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Penny 17 A new species of Polycentropus (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae) from Arkansas D.E. Bowles, M.L. Mathis, S.W. Hamilton A new species in the Polycentropus cinereus group (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae) from Arkansas and Texas S.R. Moulton, II, K.W. Stewart Interactions of predaceous katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) with neotropical social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): are wasps a defense mechanism or prey? 31 35 Sean O'Donnell 39 Records of bat flies from Jordan, Libya, and Algeria A chamber for mass hatching and early rearing of praying mantids (Orthoptera: Mantidae) Elmidae of Taiwan, Part II: Redescription of Leptelmis formosana (Coleoptera: Dryopoidea) Z.S. Amr, M.B. Qumsiyeh 43 F.R. Prete, RJ. Mahaffey 47 BOOK REVIEWS SOCIETY MEETING OF OCTOBER 28, 1992 SOCIETY MEETING OF NOVEMBER 18, 1992 M.-L. Jeng, P.-S. Yang 53 15, 16,60 34 46 THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS is published bi-monthly except July-August by The American Entomological Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Race St.. Philadelphia, PA. 19103. U.SA. The American Entomological Society holds regular membership meetings on the fourth Wednesday in October, November, February, March, and April. The November, February and April meetings are held at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, PA The October and March meetings are held at the Department of Entomology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. Society Members who reside outside the local eastern Pennsylvania, southern New Jersey, and Delaware area are urged to attend society meetings whenever they may be in the vicinity. Guests always are cordially invited and welcomed. Officers for 1991-1992: President: Joseph K. Sheldon; Vice-President: Harold B. White; Recording Secretary: Paul W. Schaefer; Corresponding Secretary: Jon K. Gelhaus; Treasurer: Jesse J. Fresse. Publications and Editorial Committee: Howard P. Boyd. Chr., D. Otte, and Paul M. Marsh. Previous editors: 1890-1910 Henry Skinner (1861-1926); 1911-1943 Philip P. Calvert (1871-1961); 1945-1967 R.G.Schmieder(1898-1967); 1968-1972 R.H.Arnett, Jr.; 1973-4/1974 R.W. Lake. Subscriptions: Private subscriptions for personal use of members of the Society, domestic and foreign: $5.00 per year postpaid. Subscriptions for non-members and for institutions such as libraries, laboratories, etc.. domestic: $18.00 per year postpaid: foreign: $20.00 per year postpaid. Communications and remittances regarding subscriptions should be addressed to ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. The American Entomological Society. 1900 Race St.. Philadelphia. PA 19103. U.SA. Back issues of most numbers may be obtained by Writing to the office of The American Entomological Society, 1900 Race St., Philadelphia, PA. 19103, U.S.A Membership dues: $10.00 per year (regular); $6.00 per year (student). Manuscripts and all communications concerning same should be addressed to the editor: Howard P. Boyd, 232 Oak Shade Road, Tabernacle Twp., Vincentown, New Jersey 08088, U.S.A Manuscripts will be considered from any authors, but papers from members of the American Entomological Society are given priority. It is suggested that all prospective authors join the society. All manuscripts should follow the format recom- mended in the AIBS Style Manual for BiologicalJoumals and should follow the style used in recent issues of ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. Three doublespaced, typed copies of each manuscript are needed on 8Vz x 1 1 paper. The receipt of all papers will be acknowledged and, if accepted, they will be published as soon as possible. Articles longer than eight printed pages may be published in two or more installments, unless the author is willing to pay the entire costs of a sufficient number of additional pages in any one issue to enable such an article to appear without division. Editorial Policy: Manuscripts on taxonomy, systematics, morphology, physiology, ecology, behavior and similar aspects of insect life and related terrestrial arthropods are appropriate for submission to ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. Papers on applied, economic and regulatory entomology and on toxicology and related subjects will be considered only if they also make a major contribution in one of the aforementioned fields. (Continued on inside of back cover) Postmaster: If undeliverable, please send form 3579 to Howard P. Boyd, 232 Oak Shade Road, Tabernacle Twp., Vincentown, New Jersey 08088, U.S. A. SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT VINCENTOWN, NEW JERSEY, 08088, U.S.A. Vol. 104. No. 1. January & February, 1993 ON THOMAS SAY'S ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS PRINTED IN NEW HARMONY, INDIANA1 Yves Bousquet^ ABSTRACT: All entomological papers published by Thomas Say and printed in New Harmony, Indiana, are briefly commented upon. The dates and citations of all new taxa and new replacement names of Coleoptera proposed in these papers are presented in a table. Four of Say's names, previously considered as junior synonyms, have priority: Chlaenius circumcinctus Say, 1830. in place ofC. perplexus Dejean, 1831; Chlae niux soccatus Say, 1 830, in place of C. melanarius Dejean, 1 83 1 ; Dytiscus confluens Say, 1 830, in place of D. dauricus Gebler. 1832; Tenomerga cinerea (Say, 1831), in place of T. concolor (Westwood. 1835). From January 1826 to October 10, 1834, the date of his death, Thomas Say lived in New Harmony, a small community in southwestern Indiana located along the Wabash River. Say published most of his entomologi- cal and conchological observations while in New Harmony first in the journal 'The Disseminator of useful knowledge" which became "The Disseminator" on June 29, 1830. The journal was suspended on June 26. 1831 and reappeared only in 1834. During that interval. Say published his descriptions in several pamphlets, printed in New Harmony, which have become extremely rare. Some of these pamphlets were reprinted, with minor editorial changes, in scientific journals and this action has created confusion over the dates of many new species described by Say. The purpose of this publication is to briefly comment on each of Say's entomological papers published in New Harmony and give the proper publication dates of all new taxa and new replacement names of beetles published in these papers. 1. Say, T. 1830. Correspondence relative to the insect that destroys the cotton plant. The Disseminator of useful knowlege; contain- ing hints to the youth of the United States from the "School of industry" 3: 19-21. The journal, usually abbreviated as 'The Disseminator of useful knowledge" was a semi-monthly publication, printed in octavo form. The first issue appeared on January 1 6, 1 828 and the last one (vol. 3, no. 9) on May 12, 1830. Three volumes were published (not two as noted in 1 Received March 19. 1992. Accepted May 18. 1992 2 Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research. Agriculture Canada. Ottawa, Ontario, KIA OC6 ENT. NEWS 104(1): 1-14. January & February. 1993 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Titus, 1965): the first in 1828, the second in 1829, and the third, which was not completed, in 1830. The third volume is extremely rare and the only copy I am aware of is in The Public Library of Cincinnati & Hamilton County, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections (Ian MacPhail, personal communication). This paper consists of a letter, dated January 1 827, from C.W. Capers, University of Pennsylvania, to Say and Say's response, dated November 1. 1827, in which he describes the moth Noctua xylina (= Alabama argillacea Hiibner, 1823). The paper was first published in 1828 in the "Southern Agriculturist" (volume 1, page 203) (Horn and Schenkling 1928) and subsequently reproduced with minor changes by A. Fitch in 1858 in the Transactions of the N.Y. State Agricultural Society (volume 17, pages 813-814). The version reproduced by J.L. LeConte (in Say 18590: 369-371) is that published by Fitch. 9 2. Say, T. 1830. Descriptions of new species of North American insects, and observations on some already described. The Dis- seminator of useful knowledge; containing hints to the youth of the United States from the "School of industry" 3: 67-69, 133-135. This paper appeared in number 5 (March 17 issue, pages 67-69) and number 9 May 12 issue, pages 133-135). It contains descriptions of some taxa of Carabidae, including cicindelids, and observations on others. The content of this paper was reprinted in Say (1830c) and (1 834/7). 3. Say, T. 1830. Descriptions of new species of North American insects and observations on some already described. The Dis- seminator 1(1):[3]; 1(3):[3]; 1(4):[3]; 1(5):[3]; 1(6):[3]; 1(7):[3]. "The Disseminator" continued "The Disseminator of useful knowledge". It was published weekly, in folio, numbered separately, but with the pages unnumbered. The first volume was published from June 29, 1830(number l)toJune25, 1831 (number52).Thejournal reappeared on June 1 834, under the same title but as a new series, and ceased in April 1841. Seven volumes of the new series were published (Titus 1965). The paper contains the descriptions of several species of Cara- bidae which appeared on the third pages of numbers 1 and 3-7. Its con- tent was reprinted in Say (1830c) and (1834/?). 4. Say, T. 1830-1834. Descriptions of new species of North American insects, and observations on some of the species already described. School Press, New Harmony [Indiana]. 81 pages (numbered [l]-73, 73 1/2-80). Vol. 104, No. 1, January & February, 1993 The first 17 pages of this pamphlet, which are not numbered, are unaltered reprints of Say's papers published in the third volume of "The Disseminator of useful knowledge" (pages [1-4] in double columns) and the first volume of "The Disseminator" (pages [5-17] in single columns). The next pages are numbered 18 to 65 with an unnumbered blank page before page 1 8, two unnumbered blank pages before pages 50 and 58, and one unnumbered blank page before page 66 (numbered 46). The next eight pages are incorrectly numbered 46 to 53 (instead of 66 to 73) and the last eight pages are numbered 73 1/2 to 80. The cover page of the pamphlet bears the date 1829-1833 and at the bottom of page 1 8 is printed "August 20, 1 830." There are no other dates indicated on the pamphlet. The publication dates of the pages, however, were discussed by T.W. Harris in a letter addressed to J.L. LeConte dated Nov. 29, 1852: "The last eight pages [of this pamphlet] were printed after the title page, and only a short time before his [Thomas Say] last sickness and death. About one half of the whole work, ending with the description of Lathrobium dimidiatum, was actually printed and distributed in 1830. Thence to Anthophagus verticalis inclusive, in 1831; thence loAleochara semicarinata inclusive, in 1832; . . . Thence \oAgriluspolitus, in 1833; and the remainder, to Elater exstriatus inclusive, in 1834" (Harris 1869: 222- 223). Therefore, pages [1]-41 were published in 1830 (with pages 18-41 likely printed on August 20), pages 42-49 in 1831, pages 50-57 in 1832, pages 58-73 in 1833, and pages 73 1/2-80 in 1834 (before October 10). The dates indicated on the cover page are incorrect and should have read 1830-1834. I knowof five copies of this pamphlet. The copy in the Library of New Harmony Workingmen's Institute contains only the pages 18-65 (Rosemary Alsop, personal communication). The Library of Congress has a copy in its Rare Books Section which has the printed pages 18-65, and the first 17 pages and a few of the remaining pages in a handwritten form. The American Museum of Natural History Library possesses the copy of S.H. Scudder which includes pages [l]-73. The copy was pre- viously owned by J.L. LeConte and includes a few of his manuscript notes on margins of pages [information written on front cover and copied from Sherman Catalogue no. 6]. The American Museum of Natural History Library also has a photostat of the pages 73 1/2-80 "made from Harvard University copy March 1948". The Houghton Library, Harvard University, holds two copies of this pamphlet. One copy has only the pages 1 8-65, and the second copy is complete. Byrd and Peckham (1955) reported the presence of additional, incomplete copies of this pamphlet in the libraries of the Indiana University, the University of Minnesota, the Case Western Reserve University, and the Academy of Natural Sciences. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Pages [l]-57 of the pamphlet were republished with minor editorial changes in 1834 in the New Series of the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (volume 4, pages 409-470) and pages 58-80 were republished with minor editorial changes and scientific comments of T.W. Harris in 1839 in the same journal (volume 6, pages 155-190). The last 14 pages of the 1839 publication contain descriptions and notes not previously published and were likely taken from manuscripts sent after Say's death by his wife, Lucy W. Say, to T.W. Harris (Weiss and Ziegler 1931). The version reproduced by J.L. LeConte (in Say 18596: 521-629) is that of the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Carus and Engelmann (1861) correctly recorded the dates (1830-34) and the number of pages (8 1 pages) of this pamphlet. Hagen ( 1 863) listed it as published in 1829-1833 and containing 65 pages. Horn and Schen- kling (1928) catalogued the pamphlet as "Disseminator of useful knowledge. New Harmony, 1829-33, sep. p. 1-81". Summers (1982) re- ported it as printed in 1834 and "included material originally published in the Disseminator". I am not aware of any taxonomic works citing this pamphlet except Blackwelder (1952) who listed it in the "Bibliography" section as published in 1 830. The reproduction in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society of 1834 and 1839 is the reference cited by most taxonomists and the publication dates of that journal (i.e. 1834, 1839) are those which are, erroneously, attached to Say's scientific names. 5. Say, T. 1831. Descriptions of new species of North American insects, found in Louisiana by Joseph Barabino. School Press, New Harmony [Indiana]. 17 pp. This pamphlet, published in March 1831, as indicated on the title page, had 17 printed pages which were numbered 3-19. Scudder (1899) called attention to this work which had been omitted by J.L. LeConte (in Say 1859fl, b). As discussed by Bequaert (1950), Horn and Schenkling (1928) incorrectly cited this pamphlet and the one published in January 1832 (item #8) as the same publication with different titles. The publication contains the description of 22 species, 12 Coleop- tera, four Hemiptera, five Hymenoptera, and one Diptera. All but two of the descriptions were already published (Say 18306 and/or 1830 u x> CJ a o • a Vol. 104, No. 1, January & February, 1993 25 u c CO U 2 u c o _0 3 £ °c «-» B9 •3 Q. ea O a « 26 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS o S3 u C u 00 o c en •3 13 D. 2 O rn a Vol. 104, No. 1, January & February, 1993 27 indications of a Gondwanian distribution, it is felt that this non- parsimonious modification is justified. Because of similar biologies and restrictions to fresh water environ- ments, the three main groups of megalopterans may have had similar histories of speciation and vicariant events. Much of this early evolution may have been caused by plate tectonics, leading to the similar world- wide distribution patterns evident today. Further studies of sialid and chauliodine phylogeny may reveal whether geographically associated c o I 8 a -c I 3 _a si f 7.1 OM 8.20,22,45,52.54.64.66.68.69 1.3,4.6,13.15,29,63 CLADOGRAM 2 Cladogram 2. Phylogenetic position of corydaline genera reflecting geographical dis- tributions. 28 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS genera of the three groups had similar cladistic histories, or not. They may also reveal which of the two cladograms presented best fits a general megalopteran evolution pattern. Table 1. Characters of the Corydalinae with their plesiomorphic and apomorphic states. Character Plesiomorphic Apomorphic 1. Head shape 2. Postocular flange 3. Postocular spine 4. Posterior tentorial pits 5. Cranial disk 6. Antennae 7. Clypeal margin 8. Male mandibles 9. Female mandibles 10. Labrum shape 10'. 11. Labral position 12. Labral anterior margin 13. Maxilla shape 14. Lacinia apex 15. Galeal setae 16. Galeal sensory peg 16'. 17. Maxillary palp 18. Maxillary palp apex 19. Maxillary palp setae 20. Maxillary palp sensory areas 21. Labial palp 22. Labial palp sensory areas 23. Last branch of radial sector 24. Ml + 2 branches 25. M3 + 4 branches 26. 1A branches 27. Rl-Rs crossveins 28. Medial crossveins 29. M-Cu crossveins 29'. 30. Cubital accessory crossveins 31. Costal crossveins 32. Male ninth sternum 33. Male ninth sternum Robust Absent Feebly developed Linear Without spines Feebly subserrate Entire Not enlarged Three-fourths head length or shorter Triangular Over mandibles Sparsely setose Short and broad With three elongate setae Flattened, lanceolate Well developed Five-segmented Conical Long One at apex Four-segmented one at apex Bifurcate Two Two Two Three Two Three Absent Vertical or oblique Hind margin not notched More or less quadrate Flattened Present Moderately to well developed Arcuate With spines Filiform Incised medially Enlarged Length of head Ovoid Broadly truncate Between mandibles Fimbriate Relatively elongate Without elongate setae Bristlelike Poorly developed Absent Four-segmented Broadly rounded Short Two at apex Three-segmented Two at apex Not bifurcate Four or more One Three Four or more Three or more Four Six or more Present Reticulate Hind margin notched Attenuate Vol. 104, No. 1. January & February, 1993 29 Table 1. Character stales (continued) Character Plesiomorphic Apomorphic 34. Male ninth sternum 35. Male ninth sternum 36. Male ninth sternum 37. Male ninth sternum 37'. 38. Male ninth sternum 39. Male ninth sternum 40. Male ninth sternum 41. Male ninth tergum 42. Male ninth tergum 43. Ninth tergal internal inflection 44. Ninth tergal internal inflection 45. Membrane between 9th & 10th sternites 45'. 46. Genital papillae 47. Genital papillae medially 48. Tenth gonocoxites 49. Tenth gonocoxites 50. Tenth gonocoxites 51. Tenth gonosrylus 51'. 52. Ninth gonostylus 53. Ninth gonosrylus 54. Ninth gonostylus 55. Ninth gonostylus apodeme 56. Tenth tergites 57. Tenth tergites 58. Tenth tergites 59. Tenth tergites 60. Tenth tergites 61. Eleventh tergum 62. Lateral sclerite of ovipositor Without median projection Without posterolateral lobes Without setiferous lateral protuberances With normal setae Not sclerotized dorsally Without internal ridges Not locking with tenth sternite More or less quadrate With dorso-lateral incisions Without median fossa Arched Thin Present Separated Without median projection Antero-lateral corner without acute projection Medially joined Digitiform Unguiform Relatively short Sparsely setose Parallels ninth tergum Short Without sensory field on apical surface Rounded Uniramous Not bearing basal tuft of hairs Present Well sclerotized With median projection With posterolateral lobes With setiferous lateral protuberances With short, stout setae With fine setae Sclerotized dorsally With internal ridges Locking with tenth sternite Short, with broad median incision Without dorso-lateral incisions With median fossa Inverted V-shaped Thickened, bilobate Thickened, regularly convoluted Absent Fused With median projection Antero-lateral corner with acute projection Medially separated Short, broad Papilliform Clavate Long, bent Densely setose Directed medially Long, thin With sensory field on apical surface Laterally compressed Biramous Bearing basal tuft of hairs Absent Weakly sclerotized 30 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Table 1. Character states (continued) Character Plesiomorphic Apomorphic 63. Gonostylus 64. Sternal pouch 65. Sclerites between 8th sternum & gonopore 66. Bursa copulatrix 67. Number of spermathecae 68. Spermathecal duct 69. Accessory glands 70. Accessory glands 71. Accessory glands Articulated with gonocoxite Fused with gonocoxite Absent Absent Not saclike Two Continuous with bursa Present Short Sigmoid Present Present Saclike Ore Separate from bursa, T-shaped Absent Long Linear LITERATURE CITED Esben-Petersen, P. 1924. South African Megaloptera. Annals of the South African Museum, 19:151-158. (Esben-Petersen's name was erroneously spelled "Ebsen-Peter- sen" in this article.) Frakes, L.A. 1980 (1979). Climates throughout Geologic Time. Elsevier Scientific Pub- lishing Company. New York. Glorioso, M J. 1981. Systematics of the dobsonfly subfamily Corydalinae (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Systematic Entomol., 6:253-290. Penny, N.D. and Flint, O.S., Jr. 1982. a revision of the genus Chloronia (Neuroptera: Cor- ydalidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 348. 29 pp. Riek, E.F. 1970. Composition and distribution of the fauna, pp. 187-204, In C.S.I.R.O., The Insects of Australia. Melbourne University Press. Vol. 104, No. 1, January & February, 1993 31 A NEW SPECIES OF POLYCENTROPUS (TRICHOPTERA: POLYCENTROPODIDAE) FROM ARKANSAS1 David E. Bowles^, Michael L. Mathis^, Steven W. Hamilton^ ABSTRACT: Polycentropus stephani, a new species from Arkansas, is described and illus- trated. This species is a member of the confusus species-group and is most closely related to P. chelatus. P.floridensis and P. neiswanderi. but differs primarily in having a prominent spur on the basoventral swelling of the phallus. Known only from the interior highlands. P., stephani may be endemic to that region. The Polycentropus confusus species-group (Trichoptera: Polycen- tropodidae) consists of 16 previously described species with all occur- ring in eastern North America (Hamilton el al 1990). During a survey of the Trichoptera of the interior highlands of Arkansas (Bowles and Mathis 1989), some undescribed adult caddisflies belonging to the Polycentropus confusus species-group were collected with ultraviolet-light traps. These caddisflies were initially identified as Polycentropus species B and C (Bowles and Mathis 1989), but were subsequently determined to be conspecific. Herein, we describe that species. Morphological ter- minology follows that of Hamilton (1986) and Hamilton et al (1990). The holotype and allotype are deposited at the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC. Paratypes are deposited at the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM), Florida State Collection of Arthro- pods (FSCA), Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS), University of North Texas (UNT), and the NMNH. All material is preserved in 70% ethanol. Polycentropus stephani, new species (Figures 1-4) Polycentropus species B and C, Bowles and Mathis, 1989:237 Adult. Length of forewing: Male, 5. 1 mm; female, 6. 1 mm. Body and wing color light brown. Setae on dorsum of head and thorax tan. 1 Received May 27, 1992. Accepted June 21, 1992. *• United States Air Force Armstrong Laboratory, Occupational and Environmental Medicine Branch, Brooks AFB, Texas, 78235 3 Department of Biological Sciences. University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas. 72701 4 Center for Field Biology and Department of Biology. Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee 37044 ENT. NEWS 104(1): 31-34. Januarv & February. 1993 32 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Male genitalia. Abdominal sternite IX large, semicircular in lateral view, anterior margin rounded, posterior margin sinuate. Intermediate appendages apically free, slightly decurved, proximally fused to membranous dorsum of segment IX. Body of each preanal appendage short, with broad emargination of posterior margin; dorsal process long and decurved. Each inferior appendage with elongate ventral portion, in lateral view only slightly narrowed distad, in ventral aspect narrowing gradually distad; dorsobasal arm of inferior appendage large, curving posterad, in lateral view narrowing abruptly into ventral portion, with turned-in blade-like portion at base, in caudal view this part broadly tri- angular with apex rounded. Phallobase tubular, moderately decurved, basoventral swell- ing bearing a prominent caudally directed spur; phallic sclerite elongate. Female genitalia. Sternite VIII broad, membranous; lateral lobes elongate, expanded at mid-point, tapering posteriorly. Vaginal sclerites forming vase-shaped sac; vulvar sclerite circular, with rimmed opening posteriorly. Type Material: United States, Arkansas. Holotype. 5 x mm) plastic mesh folded back and forth inside of the chamber (e.g., Co-Polymer Gutter Guard, Allumax Home Products, Lancaster, PA). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Prior to hatching, egg cases are hung from the plastic mesh with wire hooks and the door is bolted closed. Generally, we incubate simul- taneously four to eight egg cases of about the same age in one chamber. Although the chamber is relatively easy to use, precautions are necessary. For over two hundred years, those who have written about keeping mantises have continually reminded their readers that cannibalism can be held to a minimum by supplying the mantises with sufficient prey (Prete and Wolfe, 1992). This is easily done with a chamber from which prey cannot escape and, if fed, survive well until eaten. For early instars, we suggest the following procedure: just before the mantises hatch and prior to bolting the chamber lid closed, place a jar (approximately 50 x 1 10 cm) half filled with commercial Drosophila food on its side under one of the foam rubber plugs. Placing the jar on its side prevents mantises from becoming entrapped in the food. Shortly after the first hatching (and then as needed) anesthetized flies can be added by pouring them through a funnel inserted into one of the holes in the top of the chamber. If the foam rubber plug is kept in place during the procedure and is just pushed aside by the funnel's spout, flies and mantises cannot escape. When the jar needs refilling, it can be righted easily by means of a long sturdy wire with 1.5cm of the tip bent at a right angle. The wire is inserted through a hole in the top of the chamber (with the plug kept in place), and hooked under the lip of the jar. Then, with the jar's base pushed against the side of the chamber, it is pulled upright and slid, if necessary, directly under the foam rubber plug. With practice, this procedure takes only seconds. Once upright, the jar can be refilled with Drosophila food through a funnel and returned to its side with the wire hook. Obviously, other prey, such as crickets of any size, can be introduced into the chamber through a funnel of appropriate size. Prey can be sup- plied with slices of vegetables impaled on a thin stainless steel wire that is bent at the tip and inserted through one of the holes in the top. The wire Vol. 104, No. 1, January & February, 1993 51 should extend sufficiently far beyond the top to prevent it from falling into the chamber. Although crickets can be maintained on just vege- tables with high water content, such as potatoes, if they become thirsty or hungry they will prey on the mantises. To avoid this problem, we also supply the crickets with powdered laboratory rodent food and fresh water. The former is simply poured through a funnel into the chamber. Water is supplied in a slice of wet sponge impaled on a thin stainless steel wire as is done with vegetables. The sponge should not be so wet that it loses water into the chamber. We have found it best to place a small plas- tic dish into which the crickets can climb (such as a small jar lid) under the sponge to keep excess water off the chamber floor. This can be done by placing the dish under the hole through which the sponge will be inserted before the lid is bolted down or by first threading the wire on which the sponge is impaled through the center of the dish. Obviously, if the latter method is used, a hole large enough to accept the dish has to be cut in the lid. Once mantises reach approximately the sixth instar (depending on species), we transfer them into aquaria with screen tops; immediately after their final molt, they are placed in individual containers. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was supported in part by a University Research Council Grant from Youngstown State University. We thank S. P. Grossman of The University of Chicago, and B. Greenberg of the University of Illinois at Chicago forcritically reading an earlier version of this manuscript. We also thank our referees and editor for their thoughtful criticisms and suggestions. LITERATURE CITED Barnes, S. N. 1979. The visual system of the mantis Tenodera aridifolia sinensis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. Suppl.: 277-278. Barnes, S. N., and Mote, M. I. 1980. Lamina mono polar cells of the praying mantis Tenodera-aridifolia: Response pattern and receptive fields. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. Suppl.: 88. Collett, T. S. 1987. Binocular depth vision in arthropods. TINS. 10: 1-2. Copeland, J., and Carlson, A, D. 1977. Prey capture in mantids: Prothoracic tibial flexion reflex. Jour. Insect. Physiol. 23: 1151-1156. Corrette, B. J. 1980. Motor control of prey capture in the preying mantis, Tenodera aridifolia sinensis. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Oregon 217 pp. Heath, G. H. 1980. Rearing and studying the praying mantids. Amat. Entomol. Soc. Leaf. 36: 1-15. Horridge, G. A. 1986. A theory of insect vision: velocity parallax. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 229: 13-27. Kirmse, W. 1985, Short communication. Visual position information controlling smooth- tracking in the praying mantis. Jour. Exp. Biol. 1 19: 365-367. Liske, E., and Mohren, W. 1984. Saccadic head movements of the praying mantis, with 52 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS particular reference to visual and proprioceptive information. Physiol. Entomol. 9: 29-38. Prete, F. R. 1990. Prey catching in mantids: The role of the prothoracic tibial flexion reflex. J. Insect Physiology, 36: 335-338. Prete, F. R. 1991. Configurational prey selection by the praying mantis., Sphodromantis lineola (Burr.): The effects of size and direction of movement. Brain, Beh. Evol. 36: 300-6. Prete, F. R. 1992a. The effects of background pattern and contrast on prey discrimination by the praying mantis Sphodromantis lineola (Burr). Brain. Beh. Evol. (in press). Prete, F. R. 1992b. The discrimination of visual stimuli representing prey versus non-prey by the praying mantis, Sphodromantis lineola (Burr). Brain, Beh. Evol. (in press). Prete, F. R. and M. M. Wolfe 1992. Religious supplicant, seductive cannibal, or reflex machine? In search of the praying mantis. J. Hist. Biol., 25: 91-136. Prete, F. R., H. Lum, and S. P. Grossman 1992a. Non-predatory ingestive behaviors of the praying mantis Sphodromantis lineola (Burr.) Brain. Beh. Evol. 39: 124-32. Prete, F. R., C. A. Klimek, and S. P. Grossman 1990a. The predatory strike of the mantis, Tenodera aridifolia sinensis (Sauss.). J. Insect Physiol. 36: 561-565. Prete, F. R., P. J. Placek, M. A. Wilson, R. J. Mahaffey and R. R. Nemcek 1992b. The Effects of Stimulus Speed and Order of Presentation on the Discrimination of Visual Stimuli Representing Prey by the Praying Mantis Sphodromantis lineola (Burr.), Brain, Behav. Evol. (in press). Rossel, S. 1986. Binocular spatial localization in the praying mantis. Jour. Exp. Biol. 120: 265-281. Continued from page 46 many species it did not initially evolve with, including native species of Pheidole and Monomorium ants, and even small rodents like mice and rats. For example, T. caespitum won't forage in bright sunlight and the resultant heat, therefore limiting its foraging times in warm areas to night and morning hours; some species of ants can forage at much higher temperatures during the day, and mice probably compete with the pavement ant for food during the nocturnal periods. Other factors which may impact the competitiveness of T.caespitum are the large nest sizes and foraging areas it maintains (nests may be up to 7 square meters, foraging areas may be up to 40 square meters), its tolerance of other ant species in its area and its high investment in reproductives (up to 50% of the colony's energy may go toward reproductives). There were several notes of local entomological interest preceding Mr. King's talk. Con- cerning the widely publicized decline in monarch butterfly populations due to severe cold and logging in their overwintering forests in Mexico, Dale Schweitzer suggested that local factors may have also played an additional factor. He reported that population levels in Cumberland Co., New Jersey appeared to be building in July, but never appeared as a flush of adults in August as expected, possibly due to cooler summer temperatures and/or dis- ease. Mildred Morgan stated that numbers of monarchs tagged at Cape May. New Jersey by Jane Ruffin and herself was one-tenth that of the previous year. Barbara Kirschenstein reported on small flies (family Phoridae) attracted to iodized salt. Society president Joe Sheldon urged everyone to attend the traveling insect exhibition, "Backyard Monsters" at the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, which features monstrous robotic insects, a mar- velous collection of OH MY! insects from around the world, interactive exhibits and an operational scanning electron microscope. The meeting at the Academy of Natural Sciences was attended by 27 members and their guests. Jon K. Gelhaus, Corresponding Secretary Vol. 104, No. 1, January & February. 1993 53 ELMIDAE OF TAIWAN PART II: REDESCRIPTION OF LEPTELMIS FORMOSANA (COLEOPTERA: DRYOPOIDEA)1 Ming-Luen Jeng, Ping-Shih Yang^ 3 ABSTRACT: Leptelmisformosana is the only member of the genus known from Taiwan. It is redescribed and the male genitalia and other characters are illustrated. Because of similar male genitalia but somewhat different external morphology, we regard Leptelmis vietnamensis from Vietnam as a subspecies of L. formosana. A key is modified from Brown and Thobias (1984) to include all known Leptelmis species of Asia. The genus Leptelmis Sharp was reviewed recently by Brown and Thobias (1984). More than twenty species are known from Asia and Africa. Leptelmis formosana Nomura is the only species known from Taiwan. Nomura described this species in 1962 based on two adults collected by Yano in 1938. The descriptions only pointed out the dif- ferences between L. formosana and L. parallela Nomura from Japan. Brown and Thobias omitted these two species in their key to Asian species of Leptelmis since the original diagnoses were too ambiguous to separate them from L. gracilis Sharp from Japan. Actually, L. gracilis is quite distinct in elytral shape. Because its humeri are not prominent and the elytra are very broad at their apical 1/3, the body looks expanded pos- teriorly. Both L. formosana and L. parallela have prominent humeri and their elytra are subparallel-sided (Fig. 1 ). However, it is necessary to note that the wing polymorphism may accompany morphological change of pronotum and elytra (Deleve 1945; Brown, personal communication). While examining the insect collections of Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI), three specimens of Leptelmis formosana were found. We redescribe and illustrate the species here. In addition, we regard Leptelmis vietnamensis Deleve from Vietnam as a subspecies of L. formosana due to its similar male genitalia but somewhat different external morphology. A key to all known Asian species, modified from Brown and Thobias (1984), is provided to include L. formosana and L. parallela . The following description of coloration is based on alcoholic specimens viewed under a white light source. Body length is measured from apex of pronotum to apex of elytra. 1 Received July 3, 1992. Accepted July 30, 1992. 2 Laboratory of Insect Conservation, Department of Plant Pathology and Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10764, R.O.C. 3 This study was supported by the National Science Council, Republic of China, Grant No. NSC 82-0409-B-002-053. ENT. NEWS 104(1): 53-59. January & February. 1993 54 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 1 mm Fig. 1. Leptelmis formosana formosana Nomura, dorsal aspect. Vol. 104, No. 1, January & February, 1993 55 Leptelmis formosana formosana Nomura Leptelmis formosana Nomura, 1962, Toho Gakuho 12:48. : Brown and Thobias, 1984, Pan-Pacific Entomol. 60(1 ):28. Length 2.3 — 2.4 mm, width 0.8 — 0.9 mm. Body elongate, subparallel-sided, convex dorsally. General coloration brown, with elytra feebly shining. Epicranium darker than other portions; venter lighter than dorsum; antennae, palpi, tarsi and genitalia translucen- tly testaceous. Head retractable within prothoracic collar; visible portion finely granulate and pubes- cent. Vertex concave at middle, impressed in a band on each side toward antennal base. Frons convex at middle, about 3/5 as broad as width across eyes. Eyes rather large. Fronto- clypeal suture indistinct. Labrum transverse, anterior margin feebly truncate with frontal angle round. Antennae 11-segmented, barely reaching pronotal base; apex of distal seg- ment acute. Pronotum longer than broad by about 1 . 1 times; widest at basal 2/5, thence subparallel posteriorly to base; narrowest at middle transverse impression. Anterior pronotal margin arcuate and projecting over the vertex; anterior angles subacute, slightly protruding out- wards; sides conspicuously bisinuate, not crenate; posterior margin feebly sinuate; basal angles subquadrate. Surface finely and sparsely granulate anteriorly, coarsely and deeply punctate at transverse impression and posterior portion. A subtriangular elevation located behind the transverse impression; two upper tubercles of the elevation very prominent; the lower tubercle smaller, with an indistinct ridge posteriorly; an indistinct impression com- posed of some punctures extending from transverse impression to near lower tubercle of the elevation. Two oblique, convergent grooves behind the subtriangular elevation deep, with two oblique elevations posteriorly. Base with two small, round feeble impressions. Scutellum fiat very sparsely granulate. Elytra 2.4 times as long as pronotum; humeri prominent; sides subparallel in anterior 2/3, thence tapering posteriorly to a rounded apex; feebly depressed at base, but convex at humeri. Each elytron bearing 9 punctate-striae; the 3rd and 4th striae merge on apical declivity. Strial punctures on disk rather large, subquadrate, separated from one another by less than half their diameters; punctures on apical declivity smaller and shallower. Strial intervals on disk narrower than half diameter of punctures; the third interval (be- tween 2nd and 3rd striae) elevated at base. Lateral borders feebly margined and finely serrate. Epipleura narrowed gradually towards apex. Fig. 2. Hind wing of L. formosana formosana. 56 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 0.5mm Fig. 3. Prosternum and mesosternum of L. formosana formosana. Hind wing with venation as in Fig. 2. Venation essentially like that of the Cylloepus (Hinton 1940, Figs. 251, 252); Veins 3Aj and 3A2 separated near base. Prosternum coarsely punctate posteriorly. Prosternal process with sides subparallel or slightly expanded posteriorly; apex truncate (Fig. 3). Mesosternum with inconspicuous, blunt hind angles. Metasternum with large, deep punctures; punctures separated at most by 1/2 their diameters. Anterior position bare between mesosternum and longitudinal sulcus. Abdomen with first two visible sterna with large, deep punctures similar to those on metasternum; punctures on the last three sterna finer and sparser. Apex of last sternum feebly truncate in males and round in females; males with two tufts of hairs and a semicir- cular depression at the apex of 5th sternum. Legs long and slender, with fine pubescence and sparse granules. Tibiae with in- conspicuous rows of small setae present along innerdistal margins. Tarsi 5-segmented, that of foreleg shortest and hindleg longest; segments progressively longer from base to apex; apical segment as long as segments 1-4 combined, without ventroapical tuft of setae; claws large, each with a basal tooth. Male genitalia as shown in Fig. 4. It is noteworthy that while the genitalia are connected ventrally with sternum IX the parameres are parallel-sided, but when sternum IX is removed, the parameres expand outward as illustrated. Variation: In one specimen the pronotum has its broadest width at base. Specimens examined: Icf, Tamsui, Taihoku (Taipei Hsien), 24-VIII-1941, S. Miyamoto leg.; 2 99, Heito (Pintong Hsien), V-1933, Y. Miwa leg. These specimens are deposited in Department of Applied Zoology, TARI. Distribution: The type locality of this species is Takezaki (Chuchi, Chiayi Hsien). When more specimens become available we expect that this species may be distributed from northern to southern Taiwan. At present, the only known specimens are the two type specimens (in National Science Museum, Tokyo) and the three specimens reported here. Vol. 104, No. 1, January & February, 1993 57 0.1mm Fig. 4. male genitalia of L. formosana formosana. Leptelmis formosana vietnamensis Deleve Leptelmis vietnamensis Deleve, 1968, Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Nat. Hung., Pars Zool. 60:154. : Brown and Thobias, 1984, Pan-Pacific Entomol. 60(1):27. Since the male genitalia of this taxon is so similar to that of L. for- mosana, we regard it as a subspecies of the later. Compared with the nominate subspecies, the pronotum of this subspecies has (1) a smaller elevation; (2) more indistinct upper tubercles; (3) a longer ridge behind the lower tubercle and (4) a conspicuous longitudinal impression at anteromiddle of the elevation. Its body size is a little smaller than the nominate subspecies. These differences are shown in Fig. 5a and b. E to O' a Fig. 5a. Pronotum of L. formosana formosana; b. of L. formosana vietnamensis. 58 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Specimens examined: Holotype male, labelled "Vietnam, Prov. Ha- Tinh, forestiere Huong-son, 1 50 m, foret trop. pluv./ a la lumiere, 1 5, VIII, 1963, T. Pocs./ Prepar. genit. No. 21266.2". Paratypes, Icf, 19, with identi- cal data; Prepar. genit. No. 21266.1 and 21266.3 respectively. The following key is modified from Brown and Thobias, 1984, to include L. formosana and L. parallela . Key to Asiatic Species and Subspecies of Leptelmis* 1. Elytra maculate 2 Elytra essentially uniform in color or with the humeri lighter 5 2. Each elytron with 5 yellow spots (Vietnam) L. signata Elytra with fewer than 5 spots or markings 3 3. Elytra without vitta in apical half on intervals, with only humeral and apical markings; larger (3.0 mm) (Sumatra) L. stricticollis Elytra with both vitta, humeral and apical markings; smaller (less than 2.5 mm) 4 4. Elytra with strial interval 3 raised from base to apex; smaller (1.8 mm) (Philip- pines) L. tawitawiensis Elytra with strial interval 3 raised only at base; larger (2.3 mm) (Vietnam) . . .L. basalis 5. Elytra without prominent humeri 6 Elytra with prominent humeri 7 6. Elytra expanded posteriorly; venter punctate; larger (2.5-2.8 mm) (Japan). . . .Lgracilis Elytra not expanded posteriorly; venter granulate; smaller (2.15 mm) (South India) L. philomina 1. Tarsi 4-segmented (South China) L. flavicollis Tarsi 5-segmented 8 8. Elytra with humeri paler 9 Elytra uniform in coloration; or if the elytra with humeral spot and /or paler 3rd strial interval, the body size less than 2.5 mm 10 9. Larger (2.5-2.6 mm) (Japan) L. parallela Smaller (2.0 mm) (North India) L. fracticollis 10. Elytra with strial interval 3 raised from base to apex 11 Elytra with strial interval 3 raised at base only or extending to apical 1/3 13 11. Male genitalia with parameressubparallel in apical half(Sumatra, Java) . . . .L.sulcata Male genitalia with parameres tapering from base to apex 12 12. Penis subparallel laterally, longer than basal piece by 1.7 times (Sri Lanka) L. cederholmi Penis dilated at apical 1/4 and thence tapering basally, longer than basal piece by 1.5 times (Vietnam) L. obscura 13. Two upper tubercles of triangiriar elevation on pronotum very prominent; longitudinal impression at anteromiddle of the pronotal elevation inconspicuous (Taiwan) L. formosana formosana Upper tubercles of triangular elevation on pronotum not very prominent; longitudinal impression at anteromiddle of the pronotal elevation distinct (Vietnam) L. formosana vietnamensis * The species L. nietneri was transferred to the genus Podelmis by Jach (1984). Vol. 104, No. 1, January & February, 1993 59 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Department of Applied Zoology (Liang-Yih CHOU), Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, R.O.C. and Termeszetrudomanyi Miizeum ( Otto MERKL), Hungary, for lending us the precious specimens. We also express gratitude to Harry G. NELSON (Field Museum of Natural history, Chicago), Harley P. BROWN (Dept. of Zoology. Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, U.S.A.) and M. A JACH (Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Aus- tria) for revising the English manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Brown, H. P. and M. P. Thobias. 1984. World synopsis of the riffle beetle genus Leptelmis Sharp, 1888, with a key to Asian species and description of a new species from India (Coleoptera, Dryopoidea, Elmidae). Pan-Pacific Entomol. 60(1): 23-29. Deleve, J. 1945. Contribution a 1'etude des Dryopidae. III. Le genre Pseudomacronychus Grouvelle et le dimorphism alaire de ses especes. Bull. Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Belg. Hinton, H. E. 1940. A monographic revision of the Mexican water beetles of the family Elmidae. Novit. Zool. 42:217-396. Jach, M. A. 1984. Die Koleopterenfauna der Bergbache von Sudwest-Ceylon. Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 69 (2): 228-332. Nomura, S. 1962. Some new and remarkable species of the Coleoptera from Japan and its adjacent regions. Toho Gakuho 12:35-51. 60 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS BOOK REVIEW A SYNTHESIS OF THE HOLARCTIC MIRIDAE (HETEROP- TERA): DISTRIBUTION, BIOLOGY, AND ORIGIN, WITH EM- PHASIS ON NORTH AMERICA. A. G. Wheeler, Jr. and T. J. Henry. 1992. Thomas Say Foundation, Vol. 15. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD. 282 pp. $30 (members), $50 (non-members). The authors have determined that about 5% (98 spp.) of New World mirids also occur in the Old World, and thus appear to have Holarctic distributions. However, they present good evidence that 61 of these species (3%) have been introduced into North America through commerce, so actually only 37 spp. (2%) are likely Holarctic. Distinguishing these two types of origins are important to those in the biological control, quarantine, and biogeography fields. Although the adults and nymphs of most mirid species are not hardy or long-lived, diapausing mirid eggs imbedded in plant tissue can easily survive long ocean voyages, and were the likely means of dispersion. Many mirids were not detected until years after their initial establishment, as commonly happens with immigrant species. A number of them were first found by one or both of the authors. A total of 98 species are included in this book, arranged by subfamily. For each species, the known distribution (with a map), host plant and habits, and zoography is discussed, with references cited. Most species are phytophagous, but some are predators. Several are economically important pests. Ten additional species formerly thought to be Holarctic are discussed briefly. Five tables follow the text. These list indigenous mirids (species present since the Beringian land connection), and species which were introduced through eastern, north- western southern, and multiple ports of entry. The tables place the species in functional groups, but the contents (or index) must be used to locate the discussion on each species in the text. There are two indices, listing the common and Latin names of the mirid species and of their host plants. There are also ca. 500 references, for those who wish further information. However, this list is the most comprehensive for taxonomic papers, and is less complete for economic and biocontrol citations, especially after 1986. There was a refreshing ab- sence of misspellings and other errors throughout the book. This small volume contains a wealth of information, it will be useful to taxonomists, economic entomologists, and quarantine and biological control specialists. W. H. Day USDA-ARS-BIRL Newark, DE When submitting papers, all authors are requested to (1) provide the names of two qualified individuals who have critically reviewed the manuscript before it is submitted and (2) suggest the names and addresses of two qualified authorities in the subject field to whom the manuscript may be referred by the editor for final review. All papers are submitted to recognized authorities for final review before acceptance. Titles should be carefully composed to reflect the true contents of the article, and be kept as brief as possible. 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Both available from ASSOCIATED PUBLISHERS. 3005 SW 56th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32608. Check with order. Postpaid. FOR SALE: Excellent quality insect mounting pins including standard black, stainless steel. Elephant. Best prices available. Also offering unmounted worldwide butterflies, moths and beetles with data in all price ranges. Personalized service to all — including new collectors! We specialize in Papilio. Morpho. and Heliconius. Send $5.00 U.S. for one year price list subscription to: IANNI BUTTERFLY ENTERPRISES. P.O. Box 8 1 1 7 1 , Cleveland, Ohio 44181, U.S.A Phone: (216) 888-2310. 12-PAGE WORLDWIDE LEPIDOPTERA CATALOG! Includes Neotropical African, Palearctic and Indo-australian region butterflies. Specialists in Morphidae, Brassolidae and Papilionidae. Many ex-pupae specimens available. ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURALIST TOUR PROGRAMS AVAILABLE. Transworld Butterfly Company celebrates 1 6 years serving Lepidopterists in December 1992. 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USISSN0013-872X NEWS A new species of Aleodorus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from Costa Rica and generic reassignment of Falagria costariccnsis to Aleodorus Egg surface ultrastructure in Mantispa interrupta (Neuroptera: Mantispidae) E. Richard Hoebeke 61 Bruce Cutler 68 Reclarification of males of Alloperla concolor and A. neglecta (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae), with new distribution records for both species B.C. Kondratieff, R.F. Kirchner New records of spiders (Araneae) from Cape Cod, MA, including two possible European immigrants First karyotypic data on a cupedid beetle (Coleoptera: Archostemata) showing achiasmatic meiosis J. Galian, J.F. Lawrence An ecotonal study of carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) in the Great Swamp N.W.R., NJ Techniques for obtaining adult-associated immature stages of predacious tachydromiine flies (Diptera: Empidoidea), with implications for rearing and biocontrol J.M. Cumming, B.E. Cooper Establishment of Hippodamia variegata and new records of Prop y/ea quatuordecimpunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the eastern U.S. Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), new record for Western Hemisphere, with a review of host plants R.F.W. Schroder. M.M. Athanas, C. Pavan 73 Robert L. Edwards 79 83 Paul P. Shu beck 88 93 A.G. Wheeler, Jr. 102 BOOKS RECEIVED & BRIEFLY NOTED 111 67, 72, 78 THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS is published bi-monthly except July-August by The American Entomological Society at the Academv of Natural Sciences, 1900 Race St.. Philadelphia. PA. 19103. U.SA. The American Entomological Society holds regular membership meetings on the fourth Wednesday in October, November, February, March, and April. 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Papers on applied, economic and regulatory entomology and on toxicology and related subjects will be considered only if they also make a major contribution in one of the aforementioned fields. (Continued on inside of back cover) Postmaster: If undeliverable, please send form 3579 to Howard P. Boyd, 232 Oak Shade Road, Tabernacle Twp., Vincentown, New Jersey 08088, V.S.A. SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT VINCENTOWN, NEW JERSEY, 08088, U.S.A. Vol. 104, No. 2, March & April, 1993 61 A NEW SPECIES OF ALEODORUS (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE) FROM COSTA RICA, AND GENERIC REASSIGNMENT OF FALAGRIA COSTARICENSIS TO ALEODORUS l E. Richard Hoebeke^ ABSTRACT: Aleodorus maureenae. new species of falagriine Staphylinidae, is described from Costa Rica. Falagria costaricensis Bemhauer is redescribed and transferred to Aleo- dorus. A lectorype is designated. The genus Aleodorus was established by Say (1833) for the North American species Aleochara bilobata, also described by Say that same year. Chitalia was proposed by Sharp (1883) to accommodate four new species (crenata, granigera, debilis, and dubius) collected at various localities in Mexico and Central America. The latter genus was later determined to be a junior synonym of Aleodorus (Fenyes, 1912). Members of Aleodorus are restricted to the Western Hemisphere. At present, four species are known to occur in America north of Mexico, with the Nearctic species having been revised by Hoebeke ( 1985). Black- welder (1944) lists five species from Mexico and Central America, and one species from South America. Pace (1989, 1990) added 4 taxa to the existing South American fauna by describing 3 new species from Argen- tina, Peru, and Brazil, and by reassigning Falagria discisa Erichson (Brazil) to Aleodorus. The Neotropical species have not been revised. In March and April 1973, specimens of a distinctive, yet unrecog- nized, species of Aleodorus were collected from Berlese samples of leaf mold and leaf litter in virgin forest in Puntarenas and Guanacaste prov- inces, Costa Rica, by J. Wagner and J. Kethley of the Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago). Specimens of this new species, which I dis- covered among recently prepared and unidentified Staphylinidae in the Field Museum collection (FMNH), are described below. Furthermore, after examination and dissection of syntypes of Falagria costaricensis Bernhauer. I have found these to belong to the genus Aleodorus and herein propose this reassignment. MAY ? 0 1993 1 Received September 12. 1992. Accepted October 14. 1992 - Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca. New York ENT. NEWS 104(2): 61-67, March & April. 1993 62 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Aleodorus maureenae, new species (Figs. 1-6) Diagnosis. In overall adult body size and in pronotal shape, Aleodorus maureenae is similar to A. granigerus (Sharp), but differs most noticeably by the very roughened surface of the head, thorax, and elytra caused by a dense, uniform covering of setiferous asperities. Description. Agreeing with generic characters given by Hoebeke (1985). Length 2. 8-3.4 mm (n = 9,x = 3.2mm). Body color uniformly dark rufo-brunneous, with distal antennal articles, mouthparts, and, in some specimens, last two abdominal segments rufo-testaceous. Habitus as in Figs. 1-2. Head (Fig. 1) quadrate, slightly longer than wide, posterior angles broadly rounded, posterior margin slightly arcuate to truncate. Eyes moderately large, prominent, their long- est diameter nearly subequal to length of temple. Dorsal surface with a dense, uniform covering of asperities, each bearing a short, erect microseta; dorsum with narrow, median area between posterior margins of eyes, and median frontal prominence between antennal bases devoid of asperities smooth and glossy (see Fig. 1) (some specimens with smooth, glossy area between eyes appearing as small dimple, or absent altogether); cuticular sur- face between asperities smooth, glossy. Gena and ventral surface of head without as- perities, smooth and glossy. Antennae moderately long, reaching anterior 0.4 of elytra; distal articles beyond article IV compactly organized; scape somewhat incrassate, nearly equal to length of article II; article II and III elongate, II slightly shorter than III; article IV somewhat quadrate, but slightly longer than wide; articles V-X becoming gradually more transverse; article XI obovate, slightly shorter than IX + X, Pronotum (Fig. 1) slightly wider than head, broadest across anterior third, strongly narrowed and converging behind towards base; posterior angles nearly acute; posterior margin broadly truncate. Disc narrowly and deeply channeled along median line, channel terminating in deep, subbasal fovea; surface on either side of channel densely and uni- formly covered with setiferous asperities; cuticular surface between asperities smooth and glossy. Scutellum large, flat, densely punctured (punctures minutely asperate), on either side of a broad smooth, slightly impressed, median channel. Elytra (Figs. 1-2) about as long as prothorax, humeri well developed, lateral margins broadly arcuate posteriorly, posterior angles sinuate, posterior margin truncate; surface with a dense, uniform covering of setiferous asperities; in some specimens, asperities tend- ing to be arranged in longitudinal series, and thus appearing somewhat costate; cuticular surface between asperities smooth, glossy. Abdomen (Fig. 2) broad at base, but narrower than elytra. Terga III-V (first three visible tergites) broadly, transversely impressed at base; impressions coarsely foveate, each fovea limited laterally by distinct, flattened ridge; basins of foveae smooth and glossy, without microsculpture. Tergite VI slightly impressed at base with several obsolete ridges and foveae. Tergal surfaces posterior to basal impressions moderately densely punctured and pubescent, some punctures at most minutely asperate; cuticle smooth and glossy. Sterna III-V strongly constricted at base; basal constriction coarsely foveate (often visible in lateral view). Male. Eighth tergite with apical margin broadly arcuate at middle, with comb of minute denticles. Median lobe of aedeagus as in Figs. 3-4. Paramere and apical lobe of paramerite as in Fig. 5. Female. Eighth tergite with apical margin as in male. Spermatheca as in Fig. 6. Secondary sexual characteristics. None apparent. Material examined. Holotype: male, COSTA RICA: Puntarenas; OTS Sta. finca Las Cruces, 4000 ft.; San Vito; 111:18:1973. 82°58'W-8°46'N, leg. J. Wagner. J. Kethley/ FM(HD)#73-322, 73CRIII-18d FLC Berlese ISOOcc. leaf litter in stream bed. away from Vol. 104, No. 2, March & April, 1993 63 flowing water, steep banks, virgin forest cover. Terminalia. aedeagus and parameres mounted (in Euparal) on microslide and affixed below specimen. The holotype is deposited in the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago (FMNH). Paratypes. 9: Same data as holotype. 1; same data, except 111:16:1973, 4; same data, except 11:19:1973, 2; COSTA RICA: Guanacaste; Canas. Miravalles Volcano, 10°42'N- 85°7'W;IV:8:1973. leg. J. Wagner, J. Kethley/FM(HD) #73-385, 73CRIV-8e: Berlese 2 liters cone, leaf litter + soil in dry rivulet #1. 1; same data, except FM(HD) #73-386, 73CRIV-8f. 1. Eight paratypes deposited in the FMNH; 1 paratype (female), with same data as holotype. except with the date 111:16:1973. is deposited in the Cornell University insect Collection (CUIC). Etymology. This elegant species is named for my wife, Maureen, who, over the years, has graciously provided encouragement and constant support of my work on the Staphylinidae. Geographic distribution. Known only from the type localities in Puntarenas and Guanacaste provinces, Costa Rica. Bionomics. Little is known about the habitat of this species, but specimens at hand have been collected from Berlese samples of leaf litter in stream beds, in dry rivulets, and on slopes above stream banks in virgin forests of Costa Rica. Remarks. Only slight external morphological variation exists be- tween the populations from Puntarenas and Guanacaste provinces. The 1 Figs. 1-2. Aleodorus maureenae n. sp. (OTS Sta. finca Las Cruces, Puntarenas province, Costa Rica), scanning electron photomicrographs. 1, head, thorax, scutellum, and upper one-third of elytra, dorsal aspect. 2, lower two-thirds of elytra, and abdominal segments III- VI, dorsal aspect. 64 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figs. 3-6. Aleodorus maureenae n. sp. 3, Median lobe of aedeagus, lateral aspect. 4, Median lobe of aedeagus, dorsal aspect. 5, Paramere. 6, Spermatheca. Scale line, 0.1 mm. ten specimens from Puntarenas province are slightly larger than those from Guanacaste province (2 specimens) (cf. 3.1-3.4 mm vs. 2.8 mm, re- spectively). Furthermore, the setiferous asperities on the heads of the Guanacaste specimens are slightly less dense (asperities separated by slightly more than their diameters) than on the heads of the Puntarenas specimens (asperities separated by less than or equal to their diameters). The density of the asperities on the thorax and elytra of the Puntarenas and Guanacaste specimens is similar. For all other external characters, specimens from the two Costa Rican localities are identical. Generic Reassignment and Redescription of Falagria costaricensis Bernhauer Bernhauer ( 1 940) described Falagria costaricensis from Costa Rica. All subsequent authors and cataloguers have followed this original generic placement. The diagnostic morphological features of Falagria species [type species Falagria caesa Erichson, 1837 = sulcata (Paykull, 1789) nee (Miiller, O. F., 1776)] include a bicarinate scutellum, comb of minute denticles on the apical margin of tergum VIII, margined hypo- mera, deep pronotal sulcus, and uniform elytral punctation. I have carefully examined specimens of the synrype series of F. cos- taricensis and found them to belong to the genus Aleodorns Say [type speciesAleochara bilobata Say]. Members of this genus are characterized Vol. 104, No. 2, March & April, 1993 65 by the unique mesosternum which is on a different plane from that of the metasternum (mesosternum appears elevated), the short, abbreviated mesosternal process which does not extend between the coxae, and the long, generally coiled flagellum of the male aedeagus. Aleodorus costaricensis (Bernhauer), new combination (Figs. 7-9) Falagria costaricensis Bernhauer, 1940:159. Lectotype here designated: La Caja: 8 kil- [ometers]. w(est]. San Jose, C|osta].R[ica)., Schmidt 1934/H and written "costaricensis Brnh. Typ" (white label)/Handwrirten "costaricensis Brh. Typus Falagria" (red label)/ Chicago NHMus, M. Bernhauer Collection/ LECTOTYPE Falagria costaricensis Bernhauer, desig. E. R. Hoebeke 1992 (red label) (FMNH). Paralectotypes, 5, here designated: Same data as lectotype. with the additional labels: Syntypus (red label)/Bernhauer det./Coll. DEI Eberswalde/PARALECTO- TYPE Falagria costaricensis Bernhauer, desig. E. R. Hoebeke 1992 (red label) (IPFE). Redescription. In agreement with generic characters given by Hoebeke (1985). Length 2.1-2.6 mm. (n = 5, x = 2.4 mm). Body color rufo-brunneous. with antennae (especially toward apices), mouthparts, and legs generally rufo-testaceous; in some speci- mens, basal three abdominal segments light rufo-brunneous. Head somewhat quadrate, nearly as long as wide, posterior angles somewhat obtuse, posterior margin truncate to slightly arcuate; neck very slender, about 0.3 x head width across eyes. Eyes moderate in size, longest diameter slightly greater than temple length. Dorsal surface smooth and glossy, moderately sparsely, but uniformly punctured and pubescent, except for broad median area; punctures very fine, non-asperate. Antennae moderately long, reaching posteriorly to near 0.5 elytral length; articles I-III elongate; arti- cle III slightly longer than II; article IV somewhat quadrate, slightly longer than wide; articles V-X becoming gradually broader, more transverse; article XI obconical, pointed apically, slightly shorter than IX + X. Pronofum subequal to width of head, broadest across anterior third, gradually narrow- ing and converging behind toward base; posterior angles acute; posterior margin truncate. Disc narrowly and deeply sulcate along median line, terminating in deep, subbasal fovea; surface on either side of sulcus sparsely punctured and pubescent; punctures very fine, non-asperate; surface between punctures smooth, glossy. Scutellum large, flattened, with fine, asperate punctures on either side of a broad, smooth, median channel. Elytra approximately 1.2 x longer than pronotum, humeri well developed, lateral margins broadly arcuate in posterior half, posterior angles sinuate, posterior margin trun- cate; surface with moderately dense and uniform covering of very fine punctures and micro- setae; area adjacent to scutellum with slightly more dense punctures; cuticular surface between punctures smooth and glossy. Abdomen slightly narrower than elytra, parallel-sided, tapering to apex; terga III-V transversely impressed at base; impressions of terga III + IV with large, rather coarse, foveae, each bordered laterally by fine, slightly elevated, ridges (less so on tergum V); basins of large foveae obscurely granulate (with imbricate microsculpture); tergal surface pos- terior to basal impressions of terga III-V moderately sparsely punctured, pubescent; cuticle smooth and glossy. 66 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Male. Eighth tergite with apical margin broadly arcuate at middle, with comb of minute denticles. Median lobe of aedeagus as in Fig. 7. Paramere and apical lobe of paramedic as in Fig. 8. Female. Eighth tergite with apical margin as in male. Spermatheca as in Fig. 9. Secondary sexual characteristics. None apparent. Figs. 7-9. Aleodorus costaricensis (Bernhauer). 7, Median lobe of aedeagus, lateral aspect. 8, Paramere. 9, Spermatheca. Scale line, 0.1 mm. Remarks. The syntype series of F. costaricensis bears a striking resem- blance to specimens identified &s Aleodorus dubius (Sharp) from Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica. There is close agreement in body length, coloration, pronotal configuration, punctation, and, more importantly, the genitalic characters of both sexes (shape of median lobe and coiled flagellum of aedeagus, apical lobe of paramerite, and Spermatheca); these latter genitalic characters are virtually identical for the two species. Based on this evidence, I strongly suspect that these species are con- specific. However, I have not, as yet, examined the type series of A. dubius, and have studied only a limited number of identified specimens. Therefore, this hypothesis must remain tentative until a comprehensive revision of the Neotropical Aleodorus is completed. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am thankful to the following institutions and individuals for providing all specimens studied (codens identify the collections in the text): (FMNH) Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, A. F. Newton, Jr. and M. K. Thayer; and (IPFE) Institut fur Pflanzenschutzforschung, Kleinmachnow der Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissen- schaftern, Eberswalde-Finow, Federal Republic of Germany, L. Zerche. J. Howard Frank (University of Florida, Gainesville) and James K. Liebherr (Cornell University) each pro- vided helpful suggestions and critical review of the manuscript. Vol. 104, No. 2, March & April, 1993 67 LITERATURE CITED Bernhauer, M. 1940. Neue Staphyliniden aus Costa Rica. Arb. Morphol. Taxon. Entomol. Berlin Dahlem 7:158-161. Blackwelder, R. E. 1944. Checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America. Part I. Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus. 185:1-188. Erichson, W. F. 1837. Die Kafer der Mark Brandenburg, vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 1-384. Berlin. Fenyes, A. 1912. Falagria Mannh. and its relatives. J. New York Entomol. Soc. 20:20-27. Hoebeke, E. R. 1985. A revision of the rove beetle tribe Falagriini of America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae). J. New York Entomol. Soc. 93:913- 1018. Miiller, O. F. 1776. Zoologiae Danicae prodromus, seu animalium daniae et norvegiae indigenarum characteres, nomina, et synonyma imprimis popularum. Copenhagen. 274 pp. Pace, R. 1989. Aleocharinae neotropiche del Museo Ungherese di Storia Naturale (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 81:53-107. Pace, R. 1990. Nuovi Falagriini. Hoplandriini ed Aleocharini della Regione Neotropica (Coleoptera. Staphylinidae) (LXXX contribute alia conoscenza della Aleocharinae). Gion Ital. Entomol. 5:157-180. Paykull, G. 1789. Monographia staphylinorum Sueciae. Upsala, 81 pp. Say, T. 1830-1834. Descriptions of new species of North American insects and obser- vations on some of the species already described. New Harmony, Indiana. 81 pp. (1833:58-73] Sharp, D. 1883. Biologia Centrali-Americana: Insecta, Coleoptera. 1 (pt. 2): 145-3 12. London. BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY OF THE SUBGENUS IXODIOPSIS (ACARI: IXO- DIDAE: IXODES). R.G. Robbins & J.E. Keirans. 1992. Thomas Say Fd., Entomol. Soc. Amer. 159 pp. $25.00 ESA member. S40.00 other. The publisher states this is the first cladistic analysis within the Ixodidae and the first quantitative investigation of/xocles. For the seven species ofLcodiopsis, all known host and distributional data are summarized, and dichotomous identification keys, accompanied by scanning electron photomicrographs, are provided. CLASSIFICATION. CLADISTICS. AND NATURAL HISTORY OF NATIVE NORTH AMERICAN HARPALUS LATREILLE (INSECTA: COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE: HARPALINI). EXCLUDING SUBGENERA GLANODES AND PSEUDOPHONUS. G.R. Noonan. 1991. Thomas Say Fd., Entomol. Soc. Amer. 310 pp. $30.00 ESA member. $50.00 other. This work revises the native North American species ofHarpalus and includes keys to separate all North American members of the genus from those of othergenera of No. Amer. Harpalini. 68 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS EGG SURFACE ULTRASTRUCTURE IN MANTISPA INTERRUPTA (NEUROPTERA: MANTIS PI DAE)1 Bruce Cutler^ ABSTRACT: The eggchorion ofMantispa interrupta was examined by scanning and trans- mission electron microscopy. The egg surface consists of reticulations connected by bridges that rise from the inner chorion surface. The egg stalk surface is featureless even at high magnifications. This same morphology is seen in the Chrysopidae, as reported by Hinton(1981). The eggs of mantispids are white ovals on short stalks and are found on the undersides of exposed surfaces, such as leaves and anthropogenic structures (Kuroko 1961; Redborg and MacLeod 1983, 1984, 1985; Rice 1986). They greatly resemble those of Chrysopidae, except that the stalks are rarely more than 2-3 times the length of the egg and usually less. Illus- trations of gross morphology are found in Hungerford (1936), Kuroko (1961), and Merti ( 1940). METHODS A female Mantispa interrupta Say was found on West Campus, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Douglas County, Kansas, on October 13, 1990, laying eggs on a slightly curled red leaf of a 3 m tall planted sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall). Accessible leaves were examined for 90 minutes, but no additional Mantispa were found. The Mantispa female was enclosed in a glass container with the sides lined with chroma- tography paper. Eggs were laid in the laboratory on October 1 5, 20, 27, 30, November 3, 9, 1 3. The female died November 14. Larval emergence was from 13-17 days after laying. Approximate egg counts were 200-300 per batch, with a total of about 1500. Eggs to be fixed were cut out of the main batch of eggs along with the chromatography paper to which the stalks were fastened. Fixation was in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M, 7.3 pH sodium cacodylate buffer at room temperature for 1 hour, followed by fresh fixative at 4°C for 2-3 days. For scanning electron microscopy, eggs were then rinsed in buffer, run through a dehydration series of ethanol to 100% ethanol, then placed in two 10 minute changes of HMDS (hexamethyldisilazane) and air 1 Received August 24, 1992. Accepted October 19, 1992 2 Electron Microscopy Laboratory and Department of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-2106 ENT. NEWS 104(2): 68-72, March & April, 1993 Vol. 104, No. 2, March & April, 1993 69 dried from the HMDS. Many eggs, regardless of developmental stage, were subsequently seen to be collapsed. A few remained intact, and these were the ones studied. In retrospect, critical point drying would probably have produced greater numbers of non-collapsed eggs. The paper con- taining the eggs was glued to a stub and sputter-coated with 200-250 A of gold-palladium alloy. Specimens were examined with a Philips 501 scanning electron microscope. For transmission electron microscopy, eggs were rinsed in buffer, postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide in the same buffer at 4°C for 2.5 hours. After rinsing in buffer, eggs were dehydrated in an ethanol series to 100% ethanol, followed by 100% acetone and ultimately embedded in the epoxy resin, EM-BED 812 (Electron Microscopy Sciences). Silver to silver-gold sections were cut with a diamond knife, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and examined with a JEOL 1 200 EX II transmis- sion electron microscope. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The surface of the eggs of Mantispa interrupta was virtually identical to that of Chrysopa species illustrated by Hinton (1981, figs. 50A-E). Figure 1 shows a whole egg in side view. The micropyle is also very similar to the micropyle of Chrysopa, and the reticulations of the mic- ropyle are identical to those of the general egg surface. The only pub- lished electron micrograph of a Mantispa egg is Hinton's fig. 50F, showing a view of the side surface ofM interrupta. The reticular surface is clearly identical to that of figure 3 here. Figure 2 shows the base of the stalk and the posterior pole of the egg. As in the Chrysopa egg in Hinton's fig. 50E, the reticulations disappear at the base of the stalk, which is featureless at magnification up to 20,OOOX. Figure 4 shows the details of chorionic structure in cross section. The outer reticulations and inner chorion give no indication of an aeropyle. The reticulations are essen- tially solid and arise from a solid layer sitting on the inner chorion. The outer portion of the reticulations is more electron lucent than the base, and this less dense appearing material also forms the bridges. The inner chorion consists of two layers of chorionin bridged by pillars. Nowhere in examined sections are there connections between the spaces between pillars and the outside. Similar inner (but not outer) chorionic structure is found in the stick insect Carausius (Hinton, 1981, fig. 180A). In Car- ausius the pillars arise from the inner layer and are capped at the outer end. In Mantispa the pillars appear to arise from both layers and join in the middle. Hinton ( 198 1 ) refers to transmission electron micrographs of Chrysopa, but does not illustrate them. His statement that "there is no 70 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS space for a film of air" implies that the outer chorionic layer sits on the inner as inMantispa. To reiterate, the resemblance to the eggs ofChrysopa is great. Certainly, on the basis of the ultrastructure of the egg surface of those species of Chrysopidae and Mantispidae examined, one could not distinguish one family from the other. Figures 1-2. Mantispa interrupta egg. 1. Side view of egg, S = stalk, M = micropyle, scale line = 100 |jm. 2. Base of egg stalk(s), scale line = 10pm. Vol. 104, No. 2, March & April, 1993 71 Figures 3-4. Mantispa intemtpta egg: chorion structure. 3. Surface view, R = reticulation, B = bridges, scale line - 1 u. 4. Section through chorion, see text for detailed explanation. R = reticulation, B = bridge, I = inner chorion, P = pillars, scale = 0.2 urn. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Kevin Hoffman, Clemson University, South Carolina, for iden- tifying the Mantispa; and Hank Guarisco, Kansas Biological Survey, for sharing informa- tion and reviewing the manuscript. Byron Alexander, University of Kansas, also reviewed the manuscript. The adult female specimen and some eggs and larvae are deposited in the Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas, voucher number BC 101390. 72 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LITERATURE CITED Hinton, H. E. 1981. Biology of Insect Eggs, v. I, II, III. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1125 pp. Hungerford, H. B. 1936. The Mantispidae of the Douglas Lake, Michigan Region, with some biological observations (Neurop.). Entomol. News 47:69-72; 85-87, plate 1. Kuroko, H. 1961. On the eggs and first instar larvae of two species of Mantispidae. Esakia 3: 25-32, plates 10-14. Merti, C. 1940. Contribucion al estudio de Mantispa decorata Erd. (Hemip. Cor.). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 10: 304-307. Redborg, K. E. and E. G. MacLeod 1983. Climaciella brunnea (Neuroptera: Mantis- pidae): a mantispid that obligately boards spiders. Jour. Natural History 17: 63-73. . 1984. Maintenance feeding of first instar mantispid larvae (Neuroptera, Mantispidae) on spider (Arachnida, Araneae) hemolymph. Jour. Arachnology 13: 139-140. _. 1985. The developmental ecology of Mantispa uhleri Banks (Neuroptera: Mantispidae). 111. Biol. Monograph 53, 130 pp. Rice, M. E. 1986. Communal oviposition by Mantispa fuscicon. is (Say) (Neuroptera: Man- tispidae) and subsequent larval parasitism on spiders (Arachnidae: Araneida) in south Texas. Jour. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 59: 121-126. BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED THE HOT-BLOODED INSECTS. B. Heinrich. 1993. Harvard Univ. Press. 597 pp. $75.00 This author of Bumblebee Economics and Ravens in Winter presents here what is now known about thermoregulation in all of the major insect groups, offering new insights into physiology, ecology, and evolution. By describing the environmental opportunites and challenges faced by a wide range of insect life, Heinrich attempts to explain their great variety of physiological and behavioral adaptations for survival in their world. INSECT PATHOLOGY. Y. Tanada & H.K. Kaya. 1993. Academic Press. 666 pp. Originally intended as an update of Steinhaus' 1949 text, "Principles of Insect Pathol- ogy", this book developed into a new text on insect pathology, on the different types of dis- eases in insects, and on their biological control. Each of the 16 chapters ends with a very comprehensive listing of additional references. THE BIOLOGY OF MOSQUITOES. Volume 1. DEVELOPMENT, NUTRITION, AND REPRODUCTION. A.N. Clements. 1992. Chapman & Hall. 509 pp. $99.50 This is the first of two volumes arising from the rewriting of "The Physiology of Mos- quitoes", published in 1963, so it is written from the viewpoint of a physiologist. This first volume covers subjects such as genetics, embryology, larval biology, growth & develop- ment, metamorphosis, adult physiology, and nutrition of adults and larvae. Vol. 104, No. 2, March & April, 1993 73 A RECLARIFICATION OF THE MALES OF ALLOPERLA CONCOLOR AND A. NEGLECTA (PLECOPTERA : CHLOROPERLIDAE), WITH NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS FOR BOTH SPECIES1 Boris C. Kondratieff,2 Ralph F. Kirchner3 ABSTRACT: Historically, there has been confusion concerning the identification of Alloperla concolor Ricker and Alloperla neglecta Prison. Studies of types and specimens determined by S.W. Hitchcock (United States National Museum of Natural History), T.H. Prison (Illinois Natural History Survey), and material in the author's collections revealed new characters allowing for accurate separation. Figures of the male epiproct of both species showing specific details are presented. New distribution records are also noted. Adults of the genus Alloperla are generally recognized by their deli- cate habitus and lime green or yellow coloration in vivo. Presently, this genus includes 28 Nearctic species. Many of these species are regionally endemic and often are only locally abundant. Ricker (1935) described Alloperla concolor from Homing's Mills, Ontario, Canada based on a male and two females. Prison, also in 1935 described Alloperla neglecta from North Carolina near Newfound Gap based on three males. In 1942, Prison synonymized A. concolor, after con- cluding that this species was "specifically identical with neglecta." Ricker apparently concurred with this opinion. However, Hitchcock (1968) pre- sented morphological evidence that Alloperla concolor was a valid species, based on the shape of the male epiproct. He again in 1974 men- tioned that both species were specifically distinct, based on the charac- ters of the epiproct, Surdick (1985) listed A. concolor as being north- eastern in distribution and A. neglecta restricted to the southern Appa- lachian Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. After we collected specimens of A. concolor from West Virginia in 1990, a review of the taxonomic status of both species was undertaken. Types of both species were examined, but unfortunately the male terminalia of the holotype of A. concolor had been lost (G. W. Wiggins, Royal Ontario Museum, personal communication). Additionally, 1 Received September 15, 1992. Accepted September 16. 1992 2 Department of Entomology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 3 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Water Quality Section (ED-HW), 502 8th Street. Hunt- ington. West Virginia 25701 4 The views of the second author do not purport to reflect the position of the Depart- ment of the Army or the Department of Defense. ENT. NEWS 104(2): 73-78. March & April. 1993 74 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS material determined by Hitchcock (United States National Museum of Natural History) and Prison (Illinois Natural History Survey) were also examined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Figs. 1-6 illustrate the apex of the epiproct of both species. Contrary to Hitchcock's (1968) observations that the epiproct of A. neglecta lacked distal serration, both species have these serrations (Fig. 1 ). In lateral view the epiproct of A. concolor resembles the head of a duck, flattened and forming a distinct serrated edge at the top (Figs. 2A, 3), whereas A. neglecta has subparallel margins with the tip rounded (Figs. 2B, 5). In dorsal aspect the epiproct of A. concolor is nearly as wide as long, but in A. neglecta the epiproct is two times as long as wide (Figs. IB, 5, 6). Speci- mens collected from southwestern Virginia, which were thought to be Alloperla concolor by Kondratieff and Kirchner (1987), are A. neglecta. This represents a northern range extension. The records of A. concolor from West Virginia represent a new state record and a southern range extension for this species. Map 1 indicates the recorded distribution of both species, including the records listed below. 1 A 1 B Fig. I. Apex of epiproct, dorsal view. A. A. concolor: B.. A. neglecta. Vol. 104, No. 2, March & April, 1993 75 B Fig. 2. Epiproct, lateral view. A., A. concolor; B.,A. neglecta. Material Examined: Alloperla concolor: Ontario, Canada: Homing's Mills, 1 m pinned (holotype), 2 f pinned. Connecticut: Hartland, 14-VM966, SW Hitchcock, 1 m, 1 f. Barkhamstead, 1 -VI- 1967, SW Hitchcock, 4 m 3 f. New Hampshire: North Woodstock, 13-V1-1964, SW Hitchcock, 3 m, 8 f. West Virginia: Nicholas Co., near Richwood. North Fork Cherry River, 14- V- 1990, B. C. KondratiefT, J. L. Welch & R. F. Kirchner, 2 m. 1 f; same but 2-V1- 1992, 1 m. Alloperla neglecta: North Carolina: Swain Co., (near) Newfound Gap. 3560 ft, 28-V- 1934, TH Prison, 1 m (pararype); Haywood Co., Shining Rock Natl. Rec. Area, East Fork Little Pigeon River, 17-V-1983, BC Kondratieff & RF Kirchner, 18 m; same but 23- V- 1990, BC Kondratieff, RF Kirchner & JL Welch, 7 m, 6 f. Tennessee: Sevier Co., (West Prong) Little Pigeon River, (near) Newfound Gap, 14-V-1939, TH Prison & HH Ross, 4 m; Sevier Co., Gatlinburg, 14- VI- 1940, TH Prison etal. 1 m 5 f. Virginia: Grayson Co., Lewis Fork. 2-VII-1978, RF Kirchner & GT Voreh, 4 m; same but 18-V-1990, BC Kondratieff. RF Kirchner & JL Welch, 58 m, 35 f. 76 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS *.& Figs. 3-6. Epiproct,/! concolor; 3. Lateral (680X), 4. apex, dorsal view (81 OX). A. neglecta; 5. lateral (600X), 6. apex, dorsal view (925X). Vol. 104, No. 2, March & April, 1993 77 Map 1. Distribution of /I. concolor (•), A. neglecta (•). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Oliver S. Flint, Jr. (United States Museum of Natural History), Glenn B. Wiggins (Royal Ontario Museum), and Kathryn C. McGiffen (Illinois Natural History Survey) for providing critical material for study. Additionally, we appreciate the comments on this project by the participants of the XI International Symposium on Plecoptera (August 17-20), Tomahawk, Wisconsin. 78 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LITERATURE CITED Prison, T. H. 1935. New North American species of the genus Alloperla (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 61: 331-344. Prison, T. H. 1942. Studies of North American Plecoptera with special reference to the fauna of Illinois. Bull. Illinois Nat. Hist. Sur. 22: 235-355. Hitchcock, S. W. \968.Alloperla (Chloroperlidae: Plecoptera) of the Northeast with a key to species. J. New York Entomol. Soc. 76: 39-46. Hitchcock, S. W. 1974. Guide to the Insects of Connecticut. Part VII. The Plecoptera or stoneflies of Connecticut. State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut, Department of Environmental Protection. Bull. 107. 262 pp. Kondratieff, B. C. and R. P. Kirchner. 1987. Additions, taxonomic corrections, and faunal affinities of the stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Virginia, USA. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 89: 24-30. Ricker, W. E. 1935. New Canadian perlids (Part II). Can. Entomol. 67: 256-264. Surdick, R. P. 1985. Nearctic genera of Chloroperlinae (Plecoptera: Choroperlidae). Illinois Biol. Monogr. 54: 146 pp. BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED CATERPILLARS. ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY CONSTRAINTS ON FORAGING. N.E. Stamp and T.M. Casey, eds. 1993. Chapman & Hall. 587 pp. $75.00 This volume provides a framework for a unified theory of foraging, taking into account how two or more constraints influence caterpillars. Ranging from behavioral and nutri- tional ecology to insect physiology and biophysics, it will serve as a valuable resource for courses in insect-plant interactions, insect ecology, population and community ecology, and biological control. INSECT LEARNING. ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES. D.R. Papaj and A.C. Lewis, eds. 1993. Chapman & Hall. 398 pp. $54.95 This volume challenges the widespread view that insect behavior is rigidly pro- grammed and inflexible. There is increasing recognition that there is plasticity in the behavior of insects that can be explained only by learning. This book surveys a number of studies on the ecology, evolution, and mechanisms of learning in a number of insect species, both social and non-social. Vol. 104, No. 2, March & April, 1993 79 NEW RECORDS OF SPIDERS (ARANEAE) FROM CAPE COD, MASSACHUSETTS, INCLUDING TWO POSSIBLE EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS1 Robert L. Edwards2 ABSTRACT: Trochosa ruricola (Lycosidae) and Lepthyphantes tenuis (Linyphiidae), the for- mer previously known only from Europe and Asia, the latter only from Europe and the west coast of North America, occur and appear to be well established on Cape Cod, Massa- chusetts, USA. Six southerly distributed species, Gladicosa pulchra, Lycosa acompa, Drassylus dixinus. Thymoites expulsa, Grammonota vitatta. and Dictyne pixi also are com- monly found here. This paper is presented as a reference to use in connection with Kas- ton's Spiders of Connecticut, revised in 1981, which is still a widely used volume and the only one of its kind. Kaston recorded 478 species of spiders in Connecticut. So far I have recorded 465 species from Cape Cod (Edwards, unpubl.). There are some uncertainties in the list, some are yet to be identified, and a few are almost certainly undescribed. After five years of intensive sampling, additions to the list continue to show up with regularity. The study area is on the southwestern tip of Cape Cod, township of Falmouth, and extends for 15 km north from the village of Woods Hole to Hatchville. The area is dominated by suburban develop- ments, salt and brackish marshes and a few extensive tracts of second growth pine and deciduous woodland. The widely distributed palearctic species, Trochosa ruricola (De Geer) is common here, with mature specimens found throughout the year. In the British Isles this species is regularly taken in the same habitats with Trochosa terricola Thorell (Roberts 1985). Trochosa ruricola and T. terricola are the most common of the four Trochosa species found in the British Isles. These two species are common on Cape Cod, occupying somewhat separate habitats. Trochosa ruricola and T. terricola are most abundant in open areas such as fields, lawns and gardens, marsh environments, and edges of woods. Trochosa ruricola is more abundant in wetter areas and closer to the shore. Both sexes and all instars of Trochosa ruricola have a claw on their palp, including the cymbium; T. terricola does not. In addition, males of T. ruricola have a unique ridge on the fang, nearer the proximal end of the anterior margin. The male palp of T. terricola has a loop near the ter- 1 Received August 27, 1992. Accepted September 22, 1992. 2 Research Associate, U.S.N.M. Home address: Box 505, Woods Hole, MA 02543. ENT. NEWS 104(2): 79-82, March & April, 1993 80 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS minus of the embolus (Brady 1979, fig. 30); whereas that of ruricola is barely curved. The epigyna of T. ruricola and T. terricola are very much alike, but the presence or absence of a claw on the female palp suffices to separate the two species. On Cape Cod, T. ruricola outnumbers T. terricola in pitfall traps by a factor of two or more. Adults of T. ruricola have been taken year round, with females carrying egg sacs taken May through July. During the day, females can be found in shallow, often silk-lined burrows in dry, matted grass, old mouse nests, and under boards and rocks. Four sacs of T. ruricola contained from 72 (July) to 17 1 (May) eggs. For further details on the diagnosis and ecology of Trochosa terricola see Brady 1979; for T. ruricola, see Roberts 1985. Lepthyphantes tenuis (Blackwall) (Linyphiidae) is commonly taken in tall grass in wet boggy areas and around pools. It has been found in association with small (± 10 cm), horizontal sheet-like webs, usually well above ground level. Mature specimens have been taken July through October. Immatures could easily be mistaken for those of Lepthyphantes zebra (Emerton). The genitalia of the adults are well illus- trated in Roberts 1985. This species also occurs on the west coast of North America. It has been recorded from the state of Washington by Crawford 1988, and from British Columbia, Canada by West et al 1984. There is a distinct southern element in the other species newly found on Cape Cod. The following six species illustrate this. B. J. Kaston's treatise (op. cit.) included all known New England species, but did not include these. All six species are well established on Cape Cod. Gladicosa pulchra (Keyserling) (Lycosidae) is a handsome, strikingly marked lycosid found on tree trunks, especially the rough barked trunk of pitch pine (Pinus rigida). It is also found in holes and other protective shelters on the trunks of more smoothly barked trees, such as the scarlet oak. This lycosid matures late in the summer and descends to the ground in the fall where it is taken in pitfall traps during a brief period in October and early November. Young spiders appear on tree trunks in the spring, usually before the end of April. Gladicosa pulchra has been taken as far north as Long Island, but is generally found south of the Mason-Dixon line (Brady 1986). Lycosa acompa Chamberlin is common on Cape Cod in open grassland, deciduous forest litter and old gravel pits where it is taken in pitfall traps. The few records of L. acompa in the literature suggest that it is typically a southern species. Young et al. 1989, note that it is a common species in Washington County, Misssissippi. Drassyllus dixinus Chamberlin (Gnaphosidae) is taken from June to August as adults in pitfall traps in old fields. The northernmost pub- Vol. 104, No. 2, March & April, 1993 81 lished record is for Patrole, Maryland, (Platnick and Shadab, 1982). Tymoites expulsa Gertsch and Mulaik(Theridiidae) is found on dune grass in the salt marsh near the ocean. Adults have been found in the spring and fall. When Levi (1957) revised the genus, the northernmost record was from North Carolina. Grammonota vitatta Barrows (Linyphiidae) has been regularly col- lected as immatures and adults along the edges of brackish and fresh- water marshes during the colder months of the year. Previously, the northernmost record was the type locality. Cape May, New Jersey, ( Bishop etal 1932). Dictynapixi Chamberlin and Gertsch (Dictynidae) adults have been taken in June by sweeping old fields dominated by such forbs as false indigo and sweet fern. Immatures and subadults have been taken in pit- fall traps in October. The type locality is Washington Crossing, New Jersey; and it has been recorded from North Carolina, Arkansas, and Michigan (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958). The erigonines constitute about 20% of the total spider fauna in the study area (Edwards, unpubl.). One species Kaston considered ubi- quitous and extremely common in Connecticut, Ceraticelusfissiceps (O. P.-Cambridge), has yet to be taken in the study area. On Cape Cod, apparently C. fissiceps has been replaced by C. alticeps (Fox). Sixteen species Kaston did not find in Connecticut but from Massachusetts or farther north have been taken on Cape Cod. And among the erigonines he recorded from Long Island and/or further south but not Connecticut or elsewhere in New England are Grammonota maculata Banks, G. pallipes Banks and Ceraticelus laticeps (Emerton). All are found on Cape Cod and are common. These data also suggest that there may be a ten- dency for more southerly distributed species to extend their range northward along the coast. With regard to the possible immigrants from Europe, it is a matter of record that this region has been studied and collected by individuals interested in spiders for over 100 years. Earlier investigators might have missed Lepthyphantes tennis. It is a small spider and could easily have been misidentified as one of the other two common Lepthyphantes species. The relatively large size and abundance today of Trochosa ruricola, as well as the lack of records elsewhere in New England, sug- gests a more recent arrival. Since the 1 880's, Woods Hole. Cape Cod, has been an area of considerable activity, principally focused on the marine environment. The several institutions are often visited by scientists and research essels from various parts of the world, especially from Europe, thus providing many opportunities for stowaways, including spiders. 82 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was funded in part by a grant from the natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program of the State of Massachusetts. Allen Brady (Hope College) kindly provided me with the initial identifications of Trochosa ruricola and Lycosa acompa. He was most helpful in discussions of lycosid species, their diagnosis and ecology and with comments on this manuscript. Daniel Jennings (Univ. of Maine) thoroughly critiqued the final draft with his usual care and thoughtful- ness. Charles Dondale and James Redner (BRC, Canada) assisted with helpful comments, and information on the distribution ofLepthyphantestenuis. I am grateful to Vincent Roth, Portal, Arizona, who provided my first assist in coping with a number of taxonomic prob- lems concerning lycosids, and to Jonathan Coddington (USNM) for his comments and suggestions on an early draft of the paper. LITERATURE CITED Bishop, S. C. and C. R. Crosby. 