914, p. 302. Male. (o.d. Cal. MCZ). Pompiloides clystera Banks, Bull. MCZ, LXIII, 1919, p. 236. (Cal. Key). I have seen this species from Colorado. The genitalia are very similar to those of P. marginatus, practically indistinguishable from that species, but the last ventral is very different, as shown in the figures. Pompilinus cylindricus (Cresson). Figs. 9 and 10. Pompilus cylindricus Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., I, 1867, p. 92. Male. (o.d. Pa., 111., Dak. Ter., Texas, Va. Amer. Ent. Soc.). Pompilus cylindricus Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., IV, 1872, p. 203. Male. (Texas). Pompilus cylindricus Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Snppl. Vol., pt. 2, 1887, p. 271. Male. (Cat. Can., U S) Anoplius cylindricus Viereck, Rpt. N. J. State Mns. for 1909, 1910, p. 674. (N. J.) Pompiloides cylindricus Viereck, Bull. Conn. Nat. Hist. Sur., 1917, p. 631. (Key. Conn.). Psammochares ( Pompiloides ) cylindricus, Leonard, Cornell Uni. Agr. Exp. St. Mem. 101, 1928, p. 987. (N. Y.). Pompiloides cylindricus Brimley, Jr., Elish .Mitch. Sci. Soc., LII, 1936 p. 125. Male, female, (part desc. key. N. C.). Pompiloides cylindricus Brimley, Insects of N. C., 1938, p. 433. (N. 0.), The distribution records of this species are absolutely worth- less, as the species is mixed up in all collections with about eight or ten species. It is indistinguishable except by a study of the genitalia or last ventral segment. I have seen the species from Ontario, Kentucky and Michigan. Pompilinus tenebrosus (Cresson). Figs. 49 and 50. 27 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 Pompilus tenebrosus Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., IV, 1865, p. 453. Female, (o.d. Colo. Amer. Ent. Soc.). Pompilus tenebrosus Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., I, 1867, p. 89. Female, (part dese. Colo. terr.). Pompilus tenebrosus Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., IV, 1872, p. 203. Male, female. (Texas). Pompilus tenebrosus Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Snppl. Vol., pt. 2, 1887, p. 271. Female. (Cat. Can., U. S.). Anoplius tenebrosus Viereck, Rpt., N. J. State Mns. for 1909, 1910, p. 674. (N. J.). Pompiloides canadensis Banks, Can. Ent., LI, 1919, p. 82. Male. (o.d. Nova Scotia. Can. MCZ). Psammockares ( Anoplius ) tenebrosus Leonard, Cornell LTni. Agr. Exp. St., Mem. 101, 1928, p. 987 (N. Y.). Anoplius tenebrosus Brimley, Jr., Elish. Mitch. Sci. Soc., LII, 1936, p. 127. (Part desc., key. N. C.). Anopliella tenebrosa Banks, Can. Ent. LXXI, 1939, p. 227. Fe- male. (In new genus). Upright hair on propodeum. Pompilinus calif orniae Evans. Figs. 55 and 56. This species was described recently by Howard E. Evans (3). It is slightly different from the rest of the species, in that the aedeagus does not flare out at the tip, but rather has an indenta- tion just above the middle. The last ventrite has a small patch of hair each side just above base, which is characteristic of a number of the species. I wish to thank Mr. Evans and the editors of the two maga- zines for their kindness in allowing me to use the drawings of this species and those of the genera Ammosphex and Hespero - pompilus. Pompilinus insolens (Banks). Figs. 43 and 44. Pompiloides insolens Banks, Jr. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XIX, 1911, p. 226. Male. (o.d. N. C., Va. MCZ.). Pompiloides insolens Brimley, Jr. Elish. Mitch. Sci. Soc., LII, 1936, p. 125. (N. C. Key). Pompiloides insolens Brimley, Insects of N. C., 1938, p. 433. (N.C.). This species is also one whose distribution records are of no value, as it is mixed up with various species, and the genitalia must be studied for correct identification. I have seen the spe- cies from Pennsylvania, Florida, Louisiana, Vermont, Virginia, Michigan, Washington, D. C., Maryland, Connecticut, Illinois 28 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA and Massachusetts. Both the genitalia and the last ventral are very characteristic and leave no doubt as to the species. Pompilinus marginatus (Say). Figs. 38 and 39. Pompilus marginatus Say, Long’s sec. Exped., II, 1824, p. 333. Pompilus ( Miscus ) petiolatus Say, Bost. Jr. Nat. Hist., I, 1835, p. 305. Pompilus marginatus Cresson, Proc. Amer. Ent. Soc., I, 1863, p. 317. (Cat.). Pompilus marginatus Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Suppl. Vol., 98. Male, female. (Desc. Mass., Conn., N. Y., N. J., Pa., Del., Va., 111., Colo., Dak. Terr.). Pompilus marginatus Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., IV, 1872, p. 203. Female. (Texas). Pompilus marginatus Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Suppl. Vol., pt. 2, 1887, p. 271. Male, female. (Cat. Can., U. S.) . Pompilus marginatus Fox, Ent. News, I, 1890, p. 145 (biology). Pompilus marginatus Hancock, Ent. News, X, 1899, p. 29 (habits). Pompilus marginatus Hartman, Bull. Uni. Texas, No. 65, 1905, pp. 52-54 (habits). Anoplius marginatus Viereck, Rpt. N. J. State Mus., 1909, 1910, p. 674 (N. J.). Pompiloides marginatus Viereck, Bull. Conn. Nat. Hist. Sur., 1917, p. 632 (Key. Conn.). Pompiloides marginatus Rau, Wasp Studies Afield, 1918, pp. 58- 63 (Biology). Psammochares ( Pompiloides ) marginatus Leonard, Cornell Uni. Agr. Expt. St., Mem. 101, 1928, p. 987. (N. Y.). Pompiloides marginatus Brimley, Jr. Elish. Mitch. Sci. Soc., LII, 1936, p. 125. (Key. N. C.). Pompiloides marginatus Brimley, Insects of N. C., 1938, p. 433. . (N. C.). This species, due to the red markings on the first and second tergites in the female, is fairly easily recognized in this sex; but in the male sex, where the red markings are absent in most of the specimens, it is completely mixed up with a great many of the other species and hence distribution records are of no value if listed from the males. The writer has seen this species from Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, Illinois, Florida, Kentucky, Ohio, Texas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Washington, D. C., and Mexico. The following species are known from the female only, and hence are not discussed in this paper: P. coruscus (Smith), elsi- 29 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 nore Banks, hageni Banks, and moestus Banks. The following do not belong in this genus as considered here : P. albomarginatus (Banks), consimilis Banks, eurydice (Banks), minora Brimley, semirufus (Cresson), violaceipes (Cresson), and pretiosa (Banks). P. agnema Brimley and subargenteus (Cresson) I have not seen and do not know whether they belong here or not. P. solonus Banks, angularis Banks, and parvulus Banks are transferred to the new genus Anopompilinus Dreisbach (1). In the introduction of this paper the writer neglected to rec- ognize the help obtained from Mr. Banks. It was through Mr. Banks’ kindness that the writer was able to start this work at all, since he named a great many species for the writer and was always willing to answer any questions, send reprints, specimens or sug- gestions. Key to Males of Pompilinus • 1. When the head is seen from the side the nearest lateral ocellus is seen in full extending above surface of eye, in fact the whole ocellar triangle is raised above eye surface ; if other species have an indication of this the abdomen is black, while the apical half of tergite two is red in this species. Figs. 51 and 52 dowi n. sp. Ocellar triangle not as above or if slightly so, then the abdo- men is black 2 2. Abdomen very evidently with some red 3 Abdomen entirely black 4 3. With beautiful, silvery, sericeous, velvety pubescence on head, thorax and legs; pronotum in a smooth curve, no angula- tion; last ventral segment pointed, with a slight concave edge just back of tip and with a few (3-5) hairs on edge each side just about the attachment of the small narrow plate underlying the ventrite ; long hair on parameres and volsellae much more shaggy and longer than in the following. Figs. 53 and 54 splendens n. sp. Without the silvery, velvety pubescence of above; pronotum slightly angulate; last ventrite not pointed, but with the tip ending in a smooth rounded curve, with no patches of hair on each side near base. Figs. 38 and 39. marginatus (Say) 4. Parameres somewhat club-shaped, thick at base but somewhat pointed at tip ; last ventral segment with edges almost parallel and a small patch of hair near base on each side ; 30 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA with two narrow longitudinal ridges on basal half divid- ing the segment into thirds. Figs. 49 and 50. tenebrosus ( Cresson) Parameres not thick at base and if sides of last ventral are parallel, then there is no patch of hair on sides near the base, and no ridges as above 5 5. Last ventral segment broadest just back of where it starts to broaden ont, somewhat pointed and with a small patch of hair each side near base ; parameres similar to P. mar - ginatus but much narrowed near base. Figs. 30 and 31. pseudoreductus n. sp. Not with the above combination of characters 6 6. Parameres somewhat club-shaped, but otherwise not as in first alternative of couplet 4, and very little larger than vol- sellae ; last ventral segment very narrow, or if fairly broad then broadest at the upper third and narrowing again just below middle and curving out again at basal third to the same width as apical third 7 Not as above 8 7. Last ventral segment very narrow, and with a row of long hairs on each side; volsellae very broad. Figs. 36 and 37 t exanus n. sp. Last ventral segment as in last part of first alternative of couplet 7 ; the apical half of last ventral segment com- pletely covered with short hair; basal half bare, a few longer hairs each side, just where short hairs stop ; vol- sellae hairy over whole length. Figs. 55 and 56. calif orniae (Evans) 8. Parameres very narrow 9 Parameres broad 10 9. Parameres with numerous (12-18) long hairs extending out- ward from upper third and these hairs curved or bent near tips ; last ventral segment nearly straight-sided. Figs. 9 and 10 cylindricus (Cresson) Parameres with fewer (6 to 8) and shorter hairs than pre- ceding and the hairs straight at tip; last ventral segment broadest about middle and deeply concave just before the beginning of the spur. Figs. 25 and 26. sub cylindricus (Banks) 10. Parameres broad and, while broader just before tip, yet with neither edge concave near base but extending to tip in a 31 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 smooth curve; volsellae very broad and with numerous very long hairs on edges near tip 11 Parameres broad, but with the outer edge concave near base so that the basal third is much narrower and there is a small broader section just before the concave part ap- pearing as a knob, or broadest at tip, and not as in pre- ceding couplet 14 11. Last ventral segment short, broad, with thickly haired tip and broadest just below tip ; a broad strip each side of midrib bare of hair; a short row of small hairs just at the place where the outer edge starts to curve in. near base. Pigs. 20 and 24 estellina (Banks) Not as above 12 12. Last ventral evenly haired all over, shorter than the follow- ing. Pigs. 14 and 27 clyster a (Banks) Last ventral segment not haired all over, longer than preced- ing : * 13 13. Last ventral without any hairs whatever on basal half, almost parallel-sided from broadest part just in front of tip ; a few much longer hairs in an uneven row near sides on upper third. Figs. 33 and 57 ohioensis n. sp. Last ventral segment with hairs at midrib and near it each side extending to base; no rows of spines above 3 14. Volsellae truncate across the tip ; parameres inclined to be somewhat club-shaped 15 Volsellae not truncate across the tip, and parameres not at all club-shaped 17 1£). Parameres club-shaped and last ventral segment hispid with hairs over the central portion that project noticeably from the surface of segment when viewed from side; two very small patches of hair near base close to midrib on last ventrite. Pigs. 47 and 48 kispidus n. sp. Parameres in one case club-shaped, but without any patches of hair on last ventral as above, and without any long hispid hair projecting below last ventral 16 16. Parameres not club-shaped, but with the upper part much wider and flatter; volsellae with the inner edge at tip slightly prolonged to a small tip; last ventral different in shape from P. hispidus. Figs. 40 and 41. tr uncat us n. sp. 32 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Parameres club-shaped ; volsellae with the tip entirely straight across and without any prolonged tip ; last ventral seg- ment similar to that of P. tr uncat us. Figs. 58 and 59. subtruncatus n. sp. 17. Volsellae not so broad, more rod-shaped and with the upper half without any long hair, entirely bare, but very hairy with long hair on lower half; parameres in the upper half with the inner half bare of hair, and where hairy with smaller, shorter hair than usual; last ventral not very wide. Figs. 32 and 42 bequaerti n. sp. Volsellae not rod-shaped, and the upper half not bare of hair 18 18. Parameres broadest at tip, with the edges in a smooth curve, without any concave edges to this part, with long hair on inner edge ; first ventral broadest at the middle ; volsellae with the inner edge for the apical three-fourths trans- parent. Figs. 43 and 44 insolens (Banks) Parameres not like marginatus , but with the outer edge near the base concave, or if not then the parameres have a very wide transparent edge 19 19. Parameres very broad and with long hairs on inner edge almost as long as wide, paddle-shaped with the upper half of equal width ; volsellae covered with very long hair and shorter than parapenial lobes and aedeagus ; last ven- trite rectangular from where it reaches its greatest width just before tip to base. Figs. 34 and 35. rectangularis n. sp. Parameres not as above 20 20. Parameres increasing in width from base to the greatest width just before tip, without the appearance of a knob at base due to the outer edge being concave just before base ; last ventrite somewhat wedge-shaped and widest just before tip, with no hairs each side just below middle ; para- meres bare of hair on inner edge. Figs. 45 and 46. stenotus (Banks) Parameres with a knob at base due to the outer edge being- concave near base; hairs on last ventrite few and spine- like; parameres of about equal length with the para- penial lobes and aedeagus. Figs. 28 and 29. reduct us (Banks) 33 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 Literature References L Dreisbach, Robt. R. A New Genus of the Subfamily Psam- mocharinae (Hymenoptera,- Psammocharidae) with De- scriptions of Eight New Species and a Key to the Spe- cies. American Midland Naturalist (in press). 2. Evans, Howard E. 1948. A New Subgenus of Pompilus (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washing- ton, 50, pp. 141-149. 3. Evans, Howard E. 1948. Two New Southwestern Spider Wasps. Pan-Pacific Ent., 24, pp. 123-130. Plate I Fig. 1. Aporinellus fasciatus (Smith). Genitalia. 0.66 by 0.40 mm. X 112. Fig. 2. Lophopompilus aethiops ( Cresson). Genitalia. 1.61 by 0.795 mm. X 40. Fig. 3. Anopompilinus midiiganensis Dreisbach. Genitalia. 0.994 by 0.465 mm. X 70. Fig. 4. Pycnopompilus scelestus (Cresson). Genitalia. 1.32 by 0.73 mm. X 30. Fig. 5. Anoplius illinoensis (Robertson). Genitalia. 1.00 by 0.73 mm. X 45. t 34 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, (n. s.) Nos. 1-2, PI. I ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 Plate II Fig. 6. 0.795 mm. Fig. 7. 0.795 mm. Sericopompilus cinctipes X 52. Psammockares relativus X 40. (Say). (Fox) . Genitalia. Genitalia. 1.325 by 1.325 by Fig. 8. Anotochares engleharti Banks. Genitalia. 1.60 by 1.25 mm. X 15. Fig. 9. Pompilinus cylindricus (Cresson). Genitalia. 0.86 by 0.53 mm. X 43. Fig. 10. Pompilinus cylindricus (Cresson). Last vent rite. 1.06 by 0.40 mm. X 43. 36 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, (n. s.) Nos. 1-2, PI. II 10 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 Plate III Fig. 11. Episyron biguttatus (Fabricius). Genitalia. 1.00 by 0.60 mm. X 60. Fig. 12. Batazonus interruptus (Say). Genitalia. 1.13 by 0.79 mm. X 25. Fig. 13. Agenioideus humilis (Cresson). Genitalia. 0.73 by 0.53 mm. X 60. Fig. 14. Pompilinus clyster a (Banks). Genitalia. 1.48 by 0.80 mm. X 25. Fig. 15. Sophropompilus parvus (Cresson). Genitalia. 0.93 by 0.60 mm. X 40. Fig. 16. Anoplochares rectus (Banks). Genitalia. 0.93 by 0.59 mm. X 30. 38 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, (n. s.) Nos. 1-2, PL III 13 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 Plate IV Fig. 17. Arachnophroctonus ferrugineus. (Say). Genitalia. 1.32 by 1,32 mm. X 35. Fig. 18. Gymnochares biedermanni (Banks). Genitalia. 0.80 by 0.60 mm. X 47. Fig. 19. Nannopompilus argent eus ( Cresson). Genitalia. 0.73 by 0.46 mm. X 65. Fig. 20. Pompilinus estellina (Banks). Genitalia. 0.80 by 0.40 mm. X 31. Fig. 21. Notiochares philadelphicus (Lepeletier) . Genitalia. 1.92 by 1.32 mm. X 32. 40 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 Plate V Fig. 22. Hesperopompilus orophilus (Evans). Genitalia. Fig. 23. Ammosphex phoenix (Evans). Genitalia. Fig. 24. Pompilinus estellina (Banks). Last ventrite. 1.13 by 0.533 mm. X 44. Fig. 25. Pompilinus subeylindricus (Banks). Genitalia. 0.73 by 0.56 mm. X 34. Fig. 26. Pompilinus subeylindricus (Banks). Last ventrite. 1.00 by 0.46 mm. X 50. Fig. 27. Pompilinus clyster a (Banks) . Last ventrite. 1.32 by 0.66 mm. X 43. ( 42 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, (n. s.) Nos. 1-2, PI. V 27 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 Plate Y I Fig. 28. Pompilinus reductus (Banks). Genitalia. 1.00 by 0.60 mm. X 65. Fig. 29. Pompilinus reductus (Banks). Last ventrite. 1.18 by 0.67 mm. X 37. Fig. 30. Pompilinus pseudoreductus Dreisbach. Genitalia. 1.125 by 0.464 mm. X 50. Fig. 31. Pompilinus pseudoreductus Dreisbach. Last ventrite. 1.26 by 0.53 mm. X 40. Fig. 32. Pompilinus bequaerti Dreisbach. Genitalia. 1.20 by 0.66 mm. X 43. Fig. 33. Pompilinus ohioensis Dreisbach. Genitalia. 1.06 by 0.60 mm. X 32. 44 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, (n. s.) Nos. 1-2, Pl. VI ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 Plate VII Fig. 34. Pompilinus red angular is Dreisbach. Genitalia. 1.06 by 0.53 mm. X 75. Fig. 35. Pompilinus rectangularis Dreisbach. Last ventrite. 1.26 by 0.53 mm. X 55. Fig. 36. Pompilinus texanus Dreisbach. Genitalia. 0.994 by 0.60 mm. X 65. Fig. 37. Pompilinus texanus Dreisbach. Last ventrite. 1.126 by 0.20 mm. X 55. 46 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 Plate VIII Fig. 38. Pompilinus marginatus (Say). Genitalia. 1.19 by 0.464 mm. X 30. Fig. 39. Pompilinus marginatus (Say). Last ventrite. 1.19 by 0.40 mm. X 60. Fig. 40. Pompilinus truncatus Dreisbach. Genitalia. 1.13 by 0.60 mm. X 45. Fig. 41. Pompilinus truncatus Dreisbacli. Last ventrite. 1.32 by 0.464 mm. X 53. Fig. 42. Pompilinus bequaerti Dreisbach. Last ventrite. 1.06 by 0.464 mm. X 50. i \ 48 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 Plate IX Fig. 43. Pompilinus insolens (Banks). Genitalia. 1.20 by 0.62 mm. X 40. Fig. 44. Pompilinus insolens (Banks). Last ventrite. 1.19 by 0.53 mm. X 60. Fig. 45. Pompilinus stenotus (Banks). Genitalia. 1.20 by 0.70 mm. X 60. Fig. 46. Pompilinus stenotus (Banks). Last ventrite. 1.19 by 0.53 mm. X 42. Fig. 47. Pompilinus hispidus Dreisbach. Genitalia. 1.32 by 0.66 mm. X 38. Fig. 48. Pompilinus hispidus Dreisbach. Last ventrite. 1.32 by 0.53 mm. X 45. 50 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 Plate X Fig. 49. Pompilinus tenebrosus (Cresson). Genitalia. 1.32 by 0.59 mm. X 36. Fig. 50. Pompilinus ienebrosus (Cresson). Last ventrite. 1.32 by 0.46 mm. X 48. Fig. 51. Pompilinus dowi Dreisbach. Last ventrite. 1.32 by 0.265 mm. X 40. Fig. 52. Pompilinus dowP Dreisbach. Genitalia. 1.19 by 0.66 mm. X 37. Fig. 53. Pompilinus splendens Dreisbach. Genitalia. 1.00 by 0.40 mm. X 62. Fig. 54. Pompilinus splendens Dreisbach. Last ventrite. 1.19 by 0.53 mm. X 57. 52 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, (n. s.) Nos. 1-2, PI. X 54 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 Plate XI Pig. 55. Pompilinus calif orniae (Evans). Genitalia. Pig. 56. Pompilinus calif orniae (Evans). Last ventrite. Pig. 57. Pompilinus ohioensis Dreisbach. Last ventrite. 1.19 by 0.60 mm. X 41. Fig. 58. Pompilinus subtruncatus Dreisbach. Genitalia. 1.39 by 0.59 mm. X 40. Pig. 59. Pompilinus subtruncatus Dreisbach. Last ventrite. 1.32 by 0.60 mm. X 65. 54 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, (n. s.) Nos. 1-2, PI. XI ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Index New names and main references in bold-face ; synonyms in italics. aethiops, Lophopompilus, fig. 2 Ageniella, 2 Agenioideus, 9 agnema, Pompilinus, 30 albomarginatus, Pompilinus, 30 Ammosphex, 4, 7, 10, 28 angularis, Anopompilinns, 30 Anopliella, 4 Anoplioides, 7 Anoplins, 3, 4, 7, 11, 17 Anoplochares, 7, 10 Anopompilinns, 3, 4, 7, 10, 11 Anotochares, 6, 7, 9 Aporinellus, 5 Arachnophila, 4 Arachnophroctonus, 6, 8 argentens, Nannopompilus, fig. 19 Batazonns, 5, 8 bequaerti, Pompilinns, 16, 33; figs. 32, 42 biedermanni, Gymnochares, fig. 18 ' biguttatus, Episyron, fig. 11 calif orniae, Pompilinus, 28, 31 ; figs. 55, 56 canadensis, Pompiloides, 28 Chalcochares, 6 cinctipes, Sericopompilus, fig. 6 clystera, Pompilinus, 27, 32 ; figs. 14, 27 . Pompiloides, 27 consimilis, Pompilinns, 30 coruscus, Pompilinns, 29 cylindricus, Anoplius, 27 Pompilinns, 14, 27, 31 ; figs. 9, 10 Pompilus, 27 Psammochares, 27 Dicyrtomalis, 5 dowi, Pompilinns, 12, 30; figs. 51, 52 elsinore, Pompilinns, 29 engleharti, Anotochares, fig. 8 Episyron, 5 estellina, Pompilinns, 32 ; figs. 20, 24 Enmenidae, 3 enrydice, Pompilinus, 30 fasciatns, Aporinellus, fig. 1 ferruginens, Arachnophrocto- nus, fig. 17 Gymnochares, 6, 9 hageni, Pompilinns, 30 Hesperopompilus, 4, 6, 10, 28 hispidus, Pompilinns, 16, 18, 23, 32 ; figs. 47, 48 hnmilis, Agenioidens, fig. 13 illinoensis, Anoplins, fig. 5 insolens, Pompilinns, 28, 33; figs. 43, 44 Pompiloides, 28 interruptus, Batazonus, fig. 12 Lophopompilns, 7, 9 57 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2 marginatus, Anoplius, 29 Pompilinus, 4, 20, 21, 23, 27, 29, 30, 31, 33 ; figs. 38, 39 Pompiloides, 29 Pompilus, 29 Psammochares, 29 michiganensis, Anopompilinus, fig. 3 minora, Pompilinus, 30 moestus, Pompilinus, 30 Nannopompilus, 8, 9 Notiochares, 8, 9 ohioensis, Pompilinus, 24, 32 ; figs. 33, 57 orophilus, Hesperopompilus, fig. 22 parvulus, Anopompilinus, 30 parvus, Sophropompilus, fig. 15 Pepsinae, 3 Pepsis, 2, 3 philadelphicus, Notiochares, fig. 21 phoenix, Ammosphex, fig. 23 Poecilopompilus, 6, 9 Pompilinus, 3, 4, 7, 10, 12 pretiosa, Pompilinus, 30 Psammochares, 8, 10 Psammocharini, 5 pseudoreductus, Pompilinus, 21, 26, 31 ; figs. 30, 31 Pycnopompilus, 8, 11 rectangularis, Pompilinus, 18. 33 ; figs. 34, 35 rectus, Anoplochares, fig. 16 reducta, Psammochares, 25 reductus, Pompilinus, 22, 25, 27, 33 ; figs. 28, 29 Pompiloides, 25 relativus, Psammochares, fig. 7 Ridestus, 5 scelestus, Pycnopompilus, fig. 4 semirufus, Pompilinus, 30 Sericopompilus, 6, 11 solonus, Anopompilinus, 30 Sophropompilus, 8, 12 splendens, Pompilinus, 20, 30; figs. 53, 54 stenotus, Pompilinus, 33; figs. 45, 46 subargenteus, Pompilinus, 30 subcylindricus, Pompilinus, 14, 23, 31 ; figs. 25, 26 subtruncatus, Pompilinus, 17 33; figs. 58, 59 tenebrosa, Anopliella, 28 tenebrosus, Anoplius, 28 Pompilinus, 27, 31 ; figs. 49, 50 Pompilus, 28 Psammochares, 28 texanus, Pompilinus, 14, 31 ; figs. 36, 37 truncatus, Pompilinus, 15, 18, 24, 32, 33; figs. 40, 41 violaceipes, Pompilinus, 30 58 VOL. XXIX (New Series) Nos. 3 and 4 AMERICANA A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE JOSEPH C. BEQUAERT, Editor GEORGE S. TULLOCH E. W. TEALE Published for the Society by the Business Press Inc. N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $4.00 Subscription, $5.00 per year Date of Issue, September 12, 1949. Vol. XXIX Americana Nos. 3-4 CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A MONOGRAPH OF THE MUTILLIDAE OF THE NEOTROPICAL REGION. III. A KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES REPRESENTED AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SEVERAL NEW GENERA (HYMENOPTERA)1 2 By Rudolf M. Schuster University of Minnesota, University Farm, St. Paul, Minnesota Contents Introduction Part A Artificial Key to Subfamilies Subfamily Eotillinae, subf. nov Prototilla, gen. nov flotilla, gen. nov Subfamily Typhoctinae, subf. nov. PAGE . 60 . 61 61 . 64 . 69 75 . 80 1 Paper No. 2452, Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agri- cultural Experiment Station, St. Paul 1, Minnesota. 2 This is the third paper of a contemplated series in which the taxonomy and biology of the Mutillid Wasps of the Neotropics will be treated. The earlier papers are listed among the appended references (Schuster, 1945a and 19455). 59 SEP 1 4 1948 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 Subfamily Spliaeropthalminae Schuster, 1946 82 Protophotopsis Schuster 82 Allot ilia, gen. nov 89 Nanotopsis, gen. nov 95 C eratoph otops is, gen. nov 100 Anomophotopsis, gen. nov 106 Subfamily Mutillinae 107 ChaetotiUa, gen. nov 107 Pkysetopoda, gen. nov 112 Part B. The Interrelationships of the Neotropical Subfamilies of Mutillidae 116 1. The Eotillinae and their Mutual Relationships 116 2. The Relationships of the Eotillinae to the Typhoctinae 119 3. Summary 124 References 125 Explanation of Symbols on Plates XII to XVI 127 Index 129 Introduction The taxonomy of the vast and fascinating Mutillid fauna of the Neotropics was until recently in a state approaching chaos. The earlier work, largely of Ashmead, on the generic groups rep- resented, left the generic classification very unsatisfactory. A vast number of species had been described, almost all assigned to the portmanteau genus Mutilla. The majority of these had been de- scribed so briefly, and in such very general terms, that they have not been recognizable from their descriptions. Much of the work fundamental to the badly needed revision of the Neotropical groups has recently been done by Dr. Mickel, who has painstakingly studied the type material of earlier authors3. There are, however, still some twenty-five to twenty-seven genera, and a large number of subgenera, that have to be treated. A considerable number of these genera are undescribed. Several of these generic groups are described in the present paper, in order that the names will be available for discussion of the affinities of the Sphaeropthalmine wasps, in several forthcoming contributions. 3 Dr. Mickel ’s revision of the genera Euspinolia, Timulla, Hoplomutilla, Hoplocrates, Pappognatha, Dimorphomutilla and Atillum has, in addition, made available to the student modern treatments of these genera. 60 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Opportunity is also taken, at this time, to present a key to the subfamilies of Neotropical Mutillidae known to the writer. The discovery of two isolated monotypic forms, representing undoubt- edly discrete new genera, not belonging in any previously described subfamily, makes the preparation of such a key at this time doubly useful. This key, to a large extent, is based on a recent preliminary conspectus published as an appendix to the description of a new genus of Nearctic Mutillidae (Schuster, 1946). For details as to the relationships of some of the more significant Mutillid types, the student is referred to that paper. The present paper is organized into two sections. Part A is prefaced by an artificial key to subfamilies, and includes the diagnosis of those subfamilies that represent innovations, as well as diagnoses of new genera and species. This, then represents the objective part of the present paper. In Part B the significant position occupied by the Eotillinae and Typhoctinae is analyzed, and their place in the system is dis- cussed. The second portion of the paper is thus relatively sub- jective insofar as it is directly concerned with phylogeny. Acknowledgments. My sincerest appreciation is due Dr. C. E. Mickel, whose interest in the work and criticisms of various stages it is a pleasure to acknowledge. I would also like to express my appreciation to my wife, Olga M. Schuster, for aid in the prep- aration of this paper, and to Mr. Karl V. Krombein, for checking certain features of the type of Anommutilla. Part A Artificial Key to Subfamilies 1. Males; normally winged; antennae with 13 segments (Fig. 31) ; abdomen with seven terga. 2 Females ; always wingless and lacking tegulae ; antennae usu- ally with 12 (rarely 11 or 13) segments (Fig. 15) ; abdo- men with six terga (Fig. 15) 6 2. Antennal tubercles absent (Fig. 6) ; hind wings with cubitus inserted distad of transverse median vein (Figs. 8, 9) ; eyes facetted, narrowly ovate to subreniform (Figs. 6, 7, 15); tegulae small, circular; pronotum long, nearly as long, medially as on sides (Fig. 4) ; hypopygium unarmed; free part of P4 of fore-wings straight, not giving rise to spurious vein (Fig. 9) 3 Antennal tubercles clearly developed (Fig. 27) ; hind wings 61 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 with origin of cubitus nearly interstitial with transverse median vein, or clearly basad of it (Figs. 20-22) or veins obsolete ; pronotum short, concaved behind dorsally by the expansion of the mesonotum 4 3. Anal lobe and preaxillary excision of hind wings present (Figs. 8-9) ; cell M2 of front wings clearly higher than long (Figs. 8-9) ; plumose hair present (Figs. 1-2) ; eyes not emarginate (Fig. 6) Eotillinae Anal lobe and preaxillary excision lacking; plumose hair ab- sent ; eyes emargipate on inner orbits. ; cell M2 longer than high Typhoetinae 4. Hypopygium armed with a curved aculeus ;• petiole with tergum not attaining propodeum; endophragma,l pit lying ap- proximated to meso-metapleural suture (Fig. 3) ; tarsal claws armed with a small internal tooth (Figs. 12-14) ; anal lobe present ; cubitus of hind wings nearly interstitial with transverse median vein. Apterogyninae {Chyphotini) Hypopygium lacking an aculeus; petiole with base formed by both tergum and sternum; endophragmal pit lying in a complete metapleural-propodeal suture that forms a nearly straight, oblique line, parallel to and distant from the meso-metapleural suture; tarsal claws unarmed (Fig. 29) ; anal lobe absent (Figs. 20-22) ; cubitus of hind wing arising far basad of transverse median vein (or veins lost) (Figs. 20-22) 5 5. Eyes entire, mostly convex on inner orbits (Fig. 27) ; a distinct, uniformly pigmented and sclerotized stigma present in fore-wings (Figs. 22, 32) ; tegulae small, subcircular.4 Sphaeropthalminae Eyes with a sharp excision of upper portion of inner orbits; stigmatic cell not more strongly pigmented than membrane of surrounding cells, not sclerotized except for bounding veins (Figs. 20-21) ; tegulae large, conchiform. Mutillinae 0. Alitrunk with a distinct division into two or more regions dorsally (Fig. 15) ; tarsal claws (in all known forms) 4 In some Australian forms the tegulae have become large. These forms, of which Eurymutilla affinis (WestwOod) is an ex- ample, are clearly allied to the other Sphaeropthalminae with small, subcircular tegulae. 62 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA armed (Figs. 12-14) • sternum of petiole terete basally, forming a flat plate distally (Fig. 16) 7 Alitrunk entirely undivided dorsally, lacking all trace of dis- tinct sutures, forming a compact, box-like structure; tarsal claws never armed within (Fig. 29)’; sternum of petiole not stalk-like and terete basally, with the distal portion as well as basal usually convex and longitudinally ridged 9 7. Petiole formed by both tergum and sternum at base, the tergum attaining the propodeum (Fig. 15) ; alitrunk (as far as known) tripartite, with at least a narrow mesonotal scle- rite between the more or less approximated pro-mesonotal and meso-metanotal sutures (Fig. 15) ; meso-metapleural suture distinct (Fig 15); pronotum truncate distally; alitrunk beyond prothorax not forming a fused, globose unit 8 Petiole formed by sternum only at base, the tergum forming a distal, gibbous sclerite ending far before the base of the petiole; alitrunk with only a pro-mesonotal suture, the area behind the prothorax fused into a globose mass, de- void of all trace of a meso-metapleural suture, thus merely bipartite ; pronotum transverse, short, more or less con- cave behind Apterogyninae (Chy phot ini) 8. Plumose hair absent ; mesonotum vestigial, becoming an obso- lete, nearly invaginated transverse sclerite between the large, quadrate or obtrapezoidal pronotum, and the large, fused metathoracic-propodeal region; superficially, there- fore, the alitrunk is dorsally divided into two subequal areas (Fig. 15) Tvphoctinae Plumose hair present; mesonotum a distinct (even if trans- verse) sclerite, the alitrunk thus not divided into ap- parently two subequal areas. (Females unknown, with above characteristics by supposition) Eotillinae 9. Eyes circular or shortly ovate, often polished, rarely with salient facets; alitrunk obovate or ‘ ‘violin-shaped”, usu- ally widest in the mesothoracic region, or at juncture of pro- and mesothorax, and distinctly narrowed behind; lateral pronotal faces always distinctly separated by a suture or sharp groove from the mesopleura; second ab- dominal tergum very rarely with paired white pubescent maculae (then these of plumose hairs), but often with in- tegumentary maculae. Sphaeropthalminae 63 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 Eyes ovate to narrowly ovate, always with very distinct facets that are individually convex; alitrunk rectangular (often constricted medially), and thus widest in prothoracic and propodeal regions, or widest in propodeal region, or elongate-ovate (if at all narrower behind, the lateral faces of the pronotum are intimately fused, without traces of sutures, with the mesopleura) ; lateral pronotal faces very poorly separated from mesopleura, often more or less fused with them (at least below) ;5 second abdominal ter- gum usually with paired pubescent maculae (never with integumentary maculae ) Mutillinae Subfamily eotillinae, subf . nov. The subfamily Eotillinae may be formally diagnosed as fol- lows : Male. Head weakly developed behind eyes, very similar in form and development to Myrmosa and Methoca. Eyes ovate- elliptical (more so than in Methoca ; quite like those of the Tiphi- inae ) , entire, their inner orbits more convex than the nearly straight outer orbits ; malar distance virtually obsolete ; facettation strong, the ommatidia individually convex ; eyes occupying the greater part of the sides of the head. Clypeus simple, not produced anteriorly, convex, rounded-truncate on the apparent anterior margin. An- 5 There is no sharp separation between the two subfamilies, as regards the degree of fusion of the prothorax with the mesopleura. In the. Sphaeropthalmine wasps the suture is always distinct, and the lateral pronotal faces and mesopleura are usually at somewhat different levels, and hence not continuous. In the Mutillinae there is a gradual development from this type to the type found in the Ephutini, where there are isolated spiracular openings marking the separation into prothorax and mesothorax, while below the openings the pronotal-mesopleural sutures are totally lacking, and the two areas are completely continuous, even as regards sculpture. It is in the Ephutini where forms occasionally occur whose thoracic shape could cause confusion with the Sphaeropthalminae, and it is therefore here that reliance on the degree of retention of the pro- notal-mesopleural sutures is necessary. The close relationship of the Mutillinae and Sphaeropthalminae has been commented upon elsewhere (Schuster, 1946) ; it is particularly the female sex, where parallel reduction has resulted in a superficial similarity, that may lead to confusion. 64 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA tennal ‘ 4 tubercles” (lamellate expansions of vertex) poorly devel- oped (much as in Typhoctinae, Methocinae, and Tiphiinae) ; scapes short, slightly inflated, their length slightly less than pedicel and first flagellar segment combined; flagellum elongate, slender. Pos- terior aspect of head with, foramen strongly constricted, with acutely, inwardly pointed occipital condyles; separated from the oral fossa by a moderately wide postgenal bridge (the hypostoma entirely invaginated, with the median longitudinal suture where the postgenae meet representing the point of invagination) ; ten- torial invaginations obscure, on each side of the “hypostomal” suture, at the upper ends of that suture ; hypostomal carinae poorly developed, not produced at any point, margining the oral fossa in the form of a rounded, inverted V, with the lower ends of the arms suddenly flaring out and running to near the ventral mandibular condyles; hypostomal sutures obscure, apparently represented by an obscure groove running laterad of the hypostomal ridges. Maxillary palps apparently 6-segmented; labial palps 4-segmented. Ocelli moderate in size. Mandibles falcate, simple, ventrally with a weak basal carina that becomes gradually obsolete, but lacking any trace of a ventral tooth. Frons a small, triangular sclerite, lying between and below the antennal fossae ; the epistomal suture arched upward only moderately to meet it on either side ; the an- terior tentorial pits lying about mid-way between the outer edges of the epistomal sutures and the point where they join the frontal “sutures”, the pits located virtually in the suture, not migrated into the subantennal depression of the vertex bounding the front laterad and below the antennae. Alitrunk quite elongate and virtually parallel-sided. Pro- notum large, with a distinct dorsal surface that is about two-thirds as long as the mesoscutum on the midline, the posterior pronotal margin virtually truncate dorsally, very broadly, shallowly retuse (the mesoscutum not strongly encroaching on it), not as in Myrmosa ; humeral angles apparently with slight, not distinct epaulets, situated on slight humeral tuberculiform swellings; other epaulets lacking. Mesoscutum weakly developed, weakly convex, along midline about one-half longer than pronotum, and one and one-half times to twice as long as mesoscutellum ; with a pair of obscure, posteriorly slightly deeper lateral furrows, situated far laterad of the “parapsidal” furrows of other Mutillidae. Scutel- lum developed, transversely rectangular, nearly continuous with mesoscutum, about one-half to two-thirds as long. Metanotum rel- atively well-developed (better developed than in other Mutillidae), 65 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 much as in Myrmosa, about one-half as long as scutellum. Pro- podeum elongate, gradually declivous, 1.0-1.25 as long as meso- scuturn. Tegulae very small and scale-like, subcircular. Meso- pleura swollen, evenly convex and without a distinct division into upper and lower portions by an oblique furrow, continuous evenly with the swollen mesosternum; mesosternum not extended between the middle coxae as lobes. Metapleura reduced, appearing obliter- ated below by encroachment of the propodeum; the endophragmal pit situated at the posterior border of the meso-metapleural suture,6 and with the normally oblique suture (r3) cutting the metapleura into dorsal and ventral portions virtually absent; below the en- dophragmal pit, the metapleura have been eliminated by fusion with the propodeum, and the propodeum and mesopleura super- ficially appear to have become approximated; below the endophrag- mal pit (or trace of that pit), the entire pleural region is virtually plane, and evenly continuous from the posterior propodeal face to the swollen region of the mesopleura. Legs with middle coxae widety or moderately separated; with dorsal surface of posterior coxae armed with a small but distinct, erect, tuberculiform tooth (much as in Myrmosinae and Methocinae, very similar to that pres- ent in some Brachycistidinae in degree of development) ; tro- chanters small, obliquely terminated, unarmed ; tibiae slender, with calcaria 1-2-2 ; tarsi with claws armed or unarmed within. Wing venation relatively reduced, the fore-wings with at least the distal tvvo-fifths merely lamina; stigma sclerotized throughout, small or moderate, but longer than the distance from bifurcation of R + M, and longer than the small marginal cell on costa ; two or three sub- marginal cells distinct; three discoidal cells distinct, the outer higher than long; free parts of veins R5 and M2 virtually opposite each other; the spurious vein running out from the apex of the third submarginal cell totally absent. Hind wings with snbmedian cell reduced in length, obliquely terminated by the transverse median vein before the origin of cubital vein on median vein (sub- median cell thus much shorter than median cell) ; base of costal margin with two distinct hamuli, in addition to the eight distal hamuli ; anal margin of wings with a large anal lobe, and with a deep pre-axillary excision in addition. Major veins of fore-wings with peculiar stiff, plumose hairs. Abdomen distinctly petiol ate, the first segment slender, sub- 6 Much as in the Apterogyninae and Typhoctinae ; but unlike other Mutillidae known to the writer. 66 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA terete, stalk-like basally, distally dilated (somewhat flatly so), and again sharply constricted at apex, thus strongly nodose (much as in many Tiphiidae) ; basal portion formed by both tergum and sternum; first sternum nearly flat, the inflation of the posterior two-thirds of the first tergum giving the petiole its characteristic shape. Second segment, as well as distal segments relatively elon- gate, the entire gaster rather slender and a little dorsoventrally compressed; no constriction between the segments distad of seg- ment one ; second tergum rather weakly convex, with a sublateral felt line on each side ; second sternum lacking felt lines. Third tergum rather elongate, slightly more so than distal segments. Pygidium convex, simple, unmodified, undefined laterally; hy- popygium simple, unarmed; penultimate sternum, and preceding sterna also simple, unarmed. Genitalia. The aedeagus with the two halves connate, not strongly sclerotized, forming a cylindrical shaft, with the apodemes basally slightly diverging; no development of teeth of the distal portions of the aedeagal halves. The cuspis and digitus small, rather normally developed and little different from the Sphaerop- thalmine-Mutilline type, the tips of the cuspis and digitus opposed, as in a thumb-finger arrangement. Parameres with the distal proc- ess tapering, slender, conical, not lamellate or plate-like, virtually devoid of pubescence ; dorsal parameral plate well-developed, as in the Sphaeropthalminae ; the ventral plate small, similar to the Sphaeropthalminae ; the insertion of the cuspis-digitus complex by a large horizontal, laterally directed process. Basal ring well-de- veloped, a large, rather narrow band dorsally, ventrally semi- membranous throughout. The genitalic diagnosis is based on Eotilla7 ; there is little cause to believe that the phallic appendages of Prototilla should prove very different. The projecting parameres are slender, terete and upcurved, much as in Eotilla (and, significantly, much as in the Sphaeropthalminae) . Discussion and Summary. The female sex of this subfamily is unknown. It will probably be found to present remarkable simi- larities to Typhoctes , and will certainly have the gaster, and espe- cially the petiole similar, while the alitrunk will very probably retain the tripartite form in a more perfect manner than in Ty- 7 The unique type of Prototilla is glued on a card, after the old English system; it is not, therefore, available for more critical ex- amination without danger of undue damage. 67 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 phoctes. Prom a comparison of the males of the Eotillinae and the female of the Typhoctinae (i.e., Typhoctes) , it becomes evident that the females of the Eotillinae will probably differ to a considerable degree from the female of the Typhoctinae (as outlined in the key). On the other hand, we have the remarkable similarity of the Eotillinae males and the female ( Typhoctes ) here placed in the related subfamily. The petiole form is particularly similar, though slightly stouter in Typhoctes than in the Eotillinae.8 The ex- tremely primitive condition of the anal region of the hind wings, and the retention of the basal hamuli of the males, would lead one to expect similar retention of primitive features in the female ali- trunk. The tripartite alitrunk of Typhoctes does not again occur > in known Mutillidae ; it is basically, much more ‘ ‘ primitive ’ ’ (though in many features sidewise specialized) than the alitrunk of other Mutillidae. It is evident that the genera I here associate in the Eotillinae have more in common with the Typhoctinae than with any other group of Mutillidae. The subfamily Eotillinae, as here considered, includes the fol- lowing two genera, which may be separated by the subjoined key. Key to Genera 1. Wing venation moderately reduced; cell R5 distinctly defined (the transverse portion of vein R5 normally developed and sclerotized) ; marginal cell, stigma and cell R5 mod- erately large (length of marginal cell on costa plus stigma equal to half the length of wing lamina distad of marginal cell) ; hind wings with median cell acutely, angularly drawn out to the origin of the terminal portion of radius (its apex well distad of origin of distal hamuli-group) ; median cell with three veins issuing from it (radius, cubitus and discoidal veins), the transverse cubitus distinct from cubitus; middle coxae widely separated (distance apart equal to maximum width of middle femora) ; tarsal claws with a distinct, moderately strong inner median tooth; relatively coarsely, closely punctured. Argentina. Prototilla, gen. nov. 8 It should be noted that in the Mutillidae the females, almost universally, have the petiole shorter and stouter than the cor- responding males. If this is taken into account, the similarity be- tween the petioles of Typhoctes and Eotilla and Prototilla becomes remarkable. 68 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Wing venation strongly reduced; cell R4 fused with R5 (trans- verse part of vein R5 not indicated) ; marginal cell, stigma, and cell R4 + R5 much reduced in size (length of marginal cell plus stigma less than one-fifth length of lamina distad of marginal cell) ; hind wings with median cell obliquely truncate at apex, before reaching a point opposite the origin of the distal hamuli ; two veins issuing from outer side of median cell (the free, terminal part of cubitus lost) ; the transverse cubital vein not distinct from cubitus, the two continuous; middle coxae moderately separated (distance apart equal to two-thirds maximum width of middle femora) ; tarsal claws not armed;9 very distantly punctured, polished. Chile Eotilla, gen. nov. Prototilla, gen. nov. This monotypic genus, like the following, is known only in the male sex. The subfamily diagnosis may be supplemented by the following generic diagnosis, which will serve to differentiate it from the closely allied genus Eotilla. Diagnosis. Male. Rather coarsely punctured on most of the anterior half of the body. The wings with the lamina more mod- erately puberulent than in Eotilla ; venation moderately preserved ; stigma moderate in size ; marginal cell not strongly reduced in size, truncate at apex, along costal margin somewhat shorter than stigma ; cell R4 well-defined, but small, higher than long ; free part of vein R5 normally sclerotized and pigmented; spurious vein running apicad from vein R4 completely absent (as in Myrmosi- nae) ; transverse part of vein M2 of fore-wings originating slightly distad of insertion of R5. Hind wings with median cell reaching considerably beyond the point of insertion of the distal series of hamuli, the cell terminated acutely, with three veins appearing to issue from its outer side (radial, discoidal, and median veins), the transverse cubital vein distinct, at an angle to the cubitus. , Head, alitrunk, and gaster clothed with white, waxy-appearing, prominent, short, decumbent, plumose vestiture, in addition to erect, virtually entirely pale, subplumose vestiture (much as in Eotilla) ; the fore-wings with chief veins with stiff, fuscous, plumose hairs. Legs with tarsal claws distinctly armed within, with a sharp, 9 At a magnification of 440 x I have not been able to see any trace of an internal tooth near the middle of the tarsal claw. 69 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 small tooth, somewhat distad of middle (much as in Typhoctes) . Metapleural, dorsal triangular sclerites little distinct from pro- podeunq coarsely punctured like the lateral propodeal faces and continuous with them, with only a faint indication of a metapleural- propodeal suture, and with the endophragmal pit very poorly in- dicated. Female. Unknown. Genotype : Prototilla anomala sp. n. The more completely retained wing-venation indicates this genus is more “ primitive” than Eotilla. Combined with a more fully developed venation, one finds retention of distinct teeth of the tarsal claws (as in the Apterogyninae, as in Typhoctes, i.e., in all genera of the Eotilline-Apterogynine developmental line, except Eotilla ) . This correlation of two primitive characteristics indicates precisely that Prototilla is a more generalized genus than Eotilla. It is of considerable significance that the spurious vein, issuing from the outer side of cell U4 (which occurs universally in the Pseudo- photopsidine-Sphaeropthalmine-Mutilline developmental line) is totally absent in this genus. This characteristic, again, will serve to associate the Eotillinae with the Typhoctinae and Apterogyninae (as well as with the Tiphiidae). Superficially, the single included species differs at once from Eotilla mickeli (the only other form with which it could be con- fused) in the ferruginous first and second abdominal segments (contrasted with the black color of the rest of the integument of the body), in the paler, somewhat ferrugino-fuscous antennae, and in the pellucid wings. It was felt at first that these two species, so similar in facies, should not be generically separated. The phylet- ically important differences in wing venation, and in the form of the tarsal claws, however, suggest that the two species are strongly divergent elements of a relict fauna, that separated from the pris- can Eotilline stock at a very early date. The unknown female of this genus, quite possibly of a Metho- coid facies, will probably be found to have the tarsal claws armed, like the male sex. In this feature it will almost certainly differ from the female of Eotilla, but show close agreement with Typhoc- tes. The almost certain presence of plumose vestiture will serve to separate the females from the latter genus. As stated under Eo- tilla, the female will probably prove to have retained a more dis- tinct mesoscutum. 