1932. Studies in American spiders: the Genus Gram- monota. J. New York Ent. Soc., 40:393-421. Brady, A. R. 1979. Nearctic species of the wolf spider Genus Trochosa (Araneae: Lyco- sidae). Psyche, 86(2-3): 167-2 12. 1986. Nearctic species of the new wolf spider Genus Gladicosa (Araneae:Lycosidae). Psyche, 93(3-4):285-319 Chamberlin, R. V. and W. J. Gertsch. 1958. The spider family Dictynidae in America north of Mexico. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., 116(1):1-152. Crawford, R. L. 1988. An annotated checklist of the spiders of Washington. Burke Mus. Cont. in Anthropology and Nat. Hist. No. 5:1-48. Kaston, B. J. 1981. Spiders of Connecticut (rev. ed.). Connecticut St. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull., 70:1-1020. Levi, H. W. 1957. The spider Genera Enoplognatha, Theridion, and Paidisca in America north of Mexico (Araneae: Theridiidae). Bull. American Mus. NaL Hist., 112(1):1- 124. Platnick, N. L. and M. U. Shadab 1982. A revision of the American spiders of the genus Drassylus (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., 173(l):l-97. Roberts, M. J. 1985-1987. The Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. 3 volumes, 1 : 1-229; 2: 1- 204; 3:1-256. Harley Books, Essex, England. West, R., C. D. Dondale and R. A. Ring. 1984. A revised checklist of the spiders (Araneae) of British Columbia. J. Ent. Soc. Brit. Columbia, 81:80-98. Young, O. P., T. C. Lockley and G. B. Edwards. 1989. Spiders of Washington County, Mississippi. J. Arachnol. 17(l):27-42. Vol. 104, No. 2, March & April, 1993 83 FIRST KARYOTYPIC DATA ON A CUPEDID BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: ARCHOSTEMATA) SHOWING ACHIASMATIC MEIOSIS1 J. Galian^^ j.p. Lawrence^ ABSTRACT: The chromosomes of a species of Cupedidae, Distocupes varians (Lea) were studied for the first time. The male diploid chromosome number of the species is 2n = 19 and the male sex chromosome system is of the XO type. The presence of 9 pairs of autosomes agrees with the hypothesis that suggests that this number is the ancestral condi- tion for the whole Order Coleoptera. On the other hand the analysis of the spermatogenesis reveals an achiasmatic meiosis pattern. The occurrence of this kind of meiosis in Cupedidae (never recorded in Polyphaga, but present in some groups of Adephaga) is in agreement with hypotheses that relate Archostemata with Adephaga. The suborder Archostemata is a primitive group of beetles which includes three families, Cupedidae, Micromalthidae and Ommatidae (Lawrence etal. 1987). The only species of Micromalthidae so far karyo- typically studied is Micromalthus debilis LeConte (Scott, 1936, 1941) which has haplodiploidy, males with n = 10 and females with 2n = 20. The family Cupedidae has 25 species worldwide and is represented in Australia by the monotypic genus Distocupes and four species ofAdino- lepis (Neboiss, 1984). To date nothing has been published on the karyo- types of these species. The relationships between Archostemata and the other three subor- ders of Coleoptera are still in dispute. Crowson (1955, 1960) considers that there are three ancestral stocks: Archostemata, Adephaga and Myx- ophaga plus Polyphaga. Lawrence and Newton (1982) and Kukalova- Peck and Lawrence (in press) suggest that Archostemata, Myxophaga and Adephaga may form a monophyletic group based on wing venation and folding. In the present paper information on the chromosomes of the species Distocupes varians (Lea) is reported and the relationships of its karyotype with those of the other suborders is discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five individuals of Distocupes varians were collected in December 1 Received June 1 1992. Accepted September 26, 1992 2 CSIRO Division of Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia 3 Departamento de Biologia Animal y Ecologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Apdo. 4021, Murcia 30071, Spain ENT. NEWS 104(2): 83-87, March & April, 1993 84 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 1990 from a permanent colony living in a garden in O'Connor, Can- berra, Australia. The beetles are deposited in the Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra. Male specimens wre injected with a 0.04 M sodium acetate plus 0.05% colchicine solution for ten minutes and then anesthetized. The testes were dissected out, fixed in 3:1 ethanol: acetic acid solution, and then squashed in a drop of 1% lacto-propionic orcein. RESULTS The male diploid chromosome number of Distocupes varians is 2n = 19 with nine pairs of autosomes plus X. The karyogram made from metaphase II cells (Fig. 1 ) shows 9 pairs of metacentric and submetacen- tric chromosomes gradually decreasing in size. The X chromosome seems to be a metacentric element about the size of the second pair. In meiosis during early prophase I the homologues condense (Fig. 2, 3) and at zygotene the central regions of the bivalents, probably of heterochromatic nature, are heavily stained while the rest is weakly stained (Fig. 3). During pachytene (Fig. 4) to metaphase I (Fig. 5) the homologues remain in parallel alignment without showing any trace of chiasmata. Homologous centromeres appear more deeply separated in some bivalents (Fig. 5). The onset of anaphase I is denoted by a parallel separation of homologues, which is delayed in the telomeric regions of some bivalents (Fig. 6). At prophase II chromosomes appear as single structures (Fig. 7). The two chromatids are seen again at metaphase II, but they remain parallel instead of the typical cruciform figure due to chromatid repulsion (Fig. 8). The X chromosome condenses pre- cociously (Fig. 4) and moves undivided to one pole at anaphase I, and divides its chromatids during anaphase II. During specimens preparation, the testes of this species were found to be of the normal follicular type, in which a number of small sperm tubes are attached individually to the vas deferens (Snodgrass, 1935), rather than the tubular type (Jeannel, 1941), which consists of a single, coiled tube. This feature is of phylogenetic importance (see below). DISCUSSION Male meiosis of Distocupes varians resembles the achiasmatic pattern that was previously described in Adephaga (Carabidae:Bembidiini, Pogonini and perhaps Harpalini) by Serrano ( 1 98 1 a). Since achiasmatic meiosis is considered to have evolved secondarily (John, 1990), this character represents a specialized condition within the Cupedidae, an Vol. 104, No. 2, March & April. 1993 85 unexpected result in view of the supposed archaic nature of the group. However, it may also be considered as a latent tendency of the first coleopterans that may appear in particular groups or species. Given the lack of reports of achiasmatic meiosis in the suborder Polyphaga, in spite of the large number of species studied (2000 in Smith and Virkki, 1978, and many more since then), the occurrence of this kind of meiosis is in agreement with the hypotheses that relate the suborder Archo- stemata with the suborder Adephaga (Lawrence and Newton, 1982; Kukalova-Peck and Lawrence, in press). I * ' * P 3 f U • 3 * *r : 4 * / + + i" \f <:v> w « f 8 Chromosomes of Distocupes varians. Figure 1. Karyogram made from two metaphase II cells with n = 9 + X (above) and n = 9 (below). Figure 2. Early zygotene. Figure 3. Zygotene. Figure 4. Postpachytene stage. Note the precocious condensation of the X chromosome. Figure 5. Metaphase I. Figure 6. Anaphase I. Figure 7. Prophase II with n = 9 (left) and n = 9 + X (right). Figure 8 Metaphase II. Arrows show the X chromosome. The bar equals 5 um. 86 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS On the other hand, the chromosome number of Distocupes varians 2n = 19, is very close to that found in other primitive coleopteran groups (Table 1), thus supporting the hypothesis that the 2n = 20 karyotype is ancestral for the Order Coleoptera, and that higher numbers developed thereafter in the adephagan and polyphagan stocks, with disappearance of the ancestral karyotype in modern Adephaga. If the lack of the typical polyphagan Xyp sex-chromosome mecha- nism in D. varians is corroborated in other species of Archostemata, it will indicate that this system is characteristic of the suborder Polyphaga but is not found in the other suborders of Coleoptera (Table 1 ). Thus the Xyp system evolved when Polyphaga became separated from the other suborders and represents an apomorphy for the suborder. Finally, the occurrence of follicular testes in D. varians, as well as in two other Cupedidae, Priacma serrata LeConte and Prolixocupes lobiceps Table 1. Chromosome numbers in Coleoptera Suborder Species References(*) ARCHOSTEMATA CUPEDIDAE MICROMALTHIDAE MYXOPHAGA ADEPHAGA POLYPHAGA Distocupes varians n (cf ) = 9 + X 2n (cf) = 19 Male achiasmatic meiosis Micromalthus debilis n (cf) = 10 2n (9) = 20 Sex-chromosome mechanism by haplo-diploidy (arrhenotoky) Ytu zeus n(cf) = 9 + XY 2n (cf ) = 20 Ancestral karyotype n(cf) = 18 + X 2n (cf ) = 37 Ancestral karyotype n (cf ) = 9 + Xyp (parachute) 2n (cf ) = 20 (*) 1, Present study; 2, Scott (1936); 3, Mesa and Fontanetti (1985); 4, Serrano (1981b); 5, Smith and Virkki ( 1978). Vol. 104, No. 2, March & April, 1993 87 (LeConte) (K.W. Cooper, pers. comm.) conflicts with the reports of tubular testes in Prolixocupes latreillei (Solier) and also in Tetraphalerus wagneri Waterhouse (family Ommatidae) (Vidal-Sarmiento, 1969). It appears that tubular and follicular testes, which characterize Adephaga and Polyphaga, respectively, both occur within the suborder Archo- stemata. If this is the case, it suggests that modern Archostemata are not monophyletic or that this character has undergone reversal. However, more data is needed to confirm the presence of tubular testes in either Ommatidae or Cupedidae. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to K. Houston for providing the material and J. Serrano, M. Horak and T. A Weir for their valuable comments on the manuscript. J. Galian was supported by a post- doctoral grant (PF91-22936091) of the Spanish Government for staying in Australia. LITERATURE CITED Crowson, R.A. 1955. The natural classification of the families of Coleoptera. London. Crowson, R.A. 1960. The phylogeny of Coleoptera. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 5: 1 1 1-134. John, B. 1990. Meiosis. Cambridge Univ. Press. Cambridge. Jeannel, R. 1941. Faune de France. 39. Coleopteres Carabiques. Premiere Parte. Le- chevalier. Paris. Kukalova-Peck, J. and J.F. Lawrence, (in press). Evolution of the hind wing in Coleop- tera. Can. J. Zool. Lawrence, J.F. and A.F., Jr. Newton. 1982. Evolution and classification of beetles. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 13: 261-290. Lawrence, J.F., T.A. Weir, and J.E. Pyke. 1987. Archostemata and Myxophaga. In: Zoological catalogue of Australia. Volume 4. Coleoptera: Archostemata, Myxophaga and Adephaga. D.W. Walton (ed.). Pp. 6-16. Australian Government Publishing Ser- vice. Canberra. Mesa, A., and C.S. Fontanetti. 1985. The chromosomes of a primitive species of beetle: Ytu zeus (Coleoptera, Myxophaga, Torridincolidae). Proc. Acad. Natl. Sci. Philadelphia 137: 102-105. Neboiss, A. 1984. Reclassification of Cupes Fabricius (s. lat.), with description of new genera and species (Cupedidae: Coleoptera). Syst. Entomol. 9: 443-447. Scott, A.C. 1936. Haploidy and aberrant spermatogenesis in a Coleopteran, Micromalthus debilis Leconte. J. Morphol. 59: 485-515. Scott, A.C. 1941. Reversal of sex production in Micromalthus. Biol. Bull. 81: 420-431. Serrano, J. 198 la. Male achiasmatic meiosis in Caraboidea (Coleoptera, Adephaga). Genetica57: 121-137. Serrano, J. 1981b. Chromosome numbers and karyotypic evolution of Caraboidea. Genetica 55: 51-60. Smith, S.G. and N. Virkki. 1978. Animal cytogenetics 3, Insecta 5, Coleoptera. Born- traeger. Berlin. Snodgrass, R.E. 1935. Principles of Insect Morphology. McGraw-Hill. New York. Vidal-Sarmiento, J.A. 1969. El sistema reproductor masculino y organos de copulacion en Cupesidae (Coleoptera-Archostemata). Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 31: 43-48. 88 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS AN ECOTONAL STUDY OF CARRION BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SILPHIDAE) IN THE GREAT SWAMP NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE, NEW JERSEY1 Paul P. Shubeck2 ABSTRACT: Carrion beetles were collected in chicken breast baited traps situated at 15 meter intervals, along a 60 m base line intersecting a woodland and field in Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, NJ. There was no evidence, for any species, of a declining linear gradient in numbers of carrion beetles from their preferred to their secondary habitat. An abrupt edge effect was noted for one species, Nicrophonts orbicollis. which was taken in the woodland and at the woodland/field interface, but not in the field proper. On the other hand, Necrophila americana, Oiceoptoma noveboracense, and Oiceoptema inaequale were each approximately equally abundant on either side of the actual interface of their pre- ferred and secondary habitat. Furthermore, this junction zone (ecotone) may end between 15 m and 30 m into the field for Necrophila americana since it was found to be significantly more abundant at 30 m into the field (its preferred habitat). Two previous studies have shown that carrion beetles (Silphidae) manifest slight to strong preferences for particular habitats. Anderson (1982) observed species preferences, in Canada, for coniferous forests, deciduous forests, fields and marshes. Shubeck (1983) observed species preferences when trapping carrion beetles in woodland, field, and marsh habitats in NJ. These findings are especially interesting in view of an earlier study which showed there is much random flight when carrion beetles search for carrion (Shubeck, 1968). In the New Jersey study it had been found that eight species of carrion beetles had slight or strong pre- ferences for woodland or field habitats. Only 5% of the individuals were taken in a marsh. Neither of the above habitat studies discussed ecotonal aspects of boundaries between habitats. According to Odum ( 197 1 ), "An ecotone is a transition between two or more diverse communities as, for example, between forest and grassland ..." He further stated, "It is a junction zone or tension belt which may have considerable linear extent but is narrower than the adjoining community areas themselves." In this current study an attempt was made to determine what influence, if any, the ecotone might have on carrion beetle populations in terms of numbers. Specific objectives included an attempt to deter- mine if there might be (1) a declining linear gradient in numbers of car- 1 Received September 11, 1992. Accepted September 16, 1992. Biology Department, Montclair State College, Upper Montclair, New Jersey 07043. Present Address: 65 Pleasantview Ave., New Providence, NJ 07974. ENT. NEWS 104(2): 88-92. March & April. 1993 Vol. 104, No. 2, March & April, 1993 89 rion beetles, along a base line, from the preferred habitat to the sec- ondary habitat, and (2) an abrupt drop in numbers at the interface be- tween the preferred habitat and the secondary habitat. In other words, does the change occur at the interface itself or at 15 or 30 m inside of either habitat. The study was conducted in the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, Basking Ridge, NJ. Collections were made during June, July and August 1984, and April and May 1985. MATERIALS AND METHODS Carrion beetles were trapped in five No. 10 food cans (3.78 1 ), each of which was concealed in a wooden box having 1.27 cm wire mesh at the top and a rain cover 5 cm over the opening. These have been described elsewhere (Shubeck, 1976). A base line of 60 meters length was estab- lished which intersected the boundary at which a deciduous woodland and an old field were adjacent to each other. These habitats have been described in a previous paper (Shubeck, 1983). The five traps were situated along the base line so that one trap was 30 m into the woodland, a second was 1 5 m into the woods, a third was at the edge of the woods where the field began, a fourth 1 5 m into the field, and a fifth was 30 m into the field. One chicken breast was placed in each trap a week before the first collection, a second added when collections began, and each week thereafter the older in each trap was replaced with a fresh chicken breast. Traps were examined each week, carrion beetles were removed, iden- tified, and the data recorded. There was a total of 2 1 weekly collections — 12 during June, July, and August in 1984, and 9 during April and May in 1985. A previous study (Shubeck et a/., 1981), which ran from April through November, had shown that over 98% of silphids collected in Great Swamp were taken from early April through August. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 1,173 carrion beetles (Silphidae) was collected during this study (Table 1). In rank order of abundance they were: 1. Necrophila americana (525); 2. Oiceoptoma noveboracense (349); 3. Oiceoptoma inae- quale (206); 4. Nicrophorus orbicollis (66); 5. Nicrophorus tomentosus ( 1 2); 6. Nicrophorus pustulatus (6); 7. Necrodes surinamensis (5); 8. Nicrophorus marginatus (4). In view of the small numbers for the last 4 species this analysis and discussion will be limited to the four most abundant species whose larger numbers may be treated statistically. Table 1 shows total numbers, for 1984 and 1985, of species trapped 90 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS along the base line intersecting the woodland and field interface. The data, for each species, show how many beetles were trapped 30 m into the woodland habitat, 15 m into the woodland, at the edge of woodland/ field, 15 m into the field, and 30 m into the field. Table 1 shows that no species exhibits a linear gradient in numbers collected from their preferred to their secondary habitat. Even the 4 species found in low numbers seem to bear this out (Table 1). Only for Nicrophorus orbicollis was an abrupt edge effect noted. This species was trapped in approximately equal numbers at the edge of the woodland, and at 1 5, as well as 30 m into the wooded area. No individual of this species was taken within the field proper. These data seem to indi- cate that for jV. orbicollis, the interface of its woodland habitat with a field can be a very real "barrier," or edge, beyond which this species seldom ventures in search for food. Although in a previous habitat study (Shubeck, 1983) 10 of a total of 73 individuals (13.7%) were taken in the field, the great majority (86.3%) was collected in the forest — their pre- ferred habitat. On the other hand, the 3 most abundant species behaved very dif- ferently. Necrophila americana, Oiceoptoma noveboracense, and Oiceop- toma inaequale were captured in somewhat similar numbers along the base line (with the possible exception of TV. americana since 30% of its numbers were taken 30 m into the field). It seems clear for these species there is a definite ecotone, or zone, which extends from within one habitat, across the edge into its adjacent habitat. Within this zone it appears these beetles were approximately equally abundant on either side of the actual interface of the preferred and the secondary habitat. In order to support this observation the chi square statistic was used to determine if the numbers of individuals from each of these 3 species, taken on either side of the interface (i.e. forest vs. field) were significantly different. The total number of individuals collected at 15 m and at 30 m into the forest was compared with the total number collected at 1 5 m and 30 m into the field for each of these species respectively. It was found there was no significant difference in the total number taken on either side of the actual interface (but within the 60 m wide margin tested) in the case of 2 species; Oiceoptoma noveboracense (X2 = 1.39, df = 1, P > .2) Table 1, Oiceoptoma inaequale (X2 = 1.16, df = 1, P > .2) Table 1. Chi square analysis of Necrophila americana , on the other hand, indicated there is a significant difference in the numbers on either side of the inter- face (X2 - 9.43, df = 1, P > .01) Table 1. However, the data in Table 1 may indicate the junction zone, or tension belt (Odum, 1971), may end bet- ween 15 and 30 m into the field for this species, since it has been noted that N. americana manifested somewhat larger numbers 30 m into the Vol. 104. No. 2, March & April, 1993 91 field. Chi square treatment of the numbers when all five collections for this species are included indicate a significant difference in the numbers (X2 = 34.26, df = 4, P > 0.00 1 ). On the other hand, when the latter collec- tion numbers (30 m into the field) are excluded, and the remaining four collections are subjected to chi square analysis, no significant difference in collection numbers is noted (X2 = 0.945, df = 3, P > .8). The very obvious difference is the large number of beetles taken 30 m into the field. I believe this can be accepted as evidence that this species may have been clear of the ecotone at that point, since the field is its preferred habitat (Shubeck, 1983), and larger numbers of individuals would be expected to be there. This study appears to indicate that there is a zone (ecotone), at least 1 5-30 m wide on either side of the field/woodland interface, within which there are no significant differences in the numbers collected (on either side of the interface) of Oiceoptoma noveboracense, Oiceoptoma inaequale, and Necrophila americana. Nicrophorus orbicollis, however, seemed to manifest an abrupt edge effect in that its numbers were taken in the woods and at the interface but not in the field. It appears for this species that the habitat preference for the woods is so strong that the concept of "ecotone" may be meaningless. Table 1. Totals of carrion beetles collected (1984 & 1985) at 15 meter intervals along a base line which intersected a woodland and an adjacent field in Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, N.J. WOODS/ SILPHIDAE WOODS WOODS FIELD FIELD FIELD TOTAL 30m 15m Om 15m 30m Necrophila americana 99 86 91 91 158 (525) Oiceoptoma noveboracense 63 76 90 47 73 (349) Oiceoptoma inaequale 58 21 61 24 42 (206) Nicrophorus orbicollis 24 20 22 — — (66) Nicrophorus tomentosus — 2 5 1 4 (12) Nicrophorus pustulatus 1 — 1 2 2 (6) Necrodes surinamensis — 1 4 — — (5) Nicrophorus marginatus — 2 — — 2 (4) 92 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to Thank John Korky, Biology Department, Montclair State College, for read- ing the manuscript and offering many suggestions, and also Helen Roberts, Mathematics and Computer Science Department, Montclair State College, who reviewed the statistics and corrected some of the P values and interpretations. Their assistance is much appreciated. LITERATURE CITED Anderson, R. S. 1982. Resource partitioning in the carrion beetle (Coleoptera: Silphidae) fauna of southern Ontario: ecological and evolutionary considerations. Can. J. Zool. 60:1314-1325. Odum, E. P. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology, 3rd Edition. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. Shubeck, P. P. 1968. Orientation of carrion beetles to carrion: random or non-random? J. New York Entomol. Soc. 76:253-265. Shubeck, P. P. 1976. An alternative to pitfall traps in carrion beetle studies (Coleoptera). Entomol. News 87:176-178 Shubeck, P. P., N. M. Downie, R. L. Wenzeland S. B. Peck. 1981. Species composition and seasonal abundance of carrion beetles (Coleoptera) in an oak-beech forest in Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, N.J. Entomol. News 92:7-16. Shubeck, P. P. 1983. Habitat preferences of carrion beetles in The Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, New Jersey (Coleoptera: Silphidae, Dermestidae, Nitiduli- dae, Histeridae, Scarabaeidae). J. New York Entomol. Soc. 91:333-341. Vol. 104, No. 2, March & April, 1993 93 TECHNIQUES FOR OBTAINING ADULT-ASSOCIATED IMMATURE STAGES OF PREDACIOUS TACHYDROMIINE FLIES (DIPTERA: EMPIDOIDEA), WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR REARING AND BIOCONTROL1 J. M. Gumming, B. E. Cooper^ ABSTRACT: Gravid females of four species of tachydromiine flies, namely Mega- grapha exquisita, Platypalpus holosericus. P. aequalis. and P. melleus were induced to oviposit by decapitation. Eggs were placed on a saline nutrient agar medium prior to hatching. Ovaries containing fully mature eggs were additionally dissected from females of P. holosericus. These eggs were transferred in situ in each ovary to agar plates, where they embryonated and hatched, demonstrating parthenogenesis in this species. First instar lar- vae of all four species were held in agar medium for several weeks, and were presented with various prey organisms and other food materials. Only those that fed on Drosophila melanogaster larvae, or on each other, developed to later larval instars. In one instance, a fully mature larva of M. exquisita pupated after diapausing, and developed as far as the teneral adult stage. Implications of the results of this study are discussed in terms of the potential for obtaining taxonomic and phylogenetic information on previously unknown immature stages, and for rearing Tachydromiinae as biological control agents of agri- cultural pests. The beneficial nature of empidoid flies as predators of insect pests has long been recognized (reviewed for example by Smith, 1969, p. 18), with the potential economic importance of one subfamily, the Tachydromiinae, recently attracting considerable interest3. For exam- ple, adult tachydromiines have been identified as important regu- lators of small Diptera, Thysanoptera and aphid pests in cereal and oil seed crops (Berest, 1987; Brunei et al, 1989; Chvala, 1975; Crook and Sunderland, 1984; Jones, 1965, 1969, 1976a, 1976b; Potts and Vickerman, 1974; Stark, 1990; Stark and Wetzel, 1987; Sunderland et al. 1985), leaf- mining flies in greenhouse and field situations (Kovalev, 1966; Rotheray, 1989; Whitfield, 1925), as well as psyllids and phytophagous mites in orchards (Chvala, 1975; Fleschner and Ricker, 1953). Despite this interest, effective use of tachydromiines as biological control agents of agricultural pests has been severely hindered by a lack 1 Received July 3, 1992. Accepted September 26, 1992. 2 Biological Resources Division, Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research. Agriculture Canada, Research Branch, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1AOC6. 3 Classification of the Tachydromiinae within either the Empididae or Hybotidae is dis- cussed in Cumming and Cooper (1992). ENT. NEWS 104(2): 93-101. March & April. 1993 94 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS of information about immature stages and life histories of empidoid flies in general. For example, no empidid species has ever been successfully reared through all life stages in the laboratory. Even the informative outline of the life cycle ofEmpis tessellata Fabricius, described by Hobby and Smith (1961), was pieced together from collections of mature larvae taken from leaf litter (reared to adults) and from eggs obtained from mated females (hatched to first instar larvae). The entire literature on the structure and habits of immature stages of the Tachydromiinae, essen- tially amounts to brief descriptions of the larva of a Platypalpus species by Beling (1888), the larva and pupa of a Drapetis species by Malloch (1917), and the larva of Crossopalpus curvipes (Meigen) by Smith (1989). Smith (1989) additionally lists rearing records of adults of Crossopalpus sp. from dung, C. nigritellus (zetterstedt) from fungi, Elaphropeza ephip- piata (Fallen) from woodland soil, and Tachypeza nubila (Meigen) from fungi and under bark, indicating that the immatures of Tachydromiinae appear to occupy various terrestrial habitats. The primary purpose of this paper is to add to our knowledge of the Tachydromiinae by reporting on techniques used to obtain adult- associated immature stages and on preliminary investigations into the establishment of a rearing method for members of the subfamily, in addition, a procedure is described for determining female reproduc- tive mode. PROCEDURE AND RESULTS Rearing Method. Adult females of megagrapha exquisita (Malloch), Platypalpus holosericus Melander, P. aequalis Loew, and P. melleus Melan- der were netted locally during the summer months and placed indi- vidually in plastic tubes containing moistened tissue paper, for transport back to the laboratory4. Gravid females with fully mature eggs were induced to oviposit by decapitation, following the method described by Linley (1965) for the ceratopogonid fly species Leptoconops bequaerti (Kieffer). This was most easily achieved after slightly anaesthetizing a specimen with CC>2 and transferring it to moistened filter paper before removing the head with fine dissecting scissors. Decapitated females generally started ovipositing immediately and sometimes continued to lay eggs for up to an hour after oviposition commenced. Following oviposition, eggs from each female were transferred with a fine brush to the surface of a saline nutrient agar medium that had been allowed to set to a depth of approximately 4mmina50X9mm seal-tight 4 Voucher specimens are deposited in the Canadian National Collection of Insects and Arachnids (CNC). Vol. 104, No. 2, March & April, 1993 95 petri dish (Fig. 1). The saline nutrient agar medium used to rear specimens of Tachydromiinae was originally developed for rearing pre- dacious larvae of the ceratopogonid fly species Culicoides melleus (Coquillett) and is fully described by Linley (1985). The advantages dis- cussed by Kettle etal. (1975) in using agar to rear Culcoides larvae, and the necessity demonstrated by Linley (1985) of adding supplementary vitamins for rearing predacious larvae such as Culicoides (see below under "Food Requirements"), appear generally applicable to the rearing procedure employed here. Seal-tight petri dishes, which are designed with tight-fitting lids (Fig. 1), are a necessary modification, essential in containing the small highly motile tachydromiine larvae in the agar medium. The agar-filled petri dishes were maintained in the dark, in an environmental chamber at a constant 20° C. Darkening of the chorion of the egg on the first day denoted initiation of embryogenesis in all four species, and indicated that the eggs were either fertilized during oviposi- tion, or were developing parthenogenetically. In all four species, larval cephalic structures and segmentation usually became visible through the semi-transparent chorion towards the end of the first week after oviposition (Fig. 2), with the eggs generally hatching by the end of the second week. In some eggs of P. holosericus, hatching was delayed up to at least four weeks after oviposition without noticeable developmental effects, by keeping the eggs at 11° C. First instar larvae of all four species appeared to burrow through the agar medium easily (Figs. 3-4), and could be kept alive in the tightly sealed petri dishes with little maintainence for several weeks. Larvae seemed unaffected by fungus and bacteria, even when some older cultures became heavily contaminated with these microorganisms, and often appeared somewhat attracted to these contaminants (Fig. 6). Those that fed (see below under "Food Requirements") appeared to progress through three larval instars, as described for the distantly related empi- doid, Liancalus virens Scopoli (Vaillant, 1948). The larval growth rate for all species varied considerably as experimentation to determine food requirements progressed, although in one batch of eggs of M. exquisita, final instar larvae (Fig. 5) developed relatively rapidly, within ap- proximately five weeks from the time of hatching. Final instar larvae of all species that were still alive towards the end of the summer were cooled down and allowed to diapause at 1 ° C for three months. Most larvae sur- vived the diapause period, and in one instance, a single larva of M. exquisita pupated (without forming a cocoon) in the agar medium approximately five weeks after the temperature was increased to 15° C. Within three weeks the pupa developed to the teneral adult stage (Fig. 8), 96 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS but died before eclosion occurred. Food Requirements. Attempts were made to determine the food requirements of the larvae, since the diet of larval tachydromiines is unknown. Although never directly established, tachydromiine larvae have been assumed to be predacious (Chvala and Kovalev, 1989), based on limited observations of other empidoid species (reviewed by Smith, 1969, p. 6). First instar larvae of all four tachydromiine species were offered various small soil organisms, such as nematodes belonging to the genus Panagrellus, all stages of the oribatid mite species Oppia nitens C.L. Koch, and an inoculum of protozoans, but feeding on these mic- roorganisms was not observed. In addition, early as well as later instar larvae did not appear to scavenge on dead organisms, or on moistened pieces of highly proteinaceous dried puppy meal, which were also added to some cultures. Finally, small larvae of the pomace fly, Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, were presented as prey. Larvae of all four species of tachy- dromiines readily fed on the Drosophila larvae within the agar medium (Fig. 7). The smaller first instar tachydromiine larvae however, were only able to overpower the smallest (first instar) Drosophila larvae. Later tachydromiine instars fed on Drosophila larvae of various sizes, and occasionally these older predacious larvae also cannibalized smaller sibling larvae in the same culture. Since Drosophila larvae could survive in the agar medium for one or two days before starving, periodic replace- ment of prey larvae was required to sustain the tachydromiine larval cultures. Reproductive Mode. Females of P. holosericus are suspected of re- producing parthogenetically (as has been suggested by Tuomikoski, 1935 and Chvala, 1975 for some Palearctic species of Platypalpus), since males of this common Nearctic species are not represented in the main North American empidoid collections, and have never been collected locally. To determine the reproductive mode in P. holosericus, ovaries were dissected from four gravid females and transferred individually to eight agar plates for observation. During dissection each ovary, contain- ing an average of approximately 30 fully mature eggs, was surgically removed from the lateral oviduct to prevent any possibility of accidental fertilization. Despite heavy fungal contamination of the ovariole tissue, the occurrence of parthenogenesis in P. holosericus was convincingly demonstrated when most of the eggs in all eight of the dissected ovaries hatched. DISCUSSION The results obtained to date provide a first step in the development of a general procedure for rearing tachydromiine flies, which will aid in the accumulation of valuable taxonomic and life history data. Most impor- Vol. 104, No. 2, March & April, 1993 97 Figs. 1-8. 1, Seal-tight petri dish filled with saline nutrient agar medium for rearing Tachy- dromiinae (0.6 X); 2, eggs ofPlatypalpu.s holosericus Melander containing developing larvae (33 X); 3, first instar larvae of P. holosericus in agar medium ( 18 X); 4, first instar larva of P. holosericus in agar medium (36 X); 5, late instar larva of Megagrapha exquisita ( Malloch ) on top of agar medium (12 X); 6, first instar larvae of P. holosericus amongst fungal contamina- tion of agar medium (27 X); 7, late instar larva of P. holosericus feeding on early instar larva of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (18 X); 8. lateral view of pupa of M exquisita containing teneral adult (14 X). 98 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS tantly, induction of oviposition behavior by decapitation, in conjunc- tion with maintenance of the eggs in agar-filled petri dishes to avoid desiccation, appears to be a useful technique for obtaining adult- associated first instar larvae (and possibly later stages) of Tachy- dromiinae5 The technique may work with, and should be attempted on, other poorly known Empidoidea (e.g. Atelestinae, Brachystomatinae, Ceratomerinae, Microphorinae, and Nemidind) and taxonomically problematic Cyclorrhapha (e.g. Opetidae), for which immature stages are not known (see for example Sinclair, 1992). Even if the first instar lar- vae obtained are not reared successfully to a further stage, the taxonomic information gained from having properly associated immatures of any stage for such groups, would be valuable for testing previously proposed classifications and formulating new phylogenetic hypotheses. Dissection of ovaries from parthenogenetic species, such as P. holo- sericus, can also yield large numbers of first instar larvae. Of perhaps greater significance however, is the use of this dissection procedure for determining whether certain females within a species, or all females, are able to reproduce parthenogenetically rather than bisexually. Partheno- genesis is presumed to occur in certain species of the genus Platypalpus, where males have been rarely collected, or remain unknown. In the Palearctic Region, some species are thought to be entirely partheno- genetic [e.g. P. major (Zetterstedt) (Chvala, 1975, 1989)], or partially parthenogenetic [e.g. P. ecalceatus (Zetterstedt) (Chvala, 1989; Tuomi- koski, 1935)] throughout their range, whereas others [e.g. P. candicans (Fallen) and P. cursitans (Fabricius) (Chvala, 1975; Frey, 1943; Tuomi- koski, 1935)] appear to exhibit geographic parthenogenesis. Conclusive determination of reproductive mode for species of Platypalpus at the population level could be important for future screening of possible biological control agents. This is because increased reproductive poten- tial associated with parthenogenesis can be a desirable attribute for beneficial insects being considered for release programs (Aeschlimann, 1990; Doutt et al, 1976), and mating requirements for parthenogenetic females can be effectively ignored. Larval food requirements of empidoids in general are poorly understood, and no information is available for Tachydromiinae. The procedures outlined here however, allow for experimentation with various prey organisms and other food materials to determine which broad categories of food types can be consumed by larvae. The results Morphological study of the immature stages of the Tachydromiinae will he dealt with in subsequent papers. Vol. 104, No. 2, March & April, 1993 99 obtained on the four species studied here, indicate that larvae of many if not all Tachydromiinae are predacious, probably on small soil or litter inhabiting organisms such as other Diptera larvae, rather than being saprophagous or microorganism feeders. The use of larval Diptera as the major source of prey for the larvae of some other empidoid groups, has been noted by Smith (1969). The apparent attraction of the larvae of all four tachydromiine species towards areas of heavy fungal and bacterial contamination in older cultures, suggests that natural organisms cap- tured by these predacious larvae probably include small mycetophagous or saprophagous Diptera larvae, or other soft-bodied prey. A general procedure for rearing tachydromiine flies could have important implications for biological control programs targeted against a variety of small-sized insect pests. For example, the predatory activity of many adult tachydromiines appears to be both intense and of long duration (Chvala, 1975; Stark and Wetzel, 1989; Whitfield, 1925), and adults are considered to occupy small-sized predator niches not gen- erally shared by other (usually larger-sized) predators (Chvala, 1975). This, in conjunction with the ability of several species to reach very high population densities (e.g. recorded as high as 40 to 60 individuals of Platypalpus per meter2 in cereal crops by Stark, 1990), and the apparent lack of a fixed diapause stage in at least some species of Crossopalpus, Platypalpus, and Stilpon (Chvala, 1975) suggests potential benefits for the development of future mass-rearing programs for this group of preda- cious flies. Common parthenogenetic species like the relatively large, voracious P. holosericus in North America, or the very similar European P. major, appear to be ideal candidates for further research. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank A Borkent (Salmon Arm, B.C.) for his discussions on ceratopogonid rearing techniques and J. R. Linley (University of Florida, Vero Beach) for graciously supplying supplementary vitamins for the saline nutrient agar. J. E. O'Hara (Biological Resources Division— CLBRR) and B. J. Sinclair(Carleton University, Ottawa) kindly reviewed the manuscript and suggested many improvements. LITERATURE CITED Aeschlimann, J. P. 1990. Simultaneous occurrence of thelytoky and bisexuality in Hymenopteran species, and its implications for the biological control of pests. Ento- mophaga 35: 3-5. Beling, T. 1888. Beitrag zur Metamorphose einiger zweiflugeliger Insecten aus den Familien Tabanidae, Empidae, und Syrphidae. Verh. Zool. — Bot. Ges. Wien 38: 1-4. Berest, Z. L. 1987. Trophic relations of natural enemies of cereal leaf aphids. Vestnik Zool. 21:45-48. [In Russian.] !00 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Brunei, E., P. Grootaert and J. Mesquida. 1989. Entomofaune associee a la floraison du colza (Brassica napus L.): Note preliminaire sur les Dolichopodidae et les Empididae (Insectes: Diptera). Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent 54(3a): 727-737. Chvala, M. 1 975. The Tachydromiinae (Dipt. Empididae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomol. Scand. 3: 1-336. Chvala, M. 1989. Monograph of northern and central European species of Platypalpus (Diptera, Hybotidae), with data on the occurrence in Czechoslovokia. Acta Univ. Carol.— Biol. 32: 209-376. Chvala, M. and V. G. Kovalev. 1989. Family Hybotidae, pp. 174-227. In. Soos, A. and L. Papp (eds.). Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 6. Therevidae— Empididae. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest. 435 pp. Crook, N. E. and K. D. Sunderland. 1984. Detection of aphid remains in predatory insects and spiders by ELISA. Ann. Appl. Biol. 105: 413-422. Cumming, J. M. and B. E. Cooper. 1992. A revision of the Nearctic species of the tachy- dromiine fly genus Stilpon Loew (Diptera: Empidoidea). Can. Entomol. 124: 951-998. Doutt, R. L., D. P. Annecke and E. Tremblay. 1976. Biology and host relationships of parasitoids, pp. 143-168. In: Huffaker, C. B. and P. S. Messenger (eds.). Theory and Prac- tice of Biological Control. Academic Press, New York. 788 pp. Fleschner, C. A. and D. W. Ricker. 1953. An empidid fly predacious on citrus red mites. J. Econ. Entomol. 46: 155. Frey, R. 1943. Ubersicht der palaarktischen Arten der Gattung Platypalpus Macq. ( = Cory- neta Meig.). (Dipt. Empididae). Notul. Entomol. 23: 1-19. Hobby, B. M. and K. G. V. Smith. 1961. The bionomics of Empis tessellata F. (Dipt., Empididae). Entomologist's Mon. Mag. 97: 2-10. Jones, M. G. 1965. The effects of some insecticides on populations of frit fly (Oscinellafrit) and its enemies. J. Appl. Ecol. 2: 391-401. Jones, M. G. 1969. The effect of weather on frit fly (Oscinella frit L.) and its predators. J. Appl. Ecol. 6:425-441. Jones, M. G. 1976a. The arthropod fauna of a winter wheat field. J. Appl. Ecol. 13: 61-85. Jones, M. G. 1976b. Arthropods from fallow land in a winter wheat-fallow sequence. J. Appl. Ecol. 13: 87-101. Kettle, D. S., C. H. Wild and M. M. Elson. 1975. A new technique for rearing individual Culicoides larvae (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). J. Med. Entomol. 12: 263-264. Kovalev, V. G. 1966. On the fauna and ecology of predacious Diptera of the subfamily Tachydromiinae (Diptera, Empididae) in the central European belt of the USSR. Entomol. Review 45: 436-438. Linley, J. R. 1965. The ovarian cycle and egg stage in Leptoconops (Holoconops) becquaerti (Kieff.) (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 56: 37-56. Linley, J. R. 1985. Growth and survival of Culicoides melleus larvae (Diptera: Cerato- pogonidae) on four prey organisms. J. Med. Entomol. 22: 178-189. Malloch, J. R. 1917. A preliminary classification of Diptera, exclusive of Pupipara, based upon larval and pupal characters, with keys to imagines in certain families. Part 1. Bull. Illinois St. Lab. Nat. Hist. 12: 161-409, pis. 28-57. Potts, G. R. and G. P. Vickerman. 1974. Studies on cereal ecosystems. Adv. Ecol. Res. 8: 107-197. Rotheray, G. E. 1989. Prey capture in Tachvdromia annulipes (Meigen) (Diptera: Em- pididae). Br. J. Entomol. Nat. Hist. 2: 177-179. Sinclair, B. J. 1992. A phylogenetic interpretation of the Brachycera based on the larval mandible and associated mouthpart structures. Syst. Entomol. 17: 233-252. Vol. 104, No. 2. March & April, 1993 101 Smith, K. G. V. 1969. The Empididae of southern Africa (Diptera). Ann. Natal Mus. 19: 1-347. Smith, K. G. V. 1989. An introduction to the immature stages of Bitish flies. Diptera larvae. with notes on eggs, puparia and pupae. Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects 10 (Part 14): 1-280. Stark, A. 1990. Flies of the genus Platypalpus (Hybotidae, Empidoidea) as predators of cereal pests. 2nd Int. Congr. Dipt., Bratislava. Abstr. Vol. p. 226. Stark, A. and Th. Wetzel 1987. Fliegen der Gattung Platypalpus (Diptera, Empididae)— bisher wenig beachtete Pradatoren im Getreidebestand. J. Appl. Entomol. 103: 1-14. Sunderland, K. D., R. J. Chambers, D. L. Stacey and N. E. Crook. 1985. Invertebrate polyphagous predators and cereal aphids. Bull. Int. Org. Biol. Contr. Noxious Animals & Plants SROP/WPRS 8(3): 105-114. Tuomikoski, R. 1935. Ein vermullicher Fall von geographischer parthenogenesis bei der Gattung Tachydromia (Dipt., Empididae). Ann. Entomol. Fenn. 1: 38-43. Vaillant, F. 1948. Les premiers stades de Liancalus virens Scop. (Dolichopodidae). Bull. Soc. Zool. France 73: 118-130. Whitfield, F. G. S. 1925. The natural control of the leaf-miner Phytomyza aconiti Hendel (Diptera) by Tachydromia minuta, Meigen (Diptera). Bull. Entomol. Res. 16: 95-97. 102 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ESTABLISHMENT OF HIPPODAMIA VARIEGATA AND NEW RECORDS OF PROPYLEA QUATUORDECIMPUNCTATA (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES1 A. G. Wheeler, Jr.2 ABSTRACT: Hippodamia variegata is a Palearctic coccinellid known previously in North America from a few areas of eastern Canada. It has been released in eastern and western states for biological control of aphids, but its establishment in the United States has not been documented. On the basis of late-season surveys in the northeast in 1992, H. variegata is reported from 38 counties in eight states from northern New England to eastern Pennsylvania and northern New Jersey. All localities surveyed are mapped. Its abundance relative to other coccinellines collected on weeds in disturbed habitats and its plant associations are indicated; the origin of U.S. populations is discussed. Records forPropylea quaiuordecimpunctata. another Old World coccinellid, are given for Massachesetts, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont. Hippodamia (Adonia) variegata (Goeze) is an Old World coccinellid first recorded from North America by Gordon (1987). He reported its establishment in the vicinity of Montreal, Quebec, noting that Nearctic populations may be adventive rather than the result of intentional releases. This aphid predator was released in the United States (Arizona, California, Florida, and Georgia) beginning in 1957-1958, but no record of Canadian releases is available (Gordon 1985, 1987). Hippodamia variegata (South African strain) was evaluated in the laboratory (and eventually released) as a potential biological control agent of the greenbug, Schizaphis gramium (Rondani), that could in- crease the diversity of coccinellid predators in Texas sorghum fields (Michels and Bateman 1986). Invasion of the western United States by the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), in 1986 (Stoetzel 1987), led to foreign exploration for natural enemies of this introduced pest and the introduction of various strains of//, variegata from Eurasia. In 1987, it was released in several eastern and western states by the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) (Obrycki and Orr 1990, Flanders et al. 1991). Several biological studies on this introduced aphidophagous coccinellid have been conducted in North America, including its developmental rates at several constant tem- peratures (Michels and Bateman 1986) and an evaluation of several 1 Received December 3, 1992. Accepted December 28. 1992. 2 Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA 17110-9408. ENT. NEWS 104(2): 102-1 10, March & April. 1993 Vol. 104, No. 2, March & April, 1993 103 aphid species as suitable prey (Obrycki and Orr 1990). Despite numerous releases in western and eastern states since 1987 (including Colorado, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Mexico, Pennsylvania (Flanders el al. 1991 ), and New Jersey (R. Chianese, per- sonal communication),//, variegata has been recorded in North America only from Quebec and Ontario (Gordon and Vandenberg 1991, McNamara 1991). Since 1990, participants in the USDA's Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) have been asked to look for//, variegata in the northeast. The purpose of this paper is to document the establishment of//. variegata in eight northeastern states, map the known U. S. range, and provide information on its abundance relative to other coccinellids occurring in the same habitats. In addition, new records are given for Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (L.), another coccinellid that CAPS par- ticipants have been asked to search for in northeastern states. METHODS After I discovered //. variegata in New York and Vermont in late August 1992, surveys were begun to help determine the extent of its northeastern range. The habitats surveyed (11-13,1 8-20, and 27 Septem- ber, and 6 October) were those that seemed likely to support a diverse coccinellid fauna, particularly disturbed, weedy sites such as railroad yards and urban vacant lots. Mowed roadside vegetation generally yielded few coccinellids, and cropland was not surveyed because of the time that would have been needed to obtain permission for sampling. Herbaceous vegetation was swept with a standard insect net, and all adult Coccinellini and numbers of each species (except in late August and early October) were recorded. At some sites, particular plant species were examined to determine host associations of//, variegata. Totals of all species at a site include adults collected by both techniques. Even though the duration of sampling (usually 10-15 minutes), number of sweeps, and vegetation varied among the sites, the numbers of coc- cinellines recorded at a given locality allow comparisons of relative den- sity between //. variegata and other coccinellids present during Sep- tember. Specimens thought to represent H. variegata (and those of several other species that could not be identified accurately in the field) were collected for subsequent determination. Voucher material of//, variegata and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata has been deposited in collections at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (CUIC); National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC (USNM); and Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg (PAD A). 104 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS RESULTS Eleven coccinelline species in six genera were encountered during surveys for Hippodamia variegata (Table 1). Nearly 250 specimens of//. variegata were obtained at 48 localities in eight states: Connecticut (5 counties), Massachusetts (6), New Hampshire (2), New Jersey (1), New York (16), Pennsylvania (3), Rhode island (1), and Vermont (4). Positive and negative sites for H. variegata, as well as recent release sites in Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, are shown in Fig. 1. Figure 1 . Known U.S. distribution of Hippodamia variegata. Dots = detection sites; circles = sites where the coccinellid was not found; stars = recent release sites in Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania (not shown are 1957-1958/1987 release sites in Delaware, Maine, and Maryland). Vol. 104, No. 2, March & April, 1993 105 The following new records document the establishment of//, varie- gata in the eastern United States; all collections were made by the author from 28 August to 6 October 1992. CONNECTICUT: Fairfield Co., Danbury; Hartford Co., New Brittain; New Haven Co., Waterbury; Tolland Co., Mansfield; Windham Co., Abington and Dayville. MASSACHUSETTS: Berkshire Co., Rt.41 S.of Housatonic; Franklin Co., Ervingand Greenfield; Hampden Co., Springfield; Hampshire Co., Northampton; Middlesex Co., Marlborough; Worcester Co., Athol, Gardner. Millbury, and Winchendon. NEW HAMPSHIRE: Cheshire Co., North Walpole and Troy; Sullivan Co., Claremont. NEW JERSEY: Sussex Co., McAfee and Rt. 23 E. of Montague. NEW YORK: Albany Co., Rt. 90E, Service Plaza, Town of Rotterdam nr. Albany; Clinton Co., June. rts. 87 & 456 E. of Beekmantown; Columbia Co., Hillsdale; Dutchess Co., Fishkill; Greene Co., Leeds; Orange Co., Newburgh and Port Jervis; Otsego Co., Cooperstown Junction; Putnam Co., Brewster; Rensselaer Co., Brunswick; Saratoga Co., Ballston Spa; Schenectady Co., Duanesburg; Schoharie Co., Cobleskill; Sullivan Co., Wurtsboro; Ulster Co., Kerhonkson; Warren Co., Glens Falls; Washington Co., Whitehall. PENNSYLVANIA: Philadelphia Co., Philadelphia; Pike Co., Matamoras; Wayne Co., Hawley and Waymart. RHODE ISLAND: Providence Co., Chepachet and Nasonville. VERMONT: Addison Co., Vergennes; Chittenden Co., Colchester; Rutland Co., Fair Haven; Washington Co., Montpelier. In northern New England and northeastern New York, H. variegata was found at 20 of 29 sites sampled during 1 1 - 1 3 September. It was either the only coccinellid species or the most numerous one at 1 3 of those sites. During 18-20 September, it was present at 22 of 24 sites in southern New England, southeastern New York, and eastern Pennsylvania and was most abundant at 1 1 sites. It was taken at 4 of 9 sites in northeastern Pennsylvania and northern New Jersey on 27 September and was most numerous at 2 sites. It was found at one location in Philadelphia during limited surveys in southeastern Pennsylvania on 6 October. Hippodamia variegata was frequently taken by sweeping legumes such as red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and sweet clover (Melilotus spp.) that were infested with pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), or by beating inflorescences of horseweed (Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist). It was also observed on volunteer alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and on com- posites such as aster (Aster spp.), chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), golden- rod (Solidago spp.), mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.), ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa Lam.), and tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.). A mating pair was found under a mat of knotweed (Polygonum aviculare L.). An adult H. variegata collected 20 September at Marlborough, Massachusetts, was not killed right away. A few days later a parasitoid cocoon was observed beneath its body, and the braconid Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank) emerged on 3 October. This Holarctic species is a 106 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS known parasitoid of//, variegata (and other coccinellids) in Europe. The Massachusetts record from H. variegata is noteworthy because this coc- cinellid had proved unsuitable as a host (100% mortality) in laboratory studies using North American D. coccinellae (Obrycki 1989). Successful parasitism of Canadian populations of//, variegata has since been re- ported (Orr et al. 1992). Propylea quatuordecimpunctata was collected in 16 counties in four states: Massachusetts (1 county), New Hampshire (1), New York (9), and Vermont ( 5). It occurred at 1 1 of 29 sites during 11-13 September (and was most abundant at 1 site) and 3 of 24 sites the following week. It was not found during surveys of northeastern Pennsylvania and northern New Jersey on 27 September or in the limited southeastern Pennsylvania sur- veys on 6 October. The largest number of specimens (>20; not shown in Table 1) was observed in late August at the Clinton Co., New York, site listed below. The following records of P. quatuordecimpunctata were obtained from 28 August to 27 September 1992. MASSACHUSETTS: Franklin Co., Greenfield. NEW HAMPSHIRE: Grafton Co., West Lebanon. NEW YORK: Albany Co., Rt. 90E, Service Plaza, Town of Rotterdam nr. Albany; Clinton Co., June. rts. 87 & 456 E. of Beekmantown; Dutchess Co., Fishkill; Orange Co., Newburgh; Putnam Co., Brewster; Rensselaer Co., Brunswick; Saratoga Co., Ballston Spa; Warren Co., Glens Falls; Washington Co., Whitehall. VERMONT: Addison Co., Vergennes; Chittenden Co., Colchester; Rutland Co., Fair Haven; Wash- ington Co., Montpelier; Windham Co., Brattleboro. DISCUSSION Hippodamia variegata should be considered a common and wide- spread coccinellid in the northeastern states; the localities reported herein can be regarded as the first records of establishment in the United States. It was generally present in the areas surveyed except in more western portions of eastern New York and in parts of northern New Jer- sey and eastern Pennsylvania. The current U.S. range of H. variegata could reflect expansion of Canadian populations discovered in 1984 (Gordon 1987). As noted ear- lier, it cannot be determined if this coccinellid's occurrence in Quebec is the result of a fortuitous importation with commerce or deliberate introduction associated with biological control work. Its extensive northeastern distribution suggests H. variegata was present in the United States when Gordon (1987) gave Quebec as the first North American record. Rather than having spread rapidly from the Montreal area, this coc- cinellid may be present in the eastern states as a result of earlier U.S. releases (probably those since 1987 rather than ones during 1957-1958) Vol. 104, No. 2, March & April, 1993 107 that led to its establishment, which is only now being documented. Schaefer 1 mm. All functional queens had multiple age spots or dark discolorations on the gaster (Ross 1984). The remaining 220 queens showed no ovarian development. DISCUSSION Although large, this colony was probably entering a period of decline as evidenced by the great number of empty cells. Ten functional queens should have been able to lay eggs in many of these empty cells unless there was conflict and fighting among workers and/or queens in the nest. We could not determine any spheres of influence for any of the queens because of the state of the nest when received. The large number of males in the colony suggests that workers were laying eggs and producing at least some or perhaps most of these males. Questions asked of neighbors suggested that this nest was observed for 30 years. We have no evidence to support this claim and indeed, the nest analysis, including the construction of reproductive cells on the periphery of some combs, suggested that the nest was probably 2 years old, at most. Photoperiod is probably the stimulus that allows new queens to cir- cumvent reproductive diapause and to start egg development after they are inseminated (Spradbery 1973b, Ross and Matthews 1982). Queens frequently rejoin the parent colony if the photoperiod is still increasing Table 2. Occupants of cells from the 22 combs. Small, medium, and large larval counts (parens) add up to "Larvae." Worker Reproductive Total Eggs . . ^884 82 ~>966 Larvae 26918 417 ~>7 17S Small (4 089) (91) (4 182) Medium (11 9">M (170) (P09S) Large. . (109">4) (174) (11 098) Pupae . SI SS3 97-7 V S">S Empty cells 1189S4 7779 146711 Total -no 1~>9 9">70 ->->9 S99 Vol. 104, No. 3, May & June, 1993 127 (up to 21 June) in that geographical area, and if the winter temperatures are mild. They can also rejoin the colony as nondiapausing, functional queens when the daylight is very short as the "window" of receptiveness seems to be 10-14 hrs (Spradbery 1973b). Photoperiods longer or shorter do not induce reproductive diapause, and the ovaries in these new queens are able to develop. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to George Bristol, Pescadero, and Marc Maas, Burlingame, for sending us the colony. We are especially thankful to Robert Schoeppner, San Mateo Mosquito Abatement District, Burlingame, for data on nest location and for many photographs of the nest, including one that appears in this paper, that aided us in our analysis. R. Zack and R. Schoeppner reviewed the article. LITERATURE CITED Akre R. D., A. Greene, J. F. MacDonald, P. J. Landolt, and H. G. Davis. 1981. Yellow- jackets of America North of Mexico. USDA Agric. Handbook 552. 102 p. Akre, R. D., and H. C. Reed. 1981. A polygynous colony of Vespula pensylvanica (Saussure) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Ent News 92: 27-31. Carpenter, J. M. 1989. Testing scenarios: wasp social behavior. Cladistics 5: 131-144. Clapperton, B. K., P. A. Alspach, H. Moller, and A. G. Matheson. 1989. Impact of com- mon and German wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) on the New Zealand beekeeping industry. N. Z. J. Zool. 16: 325-332. Chiappa, T. E., R. H. Jopia, L. C. Morales, and L. J. Cook. 1987. Overwintering nests of Vespula germanica (F.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Central Chile. Acta Ent. Chilena 14: 171-182. Duncan, C. D. 1939. A contribution to the biology of North American vespine wasps. Stanford Univ. Publ. Biol. Sci. 8: 1-271. Gambino, P. 1986. Winter prey collection at a perennial colony of Paravespula vulgaris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Psyche 93: 331-340. Gambino, P., A. C. Medeiros, and L. L. Loope. 1990. Invasion and colonization of upper elevations on east Maui (Hawaii) by Vespula pensylvanica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 83: 1088-1095. Jeanne, R. L. 1980. Evolution of social behavior in the Vespidae. Ann. Rev. Ent. 23: 371- 396. MacDonald, J. F., R. D. Akre and W. B. Hill. 1 974. Comparative biology and behavior of Vespula atropilosa and V. pensylvanica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Melanderia 18: 1-66. Nakahara, L. M. 1980. Western yellowjacket (Vespula pensvlvanica)— first record of aerial nest in state. Coop. PI. Pest Rept. USDA, APHIS. 5(14): 270. Plunkett, G. M., H. Moller, C. Hamilton, B. K. Clapperton, and C. D. Thomas. 1989 Overwhelming colonies of German (Vespula germanica) and common wasps (Vespula vulgaris) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in New Zealand. N. Z. J. Zool. 16: 345-353. Ross, K. G. 1984. Cuticular pigment changes in worker yellowjackets (Hymenoptera: Ves- pidae). J. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 91: 394-404. Ross, K. G. and R. W. Matthews. 1982. Two polygynous overwintered Vespula squamosa colonies from the southeastern U. S. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Fla. Ent. 65: 176-184. Spencer, G. J. 1960. On the nests and populations of some vespid wasps. Proc. Ent. Sex;. British Columbia 57: 13-15. 128 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Spradbery, J. P. 1973a. Wasps: an account of the biology and natural history of solitary and social wasps. Univ. Washington Press, Seattle. 408 p. Spradbery, J. P. 1973b. The European social wasp, Paravespula germanica (F.) (Hymenop- tera: Vespidae) in Tasmania, Australia. IUSSI Proc. VII Internal. Congr. pp. 375-380. Thomas, C. R. 1960. The European wasp (Vespula germanica Fab.) in New Zealand, inf. Ser. Dept. Sci. Ind. Res. New Zealand. 27: 1-74. Tissot, A. N., and F. A. Robinson. 1954. Some unusual insect nests. Florida Ent. 37: 73-92. Vuillaume, M., J. Schwander, and C. Roland. 1969. Note preliminaire sur 1'existence de colonies perennes et polygynes de Paravespula germanica C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. D. 269: 2371-2372. BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF THE MONARCH BUTTER- FLY. S.B. Malcolm and M.P. Zalucki, eds. 1993. No. 38 Science Series, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. 219 pp. 139 figs. 100 tables. Cloth. $90.00. This volume presents an interdisciplinary approach to understanding how Danaus plexippus functions, providing information for an objective approach to conservation of the species. Forty-four papers written by 50 authors present a diverse array of research on biological and conservation topics. These papers embrace four main themes of monarch biology: communication and mating, host plant exploitation and chemical defense, migration, and overwintering. THE SCIENCE OF ENTOMOLOGY. 3rd ed. W.S. Romoser and J.G. Stoffolano. 1994. Wm. C. Brown, Publ. 532 pp. Cloth. $60.90. The authors' stated objective for this third edition is to provide a broad, balanced introductory text to the science of entomology, from both basic and applied points of view, for use in a one-quarter or one semester general course. Vol. 104. No. 3, May & June. 1993 129 SEASONAL FLIGHT ACTIVITY OF LIPOPTENA MAZAMAE (DIPTERA: HIPPOBOSCIDAE) IN SOUTH CAROLINA1 L. Daniel Cline, James E. Throne2 ABSTRACT: Flying winged adults (volants )ol'Lipoptenama:anwe were collected in sticky traps at two of three grain storage sites in southeastern South Carolina that were being sam- pled for seasonal occurrence of stored-product insects. Of the 42 volants captured during the 55-week test, at least one was caught in every month from April through November. None were caught from December through March. Most were caught in traps placed near wooded areas or heavy shade where deer were likely to travel or feed. Sticky traps provide an alternative to conventional trapping methods for hippoboscids. but have the disadvan- tage of not providing positive host information. Lipoptena mazamae Rondani is a parasite of all species and sub- species ofdeer(Odocoileus spp.) and brocket (Mazama spp.) wherever the hosts occur in the Neotropical region (Bequaert 1957). It also has been found infrequently and accidentally on domestic cattle. Lipoptena mazamae has been found as far south as Argentina and as far north as the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico and up the Atlantic coast into South Carolina (Bequaert 1957). Little is known of its life history and behavior. Because it is essentially a tropical insect, its populations in the United States may fluctuate with the severity of the winter. Current techniques for the detection and collection of Hippobos- cidae can be difficult (Pfadt & Roberts 1978). On live domestic animals, an uncooperative attitude coupled with low numbers of parasites may make them hard to find and the quickness of their movements may make them difficult to catch. Placing newly killed hosts in a bag or screened enclosure may facilitate collections. Collections on large wild animals nearly always requires killing the host and searching a standardized area of its body where the parasites are most likely to occur (Samuel & Trainer 1972). Volants (winged adults) can be collected with sweep nets or by collecting specimens from skin and clothing as the collector walks through a selected area. Both of thestj methods require a great deal of time and care (Hare 1945). During a study of the flight activity of stored-product insects around grain bins, we captured L. mazamae on sticky traps. Given the scarcity of information on their biology and the complete lack of information on 1 Received December 7, 1992. Accepted December 28, 1992. 2 USDA, ARS Stored-Product Insects Res. & Dev. Lab.. P. O. Box 22909, Savannah, Georgia 31403. ENT. NEWS 104(3): 129-132. May & June. 1993 130 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS volants' seasonal occurrence, we report our findings of this insect at the northern end of its range. In addition, we present a collection method that passively catches the parasites with no trauma to their hosts and minimal effort by the collector. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sticky traps were used to monitor three sites in southeastern South Carolina for flying insects from 18 March 1987 to 6 April 1988 (55 con- tinuous weeks). Traps consisted of clear flat plexiglass (30.5 cm by 30.5 cm) coated on each side with sticky substance (Tangle-Trap™, Tangle- foot Co., Grand Rapids, Michigan)3 and held in a vertical position on a wooden stake. Details of trap design and preparation are given in Throne and Cline (1989). The traps were deployed in two nearly concentric rings around grain storage bins. The inner traps were generally about 0.5 m from the bins and the outer traps varied from 5 to 45 m from the bins to accommodate the cooperator's need to use the space. Four inner and four outer traps were deployed at two sites (Bamberg and Hampton Counties) while five inner and five outer traps encircled the larger third site (Barnwell County). A map detailing the placement of the traps and the surround- ing area is given in Throne and Cline (1989). In general, the Bamberg and Hampton County sites were surrounded by cultivated fields with wooded areas within 25 m of the grain bins. The Barnwell County site was surrounded by pasture. Each trap was exposed for one week after which it was replaced and the exposed surfaces returned to the laboratory for examination. The entire sticky surface (both sides) was examined at a magnification of at least 10X. Hippoboscids were removed, recorded, and stored in vials of alcohol. Identification was determined from characters detailed in Peterson & Maa (1970). Voucher specimens were placed in the U.S. National Museum Collection and in the Florida State Collection of Arthropods. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 42 hippoboscids were collected and all were identified as L. mazamae. Most (78.6%) were collected at the Hampton Co. site while 21.4% were collected at the Bamberg Co. site. None were caught at the Barnwell Co. site. At least one volant was caught in every month from 3 Names of products are included for the benefit of the reader and do not imply endorse- ment or preferential treatment by USDA. Vol. 104, No. 3, May & June, 1993 131 April through November (Figure 1). None were caught in the four months from December through March. This is similar to the finding of Hare (1945) who found flying adults of a closely related species, L. depressa (Say), from late March to early December in California with a peak in July. The deer hosts are present in the area year-round, however, it is unclear whether volants cease to emerge or cease to fly during cold weather. At the two sites where L. mazamae were caught, most were found in the outer traps placed to the south of the grain storage area (44.4% at site 1 and 66.7% at site 2). At both sites, these were the areas either close to woods or near heavy shade. At the Bamberg County site, the south outer trap was placed where deer frequently traveled from a heavily wooded area into a field where either corn or soybeans are usually grown. At the Hampton County site, the south outer trap was placed at the edge of a neglected grove of mature pecan trees where deer presumably come to search for food. The third site was not a very suitable habitat for deer, therefore, it is not surprising that no hippoboscids were caught there. Hare (1945) found that most L. depressa (66%) were collected in or near C7> 13 D O k_ (U 4 3 2 1 Bamberg Co. (n = 9) Hampton Co. (n = 33) May 20 Jul 29 Oct 7 Dec 16 Feb 25 Figure 1. Number ofLipoptena mazamae Rondani caught per week on sticky traps at two sites in South Carolina, 1987-88. 132 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS the tree shadows bordering wooded areas. A concentrated effort to place traps in areas where hosts are likely to feed and rest would most likely increase the number of volants that are caught. Although sticky traps provide a relatively easy method for collecting hippoboscids, a disad- vantage of the method is that they do not provide positive host identification. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Mark Culik and Pat Lang for technical assistance; Messrs. Bates, Peeples, and Rentz for allowing us to conduct this study on their farms; and W. W. Wirth and R. V. Peterson (Cooperating Scientist and Scientist, respectively, USDA-ARS, Systematic Ento- mology Laboratory) for confirming the identifications and reviewing the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Bequaert, J.C. 1957. The Hippoboscidae or louse-flies (Diptera) of mammals and birds. Part II. Taxonomy, evolution and revision of American genera and species. Entomol. Amer. 36:4 17-611. Hare, J.E. 1945. Flying stages of the deer lousefly, Lipoptena depressa (Say), in California (Diptera, Hippoboscidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 21:48-57. Peterson, B.V. and Maa, T.C. 1970. A new Lipoptena from Chile, with a key to the new world species (Diptera: Hippoboscidae). Can. Entomol. 102:1 1 17-1 122. Pfadt, R.E. and Roberts, I.H. 1978. X. Louse flies (Family Hippoboscidae). In: R.A. Bram [ed.]. Surveillance and collection of arthropods of veterinary importance. USDA Agric. Hbk. 518. pp. 60-71. Samuel, W.M. and Trainer, D.O. \972.LipoptenamazamaeRondam, 1878 (Diptera: Hip- poboscidae) on white-tailed deer in southern Texas. J. Med. Entomol. 9:104-106. Throne, J.E. and Cline, L.D. 1989. Seasonal flight activity of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and the rice weevil, S. oryzae (L.), in South Carolina. J. Agric. Entomol. 6:183-192. Vol. 104, No. 3. May & June, 1993 133 OVERWINTERING AGGREGATIONS OF FEMALE BRACHYMERIA INTERMEDIA (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDIDAE).1 Paul W. Schaefer2 ABSTRACT: Discovery of 24 overwintering female Brachymeria intermedia in a single aggregation in a window sash in an unheated building; a single female in an attic window 7.4 m above ground; a cluster under felt (tar) paper in a dog house; and in naturally occur- ring dead stumps or trees— all suggest that any dry, well protected site is suitable for overwintering. The introduced polyphagous pupal parasite Brachymeria intermedia has spread throughout much of the northeastern United States and Canada in close association with its principle host, the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Two, possibly three, generations may occur during a season (Leonard 1 98 1 ). Adult females of both generations overwinter while males die off before winter (Dowden 1935). Dowden (1935) speculated that overwintering adults "probably hibernate under the bark of dead trees or in similar places". Only decades later are we beginning to fully understand where overwinter- ing occurs. In Japan, Gyotoku (1957) found overwintering Brachymeria lasus (Walker) (as obscurata) under the bark of a Chamaechyparis obtusa Endl. (Cupressaceae) tree with two aggregations totaling ca. 30 wasps on the lower 1.8 m of the south facing side of the trunk. In laboratory experiments, Simser and Coppel (1980) showed the presence of a chemical that led both B. lasus and B. intermedia to choose previously used or conditioned overnight resting sites versus new or unconditioned sites. They speculated that this chemically mediated aggregating behavior might extend to overwintering individuals. Pro- duced by adults of both sexes, this aggregation pheromone from B. inter- media was later identified as 3-hexanone (Mohamed and Coppel 1987). Waldvogel and Brown (1978) first reported the discovery of overwin- tering Brachymeria intermedia. Groups of 5 to 15 females where found in tunnels made by wood borers in a dead Quercus prinus L. tree in central Pennsylvania. A similar discovery was made 6 January 1983 by Robert Grebeck (USDA, BUR, Newark, DE) when ca. 1 5 females were found ca. 60 cm. off the ground in a dead Pinus rigida Mill, stump in Belleplain, Cape May Co., New Jersey (B. Grebeck, pers. comm.). 1 Received December 23, 1992. Accepted March 15, 1993. 2 USDA, ARS, Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit Newark, Delaware, 19713. ENT. NEWS 104(3): 133-135. May & June, 1993 134 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Overwintering B. intermedia also use non-natural sites. I report here on a Dec. 30, 1981 discovery of a single aggregation of 24 female B. inter- media found in a window frame/casing in a residence in Wethersfield, Hartford Co., Connecticut. The window was located on an east wall of an unheated shed attached to a family residence. The aggregating females were clustered together in a vertical groove used to receive and hold a cot- ton sash cord in an old-fashioned counter-balanced window. The groove was in the side of a lower frame in a two-frame window. The cotton cord had worn out and parted, however the end fragment still filled the groove the entire 23 cm length. There was ample space between the cord and the 13x13 mm groove in the edge of the window frame so that wasps could move about freely. At the time of discovery, the lower window was raised almost daily but this did not appear to interfere with the overwintering B. intermedia as they tended to cluster together against the cotton cord, thereby avoiding being rubbed against the window casing as the sash moved. Wasps were observable only after removing the window jams and removing the sash from the frame. There was no indication of the approach route used to enter this site. The window fit the frame so loosely that it was possible the wasps entered the site simply by passing through the crack between the sash and frame. In late December 1982, another overwintering female B. intermedia was found in a similar location in the same Wethersfield residence. One female was found simply between a loose fitting window sash and its frame. The window was a north facing unheated attic window at a height of 7.4 m above ground level and about 2 m above the roof of the above mentioned shed. This would suggest that overwintering sites are not limited to lower strata. Others have observed B. intermedia overwintering in different artifi- cial situations. Bill Metterhouse (NJ Department of Agriculture, Tren- ton), in the fall of 1982, found at least 25 female B. intermedia over- wintering under felt (tar) paper covering a dog house at his residence in Monmouth Co., New Jersey. Furthermore, that spring he found over 50 live B. intermedia females on the inside of his cellar windows and many others dead on the basement floor (B. Metterhouse, pers. comm.). All evidence reconfirms that only B. intermedia females overwinter. Overwintering, singly or in aggregations, appears to occur only in con- cealed, well protected, relatively dry sites, such as in dead trees that have been excavated by other insects, and in man-made objects. If the pheromone-mediated aggregation behavior of B. intermedia females is involved in overwintering, as in over-night site selection, as Simser & Coppel (1980) have speculated, then an artificial aggregation site could be constructed, baited with aggregation pheromone, and Vol. 104, No. 3. May & June. 1993 135 deployed as a survey tool to assess population levels or to measure over- wintering survival. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Ronald Weseloh, Conn. Agric. Exp. Stn, New Haven; William Mctterhouse, N.J. Dept. Agric.. retired; and Philip Taylor. USDA. BUR. Newark. Del., and two anony- mous reviewers for suggestions on the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Dowden, P.B. 1935. Brachymeria intermedia (Nees), a primary parasite, and B. compsilurae (Cwfd.), a secondary parasite, of the gypsy moth. J. Agric. Res. 50(6):495-523. Gyotoku, N. 1957. An example of hibernation of Brachymeria obscurata Walker. Shin- konchu 10(7):52 (in Japanese). Leonard, D. E. 1981. Brachymeria intermedia (Nees). (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). pp. 394-398. In Doane, C.C. & M.L. McManus (eds.). The gypsy moth: Research toward integrated pest management. U.S. Dept. Agric., Expanded Gypsy Moth Res. & Dev. Program, Tech. Bull. 1584. 757 pp. Mohamed, M.A. and H.C. Coppel. 1987. Pheromonal basis for aggregation behavior of parasitoids of the gypsy moth: Brachymeria intermedia (Nees) and Brachvmeria lasus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). J. Chem. Ecol. 13(6): 1385-1393. Simser, D.H., and H.C. Coppel 1980. Aggregation behavior of Brachymeria lasus (Walker) in the laboratory. Environ. Entomol. 9:486-488. Waldvogel, M.G. and M.W. Brown. 1978. An overwintering site of the gypsy moth parasite. Brachymeria intermedia. Environ. Entomol. 7:782. BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED BUGS OF THE WORLD. G.C. McGavin. 1993. Facts on File. 192 pp. Another in the "Of the World" series, this is a popular guide to the classification and biology of bugs, by Oxford entomologist. Dr. McGavin. L'ABDOM EN ET LES GENITALI A DES FEMELLES DE COLEOP- TERES ADEPH AG A. T. Deuve. 1 993. Tome 1 55, Memoires du Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle. With minor differences, this work is reproduced from a doctoral thesis of the University of Paris 6, submitted 25 November 1988 under the title "Morphological and phylogenetic studieson the abdomen and the female ectodermicgenitalia of the Coleoptera Adephaga". Present text entirely in French language. Paperback. 136 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS FIRST RECORDS OF PARASITOIDS FOR SLIME MOLD BEETLES OF THE FAMILY SPHINDIDAE (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJOIDEA)! Joseph V. McHugh2 ABSTRACT: The first three records of parasitoids for the family Sphindidae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) are provided: (1) Sphindus americanus parasitized by Pentelicus sp. (varicornis or near) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in New York, (2) Carinisphindus sp. by another Pen- telicus sp. (probably sp. nov.) in Puerto Rico, and (3) Eurysphindus comatulus by Blacus koenigi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in New York. These observations also represent the first host information for the genus Pentelicus and a new host record for Blacus koenigi. Sphindidae is a small family (9 genera and 51 species) of myxo- mycophagous (slime mold eating) beetles that is represented in every major biogeographical region in the world. Little has been published on the biology of sjjhindids other than life history notes of one species (Burakowski & Slipinski, 1987), host food records (see McHugh, 1993 for citations) and a discussion of the possibility of assistance in slime mold spore dispersal (see Blackwell, 1984; McHugh, 1993). During the sum- mer of 1990, simple attempts to rear species of sphindids resulted in the identification of the first parasitoids known for the family. In June, a few specimens of an undescribed species of Carinisphindus were collected from the sporocarp of a myxomycete (Stemonitis sp.) in the Caribbean National Forest at El Verde Field Station, elev. 300 M., in Puerto Rico. After the beetles were extracted and the slime mold was examined closely, three Carinisphindus pupae were found. Within two weeks, a single parasitoid wasp emerged from each pupa. One specimen was caught and identified as an apparently undescribed species of the encyrtid genus Pentelicus Howard (= Hemaenasius Ashmead) (J. S. Noyes, pers. comm.). In late July, a laboratory culture of Sphindus americanus LeConte also was found to be parasitized by encyrtid wasps. The beetle culture was started about one month earlier with field-collected sporocarps ofFuligo septica (L.) Wiggers from Ithaca, New York. The parasitoid was deter- mined as another species of Pentelicus, closely resembling Pentelicus varicornis (Girault), but possessing an unusually long first funicle seg- ment. This antennal feature may support recognition as a new species (J. S. Noyes, pers. comm.). Collecting in two subsequent years suggests 1 Received December 5, 1992. Accepted January 5, 1993. 2 Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853. ENT. NEWS 104(3): 136-138. May & June, 1993 Vol. 104, No. 3, May & June, 1993 137 that this Pentelicus is most abundant in New York during the latter part of the summer (late July- August), although sporocarps of the slime mold are found colonized by S. americanus as early as May. A culture of Eurysphindus comatulus McHugh was established in August from fruiting bodies ofMucilago Crustacea Wiggers collected in Brooktondale, Tompkins Co., New York. This culture was thought to be free of arthropods other than mites and various life stages of E. coma- tulus, but after two weeks it produced many specimens of the braconid Blacus koenigi Fischer. The remains of many parasitized last-instar larvae were found in a characteristic pose. Each larval skin was draped over the top of a white, silky cocoon with the legs wrapped around the cocoon as though holding it. DISCUSSION The Pentelicus species parasitizing Carinisphindus sp. in Puerto Rico represents the first known parasitoid for a sphindid as well as the first host record for a species of this encyrtid genus. The occurrence of a second Pentelicus species parasitizing a species of Sphindus, a genus closely related to Carinisphindus (see McHugh, 1993), suggests that the association in Puerto Rico was not incidental. The discovery that Blacus koenigi is a parasitoid of Eurysphindus coma- tulus sheds light on the biology of this poorly understood braconid genus. £apek (1969) states that the tribe Blacini is made up mostly of parasitoids of the larvae of curculionid beetles and related groups, but adds that the taxonomic position of the genus Blacus "may be doubted as very little is known about its biology, host relations, etc." later, Capek (1970) suggests that the biology of Blacus involves parasitism of wood boring Coleoptera larvae. Some species of Blacus are known to parasitize mycophagous ("true fungus" feeding) beetles (Achterberg, 1975). In a list of label data, Achterberg (1975) also reports thatfi. koenigi was collected from a sporocarp ofStemonitisfusca Roth, a myxomycete known to be a host of E. comatulus (as well as several other sphindid species). Achter- berg adds that this species is "mainly collected in August and first half of October". The parasitized culture ofE. comatulus was started with slime mold sporocarps collected in August. All specimens are deposited in the Cornell University Insect Collec- tion with the exception of four specimens of Pentelicus Ivaricornis which are in the reference collection of J. S. Noyes (The Natural History Museum, London) and 16 specimens of Blacus koenigi at the Biosys- tematics Research Centre (Agriculture Canada, Ottawa). 13g ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank P. R. Fraissinet for his help with field work in Puerto Rico and New York. E. R. Hoebeke made original determinations of parasitoids and helped locate additional infor- mation. J. S. Noyes provided the final determinations and information about the encyrtids. The determination of specimens of B. koenigi was confirmed by M. J. Sharkey. P. R. Fraissinet and E. R. Hoebeke also read and commented on an early version of this note. Funds for the work in Puerto Rico were provided by the Center for International Studies at Cornell University. Other support for this study was provided by NSF Grant No. BSR-87- 17401 and Hatch Project No. NY(C)- 139426 (both to Q. D. Wheeler). LITERATURE CITED Achterberg, C. van. 1975. A revision of the tribus Blacini (Hymenoptera, Bracondiae, Helconinae). Tijdschr. Entomol. 118: 159-323. Blackwell, M. 1984. Myxomycetes and Their Arthropod Associates. In Q. Wheeler and M. Blackwell, eds., Fungus-Insect Relationships: Perspectives in Ecology and Evolution. 514 pp. Columbia Univ. Press, New York. Burakowski, B. and S. A. Slipiriski, 1987. A New Species of Protosphindus (Coleoptera: Sphindidae) From Chile With Notes and Descriptions of Immature Stages of Related Forms. Annali Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat., Geneva, 86: 605-625. Capek, M. 1969. An attempt at a natural classification of the family Braconidae based on various unconventional characters (Hymenoptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 71(3): 304-312. Capek, M. 1970. A new classification of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera) based on the cephalic structures of the final instar larva and biological evidence. Can. Entomol. 102: 846-875. McHugh, J. V. 1993. A revision ofEurysphindus LeConte (Coleoptera: Sphindidae) and a review of sphindid classification and phylogeny. Syst. Entomol. 18: 57-92. Vol. 104, No. 3. May & June, 1993 139 FIRST REPORT OF A TWISTED-WING INSECT (STREPSIPTERA) LARVA IN A CADDISFLY (TRICHOPTERA)1 Kenneth L. Manuel,2 Richard M. Bohart^ ABSTRACT: A microcaddisfly Oxyethira janella (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) was obser- ved with a first stage strepsipteran triungulin larva in its abdominal cavity. The triungu- linid belongs to the genus Xenos or Pseudoxenos (Strepsiptera: Stylopidae). This is the first report associating Strepsiptera with Trichoptera. While identifying adult aquatic insects, the senior author removed a strepsipteran triungulin larva from the abdominal cavity of a female microcaddisfly, Oxyethira janella. The O. janella specimen was collected by light trap on the South Fork Edisto River, a Coastal Plain sand bot- tomed blackwater river near Cope, Orangeburg County, South Carolina, on October 22, 1990. Subsequently, the junior author identified the strep- sipteran as a first stage larva of either Xenos, a Polistes wasp parasitoid, or Pseudoxenos, a parasitoid of sphecid and eumenid wasps. The mounted triungulin specimen is in the University of California at Davis Insect Museum. Polistes wasp colonies are extremely common in the dense riparian vegetation overhanging the South Fork Edisto River. Roving triungulin larvae released from strepsipteran parasitized wasps may come into con- tact with caddisflies and other insects seeking daytime shelter in the low light, high humidity environment of the riparian vegetation. The O. janella specimen containing the triungulinid in its abdomen was probably incidentally "parasitized." Due to the relative short life span of most caddisfly adults, a strepsipteran may not be able to com- plete its life cycle in a caddisfly even if it were physiologically adapted to the host's body. In addition, the small ( 1 mm long) abdomen of O. janella may not allow the complete development of the triungulin larva to an adult. To our knowledge, no aquatic insect has been reported as a normal or incidental strepsipteran host. Aquatic entomologists, however, may wish to look for additional examples of strepsipteran "parasitism" while they are involved in adult aquatic insect identification. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Robert Kelley (Greenville, South Carolina, USA) and Alice Wells (Museum and Art Galleries of The Northern Territory, Darwin, Australia) for their critical review of the manuscript. 1 Received September 29, 1922. Accepted November 7, 1992 2 Duke Power Company, Applied Science Center. 1 3339 Hagers Ferry Road, Huntersville, North Carolina 28078 3 Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California 95615-8584 ENT. NEWS 104(3): 139. May & June, 1993 140 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS A METHOD FOR SEX DETERMINATION OF THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE PUPA, LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)1 Yvan Pelletier2 ABSTRACT: A method for the determination of the sex of the Colorado potato beetle Lep- tinotarsa decemlineata. at pupal stage is presented. This method is based on sexual differ- ences of the external morphology of pupae. External morphology differences between sexes at adult stage are also depicted. The sex of the adult Colorado potato beetle can be determined by examining morphological differences of the last abdominal sternite (Rivnay 1928). The available graphic representations (Busvine 1980; Rivnay 1928) do not clearly show the distinctive characters. Rivnay (1928) provided a drawing of the ventral view of the tip of the abdomen of the female only. Busvine ( 1 980) depicted the tip of the abdomen for both male and female but his schematic drawings are difficult to interpret. Pictures (Fig. Ic, d) show more visibly that the distal end of the last ster- nite is depressed with a somewhat truncated border in the male; whereas the depression is absent and the posterior border rounder in the female. The determination of the sex of Colorado potato beetle pupae would be useful in situations where sexual dimorphism influenced larval parameters such as larval weight (Pelletier and Smilowitz 1991). This would reduce the time delay before sex determination and, more impor- tantly, would allow sex determination of a larger proportion of beetles, otherwise reduced by mortality during the pupal stage. A method for the determination of the sex of Colorado potato beetle pupae is described for the first time. I observed that the 7th visible sternite of males is complete and de- pressed in its center (Fig. 1 a) and the posterior margins of the 6th visible sternite is somewhat truncated. In females, the 7th visible sternite is divided in its center by a suture that is usually dark in color (Fig. 1 b). The center of the 6th visible segment extends slightly posteriorly. To validate this method, 100 fully grown larvae collected from the field were indi- vidually caged in 1 oz cups filled with soil and allowed to pupate. The sex 1 Received September 24, 1992. Accepted January 16, 1993. 2 Agriculture Canada, Research Branch, P.O. Box 20280, Fredericton, N.B. E3B 4Z7 Canada. ENT. NEWS 104(3): 140-142. May & June, 1993 Vol. 104. No. 3. May & June. 1993 141 142 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS was then determined using the characters described above and each pupa put back in its container. After emergence, each adult was sexed again using the descriptions reported by Ravnay (1928) and Busvine (1980). Sex determinations conducted on pupal and adult stages corres- ponded in all cases. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank G. Boiteau, Agriculture Canada, Fredericton and Z. Smilowitz, Pennsylvania State University, for their constructive comments offered in review of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Busvine, J.R. 1980. Recommended methods for measurement of pest resistance to pesti- cides, pp. 59-63. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. Pelletier, Y., and Smilowitz, Z. 1991. Biological and genetic study on the utilization of Solanum berthaultii Hawkes by the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Can. J. Zool. 69(5): 1280-1288. Rivnay, E. 1928. External morphology of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say). J. New York Ent. Soc. 36(2): 125-141. Figure 1. Ventral view of the tip of the abdomen of male (A) and female (B) pupa and male (C) and female (D) adult of the Colorado potato beetle. Vol. 104, No. 3, May & June, 1993 143 ESTABLISHMENT OF UROPHORA QUADRIFASCIATA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) AND CHRYSOLINA QUADRIGEMINA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN PORTIONS OF EASTERN UNITED STATES1 E. Richard Hoebeke2 ABSTRACT: This paper presents the first recorded distribution in the eastern United States of the introduced weed biocontrol agents Urophora quadrifasciata (Diptera: Tephri- tidae) and Chrysolina quadrigemina (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The seed-head fly U. quadrifasciata, released in North America in the early 1970's for the control of spotted and diffuse knapweed (Centaurea spp.), is recorded from numerous localities in New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Jersey. The leaf beetle C. quadrigemina, released in the mid- 1940's for the control of St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum), is also documented from the northeastern U.S. with records from New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, and Maryland. A brief review of the history and background information on the success of these two weed biocontrol agents in North America are presented. Each of the biocontrol agents are also briefly described. This paper provides a brief review and background information on two classical weed biocontrol projects that continue to attain moderate success in managing two of North America's most dominant and abun- dant introduced weeds on uncultivated land: spotted knapweed (Cen- taurea maculosa Lamarck) and St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum L.). The principal focus of this paper emphasizes new distributional data in the eastern United States for the introduced fruit fly Urophora quadrifas- ciata (Meigen) and the leaf beetle Chrysolina quadrigemina (Suffrian). Both biocontrol agents were primarily released in western North America for control of spotted knapweed and St. Johnswort, respec- tively. These distributional records provide the first evidence of estab- lishment of these introduced biocontrol agents in the eastern United States. I. The weed: Centaurea maculosa (Asteraceae) Spotted knapweed is a herbaceous composite and short-lived peren- nial introduced from Europe to the dry rangelands of western North America (Harris, 1980; Harris & Myers, 1984). Because of its allelopathic Received November 7, 1992. Accepted February 25, 1993. Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-0999. ENT. NEWS 104(3): 143-152. May & June, 1993 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS properties, low forage value, and drought adaptations, this knapweed species has been able to displace and outcompete most other herbaceous plants over vast areas of its new homeland (Harris & Myers, 1 984). It was first collected in North America at Victoria, British Columbia in 1893 (Groh, 1943). In western Canada, it is distributed in British Columbia and Alberta (Watson & Renney, 1974). The main areas of infestation ( > one million ha) are confined to the western United States in Montana, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon (Maddox, 1982). In eastern North America, this weed is common in Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritimes in Canada (Frankton & Mulligan, 1970), and along roadsides and in fields and waste areas in the northeastern and northcentral United States (Cox, 1985). The biocontrol agent: Urophora quadrifasciata1 (Tephritidae) Members of Urophora Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tephritidae) have been widely employed as biocontrol agents of thistles and knap- weeds of the composite family Asteraceae ( = Compositae). The genus contains almost 100 known species distributed in Europe, temperate Asia, Africa and the New World (White & Elson-Harris, 1992). Two Urophora species, both of European origin and collectively referred to as the seed-head flies, have been successfully introduced into western North America for biocontrol of spotted knapweed (C. maculosa) and diffuse knapweed (C diffusa Lamarck). Urophora a/finis (Frauenfeld) and U. quadrifasciata (Meigen) oviposit into the developing inflorescen- ces ofCentaurea species, induce gall formation, and ultimately reduce seed production (Harris, 1980; Harris & Myers, 1984). The usually univoltine U. affmis was originally released in British Columbia (Ned's Creek) in 1970 and 5 western states in 1973 (Harris, 1980; Maddox, 1979; Story & Anderson, 1978; Story, 1985). By 1992, U. affmis had been confirmed as established and increasing in abundance in British Columbia, Idaho, Oregon, Montana, Washington and Wyom- ing (Julien, 1992). Releases of U. affmis occurred in the east in 1971 (Ontario), 1979-1980 (Quebec), and 1983 (Maryland and New York) (Harris & Myers, 1984; pers. commun., Stephen D. Hight, USDA-ARS, Insect Biocontrol Laboratory, Beltsville, MD). Eastern establishment had been confirmed as of 1992 in New York, Quebec, and Virginia (Julien, 1992). In the Palearctic, Urophora quadrifasciata may actually represent a species complex (see White & Clement. 1987). with more than one species confused under the name quaclri- fasciata. Vol. 104. No. 3, May & June, 1993 145 The bivoltine U. quadrifasciata was first introduced in 1970 at Ned's Creek, British Columbia, but was not released in the western United States (Story, 1985). By May 1981, larvae oft/, quadrifasciata had been found in spotted knapweed seed heads examined at a site in extreme northwest Montana, ca. 400 km from the Ned's Creek original release site (Story, 1985). By 1982, U. quadrifasciata was known to be established in northwest and westcentral Montana (Story, 1985). Specimens of U. quadrifasciata had been released and become established in Quebec in 1979(Julien, 1982) and 1980 (Harris & Myers, 1984). Between 25-31 May 1983, seed heads of field-collected spotted knapweed from British Columbia were released by USDA-ARS personnel at 3 sites in New York (Warren, Essex, and Tompkins counties) and at Beltsville, Maryland. This material contained larval stages of both U. quadrifasciata and U. affinis. A 1985 follow-up survey recovered only U. affinis at the Warren and Essex County release sites located in the Adirondack region of northern New York (pers. commun., S. D. Hight). In Tompkins Co. (Trumansburg), New York, during July 1990, numerous small tephritid flies were collected from the immature flower heads of tyrol knapweed, C. dubia Suter, a common knapweed of the fields and roadsides of southeastern Canada and northeastern U.S. (Gleason & Cronquist, 1991). The flies were identified as U. quadrifas- ciata (by the author and later confirmed), and a survey was initiated to determine the geographic range in the northeast of this introduced seed- head fly. The survey was conducted throughout portions of the north- eastern states during June-September 1990-1992. During the survey, no specimens of U. affinis were collected from knapweed. In the following list of distributional data for U. quadrifasciata. the abbreviations ERH (for the author) and AGW (for A. G. Wheeler, Jr.) for collectors are used; dates of collection are expressed as "day-month (Roman numeral)-year"; and hosts are abbreviated as follows: C. maculosa, spotted knapweed (SK); C. dubia (=C. nigrescens & C. vochinen- sis\ short-fringed knapweed (SFK); and C.jacea, brown knapweed (BK). Treatment and usage of scientific and common names of Centaurea follow Gleason and Cronquist (1991). The data below are also mapped in Figure 1. All specimens, unless stated otherwise, are deposited in the Cornell University Insect Collection. The author and A. G. Wheeler, Jr. take responsibility for the host plant identifications, with the exception of C dubia (see acknowledgments). UNITED STATES: CONNECTICUT: Tolland Co., 1-84 West, N. of E. Wellington. 1 1- MII-90, AGW, SK. MASSACHUSETTS: Plymouth Co., Rte. 58. nr. South Carver. 5-VIII- 90, AGW, SK. Worcester Co., Gardner, 4-V1II-90, AGW, SK. NEW HAMPSHIRE: Hillsboro Co., Nashua, 5-VIII-90. AGW. SK. NEW JERSEY: Hunterdon Co., Exit 1 1 on 146 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Rte. 78, 12 mi. E. Phillipsburg, 10-VIII-91, ERH, SK. Sussex Co., High Point StPk., 28-VII- 90, AGW, SK; Rte. 23, nr. High Point St. Pk., 28-VII-90, AGW, SK. NEW YORK: Allegany Co.: Rte. 1 7, Exit 33 (to Alfred), 7-VIII-92, ERH, SK; Rte. 17, 0.5 mi. E. Exit 37, 7- VIII-92, ERH, SK; Alfred, 7-VIII-92, ERH, BK. Broome Co.: Binghamton, Junct. Rte. 81 and Rte. 12, 17-VIII-90, ERH, SK. Chemung Co., West Elmira, 30-VI-92, ERH. SK; Pine City, 30-VI-92, ERH, SK; Elmira Heights, 7-IX-92, ERH, SK. Chenango Co., Brisben, 17- VIII-90, ERH, SK; Norwich, 17-VIII-90, ERH, SK. Clinton Co., Rte. 456 @ junct. Rte. 87 E. of Beekmantown, 29-VIII-92, AGW, SK; 1-87, Exit 36, S. of Pittsburgh, 2-VIII-92, AGW, SK. Dutchess Co., 1-84 West, rest area nr. Storm ville, 1 l-VIII-90, AGW, BK. Greene Co., 1-87 North, nr. Catskill, 3-VIII-90, AGW, SK. Jefferson Co., Plesis, 16-VIII-92, AGW, SK; Wellesley Island St.Pk., 16-VIII-92, AGW, SK. Madison Co., DeRuyter, 17-VIII-90, ERH, BK?; New Woodstock, 14-VII-91, ERH, SK. Ontario Co., nr. E. Victor (Farmington), 5-VII- 92, ERH, SK. Orange Co., 1-84 East, nr. Middletown, 3-VIII-90, AGW, SK. Putnam Co., Rte. 202, nr. Brewster, 1 l-VIII-90, AGW, BK. Rensselaer Co., Johnsonville, 3-VIII-90, Figure 1. Northeastern United States. Distribution of Urophora quadrifasciata based on examined specimens (dots). Known release sites (NY: Essex, Tompkins, and Warren coun- ties; MD: Beltsville) (stars). Vol. 104. No. 3, May & June. 1993 147 AGW, SK. Saratoga Co., 1-87 North, nr. Ushers. 3-V1II-90, AGW. SK. Schuyler Co., Alpine Junction, 6-V1II-92. ERH. SK; Watkins Glen. 31-V1II-90, 15-VIII-92. ERH. SK. Steuben Co., Bath, 31-VIII-90, ERH, SK. Tioga Co., Owego, 17-V1II-90. ERH, SK; Waverly, 17-V1II-90, ERH, SK. Tompkins Co., Ithaca, 14-VI-91, ERH. SK; Tnimansburg, 2 1- VI I -9 1,27- VI -92, ERH, SK; Town of Ulysses, N. of Jacksonville, 15-VIII-89.1 1.1 3. 16- VII- 90, 15-V1II-90, 12.15.17.20.27.VI-91.25-V1I-91, 15-V1II-91, 22-V1-92, 10. 12.29- VII-92, ERH, SFK. Ulster Co., Mohonk Preserve, nr. New Paltz, 3-VIII-90, AGW, SK. Warren Co., Peggy Ann Rd., W. of Glens Falls, 3-V1II-90, AGW, SK. Yates Co., 10 mi. N. of Watkins Glen,® junct. Rte.42 and 14.4-IX-90, ERH, SK. PENNSYLVANIA: Bradford Co., Sayre. 17-VIII-90, ERH, SK; Wysox, 17-VIII-90, ERH, SK. Carbon Co., Rte. 534,0.3 mi. S. of junct. Rte. 940 nr. East Side, 15-VII-90, AGW, SK. Cumberland Co., Rte. 1 14 @ junct. 1-81, nr. Hogestown, 18-VII-90, AGW, SK. Dauphin Co., Rte. 39. nr. junct. Rte. 322 N. of Harris- burg, 16-VII-90, AGW, SK. Lackawanna Co., 1-84 East, Mt. Cobb exit, 25-VII-90, AGW. SK. Lancaster Co., Rte. 272, N. of Buck, 24-VII-090. AGW, SK. Lebanon Co., Rte. 934. Indiantown Natl. Cem., 15-VII-90, AGW, SK. Luzerne Co., Rte. 93 @ 1-81, nr. West Hazleton, 15-VII-90, AGW, SK. Lycoming Co., nr. Loyalsock, 28-VII-91, ERH. SK; Muncy. 20-VII-90, K. Valley, SK. Monroe Co., Tobyhanna, 2 1 -VII-90, AGW. SK. Pike Co., Rte. 402, nr. Blooming Grove, 28-VII-90, AGW. SK. Schuylkill Co., Rte. 443. nr. New Ringgold, 23-VII-90, T. Price. SK: Frackville. 15- VII-90, AGW, SK. Sullivan Co., Sones- town, 20- VII-90, K. Valley, SK. Susquehanna Co., Montrose, 17-VIII-90. ERH, SK. Wayne Co., Angels, 21-VII-90, AGW, SK. RHODE ISLAND: Kent Co., West Warwick. 5-VIII-90, AGW, SK. VERMONT: Chirtenden Co., Camp Johnson, Colchester, 28-VIII-92, AGW, SK. Franklin Co., Missisquoi Natl. Wildlife Refuge, 28-VIII-92, AGW, SK. Comments. Adults oW. quadrifasciata and U. affinis are superficially similar. Females of both species can be easily separated using the key in White & Clement (1987:575). Among the chief characters that dis- tinguish U. quadrifasciata are the four complete, transverse, black bands and yellow base of the wing, with the first (or basal) and second transverse bands broadly united at the costal margin (see Figure 8 of Plate II in Freidberg & Kugler, 1989). In contrast, adults of U. affinis are recognized by having 3 or 4 transverse bands (variable in intensity and completeness), with the first band, when present, less pronounced than the other three and separated from the second transverse band (as in Figures 2-3 of Plate II in Freidberg & Kugler, 1989). The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine (APHIS-PPQ) of the USDA is initiating a biocontrol program for diffuse and spotted knapweed in the eastern states (states invited to participate in 1992 include Pennsylvania, New York, Michi- gan, and Virginia). The locality records reported herein represent a "prerelease inventory", establishing important base line data on existing U. quadrifasciata populations in eight northeastern states. II. The weed: Hypericum perforation (Hypericaceae) St. Johnswort (also klamath weed or goatweed), Hypericum per- foratum, a weed native to Europe, northern Africa, and large portions of 148 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Asia to China and Japan, was introduced into Australia and North America. On the latter continent, it has become a serious weed on rangelands in dry areas (Johansson, 1962). The first known introduction of St. Johnswort into the United States was reported in 1 793 near Lancas- ter, Pennsylvania. By 1900 it had spread westward and was reported in California around the Klamath River, which provides the basis for one of the plant's common names (Rosenthal et al, 1984). It is a hardy, deep- rooted, perennial herb occurring in neglected meadows, fields, and pas- tures and along roadsides from Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas, and in the far West from British Columbia to central California (Cox, 1985). It remains a noxious rangeland weed only in the western United States (Johansson, 1962). In heavily infested areas, this weed is especially injurious by displac- ing valuable and desirable forage plants. It is also toxic to livestock when ingested in considerable quantities, causing a photodermatitis on un- pigmented areas of grazing livestock exposed to direct sunlight (Jo- hansson, 1962). The biocontrol agent: Chrysolina quadrigemina (Chrysomelidae) The first use of insects as a means of weed control in North America was initially attempted in the mid-1940's with two European species of leaf beetle (Chrysolina) that feed on St. Johnswort,//. perforation (Hollo- way & Huffaker, 195 1). Chrysolina hyperici (Forster) and C. quadrigemina (Suffrian) [= gemellata auct. and geminata auct] have become estab- lished in release areas in western and eastern North America, with the latter species exhibiting a greater ability to increase its distributional range, particularly in California (Holloway & Huffaker, 1951). Chrysolina hyperici was introduced into California (via Australia) in 1945 and is now established in many localities in the West, including Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Colorado, and British Colum- bia. Similarly, C. quadrigemina was introduced into California (via Aus- tralia) in 1946, and is also established in the same areas as C. hyperici. Another species, C. varians (Schaller), was introduced for the biocontrol of Hypericum in British Columbia where it remains established and apparently restricted (Johansson, 1962; Brown, 1962). Populations of//, perforatum were dramatically reduced when both C. hyperici and C. quadrigemina were introduced into Australia (Clark, 1953), the United States (Holloway & Huffaker, 1951; Holloway, 1957), and western (British Columbia) and eastern Canada (Ontario and Nova Scotia) (Smith, 1958; Harris & Maw, 1984). A relatively small number of specimens of C hyperici (252) and C. quadrigemina (182) were originally released in eastern Ontario in 1969 and 1970, respectively, for control of Vol. 104, No. 3, May & June, 1993 149 St. Johnswort (Harris & Maw, 1984). Fields et al. (1988) demonstrated that 18 years after their initial release both species of leaf beetle had spread nearly 90 km from the original release site near Picton, Ontario. They also concluded that the present distribution ofChrysolina spp. in eastern Canada was probably due to natural dispersal, and that both species were capable of finding widely separated stands of the host plant. No systematic release of either Chrysolina species has occurred in the eastern United States. However, C. quadrigemina has been collected from several widespread localities in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, and Ohio, since 1989. Several states in the east have not been surveyed; therefore, no statement can be made about the presence or absence of this species in these regions. The known distributional records for C. quadrigemina document its establishment and range expansion in the eastern United States, apparently resulting from a natural dispersal of populations from eastern Ontario. These data are recorded below and mapped in Figure 2. All specimens were collected from H. perforatum, unless stated otherwise. The host plant iden- Figure 2. Northeastern United States. Distribution of Chrysolina quadrigemina based on examined specimens (dots). Known release site (near Picton, Ontario) (star). 150 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS tifications, where noted, are provided by the author and other collectors. The leaf beetle determination is the responsibility of the author. The New York and Pennsylvania specimens are deposited in the Cor- nell University Insect Collection; Ohio and West Virginia specimens in the collection of the West Virginia Department of Agriculture, Charles- ton, WV; and Maryland specimens in the collection of the Maryland Department of Agriculture, Annapolis, MD. UNITED STATES: MARYLAND: Prince Georges Co., Brandywine, l-V-91, C. L. Staines. NEW YORK: Cattaraugus Co., Allegany St. Pk., 24 July 1985. A. E. Hajek. Chemung Co., no specific locality, 1 -VII-90, C. Klass. Erie Co., Tonawanda, 3-VII-92, E. R. Hoebeke. Ontario Co., Geneva, 16- VI-91, ERH; along Rte. 90, W. of Geneva exit 16- Vl-91, ERH. Tompkins Co., Ithaca, 10-VII-89, 12-IX-90, C. Klass; Ithaca, Sept.-Oct. 1990, R. Campbell (student collection); Ithaca, Forest Home Wildflower Garden, l-X-89, ERH; Town of Ulysses, N. of Jacksonville, 15. 17.20- VI -91, ERH; Trumansburg, fairgrounds, 1- VII-90, ERH; Trumansburg, Falls Rd. nr. H. A Smith Woods, 6-VII-89, ERH; Trumans- burg, Taughannock Falls St. Pk., 6-VII-89, ERH. OHIO: Ashland Co., Mohican Mem. St. For., 30-V-87, S. M. Clark. PENNSYLVANIA: Berks Co., Slote Nurseries, nr. Angelica, 25- X-90, AGW. Centre Co., Scotia Barrens, 29-V1-91, A. G. Wheeler, Jr. WEST VIRGINIA: Greenbrier Co., Anthony, 9-VI-92, SMC. Pocahontas Co., Cass, 8-VII-92. SMC, ex.. H. punctatum. Randolph Co., Cheat Mountain, 1 mi. n. Barton Knob, 3800 ft. elev., 8-VII-92, SMC. Tucker Co., Dolly Sods Scenic Area, 16-IX-92, SMC. Comments. Of the sixteen Chrysolina species recorded in North America (Brown, 1962), C. quadrigemina can be generally distinguished from its congeners in eastern North America by the following charac- teristics: its color (blue, blue-green, brassy green, or bronze individuals with venter and legs dark blue or blue-green); its distinctly larger, more robust size (6.0-7.1 mm); and, in the male, by the presence of a saucer- shaped impression on abdominal sternite V, and by the size and details of the aedeagus (Brown, 1962; Wilcox, 1972; Frazer & Emberson, 1987). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am especially grateful to A G. Wheeler, Jr. (Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Dept. of Agriculture, Harrisburg) for providing both specimens and locality records for northeastern U.S. populations oft/, quadrifasciata and C. quadrigemina, and for reviewing the manuscript; and to Shawn M. Clark (West Virginia Department of Agriculture, Charleston) and Charles L. Staines, Jr. (Maryland Department of Agriculture, Annapolis) for allowing me to publish locality records for C. quadrigemina collected in West Virginia, Ohio, and Maryland. I also thank Robert Richard (USDA, Biocontrol of Weeds Facility, Bozeman, MT) and two other anonymous reviewers for commenting on the manuscript. William J. Dress (L. H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University) identified the short-fringed knapweed, C. dubia (identified as C. nigrescens), surrounding my property upon which specimens off/, quadrifasciata were first collected in July 1990. Allen L. Norrbom (Sys- tematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Washington, D.C.) kindly confirmed the iden- tification off/, quadrifasciata. Vol. 104, No. 3, May & June, 1993 151 LITERATURE CITED Brown, W. J. 1962. The American species of Chrysolina Mots. (Coleoptera: Chryso- melidae). Can. Entomol. 94:58-74. Clark, L. R. 1953. The ecology of Chrysomela gemellata Rossi and C. hyperici ForsL, and their effect on St. John's Wort in the Bright District, Victoria. Aust. J. Zool. 1:1-69. Cox, D. D. 1985. Common flowering plants of the Northeast: their natural history and uses. State Univ. of New York Press, Albany. 418 pp. Fields, P. G., J. T. Arnason, and B. J. R. Philogene. 1988. Distribution ofChrysolina spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in eastern Ontario, 1 8 years after their initial release. Can. Entomol. 120:937-938. Frankton, C. and G. A. Mulligan. 1970. Weeds of Canada. Can. Dept. Agric. Publ. 948. 217 pp. Frazer, B. and R. Emberson. 1987. Rediscovery of Chrysolina quadrigemina (Suffrian) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomol. 9:57-59. Freidberg, A. and J. Kugler. 1989. Diptera: Tephritidae. Fauna Palaestina, Insecta IV. Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem. 212 pp. Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Second edition. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 910pp. Groh, H. 1943. Canadian weed survey. 2nd Annual Report of the Canadian Department of Agriculture. 74 pp. Harris, P. 1980. Establishment oWrophora affinis Frfld. and U. quadrifasciata (Meig.) (Dip- tera: Tephritidae) in Canada for the biological control of diffuse and spotted knapweed. Z. Angew. Entomol. 89:504-514. Harris, P. and M. Maw. 1984. Hypericum perforatum L., St. John's - wort (Hypericaceae). Pp. 171-177 in: Kelleher, J. S. and M. A Hulme (Eds.), Biological control programmes against insects and weeds in Canada 1969-1980. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, UK. Harris, P. and J. H. Myers. 1984. Centaurea diffusa Lam. and C. maculosa Lam. s. lat., dif- fuse and spotted knapweed (Compositae). Pp. 127-137 in: Kelleher, J. S. and M. A Hulme (Eds.), Biological control programmes against insects and weeds in Canada 1969-1980. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, UK. Holloway, J. K. 1957. Weed control by insects. Sci. Amer. 197:56-62. Holloway, J. K. and C. B. Huffaker. 1951. The role of Chrysolina gemellata in the biologi- cal control of Klamath weed. J. Econ. Entomol. 44:244-247. Johansson, S. 1962. Insects associated with Hypericum L. 1. Host plant and Coleoptera. Opusc. Entomol. 27:128-146. Julien, M. H. (Ed.) 1982. Biological control of weeds: a world catalogue of agents and their target weeds. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Slough, UK. 108 pp. Julien, M. H. (Ed.) 1992. Biological control of weeds: a world catalogue of agents and their target weeds. Third edition. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. 186 pp. Maddox, D. M. 1979. The knapweeds: their economics and biological control in the western states, U.S.A. Rangeland 1:139-141. Maddox, D. M. 1982. Biological control of diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa} and spot- ted knapweed (C. maculosa). Weed Sci. 30:76-82. Rosenthal, S. S., D. M. Maddox, and K. Brunetti. 1984. Biological methods of weed con- trol. Monog. No. 1. Calif. Weed Conf. 88 pp. Smith, J. M. 1958. Biological control of Klamath weed. Hypericum perforatum L., in British Columbia. Proc. 10th Int. Congr. Entomol. 4:561-565. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Story, J. M. 1985. First report of the dispersal into Montana of Urophora quadrifasciata (Diptera: Tephritidae), a fly released in Canada for biological control of spotted and diffuse knapweed. Can. Entomol. 117:1061-1062. Story, J. M. and N. L. Anderson. 1978. Release and establishment of Urophora affinis (Diptera: Tephritidae) on spotted knapweed in western Montana. Environ. Entomol. 7:445-448. Watson, A. K. and A. J. Renney. 1974. The biology of Canadian weeds. 6. Centaurea diffusa and C. maculosa. Can. J. Plant Sci. 54:687-701 White, I. M. and S. L. Clement. 1987. Systematic notes on Urophora (Diptera, Tephri- tidae) species associated with Centaurea solstitialis (Asteraceae, Cardueae) and other Palaearctic weeds adventive in North America. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 89:571- 580. White, I. M. and M. M. Elson-Harris. 1992. Fruit flies of economic significance: their identification and bionomics. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. 601 pp. Wilcox, J. A. 1972. A review of the North American chrysomeline leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). University of the State of New York, State Museum and Science Ser- vice, Albany. Bull. 421. 37 pp. When submitting papers, all authors are requested to (1) provide the names of two qualified individuals who have critically reviewed the manuscript before it is submitted and (2) suggest the names and addresses of two qualified authorities in the subject field to whom the manuscript may be referred by the editor for final review. 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MICROFAGIA — Boletin Informative sobre la Interaccion Insecto-Hongo. This bulletin is published three times per year. Contributions are published without page charges. Sub- scription fees are $10 U. S. per year. Please contact Jose Luis Navarrete-Heredia, Lab. de Morfofisiologia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, apdo. Postal 21-518 (Coyoacan), 04000, Mexico, D.F., MEXICO. NEEDED: BACK VOLUMES and numbers of Entomological News to complete my set. Will trade. Send SASE for list of offerta/disiderata to Roderick R. Irwin, Rural Route 3, Streator. IL61364. FOR SALE: Quality insect pins, black enameled, stainless steel. Best prices guaranteed. Call for free samples. Phone: 1 (800) 484-7347 Ext. 1324. Fax: (617) 581-5904. OL.104 USISSN0013-872X SEPTEMBER & OCTOBER, 1 993 NO. 4 INTO scriptions of immature stages of Nemafus desan^isi (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), a pest of Salicaceae in Argentina and Chile S.M. Ovruski', D.R. Smith Carpenter ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) tunnels visualized by computed tomography An inexpensive vacuum collector for insect sampling S. W. Wilson, J.L. Smith, A.M. Purcell, /// Insect removal from sticky traps using a citrus oil solvent R.S. Miller, S. Passoa, R.D. Waltz, V. Mastro BOOK REVIEWS CALVE RT AWARDS FOR 1993 SOCIETY MEETING OF FEBRUARY 24, 1993 153 Amblycerus teutoniensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), a new species of seed beetle C.S. Ribeiro-Costa, J.M. Kingsolver 161 Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) of Buck Creek, Pulaski County, KY R.G. Payne, G.A. Schuster 165 Caddisflies (Trichoptera) of Wildcat Creek, Pickens County, SC M.A. Floyd, J.C. Morse 171 Abundance and seasonal activity of Eucinetoidea (Coleoptera) in a raspberry plantation and adjacent sites in southern Quebec C. Levesque, G-Y. Levesque 180 New distribution record for Ischnoptera bilunata (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) E.P. Benson, A.G. Appel 187 First record of Sepedophilus coronadensis (Staphylinidae) from Mexico Jose Luis Navarrete-Heredia 191 Genera of Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) from Central America C.R. Lugo-Ortiz, W. P. McCafferty 193 RifS.El-Mallakh 198 203 209 214 197 215 THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS is published bi-monthly except July-August by The American Entomological Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences. 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia. PA 19103, U.SA. The American Entomological Society holds regular membership meetings on the fourth Wednesday in October, November, February, March, and April. The November, February and April meetings are held at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, PA. The October and March meetings are held at the Department of Entomology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. 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Boyd, 232 Oak Shade Road, Tabernacle Twp., Vincentown, New Jersey 08088, LJ.S.A. SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT VINCENTOWN, NEW JERSEY, 08088, U.S.A. Vol. 104, No. 4, September & October, 1993 153 DESCRIPTIONS OF IMMATURE STAGES OF NEMATUS DESANTISI (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE), A PEST OF SALICACEAE IN ARGENTINA AND CHILE* Sergio M. Ovruski2, David R. Smith3 ABSTRACT: The egg, first-and last-instar larvae, prepupa, and pupa ofNematus desaniisi Smith are described and illustrated. This species is a serious pest otSalix spp. and Populus spp. in Argentina and Chile. Only three species of the tenthredinid subfamily Nematinae are known in South America: Pristiphora brasiliensis Malaise, P. plaumanni Wong, and Nematus desantisi Smith. Host plants of the Pristiphora species are unknown. Nematus desantisi is a serious pest ofSalix spp. in much of Argentina and Chile, but it has also been recorded from Populus spp. in Argentina (Gianti and Dapoto 1990). Reproduction of N. desantisi is by thelytokus parthenogenesis (De Sands and Gallego de Sureda 1984), which facilitates its development as a pest. The earliest record of W. desantisi is from Chubut, Argentina, in 1980 (De Santis 1981 ), and shortly after it was described by Smith (1983). Later it was collected in Chile (Gonzalez^ al. 1986, Gonzalez 1989)andinthe Argentina provinces of Rio Negro, Neuquen, Mendoza, San Juan, San Luis, Buenos Aires (De Santis and Gallego de Sureda 1984), Catamarca (Vattuone 1989), and Tucuman, Salta, and Jujuy (Ovruski 1991, Ovruski and Fidalgo, 1991 ). De Santis and Gallego de Sureda (1984), Mallea et al. (1985), Gonzalez et al. ( 1986), Gonzalez ( 1989), and Gianti and Dapoto (1990) provided some biological data and gave brief descriptions of the egg, late-instar larva, cocoon, pupa, and adults. This paper, part of the graduation thesis of the senior author (Ovruski 1991 ) includes a detailed description of the egg, external morphology of the first- and last-instar larvae, prepupa, and pupa of this serious pest. The descriptions are from series of specimens collected on willow in Tafi del Valle, Tucuman Province, Argentina, in January, March, and Octo- ber of 1990, and reared in the laboratory. Larval terminology is based largely on that of Wong (1963). 1 Received February 19. 1993. Accepted March 26. 1993. - Centre de Investigaciones para la Regulation de Poblaciones de Organismos Nocivos (CIRPON). Pasaje Caseros 1050. C.C. 90. S.M. de Tucuman. Argentina. 3 Systematic Entomology Laboratory. ARS. PSI. U.S. Department of Agriculture, c/o National Museum of Natural History NHB 168. Washington. D.C. 20560. ENT. NEWS 104(4): 153-160. September & October. 1993 154 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Description of Immature Stages Egg (Fig. 1). Length, 1.0-1.2 mm. Entirely green; elongated kidney-shaped with one end narrow and slightly curved, averaging from 0.26-0.28 mm in diameter; other end broader, averaging from 0.37-0.39 mm in diameter, with narrowly rounded apex; chorion smooth. Described from numerous series of eggs laid in leaves on first day of oviposition, and from mature ovarial eggs from females reared in laboratory. Last-instar larva (Figs. 2-11,18). Length, 1 7-20 mm. Head capsule pale yellow with black eyespots; longitudinal dark brown to black band present along coronal suture, and a light brown band from vertex laterally to each ocularium; dorsal half of frons, antenna, clypeus, maxillary palpus, labial palpus, and basal part of mandible light brown; apex of mandible black. Body entirely green when alive, with two darkened dorsolateral lines; thoracic legs pale yellowish with dark brown tarsal claws; apex of epiproct and caudal protuberances (pseudocerci of Middleton 1921) light brown. Head capsule (Fig. 2) circular in front view, with few scattered setae that are about 0.09 mm long and slightly longer setae on genae. Antenna (Fig. 3) with 4 segments, each reduced to short sclerotized pieces included in oval antacoria; 1st segment very small and subcir- cular, its diameter at least half diameter of apical segment and bearing light colored sen- sory pit; 2nd and 3rd segments crescent-shaped and almost equal in size, each with two light-colored sensory pits; 4th (apical) segment subcircular and bearing four light-colored sensory pits. Clypeus wider than long and bearing 4-6 setae. Inner surface of labrum (Fig. 4) with apical margin emarginate and sinuous at the middle, lateral margins rounded, with 10-12 long setae on each side. Mandibles asymmetrical, strongly sclerotized; each with two large sharp teeth and five smaller lateral teeth (Fig. 5). Maxillary palpus 4-segmented, 2nd segment with 1 seta, longer than 3rd and 4th segments combined; lacinia with 10-12 short spines; palpifer with 4 setae. Labial palpus 3-segmented. Prothoracic, mesothoracic, and metathoracic terga (Fig. 7) each apparently divided into 4 annulets and with few setae. Prothorax with a large spiracle and a single pore slightly below spiracle. Second prothoracic annulet bearing one pore positioned dorsolaterally. Mesothoracic and metathoracic segments similar to each other; preepipleurite with 5-6 setae and a single pore; postepipleurite with 2 setae. Middle thoracic leg (Fig. 9) with sub- rectangular coxa, 1.25X longer than wide, with 13-16 scattered setae each about 0.09 mm long; trochanter subquadrate, slightly longer than broad, with 10-12 setae that are 0.05 mm in length; femur subcylindrical, with 6-7 setae similar to the former and 1 seta on femoral process; tibia subcylindrical, 2X longer than wide, with 7-8 scattered setae that are 0.10 mm in length and 3-4 shorter setae and one pore on apical margin; tarsus with a simple claw. Abdominal segments 2-7 and 10 with prolegs (Fig. 18); segments 1-8 each with 5 dorsal annulets; 9th segment divided into 4 annulets, and 10th without annulets. Third ab- dominal segment (typical abdominal segment) as follows (Fig. 6): 1st and 5th annulets glabrous; 2nd annulet with vertical row of 4 setae dorsolaterally; 3rd annulet with vertical row of 4 setae and 2 pores on dorsum and pleuron; 4th annulet with 2 setae located subdor- sally; with small spiracle; postspiracular area with 1 pore and 1 seta above pore (sometimes absent); preepipleurite nearly always with 5 setae (occasionally 4) and a single pore; post- epipleurite usually with longitudinal row of 5 setae and 1 pore; an emarginate lobe bearing 2 setae posterior to postspiracular area; proleg usually with 3 to 4 setae. Ninth segment apparently with 4 dorsal annulets, distribution of setae and pores as in Fig. 8. Epiproct with a pair of caudal protuberances, several short setae and 1 pore. Numerous setae about 0.10 mm in length on subanal and suranal lobes (Fig. 8). Spiracles of abdominal segments 1-7 Vol. 104, No. 4, September & October, 1993 155 11 Figs. 1-11. Nematus desantisi. 1, Egg. 2-1 1, Last-instar larva. 2, Head capsule, front view. 3, Antenna. 4. Inner surface of labrum. 5. Left and right mandibles, dorsal view. 6. Third abdominal segment. 7. Head and thorax. 8, Apical abdominal segments. 9. Middle thoracic leg. 10, Spiracle of third abdominal segment. 1 1, Pore. 156 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS vertical, oval-shaped, and 2.25X longer than wide (Fig. 10), 8th abdominal spiracle longer and very similar to prothoracic spiracle. Pores with 3 dark sharp protuberances on edge of opening (Fig. 11). Eversible ventral glands present on abdominal segments 1-7, situated between and slightly anterior to prolegs (not evident unless fully extended). Integument with very small grayish granules. Described from a series of 10 larvae, collected from Salix humboldtiana Willdn., and 5. babylonica L. in Tafi del Valle. First-instar larva (Figs. 12-17). — Length, 1.5-2.0 mm at hatching, and reaching to 3.5- 4.0mm at beginning of second instar. First-instar (Fig. 17) similar to last-instar, except for coloration of head capsule, mouthparts, thoracic legs, epiproct and caudal protuberances, morphology of antenna, mandibles, thoracic legs, and abdominal spiracles, and distribu- tion, number, and types of setae on head capsule, thorax, and abdomen. Head capsule and mouthparts brownish black, same color as thoracic legs, except trochanters which are greenish brown. Body, at hatching, translucent with grayish tone, but pale green after feeding. Apex of epiproct and caudal protuberances dark brown. Head capsule (Fig. 12) with numerous small setae each about 0.02 mm in length. Antenna (Fig. 1 3 ) elongate, cone shaped; basal 3 segments ring-shaped and apical segment subconical; diameter of 1st segment subequal to length of antenna, bearing 2 light-colored sensory pits; 2nd and 3rd segments bearing a single light-colored sensory pit, and 4th seg- ment bearing 4 light-colored sensory pits. Left mandible (Fig. 14A) with 7 sharp teeth, 2 of which are very large and sharp, and a single, large, saw-shaped tooth; right mandible (Fig. 14B) with 6 sharp teeth and 1 large saw-shaped tooth. 16 Figs. 12-16. Nematus desantisi, first instar larva. 12, Head capsule, front view. 13. Antenna. 14A, Dorsal view of left mandible. 14B, Dorsal view of right mandible. 1 5, Middle thoracic- leg. 16, Spiracle of third abdominal segment. Vol. 104, No. 4, September & October, 1993 157 Middle thoracic leg (Fig. 1 5) with coxa subquadrate, bearing 20-22 scattered short setae each about 0.02 mm in length; trochanters subtriangular, 2X broader than long, with 6 short setae; femur subquadrate, 1.25X broader than long, with 9-10 short setae; tibia sub- quadrate, with 5 setae each about 0.03 mm in length, and 6-7 setae 0.015 mm in length, 2 large setae each about 0.05 mm in length and 4 pores near apical margin; tarsus with a large, curved tarsal claw. Third abdominal segment with vertical row of 3 setae on both 1st annulet and 2nd annulets; vertical row of 4 setae on 4th annulet; 3rd and 5th annulets glabrous; spiracle sub- circular (Fig. 16), about as long as wide, with brownish spots on anterior and posterior sides, and grayish granules surrounding it on all sides; postspiracular area with 2 setae; preepiplurite with 5-6 setae; postepiplurite with longitudinal row of 6-7 setae; 3 setae on lobe posterior to postspiracular area; proleg with 6. occasionally 7, setae. Pores not found. Described from 10 larvae reared in the laboratory. Prepupa and pupa (Figs. 19, 20). — Initially (first day), prepupa very similar to last- instar larva. On second day, body curved and reduced in size, averaging 7.5 mm in length (Fig. 19). Head capsule pale green, but with light brown lateral bands, longitudinal black- ish band on coronal suture, and light brown spot on frons; thoracic legs greenish brown and body dark green. Pupa initially somewhat tough, entirely green with light brown eyes, averaging 7.8 mm in length; antenna curved posteriorly, exterior to wings and extended to 4th abdominal seg- ment; prothoracic and mesothoracic legs and wings curved toward ventral surface of thorax; metathoracic legs extend to 5th abdominal segment. Mature pupa (Fig. 20) more sclerotized; head, antenna, thorax, and thoracic legs yellowish brown; mandibles dark brown, eyes black, and abdomen light green. Fifteen prepupae and pupae, reared in the laboratory from larvae collected in Tafi del Valle, were studied. The prepupa transforms to the pupa and adult stage inside a yellowish brown oval cocoon from 7-8 mm long and from 3-4 mm in diameter. DISCUSSION The first descriptions of the immature stages of N. desantisi by De Santis and Gallego de Sureda (1984), Mallea el al. (1985), Gonzalez (1989), and Gianti and Dapoto (1990) were based principally on colora- tion and measurements. De Santis and Gallego de Sureda (1984) pub- lished the first figures of the mature larva, eggs in willow leaves, first- instar larva, and prepupa inside the cocoon. These same authors men- tioned that the eggs of N. desantisi are initially oval-shaped, flat, and tran- slucent. Conversely, Mallea et al. (1985), Gonzalez etal. (1986) and Gon- zalez (1989) described the eggs as kidney-shaped. This latter observation agrees with our studies. Gonzalez (1989) stated that the larva of N. desantisi has prolegs on abdominal segments 2-8. Our studies show that the larva is typical of the Nematinae and Nematus, with prolegs on abdominal segments 2-7 and 10, as defined by Smith and Middlekauff (1987). Very few sawfly larvae are known from southern South America, but the following combination of characters should aid in the recognition of the larva of Nematus desantisi: feeding on Salix spp. and Populus spp.; pre- 158 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 17 Figs. 17-18. Nematus desantisi. 17, First-instar larva. 18, Last-instar larva. Vol. 104. No. 4. September & October, 1993 159 19 20 Figs. 19-20. Nematus desantisi. 19, Cocoon and prepupa. 20, Mature pupa. 160 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS sence of prolegs on abdominal segments 2-7 and 10; flat, 4-segmented antenna; mandibular dentition as described above; 5-annulate ab- dominal segments (segments 1-8) with setae on annulets 2-4; and pre- sence of a pair of caudal protuberances on the epiproct. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Dr. Patricio Fidalgo and Ing. Agr. Arturo L. Teran (CIRPON, S.M. de Tucu- man, Argentina) for suggestions and critical reviews of the manuscript. Lie. Nora E. Ovruski (EEAOC, S.M. de Tucuman, Argentina) for helping collect the specimens, and Ing. Hugo Lazaro (CIRPON) for the photographs of the larvae, prepupa, and pupa. We also thank W.W. Middlekauf, University of California, Berkeley; H. Goulet, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa; and R.V. Peterson and D.A Nickle, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA Washington, D.C., for review of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED De Santis, L. 1981. Estudiodeuna nueva plaga defoliadora delsaucecriolloenla provin- cia de Chubut. Novedades del Museo de la Plata 1(1): 9. De Santis, L. and A. Gallego de Sureda. 1984. La falsa oruga de los sauces y alamos (Nematus desantisi). Academia Nacional de Agronomia y Veterinaria, Buenos Aires 38(7): 1-22. Gianti, H.E. and G.L. Dapoto. 1990. Biologia, daftos y posibilidades de control de la "Falsa oruga o cuncuna del sauce." Presencia 4(20/21): 11-12. Gonzalez, R.H. 1989. Insectos y Acaros de importancia agricola y cuarentenaria de Chile. Universidad de Chile. 310 pp. Gonzalez, R.H., G. Barria, and M.A. Guennero. 1986. Nematus desantisi Smith, nueva especie de importancia forestal en Chile (Hymenoptera: Tenthreidnidae). Revista Chilena de Entomologia 14: 13-15. Mallea, A.R., G.S. Macola, J.G. Garcia Saez, and S.J. Lanati. 1985. Observaciones bioetoecologicas sobre Nematus desantisi Smith, 1983 (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), en Mendoza. Intersectuum 17(1-3): 1-14. Middleton, W. 1921. Some notes on the terminal abdominal structures of sawflies. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 23: 139-144. Ovruski, S.M. 1991. Estudios biologicos morfologicos de la falsa oruga de los sauces y alamos. (Nematus desantisi) y consideraciones sobre su distribucion. Tesis de gradua- cion (Seminario), Fac. de Cs. Naturales e instituto M. Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Argentina, 94 pp. Ovruski, S.M. and P. Fidalgo. 1991. Distribucion geografica de Nematus desantisi Smith (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), plaga de salicaceas. Ciencia e Cultura, Sao Paulo (suplemento) 43(7): 36-37. Smith, D.R. The first record of Nematus Panzer from South America: a new species from Argentina (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 85: 260-262. Smith D.R. and W.W. Middlekauf. 1987. Symphyta, pp. 618-649. In Stehr, F.W., ed., Immatuire Insects. Kendall Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa. 754 pp. Vattuone, E.M. 1989. La falsa oruga de los sauces y alamos (Nematus desantisi Smith) en la provincia de Catamarca. CIRPON, Revista de Investigacion 7(1-4): 85. Wong, H.R. 1963. The external morphology of the adult and ultimate larval instar of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Canadian Ento- mol. 95: 897-921. Vol. 104, No. 4, September & October, 1993 161 AMBLYCER US TE UTONIENSIS (COLEOPTERA: BRUCHIDAE), A NEW SPECIES OF SEED BEETLE1' 2 Cibele S. Ribeiro-Costa,2 John M. Kingsolver^ ABSTRACT: Amblycerus teutoniensis is described and illustrated. To provide a specific name to be used in future species group ar- rangements, this description is presented. Amblycerus teutoniensis, new species (figs. 1-8) Dimensions: Medium body length 5.14 mm; width 3.36 mm. Pronotum length 1.38- 1.80 mm (mean = 1.62 mm); width 1.96-2.63 mm (mean =2.44 mm). Elytra length 2.48-4.20 mm (mean =3.52 mm); width 2.84-3.80 mm (mean =3.36 mm). Integument: Black except four basal antennal segments, tarsi and calcaria reddish; entire pygidium and abdomen reddish yellow. Vestiture: Head, pronotum, elytra, venter of thorax and appendages with brown and bluish gray hairs in irregular mottled pattern (fig. 1 ). Pronotum sometimes with four small rounded bluish gray spots (fig.2). Scutellum densely pubescent with light yellow hairs (fig.4). Pygidium (fig.5) and abdomen covered with light yellow and golden yellow hairs in a mottled pattern and with some scattered small brown patches. Body: Subquadrate (fig.l). Vertex micropunctate; frons and clypeus more coarsely punctate than vertex except granulose in narrow apical band; labrum punctate basally. Frons gently flattened, frontal carina evanescent in lower half, sometimes absent; fron- toclypeal suture indistinct. Mesal margin of eye with fine carina and umbilicate punctures; eye finely faceted, moderately protruding laterally; ocular sinus (emargination) 1/3 length of eye and ocular index (width across eyes/width between eyes) 2.8: 1 ; postocular lobe long. Antenna subserrate from fifth to tenth segments, eighth to tenth segments slightly wider than long; terminal segment subelliptical (fig.6). Pronotum (fig.2) subconical. lateral margins gently arcuate; disk evenly convex; basal lobe broadly angulate, usually not sul- cate; surface densely punctulate, lateral one-third of disk on either side also coarsely punctate, middle also with some punctures smaller than those on lateral areas; basal and apical margins without sulci; lateral carina (fig.3) divided near base and gently divergent toward apex, delimited by fine shallowdorsal and fine deep ventral sulci; cervical boss with two fine setae (fig. 3), posterior angle of pronotum with one seta. Prosternum moderately narrow with sulcate lateral margins and slightly expanded beyond procoxae. Scutellum 1.3 1 Received October 16, 1992. Accepted April 22, 1993 - Contribution no.738 from Departamento de Zoologia of the Universidade Federal do Parana, C.P.: 19030; CEP:81531-970, Curitiba, Parana, Brasil. 3 Florida State Collections of Arthropods, Division of Plant Industry, PO Box 147100. Gainesville. Florida 32614-7 UK), U.S.A. ENT. NFWS 104(4): 160-164. September & October. 1993 162 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS times as long as wide, apex trilobed (fig.4). Elytra as long as wide, evenly convex except slightly depressed around scutellum; surural, third, fifth, seventh and ninth intervals gently elevated on middle apical portion; striae strongly impressed, strial punctures fine; elytral apices rounded. Mesosternum elevated, rounded apically. Postmesocoxal sulci meeting mesally at acute angle, then extending laterally and connecting to parasutural sulci, the lat- ter extending beyond middle length of metasternum. Metepisternum punctulate, also with many coarser punctures, lacking striate file; metepisternal sulcus nearly right angled, verti- cal arm reaching apex and longitudinal arm very short, not reaching middle length of metepisternum. Metasternum between middle coxae not bulging. Face of hind coxa in dis- tal two-thirds and along posterior border of proximal one-third setose and densely punctu- late; many scattered larger punctures on distal two-thirds; proximal one-third glabrous in part and punctate except in a reduced area. Metafemur slender, 2.9 times as long as wide (fig.7); ventral face slightly sulcate in distal three-fourths; mesoventral carina complete but lacking blunt, angulate process near apex. Ventral face of hind tibia slightly concave, each margin with row of punctures and short, stiff setae; mesal face lacking tumidity at distal two-thirds; apex with a few, short coronal denticles. Mesal tibial spur one-fifth as long as lateral spur and one-third as long as first metatarsal segment (fig.7). Pygidium (fig.5) verti- cal, subtruncate apically; surface punctulate and with many coarser punctures. Fifth vis- ible abdominal sternum slightly emarginate in male and rounded in female. Eighth tergite rounded in male. Male terminalia (figs.8,9): Median lobe with ventral valve acute apically, lateral margins incurvate, base broad; dorsal valve subtriangular, lateral margins nearly straight, apex rounded. Internal sac armature (fig.8) consisting of two basal subconcave, slipper- shaped sclerites with short irregular protuberances near apex (figs.8D,8d); two subbasal sclerites, four times as long as wide, subrectangular, slightly sinuate and with serration directed apicad along a margin ( fig.Sb) near the place of precedent pair and in part overlap- ping it, two subbasal sclerites, 2.1 times as long as wide at base, subtriangular, very sinuate and armed with denticles directed basad (fig.8e); two long, laminar, median sclerites, slightly angulate toward basal and median portions, with one or two rows of basally directed denticles along middle apical portion; unpaired, median wishbone-shaped sclerite, shorter than the laminars (1.3 as long as the length of laminars), with strongly incurvate lateral margins on middle apical portion, rounded apex in lateral view (fig.SC) and distinctly separate stems; apical sclerite with broad lateral areas and long stems (fig.8). Internal sac membrane with spines on basal and median portions (figs.8A.8F). Lateral lobes with mod- erately deep rounded cleft between them (fig.9). Etymology: The species name refers to the place where the holotype was collected: Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Type Material: Holotype, male: BRAZIL: Sta.Catarina, Nova Teutonia; 14.11.1944; F. Plaumann; deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington (NMNH). Allotype, BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ilha da Vitoria, 16-27.111.1964, Exp.Dep.Zool, deposited in the Museu de Zoologia de Sao Paulo (MZSP); one male paratype with same label as holotype, deposited in the Museu de Entomologia do Departamento de Zoologia da Universidade Federal do Parana (DZUP); additional three paratypes.— BRAZIL: Mato Grosso, Chapada dos Guimaraes, April, Acc.No.2966, deposited in the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburg (CARN); Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Leopoldo, 15.X.1982, CJ.Becker, 60.602, deposited in the Fundacao Zoobotanica do Rio Grande do Sul (FZB.MCN); PARAGUAY: Sao Bernardino, 27.XII, Amaranthaceae, K. Fiebrig (NMNH); Depto. Alto Parana, Centra For. Alto Parana, 25° 30'S, 54°,44'W, 14-16- V-1986. Pogue & Solis (NMNH). Vol. 104, No. 4, September & October. 1993 163 BLACK INTEGUMENT BROWN HAIRS BLACK INTEGUMENT BLUISH GRAY HAIRS BLACK INTEGUMENT LKSHT YELLOW HAIRS REDDISH YELLOW INTEGUMENT LIGHT YELLOW HAIRS REDDISH YELLOW INTEGUMENT GOLDEN YELLOW HAIRS Figs.l-9.Amblycemsteutoniensis, new species. 1. dorsal hahitus; 2. pronotum; 3. lateral view of pronotum; 4. scutellum; 5, pygidium; 6, antenna; 7, hind trochanter. femur, tibia and first metatarsal segment; 8. malegenitalia. median lobe: A-spineson basal portion enlarged, b- subbasal serrate sclerites, c- lateral view of wishbone-shaped sclerite, d- ventral view of basal sclerite. D- same enlarged, e-subbasalspinoussclerites, F-spines on median portion, enlarged; 9. legmen. 164 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS DISCUSSION This species is most closely related to A. canescens (Boheman). Both share many characters such as body, except pygidium and abdomen, mottled with brown and bluish gray hairs, postocular lobe long, eyes finely faceted, lateral carina of pronotum divided, scutellum trilobed, longitudinal arm of metepisternal sulcus very short, metepisternum and hind coxa evenly punctured, mesal mesotibial spur about middle length of lateral spur and one-third length of the first hind tarsal segment. Amblycerus teutoniensis can be distinguished from ,4. canescens by the reddish yellow integument of the first four antennal segments, tarsi, pygidium and abdomen; these parts are entirely black in A. canescens. The characters in the internal sac of male genitalia are comparable in these two species. Differences are found in the shape of both pairs of sub- basal sclerites (short in teutoniensis, longer in canescens; the other sub- triangular with denticles directed basad in teutoniensis (fig.Se), sub- rectangular with denticles directed apicad in canescens; in the shape of the long laminar sclerites (slightly angulate in teutoniensis, strongly angulate in canescens; and in the wishbone-shaped sclerite (with incur- vate lateral margins and distinctly separate stems in teutoniensis, nearly straight and moderately separate stems in canescens). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank Renato C. Marinoni for comments on this paper. LITERATURE CITED Boheman, C.H. 1833. In Schoenherr, C.J. Genera et species curculionidum cum syn- onymia hujus familiae: species novae aut hactenus minus cognitae, descriptionibus a Dom. Leonardo Gyllenhal. C.H. Boheman. et entomologis aliis. Vol. 1(1): 1-385. Paris. Vol. 104, No. 4, September & October, 1993 165 THE DRAGONFLIES AND DAMSELFLIES (ODONATA) OF BUCK CREEK, PULASKI COUNTY, KENTUCKY1 Randall G. Payne^, Guenter A. Schuster^ ABSTRACT: Seven families of Odonata representing 32 species were found to inhabit Buck Creek, a fifth-order tributary of the upper Cumberland River. Of these 32 species, 17 were new records for Pulaski County. Buck Creek was found to be relatively undisturbed and of high water quality as indicated by its diverse community of Odonata. There have been relatively few published surveys of the Odo- nata from Kentucky. Resner (1970) compiled a list of all known odonate species occurring in the Commonwealth, adding three species to the list. The last additions to Kentucky's species list were by Crowley and Wilson (1979). The current total number of odonate species known for Kentucky is 138. Buck Creek, a fifth-order tributary of the upper Cumberland River, had exceptionally good water quality and a diverse aquatic fauna (Marker, # al. 1979). Recent studies of fishes (Cicerello and Butler, 1985), freshwater Unionidae ( Schuster, et al. 1 989), and Trichoptera ( Floyd and Schuster, 1990) have reported large numbers of species for each of these groups of organisms. Because Buck Creek was relatively undisturbed, as reflected in previous studies, it was thought to potentially support a diverse community of odonates. STUDY AREA Buck Creek is located in southcentral Kentucky (37° 10' N, 84° 30' W). This stream drains approximately 767 km2 in Lincoln, Pulaski and Rockcastle counties. It flows southward for 107.2 km and discharges into the Cumberland River, near Cumberland River km 859. Buck Creek flows entirely within the Eastern Highland Rim subsection of the Inte- rior Low Plateau Physiographic Province (Quarterman and Powell, 1978). The surface geology is composed primarily of Mississippian Age limestone (Schuster, et al. 1989). The land use in the watershed is primarily agricultural. The upper 1 Received February 25, 1993. Accepted March 8. 1993 2 219 Cherokee Trail, Somerset, Kentucky 42501 3 Department Of Biological Sciences, Eastern Kentucky University. Richmond. Ken- tucky 40475 ENT. NEWS 104(4): 165-170, September & October. 1993 166 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS NORTH SCALE BRUSHY CREEK KM 0 5 10 15 20 CUMBERLAND RIVER Figure 1 . Location of collecting sites along the mainstem of Buck Creek, Pulaski County, Kentucky (after Butler, 1985). one-half of the watershed is utilized for crop production and the remain- der of the watershed lies within the boundary of Daniel Boone National Forest. The stream has numerous braids that become isolated pools dur- ing the drier times of the year. Vol. 104. No. 4, September & October, 1993 167 MATERIALS AND METHODS Six collecting sites were chosen on the mainstem of Buck Creek (Figure 1). Sites one and two were located on the fourth-order section of the stream, and sites three through six were on the fifth-order segment. Exact localities of each collection site are given in Table 1 . Two sites were Table 1. Location of collecting sites on Buck Creek, Pulaski County, Kentucky. Site Location 1 State Route (SR) VOcrossing, approximately 4.9 km WNW of Woodstock and 19.4 km N of Somerset. 2 SR 39 crossing, approximately 3.2 km S of Woodstock and 15.9 km NE of Somerset. 3 SR 1677 crossing, approximately 2.2 km W of Dahl and 13.4 km ENE of Somerset. 4 SR 1675 (old SR 80) crossing at Stab, approximately 14.6 km ENE of Somerset. 5 SR 1003 crossing, approximately 7.2 km S of Stab and 14.6 km E of Somerset. 6 SR 192 crossing, approximately 4.9 km NW of Mt. Victory and 15.8 km ESE of Somerset. visited per week, and a collecting circuit of all sites was completed every three weeks. Collection of adults began in June and continued through October 1991 and from April to mid-September 1992. Adults were col- lected using a D-frame net and a .22 caliber rifle loaded with 1/15 oz, number 12 shot shotshell. During the second collecting season a light weight aerial net was used for collection. Representatives of each species collected were placed in the Natural History Museum of Eastern Ken- tucky University or in the first author's collection. RESULTS Five families of Anisoptera (Aeshnidae, Corduliidae, Gomphidae, Libellulidae and Macromiidae) and two families of Zygoptera (Calop- terygidae and Coenagrionidae) were found at Buck Creek (Tables 2 and 3 respectively), including 19 species of Anisoptera (Table 2) and 13 species of Zygoptera (Table 3). This is approximately 25% of the 138 species of Odonata known to occur in Kentucky. Of these 32 species, 17 were new records for Pulaski County, 14 anisopterans (Table 2) and three zygopterans (Table 3). 168 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Table 2. Anisoptera collected at Buck Creek, Pulaski County, Kentucky, (June -November 1991; April - mid-September 1992): * = new county record; A=adult; N = nymph. Aeshnidae Basiaeschna Janata (Say) A Boyeria vinosa (Say) A Corduliidae Epitheca princeps (Hagen) * A Neurocordulia yamaskanensis Provancher * A Somatochlora linearis (Hagen) * N Gomphidae Dromogomphus spinosus Selys A Gomphus (Gomphus) lividus Selys * A Gomphus (Gomphurus) lineatifrons Calvert * A Gomphus (Hylogomphus) viridifrons Hine * A Hagenius brevistylus Selys * A Stylogomphus albistylus (Hagen) * A Libellulidae Libellula luctosa Burmeister * A Libellula lydia (Drury) A Libellula pulchella Drury A Erythemis simplicicollis (Say) * A Pachydiplax longipennis (Burmeister) A Sympetrum vicinum (Hagen) A Macromiidae Didymops transversa (Say) * A Macromia alleghaniensis (Williamson) * A Table 3. Zygoptera collected at Buck Creek, Pulaski County, Kentucky, (June - November 1991; April - mid-September 1992): * = new county record; A= adult. Calopterygidae Calopteryx maculata (Beauvois) A Hetaerina americana (Fabricius) A Coenagrionidae Argia fumipennis violacea (Hagen) A Argia moesta (Hagen) A Argia sedula (Hagen) A Argia tibialis Rambur * A Vol. 104, No. 4, September & October, 1993 169 Table 3. (Continued) Argia translata Hagen A Enallagma basidens Calvert * A Enallagma civile (Hagen) A Enallagma divagans Selys * A Enallagma exsulans (Hagen) A Ischnura posita (Hagen) A Ischnura verticalis (Say) A DISCUSSION Kentucky is near the northern or southern limits of distribution of many odonates. Montgomery (1967) used Peterson's Resemblance Equation to indicate the degree of similarity or difference of odonates in the North Central States. The similarity of the species of Enallagma of Kentucky and southern Indiana was 0.35, while between Kentucky and Tennessee it was 0.79, where a value of 1.0 indicates total similarity. Buck Creek was found to possess a very diverse odonate community. The assemblage of a diverse community of Gomphidae was indicative of a relatively undisturbed habitat. One gomphid, Gomphus lineatifrons Calvert, has been found to inhabit only streams of high water quality (S. W. Dunkle, pers. comm.; Roback and Westfall, 1967), Carle (1979) re- ported that of the Anisoptera in Virginia, 75% of those that were rare inhabited relatively undisturbed lotic environments. While Buck Creek is relatively undisturbed, certain perturbations such as clear cutting and gravel removal had occurred during the course of this study. Continued monitoring of Buck Creek is encouraged. Water quality assays and periodic surveys of macroinvertebrates should continue in order to detect any deleterious practices in and around this stream. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank D. L. Batch and J. R. Maki of Eastern Kentucky University, and two anonymous reviewers for their comments on this manuscript. We thank S. W. Dunkle for verification of many species, and for helpful suggestions. Thanks go to M. J. Westfall. Jr. for suggestions concerning curation methods. We also thank S. L. Jones for providing equip- ment and financial support during this study. LITERATURE CITED Butler, R. S. 1985. Comparative feeding ecology of darters (Percidae: Etheosioma) in Buck Creek, Pulaski County, Kentucky. M. S. Thesis. East. Ky. Univ.. Richmond. 247 pp. Carle, F. L. 1979. Environmental monitoring potential of the Odonata, with a list of rare and endangered Anisoptera of Virginia, United States. Odonatologica 8(4): 319-323. Cicerello, R. R. and R. S. Butler. 1985. Fishes of Buck Creek, Cumberland River Drainage, Kentucky. Brimleyana 11: 133-159. 170 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Crowley, P. H. and A. D. Wilson. 1979. New species records of damselflies (Odonata: Zygoptera) in Kentucky. Trans. Ky. Acad. Sci. 40: 52. Floyd, M. A. and G. A. Schuster. 1990. The caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) of the Buck Creek System, Pulaski County, Kentucky. Trans. Ky. Acad. Sci. 51: 127-134. Marker, D. F., Jr., S. M. Call, M. L. Warren, Jr., K. E. Camburn, and P. Wigley. 1979. Aquatic biota and water quality survey of the Appalachian Province, eastern Kentucky. Tech. Rep. Ky. Nat. Pres. Comm., Vol. 1, Frankfort, KY 1152 pp. , M. L. Warren, Jr., K. E. Camburn, S. M. Call, G. J. Fallo, and P. Wigley. 1980. Aquatic biota and water quality survey of the upper Cumberland River basin. Tech. Rep. Ky. Nat. Pres. Comm., Frankfort, KY. 683 pp. Montgomery, B. E. 1967. Geographical distribution of the Odonata of the North Central States. Proc. N. Central Branch Ent. Soc. Amer. 22: 121-129. Quarterman, E. and R. L. Powell. 1978. Potential ecological/geological natural land- marks on the Interior Low Plateau. U. S. Dept. Interior, Washington, D. C. 738 pp. Resner, P. L. 1970. An annotated check list of the dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) of Kentucky. Trans. Ky. Acad. Sci. 31: 32-44. Roback, S. S. and M. J. Westfall, Jr. 1967. New records of Odonata nymphs from the United States and Canada with water quality data. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 93: 101-124. Schuster, G. A., R. S. Butler and D. H. Stansbery. 1989. A survey of the unionids (Bivalvia: Unionidae) of Buck Creek, Pulaski County, Kentucky. Trans. Ky. Acad. Sci. 50: 79-85. Vol. 104, No. 4, September & October, 1993 171 CADDISFLIES (TRICHOPTERA) OF WILDCAT CREEK, PICKENS COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINAi Michael A. Floyd, John C. Morse^ ABSTRACT: Sixty-two species of caddisflies (Trichoptera) were identified from collec- tions made from Wildcat Creek over a period of 33 years. A new distributional record for South Carolina was obtained for Diplectrona metaqui. Eight species, Polycentropus carlsoni, Wormaldia thyria, Neotrichia collata, Stactobiella delira, Neophylax atlanta. Goera fuscula, Pseudogoera singularis. and Agarodes griseus, are considered to be threatened in South Carolina. Psilotretafrontalis should be removed from the list of threatened species in South Carolina. The diverse caddisfly fauna of Wildcat Creek adds further support to the recom- mendation by other authors for its use as a biodiversity reference stream. The aquatic insect fauna of Wildcat Creek has been well documented for mayflies (Ephemeroptera), stoneflies (Plecoptera), and other signifi- cant biota (Westfall 1947; McCaskill 1967, unpub. thesis, Clemson Univ., 1973, unpub. dissertation, Clemson Univ.; McCaskill and Prins 1968; Carlson 1971, unpub. thesis, Clemson Univ.; White et al. 1979; Stark 1983; Adler 1987; and Daniels and Morse 1992). Because of its potential use as a biodiversity reference stream, as indicated by the high diversity of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera and the occurrence of several other rare or unique plant and animal species (Daniels and Morse 1992), an additional faunistic study was undertaken to document the caddisfly (Trichoptera) fauna. Wildcat Creek is a second order tributary of Six Mile Creek in southwestern Pickens County, South Carolina (Fig. 1). It is a clear stream with a gravel and sand substrate and a riparian zone composed of mixed hardwoods. Wildcat Creek lies within the Piedmont Physio- graphic Region and drains approximately 204 ha (504 ac), 47% (96 ha or 236 ac) of which lies within the Clemson University Experimental Forest (CUEF). The portion of the watershed within the CUEF has been pro- posed as a Registered Heritage Site as part of the Heritage Trust Program of the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department (Fig. 1). This designation would minimize the effects of anthropogenic distur- bances such as clearcutting, private development, or sedimentation. A more detailed description of the watershed, including its management 1 Received February 13, 1993. Accepted March 29, 1993 2 Clemson University, Department of Entomology, Long Hall, Box 340365, Clemson, SC 29634-0365 ENT. NEWS 104(4): 171-179, September & October, 1993 172 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Pleasant Hill Bell-Hupp Ln. \. Church Rd. Clemson University Experimental Forest Clemson University Experimental Forest (CUEF) To Six Mile To Clemson _ _ _ Proposed Registered Heritage Site (SC Heritage Trust Program) 1 Km 1 Mi Fig. 1. Map of Wildcat Creek and surrounding area. Vol. 104, No. 4, September & October, 1993 173 by the Clemson Univesity Forestry Department and its biological, educational, and recreational importance, was provided by Sorrells (1984) and Daniels and Morse (1992). MATERIALS AND METHODS The 3980 specimens of Trichoptera examined in this study are housed within the Clemson University Arthropod Collection (CUAC). Many of these specimens have been collected since 1956 by students from the Clemson University Aquatic Insects course (ENT 469/669) or Taxonomy of Immature Insects course (ENT 808). Other collections have been made by Carlson ( 1 97 1 , unpub. thesis, Clemson Univ.), Hoff- man and Morse (1990), and by the authors. Collections of larvae have been made by qualitative benthic collecting, while adults have been obtained by a variety of methods. Carlson ( 197 1 , unpub. thesis, Clemson Univ.) used a modified emergence trap composed of parachute-netting which was stretched across the stream, touching either the water or ground on all four sides. Malaise traps and ultraviolet light traps were used by Hoffman and Morse (1990) and the authors. The authors per- formed or verified all identifications. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Sixty-two species of caddisflies, representing 17 families, were iden- tified from collections obtained from Wildcat Creek (Table 1, Page 176). A new distributional record for South Carolina was obtained for Diplec- trona metaqui Ross. Eight species of Wildcat Creek Trichoptera, Polycen- tropus carlsoni Morse, Wormaldia thria Denning, Neotrichia collata Morton, Stactobiella delira (Ross), Goera fuscula Banks, Pseudogoera singularis Carpenter, Psilotreta frontalis Banks, and Agarodes griseus Banks, were designated as threatened by the Invertebrate Taxa Review Committee of the South Carolina Heritage Trust Program (Morse et al. 1979, and unpublished data). Unless otherwise noted, distributional and habitat information listed below were taken from Morse et al. (1979). Polycentropus carlsoni is known from only two states, Alabama and South Carolina. In Alabama it has been reported from two locations in Calhoun County (Harris et al. 1 99 1 ). South Carolina records include two locations in the CUEF (Wildcat Creek, the type locality for this species, and Indian Creek, a first order tributary of Six Mile Creek, Lake Issa- queena [Adler 1992, unpub. dissertation, Clemson Univ.]) and a spring- brook 10 km south of Clemson in Pendleton, Anderson County (Hoff- man and Morse 1990). Each of these collections is from first order, clear. 174 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS cold streams (Hoffman and Morse 1990). The United States Department of Interior (1984) listed P. carlsoni as Category 2 (possibly endangered or threatened, but lacking conclusive data). With the exception of two males captured by ultraviolet light traps in Alabama, this species has been captured solely with the use of modified emergence traps or Malaise traps (Hoffman and Morse 1990). Wormaldia thyria has been found at no other locality in South Car- olina except Wildcat Creek. It has been reported from four other states, Alabama (Frazer etal 1991), North Carolina (Denning 1950), Tennessee (Etnier and Schuster 1 979), and Virginia (Parker and Voshell 1 98 1 ). It is found in small, clear, cold streams in the Mountains and Upper Piedmont. Neotrichia collata is known from only one other locality in South Car- olina, a tributary of Brasstown Creek in Oconee County. It is re- ported to inhabit small, cold, rocky, rapidly flowing streams and has been found in seven other states: Alabama (Harris et al. 1983), Illinois and Kentucky (Ross 1944), Maine (Blickle 1979), New York (Morton 1905), Utah (Baumann and Unzicker 1981), and Vermont (Harris et al. 1991). Stactobiella delira has been reported from 26 states and one Canadian Province (a distribution including British Columbia and California extending east to Maine and South Carolina). However, it is known from only two localities in South Carolina, Wildcat Creek and South Fork of the Saluda River, both of which are clear, cold, rocky streams. Goera fuscula is known from only two other South Carolina streams, the Chattooga River and a tributary of Brasstown Creek (both in Oconee County). It requires cold, rocky, upland streams and has been reported from Georgia (Schmid 1983), Massachusetts, New York, Tennessee, and Virginia (Flint 1960), Maine (Mingo and Gibbs 1980), North Carolina (Banks 1905), and Quebec (Roy and Harper 1979). Pseudogoera singularis has been reported in South Carolina from only two other streams, Toxaway Creek and Yellow Branch, both of which lie in Oconee County. The larvae and pupae inhabit moss-covered water- falls in small, clear, relatively unpolluted streams at elevations of 245 to 825 m (800 to 2700 ft.) (Wallace and Ross 197 1 ). It has been reported from Georgia (Wallace and Ross 1971), North Carolina (Carpenter 1933), and Tennessee (Etnier and Schuster 1979). Psilotreta frontalis should no longer be considered threatened in South Carolina because its distribution in the state now has increased to six counties: Aiken, Greenwood, Lexington, Oconee, Pickens, and Saluda (Floyd, unpub. data). It has been reported from 1 8 other states in the eastern United States (Parker and Wiggins 1987). Vol. 104, No. 4. September & October. 1993 175 Argores griseus has been reported from 20 states in the eastern United States (Harris et al 1983, Harris et al. 1991, Parker and Wiggins 1987, Schmid 1983). It is found in depositional areas of small spring seepages and spring streams in three localities in the upper Piedmont of South Carolina. These include Wildcat Creek, Indian Creek (Adler 1992, unpub. dissertation, Clemson Univ.), and a springbrook in Pendleton, Anderson County. Although not designated by Morse et al. ( 1 979) as threatened in South Carolina, one additional species, Neophylax atlanta Ross, undoubtedly deserves such a designation. It has been reported from four states, Alabama, Georgia, Virginia, and South Carolina (Ross 1947,Harrise/a/. 1991) but has been found at only two sites, Indian Creek (Adler 1992, unpub. dissertation, Clemson Univ.) and Wildcat Creek, in South Carolina. Wildcat Creek also is a paratype locality for the subspecies Cheu- matopsyche harwoodi enigma Ross, Morse, and Gordon ( 197 1 ). In South Carolina it is known additionally from South Saluda River and Eastatoe Creek in Pickens County, as well as Thompson River, Coley Creek, and Bearcamp Creek in the mountains of Oconee County (Morse etal. 1 989). Outside South Carolina it has been reported from cold, rocky Piedmont and Mountain streams in Arkansas (Bowles and Mathis 1989), Georgia (Ross, Morse, and Gordon 1971), North Carolina (Gordon 1974), and Virginia (Parker and Voshell). Because of the high diversity of such orders as mayflies and stone- flies, as well as the presence of other rare and unique aquatic insects, Daniels and Morse (1992) suggested that Wildcat Creek be used as a biodiversity reference stream. The diverse caddisfly fauna detailed in this study serves to reinforce this recommendation. Furthermore, the entire watershed should be protected and managed to maintain its high diversity of plants and animals and thus preserve its potential use for education, recreation, and research. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the many former students of Clemson University who made collections from Wildcat Creek over the past 33 years. Special thanks go to Paul H. Carlson and Kevin M. Hoffman for supplying a large quantity of adult specimens from their respective studies. Additional adult and larval specimens were provided by Cindy R. L. Adler. David Scar- borough helped prepare Figure 1. Useful reviews of the manuscript were provided by Peter H. Adler and John A. Durant. This is Technical Contribution no. 3370 of the South Car- olina Agricultural Experiment Station, Clemson University. 176 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Table 1. Caddisflies (Trichoptera) of Wildcat Creek, Pickens County, South Carolina. Classification follows that of Weaver and Morse (1986). Stages of development (larva, pupa, and adult) by which species are represented are indicated by L, P, and A, respectively. Stages of development are followed by number of specimens in that particular stage. Dates refer to capture times of adult specimens. New distributional records for South Carolina are indicated by the symbol (#). Threatened species as listed by the invertebrate Taxa Review Committee of the South Carolina Heritage Trust Program (Morse et al. 1979) are indicated by an asterisk (*). An additional species not listed as threatened by Morse et al. (1979), but deserving such designation, is indicated by a plus symbol (+)• Suborder Annulipalpia Infraorder Curvipalpia Superfamily Hydropsychoidea Family Hydropsychidae Ceratopsyche sparna (Ross), L (4), A (14 F, 6 M), 10 Apr.-29 June. Cheumatopsyche harwoodi enigma Ross, Morse, & Gordon, A (87 F, 48 M), 8 Apr.-26 Sep. Cheumatopsyche pettiti (Banks), A (17 F, 6 M), 18 Apr.-22 Aug. Cheumatopsyche pinaca Ross, A (39 F, 9 M), 13 Apr.-22 Aug. #Diplectrona metaqui Ross, L (1). Diplectrona modesta Banks, L (25), A (22 F, 15 M), 4 Apr.-8 Sep. Hydropysche betteni Ross, A (17 F, 4 M), 17 Apr.-30 Jul Parapsyche cardis Ross, L (14), A (2), 21 May. Potamyia flava (Hagen), L (2). Family Polycentropodidae Cymellus marginalis (Banks), A (5 F), 19-21 Jun. Nyctiophylax nephophilus Flint, A (2 M), 21 May. Phylocentropus lucidus (Hagen), A (1 F), 22 Aug. Phylocentropus placidus (Banks), A (1 F), 21 May. Polycentropus blicklei Ross & Yammamota, A (14 F, 27 M), 14 Apr. -25 Sep. * Polycentropus carlsoni Morse, A (5 F, 3 M), 15 Apr.-4 Jul. Polycentropus cinereus Hagen, A (22 F, 26 M), 22 Apr.-4 Sep. Polycentropus confusus Hagen, A (3 M), 20 Apr. Polycentropus maculatus Banks, A (3 F), 15 Apr.-12 May. Family Psychomyiidae Lype diversa (Banks), A (212 F, 1220 M), 10 Apr.-14 Oct. Psychomyia flavida Hagen, A (460 F), 20 Apr. -4 Sep. Superfamily Philopotamoidea Family Philopotamidae Chimarra aterrima (Hagen), A (13 F, 10 M), 4 Apr.-20 Jun., 6-13 Oct. Chimarra obscura (Walker), A (1 F), 21 May. Dolophilodes distinctus (Walker), L (9), P (4), A (64 F, 68 M), 10 May-8 Nov. Dolophilodes major (Banks), A (1 F), 21 May. Wormaldia moesta (Banks), A (1 1 F, 18 M), 20 Apr.-7 Oct. * Wormaldia thyria Denning, A (1 M), 22 Jul. Infraorder Spicipalpia Superfamily Hydroptiloidea Family Glossosomatidae Agapetus iridis Ross, A (328 F, 144 M), 20 Apr.-13 Aug. Glossosoma nigrior Banks, L (1), A (51 F, 25 M), 19 Mar.-23 Sep. Family Hydroptilidae Hydroptila amoena Ross, A (17 M), 19 Apr.-18 Sep. Vol. 104, No. 4, September & October, 1993 177 Hydroptila gunda Milne, A (27 M), 10 Apr.-21 May. Hydroptila quinola Ross, A (6 M), 19 Apr.-27 Jun. * Neotrichia collata Morton, A (2 M), 12-20 Jun. * Stactobiella delira (Ross), A (2 F, 1 M), 10-20 Apr. Superfamily Rhyacophiloidea Family Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila Carolina Banks, L (4), P (1), A (74 M), 10 Apr- 19 Sep. Rhyacophila juscula (Walker), L (5), A (2 F, 5 M), 18 May-21 May, 31 Aug.- 18 Sep. Rhyacophila glaberrima Ulmer, L (1), A (35 F, 59 M), 24 Apr.-4 May, 21 Aug.-26 Oct. Rhyacophila minor Banks, P (1), A (1 M), 15-22 May. Rhyacophila nigrita Banks, A (21 M), 23 Apr. -26 May, 6 OcL Rhyacophila teddyi Ross, A ( 1 M), 22 May. Rhyacophila torva Hagen, L (6), A (25 M), 4 Apr.-24 Sep. Suborder Integripalpia Infraorder Plenitentoria Superfamily Limnephiloidea Family Limnephilidae * Goerafuscula Banks, L (3), A (6 F, 3M), 20 Apr.-27 Jun. Pycnopsyche antica (Walker), L (15), A (5 F, 4 M), 4 Sep.-8 Nov. Pycnopsyche gentilis (MacLachlan), L (45), P (8), A (13 F, 13 M), 12 Sep.-14 Oct. Pycnopsyche guttifer (Walker), L (7). Pycnopsyche luculenta (Betten), L (23), A (8 F, 4 M), 26 Sep.-8 Nov. Family Uenoidae +Neophylax atlanta Ross, A (2 M), 1 1-14 Oct. Neophylax mitchelli Carpenter, L (4), A (6 M). 1 1-14 Oct. Neophylax oligius Ross, A (13 M), 1-14 Oct. Family Brachycentridae Brachycentrus nigrosoma (Banks), L (1). Micrasema sp., A (1 F), 8-15 May Family Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma latipenne (Banks), A (83 F, 61 M), 15 Apr.-8 Nov. Lepidostoma Ontario Ross. A (1 F. 1 M). 20 Apr, 17 Jun. Infraorder Brevitentoria Superfamily Leptoceroidea Family Odontoceridae * Pseudogoera singularis Carpenter, P (2), A (2 F, 2 M), 31 Aug.- 18 Sep. * Psilotreta frontalis Banks. L (17). A (57 F. 93 M). 19 Apr.-21 Jun.. 8-15 Aug. Family Calamoceratidae Anisocentropus pyraloides (Walker), L (8), P (1). A (12 F. 31 M). 17 May-8 Aug. Heteroplectron americanum (Walker), L (1), A (5 F), 20 Apr-22 May. Family Leptoceridae Ceraclea protonepha Morse & Ross, A (3 F, 3 M). 20 Apr. 21 May. Oecetis inconspicua (Walker). A (10 F. 4 M), 20 Apr.-27 Jun. 22 Aug.-18 Sep. Triaenodes ignitus (Walker). A (4 F. 7 M). 19 Apr.-22 Aug. Family Molannidae Molanna blenda Sibley. A (1 1 F. 10 M), 19 Apr.-24 May. 22 Jun.-23 Sep. Superfamily Sericostomatoidea Family Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche paralimnella. L (2). Family Sericostomatidae * Agarodes griseus Banks. A (2 F, 4 M), 5-24 May. 178 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LITERATURE CITED Adler, P.H. 1987. A new North American species in the Simulium vernum group (Diptera: Simuliidae) and analysis of its polytene chromosomes. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 89: 673-681. Banks, N. 1905. Descriptions of new species of neuropterous insects from the Black Moun- tains, N.C. Bull. Amer. Mus. Natr. Hist. 21: 215-218. Baumann, R.W. and J.D. Unzicker. 1981. Preliminary checklist of Utah caddisflies (Trichoptera). Encyclia 58: 25-29. Blickle, R.L. 1979. Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) of America north of Mexico. Bull. New Hamp. Agric. Expt. Sta. 509: 1-97. Bowles, D.E. and M.L. Mathis. 1989. Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) of mountainous regions in Arkansas, with new state records for the order. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 62: 234- 244. Carpenter, P.M. 1933. Trichoptera from the mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. Psyche 40: 32-47. Daniels, S.M. and J.C. Morse. 1992. Mayflies (Ephemeroptera), stoneflies (Plecoptera), and other interesting biota of Wildcat Creek, South Carolina, a biodiversity reference stream. Entomol. News 103: 44-52. Denning, D.G. 1950. Records and descriptions of Nearctic caddis flies, part I. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 45: 97-104. Etnier, D.A. and G.A. Schuster. 1979. An annotated list of Trichoptera (caddislfies) of Tennessee. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 54:15-22. Flint, O.S. 1960. Taxonomy and biology of Nearctic limnephilid larvae (Trichoptera), with special reference to species in eastern North America. Entomologica Amer. 40: 1- 117. Frazer, K.S. S.C. Harris, and G.M. Ward. 1991. Survey of the Trichoptera in the Little River drainage of northwestern Alabama. Bull. Alab. Mus. Nar. Hist. 1 1 : 17-22. Gordon, A.E. 1974. A synopsis and phylogenetic outline of the Nearctic members of Cheumatopsyche. Proc. Acad., Natr. Sci. Phil. 126: 117-160. Harris, S.C., P.E. O'Neil, R.V. Chandler, M.F. Mettee, and E.J. McCullough. 1983. Biological and hydrological impacts of surface mining for federal minerals on the Tyro Creek watershed, Alabama: Phase I, premining — aquatic baseline information. Geol. Surv. of Alab., University, AL. 98 pp. Harris S.C., P.E. O'Neil, and P.K. Lago. 1991. Caddisflies of Alabama. Bull. Geol. Surv. Alabama 142. 442 pp. Hoffman, K.M. and J.C. Morse. 1990. Descriptions of the females of three Polycenlropus species (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 92: 274- 281. McCaskill, V.H. and R.Prins. 1968. Stoneflies of northwestern South Carolina. Jour. Elisha Mitchell Scien. Soc. 84: 448-453. Mingo, T.M. and K.E. Gibbs. 1980. The aquatic insects of the Narraguagus River, Han- cock and Washington Counties, Maine. Tech. Bull. Life Sci. Agric. Exp. Sta., Land Water Resour. Ctr., Univ. Maine, Orono 100: 1-63. Morse, J.C., D.W. Brooks, P.H. Carlson, J.F. Cornell, H.B. Douglass, E.W. King, V.H. McCaskill, T.E. Skelton, and J. Spooner. 1 979. Status report: Arthropoda other than Crustacea. Pp. 46-51 /« D.M. Forsythe and W.B. Ezell, Jr., editors, Proc. First South Carolina Endangered Species Symposium, South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Dept., Columbia, SC 201 pp. Morse, J.C., S.W. Hamilton, and K.M. Hoffman. 1989. Aquatic insects of Lake Jocasse Catchment in North and South Carolina, with descriptions of four new species of cad- disflies (Trichoptera). J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 105: 14-33. Vol. 104, No. 4, September & October, 1993 179 Morton, K J. 1905., North American Hydroptilidae. Bull. New York St. Mus. 86: 63-75. 318- 319, pis. 13-15. Parker, C.R. and J.R. Voshell, Jr. 1981. A preliminary checklist of the caddisflies (Trichoptera) of Virginia. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 16: 1-7. Parker, C.R. and G.B. Wiggins. 1987. Revision of the caddisfly genus Psilotreta (Trichop- tera: Odontoceridae). Roy. Ontario Mus. Life Sci. Contr. 144: 1-55. Ross, H.H. 1944. The caddis flies, or Trichoptera. of Illinois. Bull. 111. Natr. Hist. Surv. 23: 1- 326. Ross, H.H. 1947. Descriptions and records of North American Trichoptera. with synoptic notes. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 73: 125-168. Ross, H.H., J.C. Morse, and A.E. Gordon. 1971. new species ofCheumatopsyche from the southeastern United States (Hydropsychidae: Trichoptera). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 84: 301-306. Roy, D. and P.P. Harper. 1979. Lista preliminaire des Trichopteres (insectes) du Quebec. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Quebec 24: 148-172. Schmid, F. 1983. Revision des Trichopteres canadiens: III, les Hyalopsychidae, Psy- chomyiidae, Goeridae, Brachycentridae, Sericostomatidae, Helicopsychidae, Berae- didae, Odontoceridae, Calamoceratidae, et Molannidae. Mem. Soc. Entomol. Canada 125: 1-109. Sorrells, R.T. 1984. The Clemson Experimental Forest: Its first fifty years. Clemson University College of Forest and Recreation Resources, Clemson, SC. 48 pp. Stark, B.P. 1983. The Tallaperla maria complex of eastern North America (Plecoptera: Peltoperlidae). Jour. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 56: 398-410. United States Department of the Interior: Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Endan- gered and threatened wildlife and plants: review of invertebrate wildlife for listing as endangered or threatened species. Federal Register 49(100; 22 May 1984): 21664-21675. Wallace, J.B. and H.H. Ross. 1971. Pseudogoerinae: a new subfamily of Odontoceridae (Trichoptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 64: 890-894. Weaver, J.S. and J.C. Morse. 1986. Evolution of feeding and casemaking behavior in Trichoptera. J. N. Amer. Benthol. Soc. 5: 150-158. Westfall, M J., Jr. 1947. A newMacromia from North Carolina. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 63: 32-36. White, T.R., P.H. Carlson, and R.C. Fox. 1979. Emergence patterns of fall and winter stoneflies (Plecoptera: Filipalpia) in northwestern South Carolina. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 81: 379-390. 180 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ABUNDANCE AND SEASONAL ACTIVITY OF EUCINETOIDEA (COLEOPTERA) IN A RASPBERRY PLANTATION AND ADJACENT SITES IN SOUTHERN QUEBEC (CANADA)1 Claire Levesque, Gilles-Yvon Levesque^ ABSTRACT: In a raspberry plantation and adjacent sites in southern Quebec, we col- lected adult Eucinetoidea with unbaited pitfall traps and flight interception traps, from early May through late October in 1987, 1988 and 1989. A total of 350 Clambidae (three species), 33 Eucinetidae (four species) and 48 Scirtidae (five species) were collected. The most common species at the soil surface of the raspberry plantation was Clambus arma- dillo. The most abundant species in flight traps were Clambus howdeni, C. armadillo, Eucinetus testaceus and Cvphon variabilis. Adults of C. armadillo, C. howdeni and C. variabilis were active mainly in spring and/or early summer and probably overwintered as adults; whereas Eucinetus testaceus flew mainly in August and probably overwintered as larvae. Although world production of raspberries has increased about 5% each year over the past decade (Pritts 1991 ), little is known on variations in beetle communities associated with raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) plan- tations, particularly for mycophagus insects. These ecosystems appear as rather stable sites because plants of many raspberry cultivars, with perennial root systems and biennial canes, may be kept over about ten years. Over a three-year period (1987-1989), we collected nearly 60,000 beetles in a raspberry plantation and adjacent sites in southern Quebec. We have already presented results for the Nitidulidae and Elateroidea (Levesque and Levesque 1992, 1993). We now present results on the abundance and seasonal activity of adult Clambidae, Eucinetidae and Scirtidae ( = Helodidae). These three families of Eucinetoidea are of no known economic importance and little is known of their life history, ecology and behavior. Wheeler and Hoebeke (1984) reviewed published records of hosts and microhabitats of species of Clambidae and Euci- netidae, families considered mainly mycophagous. However, no scirtids are known to be associated with fungi (Wheeler and Hoebeke 1984). All known larvae of Scirtidae are aquatic, phytophagous or detritivorous, and are common in small lentic habitats and shallow areas of peatland pools and marches. Scirtid adults are terrestrial and common along the margins of pools or on emergent plants (Larson 1987). 1 Received February 6, 1993. Accepted March 26, 1993. 2 291 rue des Diamants, Fleurimont, Quebec, Canada JIG 4A1. ENT. NEWS 104(4): 180-186. September & October, 1993 Vol. 104, No. 4, September & October, 1993 181 MATERIALS AND METHODS Beetles were collected from early May through late October on a monocultural raspberry farm at Johnville, near Sherbrooke, in south- ern Quebec. We sampled from the Boyne cultivar in this conventionally cultivated plantation (about 7 ha, on sandy soil). Ground surface-active beetles were caught with pitfall traps at the following sites: 1) a raspberry row planted in 1978 (old plants), 2) a raspberry row planted in 1985 (young plants), 3) a woods-field boun- dary (boundary), and 4) an adjacent wooded site dominated by eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L. (pine woods). Pitfall traps consisted of glass jam jars (450 ml, 6.5 cm diameter at the top) partially filled with 100 ml of 4% formalin. Traps were inserted into the soil beneath the canopy as close to the cane of raspberry plants as possible at the first two sites. At each site, 20 traps were set in a row (5 m apart) and were emptied weekly. In addition, we studied beetles flying close to the ground with flight interception traps at four sites: 1 ) an open site near the center of the plan- tation (A), about 20 m from old plants; 2) an open site near a pond (B), about 5 m from young raspberry plants; 3) a woods-field boundary (C); and 4) a pine woods (D). These traps were not located between rows of raspberry plants because of grower's activities and public access during harvest. Flight traps were modified from the large-area "window" trap design promoted by Peck and Davies ( 1980). Each consisted of a gray 1 .5 mm mesh window screen (1.22 m height, 1.52 m width, about 1.85 m2 of surface) fastened to a wooden frame. The frame itself was suspended by two lateral triangular wooden supports (1.83 m at the base, 1.25 m height), 2-4 cm over a set of two galvanized metal pans (25 by 61 cm at the top, 7.5 cm deep) which were placed directly on the ground. The insects were caught in the pans partially filled with 2% formalin into which a few drops of detergent were added. We installed one flight trap at each site; however, the trap was operated in 1988 and 1989 only in the pine woods (D). Samples were collected twice a week and the formalin solution was replaced at each collection; the trap counts from individual sampling periods were combined on a weekly basis. Levesqueand Levesque( 1992) presented more detailed information about the sampling methods and study sites, including a sketch-map of the raspberry farm. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Abundance of Eucinetoidea Catches. We collected a total of 350 Clambidae( three species), 33 Eucinetidae (four species) and 48 Scirtidae 182 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS (five species). Voucher specimens of some species are deposited in the Canadian National Collection (Ottawa). Pitfall trapping resulted in the collection of 262 Clambidae (two species), 3 Eucinetidae (two species) and 1 Scirtidae (Table 1 ). Almost all eucinetoids represented Clambus armadillo (DeGeer) (97% of catches). Adults of this species were collected in similar numbers in rows of old and young raspberry plants; the explanation of this result and possible association of these adults with fungi on R. idaeus are unknown. Clambus armadillo was also caught in large numbers at the ground surface of a wet meadow in southern Quebec on clay soil (Levesque and Levesque 1987). Table 1. Total catches of Eucinetoidea species in pitfall traps (1987-1989) at Johnville, Quebec. Family and species Old Young Boundary Pine Total plants plants woods Clambidae Clambus armadillo (DeGeer) Clambus howdeni Endrody-Younga Eucinetidae Eucinetus morio LeC. Eucinetus oviformis LeC. Scirtidae Cyphon variabilis (Thunberg) 131 122 2 - 5 1 1 2 — 258 1 4 1 2 Total catches of eucinetoids in flight traps comprised 88 Clambidae (three species), 30 Eucinetidae (four species) and 47 Scirtidae (five species) (Table 2); all the species monitored at Johnville were collected in flight traps. Adults of Clambus howdeni Endrody-Younga flew chiefly at the woods-field boundary and in the pine woods, while Clambus armadillo was mainly captured in the three flight traps (A, B and C) near the raspberry plants (Table 2). Eucinetus testaceus LeC. was the most abun- dant eucinetid species and flew chiefly in the pine woods (Table 2). In two mixed deciduous-coniferous forest sites in New Hampshire, Chandler (1991) observed the flight activity of Clambus howdeni and four species of Eucinetus (chiefly E. morio LeC.). Eucinetus morio was a slime-mold asso- ciate, whereas C. howdeni and the other three species of Eucinetus (E. oviformis LeC., E. punctulatus LeC., and E. testaceus) were associated with Basidiomycete fruiting bodies (Chandler 1991). Vol. 104, No. 4, September & October, 1993 183 Table 2. Total catches of Eucinetoidea species in flight traps (1987-1989) at Johnville, Quebec. Family and species Open Open site site near near center pond (A) (B) Boundary (C) Pine Total woods a (D) Clambidae Clambus armadillo (DeGeer) Clambus gibbulus (LeC.) Clambus howdeni Endrody-Younga Eucinetidae Eucinetus mono LeC. Eucinetus oviformis LeC. Eucinetus testaceus LeC. Eucinetus sp. 12 10 1 — 13 2 22 21 3 1 19 36 2 50 4 2 23 1 Scirtidae Cvphon obscurus (Guerin) 1 4 3 - 8 Cvphon prob. ruficollis (Say) 1 — — 1 Cyphon pusillus (LeC.) 1 — — 1 Cyphon variabilis (Thunberg) 4 18 8 3 33 Prionocvphon limbatus LeC. — 4 — 4 a not sampled in 1987. The five species of Scirtidae flew in open sites (A and B) and the boundary site (C). The most abundant species was Cyphon variabilis (Thunberg), apparently eurytopic, but mainly collected at the open site B which was near a pond (Table 2). Nilsson (1980) studied the flight activity of nine scirtid species in the vicinity of a river in northern Sweden, and found Cypon variabilis to be one of the three most abundant species. Seasonal Abundance of Four Species of Eucinetoidea. Adults of Clambus armadillo were caught by pitfall traps from May through Octo- ber during the three-year study, mainly in May and the first half of June (Fig. 1 ). They flew from May until early September, but chiefly in May. In a wet meadow of southern Quebec, the soil-surface activity was observed in late spring and summer, mainly in June and July (Levesque and Levesque 1987). We observed the flight of Clambus howdeni only in May, June and July during the three-year study (Fig. 2). In New Hampshire, flight occurred from May through July, but a few adults were also collected in late summer (Chandler 1991). 184 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS CO LU LU LJJ CD 1_L o QC LU CD Clambus armadillo 1987 10 PUFAUTRAPS FLIGHT TRAPS 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 | MAY | JUN | JUL | AUG | SEP | OCT | JULIAN DATE (days) Fig. 1. Seasonal abundance of Clambus armadillo in pitfall and flight traps at Johnville, Quebec. Adults of Cyphon variabilis flew from May through October, but mainly in May (Fig. 2). In northern Sweden, Nilsson (1980) observed two flight periods, the first from mid-May until early July, the second in late summer and autumn; the peak of captures occurred in June. According to Larson (1987), adults of this species overwinter and reproduce in spring and early summer. Adults ofEucinetus testaceus flew from June through September dur- ing the three-year study, and mainly in August (Fig. 2). We caught a teneral adult on June 25, 1989. In New Hampshire, adults of E. morio flew mainly in spring and early summer, and one adult was also caught in October (Chandler 1991). In the Finger Lakes region of New York, a breeding population (adults and larvae) of E. oviformis was found in late summer, in association with a wood-rotting fungus; in addition, mature larvae and some adults of this species were still present as late as October 18(Hoebekeera/. 