70 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Prototilla anomala, new species. Male. Length 5-6 mm. Slender. Integument black through- out, except for the bright ferruginous first and second abdominal segments, and the rufo-castaneous antennae. Vestiture (except of wings, where fuscous or brown), white throughout, except on the last two abdominal terga, where it is brownish fuscous; vesti- ture consisting of entirely plumose hairs, of decumbent (Fig. 1) locally dense, stout, waxy-appearing, hirsute or plumose hairs, and of long, slender erect, serrate to subplumose hairs (Fig. 2). Punc- tation of head, alitrunk, and petiole rather coarse and relatively close, of the gaster much finer and more distant. Head strongly transverse, very poorly developed behind eyes and swiftly narrowed into the truncated posterior portion, in dor- sal profile oval-rectangular in shape, about one-fifth wider than prothorax. Front and anterior part of vertex with rather close, coarse setigerous punctation; posterior part of vertex relatively weakly, distantly punctate, shining; genae closely, rather coarsely punctured, the punctures running out into rugosities on the -post- genae; punctation everywhere obscured by the relatively dense, decumbent, short, fluffy or waxy-appearing, white, plumose hairs; in addition with erect, longer, more slender white, subplumose vesti- ture that is not as conspicuous. Clypeus convex, poorly developed, the convex portion anteriorly terminating in a pair of low tumidi- ties, directly beyond which the clypeus is terminated by the trans- verse, truncate, apparent anterior clypeal margin ; the anterior half of the clypeus is nitid, impunctate, the posterior half and the lateral margins are closely, coarsely, setigerously punctured, bearing a beard of dense, white, decumbent, plumose hairs that largely hide the clypeus. The area frontalis and the antennal scrobes similarly densely punctured and obscured by dense, white, plumose vestiture. Mandibles castaneous, slender, obliquely bidentate distally, ven- trally simple. Maxillary palps with 5 elongate joints, and appear- ing to have a sixth, small basal joint; labial palps apparently 4- jointed. Antennal scrobes flat, not depressed; antennal “tuber- cles” mere irregularH ovate, low, slight elevations of the vertex around the antennal insertions, not lamellately expanded above; the diameter of the antennal fossae slightly greater than either their distance apart, or their minimum distance from nearest eye- margin; scape very stout, somewhat inflated, the outer (lower) faces smooth, impunctate, ecarinate, length scarcely twice as long as wide, about 1.5-1. 6 as long as first flagellar segment ; pedicel trans- 71 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 versely obconic, about half length of first flagellar segment; first flagellar segment about 0.8 length of second segment, about 1.5 as long as wide (the antennal flagellum thus distinctly less attenuate than in Eotilla). Ocelli moderate in size, length about 0.35 the ocello-ocular distance, about 0.32 the transverse interocellar dis- tance (the ocellar triangle thus moderately wider than the ocello- ocular distance). Eyes rather strongly convex, very large, occupy- ing virtually the entire sides of the head, and posteriorly encroach- ing on the genae, which are reduced or pushed onto the posterior face of the head; facettation very distinct, each ommatidium indi- vidually convex, the eyes thus silvery; eye-length about 1.45-1.5 the maximum transverse width, about 0.9-0.95 the narrowest fron- tal distance between the eyes; about 2. 5-2. 6 the ocello-ocular dis- tance (eyes thus larger than in Eotilla ). Alitrunk elongate, rectangular in dorsal outline, a little over . 1.5 as long as wide near middle, forming a nearly perfect rectangle ; proportions of individual regions, along dorsal midline as follows : pronotum, 5 ; mesoscutum, 7.5 ; . scutellum, 5.0 ; metanotum, 1.6 ; propodeum, 7.5. Entire alitrunk black; like head with decumbent, short, flattened, scale-like, waxy-appearing, plumose hairs, and with sparser, erect, longer, subplumose or serrate hairs (Figs. 1, 2) ; the erect hairs, as well as the decumbent hairs white, except on meso- scutum, where slightly stained. Prothorax relatively elongate, well-developed, with a well-developed humeral, glabrous tubercle on each side (lacking distinct epaulet-tufts of hairs and associated depression), giving the pronotum a strongly transverse-rectangular aspect in dorsal outline ; pronotum dorsally subtruncately termina- ted, the mesoscutum not strongly encroaching on it along midline ; dorsum of pronotum gradually declivous into anterior (cephalic) face ; both the cephalic and dorsal faces with rather distant and very coarse punctures, except distally, near anterior portion of mesoscutum, where the punctation becomes very close and a little less coarse ; lateral pronotal faces with contiguous, coarse punc- tation; both dorsum, cephalic face (dorsally), and lateral faces with moderately dense, mostly erect (laterally also largely decum- bent) plumose and subplumose hairs. Propleura apparently rather closely punctured (obscured by glue on type). Mesoscutum about 1.5 as long as dorsum of pronotum, along midline, about 0.75 as long as wide, with very coarse, distant, scattered punctures (separated by broad nitid intervals) on the anterior two-thirds, but with much closer, equally coarse, subrugose sculpture on distal fourth ; lateral 72 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA mesoscutal margins with sharp furrows (abbreviated anteriorly), far laterad of the normal position of the “parapsidal” furrows (which are not at all indicated). Vestiture of mesoscutum of sparse, decumbent, waxy-appearing, flat, plumose hairs, and more slender, erect, similar, somewhat stained hairs. Tegulae small, scale-like, subcircular, leaving the axillary wing sclerites exposed, on basal two-fifths with some coarse punctures, bearing decumbent, waxy, plumose hairs, obscuring the tegulae. Mesopleura nearly evenly, moderately inflated, lacking epicnemial furrow and lacking the oblique sulcature, with coarse, contiguous-confluent punctation (near the mesocoxae becoming rugose, but elsewhere, posteriorly, becoming more separated and distinct), clothed with dense, decumbent, flattened, waxy-appearing, white, plumose hairs ; posteriorly the mesopleura are nearly evenly continuous with the metapleural-propodeal complex. Mesosternum (in type largely obscured by glue) with punctation and vestiture similar to that of mesopleura; the middle coxae widely separated (for Mutil- lidae), the distance between the middle coxae wider than the di- ameter of the femora; mesosternum continuous with metasternum, forming a plate-like sclerite, which ends posteriorly as two erect, small teeth before the posterior coxae. Scutellum very large, with the elevated portion nearly flat, slightly convex, subquadrangular (0.25 wider than long ; five-sevenths as long as mesoscutum) ; central third forming a smooth, nitid longitudinal region, the lateral por- tions with distant, very coarse punctures; with sparse, decumbent, scale-like, and erect; slender, plumose hairs; axillary lateral lobes of mesoscutum poorly developed, posteriorly declivous ; transverse furrow between mesoscutum and scutellum narrow, rather shallow. Metanotum one-third as long as scutellum, with a smooth, nitid median area virtually continuous with scutellum and with pro- podeum (the whole general region along midline forming a weakly arched, nearly plane surface) ; lateral metanotal areas punctate, near lateral edges rugose. Metapleura appearing as if reduced to inverted triangular sclerites, very poorly separated from propo- deum ; the lower corner of the sclerites ending in a point, the ves- tigial endophragmal pit (which is approximated to the meso-meta- pleural suture), about half-way between the dorsum and the poste- rior coxae ; below the endophragmal pit the metapleura are appar- ently absent (but actually fused with the propodeum which appar- ently encroaches anteriorly). The upper triangular metapleural sclerites are very poorly separated from the lateral propodeal faces 73 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 by a shallow, slight groove, which is virtually obscured by the coarse, close punctation which both lateral propodeal faces and metapleura bear. Propodeum large, well-developed, elongate, gradually de- clivous posteriorly, the lateral, posterior and dorsal faces evenly rounded into each other, all coarsely, closely to contiguously punc- tured, the dorsal face with sculpture somewhat obscured by the de- cumbent to appressed, flat, scale-like, white, plumose hairs; the lateral and posterior faces with chiefly sparse, erect, more slender, white, subplumose hairs. Legs castaneous to blackish, with fine white vestiture and a few fine spines on outer faces of middle and hind tibiae ; calcars pale, 1-2-2 apparently (the middle ones ob- scured by glue in type ) . Wings (Fig. 9) hyaline, the veins brownish, with brown plu- mose hairs on the principal veins of the forewings ; venation as in generic diagnosis. Gaster, like in Eotilla, elongate and quite slender, slightly dorsoventrally flattened. First two segments bright ferruginous, the others black. Petiole very strongly nodose, with a short, slen- der basal stalk, and a subglobose, inflated posterior portion, which is very strongly constricted distally, both dorsally and laterally (but more strongly dorsally) ; first tergum with rather coarse, regular, moderately close punctures, each bearing an erect, slender, white, subplumose hair ; at apex with a distinct fringe of scale-like, white, plumose hairs; first sternum flat, except for the anterior terete stalk (of which only a slight, narrow dorsal strip is formed by the tergum), polished and virtually impunctate, except anteriorly and on narrow lateral strips. Terga two to seven very weakly regularly punctate or punctulate ; the disk of tergum two slightly less finely so than the distal terga (the abdomen thus ap- pearing somewhat matted), the punctures and punctulations well- separated to distant; with erect, sparse, subplumose hairs (white on anterior segments, fuscous on terga 5-7), and each with an apical fascia of decumbent, flattened, plumose, white hairs. Pygidium polished, undefined laterally, with a few obscure, coarse punctures. Felt lines of second tergum short, about twice as long as distance from base of segment (thus scarcely one-third length of segment, and lying entirely in anterior half of tergum), totally lacking on sternum. Sternum two- polished and with moderate, scattered, very distant, setigerous punctures, bearing a thin, scattered ves- titure of erect, pale hairs, and an apical band of scale-like plumose, decumbent hairs. Sterna three and four sparingly punctulate, 74 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA sparsely, similarly pubescent and distally banded as on tergum two ; terga 5-8 similar, but nearly or quite lacking plumose, white, de- cumbent scales. A small, but distant seventh sternum present, an- terior to hypopygium ; hypopygium apparently convex, punctulate, with fuscous hairs (obscured by glue in type). Parameres pro- truding as a strongly upcurved pair of spines. Holotype: Argentina (no further data), in Andre Collection, in Paris Museum. This isolated species agrees closely in most features with Eo- tilla mickeli. The two species may be contrasted as follows: P. anomala Cell E4 fully retained; margin- al cell moderately large. Wings hyaline. Integument ferruginous on first and second abdominal seg- ments. Antennae reddish castaneous, first flagellar segment mod- erately long. Yestiture dorsally whitej except in part on last two segments. Tarsal claws armed within. Rather coarsely punctured; the rather stout first abdominal tergum closely punctured, dull. Eyes ovate. E. mickeli Cell R4 fused with R5; marginal cell very small. Wings subfuscous. Integument uniformly black throughout. Antennae black, first flagellar segment exceedingly long. Yestiture dorsally largely fus- cous, except for the decum- bent hairs. Tarsal claws unarmed. Yery weakly, distantly punc- tured; the slender first ter- gum polished, weakly punc- tate. Eyes elliptical. Moderately large ocelli, together with hyaline wings and pres- ence of plumose hairs are characteristically nocturnal adaptative features elsewhere in the Mutillidae. It is therefore to be pre- sumed that this species is also nocturnal. The eremian distribution of this, and the above species, lends support to such a view. The genitalia of this species are not figured, since the unique type is glued on its side to a card, and cannot be removed without possible damage to the specimen. Eotilla, gen. nov. This singular, isolated genus is known only in the male sex. The above subfamily diagnosis will serve to identify it. In addi- 75 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vo-1. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 tion to the subfamily diagnosis, the following characters will differ- entiate it from the allied, rather closely related genus Prototilla. Diagnosis. Male. Weakly punctured throughout. The wings with the lamina rather densely clothed with a very fine puberulence ; venation very strongly reduced; stigma small, the marginal cell extremely small, truncate at apex; cell R4 fused with R5, the free part of vein R5 not even indicated by a color line ; transverse part of vein M2 of fore wings originating slightly basad of the insertion of R4. Hind wings with median cell not reaching to the point where the hamuli begin, the cell obliquely terminated, with two veins is- suing from its outer side (radius and discoidal vein), the trans- verse cubital vein not distinct, appearing continuous with cubitus. The head, alitrunk, and gaster clothed with prominent, waxy, pale, rather short, decumbent, plumose, feathery hairs; the wings with chief longitudinal veins with distinctly plumose, fuscous, stif- fer hairs, not found in other Mutillid genera (except for Proto- tilla) . The tarsal claws are not armed within, as far as could be deter- mined. Metapleural dorsal, triangular region quite distinct from propodeum, ending below in a tolerably distinct endophragmal pit. Female. Unknown. Genotype: Eotilla mickeli sp. n.10 The totally black color of the single included species, with the wings distally somewhat infuseated, and the antennae black, separ- ates the species superficially from the unique form included in the foregoing genus. The vestiture in the single species here included is also much more infuscated, especially on the distal portions of the gaster, than in Prototilla anomala sp. n. The female sex, as brought out in the subfamily discussion, will probably be very similar to that of Typhoctes. The mesoscu- tum will probably not be as completely suppressed, and the insect may have a more Methoca- like habitus. It will almost certainly have plumose hair. The possible loss of the inner teeth of the tarsal claws, analogous to the male, may perhaps be found to separate it from the female of the above genus. The female will probably be found to be nocturnal, since the males were evidently taken at light. The plumose vestiture in the family appears correlated with a 10 It is with pleasure I name this distinctive insect after Dr. C. E. Mickel, as some small recognition of his painstaking work on the Mutillidae. 76 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA decided tendency for nocturnal or crepuscular existence ; the signi- ficance of this correlation is not clear. Eotilla mickeli, new species. Male. Length 5 mm. Slender, totally black, with short, rather sparse, erect, white and fuscous vestiture (all of which is to varying degrees plumose in nature) ■ punctation largely distant and weak, the integument shining throughout. Head rectangular-oval, transverse, wider than prothorax, with distant moderate punctures on vertex and genae, separated by large, nitid intervals; with erect, mostly fuscous, short-plumose hairs on clypeus, frons and vertex, and with similar, shorter, more decumbent (usually stouter) hairs on clypeus, antennal scrobes, and genae, as well as scattered elsewhere. Clypeus moderately de- veloped, convex, closely punctured, with sparse and subplumose, erect, fuscous hairs and dense, stouter, white, decumbent hairs. Area frontalis a distinct transverse triangle, ending in the obsolete, approximated frontal lines of ecdysis that run back to almost the anterior border of the median ocellus, the vertex thus obliterating the frons except below, with the area frontalis reduced, scarcely extending above a line drawn between the insertion of the antennae. Antennal scrobes and lower vertex with relatively dense, decum- bent, short, plumose, white hairs obscuring the sculpture. Post- genae adjoining the occiput strongly rugosely sculptured. Man- dibles ferruginous, strongly bidentate, distally slender and falcate. Antennal tubercles obsoletely developed, their distance apart about equal to one of their diameters, their distance from inner eye- margins slightly smaller. Scape short, stout, semi-inflated, its length slightly greater than that of first flagellar segment (scarcely twice as long as wide), sharply unicarinate ventrally, nearly straight • pedicel quadrate, nearly half as long as the elongate first flagellar segment (which is about 2.5 as long as wide, and about 0.75 as long as the second flagellar) ; the entire flagellum thus very elongate.11 Ocelli moderate in size, their length about 0.4 the ocello- ocular distance, about 0.3 the interocellar distance, the ocellar triangle thus much wider than the ocello-ocular distance. Alitrunk slender and elongate, on dorsal surface (except for propodeum and metanotum) with sparse erect, fuscous, elongate, 11 The stout pedicel and extremely attenuate flagellum, among other characteristics, appear to ally this isolated species to the Apterogyninae, as discussed above. 77 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 subplumose hairs, and short, appressed, waxy-appearing, white, plumose hairs scattered over most of surface and over tegulae. Humeral epaulets tuberculiform produced, giving the prothorax a strongly rectangular appearance from above ; dorsum of prothorax with rather coarse, moderately close punctures, more distant on most of side faces; side faces with suberect, slender, white, sub- plumose hairs. Propleura punctured rather closely throughout, the punctures bearing slender erect, white, subplumose hairs. Mesonotum reduced in area, with coarse, scattered, distant punc- tures, with the usually fuscous erect as well as short, white, ap- pressed vestiture of plumose hairs. Tegulae small and scale-like, with a few waxy-appearing white hairs. Mesopleura somewhat re- duced, scarcely swollen, with nearly flat sides, coarsely, somewhat distantly to subcontiguously punctured, with polished intervals; oblique furrow absent; with short, waxy, and slender, suberect, longer, scattered, sparse vestiture. Mesosternum sculptured and invested like mesopleura, somewhat reduced in length, weakly swol- len on each, side of the slightly longitudinally furrowed midline ; the large fore coxae about as long as the distance, between their apices and the middle coxae. Scutellum nearly flat, little elevated, somewhat obtrapezoidal, polished and impunctate except for a few scattered setigerous, rather coarse punctures; posteriorly the scu- tellum lies on the same plane with the elevated central part of the metanotum and is separated from it by a low, transverse furrow; anteriorly the furrow between scutellum and mesoscutum is rather narrow, moderately deep ; the axillary mesonotal lobes are almost vestigial. Metanotum with central portion elevated as a transverse, narrow portion nearly continuous with scutellum; lateral portions depressed and longitudinally rugose. Propodeum elongate, dis- tantly, coarsely punctate, polished. Metapleura and lateral pro- podeal faces similarly sculptured as dorsal and posterior propodeal faces, with sparse, erect and decumbent, slender and waxy, white vestiture ; the propodeum very gradually declivous behind, with no sharp differentiation into dorsal and posterior faces. Legs dark castaneous to blackish ; the coxae and trochanters with waxy, short, white, plumose hairs ; the femora with sparse, more elongate, white hairs ; the tibiae with very fine, appressed short vestiture, virtually or totally lacking spines on outer surface (middle tibia with 1-2 small, weak spines on outer face ; posterior tibiae with a single distal fine spine on external face) ; calcars white, unequal in length, the shorter slightly more than half the length of the metatarsus. 78 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Abdomen slender, the individual segments more elongate than in the Psendophotopsidine developmental line ; punctation virtually throughout rather distant and fine to moderate, the anterior seg- ments thus appearing highly polished and nitid. Petiole very elon- gate, the proximal two-fifths subterete, slender, petioliform, the distal three-fifths expanded, strongly dilated and somewhat trans- versely developed; the tergum strongly gibbous on distal three- fifths, in lateral view, strongly arched and again constricted strongly distally ; the first sternum virtually flat throughout, espe- cially on posterior three-fifths • punctation moderately small and rather distant; pubescence of three types (as described for second tergum), rather sparse. Second tergum similarly punctured to first, polished, with short, decumbent, minute, fuscous vestiture and erect, longer, largely white, subplumose vestiture ; a distal prom- inent white border of flat, small, waxy, strongly plumose hairs ; second sternum similarly punctured and also sparsely pubescent, except for distal white border. Distal segments similarly, largely erect pubescent, but with some white, waxy-appearing, scale-like hairs, with fine and rather distant punctures. Second tergum with felt lines of fine fuscous hairs. Distal sterna and terga, and to a lesser degree penultimate segment, again more coarsely and closely punctured, with denser, short, fuscous vestiture of more obviously plumose hairs,; neither last tergum nor sternum at all defined or modified. Female. Unknown. Holotype: Olmue, Chile, February 24, 1920 (P. Herbst), in collection of Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massa- chusetts. Paratypes : Six males, from Banos Cauquenes, Chile, 1900 (P. Herbst) • Concepcion, December 6, 1908 (P. Herbst) ; Concepcion, November 22, 1908 (P. Herbst) ; Marga-Marga, January 4, 1919 (P. Herbst) ; Cerros de Tilt.il, 1700 meters, January 1920 (P. Herbst) ; Valparaiso, November 1, 1910 (P. Herbst) ; in collections of Museum of Comparative Zoology; of Zoological Museum of the University of Minnesota; University of Berlin; and of author. This unique species differs at once from all other Mutillidae (except Prototilla anomala) in the waxy-white, plumose vestiture, the two excisions of the hind wings, the eye-form, the petiole shape, and such numerous other characters that it can scarcely be con- fused with any other Mutillid wasp. The species appears to be widely distributed throughout much of Chile and, from its general 79 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 structure, may possibly exist in collections under the Tiphiidae or related families. It is barely possible, as suggested above, that the female is winged and perhaps confused in collections with Tiphiid wasps of several subfamilies. It should perhaps be stressed that the presence of plumose hairs in this species recalls the Sphaeropthalmoid wasps, some genera of which have similar vestiture. The waxy-appearing, rather fluffy nature of the hairs in this species is entirely unlike that found in the Sphaeropthalmoid wasps, however. The development of plu- mose hairs in these two unrelated groups appears to be strictly a homoplastic development. Subfamily typhoctinae, subf. nov. This subfamily has been discussed in connection with the Eotil- linae. In a separate contribution, appearing elsewhere, the writer is revising this subfamily. The salient characters are given in the key appearing above, and in the discussion in section B of this paper. At this point the following very brief diagnosis may be of use, in order that the male sex may be recognized, if met with in the Central American region, from which it is not yet known. Male (based on Anommutilla Mickel). Head transverse, with large, elongate, subreniform eyes that are slightly emarginate or retuse on their inner orbits, and that have distinct facets ; antennal “tubercles” absent, the antennal insertions opening directly fron- tally, not obliquely downward and laterad ; scape short, equal in length to pedicel plus first flagellar segment ; mandibles edentate at tip and with a small subapical inner tooth (thus bidentate), ven- trally neither excised nor armed; maxillary palps 6-segmented; labial palps 4-segmented. Alitrunk with the prothorax well-developed, dorsally nearly truncate at apex, and virtually as long medially as laterally ; meso- scutum distinctly transverse; endophragmal pit approximated to the meso-metapleural suture, the metapleura wide above, narrowed below to the endophragmal pit, where they appear to disappear (the metapleural-propodeal sutures distinct above endophragmal pit, but completely lost below, and the propodeum and metapleura thus indistinguishably fused below) • legs with calcaria 1-1-2. Abdomen with petiole with a basal, slender, terete portion, and a distal, dilated, rather transverse portion, which is again strongly constricted at juncture with second ter gum ; the first sternum little convex, the distal part nearly flat, smooth, nitid, impunctate, lack- 80 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ing a median keel ; basal, terete portion of petiole clearly formed by both tergnm and sternum. Second segment with distinct snblateral felt line on each side of tergite, limited to basal half of tergum ; no felt lines on sternum. Hypopyginm simple, unmodified. Wings with venation relatively well preserved, a distinct, elongate, sclerotized stigma, a large marginal cell, longer on costa than stigma, three snbmarginal cells, the third (cell R4) obliquely truncate on its outer edge, with the vein R4 not angulate, not giving rise to a spurious vein ; third discoidal cell truncate on outer side, elongate; hind wings lacking all trace of anal lobe and pre- axillary excision ; with sub-basal hamuli absent ; with cubitus arising on vein M considerably distad of the transverse median vein, the submedian cell thus much shorter than median cell. Female (based on Typhoctes Ashm.). Head rather similar to that of male, the eyes separated from base of mandibles by a slight malar distance, however. Antennae equally elongate, but scape and pedicel more elongate than in Eotilline males, and scape not carinate below. Hypostomal carinae less strongly developed, not developed outward to posterior mandibular condyles as distinct ridges; maxillary palps 5-segmented; labial palps 4-segmented. Ocelli absent. Mandibles simple . and falcate as in male. Eyes weakly convex, narrowly ovate, facetted, large. Antennal “tuber- cles” very poorly developed. Clypeus as in male. Alitrunk highly modified, but distinctly tripartite dorsally. The pronotum very large, truncate behind, the dorsal face subquadrate- obtrapezoidal, separated by a distinct suture dorsally from the mesonotum. The mesonotum is short, strongly transverse, reduced virtually to a semi-invaginated, transverse sclerite, separated by a distinct suture from the elongate, fused metathoracic-propodeal portion of the alitrunk. The mesopleura are evenly swollen, devoid of the oblique sulcature, and continuous with the metapleura, from which they are separated by a distinct, quite oblique suture. The metapleura. and propodeum are completely fused with each other, and no endophragmal pit is distinct. The mesosternum is well de- veloped, and moderately separates the middle coxae. The legs have the posterior coxae dorsally armed with a vestigial tooth; the tro- chanters are small, obliquely terminated ; the calcars are 1-2-2 ; the tarsal claws are slender and are armed, distad of middle, with a sharp inner tooth. Gaster with petiole as in male, but distal two-thirds slightly more strongly dilated than in Anommutilla or the Eotilline males, 81 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 the basal portion virtually terete, very slender, formed by both tergum and. sternum (though the tergal element, as in the male, appears to be reduced). Second segment very strongly constricted from the nodose petiole, both dorsally and ventrally, quite elongate, relatively little convex (the gaster oval, rather than circular in cross section), with sublateral felt lines exactly corresponding to those of the male, as regards length and position. Pygidium and hypopygium simple, neither defined at all by carinae laterally, nor armed. Yestiture, as in male, simple throughout. Genotype : Typhoctes peculiaris Cress. = Mutilla peculiaris Cress. This subfamily includes only the two anomalous genera, Typhoctes and Anommutilla. There is scarcely any doubt but that the latter is the male sex of T. peculiaris. Since concrete proof, other than the fundamental similarities as regards essential struc- tural features is lacking, the latter is tentatively retained as a dis- crete genus. Subfamily sphaeroptHalminae Schuster, 194612 Protophotopsis Schuster The writer recently established the genus Protophotopsis for a single, isolated new species of Nearctic Mutillidae (Schuster, 1946). The range of the single included species has been' found to be from Kansas to Colorado and Texas, apparently eastward of the Sonoran region in which the remotely related Sphaeropthalmine wasps abound.13 Protophotopsis, in the presence of distinct felt lines of the second sternum, was found to differ from all other generic groups of Nearctic Mutillidae, except the Sphaeropthalmine wasps. From the latter it differs at once in th£ absence of any trace of a ventral mandibular tooth, the absence of mesoscutal parapsidal furrows, the rather unique character of the hyaline fine bristles of the distal margins of the abdominal segments, the form of the genitalia, and the short, transverse first flagellar segment (similar in form to the 12 A generic synopsis of this subfamily will appear elsewhere in the near future. 13 The genus was originally established for material from Texas and Colorado. A single individual from Kansas has been seen of Protophotopsis ( Protophotopsis ) scudderi Schuster. 82 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA pedicel). The pediceloid first flagellar segment, as well as the presence of differentiated distal abdominal setae are reminiscent of Lomachaeta Mickel. From the latter genus the present genus (and included subgenera) differs in the larger stigma (and the relatively shorter distance from the divergence of R and M), the presence of ventral felt lines, the distinctly carinate scape, the lack of stiff, black, opaque setae at the distal margins of segments 2-5 of the abdomen, which are directed obliquely inward in Lomachaeta (the inner crossing at the tips and lying at about right angles to each other), and the simple, non-excised mandibles. Protophotopsis, then, is a sharply isolated genus, probably a relict type that will be found to have only a very few species within it. The following new species, from Argentina and Brazil, appears to belong near or within Protophotopsis. The anomalous distribu- tion of the genus, thus resulting, is a matter of considerable interest. It is unfortunate that no female is known that can be referred to it. The writer believes that the isolated species Mutilla venenaria Melander, known from Texas to Kansas and California, may per- haps prove to be the female sex of Protophotopsis. It is a matter of perhaps more than coincidence that the holotypes of venenaria and scudderi both come from Fedor, Texas. The subgenus Protophotopsiella differs from Protophotopsis ( s . str.) chiefly in that the stigma is larger (its length fully three times its distance from origin of M on R + M, and distinctly greater than that of the small cell R5 or of the marginal cell along costa) ; the single, regular row of parallel, evenly spaced, curled, hyaline setae is replaced by rather stiff, unequally long, obliquely directed hairs, little differentiated from the other vestiture, the scape is strongly bicarinate, with a flat face between the two ridges, and the humeri, on each side of the anterior epaulets, are strongly, denti- form produced. It is of some interest that the female, M. venen- aria, which I place here with some doubt, has the humeri produced in virtually an identical manner as in Protophotopsis ( Protophotop- siella) humeralis sp. n. In Protophotopsis (s. str.) the maxillary palps have the third and fourth segments narrowly triangular in shape, and rather broadened distally; these segments are virtually similar to the fifth segment in Protophotopsiella, and are almost parallel-sided, barely increasing in width distally. The sculpture, vestiture (except for nature of setae of distal abdominal segments), form of petiole, and general body shape, the transverse head, the form of the legs (tibiae with appressed fine 83 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vo-1. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 silvery hairs and totally lacking any stiff setae), and the entire facies of the two subgenera are similar, and certainly bespeak a com- mon ancestral form, although they are separated by a vast geo- graphical area. In the form of the petiole, color, wing venation, and shape of the head Proto phot opsiella is reminiscent, to some degree, of Di- morphomutilla. The distinct felt lines of the second sternum and produced humeri, as well as more strictly nodose petiole, at once establish it as generically distinct from that group, as does the poorly developed metasternal process. All other groups occurring in South America at present described that possess felt lines on the second sternum have the mandibles more or less excised below, and may or may not have plumose hair and distinct parapsidal furrows. The single Neotropical species described below, which I have been unable to identify with any described form, agrees in virtually all of its characteristics with Proto phot op sis. The great similarity in wing venation and, above all, the very striking similarity between the genitalia of this species and Protophotopsis scudderi indicate that the two species should be considered congeneric. The several differences between Protophotopsis scudderi and the following new species, P. humeralis, include only one that I stressed as generic in the diagnosis of the genus. By elimination, I have arrived at the conclusion that Mutilla venenaria Melander, whose distribution in some respects parallels that of Protophotopsis scudderi, may repre- sent the female sex of the latter. Key to Subgenera (Males) 1. Eyes nearly circular, very shortly subovate, moderately evenly convex; abdominal segments 3-5 with fine, evenly spaced, hyaline curled setae, in a single even row at apex of each segment; stigma small (length about 1.5 its distance from bifurcation of R + M ; about 0.7 the length of marginal cell on costa; decidedly shorter than cell K5) ; humeri not at all dentiform produced, not carinate; vertex not elevated on inner edges of ocellar triangle; maxillary palps with third and fourth segments somewhat dilated distally, trun- cate at apex, differing in form from fifth segment. Geni- talia with aedeagus bidentate, not with a distinct lobe or ventro-lateral process basad of the distal teeth. (Nearctic) Subgenus Protophotopsis Schuster Eyes strongly, transversely, ovate, very strongly convex and 84 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA protuberant, the central portion extremely strongly, trans- versely elevated; abdominal segments with vestiture all of one type, lacking specialized, hyaline, evenly spaced rows of curled setae; stigma larger (length about three times its distance from bifurcation of R + M; as long, or slightly longer than length of marginal cell on costa ; about as long or longer than cell R5) ; humeri strongly, sharply produced, armed with a sharp ventral carina (pronotum divided into distinct anterior and lateral faces); vertex, on inner sides of ocelli, dentiform elevated, thus tridenticu- late and with the ocelli facing outward ; maxillary palps with third and fourth segments virtually linear and sub- parallel, like fifth segment, scarcely widened apically. Genitalia with a distinct process on each lateral half of the aedeagus, basad of the distal teeth. (Neotropical) Subgenus Protophotopsiella subg. nov. Protophotopsiella, subg. nov. Two closely allied forms, which I treat as subspecies, but which may on study of more adequate material prove specifically distinct, are to be recognized at this time. Key to Subspecies 1. Antennal scrobes with the tubercle low, with a large, delicately margined, truncate, outer face; eyes less prominent, their distance apart distinctly less (head width 2.14 width of front between eyes) ; sculpture of frons and vertex much less coarse. Argentina. P. (P.) humeralis subsp. humeralis sp. et subsp. n. Antennal scrobes with the tubercle high, oblique, dentiform, not margined, not with outer face truncate ; eyes more promi- nent, their distance apart on front distinctly less (head width 2.27 width of front between eyes) ; sculpture of front and vertex exceedingly coarse, more or less rugose. Brazil (Chapada). P. (P.) humeralis subsp. rugosa subsp. n. Protophotopsis (Protophotopsiella) humeralis subsp. humeralis, new species and subspecies. Male. Length 5.5 mm. Totally black, relatively slender, the entire body rather coarse and closely to confluently punctured, with 85 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 sparse white vestiture ; wings subhyaline, with normal Sphaerop- thalmine venation (Fig. 32). Head subparallel for a very short distance behind eyes, then evenly rounded; eyes rather strongly protuberant (the dorsal pro- file of the head thus quite rounded-obtrapezoidal) ; head consider- ably shorter behind eyes and more rounded, with the eyes more protuberant than in P. scudderi. Sculpture rather coarse and close, contiguous to confluent, locally nearly rugosely sculptured, the genae with the contiguous punctatioh much less coarse, however. Vesti- ture sparse, erect, moderately long, glittering white, except for a few hairs bordering the eyes, which are fuscous. . Mandibles distally quite yellow-brown, darker basally, stout, distally oblique, slightly broadened near inner mandibular tooth, distally obliquely triden- tate, the three teeth subequal in size ; ventral mandibular margin totally unarmed, unexcised. Clypeus rather poorly developed, the anterior, subtruncate, somewhat raised margin setting off the rather concave disk, which is not at all medially, longitudinally elevated. Antennal scrobes armed with a pair of longitudinal tubercles, one on each side, that are broadly truncate-faced at apex, with the ovoid outer face delicately margined ; antennal tubercles moderately sepa- rated, coarsely confluently punctured; scapes with a smooth inner ventral face delimited by two parallel, longitudinal carinae, meet- ing in a loop distally; pedicel and first flagellar segments strongly transverse, short, subequal in length • second flagellar considerably longer, slightly longer than wide (flagellum with no joints much longer than wide, therefore quite short and stout). Eyes strongly ovate, strongly, suddenly convex and protuberant, rather trans- verse, strongly facetted, the central portion rather longitudinally, transverse elevated (the longer diameter of the eyes, and hence of central elevated portion, parallel to a line drawn between the man- dibular upper and lower condyles) ; front 1.75 the eye-length; head width 2.14 the width of front (eyes thus smaller than in next form, less encroaching on front) ; ocello-ocular distance 1.13 the eye- length. Ocelli quite small, facing outward because of the dentiform elevation of the vertex on their inner margins (the vertex thus dis- tinctly tridenticulate) ; ocello-ocular distance six times the ocellar length, transverse interocellar distance four times the ocellar length. Alitrunk black throughout, subrectangular in outline, fiflly 1.5 as long as wide medially. Humeral angles strongly produced (the pronotum in dorsal outline thus subrectangular anteriorly), the humeral teeth continued downward as strong, glabrous ridges, 86 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA sharply separating the coarsely, confluently punctured flat, lateral pronotal faces from the much less coarsely, but closely punctured cephalic lateral faces; dorsal pronotal face very short medially, coarsely, contiguously punctured-foveate (more deeply and dis- tinctly, but hardly as coarsely as lateral faces), rounded into cephalic dorsal face, and gradually less coarsely punctured anteri- orly; humeral epaulets with large pubescent tufts directly mesad of humeral angles; lateral epaulets small, obscure. Mesoscutum mod- erately convex, similarly punctured as dorsal pronotal face, lacking parapsidal furrows ; axillary sclerites small, with a few coarse punc- tures dorsally; scutellum transversely rectangular, not strongly swollen, nearly flat dorsally, coarsely punctured like mesoscutum; transverse, central portion of metanotum continuous with mesoscu- tellum, similarly coarsely punctured. Tegulae nitid, small, brown, impunctate except on basal and inner margins. Mesopleura with central, oblique elevated portion not divided by an oblique furrow, with coarse, contiguous, foveate punctation, the antero-central por- tions and posterior margins smooth and merely punctulate. Meta- pleura smooth, nitid throughout. Propodeum with lateral faces nitid anteriorly, posteriorly irregularly sculptured ; dorsal pro- podeal face short, coarsely reticulate-areolate, gradually declivous into the oblique posterior face which is similarly sculptured. Ves- titure of entire alitrunk sparse, erect and silvery, the mesoscutum with a few decumbent, fuscous hairs as well. Legs piceous, with sparse white vestiture ; calcars white. Wings with stigma three times as long as distance from bifurcation of R + M, slightly longer than the acuminate marginal cell on costa, one-sixth longer than cell Rs ; cell R4 indicated by weak color lines externally. Abdomen entirely black, with rather sparse, erect, white vesti- ture (and sparse, decumbent, white vestiture, in addition, on disk of second tergum and sternum and on apical fringes of terga 1-5 and sterna 2-4) ; segments 5-7 have the vestiture more or less com- pletely fuscous, sparse; the apical fringes of the first four abdomi- nal segments are decumbent, and of rather more stout hairs than the erect vestiture, but are of rather long hairs, unequal in length, more or less obliquely arranged (they therefore are intermediate between the normal pubescence and the specialized setules fringing the ab- dominal segments in P. scudderi) . Petiole rather broad and large, but distinctly constricted distally, nodose, coarsely, closely punc- tured (except on anterior third), the sculpture little less coarse than on mesoscutum. Second tergum similarly punctured, but less dis- 87 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 tinctly, more shallowly, with wider intervals transversely between the punctures, while the punctures are longitudinal and more or less confluent in longitudinal rows, except near apical margin, where the punctation is very close, smaller, deeper, and sharper. Terga 3-6 with relatively fine punctation and punctulation, becom- ing closer near apices of terga; pygidinm at base similarly punc- tured, but on distal half smooth, nitid, laterally not carinate. Sternum two with long, sublateral, white felt lines ; disk with rather coarse, distinct, separated punctures ; sterna 3-6 with smaller punc- tures (a little less close, and perhaps a little coarser than on corres- ponding terga) ; hypopygium nitid except for basal two-thirds of disk, which bears very coarse, setigerous punctures. Holotype: Capilla d. Monte. Cordoba, Argentina (Hosseus), in collection of the Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich, Germany. Paratopotype: One male, same data, in collection of the Zoo- logische Staatssammlung, Munich. Paratype: Alberdi, Argentina, Dec. 11, 1910, in collection of the University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn. This species can be readily identified by the following combina- tion of characters : first flagellar segment pedicelloid, transverse ; vestiture all simple, pale ; integument totally black throughout ; metasternum not produced between hind coxae ; head unarmed and not carinate below ; petiole nodose ; sculpture rather coarse through- out ; felt lines of second sternum elongate. In all of these characters it agrees perfectly with the Nearctic Protophotopsis {Proto phot op sis) scudderi Schuster. From the latter it differs in the lesser differentiation of the hyaline setae at the apices of the abdominal segments ; in the paired carinae of the antennal scapeis ; in the rather prominently produced thoracic hu- meral angles; in the relatively larger stigma; and in the form of the eyes. The genitalia of the two forms are rather similar in most fea- tures : the lobate cuspis volsellaris is shorter than the digitus, and beset with rather short hairs ; the parameres distally bear two strong teeth ; the basal ring is short and stout ; the parameres are rather stout basally but taper to a slender apex, and are rather densely setose; there is no distinct auriculate lobe dorsally, near the base of the digitus and cuspis. Unlike in the subgenus Protophotopsis, the present form has the aedeagus of the genitalia on each side with a sclerotized process {a, in Fig. 30) ; this lobe, when the parameral plates are approximated (as in nature) fits internally, near the base 88 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA of the digital-cuspidal basis, and between them the membrane serv- ing to connect the ventral parameral plates stretches. This mem- brane in typical Proto phot op sis is apparently free of the aedeagus and not connected to it by such a secondarily developed pair of sclerotized processes. Very closely allied, but at least sub specific ally distinct from the above form, is the following form, from Brazil. The wing venation plate and genitalie illustration are taken from the holo- type of that subspecies. Protophotopsis (Protophotopsiella) humeralis subsp. rugosa, new subspecies. Extremely similar to typical humeralis and similar in facies, but differing as follows : Sculpture of front and vertex coarser, more rugose ; eyes rather larger (the head width proportionally larger to the eye-distance apart on front, 2.27 the frontal distance apart) ; the ocello-ocular distance 1.25 the eye-length; the frontal width 1.82 the eye-length. The antennal scrobes are not as prominently armed as in typical humeralis, the tooth not having a large, distinct, truncate outer sur- face. The second tergum has the disk with the punctures more distinct, separated, not more or less confluent in longitudinal rows. Holotype: Chapada, Matto Grosso, about 14° 8' S., Brazil, in collection of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. This apparently northern form, or allied species, is similar in facies to the typical species. It can be told at once by the differ- ence in the armature of the antennal scrobes, as well as the more dis- tinct, better separated punctation of the first and second abdominal terga (which is nowhere contiguous or confluent). The extremely coarse, rugose sculpture of the head, especially of the front, con- trasts strongly with that of the typical form, in which the sculpture is relatively moderate, much less coarse, and less deep, with the in- tervals not producing distinct rugae. If the differences stressed here are found to be constant, specific separation will probably be warranted. Allotilla, gen. nov. Diagnosis. Male. Totally black, stout, with hyaline wings with reduced ivory-colored veins; vestiture stiff, sparse, totally white, simple. Head moderately developed, narrower than pronotum, rounded transverse-rectangular; postgenal bridge wide, the hypostoma re- duced, the hypostomal carinules low, widely flaring and obsolete 89 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 near inner edges of mandibles. Eyes rather small, moderately con- vex (little projecting beyond sides of head), strongly facetted, short-ovate, approaching the mandibular condyles (their length about 1.5 the length of the head behind them.) Vertex short be- hind eyes, but parallel-sided for a short distance and shortly rounded into the posterior surface. Clypeus relatively short, nearly flat (slightly depressed), polished and distally punctate, with a short, transverse, truncate median lobe. Mandibles rather slender, the basal half with a strong dorsal ridge abruptly terminating in an obtuse angulation or tooth, the distal half slender, acuminate, ap- parently edentate; ventral margin evenly arcuate, not dentate. Ocelli rather small, the ocello-ocular distance about as wide as the ocellar triangle. Antennal tubercles well-developed, only subap- proximate; scape unicarinate, moderate in length; flagellum very unusually abbreviated, the second and third flagellar segments longest (these decidedly less than 1.5 as long as wide) ; first flagellar intermediate in length between pedicel and second flagellar, dis- tinctly shorter than second (second virtually as long as pedicel and first together). Alitrunk unusually stout, relatively short compared to width, inflated. Pronotum reduced by elaboration of mesothorax ; median length scarcely over one-fourth that of mesoscutum; lateral faces more normally developed, anteriorly not margined ; two very small pairs of epaulets distinct. Mesothorax very much enlarged; meso- notum swollen, arched, a little wider than long, with very broad, shallow, obscurely indicated, incomplete parapsidal furrows and short, weak lateral furrows laterad of them on the distal third of mesonotuin. Mesopleura swollen, forming a nearly evenly arcuate region, except for a central slight depression (remnant of the other- wise absent epicnemial furrow) and a dorsal, virtually horizontal sharply impressed line, running up under the wing-processes (per- haps equivalent to the mesopleural oblique suture). Mesosternum large in extent and unusually widely separating the front and mid- dle coxae, strongly swollen on each side of and anterior to the mid- dle coxae ; inflation of mesothorax results in the relatively broad separation of the middle coxae. Scutellum well-developed, rather inflated, evenly continuous with central portion of metanotum. Metanotum narrow, normally developed; metapleura highly modi- fied, the oblique suture running anterior from the endophragmal pit well-developed, and the metapleural-propodeal suture well-de- veloped below the pit ; but dorsad of the pit the metapleura and 90 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA propodeum are indistinguishably fused into a single selerite (the propodeum dorsally therefore appears to extend from the meso- pleura backward, as a lobe lying above what is obviously separated as the metapleura). Metasternum normally developed, with the posterior erect process poorly developed, not extending between posterior coxae, scarcely bidentate. Propodeum unusually short, merely a disk capping the alitrunk behind, with a very short dorsal surface suddenly rounded into the large posterior face that is at an obtuse angle to the dorsum of the alitrunk. Legs normal, calcars 1-2-2 ; coxae and trochanters unmodified. Wings with anal lobe absent; cell R5 distinct and cells R4 and 1st M2 totally undefined; marginal cell small, truncate distally, the large stigma twice as long as marginal cell on costa; stigma longer than distance from bifurcation of R + M. Gaster sessile ; the petiole moderately short and strongly di- lated. Second segment with long felt lines of sternum, as well as of tergum. Pygidium and hypopygium elongate, unmodified. Female. Unknown. From the structure and phyletic posi- tion of the male, the following structural points may be inferred: eyes rather small, ovate and facetted, weakly convex ; head unarmed and ecarinate below on genae or hypostoma; mandibles simple and slender, probably bidentate apically or edentate ; clypeus with an- terior margin not or slightly bidentate. Antennae very abbrevi- ated. Alitrunk probably abbreviated, without dorsal suture-rem- nants or scutellar scale ; middle legs probably somewhat distant ; no process or a short one between hind coxae ; petiole fully sessile ; second sternum lacking felt lines ; probably with a defined pygidium. Discussio'n. This genus is a remote relative of the Sphaerop- thalmine complex; its nearest related forms are probably to be found in Euspinolia and Tallium , especially the former. Tallium appears distinctly related, and more primitive (perhaps nearly con- nective) than Euspinolia. From some form that had lost the ven- tral mandibular tooth, and had weakly developed parapsidal fur- rows, and a sessile or virtually sessile petiole (such as may be typified by Euspinolia) the present form arose by the following changes : 1. Inflation and broadening of the alitrunk, with subsequent loss of the oblique mesopleural furrow. 