1987). Vol. 104, No. 4, September & October, 1993 185 CO LLJ LU LU CD O or LU CD 20- 10- 20- 10 20- 10 Clam bus howdeni Cyphon variabilis V///X v///\ Eucinetus testaceus MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT Fig. 2. Seasonal abundance ofClambus howdeni, Cyphon variabilis and Eucinetus testaceus, in flight traps (1987-1989) at Johnvillc Quebec. Two life-history patterns are observed among northern European species of Scirtidae: 1) larvae overwinter and reproduction occurs in midsummer, and 2) adults overwinter and reproduce in spring and early summer (Larson 1987). According to Nilsson ( 1980), the seasonal flight pattern of Scirtidae coincide with these two life-history patterns. If such is the case in other eucinetoids, we suspect that Clambus armadillo and C. howdeni overwinter as adults, whereas Eucinetus testaceus overwinters as larvae. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We appreciate the help of J.M. Campbell and J. McNamara (Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, Agriculture Canada. Ottawa, Ontario) for identifications 186 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS and confirmations of most species collected in this study. We are grateful to Donald S. Chandler (University of New Hampshire, Durham), J. McNamara and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on this manuscript. Also, we thank Michel Couture and Lucie Labrecque, owners of "La Framboisiere de 1'Estrie, Enr." at Jonville (Quebec). This study was partially supported by the Fonds F.C.A.R. (Quebec). LITERATURE CITED Chandler, D.S. 1991. Comparison of some slime-mold and fungus feeding beetles (Coleoptera: Eucinetoidea, Cucujoidea) in an old-growth and 40-year-old forest in New Hampshire. Coleopts. Bull. 45: 239-256. Hoebeke, E.R., Q.D. Wheeler and R.L. Gilbertson. 1987. Second Eucinetidae-Conio- phoraceae association (Coleoptera; Basidiomycetes), with notes on the biology of Eucinetus oviformis LeConte (Eucinetidae) and on two species of Endomychidae. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 89: 215-218. Larson, DJ. 1987. Aquatic Coleoptera of peatlands and marshes in Canada. Mem. Ent. Soc. Can. 140: 99-132. Levesque, C. and G.-Y. Levesque. 1987. Activite, succession saisonniere et taille de coleopteres epiges d'un pre du sud du Quebec. Naturaliste Can. 114: 495-506. Levesque, C. and G.-Y. Levesque. 1992. Epigeal and flight activity of Coleoptera in a commercial raspberry plantation and adjacent sites in southern Quebec (Canada): Introduction and Nitidulidae. Great Lakes Ent. 25: 271-285. Levesque, C. and G.-Y. Levesque. 1993. Abundance and seasonal activity of Coleoptera Elateroidea in a raspberry plantation and adjacent sites in southern Quebec (Canada). Coleopts. Bull. 47. (in press) Nilsson, A.N. 1980. Distribution and seasonal flight-patterns of Helodidae (Coleoptera) at the northern coast of the province Angermanland, northern Sweden. Ent. Tidskr. 101: 151-153. ( in Swedish with English abstract) Peck, S.B. and A.E. Davies. 1980. Collecting small beetles with large-area "window" traps. Coleopts. Bull. 34: 237-239. Pritts, M.P. 1991. The genus Rubus, pp. 1-2, In M.A. Ellis, R.H. Converse, R.N. Williams and B. Williamson (eds.), Compendium of raspberry and blackberry diseases and insects. APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota. Wheeler, Q.D. and E.R. Hoebeke. 1984. A review of mycophagy in the Eucinetoidea (Coleoptera), with notes on an association of the eucinetid beetle, Eucinetus oviformis, with a Coniophoraceae fungus (Basisiomycetes: Aphyllophorales). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 86: 274-277. Vol. 104. No. 4. September & October, 1993 187 NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORD FOR ISCHNOPTERA BILUNATA (DICTYOPTERA: BLATTELLIDAE)1 Eric P. Benson, Arthur G. Appel^ ABSTRACT: Occurrence of Ischnoptera bilunata in Alabama is reported for the first time. This record extends the known distribution of the species in the United States outside of Florida. Discovery of/, bilunata can be credited, in part, to confusion with the Asian cock- roach, Blatlella asahinai. Ischnoptera bilunata Saussure, was first reported in the United States from Florida in 1990 (Atkinson et al 1990: treated as the Nicaraguan cockroach, /. bergrothi [Griffini], due to an error in identification). Pre- viously, the species was known from Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina (Princis 1969). Recent collections of/, bilunata in Alabama (Figure 1) extend the known range of this cockroach in the United States outside of Florida. In July, 1991, five female and five male cockroaches collected in Mobile, Mobile County, Alabama were identified as /. bilunata. Indi- viduals were collected in the evening in a residential yard on grass and on a patio around lights. In July, 1992, two females and one male /. bilunata were collected in the evening on a house porch around lights in Fair Hope, Baldwin County, Alabama. A third collection was made in the evening of August, 1992, of two female and two male /. bilunata in Dothan, Houston County, Alabama near outdoor lights of a super- market. Specimens from these collections are deposited in the Auburn University Entomological Museum, the Museum of Comparative Zool- ogy at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts and with the Ter- minix Insect Collection in Mobile, Alabama. Before the collections of/, bilunata, 21 species of cockroaches were considered established in Alabama (Dakin and Hays 1970, Pratt 1988, Atkinson et al. 1991). An additional species, Blaberus craniifer Burmeis- ter, has been listed from Lee County as an adventive (Dakin and Hays 1970). The only representative from the genus Ischnoptera previously recorded in Alabama is the dark wood cockroach, /. deropehiformis (Brunner). This species is distributed throughout the state, often in wooded areas (Dakin and Hays 1970). All specimens of/, deropehiformis 1 Received December 31, 1992. Accepted February 25, 1993. 2 Department of Entomology, Auburn University, Auburn. Alabama 36849-5629. ENT. NEWS 104(4): 187-190, September & October. 1993 188 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figure 1. Collection sites of adult Ischnoptera bilunata Saussure, in Alabama. A: Mobile Co., Mobile, VII-27-1991 (5 males, 5 females); B: Baldwin Co., Fair Hope, V1I-27-1992 (1 male, 2 females); C: Houston Co., Dothan, VIII- 14-1992 (2 males, 2 females). Vol. 104, No. 4, September & October, 1993 189 in the Auburn University Entomological Museum were collected be- tween the dates of April 24 and August 9. Specimens of/, bilunata were collected between July 27 and August 14. Both sexes of/, bilunata are active at night and attracted to light (Atkinson et al. 1990). This description agrees with our observations. Ischnoptera bilunata also has been recorded as being abundant in open, moist, grassy vegetation on the margins of streams, rivers and ponds (Atkinson et al. 1990, 1992). The Alabama collection sites were all adja- cent to areas that could be considered open and grassy. Further, these areas had thatch and leaf litter that could retain moisture. However, only the Mobile site had a water source nearby. This consisted of a drainage ditch that, depending on rainfall, was intermittently filled with water. In 1986, the Asian cockroach, Blattella asahinai Mizukubo was re- ported from the Tampa area of Florida (Brenner et al. 1986). The Asian cockroach is very similar in appearance to the serious indoor pest, the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). The adults of both Blattella species are 10 to 13 mm in length, brownish both ventrally and dorsally, with two narrow pronotal spots and wings covering the body (Atkinson et al. 1990). Unlike B. germanica, B. asahinai lives outdoors, often in leaf lit- ter and grassy areas and readily flies to lighted areas at night during warmer months (Brenner et al. 1986, 1988). Adult Asian and German cock- roaches are similar in appearance to /. bilunata. Adult /. bilunata are 1 5 to 18 mm in length, brownish dorsally and black ventrally, with two tri- angular pronotal spots and wings covering the body (Atkinson et al. 1990). Reports of B. asahinai and corresponding media coverage appar- ently heightened the awareness of some pest control operators and homeowners about cockroaches around lighted areas in the summer. In the past few years, the Alabama Cooperative Extension Service has received calls each summer about "Asian cockroaches" around porch lights. These reported cockroaches have turned out to be one of the Par- coblatta species and, now,/, bilunata. With the similarities \oB. germanica and B. asahinai, we anticipate additional reports of/, bilunata in the future. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are indebted to Fred Strickland and Donnie Byrne for being observant and interested in collecting many of the specimens. We thank Louis Roth and Tom Atkinson for their assistance in identification of the specimens and review of this manuscript. We also appreciate the comments and assistance from Wheeler Foshee, Wayne Clark and Michael Williams in preparing this manuscript. 190 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LITERATURE CITED Atkinson, T.H., P.O. Koehler, and R.S. Patterson. 1990. The Nicaraguan cockroach, our newest immigrant. Pest Management. 9(10): 12-13. Atkinson, T.H., P.G. Koehler, and R.S. Patterson. 1991. Catalog and atlas of the cock- roaches (Dictyoptera) of North America north of Mexico. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 78: 1-85. Atkinson, T.H., J.R. Mangold, and P.G. Koehler. 1992. Two neotropical cockroaches of the genus Ischnoptera (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) established in Florida. Florida En- tomol. 75(1): 109-115. Brenner, R.J. P.G. Koehler, and R.S. Patterson. 1986. A profile of America's newest import, the Asian cockroach. Pest Management 5(Nov/Dec): 17-19. Brenner, R J., R.S. Patterson, and P.G. Koehler. 1988. Ecology, behavior, and distribu- tion of Blattella asahinai (Orthoptera: Blattellidae) in central Florida. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 81(3): 432-436. Dakin, M.E. and K.L. Hays. 1970. A synopsis of Orthoptera (sensu lato) of Alabama. Ala. Agric. Exp. Stn. Auburn Univ. Bull. 404. Pratt, H.D. 1988. Annotated checklist of the cockroaches (Dictyoptera) of North America. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 81(6): 882-885. Princis, K. 1969. Blattaria: subordo Epilamproidea: fam. Blattellidae, pars 13: pp. 713- 1038. In M. Beier [ed.], Orthopterorum catalogus. Junk, The Hague. Vol. 104, No. 4, September & October, 1993 191 FIRST RECORD OF SEPEDOPHILUS CORONADENSIS (STAPHYLINIDAE) FROM MEXICO.1 Jose Luis Navarrete-Heredia2 ABSTRACT: The staphylinid beetle, Sepedophilus coronadensis is reported from Guerrero, Mexico. Sepedophilus Gistel is a genus of Tachyporinae (Staphylinidae) and is considered to be primarily mycophagous because most of the species are usually found in habitats rich in fungal mycelia (e.g. forest litter, decay- ing logs, piles of decaying organic matter, etc.) (Hammond 1973; Campbell 1976). A recent summary and discussion on Sepedophilus' biology, including information on unidentified Mexican species, is pro- vided by Newton (1984). Sepedophilus is represented in Mexico by three named species from Veracruz: Sepedophilus bicolor (Bnhr.). S. ferrugineus (Bnhr.) and S. sub- pubescens (Schub.) (Blackwelder 1944: 151, under Conosomus genus). This number probably is just a small proportion of the species that exist in Mexico because the genus is widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions and is usually collected in several kinds of habitats (per- sonal observations from Guerrero, Hidalgo, Mexico, Morelos, Puebla, Oaxaca, Veracruz, Yucatan, and from the examination of several speci- mens deposited in the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL. S. coronadensis Campbell is a species included in Campbell's revision of species of America north of Mexico in the bisignatus group, and is known from the Santa Rita and the Huachuca mountains of southeas- tern Arizona. One specimen from Ramsey Canyon was collected by sift- ing deep layers of wet, oak leaf litter (Campbell 1976). The purpose of this note is to record for the first time S. coronadensis from Mexico, and to provide host fungal records for this species. During several field trips to the mountains of Taxco, Guerrero, Mex- ico, six specimens (one male and five females) of this species were col- lected associated with mushrooms ofAmanita rubescens, Cortinarius sp., Ganoderma applanatum and Tylopilus sp. (FIRST HOST RECORDS). In this area, the specimens were found in cloud forest and in oak-pine 1 Received April 13, 1993. Accepted May 3, 1993. 2 Lab. de Morfofisiologia Animal, Fac. de Ciencias, UN AM. Apdo. Postal 21-518 (Coyoacan), 04000 Mexico. D.F.. MEXICO. ENT. NEWS 104(4): 191-192. September & October, 1993 192 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS forest, between 2 180-2 300 m. Adults of the species have been collected from May through August (Campbell 1976), but in Guerrero, one male and one female were collected in October. MATERIAL EXAMINED: MEXICO: Guerrero, Desviacion a Pto. Oscuro, Bosque de Pino-Encino, 2 260 m, 3.VII. 1986, J.L. Navarrete col., exAmanita rubescens (19); same data, except: ex Cortinarius sp. (29); same data, except: Parque El Huizteco, Bosque Mesofilo de Montana, 2 300 m, 25.VII. 1986, ex Tylopilus sp. (19); same data, except: km lOcarr. a Tetipac, El Peral, Bosque Mesofilo de Montana, 2 180 m, 25. X. 1986, ex Ganoderma applanatum ( 1 tf , 19). Specimens are deposited in the Institute de Biologia, UNAM (IBUNAM) and in my collection. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank J.M. Campbell for the specific identification of the species; and A.F. Newton Jr. and M.K. Thayer for their kind help and hospitality during a recent visit to the Field Museum of Natural History. LITERATURE CITED Blackwelder, R.E. 1944. Checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America. Part. 1. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 185: 1- 188. Campbell, J.M. 1976. A revision of the genus Sepedophilus Gistel (Coleoptera: Staphy- linidae) of America north of Mexico. Mem. Ent. Soc. Can. 99: 1-99. Hammond, P.M. 1973. Notes on British Staphylinidae. Part III. The British species of Sepedophilus Gistel (Conosomus Auctt.). Entomologist's mon. Mag. 108: 130-165. Newton, A.F., Jr. 1984. Mycophagy in Staphylinoidea (Coleoptera) [pp. 302-353]. In: Fungus-insect relationships. Wheeler, Q.D. and M. Blackwell (editors). Columbia University Press, New York. Vol. 104. No. 4, September & October, 1993 193 GENERA OF BAETIDAE (EPHEMEROPTERA) FROM CENTRAL AMERICA1 C. R. Lugo-Ortiz, W. P. McCafferty2 ABSTRACT: In addition to eight genera of Baetidae(Ephemeroptera) previously authen- ticated as occurring in Central America, we report or confirm for the first time the occurrence of Acerpenna Waltz and McCafferty and Baetis Leach. New records of Acer- penna from Belize, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama indicate the genus is well established in the Neotropics. Baetis magnus McCafferty and Waltz (rhoduni group) is newly reported from Costa Rica and Guatemala. The generic placement of Baetis sinuosus Navas (probably/w.vca/w.v group) is provisionally accepted and thereby confirms the pres- ence of a second species of Baetis in Central America. Whereas most baetid genera in Central American have Neotropical affinities, the Baetis spp. appear to have Nearctic affinities. Eight genera of the mayfly family Baetidae have been correctly repor- ted from Central America. The biogeography of these genera was treated by McCafferty et al. (1992). Baetodes Needham and Murphy was first reported from Central America (Honduras) by Packer (1966). Subse- quent records include Cohen and Allen ( 1972) (El Salvador and Guate- mala), Cohen and Allen ( 1978) (Panama), and McCafferty ( 1985) (Belize and Costa Rica). Callibaetis Eaton was first reported from an unspecified Central American country by Eaton (1881). Subsequent records include Eaton (1885) (Guatemala), Packer (1966) (Honduras), and McCafferty and Lugo-Ortiz (1992) (Nicaragua). Camelobaetidius Demoulin was re- ported from Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Pan- ama by Traver and Edmunds (1968). Cloeodes Traver was reported from Panama by Flowers ( 1991 ). Fallceon Waltz and McCafferty was reported (as Baetis s. lato) from Belize and Costa Rica by McCafferty (1985). Gua- jirolus Flowers was described from Panama by Flowers ( 1 985). Moribaetis Waltz and McCafferty was reported from Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Panama by Waltz and McCafferty (1985). Paradoeodes Day was reported from Panama by Flowers (1991). All of the above genera, with the exception of Guajirolus and Mori- baetis, which are strictly Neotropical, are Panamerican (Nearctic plus Neotropical). In addition to the above reported Central American rec- ords, we have seen Cloeodes from Costa Rica and Honduras; Fallceon from Honduras; Guajirolus from Costa Rica; and Paradoeodes from Costa Rica and Honduras. 1 Received March 26, 1993. Accepted April 10, 1993. 2 Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette. IN 47907. ENT. NEWS 104(4): 193-197, September & October. 1993 194 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS In their analysis of Mesoamerican mayflies, McCafferty et al. (1992) showed the Central American baetid fauna generally to have Neotropi- cal affinities, rather than Nearctic. Although McCafferty et al. ( 1 992) did not know Paracloeodes from Central America at that time, they predicted its presence there, which would corroborate a recent Neotropical center of dispersal for the genus. McCafferty et al. (1992) considered the dis- tributional and cladistic data regarding Callibaetis to be too inconclusive for deciphering a biogeographic history for the genus. Neotropical ele- ments of this Western Hemisphere genus must be better understood prior to hypothesizing its evolutionary history. We have discovered one additional genus of Baetidae from Central America and confirm the presence of another genus previously reported on the basis of less restrictive generic concepts. Below, we provide these records and discuss their significance. Acerpenna Waltz and McCafferty TheAcerpenna we report from Central America is represented by lar- vae of two new species to be described elsewhere. NEW RECORDS. Acerpenna spp. BELIZE. Cayo Prov.: Roaring Creek, VI/20/74, V. Resh, larvae, PERC (Purdue Entomological Research Collection, West Lafayette, Indiana); (?): Sibun River, Gracy, 19/VI/74, V. Resh, larvae, PERC. COSTA RICA: Guanacaste prov.: Rio Tenorio at Finca La Pacifica, E of Panamerican H wy., II/8- 1 1/69, W. P. McCafferty, lar- vae, PERC; Limon Prov.: Rio Banano, 16km. WSW of Bomba,9.888°N/83.167°W, 150m., 111/26/87, Holzenthal, Hamilton, and Heyn, larvae, FAMU (Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida); San Jose Prov.: Rio parmita Chiquito, Rt. 12, 6.5 km. SW jet. Rt. 2., 9.703°N/83.970°W, IV/10/87, HolzenthaL Hamilton, and Heyn. larvae, FAMU. HONDURAS. Cortes Prov.: Chamalech, Rio Chamel, X/18/64, J. S. Packer, larvae, PERC. NICARA- GUA: Presa El Clavo, IX/10/80, larvae, PERC. REMARKS. The genus Acerpenna was erected by Waltz and McCafferty (\981b) to include A. macdunnoughi(Ide) and A. pygmaea(Hagen). Later, McCafferty and Waltz (1990) added A. akataleptos (Traver) and A. harti McDunnough). All of these species occur in North America north of Mexico, the southernmost range of any being that of A. pygmaea in the Edwards Plateau in central Texas (McCafferty and Davis 1992; Lugo- Ortiz and McCafferty, 1993). The discovery of Acerpenna in the Neotropics is significant, indicat- ing an additional Panamerican baetid genus. Waltz (pers. comm.) has seen female adults of Acerpenna from Panama, and we have also found the genus in South America and. the Greater Antilles, and we expect to find it in Mexico. Further analysis of the group may indicate that Acer- penna is yet another Panamerican baetid genus of Neotropical origin. Vol. 104, No. 4, September & October, 1993 195 Baetis Leach Our Central American record of Baetis is based on larvae of B. magnus McCafferty and Waltz. This species is a member of the rhodani group of species, which in the Nearctic is particularly well represented in the southwestern United States (Morihara and McCafferty 1979). Baetis magnus is known as far north as western Nebraska (McCafferty and Waltz 1986), and we recently have found it throughout Mexico. NEW RECORDS. Baetis magnus. COSTA RICA. Cartago Prov.: Reserva Tapanti, Rio Badilla, 9.688°N/83.757°W, 1640 m., 111/21/87, Holzenthal and Hamilton, larvae, FAMU; Rio Birris, Rt. 8 ca. 2.5 km (air) NE of San Juan de Chicoa, 9.960°N/83.844° W, 2850 m., II/4/ 86, Holzenthal, Morse, and Fasth, larvae, FAMU; Puntarenas Prov.: Rio Bellavista, ca. 1 .5 km NW of Las Alturas, 8.951°N/82.846°W, 1400 m., Wl 5- 17/86. Holzenthal, Heyn, and Armitage, larvae, FAMU; Rio Sinigri, ca. 2 km (air) S of Finca Helechales, 9.057°N/ 83.082° W, 720m., 11/21/86, Holzenthal, Morse, and Fasth, larvae. FAMU; Rio Jaba at rock quarry. 1.4 km (air) W of Las Cruces, 8.79°N/82.97°W. 1150 m., Vl/14/86, Holzenthal. Heyn. and Armitage, larvae, FAMU; San Jose Prov.: Parque Nacional Braulio Castillo, park headquarters. 10.059°N/84.017°W, 1650 m.. VII/7/86, Holzenthal. Heyn, and Armi- tage. larvae, FAMU; 12 mi. N of San Isidro del General, Panamerican Hwy., 5200 ft. V1I/20/ 62. G. G. Musser, larvae, PERC. GUATEMALA. Solala Prov.: River at Panajachel. 1/16/89. B. C. Kondratieff, larvae, PERC. REMARKS. The genus Baetis has been the subject of considerable recent revisionary work that has resulted in many synonymies and recombination of species and the recognition of new genera (Morihara and McCafferty 1979; Waltz and McCafferty 1985, 1987b, 1987c; McCafferty and Waltz 1990). As pointed out by McCafferty et al. (1992), no previous records of Baetis s. str. in Central America have been con- firmed. Navas (1924) described Baetis sinuosus from Costa Rica on the basis of a male adult. We have not been able to secure Navas' material for evaluation. Our examination of Navas' description and figure of the hindwing does, however, indicate a strong probability that it is a true Baetis. most likely of the fuscatus group. Moreover, it has an apparent similarity to B. flavistriga McDunnough, a widespread North American species that we have seen in northern Mexico. We are therefore pro- visionally confirming the present generic placement of this species. Although South American species have been described in the genus Baetis (see Hubbard and Peters 1981; Hubbarde/a/. 1992), those generic placements are doubtful and have yet to be verified. If the Neotropical element of Baetis proves to be limited to a sparse representation in Cen- tral America as indicated, then it apparently is one of the fewexamples of a Panamerican group whose Neotropical representatives are derived from the Nearctic. This has been shown to be the case for a relatively small number of mayfly genera, such as Isonychia Eaton (Isonychiidae) 196 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS and Stenonema Traver, Rhithrogena Eaton, and Iron Eaton (Hep- tageniidae) (see McCafferty et al. 1992). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the following for the loan or donation of Central American specimens: R. W. Flowers and M. L. Pescador (Florida A&M University, Tallahassee), R. W. Holzenthal (University of Minnesota, St. Paul), and B. C. Kondratieff (Colorado State University, Fort Collins). We also thank R. D. Waltz (Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indian- apolis) for reading the manuscript. This paper has been assigned Purdue Experiment Sta- tion Journal No. 13741. LITERATURE CITED Cohen, S. D. and R. K. Allen. 1972. New species ofBaetodes from Mexico and Central America. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 48: 123-135. Cohen, S. D. and R. K. Allen. 1978. Generic revisions of mayfly nymphs. III. Baetodes in North and Central America (Baetidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 51: 253-269. Eaton, A. E. 1881. An announcement of new genera of the Ephemeridae. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 17: 191-197. Eaton, A. E. 1883-88. A revisional monograph of recent Ephemeridae or mayflies. Trans. Linn. Soc. London. Zool. Ser. 3: 1-352. Flowers, R. W. 1985. Guajirolus, a new genus of Neotropical Baetidae. Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 20: 27-31. Flowers, R. W. 1991. Diversity of stream-living insects in northwestern Panama. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 10: 322-334. Hubbard, M. D. and W. L. Peters. 1981. Ephemeroptera. pp. 55-63 In: S. H. Hulbert, G. Rodriguez, and N. D. Santos [eds.]. Aquatic biota of tropical South America, Part 1: Arthropoda. San Diego State University, San Diego. Hubbard, M. D., E. Dominguez, and M. L. Pescador. 1992. Los Ephemeroptera de la Repiiblica Argentina: un catalogo. Revta. Soc. Ent. Argent. 50: 201-240. Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1933. The mayflies (Ephemeroptera) of Texas and their biogeographic affinities. In: L. Corkum and J. Ciborowski [eds.]. Proceedings of the seventh international conference on Ephemeroptera. Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville. In press. McCafferty, W. P. 1985. New records of Ephemeroptera from Middle America. Intern. Quart. Entomol. 1:9-11. McCafferty, W. P. and J. R. Davis. 1992. New and additional records of small minnow mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Texas. Entomol. News 103: 199-209. McCafferty, W. P. and C. R. Lugo-Ortiz. 1992. Registros nuevos y notas sobre los Ephemeroptera de Nicaragua. Rev. Nica. Entomol. 19: 1-7. McCafferty. W P. and R. D. Waltz. \986.Baetismagnus. new species, formal new name for Baetis sp. B of Morihara and McCafferty (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 88: 604. McCafferty, W. P. and R. D. Waltz. 1990. Revisionary synopsis of the Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) of North and Middle America. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1 16: 769- 799. McCafferty, W. P., R. W. Flowers, and R. D. Waltz. 1992. The biogeography of Mesoamerican mayflies, pp. 173-193 In: S. P. Darwin and A. L. Welden [eds.], Bioge- ography of Mesoamerica: proceedings of a symposium. Tulane Univ. Stud. Zool. Bot.. Suppl. Publ. 1. Vol. 104, No. 4, September & October, 1993 197 Morihara, D. K. and W. P. McCafferty. 1979. The Baetis larvae of North America (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 105: 139-221. Navas, L. 1924. Insectos de la America Central. Broteria. 21: 55-86. Packer, J. S. 1966. A preliminary study of the mayflies of Honduras. Ceiba 12: 1-10. Traver, J. R. and G. F. Edmunds, Jr. 1968. A revision of the Baetidae with spatulate- clawed nymphs (Ephemeroptera). Pac. Insects 10: 629-677. Waltz, R. D. and W. P. McCafferty. \985.Moribaetis: a new genus of Neotropical Baetidae (Ephemeroptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 87: 239-251. Waltz, R. D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1987a. Revision of the genus Cloeodes Traver (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 80: 191-207. Waltz, R. D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1987b. New genera of Baetidae previously included in Baetis Leach (Ephemeroptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 80: 667-670. Waltz, R. D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1987c. Systematics of Pseudocloeon. Acentrella, Baetiella, and Liebebiella, new genus (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 95: 553-568. 1933 CALVERT AWARD PRESENTED FOR STUDY OF STREAM INVERTEBRATES Justin Schilling grew up near Wissahickon Creek in southeastern Pennsylvania. He noticed that a small tributary flowing near a limestone quarry had a lot of chalky sediment. He hypothesized that the sediment was limestone dust (calcium carbonate) and that mollusks whose shells are made of calcium carbonate would be more abundant on Wissahickon Creek downstream from the tributary. After a thorough study of water quality and an analysis of stream invertebrates at three locations, he refuted his hypothesis. In the process he learned a lot about the identification of local aquatic insects. Among the approximately 25 students who entered insect-related projects at the Delaware Valley Science Fairs, Justin was one of the few who could discuss insect biology and taxonomy. The American Entomological Society awarded Justin Schilling its annual Calvert Award for his project entitled "The Effects of a Limestone Tributary on Invertebrate Life in the Wissahickon Creek." Justin is a sophomore at Abington Friends School in Jenkintown. Pennsylvania. The Calvert Award recognizes outstanding insect-related work by a young person in the Delaware Valley. It honors Dr. Philip P. Calvert who joined the Society as a teenager, later became its president, and was a member for 74 years until his death in 1961. As a pro- fessor of biology at the University of Pennsylvania and as an associate of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Dr. Calvert stimulated an interest in insects among many young people. The award includes membership in The American Entomological Society and the Young Entomologists' Society and a check for $50. The Calvert Award was presented April 28 at the Society's membership meeting at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Also honored were Benjamin Martin for his runner-up project, "The Extraction and Testing of Natural Pesticides", and Ben Blanchard for his honorable mention project, "A Quantitative Study of Water Quality in Local Streams using Macroinvertebrates." Harold B. White. Vice President. A.E.S. and Chair. Education Committee 198 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS CARPENTER ANT (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) TUNNELS VISUALIZED BY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHYi Rif S. El-Mallakh2 ABSTRACT: Carpenter ant (Camponotus sp.) tunnels within a wooden beam of Douglas fir (Pseudotsugo menziesii) were studied by X-ray computed tomography. A pattern charac- terized by the main, or lead, tunnel within the pith and giving rise to an ever expanding set of tunnels was noted. This innovative method of examination of wood specimens provides accurate information about the interior tunnel systems of the ants without the need for sec- tioning the wood and destroying the specimen. Carpenter ants, Camponotus sp., are common, economically impor- tant animals with a world wide distribution. Within the United States the nine most common species are found primarily in the heavily wooded moist northeast and northwest (Olkowski, Daar, and Olkowski, 1991). Most species seek protection within tunnels excavated in dead or decay- ing wood, but are capable of chewing through undamaged wood as well. They may be attracted to man made structures, particularly if the wood is weathered or if the structure contains small hollow areas within wooden walls (Olkowski, Daar, and Olkowski, 1991). Since they do not feed on the wood and since a colony may require 3-6 years to grow to its mature size of roughly 2000 individuals, they are often slow to cause extensive damage (Ebling, 1978). The economic importance of carpenter ants derives primarily from their tunnel excavations, consequently tunnel structure has been exten- sively studied. It has long been known that they preferentially chew through the softer heart and spring wood to produce a pattern of ever enlarging concentric tunnels (Goetsch, 1953). in the past, making these observations has required the destruction of the wooden structure that holds the nest; this paper presents the results of an alternative method which uses X-ray computed tomography to map the 3-dimensional architecture of Camponotus tunnels without destroying the original specimen. 1 Received December 3. 1992. Accepted April 7. 1993 - Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292 F.NT. NEWS 104(4): 198-202. September & October. 1993 Vol. 104, No. 4, September & October, 1993 199 MATERIALS AND METHODS A severely damaged wood beam was obtained from the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois (Figures 1 & 2). The specimen was donated by a sculptor who had bought it for his work. Its origins prior to that are unknown. The wood was identified by vascular anatomy to be Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. It measured 9cm X 8.5 cm X 63.5 cm. The wood was scanned with a 1005 type head EMI computerized axial tomography (C.A.T.) scanner (EMItronics Inc., X-ray Systems Division, Northbrook, Illinois), an early generation computed tomog- raphy machine manufactured in the early 1970s. It is designed to obtain cross-sectional X-ray images of the human brain and to reconstruct them digitally. Each cross-sectional plane is scanned several times from a variety of angles over 240° while corresponding X-ray attenuation data are gathered. Since the degree of X-ray attenuation is dependent on the density of the object, the image is a computer reconstruction of the den- sity of the material. In this study, an 8 mm thick x-ray beam was used for each slice, with a energy of 120 kV and 33mA. RESULTS A representative sample of the images is shown in Figures 3a-f. In these photographs white areas are wood of sufficient density that it can be resolved by the computer (usually summer wood). The dark areas are either empty spaces or wood of such low density (usually spring wood) that it cannot be resolved by the machine at the energy settings used. The leading end of the ant tunnels is seen in the pith of the beam in Figure 3a. This section corresponds to the right arrow in Figure 1. As one travels toward the outer end of wood beam (i.e., toward the end pictured in Figure 2), the extent of the tunnels becomes progressively enlarged (Figures 3a-3f)- While the density of the spring wood was less than the resolution of the machine at the energy settings used, selective destruc- tion of the spring wood can be ascertained by the clear presence of rem- nants of summer wood within the major portion of the tunnels (Figures 3c, 3d, and 3e). 200 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ^ Ir™. .t * *VS»' 4 '- vm •.<* * 1. •* • '•• ft ;»A • ^v?«* ^ Figure 1 . The Douglas fir specimen used in this study. Only the portion between the arrows was scanned. The right arrow corresponds to Figure 3a, while the left arrow corresponds to Figure 3f. Figure 2. Typical macroscopic pattern of severe Componotus damage. This photo corres- ponds to Figure 3f. Vol. 104, No. 4, September & October, 1993 201 Figure 3. Six representative photographs from a total of 24 taken. Each image is the average density of 8 mm thick slice of wood, (a) The leading end of the runnel. Note that the ants start at the soft pith, (b-e) A series revealing the progressive widening of the ant excavations. Remnants of denser spring wood can occasionally be seen within the main body of the tun- nel, (e) At the outer edge of the tunnel, the entire thickness of the beam is damaged. DISCUSSION Computerized tomography is a medical diagnostic instrument that visualizes the internal soft tissue anatomy of the human body and brain (Huckman, 1975; Weisberg, 1979). Its use in clinical medicine is now quite extensive. The application of this technique to the study of tunnels created by Camponotus is proposed, and our study verifies that the results obtained by this method are similar to previously reported patterns of tunnel architecture. Specifically, the X-ray data is compatible with the primary or leading end of carpenter ant tunnels being through the softer pith and with the ants expanding their tunnels laterally with some sparing of the denser summer wood (Goetsch, 1953). 202 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS However, there are various limitations to the technique. First, the great size and intricacy of the machine prevent any level of portabil- ity. This reduces the potential application of this technique to relatively small specimens that must be brought to the instrument. Second, at current prices, computerized tomography time is very expensive (human diagnostic charges average $600.00 per hour, and one hour would be needed for most specimens). Third, while overall tunnel structure can be visualized, small structural details, or the insects themselves are below the level of resolution. The thickness of the X-ray beam, 8 mm in the model used in this study, and software limitations of this and more advanced models, make maximal resolution approximately 5 mm. Finally, in this study full appreciation of the tunnel system was limited due to inability to visualize the less dense spring wood. This problem can be partly alleviated by decreasing the energy of the X-ray beam, and is not a problem when scanning more dense material. Nonetheless, this technique may be useful for ascertaining the extent of insect damage to valuable wooden specimens (e.g., sculptures, an- tiques, etc.). More importantly, since 3-dimensional reconstructions can be made from the digitalized data, additional perfection of this tech- nique can lead to the creation of manipulatable perspective images that can be used for teaching or comparing 3-dimensional nest structure of various species. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS lam indebted to George Wilder for help in the identification of the wood; Eric Smith for the loan of the wood specimen; Donald Baumgartner for his insightful comments; and Saf- wat El-Mallakh for the photographic work. Rush Presbyterian - St. Luke's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, graciously donated the use of their CAT. scanner. LITERATURE CITED Ebeling, W. 1978. Urban Entomology. Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley, CA, 695 pp. Goetsch, W. 1953. The Ants. The Univ. of Mich. Press, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 52-58. Huckman, M.S. 1975. Clinical experience with the intravenous infusion of iodinated con- trast material as an adjunct to computed tomography. Surgical Neurology 4: 297- 318. Olkowski, W., Daar, S., and Olkowski, H. 1991. Common-Sense Pest Control. Taunton Press, Newton, CT, 715 pp. Weisberg, L.A. 1979. Computed tomography in the diagnosis of intracranial disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 91: 87-105. Vol. 104, No. 4, September & October, 1993 203 AN INEXPENSIVE VACUUM COLLECTOR FOR INSECT SAMPLING1 S. W. Wilson2, J. L. Smith2, A. H. Purcell, III3 ABSTRACT: An inexpensive suction sampler was constructed by modifying a gasoline powered leaf blower/vacuum (Weed Eater®) Comparison of the sampler with use of an aquatic dip net to collect a planthopper species from emergent aquatic plants showed that the sampler was more efficient in collecting adults and was especially useful for capturing early instars. The Weed Eater® sampler was comparable or superior to a D-Vac for collect- ing grassland arthropods (Wright and Stewart 1992). The total cost of this light (<6 kg.) sampler, including modifications, is ca. $130. The commonly used methods of collecting or sampling insects by sweeping, beating, aspirating, or hand-picking undercollect very small insects and mites disproportionately and miss arthropods at the base of low vegetation (Herms et al, 1990; Perfect and Cook, 1983; Schotzko and O'Keeffe, 1989; South wood, 1978; Summers et al., 1984). Suction collectors such as the D-Vac (Dietrick, 1961) overcome these inade- quacies at the costs of large size and weight (18.1 kg), expense (US$1 100+), portability, and reliability. In this paper we describe a relatively small (5.7 kg), inexpensive ($130) and portable vacuum col- lector (hereafter referred to as the "bug-vac") easily converted from a gasoline-powered leaf blower. MATERIALS AND METHODS Modifications were made to a Weed Eater® hand held leaf blower (Model 1920, 920, or 960) and Weed Eater® vacuum attachment kit (Model 952-701613 (VA 1905)) purchased at a discount store (the manu- facturer's address is: Poulan/Weed Eater, Division White Consolidated Industries, Inc., Shreveport, Louisiana 71139-9329, USA). Materials for modification include duct tape (heavy duty cloth tape), eight 1 .2 cm x 0.3 cm machine screws, eight lock washers and nuts, one piece of 0.95 cm metal circular screen, and two U-clamps (to attach the strap to the body of the leaf blower). Detailed instructions for assembly and use as a leaf vacuum are supplied by the manufacturer with the vacuum attachment kit; modifications to these instructions include the following: 1 Received January 30, 1993, Accepted March 20, 1993 - Department of Biology, Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg, MO 64093 3 Department of Entomological Science. University of California. Berkeley. CA 94720 ENT. NEWS 104(4): 203-208. September & October. 1993 204 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 1 ) The strap on the vacuum bag (part of the vacuum attachment kit) was cut off where it connects to the bag, the bag disposed of (the machine can be operated with the vacuum bag attached), and a clamp sewn onto each end of the strap. The clamps on the strap were attached to the ring on the leaf blower handle. 2) The basal end of the vacuum tube (from the vacuum attachment kit) was fastened to its fitting sleeve by four bolts and nuts rather than just by the large, circular hose clamp supplied for this pur- pose. Four holes were drilled through the plastic sleeve on the machine, the base of the plastic vacuum tube, and the hose clamp. The exposed ends of the bolts were wrapped with duct tape around the outside of the vacuum tube ("a" in Fig. 1). 3) We used two methods to prevent the insect-collecting bag from being accidentally sucked into the vacuum fan. Either ( 1) a flat cir- cular piece of wire screen (0.95 cm mesh) can be bolted into the interior of the vacuum tube about 30 cm from the distal end of the tube or (2) the screen can be fashioned into a cup-shaped basket that fits snugly within the tube with the rim of the basket bent flush and taped along the outside 2 cm of the vacuum tube. Loose ends of wire in the screen are soldered. In either method, any protrud- ing bolts or the wire rim of the basket are tightly wrapped with heavy tape to cover these sharp protrusions ("b" in Fig. 1). Orienting the leaf blower in a reverse (or backward) position facili- tates starting. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The bug vac proved equal or superior to sampling with a D-Vac or net. Wright and Stewart (1992) converted an Atco "Blow- Vac" leaf- blower using our directions and compared its sampling efficiency to a D- Vac in three grassland sites in Great Britain. They found that the "Blow- Vac" collected comparable numbers of Diptera, Hymenoptera, and most Homoptera (Auchenorrhyncha). The D-Vac caught signifi- cantly greater numbers of two species of leafhoppers (Cicadellidae) at one of the three sites. However, their "Blow- Vac" proved much more effi- cient than the D-Vac for capturing Coleoptera and Araneae. The improved collection of immature planthoppers such as the delphacid Pissonotus piceus (Van Duzee) (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea) using the bug-vac was demonstrated in collections from its host, the emergent aquatic plant "mild water pepper" (Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx.) Sweeping this plant proved to be an inadequate method of collecting this delphacid. A more efficient method, used once per week Vol. 104. No. 4. September & October, 1993 205 Fig. 1 . Using the gasoline-powered leaf blower adapted as an insect vacuum ("bug-vac") to collect insects from an aquatic emergent plant. Four bolts attach the basal end of the vacuum tube to a sleeve on the machine; exposed ends of the bolts are covered with cloth tape (a). A wire screen is bolted to the inside of the collector tube; exposed ends of the bolts are covered with cloth tape(b). A net bag is inserted in the vacuum tube and attached with two large rubber bands (c). 206 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS during 1989, was to strike the plants with an aquatic dip net and aspirate the insects from the net. During 1990, the bug- vac was used to sample insects from plants as the collector waded through the vegetation (Fig. 1 ). The bug-vac reduced average sampling times from 45 to 5 minutes and collected a greater mean number of planthoppers (Fig. 2; t = 2.87, p < 0.05). It was especially useful for collecting the small (length ca 1 .0 mm.) first instar nymphs (Fig. 3; t = 3.15; p < 0.05), few of which were damaged. As with other vacuum collectors, the bug-vac develops higher intake velocities with the collecting tube near the ground. Despite this, we collected significantly higher numbers of the leafhopper Fieberiellaflorii Stal (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from its typical shrub or hedge host plants in Berkeley, California with the bug-vac, than with a standard 600 100 - 0 — \ .III 1 1 1 ;; i \ ; ] II — CMCNO — — CM O O — CNCVJ I I I I I I I I I I I I •^ 71 ' — OiC7>C7>COCLCLQ.Q.Q. ^^J^ZJr3Z3 ' vo — CN I I co O I in — I CN I co ' T OslO I I Q. > •5 .2? u a u W c « CN _ 2 g E : >-, — "i ^ Jtl 5 c <« 0, ^ % aj Q • S "5 2 • J= 0 « ea .y •sii ^^u _J D. tN . IS I ' ^ 2 S- => c ^ EJ- 252 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Five males, 8 females and 39 subadults from West Falmouth, Bamstahle County, Massachusetts, collected by the author in wrack (Zostera detritus) from a tidal marsh, 4 Feb. 1991; 7 males, 8 females and 35 subadults from same locality and habitat, 22 Nov. 1990; 7 females and 51 subadults from same locality and habitat, 14 Nov. 1990; 9 subadults from same locality and habitat, 30 October, 1990; and 1 female, same locality and habitat, 23 July, 1987. Specimens of both sexes and representative individuals of late subadult mstars have been deposited in American Museum of Natural History (New York), Natural History Museum (London), United States National Museum (Washington, D.C.), and Canadian National Collection (Ottawa). NATURAL HISTORY.— The area from which the samples were taken has been collected at regular and frequent intervals for several years. It is a broad Cape Cod tidal marsh bounded on the west by Buzzards Bay, domi- nated by salt marsh grasses and sedges (Distichlis and Juncus) and with patches of Spartina alterniflora along ditches. Scattered mats of wrack, the remains of eel grass (Zostera marina L.), occur near the level of higher tides, often supported above the surface on marsh grasses. Recent collections (fall 1990 and winter 1991) followed periods of unusually high tides and several episodes of onshore winds. These conditions often result in the production of extensive wrack mats. It is suggested here that the aggregations found were primarily the result of strong onshore winds and tidal action, the spiders being carried from an as yet to be identified specific microhabitat in the marsh. These aggregations dissipated after several days of calm weather. This species generally was difficult to find during the warmer months of the year. The E. tenuipalpis population was numbered between from 30 to 75 adult and subadult individuals/m2 of wrack. Associated with tenuipalpis, in the samples listed above and in comparable numbers, were Grammonota trivit- tata Banks and Erigone aletris Crosby & Bishop. The population of G. trivittata was also maturing during this same period, adults and immatures being represented in roughly equal numbers. G. trivittata is usually found on the muddy surface of the marsh or on loose webbing at the base of grass clumps. Equally abundant in these and other collections, E. aletris occurs as adults year-round in wrack mats and other types of tidal debris. However, the most common associates, at about twice the number of E. tenuipalpis, were adult female Scolopembolus littoralis (Emerton). Less abundant was Satilatlas marxii Keyserling. This last species is more often found in grass and sedge litter immediately at or above high tide level. Pardosa littoralis Banks and Gnaphosa parvula Banks commonly occur in and on wrack and other tidal detrital deposits. Eperigone augustae Crosby and Bishop, 1933 Two essentially colorless adult males of E. augustae were collected in June in pitfall traps in pine woods. The specimens measured 0.90 and 0.95 Vol. 1 04, No. 5, November & December, 1 993 253 mm in total length. These two specimens were the only ones collected in sev- eral hundred pitfall and litter collections made in the same area throughout the year. Eperigone contorta (Emerton, 1 982) This species occurs in fresh and slightly brackish water marshes with grasses and sedges. While never found in great abundance, it may be collect- ed with some effort in these preferred habitats. Adults have been collected most frequently in the colder months. It is found in association with other more abundant erigonines, such as Ceratinopsis laticeps Emerton, Gram- monota maculata Banks, and Scolopembolus littoralis. The epigynal plug of E. contorta (Figs. 14-15) is unusually structured, reflecting the general configuration of the epigynum (Fig. 1 3). It completely covers the ventral surface of the epigynum and extends around and well beyond the ends of the extended lateral arms. Dark orange-brown in color and quite hard, it cannot be removed by physical means without damaging the epigynum (cf. Millidge, 1987). It does not block the oviduct. The marginal setae of the epigynum are of moderate length, with the pair of setae at the midline slightly longer. There is no pattern of chevrons on the abdomen. Immatures of this unpat- terned species cannot be identified with confidence. Eperigone maculata (Banks, 1 892) This is the most common Eperigone. Adults have been collected throughout the year in virtually all habitats. Unlike the other local species, E. maculata is found in greatest abundance in both deciduous and coniferous litter. Abundance averaged 31 to 34 individuals/m2 of litter in the warmer months and 7/m2 in colder months. This species is associated with other common forest litter inhabitants, such as Lathys pallidus (Marx), Hahnia cinerea Emerton, Trabeops aurantiaca (Emerton), Phrurotimpus alarius (Hentz), Pocadicnemis atnericanus Millidge, Maso sundevalli (Westring), and Walckenaeria directa (O. P.-Cambridge). Both immatures and adults of E. maculata are readily distinguished from their associates by the abdominal pigment pattern (Figs. 31-33). Usually there are six chevrons, with the first varying from obvious to essentially lacking. The sixth chevron appears to be made up of a joining of the sixth and sev- enth, resulting in a distinct white spot. Over one hundred adult females taken in all seasons have been examined with no evidence of an epigynal plug. 254 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS CM CM CO CM 1 00 o I I I m" rn o. u aS >, c £ " o . ? -~ it y 00 . •--.•' i',A "• " ''r^yS^I'Mil \ ;wi .; ; '.; ' rMSfe 32 33 Figs. 25-33. Abdominal pigment patterns. 25-27, Eperigone tenuipalpis. 25. Dorsal, typical. 26. Lateral. 27. Dorsal, variant. 28-30, £. tridentata. 28. Dorsal, typical. 29. Lateral. 30. Dorsal, variant. 31-33. E. maculate. 31. Dorsal, typical. 32. Lateral. 33. Dorsal, variant. Scale lines 1 .0 mm. 256 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Eperigone tridentata (Emerton, 1882) E. tridentata is a moderately large species, averaging over 2 mm in total length. Usually it is found in moist leaf litter around the edges of lakes and ponds, and occasionally in great abundance, up to 25 individuals/m2 of leaf litter. Adults may be found throughout the year but are most often taken in the colder months. Large numbers of E. tridentata mature in October and November, with males leading the females by several weeks. This species has a relatively dark, diffusely patterned abdomen (Figs. 28-30). There are usual- ly only five chevrons, with the first being reduced to a narrow, longitudinal stripe. Females tend to be much darker than males and have less clearly defined chevrons. Immatures are patterned much as the adults, although with the chevrons clearer. The chaetotaxy of the epigynal margin is illustrated in Fig. 16. The cen- trally located seta on the ventral plate is distinctive. The epigynal plug is a dark brown, rounded plug that covers the genital opening and a portion of the ventral plate (Figs. 17-18). Occasional specimens are found with the plug dis- torted (Fig. 17), suggesting that its formation had been interrupted. Fresh plugs are white and sticky. The plug is similar to, but is not as large as that of E. trilobata. Eperigone trilobata (Emerton, 1 882) Another of the smaller species, E. trilobata is without chevrons on the abdomen, much like E. contorta. It is uncommon, and there is no specific habitat where one can go with any realistic expectation of collecting speci- mens. A few specimens have been taken in wetter environments, but also in dry grass fields. Most of my specimens have been taken in lawns, in pitfall traps, and among the broad basal leaves of plantain and dandelion, places where Grammonota inornata Emerton, Grammonota gentilis Banks, and Erigone autumnalis Emerton are consistently taken in greater numbers. Adult E. trilobata have been taken throughout the year. Females with epigynal plugs have been taken in June and July. The plug is relatively large, dark brown, elongate-ovoid, usually with the lateral arms of the epigynum detectable just under the surface (Figs. 20-21). The outer margin of the epi- gynum is marked by a row of smaller setae (Fig. 19). There are no chevrons on the abdomen and immatures cannot be reliably determined. REMARKS Many of the 68 Eperigone species have been described from only one sex, female or male, and often from only a few specimens (cf. Millidge, Vol. 104, No. 5, November & December, 1993 257 1978). Very little is known about the life history of most species, in part because they can be difficult to identify. About half of the species have che- liceral denticles or spurs or both. Also about half have chevrons on the abdomen. Some of the species have chevrons that are similar to those of species of other genera with which they are found, particularly species of Grammonota and Bathyphantes. Other attributes such as the presence or absence of cheliceral denticles and spurs, the chaetotaxy of the epigynal mar- gin and the form of the epigynal plugs, can be helpful when dealing with the genus, especially in a regional context. Body dimensions and proportions were of limited assistance in separating the species of Eperigone dealt with here (Edwards, unpubl.); with the exception, however, of the relative posi- tion of the metatarsal trichobothrium of both subadult and adult E. tenuipalpis, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to Herbert Levi (MCZ) and Charles Dondale (CNM), for reviewing an earlier draft of the manuscript and making many useful comments and corrections Two anonymous reviews made suggestions and corrections that were gratefully received. LITERATURE CITED Crosby and Bishop. 1928. Revision of the spider genera Erigone, Eperigone, and Catabrithorax (Erigoneae). Bull. New York State Mus. No. 278: 3-74. Emerton, J. H. 191 1. New spiders from New England. Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., 16: 383-407. Millidge, A. F. 1987. The Erigonine Spiders of North America. Part 8. The Genus Eperigone (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Novitates, No. 2885: 1-75. (Continued from page 239) development, molecular identification, satellite imagery and low technology control. Surprisingly, Dr. Johnson states that important aspects of the basic biology of the vectors and parasites are still mostly unknown, including where sand flies lay their eggs and what the reservoir hosts are. The vectors themselves have specific resting areas in the day; for example, the sand fly vector of visceral leishmaniasis rests in eroded termite hills and that for cutaneous leishmaniasis in rock quarries or caves. There were several notes of entomological interest. Dr. R. T. Allen mentioned that he has found an undescribed species of symphylan from Delaware, and a new record of a dipluran from Delaware known previously from the Mediterranean. The recent heavy snow- fall prompted discussion of insects on snow, such as the Chionea crane fly or collembolan species, and of insects such as the box elderbug overwintering inside houses. There were 20 members and visitors in attendance. Jon K. Gelhaus, Corresponding Secretary 258 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS A DESCRIPTION OF THE MALE EPERIGONE MODICA (ARANEAE: LINYPHIIDAE)1 Robert L. Edwards2 ABSTRACT: The male of Eperigone modica Millidge, 1987, previously known only from the female, is described and illustrated. Variation in both sexes is discussed. The recent revision of Eperigone by Millidge (1987) has made it possible to deal more easily with this large, homogeneous group of erigonine spiders. Eperigone modica was described by Millidge from a single female. Both sexes and immatures of E. modica were collected in litter samples from the edge of a small permanent marsh, on the northern outskirts of Nogales, Arizona. For a detailed description of the genus Eperigone, see Millidge op.cit. METHODS Specimens were examined and illustrated with a Bausch & Lomb StereoZoom® 7 binocular microscope, equipped with 15X eyepieces. Drawings were made using an ocular grid, transferring the image by eye to gridded paper. Measurements were made with an ocular micrometer, accurate to 0.01 mm. For total length, carapace length, and carapace width, measure- ments were made to the nearest 0.05 mm. The position of metatarsal tri- chobothria (Tml and Tmll) were measured to the nearest 0.01 mm. Cephalic index is carapace length divided by carapace width. The Tm values (%) are determined by dividing the distance from the proximal end of the metatarsus to the trichobothrium by the total length of the metatarsus. Eperigone modica Millidge, 1987 Figures 1-12 Eperigone modica Millidge, 1987: 38-40, figs. 139-140. Described from single female. DIAGNOSIS: — Male with two exceptionally prominent spurs (greatly enlarged denticles) on opposite margins of each chelicera (Fig. 1 ), and an unusual stalk-like projection on the anterio- lateral margin of the endite (Fig. 2). Ventral projection of embolic division tooth-like, dark and prominent (Fig. 3). Palpal tibia relatively long and slender (Figs. 3, 5, 6). Palpal patella with small, conic spur (Figs. 3, 5). Female epigynum divided longitudinally with distinctly upturned (in ventral view) and incurved tips of lateral arms (Figs. 7, 8). Metatarsus IV with trichobothrium. 1 Received May 3, 1993. Accepted May 24, 1993. 2 Research Associate, Department of Entomology, United States National Museum. Present address: Box 505, Woods Hole, MA 02543. ENT. NEWS 104(5): 258-262, November & December, 1993 Vol. 104, No. 5, November & December, 1993 259 O 3 3 > Figures I -12. Eperigone modica Millidge. 1. Male chelicerae, anterior. 2. Male endites, ventral. 3. Palp, ecto-ventral. 4. Embolic division, mesal. 5. Palpal tibia, ventral. 6. Palpal tibia, dorsal 7. Epigynum, ventral. 8. Epigynum, lateral. 9-12. Abdominal pigment pattern, male. 9. Typical, dorsal. 10. Lateral. 1 1. Darkest, dorsal. 12. Lightest, dorsal. Unlabeled scales 0.1 mm. 260 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS DESCRIPTION.— Male. 20 specimens measured: total length 2.55 (2.00-2.96), cephalothorax length 1.24 (0.95-1.49), cephalic index 1.37 (1.28-1.63), Tml 0.68 (0.64-0.73). Tmll 0.66 (0.58- 0.74). Chelicerae with three large promarginal and four retromarginal teeth. PME relatively close, from one half to two thirds diameter apart (Fig. 1). Single large seta on clypeus below AME, about one-half distance from AME to ventral margin of clypeus. Row of six setigerous denticles along anterio-lateral margin of chelicera, increasing in size distally, with a very large, curved spur just beyond end of row. A similar, unique, and equally large spur is situated on the anterio-medial margin (Fig. 1 ). Viewed from above these pairs of spurs look very much like the homs of a team of oxen. No discernible file in either sex. Endites with unique stalk-like projection tipped with seta on anterio-lateral comer (Fig. 2). Ventral projection of embolic division large, tooth-like, and darkly sclerotized (Fig. 3, 4). Median projection curved and relatively lightly sclerotized. Dorsal apophysis of palpal tibia rounded and spatulate (Fig. 6). Ventral apophysis bilobate, somewhat irregular in outline, not projecting as far distally as dorsal apophysis (Fig. 5). Patella of tibia with small, conical ventral spur (Fig. 3, 5). Proximal two-thirds of ventral surface of palpal femur with row of six small denticles with setae at tip of denticle. Distal prolateral surface of palpal femur with four small denticles each tipped with setae. Cephalic portion of carapace orange-brown, slightly darker around eyes, and essentially flat. Posteriorly cephalic portion with 'shield-like' area, thinly delineated with black, then light. Thoracic portion lighter, yellow, with dusky radii and relatively broad, dusky marginal band. Cervical groove darkened with dark line extending halfway to posterior edge of carapace. Chelicerae clear orange-brown. Legs light brown. Sternum dusky brown, slightly darker toward margin. Abdomen gray to nearly black with irregular pattern of six cream-colored chevrons (Figs. 9, 10, 11, 12). Sixth chevron usually not divided and continued laterally to join lighter lateral stripe (Fig. 10). Dorsally anterior two-thirds of abdomen with general appearance of median and lateral dark, irregular, longitudinal stripes, created by the joining of the first three lightly colored chevrons. Venter gray, evenly colored. Spinnerets ringed with darker gray. The male, using the key provided by Millidge (1987, pp. 58), would belong to those species with an embolic division of trilobate form. It is readily separated from each of these species by the form of the palpal tibial apophyses. Female. 9 specimens measured: total length 2.42 (2.15-2.86), cephalothorax length 1.08 ( 0.90-1.21), cephalic index 0.74 (0.69-0.85), Tml 0.68 (0.66-0.70). Chelicerae without the denti- cles and spurs seen in males. Usually four promarginal teeth, second and third largest; four or five retromarginal teeth with proximal two closely paired. No spur on endites as in males. Pigmentation essentially as in male but usually with less contrast in pattern, and with smaller chevrons. Darkened line of cervical groove not further extended posteriorly as in male. Lateral arms of epigynum wide, semi-circular in outline, gray to orange-brown with darker mar- gin around genital opening (Fig. 7). Posteriorly tips of lateral arms upturned (Fig. 8). Spermathecae brown, clearly visible through cuticle. Specimens of females from this series were compared with the holotype female in the American Museum of Natural History by Dr. Norman Platnick, who stated that the identification as modica seems appropriate. Immature*. The immatures collected were antepenultimate and penulti- mate instars. The base color of the carapace varies from very light gray for Vol . 1 04, No. 5, November & December, 1 993 26 1 younger instars to a light olive-brown in older instars. The dusky areas (e.g. radii and marginal band) seen in the adults are more clearly visible, standing out against the lighter background color. Distal ends of leg segments were usually with darker bands. The abdominal pattern of chevrons is somewhat less variable in shape and position than in adults, otherwise it is identical. VARIATION. — Cheliceral denticles and setae of males varied to a minor degree in size, position, and number; such variation was associated in part with overall size. In one specimen the distal denticle on the anterio-lateral margin was greatly enlarged, creating a second spur. Larger specimens tended to have larger denticles. A few specimens had paired denticles (usu- ally the third) in the anterio-lateral row on the chelicerae. The values for Tml were the least variable statistic for both sexes. Tmll was measured to evaluate its usefulness as a substitute for Tml when the first legs were damaged or missing. The pigmentation of the male abdomen varied from very light to darker with most individuals as illustrated in Figs. 9 and 10. Female abdomens had less clearly outlined chevrons that tended to be narrower trans- versely than those of males. NATURAL HISTORY. — These specimens were taken in damp leaf litter at the edge of a small permanent pond with a boggy margin. The relatively large number of males (23) to females (10) suggested that this population had only recently begun to mature. Associated with this species were comparable numbers of Grammonota qentilis (Banks), dominated by adults of both sexes. The pigmentation pattern of G. gentilis is similar to that of E. modica. Somewhat less abundant in the litter were adult Glenognatha emertoni Simon. Pardosa concinna Thorell, both adults and immatures, were common on the litter surface and on nearby drier margins of the bog. DISTRIBUTION-Southern New Mexico and Arizona. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Nogales, Santa Cruz County, Arizona, in damp leaf litter at edge of boggy margin of small lake; 1 1 January, 1991, 23 males, 10 females and 13 late instar subadults. Voucher specimens of both sexes and immatures have been deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Cambridge), United States National Museum (Washington, D.C.), Canadian National Collection (Ottawa), American Museum of Natural History (New York), and Natural History Museum (London). REMARKS At first glance the exuberant lateral denticles and spurs on the chelicerae of male E. modica (Fig. 1) and the small, conical spur on the palpal patella (Fig. 3), suggest a close relationship with the genus Erigone. However, the 262 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS structure of the embolic division of the palp (Fig. 4) is characteristic of Eperigone as defined by Millidge (1987). Female modica have an epigynum with a divided ventral plate, typical of the genus Eperigone. E. modica has a distinctly patterned abdomen, with chevrons, a feature seen in many species of the genus. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to Herbert Levi (MCZ), Charles Dondale (CNM) and Jonathan Coddington (USNM), each of whom reviewed the manuscript and provided many useful suggestions. Dr. Norman Platnick (AMNH) kindly compared my specimens of E. modica with the holotype. Comments and corrections made by two anonymous reviewers were greatly appreciated. LITERATURE CITED Millidge, A. F. 1978. The Erigonine Spiders of North America. Part 8. The Genus Eperigone Crosby and Bishop (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Novitates No. 2885, pp. 1-75. SOCIETY MEETING OF APRIL 28, 1993 SURVEYING AND CONSERVATION OF LEPIDOPTERA IN OHIO Dr. Eric H. Metzler Ohio Department of Natural Resources Although there are amateur scientists studying most taxonomic groups of insects, those folks interested in Lepidoptera must form the largest and most visible section. How best to harness the vast information and enthusiasm represented by these dedicated researchers? The fifth and final meeting of the 1992-1993 season was highlighted by a fine presentation by Eric Metzler on how the relatively recent organization, the Ohio Lepidopterists' Society, brought together about 300 amateur and professional scientists for the common goal of surveying and conservation of Lepidoptera in Ohio. Mr. Metzler, employed in the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, is himself a long-time lepidopterist, starting his interest as a young boy in Michigan, and co-founding the Ohio Lepidopterists' Society in 1979. The original intent of the Society was the Lepidoptera Survey, and this clicked im- mediately with the Ohio Division of Wildlife. Through published records, specimen data in private collections and museums, countless hours of fleldwork in all parts of the state, and financial support from the state for travel and data entry, the survey database now encompasses about 96,000 records for 2600 species of butterflies and moths. Although the survey started with butterflies due to general public interest, published information and the interest of the Society members, it has moved to include leps such as large silk moths, noc- tuids, and geometrids. The focus now is on the Microlepidoptera, for which Annette Braun's collection, located at the Academy of Natural Sciences, is one of the most impor- tant for Ohio. Mr. Metzler reports that even some die-hard butterfly specialists are now (Continued on page 272) Vol. 104, No. 5, November & December, 1993 263 RECORDS OF CHIMARRA HOLZENTHALI AND C. PARASOCIA (TRICHOPTERA: PHILOPOTAMIDAE) FROM EASTERN TEXAS1 David E. Bowles2, Oliver S. Flint, Jr.3, Stephen R. Moulton II4 ABSTRACT: Chimarra holzenthali and Chimarra parasocia are reported from Texas for the first time. The former species previously was known only from seven specimens collected at the type locality in northern Louisiana. These new records are proposed to represent the western limit for these two species. A recent examination of caddisfly (Trichoptera) material in the Texas A&M University (TAMU) and the University of North Texas (UNT) insect collections has revealed some range extensions and new collection records for two species of Chimarra (Philopotamidae). Blacklight trap collections from Anderson and Hardin counties, Texas, produced examples of Chimarra holzenthali Lago and Harris and Chimarra parasocia Lago and Harris. Chimarra holzenthali previously was known only from seven specimens (30*0", 499) collected at the type locality of Schoolhouse Spring, Jackson Parish, Louisiana (Lago and Harris 1987). The type series of C. holzenthali is in poor condition, the genitalia of the holotype male is distorted through han- dling, while those of the male paratypes are either missing or cleared to the point of being transparent (Lago and Harris 1987). Chimarra parasocia previously was known from Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee (Lago and Harris 1987). Lago et al. (1989) reported that, due to a misinterpretation of data, the paratype of C. parasocia from Montgomery County, Arkansas was actually a specimen of Chimarra soda Hagen. However, examples of C. parasocia recently were found in material collected from southern Arkansas (Paul Lago, Personal Communication). Material Examined: Chimarra holzenthali. Texas, Anderson Co., Salmon, VI-27-1975, H. R. Burke, blacklight trap; 1 cf (TAMU). Chimarra parasocia. Same data: 4c?d", 19 (TAMU); Hardin Co., Hickory Creek, off U.S. 287/69, north of Kountze, X-23-1992, S. R. Moulton and K. D. Alexander, UV-light, 1 of (UNT). 1 Received May 8, 1993. Accepted May 29, 1993. 2 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, San Marcos Resource Protection Office, 300 C. M. Allen Parkway, Building B, San Marcos, Texas 78666. - Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560. Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203. ENT. NEWS 104(5): 263-264, November & December, 1993 264 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS The distributional records presented here for these two species are approximately 300 miles west of previous collections. The collection locality at Anderson County, Texas, lies at western edge of the Austroriparian Biotic Province described by Blair (1950). The Austroriparian Biotic Province forms the western boundary of the main body of the pine and hardwood forests of the Gulf Coastal Plain. However, there is not a distinct physio- graphic break between the Austroriparian and Texan biotic provinces, and some characteristic faunal elements, including the species of Chimarra dis- cussed here, may extend westward into some areas of the latter province. The Texan Biotic Province is primarily a broad ecotone region between the forests of the Austroriparian Biotic Province and the drier grasslands of cen- tral Texas (Blair 1950), and, as such, probably marks the western boundary for the ranges of C. holzenthali and C. parasocia. However, both species may be distributed throughout eastern Texas. Other species of Chimarra known from Texas include C. angustipennis (Banks), C. aterrima (Hagen), C. beamed Denning, C. elia Ross, C. feria (Ross), C. obscura (Walker), C. ridleyi (Denning), and C. texana (Banks) (Armitage 1991, Edwards 1973). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Paul Lago, University of Mississippi, and Chad McHugh, USAF Armstrong Laboratory, for reviewing this manuscript. Horace Burke and Ed Riley, Texas A&M University, graciously loaned the caddisflies for our examination. LITERATURE CITED Armitage, B. J. 1991. Diagnostic atlas of the North American caddisfly adults. I. Philo- potamidae, 2nd ed. The Caddis Press, Athens, Alabama. Blair, W. F. 1950. The biotic provinces of Texas. Texas J. Sci. 2:93-1 17. Edwards, S. W. 1973. Texas caddisflies. Texas J. Sci. 24:491-516. Lago, P. K., and S. C. Harris. 1987. The Chimarra (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae) of eastern North America with descriptions of three new species. J. New York Entomol. Soc. 95:225- 251. Lago, P. K., M. L. Mathis, and D. E. Bowles. 1989. Records of Chimarra soda (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae) from Interior Highland streams in Arkansas and Missouri. J. New York Entomol. Soc. 97:482-483. Vol. 104, No. 5, November & December, 1993 265 A NEW SPECIES OF LARGULARA (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) FROM BRAZIL1*2 Paul H. Freytag3 ABSTRACT: A new species of leafhopper from Brazil is described in the genus Largulara. A new species of the genus Largulara DeLong and Freytag was found in material loaned to me by M. W. Nielson. The two known species of the genus were discussed by DeLong and Freytag (1972) and Freytag (1992). This species is described and compared with the other two species. I wish to thank Dr. Nielson for the loan of the material used in this study. Largulara magnifica new species (Figures 1-5) Length of male 7.4-7.8 mm., head width 2.1 mm., female unknown. Similar to fantasa and elegans but with distinct male genitalia. External morphology and color nearly identical to elegans and fantasa. Male genitalia: Genital plates more than two times longer than broad, with two long tufts of setae, one laterally at base and one at apex (Fig. 3). Pygofer without processes, apical margin slightly lobed (Fig. 5). Style broadened near middle, ventral margin thickened, apex pointed and slightly hooked (Fig. 4). Aedeagus with stout shaft, ventrally flattened, with pair of subapical spines; basal processes stout, curving outward, then back toward shaft, with small setal spine on inner margin near middle (Figs. 1-2). Holotype male, Brazil-Rondonia, 7 km E Costa Marques, 03-1 1 Oct. 1987, malaise trap, T. Klein, in the California Academy of Sciences Collection. Paratype males: one, same data as holotype, in the University of Kentucky Collection; one, Brazil-Rondonia. 8 km + 2 km W of Costa Marques, 11-13 April 1987, malaise trap, T. Klein, in the Oregon State University Collection. This species can be separated from fantasa (DeLong and Freytag) and elegans Freytag by the following key: Key to Species of Largulara 1. Paired basal processes of aedeagus with spine-like processes near middle 2 1'. Paired basal processes of aedeagus with setal-like processes near middle (Fig. 1 and 2) Brazil magnifica n. sp. 2. Aedeagal shaft with lateral subapical spine-like processes Venezuela elegans Freytag 2'. Aedeagal shaft with lateral bifurcate subapical setal-like processes Peru .fantasa (DeLong and Freytag) LITERATURE CITED DeLong, D. M. and P. H. Freytag. 1972. Studies of the World Gyponinae (Homoptera, Cicadellidae). The Genus Polana. Arg. de. Zool. S. Paulo 22:239-324. Freytag, P., H. 1992. A new species of the Genus Largulara (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Trans. Ky.Acad.Sci., 53:139-140 1 Received March 1, 1993. Accepted April 2, 1993. 2 The investigation reported in this paper (No. 93-7-23) is in connection with a project of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station and is published with approval of the Director. - Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091. ENT. NEWS 104(5): 265-266, November & December. 1993 266 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS MAGNIFICA •• 0.5mm Figures 1-5 Largulara magnified n. sp., male genitalia 1. aedeagus, ventral view, 2. aedeagus, lateral view, 3. genital plate, ventral view (setae not shown), 4. style, lateroventral view, 5. pygofer and genital plate, lateral view (setae not shown). All drawn to the same scale. Vol. 104, No. 5, November & December, 1993 267 A NEW ERYTHMELUS (HYMENOPTERA: MYMARIDAE) FROM CENTRAL ASIA, AN EGG PARASITOID OF CIRCULIFER SPP. (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)1 Serguey V. Trjapitzin^ ABSTRACT: A new species of mymarid wasp from Turkmenistan, Erythmelus margianus, is described and illustrated. Adult parasitoids were reared from eggs of several cicadellid species including beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus (Baker). A key to the panis (Parallelaptera) species group of Erythmelus is given. Enock (1909) described the genera Erythmelus and Parallelaptera based on the following distinctions: female funicle 5- and male flagellum 10-seg- mented in Parallelaptera, 6- and 1 1 -segmented in Erythmelus; flagellar seg- ment 2 of male antenna very small (Enock overlooked this segment in the original description), and forewing margins almost parallel in species belonging to Parallelaptera. In Erythmelus, flagellar segment 2 of male antenna is subequal to other flagellomeres in length, and forewing margins are not parallel. Later, the majority of Mymaridae taxonomists, including Annecke and Doutt (1961), followed Enock in recognizing Parallelaptera as a valid genus. However, both genera share several important morphological characters such as metanotum projecting over propodeum, several rows of small spines on foretibia, greatly reduced mandibles, females with a well- developed hypopygium (Schauff 1984). Subba Rao (1989) reinstated Parallelaptera as a valid genus after Schauff (1984) synonymized it with Erythmelus. I am following Schauff 's classification and place 6 species which formerly belonged to Parallelaptera together with a new species described herein from Turkmenistan into a distinct panis species group with- in Erythmelus. I am following Annecke and Doutt (1961) in using terminology and mak- ing measurements to indicate the range (in mm). Specimens of Erythmelus (Parallelaptera) were borrowed for study from collections indicated by the following acronyms: BMNH, The Natural History Museum, London; CNCI, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa; UCRC, University of California, Riverside; USNM, National Museum of Natural History, Washington; ZMAS, Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg. Abbreviation used in the description is: F = funicular (flagellar in males) segment. 1 Received March 22. 1993. Accepted June 14. 1993. 2 Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0314 ENT. NEWS 104(5): 267-271, November & December, 1993 268 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Key to species of the panis group, females. 1. Funicular segments progressively longer than preceding ones 2 1' Funicular segments not progressively longer than preceding ones but of different lengths 5 2. F3over 1.7 times length of Fl 3 2' F3 less than 1.7 times length of Fl 4 3. Total length of F1-F4 about 1.75 times length of F5 (Mexico, USA) E. rex (Girault) 3' Total length of F1-F4 about 1.15 times length of F5 (India) E. panchamus (Subba Rao) 4. General body coloration black. Mesosoma shorter than metasoma. F5 slightly dilated basally (Fig. 1). Club with 5 sensory ridges (Turkmenistan) E. margianus, new species 4' General body coloration brown. Mesosoma longer than metasoma. F5 not dilated basally. Club with 3 sensory ridges (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, England, Iran, Moldavia) E. panis (Enock) 5. F3 much longer than F4 (South Africa, Uganda) E. funiculi (Annecke and Doutt) 5' F3 shorter than F4 6 6. F3 shortest of funicle (India, Iraq) E. polyphagus (Livingstone and Yacoob) 6' F3 as long as Fl (India) E. teleonemiae (Subba Rao) Erythmelus margianus, new species Figs. 1-4 Female. General body coloration black; scape, pedicel and Fl light brown, remainder of antenna and eyes dark brown; axillae and tegulae yellowish; legs yellowish brown; femora, mid- dle and hind tibiae dark brown, except middle part of hind femora yellowish; forewing with faint infuscation not extending beyond venation, remainder of forewing and hindwing hyaline; 2 or 3 basal segments of metasoma yellowish golden, hypopygium dark brown. Head in dorsal view oval, wider than long, slightly wider than mesosoma, trapezoidal in frontal view. Eyes large, broadly separated, sparsely setose. Ocelli in obtuse triangle; POL 3 times OOL. Antenna (Fig. 1 ) inserted at lower level of eyes; radicula not clearly separated from scape; pedicel longitudinally striate; Fl and F2 with striation finer than pedicel, all mentioned antenna! segments sparsely setose, remainder of antenna densely setose; F3 shorter than F4; F5 longest of funicle, slightly dilated basally, bearing 2 sensory ridges; club with 5 sensory ridges. Mesosoma (Fig. 2) smooth except postscutellum with fine longitudinal sculpturing laterally; pronotum with 2 pairs of small setae; mesoscutum nearly as wide as long, bearing a pair of setae close to notaulices and another pair posteriorly; axillae with a pair of medial setae clearly sepa- rated from subcircular scutellum; postscutellum with medial cross shaped carinae, bearing a pair of setae; propodeum divided dorsomedially, smooth; mesophragma projecting slightly into meta- soma. Forewing (Fig. 3) of typical shape for E. panis species group, with nearly parallel margins, projecting beyond apex of metasoma at about 1/4 of its length; venation short, reaching slightly more than 1/3 of wing's length; hypochaeta close to proximal macrochaeta, reaching posterior margin of forewing; distal macrochaeta about 2 times as long as proximal macrochaeta; blade hairless except for 3 rows of microchaetae, one on anterior margin distad to venation, small setae close and distad to fringe hairs, starting from fifth seta, second row along anterior margin beyond first fringe seta, and third row of 6-10 smaller setae closer to posterior margin. Hindwing narrow, about same length as forewing; blade bare except a row of small chaetae along anterior margin. Metasoma subsessile, nearly as wide as mesosoma but longer; ovipositor occupying about 3/4 of its length, slightly exserted beyond apex of metasoma. Measurements (n-2): Body: 0.587-0.658; Head: 0.075-0.076; Mesosoma: 0.240-0.259; Metasoma: 0.270-0.323; Ovipositor: 0.247-0.264. Vol. 104, No. 5, November & December, 1993 269 • in 60 JU 1 o VI O N O 270 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Antenna: Scape: 0.090-0.103; Pedicel: 0.037-0.042; Fl: 0.019-0.020; F2: 0.023-0.024; F3: 0.032-0.033; F4: 0.039-0.043; F5: 0.065-0.067; Club: 0.106-0.1 13. Forewing: Length: 0.465-0.479; Width: 0.052-0.053; Venation: 0.165-0.175; Marginal vein: 0.074-0.075; Hypochaeta: 0.028-0.029; Proximal macrochaeta: 0.037-0.038; Distal macrochaeta: 0.074-0.080; Longest fringe cilia: 0.202-0.213. Hindwing: Length: 0.464-0.465; Width: 0.022-0.023; Venation: 0.143-0.144; Longest fringe cilia: 0.1 50-0. 160. Legs: Femur Tibia Tarsus Fore 0.133-0.164 0.139-0.150 0.154-0.160 Middle 0.103-G.135 0.179-0.180 0.159-0.160 Hind 0.114-0.150 0.171-0.209 0.175-0.203 Male. Similar to female except as follows: body lighter, general coloration dark brown; pedicel and legs light brown to yellowish; antenna (Fig. 4) filiform, sparsely setose, F2 very short as typical for E. panis species group; basal infuscation of forewing stronger than in female; metasoma shorter and markedly narrower than mesosoma. Genitalia slightly protruding ventral- ly, similar in structure to male genitalia of E. panis (Viggiani 1988). Measurements (n=2): Body: 0.494-0.525. Antenna: Scape: 0.057-0.067; Pedicel: 0.031- 0.034; Fl: 0.046-0.048; F2: 0.016-0.020; F3: 0.053-0.059; F4: 0.057-0.068; F5: 0.057-0.063; F6: 0.055-0.061; F7: 0.053-0.063; F8: 0.055-0.063; F9: 0.059-0.061; F10: 0.056-0.060. Forewing: Length: 0.460-0.480; Width: 0 .046-0.053. Type material: Described from 2 females and 2 males as follows: TURKMENISTAN. Holotype. Female, Old Nisa, on Atriplex sp. ex Circulifer tenellus eggs, 15. VI. 1992, V. Trjapitzin (slide No. 41, deposited in ZMAS). Allotype. Male, same data as holotype (slide No. 109, ZMAS). Paratypes. 1 female. Old Nisa, sweeping upon Atriplex sp., 11.VI.1992, S. Trjapitzin (USNM); 1 male, Ashgabat, near Kurtlinskoye storage lake, on Salsola sp. ex Circulifer sp. eggs, 10.VI.1992, S. Trjapitzin (USNM). Etymology. The specific name corresponds to the ancient Margiana, a country which is now Turkmenistan. Diagnosis. The new species is close to E. panis (Enock) and E. rex (Girault). E. margianus can be distinguished from E. panis by its blackish color (brown in E. panis), presence of 5 sensory ridges on the club, mesoso- ma shorter than metasoma, and postscutellum with medial cross shaped cari- nae. E. rex differs from E. margianus in having brownish body coloration and different proportions of antennal segments. Other material examined: E. panis (Enock): Holotype female of Parallelaptera panis Enock, England, Woking, July 1885, Fred. Enock; allotype male, same data, Richmond (BMNH); 4 females, 3 males, Iran, Karaj, Agricultural College, pantraps, 1-3. IX. 1977, J.T. Huber (CNCI). E. rex (Girault): Holotype female of Anthemiella rex Girault, USA, IL, Urbana, greenhouse, 28.XIII.1911 (USNM type No. 14,232); 2 females, USA, IA, Cedar Co., 12 mi. SSE Tipton, 28 VIII. 1983, J.D. Pinto, screen sweeping, del. J.T. Huber, 1984 (UCRC). E. polyphagus (Livingstone and Yacoob): 1 female, 1 male, Iraq, Mosul, Nenavali Ag. Stn., ex Stephanitis pyri F. (Tingidae), 20.IX.1985 (CIE 17,507 Sp. No. 5, BMNH). E. panchamus (Subba Rao): Paratype female of Parallelaptera panchama Subba Rao, India, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 25.IX-1.X.1979, J.S. Noyes (BMNH). E. teleonemiae (Subba Rao): 1 female, 1 male, India, Coimbatore, del. B.R. Subba Rao (BMNH). E. funiculi (Annecke and Doutt): 1 female, 2 males, Uganda, Kawanda, 3.1.1957, E.D.L. Matega, del. B.R. Subba Rao (BMNH). Vol. 104, No. 5, November & December, 1993 271 DISCUSSION The biology and host associations remain poorly known for most of seven species which form E. panis group. E. teleonemiae (Subba Rao) was reared from eggs of Dictyla sp. and Teleonemia scrupulosa Stal (Hemiptera: Tingidae) on Lantana camara L. in India (Subba Rao 1984). E. polyphagus (Livingstone and Yacoob) was recorded as an egg parasitoid of T. scrupulosa and 18 other tingid species in southern India (Yacoob and Livingstone 1983). E. panis (Enock) was recently reared in Moldavia from eggs of the pear lace- bug, Stephanitis pyri F. (Goncharenko and Fursov 1988). E. rex (Girault) was reported by Peck (1963) to be an egg parasitoid of the beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus (Baker) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), in the USA. Annecke and Doutt (1961) stated that all attempts to breed E. rex on C. tenellus eggs failed. In the present study attempts to rear the new species, E. margianus, which was imported in 1992 into California on C. tenellus, have also failed despite the fact that adult wasps were reared in Turkmenistan from eggs of several Circulifer species including beet leafhopper. Erythmelus is moderately abundant and shows up frequently in pan traps and Malaise traps (Schauff 1984). I found E. margianus to be the most com- mon mymarid wasp in Turkmenistan emerging from samples of foliage from plants which belong to the "saltbush" family (Chenopodiaceae). Specimens examined in the present study were collected on different species of Atriplex and Salsola, common plant genera in central Asia. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am indebted to John D. Pinto and David H. Headrick for reviewing the manuscript; John T. Huber, John LaSalle, Andrew Polaszek and Michael E. Schauff for generous loans of specimens. LITERATURE CITED Annecke, D.P. and R.L. Doutt. 1961. The genera of the Mymaridae. Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea. S. Afr. Dep. Agric. Tech. Serv., Entomol. Mem. 5: 1-71. Enock, F. 1909. New genera of British Mymaridae. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1 909: 449-459. Goncharenko, E.G. and V.N. Fursov. 1988. Parallelaptera panis Enock (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) a parasite of the pear lace-bug in Moldavia. Vestn. Zool. 6:59-61 [In Russian]. Peck, O. 1963. A catalogue of the Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Can. Entomol. Suppl. 30. 1092 pp. Schauff, M.E. 1984. The Holarctic genera of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Mem. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 12:1-67. Subba Rao, B.R. 1984. Descriptions of new species of oriental Mymaridae and Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Anim. Sci. 93 (3): 25 1-262. Subba Rao, B.R. 1989. On a collection of Indian Mymaridae (Chalcidoidea: Hymenoptera). Insecta Indica 1 (1-2): 139- 186. Viggiani, G. 1988. A preliminary classification of the Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) based on the external male genitalic characters. Boll. Lab. Entomol. Agr. Filippo Silvestri 45:141-148. Yacoob, M. and D. Livingstone. 1983. Resource potentials of the egg parasitoids of Tingidae. pp. 247-252 In Goel. S.C. (Ed.), Insect ecology and resource management. Sanatan Pharm College, Muzaffamagar, India. 296 pp. 272 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS (Continued from page 262) collecting even these tiny members of the order to document species' occurrences. Published books now available summarize the information on butterflies (144 spp.) and noctuid moths (708) spp.). What are the applications of all this information? Zoogeographically, many of the species show restricted distributions within the state, possibly due to historical factors such as glaciation, or more recent land-use changes such as destruction of habitat due to devel- opment. Although 30 butterfly species are common and found in every county of the state, 44% of the 144 species are somehow restricted in distribution and 22 species of butterflies and moths are considered endangered within the state. The Survey has clearly documented species which require habitat protection or careful monitoring. As an example, the Karner's Blue and some moth species are restricted to the "oak openings" area of north- west Ohio, for which the "openings" and their associated species are disappearing because of the prevention of fires. The Survey data are actively used by the state to support preser- vation of habitat on government lands, and has been used to convince private industry to modify development plans. For example, Mr. Metzler explained that Honda USA Corporation changed building plans to allow protection of wetland that harbored popula- tions of the Ontario Hairstreak and Duke's Skipper. Even the home gardener is encouraged to plant butterfly gardens and to restrict pesticide use. There were several notes of entomological interest. Susan Whitney noted that a report of a fire ant mound in Delaware turned out to be that of the Allegheny Mound Ant, Formica e. exsectoides Forel. Roger Fuester reported that the first eggs of Gypsy Moth, Porthetria dispar (L.), hatched in Cape May Co., N.J. this week. Jane Ruffin was encour- aged to talk about her recent bout with malaria, contracted in the northwest corner of Botswana while on a collecting trip with Dan Otte and several others. She came down with a high fever 13 days later, just after arriving back in Pennsylvania. She had a fever of 104° for four days and required hospitalization. She is just finishing up 4 weeks of quinine treat- ment, which will rid her of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite completely. The meeting at the Academy of Natural Sciences was attended by 45 members and visitors. Jon K Gelhaus, Corresponding Secretary Vol. 104, No. 5, November & December, 1993 273 STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT & CIRCULATION 1. Title of publication: ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 2. Date of filing: September 27, 1993. 3. Frequency of issue: Bimonthly (every other month) except July and August 4. Location of known office of publication: 232 Oak Shade Rd., Tabernacle Twp., Vincentown PO, New Jersey 08088 5. Location of the headquarters or general business offices of the publishers: 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103-1 195 6. Name and address of publisher, editor and managing editor Publisher: American Entomological Society, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA, 19103-1 195. Editor; Howard P. Boyd, 232 Oak Shade Rd., Tabernacle Twp, Vincentown PO, New Jersey, 08088 7. Owner: American Entomological Society, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195 8. Known bondholders, mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding one percent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages and other securities: None 9. For optional completion by publishers mailing at the regular rates: signed 10. For completion by nonprofit organizations authorized to mail at special rates: The purpose, function and nonprofit status of this organization and the exempt status for Federal income tax purposes: Have not changed during preceding 12 months (checked) Average No. 11. EXTENT AND NATURE OF CIRCULATION A TOTAL NO. COPIES PRINTED B. PAID CIRCULATION 1. SALES THROUGH DEALERS AND CARRIERS, STREET VENDORS AND COUNTER SALES 2. MAIL SUBSCRIPTIONS TOTAL PAID CIRCULATION D. FREE DISTRIBUTION BY MAIL, CARRIER OR OTHER MEANS. SAMPLES, COMPLI- MENTARY, AND OTHER COPIES E. TOTAL DISTRIBUTION F. OFFICE USE, LEFTOVER, UNACCOUNTED, SPOILED AFTER PRINTING. TOTAL G. 12. Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months 850 0 739 739 0 739 III 850 Actual Number of Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Filing Date 850 0 733 733 0 733 117 850 I certify that the statements by me above are correct and complete. Signed: Howard P. Boyd, editor. No. 1 2 3 4 5 Date of issue Jan. & Feb. Mar. & Apr. May & June Sept. & Oct. Nov. & Dec. MAILING DATES VOLUME 104, 1993 Pages 1-60 61-112 113-152 153-216 217-276 Mailing Date January 21, 1993 May 17, 1993 July 9. 