2. Loss of the metapleural-propodeal suture dorsad of the en- dophragmal pit, with consequent union of the upper part of the metapleura with the propodeum. 91 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 3. Reduction in wing venation of both wings, with especial re- duction of the marginal cell and relative increase in size of the stigma; virtual obsolescence of veins of the hind wings, except the longitudinal portions of C + R + M and Cu. 4. Reduction in length of antennae. 5. Broad separation of the fore from the middle legs by the inflation of the mesosternum with consequent close approximation of the middle and hind legs and relatively wide separation of the middle coxae. It is of interest that in Euspinolia the middle coxae have al- ready become rather distant from each other, and the metapleural- propodeal suture dorsad of the endophragmal pit has become very faint (sometimes represented by an ill-defined shallow groove). In that genus, however, the metapleura are still polished, with the upper portion referred to here differentiated in texture from the propodeum ; in the present genus the coarse, close, contiguous, rugose sculpture of the upper sides of the propodeum is carried over without interruption onto the entire upper third of the metapleura. In the relatively small marginal cell and large stigma this genus re- calls many of the Sphaeropthalmine wasps (s. str.). Perhaps the most diagnostic feature, however, is the strongly inflated form the alitrunk takes ; this is sharply contrasted to the slender form of the thorax in the Sphaeropthalmines, where the propodeum especially is quite notably elongate and gradually declivous behind. In Allo- tilla and to a less'er degree in Euspinolia and T allium, the alitrunk is decidedly abbreviated, with correlated abbreviation of the petiole, and the propodeumjbecomes merely a shallowly lens-like sclerite capping the alitrunk obliquely from behind. The progressively greater abbreviation of the thorax is associated with progressive reduction and obliteration of the metapleural-propodeal suture above the endophragmal pit. It should be noted that this tendency does not exist at all in the Sphaeropthalmine wasps (s. str. ) , where the metapleura remain distinct from the propodeum throughout their length (where, in fact, the suture is faintest by far in its lower parts). A final point of some interest is the extreme abbreviation of the antennae, which are reminiscent of those of the females of most Mutillids. The reduction appears to be entirely secondary, except probably for the first segment (which is short in T allium, but has already become elongate in Euspinolia) . For this-reason the an- cestral stock of the present genus must probably be sought further back than the immediate Euspinolia complex. 92 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Genotype : Allotilla gibbosa sp. n., the sole included species. Distribution. This apparently small, limited genus is entirely Neotropical in range, and as far as known will probably be found to be largely limited to the southern half of South America. Allotilla gibbosa, new species. Male. Length 6-7 mm. Totally black throughout, the an- tennae scarcely lighter ; with much short, erect and suberect, sparse, stiff, white vestiture ; no plumose hairs or modified setae or spatu- late hairs ; wings hyaline, with reduced, ivory-colored to buff vena- tion; punctation mostly distant and coarse, the body with distinct polished intervals nearly throughout. Head considerably narrower than thorax, transversely rec- tangular-oval in dorsal view, the temples short, but with the vertex parallel shortly behind the eyes, and then rather swiftly rounded into the subtruncate posterior margin of head. Eyes facetted, shortly ovate, weakly convex, not protruding strongly from sides of head, their distance apart on the front rather great. Clypeus short, strongly transverse, the epistomal carina very slightly dor- sally arched posteriorly towards the middle ; anteriorly the clypeus is weakly produced, as a moderately wide, very short, truncate lobe ; the clypeal surface is slightly depressed-concave, virtually niticl and impunctate, except for a small transverse region with a few seti- gerous punctures. Mandibles piceous, the distal halves deep fer- ruginous, the basal half with sparse, coarse, white hairs. Antennal tubercles moderately separated (by about the width of one of the tubercles), normal in form, unsculptured; scape normally arcuate, moderately short (length about ' equal to pedicel and first two flagellar segments), strongly unicarinate below; pedicel transverse, about two-thirds length of first flagellar ; first flagellar quadrate, about two-thirds length of second; flagellum abbreviated strongly. Punctation distant throughout, quite coarse and deep but scattered, with the intervals averaging at least as wide as the punctures and strongly nitid. Ocelli small, their length about one-fifth the intero- cellar distance, about one-seventh the ocello-ocular distance (the ocellar triangle sub-equal in width to the ocello-ocular distance) . Alitrunk black throughout, strongly inflated, much wider than head. Pronotum with distinct, moderately coarse, close to con- tiguous punctures, margined by sharp, narrow intervals, on sides becoming obliquely rugose ; dorsal and lateral propodeal faces evenly rounded into the anterior face, the dorsal face extremely short along mid-line and virtually immediately anterior of meso- 93 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 notum becoming’ declivous into the cephalic face; two pairs of re- duced epaulets, the humeral and postero-lateral, distinct. Mesono- tum arched, with distant, scattered and rather coarse punctures, with wide, shining intervals; broad, shallow, vestigial parapsidal furrows indicated; axillary lobes extremely small, on their outer faces unmodified and unproduced, forming small triangular bridges to the scutellum; transverse sulcus between mesonotum and scutel- lum deep, moderately broad, both scutellum and mesonotum broadly rounded into it; scutellum normal in size, swollen rather strongly, distally continuous with central portion of metanotum, with the disk virtually impunctate and polished, but with close punctation laterally. Tegulae castaneous, small, strongly convex and im- punctate, nitid. Metanotum well-developed, sharply defined and with an elevated, coarsely punctate central portion. Mesopleura evenly inflated, closely and moderately coarsely punctured (like pronotum), with the pupctation becoming subrugose along posterior margins, ventrally evenly declivous into the mesosternum; meso- sternum evenly swollen, forming a, gibbous whole with the meso- pleura and similarly punctured to mesopleura, unarmed entirely. Metapleura with region above endophragmal pit fused with pro- podeum, punctate and rugose-punctate contiguously like adjacent propodeal region ; region below endophragmal pit largely polished, with a few scattered punctures above, and obscurely longitudinally rugose below. Propodeum strongly rugose laterally, areolate-re- ticulate dorsally, obscurely rugose-punctate posteriorly, with the lower half of posterior face very weakly sculptured and appearing almost shagreened. Legs virtually black, with suberect and sub- decumbent, stiff, white vestiture on all segments before tarsi, slen- der, with white calcaria. Wings as described in generic diagnosis : hyaline, with light but opaque veins, and brown stigma ; marginal cell somewhat irregularly oval, short and small, its length along costa scarcely half that of stigma ; cell R5 small, much shorter than stigma, irregularly oval-pentagonal ; cell R4 totally absent ; distance between wing-apex and marginal cell about three times length of marginal cell. Hind wings with venation much reduced, with no closed cells indicated whatsoever. Abdomen totally black (except for pygidium), with moderately short, white vestiture throughout. Petiole broad, virtually sessile, rather short and broadly dilated distally, not very slender basally, very slightly constricted dorsally distally • ventrally without a dis- tinct longitudinal carina; with rather distant, moderate punctures 94 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA on basal two-thirds of tergum, and fine, close, shallow punctures on distal fourth. Second and following terga with shallow, fine close punctures, those on disk of second tergum rather larger and more distant ; both second tergum and sternum with long, white felt lines. Second sternum with distant, coarse punctures (almost like meso- notum), at the antero-lateral corners with a small ferruginous ob- lique spot on each side, on distal sixth with fine, close, shallow punctures; distal sterna (except hypopygium) uniformly, finely, closely punctured like distal terga. Pygidium testaceo-ferruginous, laterally delicately defined distally, the defined region strongly, coarsely, arcuately, transversely rugose-striate. Hypopygium basally with coarse, deep punctures, distally finely shagreened. Genitalia unspecialized, the elongate, terete, somewhat curved and slender parameres with a dense vestiture of long, pilose hairs on the basal two-thirds of the ventral margins ; the cuspis and digi- tus terete and slenderly conical, digitiform, the cuspis with a distal dense tuft of long hairs; both cuspis and digitus well-developed, the cuspis about twice as long as digitus, extending more than half the length of the parameres ; basal ring short, transverse, stout. Female. Unknown. Holotype: Cordoba, Argentina (W. M. Davis), in collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. This isolated species is known from a single individual only. In the strongly inflated alitrunk (with the head appearing quite small by comparison), the distinct felt lines of the second sternum, the black color and totally white vestiture, and the hyaline wings with the characteristically reduced venation it can scarcely be con- fused with any other species. Nanotopsis, gen. nov. This genus is established for a single, isolated, minute species of Brazilian Mutillidae, whose relationships are quite obscure. The elongate, yet strongly dorso-ventrally flattened petiole, with a slender base and wide, convex, distally rather constricted apex, is quite distinctive. This, combined with the ventrally entire, biden- tate mandibles, the presence of felt lines on the second sternum, the reduced wing venation with large stigma, small marginal cell and cell R5 (and no indication of cell R4), isolates the single species sharply from all known genera. In some features the genus recalls Protophotopsis subg. Protophotopsiella, as in the felt lines of the sternum, absence of- parapsidal furrows, nodose petiole, small, 95 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 facetted, ovate eyes, wing venation, etc. In the much more elongate first flagellar segment, the entirely different shape of the petiole, the position of the felt lines, the sculpture, the bidentate (instead of tridentate) mandibles, the present entity completely differs from the latter subgenus; of even more importance, there is a striking, difference in facies between the two groups that can scarcely be put into exact terminology — but which indicates quite definitely that there is no close relationship between the two genera. The facies of the sole species indicates that a position some- where near T allium and Euspinolia is indicated ; yet the present minute, reduced species differs strikingly from these two genera in the very reduced venation with minute marginal cell and large stigma, in the somewhat nodose petiole, in the shallow, rather areo- late-reticulate sculpture, in the ventrally unexcised, entire mandi- bles, in the anteriorly truncate, weakly developed clypeus, and in the much smaller size. The female sex, when it becomes known, may indicate somewhat more clearly what the exact position of this genus is. Genotype : Nanotopsis isolatrix sp. n. Distribution. Known only from two specimens, the second only a partial specimen, from Brazil. Diagnosis. Male. Length 2.8-3. 1 mm. Totally black, with entirely white sparse, erect and suberect, fine, slender vestiture; sculpture of head and alitrunk largely very shallowly, partly ob- scurely reticulate-areolate. Head transversely ovate-rectangular, moderately developed and parallel shortly behind the eyes, with the temples tolerably dis- tinct, but broadly rounded into the posterior aspect of the head; the small, ovate, facetted eyes scarcely projecting from the contour of the head when seen in dorsal profile. Mandibles slender, falcate, ventrally entire, but with a weak basal carina that soon becomes gradually obsolete; dorsally with a weak carina running to near the subapical inner mandibular tooth; distally apparently bideii- tate, the middle tooth suppressed or so small as to be imperceptible with the binocular. . Maxillary palps apparently 6-segmented ; labial 4-segmented. Clypeus convex on median part, depressed laterally, subtruncate distally and unarmed, strongly transversely developed, with the epistomal suture weakly dorsally arched and bounding a tolerably distinct area frontalis that becomes obsolete by fusion of the frontal lines of ecdysis at a point near the upper edges of the antennal tubercles. Antennal tubercles normally de- 96 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA veloped, moderately separated by a space subequal to one of them in width, scarcely greater than their distance from the eye-margins ; scape rather abbreviated, arcuate, strongly, sharply unicarinate below, a little shorter than the first two flagellar segments united, a little longer than pedicel and first flagellar united ; pedicel trans- verse, a little more than 0.5 as long as the first flagellar which is more than 1.5 as long as wide, and 0.75 the length of the second flagellar ; the antennae therefore with a quite attenuate flagellum. Hypostomal ridges normally developed, not armed or produced, forming a rather narrow, arcuate V, whose arms run to near the inner mandibular base, then flare outward to near the ventral man- dibular condyle ; genae ecarinate, unarmed, evenly rounded into postgenae. Postgenal bridge wide, normally developed, with the hypostomal region invaginated, and the hypostoma conically in- vaginated from in front. Eyes ovate, moderately small, not strongly convex, strongly facetted, with the rounded end approxi- mating the mandibular articulations (thus virtually no malar space), and the pointed end directed towards the temples. Ocelli minute, their length less than 0.3 the interocellar distance, scarcely more than 0.15 the ocello-ocular distance (the ocellar triangle de- cidedly narrower than the ocello-ocular distance). Alitrunk normally elongate, nearly twice as long as wide, not at all inflated; pronotum normal, the dorsal face broadly, arcu- ately emarginate at its juncture with mesoscutum, but with a dis- tinct, short median dorsal face ; both lateral and dorsal faces shortly rounded into cephalic aspect, without any carinae or processes ; the humeral epaulets distinct, though small, but with no trace of the postero-lateral epaulets. Mesonotum transverse, totally lacking all trace of parapsidal furrows, coarsely areolate-reticulate ; axillary lateral lobes obsolete, on their outer edges with a sharp vertical bounding carina ; scutellum quadrate, flat, continuous on one plane with central portion of metanotum ; propodeum coarsely areolate on the basal portions of the dorsal-posterior faces ; the propodeum elongate and slender, with the dorsal and posterior faces very gradu- ally declivous into each other, and with no distinct break between. Mesopleura weakly, evenly inflated, without trace of epicnemial furrow; metapleura narrowed above (as can be seen from the posi- tion of the endophragmal pit, which is nearly approximated to the meso-metapleural suture), not separated at all from the propodeum by any carina, and below the endophragmal pit evenly continuous with the lateral faces of the propodeum to form a single plane sur- 97 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 face behind the mesopleural inflation (and with the areolation and obscure sculpture of the lateral propodeal faces extended onto all but the anterior half of the metapleura). Mesosternum normal, unarmed, not strongly swollen; middle coxae separated slightly more than normal ; metasternum with the transverse process dis- tinctly tridentate, the middle tooth erect and slightly longer than the lateral, but not at all extending back to coxae or between their bases. Legs slender, the tibiae without evidence of external spines, but coarsely hirsutely punctured, the hairs stiff, suberect to sub- decumbent, long and rather dense ; calcaria normal in length 1-2-2,- pale. Wings with venation reduced, the veins blackish-brown, the membrane hyaline ; stigma large, longer than the reduced, subovate marginal cell on costa ; longer than the subrectangular-rounded cell R5 ; more than twice as long as distance from bifurcation of R + M ; cell R4 totally absent; cell R5 on marginal cell very short (much less long than r). Gaster with fine, weak punctation, appearing subfulgid, strongly contrasted to the reticulate-punctate and reticulate-areo- late head and alitrunk. Petiole dorsoventrally compressed, elon- gate, but transversely developed, posteriorly almost semi-circular in section and proximally lenticular in section; the proximal fourth slender, then strongly dilated to apex laterally, but becoming again somewhat narrowed and constricted at and just before juncture with second tergum ; first sternum lacking a median keel, but medi- ally longitudinally sulcate on each side, just mesad of tergo-sternal suture. Second tergum with very short felt lines, starting about one-fourth from base of tergum and extending to scarcely beyond the proximal two-fifths of tergum (thus not over one-fifth the ter- gum long) ; those of sternum similar in length, but running from slightly before middle of sternum to somewhat behind middle (a transverse section of the second segment just behind the proximal two-fifths would thus isolate the tergal felt lines on the proximal portion, while the ventral would lie virtually completely on the dis- tal portion). Seven sterna distinct; the hypopygium scarcely longer than wide, flat, punctate throughout, not modified ; pygidium undefined laterally, distally polished and glabrous. \ The single included species is described adequately in the above generic diagnosis; the following additional characteristics may be mentioned, that may be regarded as probably entirely specific in nature. The small size (length scarcely over 3 mm) makes this wasp the smallest described Mutillid in the New World. 98 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Nanotopsis isolatrix, new species. Male. Length 2. 8-3.1 mm. Head with front, vertex and genae very shallowly reticulate and reticulate-punctate, appearing quite dull; occipital region and postgenae not coarsely punctured, nearly smooth; clypeus virtually smooth on central elevated area, but the truncation obscured by a sparse setose brush extending out over mandibles and arising from scattered subapical punctures, vestiture of head very sparse and rather short, white except for central part of vertex, where it is subfuscous. Alitrunk with entirely pale vestiture, with prothorax, mesono- tum, mesopleura (and to a lesser degree the mesosternum, which is less coarsely sculptured), scutellum and raised part of metanotum similarly reticulate as head. Propodeum laterally similarly punc- tured, but on the sharply separated dorso-posterior aspect extra- ordinarily coarsely, sharply areolate-reticulate, the bottoms of the areas, however, roughened by obscure, minute rugae or granulo- sities. . First tergum polished, highly nitid, with very sparse and scattered fine setigerous punctures, bearing sparse, erect, white hairs; second segment dorsaily weakly longitudinally striolate on lateral thirds of basal half, polished (except for scattered elongate setigerous punctures, that gradually merge into the striolations laterally) on the central third; distal half of tergum becoming in- creasingly more closely punctulate, laterally with the striolations gradually merging into the punctulations ; second sternum similarly sculptured, but the punctures coarser and less close distally, coarser and closer on median part of basal half; distal terga (except pygi- dium) extremely finely and closely punctulate, partly setigerously so ; distal sterna, except hypopygium, similarly punctulate, but more sparsely and coarsely so ; pygidium distally polished and undefined, basally with coarser punctulations; hypopygium moderately, dis- tinctly and rather closely punctured. Vestiture of second tergum and sternum sparse on disks, but denser distally, like that of distal segments. Distal terga with long, fine, .pilose, suberect vestiture, only moderately dense, on the distal few segments becoming fusc- ous ; sternites similarly, but more sparsely pubescent, less longly so. The vestiture is all actually very slightly, microscopically sub- plumose in nature. Holotype: Sao Luiz, State of Maranhao, Brazil, November 9, 1903 (A. Ducke), in collection of Paris Museum. 