1993 Sept. 27, 1993 Dec. 28, 1993 274 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS INDEX: Volume 104 A.E.S. meeting reports 46, 215, 234, 262 Akre, R.D., E.A. Myhre, Y. Chen 1 23 Huge nest of common yellowjacket, Paravespula vulgaris in CA Aleodorus, n.sp. from Costa Rica 61 Allen, R.T., D.A. Walther 217 N.sp. & records of Symphyla from Delaware Alloperla concolor & A. neglecta, 73 reclassification of males, with new distribution records Amblycerus teutoniensis, n.sp. of 161 seed beetle Amr., Z.S., M.B. Qumsiyeh 43 Records of bat flies from Jordan, Libya, and Algeria Apidae 240 Appel.A.G. 187 Araneae 79, 249, 258 Archostemata 83 Athanas, M.M. 1 1 1 Baetidae 193,227,233,235 Baetis magnus, descrip. of adults 227 Bat flies from Jordan, Libya, & Algeria 43 Benson, E.P., A.G. Appel 1 87 New distrib. record for Ischnoptera bilunata Blatellidae 187 Bohart, R.M. 139 Book reviews 15, 16, 60, 214 Books rec'd. & briefly noted 67, 72, 78, 117, 128,135 Bousquet, Y. 1 On T. Say's entomological publications printed in New Harmony, IN Bowles, D.E., O.S. Flint, Jr., 263 S.R. Moulton, II Records of Chimarra holzenthali & C. parasocia from east. Texas Bowles, D.E., M.L. Mathis, 31 S.W. Hamilton N.sp. of Polycentropus from Arkansas Brachymeria intermedia, overwintering 133 aggregations of female "Bnichidae 161 Caddisflies of Wildcat Ck., Pickens 1 7 1 Co., SC Calvert award 197 Cameron, S.A. 240 Carpenter ant tunnels visualized by 198 computed tomography Carrion beetles in Great Swamp N.W.R., 88 NJ, an ecotonal study Chalcididae 1 33 Chamber for mass hatching & early rearing of praying mantids 47 Chen.Y. 123 Chimarra holzenthali & C. parasocia from east. Texas 263 Chloroniella peringueyi, phylogenetic 1 7 position of & its zoogeographic significance Chloroperlidae 73 Chrysolina quadrigemina established in east. U.S. 143 Chrysomelidae 140, 143 Cicadellidae 265, 267 Circulifer spp., an egg parasitoid of 267 Cline, L.D., J.E. Throne 129 Seasonal flight activity of Lipoptetia mazamae Cloeodes binocularis, new combo, for 233 a Neotropical sp. of Pseudocloeon Coccinellidae 102, 1 1 1 Coleoptera 53, 61, 83, 88, 102, 111, 136, 140, 143, 161, 180 Cooper, B.E. 93 Corydalidae 17 Cucujoidea 1 36 Cumming. J.M, B.E. Cooper 93 Techniques to obtain adult-associated immature stages of predacious tachydromiine flies Cutler, B. 68 Egg surface ultrastructure in Mantispa interrupta Dictyoptera 1 87 Diptera 43,93,118,129,143 Dragon & damselflies of Buck Ck., 165 Pulaski Co., KY Drunella tuberculata & Procloeon 235 pennulatum in No. Carolina Dryopoidea 53 Durfee, R., B.C. Kondratieff 227 Descrip. of adults of Baetis magnus Edwards , R.L. Descrip. of male Eprigone modica 258 New records of spiders from Cp. Cod, 79 MA, incl two possible European immigrants Sp. of Eperigone from Cape Cod, MA 249 Ellis, S.E H8 Tabanidae as dietary items of Rafmesque's big-xared bat: implications for its foraging behavior El-Mallalkh, R.S. 198 Carpenter ant tunnels visualized by computed tomography Elmidae of Taiwan, II 53 Redescription of Leptelmis formosana Empidoidea Eperigone modica, descrip. of 258 Eperigone sp. from Cp. Cod, MA 249 Ephemerellidae Ephemeroptora 193,227,233,235 Epilachna vigintioctopunctata, new record for western hemisphere Erythmelus, n.sp. from cent. Asia, 267 an egg parasitoid of Circulifer spp. Vol. 104, No. 5, November & December, 1993 275 Eucinotoidea, abundance & seasonal activity in a raspberry plantation in so. Quebec 1 80 Lugo-Ortiz. C.R., W.P. McCafferty Genera of Baetidae from Cent. Amer. 193 Falagria costaricensis, generic reassignment to Aleodorus Flint, O.S., Floyd, M.A., J. C . Morse Caddisflies of Wildcat Ck., Pickens Co., SC Formicidae Freytag, P.H. N. sp. of Largulara from Brazil 61 263 171 198 265 Galian, J., J.F. Lawrence 83 First karyotypic data on a cupedid beetle show- ing achiasmatic meiosis Hamilton, S.W. 31 Hippoboscidae 129 Hippodamia variegata in east. U.S. 102 Hoebeke, E.R. Establish, of Urophora quadrifasciata 1 43 & Chrysolina quadrigemina in east. U.S. N.sp. Aleodorus from Costa Rica, & 61 generic reassignment of Falagria costaricensis to Aleodorus Homoptera 265, 267 Hymenoptera 39, 113, 123, 133, 153, 198,240,267 Insect removal from sticky traps, 209 using a citrus oil solvent Ischnoptera bilunala, new distrib. 187 record Jeng, M-L., P-S. Yang 53 Redescrip. of Leptelmis formosana Karyotypic data on a cupedid beetle 83 showing achiasmatic meiosis Kingsolver, J.M. 161 Kirchner, R.F. 73 Kondratieff, B. C. 227 Kondratieff, B.C., R. F. Kirchner 73 Reclarification of males of Alloperla concolor & A. neglecta, with new distribution records Largulara, n.sp. from Brazil 265 Lawrence, J.F. 83 Leptelmis formosana, redescrip. of 53 Leptinotarsa decemlineata, sex 140 determination of Colorado potato beetle larva Levesque, C. & G-Y. 180 Abundance & seasonal activity of Eucinetoidea in a raspberry plantation in so. Quebec Linyphiidae 249, 258 Lipoptena mazamae, seasonal flight activity 1 29 inSC Mahaffey. R.J. 47 Mailing dates 273 Mantidae 47 Mantispidae: Mantispa 68 Manuel, K.L., R.M. Bohart Twisted-wing insect larva in a 139 caddisfly Mastro, V. 209 Mathis. M.L. 31 McCafferty, W.P. 193 Drunella tuberculata & Procloeon 235 pennulatum in No. Carolina McHugh, J.V. 136 First records of parasitoids for slime mold beetles in family Sphindidae Megachilidae 1 1 3 Megaloptera 1 7 Miller, R.S., S. Passoa, R.D. Waltz, V. Mastro 209 Insect removal from sticky traps using a citrus oil solvent Morse, J.C. 171 Moulton, S.R., II 263 N.sp. in Polycentropus cinereus 35 group from Arkansas & Texas Myhre, E.A. 123 Mymaridae 267 Navarrete-Heredia, J.L. 191 First record of Sepedophilus coronadensis from Mexico Nematus desantisi, descrips. of 153 immature stages Neuroptera 68 Nycteribiidae 43 Odonata 165 O'Donnell, S. 39 Interactions of predacious katydids with Neotropical social wasps: are wasps a defense mechanism or prey? Orthoptera 39, 47 Osmia kenoyeri & O. virga, two 1 1 3 blueberry pollinators Osgood, E.A. H3 Ovruski, S.M., D.R, Smith 153 Descrip. of immature stages of Nematus desantisi, a pest of Salicaceae in Argentina & Chile Ownership statement Parasitoids for slime mold beetles 136 in Sphindidae Parasitoids (hymenopteran) in bumble- 240 bee & honey bee colonies reared adjacently 276 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Paravespula vulgaris, huge nesl of in CA 123 Passoa, S. 209 Pavan, C. Ill Payne, R.G., G. A. Schuster 1 65 Dragon- & damselflies of Buck Ck., Pulaski Co., KY Pelletier, Y. 140 Method for sex determination of Colorado potato beetle pupa Penny, N.D. 17 Phylogenetic position of Chloroniella perin- gueyi & its zoogeographic significance Philopotamidae 263 Plecoptera 73 Polycentropodidae 31,35 Polycentropus cinereus group, n.sp. 35 in, from Arkansas & Texas Polycentropus, n.sp. of, from Arkansas 31 Praying mantids, chamber for mass 47 hatching & early rearing Prete, F.R., R. J. Mahaffey 47 Chamber for mass hatching & early rearing of praying mantids Procloeon pennulatum & Drunella 235 tuberculata in No. Carolina Propylea quatourdecimpunctata, new 102 records in east, U.S. Purcell, A.M., II 203 Qumsiyeh, M.B. 43 Ribeiro-Costa, C.S., J.M. Kingsolver 161 Amblycerus leutoniensis, n.,sp. of seed beetle Rust, R.W., B.A. Osgood 1 1 3 Iden. of Osmia kenoyeri & O. virga, two blueberry pollinators Say's entomological publications printed 1 in New Harmony, IN Schaefer, P.W 133 Overwintering aggregations of female Brachymeria intermedia Schroder, R.F.W., M.M. Athanas, 1 1 1 C.Pavan Epilachna vigintioctopunctata, new record for west, hemisphere, with review of host plants Schuster, G.A. 165 Sepedophilus coronadensis, first Mexico 191 record Shubeck, P. P 88 Ecotonal study of carrion beetles in a Great Swamp N.W.R., NJ Silphidae Smith, D.R. Smith, J.L. Society meeting reports 88 153 203 46,215,234,262 Sphindidae, first records of parasitoids 136 for slime mold beetles Spiders from Cp. Cod, MA, new records 79 of, incl. two possible European immigrants Staphylinidae 61, 191 Stewart, K..W. 35 Streblidae 43 Strepsiptera 139 Symphyla 217 Tabanidae as dietary items of Rafinesque's 1 18 big-eared bat: implications for its foraging behavior Tachydromiine flies, techniques to obtain 93 adult-associated immature stages Tenthredinidae 153 Tephritidae 143 Tettigoniidae 39 Throne. J.E. 129 Trichoptera 3 1 , 35, 1 39, 1 7 1 , 263 Trjapitzin, S.V. A new Erythmelus from cent. Asia, 267 an egg parasitoid of Circulifer spp. Twisted- wing insect larva in a caddisfly 139 Urophora quadrifasciata established 143 in east. U.S. Vacuum collector for insect sampling 203 Vespidae 39, 123 Walther, DA. 217 Waltz, R.D. 209 Cloeodes binocularis, new combo. 233 for a Neotropical sp. of Pseudocloeon Wheeler, A.G., Jr. 102 Establish. Hippodamia variegata & new records of Propylea quatourdecimpunctata in east. U.S. Whitfield, J.B , S.A. Cameron 240 Hymenopteran parasitoids in bumble bee and honey bee colonies reared adjacently Wilson, S.W., J.L. Smith, A.M. Purcell, III 203 Inexpensive vacuum collector for insect sampling Yang, P-S 53 When submitting papers, all authors are requested to (1) provide the names of two qualified individuals who have critically reviewed the manuscnpt before it is submitted and (2) suggest the names and addresses of two qualified authorities in the subject field to whom the manuscript may be referred by the editor for final review. All papers are submitted to recognized authorities for final review before acceptance. Titles should be carefully composed to reflect the true contents of the article, and be kept as brief as possible. Classification as to order and family should be included in the title, except where not pertinent. Following the title there should be a short informative abstract (not a descriptive abstract) of not over 150 words. 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FOR SALE: Desirable, A 1 Coleoptera specimens, Coptolabrus lafossei buchi; C.principalis; C.pust. pustulifer; C.pust. mirificus: Plusiolis limbata; P.aurigans; P.aurigans red form; Ischnocelis (Neocelis) dohrni male: Heterosternus oberthuri male; Pelidnota burmeisteri, Man- tichora latipennis livingstonia; Anoplophora zonatrix (Thailand & Malaysia forms): Pyrodes longiceps. Proculus mniszechi; Inca clathrata (Lg. prs. 5+cm); Gymnetis chevrolati (flavo- marginata?). Reasonable prices. Contact: Bob Natalini, 118 Old Spies Church Rd., Read- ing, PA 19606 U.S.A. Phone: 215-370-0817. FOR SALE: Unbound complete 21 -volume set of Environmental Entomology Vol. 1(1) thru Vol. 21(6) (1972-1992). Make offer to- J. W. Peacock. 51 Mill Pond Road. Hamden, CT06514. WANTED: Literature in all Arthropod Orders for eastern North America. Building small collection on limited retired income, focusing on 100 acre campus and surrounding area. All free literature of any age or group welcome. 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NEEDED: BACK VOLUMES and numbers of Entomological News to complete my set. Will trade. Send SASE for list of offerta/disiderata to Roderick R. Irwin. Rural Route 3. Streator. IL61364. FOR SALE: Quality insect pins, black enameled, stainless steel. Best prices guaranteed. Call for free samples. Phone: 1 (800) 484-7347 Ext. 1324. Fax: (617) 581-5904. WANTED: Worldwide butterflies, moths, and beetles, with data. Send your price list to S. THERIAULT, 230 Pariseau, Boisbriand, Quebec, Canada J7G 2C7. WANTED: Diplura, Protura, Microcoryphia and Symphyla, world wide, especially SA, Africa, Asia, Europe. Will trade specimens of the same, buy, or trade reprints from a large Coleoptera library. Write for reprint list and/or information about purchases. Robert T. Allen, 243 Townsend Hall, Department Entomology/Appl. Ecol., Univ. Delaware. Newark, DE 197 17- 1303 US A. >L. 105 US ISSN 0013-872X JANUARY & FEBRUARY, 1994 NO. 1 EWS Distributional & classificatory supplement to the burrowing mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeroidea) of the United States W.P. McCafferty 1 Predation by larval soldier beetles (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) on the eggs & larvae of Pseudoxy- cheila tarsalis (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) Tom D. Schultz 14 New records of Ephemeroptera from Mexico C.R. Lugo-Ortiz, W.P. McCafferty 17 Dermestus rattus (Coleoptera: Dermestidae): taxo- nomic status & comparison with five closely related species in the western United States R.S. Beat, Jr. 27 First record of an heterotic, adult female hybrid Limenitis (Basilarchia) "rubidus" (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) A.P. Plan, S.J. Harrison 33 Nesting biology of Dolichovespula norvegicoides (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) R.D. Akre, E.A. Myhre 39 List of bacterial flora residing in the mid & hindgut regions of six species of carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) G. Berdela, B. Lustigman, P.P. Shubeck 47 OBITUARY: Joe D. Pratt BOOK REVIEW ANNOUNCEMENTS 59 60 26, 46, 60 THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS is published bi-monthly except July-August by The American Entomological Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pa., 19103-1195, U.S.A. The American Entomological Society holds regular membership meetings on the fourth Wednesday in October, November, February, March, and April. The November, February and April meetings are held at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, Pa. The October and March meetings are held at the Department of Entomology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. Society Members who reside outside the local eastern Pennsylvania, southern New Jersey, and Delaware area are urged to attend society meetings whenever they may be in the vicinity. Guests always are cordially invited and welcomed. Officers for 1991-1992: President: Joseph K. Sheldon; Vice-President: Harold B. White; Recording Secretary: Paul W. Schaefer; Corresponding Secretary: Jon K. Gelhaus; Treasurer: Howard P. Boyd. Publications and Editorial Committee: Howard P. Boyd, Chr., D. Otte, and Paul M. Marsh. Previous editors: 1890-1920 Henry Skinner (1861-1926); 1921-1944 Philip P. Calvert (1871-1961); 1945-1967 R.G.Schmieder (1898-1967); 1968-1972 R.H.Arnett, Jr.: 1973-4/1974 R.W. Lake. Subscriptions: Private subscriptions for personal use of members of the Society, domestic and foreign: $5.00 per year postpaid. Subscriptions for non-members and for institutions such as libraries, laboratories, etc., domestic: $18.00 per year postpaid; foreign: $20.00 per year post- paid. Communications and remittances regarding subscriptions should be addressed to ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, The American Entomological Society, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103-1195, U.S.A. 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Vol. 105, January & February, 1994 DISTRIBUTIONAL AND CLASSIFICATORY SUPPLEMENT TO THE BURROWING MAYFLIES (EPHEMEROPTERA: EPHEMEROIDEA) OF THE UNITED STATES1 W. P. McCafferty2 ABSTRACT: The extant Ephemeroidea species of the United States are updated with respect to higher classification, species taxonomy, and state records. Distribution maps are provided for all 23 currently recognized species. Forty three new state records for 14 species were published since 1975. An additional 19, mostly expected, new state records are given here for 1 1 of the species. Species ranges are now apparent from the distribu- tional data. Ephemera conipar Hagen and Pentagenia robusta McDunnough are assumed to be extinct, and the genus Dolania is excluded from the Ephemeroidea. The last review of the Ephemeroidea in North America was given by McCafferty (1975). Since then, the group has been further restricted and its higher classification modified, the family Potamanthidae has been completely revised, certain species have been synonymized, others have been shown to be extinct, and several new geographic records of species have been reported. The purpose of this paper is to update the status of Ephemeroidea since the 1975 work with respect to both classification and distribution in the United States, and to provide additional new state records that allow a more complete representation of specific ranges. Thirty species were listed for North America north of Mexico by McCafferty (1975). No indication of family classification was given pri- marily because family limits were undergoing evaluation. Edmunds et al. (1976), however, did provide a traditional familial classification of these species. A revised phylogenetic classification of the genera of Ephemeroidea of the world was presented by McCafferty (1991), where- in the former family Euthyplociidae was incorporated into the Polymitarcyidae and the former family Palingeniidae was incorporated into the family Ephemeridae. Furthermore, the family Behningiidae (represented in North America only by the genus Dolania) was removed from the Ephemeroidea and placed in a separate superfamily. As a result, Dolania is not treated in this supplement. The revised higher clas- sification of Ephemeroidea with respect to the North American fauna is given in Table 1. The family and subfamily classification is based on phy- logenetic relationships (see McCafferty 1979, 1991) 1 Received July 21, 1993. Accepted August 20, 1993. 2 Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Pentagenia robusta McDunnough and Ephemera compar Hagen were treated by McCafferty (1975) and traditionally have been listed with extant species of mayflies (e.g., Edmunds et al. 1976). It has become apparent in recent years, however, that these species are in all likelihood extinct. Their status has been discussed by Edmunds and McCafferty (1984) and McCafferty et al. (1990). Extensive work on benthos of large rivers in the Midwest by numerous workers in recent years has not yield- ed P. robusta, which is still known only from original material described from the Ohio River by McDunnough (1926). Also, extensive on going work in Colorado (e.g., see McCafferty et al. 1993) has not yielded E. compar, which is still known only from original material described from Colorado by Hagen (1875). These species therefore are excluded from the present work, which is restricted to extant species. Opportunities for corroborating and adding to state records of bur- rowing mayflies have been ample over the past 20 years, a period which has seen a strong emphasis on benthic macroinvertebrate research in the United States. Thus, it is assumed that, based on the data summarized herein, relatively complete pictures of species ranges are now represent- ed. A few states within ranges of certain species still do not indicate a presence of the respective species, but this is generally because these states have yet to be adequately documented with published mayfly records. Below, any recent revisionary or distributional data related to species from Table 1 and supplemental to McCafferty (1975) is dis- cussed. In addition, conterminous United States distribution maps are presented for each of the species, and include all state records. Circles within states indicate valid records known at the time of the McCafferty (1975) treatment; squares indicate records published between then and the present, and triangles indicate new state records reported herein. Most specimens on which new records are based are at the Purdue Entomological Research Collection; some are at the National Museum of Natural History. North Carolina specimens are held by the North Carolina Division of Environmental Management (Raleigh) and some Missouri specimens are at the University of Missouri. No records of Ephemeroidea exist for Alaska (see McCafferty 1985) or Hawaii, although Bae and McCafferty (1991) reported an adult spec- imen of Potamanthus formosus Eaton from Hickam Field that was col- lected in 1954. It most likely was an adventive transported by military aircraft from Japan or Korea. There is no evidence that the species has become established in Hawaii. Vol. 105, January & February, 1994 SPECIES DATA Tortopus incertus (Traver) (Fig. 1) Lenat and Penrose (1987) showed this species to occur in North Carolina, thereby extending its known southeastern distribution pattern slightly northward. Tortopus primus (McDunnough) (Fig. 1 ) Tortopus is a primarily Neotropical genus, closely related to the also primarily Neotropical genus Campsurus (see McCafferty et al. 1992). Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty (1994) found T. primus in Texas, and con- firmed the presence of Campsurus decoloratus and T. circumfluus also from that state. McCafferty (1975) indicated questionable records of this species from Missouri and Arkansas. The Texas record would tend to support those records and suggests a general range in the central United States. Ephoron album (Say) (Fig. 1) This western and midwestern species overlaps with the distribution of its eastern sister species E. leukon in the upper midwestern United States, Missouri (see below), and Manitoba. Lake Erie populations reported on by Britt (1962) probably represent the easternmost range of the species. There is considerable evidence (McCafferty unpublished) that the two species have hybridized in at least one river in Indiana. Ward and Stanford (1990) reported the species from Colorado for the first time. A new state record is as follows: MISSOURI. Crawford Co., Meramac R. nr St. Hwy 8, VII-26-1992, B. Nichols. Ephoron leukon Williamson (Fig. 1) Lager et al. (1982) reported this eastern and midwestern species from Minnesota, Kondratieff and Harris (1986) reported it from Alabama, and Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty (1994) reported it from Texas. The list- ing of this species in Virginia by Kondratieff and Voshell (1983) was not accompanied by substantiating data, but nevertheless it undoubtedly exists there. New state records are as follows: CONNECTICUT, Lichfield Co., Kent, VIII-22-1917 (adults). IOWA, Winneshiek Co., Iowa R. VII-5-1977, K. L. Johnson (larvae). MISSOURI, Newton Co.. Shoal Cr. near Neosho, 1974, D. S. Sarai (larvae). PENNSYLVANIA, Center Co., Bald Eagle Cr., VIII-9-1977, G. A. Hoover (larvae and adults); Forrest Co., Allegheny R. at Tionesta, VIII-26-1976; G. A. Hoover (adults). Faulkner and Tarter (1977) reported this species, as a new state record, from West Virginia. It had, however, been known from that state previously. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Anthopotamus distinctus (Traver) (Fig. 2) All North American species of the Potamanthidae belong to the genus Anthopotamus (McCafferty and Bae 1990); they were previously considered in the Old World genus Potamanthus. Kondratieff and Harris (1986) reported A. distinctus from Alabama; Bae and McCafferty (1991) reported it from Massachusetts, Vermont, and Virginia; and Burian and Gibbs (1991) reported it from Maine. The range map given by Bae and McCafferty (1991) should be extended somewhat south- ward. Anthopotamus myops (Walsh) (Fig. 2) Bae and McCafferty (1991) synonymized Anthopotamus inequalis (Needham) and Anthopotamus rufous (Argo) with A. myops, and thus Maryland and Missouri were automatically added to the distribution of A. myops. In addition, Bae and McCafferty (1991) gave records for Alabama, Georgia, Minnesota, Virginia, and West Virginia. \nthopotamus neglectm (Traver) (Fig. 2) This species was divided into two geographic subspecies by Bae and McCafferty (1991): A. n. neglectus, known only from the Northeast, and A. n. disjunctus Bae and McCafferty, from the southeastern and south central United States. Faulkner and Tarter (1977) added West Virginia to the known distribution, McCafferty and Provonsha (1978) reported the species from Arkansas, and this was later confirmed by Bae and McCafferty (1991). A previous report of this species in Arkansas by Koss (1970) remains tentative (see McCafferty 1975), although it may well be correct. Kondratieff and Harris (1986) reported A. neglectus from Alabama, and Bae and McCafferty (1991) reported it from Georgia and Oklahoma. Kondratieff and Voshell (1983) listed A. neglec- tus from Virginia. However, it is not known to which subspecies any Virginia or West Virginia populations would be assignable. Anthopotamus verticis (Say) (Fig. 2) Bae and McCafferty (1991) synonymized Anthopotamus diaphanus (Needham) and Anthopotamus walked (Ide) with A. verticis, and report- ed new state records for Iowa, Maryland, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Wisconsin. McCafferty and Bae (1992) established types for this species, designating a lectotype for the junior synonym Ephemera flaveola Walsh, and a neotype from Indiana for the senior name, Baetis verticis Say. David Lenat (Pers. comm.), using the species keys of Bae and McCafferty (1991), confirmed that this species, along with A. distinctus, occurs in North Carolina (both species in the moun- tains, but only A. verticis in the Piedmont). The new state record is Vol. 105, January & February, 1994 based on numerous collections as follows: NORTH CAROLINA, Ashe, Burke, Caldwell, Henderson, Mitchell, Rutherford, Transylvania, Watauga, Wilkes, and Yancey Counties (where both A. verticis and A. distinctus occur) and Chatham, Durham, Harnett, Orange, Person, and Randolph Counties (where only A. verticis occurs). Ephemera blanda Traver (Fig. 3) Kondratieff and Voshell (1983) listed E. blanda for Virginia but gave no locale data. The record appears reasonable given this species' south- eastern distribution pattern. A new state record is as follows: KEN- TUCKY, Jackson Co., War Fork of Station Camp Cr. at Turkey Foot Camp, V-4-1982, W. P. McCafferty and A. V. Provonsha (adults); and Pulaski Co., Fishing Cr. .5 mi S of St. Rd. 635 & 70 junction, V-4-1982, W. P. McCafferty and A. V. Provonsha (adults). Ephemera guttulata Pictet (Fig. 3) Gather and Harp (1975) reported this species from the Ozarks of Arkansas. This would appear to be the westernmost distribution of this species, which shows an old eastern mountainous distribution pattern, primarily in the Appalachians, but with isolates in the Ozark Plateau. Faulkner and Tarter (1977) predictably found this species in West Virginia, and Kondratieff and Voshell (1983) listed it for Virginia. The Alabama record by Kondratieff and Harris (1986) probably represents the southernmost distribution of E. guttulata. I have found it to be the most common burrowing mayfly in small and mid-sized streams in cen- tral and eastern Kentucky. Ephemera simulans Walker (Fig. 3) Faulkner and Tarter (1977) found this relatively widespread species in West Virginia, Liechti (1981) added it to the Kansas list of mayflies, and Unzicker and Carlson (1982) showed it to occur in North Carolina. Berner and Pescador (1988) indicated that the dubious record of this species in Florida could not be substantiated despite considerable col- lecting effort in the area where it had supposedly been collected. I have excluded Florida from the range map of this species. New state records are as follows: MISSOURI, Christian Co., James R. & adjacent spring, V-24-1972, W. B. Morton (adults); Greene Co., James R. 4 mi E Springfield, V-30-1972, B. A. Sassmann (adults); Taney Co., Swan Cr. Hwy. AA, V-23-1972, R. W. Baumann (adults). NORTH DAKOTA, Grand Forks Co., Turtle R. at Turtle R. St. Prk. 1.7 mi N Arvilla, V-12- 1978 (larvae). OKLAHOMA, Ottawa Co., Five Mile Cr.. 5.1 mi N & 1.25 mi E Peoria. VI-12-1984, P. Liechti (adults). ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Campsurus decoloratus Tortopus circumfluus Tortopus incertus Tortopus primus Ephoron album Ephoron leukon Fig. 1. United States distribution of extant species of Campsurus, Tortopus, and Ephoron. Vol. 105, January & February, 1994 Anthopotamus distinctus Anthopotamus my ops Anthopotamus neglectus Anthopotamus verticis Litobrancha recurvata Pentagenia v/ttigera Fig. 2. United States distribution of extant species of Anthopotamus, Litobrancha and Pentagenia. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Ephemera blanda Ephemera guttulata Ephemera simulans Ephemera traverae Ephemera triplex Ephemera varia Fig. 3. United States distribution of extant species of Ephemera. Vol. 105, January & February, 1994 Hexagenia atrocaudata Hexagenia b/lineata Hexagenia limbata Hexagenia orlando Hexagenia rigida Fig. 4. United States distribution of extant species of Hexagenia. 10 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Ephemera traverae Spieth (Fig. 3) This species was previously known only from Oklahoma. A new state record follows: MISSOURI: Greene Co., Pearson Cr, 3.2 mi E Springfield, V-25-1977, VI-1 1,15-1977, N. R. Witte. Ephemera varia Eaton (Fig. 3) This species was reported from Ohio by Hall (1985), from Alabama by Kondratieff and Harris (1986), and from South Carolina by Unzicker and Carlson (1982). The Virginia record given by Kondratieff and Voshell (1983) is substantiated with new data below. New records are as follows: INDIANA, Owen Co., Rattlesnake Cr., VI-24-1980 (adults). KENTUCKY, Jackson Co., War Fork of Station Camp Cr., VI-7-1973, W. P. McCafferty, A. V. Provonsha, K. Black (larvae). MINNESOTA, Sand Lake, VI-20-1930, J. B. Fisher (adults). VIRGINIA, Prince William Forest Park, VII-4-1973, O. S. Flint, Jr. (adults). Hexagenia atrocaudata McDunnough (Fig. 4) Unzicker and Carlson (1982) expectedly reported this species from South Carolina. A new state record is as follows: KENTUCKY, Boyd Co., East Fork of Little Sandy R. off KY 3, 0.9 mi N jet KY 3 and KY 966, VI-1-1978 (larvae); Fleming Co., Fox Cr. at Big Run Road bridge, 0.2 km NW Big Run Road-KY 1013 jet., X-7-1983. Hexagenia limbata (Serville) (Fig. 4) McCafferty (1984) synonymized Hexagenia munda with this species and thereby expanded the state distribution of H. limbata to include Connecticut, Florida, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina. A new state record is as follows: MASSACHUSETS, Whately, Mill R., X-30-1938 (larvae); Otter R., XI- 19-1938 (larvae); N. Amherst, Pulpit Hill, IV-1952, J. R. Traver (larvae); Puffer's Pond, Amherst, R. W. Koss, X-7-1964 (larvae). McCafferty and Pereira (1984) experimentally demonstrated that color and size variants of H. limbata (and H. munda} sometimes regarded as subspecies were clinal ecophenotypes determined to a large degree by developmental temperature regime. This is the most widespread and variable North American burrowing mayfly species; it is distributed from coast to coast and is well represented in Canada and Mexico. Hexagenia orlando Traver (Fig. 4) This species was not treated by McCafferty (1975) because it was considered a synonym of Hexagenia munda at that time. Berner and Vol. 105, January & February, 1994 1 1 considered a synonym of Hexagenia munda at that time. Berner and Pescador (1988) presented evidence that H. orlando is a valid species restricted to sandbottomed lakes of the central Florida highlands. Hexagenia rigida McDunnough (Fig. 4) Gather and Harp (1975) reported this species from Arkansas. Kondratieff and Voshell (1983) listed this species for Virginia but gave no locale data. Both Arkansas and Virginia are within the expected range of this species. Litobrancha recurvata (Morgan) (Fig. 2) Lager et al. (1982) reported this species from Minnesota, and Hilsenhoff (1981) listed this species in Wisconsin but gave no substanti- ating data. It probably occurs in Wisconsin since it is known from Minnesota and I have collected it from the Upper Peninsula of Michigan directly north of Wisconsin. New state records are as follows: KENTUCKY, Letcher Co., Bad Branch, from falls to St. Rd. 932, IX- 28-1991, G. A. Schuster (larvae). MARYLAND, Beaver pond on Kelley Stream .5 mi from Clayton Lake road, VI-5-1978, S. Strnad (lar- Table 1. Classification of the extant Ephemeroidea of North America north of Mexico. Family Polymitarcyidae Subfamily Campsurinae Family Ephemeridae Genus Campsurus Eaton Subfamily Ephemerinae Campsurus decoloratus (Hagen), 1861 Genus Ephemera Linnaeus Genus Tortopus Needham & Murphy Ephemera blanda Traver, 1932 Tortopus circumfluus Ulmer, 1942 Ephemera guttulala Pictet, 1843 Tortopus incertus (Traver), 1935 Ephemera simulans Walker, 1853 Tortopus primus (McDunnough), 1924 Ephemera traverae Spieth, 1938 Subfamily Polymitarcyinae Ephemera triplex Traver, 1935 Genus Ephoron Williamson Ephemera varia Eaton, 1883 Ephoron album (Say), 1824 Subfamily Hexageniinae Ephoron leukon Williamson, 1802 Genus Hexagenia Walsh Hexagenia atrocaudata McDunnough, 1924 Hexagenia bilineata (Say), 1824 Hexagenia limbata (Serville), 1829 Family Potamanthidae Hexagenia orlando Traver, 1931 Genus Anthopotamus McCafferty & Bae Hexagenia rigida McDunnough, 1924 Anthopotamus distinctus (Traver), 1935 Genus Litobrancha McCafferty Anthopotamus myops (Walsh), 1863 Litobrancha recurvata (Morgan), 1913 Anthopotamus neglectus (Traver), 1935 Subfamily Pentageniinae Anthopotamus verticis (Say), 1839 Genus Pentagenia Walsh Pentagenia vittigera (Walsh), 1862 12 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS GINIA, Wythe Co., Barren Springs, VII-8-1978, 1. Vance (adults). The Pennsylvania data reported above are incomplete, but there is no doubt that L. recurvata is common in Pennsylvania. For example, Caucci and Nastasi (1975), in their popular treatment of mayflies of importance to fly fishers, mentioned its importance on limestone streams of Pennsylvania, and a large sample of larvae evidently was taken from Fishing Creek at La Mar in 1973. Photographs of this material clearly indicate that specimens are L. recurvata. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For providing additional specimens for study, I thank O. S. Flint, Jr., Washington, D. C; G. A. Hoover, University Park, Pennsylvania; S. L. Jensen, Springfield, Missouri; P. Liechti, Lawrence, Kansas; and G. A. Schuster, Richmond, Kentucky. For providing infor- mation, I thank D. R. Lenat, Raleigh, North Carolina and B. Nichols, Columbia, Missouri. This paper has been assigned Purdue Experiment Station Journal No. 13802. LITERATURE CITED Bae, Y. J. and W. P. McCafferty. 1991. Phylogenetic systematics of the Potamanthidae (Ephemeroptera). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 117: 1-143. Berner, L. and M. L. Pescador. 1988. The mayflies of Florida, revised edition. Univ. Presses Fla., Gainesville. Britt, N. W. 1962. Biology of two species of Lake Erie mayflies, Ephoron album (Say) and Ephemera simulans Walker. Bull. Ohio Biol. Surv. 1(5): 1-70. Burian, S. K. and K. E. Gibbs. 1991. Mayflies of Maine: an annotated faunal list. Maine Agr. Exp. Stat. Tech. Bull. 142: 1-109. Gather, M. R. and G. L. Harp. 1975. The aquatic macroin vertebrate fauna of an Ozark and Deltaic stream. Proc. Ark. Acad. Sci. 29: 30-35. Caucci, A. and B. Nastasi. 1975. Hatches. Comparahatch, Ltd., New York. Edmunds, G. F., Jr. and W. P. McCafferty. 1984. Ephemera compar: an obscure Colorado burrowing mayfly (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae). Entomol. News. 95: 186-188. Edmunds, G. F., Jr., S. L. Jensen, and L. Berner. 1976. The mayflies of North and Central America. Univ. Minn. Press, Minneapolis. Faulkner, G. M. and D. C. Tarter. 1977. Mayflies, or Ephemeroptera, of WestVirginia with emphasis on the nymphal stage. Entomol. News. 88: 202-206. Hagen, H. 1875. Report on the Pseudoneuroptera and Neuroptera collected by Lieut. W. L. Carpenter in 1873 in Colorado. Annu. Rpt., U. S. Geol. Surv. of the territories for 1873, Part 111:578-583. Hagen, R. L. 1985. New collection records of Ohio mayflies (Ephemeroptera). Entomol. News. 96: 171-174. Hilsenhoff, W. L. 1981. Aquatic insects of Wisconsin. Publ. Nat. Hist. Council Wise. No.2: 1-60 Kondratieff, B. C. and S. C. Harris.. 1986. Preliminary checklist of the mayflies (Ephemeroptera) of Alabama. Entomol. News 97: 230-236. Kondratieff, B. C. and J. R. Voshell, Jr. 1983. A checklist of the mayflies (Ephemeroptera) of Virginia, with a review of pertinent taxonomic literature. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 18:273-279. Koss, R. W. 1970. A list of the mayflies (Ephemeroptera) in the Michigan State University Entomology Museum. Mich. Entomol. 3: 98-101. Vol. 105, January & February, 1994 13 Lager, T. M., M. D. Johnson, and W. P. McCafferty. 1982. The mayflies of northeastern Minnesota (Ephemeroptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84: 729-741. Lenat, D. R. and D. L. Penrose. 1987. New distribution records for North Carolina Macroinvertebrates. Entomol. News. 98: 67-73. Liechti, P. M. 1981. Kansas mayfly records for the genera Potamanthus, Pentagenia, Ephemera, Ephoron, and Tortopus. Tech. Publ. St. Biol. Surv. Kans. 10: 52-56. Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1994. The mayflies (Ephemeroptera) of Texas and their biogeographic affinities. In: L. Corkum and J. Ciborowski [eds.]. Proceedings of the seventh international conference on Ephemeroptera. Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, Fla. in press. McCafferty, W. P. 1975. The burrowing mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeroidea) of the United States. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101: 447-504. McCafferty, W. P. 1979. Evolutionary trends among the families of Ephemeroidea. pp. 45- 50 In: K. Pasternak and R. Sowa [eds.], Proceedings of the second international con- ference on Ephemeroptera. Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warsaw, Poland. McCafferty, W. P. 1984. A new synonym in Hexagenia (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 86: 789. McCafferty, W. P. 1985. The Ephemeroptera of Alaska. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 87: 381-386. McCafferty, W. P. 1991. Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Ephemeroptera (Insecta): a commentary on systematics. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 84: 343-360. McCafferty, W. P. and Y. J. Bae. 1990. Anthopotamus, a new genus for North American species previously known as Potamanthus. Entomol. News. 101: 200-202. McCafferty, W. P. and Y. J. Bae. 1992. Taxonomic status of historically confused species of Potamanthidae and Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 94: 169-171. McCafferty, W. P. and C. Pereira. 1984. Effects of developmental thermal regimes on two mayfly species and their taxonomic interpretation. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 77: 69-87. McCafferty, W. P. and A. V. Provonsha. 1978. The Ephemeroptera of mountainous Arkansas. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 51: 360-379. McCafferty, W. P., R. S. Durfee, and B. C. Kondratieff. 1993. Colorado mayflies (Ephemeroptera): an annotated inventory. Southwest. Natural. 38: 252-274. McCafferty, W. P., R. W. Flowers, and R. D. Waltz. 1992. The biogeography of Mesoamerican mayflies, pp. 173-193 In: S. P. Darwin and A. L. Weldon [eds.], Biogeography of Mesoamerica: proceedings of a symposium. Tulane Stud. Zool. Bot., Suppl. Publ. No. 1. McCaffertv, W. P., B. P. Stark and A. V Provonsha. 1990. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Odonata. pp. 43-58 In: M. Kosztarab and C. W. Schaefer [eds.], Systematics of the North American insects and arachnids: status and needs. Va. Agr. Exp. Stat. Infor. Ser. 90-1. Va Polytech. Inst. St. Univ, Blacksburg. McDunnough, J. R. 1926. Notes on North American Ephemeroptera with descriptions of new species. Can. Entomol. 58: 184-196. Unzicker, J. D. and P. H. Carlson. 1982. Ephemeroptera. pp. 3.1-3.97 In: A. R. Brigham, W. U. Brigham, and A. Gnilka [eds.]. Aquatic insects and oligochaetes of North and South Carolina. Midwest Aquatic Enterprises, Mahomet, 111. Ward, J. V. and J. A. Stanford. 1990. Ephemeroptera of the Gunnison River,. Colorado, U.S.A. pp. 215-220 In: I. C. Campbell [ed.]. Mayflies and stoneflies life histories and biology. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 14 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS PREDATION BY LARVAL SOLDIER BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CANTHARIDAE) ON THE EGGS AND LARVAE OF PSEUDOXYCHEILA TARSALIS (COLEOPTERA: CICINDELIDAE)1 Tom D. Schultz2 ABSTRACT: Predation on the eggs and larvae of Pseudoxycheila tarsalis by cantharid lar- vae at Monteverde, Costa Rica is described. Larvae of the subfamily Chauliognathinae were observed repeatedly to forage on clay banks where tiger beetle adults and larvae were abundant. Eggs and larvae of P. tarsalis were excavated from the clay banks and con- sumed by the soldier beetles. Pseudoxycheila tarsalis Bates, a Neotropical cicindelid, occurs in montane habitats from Costa Rica to Colombia (Palmer 1976). Adults may be found along unpaved roads or on exposed clay banks. Females oviposit by digging a hole 5-7 mm deep on steep or vertical slopes, lay- ing a single egg, and covering it with loose clay. After eclosion, the lar- vae construct horizontal burrows in the bank, and ambush insects that pass near the burrow opening at the soil surface. Like other tiger beetle species, P. tarsalis larvae are parasitized by tiphiid wasps and bombyliid flies which attack the larvae within their open burrow (Palmer 1976). Other than parasitoids, few instances of predation on immature stages of tiger beetles have been observed (Mury Meyer 1987, Pearson 1988). On 4 August 1991 and 10 August 1992, 1 observed soldier beetle lar- vae attack and consume eggs and larvae of P. tarsalis on a clay slope near the entrance of the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve in the state of Puntarenas, Costa Rica. On each day, several cantharid larvae were observed crawling about on the 15 X 20 m slope where the tiger beetles were abundant (Fig. 1 a). The cantharids probed in small crevices or holes they encountered. On one occasion, a cantharid larva located the pile of loose clay that covered a P. tarsalis egg laid only 2.5 min before. The cantharid dug out the egg and consumed it. When I moved the same cantharid larvae to within 5 cm of another recent oviposition, it located the second egg and consumed it as well. Two other cantharid larvae repeatedly entered 5 to 6 late instar burrows of P. tarsalis. One of the sol- dier beetles excavated the entrance of a second instar burrow (Fig. 1 b) until its head was inserted to a depth of 25 mm. After 3 min in this posi- tion, the cantharid retracted leaving only the macerated head capsule of the cicindelid larva near the burrow entrance. 1 Received June 25, 1993. Accepted July 24, 1993. Department of Biology, Denison University, Granville, OH 43023. ENT. NEWS 105(1): 14-16, January & February, 1994 Vol. 105, January & February, 1994 15 00 CO es as t c « U s e §1 3 O _C O 1 § or, 3 of/ £ £ .2 16 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS The cantharid larvae belonged to an unknown species in the Sub- family Cauliognathinae (L. LeSage, personal communication). The late instar larvae measured 24-34 mm in length and were velvet black with yellow legs. The posterior margin of the pronotum was white and the 1st and 3rd through 8th abdominal tergites bore two pairs of white lateral spots. The 2nd abdominal tergite exhibited only a single spot on each side. Preserved specimens are in possession of the author. Chauliognathine larvae are known to prey on other insect larvae (Arnett 1985), but cantharids have not been reported previously to prey on cicindelids. It remains uncertain whether predation by this cauliog- nathine species could have a significant impact on the population of P. tarsalis at Monteverde. First and 2nd instars of P. tarsalis may be sus- ceptible to cantharids, but the 3rd instar larvae are themselves formida- ble predators that can subdue small frogs (Palmer 1976). Predation on cicindelid eggs, here reported for the first time, may be an important lim- iting factor on tiger beetles like P. tarsalis that oviposit in clusters with- in limited microhabitats. The habit of carefully smoothing over the soil filling the egg chamber has been observed in ovipositing P. tarsalis (Palmer 1976) and other cicindelids (Pearson 1988), and may have evolved to prevent the detection of eggs by predators such as cantharid larvae ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank L. LeSage, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada for identifying the cauliognathine larva, and the Carolina Ohio Science Education Network (COSEN) for giving me the opportunity to lead the 1991 and 1992 Workshops in Tropical Biology, dur- ing which these observations were made. LITERATURE CITED Arnett, R.H. 1985. American insects. Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., New York. Mury Meyer, E.J. 1987. The capture efficiency of flickers preying on larval tiger beetles. The Auk 98:189-191. Palmer, M. 1976. Natural history and behavior of Pseudoxvcheila tarsalis Bates. Cicindela 8:61-92. Pearson, D.L. 1988. Biology of tiger beetles. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 33:123-47. Vol. 105, January & February, 1994 17 NEW RECORDS OF EPHEMEROPTERA FROM MEXICO1 C. R. Lugo-Ortiz, W. P. McCafferty2 ABSTRACT: Twenty-seven species and six genera of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) are reported from Mexico for the first time. Twenty-four species and the genera Epheinerella, Ironodes, Paraleptophlebia, and Siphlonurus were previously known from north of Mexico, four species and the genus Moribaetis were previously known from Central America, and one species and the genus Paracloeodes were previously known from north of Mexico and Central America. Callibaetis punctilusus McCafferty and Provonsha, new status, is raised to specific rank. Comments on the distributional significance of each of the new species records are included. The Ephemeroptera fauna of Mexico has been poorly known. Prior to this report, only 83 species in the following genera were recorded: Acentrella Bengtsson, Acerpenna Waltz and McCafferty, Baetis Leach, Baetodes Needham and Murphy, Callibaetis Eaton, Caenis Stephens, Camelobaetidius Traver and Edmunds, Campsurus Eaton, Choroterpes Eaton, Cloeodes Traver, Drunella Needham, Euthyplocia Eaton, Fallceon Waltz and McCafferty, Hexagenia Walsh, Homoeoneuria Eaton, Hydrosmilodon Flowers and Dominguez, Iron Eaton, Isonychia Eaton, Lachlania Hagen, Leptohyphes Eaton, Neochoroterpes Allen, Nixe Flowers, Rhithrogena Eaton, Serratella Edmunds, Stenonema Traver, Thraulodes Ulmer, Traverella Edmunds, and Tricorythodes Ulmer. To these we add 27 species and the following genera: Ephe- merella Walsh, Ironodes Traver, Moribaetis Waltz and McCafferty, Paracloeodes Day, Paraleptophlebia Lestage, and Siphlonurus Eaton. McCafferty et al. (1992) treated the biogeography of those genera found in Mesoamerica, and their study was applicable to Mexico. They hypothesized that Baetodes, Camelobaetidius, Campsurus, Cloeodes, Euthyplocia, Fallceon, Homoeoneuria, Lachlania, Leptohyphes, Moribaetis, Paracloeodej, Thraulodes, Traverella, and Tricorythodes have a recent Neotropical center of dispersal, whereas Hexagenia s. s., Iron, Isonychia, Nixe, Rhithrogena, and Stenonema have a Nearctic one. Caenis was hypothesized to be comprised of elements from the Nearctic and Neotropics (McCafferty et al. 1992). Flowers and Dominguez ( 1 992) showed the Neotropical affinities of Hydrosmilodon. Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty (1993) indicated that Acerpenna might have a Neotropical origin. Acentrella, Choroterpes, Drunella, Ephemerella, Ironodes, 1 Received August 17, 1993. Accepted September 18, 1993. 2 Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. ENT. NEWS 105(1): 17-26, January & February, 1994 18 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Paraleptophlebia, Serratella, and Siphlonurus have evident Nearctic affinities. Baetis thus far appears to be comprised of elements derived from Nearctic lineages (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1993). Available data regarding Callibaetis and Neochoroterpes are still too inconclusive to determine affinities. Below, we provide the new distributional records from Mexico and comment on their significance. Except where other- wise noted, the materials upon which these records are based are housed in the Purdue Entomological Research Collection (West Lafayette, IN). BAETIDAE Baetis flavistriga McDunnough Records. CHIHUAHUA.— Ri'o Gavi'Ian, Los Amarillos, VI-23-1987, B. Kondratieff and R. W. Baumann (larvae); Ri'o Gavflan, Gavi'Ian, Ranch, VIII-25-1986, B. C. Kondratieff (male adults). Remarks. Baetis flavistriga (fusatus group) is a common species in eastern North America (McCafferty and Waltz 1990). Recently, McCafferty and Davis (1992) and McCafferty et al. (1993) reported it from Texas and Colorado. Baetis magnus McCafferty and Waltz Records. CHIAPAS.— Tapachula, VI 1-20- 1966, R. K. Allen (larvae). CHI- HUAHUA.—Ri'o Nuevo Casas Grandes, above Casas Grandes, 1-18-1987, B. C. Kondratieff (larvae); Arroyo Fresas, 3 mi above Ri'o Piedras Verdes, VI-22-1987 (larvae). DURANGO. — La Michilia, Arroyo Temazcal, IV-15-1987, R. Novelo (larvae, deposited at the Institute de Ecologi'a, A. C.); La Michilia, Arroyo Temazcal, IX-15-1987, R. Novelo and E. Gonzalez (larvae, deposited at the Institute de Ecologia, A. C.). MEXICO. — Rd to Cotula, VII-5-1965, A. Ortiz (larva). NUEVO LEON.— Rio Ramso, XII-20-1939, L. Berner (larva). MORELOS. — Jojutla, Vicente Aranda, Ri'o Amacuzac, 800 m, IV-16- 1987, R. Novelo and E. Gonzalez (larvae, deposited at the Institute de Ecologi'a, A. C.). OAXACA. — Portillo del Rayo, Rio en Finca El Encanto, bosque de niebla, 1200 m, R. Novelo, IX-27-1988 (larva, deposited at the Instituto de Ecologia, A. C). SAN LUIS POTOSI.— Stream, nr 1 mi from Catorce W of Motehuala, V-30-1986, B. C. Henry (lar- vae, deposited at the Instituto de Ecologia, A. C.). VERACRUZ. — Tlapacoyan, Ri'o Tomata, X-10-1984, G. Zapien (larvae); Culinavara, 1-1-1948 (larva). Remarks. Baetis magnus (rhodani group) is the only member of the genus thus far known to be represented in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty (1993) recently reported it from Costa Rica and Guatemala. It has a western North American distribu- tion extending as far north as western Nebraska (McCafferty and Waltz 1986, 1990). Its presence throughout most of Mexico was to be expected. Baetis notos Allen and Murvosh Records. VERACRUZ.— Culinavara, 1-1-1948 (larva). Remarks. Baetis notos (rhodani group) was previously known from Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas [Morihara and McCafferty Vol. 105, January & February, 1994 19 (1979) as B. sp. C; Allen and Murvosh (1987); McCafferty and Davis (1992); McCafferty et al. (1993)]. The species should occur in the north- ern half of Mexico, and it will probably prove to have a distribution sim- ilar to that of B. magnus . Baetis tricaudatus Dodds Records. BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTH.— Arroyo Potrero, Rancho Potrero, 1-16- 1988, B. C. Kondratieff and R. W. Baumann (larvae); Mike's Sky Rancho, Ri'o San Rafael, 1-15-1988, B. C. Kondratieff and R. W. Baumann (larvae); Ri'o Santo Domingo, V-17-1936, P. R. Needham (larvae). Remarks. Allen and Murvosh (1987) described B. sonora from a small series of larvae from Sonora. McCafferty and Waltz (1990) recog- nized that species as a junior synonym of B. tricaudatus; however, R. D. Waltz (pers. comm.), after examining the type material of B. sonora, has indicated to us that it is referable to Fallceon quilleri (Dodds), and B. tri- caudautus, therefore, had not been correctly reported from Mexico. Given the widespread distribution and ubiquitous nature of B. tricauda- tus in North America (McCafferty and Waltz 1990), its presence in Mexico was to be expected. Callibaetis californicus Banks Records. GUERRERO.— Km 15, Carretera Bejucos, nr Ciudad Altamirano, XI-22- 1984 (larvae, deposited at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico). MORE- LOS.— Jojutla, Vicente Aranda, Rio Amacuzac, 800 m, 11-12-1983, S. Ibanez (larvae, deposited at the Instituto de Ecologia, A. C). NUEVO LEON. — 4 mi S of Monterrey, XII-28-1947, S. Mulaik (larvae); 10 mi N of Monterrey, Sabinas Hidalgo, XII-25-1947, S. Mulaik (larvae). Remarks. Previous to this report, McCafferty and Davis (1992) pro- vided the southeasternmost records of C. californicus from Texas. The new records represent a considerable southward extension of its known range into the Neotropical region. Callibaetis floridanus Banks Records. GUERRERO. — Km 15 carretera Bejucos, nr Ciudad Altamirano, XI-22- 1984 (female adults, deposited at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico). MORELOS. — Jojutla, Vicente Aranda, Ri'o Amacuzac, 800 m, Arroyo Corralitos, km 15 carretera Suchil-San Juan Michis, IV-16-1987, R. Novelo and E. Gonzalez (larvae, de- posited at the Instituto de Ecologia, A.C.). NUEVO LEON. — Anahuac, Laguna Salinillas, XI-14-1985, H. Rojas, R. Baroa, and S. Tufino (female adults, deposited at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico). Remarks. Callihaetis floridanus was previously known from south- eastern North America west to Texas (McCafferty and Walt/ 1990; McCafferty and Davis 1992). The present records considerably extend its known range southward into the Neotropics. Callibaetis punctilusm McCafferty and Provonsha, NEW STATUS Records. CHI APAS.— San Cristobal de las Casas, V-5-1979, J. Bueno y Soria (male adult, deposited at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico). NUEVO LEON.— 20 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Anahuac, Laguna Salinillas, XI-14-1985, H. Rojas, R. Baroa, and S. Tufino (male adult, deposited at the Universidad NacionalAutonoma de Mexico). Remarks. McCafferty and Provonsha (1993) described C. montanus punctilusus from a small series of male and female adults from south- eastern Texas. The present records represent a significant southward extension of its known range, and indicate that it overlaps with that of C. montanus montanus throughout Mexico. We therefore recognize C. montanus and C. punctilusus as separate species. Given its apparent re- stricted distribution in southwestern United States and widespread dis- tribution in Mexico, C. punctilusus probably has Neotropical affinities. Camelobaetidius trivialis (Allen and Chao) Records. SONORA.— Rio Chico, above El Chico, 1-18-1988, B. C. Kondratieff and R. W. Baumann (larvae). Remarks. Camelobaetidius trivialis is strikingly similar to C. warreni, and it may prove to be equivalent to that species upon further examina- tion. However, we are tentatively assigning the Sonoran larvae to C. triv- ialis since the shape of segments 2 and 3 of the labial palps and the seta- tion on the labrum do not correspond to the descriptions and figures provided by Traver and Edmunds (1968) for C. warreni, and the abdom- inal coloration resembles that described for C. trivialis. Camelobaetidius trivialis was previously known from Arizona and New Mexico (Allen and Chao 1978a). Camelobaetidius warreni (Traver and Edmunds) Records. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR.— Rio Calamajue. CHIAPAS.— Ocosingo Valley, tributary of Rio Santa Cruz, VII-1-7-1950, Goodnight and Stannard (larva). CHI- HUAHUA.—Rio Gavilan, Gavilan Ranch, VIII-26-1986, B. C. Kondratieff (male adult). GUERRERO.— Km 15 carretera Bejucos, nr Ciudad Altamirano, XI-22-1984, Brailovsky etal. (larvae, deposited at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico). OAXACA. — Dominguillo, III-8-1978, H. Zapien (larvae, deposited at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico). SONORA.— Hwy 11, SW of Tezopuco, 1-18-1988, B. C. Kondratieff and R. W. Baumann (larva); Rio Yaqui, nr Tonichi, IV-25-1982, D.A. and J. T. Polhemus (larvae). Remarks. Camelobaetidius warreni was previously known from west- central California and southern Colorado (Traver and Edmunds 1968; McCafferty et al. 1993). The present records represent a considerable southward extension of its known range. The species appears to extend south along the western states via the Sierra Madre Occidental, and may be widespread in Mexico. Cloeodes excogitatus Waltz and McCafferty Records. UNKNOWN STATE.— R. K. Allen (larvae). Remarks. Cloeodes excogitatus was previously known only from the type locality in Arizona (Waltz and McCafferty 1987). Unfortunately, we do not have any data regarding the locality, other than Mexico, where the present specimens were collected. A reconstruction of the col- Vol. 105, January & February, 1994 21 lector's itinerary, however, indicates that these were collected from one of the following states: Mexico, Morelos, Oaxaca, or Puebla. If that is in fact the case, then it would represent a considerable southward exten- sion of the range of this species, indicating that it occurs somewhat con- tinuously along the west coast of Mexico, probably via the Sierra Madre Occidental. Cloeodes macrolamellus Waltz and McCafferty Records. CHIHUAHUA.— Small stream 12 mi W. of Tomochic, 1-20-1987, B. C. Kondratieff (larva). DURANGO.— La Michilia, Arroyo Taray, IV- 14-1 987, R. Novelo and E. Gonzalez (larvae, deposited at the Institute de Ecologfa, A. C.). Remarks. Cloeodes macrolamellus was previously known only from the type locality in New Mexico (Waltz and McCafferty 1987). The new records significantly extend its known range southward. Apparently, the species occurs somewhat continuously along the Sierra Madre Occidental, but is probably more widespread in Mexico and could also occur in Central America. Moribaetis macaferti Waltz Records. CHIAPAS.— Stream at Santa Isabel, 12 mi above Arriaga on Hwy 190, 2000 ft, 73°F, X-23-1968, R. K. Allen (larvae); Rio Teapa nr Ishuatan, 650 ft, VII-18-1966, R. K. Allen (larvae); Stream 7 mi N of Arriaga on Hwy 190, 1400 ft, VI 1-20- 1966 (larvae). OA- XACA.— Portillo del Rayo, Rio en Finca El Encanto, Bosque de niebla, 1200 m, R. Novelo, IX-27-1988 (larva, deposited at the Institute de Ecologia, A. C.); La Esperanza, 111-23-1984, G. Zapien (larva). VERACRUZ.— Rio Tecolapan, nr Santiago Tuxtla on Hwy 80, VII-16-1966, R. K. Allen (larvae); Rio San Marcos at Apapantilla, 3 mi SE of Villa A. Camacho, 700 ft, 66°F, XI-12-1968 (larvae); Stream 5 mi S of Ciudad Mendoza, 4500 ft, XII-7-1968, R. K. Allen (larvae); Metlac, XI 1-26- 1940, L. Berner (larvae); XI 1-25-1 940, Berner (larvae); XII-26-1940, L. Berner (larvae). Remarks. Previous to this report, M. macaferti was known from Guatemala and Costa Rica (Waltz and McCafferty 1985). The records from Veracruz suggest the probability that M. macaferti occurs in the southern reaches of the Nearctic region, since they are near Poza Rica, the northernmost limit of the Neotropical region according to McCafferty et al. (1992). Of interest to us was the fact that some of the Mexican larvae lack the procoxal osmobranchia, but their other charac- ters are consistent with the description of Waltz and McCafferty (1985). Paracloeodes minutus (Daggy) Records. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR.— Arroyo San Pedro. 19 mi W of Hwy 1 , VI-27- 1988, B. C. Kondratieff (male adults). Remarks. Paracloeodes minutus is a widespread species extending from Minnesota south to Texas and west to California (Daggy 1945; Day 1955; McCafferty and Davis 1992). The species is probably widespread throughout Mexico. 22 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS CAENIDAE Caenis anceps Traver Records. VERACRUZ.— Metlac, XII-26-1940, L. Berner (male adult). Remarks. Caenis anceps has a primarily eastern North American dis- tribution, with southwesternmost records from mountainous Arkansas ; and southeastern Oklahoma (McCafferty and Provonsha 1978; Provonsha 1990). This considerable range extension suggests that it is a Nearctic element of Caenis reaching the Neotropics. EPHEMERELLIDAE Ephemerella altana Allen Records. BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE.— Rio San Rafael, Sierra San Pedro Martir, Mike's Sky Rancho, VI-22-1988, B. C. Kondratieff (larvae). Remarks. Previously, E. altana was known from Arizona and New Mexico (Allen 1968). The species may occur in other states of northern Mexico. EPHEMERIDAE Hexagenia albivitta (Walker) Records. VERACRUZ.— Mendoza, VI-24-1965, C. S. Martell (male subimagos). Remarks. Prior to this report, McCafferty (1970) provided the north- ernmost records of H. albivitta from Costa Rica. The present record con- siderably extends its known range and suggests that it is more wide- spread in Central America. Four species of Hexagenia are now known from Mexico: H. albivitta, H. bilineata (Say), H. limbata (Serville), and H. mexicana Eaton. HEPTAGENIIDAE Ironodes nitidus (Eaton) Records. BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE.— Sierra San Pedro Martir, headwaters of Arroyo San Antonio, below entrance to National Park, 1-16-1988, B. C. Kondratieff (larvae). Remarks. The larvae of I. nitidus have not been formally described. However, the present specimens key out to this species in Traver's (1935) key to the larvae of Ironodes. We are therefore assigning them to /. nitidus. The species was previously known from California and Oregon (Eaton 1885). Rhithrogena morrisoni (Banks) Records. BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE.— Rio San Rafael, Mike's Sky Rancho, 1-15- 1988, B. C. Kondratieff (larvae). Remarks. Although the larvae of R. morrisoni have not been for- mally described, Allen and Chao (1978b) included the species in their larval key to the southwestern North American species of Rhithrogena. The present record is based on that key. Previous to this report, R. mor- Vol. 105, January & February, 1994 23 risoni was known to occur from Alberta south to Arizona and New Mexico (McDunnough 1934; Allen and Chao 1978b). LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE Paraleptophlebia memorialis (Eaton) Records. BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE.— Rio San Rafael, Mike's Sky Rancho, 1-15- 1988, B. C. Kondratieff (larvae). Remarks. Paraleptophlebia memorialis has been known from Alberta and British Columbia south to Arizona and New Mexico (McDunnough 1926b, 1928; Kilgore and Allen 1972). The species may occur in other states of northern Mexico. Thraulodes zonalis Traver and Edmunds Records. CHIAPAS. — Rio Lacan-Ha, km 22.5 carretera Agua Azul-Ocotzingo, nr Palenque, VII-22-1978, J. Bueno and J. Padilla (larvae, deposited at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico). Remarks. Thraulodes zonalis has a widespread distribution in Cen- tral America, extending from Panama to Belize (Traver and Edmunds 1967; Allen and Brusca 1978; McCafferty 1985). The present record from Chiapas was expected, and it is probable that the species occurs far- ther north in Mexico. OLIGONEURIIDAE Lachlania powelli Edmunds Records. GUERRERO. — Km 15 carretera Bejucos, nr Ciudad Altamirano, XI-22- 1984 (larva, deposited at Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico). Remarks. Lachlania powelli was previously known only from Utah (Edmunds 1951). The present record significantly shows that it extends into the Neotropics. Koss and Edmunds (1970) suggested that L. powelli might be synonymous with L. saskatchewanensis Ide. McCafferty et al. (1993) recently found the latter species in Colorado, and suggested the same possibility. If L. powelli is indeed a junior synonym of L. saskatchewanensis, then it has a wide distribution extending from Saskatchewan south to Guerrero. SIPHLONURIDAE Siphlonurus occidentalis (Eaton) Records. CHIHUAHUA.— Arroyo Lalo Varela, tributary of Rio Gavilan, VI-22- 1987, B. C. Kondratieff and R. W. Baumann (male and female adults); Spring at Rancho Salmon, VI-23-1987, B. C. Kondratieff and R. W. Baumann (exuviae). SONORA— Yecora, at lights, VIII-21-1986, B. C. Kondratieff (exuviae and male and female subimagos). Remarks. Siphlonurus occidentalis was previously known from Alberta south to Arizona and New Mexico (McDunnough 1928; Traver 1935; Peters and Edmunds 1961; Allen and Chao 1981). Its presence in Chihuahua and Sonora was to be expected. 24 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS TRICORYTHIDAE Leptohyphes apache Allen Records. CHIHUAHUA.— Small stream S of Pacheco, 1-22-1987, B. C. Kondratieff (larva). Remarks. Leptohyphes apache was previously known from Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah (Allen 1967). Its presence in northern Mexico was to be expected. Leptohyphes castaneus Allen Records. OAXACA. — Portillo del Rayo, Rio en Finca El Encanto, cloud forest, 1200 m, IX-28-1988 (larvae). Remarks. This species was known only from the type locality in Guatemala (Allen 1967). Its presence in southern Mexico was to be expected. Leptohyphes michaeli Allen Records. NUEVO LEON.— Santiago, XI 1-20- 1939, L. Berner (larva). Remarks. Previous to this report, L. michaeli was known only from the type locality in Texas (Allen 1978). Its presence in northern Mexico was to be expected. Tricorythodes condylus Allen Records. CHIHUAHUA.— Rio Gavilan, Los Amarillos, VI-23-1987, B. C. Kondratieff and R. W. Baumann (larva). SONORA.— Rio Chico, above El Chico, B. C. Kondratieff and R. W. Baumann (larva). Remarks. Tricorythodes condylus was previously known from Arizona and New Mexico (Allen 1967; Kilgore and Allen 1973). It is possible that T. condylus is widespread in the northern half of Mexico. Tricorythodes dimorphus Allen Records. CHIHUAHUA.— 7 mi N of Basaseachic, IV-27-1982, D. A. Polhemus (larva) Remarks. This species was previously known from Arizona and New Mexico (Allen 1967; Kilgore and Allen 1973). Its presence in Chihuahua was expected, and the species probably occurs in other states of north- ern Mexico. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the following individuals for the donation or loan of material used in this study: J. Bueno Soria (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D. F.), G. F. Edmunds, Jr. (University of Utah, Salt Lake City), B. C. Kondratieff (Colorado State University, Fort Collins), R. Novelo Gutierrez (Institute de Ecologia, A. C., Veracruz, Mexico), and R. D. Waltz (Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis). This paper has been assigned Purdue Experiment Station Journal No. 13900. Vol. 105, January & February, 1994 25 LITERATURE CITED Allen, R. K. 1967. New species of New World Leptohyphinae (Ephemeroptera: Tri- corythidae). Canad. 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Peters, W. L. and G. F. Edmunds, Jr. 1961. The mayflies (Ephemeroptera) of the Navajo Reservoir Basin, New Mexico and Colorado. Univ. Utah Anthropol. Pap. 55: 107-111. Provonsha, A. V. 1990. A revision of the genus Caenis in North America (Ephemeroptera: Caenidae). Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 116: 801-884. Traver, J. R. 1934. New North American species of mayflies (Ephemerida). J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 50: 189-254. Traver, J. R. 1935. Part II, Systematic. In: The biology of mayflies with a systematic account of North American species (J. G. Needham, J. R. Traver, and Y. C. Hsu, eds.), pp. 239-739. Comstock Publishing Co., Ithaca, New York. Traver, J. R. and G. F. Edmunds, Jr. 1967. A revision of the genus Thraulodes (Ephe- meroptera: Leptophlebiidae). Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 5: 349-395. Traver, J. R. and G. F. Edmunds. Jr. 1968. A revision of the Baetidae with spatulate- clawed nymphs (Ephemeroptera). Pac. Insects. 10: 629-677. Waltz, R. D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1985. Moribaetis: a new genus of Neotropical Baetidae (Ephemeroptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 87: 239-251 . Waltz, R. D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1987. Revision of the genus Cloeodes Traver (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 80: 191207. ENTOMO-L ELECTRONIC MAIL NOTICE BOARD An electronic mail (E-mail) notice board to deal with entomological topics has been established. It is intended to be a means of exchanging information and views, for posting announcements of conferences, position openings etc., and general communication on an international scale. So far the notice board has been operating well for several months and has about 500 subscribers world-wide. The notice board is intended to be interactive, so please partici- pate and enjoy sharing your ideas, questions, and expertise. To subscribe at no cost in most places is simple. By using BITNET, NETNORTH, INTERNET or other electronic mail networks, one can join the subscribers by sending your electronic mail message to: LISTSERV@UOGUELPH.CA For further information, contact Peter G. Kevan, Dep't. of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, NIG 2W1, Canada. Vol. 105, January & February, 1994 27 DERMESTES RATTUS (COLEOPTERA: DERMESTIDAE): TAXONOMIC STATUS AND COMPARISON WITH FIVE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES1 R. S. Beal, Jr l ABSTRACT: Dermestes tristis, ranging from central California into Baja California Norte, Mexico, is determined to be a geographical variant and subspecies (New Status) of D. rattus occurring from northern California to British Columbia and east to Wyoming. These two forms are distinguished from five closely related species including the European D. sardous. The latter species is apparently established in southern California. Through the kindness of William H. Clark I have been privileged to study a number of specimens of Dermestes rattus LeConte taken in ethy- lene glycol pitfall traps (Clark and Blom, 1992), particularly a series of 42 specimens collected by him and Thomas A. Bicak over the summer and fall of 1986 in the Almaden Mine area of Washington County, Idaho (Bicak et «/., 1987). This series, quite evidently consisting of a sin- gle species, clarified a nagging question of what and how many species might be involved in the D. caninus-rattus complex. Mr. Clark also pro- vided for my study a number of specimens which he and associates col- lected in ethylene glycol pitfall traps (Clark and Blom, 1992) over sev- eral years in various localities in Baja California Norte. Voucher speci- mens of the Idaho and Baja California material are deposited in the Orma J. Smith Museum of Natural History (CIDA), Albertson College of Idaho, Caldwell. D. rattus is characterized by (1) the pronotum with intermingled white and golden brown to golden hairs and 3 small patches of all white hairs in a transverse line at the middle and (2) the elytra covered with whitish hairs except for small, irregularly dispersed patches of black hairs. D. tristis is the name given by Fall to a form with similar pronotal hairs but with the elytra covered with black hairs except for a few scat- tered whitish hairs. The last full revision of the genus Dermestes was by P. Lepesme (1946). His revision did not consider D. tristis, since specimens of this form were unavailable to him. Hatch (1962) in his study of beetles of the Pacific Northwest recognized D. rattus and D. tristis as distinct species. He did not distinguish these two species from the closely related D. can- inus, since it is not known to occur in that area. 1 Received June 28, 1993. Accepted August 20, 1993. 2 Colorado Christian University, 180 South Garrison Street, Lakewood, CO 80226. ENT. NEWS 105(1): 27-32, January & February, 1994 28 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS What now seems clear is that D. tristis is at best a geographic variant of D. rattus, a species quite variable with respect to the type and pattern of setae on the elytra. In the series from Idaho are typical D. rattus spec- imens in which the elytra are covered with whitish setae except for a few small patches of dark hairs. Also included are specimens with variable percentages of whitish hairs, and one specimen with all dark hairs. On some the whitish hairs are fine and on others relatively and noticeably coarser. The dark setae vary from dark brown to black. The all dark and nearly all dark specimens in the series are identical to the forms described as D. tristis. Past difficulty in recognizing the status of these forms no doubt came from the lack of collection of series from any one locality, even though specimens are not uncommon in collections. Out of 62 collections of "tristis" that I have recorded over the past 35 years, most number no more than one or two specimens, the longest series consisting of 7 and one other series of 5 specimens. Of 67 records of "rattus," with one exception, the collections were mostly of single specimens with a few small series, the largest numbering 5 specimens. The exception consists of 36 specimens collected various dates during 1983 in Kemmerer, Lincoln County, Wyoming, by R. R. Parmenter. The series from Lincoln County, Wyoming, consists entirely of spec- imens of the "rattus" type. The collections from Baja California Norte are wholly "tristis". "Rattus" type specimens predominate in the series from Washington County, Idaho. I predict that any future long series collected between Idaho and Mexico will include increasing percentages of "tristis" forms southward. "Tristis" forms are much more frequent in collections that have been made in southern California. In view of the available evidence, I propose that subspecific names be assigned these two forms with a somewhat arbitrary geographic division line as indicated. Dermestes rattus rattus Le Conte (1854) From the level of Mendocino and Colusa counties, California, north- ward to central British Columbia, Alberta, and Montana, south to Colorado and Utah. The species does not appear to occur in Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Kansas, or states farther east. Specimens that I previously determined as D. rattus from more eastern localities need to be reexam- ined. I think they will prove to be varieties of D. caninus. Vol. 105, January & February, 1994 29 Dermestes rattus tristis Fall (1897) subspecies, NEW STATUS Synonym: Dermestes medialis Casey (Beal and Seeno, 1977) Sonoma, Napa, and Yolo counties, California, south into Baja California Norte. This would include the San Francisco Bay area popu- lation of tristis noted by Beal and Seeno. A Mediterranean species not previously recorded from the United States is apparantly established in a small part of the range of D. rattus tristis and might be confused with it. D. sardous Kiister (1846) (see Lepesme, 1946) was collected in California at Santee, San Diego County, (1 specimen, 12-U-67, J. B. Heppner, blacklight) and at Point Loma, San Diego (3 specimens, 16-iv-79, 1 specimen 29-V-79, R. Baranowski). A voucher specimen of this species is deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. The following key is provided to distinguish the 2 species above and 4 other closely related species found in North America north of Mexico and west of the Great Plains. The tricolorous hairs on the disc of the pronotum readily separate the 6 species from other species of Dermestes found in the same region. The 6 belong to the subgenus Dermestinus Zhantiev (1967). In this region there are 2 other species in the same sub- genus (D. maculatus DeGeer and D. frischi Kugelarm). These are fur- ther distinguished from D. rattus and its congeners by having a tuft of long hairs at the middle of abdominal sternum 4 only, rather than at the middle of both abdominal sterna 3 and 4. (D. carnivorus Fabricius with tufts on both sterna 3 and 4 is not known to be established in this part of the U.S.) 1 . Elytra with subbasal band of whitish hair; portion of elytra posteriad to band with small intermingled patches of golden, whitish, and black hair; dark spots on sides of abdomi- nal sterna consisting of intermingled black and golden brown hairs. Species large, usu- ally longer than 9 mm D. marmoratus Say — Elytra with or without subbasal band of whitish hair but if with subbasal band of whitish hair then without small intermingled patches of golden, whitish, and black hair on pos- terior 1/2; dark spots on sides of abdominal sterna consisting of black hairs only. Smaller species, almost always shorter than 7 mm. 2. Elytra with black hairs and small patches of whitish hair throughout, these usually inter- mingled with small patches of golden hair, but golden patches may rarely be limited to basal 1/4; pronotum with small, irregular patches of black, golden, and whitish hair; hairs on either side of midline at base of pronotum diverging from midline about 30 degrees f). talpinns Mannerheim — Elytra with black hairs and bands or patches of whitish hair or band of golden hair but without small patches of whitish hair throughout (if irregular subbasal band of golden hair present, whitish hairs may be intermingled with black hairs; if whitish patches pre- sent, a few golden hairs may be present along basal margin); hairs of pronotum at mid- line more or less parallel, rarely diverging as much as 10 degrees from midline 3 30 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 3. Elytra with whitish hairs forming broad subbasal band about 2 times length of scutellum, this band separated from base by band of black hair or black hairs intermingled with few golden or whitish hairs; elytra with small intermingled patches of whitish and black hair posterior to subbasal band D. fasciatus LeConte — Elytra with black and golden hairs only, or with whitish hairs covering most of elytra, or whitish hairs forming band or patches, but then band or patches of whitish hair extend- ing to base of pronotum 4 4. Elytron with black hairs and intermingled whitish hairs and golden hairs forming a nar- row, irregular triangle at about basal 1/4; pronotum with black hairs, transverse line of patches of golden hair across middle of disc, and other variable patches of golden hair D. sardous Kuster — Elytron with all black hairs, all whitish hairs except for few patches of black hair at apex, or band and patches of whitish hair but without golden hairs except at times for very few along basal margin; pronotum with intermingled patches of golden and black hair and 3 patches of white hair set transversely across disc 5 5. Abdominal sternum 1 with dark lateral area extending not more than 2/3 distance toward posterior margin and separated from margin by region of all white hair; abdom- inal sterna 2-4 covered with all white hairs except for subcircular area of black hairs at lateral anterior corners of sterna D. caninus Germar — Abdominal sternum 1 with dark lateral area extending to posterior margin of segment and consisting of all blackish hairs or with some intermingled golden brown and white hairs; sterna 3-4 covered with intermingled golden brown and whitish hairs except for subcircular area of black hairs at lateral anterior corners of sterna. .D. rattus subspecies I submit the following detailed diagnoses of the last 3 species in the key, which are easily confused with each other because of the range of variation in each. The diagnoses depend in large part on setal characters which, unfortunately, are often lost in old or mishandled specimens. Dermestes sardous Kuster (1) Pronotum covered with intermingled black and white hairs with pronounced band or patches of golden hair along anterior margin, transverse band of patches of golden hair at middle, and golden patch on each side at basal 1/4 and lateral 1/2. (Lepesme, 1946, describes the primary pubescence as consisting of black and grey-blue hairs, but our spec- imens have white rather than grey-blue hairs.) (2) Elytron covered with intermingled black and whitish hairs; basal margin with patch of golden hair on humerus and patch of golden hair at about lateral 1/2 of base; basal 1/4 of elytron with somewhat elongate, irregularly triangular, submedian patch of golden hair. (Lepesme does not mention the golden hairs at the basal 1/3 in his description of the species but describes the variety striatellus Reitter which has longitudinal lines of yellowish hairs.) (3) Posterior margin of metasternal epimeron transverse (as in D. rattus). (4) Dark area on side of abdominal sternum 1 extending about 2/3 distance toward posterior margin and separated from margin by cov- ering of all white hair. (5) Abdominal sterna 1-4 with covering of all white hair except for large lateral dark area on sternum 1 and for subcircular patches of black hair at lateral anterior corners of sterna 24; sternum 5 covered with black hair except for 2 small sublat- eral patches of white hair at anterior margin. (6) Male with dense brush of fine, golden- white hair on underside of front tarsomeres 1-3 and to some extent under tarsomere 4. Vol. 105, January & February, 1994 31 Dermestis caninus Germar (1) Pronotum with patches of golden and black hair and 3 small patches of whitish hair in transverse line across middle of disc (as in D. rattus). (2) Elytron with irregular, large patches of whitish hair limited to anterior 1/4, except for some small scattered patches on posterior 3/4, varying to elytron with whitish hairs covering most of anterior 3/4 with irreg- ular patches of whitish and black hair on posterior 1/4; 2 dark areas of variable size always present at or close to basal margin, but whitish band or patches also attaining basal mar- gin. (3) Lateral posterior angle of metasternal epimeron forming acute angle and ex- tending further posteriad than inner angle. (4) Dark area at lateral margin of abdominal sternum 1 extending not more than 2/3 distance from base to posterior margin and sepa- rated from margin by covering of all white hair. (5) Abdominal sterna 1-4 with covering of all white hair except as described above for sternum 1 and except for small subcircular patches of all black hair at lateral anterior corners of sterna 2-4; sternum 5 with white hairs along basal margin, these usually forming 2 sublateral patches extending about 2/3 distance toward posterior margin. (6) Male with dense brush of fine, golden-white hair on under- side of front tarsomeres 1-3 and to some extent under tarsomere 4. Dermestes rattus subspecies (1) Pronotum with patches of black and golden hair and 3 small patches of all-white hair in transverse line across the middle of the disc. (2) Elytron with nearly all white hairs with small, irregular patches of black or dark brown hair (D. rattus rattus) to all black or dark brown hairs or all dark hairs except for few intermingled white or golden white hairs (D. rattus tristis). (3) Posterior margin of metasternal epimeron transverse, lateral posteri- or angle not acute, not extending further posteriad than inner angle. (4) Abdominal ster- num 1 with lateral dark area extending to posterior margin of segment, this area consisting of all blackish hair or with some intermingled golden brown and white hairs but without being separated from posterior margin by solid band of white hair; (5) Abdominal sterna 1-2, except for lateral dark areas, covered mostly with white hair; sterna 3-5 covered with intermingled golden brown and white hairs. Some small patches of white hair may be pre- sent, but 1/3 or more of the hairs are golden brown. (6) Male without a dense brush of fine hair on underside of anterior tarsomeres 1-3; setae of anterior tarsomeres similar to those of middle and hind tarsomeres. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am particularly grateful to William H. Clark of the Orma J. Smith Museum of Natural History, Albertson College of Idaho, and to Robert R. Parmenter of the University of New Mexico for providing me with the opportunity of studying some fine series of specimens in the genus. I thank R. Baranowski of the Zoological Institute, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden, and H. V. Weems, Jr., Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, for the loan of specimens of D. sardous. I thank Vladimi'r Kali'k of Pardubice, Czech Republic, for examining a specimen of D. sardous and comparing it with other specimens in his collection. Over the years I have had the privilege of examining specimens of Dermestes provided by a number of museums and individuals. too numerous to recount here. To each of them I extend my sincere appreciation. For a critical reading of the manuscript and for many helpful suggestions I want to thank William H. Clark, Boris C. Kondratieff, and two anonymous reviewers. 32 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LITERATURE CITED Beal, R. S., Jr., and T. N. Seeno, 1977. Dermestes medialis Casey a synonym of Dermestes tristis Fall. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 53:33. Bicak, T. K., J. Rosenthal, and V. Mantle, 1987. Faunal assessment of the Almaden Site in Baseline Study, Almaden Mine (Regional Studies Center of the College of Idaho), pp. 133-228. Clark, W. H., and P. E. Blom, 1992. An efficient and inexpensive pitfall trap system. Entomol. News 103(2):55-59. Fall, H. C., 1897. A list of the Coleoptera of the Southern California islands, with notes and descriptions of new species. Can. Entomol. 29:233-244. Hatch, M. H. 1962. The beetles of the Pacific Northwest. Part III: Pselaphidae and Diversicornia I. Univ. of Wash. Publ. in Biol. 16:1-503. K ster, H. C. 1846. Die Kafer Europa's. Nach der Natur beschrieben. VI Heft. Niimberg, 100 sheets, 2 pis. [not seen]. LeConte, J. L., 1854. Synopsis of the Dermestidae of the United States. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 7:106-1 13. Lepesme, P., 1946. Revision des Dermestes (Col. Dermestidae). Ann. Soc. Entomol. France 115:9-68. Zhantiev, R. D. 1967. Experimental taxonomic analysis of the genus Dermestes L. (Coleoptera, Dermestidae) [in Russian]. Zool. Zhurn., Moscow, 46(9):1350-1356. Vol. 105, January & February, 1994 33 FIRST RECORD OF AN HETEROTIC, ADULT FEMALE HYBRID LIMENITIS (BASILARCHIA) R U B I D U S (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE)1 A. P. Platt2, S. J. Harrison3'4 ABSTRACT: The interspecific hybrid cross Limenitis arthemis astyanax x L. archip- pus yields the intermediate hybrid morph L."rubidus" (Strecker). Such Fj hybrids occur in nature but they are quite rare; those reported to date have all been males. Laboratory crosses generally are lethal to females (which are heterogametic), with most dying during development; only a few have eclosed as malformed adults. This paper reports a labora- tory cross that produced the first known heterotic female specimen of this remarkable F] morph. It is intermediate between two related species of mimetic butterflies which are completely unlike in phenotype. Interspecific hybridization among the four widely distributed species of Nearctic admiral butterflies Limenitis (Basilarchia) has been well- documented (Field, 1904; 1914; Nakahara, 1924; Hovanitz, 1949; Remington, 1958; 1968; Platt, 1975; 1983; 1987; Platt et al., 1978; Ritland, 1990; Kemp, 1991; Platt & Maudsley, in revision). Except for crosses involving the two subspecific forms L. arthemis arthemis (Drury), and L. arthemis astyanax (Fabr.) (which in this report, as in the earlier papers by Platt and his co-workers, are considered to represent a single poly- morphic species), these insects rarely hybridize in the wild (see White, 1990). Such hybridization occurs among other closely related species within different insect groups as well, e.g. Saturniidae (Tuskes & Collins, 1981 ), Gerridae (Wilcox & Spence, 1986), and Libellulidae (Tennessen, 1981). The viability of such crosses, however, is variable. Bick & Bick (1981) report 93 hybrid pairings among Odonata involving ten families, 24 gen- era, and 124 species. Only two of these (one of which is questionable, due to the probability of sperm precedence) resulted in hybrid offspring. In Limenitis, the cross involving L. archippus (Cr.) and L. arthemis astyanax is heterogametically inviable (Platt, 1987), usually producing 1 Received May 24, 1993, Accepted August 20, 1993. 2 University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Department of Biological Sciences, 5401 Wilkens Ave., Catonsville, Md. 21228-5398. ^ Maryland Department of Agriculture, Division of Forest Pest Management. 2102 Old Fountain Green Rd., Hickory, Md. 21014. 4 Current address: Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center (JHAAC), Div. of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Rm. 4B.72, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Or.. Baltimore. Md. 21224- 6821. ENT. NEWS 105(1): 33-38, January & February, 1994 34 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS no normal Fj adult females. The males develop normally and are fertile in backcrosses to parental stock females (Platt, 1975; 1983). All 43 of the known wild-collected hybrid specimens are males. In laboratory crosses using Platt's (1969) hand-pairing method, 43 females (6.4%) among 628 adults occurred (Table 1). All other females died as eggs, larvae, or pre- pupae (determined to be female by Kean & Platt's, 1973 methods), or else formed hibernacula as third instar larvae, even though they were in long-day photoperiod (16L:8D). Normal Limenitis larvae (hybrid and non-hybrid) do not exhibit diapause responses when reared in > 11 hr light (Platt & Harrison, 1988). The few females that did eclose all meta- morphosed early, at the end of the fourth larval instar. These, without exception, were stunted, malformed, faded in wing color, unable to fly, and infertile (Fig. 2). The broods in which females occurred generally involved parental strains from geographically distant areas such as northern Vermont and central Maryland (see Platt, 1987; Platt et ai, 1978). The stunted females make up only 1.3% of the progeny from crosses involving L. archippus and L. arthemis astyanax collected in the same geographic area (Table 1). These crosses have been made recipro- cally between the sexes of the two species. Table 1 also shows 441 males and four females were reared among 19 broods involving crosses of the two species obtained from the same regions (type A). Ten broods arising from hybrid crosses made between strains from different localities (type B) produced 187 males and 39 females. A 2 x 2 contingency test for the overall male and female values for stocks originating from A) the same, or B) different geographic regions yields XX^ = 66.82**, with P < 0.01. This highly significant result demonstrates that more adult females develop when stocks of the two species originating from different geographic regions are crossed. How- ever, as the table makes clear, this difference arises from the nearly com- plete fertility of two hybrid crosses reared in 1973, in which a single male L. archippus from Vermont was hybridized to two sibling female L. arthemis astyanax from Maryland. Thirty wild-collected specimens involving crosses between the broadly sympatric L. archippus and its congeneric species L. arthemis arthemis (n=ll), L. weidemeyerii Edw. (n=10), and L. lorquini Boisd. (n=9) have been recorded by Platt & Maudsley (in revision). (The above allopatric butterflies are more closely related to each other than they are to L. archippus — see Platt, 1983). These Fj hybrids also are all males and exhibit variable intermediate phenotypes. A recently reared brood (L. archippus 9 x L. a. astyanax d"), how- ever, included one heterotic Fj female, plus 97 males. The lone female Vol. 105, January & February, 1994 35 eclosed 14 days after her siblings. Both Pfs were of Maryland stock. The fertility of this specimen is unknown, as the age and condition of the remaining males made attempting to breed her impossible. Fig. 1 shows the F| heterotic L. "rubidus" female; a typical stunted female hybrid is shown in Fig 2, and a typical wild-collected hybrid male in Fig. 3. All lab- oratory bred L. "rubidus" males have been similar in size and coloration to this wild-collected specimen, although they vary somewhat in the amount of dorsally expressed orange. Heterotic F[ females similar to the one in Fig. 1 occur when the three allopatric species of Nearctic Limenitis (L. arthemis, L. lorquini, and L. weidemeyerii) are crossed. Such individuals are larger, and more robust than those of the pure-bred species. These hybrid females so far have proven to be infertile when crossed to male siblings except in two cases, one involving a New England L. a. arthemis 9 x an L. lorquini cT from Oregon, and the other involving an L.a. astyanax 9 from Maryland x an L. weidemeyerii cf from Colorado. In the first cross-type the F2*s are phenotypically variable, but many closely resemble L. lorquini; in the second cross-type the progeny all are hybrid-like in appearance. Dissections of these heterotic females reveal that many of them possess undeveloped reproductive structures and lack eggs. Similar hybrid-like females result from backcross broods involving the hybrid L. "rubidus" males (Platt, 1983; Platt et al., 1978). These females often prove to be infertile when bred to parental stock males. Several such backcrosses, however, have been reared over the years and resulted in large broods. Interspecific crosses among Lepidoptera, including those involving Limenitis, are variable in terms of their viability. Most of our laboratory matings are infertile. However, occasional broods exhibit nearly com- plete egg hatching, and many male progeny. Such was the case with the brood which produced this unique robust F( female, resulting from the union of genetically compatible gametes representing two closely relat- ed, but distinct species. Admiral butterflies for the most part conform to Haldane's (1922) Rule among interspecific hybrids, but the survival of this heterotic individual is a clear exception to it. Apparently this female, unlike previously known hybrid specimens, had a compatible genetic makeup allowing for full morphological development. Why her devel- opment was so delayed relative to that of her male siblings must have been dependant on the litres of ecdysone and juvenile hormone present in this particularly large individual. Our results demonstrate the close affinities existing between the L. archippus and L. arthemis-astyanax species groups of eastern North America. Gene exchange and gene flow between the two complexes takes place only rarely in the natural environment, but it provides a 36 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS DORSAL VENTRAL I cm Figs. 1-3 — Laboratory-bred and wild-collected specimens of interspecific hybrid form L."rubidus" Strecker (L. a. astyanax x L. archippus): 1) unique heterotic Fj female reared from first generation Maryland strains; raised on weeping willow, (Salix babylonica L.). 2) typical weakened and stunted Fj female, as rarely obtained in such crosses (see text). This specimen was reared on wild or black cherry (Primus serotina Ehrh.). 3) Typical wild- collected male specimen from near Dover (Kent Co.), Delaware, taken in late Sept. 1943. From an old, local natural history collection, Accession No. 1 341 , Leg. L. Darr of Middletown, Md. Laboratory-reared males are similar in size and appearance to this latter specimen. All specimens are now in the UMBC collection. Vol. 105, January & February, 1994 37 means by which alleles may be passed from the one complex to the other. Indeed, if the rare Fj hybrids can backcross in nature such intro- gression could lead to rapid evolutionary modifications which, perhaps, have played an important role in the evolution of the mimetic color pat- terns of the adult insects. Table 1 — Comparison of hybrid L. "rubidus" cT vs. 9 progeny from parental stocks of the two species originating from A) the same, or B) different geographic locations. Location A) Mid-Atlantic1 x Mid-Atlantic or New England^ x New England: P 99 No. of Broods No. of cT cf No. of 99 % 9 9 1 ) L. archippus L. a. astyanax •* 4 80 0 0 L. a. astyanax L. archippus^ 5 52 0 0 Subtotal: 9 132 0 0 2) L. archippus L. a. astyanax^ 5 204 1* 0.5 L. a. astyanax L. archippus 5 105 3 2.8 Subtotal: 10 309 4 1.3 B) New England x Mid-Atlantic: 3) L. a. astyanax L. archippus-* 5 104 39t 27.3 4) L. a. astyanax L. archippus® 4 62 0 0 5) L. archippus L. a. astyanax® 1 21 0 0 Subtotal: 10 187 39 20.9 Total: 29 628 43 6.4 1 Mid-Atlantic includes strains from Delaware, Maryland, and New Jersey. 2 New England includes strains from Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont. 3 Platt ( 1975), 4 Platt ( 1987), 5 Platt et al. ( 1978), 6 Platt (Unpubl. data). * This is the heterotic 9 that is the subject of this paper.t Thirty-three of these represent 2 broods with the same Pj 1 mm in depth) from which the pupa and pupal case were collected. The col- lection site is consistent with the habitat of the subgenus described by Pennak (1953) as being "On cliffs or rock faces, in or beneath algal scum with percolating or flowing water..." The temperature of the water at this location was 27.2°C (79°F), whereas it was 60.6°C (141°F) at the source of the spring. As the specimens were collected at a temperature lower than 1 Received August 21, 1993. Accepted September 18, 1993. 2 Supervisor of Science, Springfield School District, Springfield, PA 19064. Home address: 616 School Lane, Wallingford, PA 19086. ENT. NEWS 105(2): 69-70, March & April. 1994 70 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 30°C., the temperature limit to which accumulated precipitation may be heated naturally by sunlight in desert areas (Brues, 1928) and therefore the lower threshold of the thermal environment, this species may be clas- sified as a sub-thermal form. However, as only two specimens were col- lected from this location, and the normal habitats of species of Limonia (Geranomyia) and of this species are in cooler waters, one should refer to the temperature of collection as in its upper range of tolerance rather than the maximum temperature that the species can tolerate (Lutz, 1931). Additional collections may determine that the upper thermal tol- erance of Limonia (Geranomyia) communis is within the true thermal habitats hot springs create. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank George Morrison, former Acting North District Naturalist, Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, for his assistance and encouragement in my 1970 survey, and George W. Byers and Ernest M. May (Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas) for identifying the specimens of Limonia (Geranomyia) communis, and for their critical review of the manuscript and helpful suggestions in its development. LITERATURE CITED Barnby, M.A. 1987. Osmotic and ionic regulation of two brine fly species (Diptera: Ephedridae) from a saline hot spring. Physiol. Zool. 60(3): 327-338. Bartow, D.H. 1972. Hot springs insects: An annotated listing of insects collected in thermal waters of the continental United States. 242 pp. (Unpublished manuscript, University of Delaware.) Brues, C.T. 1928. Studies on the fauna of hot springs in the Western United States and the biology of thermophilous animals. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts. Sci. 59(15): 371-437. Lutz, F.E. 1931. Notes on the animal life of thermal waters in Yellowstone National Park. Amer. Mus. Nov. #498. October 5, 1931. Osten Sacken, C.R. 1859. New genera and species of North American tipulidae with short palpi, with an attempt at a new classification of the tribe. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia. 1859: 197-256. Pennak, R.W. 1953. Fresh-water invertebrates of the United States. Ronald Press Co., N.Y. ix + 769 pp. Resh, V.H. 1984. Distribution of shore bugs and shore flies at Sylvan Springs, Yellowstone National Park, USA. Great Basin Nat. 44(1): 99-103. Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 71 FIRST RECORD OF CAMPODEA (S. STR.) PEMPTVROCHAETA (DIPLURA: CAMPODEIDAE) FROM NORTH AMERICA1 Robert T. Allen2 ABSTRACT: Campodea (s. sir.) pempturochaeta, previously recorded from Italy, Spain and Algeria, is reported for the first time in North America (Delaware, New Castle Co., Middle Run Nature Area near Newark). A brief description and illustrations of the more pertinent characters are given. Also collected at the same locality was the dipluran Eumesocampa frigillis (Hilton) representing a new state record for this species. Eighteen species and four subspecies of Diplura in the nominate subgenus Campodea have been recorded from North America (Allen, 1993, ms). Only six of these Campodea (s. str.) species have been recorded east of the Mississippi River Valley: C. fragilis Meinert; C. lubbocki Silvestri; C. ludoviciana Conde and Geeraert; C. meinerti Bagnall; C. plusiochaeta (Silvestri); C. rhopalota Dennis. The remaining twelve species and four subspecies of Campodea are western, with the majority known only from California. Of the six Campodea species recorded from eastern North America C. fragilis is the most wide spread being found in Connecticut, Illinois, Kentucky, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Ohio and in a number of western states. Campodea ludoviciana has been recorded only from St. Charles Parish in Louisiana. Campodea lubbocki and C. meinerti have been recorded from single localities in Massachusetts, and C. rhopalota from one locality in western New York (Conde. 1973). The latter three species had previously been known only from Europe. To this list of European species now known from North America may be added Campodea (s. sir.) pempturochaeta Silvestri. Collections made during October and November, 1992 and March. 1993, from Middle Run Nature Area near Newark, Delaware (New Castle Co.) produced a large number of Symphyla (Allen and Walther, 1993) and a much smaller number of Diplura. Only two Diplura species, C. pempturochaeta and Eumesocampa fragillis (Hilton), were collected. A total of eight adults and forty immatures of C. pempturochaeta were collected from leaf litter samples. Two specimens of E. frigillis were hand collected beneath rocks. This latter species had previously been recorded from Maryland, New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania (Conde, 1 Received April 6, 1993. Accepted June 22, 1993. 2 Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19717-1301. ENT. NEWS 105(2): 71-78. March & April, 1994 72 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 1973). In comparison, four species of Symphyla in four different genera (over 250 specimens) have been identified from the leaf litter samples (Allen and Walther, 1993). METHODS AND MATERIALS Forty-eight specimens of C. pempturochaeta (8 adults, 40 imma- tures) were collected from leaf litter samples. All specimens, including the two E. frigillis specimens, were initially collected in 70% ethyl alco- hol and held until mounted on microscope slides. The mounting medi- um used for slide preparation was a commercially available Polyvinyl alcohol, phenol and lactic acid mixture. Clearing the specimens before mounting is seldom necessary with Campodeidae. Illustrations were prepared using a drawing tube attached to a Nikon microscope. Measurements were made using the Jandel Video Analysis Software (JAVA) package and are in millimeters (mm.). The following is a brief description of C. pempturochaeta, accompa- nied by illustrations, that will assist in the recognition of the species. Campodea pempturochaeta Silvestri 1912:128 Measurements (in millimeters based on the 8 adult specimens). Total length: adults, males, 3.01 (2.85-3.1 1); females, 3.62 (3.15-3.92); immatures vary greatly in size depending on the age but are generally much smaller (1.43) than the adults and with fewer setae. Ratios combine male and female data. Head, length to width: .88. The following ratios are the length of the lateral posterior macrochaeta (Ip) to the distance between Ip's: prono- tum, .56; mesonotum, .40; metanotum, .43; tergite V, .40; tergite VI, .35. Head, Fig. 1. Moderately setose; cranial sutures distinct; mouth parts and ventral setae normal for the subgenus. Thorax, Figs 2, 5-7. Pro- (Fig. 2), meso- (Fig.6) and metanota (Fig. 7) with 3 + 3, 3 + 3 and 2 + 2 macrochaetae respectively; surface moderately setose; 3-4 outer setae on posterior margin between Ip's short, distinctly barbed (Fig. 2). Antennae, Figs 3-4. Number of segments in adults uncertain, 21 segments in one specimen; two trichobothria on dorsum of segments III-VI (Fig. 3); apical segment elongate with cupiliform organ. Abdomen, Figs. 9-10. All tergites without a pair of median anterior setae (ma) (Figs. 9-10); la and Ip beginning on tergite V (Fig. 10). Sternum I: males with distinct glandular setae (Fig. 8) arranged in two irregular rows along the posterior margin, setae numbering about 50-60; lateral subcoxal organs large, with glandular setae and elongate setae (Fig. 8), api- cal segment distinctly articulated with basal area. Additional sternites normal for the sub- genus (Figs. 12-13). Immatures, Figs. 14-16. Much smaller than the adults and sparsely setose. The /p's on the nota and abdominal tergites present. Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 73 Figures 1-4. Campodea pempturochaeta. (1) Head, dorsal. (2) Pronotum. (3-4) Antennal segments III-IV showing insertion of phaneres, trichohothria and hasilliform sensillum; (3) dorsal; (4) ventral, ma = median anterior macrochaeta, la = lateral anterior macro- chaeta, lp = lateral posterior macrochaeta, Tr - trichohothria. 74 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figures 5-8. Campodea pempturochaeta. (5) Mesonotum. (6) Intersclerite between mesonotum and metanotum. (7) Metanotum. (8) Sternum of abdominal segment I. gs = glandular setae. Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 75 mm x / \ i " i '' ill Mi'A/iiffS « toil A/// ;'// it Figures 9-11. Campodea pempturochaeta. (9) Tergitcs I-II. (10) Tcrgitcs IV-V. (11) Cercus. mss = median anterior small setae, lass = lateral anterior small setae. 76 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figures 12-13. Campodea pempturochaeta. (12) Sternite IV. (13) Sternite VIII including the male genital area, st = abdominal stylus. DISCUSSION Campodea pempturochaeta was first described as a subspecies of C. fragilis by Silvestri (1912) from Naples, Italy. Subsequently the taxon was raised to a full species (Wygodzinsky, 1941) and recorded from Spain and Algeria (Conde, 1948; Pack, 1967). This is the first record of the species from North America. Campodea pempturochaeta closely resembles C. fragilis but may be easily recognized by the presence of an Ip and la macrochaeta on abdominal tergite V. The question arises as to whether North American C. pempturo- chaeta are different from European populations. Based on comparison with the literature description, the two populations appear to be the same species (Silvestri, 1912). This was also apparently true for the Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 77 Figures 14-16. Campodea pempturochaeta, immature form, dorsum. (14) Head, throaxic nota I, II, III and tergite I. (15) Tergites II-X. (16) Cerci. other three Campodea species (C. lubbocki, C. meinerti, C. rhopalota) previously known from Europe but recorded from localities in Massa- chusetts and New York by Conde (1973). This raises the question of whether or not these species, and perhaps others, are historical intro- ductions from Europe. Lindroth (1967) discussed the possible introduc- tion of 375-417 species of animals into North America from Europe. Some of the introduced insect species were apparently brought over in the ballast of sailing ships during the 19th Century. If the four Campo- dea species are not artificial introductions, then they represent species with very wide geographical distributions. If they originally represented 78 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS four wide spread species on the former Euro-America segment of Laurasia prior to the opening of the North Atlantic 65 million years ago, they have changed very little, at least in their external anatomical structure, during the intervening long period of isolation. The paucity of collecting records and knowledge about the Diplura and most of the Apterygota in general, prevents conjecture at this time. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank Denise Walther for her diligent work collecting, inventorying and preparing the insects from Middle Run Nature Area. T. K. Wood and D. W. Tallamy read the manuscript and offered helpful suggestions. LITERATURE CITED Allen, R. T., 1993. An Annotated Checklist and distribution records of the subfamily Campodeiinae in North America (Insecta: Diplura). Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. (in press). Allen, R. T. & D. A. Walther, 1993. A new species and new records of Symphyla from Delaware (Arthropoda: Myriapoda: Symphyla). Entomol. News, (in press). Conde, B., 1948. Campodeides d'Algerie. Bull. Soc. Entomol. France. 52:144-146. Conde, B., 1973. Campodeides endoges de Test des Etats-Unis. Soc. Linne. Lyon. 42:17-29. Lindroth, C. H., 1967. The Faunal Connections between Europe and North America. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 344 pp. Silvestri, F., 1912. Contribuzione alia conoscenza dei Campodeidae (Thysanura) d'Europa. Boll. Lab. Zool. General e Agraria, Portici, 6:110-147. Paclt, J., 19.57. Diplura. In P. Wytsman, Genera Insectorum de fasc. 212E, 123 pp., Crainhem, Belgium. Wygodzinsky, P., 1941. Ueber eine neue Campodea und eine neue Lepismachilis aus Sudeeuropa. Entomol. Medd. 22:137-141. Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 79 BOOK REVIEW WRENSCH, D.L. & M.A. EBBERT. 1991. EVOLUTION AND DI- VERSITY OF SEX RATIO IN INSECTS AND MITES. Chapman & Hall, NY. 630 pp. $49.00 (paper), $97.95 (hard cover). Workers in several branches of entomology (e.g. biological control, reproductive biol- ogy, apiculture, etc.) have long been aware that many insects and mites do not have the one female: one male sex ratio that is common among animals. Some species are 100% female, some can control the sex of their progeny, while the sex of others are regulated by envi- ronmental factors such as daylength, temperature, or food quality. Unfortunately, the causes and mechanisms for exceptional sex ratios are unknown for some species, and con- fusing and complex for others. This book is a valuable reference for entomologists who wish to understand the latest developments on this subject. There are 28 authors of the 17 chapters in the book. About two thirds of the authors are from the U.S., and the rest are from seven other countries. To summarize the contents of this large book in the space available here, I've listed the chapter titles and authors: 1) Phylogenetic perspectives on genetic systems and reproduc- tive modes of mites: Norton, Kethley, Johnston, & O'Connor; 2) Patterns of reproduction in insects: Suomalainen & Saura; 3) Evolutionary flexibility through haploid males or how chance favors the prepared genome: Wrensch; 4) Endosymbiotic sex ratio distorters in insects and mites: Ebbert; 5) Evolution of sex determination and sex ratio within the mite cohort Tarsonemina: Kaliszewski & Wrensch; 6) Sex allocation ratio selection in Thysanoptera: Crespi; 7) Ecology and evolution of biased sex ratios in bark and ambrosia beetles: Kirkendall; 8) Evolution of sex ratio variation in aphids: Moran; 9) Sex allocation in social insects: problems in prediction and estimation; Crozier & Pamilo; 10) Male parentage and sexual deception in the social Hymenoptera: Nonacs; 11) Sex ratio and vir- ginity in haplodiploid insects: Godfray & Hardy; 12) Sex ratio manipulation by parasitic wasps: King; 13) Sex determination and sex ratio patterns in parasitic Hymenoptera: Luck, Stouthamer, & Nunney; 14) Sex ratio evolution in parasitic wasps: Orzack; 15) Sex alloca- tion and pseudoarrhenotoky in phytoseiid mites: Sabelis & Nagelkerke; 16) Alteration of sex ratios of parasitoids for use in biological control: Hall; and 17) Quantitative genetics applied to haplodiploid insects and mites: Margolies & Cox. This is a large book, with advanced terminology and discussions of complex phenom- ena. Most readers will welcome the 1 1-page glossary of terms, and the indices to authors cited, taxonomic names, and subjects are also helpful. 1 recommend this book to libraries used by graduate students and teachers, and to researchers who are working on sex ratios. W. H. Day. USDA-ARS-BIRL, Newark, DE 80 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS NEW RECORDS OF STONEFLIES (PLECOPTERA) FROM PENNSYLVANIA1 Jane Earle2 ABSTRACT: Fourteen species of Plecoptera, Allocapnia aurora, A. simmonsi, Paraleuctra sara, Ostrocerca albidipennis, O. prolongata, Prostoia completa, P. similis, Bolotoperla rossi, Oemopteryx contorta, Taenionema allanticum, Taeniopteryx ugola, Acroneuria filicis, Agnetina flavescens and Hansonoperla appalachia are reported for the first time from Pennsylvania. Two additional species, Diploperla duplicata and Agnetina capitata are confirmed for the state. Alloperla neglecta, Isogenoides doratus and Yugus ari- nus are deleted from the state list. With these additions and deletions, the number of species known from Pennsylvania is 113. Surdick and Kim (1976) published a synopsis of the stoneflies of Pennsylvania, listing 90 species. Stark et al. (1986) and Stewart and Stark (1988) listed 95 species as having been recorded from Penn- sylvania, adding Alloperla concolor Ricker, A. vostoki Ricker, Sweltsa onkos (Ricker), Utaperla gaspesiana Harper and Roy, Malirekus iro- quois Stark and Szczytko and Yugus arinus (Prison); substituting Agnetina anmdipes (Hagen) for Agnetina capitata (Pictet), Diploperla robusta Stark and Gaufin for D. duplicata (Banks); and deleting Paragnetina fumosa (Banks). Other species additions have been Alloperla chloris Prison, A. irnbecilla (Say) and A. lisa Ricker from Surdick (1985); Perlesta nitida Banks from Stark (1989), and Perlinella drymo (Newman) from Kondratieff et al., (1987), putting the state total at 100. Alloperla neglecta Prison, Isogenoides doratus (Prison) and Yugus arinus (Prison) have been previously reported in error and should be deleted from the state list. I have in my collection 14 additional species from Pennsylvania which represent new state records. With these additions, confirmations and deletions, the new state total is 113. The following is a list of the new species records, counties, streams, dates of collection and the collector. COLLECTORS: Michael D. Bilger (MDB), Jane I. Earle (JIE), Gregory A. Hoover (GAH), Lawrence L. Jackson (LLJ). Identifications were of adult males unless otherwise stated. Listed ranges are from Stark et al. (1986). 1 Received August 17, 1993. Accepted November 4, 1993 ^ Department of Environmental Resources, Bureau of Mining and Reclamation, P.O. Box 8461, Harrisburg, PA, 17105-8461 ENT. NEWS 105(2): 80-84, March & April, 1994 Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 81 Capniidae Allocapnia aurora Ricker: Adams Co. Carbaugh Run, 17 February 1992 (JIE); Cumberland Co. Mountain Creek, 23 January 1993, (LLJ) and Toms Run, 23 January 1993 (LLJ); York Co. Muddy Creek, 3 February 1993 (MDB). These records represent a northern range extension for this species, previously known from Maryland south to Alabama. Allocapnia simmonsi Kondratieff and Voshell: Yellow Breeches Creek, Huntsdale, 8 March 1993 (JIE); Dauphin Co. Swatara Creek, Middletown, 24 March, 1993 (JIE). This rare winter stonefly has previously been known only from two sites in Montgomery County, Virginia and is considered endangered in Virginia (Kondratieff and Kirchner, 1991). Leuctridae Paraleuctra sara (Claassen): Cambria Co. Laurel Run, 10 April 1990 (JIE); Columbia Co. Fishing Creek, 30 April 1977 (JIE); Cumberland Co. Cold Spring Run, 19 April 1993 (JIE); Fayette Co. unnamed tributary to Youghiogheny River, 7 May 1978 (JIE); Huntingdon Co. Standing Stone Creek, 7 April 1992 (LLJ); Jefferson Co. Clover Run, 23 April 1986 (JIE); Lawrence Co. unnamed Tributary to Hell Run, 15 April 1980 (JIE); Luzerne Co. Kitchen Creek, 12 April 1977 (JIE); Perry Co. McCabe Run. 11 April 1993 (JIE); Sullivan Co. West Branch Fishing Creek, 17 April 1977 (LLJ): Union Co. Cherry Run, 11 April 1977 (LLJ). It is surprising that this spring species, known from Quebec to South Carolina, has not been previously reported. Although having a wide- spread distribution in Pennsylvania, nymphs are rarely collected in ben- thic samples and are likely part of the hyporheos. In Pennsylvania, adults have most commonly been collected from first through third order cool streams, many of which are affected by acid precipitation. Nemouridae Ostrocerca albidipennis (Walker): Dauphin Co. Clark Creek, 10 May 1993 (JIE); Franklin Co. unnamed tributary to Conodoguinet Creek, 16 May 1993 (JIE); Potter Co. Black Stump Hollow, 12 May 1993 (LLJ). This species has previously been reported from Connecticut, Massa- chusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Quebec. Ostrocerca prolongata (Claassen): Tioga Co. Babb Creek, 20 May 1992 (JIE). Babb Creek receives acid mine drainage from abandoned deep mines. A pH of 5.2 was recorded at the time of collection. Stark et ul. (1986) and Young et al. (1989) previously listed this species from Quebec, Ontario, Delaware, Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Virginia and West Virginia. These Ostrocerca records confirm the pres- ence of all four eastern Ostrocerca species in Pennsylvania. 82 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Prostoia completa (Walker): Dauphin Co. Powell Creek, female, 10 May 1993, (JIE) and Susquehanna River, 25 March 1992 (JIE); Lancaster Co. Bowery Run and West Branch Octoraro Creek, 21 March 1992 (LLJ); Potter Co. First Fork Sinnemahoning Creek, 9 May 1992 (LLJ). This species ranges from Quebec to Minnesota and south to South Carolina. Prostoia similis (Hagen): Cumberland Co. Doubling Gap Run, 18 April 1993 (JIE); Perry Co. McCabe Run, female, 15 May 1993 (JIE) and Tuscarora Creek, female, 18 April 1993 (JIE). This species of Prostoia has a range similar to that of P. completa. Taeniopterygidae: Bolotoperla rossi (Prison): Dauphin Co. Powell Creek, 10 May 1993 (JIE). This species is considered to be rare and has been previously re- ported from Maine, North Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, West Virginia and Quebec. Oemopteryx contorta (Needham and Claassen): Cumberland Co. Mountain Creek, 28 February 1992 (LLJ) and Toms Run, 8 March 1992 (JIE). This species has previously been reported from Connecticut, Ken- tucky, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia. Taenionema atlanticum Ricker and Ross: Luzerne Co. Kitchen Creek, 12 April 1977 (JIE); Perry Co. McCabe Run, (JIE); Potter Co. East Fork Sinnemahoning Creek, 13 May 1992 (LLJ); Union Co. Cherry Run, 11 April 1977 (LLJ); Sullivan Co. West Branch Fishing Creek, 17 April 1977 (JIE). This species ranges from Quebec to Newfoundland and south to Tennessee. Taeniopteryx ugola Ricker and Ross: Cambria Co. Roaring Run, 7 April 1992 (JIE); Cumberland Co. Cold Spring Run, 5 February 1993 (LLJ), Mountain Creek, 14 February 1992 (JIE) and Toms Run, 22 February 1992 (JIE). These records represent a northern range extension. Previous rec- ords were from Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia. Perlidae: Acroneuria filicis Prison: Dauphin Co. at light. Dauphin, PA, 26 June 1992, female (GAH). This species was previously reported from Illinois through Maryland, south to Arkansas and South Carolina. Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 83 Agnetina capitata (Pictet): Blair Co. South Poplar Run, 28 June 1978 (LLJ); Cumberland Co. Yellow Breeches Creek, 11 July 1992 (JIE); Dauphin Co. Susquehanna River, 18 June 1992 , female (JIE). Surdick and Kim listed A. capitata (as Phasganophora) as occurring in Pennsylvania. This, however, was prior to the publication of Stark's (1986) revision and may have been a mixture of all three species. Stewart and Stark (1988) listed A. annulipes as occurring in Penn- sylvania based on specimens studied during Stark's (1986) revision. These records confirm the presence of A. capitata in Pennsylvania. Agnetina flavescens (Walsh): Dauphin Co. Susquehanna River, 12 June 1992 (JIE); Lehigh Co. Ontelaunee Creek, 8 June 1976 (JIE). These records confirm the presence of all three species of Agnetina in Pennsylvania. Hansonoperla appalachia Nelson: Cambria Co. Unnamed Tributary to Laurel Run, 1 1 April 1990, nymph (JIE); Tioga Co. Babb Creek, 20 May 1992, nymph (JIE). Both of these streams are acidic. Babb Creek receives acid mine drainage from abandoned coal mines. The pH was 5.2 at the time of col- lection. The Laurel Run tributary is in a forested watershed affected by chronic acidity from atmospheric deposition; pH's ranged from 4.8 to 5.5 during 1990. This rare species has previously been reported from Alabama, Kentucky, Massachusetts, South Carolina, Tennessee and West Virginia. Perlodidae Diploperla duplicata (Banks): Cumberland Co. Mountain Creek, 4 July 1992 (JIE); Dauphin Co. Clark Creek, 26 June 1992 (GAH). Surdick and Kim (1976) included D. duplicata (Banks) as occurring in Pennsylvania; however, their records may have included both D. duplicata and D. robusta. Stark and Gaufin's (1975) revision of Diplo- perla may not have been completed prior to the preparation of Surdick and Kim's manuscript. Later publications (Masteller, 1983. Stark et til.. 1986, and Stewart and Stark, 1988) listed D. robusta, not D. duplicata from Pennsylvania. My records confirm D. duplicata as part of the Pennsylvania fauna. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Boris C. Kondratieff and Ralph F. Kirchner for verifying species identifications and reviewing the manuscript. Bill P. Stark verified identifications of Agnetina and Acroneuria. I would also like to thank my husband, Lawrence L. Jackson, for his encouragement and assistance in collection of material. 84 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LITERATURE CITED Kondratieff, B. C. and R. F. Kirchner. 1991. Stoneflies. pp. 221-224 in Virginia's Endangered Species. K. Terwilliger (ed). McDonald and Woodward Publ. Co., Blacksburg, Virginia. Kondratieff, B. C., R. F. Kirchner and K.W. Stewart. 1987. A review of Perlinella Banks. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 81:19-27. Kondratieff, B. C. and J. R. Voshell, Jr. 1979. Allocapnia simmonsi, a new species of win- ter stonefly (Plecoptera: Capniidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 74:58-59. Masteller, E. C. 1983. Emergence phenology of Plecoptera from Sixmile Creek, Erie County, Pennsylvania, USA. Aquatic Insects 5: 1-8. Stark, B. P. 1986. The Nearctic species of Agnetina. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 59:437-445. Stark, B. P. 1989. Perlesta placida (Hagen), an eastern Nearctic species complex. Entomol. Scand. 20:263-286. Stark, B. P. and A. R. Gaufln. 1975. The Genus Diploperla (Plecoptera: Perlodidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 47:433-436. Stark, B. P., S. W. Szczytko and R. W. Baumann. 1986. North American Stoneflies. (Plecoptera), systematics, distribution and taxonomic references. Great Basin Nat. 46:383-397. Stewart, K. W. and B. P. Stark. 1988. Nymphs of North American stonefly genera (Plecoptera). Thomas Say Found. Entomol. Soc. Am. 12:1-460. Surdick, R. F. 1985. Nearctic genera of Chloroperlidae (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illinois Biological Monographs 54. Surdick, R. F. and K. C. Kim. 1976. Stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Pennsylvania-A Synopsis. Bull. Penn. State University Coll. Agric. 808:9-73. Young, D. C., B. C. Kondratieff and R. F. Kirchner. 1989. Description of male Oslrocerca Ricker (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) using the scanning electron microscope. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 91:257-268. Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 85 NEW PREY RECORDS FOR PROCTACANTHUS (DIPTERA: ASILIDAE) WITH COMMENTS ON PREY CHOICE1'2 R. J. Lavigne3, C. R. Nelson4, E. T. Schreiber5 ABSTRACT: New prey records (n=239) for the following species of Proctacanthus in North American collections are listed: P. coquillettii, P. longus, P. micans, P. nearno, P. nigriventris, P. occidentalis, P. philadelphicus, and P. rodecki. Prey were most often record- ed for P. milbertii (n=129); these prey represented 7 insect orders and 17 families. Over the course of several years, miscellaneous records of attacks by asilids of the genus Proctacanthus on miscellaneous insects have been observed by the authors and the prey collected. Additionally, in the course of his revision of the genus, Dr. Nelson has made note of insects pinned as prey beneath asilids in the collections he has identified. These records are listed below. Sex of the prey, where noted, follows the sci- entific name or collecting site; sex of the predator is indicated in paren- thesis following the date. Because of the large number of records encompassed by this accu- mulation of data, it was felt it would be of little use to list the complete data unless the prey item was identified to genus and/or species. Con- sequently, data incorporating only Order/Family, State where collected and sex of predator in parenthesis have been included in Table 1. Cumulative data is presented in Tables 2 and 3. Proctacanthus coquillettii Hine Hymenoptera: Apidae Apis mellifera L., California: Imperial Co., Glamis, 4 mi NW, sand hills; IX-3-81 (9); E.M. Fisher, coll.; Mexico: Baja California, San Quintin, 20 km S, El Socorro Sand Dunes; V-23-88 (9); E.M. Fisher, coll. Hymenoptera: Sphecidae Ammophila sp., California: San Bernardino Co., Kelso, 2 mi S; VI-30-78 (9); J. Powell, coll. 1 Received May 14, 1993. Accepted October 3, 1993 • Published with the approval of the Director, Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station as Journal Article No. JA 1695 • Entomology Section, Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 ^ Department of Zoology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 • John A. Mulrennan, Sr. Research Laboratory, Florida A & M University, 4000 Frank- ford Ave., Panama Citv, FL 32405 ENT. NEWS 105(2): 85-97, March & April, 1994 86 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Proctacanthus longus Wiedemann Hymenoptera: Apidae Bombus sp., Florida: Palm Beach Co., SR 441, 2mi N Co. line; V-15-31 (9); (? coll.) Proctacanthus micans Schiner Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae Sphaeridium scarabaeoides (L.), Colorado: Weld Co., Nunn, 7 mi N, Pawnee Nat'l Grasslands (IBP site); VII-30-81 (29 9), VIII-2-81 (9), VIII-6-81 (d); E. Schreiber, coll. Diptera: Asilidae Megaphorus guildianus (Williston), Colorado: Weld Co., Nunn, 7 mi N, Pawnee Nat'l Grasslands (IBP site); VII-26-76 (9); R. Lavigne, coll. Ospriocerus abdominalis (Say), Colorado: Weld Co., Nunn, 7 mi N, Pawnee Nat'l Grasslands (IBP site); VIII-1-81 (9); E. Schreiber, coll. Proctacanthus micans Schiner, Colorado: Weld Co., Nunn, 7 mi N, Pawnee Nat'l Grasslands (IBP site); VII-31-81 (d), VIII-2-81 (d); E. Schreiber, coll. Scleropogon picticornis Loew, Colorado: Weld Co., Nunn, 7 mi N, Pawnee Nat'l Grasslands (IBP site); VIII-2-81 (d,9); E. Schreiber, coll. VIII-04-81 (29 9); E. Schreiber, coll. Heteroptera: Lygaeidae Lvgaeus reclivatus (Say), Colorado: Weld Co., Nunn, 7 mi N, Pawnee Nat'l Grasslands (IBP site); VIII-2-81 (9); E. Schreiber, coll. Heteroptera: Pentatomidae Codophila remota (Horvath), Colorado: Weld Co., Nunn, 7 mi N, Pawnee Nat'l Grasslands (IBP site); VIII-4-81 (9); E. Schreiber, coll. Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae Synhalonia sp., Colorado: Weld Co., Nunn, 7 mi N, Pawnee Nat'l Grasslands (IBP site); VII-30-81 (9); E. Schreiber, coll. Hymenoptera: Halictidae Agapostemon virescens (Fabricius), Colorado: Weld Co., Nunn, 7 mi N, Pawnee Nat'l Grasslands (IBP site); VI 11-28-68 (d); R. Lavigne, coll. Hymenoptera: Pompilidae Cryptocheilus terminatum (Say), Colorado: Weld Co., Nunn, 7 mi N, Pawnee Nat'l 'Grasslands (IBP site); VII-30-81 (9); E. Schreiber, coll. Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae Lycaeides melissa melissa (Edwards), Colorado: Weld Co., Nunn, 7 mi N, Pawnee Nat'l " Grasslands (IBP site); VIII-2-81 (d); E. Schreiber, coll. Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Vanessa sp.. New Mexico: Lucy; VI I- 17-32 (9); C.W. Sabrosky, coll. Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Hesperoleon nigrilabris (Hagen), Colorado: Weld Co., Nunn, 7 mi N, Pawnee Nat'l Grasslands (IBP site); VII-30-81 (9); E. Schreiber, coll. Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 87 Orthoptera: Acrididae Arphia pseudonietana (Thomas), Utah: Washington Co., above Zion National Park, Crystal Creek at jet. with Deep Creek; IX-21-82 (of); C.R. Nelson, coll. Melanoplus infantilis Scudder, Colorado: Weld Co., Nunn, 7 mi N; VIII-6-81 (d); E. Schreiber, coll. Melanoplus sanquinipes (Fabricius), Colorado: Weld Co., Nunn, 7 mi N; VI1-31-81 (9); E. Schreiber, coll. Trachyrachys kiowa (Thomas), Colorado: Weld Co., Nunn, 7 mi N; V1I-31-81 (9); E. Schreiber, coll. Trimerotropis gracilis (Thomas), Colorado: Alamosa Co., Great Sand Dunes Nat. Mon. T27S R73W Sec. 15; VII-30-77; P.M. Brown, coll. Proctacanthus milbertii Macquart Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Aphodius haemorrhoidalis L., Wyoming: Guernsey, 7 mi W; d; Frederick Ranch; VIII-20- 76 (9); GSA 1; VI 1-25-70; R.E. Pfadt, coll. Euphoria inda (L.), Wyoming: Platte Co., Guernsey, "Oregon Trail Ruts"; VIII-22-91 (d); R.J. Lavigne, coll. Diptera: Asilidae Diogmites angustipennis Loew, Wyoming: Platte Co., Guernsey, "Oregon Trail Ruts"; VI 1 1-26-91 (d); R.J. Lavigne, coll. Efferia helenae (Bromley), Wyoming: Guernsey, 7 mi W, Frederick Ranch; VI 1 1-4-60; VIII-16-61 (d), IX-07-64 (9); R.J. Lavigne, coll. Efferia sp., Wyoming: Guernsey, 7 mi W, Frederick Ranch; VIII-24-61; R.J. Lavigne, coll. Megaphorus guildianus (Williston), Wyoming: Platte Co., Wheatland, 37 km N; VIII-16-73 (d); VII-31-74 (9); D.S. Dennis, coll. Guernsey, 7 mi W; VII-29-60 (299); VIII-4-60 (d); VIII-12-60 (9); R.J. Lavigne, coll. Wyoming: Wheatland, 37 km N; VI 1 1-24-67 (9); R.J. Lavigne, coll. Ospriocerus latipennis (Loew), Wyoming: Glendo, 7 mi S; VI 1 1-20-59 (9); R.J. Lavigne, coll. Proctacanthus milbertii Macquart, Wyoming: Guernsey, 7 mi W, Frederick Ranch; VIII- 11-61; R.J. Lavigne, coll. (prey was 9, sex of predator ?); Wyoming: Platte Co., Guernsey, "Oregon Trail Ruts"; VIII-20-91 (9 took d); R.J. Lavigne, coll. Canada, Manitoba: Bald Hills, Glenboro, 13 mi N; VIII-18-58, J.G. Chillcott, coll. (9 took 9) Scleropogon covote (Bromley), Wyoming: Glendo, 7 mi S; VII1-12-64 (d); R.J. Lavigne, coll. Scleropogon sp., Kansas: 2800'; VI 1-27-1 1 (d,9); F.X. Williams, coll. Hcmiptera: Alydidae Alydus sp., nr. pilosulus Herrich-Schaeffer, Wyoming: Platte Co., Guernsey, "Oregon Trail Ruts"; VI 1 1-22-91 (d); R.J. Lavigne, coll. Hymcnoplcra: Anthophoridae Melissodes sp., Wyoming: Wheatland, T24N R65W Sec 13; VIII-17-74 (9); R.J. Lavigne, coll. 88 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Hymenoptera: Apidae Apis mellifera L., Wyoming: Platte Co., Wheatland, 37 km N; worker; VIII-16-64 (cf); R.J. Lavigne, F. Holland, coll. worker; IX-17-73 (9); G. Sharafi, coll. worker; VI 1-27-74 (5 records); R. Lavigne, coll. worker; VII-31-74 (4 records); R. Lavigne, coll. Wyoming: Platte Co., Guernsey, "Oregon Trail Ruts", worker; VIII-26-91 (9); R.J. Lavigne, coll. Bombus sp., Wyoming: Platte Co., Wheatland, 37 km N; VIII-10-61 (9, in copula); R.J. Lavigne, coll. VIII-10-61 (9); in copula); R.J. Lavigne, coll. VIII-17-61 (9); R.J. Lavigne, coll. VIII-18-61 (9); R.J. Lavigne, coll. VIII-23-61 (9); R.J. Lavigne, coll. Wyoming: Platte Co., Guernsey, "Oregon Trail Ruts", 3 workers; VIII-26-91 (399, one in copula); R.J. Lavigne, coll. Canada, Ontario: Simcoe Co., Tiny Twp., Cawaja Beach; VI 1 1-15-68 (9); J.C.E. Riotte, coll. Mellisodes obliqua (Say), Kansas: Scott Co., 2970'; (? date) (9); F.X. Williams, coll. Hymenoptera: Colletidae Colletessp. (399), Wyoming: Platte Co., Guernsey, "Oregon Trail Ruts"; VIII-26-91 (399); R.J. Lavigne, coll. Hymenoptera: Halictidae Halictus sp. (9), Wyoming: Platte Co., Guernsey, "Oregon Trail Ruts"; VIII-26-91 (9); R.J. Lavigne, coll. Hymenoptera: Sphecidae Ammophila sp., Texas: Brazos Co., College Station; VIII-23-33 (9); H.J. Reinhard, coll. Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae Myzinum quinquecinctum (F.), Wyoming: Platte Co., Guernsey, 7 mi W; VIII-4-60; R.J. Lavigne, coll.; Wheatland; VI 1-28-74 (9); D.S. Dennis, coll. Guernsey, "Oregon Trail Ruts"; VIII-20-91 (2cfd); R.J. Lavigne, coll. Hymenoptera: Vespidae Polistes sp., Canada, British Columbia, Oliver; VI-22-22 (9); P.N. Vroom, coll. Ohio: Williams Co, Saint Joseph Tp.; IX-1-32 (9); H. Price, coll. Washington: Spokane Co., Spokane; VIII-27-31-56 (9); L.A. Stange, coll. Pterocheilus quinquefasciatus Say, Wyoming: Platte Co., Wheatland; VII-27-74; R. Lavigne, coll. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Drasteria sp., prob. howlandi (Grote), Wyoming: Platte Co., Wheatland, T25N R65W Sec 4; VII-6-74; R.J. Lavigne, coll. Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Junonia coenia (Hubner), Virginia: Chesterfield, Hoods, Richmond; VIII-28-28 (9); (? coll.) Vanessa cardui (L.), Kansas: Clark Co., 1950'; VIII-20-1 1 (?,9); F.X. Williams, coll. Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 89 Lepidoptera: Pieridae Pontia protodice (Boisduval & LeConte), Colorado: Burlington, S of; VI 1-27-33; H.G. Rodeck & M.T. James, coll. Orthoptera: Acrididae Ageneotettix deorum (Scudder), Wyoming: Platte Co., Guernsey, "Oregon Trail Ruts"; 2dd, VIII-26-91 (2dd); R.J. Lavigne, coll. d; VIII-22-91 (9); R.J. Lavigne, coll. 9; VIII-22-91 (d); R.J. Lavigne, coll. Wyoming: Platte Co.: Wheatland, T25N R65W Sec 4; VI 1-6-74; R. Lavigne (coll.) Amphitornus coloradus (Thomas), Wyoming: Platte Co., Guernsey, "Oregon Trail Ruts", 9; VIII-20-91 (9); R.J. Lavigne, coll. d; VIII-22-91 (d); R.J. Lavigne, coll. d; VIII-26-91 (d); R.J. Lavigne, coll. Aidocara elliotti (Thomas), Wyoming: Platte Co., Guernsey, 7 mi W, Frederick Ranch; VIII-11-61; R.J. Lavigne, coll.; Guernsey, "Oregon Trail Ruts", d; VIII-20-91 (d); R.J. Lavigne, coll. Melanoplus angustipennis (Dodge), Wyoming: Platte Co., Guernsey, "Oregon Trail Ruts", 2dd; VIII-20-91 (d,9); R.J. Lavigne, coll. 2dd; VIII-22-91 (29 9); R.J. Lavigne, coll. 9; VIII-22-91 (9, in copula); R.J. Lavigne, coll. d; VIII-22-91 (9, in copula); R.J. Lavigne, coll. d; VIII-26-91 (9); R.J. Lavigne, coll. Melanoplus femurrubrum (DeGeer), Wyoming: Platte Co., Guernsey, "Oregon Trail Ruts'.' 2dd; VIII-22-91 (2dd); R.J. Lavigne, coll. d; VIII-22-91 (9); R.J. Lavigne, coll. 9; VIII-22-91 (d); R.J. Lavigne, coll. Melanoplus gladstoni Scudder, Wyoming: Platte Co., Guernsey, "Oregon Trail Ruts", d, nymph; VIII-20-91 (d, 9); R.J. Lavigne, coll. d, 9; VIII-22-91 (d, 9, in copula); R.J. Lavigne, coll. Melanoplus occidentalis (Thomas), Wyoming: Platte Co., Guernsey. 7 mi W, Frederick Ranch; VIII-20-76; R.J. Lavigne, coll. Guernsey, "Oregon Trail Ruts", d, 9; VIII-20-91 (2dd); R.J. Lavigne, coll. Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius), Wyoming: Platte Co., Guernsey, "Oregon Trail Ruts", 9; VIII-20-91 (9); R.J. Lavigne, coll. 2dd; VIII-22-91 (29 9); R.J. Lavigne, coll. 9; VIII-22-91 (9); R.J. Lavigne, coll. Wheatland; VI 1 1-18-64. (9); R. Lavigne (coll.) Hadrotettix trifasciatus (Say), d, Wyoming: Guernsey, "Oregon Trail Ruts"; VIII-22-91 (9); R.J. Lavigne, coll. Spharagemon (Trimerotropis) campestris (McNeil), d, Wyoming: Guernsey, "Oregon Trail Ruts"; VIII-22-91 (9, in copula); R.J. Lavigne, coll. 90 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Proctacanthus nearno Martin Diptera: Apioceridae Apiocera sp., Nevada: Clark Co., Mesquite; VIII-30-59 (rf); F.D. Parker, coll. Hymenoptera: Apidae Apis mellifera L., Arizona: Navajo Co., Leroux Wash, Holbrook, 1 mi N, 5075'; VI-25-66 (9); Davidsons & M. Cazier, coll. New Mexico: Hidalgo Co., Post office Canyon; VIII-8-65 (9); Davidsons & M. Cazier, coll. Utah: Millard Co., Delta; VII-9-47 (9), VII-30-49 (9), VI1I-13-64 (9); G.E. Bohart, coll. Mexico: Coahuila, across from Langtry; V-18-67 (9); E.E. Remington, coll. Proctacanthus nigriventris Macquart Hymenoptera: Vespidae Vespttla sp.. South Carolina: Horry Co., Myrtle Beach; VI-18-82 (d); F. Genier, coll. Proctacanthus occidentalis Hine Diptera: Apioceridae Apiocera sp., California: Mono Co., Mono Lake, shore, SW corner, 6420'; VIII-18-62 (9); H.B. Leech, coll. Diptera: Asilidae Mallophora fautrix, California: Riverside Co., Riverside; IX-01-35 (d); Timberlake, coll. Heteroptera: Alydidae Alydus sp., California: Contra Costa Co., Antioch; VI 11-05-51 (d); J.C. Hall, coll. Riverside Co., San Jacinto Mts.; VII-9-30 (cf); E.A. Dodge, coll. Hymenoptera: Apidae Apis mellifera L., California: Fresno Co., Kingsburg; VIII-26-52 (9); (? coll.) Merced Co., Dos Palos; VII-15-47 (9); R.E. Beer, coll. Tuolumne Co., Browns Meadow; VIII-15-60 (9); A.S. Menke, coll. Ventura Co., Oxnard; VIII-02-50 (9); K.G. Whitesell, coll. Nevada: Humbolt Co., Denio, 1 mi S; VIII-07-72 (9); D.E. Foster, coll. Oregon: Jackson Co., Gold Hill; VIM 3-30 (9); H.A. Scullen, coll. Lake Co., Plush, 15 mi SW; VIII-06-72 (9); D.E. Foster, coll. Malheur Co., Adrian, Owyhee River; VII-22-34 (29 9); D. Martin, coll. Dixie; VII-08-32 (cf); R.H. Beamer, coll. Bombus sp., California: Contra Costa Co., Antioch; V1II-20-38 (d), Sept. 1936; M. Cazier, coll. Tuolumne Co., Strawberry; VIII-04-60 (9); R.R. Montanucci, coll. Washington: Garfield Co., Snake River, Lower Granite Dam, 4 mi NW; VI1-26-84 (d); W.J. Turner, coll. Hymenoptera: Vespidae Vespula sp., California: Trinity Co., Mad River, Ruth, 6 mi S (d); VII-31-60; H.B. Leech, coll. Lepidoptera: Pieridae Colias sp., California: Merced Co., Dos Palos; IX-06-49 (d); J.E. Gillaspy, coll. Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 91 Proctacanthus philadelphicus Macquart. Hymenoptera: Apidae Apis mellifera L., Massachusetts: Plymouth Co., Carver, sand area near airport; VIII-21-86 (of); M.A. Valenti, coll. New Jersey: Burlington Co., Riverton; VIII-24-22 (9), IX-15-22 (9); (?, coll ) Proctacanthus rodecki James Coleoptera: Cicindelidae Cicindela sp., Kansas: Reno Co., Medora Sand Dunes; VII-3-? (d); R.H. Painter, coll. Diptera: Asilidae Ospriocerus sp., Texas: Donley Co.; VI-26-58 (9); J.W. Monk, coll. COMMENTS ON PREY SELECTION The greatest number of prey records reported in the literature for any species of Proctacanthus have been for P. milbertii. "Proctacanthus tnilbertii Macquart is a widely distributed large Asilid occurring from Mexico to British Columbia east to Ontario, Ohio, Virginia, and Florida" (Bromley 1949). In that paper, Bromley recorded 659 prey records for P. milbertii from the widely diverse states of Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, New Mexico and Texas. Based on a revision of the genus, which one of us (CRN) is currently conducting, some of these records are suspect and are not included in this paper, unless specimens were seen by one of the authors. A few additional prey of P. milbertii were reported for Texas (Bromley 1934) and for Florida (Bromley 1950). Additional Orthoptera prey were listed for Wyoming (Lavigne and Pfadt 1966), while Joern and Rudd (1982) recorded the impact of this species on grasshoppers. It should be noted that all ethological and prey information attrib- uted to Proctacanthus micans in Guernsey, Wyoming (Dennis and Lavigne 1975) do, in fact, refer to Proctacanthus milbertii. All ethologi- cal and prey information attributed to Proctacanthus micans in Colorado (Rogers and Lavigne 1972) are correct. The prey (n=50) reported in the latter paper represented 7 orders and 17 families. As suggested by O'Neil and Kemp (1991) "the contents of prey records are not only a function of local insect abundance, but of varia- tion in visibility and catchability among prey species, as well as evolved preferences of robber flies for nutritionally superior or non-toxic insects (Shelly 1984)". O'Neil and Kemp suggested site-specific prey use for Stenopogon inguinatus Loew since that species of asilid was observed to concentrate on winged formicid reproductives when locally 92 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS available. Certainly this is the case for Machimus gilvipes (Hine) which forages in or near the entrances of mammal burrows and appears to spe- cialize on calliphorid flies (85% of diet) (Schreiber & Lavigne 1986). This also appears to be true in the case of the population of Proctacanthus milbertii briefly studied at Guernsey, Wyoming on August 20, 22, & 26, 1991. The asilids ignored a tremendous number of available insects, and while not tested, color appeared to be a dominant consideration. Large numbers of orange & black cantharid beetles were constantly in flight amongst sunflowers (where many asilids congre- gated), but were ignored even when they flew directly over the asilids. Additionally, no attempt was made to attack orange & black skippers (Hesperiidae), orange and black wasps, such as Sphex ichneumoneus (L.), shiny blue-black wasps (Sphecidae), and dragonflies (both red and orange), even though they were in the same size range as commonly taken prey. On the other hand, this population of robber flies apparent- ly showed a predilection (66%, n=47) for brownish grasshoppers, which also were locally abundant. In the case of grasshoppers, the asilids would have had to show great patience awaiting the occasional flight of a grasshopper, as opposed to taking readily available flying insects. Other prey taken were yellow & black striped wasps, i.e. Myzinum quin- quecinctum (Fabricius) & Halictus sp., black, i.e., an unidentified tachinid and black and yellow bumble bee workers. Based on these lim- ited observations, a case could be made for testing the assumption of color preference by using the technique of lure presentation utilized by Lavigne and Holland (1969). It is of interest to note that the population of P. milbertii studied at another location near Guernsey, Wyoming by Dennis and Lavigne (1975) also preyed primarily on Hymenoptera (50.6%) and Orthoptera (24.7%). Of incidental interest, in 1991 five out of 15 mated females were feed- ing on prey when the pair was collected. This behavior, while fairly uncommon, has previously been reported for four asilid species (Dennis and Lavigne 1975), including P. milbertii. Does the genus Proctacanthus specialize on particular orders of insects? A summary of prey records reported herein, broken down by taxonomic order, is given in Table 2. Eight orders of insects were taken as prey with three orders numerically dominating: Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, and Diptera. While our data cannot be used to indicate true preference for particular prey as information regarding relative availability of potential prey at individual sites is lacking, we can note some trends which indicate potential areas for future research. In P. milbertii, the species for which the most prey records were available Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 93 (Table 3), three orders predominated: Orthoptera (40.3%), Hymenop- tera (35.7%), and Diptera (14.7%). These three orders thus made up 91% of the diet of this species, with nearly equally divided specialization between Orthoptera and Hymenoptera. Specialization for Hymenoptera also may be occurring in P. nearno where 56% of the records are Hymenoptera; in P. occidentalis, 63%; in P. philadelphicus, 88%, and in several other less sampled species (Table 3). However, P. micans, another species for which a reasonable number of prey items have been taken, showed a more generalist strategy as evidenced by a more evenly distributed prey scheme (Tables 2 & 3). P. brevipennis also seems to be more generalist in food habit. Overall, 87% of the prey for Proctacanthus was of four orders: 38.5% hymenopteran, 26.4% orthopteran, 14.2% dipteran, and 7.5% cole- opteran. By partitioning out the relatively well-studied P. milbertii, the overall percentage for the four top orders changed to 78% with 41.8%, 10.0%, 13.6%, and 12.7% for the respective orders. Note that the rela- tive importance of the four orders dropped and that the ranking of the orders changed as well (see totals, Table 3), but that these four orders remained on top. In summary, a certain amount of prey specialization exists in some species of Proctacanthus, while others show more generalist trends. Future food niche studies of Proctacanthus should address the questions of availability of prey taxa and explore reasons why these prey orders might be preferentially taken. Particular species of Proctacanthus which are abundant enough to be used as models in these studies would cer- tainly include P. brevipennis, P. nearno, and P. rodecki. Feeding behav- ior studies of P. rodecki would be particularly desirable to see if its pur- ported specialization on Orthoptera holds up as larger sample sizes are obtained. Table 1. List of prey of Proctacanthus that were not identified beyond Order and Family. Proctacanthus brevipennis Wiedemann Coleoptera: Scarahaeidae; Kansas (cf). New Jersey (cO Heteroptera: Reduviidae; North Carolina (9) Heteroptera: Pentatomidae; Florida (9) Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae; Florida (9) Odonata: Lihellulidae; Florida (9) Orthoptera: Acrididae; Kansas (9) Proctacanthus coquillettii Hine Diptera: Calliphoridae; California (d) Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae; California (cf) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; California (9) 94 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Proctacanthus lonqus Wiedemann Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae; Florida (9) Proctacanthus micans Schiner Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; Mexico, Durango (299) Diptera: Bombyliidae; Arizona (d) Heteroptera: Pentatomidae; Arizona (d) Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae; Utah (9) Hymenoptera: Sphecidae; Arizona (d) Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae; Utah (d) Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae; Colorado (d) Proctacanthus milbertii Macquart Coleoptera: Cicindelidae; Indiana (d) Homoptera: Cicadidae; Kansas (9) Hymenoptera: (?); Anthophoridae; Canada, British Columbia( d ) Hymenoptera: Apidae; Montana (d) Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae; Michigan (9); Ohio (9) Hymenoptera: Sphecidae; Mississippi (9) Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Canada, British Columbia (d)\ Ontario (9); Michigan (d, 9); Texas (9); Wisconsin ((9) Lepidoptera: Pieridae; Colorado (9) Lepidoptera: (?); Texas (d) Orthoptera: Acrididae; Arizona (9); Canada, Manitoba (9); Colorado (9, ? Xanthippus); Kansas (d, 9); Nebraska (of); Ohio (9); Tennessee (9); Texas (5d, 399); Virginia (d) Proctacanthus nearno Martin Coleoptera: Buprestidae; Utah (9) Heteroptera: Pentatomidae; New Mexico (9) Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae; Utah (9) Hymenoptera: Sphecidae; Utah (9) Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Cercerinae; Arizona (9) Lepidoptera: (moth); Arizona (9) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; Utah (9) Orthoptera: Acrididae; Utah (9); Mexico: Sonora (9) Proctacanthus nigriventris Macquart Diptera: Tipulidae; New Jersey (d) Proctacanthus occidentalis Hine Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; California (d); Idaho (d) Coleoptera: Silphidae; California (d) Hymenoptera: Apoidea; California (d) Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae; California (9) Hymenoptera: Sphecidae; California (9) Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae; California (9) Odonata: Coenagrionidae; Washington (d) Proctacanthus philadelphicus Macquart Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Massachusetts (9); Maryland (9); New York (d) Odonata: Libellulidae; Maine (9) Proctacanthus rodecki James Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; Oklahoma (d) Heteroptera: Coreidae; New Mexico (d) Orthoptera: Acrididae; Nebraska (d); New Mexico (299) Texas (9) Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 95 Table 2. Records of prey of particular orders pinned with or collected by Proctacanthus species in North American insect collections. Odo- Orth- Heter- species nata optera optera Lepi- Cole- Hymen- Neur- doptera optera Diptera optera optera brevipennis 1 1 2 12010 n=8 coquillettii 000 n=6 10140 longus 000 n=2 10010 micans 1 5 3 36 9 61 n=34 milbertii 0 52 2 64 19 46 0 n=129 nearno 0 2 1 21 190 n=16 nigriventris 000 n=2 00110 occidentalis 1 0 2 23 2 17 0 n=27 philadelphicus 1 0 0 00070 n=8 rodecki 0 3 1 02 100 n=7 totals 4 63 11 16 18 34 92 1 Grand total: 239 records 96 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Table 3. Percentage of use of particular orders of prey taken by Proctacanthus species. species Odo- nata Orth- optera Heter- optera Lepi- doptera Cole- optera Diptera Hymen- optera Neur- optera brevipennis n=8 12.5 12.5 25 12.5 25 0 12.5 0 coquillettii n=6 0 0 0 16.7 0 16.7 66.7 0 longus n=2 0 0 0 50 0 0 50 0 micans 2.9 14.7 8.8 8.8 17.6 26.5 17.6 2.9 n=34 milbertii 0 40.3 1.6 4.7 3.1 14.7 35.7 0 n= 129 nearno 0 12.5 6.3 12.5 6.3 6.3 56.3 0 n=16 nigriventris n=2 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 0 occidentalis 3.7 0 7.4 7.4 11.1 7.4 63 0 n=27 philadelphicus 12.5 0 0 0 0 0 87.5 0 n=8 rodecki 0 42.9 14.3 0 28.6 14.3 0 0 n=7 Genus %, with P. milbertii 1.7 26.4 4.6 6.7 7.5 14.2 38.5 0.4 Order ranking with P. milbertii 7 2 6 5 4 3 1 8 Genus %, without P. milbertii 3.6 10 8.2 9.0 12.7 1 3.6 4 1.8 0.9 Order ranking without P. milbertii 7465 32 1 8 Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 97 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank the following taxonomists who identified prey insects: R.W. Carlson, U.S. National Museum (USNM) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae); C.D. Ferris, Univ. Wyoming (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera); J.M. Kingsolver, USNM (Coleoptera: Melyridae); R. Kumar, Univ. Wyoming (Diptera: Calliphoridae); R.E. Pfadt, Univ. Wyoming (Orthoptera: Acrididae); F.D. Parker (Hymenoptera: Halictidae); S. Shaw, Univ. Wyoming (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Tiphiidae). C.R. Nelson especially thanks the Tilton Fellowship and the entomology staff of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco for financial support. LITERATURE CITED Bromley, S.W. 1934. The robber flies of Texas (Diptera, Asilidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 27:74-113. Bromley, S.W. 1949. The Missouri bee-killer, Proctacanthus milbertii Macq., (Asilidae: Diptera). Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 44: 21-28. Bromley, S.W. 1950. Florida Asilidae (Diptera) with a description of one new species. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 43: 227-239. Dennis, D.S. and R.J. Lavigne. 1975. Comparative behavior of Wyoming robber flies II (Diptera: Asilidae). Univ. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Stn. Sci. Monogr., No. 30, 68 pp. Joern, A. and N.T. Rudd. 1982. Impact of predation by the robber fly Proctacanthus mil- bertii (Diptera: Asilidae) on grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) populations. Oecologia 55(1): 42-46. Lavigne, RJ. and F.R. Holland. 1969. Comparative behavior of eleven species of Wyoming robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). Univ. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Stn. Sci. Monogr. 18,61 pp. Lavigne, R.J. and R.E. Pfadt. 1966. Parasites and predators of Wyoming rangeland grasshoppers. Univ. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Stn. Sci. Monogr. 3, 31 pp. O'Neill, K.M. and W.P. Kemp. 1991. Foraging of Stenopogon inguinatus (Loew) (Diptera: Asilidae) on Montana rangeland sites. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 67: 177-180. Rogers, L.E. and RJ. Lavigne. 1972. Asilidae of the Pawnee National Grasslands, in northeastern Colorado. Univ. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Stn. Sci. Monogr. 25, 35 pp. Schreiber, E.T. and RJ. Lavigne. 1986. Ethology of Asilus gilvipes (Hine) (Diptera: Asilidae) associated with small mammal burrows in southeastern Wyoming. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 88: 71 1-719. Shelly, T.E. 1984. Prey selection by the Neotropical robber fly, Atractia nuirginuiu (Diptera: Asilidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 86: 120-126. 98 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS AQUATIC WEEVILS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH NORTHERN WATERMILFOIL (MYRIOPHYLLUM SIBIRICUM) IN ALBERTA, CANADA1 Robert P. Creed Jr., Sallie P. Sheldon2 ABSTRACT: Eggs, larvae, pupae and adults of two aquatic weevils (Euhrychiopsis sp.3 and Phytobius leucogaster) were found associated with northern watermilfoil (Myriophyllum sibiricum) in the province of Alberta, Canada. While both weevils had been collected previously in Alberta, this is the first report to document northern water- milfoil as a native host. The North American weevil Euhrychiopsis lecontei (Dietz) may be used for biological control of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spi- catum L.) (Creed and Sheldon 1991a&b, 1992a&b), an introduced aquatic macrophyte which is a nuisance in lakes and ponds throughout much of North America (Aiken et al. 1979, Couch and Nelson 1986, Smith and Barko 1990). E. lecontei has been found associated with Eurasian watermilfoil in several lakes located in Vermont, Massa- chusetts, New York and Connecticut (Creed and Sheldon 1991a&b). Adult E. lecontei consume leaf and stem tissue. First instar larvae feed on meristems and older larvae burrow through the stem. Weevils dam- age the plants and may be responsible for some Eurasian watermilfoil declines in Vermont (Creed and Sheldon 1991a&b, 1992a&b, 1993a&b, Creed et al. 1992). Despite the interest in E. lecontei as a biological con- trol agent, neither the identity of its native host (or hosts) nor its life his- tory on its native host(s) are known. Blatchley and Leng (1916) report Potamogeton sp. and Myriophyllum spicatum as hosts. However, Blatchley and Leng incorrectly synonymized this weevil species with the palearctic weevil Eubrychius velatus (Beck) (Dr. Charles O'Brien, Received June 7, 1993. Accepted November 27, 1993. Department of Biology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont 05753 Currently, two species of Euhrychiopsis, E. lecontei and E. albertanus (Brown), are rec- ognized in North America. However, Dr. Charles O'Brien (Florida A&M University) has examined the weevils we collected in Alberta and other specimens in his collection and believes that E. lecontei and E. albertanus may be a single species based on a lack of differentiation in male genitalia. Due to the present uncertainty in the taxonomic status of these two species we will simply refer to the weevils collected in Alberta as Euhry- chiopsis. Please note that these two species are not being synonymized in this paper. ENT. NEWS 105(2): 98-102, March & April, 1994 Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 99 Florida A&M, pers. comm.). Since the host use information reported by Blatchley and Leng (1916) may be derived from European records of E. velatus, this information is questionable. More recently, Kissinger (1964) reported that one species of Euhrychiopsis lived on M. spicatum. Kangasniemi (1983) reported collecting E. lecontei on M. spicatum in British Columbia. The repeated collection of E. lecontei on the intro- duced M. spicatum suggests that the native host(s) might be one or more of the native watermilfoils. We have collected E. lecontei from northern watermilfoil (Myrio- phyllum sibiricum Komarov (=M. exalbescens Fernald) in three lakes in Vermont. M. spicatum was also present in two of the three lakes so it was unclear if the weevils had been present on the northern watermilfoil when Eurasian watermilfoil invaded the lakes or if they had entered the lakes with Eurasian watermilfoil and had then begun to feed on the native watermilfoil which is morphologically similar to Eurasian water- milfoil (Aiken et al. 1979). To determine if northern watermilfoil is a native host, we collected weevils in Alberta, Canada, where both north- ern watermilfoil and the weevil are present but Eurasian watermilfoil is absent. Previous collections of Euhrychiopsis had been made in Alberta (Brown 1932, Kissinger 1964, O'Brien and Wibmer 1982) but the native host was not determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Collections of weevils on northern watermilfoil were made in mid to late July of 1992. Weevils were usually collected from northern water- milfoil while snorkeling. Only lakes where the visibility exceeded 1 m were surveyed intensively by snorkeling. In very shallow water or in very turbid water bodies, collections were made by inspecting northern watermilfoil while wading. Lakes with extensive algal blooms that made visual collection impossible were not examined. Approximately 1 hr was spent examining northern watermilfoil in lakes where collecting was possible. While the primary goal of these collections was to obtain adult specimens, some eggs, larvae, and pupae were collected. The iden- tity of the adult weevils was verified by Dr. Charles O'Brien of Florida A&M University and most of the specimens are now in his collection. The identity of eggs, larvae, and pupae was based on our field and labo- ratory observations of these lifestages of E. lecontei and Phytobius leucogaster (Marsham) on M. spicatum and M. sibiricum in eastern North America. 100 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Adult Euhrychiopsis were found on M. sibiricum in 10 of the 13 lakes that were sampled (Table 1). M. sibiricum was present in all 13 lakes. Euhrychiopsis adults were always collected beneath the surface of the water. They were usually located near apical or lateral meristems although they were occasionally found further down the stem. Euhry- chiopsis eggs, larvae and pupae were always found underwater on M. sibiricum. Eggs were found on northern watermilfoil in six of the lakes; larvae and pupae were each collected in two lakes (Table 1). Eggs were found on meristems. Only one egg was found per meristem on northern watermilfoil (n=16). This is unlike what we have observed for E. lecon- tei which may lay several eggs on a Eurasian watermilfoil meristem. No first instar Euhrychiopsis larvae were collected in Alberta but the pres- ence of eggs on the meristems suggests that the first instar larvae of west- ern Euhrychiopsis feed on northern watermilfoil meristems. Older lar- vae (n=4) were found burrowing in the stem well below the surface of the water. Pupae (n=2) were found inside the stem below the region burrowed by the larvae. The puparium consisted of a small chamber entirely within the stem with a sealed entrance hole. The location of western Euhrychiopsis eggs, larvae and pupae on M. sibiricum was the same as that observed for E. lecontei on M. sibiricum and M. spicatum in eastern North America (Creed and Sheldon 1991a, 1992a). It is highly likely that these eggs, larvae and pupae are those of Euhrychiopsis as all three life stages were collected in lakes in which Euhrychiopsis was the only adult weevil found on M. sibiricum (Table 1). The weevil Phytobius leucogaster (Marsham) [=Litodactylus griseo- micans (Schwarz) and Litodactylus leucogaster (Marsham)], a species with a holarctic distribution, was found on M. sibiricum in four of these lakes (Table 1). Phytobius adults (n=ll) were found both above and below the surface of the water. All life stages were collected at Island Lake which was the only lake where large numbers of the M. sibiricum plants were flowering. Eggs (n=2) and larvae (n=2) were collected on M. sibiricum floral spikes above the water surface. Pupal chambers (n=8) were found on the stem a short distance below the floral spike and were either above or just below the water surface. The puparium consisted of a shallow excavation with a dark, translucent cover and was similar to that described by Buckingham and Bennett (1981). The locations of Phytobius eggs, larvae and pupae on northern watermilfoil were similar to the locations reported by Buckingham and Bennett (1981) for Phytobius on Eurasian watermilfoil. Hatch (1971) and Buckingham and Bennett (1981) speculated that a native watermilfoil Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 101 was the native host of P. leucogaster. Our observations confirm that M. sibiricum is one host for P. leucogaster. While this weevil may use other native macrophyte species as hosts, they have yet to be reported. Our observations and those of Buckingham and Bennett (1981) suggest that Phytobius, like Euhrychiopsis, may be a watermilfoil specialist. Table 1. Lakes in which Euhrychiopsis and Phytobius were collected. E refers to the col- lection of eggs, L to larvae, P to pupae and A to adults. The numbers in parentheses fol- lowing a letter refer to the number collected. Lake Location ' Euhrychiopsis Phytobius Winchell T29,R5,W5 E(3),A(4) Pine T26,R7,W5 E(4),L(1),A(6) Hofmann T30,R5,W5 E(2),L(3),P(1),A(8) A(2) Newall T17,R14,W4 * MacGregor T16.R21.W4 Narrow T65,R24,W4 E(4),A(13) Long T64,R25,W4 E(2),P(1),A(5) Island T68,R24,W4 A(5) E(1),L(2),P(8),A(4) N. Buck T66,R17,W4 A(l) Chump T65.R17.W4 A(l) Lac la Biche T68.R16.W4 A(4) Beaver T66,R13,W4 E(1),A(9) A(l) Hasse T52,R2,W5 A(1)# 1 Locations are given with respect to the Townships (T), Ranges (R) and Meridians (e.g., W4) used on the Alberta Transportation Maps (1:250,000 series) which are distributed by Maps Alberta. * previously collected at this site by John Carr. # identified but not collected. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank John and Bertie Carr of Calgary, Alberta for their help in locating collection sites, access to their collection, their capable help in the field and their wonder- ful hospitality. Several people at the Meanook Biological Station also suggested collec- tion sites and provided space for sample sorting. We are grateful to Charles O'Brien for verifying the identity of the weevils and for all of the other weevil-related information he has generously shared with us. Thanks to Charles O'Brien, Peter Wimmer and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript. This work was funded by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers" Waterways Experiment Station, the EPA Clean Lakes Demonstration Program, the Vermont Department of Environ- mental Conservation and Middlebury College. 102 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LITERATURE CITED Aiken, S.G., P.R. Newroth and I. Wile. 1979. The biology of Canadian weeds. 34. Myriophyllum spicatum L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 59:201-215. Blatchley, W.S., and C.W. Leng. 1916. Rhynchophora or weevils of Northeastern America. The Nature Publ. Co., Indianapolis, IN. 682 pp. Brown, W.J. 1932. New species of Coleoptera III. Can. Ent. 64:3-12. Buckingham, G.R., and C.A. Bennett. 1981. Laboratory biology and behavior of Litodactylus leucogaster, a Ceutorhynchine weevil that feeds on watermilfoils. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 74:451-458. Couch, R., and E. Nelson. 1986. Myriophyllum spicatum in North America. In: L.W.J. Anderson (ed.), Proceedings of the First International Symposium on watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) and related Haloragaceae species. Aquat. Plant Manage. Soc., Washington, D.C. pp 8-18. Creed, R.P., Jr., and S.P. Sheldon. 1991a. The potential for biological control of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum): Results of the Research Programs initiated in 1990. Prepared for Region 1, U.S. EPA, Boston, MA, (unpubl.) 119pp. Creed, R.P., Jr., and S.P. Sheldon. 1991b. The potential for biological control of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum): Results of Brownington Pond, Vermont, study and multi-state lake survey. In: The Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Aquatic Plant Control Research Program. Misc. Paper A-91-3, Waterways Exp. Sta., Vicksburg, Mississippi, pp. 183-193. Creed, R.P., Jr., and S.P. Sheldon 1992a. The potential for biological control of Eurasian watermilfoil (Mvriophvllum spicatum): Results of the research programs conducted in 1991. Prepared for Region 1, U.S. EPA, Boston, MA (unpubl.) 197 pp. Creed, R.P., Jr., and S.P. Sheldon. 1992b. Further investigations into the effect of herbi- vores on Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum). In: The Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Aquatic Plant Control Research Program. Misc. Paper A- 92-2, Waterways Exp. Sta., Vicksburg, MI. pp. 244-252. Creed, R.P., Jr., and S.P. Sheldon. 1993a. The effect of feeding by a North American wee- vil, Euhrvchiopsis lecontei, on Eurasian watermilfoil (Mvriophvllum spicatum). Aquat. Bot. 45:245-256. Creed, R.P., Jr., and S.P. Sheldon. 1993b. The effect of the weevil Euhrvchiopsis lecontei on Eurasian watermilfoil: Results from Brownington Pond and Norton Brook Pond. In: The Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Aquatic Plant Control Research Program. Misc. Paper A-93-2, Waterways Exp. Sta. Vicksburg, MI. pp. 99-1 17. Creed, R.P., Jr., S.P. Sheldon and D.M. Cheek. 1992. The effect of herbivore feeding on the buoyancy of Eurasian watermilfoil. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 30:75-76. Hatch, N.H. 1971. Beetles of the Pacific Northwest. Part 5. Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle, WA. 662 pp. Kangasniemi, BJ. 1983. Observations on herbivorous insects that feed on Myriophyllum spicatum in British Columbia. In: Lake restoration, protection and management, Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference of the North American Lake Man- agement Society. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. pp. 214- 218. Kissinger, D.G. 1964. Curculionidae of America north of Mexico: A key to genera. Taxonomic Publications, South Lancaster, MA. 143 pp. O'Brien, C.W., and G.J. Wibmer. 1982. Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies: (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Memoirs of American Entomol. Institute, No. 34. 382 pp. Smith, C.S., and J.W. Barko. 1990. Ecology of Eurasian watermilfoil. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 28:55-64. Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 103 TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING MOSQUITO EGG RAFTS AND RAFT SAMPLES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)1 R. G. Weber, Tracy A. Horner2 ABSTRACT: We review methods for handling mosquito egg rafts and describe new tools and techniques that permit rapid handling of the large numbers of individual Culex spp. egg rafts collected during field studies of oviposition behavior and vector surveillance. We also describe a method of taking egg samples from individual rafts that maintains the species mix and proportional numbers of eggs deposited nightly on an ovisite. The tools and techniques presented greatly decrease the laboratory space required for hatching large numbers of eggs collected for species determination. Studies of mosquito oviposition behavior and vector surveillance programs commonly utilize data derived from counts of eggs, or egg rafts, collected from ovitraps (Briand 1964, Fay and Eliason 1966, Frank and Lynn 1982, Hoick, et al. 1988, Jakob and Bevier 1969, Maw and Bracken 1971, Reiter 1986, Smith and Jones 1972, Surgeoner and Helson 1978). Such studies frequently involve thousands of eggs or rafts (e.g., Lowe, etal. 1973 [9,956 rafts], Madder, etal. 1980 [13,606 rafts]. Maw and Bracken 1971 [9,077 rafts], Smith and Jones 1972 [2,332 rafts]). A vari- ety of devices have been used to collect eggs for study: a plastic scoop (Arredondo-Bernal and Reyes-Villaneuva 1989), metal spoon (Beament and Corbet 1981), small sieve (Chadee and Small 1988), small vial (Guptavanij and Barr 1985), spatula made of fine brass screen (Ilitis and Zweig 1962), the corner of a culture plate lid (Reiter 1986), a spoon-type tissue section lifter (Weber and Weber 1985), and a wire loop (Woke 1937). In many cases the collected eggs or rafts must be held in indi- vidual containers for hatching so species may be determined using larval characters. Containers used for hatching have been mentioned infre- quently: 200 ml plastic cups (Madder, et al. 1980), culture dishes (Weber and Weber 1985), and 24-well tissue culture plates (Reiter 1986). Part of our oviposition research requires that we collect and identify many individual rafts each summer. Only two mosquito species oviposit in our study sites: Culex pipiens L. and C. restuans Theobald, species distinguishable with certainty using characters of the first instar head capsule (see keys by Dodge 1966 and Reiter 1986). Larval identification 1 Received October 28, 1992. Accepted November 22, 1993. 2 Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology, College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19717- 1303. ENT. NEWS 105(2): 103-109, March & April. 1994 104 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS is easiest when larvae are dead. The time required for eggs of these species to hatch and the larvae to die (55-65 h) means that considerable material is in the laboratory at any particular time. To reduce space requirements we use 96-well tissue culture plates for collecting and hold- ing eggs until they hatch and larvae can be identified. The wells are filled ca. two-thirds with aged tap water. The small diameter of individual wells in these plates (6.7mm) required us to develop a tool ("raft spoon") for rapid, accurate collection of individual rafts in the field that could be used by relatively inexperienced personnel to collect rafts directly from field ovisites into the wells (Fig. 1). When required, removal of rafts from the wells is equally easy. The raft spoon is made from brass rod, 4 mm (5/32") in diameter and 12 cm (4-3/4") in length. Brass rod is available from hobby shops; brazing rod of similar diameter should serve as well. Steps in making the spoon are shown in Fig. 2. The taper is 4 cm (1-9/16") long and is formed by filing from each side until the thin end is ca. 0.5 mm (1/32") thick. Both sides are then polished with emery paper. At this stage the thin end is bent to an approximate 9.5 mm (3/8") radius and two punch marks are made where holes will be bored. Holes are required so rafts center on the tip as they are lifted from the surface, instead of sliding off the side. Bending hardens the brass, so the tip must be annealed before holes can be drilled. This is done by heating it to a dull red, then allowing it to cool. The 1 mm (0.04") holes are made with a #60 drill bit, using the punch marks as starting guides, and the square end is rounded with a file. After the holes are drilled, upper and lower surfaces should be repolished to remove burrs. Wrapping the handles with bright-col- ored plastic tape helps avoid loss of spoons on the ground and, by increasing their diameter, makes them easier to hold. In some field studies of Culex spp. oviposition, we need to identify the species that have laid rafts on test ovisites each night, but without removing complete rafts from an ovisite. Removing a daily sample of rafts for species identification from those laid the previous night would greatly alter larval abundance and would not indicate the exact number of rafts deposited by each species. Removal of complete rafts could also alter species ratio of the remaining rafts and thus might affect attrac- tancy of the site to gravid females of one species or the other (e.g., Andreadis 1977, Hudson and McLintock 1967, Nakamura 1978). To avoid this problem we remove a sample of 15-25 eggs from each raft for hatching and identification and return the sampled raft to the ovisite. This practice allows us to maintain larval populations in test containers that are proportional, in larval numbers, to nightly oviposition. It has the added benefits of maintaining original species ratios and any attrac- tancy due to presence of eggs or immature stages. Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 105 Figure 1. Using the raft spoon to place a raft into a well of a 96-well tissue culture plate. 106 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figure 2. The three stages in making a raft spoon. Left to right: the taper has been filed; tip has been bent and punched; holes have been bored at punch marks and tip rounded. Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 107 Figure 3. Small spoon for taking samples from egg rafts. Figure 4. Using the small spoon to obtain a sample of eggs from an egg raft. 108 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS To obtain these raft samples, we made a second spoon similar to the one described above, but much smaller and without holes. It consists of a #3 steel insect pin with its tip hammered paper-thin and bent to a radius similar to the first tool. Before bending, the end is rounded with a file and both sides polished with fine emery paper. This tool is set into the end of a wooden handle from an artist's paint brush (Fig. 3). In practice, a raft is removed from the ovisite surface with the raft spoon, and a sample is removed by slicing off the pointed end of the raft with the edge of the smaller spoon. The smaller spoon is then rotated so it can be slipped under the sample (Fig. 4), and the sample is transferred to a well of a tissue culture plate. The remainder of the raft is placed back on the ovisite, within a floating plastic ring (a fish feeding ring from a pet store) so it will not be sampled again. Eggs hatch within the ring and larvae are free to disperse throughout the ovisite. Both tools are wiped clean after taking a sample to ensure that no loose eggs are car- ried to the next sample. Data about site and date are written on the cul- ture plate cover with a Sharpie® felt-tip marker (Sanford Permanent Marker Company). Sharpie® markings are easily removed with 95% ethanol when plates are cleaned. We examine each well after returning plates to the laboratory to be sure all samples are upright, which helps ensure hatching (Horner and Weber 1991). It is also necessary to rest one end of the cover on the upper surface of the plate itself, with the other end resting on the table so the two don't seal together from con- densation and smother developing embryos (Reiter 1986). For larval identification, the entire culture plate (minus lid) is placed on the stage of a binocular microscope and moved cell-by-cell under the lens. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank C. Tipping and S. Kleiner for assistance in raft collection and larval identi- fication. This research was supported in part by Hatch Funds. Published with the approval of the director of the Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station as Paper No. 1484. Contribution No. 653 of the Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology. University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. LITERATURE CITED Andreadis, T. G. 1977. An oviposition attractant of pupal origin in Culex salinarius. Mosq. News. 37: 53-56. Arredondo-Bernal, H. C. and F. Reyes-Villaneuva 1989. Diurnal pattern and behavior of oviposition of Toxorhvnc kites theobaldi in the field. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 5: 25-28. Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 109 Beament, J. and S. A. Corbet. 1981. Surface properties of Culex pipiens pipiens eggs and the behaviour of the female during egg-raft assembly. Physiol. Entomol. 6: 135-148. Briand, L. J. 1964. A permanent pond for studies of mosquitoes and other aquatic insects. Ecology 45: 365-367. Chadee, D. D. and G. J. Small. 1988. A simple spoon device for collecting eggs of Toxorhvnchites from small containers in the laboratory and field. J. Fla. Anti-Mosq. Assoc. 59: 5-6. Dodge, H. R. 1966. Studies of mosquito larvae II. The first-stage larvae of North American Culicidae and of world Anophelinae. Can. Entomol. 98: 337-393. Fay, R. W. and D. A. Eliason. 1966. A preferred oviposition site as a surveillance method for Aedes aegypti. Mosq. News 26: 531-535. Frank, J. H. and H. C. Lynn. 1982. Standardizing oviposition traps for Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus: Time and medium J. Fla. Anti-mosq. Assoc. 53: 22-27. Guptavanij, P. and A. R. Barr. 1985. Failure of culicine eggs to darken in the field. J. Med. Entomol. 22: 228-229. Hoick, A. R., C. L. Meek and J. C. Hoick. 1988. Attractant enhanced ovitraps for the sur- veillance of container breeding mosquitoes. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 4: 97-98. Homer, T. A. and R. G. Weber. 1991. Hatchability of Culex pipiens and Culex restuans eggs in normally and abnormally oriented rafts. Proc. N.J. Mosq. Control Assoc. 78: 77- 82. Hudson, A. and J. McLintock. 1967. A chemical factor that stimulates oviposition by Culex tarsalis Coquillet (Diptera, Culicidae). Anim. Behav. 15: 336-341. Ililis, W. G. and G. Zweig. 1962. Surfactant in apical drop of eggs of some culicine mos- quitoes. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 55: 409-415. Jakob, W. L. and G. A. Bevier. 1969. Application of ovitraps in the U. S. Aedes aegypti eradication program. Mosq. News 29: 55-62. Lowe, R. E., H. R. Ford, B. J. Smittle and D. E. Weidhass. 1973. Reproductive behavior of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus released into a natural population. Mosq. News 33: 221-227. Madder, D. J., R. S. MacDonald, G. A. Surgeoner and B. V. Helson. 1980. The use of oviposition activity to monitor populations of Culex pipiens and Culex restuans (Diptera: Culicidae). Can. Entomol. 112: 1013-1017. Maw, M. G. and G. K. Bracken. 1971. The use of artificial pools in assessing populations of the mosquito Culex restuans Theobald. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ontario 102: 78-83. Nakamura, H. 1978. Oviposition preference of Culex pipiens molestus and C. tritae- niorhvnchus summorosus onto the waters conditioned by the egg rafts or the larvae. Jap. J. Sanit. Zool. 29: 117-123. Reiter, P. 1986. A standardized procedure for the quantitative surveillance of certain Culex mosquitoes by egg raft collection. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 2: 219-221 . Smith, W. W. and I). W. Jones. 1972. Use of artificial pools for determining presence, abundance, and oviposition preferences of Culex nigripalpus Theobald in the field. Mosq. News 32: 244-245. Surgeoner, G. A. and B. V. Helson. 1978. An oviposition trap for arbovirus surveillance in Culex sp. mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Can. Entomol. 1 10: 1049-1052. Woke, P. A. 1937. Comparative effects of the blood of man and of canary on egg produc- tion of Culex pipiens Linn. J. Parasitol. 23: 311-313. Weber, R. M. and R. G. Weber. 1985. The egg raft seam as an indicator of species in Culex pipiens and Culex restuans. Mosq. Syst. 17: 363 110 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SOCIETY MEETING OF OCTOBER 27, 1993 THE MODE OF ACTION OF THE BIORATIONAL INSECTICIDES FROM BACILLUS THURING1ENSIS Dr. Fred Walters Ecogen, Inc., Langhorne, PA During this first talk of the 1993-1994 round of meetings, Dr. Fred Walters, of Ecogen, Inc., Langhorne, PA., focused on the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (BT), its mode of action and pesticidal properties. Dr. Walters, who received his graduate degrees in ento- mology from nearby Pennsylvania State University, researches the mode of action of BT for Ecogen, while other teams of researchers bioassay new strains of BT against major pests and develop more effective strains through genetic engineering. All these areas were summarized by Dr. Walters in an informative presentation. BT is a well-known biological (= biorational) pesticide, with its best qualities being its safety and ease of application, inexpensive cost of overall production due to facilitated registration, and effectiveness on key insect pests. Yet, for all its success, BT and other biorational pesticides still constitute only a minor part (less than 1/2 of 1%) of the entire $25 billion world-wide pesticide market. Of great importance for the future, though, BT is very amenable to improvement through genetic engineering and it is here that there is great potential to increase its share of the market. As Dr. Walters stressed, Ecogen is focusing its efforts on the genetic engineering of BT, particularly through designing more effective strains or combining strains for wider spectrum effects similar to chemical insec- ticides. Part of this strategy also relies on a better understanding of how BT actually works once it is ingested by a pest. The mode of action of BT is through an internal crystalline protein, which, when ingested by a susceptible insect, solubilizes in the gut, causes a swelling and rupturing of the midgut epithelial cells, and the host itself quickly stops feeding and dies of starvation and disrupted hemolymph conditions. The disruption of the midgut epithelium also allows passage of BT spores into the hemolymph which may contribute to toxicity by septicemis. Ecogen has isolated close to 10,000 strains of BT whose internal protein crystals exhibit specificity toward certain orders of insects and over a range of gut physiological conditions. The internal crystal proteins are encoded on multiple plasmids in the bacterium, not on the chromosomes, and this allows for the excision of plasmids that code for weak pro- teins, and the introduction of new plasmids that code for more effective proteins or those from strains affecting other insects. Through this, BT strains are developed which are much more effective against a certain pest, or which may possess a diverse combination of crys- tals affecting a multitude of pests. In this vein, Ecogen has several biological pesticides already on the market and has received an EPA generic approval for small scale field tests of the products it is developing. The meeting also included several notes of entomological interest. Dr. Harold White, University of Delaware, noted that the reportedly rare gomphid dragonfly, Gomphus (= Stylitrus) plagiatus, was found to be the most common dragonfly present on September 5 as he canoed the tidal part of Christina Creek in Delaware. The only previous record of this species for Delaware was a single specimen from Newcastle Co. in October. Dr. Paul Schaeffer, USDA, reported that the introduced beneficial coccinellid Harmonia axyridis has the annoying habit of aggregating in homes during the winter. He has had reports from places as widespread as Oregon, Louisiana and Georgia, including the complaint that the beetle's fecal material was staining one house. About 20 members and their guests attended the meeting. Jon K. Gelhaus, Corresponding Secretary Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 1 1 1 KARYOTYPIC DATA ON THIRTEEN SPECIES OF NEARCTIC CARABID BEETLES (COLEOPTERA)1 J. Galian, A.S. Ortiz, J. Serrano^ ABSTRACT: Mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of thirteen Nearctic species of cara- bid beetles have been studied. The male haploid chromosome number varies between n=ll+X and n=21+X. The results obtained allow the following conclusions: (1) The 2n=37 karyotype has been found in eight species, one of them belongs to the Limbata Stylifera group, thus corroborating its widespread occurrence among the main lineages of the fam- ily. (2) Data on Amara (Celia) moerens, 2n=37, fit the hypothesis about the ancestrality of this number for the genus Amara. (3) The trend towards low-numbered karyotypes observed in the tribe Lebiini has much progressed in Cymindis chevrolati, 2n=24. The chromosome number is already known for more than 750 spe- cies of the family Carabidae. Most cytogenetic studies on the Nearctic fauna have been concerned with the genus Bernbidion (160 species: Maddison, 1985; Smith, 1953). The chromosome number of other groups of Carabidae from this region were described in 50 species and compiled in Smith and Virkki (1978) and Serrano and Yadav (1984). New results on Nearctic species have been added by Galian et al. (1990a, 1992). The aim of this work is to increase the basic knowledge of the cytotaxonomy of North American carabids, by adding the results obtained in 13 Canadian and Mexican species, and discussing briefly their cytotaxo- nomic significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS The species analyzed were collected in the localities listed in Table 1. Results were obtained from one to four male adults per species. Identi- fications were made by G.E. Ball and D. Shpeley (Edmonton, Canada) and P. Moret (Paris, France). The beetles are deposited in the Departa- mento de Biologia Animal, Universidad de Murcia (Spain). Specimens of the three unnamed species of Platynus are also deposited in the U.S.N.M., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Karyological analyses were carried out on testes using a routine orcein-squashing method described elsewhere (Galian et al., 1990). Chromosomes were tentatively arranged in pairs by size and shape (karyogram) in order to show gross features such as symmetry of the karyotype, occurrence of heteromorphic chromosomes, etc. 1 Received June, 1993. Accepted October 3, 1993 2 Departamento de Biologi'a Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Apdo. 4021, Murcia 30071, Spain ENT. NEWS 105(2): 111-118. March & April, 1994 112 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS RESULTS Results are summarized in Table 1. Genus Omophron. Spermatogonial metaphases of Omophron ovale have 2n=36 chromosomes gradually decreasing in size, making a sym- metric karyogram (Fig. 1). The X chromosome might be a submetacen- tric element of intermediate size and the Y is the smallest element of the karyogram. This identification is in agreement with meiotic observations in which there are 18 bivalents one of which is heteromorphic (Fig. 5). Genus Diplous. The diploid number of Diplous californicus is 2n=37. There is a large submetacentric pair (Fig. 2). The second pair is sub- metacentric and it is of the same size as an odd metacentric element, probably the X chromosome. The other pairs are mediocentric and grad- ually decreasing in size. Metaphase I cells have 18+X elements. Metaphase II cells are of two types, with 18 and 18+X. Genus Pterostichus. The haploid number of the two species of Pterostichus is n=18+X. Spermatogonial mitosis of P. melanarius shows 2n=37 chromosomes making a symmetric karyogram (Fig. 3). The X chromosome may be a submetacentric element of intermediate size. In P. herculaneiis only meiotic observations were available. Metaphase I cells of both species (Figs. 6 and 7) show 18 autosomal bivalents with ter- minal chiasmata and the X univalent usually situated peripherally. Meta- phase II cells are of two types with n=18 and n=18+X. Genus Agonum. The diploid number of spermatogoniae of Agonum corvus is 2n=39. The karyogram is made up of meta- and submetacentric chromosomes gradually decreasing in size (Fig. 4). The X chromosome is identified as a mediocentric element about the size of the largest pair. Genus Platynus. The diploid number of Platynus nugax is 2n=37. The karyogram is made up of 18 autosomal pairs and one element about the size of the largest pair that may be the X chromosome. The haploid number of Platynus chloreus is n=18+X. Metaphase I plates (Fig. 8) show 18 autosomal bivalents and a univalent usually laying at the periph- ery. Metaphase II cells are of two types with n=18 and n=18+X. The hap- loid number of Platynus sp. 1 and Platynus sp. 3 is n=18+X. Metaphase I cells of Platynus sp. 1 (Fig. 9) show 18 autosomal bivalents and a univa- lent usually situated at the periphery. Metaphase II cells are of two types with n=18 and n=18+X (Fig. 10). Meiotic observations indicate that the haploid number of Platynus sp. 2 is n=21+X (Fig. 11). The X univalent is situated peripherally and may be the largest element of the karyotype according to the observations of metaphase II plates. In this stage there are cells with n=21 (Fig. 12) and cells with n=22 (Fig. 13) which have the large X chromosome. The haploid number of Platynus variabilis is n=21+X. At diakinesis (Fig. 14) the two largest pairs form two chias- mata, pairs three and four form one interstitial chiasma and the other Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 113 bivalents have only one terminal chiasma. The X chromosome is identi- fied as one element of small size which condenses precociously in the earlier stages and in metaphase I is situated peripherally. Genus Amara. Amara moerens has a haploid number of n= 18+X. At metaphase I (Fig. 15) 18 bivalents were observed with terminal chi- asmata and one univalent. Two types of cells either with n=18 or n=18+X are observed at metaphase II. Genus Cymindis. Meiotic cells of Cymindis chevrolati have n= 11+XY. At diakinesis (Fig. 16) the three largest bivalents form rings. There is an heteromorphic bivalent that is identified as the XY pair, clearly observed in all the cells studied. Metaphase II plates are of two types with n=ll+X (Fig. 17) and with n=ll+Y (Fig. 18). DISCUSSION The haploid chromosome number of the species investigated varies between n=21+X and n=ll+XY and the commonest number (8 species) is n=18+X. Males of 11 species have XO sex chromosomes and 2 species >c )t me >tt< n »t M t» tl I* »» »• H >i* Ct It )C II •» >« l» •! < Mil II II II II lilt II II II II ft II tl tl M «. Itiiif mi MM M i« t« •« •» •« •• •• f Figs. 1-4. Tentative karyograms of: (1) Omophron ovule, 2n 36; (2) Diplous californicus, 2n = 37. (3) Pterostichus melanarius, 2n = 37. (4) Agonum corvus, 2n - 39. Sex chromosomes (XY or XO) are figured to the right. The bar equals 5 pm. 114 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS f Ct '. ' 8 '9 10 *_ Lv 11 12 13 Figs. 5-8. Metaphase I or diakinesis of: (5) Omophron ovale, n = 17 + XY. (6) Pterostichns melanariits, n = 18 + X. (7) Pterostichus herculaneus, n = 18 + X. (8) Platynus chloreus, n = 18 + X. Figs. 9, 10. Platynus sp 1 (9) metaphase I, n = 18 + X (10) metaphase II, n = 18 + X, n = 18. Figs 11-13. Platynus sp 2 (11) metaphase 1, n = 21 + X (12) metaphase II, n = 21, (13) metaphase II, n = 21 + X. Arrows show tentative identification of sex chromosomes. The bar equals 5 pm, except for Fig. 7 which is 7 (jm. Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 115 have XY sex chromosomes. The course of meiosis is chiasmatic and the recombination index is low because one chiasma per bivalent is the rule. The exception is represented by Platynus variabilis in which the four largest pairs form rings at diakinesis and the others have interstitial chiasmata. The karyotype with 2n=37 was previously known of Limbata Con- chifera and Scrobifera of Jeannel (1941), and has been found now in Diplous californicus (Tribe Patrobini), a species included in the Limbata Stylifera. Numbers close to 37 have also been found in the Limbata Balteifera (Galian et al., 1990b) and in the Limbata Simplicia. To this last group belongs the Nearctic species Omophron ovale, which has 2n=36 like O. limbatiim from Europe (Nettmann, 1986). As more data become available a widespread occurrence of a 2n=37 karyotype, or its close derivatives, is corroborated in the main phyletic lineages of Carabidae suggested by Jeannel (1941). The corroboration applies also for Erwin's (1985) system of carabid classification and it supports the hypothesis that ** 16 17 Figs. 14-16. Metaphase I of: (14) Platynus variabilis, n = 21 + X. (15) Amara moerens. n = 18 + X. (16) Cvmindis chevrolati, metaphase I, n = 1 1 + XY. Figs. 17, 18. Metaphase II of C. chevrolati, (17) n = 1 1 + X. (18) n = 1 1 + Y. Arrows show sex chromosomes. The bar equals 5 pm. 116 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS this number is an autapomorphy for the whole family or appeared early during the first stages of radiation of carabids. Particular aspects of the tribes The chromosomal number n=18+X of Pterostichus melanarius agrees with that reported for Nearctic individuals by Smith (1960) and for Palearctic ones by Wilken (1973), Kowalczyk (1976) and Nettmann (1986); P. herculaneus has also this number. Both species follow the same common pattern found in the tribe Pterostichini, in which n=18+X may be considered the ancestral number of the tribe (Serrano, 1986; Galian, 1989). The karyotypes of the seven Nearctic species of the tribe Platynini reflect the pattern already known for the tribe based on Palearctic species (Serrano, 1986). The predominant number for the tribe is 2n=37, although there are some species with deviant numbers but keeping in most cases the XO sex system. Incidentally, the species named Platynus sp. 1 and sp. 2 were initially separated by the karyotypic results and thereafter by a careful morphological study. This is another case of kary- otypic divergence between morphologically related species that is some- times found among carabid beetles. The finding of a 2n=37 karyotype in Amara moerens corroborates its occurrence in species of European and North American groups of the subgenus Celia. This same number is found in the subgenera Amara and Camptocelia, and thus it seems to be a shared state for many subgenera. Table I. Male chromosome number of thirteen species of Carabidae. Species 2n n Localities (*) Omophron ovale Horn 36 17+XY 1 Diplous californicus Motschulsky 37 18+X 1 Pterostichus melanarius Illiger 37 18+X 1 Pterostichus herculaneus Mannerheim — 18+X 2 Agonum corvus Leconte 39 — 3 Platynus nugax Bates 37 — 4 Platynus chloreus Bates — 18+X 5 Platynus variabilis Chaudoir — 21+X 6 Platynus sp. 1 — 18+X 7 Platynus sp. 2 — 21+X 7 Platynus sp. 3 — 18+X 8 Amara moerens Zimmermann — 18+X 4 Cymindis chevrolati Dejean — 11+XY 4 * (1) Nicola River, British Columbia (Canada); (2) UBC Forest, British Columbia (Canada); (3) Thompson River, British Columbia (Canada); (4) La Marquesa, Mexico (Mexico); (5) Piramide de Malinalco. Mexico (Mexico); (6) Bosque de Chapultepec, Mexico D.F. (Mexico); (7) Puerto Lobos, Veracruz. (Mexico); (8) Tenango de Doria, Hidalgo (Mexico). Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 1 1 7 Serrano (1986) and Galian et al. (1991a) have already postulated that this number is ancestral for the genus Amara. The data of Smith (1953) for A. impuncticollis, 2n=17+XY, indicate that the trend towards de- creasing numbers observed in other Amara groups is also present in the Nearctic Celia. The number of Cymindis chevrolati, n=ll+XY, is lower than those reported for six Palearctic species of the same genus (from n=21+X to n=16+XY; Serrano, 1981; Galian et al., 1991b). This observation in C. chevrolati agrees with the predictions of the hypothesis of Galian et al. (1991b) of a trend towards numbers lower than 2n=37 in the subfamily Lebiinae. This trend is also present in the Australian species of the sub- family Lebiinae (Galian and Moore, in press). According to the hypoth- esis, C. chevrolati is the karyotypically most advanced species of the genus. The study of more Nearctic species is needed before making more accurate comparisons with Palearctic taxa. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to thank George E. Ball and Danny Shpeley (Edmonton), and Pierre Moret (Paris) for their help in determinating the beetles and Pedro Reyes-Castillo (Jalapa) for his help in collecting the Mexican specimens. We are also grateful to D. Mossakowski (Bremen, Germany), E. Petitpierre and C. Juan (Palma de Mallorca, Spain) for their crit- ical review of the manuscript. This work was supported by project number PB90-0357-C02- 02 of the DGICYT of the Spanish Government. LITERATURE CITED Erwin, T. L. 1985. The taxon pulse: a general pattern of lineage radiation and extinction among carabid beetles, pp. 435-472. In: G.E. Ball (Ed.), Taxonomy, phylogeny and zoo- geography of beetles and ants. Junk, Dordrecht. Galian, J. 1989. Citotaxonomfa y filogenia de la familia Carabidae (Coleoptera). Ph.D. Thesis. Universidad de Murcia. Galian, J., A.S. Ortiz, and J. Serrano. 1990a. Karyotypes of nine species of Cicindelini and cytotaxonomic notes on Cicindelinae (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Genetica 82: 17-24. Galian, J., A.S. Ortiz, and J. Serrano. 1990b. Cytogenetics and cytotaxonomy of seven Iberian species of Brachinus Weber (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Cytobios 63: 185-192. Galian, J., A.S. Ortiz, and J. Serrano. 1991 a. Amara and Zabrus, two different patterns of karyotypic evolution (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Caryologia 44: 75-84. Galian, J., A.S. Ortiz, and J. Serrano. 1991b. A cytotaxonomic survey of Iberian Lebiinae (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Zool. Anz. 226: 88-96. Galian, J., A.S. Ortiz, and J. Serrano. 1992. A chromosome study of twelve species of old and middle-aged lineages of Carabidae (Coleoptera). Elytron 6: 143-150 Galian, J., and B.P Moore. In press. Chromosome number and sex-determining mecha- nism in Australian Carabidae (Coleoptera). Col. Bull. Jeanne), R. 1941. Faune de France. 39. Coleopteres Carabiques 1. Lechevalier, Paris. 571 pp. 118 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Kowalczyk, M. 1976. Chromosomes of Pterostichus cupreus L. and Pterostichits vulgaris L. (= Pterostichus melanarius 111. sensu Lindroth, 1957) (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Folia Biol. (Krakow) 24: 231 -234. Maddison, D.R., 1985. Chromosomal diversity and evolution in the ground beetle genus Bembidion and related taxa (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechitae). Genetica, 66: 93-114. Nettmann, H.K. 1986. Karyotyp und Stammesgeschichte der Carabiden. Ph. D. Thesis., Universitat zu Bremen. Serrano, J. 1981. Chromosome numbers and karyotypic evolution of Caraboidea. Genetica 55: 51-60. Serrano, J. 1986. A karyotypical approach to carabid evolution (Coleoptera). pp. 221- 234. In: P.J. Den Boer, ML. Luff; D. Mossakowski, and F. Weber (eds.). Carabid beetles. Their adaptations and dynamics. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart. Serrano, J. and J.S. Yadav. 1984. Chromosome numbers and sex-determining mechanisms in Adephagan Coleoptera. Col. Bull. 38: 335-357. Smith, S.G. 1953. Chromosome numbers of Coleoptera. Heredity 7: 31-48. Smith, S.G. 1960. Chromosome numbers of Coleoptera. II. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 2: 66-88. Smith, S.G. and N. Virkki. 1978. Animal cytogenetics. 3. Insecta 5. Coleoptera. B. John (Ed.). Gebriider Borntraeger, Berlin. Wilken, U. 1973. Karyotyp-Analysen bei Carabiden. Staatsexamenarbeit. Universitat zu Miinster. SOCIETY MEETING OF NOVEMBER 17, 1993 RAISING SATURNIID MOTHS FOR LABORATORY RESEARCH Dr. William Telfer Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania For the past 35 years, a back yard orchard of wild cherry. Primus serotina, normally considered a weed tree, has served as food for hundreds, even thousands of saturniid cater- pillars destined for the research laboratory. Housed under netting covering individual trees, cecropia moths and other desired species, including luna moths, have been reared annually to provide specimens used for investigating the intricacies of hormonal control and biochemistry of such physiological processes as molting, pupation, and reproduction. Although these rearing efforts are reminiscent of another time and place where the objec- tive was silk production (i.e. Etienne Leopold Trouvelot in Medford, MA, the site of the release of the gypsy moth in North America [see story in American Naturalist, 1:30-38, 85- 94, 145-149 and Bull. ESA 35(2): 20-22]), only native moths have been encouraged in these rearings in suburban Philadelphia. Not unlike other outdoor rearing efforts, problems of disease were often encountered in the net cages. Dr. Telfer noted that the cecropia is par- ticularly susceptible to this fate. Nevertheless, over the years, these efforts have led to an annual supply of specimens which were brought into the laboratory and placed in refrig- erators until their use in experiments designed to investigate the intricate biochemical processes which occur during pupation, molting, diapause, and reproduction of these mag- nificent native silk moths. Once in the laboratory, these moths, usually used as pupae, were subjected to intricate surgical procedures designed to test hypotheses to reveal the complex inner biochemical and physiological workings of transformation processes, hormonal control, and reproduc- tion. Most impressive were illustrated microdissection procedures of bisecting pupae and Continued on page 124 Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 119 GRASSHOPPERS (ACRIDOIDEA) ASSOCIATED WITH XI QIAO MOUNTAIN IN CENTRAL GUANGDONG PROVINCE OF SOUTHEASTERN CHINA1 Enunett R. Easton2, Ge-Qiu Liang3 ABSTRACT: Notes are provided for 31 species of acridoid grasshoppers of the Pyrgo- morphidae, Catantopidae, Oedipodidae Arcypteridae and Acrididae from a mountain area near Nanhai city in the central Guangdong Province of mainland China. Xi Qiao Hill or mountain is a forested resort area (2-3,000 feet ele- vation) near Nanhai City approximately 60 miles southeast of the city of Guangzhou in the central Guangdong Province of southeastern main- land China. The climate is wet tropical or sub-tropical, frosts are rare and rainfall averages around 2,000 mm annually. Average temperatures in July range from 28-30C and 13-16C in January. Overstory vegetation in the upper region of the mountain consists largely of secondary growth southern pine, Pinus mansoniana. Evidence is lacking for the subtropi- cal broadleaf evergreens reported in nature reserves such as Dinghu Mountain near Zhaoqing City. Cunninghamia sp. of conifer was found at lower elevations along with Eucalyptus sp. and sweetgum, Liquid- ambar formosana. Bamboo was common along roadsides. Of the 31 species of Acridoidea reported herein, 16 species were collected by sweep net from grassy vegetation near roadsides between July 6-12, 1993. Three species of Ceracris inhabited bamboo groves. The others consist largely of museum records collected previously by the second author and deposited in the Zhongshan University Research Institute entomology collection (Guangzhou). LIST OF SPECIES ACRIDOIDEA Pyrgomorphidae Atractomorpha sinensis Bolivar, 11-17 June 1987, 6-12 July collected in beans from garden near the Nanhai Middle School. Wei Kai (1992) reports it feeding on willow and bamboo. It is widely distributed in China (Bei Bienko & Michchenko, 1963) and has also been reported 1 Received September 2, 1993. Accepted October 3, 1993. 2 Director of Extension Studies, University of Macau, P.O. Box 3001. Macau. • Research Institute of Entomology. Zhongshan University, Guangzhou China. ENT. NEWS 105(2): 1 19-124, March & April, 1994 120 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS from the colony of Hong Kong (C. Lau, unpubl. data). Atractomorpha psittacina (deHaan) 17 May 1981. Catantopidae Tristria pisciformei (Serville) 17 May 1981, collected in grass. Found in tall grasses on hillsides or slopes of mountains. Adults develop by October and are believed to overwinter until June of the following year. This species is known from Victoria Peak on Hong Kong island at 1400 feet elevation and the species occurs on Hainan island as well as Kwangsi Province of China. Spathosternum sinensis Uvarov, 29 July 1981. Tinkham (1940) found this species in short grass plains in damp areas with nymphs emerging in May and maturing in July. It is believed to occur throughout Guangdong Province as well as Kwangsi and Hainan Island. Hieroglyphus tonkinensis Bolivar, 19 Sept 1984, 6-12 July 1993. Tink- ham (1940) reported it as a pest of rice, sugar cane and bamboo. Egg pods, according to him, are bowl-shaped with their ends circularly- rounded and the top sunken or concave. Gesonula punctifrons (Stal.) 16 May 1981, 7 July 1993 has been called the Taro locust. We collected this species in a lowland field near a stream on Colocassia esculenta leaves. It is believed to inhabit dense shrubs on the edges of streams, and the adults have been observed from November through March in the Guangdong region. Hill (1982) illustrated this species in Hong Kong as a species of Ceracris. It is also recorded from the Hunan province of China (Wei Kai, 1992) as well as from Taiwan and the Ryuku islands of Japan. Oxya chinensis (Thunberg) 10 June 1964, 5 July 1993. Hill (1982) in Hong Kong referred to this species as the small rice grasshopper as it is a pest of rice in many areas, including Hawaii, USA. Oxya hyla intricata (Stal) 17 October 1981, 6 July 1993. Tinkham (1940) reported eggs of O. intricata hatching in late April through early May and adults developed by July. He reported egg pods as irregularly shaped and cemented to stones with a brown secretion. It is distributed from Japan and Taiwan through central China to India as well as Indo- nesia. Hollis (1971) reported it from Hong Kong. Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 121 Pseudoxya diminuta (Walker) 3-6 May, 1983, 5 July 1993 on beans and grasses near middle school. This species is sold for bird food in Hong Kong in Mongkok. Chondracis rosea rosea (DeGeer) 26 Oct. 1992, 5 July 1993. Only imma- tures were observed during July at this site. Easton (1991) reported an adult feeding on elephant grass in Macau during August and Tinkham (1940) claimed that young nymphs emerge in early May with adults maturing after the first week in July. The female has one more instar than the male and eggs are believed to be laid in September or early October while adults are not able to overwinter. Hill and Cheung (1978) record it from Hong Kong. Patanga succincta (Johannsen) 21 April 1982. This species is known as the Bombay locust in Hong Kong (Hill, 1982). Apparently it is wide- spread in southeast Asia including India and commonly sold as food for caged birds in the Mongkok bird market in Hong Kong colony. Chloroedocus capensis (Thunberg) 24 Sept 1982, 6 July 1993. It has often been reported from dense grass and brush on hillsides. According to Tinkham (1940), nymphs occur in May with adults developing in July and eggs are laid in September in the Guangdong and Hainan provinces. Willemse (1957) also records it from India and Sri Lanka. Stenocatantops splendens (Thunberg) 6 April 1981, 7 May 1983. Ap- parently widespread in southern China and India it is a common species sold in the Mongkok bird market of Hong Kong. Xenocatantops brachycerus (Willemse) 28 May 1986, 6 July 1993. Eucoptacra praemorsa (Stal) 5 July 1993 along roadside near the mid- dle school. The type locality is listed as Hong Kong (Willemse, 1957). It is also reported from Taiwan and Burma. Oedipodidae Aiolopus famulus (Fabricius) 14 June 1984. This species has recently been found to be widespread in Macau including the islands of Taipa and Coloane (unpubl. data). It has been recorded in Taiwan and Japan as well as the Guangdong region of China. 122 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Heteropternis respondent (Walker) 20 Oct 1990. Occurs also in the Hong Kong colony (C. Lau, unpubl. data). Heteropternis rufipes (Shiraki) 6 April 1981, 20 August 1987. It has been recently collected during September (1993) on the islands of Taipa and Coloane in Macau (unpubl. data). Oedaleus abruptus (Thunberg) 4 April 1981. Gastrimargus marmoratus (Thunberg) 6 April 1981, 5 July 1993. Found near secondary road on sparsely vegetated hillside. It is widespread in China (Ritchie 1982) and believed to occur as far north as Beijing; also found in Japan and South Korea and in Hong Kong it is sold as bird food (Hill and Cheung, 1978). Pternoscirta sauteri (Karny) 6 June 1984. Pternoscirta callignosa (deHaan) 27 May 1986. It is reported as feeding on Agave sp. in the colony of Hong Kong. Trilophidea annulata (Thunberg) 11 Sept 1958, 5 July 1993. This was a common species found along roadsides on the ground in arid well drained areas. It also occurs in the Hong Kong colony (C. Lau, unpubl. data.) where it is sold as food in the Mongkok bird market. Arcypteridae Ceracris nigricornis laeta (I. Bol.) 8 April 1981, 6 July 1993. Hill (1982) in Hong Kong refers to this species as the Blackhorned grasshopper. It is found on bamboo and roadside grasses. Ceracris kiangsu Tsai, 21 June 1981, 5-8 July 1993. Collected in bamboo thickets along road sides on a hill, it is a major pest of bamboo in the Guangdong province. One of us (LGQ) determined when investigating an outbreak during the spring of 1993 that eggs collected from the soil on March 26th hatched by the middle of April and adults had developed by June. Egg-laying occurs starting in July and lasts through November. Effective control of this pest involves treatment of the soil with pesti- cides during the period of nymphal emergence (Liang, 1992). Ceracris fasciata (Brunner-Wattenwyl) 8 Oct 1958, 6 July 1993. It was collected from tall grasses. This species is reported as feeding on bam- Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 123 boo grass, Miscanthis sp. It has also been reported from Hainan island as well as Burma in southeast Asia. Ceracris hoffmani Uvarov. 11 August, 16 Oct 1981, 7 July 1993, col- lected from tall grasses at foot of mountain near middle school. Bidentacris quangdongensis Zheng, a synonym of Dnopherula taeniatus (Bolivar, 1902). This species has recently been collected from Coloane island in Macau during September (1993) (unpubl. data) from short grasses on a hillside. Acrididae Acrida cinerea Thunberg. 29 May, 17 July 1981, 5-6 July 1993. Common in grassy fields, this species was abundant near the breast of a dam near the top of the mountain. Gelastorhinus chinensis Willemse. 26 July 1932, 7 July 1993. Collected in tall rank grasses on a lower mountain slope near the middle school. Phlaeoba infumata Brunner-Wattenwyl. 7 July 1993. This species was found in tall rank grasses on the lower slopes near the middle school. Reported in the literature from rice fields and longer grasses along streams. Bei-Bienko and Michchenko (1963) record it from India and Burma as well as the Guangdong and Hainan provinces of China. It also occurs in Hong Kong (C. Lau, unpubl. data). Phlaeoba antennata Brunner-Wattenwyl. 8 July 1986. This species is known to feed upon slender bamboo grass, Miscanthus sp. Willemse (1951) has reported it occurring in Singapore, Burma, Borneo and Su- matra in addition to Hong Kong and the Kwangsi and Hainan provinces of China. LITERATURE CITED Bei-Bienko, G.Y. and L.L. Michchenko. 1963. Locusts and grasshoppers of USSR and adjacent countries. Part I. Keys to the fauna of USSR and adjacent countries. Israel Program for Science Translation. Office of Technical Services. 291 p. Easton, E.R. 1991. Annotated list of insects of Macau observed during 1989. Entomol. News. 102(2): March & April 105-1 11. I Mil, l).s ;md W.W.K. Cheung. 1978. Hong Kong Insects. Urban Council Hong Kong. 128p. 124 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Hill, D.S. 1982. Hong Kong Insects. Vol II. Urban Council, Hong Kong. 191p. llollis, D. 1971. A preliminary revision of the genus Oxya Audinet-Serville (Orthoptera: Acridoidea). Bull. British Museum (Natural History) Entomol. 26(7) 343p. Liang, Ge-Qiu. 1992. Some problems of controlling grasshoppers of bamboo in Guangning county of Guangdong Province, China, (in Chinese, in manuscript). Ritchie, . I. M. 1982. A taxonomic revision of the genus Gastrimargus Saussure (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Bull. British Museum Entomol. Series 44(4) 329p. Tinkham, E.R. 1940. Taxonomic and biologic studies on the Cyrtacanthacrinae of South China. Lingnan Science Jour. 19(3) 271-363. Wei Kai, 1992. Acridoidea section pp55-86 in Iconography of Forest insects in Hunan Province, China. Edited by Pang Jianwen. Provincial Forestry Dept of Hunan and Forestry Institute. 1473p. (in Chinese). Willemse, C. 1951. Synopsis of the Acridoidea of the Indo-Malayan and adjacent regions. Part I. Family Acrididae. Publicaties van het Natuurhistorisch Genootschap in Lim- burg. pp 41-114. Willemse, C. 1957. Synopsis of the Acridoidea of the Indo-Malayan and adjacent regions. Part II. Family Acrididae. subfamily Catantopinae. Publicaties van het Natuurhis- torisch Genootschap in Limburg. pp 227-500. Yin, Xiang-chu and Liu, Zhi-wei. 1987. A new subfamily of catantopidae with a new genus and new species from China (Orthoptera: Acridoidea). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 12(1) 66-72 (in Chinese) Zheng, /lu-mm. 1986. A study of the genus Bidentacris Zheng of China (Orthoptera: Arcypteridae). Journal of Shaanxi Teachers University. 2(2) 54-65 (in Chinese). Continued from page 1 18 then aseptically sealing the severed end to a microscope coverslip to permit both contin- ued development and visual observation of changes in tissues during pupal transformation. Dr. Telfer's work has contributed to enhanced understanding of the unseen internal biochemical processes that most of us only view as a marvelous eclosion of a magnificent silk moth. There were several entomological notes of interest, including a first hand account of the urticating properties of a slug caterpillar (Sue Frank), the recent southern movement of pierid butterflies (Joe Sheldon) and Dr. Curtis Sabrosky called our attention to a pub- lished account of an African treatment for cobra and viper bites, as well as bee and scor- pion stings -the use of electrical shock, as with a cattle prod! Howard Boyd called our attention to an article in Natural History (Dec. 1992) showing a 17th Century artist's ren- dition of various South American caterpillars. On display during the meeting was a collec- tion of insects in amber (Yale Goldman) and another of the Society's historical memora- bilia provided by Mildred Morgan. On view were several old block plates used for the Society's logo, letterhead, and, most impressive, an original block plate used to print old certificates of membership. Surrounding the edges of the latter is intricate scroll work in which are embedded the names of some of the famous early members at the time of incor- poration (1862, when no other entomological society was in existence): Say, Melsheimer, Haldeman, Leconte, Horn, Scudder, Harris, Fitch, Norton, Uhler, and Cresson. The meeting at the Academy of Natural Sciences was attended by 23 members and eight guests. Paul W. 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Chiappini 137 The nesting biology & behavior of the California yellowjacket, Vespula sulphured (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) R.D. Akre, E.A. Myhre 141 A preliminary study of the Nitidulidae (Coleoptera) in Shawnee State Forest, Ohio G. Keeney, M.S. Ellis, D. Richmond, R.N. Williams 149 First records of Enicocephalidae (Hemiptera: Heterop- tera) from Wisconsin SJ. Kraut h, O.K. Young 159 Taxonomic status of three species of Fallceon (Ephem- eroptera: Baetidae) W.P. McCafferty, C.R. Lugo-Ortiz 161 New records, distribution & taxonomic status of some northern Arizona caddisflies (Trichoptera) S.R. Moulton II, K.W. Stewart, K.L. Young 164 A new subfamily for the fossil conopid fly, (Palaeo- myopa tertiaria (Diptera: Conopidae) Sidney Camras 175 A cage to isolate individual ovipositing Culex spp. females (Diptera: Culicidae) in the field R.G. Weber, T.A. Homer 178 Amphisbaenians (Reptilia: Amphisbaenidae) in nests of Atta sexdens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in eastern Amazonia, Brazil C. 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Boyd 232 Oak Shade Road, Tabernacle Twp., Vincentown, New Jersey 08088, U.SA. SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT VINCENTOWN, NEW JERSEY, 08088, U.S.A. Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 125 A NEW SPECIES OF HELIUS CRANE FLY (DIPTERA: TIPULIDAE) WITH REDUCED ANTENNAE, FROM ARIPO CAVES, TRINIDAD* Nathan Welch,2 Jon K. Celhaus3 ABSTRACT: A new species of crane fly, Helius (Helius) darlingtonae, is described from Aripo Caves, Trinidad. Both sexes possess a single segmented antennal flagellum, a fea- ture unique within the Tipulidae, and of rare occurrence within the Diptera in general. Helius darlingtonae n. sp. is apparently an obligate cave dweller, the first noted in this habi- tat for this genus in the New World and the first species in the genus recorded from Trinidad. Based on characteristics of the male genitalia, //. darlingtonae n. sp. appears most similar to H. distinervis Alexander from Panama. The crane fly genus Helius consists of approximately 215 described species worldwide, most of these found in tropical regions. In the neo- tropics alone, 45 species and subspecies have been recorded (Alexander and Alexander 1970, Alexander 1971a, b, 1980). The genus is currently placed in the tribe Limoniini, and is recognized in the adult stage by the distinct and moderately elongate rostrum (about as long as head or longer) and lack of an R2 crossvein (Alexander and Byers 1981). A recent cladistic analysis, based on characters of the immature stages, places Helius not in the Limoniini but as a sister taxon to a clade con- taining the Limoniini, subfamilies Cylindrotominae and Tipulinae and several other genera combined (Oosterbroek and Theowald 1991). Several north temperate species have been reared from aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats, mainly in or around marshy areas (Alexander 1920, Brindle 1967, Byers 1984). In addition, Helius albitarsis (Osten Sacken) emerged in a trap set over a small Puerto Rican stream (Liv- ingston and Gelhaus, 1993) and larvae tentatively identified as Helius were collected from the water in bamboo internodes in Peru (Louton ct a/., in press). Although virtually nothing is known of the adult habitat of the vast majority of species (some exceptions for nearctic species include Rogers 1942, and Zalom 1979), three species in Southeast Asia have been reported from caves, one collected at some distance from the cave entrance (Alexander 1961). We describe in this paper a new species col- lected from Aripo Caves, Trinidad, which shows a remarkable reduction 1 Received September 9, 1993. Accepted October 3, 1993. 2 7213 Boyer Street, Philadelphia, PA 191 19. -Department of Entomology, Academy of Natural Sciences. 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103-1 195. Send reprint requests to second author. ENT. NEWS 105(3): 125-132, Mav & June. 1994 126 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS in the antennal flagellum. The adult habitat and entire crane fly fauna from this site is discussed in detail by Darlington and Gelhaus (1993). This is the first species of Helius recorded on the island of Trinidad, and the first known cave inhabitant for the genus in the New World. Terminology follows that of McAlpine (1981) and Young (1987). Helius (Helius) darlingtonae, NEW SPECIES DIAGNOSIS: Antennal flagellum consisting of a single short segment with 3-4 elongate setae and a single subapical one (Fig. 2); male genitalia with apex of outer dististyle bifid, largest spine with numerous tubercles (Fig. 5), lateral process of vesica broadly flattened, strongly bent beyond base, with rounded apex (Fig. 4). DESCRIPTION: (Figs. 1-9) (Measurements based on N=12 males, 6 critical point dried (CPD), 6 in ethanol; 1 female in ethanol) Body length: 3.7-4.3 mm (CPD specimens); 4.3-5.3 mm (in ethanol). Overall body col- oration light yellowish brown in ethanol, slightly darker in CPD specimens, weakly sclero- tized throughout. Head: (Fig. 2). Without darker markings; eyes large but not holoptic, clearly separated dor- sally and ventrally. Length of rostrum subequal to length of head, orientation perpendicu- lar to longitudinal axis of body. Maxillary palps four-segmented, terminal segment moder- ately long, equal to or slightly exceeding the lengths of segments 1-3 combined. Antenna strikingly short, 0.2mm long, with three segments. Length of single flagellar segment 2/3 length of scape and pedicel combined, strongly narrowed in apical half with 4-5 elongate setae (3-4 terminal, one near mid-length), length of each exceeding overall length of segments. Thorax: Overall light brown without darker markings. Dorsum slightly polished, distinct dark brown setae on dorsum of cervical region, and arranged in a pair of lines longitudi- nally on presutural scutum only. Wing (Fig. 1 ) overall light brown, veins brown, stigma slightly darker. Wing length: male 4.5-5.1 mm; female 4.9; width: male 1.3-1.4 mm; female 1.3mm. Venation as in Fig. 1. Legs mostly brown throughout, but each basitarsus paler in apical half, extreme apex and remainder of tarsi whitish. Abdomen: Evenly light brown, sclerites unmarked. Male genitalia: Figs. 3-5. Eighth tergum narrow, length 1/1 Oth that of preceding; eighth sternum twice as wide, weakly sclerotized. Ninth tergum and sternum fused into continu- ous ring; posterior margin of tergum weakly concave; sternum strongly produced posteri- orly with median apical cleft (Fig. 3). Tenth tergum broadly swollen, mostly membranous, with lightly sclerotized areas dorsolaterally. Basistyles (=gonocoxites) cylindrical, without any basal lobe, not produced past insertion of dististyles; basistyles with scattered long setae but without distinct patches of finer setae. Two dististyles (dorsal and ventral) approximately subequal in length (Fig. 4). Dorsal dististyle (=gonostyle) a darkly sclero- tized, nearly straight rod, with unequally bifid apex; at high magnification, apex with numerous tubercles on surface of larger apical point (Fig. 5). Ventral dististyle mostly pale, broad basally, narrowing to slender, rounded apex; distinct setae mostly along dorsal mar- gin, with two subequal setae at apex. Body of vesica small; each lateral process of the vesica (sensu Young 1987, = gonopophysis, Alexander 1961, or lateral tergal arm, Alexander 1940) an evenly broad, flattened, moderately pale blade, strongly bent beyond the base, apex rounded (Fig. 4). Apparent dorsal bridge of vesica with tuberculate surface, extending from base of lateral process medially. Anterior processes of vesica very small, widely separated, not reaching midpoint of ninth segment. Aedeagus of moderate length. Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 127 1 Fig. I. Wing of Helius darlingtonae n. sp. Fig. 2. Head of Hcliits darlingtonae n. sp., lateral view. 128 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS straight, lightly sclerotized, about as long as ninth sternal lobe; aedeagal processes as trans- parent blades, slightly divergent near apex , with medial margin slightly roughened. a h 0.01 mm b I 1 0.5 mm Figs. 3-5. Male genitalia of Helius darlingtonae n. sp. Fig. 3, ventral view, Fig. 4, dorsal view, terminal abdominal segments (for clarity, aedeagus omitted). Fig. 5, apex of dorsal dististyle. Scale a, Figs. 3,4; scale b, Fig. 5. Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 129 8 n 1.0 mm Figs. 6-9. Female genitalia of Helins darlingtonae n. sp. Fig. 6, lateral view. Fig. 7, inner view of eighth sternum and hypovalves (right valve only shown). Fig. 8, dorsal view. Fig. 9, ventral view. Female genitalia: Figs. 6-9. Eighth and ninth terga narrowed, each approximately half length of preceding terga. Tenth tergum with elongate scattered setae posteriorly, posteri- or border narrowly emarginate medially, with paired lohes suhlaterally appressed to base of cerci (Fig. 8). Cerci slender and elongate, over twice as long as tenth tergum (Fig. 6). Infraanal plate a "U"-shaped sclerite, 13 long setae along posterior margin, finer hairs and microtrichia on remainder of plate. Hypovalves (Figs. 7, 9) as elongate blades, with closely-set setae (or seta-like extensions?) along distal half of dorsal margin, a distinct socketed seta at apex of each blade. HOLOTYPE: Male (recovered from 70% alcohol via CPD). labelled "TRlNlDAD:/Aripo Soho Cave/3 March 1991/J.P.E.C. Darlington" "HOLOTYPE/Helius/darlingtonae/N. Welch &/J. Gelhaus" (red label). The type is in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 130 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS PARATYPES: All topotypic (Aripo Caves system) and at light: 18-VI-1989 (Main cave), 5 males (dried); 22-IV-1990 (Soho cave), 3 males (fluid, slide of wing); 24-11-1991, (Main cave) 5 males (fluid); 3-111-1991 (Soho cave), 12 males, (CPD), 4 males, 1 female (fluid, slides of male and female genitalia). Paratypes are deposited in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, Carnegie Museum of Natural Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA and the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. SPECIFIC ETYMOLOGY: We name this species for Dr. Johanna Darlington, a special- ist of Isoptera, in recognition of her great efforts to make the insect fauna of the caves of Trinidad better known. DISCUSSION Helius darlingtonae cannot be easily confused with any other known species. As noted, the single-segmented flagellum with several long setae is unique within the Tipulidae. Based on aspects of the male genitalia, H. darlingtonae is closely related to H. distinervis Alexander from Panama (Chiriqui). Both species share the following two features: the apex of the outer dististyle with numerous tubercles or "spinulae" and the lateral process of vesica broad and flattened with a rounded apex (Alexander 1940). Neither characteristic is described for any other neotropical spe- cies of the genus. Although no other crane fly is known to possess a single segmented flagellum, a somewhat similar reduction is seen in the unrelated genus of flightless crane flies, Chionea. In Chionea, the first flagellomere is also thick and subconical as seen in H. darlingtonae, followed by 1-9 more slender and elongate flagellomeres (Byers 1983). Although this first fla- gellomere has been thought to be a fusion segment of 5-13 flagellomeres in Chionea, this cannot be confirmed by simple examination (Byers 1983: 67), nor is this seen in H. darlingtonae. The single flagellomere found in H. darlingtonae is a rare condition among Diptera in general as even brachyceran flies usually possess 3-4 flagellomeres and most Nematocera possess far more (Crampton 1942, McAlpine 1981). Although the reduction of the antennal flagella of H. darlingtonae might be related to a caverniculous way of life, this morphological reduc- tion stands in contrast to the general observation that many cave arthro- pods have, in relation to their non-cave relatives, lengthened antennae, not shortened ones (Howarth 1983). The overall light sclerotization of the body of H. darlingtonae is in agreement with the general trend for thinning cuticle found among many cave-inhabiting arthropods (Howarth 1993). HABITAT: Helius darlingtonae has been found only in the Aripo cave system in Trinidad, both from the mouth of Main cave, and from a darker chamber in the Soho cave (Darlington and Gelhaus 1993). Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 131 Adults of three other species of the genus have been collected in caves in southeast Asia and India (Alexander 1961), and an aggregation of adults of two species of Helms (both apparently undescribed) was col- lected in a dark crevice along a dry stream bed in Peru (R. Bouchard, personal communication); none of these five species, though, shows any modification of the antennae. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the Pew Foundation for support of N.W. during June - August 1993 as part of the Pew Scholarships in Systematics Program at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. We also thank Margot Livingston for the excellent illustration of the wing, and two anonymous reviewers for their comments. LITERATURE CITED Alexander, C. P. 1920. The crane-flies of New York. Part II. Biology and Phylogeny. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta., Mem. 38:691-1133. . 1940. Records and descriptions of neotropical crane-flies. XI. J. New York Entomol. Soc. 48: 105-116. .1961. A new cave-inhabiting crane fly from Malaya (Diptera: Tipulidae). Pacific Insects 3(1): 27-29. . 1971a. New species of crane flies from tropical America (Diptera: Tipulidae). VII. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 44:103-1 10. _. 1971b. Undescribed or little-known tropical America Tipulidae (Diptera). Stud. Entomol. 14: 225-266. 1980. New or little-known neotropical Tipulidae (Diptera). V. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 106:89-119. Alexander, C.P. & Alexander, M.M. 1970. Family Tipulidae. fascicle 4:1-259. In: N. Papavero (ed.). Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Museu de Zoologia, Universidade Sao Paulo. Alexander, C.P. & Byers, G.W. 1981. Tipulidae, pp. 153-190. In: J.F. McAlpine et al., eds.. Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol.1 . Research Branch Agriculture Canada. Monograph 27. Byers, G. W. 1984 Tipulidae, pp. 491-514,/Aj; R. W. Merritt and K. W. Cummins (eds.). An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America. Second edition. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co., Dubuque, Iowa. Brindle, A. 1967. The larvae and pupae of the British Cylindrotominae and Limoniinae (Diptera, Tipulidae). Trans. Soc. British Entomol. 17: 151-216. Crampton, G. C. 1942. The external morphology of the Diptera. In: The Diptera or true flies of Connecticut. Part VI. Bull. Conn. St. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. 64: 10-165 [re- printed 1966]. Darlington, J.P.E.C. and J. K. Gelhaus. 1993. Crane flies (Diptera: Tipulidae) in Trinidad caves. Living World 1993-1994: 38-41. Howarth, F. G. 1983. Ecology of cave arthropods. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 28:365-389. _.1993. High-stress subterranean habitats and evolutionary change in cave-inhabiting arthropods. Am. Nat. 142: 65-77 (Supplement). 132 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Livingston, M. E. and J. K. Gelhaus 1993. Further observations on the emergence compo- sition and phenology of crane flies (Diptera: Tipulidae) from a tropical rain forest stream at El Verde, Puerto Rico. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 66: 405-410. Louton, J., J. Gelhaus and R. Bouchard, in press. The aquatic fauna of water-filled bam- boo (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Guadua) internodes in a Peruvian lowland tropical for- est. Biotropica. McAlpine, J. F. 1981. Morphology and terminology - adults, pp. 9-63. In: J.F. McAlpine et ai, eds.. Manual of Nearctic Diptera Vol. 1. Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Monograph 27. Oosterbroek, P. and Br. Theowald 1991. Phylogeny of the Tipuloidea based on characters of larvae and pupae, with an index to the literature except Tipulidae (Insect, Diptera, Nematocera). Tijdschr. Entomol. 134: 211-267. Rogers, J. S. 1942. The crane flies (Tipulidae) of the George Reserve, Michigan. Mus. of Zool., Univ. of Michigan, Misc. Publ. no. 53:1-128. Young, C. W. 1987. A revision of the crane fly genus Dicranoptvcha in North America. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 53: 215-274. Zalom, F. G. 1979. Notes on male assemblages of Helius flavipes (Macq.) with reference to mating habits (Diptera: Tipulidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 52: 553-555. Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 133 ARAWANA SCAPULARIS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) IN THE UNITED STATES AND NEW LOCALITY RECORDS FOR SPECIES OF ARAWANA1 Robert D. Gordon2 ABSTRACT: Arawana scapularis is recorded again from southern Arizona. Habitus and genitalia are illustrated, and new locality records are listed for A. scapularis and A. ari- zonica. Leng (1908) described Arawana as a subgenus of Exochomus and elevated it to generic rank in his 1920 catalog. Korschefsky (1932) placed Arawana as a subgenus of Chilocorus. Chapin (1965) agreed with Leng that it deserved generic status based on the unique structure of the front tibia of the type species. S. Arawana contains three species: A. cubensis (Dimmock) from Cuba, A. arizonica (Casey) from the mountains of southern Arizona, and A scapularis (Gorham) from Central America, Mexico and southern Arizona. The Structure of the front tibia in A. cubensis is atypical for Arawana, but this species was placed in the genus (Chapin 1965) based on strong genitalic similarities, a decision with which I agree. The first U. S. record of A. scapularis was based on spec- imens collected by H. A. Wenzel in the Huachucha Mountains, Arizona (Leng 1912). This record was overlooked by Gordon (1985), who record- ed only A. arizonica from the United States. Scott McCleve, Douglas, Arizona, recently collected specimens from the Southern Arizona local- ities listed below. All specimens examined are in the collections of Scott McCleve (SM), California Department of Agriculture, Sacramento, California (CDA), and the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C. (NMNH). Key to North American Species of Arawana \. Basal red spot on elytron broadly separated from humeral angle of elytron; dorsal habitus as in Fig. 2 arizonica (Casey) Basal red spot on elytron reaching humeral angle of elytron; dorsal habitus as in Fig. I scapularis (Gorham) ' Received December 21, 1993. Accepted January 26, 1994. 2 Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, c/o U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D,C. 20560. ENT. NEWS 105(3): 133-136, May & June, 1994 134 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Arawana scapularis (Gorham) Exochomus scapularis Gorham, 1894:178; Leng, 1912:68; Blackwelder, 1945:451. Chilocorus scapularis: Korschefsky, 1932:246 (incorrect generic placement). Arawana scapularis: Chapin, 1965:247. Diagnosis: Length 3.5 to 4.3 mm, width 3.0 to 3.8 mm. Elytron bluish or greenish black with large or small red spot on humeral angle, smaller red or orange spot at apex, pale areas usually narrowly connected along lateral margin (Fig. 1). Male genitalia as in Figs. 3-5. Type Locality:: Lectotype not designated, described from Specimens collected in Mexico and Nicaragua. Type depository: Natural History Museum, London. Geographic distribution: Specimens examined, 12. COSTA RICA. 6 km. W. Santa Elena. MEXICO. Guerrero, Amula, Iguala (data from original description); Sinaloa, Eldorado; Sonora, 55 kilometers Southwest of Moctezuma. NICARAGUA. Chontales (data from original description). UNITED STATES. Arizona. Cochise Co., Guadelupe Canyon. Graham Co., Aravaipa Canyon; Graham Co., Turkey Creek. (NMNH) (SM). Additional records: (from Gorham 1894, Specimens not examined) "Mexico, Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Tapachula in Chiapas." Comments: All specimens examined were collected by Scott McCleve except two examples in the CDA collection from Costa Rica, and two specimens in the USNM collection from Eldorado, Mexico. Arawana arizonica (Casey) Exochomus arizonicus Casey, 1899:107 Exochomus (Arawana) arizonica: Leng, 1908:38; Casey, 1908:409. Arawana arizonica: Leng, 1920:217; Chapin, 1965:245; Gordon, 1985:620. Chilocorus arizonicus: Korschefsky, 1932:245 (incorrect generic placement). Gordon (1985) recorded A. arizonica in Arizona only from Catalina Springs and the Santa Rita Mountains. Additional localities are listed below. Geographic distribution: Specimens examined, 6. UNITED STATES. Arizona. Cochise Co., 28 miles east of Douglas; Cochise Co., Guadelupe Canyon; Santa Catalina Mountains, Sabino Canyon. (NMNH) (SM). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Scott McCleve, Douglas, Arizona, and Fred Andrews, CDA, for the loans of specimens upon which this paper is based. The illustrations were prepared by A. Konstantinov. For manuscript review I thank J. Chapin, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; H. Dozier, Pickens, South Carolina; and A. Menke and N. Vandenberg, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Washington, D.C. Vol. 105, No. 3, Mav & June, 1994 135 Figures 1-5, Arawana species. Fig. 1, habitus. A. scapularis; Fig. 2. habitus. A. amonica; Figs. 3-5. male genitalia, A. scapularis. 136 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LITERATURE CITED Blackwelder, R. E. 1945. Checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America. Part 3. United States Nat. Mus. Bull. 185:343-850. Casey, T. L. 1899. A revision of the American Coccinelidae. Jour. New York Entomol. Soc. 7:71-169 Casey, T. L. 1908. Notes on the Coccinellidae, Can. Entomol. 40:393-421. Chapin, E. A. 1965. The genera of the Chilocorini (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Univ. ,133:227-271. Gordon, R. D. 1985. The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America north of Mexico. Jour. New York Entomol. Soc. 93:1-912. Gorham, H. S. 1894. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insecta, Coleoptera: Coccinellidae 7:177-192. Korschefsky, R. 1932. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae. II. W. Junk. Berlin, pp. 225-659. Leng, C. W. 1908. Notes on Coccinellidae. III. Jour. New York Entomol. Soc. 16:33-44. Leng, C. W. 1912. Miscellaneous Notes. Jour. New York Entomol. Soc. 20:67-71. Leng, C. W. 1920. Catalogue of the Coleoptera of America, north of Mexico. John D. Sherman, Jr. Mount Vernon, New York. 470 pp. Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 137 \NEWANAGRUS (HYMENOPTERA: MYMARIDAE), EGG PARASITOID OF ERYTHRONEURA SPP. (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)1 S.V. Trjapitzin , E. ChiappinP ABSTRACT: This paper describes a new species of mymarid, Anagrus erythroneurae, a common egg parasitoid of the variegated leafhopper, Erythroneura variabilis, in the south- western United States and northwestern Mexico, and of the grape leafhopper, E. elegan- tula, in California. The new species is compared with the European A. ustulatus, to which it is most similar, and with the North American species A. epos and A. spiritus. An extensive search for natural enemies of the variegated leafhop- per, Erythroneura variabilis Beamer, was conducted in 1985 and 1986 in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico (Gonzalez et al. 1988) and again from 1987 to 1991 (D. Gonzalez, pers. comm.). Several species of the genus Anagrus Haliday were reared from samples of eggs of E. variabilis and the grape leafhopper, E. elegantula Osborn, obtained from these collections. The taxonomy of the North American Anagrus is poorly known and parasitoids reared from Erythroneura spp. eggs could not be identified to species (K. Daane, pers. comm.). From recent studies of the Holarctic Anagrus we recognize a new species which is described below. A. erythroneurae n. sp. was the most commonly reared natural enemy of E. variabilis in southern California, U.S.A. and Baja California, Mexico. A. erythroneurae, a member of the atomus species group of the subgenus Anagrus s. str. as defined by Chiappini (1989), was the only species of this group among Anagrus spp. reared from Erythroneura spp. eggs. It is easily distinguished from A. epos Girault, which is a member of the incarnatus species group and a well-known egg parasitoid of grape-infesting leafhoppers in California and elsewhere in the United States and Canada (McKenzie and Beirne 1972; Jensen and Flaherty 1982), in having only 3 sensory ridges on the antennal club. A. epos and other members of the incarnatus group possess 5 sensory ridges on the club. Measurements are given in micrometers, with the mean followed, in 1 Received November 13, 1993. Accepted Decembers, 1993. " Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0314. - Istituto di Entomologia, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy. ENT. NEWS 105(3): 137-140, Mav & June, 1994 138 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS parentheses, by the range and number of specimens measured, unless otherwise specified. The specimens of A. erythroneurae n. sp. studied are deposited in the collections indicated by the following acronyms: CNCI, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa; IEFA, Istituto di Entomologia, Facolta di Agraria, Piacenza; UCRC, University of California, Riverside; USNM, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. An abbreviation used in the description is: F = funic- ular (flagellar in males) segment. Anagrus erythroneurae, NEW SPECIES (Figs. 1-2) Female. General color dark brown; head and metasoma darker to black; F2-F6 and club dusky; scape, pedicel, Fl, posterior scutellum, propodeum, mesopleura, and legs light brown to brown. Head slightly wider than mesosoma. Antenna (Fig. 1) sparsely setose; scape slightly curved, Fl almost globular, F2 slightly more than 2 times as long as Fl , longer than F3 and usually subequal to F4, F5 slightly shorter or subequal to F6, F6 usually longest of funicle; F3 and F4 without sensory ridges, F5 with 1 sensory ridge, F6 with 2 sensory ridges, club with 3 sensory ridges. Mesosoma 0.72 (0.69-0.85, n=10) times as long as metasoma. Mesoscutum without a pair of setae near notaulices. Forewing (Fig. 2, a) slightly shorter than body, 9.0 (8.6-9.3, n=10) times longer than wide, with 2 or 3 longitudinal rows of setae at broadest part leav- ing small oval hairless area subapically. Lengths of distal and proximal macrochaetae in ratio 3.0 (2.4-3.8, n=10). Marginal fringe with longest cilia more than 3 times, but less than 4 times, the wing width. Hindwing (Fig. 2, b) disk asetose, save for 1 complete row of small setae along posterior margin and sometimes 1 incomplete row of 1 to 4 setae along ante- rior margin on distal third. Metasoma. Ovipositor slightly exserted beyond apex of metasoma. Ratio of total ovipositor length to length of its exserted part 1 5 (8-28, n=7). External plates of ovipositor each bearing 1 seta. Ovipositor/foretibia ratio 2.1 (2.0-2.2, n=10). Measurements (n=10): Body: 571 (543-619); Head: 99 (95-1 14); Mesosoma: 198 (181- 235); Metasoma: 275 (251-289); Ovipositor: 214 (198-230). Antenna: Scape: 72 (68-80); Pedicel: 35 (32-37); Fl: 17 (15-19); F2: 40 (36-45); F3: 35 (32-38); F4: 40 (38-44); F5: 48 (46-51); F6: 51 (48-59); Club: 95 (91-99). Forewing: Length: 440 (418-456); Width: 49 (46-53); Venation: 144 (133-152); Mar- ginal vein: 29 (27-34); Hypochaeta: 28 (20-34); Proximal macrochaeta: 20 (15-27); Distal macrochaeta: 59 (49-68); Longest marginal cilia: 184 (171-194). Hindwing: Length: 395 (370-428); Width: 17(15-18); Venation: 1 19 (1 14-129); Longest marginal cilia: 141 (133-158). Legs: Femur Tibia Tarsus Fore 93 (87-99) 100 (95-106) 131 (118-141) Middle 85 (77-91) 143 (137-150) 129 (122-140) Hind 86 (82-91) 155 (148-167) 133 (122-141) Male. Similar to female except forewing wider (index 7.7 (7.4-8.0, n=4)), sometimes with 3 or 4 incomplete rows of setae at broadest part of disk leaving no distinct hairless area. Genitalia typical for the atomus species group (Chiappini 1989). Measurements (n=4): Body: 559 (523-570). Antenna: Scape: 60 (53-65); Pedicel: 35 (34-37); Fl: 34 (32-36); F2: 43 (40-44); F3: 43 (38-46); F4: 42 (38-44); F5: 44 (39-46); F6: 46 (42-49); F7: 46 (42-48); F8: 46 (42-49); F9: 46 (40-49); F10: 47 (42-50); Fll: 48 (43-51). Vol. 105, No. 2, March & April, 1994 139 Forewing: Length: 495 (456-517); Width: 64 (57-68). Genitalia: 79 (72-84). Type material: Described from the type-series of 10 99 and 4 dd on slides as follows: Holotype. 9, U.S.A., California, Riverside Co., Coachella, ex. Eryihroneura variabilis eggs on grape, VII. 1988, D. Gonzalez (deposited in USNM). Paratypcs. 5 99, 1 cf, same data as holotype (UCRC); 299, 1 d, same data (CNCI); Id, MEXICO, Estado de Baja California, Mexicali, ex. Eryihroneura variabilis eggs on grape, 11.V.1988, D. Gonzalez >v Figs. ]-2.Anagrus erythroneurae,fema\c. 1. Antenna; 2. Wings: a- forewing. h - hindwing. 140 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS (USNM); 1 9, 1 d, same data as above (IEFA); 1 9, MEXICO, Estado de Baja California, Ejido Guerrero, IX.1988, D. Gonzalez (UCRC). Additional material examined: U.S.A. California. Fresno Co., Parlier, 18. VI. 1986, W. White and M. Moratorio, 10 99, 2 dd, ex. Erythroneura elegantula eggs; Riverside Co., Mecca, 1.V.1986, D. Gonzalez, 3 99. New Mexico. Las Cruces, 05.VII.1986, D. Gonzalez, 4 99. MEXICO. Estado de Baja California. Ejido Veracruz, IX.1988, D. Gonzalez, 7 99, 1 d; Ejido Guerrero, IX.1988, D. Gonzalez, 5 99; Ejido Tehuantepec, IX.1988, D. Gonzalez, 4 99, 2 dd; Guadalupe, 9.IX.1988, D. Gonzalez, 3 99, 1 d (all UCRC). Remarks: these specimens were mounted in a water-soluble solution and therefore are not included into the Paratype List. Etymology. Erythroneurae, Latin genitif of the host genus. Diagnosis. A. erythroneurae n. sp. is most similar to A. ustidatus Haliday from Europe but differs from the latter primarily in the darker body coloration and the arrangement of setae on forewing disk. The female of A. erythroneurae usually has 2, sometimes 3, rows of setae pre- sent anterior to the hairless area, contrasting with 4 or 5 rows in A. ustu- latus. Other morphological features that distinguish the new species from A. ustidatus are as follows: ovipositor/foretibia ratio generally high- er than 2.0 in the former but slightly lower than 2.0 in the latter (about 1.8-1.9); female forewing generally narrower in A. erythroneurae; club of female antenna is usually longer than F5 and F6 together (or at least equal) in A. ustidatus but shorter in the new species; and digiti of male genitalia are proportionally shorter than in A. ustidatus. The new species may be easily distinguished from A. spiritus Girault, the only other member of the atomus species group so far described from the Nearctic region, by lack of a sensory ridge on F4 of female antenna. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Dan Gonzalez, University of California, Riverside, for the supply of the reared material of Anagrus; Mario S. Moratorio, Cooperative Extension, University of California, Porterville, and Kent M. Daane, University of California, Berkeley, for valu- able comments. John Huber, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, David Headrick, University of California, Riverside, and Dan Gonzalez reviewed the manuscript and made useful suggestions for its improvement. Comments by two anonymous reviewers improved the final draft. LITERATURE CITED Chiappini, E. 1989. Review of the European species of the genus Anagrus Haliday (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea). Boll. Zool. Agrar. Bachicolt. Ser. II, 21:85-119. Gonzalez, D., V. Cervenka, M. Moratorio, C. Pickett and L.T. Wilson. 1988. Biological control of variegated leafhopper in grapes. Calif. Agric. 42 (l):23-25. Jensen, F.L. and D.L. Flaherty. 1982. Grape leafhopper. In Flaherty, D.F. el al., . [Tech. eds.], Grape pest management. Section III - Major insect and mite pests. Division of Agricultural Sciences, University of California, Publ. No. 4105, pp. 98-1 10. McKenzie, L.M. and B.P. Beirne. 1972. A grape leafhopper, Erythroneura ziczac (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), and its mymarid (Hymenoptera) egg-parasite in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia. Can. Entomol. 104:1229-1233. Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 141 THE NESTING BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR OF THE CALIFORNIA YELLOWJACKET, VESPULA SULPHUREA (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE1) Roger D. Akre, Elizabeth A. Myhre2 ABSTRACT: Additional biological data are provided for Vespula sulphurea. Two mature nests from Shasta Co., CA were analyzed and found to consist of 5,633 and 2,250 cells, and were estimated to have produced 17,300 and 3,956 adults, respectively. Both nests were believed to have been Paravespula vulgaris nests that were usurped. Aspects of nest mor- phology atypical for Vespula species were cordlike suspensoria and the presence of repro- ductive cells on worker combs. Observations of foraging workers indicated habitat parti- tioning with other yellowjacket species. Colony duration was longer than that of previously reported colonies, with the first workers appearing in early May and colony decline in October. Vespula sulphurea (de Saussure) is a subterranean nestcr restricted almost entirely to the Upper Sonoran fauna of California, with scattered populations in southern Oregon, western New Mexico, southern Ari- zona, and northern Baja, Mexico (fig. 55; Bohart and Bechtel 1957). Three colonies were collected by Duncan (1939), one in early Octo- ber 1930. Data were only available for the October colony which con- tained 134 workers, 6 new queens, the foundress queen, and a few male pupae. Seven additional colonies were investigated in California by R. E. Wagner (University of California, Riverside), but data were collected on only three nests (Table 1). Each nest had three worker combs; two of them also had a single primary reproductive-cell comb. The purpose of this paper is to report on two additional nests of V. sulphurea and to report new data on behavior and colony cycle of these rare wasps. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two V. sulphurea nests ("bottle box nest" and "log nest") from the 1992 season were collected by Carl Weidert in Inwood, Shasta County, CA. The nests were located about 32 km west of Mt. Hassen in the southern end of the Cascade Mountains. This area has a typical Medi- terranean climate pattern with a dry summer and most of the 131.8 cm ' Received October 5, 1993. Accepted January 24, 1994 2 Department of Entomology. Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6382 ENT. NEWS 105(3): 141-48, May & June, 1994 142 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS of precipitation occurring in the fall, winter, and spring. It is forested with the Sierra Nevada Mixed Conifer Vegetation Type comprised of ponderosa pine, Douglas-Fir, white fir, incense-cedar, sugar pine and Kellogg's oak (California black oak). Observations were made by the collectors on these colonies before they declined and on interactions with foraging workers of other species of yellowjackets. Cells were counted manually (bottle box nest and combs 1, 5, 6 of log nest) or were estimated by counting the number of cells per unit area with a one inch grid laid on the comb and multiplying by the comb area (combs 2-4 of the log nest). Adult production was estimated by sampling meconia in cells. Twenty cells of each cell type were measured in each comb, unless the comb was too irregular, or there were very few cells. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Log Nest. This nest was constructed inside a decayed incense-cedar log. It was collected at the end of natural decline of the colony in late October, so only approximately 50 workers were collected with the nest. The nest had five entrances, four had hardened turrets 2-4 cm tall made of decayed wood duff and oral secretions. Late in the season guard workers ringed these entrances. This behavior is very similar to that exhibited by species of Paravespula. The duff/oral secretion mixture also lined the tunnels down from the turrets to the nest envelope. However, envelope paper was sparse around the nest, covering only 1 cm at the top. Approximately six layers were formed around the first comb, while only fragments of paper intermixed with duff were formed around the remaining combs. The envelope paper was gray, with the exception of envelope in the central area of the first comb which was tan and fragile. The combs were also largely gray. Comb 1 and the central areas of combs 2-3 consisted of tan carton. Both combs and envelopes had tran- sition gray/tan areas. This construction indicates that the nest had been usurped from P. vulgaris (L.) by the V. sulphurea queen. This behavior is similar to that of V. squamosa (Drury) which has been reported as a facultative parasite of P. maculifrons (du Buysson) and P. flavopilosa (Jacobson) (MacDonald and Matthews 1984). However, nearly all spe- cies of yellowjackets are facultative parasites of several other species (Akre and Reed 1984), the only difference in the case of usurpation of other species by either V. sulphurea or V. squamosa being that the queen and workers have such distinct colors and patterns that a usurpation is more obvious and noticeable. Wagner (pers. comm.) also investigated a Paravespula pensylvanica (de Saussure) nest that was usurped by V. sul- phurea, but the takeover was not as noticeable as both have gray enve- lope paper. Vol. 105. No. 3, May & June, 1994 143 Several aspects of the nest morphology were not typical of species of Vespula. All suspensoria were cordlike as is typical of Paravespula spe- cies (Akre et al. 1981), with the exception of the central pedicel of the seventh comb which consisted of 3 short side buttresses (0.9, 0.8, and 1.1 mm long). Combs 2-7 were distinctly concave with the inner cells being higher than the outer cells, possibly due to the curving walls of the hol- low log. The differences from the horizontal between the top edges of the center cells and the top edges of noncapped rim cells were 0.9, 1.6, 1.8, 1.6, 1.2, and 0.2 cm in combs 2-7, respectively. Mixed combs were present, and consisted of "extensions" of reproductive cells that were begun at several locations around the edges of a central worker or repro- ductive cell area. These caused unevenness in combs when the exten- sions either converged, overlapped, or left gaps. Mixed combs as well as worker cells on more than the top comb are characteristic of Paravespula species. They have not been reported previously in species of Vespula. The nest consisted of seven combs; three worker, two mixed (small worker and large reproductive cells), and two reproductive (Table 2). The first comb had 12 suspensoria and was very small as it was confined within a groove in the roof of the hollow log. While all cells were interconnected, the tops of some cells were at the level of the bottoms of others. Combs 2-7 were built below the log groove and were larger. Comb 2 had 23 suspensoria, most attached to roof of the hollow log. The central tan area of this comb measured 75 x 45 mm. Comb 3 had 41 sus- pensoria; 19 were attached to comb 2 and 22 to the log and debris above. In addition, the cell rims on one edge of comb 2 connected with the top of comb 3. The central tan area of comb 3 was 65 x 65 mm. Comb 4 had 33 suspensoria. Comb 5 had 39 suspensoria, and had a partial overlap- ping of a reproductive comb extension over another. In addition, two small irregular holes were formed where reproductive cell extensions merged. Comb 6 had 29 suspensoria, and one area where merging repro- ductive cell extensions left a hole in the comb. Two deep indents were formed by extensions that did not quite meet. Comb 7 was small with only 6 suspensoria. Worker cells were estimated to have produced approximately 17.300 adults, while reproductive cells produced 1,980 adults. Silk cocoon layers could not be used to estimate cell usage as they could in nests of Doli- chovespula (Akre and Myhre 1992). The layers did not peel into discrete units and were therefore unreliable for cells usage. Thus meconial counts (only discrete, separate packets were considered meconia, con- nected units were counted as one) were used, and even they showed indistinct generation rings that merged in upper combs as up to 8 genera- 144 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS tions were found to have occupied cells. In the cells sampled, combs 1-5 were found to have generated up to 8, 7, 7, 5, and 4 worker cell generations, respectively. The average width of worker cells was 4.3 mm (r [range] = 3.8-4.8 mm, n = 80 cells from combs 2-5). The average width of reproductive cells was 6.3 mm (r= 5.7-6.7 mm, n = 60 cells from combs 5-7). Cells on comb 1 were not measured due to comb irregularities. Bottle Box Nest. The second nest was constructed inside a cardboard fruit box which was stored under a lean-to with other paraphernalia. This colony was allowed to die naturally and was collected in February 1993, so no worker count was available. The fruit box had a ventilated lid and sides and was filled with bottles individually wrapped in newspa- pers. The nest was constructed among the bottles where space was avail- able or could be enlarged by removal of the newspaper. The nest had six highly irregularly shaped layers of combs; three mixed, three reproductive (Table 2). No comb consisted solely of work- er cells. All layers consisted of one comb except for the fifth layer which consisted of four separate pieces of comb (5a-d, fig. 1 ). Envelope par- Fig. 1 . Bottle box nest showing combs 4, 5a-d, and 6 built around the neck of a bottle. Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 145 tially covered the original queen nest area, and a clump of envelope 13 x 8 x 6 cm covered the opposite (reproductive) end of comb 1. Envelope was also intermingled with newspaper, and was used to block the mouths of all bottles that had been exposed by newspaper removal. The top comb was exposed by removing the lid of the box. The main pedicel was 20 mm long and 14 mm wide. All other suspensoria in the nest were cordlike, including the outer pedicels of comb 1. This comb also may have been initiated by P. vulgaris, as the queen nest area (37 mm across) and the envelope above was orange-brown. Combs 2 and 3 had 9 and 21 suspensoria, respectively. Both of these combs and comb 1 were wrapped around a bottle. Approximately 13 cm of the edge of comb 2 was attached to the bottle neck (fig. 2). Comb 4 Fig. 2. Bottle box nest showing an irregular comb 2 wrapped around a bottle. The comb levels were necessarily built unevenly and this complicated the nest analysis. The arrow indicates the initiation point of the comb. 146 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS was long and narrow, and was attached along one edge to the right side of another bottle neck (fig 1). Comb 5a had one pedicel and was con- structed partially within the neck of same bottle as comb 4. Comb 5b was attached to the bottom of comb 4 with 2 suspensoria and was attached along its edge to the right side of the neck of the bottle. Comb 5c was level with the lip of the mouth of the bottle, and was attached to it by 2 long suspensoria and one short edge of the comb. The bottle formed the bottoms for seven cells. Comb 5d was formed to the left of the bottle neck and was attached by 4 suspensoria to the same bottle that combs 1- 3 were wrapped around. Comb 6 was under the bottle neck attached to combs 4 and layer 5 (fig 1). It was attached by 12 suspensoria to the combs above and to the bottle. Worker cells were estimated to have produced approximately 3,956 adults, while reproductive cells produced approximately 1,266 adults. Worker and reproductive cells contained up to 4 meconia. The average width of worker cells (4.1 mm, r = 3.5-4.6 mm, n = 60 cells from combs 1-3) was narrower than that of the log nest. However, the average width of reproductive cells (6.5 mm, r = 5.4-7.1 mm, n = 100 cells from combs 1, 4, 5c, 5d, and 6) were greater than the log nest cell widths. Reproductive cell width measurements were not taken from combs 2, 3, 5a, and 5b due to low numbers of cells. Behavior. Based on >200 hrs of observations the workers were mostly ground foragers (1 m or less). They were observed foraging only bare soil, dead leaves/needles, and dry grass/brush areas even when lush, green gardens and grass areas were nearby. However, the green areas were foraged by workers of D. maculata (L.) and P. pensylvanica sug- gesting habitat partitioning or an avoidance of these areas. Workers of most yellowjacket species were attacked by workers of D. maculata when they entered these areas. This observation was supported by observations during August of 1993. Early in the summer V. sulphured workers foraged the green areas, but populations of D. maculata and P. pensylvanica were extremely low, and few workers were seen any- where. Later, when foraging worker densities of both the baldfaced hornets and western yellowjackets increased, the V. sulphurea workers again tended to avoid the green areas. The V. sulphurea workers did not hover when foraging as has been reported for some yellowjackets such as V. acadica (Sladen) (Reed and Akre 1983). Prey consisted mostly of flies, although workers also col- lected caterpillars and grasshoppers. Workers foraged mostly within 400 m of the nest. One observation was made of a queen of V. sulphurea for- aging for nectar from raspberry flowers. Also, queens of V. sulphurea foraged green areas. Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 147 Previously it was reported that this species had a slightly shorter active season than V. atropilosa (Sladen) in California (R. E. Wagner, pers. comm., cited in Akre et al. 1981). Colonies were from Mill Creek Canyon, San Bernardino County (average 3,500 ft or 1067 m elevation) and from Clear Lake, Lake County, CA (average 1,000 ft or 305 m ele- vation). The first workers appeared a week or so later, and the last work- ers disappeared a couple of weeks before those of V. atropilosa. How- ever, Duncan (1939) reported workers present in a colony as late as October. In northern California, colonies are initiated in early May, and a few workers were still flying in late October (C. Weidert, pers. comm.). The season for these wasps is therefore as long as that of P. pensylvanica in some northern areas. However, in both cases the number of colonies involved has been few so additional data are badly needed on the colony cycle. Workers of V. sulphured are attracted to heptyl butyrate, and in some areas workers scavenge for protein and are picnic pests (R. E. Wagner, documented by 35 mm color slides of workers scavenging canned pet food). C. Weidert never saw workers scavenging on canned dog or cat food, nor on various meats although these were available. Vespuld squamosa and V. sulphurea were considered to be of uncertain status regarding placement in a genus (Akre et al. 1981 ). Observations of scavenging, of longer colony duration, and of differing internal mor- phology (ovariole numbers) suggest that perhaps the taxonomic status of these yellowjackets should be re-examined. Table 1 . Vespula sulphurea colonies collected in California (after R. E. Wagner). Worker Reprod. Colony Date New # cells # Mixed # cells number Locally collected Workers Queens queens Males (# combs) combs (# combs) 1 Clear Lake 9-12-72 1,086 2 Malibu 7-03-75 462 Canyon, Santa Monica Mts. 3 Mill Creek, 8-27-75 105 San Bernardino Mts. 31 363 3,258(3) 0 0 1.641(3) 0 0 1,080(3) 769(5') 0(0) 33(1) ' One plus 4 partial combs 148 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Table 2. Comb size of two colonies collected. Comb Dimensions (mm) Worker Cells Reproductive Cells Log nest 1 75 x 40 153 0 2 164 x 92 687 0 3 208 x 145 1354 0 4 203 x 183 1540 41 5 1 96-235 x 170 694 484 6 185-140 x 143 0 532 7 85x76 0 148 Bottle box nest' 1 205 x 104 533 127 2 204 x 137 475 30 3 219x 162 622 81 4 90x22 0 46 5a 35 x 22 0 22 5b 46x24 0 27 5c 55 x 45 0 46 5d 51 x86 0 90 6 110x83 0 151 ' Combs of bottle box nest were highly irregular in shape, and dimensions given reflect only widest points (across "arms"), and do not indicate area. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to Carl Weidert of Shingletown, California for use of his copious notes on the nests and on colony observations. We also thank him for the personal deliv- ery of the nests so they arrived intact. Previous data on nests of Vespula sulphurea were taken from the yellowjacket handbook (Akre et al. 1981). We thank P. Landolt, R. E. Wagner, C. Weidert, and R. Zack for suggestions for improving the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Akre, R. D., A. Greene, J. F. MacDonald, P. J. Landolt, and H. G. Davis. 1981. Yellowjackets of America North of Mexico. USDA, Agric. Handbk No. 552. 102 p. Akre, R. D. and E. A. Myhre. 1992. Nesting biology and behavior of the baldfaced hornet, Dolichovespula maculata (L.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the Pacific Northwest. Melanderia 48: 1-33. Akre, R. D. and H. C. Reed. 1984. Vespine defense. Chapt. 3, pp. 59-94. In: H. R.Hermann (ed). Defense mechanisms in social insects. Praeger, NY. 259 p. Bohart, R. M. and R. C. Bechtel. 1957. The social wasps of California (Vespinae, Polistinae, Polybiinae). Calif. Insect Surv. Bull. 4: 73-101. Duncan, C. D. 1939. A Contribution to the Biology of North American Vespine Wasps. Stanford Univ. Pub. Biol. Sci. 8: 1-282. MacDonald, J. F. and R. W. Matthews. 1984. Nesting biology of the southern yellow- jacket, Vespula squamosa (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): Social parasitism and indepen- dent founding. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 57: 134-151 . Reed, H. C. and R. D. Akre. 1983. Nesting biology of a forest yellowjacket, Vespula acad- ica (Sladen) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), in the Pacific Northwest. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 76: 582-590. Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 149 A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE NITIDULIDAE (COLEOPTERA) IN SHAWNEE STATE FOREST, OHIO G. Keeney2, M. S. Ellis3, D. Richmond3, R. N. Williams3 ABSTRACT: Various collecting techniques were utilized to discover nitidulid diver- sity in a forest in Scioto Co., Ohio, near the Ohio River. During two collecting periods, 20 species were identified. Four specimens of Colopterus, however, were not determined beyond genus, thus a minimum of 21 species were collected. Six of these species were pre- viously recorded from Scioto County, and 14 of the 20 species identified are new county records based on The Ohio State University collection of identified Nitidulidae. The five most abundant species in descending order were: Stelidota geminala, Stelidota octomacula- ta, Glischrochilus obtusus, Epuraea helvola, and Epuraea peltoides. All of the Stelidota octomaculata and Epuraea helvola, and all but five of the Stelidota geminata were caught in ground traps during late season. All of the Glischrochilus obtusus and all but one of the Epuraea peltoides were collected in aerial traps in early season. In an effort to further our knowledge of the richness and abundance of Nitidulidae in Ohio, a survey was conducted from June 2 to 6 (early season) and from 27 August to 10 September (late season) at Shawnee State Forest in Scioto Co., Ohio in 1991. This site was chosen due to its south-central location within the state and its unglaciated topography. The forest encompasses more than 60,000 acres with several species of oaks, hickories, and shortleaf pines constituting the bulk of the diverse overstory vegetation. Sassafras, ash, elm, walnut, maple, and many other hardwoods are also present. Both surveys (early and late season) were located approximately 16 km southwest of Portsmouth, Ohio in the southcentral part of the forest. MATERIALS AND METHODS Early Season (2-6 June) In the early season we utilized traps (Figure 1) made from plastic 4 / milk jugs which were modified by cutting openings in the upper half to allow insects to enter (R. Androw, pers. comm.). Approximately 0.5 / of bait solution was placed in each jug of four traps. The bait was composed of 0.5 kg of brown sugar, 4 / of water, and a small amount of soil to pro- 1 Received January 3, 1994; Accepted January 29, 1994 2 Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus. Ohio 4321)1 3 Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development C'cnicr. 1 he Ohio State University. Wooster. Ohio 44691 ENT. NEWS 105(3): 149-158, May & June. 1994 150 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Fig. 1. Gallon jug trap used in early season trapping. vide wild yeast. Using wires attached to tree branches, the jugs were sus- pended around 1.5 m above the ground. Traps were in a line spaced about 0.4 km between traps. Collections were made once from traps at the end of the trapping period. These collections were rinsed in fresh water and preserved in 70% alcohol until insect determinations were made. Late Season (27 August - 10 September) The late season survey trapping period was lengthened and replicat- ed at two locations, both within 6.5 to 8.0 km of the Ohio River. The first late season trial was placed in a low ravine about 5 km from State Route 52 just off of State Forest Road 1, while the second was located about 135-150 m higher on a ridge about 5 km NNW of the first trial just off of State Forest Road 2. Each trial consisted of seven treatments replicated four times in a complete randomized block design. Spacing between traps was 9.0 m. The seven treatments used at both test sites were baits proven effective in previous trials (Williams et al. 1992). They are as fol- lows: fermenting malt/molasses solution, fermenting brown sugar solu- tion (same as early season), vinegar, cantaloupe, acorns (red oak), whole wheat bread dough, and smoked ham and bacon. Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 151 The malt/molasses solution was prepared using liquid Maltsupex® brand malt soup extract (Wallace Laboratories Division of Carter- Wallace Inc., Cranbury, NJ 08512) and livestock feed molasses obtained from a local feed company. The preparation of the malt/molasses solu- tion was as follows: 50 ml of Maltsupex®, 50 ml of molasses, 50 ml of granulated sugar and a pinch of active dry yeast (Fleischmann's Yeast Inc., Oakland, CA 94603) per liter of warm water. One hundred-fifty ml of the above solution of malt/molasses was placed in each trap. The brown sugar solution was prepared using light brown sugar (Scot Lad Foods Inc., Distributors, Lansing, IL 60438). In our mixture we used approximately 350 g of brown sugar and a pinch of Fleischmann's active dry yeast per liter of warm water. About 150 ml of this mixture was used in each brown sugar trap. The vinegar traps were baited using pure, uncut, apple cider vinegar (Scot Lad Food Inc., Distributors, Lansing, IL 60438). Approximately 150 ml of vinegar was used in each trap. The cantaloupe used was usually overripe and was cut into 5 cm squares with the rind intact, one cube was placed in each trap. Acorns were shown to be an excellent attractant for Stelidota octo- maculata (Say), as this species is a primary pest of many germinating oaks (Galford et al, 1991). Each portion of our acorn bait was prepared by cutting 4 red oak acorns in half and then partially wrapping them in a moist paper towel to promote germination. The whole wheat bread dough was made by mixing 0.5 kg of whole wheat flour, 15 ml of sugar, 300 ml of warm water and a 7 g package of Fleischmann's dry active yeast. A "hunk" of dough (about 50 ml) was rolled into a ball and wrapped in a piece of fiberglass screen to prevent the beetles from becoming imbedded in the dough. This screen-covered ball, held together with a twist tie, was then placed in the trap. Ganglbauer (1899) observed that several of the carrion feeders in the genus Nitidula were frequently found in houses on smoked bacon. W. A. Connell (pers. comm.) also noted that the genus Nitidula is often col- lected on smoked hams in Virginia and North Carolina. To entice sap beetles associated with carrion, we used equal weights of sliced smoked bacon and sliced smoked ham. The total weight of these meats placed in each trap was about 150 g. The late season trap, used only at ground level, was the nitidulid inventory technique (NIT) trap (Figure 2) which is a modification of the trap used by Skalbeck (1976). The NIT trap consists of a 1 -liter wide mouth canning jar, with a plastic cone (a tapered drinking cup with bot- tom removed) inserted in the mouth of the jar and held in place by the canning ring. A 15 cm square of 6.5 mm thick Masonite board was attached about 2 cm above the mouth of the jar as a rain cover. Once the traps were set in the ground, they were covered with a 60 cm square 152 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Fig. 2. NIT trap made of a 1-quart wide mouth canning jar with a funnel, an isolated bait container, and a rain cover. The cover is held in place with duct tape. piece of "chicken wire", which was anchored to the ground using 25 cm landscaping spikes. This prevented pilfering by raccoons and other hun- gry mammals. Traps were set out on 27 August, and the contents were collected on 4 September and again on 10 September. RESULTS Early Season Table 1 lists the early season species collected as well as their abun- dance. Species diversity for early season was much greater than expected for a collection period of only four days. Fifteen species were collected, many of which were seldom encountered in our previous collections over many years (Williams and Krueger 1985, Williams et al. 1992). Examples include: Lobiopa undulata (Say), Colopterus maculatus (Erichson), Cryptarcha strigulata Parsons, Cychramus adustus Erichson, and Glischrochiliis obtusus (Say). G. obtusus, much to our surprise, was the most abundant species in the early season, constituting 43% of the nitidulids collected. In ten previous years, we have only encountered two specimens of this species using similar collection techniques. Here, in Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 153 just four days, we collected 137 specimens. Of the six most abundant nitidulids collected, none are considered pests or nuisance species in Ohio or neighboring states. The only pest species in Table 1 are Stelidota geminata, Glischrochilus fasciatus, G. quadrisignatus and Carpophiluslugubris, and these composed only 3% of the total specimens collected. Late Season Surprisingly, only 1 1 species were encountered in our late season col- lections (Table 2). Three species, Stelidota geminata (Say), S. octomacu- lata (Say), and Epuraea helvola Erichson, comprised 95 percent of that total catch. Of the nitidulids taken in late season, only Pallodes pallidus (Beauvois) is considered rare for Ohio, as we have seen very few of these beetles in our collections around the state. Three other species, Car- pophilus hemipterus (L.), Epuraea helivola Erichson, and Stelidota octomaculata (Say), although not endangered, could be considered locally rare according to criteria used in a similar study (Williams et ai. 1992). All remaining species are generally quite common throughout Ohio. Also of interest is that only 298 beetles were caught at the lower site, whereas 1054 (78%) were caught at the upper site, (135-150 m higher in elevation). The most conspicuous vegetation at the lower site consisted of tulip poplar, sassafras, and several species of oak with poi- son ivy undergrowth, whereas the upper site was composed of mostly chestnut oak and hickory with a greenbrier (catbrier) and blueberry undergrowth. Whether or not the difference in elevation or vegetation promoted this imbalance is uncertain as, surely, many other factors are involved. In addition to species richness and abundance (Tables 1 & 2),Table 3 lists the entire season's collections and indicates bait performance. Figure 3 Illustrates bait attractiveness to the three most dominant species in the late season. DISCUSSION The time of year each collection was made created a species diversity difference that was not directly comparable as many species primarily emerge in mid to late summer as opposed to spring and early summer. 154 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS o F B E E T L E S C A u G H T Malt/Molasses Brown Sugar Vinegar Cantaloupe Acorns Wheat DOLK^I Ham/Bacon BAITS Fig. 3. Mean number of nitidulid beetles caught during late season in Shawnee State Forest, Scioto Co., Ohio 1991. Early and Late Season In early season collecting, gallon jug traps were suspended from tree limbs about 1.5 m above the ground. We know from previous studies (Skalbeck & Kulman 1970, Skalbeck 1976, Williams et al. 1992) that aer- ial traps are preferred by some species, whereas ground traps are pre- ferred by others. Trap placement above the ground may account for the absence of Stelidota octomaculata and the scarcity of S. geminata cap- tured in the early season survey (Table 1). There is some speculation that S. octomaculata is not a good flier. In the late season ground traps (Table 2), there was a many fold increase in the collection of Stelidota geminata compared to early season. It was the most abundant species in the ground traps, followed by S. octomaculata. The abundance of Epuraea helvola in late season ground traps seemed unusual as we had previously not experienced such a large quan- tity while using similar traps in northeastern and north central Ohio (Williams et al. 1992). Approximately 10% of all nitidulids collected were E. helvola. In Minnesota, Skalbeck (1976) reported 16 species of Epuraea, of which the two most prevalent species were E. helvola and E. peltoides. Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 155 The most abundant species in the early season traps was Glis- chrochilus obtusus, which is the largest species of this genus in the state. This conspicuous, colorful species was first brought to our attention because it was so abundant in brown sugar traps set out for Ceram- bycidae in the southern part of the state (Scioto, Vinton, and Ross coun- ties) that it became a nuisance. G. obtusus is found in northern Ohio, but is uncommon. Peng and Williams (1991) found that G. quadrisignatus preferred traps about 2 m above the ground in an apple orchard. In an open area, however, more were taken on the ground. In northeastern Ohio this is the most abundant species of Glischrochilus followed by G. fasciatus (Williams et al. 1992). In Shawnee State Forest, we collected only three specimens, one in the aerial traps and two in the ground traps. Only one specimen of G. fasciatus was taken and it was in an aerial trap. Apparently in this mostly arboreal setting in Scioto County, this species is not very common. It is known that one of the preferred breeding sites for G. quadrisignatus is in the ears of downed corn (Foott & Timmins 1971). An additional species of nitidulid was found in the forest along State Forest Road 1 just outside the Civilian Conservation Camp (about 6.5 km directly north of the lower site) in the flowers of Convolvulaceae. Several specimens of Conotelus obscurus Erichson were collected from the flowers of morning glory, Ipomoea sp. This long, narrow beetle resembles a rove beetle, Stenus sp. (Staphylinidae); however, unlike rove beetles, nitidulids have clubbed antennae and occupy different ecologi- cal niches. In summary, at least 21 species of nitidulids were collected in the Shawnee State Forest during the 1991 growing season (Table 3). All of these species had been previously collected in the state of Ohio. Comparison of the species record from the current study with the nitidulids in The Ohio State University collection showed that there were new county records. In Table 3, all were new records for Scioto County with the exception of Carpophilus lugubris, Conotelus obscurus, Cychramus adustus, Epuraea alternata, Epuraea helvola, and Pallodes silaceous (=pallidus). Three species which had been taken previously in the county but were not taken in our studies are Epuraea umbrosa Horn, Phenolia grossa (Fabricius), and Prometopia sexmaculata (Say). With the addition of these specimens to our study, there are now 24 known species of Nitidulidae from Scioto County, Ohio. 156 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Table 1. Early season inventory of Nitidulidae collected from gallon jug traps in the Shawnee State Forest, Scioto Co., Ohio, 2-6 June, 1991. Species collected v Collected Glischrochilus obtusus (Say) 1 37 Epuraea peltoides Horn 78 Glischrochilus sanguinolentus (Olivier) 24 Lobiopa undulata (Say) 21 Cryptarcha ampla Erichson 1 5 Cryptarcha concinna Melsheimer 15 Colopterus maculatus (Erichson) 8 Cryptarcha strigulata Parsons 5 Stelidota geminata (Say) 5 Carpophilus liigubris Murray 3 Cychramus adiistus Erichson 2 Epuraea alternata Parsons 2 Carpophilus corticinus Erichson 1 Glischrochilus fasciatus (Olivier) 1 Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Say) 1 Total 318 Table 2. Late season inventory of Nitidulidae collected using NIT traps at two sites in the Shawnee State Forest, Scioto, Co., Ohio. 27 August- 10 September, 1991 . Numb er Species collected Collected Stelidota geminata (Say) 892 Stelidota octomaculata (Say) 271 Epuraea helvola Erichson 134 Epuraea alternata Parsons 41 Carpophilus liigubris Murray 1 1 Colopterus sp. 4 Carpophilus hemipterus (L.) 2 Epuraea peltoides Horn 2 Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Say) 2 Carpophilus corticinus Erichson 1 Pallodes pallidus (Beauvois) 1 Total 1361 Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 157 Table 3. Total Nitidulid catches for various baits over the entire season (early and late season combined). Shawnee State Forest, Scioto County, Ohio 1991. Malt/ Brown Canta- Acorns Wheat Smoked Species Molasses Sugar Vinegar loupe (Red Oak) Dough Bacon/Ham Total Stel. geminata 180 59 106 73 5 466 8 897 Stel. octomaculata 51 20 77 20 24 68 11 271 Glis. obtusus 0 137 0 0 0 0 0 137 Epur. helvola 21 23 19 6 0 65 0 134 Epur. peltoides 0 78 0 0 0 2 0 80 Epur. alternate! 11 3 4 2 0 19 4 43 Glis. sanguinolentus 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 24 Lobi. itndulata 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 21 Cryp. ampla 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 15 Cry p. cone in na 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 15 Carp, lugubris 3 5 0 0 0 6 0 14 Colo, maculatus 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 Cono. obscuru^ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Cryp. strigulata 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 Colo. sp. 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 4 Glis. quadrisignatus 0 I 0 0 0 2 0 3 Carp, hemipterus 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 Carp, corticinus 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 Cych. a dust us 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 Glis. fasciatus 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Pall, pallidus Total 0 267 0 420 0 2()6 0 101 0 29 1 633 0 23 1 1,6X6 'Conotelus obscurus was taken from the flowers of Ipomoea sp. (Convolvulaceae). 158 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Table 4. Bait and site comparison of the three most prominent nitidulids in late season, Shawnee State Forest, Scioto Co., Ohio, 1991. (August 27-September 10) Malt/ Brown Canta- Acorns Wheat Smoked Molasses Sugar Vinegar loupe (Red Oak) Dough Bacon/Ham Species 12 12 1212 12 12 12 Stelidota geminata 35 145 19 34 18 89 19 54 3 2 163 303 6 2 Stelidota octomaculata 1 50 1 19 5 72 2 18 2 22 5 64 46 Epuraea helvola 1 20 0 23 1 18 0 6 0 0 3 62 0 0 Totals: 37 215 20 76 24 179 21 78 5 24 171 429 10 8 1 = Lower site (Trial 1 ) 2 = Upland site (Trial 2) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Salaries and research support were provided by state and federal funds appropriated to the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University. O.A.R.D.C. manuscript number 249-92. LITERATURE CITED Foott, W. H. and P. R. Timmins. J 1971. Importance of field corn as a reproductive site for Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Say) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ont. 01:73-75. Galford, J. R., R. N. Williams, and A. Daugherty. 1991. Life history and notes on the biol- ogy of Stelidota octomaculata (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Res. Paper NE-644. Radnor, PA: U.S. Dept. of Agric., Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 7 p. Ganglbauer. L. 1899 Die Kafer von Mitteleuropa. 1-3. Wien. Peng, C. and R. N. Williams. 1991. Effect of trap design, trap height, and habitat on the capture of sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) using whole wheat bread dough. J. Econ. Entomol. 84(5):1515-1519. Skalbeck, T. C. and H. M. Kulman. 1970. Occurrence of nitidulid beetles in fermenting bait traps located at two vertical locations in five species of trees. Proc. North Central Branch Entomol. Soc. Amer. 25(l):54-55. (Abstract). Skalbeck, T. C. 1 976. The distribution of Nitidulidae in deciduous forests of Minnesota. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. 204 pp. (unpublished). Williams, R. N., and H. R. Krueger. 1985. Nitidulids (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) associated with Chinese chestnuts. Entomol. News. 96(5):214-218. Williams, R. N., J. L. Blackmer, D. S. Richmond, and M. S. Ellis. 1992. Nitidulidae (Coleoptera) diversity in three natural preserves of Portage County, Ohio. Ohio J.. Sci. 92(4):82-87. Vol. 105. No. 3, May & June, 1994 159 FIRST RECORDS OF ENICOCEPHALIDAE (HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA) FROM WISCONSIN1 Steven J. Krauth, Daniel K. Young^ ABSTRACT: The family Enicocephalidae is recorded from Wisconsin for the first time. Svstelloderes biceps was collected from pitfall traps at three sites in southeastern Wisconsin during June and July. In North America Enicocephalidae is a small family of five genera and ten species (Froeschner 1988). Individuals are generally small and frail, and some swarm in mating flights (Kritsky 1977a), thereby giving rise to the name "gnat hugs". Nymphs and adults are predaceous on other small arthropods. Froeschner (1988) reviewed the literature and natural history for species of Enicocephalidae. The infraorder Enico- cephalomorpha, to which the Enicocephalidae belong, is distributed across the southern United States, Australia, and Africa. Specimens of enicocephalids were recovered from pitfall traps at three sites in southeastern Wisconsin, which constitute the first records for this family in the state. One specimen was collected in the Grassy Lake Wildlife Area, Columbia Co., WI, in conjunction with a Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources study of pheasant nesting success (Leonard Huebner, pers. comm.). Two individuals were also collected as part of a survey of macroarthropods associated with the long-term Wis- consin Integrated Cropping Systems Trial. One of the project's primary objectives is to compare, over time, the environmental impacts of six cropping systems that vary considerably in terms of chemical and physi- cal soil disturbances, and thus, sustainability. One specimen from the Arlington Research Station plots in Columbia Co., WI, was taken from a pitfall trap in the corn phase of a drilled soybean-corn rotation. A sec- ond specimen was recovered from a pitfall trap in the corn year of a "rapid turnaround alfalfa" rotation (alfalfa-corn-oats/alfalfa) at the Lakeland Agricultural Complex, Walworth Co.,WI. Pitfall traps used at the Arlington and Lakeland locations consisted of two nested 8 oz. plas- tic cups buried in agricultural fields to the lip of the cups. A few ounces of ethylene glycol were poured into the inner cup, and the pitfall trap opening was sheltered from above by a styrofoam plate supported by an offset wooden dowel inserted into the ground near the trap. The cups 1 Received November 18, 1993. Accepted December 25, 1993. 2 Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI. 53706 ENT. NEWS 105(3): 159-160, May & June. 1994 160 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS were sampled at two-week intervals throughout the growing season. Using the available keys to species (Froeschner 1944, Kritsky 1977b, 1978a and b, 1981, Usinger 1945) the Wisconsin material was identified as Svstelloderes biceps (Say). Distribution: Ariz., D.C., Fla., la., 111., Ind., Ky., La., Md., Mo., N.C., N.Y., Pa., Que., R.I., Tenn., Ut., Va., Cuba, Mexico to Panama (Froeschner 1988). Specimens from these collections are deposited in the Insect Re- search Collection of the Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison. MATERIAL EXAMINED: WI: Columbia Co., Grassy Lake State Wildlife Area, Coll: 1 July 1985, pitfall trapped, one male; Columbia Co., Arlington Agricultural Station, 12-17 June 1992, plot 108; T2 corn, pitfall trapped, one male; Walworth Co., Lakeland Ag. Farms, 4-11 June 1992, plot 307; T5 corn, pitfall trapped, one female. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We acknowledge the work of Greg Snortheim in the initial phase of this project and we thank David Hogg and Tom Phillips for reviewing the manuscript. Funding for this work was provided, in part, by the Wisconsin Integrated Cropping System Trial, which is supported by the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, Cooperative Extension Services, the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems, and the Michael Fields Agricultural Institute. LITERATURE CITED Froeschner, R.C. 1944. Contributions to a synopsis of the Hemiptera of Missouri. Part 3: Lygaeidae, Pyrrhocoridae, Piesmatidae, Tingidae, Enicocephalidae, Phymatidae, Ploiariidae, Reduviidae, Nabidae. Amer. Midland Nat. 31(3):638-683. Froeschner, R.C. 1988. Family 13. pp. 132-135. In: Henry, T. J. and R. C. Froeschner, (eds.) Catalog of the Heteroptera, or true bugs, of Canada and the Continental United States. E.J. Brill. New York. Kritsky, G.R. 1977a. Observations on the morphology and behavior of the Enico- cephalidae (Hemiptera). Entomol. News 88: 105-110 . Kritsky, G.R. 1977b. Two new genera of Enicocephalidae (Hemiptera). Entomol. News 88:161-168. Kritsky, G.R. 1978a. The North American and Caribbean species of Svstelloderes (Hemiptera: Enicocephalidae). Entomol. News 89:65-73. Kritsky, G.R. 1978b. A new species of Hymenocoris from Mexico (Hemiptera: Enicocephalidae). Entomol. News 89:74-76. Kritsky, G.R. 1981. Two new species of Alienates (Hemiptera: Enicocephalidae). Entomol. News 92: 130- 132. Usinger, R.L. 1945. Classification of the Enicocephalidae. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 38(3):321-342. Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 161 TAXONOMIC STATUS OF THREE SPECIES OF FALLCEON (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE)1 W. P. McCafferty, C. R. Lugo-Ortiz2 ABSTRACT: The taxonomic status of three species of Fallceon (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) is discussed based on the examination of type materials. The syntypes of Centroptilum poeyi are identifiable as Fallceon poeyi and Fallceon sp., but they do not include F. longifolius. Recent material from Cuba that was misidentified as Baetis (Fallceon) poey\ is shown to represent a distinct new species, Fallceon nikitai McCafferty and Lugo-Ortiz. The Mexican species Fallceon eatoni, recently synonymized with Fallceon quilleri, is reinstated as a valid species and confirmed in Fallceon. The shape of the costal process in the hindwings is shown to be variable among Fallceon species. Fallceon poeyi (Eaton) Eaton (1885) described Centroptilum poeyi from Cuba. Edmunds (1974) recombined this species with the genus Baetis Leach based on its possession of hindwings and double marginal intercalaries in the fore- wings. McCafferty and Waltz (1991) placed it in Fallceon, a genus which had been erected by Waltz and McCafferty (1987). Kluge (1992) recog- nized it in Fallceon, but regarded Fallceon only as a subgenus of Baetis. We continue to recognize Fallceon as a distinct genus. It clearly does not belong in Baetis based on its lack of a femoral villopore in the larvae. The possession of the villopore is an apomorphic characteristic which defines a distinct phylogenetic lineage containing Baetis and other gen- era related to Baetis (Waltz and McCafferty 1987). Our recent study of the syntypes of Centroptilum poyei (all pinned, alate specimens housed at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Har- vard University, MCZ white tag series No. 4965) indicated that three of the four original syntypes of this species possessed hindwings with an unhooked costal process, and one specimen possessed hindwings with a hooked costal process. The latter condition has been considered typical of the genus. All other characters visible on these poorly preserved spec- imens, including patterns of crossvenation in the {brewings and position and development of the costal process of the hindwings, continue to sug- gest their placement in Fallceon. Two species of Fallceon, however, rather than one are represented by Eaton's syntypes. It cannot be determined from Eaton's (1885:179) written description 1 Received December 8, 1993. Accepted January 15. 