99 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 A second individual, lacking the head, is also present; it is topotypic with the holotype. Ceratophotopsis, gen. nov. Diagnosis. Male. Totally black, with black and silvery white, simple and conspicuously plumose hair ; sculpture rather very close to contiguous on head and alitrunk, more distant on abdomen. Head transverse, a rounded obtrapezoidal in dorsal view, rather short and convergent behind eyes; eyes moderate (small for Sphaeropthalmoid wasps), rounded-reniform (non-emarginate on inner orbits, but shallowly, broadly retuse on outer orbits), dis- tinctly facetted, silvery, moderately convex ; their length subequal to the ocello-ocular- distance. Ocelli small, their length less than 0.25 the ocello-ocular distance. Antennae normal, moderately slender; scape slender, strongly unicarinate below; pedicel transverse; ratio of length of pedicel, first and second flagellar segments, respec- tively: 2 : 4.5 : 5.3. Mandibles slender, falcate, acute distally and with a sharp subapical inner tooth (thus bidentate by the virtual suppression of the small intermediate tooth) ; not at all dorsoven- trally dilated, the dorsal carina delicate and vestigial distally ; ven- trally with a distinct division into a basal broader portion, termin- ating in a blunt, prominent tooth, and a distal, suddenly more slender portion. Labial palps 4-segmented; maxillary palps ap- parently 5-segmented. Clypeus weakly developed, not produced into an anterior, median lobe ; the rounded apparent anterior mar- gin produced into a pair of very sharp, but small, conical, sub- approximate teeth (distance apart not more than width of anterior ocellus) ; disk of clypeus with a group of close, setose, central bristles, generally so closely approximated as to appear adherent (thus forming what appears to be a central, median, slightly down- curved, stiff, prominent horn)14 (c/. Fig. 31). Alitrunk unmodified, generalized. Pronotum with the usual, humeral and postero-lateral, small epaulet tufts ; mesoscutum with parapsidal furrows suppressed apparently by the close, contiguous punctation. Mesopleura with the primitive division into a dorso- anterior, non-swollen, weakly to obscurely sculptured, smooth por- tion, separated by a tolerably distinct, broad, oblique furrow, from the swollen, moderately punctured distal and ventral half; meso- sternum not unusually developed, entirely unarmed. Metapleura well-developed, the posterior, ankylosed suture between it and the 14 Hence the generic name. 100 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA propodeum moderately distinct throughout. Propodeum shallowly, very closely reticulate and reticulate-punctate (except for the larger basal areas). Legs with calcars 1-2-2, white; tarsal claws un- armed ; fore and middle coxae normal, the middle little distant ; pos- terior coxae elongate, about half again as long as the middle coxae. Wings moderately fuliginous throughout ; marginal cell large, sub- parallel-sided and elongate, distally rounded-subtruncate and not acutely narrowed, its length along costal margin 1.75 that of tiie moderately large stigma ; cell R5 distinct, pentagonal, large ; cells R4 and M2 totally absent; stigma about 1.75 length of its distance from bifurcation of R + M. Hind wings with venation poorly pre- served, the usual two enclosed cells distally defined merely by vein- remnants and color lines, not completely enclosed. Petiole subsessile, somewhat dorsoventrally flattened; slender at base, but strongly, rather transversely dilated distally (and not at all constricted again laterally, in dorsal view), its apical width 3. 5-3. 6 that of minimum, sub-basal width; in lateral profile the petiole is slightly nodose and is weakly constricted at juncture with second tergum. Petiole, and terga two to five with distinct, distally gradually less dense, plumose bands. Second segment with long dorsal and short, tuft-like, ventral felt lines ; the sternum distinctly convex, rather strongly so near base. Pygidium with distal and apical lateral margins somewhat revolute (thus distally with a de- fined pygidial area, which is obscurely punctured on distal half). Hypopygium extremely modified, with a strong, median, longitu- dinal, tectate keel, laterad of which the disk of the sternum is strongly concave ; the lateral hypopygial margins are scarcely ridged; the distal border is angularly retuse. Genitalia modified, very stout; the parameres are strongly modified, but the cuspis and digitus stay primitive. Parameres boot-shaped, the stout basal portion with the slender, appendiculate distal half at an oblique angle to it, suberect. Digitus and cuspis unmodified. Female. Unknown. Genotype : Ceratophotopsis rhinoceros sp. n. This anomalous genus, including two closely related species, is clearly related to the other Sphaeropthalmoid wasps with felt lines of the second sternum, with unarmed mesosternum, with ventrally excised mandibles, and a moderately small stigma but well-devel- oped marginal cell. It differs from some of these generic groups, which do not uniformly possess plumose hairs, in always having 101 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 distinct plumose vestiture. The characteristic which at once dis- tinguishes Ceratophotopsis is the extremely specialized hypo- pygium, which is carinate longitudinally in the middle. This, to- gether with the uniquely armed clypeus, isolates it from all other generic types in the New World. The genus is obviously a highly modified off-shoot from the more generalized Sphaeropthalmoid com- plex. If the characteristics stressed above were not accompanied by a strong modification of the genitalia, it might be considered unwise to give the present group more than subgeneric recognition. It is, however, more distinct than almost all other groups generically separated in the Sphaeropthalmoid wasps ; hence the generic names will have to stand or fall togther. The relatively primitive form of the mandibles, mesosternum, felt lines, and wing venation, among other characters, is strongly contrasted with the highly specialized characteristics, such as hy- popygial form, subsessile petiole, suppression of parapsidal furrows, clypeal armature, and elongation of the- posterior coxae. Such a combination of characteristics indicates the genus is a strongly side- wise specialized group, obviously derived from the less derivative pristine generic stock in the Sphaeropthalmoid wasps. The first flagellar segment (moderately shorter than second), the anteriorly weakly developed clypeus, and the unmodified form of the alitrunk and venation all indicate such a derivation is warranted. The genus includes two very closely related species. More ad- equate series, from some of the intervening territory, may indicate subspecific separation for these two forms more expressive of the actual degree of relationship. The obvious differences between the two, which appear quite constant, prohibit such treatment with the information at hand. Key to Species 1. Abdominal terga 1-3 at apex with complete fringes of silvery pubescence ; lateral pronotal faces smooth and impunctate behind the vertical humeral carina ; mesopleura white pubescent; head slightly shorter behind eyes, the vertex behind eyes more strongly convergent; hypopygium with only the distal portions of the concave lateral halves setigerously punctured. Genitalia with “heel” of the “boot-shaped” parameres not strongly expanded and angulate, the 1 ‘ toe ’ ’ shorter, less aciculate ; cuspis mod- erately broad and stout (in lateral view). Paraguay Ceratophotopsis ceriferus sp. n. 102 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Abdominal terga 2-3 at apex fuscous-black pubescent (only tei> gum 1 silvery pubescent), except for very narrow, negligi- ble lateral rims ; lateral pronotal faces with distinct, coarse punctures behind the vertical humeral carina; meso- pleura fuscous pubescent ; head slightly more full behind, subparallel for a short distance behind eyes ; hypopygium with basal portions, as well as distal ones of the lateral lobes with setigerous sparse punctures. Genitalia with “ heel’ 7 of parameres strongly expanded, more angulate, with the distal, “toe” portion more slender and acieulate; cuspis quite stout, more broad (in lateral view). Brazil Ceratophotopsis rhinoceros sp. n. Ceratophotopsis ceriferus, new species. Male. Length 9-10 mm. Integument totally black (becoming deep ferruginous on hypopygium), with black and white, simple and plumose vestiture. Vertex, genae, pronotum, mesoscutum, disk of tergum two, anterior part of tergum three, and terga 4-7 and sterna 4-7 entirely or virtually entirely, black to fuscous .pube- scent ; otherwise with silvery vestiture. Punctation very close, con- tiguous to rugose, deep, rather sharp on front, vertex, genae of head, dorsum of pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum. Lateral pronotal faces behind the vertical humeral carina virtually impunctate, smooth (except for minute punctulations, giving rise to a micro- scopic pile). Head closely r contiguously punctured, rather rugosely on front and vertex, the individual punctures only moderate in size; head transverse, rounded, obtrapezoidal, with short, rather strongly con- vergent temples. Vestiture black, except on front, where it is more or less dirty white. Eyes silvery, facetted, length 1.05-1.20 the ocello-ocular distance, about 0.5 the minimum frontal distance apart. Ocelli 0.25 or less the ocello-ocular distance in length ; inter- ocellar distance five-eighths the ocello-ocular distance (the ocellar triangle slightly wider than the ocello-ocular distance) ; distance between anterior and posterior ocelli about 1.3 the ocellar length. Alitrunk with dorsum of pronotum, mesoscutum, scutelltim closely, contiguously, deeply, sharply punctured; lateral pronotal faces largely smooth, especially behind the moderately sharp humeral, vertical ridges, with a microscopic pale pile ; mesopleura with anterior half similarly impunctate as lateral pronotal faces (with a few coarse ill-defined punctures above), and with a similar microscopic pale pile ; the posterior, swollen halves of mesopleura 103 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 separated by a distinct, glabrous oblique furrow from the anterior halves, with round, shallow close, coarse punctures; mesosternum contiguo-confluently punctured, more deeply and less coarsely so than mesopleura. Scutellum moderately convex, with mixed pale and black vestiture ; lateral axillary lobes on outer, posterior edges produced into a vertical, small lamellate tooth on each side. Tegulae punctate and hirsute with black hairs on basal third, some- what dilated and nitid on the impunctate distal two-thirds, small, not hiding axillary wing sclerites beneath them. Metapleura im- punctate (except for the microscopic punctulation, giving rise to a sparse, microscopic pile), but with some coarse punctures below. Propodeum with dorsal and posterior faces rounded into each other ; basally with four large areas, behind which and laterad of which the relatively moderate reticulation becomes progressively more close- meshed; lateral propodeal faces with very narrow reticulation, ex- cept for the smooth, impunctate anterior margin adjoining the pro- podeal-metapleural suture. Legs black, with white vestiture, ex- cept for the tibiae and tarsi, which have it slightly fuscous. Wings fuliginous, with venation as in generic diagnosis. Gaster with petiole subsessile, with sparse, elongate punctures on slender basal portion, becoming progressively less elongate, less coarse and closer on distal, dilated half ; with erect, pilose, white simple vestiture, that of apex obscured by the dense, plumose, white band; first sternum with very low longitudinal median ridge, slightly dentiform produced anteriorly. Second tergum with close, moderately coarse, slightly longitudinal punctation on disk, becom- ing closer, finer, more circular, and contiguous on distal half of tergum; with subdecumbent black vestiture on disk; at apex with a dense band of simple and plumose, white hairs. Terga 3-7 with finer, moderately close to subcontiguous punctation, giving rise to suberect and erect, moderate vestiture. Tergum three with a distal band of pale, plumose and simple hairs, but with a few black, simple hairs on basal part of tergum, terga four to seven entirely with black vestiture, virtually all of which is of simple hairs. Pygidium laterally undefined, on disk obscurely shallowly punctulate-granu- late, and with sparse, scattered, coarser punctures. Second sternum with coarse, very distant punctures, giving rise to a very .thin vestiture of silvery decumbent hairs, highly polished, convex, laterally with felt lines present as short tufts, at apex with a thin fringe of white hairs. Tergum three with similar pale fringe ; terga four to seven with entirely or largely black vestiture. Hypo- pygium with basal half polished and impunctate, devoid of all but 104 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA a very few hairs, on the disk on each side of the tectiform median keel ; distal half punctate and with stiff fuscous hairs. Holotype: San Bernardino, Paraguay, “Mitte Juni” (middle of June) (Fiebrig), in collection of Naturhistorisches Staats- museum, Vienna, Austria. Paratopotype : Same data, but collected in August, in collection of University of Minnesota. This distinctive species is closely related to the following form. It differs from the latter essentially as noted in the key. Perhaps the most obvious characteristic is the complete band of white hairs of segments 1-3, while in rhinoceros, the following and only other species of Ceratophotopsis, segments 2-3 of the abdomen bear black hairs dorsally (the gaster from petiole on thus appearing com- pletely black). The complementary geographical distribution in- dicated by the few available specimens would appear to indicate a subspecific relationship between the two forms, were the genitalic differences less distinctive. Ceratophotopsis rhinoceros, new species. Male. Length 10 mm. Very similar to C. ceriferus, but dif- fering as follows : first flagellar segment about 0.75 length of second (not about 0.85) ; lateral pronotal faces with a number of coarse punctures posterior to the vertical humeral ridges; mesopleura fuscous, not white pubescent ; scutellum with entirely fuscous hairs ; dorsum of gaster, from base of second tergum on, totally blackish or black pubescent ; second sternum with felt lines slightly better de- veloped, about one-fifth those of tergum in length ; hypopygium on basal half with sparse, setigerous punctures, bearing fuscous erect hairs, like distal half (but more sparsely so). All other characteristics, except the genitalia are virtually identical in the two species. Holotype: “Brasilien” (Natterer), in collection of the Natur- historisches Staatsmuseum, Vienna, Austria. PaMypes: Barbacena, State of Minas Geraes, Brazil, Sep- tember 11, 1905 (A. Ducke), two males, in collection of Museum Paris, and of University of Minnesota. This species is very similar structurally to ceriferus, but differs obviously in the more complete infuscation of the vestiture. Other differences are discussed under ceriferus. Anomophotopsis, gen. nov. Diagnosis. Male. Head transverse, rounded obtrapezoidal, strongly, swiftly narrowed behind eyes, the vertex very short and 105 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 convergent. Eyes distinctly facetted, strongly convex, rather large in size, shortly ovate, length 0.85-0.90 the ocello-ocular distance; 0.60 the minimum frontal distance apart. Ocelli small, length about 0.13 the ocello-ocular distance ; width of ocellar triangle five- eighths the length of ocello-ocular distance. Antennae strongly unicarinate beneath on scape ; flagellum rather short, the first flagellar segment not more than 1.2 as long as wide ; ratio of lengths of pedicel, first flagellar and second flagellar segments as follows : 1.5 : 2.4 : 2.6. Mandibles very slender, not at all dilated dorso- ventrally, with only an incomplete dorsal feeble ridge, falcate, ven- trally lacking all division into dilated basal and slender distal por- tions (no trace of ventral tooth or excision). Clypeus strongly de- veloped into a convex, somewhat nasutiform, anteriorly rounded- bilobed plate, which at its apex overlies the distal portions of the mandibles (thus lies distinctly above the mandibles, rather than depressed below their rims) ; the distal bilobed portion is terminated by a Y-shaped narrow excision; the entire median portion bears moderate, rather distant setigerous punctures. Labial palps 4-seg- mented, maxillary palps 6-segmented. Alitrunk with epaulets vestigial; mesoscutum lacking all trace of parapsidal furrows ; mesopleura with a weak transverse furrow, the anterior portion of mesopleura dorsally strongly convex, punc- tured like swollen posterior portion; the antero-ventral portion merely punctulate. Metapleura devoid of coarse sculptures, even ventrally, with a fine microscopic punctulation and pile ; propodeum laterally similarly sculptured as metapleura, devoid of coarser punctures ; dorsal propodeal face evenly, closely reticulate, lacking basal areoles. Wings distally weakly fumose ; stigma very much reduced, little longer than wide, length less than half that of mar- ginal cell on costa; bifurcation of R + M very close to stigma (dis- tance from bifurcation of stigma little more than half length of stigma) ; cell R5 distinct, its length on marginal cell very short (much shorter than r) ; cells R4 and M2 enclosed by delicate veins or color lines. Petiole completely sessile with second tergum, distantly punc- tured and polished. Second tergum polished, distantly, moderately punctured on disk; with sublateral felt line; at apex with a pale fringe of plumose and simple hairs ; third tergite similarly fringed. Second sternum lacks felt lines entirely. Hypopygium transverse, concave, saucer-like, laterally ridged. Pygidium undefined, con- vex, with distinct, coarse punctures, except along midline. Female. Unknown. 106 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Genotype: Mutilla lugens F. Lynch-Arribalzaga. This anomalous genus is very distantly allied to any generic group known to me. In the reduced stigma, suppressed parapsidal furrows, nasutiform development of the clypeus as a plate overlying the mandibles, slender mandibles that have lost all trace of ventral teeth, concave hypopygium, absence of felt lines of second sternum, and sessile first segment, the group is very highly specialized. Com- bined with these derivative characteristics, there is the retention of distinct, though faintly defined cells R4 and M2, a very primitive characteristic. This indicates a very ancient lineage for the stock, since all other related Sphaeropthalmoid genera occurring in the Neogaeic Region have lost all or virtually all trace of the veins bounding these cells exteriorly. The genotype is the only species known to the writer that can be included in this genus at the present time. Anomophotopsis lugens (F. Lynch- Arribalzaga) (new combina- tion). 1878 Mutilla viduata F. Lynch-Arribalzaga, El Nat. Argentin. 1: 202, pi. 9; male, (nee Mutilla viduata Pallas, Reisen d. versch. Prov. russ. Reich., 2, pt. 2: 730, 1773). 1878 Mutilla lugens F. Lynch-Arribalzaga, Ibid., 1: 213, male ( nomen novum, for M. viduata). This species was described from Baradero, Buenos Aires, Argen- tina. Two additional males, compared with the type, are before me, as follows: Saldillo, Argentina?, February 21, 1926, and Granja, January 5, 1921. The generic characters will suffice to identify the species. The black head and abdomen, with the alitrunk red, except for the pro- notum, venter, and legs, are quite characteristic. The vestiture is largely pale, but that of the distal abdominal terga is largely black. Subfamily mutillinae Fox, 189915 Chaetotilla, gen. nov. Diagnosis. Male. Head rounded, transverse, oval-obtrape- zoidal in dorsal profile. Eyes ovate, moderately convex, distinctly facetted (the ommatidia individually convex), with the emargina- tion of inner orbits unusually shallow, obtusely angulate, incon- 15 A generic synopsis of the Neogaeic representatives of this subfamily has been prepared and will be rendered in the near future. 107 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 spicuous; length of eyes 1.25 their width. Malar space short, about 0.2 the eye-length. Mandibles slender, falcate, obliquely bidentate distally, ventrally without trace of division into dilated basal por- tion, ending in ventral tooth, and distal slender portion, i.e., lacking the ventral excision and subtending tooth, and tapering evenly from base to apex. Clypeus weakly developed, the median central and basal region irregularly convex, with coarse, subrugose punctation, at base declivous into frons (without development of either a basal or sub-basal transverse arched ridge, or of anteriorly diverging, subantennal ridges) ; anterior clypeal margin retuse medially. Antennal scrobes armed above with extraordinarily strong, arched, glabrous scrobal ridges ; scapes subterete, not compressed, coarsely punctured and without trace of distinct longitudinal carina or carinae ; pedicel small, subglobose, 0.66 length of first flagellar seg- ment; first flagellar segment 0.75 length of second flagellar seg- ment, little longer than wide distally. Ocelli very small; ocellar area and vertex behind it not modified, not elevated, normally punctate. Alitrunk with mesoscutum lacking parapsidal furrows; meso- plepra strongly swollen, divided into individually tumid dorsal and ventral halves by as sharp, deep, glabrous oblique furrow; meso- sternum unarmed, rather swollen, convex on each side of median longitudinal furrow (length from apex of fore coxae to base of mid- dle coxae about 1.25 length of fore coxae). Tegulae polished, con- chiform, small for Mutillinae (length slightly longer than the ovate eyes, however), the edges not revolute, the disk polished and with scattered sparse punctures. Metapleura very wide, entirely pol- ished and nitid, completely devoid of punctation. Scutellum nor- mal, unmodified, moderately convex, unarmed laterally. Pro- podeum unarmed, rather short, the abbreviated dorsal face rounded and swiftly declivous into the posterior face, very narrowly reticu- late ; laterally unarmed. Legs normal, the middle coxae slightly more widely separated than the others; metasternal process ill- developed, not at all extending between posterior coxae ; femora and tibiae slender, the former at least four times as long as wide in mid- dle ; calcars fuscous, 1-2-2. Wings with stigma poorly developed, cell-like (not sclerotized and pigmented more than other cells) ; the stigma about one-fourth as long on costa as marginal cell ; the latter narrow and elongate, obliquely terminated;, cell R5 short, truncate at apex, pentagonal ; cell R4 not defined ; cell M2 not en- closed (vein m distinct but delicate, but M2 absent). Abdomen with petiole fully sessile with second tergite, evenly, broadly dilated posteriorly, short. Segments 2-6 at apices of both 108 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA terga and sterna each with a single row of stiff, rather short, fer- rugino-fnscous stout setae, very regularly inserted; with sparse, inconspicuous vestitnre otherwise. Second segment with felt lines very narrow, obsolete grooves, the ‘ ‘ felt ’ ’-like hairs vestigial ; pres- ent and elongate on sternum, as well as on tergnm. Pygidinm very coarsely, irregularly, rugosely punctured throughout, laterally irregularly defined by carinules, without a central glabrous median ridge. Hypopygium and other sterna lacking all trace of lateral or median tubercles, teeth or carinae ; hypopygium simple, punc- tured, distally retuse in middle. Female. Unknown. Genotype: Chaetotilla argentina sp. n. This isolated genus differs from all other genera of Mutillinae known to me in the development of the peculiar rows of abdominal setae : a character so anomalous it alone would suffice to throw the sole included species into a discrete genus. In addition to this highly specialized characteristic, there are a great number of gen- eralized characteristics : a relatively short first flagellar segment ; felt lines of second sternum ; unmodified abdominal sterna, lacking either lateral or median ridges or teeth; unmodified pygidium, lacking median ridges; unmodified clypeus, lacking both the de- rivative diverging subparallel carinae or the basal transverse carina; weakly excised, ovate, rather than deeply excised elliptical eyes ; rather poor development of the tegulae, for Mutillinae ; lack of modification of alitrunk, with the retention of the oblique meso- pleural furrow, but with loss of mesoscutal furrows. This combi- nation indicates that the derivation of the genus must be sought far back amidst the priscan Mutilline stock which had not yet de- veloped a flattened long first flagellar segment, sternal armature of the abdomen, elliptical eyes, and very large, apically more or less revolute tegulae. The genus thus contrasts in a large number of characteristics with the relatively advanced genus Timulla. In addition to the development of the peculiar rings of abdominal setae and reten- tion of ventral felt lines (which are narrow and inconspicuous), Chaetotilla differs as follows from Timulla subgenus Timulla :1Q 16 Only the subgenus Timulla occurs in the Neogaeic region. The more primitive forms, with a short first flagellar segment and unarmed sterna, which have been mistakenly included in Timulla subgenus Trogaspidia , stand much closer to Chaetotilla than do the relatively specialized New World forms. 109 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 the eyes are ovate, and merely 1.25 as long as wide (in Timulla about 1.6 as long as wide and elliptical), while the excision of the inner orbits is small, and shallow, though angulate fin Timulla very deep and prominent) ; the clypens is unmodified, convex on disk and with coarse, rugose punctation, with neither diverging carinae nor a basal transverse arched high ridge (in Timulla smooth on disk, with a well-developed basal transverse ridge or tooth) ; the tegulae are small, with non-revolute edges, and not longer than the scutellum is wide (very large in Timulla, with revolute edges, longer than maximum width of scutellum) ; the parapsidal furrows are lost (retained in Timulla) ; the hypopygium and sterna immediately anterior to it are unarmed (armed with lateral tubercles or ridges in the subgenus Timulla) ; the pygidium is unarmed, unmodified, coarsely punctured throughout (in Ti- mulla with a median glabrous ridge, or at least an impunctate shining longitudinal strip) ; the first flagellar is terete, slightly shorter than second (usually fully as long and often flattened in the subgenus Timulla). Chaetotilla argentina, new species. Male. Length 9 mm. Head, alitrunk and appendages piceous- black to black; gaster and petiole orange-red (the distal abdominal segments again becoming rufocastaneous) . Wings weakly golden- brownish, uniformly pigmented, almost subhyaline. Head with front, vertex and genae with deep, close to con- tiguous, moderately coarse punctation, the sculpture on front and lower vertex somewhat rugose. Ocelli small, length a little over 0.25 the ocello-ocular distance. Clypeus, mandibles and genae with whitish, stained, sparse, mostly erect, thin vestiture; upper front and vertex with similar, fuscous vestiture. Dorsum of pronotum contiguously punctured, like vertex, about as coarsely ; lateral faces smooth and polished, devoid of coarse sculpture, but with fine microscopic punctulations, bearing a pilose puberulence. Mesoscutum more coarsely punctured than dorsum of pronotum; somewhat more coarsely so than the conti- guously punctured and rugose scutellum ; the dorsum of pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum with rather fine, thin, sparse, fuscous, erect vestiture. Mesopleura with anterior third or more, except dorsally, polished and with punctulate and puberulent lateral pronotal faces; the dorsal and veptral portions are strongly swol- len, with coarse, subcontiguous punctures and fine punctulation, 110 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA and are separated by a sharp, glabrous oblique furrow; the meso- pleura bear rather sparse white vestiture, erect and decumbent. Metapleura smooth and polished, broad, with a very fine puberu- lence. Propodeum white pubescent with sparse, thin, erect vesti- ture; the dorsum and posterior face with rather close-meshed, rounded reticulations, becoming much smaller near the lateral edges. Lateral propodeal faces mostly polished and smooth, but near postero-lateral edges with close, coarse reticulo-punctate sculp- ture grading into the reticulations of posterior face. Legs piceous, with whitish sparse vestiture on coxae, trochanters, femora, and tibiae. Abdomen largely polished, with rather distant coarse punc- tures except on first and last segments. Petiole weakly, obscurely punctured, polished, with sparse, silvery, erect hairs. Second tergum with shallow, ill-defined coarse punctures, on median half with sparse, distant, decumbent, rather short, fuscous hairs, on lateral fourths with similar pale hairs. Terga three to six with similar punctures, but coarser and contiguous, in distal bands, with fuscous erect and subdecumbent sparse vestiture (laterally near margins whitish and not fuscous). The coarsely punctured pygidium with decumbent pale, sparse vestiture. Sternum two slightly less coarsely punctured than tergum, polished on broad intervals; distal sterna less coarsely punctured on apical bands than corresponding terga; all with thin, white vestiture; hypo- pygium closely punctured, white pubescent. The rings of stiff setae of the abdomen hyaline, a reddish-fuscous in color. Female. Unknown. Holotype: Chaco de Santiago del Estero, banks of the Rio Salado, vicinity of Icano, Argentina, 1910 (E. R. Wagner), in Museum Paris. This species, known unfortunately in only one sex and through one specimen, can scarcely be mistaken for any other Mutillid wasp. The existence of this unique type m the Neotropical, in which no other Mutillini have been known other than the genus Timulla, indicates that that tribe is more fully represented by generic types in the New World than had been assumed previously. The description of a second such isolated generic type further confirms the existence of a more diverse representation of the Mutillini17 than previously assumed. 17 Sensu Schuster, 1946, nee Ashmead, 1903-1904. Ill ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 Physetopoda, gen. nov. Diagnosis. Male. Head in dorsal outline transversely rec- tangular, with rather full, but short temples, parallel behind eyes, rather abruptly, truncate-rounded behind. Eyes ovate, weakly convex (not protruding from sides of head; head thus not at all obtrapezoidal in outline), distinctly facetted, with each facet indi- vidually convex, with the excision of inner orbits shallow but acutely angular ; eye-length 1.45 maximum width ; malar space short, about 0.15 eye-length. Mandibles modified, stout, not fal- cate, with a broad, dilated basal portion (much higher than long), ending below in a large, prominent, rounded ventral tooth (Sub- tending a sudden, very sharp excision, at and beyond which the mandibles are slender, less than one-third as high as at tooth) ; distal slender mandibular portion obliquely tridentate distally, with the dorsal carina distinct to base of inner tooth. Clypeus rather weakly developed, with a basal median, convex, elevated area (no transverse high ridge or pair of longitudinal, diverging ridges), and with apparent anterior margin strongly, subapproxi- mately bidentate, between which the clypeal margin is narrowly, deeply emarginate. Antennal scrobes virtually unarmed above, with a mere slight indication (obscure and rounded) of the scrobal ridges ; antennal scapes rather stout, subterete, little arcuate, coarsely punctured, with a pair of low, obscure, longitudinal, ven- tral ridges; pedicel and flagellum terete, not basally flattened; pedicel strongly transverse, short, 0.4-0. 5 as long as first flagellar segment ; first flagellar segment about two-thirds as long as second, about 1.25 as long as wide; ocelli moderate in, size; ocellar region and vertex behind ocelli not modified or elevated, normally punc- tured. Alitrunk quite stout and abbreviated. Pronotum along dorsal midline very short, swiftly declivious into cephalic face; lateral pronotal faces anteriorly carinate ; epaulets apparently lacking. Mesoseutum with parapsidal furrows complete, very deep posteri- orly. Mesopleura rather strongly swollen, divided by a deep, but not sharply divided, oblique, punctured furrow into individually swollen antero-dorsal and postero-ventral portions; mesosternum broad, rather short, unarmed, moderately separating the middle coxae, moderately swollen on each side of median longitudinal fur- row. Tegulae very large, weakly vonvex, conchiform, posteriorly somewhat produced on inner angles (thus not bilaterally sym- 112 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA metrical), the edges not revolute, with coarse, distinct, evenly spaced punctures throughout. Metapleura not unusually wide, the dorsal portion intimately fused with and similarly, closely, coarsely punctured as the lateral propodeal faces; endophragmal pit ob- scure, small, shallow; lower metapleural portions largely impunc- tate, separated by a distinct, faint suture from lateral, propodeal faces. Scutellum normal, unarmed, unmodified, moderately strongly convex, unarmed laterally, separated by a sharp and deep, but not broad furrow from mesoscutum. Propodeum abbreviated very strongly, very short, along midline with virtually no dorsal face, swiftly declivous into the large posterior face, the entire re- gion narrowly, foveately, reticulate-punctate, close-meshed. Meta- sternum low, bidentate, not produced. Legs extremely, unusually stout (for all Mutillidae) ; middle coxae moderately separated (con- siderably more so than the closely approximated fore and hind coxae) ; posterior coxae longitudinally carinate on opposed, inner faces; trochanters short, extremely broadly dilated distally to cap the bases of the broadly dilated, stout femora; middle femora about 1.75 as long as broad, somewhat flattened; tibiae normally slender, but slightly arcuate and flattened; calcars 1-2-2. Tarsal claws normal, unarmed. Wings with normal Mutilline venation, the stigma small and celluliform, not sclerotized throughout, a little more than one-third length of marginal cell on cos-ta, scarcely as long as distance from bifurcation of P + M ; cell R4 and M2 completely enclosed on outer sides by strong color lines; cell P5 moderately small, pentagonal, longer than high. Hind wings with venation poorly preserved, the median and submedian cells scarcely defined (on outer ends very obsoletely indicated by color-line traces) ; hamuli 17. Abdomen with petiole very broad, extremely short, sessile, forming a short disk against the second segment. Segment two also quite short (the gaster, as well as alitrunk abbreviated and unusu- ally stout), with long, distinct felt lines on tergum, but none on sternum; second sternum medially tumid near base, laterally un- armed. Yestiture simple throughout, in weak bands, with no de- velopment of scales or plumose hair. Pygidium flat, coarsely, closely punctured, obtrapezoidal in shape, with evenly convergent sides and truncate apex, medially not at all elevated or modified. Distal sterna totally unarmed laterally or medially ; sternum seven distinct, shorty transverse ; sternum eight (hypopygium) rather transverse, flat, unarmed, punctured coarsely and rather closely. 113 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 Female. Unknown. Genotype: Physetopoda insularis sp. n. Discussion: This genus is not at all closely allied to our other two Neogaeic genera of Mutillini. In the very short, broadly di- lated petiole, the unarmed abdominal sterna, the abbreviated, pos- teriorly truncate propodeum, the subquadrate or transverse form of the head, the weakly excised eyes, the asymmetrical form of the tegulae, the unmodified scutellum, the abbreviated basal flagellar segments, the form of both mandibles and clypeus, it approaches a number of European groups of Bischoff’s tribe Mutillini (i.e., those forms with a very broad, sessile petiole). The resemblance between the present genus and such genera as Mutilla (especially those forms with the propodeum very abbreviated, which Bischoff separated as the genus Pycnotilla = Bonisia Costa) and Hadrotilla is striking. The derivation from an ancestor common to such forms can certainly be assumed. The extreme mandibular shape is matched by such form’s as Mutilla ( Pycnotilla ) ~barloara; the scutel- lar and propodeal form is similar to these. From all of these closely allied types, the present genus at once differs in the extremely modified legs, which are of a much stouter form than found else- where in the entire family Mutillidae.18 The only species that can at present be referred to this isolated generic group is the following insular form, known in the male sex only. Physetopoda insularis, new species. The above generic diagnosis will fully identify this form. The following abbreviated specific diagnosis gives only such supple- mentary data as are regarded probably specific in nature. Male. Length 10 mm. Head black, the antennae piceous; front, vertex and genae contiguously to confluently punctured (es- pecially below), the punctation becoming slightly less close posteri- orly. Clypeus polished and nitid, impunctate,* except for the anterior, tooth-like lobes, which are obscurely shagreened, and the basal, median tumidity, which is obscurely sculptured. Vestiture 18 It was believed possible at first that the sole individual of this unique form before me could have been an Old World form that had been mislabelled ; such does not appear to be the case, since there is nothing in the European literature regarding any form with stout, subfossorial legs. Such an obvious characteristic could have scarcely been overlooked, even by the early taxonomists. 114 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA moderately sparse and fairly long, mostly erect; the front, vertex and genae with erect, rather long, fuscous-stained vestiture; the occiput with similar, but white hairs ; front in addition with some decumbent, stained vestiture ; mandibles and clypeus with rather sparse, weakly brownish stained hairs. Ocelli moderate in size, the ocello-ocular distance 2.6 the ocellar length; the interocellar distance 2.8 the ocellar length • the distance between front and pos- terior ocelli 1.4 the ocellar length. Alitrunk black, but the pronotum (except cephalic face) , tegulae, posterior margin of mesoscutum, scutellum, and median portion of metanotum bright, contrasting ferruginous; the legs piceous. Sculpture contiguous throughout, distinct, moderately strong to rather coarse, distinctly more coarsely punctured than front, the mesopleura and scutellum more coarsely punctured yet. Metapleura (excluding posterior part of the upper portion, which is coarsely sculptured where it merges into the propodeum) evenly punctulate nearly throughout. Pfopodeum coarsely, foveately punctate-reticulate, less coarsely so on anterior portions of lateral faces. Vestiture suberect to subdecumbent, moderately coarse and moderately long, white or ivory-white throughout, except on meso- scutum, which is blackish pubescent (except on anterior margin), and tegulae which are sparsely black hirsute. Legs with whitish vestiture. Wings uniformly fuliginous. Abdomen black throughout, the subdisciform first tergum mod- erately, but contiguo-confluently punctured at apex and sides; the second tergum with coarser, distant to subcontiguous punctation; the second sternum with very coarse punctation, rugose and con- fluent basally, subcontiguous to slightly separated apically. Terga three to six with moderate, close to contiguous punctation on distal portions of segments; sterna three to seven with finer, a little more distinctly separated punctation and punctulation. Hvpopygium and pygidium both more coarsely, closely to contiguously punctured. Vestiture ivory-white and white throughout, somewhat brownish stained near apex of gaster, rather long and shaggy, except that of disk of second tergum, which is short, decumbent, and blackish; terga four to six, in addition, bear a little fine, fuscous, inconspicu- ous vestiture, obscured beneath the longer, shaggier pale vestiture. Abdominal sterna more sparsely, more thinly, shorter pubescent, the hairs whitish throughout, but a little brownish tinged near apex of gaster. Holotype: Hispaniola, West Indies, in Museum Paris (Andre 115 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 Collection) . The single type bears two labels, one reading ‘ ‘ Haiti, 7 7 the other ‘ ‘ San D.omingo ; 7 7 it is not apparent therefore, from which part of the island the holotype came. This species can at once be distinguished from all other Mutil- lidae of the world, known to me, by the stout, swollen femora. The general facies is unlike our other Mutilline genera, in that the whole body is more stout and abbreviated. Part B The Interrelationships of the Neotropical Subfamilies of Mutillidae The discovery of the archaic Eotillinae is one of the most sig- nificant factors in the development of a phyletic system in the Mutillidae, thus far. For that reason, a detailed discussion of the significant features that ally it to the other Mutillidae is called for. In addition, the recent discovery (Schuster, 1949) of the female sex of the Pseudophotopsidinae, and the discovery of the male sex of the Typhoctinae has cleared away much of the uncertainty that has always surrounded the classification of the Mutillidae. Thus, by the discovery of the protean Eotilline type, in many ways annectant between the Apterogynine and Pseudophotopsidine developmental lines, and by the disposition of the Pseudophotopsidinae and Ty- phoctinae within the system, it has been possible to delineate, in what is hoped a reasonably natural way, the main lines of evolution ip the Mutillidae. 1. THE EOTILLINAE AND THEIR MUTUAL RELATIONSHIPS This subfamily (Figs. 1-14, 17-19), in the absence of antennal “tubercles77 (lamellate expansions of the vertex bounding the an- tennal fossae), in the retention of both preaxillary and axillary ex- cisions of the hind wings, in the retention of a large, distally nearly truncate pronotum, in the form of the eyes, and in the small tegulae, is very archaic. The preaxillary excision of the male hind wings and the retention of a pair of basal hamuli do not occur elsewhere in the family. Both of these characters, as well as numerous others are decidedly primitive. The subfamily is therefore to be assigned a ‘ ‘ lower 7 7 position than any other similar group in the Mutillidae. The weakly developed antennal tubercles, and the reduction in size of the submedian cell of the hind wings (with the insertion of the cubitus on M distad of the transverse median vein), as well as the strong development of the pronotum, petiole shape, simple hy- 116 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA popygium, position of felt lines, and other characters clearly ally it to the monotypic subfamily Typhoctinae.19 In the consideration of the phylogeny, the more essential features of the members of the subfamily are : the virtually unde- veloped antennal tubercles ; the short, stout, straight and somewhat inflated scape of the antennae ; the relatively short head (very poorly developed behind the large eyes, which are very elongate, narrowly oval, entire and distinctly facetted) ; the mandibles are simple, entire below, rather falcate ; the clypeus is convex, little developed ; the malar space is virtually absent ; the ocelli are moder- ate in the male ; there are 4-segmented labial, and apparently 6- segmented maxillary palpi; the pronotum is very well developed, and truncate at its apex, dorsally, at the juncture with the re- duced mesonotum; the mesonotum is rather poorly developed and short; tegulae are small; there are no distinct parapsiclal furrows in the normal position ; the wings are unique in that the hind wings retain both the deep axillary excision (setting off a large anal lobe), as well as a deep pre-axillary excision; the venation of the hind wings is furthermore characteristic in that the submedian cell is terminated by the transverse median vein before the origin of cubi- tus on the median vein ; the petiole is elongate and basally has a short, slender stalk, then is strongly dilated, somewhat laterally so, to be again constricted at its juncture with the second tergum (i.e., it forms a distinct node with the second segment) ; the second seg- ment has felt lines on only the tergum, and these are limited to the sub-basal portion of the segment; the pygidium is convex, un- sculptured and undefined by lateral carinules; the hypopygium is 19 Mickel (1936) described Anommutilla difficilis from the United States. The position of this genus has been in doubt. I hereb}^ include it in the above new subfamily. The relationships of this genus are discussed in more detail, and will be treated more fully in a conspectus of the North American genera of Mutillidae which is in preparation. In my 1946 paper I tentatively included the genus in the Sphaeropthalminae, and considered its “position doubtful, perhaps belonging in separate family.” Though the nodose petiole, pig- mented and sclerotized stigma, absence of anal lobe, small tegulae and simple hypopygium appear to ally the genus with that sub- family, the more fundamental characters of the venation of the hind wings, as well as the rudimentary form of the antennal tuber- cles, make such a disposition of it untenable. 117 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 unarmed, unmodified in any way; the tarsal claws are armed or unarmed in the known males. The interpretation of the genitalia of the subfamily is difficult : in the fused halves of the aedeagus and in the entire structure and facies of that organ, the group decidedly belongs with the Apterogy- nine developmental line. The extreme significance of the form of the aedeagus cannot be ignored: in this group and the Apterogy- ninae it is essentially Tiphioid in form — and differs little from the Myrmosine-Methocine type. Since the fused type of aedeagus occurs so widely elsewhere in the vespoid Hymenoptera, it is prob- ably to be considered primitive. In this regard then the Eotillinae are again an archaic group. The great resemblance to the Aptero- gyninae in this particular can scarcely be overemphasized: if the aedeagus of Chyphotes melaniceps (cf. Buzicky, 1941, Plate XI, Fig. 5) is compared with that of Eotilla no differences that could be interpreted as more than specific can be found. The similarity between the Eotillinae and Apterogyninae as re- gards this organ appears very strange, however, when we compare the form of the parameres. In the essential structure of the para- meres, and of the digitus and cuspis, there is little divergence from the type found in the Sphaeropthalmine-Mutilline complex. When one considers the fact that the Eotillinae share features with both the Apterogyninae (wing venation; position of tentorial pits; metapleural form, etc.) and the Sphaeropthalmine-Mutilline complex (unarmed hypopygium; petiole at base formed by both tergum and sternum), the very unique combination of an Aptero- gynine aedeagus and Sphaeropthalmine-Mutilline parameres be- comes explicable. This sharing of features with both complexes indicates very strongly that the subfamily stands below and between the two de- velopmental lines.20 The above, more salient characteristics point to certain inter- esting relationships. In the retention of the constricted form of the petiole, with distinct division into a basal, slender, stalk-like por- tion and a distal, rather transversely dilated apical region (with the sternum virtually flat, but the tergum strongly arched and in- flated), the two included genera very closely approximate many Tiphiidae (s. lat.), such as the Brachycistidinae, some Tiphiinae, 20 Although it cannot be denied that in the sum total of features the Eotillinae stand considerably closer to the Apterogynine de- velopmental line. 118 / ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA etc. The slight indication of a dorsal ridge or snbdentiform process of the hind coxae also reminds one to some degree of the Myrmosinae. The narrowly ovate eyes, with distinct facets, lacking all trace of excision on the inner orbits, are very similar to. those of many Tiphiidae ( Paratiphia and Myrmosa, for instance) ; the poorly de- veloped expansion of the vertex to form antennal tubercles is also very similar to many Tiphiidae. In the venation of the wings the group very closely approaches certain male Brachycistidinae (although the preaxillary excision is much better developed than in any form allied to B r achy cist is) . The form of the mandibles, de- velopment of the clypeus, and most other cephalic features show this close affinity to the Tiphiidae in a most unmistakable way. The entire facies of the males assigned to this group is much more Tiphiid than Mutillid. It is this factor that suggests the present disposition for the members of this subfamily, as much as does the actual structural affinity. It is thus apparent that, in most of the significant features, the present subfamily is annectant between the Mutillidae and the Tiphiid complex. Indeed, as will be shown elsewhere, the writer considers it entirely possible that the Mutillidae may have evolved from Tiphiid-like ancestors at least three times. The Eotillinae- Typhoctinae would form one such developmental line; the Aptero- gyninae a second such line ; and the Pseudophotopsidinae-Sphaerop- thalminae-Mutillinae-Rhopalomutillinae would form a third such developmental line. The fundamental developmental patterns of these three groups have certainly very little in common, except for the development of felt lines'! In all three of these groups increasingly perfect adap- tation for a parasitic mode of life may have been accompanied by homoplastic loss of wings in the female and differential levels of fusion of the sclerites of the alitrunk. Critical further study, es- pecially of the male genitalia, may throw further light upon this challenging question. 2. THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE EOTILLINAE TO THE TYPHOCTINAE It may perhaps be questioned why the writer would associate such superficially divergent elements as the Eotillinae and Typhoc- tinae into a single developmental series (that may, perhaps, be equivalent to a family by itself). The development in the male of a broad excision of the inner orbits of the eyes, and the loss of one calcar of the middle tibiae, as well as loss of the anal and axillary 119 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 lobes are secondary features, which do not preclude the derivation of the Typhoctinae from near the Eotillinae. If these secondary features are ignored the very real relationship between the two subfamilies becomes apparent. Among the characters that ally the two groups may be tabulated the following more fundamental ones : 1. The submedian cell (Cu+Cui + M3) of the hind wings is abbreviated, and is terminated by the transverse median vein (M3) proximad of the origin of the cubital vein (m - cu + R4 + 5 + M4) on the median vein (Cu + M4). 2. The mandibles are simple and falcate, unexcised below and unarmed on their ventral margins, in both sexes. 3. The anterior tentorial invaginations (pits) retain the primi- tive position, between the anterior ends of the epistomal suture and the juncture of the epistomal and frontal sutures, and lie in the epistomal suture. 4. The antennal “tubercles” have retained their primitive form and remain poorly developed rings. 5. The antennal scape has retained the apparently primitive abbreviated form : its length is never in excess of that of the pedi- cel combined with the first flagellar segment. 6. Felt lines, in both sexes, are limited to the second tergum (and do not extend onto the distal two-fifths of the tergum). 7. The female (as far as known) has lost the ocelli. 8. The petiole retains its original form, as in the Tiphiid an- cestral forms (not undergoing the modification of the Aptero- gyninae, nor approaching the form existing in the other sub- families). 9. The eyes remain strongly facetted, and retain the oval, rather elongate form, and large size, apparently characteristic of the less derivative Tiphiidae. 10. The clypeus is identical in both groups and is unmodified. 11. The-pronotum is well developed and truncate distally, on the notum, with the mesonotum correspondingly little developed. 12. The hypopygium of the male is simple. 13. The tarsal claws primitively bear an inner tooth. Of these characteristics, numbers 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, and 13 hold equally well for the Apterogyninae (which agree with the Eotillinae in having the third discoidal cell, where retained, higher than long, 120 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA and in having a large anal lobe of the hind wings). Only 12, and 13 and 10, to some degree, hold for the Pseudophotopsidinae-Sphae- ropthalminae-Mutillinae-Rhopalomntillinae complex. It is thus ap- parent that the present complex is clearly more closely related to the Apterogyninae than to the latter complex of subfamilies, even though the characteristic petiole form, and the unique modification of the hypopygium that characterize the Apterogyninae do not occur. Perhaps of very much significance is the fact that in females of both the Eotillinae-Typhoctinae and Apterogyninae developmental lines a distinct pro-mesoscutal suture is retained, while ocelli are always lost in the female sex. In the other complex of subfamilies, the thoracic sutures are always ankylosed dorsally, while ocelli may primitively still occur (Pseudo phot op sis, Ephutomma) . The inclusion of the genus Typhoctes Ashmead in the Eotil- linae-Typhoctinae developmental line is certainly warranted, though based entirely on circumstantial evidence. It is included with Anommutilla into a single subfamily, for reasons noted below. The history of Typhoctes is a checkered one, and it is with a feeling of satisfaction that the writer is finally able to place it in the develop- mental sequence in wnich it undoubtedly belongs. The genus was first considered to represent the female sex of Chypliotes attenuatus by Ashmead (1899) ;21 Bradley (1917) accepted the correlation of Ashmead, as, tentatively, did Andre (1903). Buzicky (1941) has again placed the species attenuatus in Chyphotes, certainly justi- fiably so. Typhoctes thus remains unassociated with any known genus of Scolioid males. The elimination of the Brachycistidine complex from consideration, as the possible male sex (though Typhoctes was suggested as the female sex of Brachycistis and its allies by Malloch, 1926), is certainly correct. Mickel and Krom- bein (1942) have clearly shown that Typhoctes does not belong with the Brachycistidine wasps. The position of Typhoctes has thus been a matter of conjecture. Neither the inclusion of the genus in the Myrmosidae — the catch-all proposed by Ashmead for all of the heterogeneous isolated groups that could not be satisfactorily placed elsewhere — nor the removal of the genus into a category by itself, as proposed by Reid (1941) solves the question regarding the position of the genus. 21 When Pate (1947) returns to this discredited notion, without adducing any further evidence in its support, one can scarcely ac- cept it because of the very fundamental structural differences that make such a correlation extremely improbable. 121 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 On the basis of the presence of felt lines of the second ter- gum Mickel and Krombein (1942) returned the genus to the Mutillidae, stating: “We would tentatively place Typhoctes ... with the Mutillidae also, at least until it can be demonstrated that . . . [it] does not belong there . . . [Its] affinities in that family are by no means clear. . . .” From the form of the males in the Eotillinae we would expect the female sex to have retained the following structural features: 1. An elongate alitrunk, with the sutures of the notum well developed (little ankylosed) and, by analogy, with a well-developed prothOrax that is truncate at the apex, on the dorsum. 2. A petiole similar to that found in the male : i.e., Tiphiid in facies, with a short basal stalk-like portion and a somewhat trans- versely dilated, broad distal portion, strongly constricted at apex, but with the tergum quite swollen and inflated between basal stalk and distal Constriction, and the corresponding part of the sternum flat, broad, dilated, smooth. 3. Very poorly developed antennal “tubercles.” 4. A primitive, oval, convex clypeus. 5. Felt lines of the second tergum only, and limited to the basal portion of the tergum. 6. Mandibles simple, falcate, unexcised ventrally. 7. Large, narrowly ovate, weakly convex, facetted eyes (with a short or vestigial malar space between them and the mandibles). 8. A simple, undefined hypopygium and unmodified pygidium, not carinate on sides. 9. A very oblique pleural suture, between meso- and meta- pleura. 10. Armed tarsal claws; calcars 1-2-2. 11. Separated middle coxae. Typhoctes agrees very closely with the above diagnosis. Since the degree of agreement in fundamental features between the hypo- thetical female sex of the genera Eotilla and Prototilla and Typho- ctes is so close, it is believed that the correct position of Typhoctes is undoubtedly close to the Eotillinae. For the present it would seem best to put the genus into a separate subfamily, the Typhoc- tinae (together with Anommutilla, which is almost certainly the male sex). Several major points of difference should be noted: Typhoctes has armed tarsal claws (one of the two genera placed in the present 122 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA subfamily has them unarmed) ;22 Typhoctes has simple vestiture only (the two genera placed here have curious, plumose hairs) ;23 the middle coxae are more distant in Typhoctes than in the two genera placed in the subfamily. These differences do not appear fundamental enough to warrant placing the genus in a deyelop- mental series by itself at the present time. We may therefore con- fidently predict that the female sex of the Eotillinae will be found to closely agree in most details with Typhoctes. The features that would place Typhoctes in the Eotillinae would serve as well to place the genus with Anommutilla and there appears to be more reason for associating it with the latter genus. The brief for the case of Typhoctes as the female sex of Anom- mutilla, other than the fundamental structural peculiarities that have been mentioned as characterizing all genera of the Eotillinae- Typhoctinae developmental line, is as follows. Both Typhoctes and Anommutilla are rather or very rare ; both occur as solitary species in the United States; the size range of Typhoctes includes that of Anommutilla (but not or scarcely that of the Eotillinae) ; both have finely, weakly punctured bodies, a feature rather rare in the Mutillidae. The difference in. formula of the calcars is the chief difficulty that would prevent the association of the two genera. Since the number of calcars of the middle and hind tibiae is often a sex- limited characteristic in the allied Tiphiidae, this difference can scarcely be considered as very fundamental. Furthermore, the range of Typhoctes includes that of Anommutilla. Of perhaps most fundamental importance is the fact that Typhoctes peculiaris is the only known Nearctic female Mutillid with the antennal “tubercles” not developed, while Anommutilla difficilis is the only Nearctic male lacking development of such expansions of the rims of the antennal fossae. Furthermore, these are the only two Mutil- lid species in North America in which the pronotum is very ex- tensively developed and the mesonotum quite transverse. Finally, 22 This does not appear to be a very fundamental difference, since in the Rhopalomutillinae there is loss of the teeth of the tarsal claws in one sex (the female), while the other retains them. 23 This also does not seem a very formidable reason for exclud- ing Typhoctes from the Eotilline developmental line. The con- siderable variation in this regard in the Neogaeic and Australian Sphaeropthalmine wasps, apparently even within genera, indicates that plumose hair as a character is not as significant as has been supposed by some workers. 123 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 the armed tarsal claws occurring in both Typhoctes and Anommu- tilla occur again only in the distantly related genus Chyphotes .24 There can, therefore, be little doubt but that Anommutilla difficilis Mickel is the male of Typhoctes peculiaris Cresson. In a revision of the subfamily Typhoctinae, appearing elsewhere, the reasons for associating these two genera into one subfamily are given in more detail and the entire question of the relationships of the group is dealt with more adequately. 3. SUMMARY In summary, it may be stated that the subfamily Eotillinae represents undoubtedly the most primitive Mutillid group. In its several features it recalls the Myrmosinae (weakly dentate posterior coxae ; position of the endophragmal pits and loss of metapleural- propodeal suture below ; eye-shape ; antennal form ; position of ten- torial pits ; wing venation, especially the absence of a spurious vein running outward from cell R4 ; unarmed hypopygium, etc.), and the Apterogyninae (form of aedaegus; position of the endophragmal pit and form of metapleura ; antennal form ; presence of anal lobe ; position of tentorial pits ; petiole form, to some degree ; clypeal form and mandibular structure, etc.) There is also a decided similarity between this subfamily and the primitive Sierolomorphidae. In Sierolomorpha the origin of the cubitus of the hind wings, distad of the transverse median vein is similar to that found in the Eotillinae ; the eye-form is identical, and the head structure is similar (though there are distinct antennal tubercles) the alitrunk has the endo- phr^gmal pit approximated to the meso-metapleural suture, and the metapleura are distinct triangular sclerites above, while they are fused with the propodeum below ; the very large prothorax, with a nearly truncate dorsal surface, is very similar in degree of devel- opment to that of the Eotillinae. Finally, the hind coxae in both groups bear low, erect tubercles or teeth, and the petiole is strongly strangulate distally, dorsally as well as ventrally.25 24 The latter is automatically eliminated from consideration because of its structural peculiarities, as well as by the fact that both sexes are correlated. Pate (1948) has shown that Chyphotes Blake is antedated by Cyphotes Burmeister. We are thus reluctantly compelled to use the new name Blaketa (and the tribal name Blaketini, and sub- family name Blaketinae) , unless Chyphotes Blake can be conserved. 25 Indeed, in the keys given by Brues and Melander (Classifica- tion of Insects, 1932), the males of the Eotilline-Typhoctine devel- 124 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA It is thus evident that the Eotillinae occupy an isolated position and represent a relic annectant group that undoubtedly connects the Myrmosidae and Sierolomorphidae, with the more typical Mutil- lidae and that makes it much more difficult to draw clear-cut lines between the several Scolioid families that lack mesosternal distal plates overlying the middle coxal bases. Indeed, the connection demonstrated as occurring between the Myrmosidae (here con- sidered as including the Myrmosinae, and tentatively the Metho- cinae) and the Eotillinae suggests that if recent conservative tend- encies “ lumping” many of the Tiphioid groups into a single family Tiphiidae are followed,26 the Mutillidae will have to be included in such a portmanteau family Tiphiidae. If such groups as the Myrmosinae and Methocinae, lacking mesosternal lamellate plates, are to be included in the Tiphiidae, the writer can see no good reason for excluding the Sierolomorphidae. References Andre, E. 1903, Mutillidae. In: Genera Insectorum, 1, fasc. 11: 1-77. Ashmead, W. H. 1899. Superfamilies in the Hymenoptera and generic synopses of the families Thynnidae, Myrmosidae, and Mutillidae. Journ. New York Ent. Soc., 7 :45-60. Bradley, J. C. 1917. Contributions toward a monograph of the Mutillidae and their allies of America north of Mexico. opmental line key out in part to the Sierolomorphidae, without any difficulty, while the rest key out to the Sapygidae. 26 cf. Pate, 1947. Pate, speaking of the Brachycistidinae, states: “the absence of “felt lines’ ’ on the second abdominal seg- ment, the unciform hypopygium of the males, and the tripartite alitrunk of the females indicate that Brachycistis and its allies are properly placed in the Tiphiidae.” If these characters are to be regarded as the essential ones separating the Tiphiidae from the Mutillidae, the separation between the two families cannot be main- tained. The Rhopalomutillinae lack felt lines, ,and give no evidence of ever having had any ; the Apterogyninae possess a well-developed aculeiform hypopygium; the Typhoctine females have a tripartite alitrunk (as well as the Eotillinae, in all probability). If the pres- ence of mesosternal plates overlying the bases of the middle coxae is used as a family character, the Brachycistidinae will correctly go into the Tiphiidae, so defined. Furthermore, confusion with any group of Mutillidae will be entirely avoided. 125 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 IV. A review of the Myrmosidae. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 43 : 247-290. Bradley, J. C., and J. Bequaert. 1928. A synopsis of the Mutil- lidae of the Belgian Congo. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 58 : 63-122. Buzicky, A. W. 1941. A monograph of the genus Chyphotes of North America. Entom. Americana, 21 (N. S.) : 201-243. Krombein, K. V. 1939. A revision of the Myrmosinae of the New World, with a discussion of the Old World species. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 65: 415-465. Malloch, J. R. 1926. Systematic notes on and descriptions of North American wasps of the subfamily Brachycistinae. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 68, Art. 3 : 1-28. Mickel, C. E. 1936. Two , new genera and five new species of Mutillidae. Ann. Ent. Soc, America, 29 : 289-297. Mickel, C. E., and K. V. Krombein. 1942. Glyptometopa Ash- mead and related genera in the Brachycistidinae, with descriptions of new genera and species. Amer. Midland Natur., 28: 648-679. Pate, V. S. 1947. A conspectus of the Tiphiidae, with particular reference to the Nearctic forms. Journ. New York Ent. Soc., 55 : 115-145. 1948. A minute on Chyphotes Blake, 1886. Ent. News, 59 : 41. Reid, J. A. 1941. The thorax of the wingless and short-winged Hymenoptera. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 91 : 367-446. Schuster, R. M. 1945a. A key to the Central American, Mexican and West Indian species of E phut a, with description of new species. Rev. de Entomologia (Rio), 16: 187-204. 19455. A new species of Pseudomethoca from the West Indies. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 40: 7-8. 1946. A revision of the Sphaeropthalmine Mutillidae of America north of Mexico. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 39: 692-703. * 1949. Notes on the Pseudophotopsidinae, with description of the female sex. Journ. New York Ent. Soc., 57 : (in press) . Snodgrass, R. E. 1910. The thorax of Hymenoptera. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 39 : 37-91. Turner, R. E. 1910. Family Thynnidae. In: Genera Insec- torum, fasc. 105 : 1-62. 126 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Explanation of Symbols on Plates XII to XVI27 Ac, dorsal acetabulum of mandibles or condyle. Ac', ventral, or posterior, acetabulum of mandible or condyle. as, antennal suture ( doubtfully recognizable ) . ASti, abdominal sternum one (functionally abdominal sternum one, but homologous to sternum two in other insects). at, anterior tentorial pits. AT, anterior tentorial bars or arms. ATi, apparent abdominal tergum one (homologous to tergum two; the dorsum of the petiole). AXi, axillary lobe of mesothorax. B, mesopleural-metapleural suture. Bi, suture separating the mesosternum from the metasternum. C, metapleural-propodeal suture. CpD, dorsal portion of clypeus, the apparent clypeus. CpI, indexed portion of clypeus, facing the mouth. Cxi, anterior coxa. Cx2, intermediate coxa. Cx3, posterior coxa. Cxd, dorsal tuberculiform tooth of posterior coxa. E, eye. Edp, endophragmal pit. Epm2, mesothoracic epimeron. EpSi, prothoracic episternum. Esp2, episternum of mesothorax. Er, epistomal ridge, produced by the invagination of the epistomal sutures. es, epistomal suture. Fp2, furcal pit, or depression, of mesosternum. Pp3, furcal pit of metasternum. Fr, frons (morphological), the area frontalis of taxonomists. Fr', internal ridge, or frontal ridge, produced by invagination of the frontal sutures. f s', upper portion (approximated part) of frontal “ sutures”, fs", lower part of frontal sutures, margining the area frontalis. 27 The included illustrations were all prepared by the author. The heads and the thorax were drawn using an ocular micrometer, and to scale ; the genitalia, tarsi and wings, with the aid of a projec- tion-apparatus (with subsequent correction of detail after study under the monocular microscope). 127 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 Ge, gena. HC, hypostomal ridge. HEp, humeral epaulet. Hst, hypostoma. Hst', dorsal invaginated part of hypostoma, marked by a suture externally. It, propodeum (intertergite ; the first abdominal tergum). k, secondary suture dividing the ‘ ‘ mesoscutum ’ J from the “scutel- lum” (this suture, as shown by Snodgrass is not homologous with the primitive suture dividing the mesonotum into scutum and scutellum; since the two secondary regions have univer- sally been called the mesoscutum and scutellum, I adhere to this practice here). Lbr. labrum. LO, lateral ocellus. Is, labral suture. MCi, mesosternal carina or ridge, md, mandible. MO, median ocellus. msg2, mesosternal median groove. msg3, metasternal groove. N, prothoracic notum. N3, metanotum. Oc, occiput. Occ, occipital condyle (postoccipital in position). OM, oculomalar space, or the “malar distance”, os, ocular suture. Pe, pedicel. Pf, parapsidal furrow. Pg, postgena. PgBr, postgenal bridge. Pl2, mesothoracic pleurum. Pl3, metapleurum. P1A3, metapleural apodeme ? PN3, postnotum of metathorax. Poc, postocciput. pos, postoccipital suture. ps, pleurostomal suture (doubtfully recognizable). Ps2 pleural suture of mesosternum, dividing the sclerite into the epimeron and episternum. pt, posterior tentorial invaginations. 128 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA PTg, post-tegula, the tegulae of the metathorax. Sc, scape. Scl2, mesoscutellum. Sct2, mesoscutum. Sp3, propodeal (first abdominal) spiracle. St1? prosternnm. St2, mesosternum. St3, metasternum. Tg, tegulae, the tegulae of the mesothorax. Ve, vertex. Vnr, scuto-scutellar suture. WP2, wing process of mesopleurum.28 WP3, wing process of metapleurum. Index New names and main references in bold face; valid generic, subgeneric and specific names in Roman ; synonyms in italics. affinis, Eurymutilla, 62 Allotilla, 89, 92 anomala, Prototilla, 70, 71, 75, 76, 79; PL XIII, figs. 9, 12-14 Anommutilla, 61, 80, 81, 82, 117, 121, 122, 123, 124 Anomophotopsis, 105 Apterogyninae, 62, 63, 66, 70, 77, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 125 argentina, Chaetotilla, 109, 110 ; PL XV, figs. 20, 23-25 attenuatus, Chyphotes, 121 barbara, Mutilla, 114 Blaketa, 124 Blaketinae, 124 Blaketini, 124 Brachycistidinae, 66, 118, 119, 125 Brachycistis, 119, 121, 125 Ceratophotopsis, 100, 103, 105 ceriferus, Ceratophotopsis, 102, 103, 105 Chaetotilla, 107, 109 Chyphotes, 118, 121, 124 Chyphotini, 62, 63 Cyphotes, 124 difficilis, Anommutilla, 117, 123, 124 Dimorphomutilla, 60, 84 Eotilla, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 74, 75, 118, 122 Eotillinae, 62, 63, 64, 68, 70, 80, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125 Ephutini, 64 Ephutomma, 121 Eurymutilla, 62 Euspinolia, 60, 91, 92, 96 On Fig. 4 WP2 is unfortunately labelled Wpx and WP3 is labelled Wp2. 129 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 Plate XII Fig. 1. Plumose hair, from body of Eotilla mickeli. Fig. 2. Subplumose hair, from same. Fig. 3. Lateral view of left of alitrunk of Eotilla mickeli. Fig. 4. Dorsal view of alitrunk of Eotilla mickeli. Fig. 5. Ventral view of alitrunk of Eotilla mickeli. 130 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, (n. s.) Nos. 3-4, PI. XII ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 Plate XIII Fig. 6. Frontal view of head of Eotilla mickeli. Fig. 7. Ventral view of head of Eotilla mickeli. Fig. 8. Wings of right side of Eotilla mickeli. Fig. 8a. Hair from longitudinal vein of front wing of Eotilla mickeli. Figl 85. Costal wing margin of hind wing of Eotilla mickeli. Fig. 9. Wings of right side of Prototilla anomala. Fig. 10. Tip of last tarsal segment and tarsal claws of Eotilla mickeli. Fig. 11. Dorso-mesal view of tarsal claw of Eotilla mickeli. Fig. 12. Last tarsal segment and tarsal claws of Prototilla anomala. Fig. 13. Internal (mesal) side of tarsal claws of Prototilla anomala. Pig. 14. Same, outer view. 132 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, (n. s.) Nos. 3-4, PI. XIII 9 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 $ Plate XIV Fig. 15. Lateral outline view of Typkoctes peculiaris subsq. mirabi- lis (Ckll.) (comb. nova). Fig. 16. Ventral view of alitrunk of same. Fig. 17. Genitalia of Eotilla micheli, ventral view;. O. 134 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, (n. s.) Nos. 3-4, PI. XIV ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 Plate XV Fig. 18. Ventral view of aedeagns of Eotilla mickeli. Fig. 19. Ventral view of digitus and cuspis of genitalia of Eotilla mickeli. Fig. 20. Wings of left side of Chaetotilla argentina. Fig. 21. Wings of left side of Physetopoda insularis. Fig. 22. Wings of left side of Allotilla gibbosa. Fig. 23. Flat, scale-like seta of apical abdominal rings, of Chae- totilla argentina. Fig. 24. Normal hair of same. Fig. 25. Flat, scale-like seta of same. 136 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VoL XXIX, (n. s.) Nos. 3-4, PI. XV ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 l Plate XVI Fig. 26. Hairs of apex of abdominal tergite two of Ceratophotopsis rhinoceros, type. Fig. 27. Frontal view of head of Ceratophotopsis rhinoceros. Fig. 28. Ventral view of middle leg of Physetopoda insularis (all hairs omitted) . Fig. 29. Last tarsal segment, and tarsal claws of Physetopoda in- sularis. Fig. 30. Genitalia of Protophotopsis humeralis snbsp. rugosa, left ventral, right dorsal view. Fig. 31. Lateral profile of head of Ceratophotopsis rhinoceros, type. Fig. 32. Wings of left side of Protophotopsis humeralis subsp. rugosa. 138 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, (n. s.) Nos. 3-4, PI. XVI 31 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4 gibbosa, Allotilla, 93; PI. XV, fig. 22 Hadrotilla, 114 Hoplocrates, 60 Hoplomutilla, 60 humeralis,. Protophotopsis, 83, 84, 85 insularis, Physetopoda, 114; PI. XV, fig. 21; PL XVI, figs. 28-29 isolatrix, Nanotopsis, 96, 99 Lomachaeta, 83 lugens, Anomophotopsis, 107 Mutilla, 107 melaniceps, Chyphotes, 118 Methoca, 64, 76 Methocinae, 65, 66, 125 mickeli, Eotilla, 70, 75, 76, 77; PI. XII, figs. 1-5; PL XIII, figs. 1-8 a-b, lO- ll; Pl. XIV, fig. 17; PL XV, figs. 18-19 mirabilis, Typhoctes peculiaris, Pl. XIV, figs. 15-16 Mutilla, 60, 114 Mutillinae, 62, 64, 107, 108, 109, 119, 121 Mutillini, 111, 114 Myrmosa, 64, 65, 66, 119 Myrmosidae, 121, 125 Myrmosinae, 66, 69, 119, 124, 125 Nanotopsis, 95 Pappognatha, 60 Paratiphia, 119 peculiaris , Mutilla, 82 Typhoctes, 82, 123, 124 Physetopoda, 112 Protophotopsiella, 83, 84, 85, 95 Protophotopsis, 82, 83, 84, 88, 89, 95, 121 Prototilla, 67, 68, 69, 75, 122 Pseudophotopsidinae, 116, 119, 121 Pycnotilla, 114 rhinoceros, Ceratophotopsis, 101, 103, 105; Pl. XVI, figs. 26-27, 31 Rhopalomutillinae, 119, 121, 123, 125 Ronisia, 114 rugosa, Protophotopsis humer- alis, 85, 89 ; Pl. XVI, figs. 30, 32 Sapygidae, 125 scudderi, Protophotopsis, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88 Sierolomorpha, 124 Sierolomorphidae, 124, 125 Sphaeropthalminae, 62, 63, 64, 67, 82, 117, 119, 121 Tallium, 91, 92, 96 Timulla, 60, 109, 110, 111 Tiphiidae, 67, 70, 80, 118, 119, 120, 125 Tiphiinae, 64, 65, 118 Trogaspidia, 109 Typhoctes, 67, 68, 70, 76, 81, 82, 121, 122, 123, 124 Typhoctinae, 62, 63, 65, 66, 68, 70, 80, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 124 venenaria, Mutilla, 83, 84 viduata, Mutilla, 107 Mutilla, 107 140 :y~\ DIV. IBS® ^ U.S. HAlIio. IDS®-