1994. 2 Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 ENT. NEWS 105(3): 161-163, May & June. 1994 162 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS of Centroptilum poeyi which of the components of his type material is closest to his intended species concept. With figure 12 of Plate 65 of Eaton's monograph, however, he illustrated the hindwing of his C. poeyi. This hindwing clearly matches those specimens with the unhooked, sym- metrically produced costal process. We interpret this illustrated hind- wing as an indication that these particular specimens typified Eaton's intended concept of the species. In this respect, we are able to recognize the single male adult among these three specimens as the lectotype (Eaton's green tag No. 61) of/7, poeyi, so designated by Kluge (1992). The single Eaton syntype with the hooked costal process was identi- fied by Kluge (1992) as Baetis (Fallceon) longifolius Kluge, a valid species he described in the same paper, based on larvae and adults he reared in Cuba. On the basis of the poor condition of this specimen, including the lack of genitalia, it is impossible to identify it to species, and given its small size, it is difficult to accept that it is this species since larvae on which the description is based are nearly twice as long as this adult (we have not seen such a size reduction from larva to adult in baetid species). Therefore, we consider that specimen of Eaton's (Eaton's green tag No. 711) as Fallceon sp. It is doubtful if it can ever be placed accurately to any particular species of Fallceon. Fallceon nikitai McCafferty and Lugo-Ortiz, NEW SPECIES Kluge (1992) described Cuban larvae of what he thought to be Baetis (Fallceon) poeyi, based on reared associations with adults that he pre- sumed were that species. From Kluge 's description, it is clear that this material is Fallceon but definitely not Eaton's poeyi. Our conclusion is based primarily on the presence of a hooked costal process in the hind- wings of Kluge's material. Nonetheless, because the material represents an adequately described, distinct species, we name it after Nikita Kluge as follows: Fallceon nikitai McCafferty and Lugo-Ortiz, new species [= materials previously collected, described and illustrated as Baetis poeyi (Eaton) by Kluge (1992:40)]. We designate the holotype of the new species as follows: HOLOTYPE, male adult reared from larva, Cuba, Pinar de Rio Province, Soroa, IV-1-1989, N. Kluge, deposited at Zoo- logical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Fallceon eatoni (Kimmins), REINSTATEMENT Kimmins (1934) described adults from the state of Sonora in north- ern Mexico as Baetis eatoni. Waltz and McCafferty (1987) recombined Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 163 this species with the genus Fallceon. McCafferty and Waltz (1991) sub- sequently synonymized it with Fallceon quilleri (Dodds). Our examination of the type material from the British Museum has revealed that it is not F. quilleri. While there are striking similarities in the genitalia of F. eatoni and F. quilleri, both with respect to the bilobed process of the subgenital plate and the elongate terminal segment of the forceps (see Kimmins 1934), the hindwings of the two species are dis- tinct. In fact, the hindwings of F. eatoni, similar to those of F. poeyi dis- cussed above, do not possess the hooked costal process associated with other species of the genus. Except for this structural difference, howev- er, it appears that F. eatoni and F. quilleri are closely related. We continue to consider this species in Fallceon rather than Baetis because the general similarities in the genitalia of F. eatoni and F. quil- leri would be too difficult to explain as convergences. The hooked costal process of the hindwing obviously cannot be used as a distinguishing characteristic for Fallceon. It will be important to discover and examine the still unknown larvae of both F. eatoni and F. poeyi because the most critical characters of the genus are apparently found in that stage (Waltz and McCafferty 1987). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank P. C. Barnard of the British Museum and D. Furth of the Museum of Comparative Zoology for the loan of type materials. We also thank R. D. Waltz of the Indiana Department of Natural Resources for discussing the paper. This paper has been assigned Purdue Experiment Station Journal No. 13947. LITERATURE CITED Eaton, A. E. 1885 (1883-1888). A re visional monograph of recent Ephemeridae or mayflies. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 2nd Ser.-Zool. 3:1-352. Edmunds, G. F., Jr. 1974. Some taxonomic changes in Baetidae (Ephemeroptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 76:289. Kimmins, D. E. 1934. Notes on the Ephemeroptera of the Godman and Salvin Collection, with descriptions of two new species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 14:338-353. Kluge, N. 1992. Cuban mayflies of the family Baetidae (Ephemeroptera). 3. Subgenus Fallceon of the genus Baetis s.l. Zool. Zh. 71:38-48. [in Russian]. McCafferty, W. P. and R. I). Walt/.. 1990. Re visionary synopsis of the Baetidae (Ephe- meroptera) of North and Middle America. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1 16:769-799. Wall/., R. I), and W. P. McCafferty. 1987. New genera of Baetidae from some Nearctic species previously included in Baetis Leach (Ephemeroptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 80: 667-680. 164 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS NEW RECORDS, DISTRIBUTION AND TAXONOMIC STATUS OF SOME NORTHERN ARIZONA CADDISFLIES (TRICHOPTERA)1 Stephen R. Moulton II2'4, Kenneth W. Stewart2, Kirk L. Young3 ABSTRACT: Forty-nine caddisfly species were collected in northern Arizona during April and June, 1993. These included Protoptila balmorhea, previously known from its type locality in west Texas, the presumed rare Ochrotrichia (Metrichia) volada, that we determined to be a synonym of the widely distributed O. (M.) nigritta and an undescribed species and new Nearctic record of the xiphocentronid genus Cnodocentron. New distrib- utional records and taxonomic notes are provided for regional species. A regional collection of caddisflies was made in north-central Ari- zona in spring, 1993, in conjunction with a study to determine the popu- lation status of the two presumed rare species Protoptila balmorhea Ross (Glossosomatidae) and Ochrotrichia (Metrichia) volada Blickle and Denning (Hydroptilidae). Both are considered "Category 2" species under the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973 (USFWS 1991). Collections were made at five sites in Oak Creek from upper to lower Oak Creek Canyon, in the outflows of two major springs, Page Springs and Bubbling Ponds in Yavapai County near the town of Page Springs, and reaches and adjacent springs of the Verde (Yavapai Co.) and East Fork Verde Rivers (Gila Co.). Portable ultra-violet light traps, hand-col- lecting with an aspirator, sweeping vegetation, and 6 m Malaise traps (Debby Focks Co., Gainesville, FL) were variously employed for col- lecting adults at these sites. Larvae and pupae were hand-picked from submerged objects and netted from the springs, ponds and streams. Larvae of six species were air-transported to our laboratory in Texas, and reared in a Frigid Units Living Stream™ at simulated habitat tem- peratures (12 - 14°C) and photoperiod. All material is preserved in 70% ethanol and deposited in the University of North Texas (UNT) Insect Museum Collection. A synoptic collection of species has also been placed in the National Museum of Natural History. Holotypes examined herein are deposited in either the California Academy of Sciences (CAS) or the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS) . 1 Received November 1, 1993. Accepted November 20, 1993 2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 3 Arizona Game and Fish Department, 2221 West Greenway Road, Phoenix, Arizona 85023 ^ Present address: Department of Entomology, Penn State University, 501 Agricultural Sciences and Industries Bldg., University Park, PA 16802 ENT. NEWS 105(3): 164-174, May & June, 1994 Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 165 Protoptila balmorhea Ross Protoptila balmorhea Ross 1941:45. Material Examined.- ARIZONA: YAVAPAI CO., Bubbling Ponds. 1 km N Page Springs (town), 4-5-VI-1993, 9 dd,; same but, 5-6-VI-1993, 3 dd; spring outfall at Bubbfing Ponds Fish Hatchery, Page Springs (town), 23-IV-1993, 7 dd 1 1 99; Oak Cr., below Page Springs Fish Hatchery, 5-6-VI-1993, 4 dd, 5 99, same but, 17-V-1978, M. W. Sanderson, 2dd; TEXAS: Reeves Co., Balmorhea, irrigation flume, 19-1V-1939, H. H & J. A. Ross, Holotype d. Comments.- Morse (1988) did not include Arizona in his distributional summary of P. balmorhea. This species was previously known only from its type locality at Balmorhea, in the Trans Pecos region of west Texas (Ross 1941). Specimens were reportedly collected from Oak Creek by Milton Sanderson in May, 1978. We located and confirmed some of this material in the INHS collection. Presence of P. balmorhea in both west Texas and Arizona suggests that it may have been a widespread south- western species that now occurs as disjunct, post-glacial relict popula- tions. It is likely to be found in other southwestern states and northern Mexico where its larval habitat requirements are met. These include swift, spring outfalls with sufficient cobble substrate to support the algal grazing habits of the larvae. Ochrotrichia (Metrichia) nigritta (Banks) Orthotrichia nigritta Banks 1907:163. Metrichia volada Blickle & Denning 1977:295. NEW SYNONYM. Material Examined.- ARIZONA: YAVAPAI CO., Page Springs Fish Hatchery, 3-IV- 1968, R.W. Baumann, Holotype d, Allotype 9 (CAS Type No. 16363); same but 23-IV- 1993, 18 rfcW, pupae, larvae; same but 5-6-VI-1993, 22 cfcf99; Bubbling Ponds Fish Hatchery, Page Springs (town), 23-IV-1993, 3 dd, same but 5-6-VI-1993, 1 d; Bubbling Ponds, 1 km N Page Springs (town), 22-23-IV-1993, 8 cfd99; same but 4-6-VI-1993, 332 cW99; OKLAHOMA: MURRAY CO., Buffalo Springs, Travertine Cr., Chickasaw Nat. Rec. Area, 28-1 V-l 991, Moulton & Kennedy, 66 dd, 22 dd; TEXAS: MENARD CO., San Saba R., at FM 864, Fort McKavitt, 1 l-IV-1992, 2 dd; VAL VERDE CO., unnamed spring, Dolan Cr., near confluence with Devil's R., 17-111-1993, Stringer, Nelson, & Alexander, 2dd. Comments. Prior to this study it was thought that O. (M.) volada was a rare and threatened species restricted to the spring outfalls near Page Springs, Arizona. The spring outfall above Page Springs Fish Hatchery had been fenced to protect the habitat, and our work was intended to assess the distribution and health of the population. In June 1993 at the 166 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Page Springs and Bubbling Ponds outfalls, aggregations of 20 to 30 males were often found in heavily shaded areas on blades of streamside grasses and at the apex of the large arrowhead-shaped leaves of Sagittaria. Larvae and pupae were found only on heavily shaded, moss- covered cobbles in swift water. Some of these were successfully reared in the laboratory, and upon comparison with written descriptions and fig- ures of O. (M.) volada and O. (M.) nigritta, it appeared that the two species might be synonyms. The <3 holotype and 9 allotype of O. (M.) volada were borrowed from the CAS and further comparisons con- firmed that they were synonymous with confirmed material of O. (M.) nigritta in our reference collections from Texas and Oklahoma. In addi- tion, larvae and cases collected from Page Springs were identical to those in our collection from a similar spring habitat in southern Oklahoma and to the written description by Edwards and Arnold (1961). Ochrotrichia (M.) nigritta is locally distributed in spring habitats throughout the southwestern United States (Arizona, Oklahoma, Texas), Mexico, and El Salvador (Blickle 1979, Flint 1972). NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS In addition to resolving the status of P. balmorhea and O. nigritta in the region, we were able to increase substantially the knowledge of forty-seven regional species, some of which were known previously from limited localities. An undescribed species of the xiphocentronid genus Cnodocentron was also discovered. Following is an annotated listing of these species. An asterisk denotes a new state record; only Arizona counties are listed. Family Brachycentridae *Micrasema bactro Ross. COCONINO CO., Oak Cr. at Manzanita Rec. Area, along US Hwy 89A 25-IV-1993, 3 larvae; YAVAPAI CO., Bubbling Ponds Fish Hatchery, Page Springs (town), 23-IV-1993, 1 9. This species has been reported previously from Alaska (Vineyard 1982) and the Yukon Territory (Schmid 1983) to California (Schmid 1983), Utah (Baumann and Unzicker 1981), and Colorado (Herrmann et al. 1986). Family Calamoceratidae Phylloicus aeneus (Hagen). COCONINO CO., Oak Cr. at Manzanita Rec. Area, along US Hwy 89A, 5- VI- 1993', 3 larvae; YAVAPAI CO., Bubbling Ponds, 1 km N Page Springs (town), 22-1 V-l 993, 1 larva. Wiggins (1977) illustrated the larva of this species from Cochise Co., AZ. Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 167 Family Glossosomatidae *Agapetus boulderensis Milne. COCON1NO CO., Oak Cr. along US Hwy 89A, S of Pine Flats Rec. Area, 7-VI-1993, 1 d mmt, many larvae. This species has been previously reported from Colorado (Milne 1936), Utah (Baumann and Unzicker 1981), and Wyoming (Denning 1948). Culoptila kimminsi Denning. APACHE CO., the location label contained with the holotype reads, "Greer, White Mountains; 8000' Arizona; June 7, 1958; C.P. Alexander", Holotype d (CAS Type No. 16165). We borrowed the d holotype of this species with the possibility that it might be a synonym of C. moselyi, since both species were apparently collected together (see comments below for C. moselyi) and subse- quently described by Denning (1965). The type is contained in a cork- stoppered, shell vial containing alcohol and it is brittle and in poor con- dition; the head, right fore- and hind-wings, and right meso- and meta- thoracic legs are missing. The genitalia however, were intact and some- what flattened. Genitalic characters differed from those of C. moselyi in the shape of the tenth tergite and the inferior appendages. Culoptila moselyi Denning. Material Examined: COCONINO CO., West Fork Oak Cr., N Sedona, 15-VI-1978, M. W. Sanderson, 2 dd; Oak Cr. at Manzanita Rec. Area, along US Hwy 89A, 25-IV-1993, 1 larva; Oak Creek Canyon, 13-16-VI-1961, S.G. Jewett, Holotype d (CAS Type No. 16166); same as previous but 16-VI-1961, Allotype 9 (CAS Type No. 16166). The type data given by Denning (1965) reads, "Greer, White Mountains (near Springerville), Apache County, Arizona, 8000 feet, 7 June 1958, C.P. Alexander". This is apparently erroneous, as we discov- ered during our examination of the d1 holotype that its hand written locality label read, "Oak Creek Canyon, Arizona; June 13-16. 1961; S.G. Jewett". The allotype location label was correctly reported by Denning (1965). Two male paratypes were reported as being deposited in the CAS, but we were unable to locate them despite the presence of a fourth label with the allotype that read, "Paratype d; Culoptila moselyi; D.G. Denning 1965". Wiggins (1977) illustrated and reported the larva of C. moselyi from the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona. The holotype and allotype are contained in alcohol but are dried and brittle; the specimens are intact except for a few missing legs and antennae. The Sanderson material examined herein and three additional vials (not examined by us) are deposited in the INHS. Glossosoma ventrale Banks. COCONINO CO., Oak Cr. at Manzanita Rec. Area, along US Hwy 89A, 25- VI- 1993, 7 larvae; Oak Cr. along US Hwy 89 A, S of Pine Flats Rec. Area, 7-VI-1993, 1 d mmt, 3 pupae. 168 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Family Helicopsychidae *Helicopsyche borealis (Hagen). COCONINO CO., Oak Cr., at Manzanita Rec. Area, along US Hwy 89A, 5-VI-1993, 2 larvae; YAVAPAI CO., Verde R., at US 89A, Cottonwood, AZ, 4-5-VI-1993, 4 dd; Bubbling Ponds, 1 km N Page Springs (town), 46-VI- 1993, 2 dd; Oak Cr. below Page Springs Fish Hatchery, 5-6-VI-1993, 5 dd, 3 99. This species has been reported previously as "widely distributed on nearly all of the North American continent, from Mexico to Nova Scotia and Alberta" (Schmid 1983). Helicopsyche mexicana Banks. COCONINO CO., Oak Cr. at Manzanita Rec. Area, along US Hw'y 89A, 25-1 V-l 993, 1 larva; Oak Cr., at Sterling Spring Fish Hatchery, along US Hwy 89A, 4-5-VM993, 1 d. Family Hydrobiosidae Atopsyche sperryi Denning. APACHE CO., Greer, White Mts., Government Spring, 7-VI-1993, P. Wagner, 4 pupae, 6 larvae; COCONINO CO., Oak Cr., at Manzanita Rec. Area, along US Hwy 89A, 25-IV-1993, 1 d, 1 9, 7 larvae; same but 5-6-VI-1993, 1 d; Oak Cr., at Sterling Spring Fish Hatchery, US Hwy 89A, 4-5-VI-1993, 1 d; Oak Cr., along US Hwy 89A, S of Pine flats Rec. Area, 7-VI-1993, 1 d, 1 9. Some males and females were reared from pupae in the laboratory. Larval and metamorphic material compare well with the undetermined Atopsyche illustrated from Coconino Co. by Wiggins (1977). Family Hydropsychidae Ceratopsyche oslari (Banks). COCONINO CO., Oak Cr., at Sterling Spring Fish Hatchery, US Hwy 89A, 4-5-VI-1993, 6 dd. Ceratopsvche venada (Ross). COCONINO CO., Oak Cr., at Sterling Spring Fish Hatchery, US Hwy 89A, 22-IV-1993, 2 dd, 12 larvae; same but, 4-6-VI-1993, 6 dd; Oak Cr., at Manzanita Rec. Area, along US Hwy 89A, 5-VI-1993, 2 pupae, 1 larva; YAVAPAI CO., Bubbling Ponds, 1 km N Page Springs (town), 22-IV-1993, 2 larvae; same but 4-6-VI-1993, 4 dd; Bubbling Ponds Fish Hatchery, Page Springs (town), 7 dd, 14 larvae; same but 5-VI- 1993, 9 larvae; Oak Cr., below Page Springs Fish Hatchery, 22-1 V- 1993, 1 d, same but 5-6- VI-1993, 2dd. Cheumatopsyche arizonensis (Ling). COCONINO CO., Oak Cr. at Sterling Spring Fish Hatchery, US Hwy 89A, 4-5-VI-1993, 1 d; YAVAPAI CO., Bubbling Ponds, 1 km N Page Springs (town), 22-23-IV-1993, 55 dd99; same but 4-6-VI-1993, 11 dd; Bubbling Ponds Fish Hatchery, 23-IV-1993, 31 dd; Oak Cr., below Page Springs Fish Hatchery, 5-6-VI-1993, 12 dd. " Cheumatopsyche pinula Denning. YAVAPAI CO., Bubbling Ponds, 1 km N Page Springs (town), 22-IV-l 993, 3 dd; same but 4-5-VI-1993, 3 dd; Bubbling Ponds Fish Hatchery, Page Springs (town), 23-IV-1993, 4 dd; Page Springs, at Page Springs Fish Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 169 Hatchery, Page Springs (town), 23-IV-1993, 4 dd; Page Springs, at Page Springs Fish Hatchery, 22-IV-1993, 5 dd; Verde R., at US Hwy 89A, Cottonwood, AZ, 4-5-VI-1993, 3dd. *Hydropsyche auricolor Ulmer. YAVAPAI CO., Bubbling Ponds, 1 km N Page Springs (town), 23-1 V-l 993, 8 dd; same but 4-5-VI-1993, 1 d; Bubbling Ponds Fish Hatchery, Page Springs (town), 23-IV-1993, 14 dd; Oak Cr., below Page Springs Fish Hatchery, 5-6-VI-l 993, 62 dd; Page Springs, at Page Springs Fish Hatchery, 22-IV-I993, 1 d; Verde R., at US Hwy 89A, Cottonwood, AZ, 4-5- VI- 1993, 73 dd. This species was known for a long time in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico as H. solex Ross (Flint 1967); Bueno- Soria and Flint (1978) listed the latter as a junior synonym of the former. Hvdropsvche occidental!* Banks. YAVAPAI CO., Bubbling Ponds, 1 km N Page Springs, 4-5-VI-1993, 1 d; Verde R., at US Hwy 89A, Cottonwood, AZ, 4-5-VI-1993, 104dd. Smicridea arizonensis Flint. YAVAPAI CO., Oak Cr., below Page Springs Fish Hatchery, 22-IV-1993, 1 d; same but 5-6-VI-1993, 1 9; Bubbling Ponds, 1 km N Page Springs (town), 4-5-VI-l 993, 1 d, 1 9; Verde R., at US Hwy 89A bridge, Cottonwood, AZ, 499. Family Hydroptilidae Alisotrichia arizonica (Blickle & Denning). YAVAPAI CO., Bubbling Ponds, 1 km N Page Springs. 4-5-VI-l 993, 1 d, 1 9. This rare micro-caddisfly was originally designated as the type spe- cies for the new genus Rioptila described from Oak Creek (Blickle and Denning 1977). Recently, Harris and Holzenthal (1993) reduced Riop- tila to the status of a junior synonym of Alisotrichia based on characters of adult males and females. To our knowledge, the collection reported here represents the third collection of this rare species in Arizona since the type series in 1949. Blickle (1979), Baumann and Unzicker (1981), and Harris and Holzenthal (1993) recorded this species from Utah. Hvdroptila arctia Ross. COCONINO CO., Oak Cr., at Sterling Spring Fish Hatchery, US Hwy 89A, 4-6-VI-1993, 52 dd. Hvdroptila icona Mosely. COCONINO CO., Oak Cr., at Sterling Spring Fish Hatchery, 4-6-VI-1993, 7 dd; YAVAPAI CO., Oak Cr., below Page Springs Fish Hatchery, 5-6-VI-1993, 6 dd; Bubbling Ponds Fish Hatchery, Page Springs (town), 23-IV-1993, 2 dd; Bubbling Ponds, 1 km N Page Springs (town), 4-5-VI-l 993, 54 dd; Verde R.. at US Hwy 89A, Cottonwood, AZ, 134 dd. Hvdroptila rono Ross. COCONINO CO., Oak Cr., at Sterling Spring Fish Hatchery, US Hwv 89A. 4-6-V1-1993, 9 dd. 170 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS *Ithytrichia clavata Morton. COCONINO CO., Oak Cr., at Sterling Spring Fish Hatchery, US Hwy 89A, 4-5-VI-1993, 2 dd. This holarctic species has been reported previously from California (Ross 1944), Oklahoma (Ross 1944), Texas (Cloud and Stewart 1974), and Utah (Baumann and Unzicker 1981) as well as 17 other Nearctic states and provinces. Leucotrichia limpia Ross. YAVAPAI CO., Oak Cr., below Page Springs Fish Hatchery, 22-IV-1993, 91 dd; Bubbling Ponds Fish Hatchery, Page Springs (town), 23-IV- 1993, 1 d; Bubbling Ponds, 1 km N Page Springs, 23-IV-1993, 1 d. Larvae of this species were abundant on rock surfaces. *Mayatrichia ayama Mosely. YAVAPAI CO., Verde R., at US Hwy 89A, Cot- tonwood, AZ, 4-5-VI-1993, 1 d. This species has been reported previously from New Brunswick to Alberta (Blickle 1979) to Costa Rica (Bueno-Soria and Flint 1978). Ochrotrichia dactvlophora Flint. YAVAPAI CO., Page Springs, at Page Springs Fish Hatchery, 23-1 V- 1993/2 dd. Flint (1965) listed the type locality for this species as "Arizona, Coconino County, West Fork, 16 miles southwest of Flagstaff, 6500 ft. elevation". Denning and Blickle (1972) noted that Oak Creek Canyon may be the northern limit of this species. Ochrotrichia ildria Denning & Blickle. COCONINO CO., Oak Cr., at Sterling Spring Fish Hatchery, US Hwy 89A, 22-IV-1993, 1 d. The type locality for this species is Oak Creek Canyon (Denning and Blickle 1972). Ochrotrichia quadrispina Denning & Blickle. COCONINO CO., Oak Cr., at Sterling Spring Fish Hatchery, US Hwy 89A, 22-IV-1993, 1 d; same but 4-6- VI- 1993, 2 dd; YAVA- PAI CO., Oak Cr., below Page Springs Fish Hatchery, 22-IV-1993, 1 d; same but 5-6-VI- 1993, 1 d. This species was described from Portal, Cochise Co., Arizona. Ochrotrichia stylata (Ross). COCONINO CO., Oak Cr., at Sterling Spring Fish Hatchery, 4-5-VI-1993, 1 d\ YAVAPAI CO., Oak Cr., below Page Springs Fish Hatchery, 5-6-VI-1993, 80 dd- Page Springs, at Page Springs Fish Hatchery, 23-IV 1993, 2 dd; Bubbling Ponds Fish Hatchery, Page Springs (town), 23-1 V-l 993, 1 d; Bubbling Ponds, 1 km N Page Springs (town), 10 dd; Verde R., at US Hwy 89A, Cottonwood, AZ, 4-5- VI- 1993, 30 dd. Ochrotrichia tarsalis (Hagen). YAVAPAI CO., Bubbling Ponds, 1 km N Page Springs (town), 5-6-VI-1993, 2 dd. Oxyethira aculea Ross. YAVAPAI CO., Bubbling Ponds, 1 km N Page Springs (town), 4-5-VI-1993, 1 d. Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 171 Oxyelhira dualis Morton. YAVAPAI CO., Bubbling Ponds Fish Hatchery, Page Springs (town), 23- IV- 1993, 2 dd; Bubbling Ponds, 1 km N Page Springs (town),' 23 IV- 1993, 1 d; same but 4-5-VI-1993, 2 dd. Oxvethira pallida (Banks). YAVAPAI CO., LoLo Mai Spring, 1 km N Page Springs (town), 5-6-VI- 1993, 1 d. Family Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma knulli Ross. APACHE CO., Government Spring, Hwy 377, Greer, White Mts, 7-VI-1993, P. Wagner, many larvae; COCONINO CO., Oak Cr.,"at Manzanita Rec. Area, 5-VI-1993, 16 larvae. Lepidosloma ormeum Ross. COCONINO CO., Oak Cr., at Man/anita Rec. Area, 25- IV- 1993, 1 larva. Weaver (1988) has previously recorded this species from Oak Creek. Family Leptoceridae Neclopsyche stigmatica (Banks). COCONINO CO., Oak Cr., at Manzanita Rec. Area, US Hwy 89A, 5-VI-1993, 10 larvae; YAVAPAI CO., Oak Cr., below Page Springs Fish Hatchery, 5-6-VI-1993, 12 cfdW; Bubbling Ponds Fish Hatchery, Page Springs (town), 23-IV-1993, 10 cW99; Bubbling Ponds, 1 km N Page Springs (town), 22-23-IV- 1993, 21 dd99; same but 4-5-VI-1993, 6 dd99. *Oecetis avara (Banks). GILA CO., East Fork Verde R., at Control Rd., 24-IV 1993, 1 d- YAVAPAI CO., Oak Cr., below Page Springs Fish Hatchery, 23-IV-1993, 1 9; same but 5-6-VI-1993, 7 dd99; Bubbling Ponds, 1 km N Page Springs (town), 23 IV-1993, 32 cW99; same but 4-5-VI-1993, 6 dd\ Verde R., at US Hwy 89A, Cottonwood, AZ, 4-5- VI -1993, 8dd. This species has been reported previously from Canada to Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela (Flint 1991), Family Limnephilidae Apatania arizona Wiggins. COCONINO CO., Oak Cr., at Sterling Spring Fish Hatchery, US Hwy 89A, 4-7-VI-1993, 2 dd, 1 9, 1 larva; same but Pumphouse Wash, 28- X-1978, M.W.Sanderson, 1 d. Hesperophylax magnus (Banks). COCONINO CO., Oak Cr., at Man/anita Rec. Area, along US Hwy 89A, 5-VI-1993, 3 larvae Family Odontoceridae *Marilia nobsca Milne. YAVAPAI CO., Bubbling Ponds, 1 km N Page Springs,22-IV- 1993, 1 cf, 1 9, 1 larva; Page Springs, at Page Springs Fish Hatchery, 22-IV-1993, 2 dd, 1 9 . 172 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS This species has been reported previously from Texas (Milne 1936) and Baja California in Mexico (Ross 1951). Family Philopotamidae Chimarra utahensis Ross. Several hundred males, females, pupae, and larvae were examined from locations throughout the Oak Creek and Verde River drainages in Coconino and Yavapai Counties during April and June, 1993. This species was the most abundant and frequently encountered species. Adults could be collected throughout the day and at night with all methods described herein. Wormaldia arizonensis (Ling). YAVAPAI CO., Oak Cr., below Page Springs Fish Hatchery, 22-IV-1993, 2 dd; Page Springs, at Page Springs Fish Hatchery, 23-IV-1993, 1 d\ Bubbling Ponds, 1 km N Page Springs (town), 23-IV-1993, 1 d; same but 4-5-VI 1993, 1 d. Family Polycentropodidae Polycentropus arizonensis Banks. COCONINO CO., Oak Cr., at Sterling Spring Fish Hatchery, US Hwy 89A, 4-5-VI-1993, 6 dd. Polycentropus halidus Milne. YAVAPAI CO., Bubbling Ponds, 1 km N Page Springs (town), 23-IV-1993, 1 d\ Verde R., at US Hwy 89A, Cottonwood, AZ, 4-5-VI-1993, 22 dd. Family Rhyacophilidae Rhvacophila coloradensis Banks. COCONINO CO., Oak Cr., at Sterling Spring Fish Hatchery, 5-6-VI-1993, 3 dd. Family Sericostomatidae Gumaga griseola Mac Lachlan. YAVAPAI CO., Oak Cr., at Sterling Spring Fish Hatchery, US Hwy 89A, 4-5-VI-1993, 5 dd. Gumaga nigricula Mac Lachlan. COCONINO CO., Oak Cr., at Manzanita Rec. Area, along US Hwy 89A, 5-VI-1993, 2 larvae. These larvae are identical to the one figured and reported from Coconino Co. by Wiggins (1977) as G. nigricula. Family Uenoidae Oligophlebodes minutus (Banks). APACHE CO., Greer, White Mts., Government Sprin ,Co. Rd . 1120, 6-VI-1993, P. Wagner, many pupae, dd mmt. Family Xiphocentronidae Cnodocentron sp. A YAVAPAI CO., Bubbling Ponds, 1 km N Page Springs, 22-23- IV- 1992, Idd. Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 173 This undescribed species of Cnodocentron represents the first record of this genus occurring in the Nearctic region. Despite intense usage of all adult collecting methods at the Bubbling Ponds site, specimens were only collected in the 6 m Malaise trap. Attempts to collect the female and associate the larva from this site are in progress. This species will be described by Moulton and Stewart in a later paper. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Oliver S. Flint, Jr. for confirming the Cnodocentron record and Glenn B. Wiggins for his lengthy conversations with the senior author about the Oak Creek Canyon area and its caddisfly fauna; both individuals also reviewed an early draft of the manu- script. We also thank John C. Morse and Guenter A. Schuster for reviewing the manu- script. We are grateful to Vincent F. Lee for making the CAS types examined herein avail- able to us. Kathryn Methven and Donald W. Webb graciously provided work space and access to types and other material during a visit to the INHS by the senior author. Kevin D. Alexander and Paul F. Wagner assisted us in the field and provided additional study material. LITERATURE CITED Banks, N. 1907. New Trichoptera and Psocidae. J. New York Entomol. Soc. 15:162-166. Baumann, R. W. and J. D. Unzicker. 1981. Preliminary checklist of Utah caddisflies (Trichoptera). Encyclia 58:25-29. Blickle, R. L. 1979. Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) of America North of Mexico. New Hampshire Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 509, 97 pp. Blickle, R. L. and D G. Denning. 1977. New species and a new genus of Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 50:287-300. Bueno-Soria, J. and O. S. Flint, Jr. 1978. Catalogo sistematico de los tricopteros de Mexico (Insecta: Trichoptera), con algunos registros de Norte, Centro y Sudamerica. Anales de la Institute de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico 49, Series Zoologia(l): 189-2 18. Cloud, T. J. and K. W. Stewart. 1974. Seasonal fluctuations and periodicity in the drift of caddisfly larvae (Trichoptera) in the Brazos River, Texas. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 67:805-811. Denning, D. G. 1948. A review of the Rhyacophilidae (Trichoptera). Can. Entomol. 80:97-1 1 7. Denning, D. G. 1965. New Trichoptera from the United States and Mexico. PanPacific Entomol. 41:262-272. Denning, D. G. and R. L. Blickle. 1972. A review of the genus Ochrotrichia (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 65:141-151. Edwards, S. W. and C. R. Arnold. 1961. The caddisflies of the San Marcos River. Texas J. Sci. 13:398-415. Flint, O. S., Jr. 1965. New species of Trichoptera from the United States. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 67:168-176. Flint, O. S., Jr. 1967. Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, VI: on a collection from north western Mexico. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 69:162-176. Flint, O. S., Jr. 1972. Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XIII: the genus Ochrotrichia from Mexico and Central America (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae). Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. No. 118. Flint, O. S., Jr. 1991. Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XLV: the taxonomy, phenology, and faunistics of the Trichoptera of Antioquia, Colombia. Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. No. 520. 174 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Harris, S. C. and R. W. Holzenthal. 1993. Phylogeny of the species groups of Alisotrichia, sensu lato, with the description of a new species from Costa Rica (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae). Proc. 7th Int. Symp. Trichoptera, 1992. Buckhuys Publishers, Leiden, Netherlands, pp. 155-160. Herrmann, S. J., D. E. Ruiter, and J. D. Unzicker. 1986. Distribution and records of Colorado Trichoptera. Southwest. Nat. 31:421-457. Milne, L. J. 1936. Studies in North American Trichoptera, Part 3:56-128, 2 pi. Morse, J. C. 1988. Protoptila morettii (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae), a new caddisfly species from the southeastern United States. Riv. Idrobiol. 27:299-308. Ross, H. H. 1941. Descriptions and records of North American Trichoptera. Trans Amer. Entomol. Soc. 67:35-126. 13 pis. Ross, H. H. 1944. The caddis flies, or Trichoptera, of Illinois. Bull. III. Nat. Hist. Surv. 23: 1-326. Ross. H. H. 1951. The Trichoptera of Lower California. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th series 27:65-76. Schmid, F. 1983. Revision des trichopteres Canadiens III. Les Hyalopsychidae, Psycho- myiidae, Goeridae, Brachycentridae, Sericostomatidae, Helicopsychidae, Beraeidae, Odontoceridae, Calamoceratidae et Molannidae. Memoires de la Societe entomo- logique du Canada 125:1-109. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 1991. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; animal candidate reviews for listing as endangered or threatened species, pro- posed rule. Federal Register 56:58832. Vineyard, R. N. 1982. An annotated checklist of the caddisflies (Trichoptera) of SE Alaska. J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 79:71-75. Weaver, J. S. 1988. A synopsis of the North American Lepidostomatidae (Trichoptera). Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst. 24:1-141. Wiggins, G. B. 1977. Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera (Trichoptera). Univ. Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 401 pp. Vol. 105, No. 3. May & June, 1994 175 A NEW SUBFAMILY FOR THE FOSSIL CONOPID FLY, PALAEOMYOPA TERTIARIA (DIPTERA: CONOPIDAE)1 Sidney Camras ABSTRACT: The fossil fly Palaeomyopa tertiaria Meunier is placed in a new subfamily Palaeomvopinae of the family Conopidae. Only one fossil conopid fly is definitely known. I agree with Hennig's (1966) conclusion that Palaeomyopa tertiaria Meunier (1889, 1912) and Palaeosicus loewi Meunier (1916) are synonymous. Poliomyia recta Scudder (1878) from shale from Green River, Wyoming is an incomplete specimen and may or may not be a conopid. In attempting to place this fly into one of the current subfamilies it became evident that it did not belong to any of them. The most signifi- cant character is the presence of the "theca" on the fourth sternite, whereas in modern species it is on the fifth sternite. This is a projection of the sternite of the female that functions as a clasping organ on the male during copulation. Hennig believed that the original conopid fly had the theca on the fourth sternite, that this receded, and then the projection developed on the fifth sternite. Because of the primitive characters listed below, I believe that Palaeomyopa originated from the precursor of the Cono- pidae, and developed as a separate branch that later became extinct. Perhaps some day a conopid may be found with the theca on the fourth sternite. The primitive (plesiomorphic) characters that are present in the fos- sil species are as follows: 1. Abdominal segments of the female of equal length (Fig. 1 ). 2. First posterior cell (Rs) widely open, but somewhat narrowed (Fig. 2). 3. Very short fleshy mouth parts (Fig. 4). 4. Absence of facial grooves (Fig. 3). The specialized (apomorphic) characters, compared to current spe- cies, are as follows: 1 Received November 12, 1993. Accepted December 26, 1993. -do Division of Insects, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605. Office address: 4013 North Milwaukee Ave., #515, Chicago, IL 60641. ENT. NEWS 105(3): 175-177, May & June. 1994 176 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 1. Theca on fourth sternite (Fig. 1). 2. Angled anal cell (Fig. 2). 3. Very long second segment of an antenna with an arista (Fig. 3). 4. Peculiar arista (Fig. 3). Fig. 1. Fig. 2 Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Figs. 1-4 Palaeomyopa tertiaria Meunier: 1, Abdomen. 2, Wing. 3, Head. 4, Mouth parts (all from Hennig, 1966). On the basis of the above characters a separate subfamily is justified, which may be called: Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 177 Palaeomyopinae, SUBFAMILIA NOVA Type genus: Palaeomyopa Meunier (1899). Meunier designated only the generic name Palaeomyopa in 1899 and added the specific name tertiaria in his 1912 paper. He apparently did not have the type of Palaeomyopa tertiaria at hand when he described Palaeosicus loewi in 1916. Palaeomyopa tertiaria has been known from four specimens, all from Tertiary Baltic amber. The type was from the University of Konigsberg and could not be found by Hennig. Hennig studied the type of Paleosicus loewi, also from the Konigsberg Collection, and the two British Museum specimens. The theca is visible only on the type of Palaeosicus loewi. The type of Palaeosicus loewi was received for study from the Institut und Museum fur Geologic und Palaontologie der George-August- Universitat, Gottingen, Germany, through the courtesy of Dr. S. Ritz- kowski. The British Museum specimen #22206 was sent by N.P. Wyatt and S. Morris. The British Museum specimen #22212 could not be found. The illustrations are from Hennig's paper and were found to be very accurate. They are reproduced with the kind permission of Dr. Wolfgang Seeger. For a more complete and very scholarly study, Hennig's paper should be consulted. ACKNOWLEDGMENT My thanks are due to Curtis W. Sabrosky for valuable recommenda- tions pertaining to the original manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Hennig, W. 1966. Conopidae im Baltishen Bernstein (Conopidae: Cyclorrhapha). Stuttg. Beitr. Naturk. 154:1-24. Meunier, F. 1899. Sur les Conopaires de 1'ambre tertiare. Bull. Soc. Ent. France 1899: 145-.6. Meunier, F. 1912. .Coup d'oeil retrospectif sur les Dipteres du succin de la Baltique. Ann. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles 35:160-186. Meunier, F. 1916. Sur quelques Dipteres (Bombyliidae, Leptidae, Dolichopodidae, Cono- pidae et Chironomidae) de 1'ambre de la Baltique. Tijdschr. Ent. 59:274-286. Scudder, S.H. 1878. The Fossil Insects of the Green River Shales. Bull. U.S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 4:754-5. Scudder, S.H. 1890. The Tertiary Insects of North America. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. 13:555- 7, P1.9, Figs. 19,21. 178 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS A CAGE TO ISOLATE INDIVIDUAL OVIPOSITING CULEX SPR FEMALES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN THE FIELD1 Richard G. Weber, Tracy A. Horner^ ABSTRACT: We describe and illustrate a small floating cage for isolating individual female Culex spp. mosquitoes while they oviposit in the field. The cage allows a female to finish her egg raft without escaping. Her species is determined by first instar larvae hatched from the raft, and she may be dissected or maintained alive for other purposes. During field studies of oviposition behavior by Culex pipiens L. and C. restuam Theobald (Weber et al. 1991, Weber and Tipping 1990a, Weber and Tipping 1990b), we needed to isolate individual wild females as they oviposited on artificial ovisites containing dyed water. We also wanted to investigate the possible relationships between female age and egg raft size or choice of ovisite. To help us in these studies we devel- oped a small floating, oviposition cage (Fig. 1) that allowed us to associ- ate a particular female with her most recent egg raft and thus identify her to species by characters of the resulting larvae. The ability to identify individuals to species by characters of their lar- vae is important because females of these two species can not be sepa- rated with certainty by visual characters, especially if they have lost many body scales (Madder et al. 1980). They can be identified by elec- trophoresis (Bartholomew and Munstermann 1984). Our research some- times requires dissection of captured females to find whether they have retained eggs and to check their gonotrophic age by examining ovarioles (Small and Weber 1992). For this reason electrophoresis is inconvenient and we instead rely on characters of the first instar larval head (Dodge 1966, Reiter 1986) for identification. Female Culex pipiens and C. restuans can be approached closely when they are ovipositing (Weber and Tipping 1990a). Females will tol- erate considerable manipulation without ceasing oviposition or aban- doning the site after they have placed ca. 10-15 eggs in a raft (our per- sonal observations and Mattingly 1970). Because ovipositing females are so tolerant, the floating oviposition cage has proven to be a useful research tool. Females usually continue ovipositing and lay their com- plete clutch after they have been caged. 1 Received December 21, 1993. Accepted January 24, 1994. 2 Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology, College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19717- 1303 ENT. NEWS 105(3): 178-182, May & June, 1994 Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 179 Fig. 1 The oviposition cage floating on the surface of an artificial oviposition site. 180 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS The cage is constructed from 261 ml (8.6 oz) styrofoam cups and fine- mesh nylon fabric (Figs. 1 & 2). Cups forming the base were 8 cm (3S32") in diameter at the top. The nylon fabric was cut to shape (Fig. 2a), then folded and sewn along one edge and across the tip to make it cone-shaped. Mesh size of the fabric is not critical, but the fabric should be stiff enough to remain upright. To form the base, we nest three cups and place them opening-downward on a smooth surface (Fig. 2b). The two inner nested cups are cut cleanly below the lip of the outer cup and the entire assembly is cut again 4.6 cm above the first cut, leaving the nested parts of the three cups as a set. The two inner cup sections are cemented together with several dabs of silicon adhesive ("Permatex Flowable Silicone Windshield & Glass Sealer", Loctite Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio 44128), which is waterproof and does not soften styro- foam. When the adhesive has cured for ca. 30 min., this subassembly is ringed with a line of adhesive and the base of the nylon top is pulled down over it. A second line of adhesive is placed around the fabric near the base and the outer cup section is pushed down over the fabric and r m Second cut * H-y-Rrst cut Fig. 2a: Dimensions and shape of the nylon fabric used to make the cage tops. 2b: Floating base of cage made from cut, nested styrofoam cups. (Illustrations not drawn to same scale.) Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 181 two inner cups. Silicon adhesive smells mildly of acetic acid as it cures, so we allow several days between cage assembly and use. In use, we first locate a female with a partially completed raft. Using a flashlight with a red lens decreases chances of disturbing females (Weber and Tipping 1990a). The cage, held by its top, is centered above the female, then lowered gently to the water. Each cage is checked at ca. 5 min intervals to determine when the female has finished her raft and flown into the mesh tip. She is confined there by pinching the mesh together between first and second fingers. The cage is lifted from the sur- face and the raft is collected for egg counting, hatching and larval iden- tification. The female is removed from a cage by placing a 2.4 cm diam- eter shell vial into the mesh top to enclose her. After she enters the vial a finger is used to evert the mesh tip into it, thus capturing her. Then the vial and mesh is everted out the bottom of the cage. The vial is plugged using a tuft of cotton which is then moistened with 10% sucrose solution. Storing vials on their sides reduces chances of a female becoming stuck in sucrose solution. In this way we have been able to maintain females alive in shell vials for over 55 hours at normal room temperatures. In time the nylon fabric becomes somewhat limp and the tops droop, interfering with proper operation. We remove limpness by suspending a cage from its tip and spraying the fabric lightly with hair spray ("Rayette Aqua Net", Faberge Incorporated, New York, N.Y. 10019). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank C. Tipping and S. Small for assistance in collections. This research was sup- ported in part by Hatch Funds. Published with the approval of the director of the Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station as Paper No. 1486. Contribution No. 654 of the Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. LITERATURE CITED Bartholomew, G. C. and L. E. Munstermann. 1984. Identification by electrophoresis of Culex adults (Diptera: Culicidae) in light-trap samples. J. Med. Entomol. 21:648-665. Dodge, H. R. 1966. Studies of mosquito larvae II. The first-stage larvae of North American Culicidae and of world Anophelinae. Can. Entomol. 98:337-393. Madder, I). J., R. S. MacDonald, G. A. Surgeoner and B. V. Helson. 1980. The use of oviposition activity to monitor populations of Culex pipiens and Culex restuans (Diptera: Culicidae). Can. Entomol. 1 12:1013-1017. Mattingly, P. F. 1970. Mosquito Eggs VI. Genera Eretmapodiies and Culex. Mosq. Syst. Newsletter 2:17-21. Reiter, P. 1986. A standardi/ed procedure for the quantitative surveillance of certain Culex mosquitoes by egg raft collection. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc 2:219-221. 182 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Small, S. M. and R. G. Weber. 1992. Development of ovariole dilatations after oviposition in Culex pipiens and Culex restuans. Proc. N. J. Mosq. Control Assoc. 79: 1 1 1 -1 1 5. Weber, R. G., T. A. Homer and C. Tipping. 1991. Drinking during egg raft production by Culex pipiens and C. restuans. Proc. N. J. Mosq. Control Assoc. 78:72-77. Weber, R. G. and C. Tipping. 1990a. Drinking as a pre-oviposition behavior of wild Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). Entomol. News 101:257-265. Weber, R. G. and C. Tipping. 1990a. Oviposition by naturally-impaired, wild Culex pipiens L. and Culex restuans Theobald. Proc. N. J. Mosq. Control Assoc. 77:96-105. BOOK REVIEW HANDBOOK OF THE FRUIT FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO. Richard H. Foote, F.L. Blanc, and Allen L. Norrbom. Cornell University Press. 1993. 576pp., 535 illus. $105.00. This is an impressive, detailed work of one of the most economically important fami- lies of Diptera. The authors' long experience with the family is quite apparent. The book has nine sections. After a short Introduction, the Adult Morphology section explains the structures and attributes needed in using the generic and species keys. The relationship of the Tephritidae to other acalyptrate Diptera is given a section. The 56 genera and 300 species of the North American assemblage are arrayed in 3 subfamilies and 1 1 tribes with 10 unplaced genera in the hierarchy, an arrangement based largely on Bering's 1947 (Siruna Seva 6) divisions. Each subfamily is discussed, and the Relationships within tribes is treated based upon hypothesized pleisomorphic and apomorphic characteristics. The generic key to U.S. and Canadian members is thoroughly illustrated and makes the key almost foolproof. The genera are arranged alphabetically with synonymy references, a recognition section, and a discussion paragraph. The species within each genus are also list- ed alphabetically. This is a real boon for every worker who never had enough fingers in using monographs and other handbooks to carry out description comparisons. Like the generic sections, each species has synonym citations, a recognition section, a geographic distribution section which is usually a base map with several species appearing at localities where the species have been taken are given, hosts are cited, and a discussion section pointing out pertinent details concerning the species. In addition to the distribution maps, the distinctive wing markings and patterns that characterize the Tephritidae are illustrated for "nearly every species discussed." These wing illustrations are lettered to designate "key" characters. Only a few wing illustrations are disappointing (e.g. Eutreta spp.), but this is just the nature of some of these wing patterns. Other features of taxonomic chaeto- taxy generously illustrate all of the keys making them easy to use, even for the novice. The authors can be proud of this Handbook which is the result of many years of study and experience, particularly the senior author. His successors and other entomologists have a work that points out problems and areas for future work. This work will serve as a model for other comprehensive handbooks of the future. It will be essential for fruit, vegetable and ornamental entomologists and should stimulate many ecology students to undertake studies of members of this important and enthralling family of flies. Stuart E. Neff, Dep't. of Biology, Temple University Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 183 AMPHISBAENIANS (REPTILIA: AMPHISBAENIDAE) IN NESTS OF ATTA SEXDENS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) IN EASTERN AMAZONIA, BRAZIL1 Claudia Azevedo-Ramos^, Paulo R.S. Moutinho^ ABSTRACT: Two species of Amphisbaenians (Amphisbaena alba and A. mitchelli) were discovered in nests of the leaf-cutting ant Ana sexdens in Para, Brazil. This is a new habi- tat and locality for Amphisbaenians in eastern Amazonia. There are several reports of reptiles inhabiting ant and termite nests, especially amphisbaenids (Weber, 1972; Brandao and Vanzolini, 1985; Riley et al., 1985). Amphisbaenids are cryptic worm lizards that spend most of their life time burrowed in the ground. Therefore, any informa- tion about these animals is useful. In this note, we describe the occur- rence of two species of Amphisbaena in ant nests, one being a first record in an ant nest and both being new distributional records. This work was carried out in a secondary forest area in Vitoria Farm (2°55'S, 47° 35'W), Paragominas (see Nepstad et al., 1991 for a detailed description of the area), northeastern Para, Brazil. In May 1993, the junior author excavated two nests (ca. 0.8 x 1.8 m) of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens (L.) to a depth of 3.5 m. During the excavations, two species of Amphisbaena (one specimen in each nest) were found: A. alba (L.) (length 331 mm; weight 31 g) and A. mitchelli Procter (186 mm; 3g). Am- phisbaena alba was found inside the refuse chamber at a depth of 3.5 m, while A. mitchelli was found in the fungus chamber at a depth of 0.5 m. Both specimens are deposited in Museu P. E. Goeldi, Belem, Para, Brazil (A. alba # 16398; A. mitchelli # 16399). Amphisbaena alba is known as "mae de saliva" (mother of leafcut- ting ants) in Brazil, which reflects its association with ant nests. There is no report of A. alba in an Atta sexdens nest in the literature, although various authors described the occurrence of A. alba in nests of several species of related ants (Weber, 1972; Riley et al., 1985) including the use of the nests by these reptiles to deposit their eggs (Vaz-Ferreira et al., 1970; Weber, 1972; Riley et al., 1985). The fact that its eggs have never been found elsewhere may indicate an obligate association (Riley et al.. ' Received December 21, 1993. Accepted February 22, 1994. ^ Departamento de Zoologia, C.P. 399 Museu Paraense Emflio Goeldi, 66040 Belem, PA, Brazil. 3 Convenio EMBRAPA/The Woods Hole Research Center, C.P. 48, 66095-260 Belem, PA, and DPE/CFCH, Universidade Federal do Para, Belem, PA, Brazil. 4 Present address: Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, CFCH. Universidade Federal do Para, Belem, PA. Brazil CEP. 66075-900. ENT. NEWS 105(3): 183-184, May & June, 1994 184 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 1985), although it does not appear to have a restricted association with this species of ant. Neither Amphisbaena species had been recorded before in the Paragominas region. Therefore, this locality is new to their distribution area, even though Paragominas is within their expected area of occurrence (see Gans, 1962, 1964; Hoogmoed and Avila-Pires, 1991). Gans (1964) reported that A. mitchelli was found burrowed, but did not mention an association with ant nests. This is the first record for A. mitchelli in an ant nest. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank T. C. Avila-Pires (Museu P. E. Goeldi) and H. G. Fowler (UNESP- Rio Claro) for their suggestions on the manuscript; T. C. Avila-Pires identified the Amphisbaena species, and P.R.S. Moutinho the ant species. LITERATURE CITED Brandao, C. R. F. and P. E. Vanzolini.,1985. Notes on incubatory inquilinisms between squamata (Reptilia) and the Neotropical fungus-growing ant genus Acromyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 36(3):31-36. Hoogmoed, M. S. and T. C. Avila-Pirez. 1991. A new species of small Amphisbaena (Reptilia: Amphisbaenia: Amphisbaenidae) from western Amazonian Brazil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emflio Goeldi 7(l):77-94. Gans, C. 1962. Notes on Amphisbaenids (Amphisbaenia, Reptilia). 5 A Redefinition and a bibliography of Amphisbaena alba Linne. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2105:1-31. Gans, C. 1964. Amphisbaena mitchelli Procter recorded from Belem, Para, Brazil. Her- petologica 20(3):192-194. Nepstad, D. C., C. Uhl, and E. A. S. Serao 1991. Recuperation of a degraded Amazonian landscape: forest recovery and agricultural restoration. Ambio 20(6)248-255. Riley, J., A. F. Stimson, and J. M. Winch. 1985. A review of squamata ovipositing in ant and termite nests. Herp. Review 16(2):38-43. Vaz-Ferreira, R., L. C. Zolessi, and F. Achavai. 1970. Oviposition y desarollo de ofidios y lacertilios en hormigueros de Acromyrmex. II Trab. V Congr. Latinoam. Zool. 1:232- 244. Weber, N. A. 1972. Gardening ants: The Attines. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 146 p. Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 185 1994 CALVERT AWARD Ben Blanchard, son of Barbara and Wayne Blanchard and an eighth grade student at Indian Valley Middle School, Harleysville, PA, has won the 1994 Calvert Award. This annual award recognizes the best insect-related science project entered in the Delaware Valley Science Fairs which were held this year at the Philadelphia Civic Center on April 20. This award is sponsored by The American Entomological Society. Philadelphia. Throughout the past year Ben Blanchard monitored water quality at several sites in local streams by measuring the diversity and abundance of aquatic insects and other macro invertebrates. Using his knowledge of insect life cycles, preferred habitats, and pollution tolerance of these organisms, he concluded that pollution had actually decreased since a 1967 study by Lehigh University. Harold White, University of Delaware, and Jon Gelhaus, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, judged the science projects for the American Entomological Society. White said "It is remarkable that an eighth grade student should walk away with the Calvert Award considering that all students through senior high school were eligible. It really shows how outstanding this project was." Gelhaus also was impressed. "Ben's knowledge and interest in his project goes way beyond that of most students. It is not often we see a student who works through the summer and in the middle of winter on a project like this." The judges also noted that Ben was awarded an honorable mention for a relat- ed project in last year's competition. Ben Blanchard received his award and displayed his project at the April 27 member- ship meeting of the Society held at the Academy of Natural Sciences. Also present were his father and his sponsoring teacher, Mr. Richard Close. The Calvert Award includes memberships in The American Entomological Society and the Young Entomologists' Society as well as a check for $50. The Calvert Award honors Philip P. Calvert who joined the American Entomological Society as a teenager, later became its president, and was a member for 74 years until his death in 1961. He played an important role in stimulating interest in insects among young people through the Society, the Academy of Natural Sciences, and the University of Pennsylvania where he was a professor of biology. It is particularly appropriate that Ben Blanchard receive the Calvert Award this year because among the stream insects he stud- ied were dragonflies, the group of insects Calvert most studied. Harold B. White Chair, Education Committee 186 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS DIRECTIONS FOR USING ENTOMO-L BULLETIN BOARD Want to be on the cutting edge of Entomology? Make new friends, rekindle old friend- ships, influence influential people? boot up Internet on your computer and send to: Iistserv@uoguelph.ca this message: subscribe entomo-1 (your name) example: subscribe entomo-1 Robert T. Allen In return you will receive postings to the ENTOMO-L bulletin board -- I get mine in digest form — all postings for one day come in one mailing to my inbox. To do that I sent a request to: listserv@uoguelph.ca that said: set entomo-1 mail digest You can send in postings to the bulletin board for 500+ entomologists world wide to read and you can comment on others' postings. In the few months that I've been a 'netter, I've communicated with an entomologist in South Africa who I haven't seen in 23 years (He barely remembered me), helped folks with problems, made sarcastic comments and enjoyed discussions on electronic publishing and the future of systematics, peer review and strange insect ID's. Researchers at Carnegie-Mellon have found that "... frequent [email] users are the more active productive scientists... Scientists who use the network more also produce more papers, receive more professional recognition from their peers, and know more [people in their field]." I am on the ESA presidential committee to get e-mail at ESA headquarters. Drop me a note on what kinds of services you'd like to see the ESA have. Send them e-mail, of course: swhitney@brahms.udel.edu Susan Whitney Extension Specialist-Pesticides University of Delaware Vol. 105, No. 3, May & June, 1994 187 SOCIETY MEETING OF FEBRUARY 23, 1994 APTERYGOTA AND SYMPHYLA Robert T. Allen Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology, University of Delaware The "Apterygota" orders remain a mystery for most entomologists. These organisms are usually ignored, or only briefly covered in introductory classification courses. They are usually minute and cryptic in the soil, and therefore rarely noticed in the field. In fact, there has been a long-running debate whether some of these groups are truly insects, with major reference works, like The Insects of Australia (2nd ed.) coming down firmly on the side of excluding the Protura, Collembola and Diplura from the Class Insecta. So it was with great interest that the Society membership heard more about these enigmatic organisms and the Symphyla from a wonderful, entertaining speaker. Dr. R. Tommy Allen. How does one embark on a career studying these groups? Like most of us studying a particular group. Dr. Allen's interest was a mixture of chance, curiosity and the realization that these organisms could provide answers to broad questions in biology. In fact, Allen's study of these groups the past few years is a great departure from his previous 25 years studying carabid systematics. Starting with a donated collection of Protura from Dr. T. Copeland, Dr. Allen has augmented it with his own fieldwork in diverse places around the world, including a recent trip to Chile. Although Berlese funnels are best for Collembola and Protura, hand collecting is best for Diplura and involves rolling rocks along stream banks, examining rotten logs, and, in arid areas in Chile, digging in soil up to a meter deep. Specimens can be studied by the usual means from slide mounts, but also by newer meth- ods such as scanning electron microscopy, video imaging and molecular techniques. For example, he illustrated the multitude of morphological characters by SEM photographs, the behavior of a campodeid dipluran by a 30 minute video and mentioned his molecular sequencing collaboration with Ward Wheeler of the American Museum of Natural History. Although the number of described species in these groups is small, Allen believes that the number of undescribed species is great, with, for example, only one-tenth of the Protura (-400 spp.), and one-half of the Diplura (-1000 spp.) known presently. And although the groups are nearly cosmopolitan, they do exhibit interesting biogeographic patterns which Allen surmises might be a reflection of some of the Earth's early history. In pursuit of these questions, he has derived a phytogeny for the families of Diplura, with some families and subfamilies showing intriguing restricted distributions in places like Tonga. Within the Japygidae, many genera have restricted geographic distributions and absences, while the Campodeidae genera are mostly widely distributed. Questions regard- ing the historical biogeography of these apparently low-dispersing organisms and the apparent lack of speciation in the face of long isolation (as particularly exemplified in the Symphyla) are important ones that Allen hopes to answer in his future work. The meeting also included several notes of entomological interest. Paul Schaefer men- tioned his research into the "tussocks" or hair groupings of tussock moth caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) including gypsy moths. He found a gland located under each tussock and suggests that the long hairs may act as a brush to carry the secretion away from the caterpillar. Field Day is set for October 1 this year at Fair Hill, Maryland. Sue Frank displayed a clock incorporating cicada wings which was made by a local artisan. About 22 members and their guests attended the meeting. Jon K. Gelhaus Corresponding Secretary 188 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SOCIETY MEETING OF MARCH 23, 1994 HOT-HEADED DRAGONS: HEAD TEMPERATURE REGULATION OF DRAGONFLIES Michael L. May Department of Entomology, Rutgers University-Cook College Dragonflies are active predators on the wing and as such are exposed to a wide range of temperatures. Although the muscles which control their excellent flight abilities are adapted to operate at high temperatures, they still must be able to control their internal thoracic temperatures and indeed show a wide range of behavioral and physiological mechanisms to carry out this regulation. These mechanisms have been investigated over a number of years through the research of Dr. Mike May, Rutgers University, and his most recent results concerning dragonflies "hot heads" were explained and discussed. Anyone can easily observe the behavioral regulation of temperature by dragonflies at any pond site when adults are present. Different behaviors are used to warm up or dissi- pate heat. For example, basking on a tree trunk in the sun takes advantage of a warm boundary layer of air and the adult warms up, while raising the body away from the sur- face, or changing the angle of the body to the sun can reduce unwanted heat. Some species even point the abdomen up and directly at the sun (termed "obelisk" position) to minimize exposure. Dr. May focused his research not on "baskers", however, but on Anax junius (Drury) a common pond species that remains almost continually active in flight and gen- erates heat internally (endothermy). In early morning, the adult vibrates the wings with simultaneous contractions until the muscles, which are surrounded by heat-trapping air sacs in the thorax, reach flight temperature (about 35°C). But what of the excess heat generated once the insect is in flight? Through the use of thermocouples in the thorax, abdomen and head, Dr. May noted that the three areas showed different trends in temperature increase in both lab and field studies: the thorax reached a maximum temperature at take-off regardless of outside temperature (indicating active regulation), the abdomen temperature increased only after take off and was related to outside temperature (indicating no regulation), and the head temperature showed fluc- tuations after maximum thorax temperature was reached and appeared somewhat inde- pendent of outside temperature (indicating some regulation mechanism). That some of this heat is dissipated from the thorax by the flow of haemolymph was clearly demonstrat- ed by May when he clamped off the dorsal vessel flow to the abdomen and head, and noted that as thoracic temperature increased, head and abdominal temperature decreased. Yet the fluctuations of the head temperature, as opposed to the simple increase in abdominal temperature, indicate that the head is not simply a heat dump for the thorax as seen in the abdomen. Other reasons may influence why the head temperature is regulated, perhaps dealing with the dragonflies incredible visual acuity. Also discussed was Dr. May's interest in the astonishing southward migrations (some- times in the hundreds of thousands of individuals) of Anax junius observed in the fall . Also intriguing are the records of adults of this species in early spring in northern locales, appar- ently not due to local emergence, indicating a return of some adults from southern areas. Dr. May is interested in any early sightings of this species. The meeting included a few notes of local entomological observations. Discussion ini- tiated by Howard Boyd centered on the recent activity of insects stimulated by the last few days of over 20°C weather, including the first moths and paper wasps seen. About 25 mem- bers and their guests attended the meeting. Jon K. Gelhaus Corresponding Secretary When submitting papers, all authors are requested to (1) provide the names of two qualified individuals who have critically reviewed the manuscript before it is submitted and (2) suggest the names and addresses of two qualified authorities in the subject field to whom the manuscript may be referred by the editor for final review. All papers are submitted to recognized authorities for final review before acceptance. Titles should be carefully composed to reflect the true contents of the article, and be kept as brief as possible. Classification as to order and family should be included in the title, except where not pertinent. Following the title there should be a short informative abstract (not a descriptive abstract) of not over 1 50 words. The abstract is the key to how an article is cited in abstracting journals and should be carefully written. It should be an informative digest of the significant contents and of the main conclusions of the research. The author's com- plete mailing address, including zip code number, should be given as a footnote to the article. All papers describing new taxa should include enough information to make them useful to the nonspecialist. Generally this requires a key and a short review or discussion of the group, plus references to existing revisions or monographs. Authors must include the name(s) of recognized institution(s) where their voucher specimens have been deposited. Illustrations nearly always are needed. All measurements shall be given using the metric system or, if in the standard system, comparable equivalent metric values shall be included. Authors can be very helpful by indicating, in pencil in the margin of the manu- script, approximate desired locations within the text of accompanying figures, tables and other illustrations. Illustrations: For maximum size and definition, full page figures, including legends, should be submitted as nearly as possible in a proportion of 4/6. Maximum size of printed illustration, including all legends, is 4'/2 x 6'/2 inches. Authors will be charged for all text fig- ures and half-tones at the rate of $10.00 each, regardless of size. Books for review and book publication announcements should be sent to the editor, Howard P. Boyd. For address, see under "manuscripts" above. Literature notices, books received and short reviews will be published in The Entomologist's Library on books dealing with taxonomy, systematics, morphology, physiology ecology, behavior and simi- lar aspects of insect life and related arthropods. Books on applied, economic and regulatory entomology, on toxicology and related subjects will not be considered. Study notices, want items and for sale notices are published in The Entomologist's Market Place . Page charges: For society members, a charge of $15.00 is made for each published page of an article, plus costs of all illustrations. For non-society members, the page charge is $20.00 per page. If any charges are not paid within 120 days of billing, authors will be charged an additional $5.00 per page. Papers may be published ahead of their regularly scheduled time at a cost of $35.00 per page. Unemployed and retired amateur and scientist members of the American Entomological Society who are without institutional support or are not subsidized by grants and who are without funds for publishing may apply for financial assistance at the time their manuscript is submitted. Such application must include an explanation of the author's status (unemployed or retired). Page charges for these individuals are negotiable, with a minimum of $7.00 per page. Reprints: (without covers) may be ordered when corrected page proofs are returned to the editor. Schedule of reprint costs will appear on order form. This publication is available in microform from University Microforms International. Call toll-free 800-521-3044. Or mail inquiry to: University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor. Ml 48106. The Entomologist's Market Place Advertisements of goods or services for sale are accepted at $1.00 per line, payable in advance to the editor. Notice of wants and exchanges not exceeding three lines are free to subscribers. Positions open, and position wanted notices are included here and may be referred to by box numbers. All insertions are continued from month to month, the new ones are added at the end of the column, and, when necessary, the older ones at the top are discontinued. NEEDED: BACK VOLUMES and numbers of Entomological News to complete my set. Will trade. Send SASE for list of offerta/disiderata to Roderick R. Irwin. Rural Route 3. Streator. IL61364. FOR SALE: Quality insect pins, black enameled, stainless steel. Best prices guaranteed. Call for free samples. Phone: 1 (800) 484-7347 Ext. 1324. Fax: (617) 581-5904. WANTED: Worldwide butterflies, moths, and beetles, with data. Send your price list to S. THERIAULT, 230 Pariseau, Boisbriand, Quebec, Canada J7G 2C7. WANTED: Diplura, Protura, Microcoryphia and Symphyla, world wide, especially SA, Africa, Asia, Europe. Will trade specimens of the same, buy, or trade reprints from a large Coleoptera library. Write for reprint list and/or information about purchases. Robert T. Allen, 243 Townsend Hall, Department Entomology/Appl. Ecol.,Univ. Delaware, Newark, DE 197 17- 1303 US A. WANTED: Lepidoptera and Coleoptera for resale, Dealers, please send wholesale price list to: Bone Room, 1569 Solano Ave., Berkeley, CA. 94707 U.S.A. (510) 526-5252. FOR SALE: INSECTS, framed, pinned and unmounted, plus supplies. When in the San Francisco Bay Area visit The Bone Room, 1569 Solano Ave., Berkeley, CA (510) 526- 5252. Ron Cauble, owner. EXCHANGE WANTED: Butterflies of Europe, Asia,and South America for butterflies of North America and other countries. Alberto Martinez Pola, c/Infanta Ma Teresa 12, 28016 Madrid, SPAIN. URBAN ENTOMOLOGIST. FMC ACG, a div. of FMC CORPORATION, a Fortune 150 leader in chemical R&D, has opening at Research Center in Princeton, NJ. Requires extensive exp. w/urban pests, including knowledge of turf and ornamental pests, stored product pests, ani- mal health pests & human health vectors. Familiarity with international pest control practices is essential, serving as liaison between the international specialty products group and the Discovery Research Dep't. Will establish an effective interface with technical managers world- wide. Experimental work will be conducted at the Research Center or at testing facilities in Georgia and Asia. Requires Ph.D. in Entomology w/min. 3-5 yrs. industry exp., excel!, written & verbal comm. skills. Min. 25% travel including international. Resumes w/salary history & req'ts to Employment Coordinator, FMC CORPORATION, Dep't. 94-44, P.O. Box 8, Princeton, NJ 08543. EOE, M/F. US ISSN 0013-872X L. 105 SEPTEMBER & OCTOBER, 1994 n • ^™i^l NO. 4 bution & abundance of coastal tiger ,etle, Cicindela dorsalis media (Coleop- tera: Cicindelidae), in South Carolina W.W. Yarbrough, C.B. Knisley 189 Abundance & seasonal activity of pill beetles (Coleoptera: Byrrhidae) in a raspberry plantation & adjacent sites in southern Quebec, Canada C. Levesque, G-Y. Levesque 195 A new host for Jalysus spinosus (Heteroptera: Berytidae) & new host family for stilt bugs A.G. Wheeler, Jr. 201 The mayflies (Ephemeroptera) of Connecticut: an initial faunal survey S.K. Burian, A.F. Bednarik 204 New records of Ephemeroptera in Utah, with notes on biogeography W.P. McCafferty, J.F. MacDonald 217 New additionas to the inventory of Colorado mayflies (Ephemeroptera) R.S. Durfee, B.C. Kondratieff 222 Release & establishment of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in south- eastern U.S. W.L. Tedders, P.W. Schaefer 228 The known distribution of the predator Propylea quatourdecitnpunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the U.S., & thoughts on the origin of this species & five other exotic lady beetles in eastern No. America) W.H. Day, D.R. Prokrym, D.R. Ellis, R.J. Chianese EDITORIAL NOTE THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS is published bi-monthly except July-August by The American Entomological Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pa., 19103-1195, U.SA. The American Entomological Society holds regular membership meetings on the fourth Wednesday in October, November, February, March, and April. The November, February and April meetings are held at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, Pa. The October and March meetings are held at the Department of Entomology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. Society Members who reside outside the local eastern Pennsylvania, southern New Jersey, and Delaware area are urged to attend society meetings whenever they may be in the vicinity. Guests always are cordially invited and welcomed. Officers for 1991-1992: President: Joseph K. Sheldon; Vice-President: Harold B. White; Recording Secretary: Paul W. 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Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 189 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF THE COASTAL TIGER BEETLE, CICINDELA DORSALIS MEDIA (COLEOPTERA: CICINDELIDAE), IN SOUTH CAROLINA W. Walker Yarbrough, C. Barry Knisley ABSTRACT: We determined the historic distribution of Cicindela dorsalis media in South Carolina by examining locality records of university, museum and private collections. Present dis- tribution and abundance were determined by surveys of these and other coastal beach sites. We found C. d. media at nine of 14 historic sites and at five of 15 new sites. The greatest numbers, >5000 individuals, occurred on Capers, Dewees, and Bull Islands. Pawleys Island and Litchfield had 300-500 individuals; smaller numbers occurred at nine sites. Large numbers of beetles at a site could be explained by high densities rather than a larger habitat size. We conclude that Cicindela d. media is common and widespread along much of the South Carolina shoreline, ex- cept for the beaches north of Huntington Beach from which it has apparently been extirpated by high levels of recreational use. Populations at several other sites may have declined, but the lack of any published information on earlier abundance makes this impossible to accurately determine. Cicindela dorsalis Say is widely distributed in sandy beach habitats of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. Four subspecies are recognized, with ranges as follows: C. dorsalis dorsalis Say from Cape Cod south to cen- tral New Jersey and within the Chesapeake Bay of Maryland and Virginia; C. d. media LeConte from southern New Jersey to near Miami; C. d. saulcyi Guerin from the southern Gulf coast of Florida through Alabama and Mississippi; and C. d. venusta LaFerte from Louisiana to south Texas (Boyd and Rust 1982). One of these subspecies, C. d. dorsalis, has recently been list- ed as threatened by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS 1990). It was extirpated from all but one of the known sites along the northeast Atlantic coast because of destruction and disturbance of natural beach habitats by heavy recreational use and coastal development activities (Knisley et al. 1987). It now occurs at only one northeastern site, a Martha's Vineyard beach, and at numerous Chesapeake Bay beaches in Maryland and Virginia. The other subspecies have apparently not yet experienced such rangewide decline, although populations of C. d. media at some sites in Florida have been extir- pated (P. M. Choate, pers. comm.). On Assateague Island, MD, C. d. media is now restricted to only the northern 5 km of the island's shoreline where vehi- cle and pedestrian use is restricted (Knisley and Hill 1992). It has been extir- pated from the other 30 km of the island's Maryland shoreline because of heavy vehicle and pedestrian use (Glaser 1977, Knisley and Hill 1992). 1 Received March 12, 1994. Accepted March 26, 1994. - Department of Biology, Randolph-Macon College. Ashland, VA 23005 ENT. NEWS 105(4): 189-194, September & October 1994 190 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Cicindela d. media has been reported from 12 South Carolina sites (Cartwright 1935, Freitag and Tropea 1969, Choate 1975). Similar to many other Atlantic coastal states, South Carolina's beaches have experienced severe impact from human activities and natural factors (Neal et al. 1984), which may have caused the decline or extirpation of some C. d. media popu- lations. The objectives of this study are to compare the historic and current dis- tribution and abundance of C. d. media in South Carolina and to identify fac- tors which might threaten it. MATERIALS AND METHODS The historic distribution of C. d. media in South Carolina was determined from locality records of specimens in 13 university and museum collections (AMNH, CAS, Clemson Univ., Cornell Univ., Fla. Div. Plant Indus., LA State Univ., Mich. State Univ., MCZ [Harvard], Texas A & M Univ., Rutgers Univ., USNM, Univ. Mich. Museum Zool., Peabody Mus. [Yale]), nine private col- lections (David Brzoska, Gary Dunn, John Glaser, Barry Knisley, Norman Rumpp, Tom Schultz, Jay Shetterley, John Stamatov, Ron Turnbow) and from the published literature. The present distribution and abundance were deter- mined from visits to 29 coastal beach sites, including the 14 historic sites and 15 other sites. Surveys were conducted on warm sunny days at 1000-1800 hr from mid-June through July when populations were at or near peak abun- dance. We used a census method which involved walking along the upper intertidal zone and counting the adult beetles which are concentrated in the wet tidal zone during the day. Spot checks of the middle and back beaches were also made at each site and any beetles there counted. At most sites we surveyed a 1500-2000 m length of beach, but at larger sites (with > 5000 m of shoreline), we surveyed three separate 1600 m sections (north end, middle, south end). We determined maximum densities by counting beetles in 5-10 IO- meter long sections of beach where beetles were the most abundant. Standard U. S. G. S. topographic maps were used to determine the exact locations of sites surveyed. For each site we determined ownership and obtained informa- tion on pedestrian and vehicle use from park officials or local residents, or from our own counts during the surveys. Additional information, including erosion rates, shoreline structures, and storm damage, was obtained from the South Carolina Coastal Council and from Neal et al. (1984). RESULTS Our compilation of collection records indicates that C. d. media occurred at 14 sites in South Carolina. We found no information about population size at any sites. Our surveys found C. d. media at 9 of these 14 historic sites and at 5 of 1 5 new sites (Table 1 ). No beetles were found at any of the nine north- Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 191 ernmost sites, from Garden City north through Myrtle and North Myrtle Beaches (Fig. 1). The census results from our studies should he considered as minimum population sizes because other studies with C. d. dorsalis indicate a census gives a two to three fold underestimate of the numbers actually present (Knisley, unpublished). The largest observed numbers, over 5000 individuals, were at Capers, Dewees, and Bull Islands (Table 1 ). Pawleys Island and Litchfield Beach had 300-500 individuals and six other sites had 100-300 indi- viduals. Small numbers, of 100 or fewer observed individuals occurred at three sites. The differences in abundance were the result of differences in den- sities, and not the length of beach at the site because the length of beach sur- veyed was similar at all sites (Table 1). For example, densities at sites with the greatest beetle abundance were as high as 100 to 200 individuals per 10 m of beach and 10-40 or less at sites with smaller populations. At most sites the beetles tended to be localized within small patches (50-200 m long) of beach habitat, usually at the north or south ends of the island sites and were rare or absent in the middle sections. Most of the surveyed sites were public beaches, state or county parks, pri- vate resorts, or preserves (Table 1). The public beaches and parks generally had the highest use and the lowest beetle populations. Most sites received at least a moderate amount of pedestrian recreational use. Vehicles are now pro- hibited on most South Carolina beaches. However, numbers at some sites may be low due to impacts of past vehicular use. The northern beaches and Folly Beach and Isle of Palms (northern section) were among the most heavily used beaches. Capers, Dewees, and Bull Islands have the lowest use. Most sites had evidence of recent or active erosion and received beach nourishment in recent years or have shoreline stabilization structures (Table 1 ). DISCUSSION The results of this survey indicate that C. d. media continues to occur over much of coastal South Carolina, except for the northern shoreline (beaches north of Huntington Beach). Because there were no previous systematic sur- veys of the South Carolina beaches and no published information on popula- tion sizes, we cannot fully determine changes in distribution and abundance of C. d. media in South Carolina. However, its absence and apparent extirpation from all of the northern South Carolina beaches is probably the result of the intense recreational use at and near Myrtle Beach. The primary impact here is the high density of pedestrian foot traffic on the beaches. Vehicle activity probably has little impact in most South Carolina beaches because it is limit- ed to service or patrol activities. Cicindela d. media may also have disap- peared from Edisto Island State Park because "large numbers" were found there in 1988 (Tom Schultz, pers. comm.). Human impact is also suggested by 192 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS NC O NMP NM °AB o MBP oSU OGC Bl*r o SITES WITHOUT C. d. media • WITH C. d. media * HISTORIC SITES Figure 1 . Map of the South Carolina shoreline showing sites surveyed. Site abbreviations are as in Table 1 . Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 193 Table 1. South Carolina survey sites, beetle densities and total numbers, and relevant site charac- teristics (* = historic sites). Densities are the highest of 5-10 10 meter lengths of beach per site or section. Abbreviations for shoreline modifications are I = inlet stabilization, N = nourishment, G = groins, S = seawall or revetment. Site Abbre. Site Name Shorel. Modific. Owner- ship Beetle No. Obser. Census Estimate SB Sandy Beach — Public 0 0 *CG Cherry Grove S Public 0 0 NMP N. Myrtle Beach Pk. - Public 0 0 NM N. Myrtle Beach S Public 0 0 AB Atlantic Beach G Public 0 0 *MB Myrtle Beach S,G Public 0 0 MBP Myrtle B. S. Pk. - State Park 0 0 SU Surfside - Public 0 0 GC Garden City S Public 0 0 *HBP Huntington B. S.. Pk. I State 20 150-200 HB Huntingdon Beach - Public 0 0 MG Magnolia Beach - Public 0 0 LI Litchfield North N Public 20 150-200 Middle N Public 0 0 South N Private 10-20 1 50-200 *PI Pawleys Is. North N,G Public 25 200-300 Middle N,G Public 0 0 South N,G Public 15-20 100-200 *BI Cape Romain (Bull Is) - U.S Govt. 100-200 >5000 DI Dewees Island - Private 100-200 >5000 CI Capers Island - State 100-200 >5000 *IP Isle of Palms North N,S Private 30-40 100-200 Middle N,S Public 0 0 South — Public 0 0 SI Sullivans Is. North G Public 0 0 Middle G Public 0 0 South — Public 10-20 50 *CH Charleston — FCP Folly Beach County Pk. North N,G,S County 0 0 Middle N.G.S County 0 0 South N,G,S County 15-20 50-100 *FSP Folly B. S. P. North N,G State 0 0 Middle N,G State 0 0 South N State 25 100-200 KI Kiawah - Private 0 0 *SB Seabrook N,S Private 25 200 *EBP Edisto Bch. S.P North N State Park 0 0 Middle N State Park 0 0 South N State Park 0 0 *EB Edisto Beach North N,G Public 0 0 Middle N,G Public 0 0 South N Public 25 100 *HI Hunting Island S. P. N State 25 100-200 *BE Beaufort - *HH Hilton Head Island Sea Pines Tower Beach N,G Private 25-35 50-100 194 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS the absence or small numbers at sites with highest amounts of human activity or with beach stabilization structures (seawalls, groins, revetments). Populations of C. d. dorsalis on Chesapeake Bay beaches and C. d. media on Virginia's isolated barrier islands typically have 2000 or more individuals at sites with little or no human activity or shoreline modifications. Bull, Dewees and Capers Islands were sites not previously surveyed and had the largest populations of C. d. media. These sites have very little pedes- trian use, but were all totally submerged by the storm surge from Hurricane Hugo in 1989. Such natural events may actually benefit C. d. media by creat- ing new beach habitat as a result of the overwash and sand deposition. Several sites with active accretion of sand (Edisto, Hilton Head, Seabrook, and Sullivans Islands) also supported populations. Many of the sites which had beach nourishment had C. d. media, indicating that this may not have a nega- tive impact on the species. Other barrier islands in South Carolina not surveyed in this study may also support populations. These include Waites, North, South, Cedar, Murphy, Morris, Botany Bay, Pine, Pritchards, Bay Point, and Daufauski Islands. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the following individuals for providing specimens or locality records from their private or museum collections: D. Brzoska, J. Chapin, G. Dunn, L. Herman, M. Heyn, D. Kava- naugh, J. Liebherr, S. Merritt, C. Parron, C. Remington, T. Schultz, J. Shetterley, J. Stamatov, R. H. Turnbow. Mrs. K. P. Yarbrough provided transportation to some sites and T. Morrison and T. Jacques assisted in the field surveys. The examination and review of collection records was funded in part by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Endangered Species Office. LITERATURE CITED Boyd, H. P. and R. W. Rust. 1982. Intraspecific and geographic variation in Cicindela dorsalis Say (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Coleop. Bull. 36: 221-239. Cartwright, O. L. 1935. The tiger beetles of South Carolina with the description of a new vari- ety of Tetracha virginica (L) (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 30: 69-77 Choate, P. M. 1975. Notes on Cicindelidae in South Carolina. Cicindela 7: 71-76. Freitag R. and R. Tropea. 1969. Twenty-one cicindelid species in thirty -eight days. Cicindela 1: 14-23. Glaser, J. D. 1977. Letters from our readers. Cicindela 9: 12. Knisley, C. B., D. R. Beatty, and J. I. Luebke. 1987. Natural history and population decline of the coastal tiger beetle Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis Say (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Virg. Jour. Sci. 38: 293-303. Knisley, C. B. and J. M. Hill. 1992. Effects of habitat change from ecological succession and human impact on tiger beetles. Virg. Jour. Sci. 43: 133-142. Neal, W. J., W. C. Blakeney, Jr., O. H. Pilkey, Jr., and O. H. Pilkey, Sr. 1984 Living with the South Carolina shore. Duke Univ. Press, Durham, NC. 205 p. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Endangered and threatened species of wildlife and plants; determination of threatened status for the Puritan tiger beetle and the northeastern beach tiger beetle. Federal Register 55 (152): 32088-32094. Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 195 ABUNDANCE AND SEASONAL ACTIVITY OF PILL BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: BYRRHIDAE) IN A RASPBERRY PLANTATION AND ADJACENT SITES IN SOUTHERN QUEBEC (CANADA)1 Claire Levesque, Gilles-Yvon Levesque^ ABSTRACT: Four hundred and thirty eight adults of three Byrrhidae species were collected with pitfall traps and flight intercept traps, from early May through late October during 1987-1989, in a raspberry plantation and adjacent sites in southern Quebec. The two most common species at the soil surface of the raspberry plantation were Simplocaria semistriata and Chaetophora spinosa, both adventive in North America. Chaetophora spinosa flight activity occurred mainly in May and June, in open sites near raspberry plants, and adult overwintering was probable. However, adults of S. semistriata were active mainly in October and this species probably overwinters chiefly as larvae. The taxonomy of the 34 North American species of Byrrhidae has been treated recently by Johnson (199 la). In Canada and Alaska, this family is rep- resented by 26 species, all of which are bryophagous and express microhabi- tat specificity (Johnson 199 \b). The herbivorous larvae live in soil and feed generally on mosses and, incidentally, on liverworts, lichens, on roots of wild grasses, weeds, oats, clovers, and roots of young trees in forest nurseries or plantations (El Moursy 1961; Lindquist and Ingram 1968; Campbell el al. 1989). Recently, Johnson (1990) argued that Chaetophora spinosa (Rossi) and Simplocaria semistriata (Fab.), both adventive in North America, inhabit cul- tural steppe, a semi-synanthropic environment containing numerous non- native insects. We collected both species in a raspberry plantation and adja- cent sites in southern Quebec, during a three-year study (1987-1989). To test Johnson's hypothesis, we present results on the abundance and seasonal activ- ity of these byrrhid species. MATERIALS AND METHODS Beetles were collected from early May through late October in a mono- cultural raspberry farm at Johnville, near Sherbrooke, in southern Quebec, Canada. We sampled from fields of the Boyne cultivar in this conventionally cultivated plantation (about 7 ha on sandy soil). Ground surface-active beetles were sampled with pitfall traps at the fol- lowing sites: 1) a raspberry row planted in 1978 (old plants), 2) a raspberry row planted in 1985 (young plants), 3) a woods-field boundary (boundary) , 1 Received January 24, 1994. Accepted April 4, 1994. ~ 291 rue des Diamants, Fleurimont, Quebec, Canada JIG 4A1 ENT. NEWS 105(4): 195-2(X), September & October 1994 196 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS and 4) an adjacent wooded site dominated by eastern white pine, P inus strobus L . (pine woods). Pitfall traps consisted of glass jam jars (450 ml, 6.5 cm diameter at the top) partially filled with 100 ml of 4% formalin. Traps were inserted into the soil beneath the canopy as close to the cane of raspberry plants as possible at the first two sites. At each site, 20 traps were set in a row (5 m apart) and were emptied weekly. In addition, we studied beetles flying close to the ground with flight inter- cept traps at four sites: 1 ) an open site near the center of the plantation (A), about 20 m from old plants; 2) an open site near a pond (B), about 5 m from young raspberry plants; 3) a woods-field boundary (C); and 4) a pine woods (D). These traps were not located between rows of raspberry plants because of grower's activities and public access during harvest. Flight traps were modi- fied from the large-area "window" trap design promoted by Peck and Davies (1980). Each consisted of a gray 1.5 mm mesh window screen (1.22 m height, 1.52 m width, about 1.85m2 of surface) fastened to a wooden frame. The frame itself was suspended by two lateral triangular wooden supports (1.83 m at the base, 1 .25 m height), 2-4 cm over a set of two galvanized metal pans (25 by 61 cm at the top, 7.5 cm deep) which were placed directly on the ground. The insects were caught in the pans partially filled with 2% formalin into which a few drops of detergent were added. We installed one flight trap at each site; however, the trap was operated in 1988 and 1989 only in the pine woods (D). Samples were collected twice a week and pooled on a weekly basis. Levesque and Levesque (1992) presented detailed information about the sampling methods and study sites, including a sketch-map of the raspberry farm. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We collected 438 adults of three byrrhid species: 131 in pitfall traps and 307 in flight traps. The two adventive species, S. semistriata and C. spinosa, were common at the ground surface (98% of catches), primarily in raspberry rows (Table 1 ). However, only C. spinosa was abundant in the four flight traps (94% of catches); this species flew mainly in the two open sites (A and B) (Table 1). The third species, Cytilus alternalus (Say), a Nearctic byrrhid, showed a minor occurrence at Johnville (Table 1 ). Voucher specimens of both adventive species are deposited in the Canadian National Collection (Ottawa). Adults of Chaetophora spinosa flew from early May to mid-September (Fig. 1); two flight periods occurred, the main peak between mid-May and mid-June, and a minor second peak in late summer. In addition, adults were active at the ground surface from early May until late October, without a defined capture peak (Fig. 1). This species probably overwinters as adults. Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 197 Table 1. Total catches of three Byrrhidae species in pitfall and flight traps at Johnville, Quebec (1987-1989). Traps and sites Chaetophora spinosu (Rossi) Cytilus altermitu.s (Say) Simplocaria semistriata (Fab.) Total PITFALL TRAPS Old plants 39 1 33 73 Young plants 13 - 33 46 Boundary 4 2 5 11 Pine woods 1 - - 1 Total 57 71 131 FLIGHT TRAPS Open site near center (A) 178 1 3 182 Open site near pond (B) 68 1 3 72 Boundary (C) 31 3 8 42 Pine woods a (D) 11 - - II Total 288 5 14 307 not sampled in 1987 198 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 1987 CO LLJ LU LLJ m O CC LU GQ PITFALL TRAPS FLIGHT TRAPS 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 | MAY | JUN | JUL | AUG | SEP | OCT | JULIAN DATE (days) Fig. 1 . Seasonal abundance of Chaetophora spinosa in pitfall and flight traps at Johnville, Quebec. By pitfall traps, we captured Simplocaria semistriata in autumn, mainly in October, and a few overwintered adults were also caught in May (Fig. 2). Dur- ing the three-year study, we collected adults in flight traps, generally in Sep- tember (11 of 14 individuals), probably during the dispersal period of the new generation preceding the mating period (Fig. 2). In addition, a teneral beetle was collected in a flight trap in September. According to Johnson (1990), sex- ually active adults were present in early October in Massachusetts, and over- wintering was probably accomplished by the first instar larvae and senescing adults since live adults were not found during late spring and summer. How- ever, at Johnville, the presence of two individuals in the flight trap C on July 10, 1988 suggests that a few adults would emerge early at the boundary. We did not collect byrrhid larvae and we did not examine gut contents. Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 199 CO LU LU LU CD LL O DC LU CD 6 4 2 30 20 10 FLIGHT TRAPS 1987 1988 1989 PITFALL TRAPS MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT Fig. 2. Seasonal abundance of Simplocaria semistriata in pitfall and flight traps at Johnville, Quebec. Like Johnson (1990), we believe that C. spinosa and S. semistriata may be associated with various agroecosystems in North America, such as cultural steppes containing numerous non-indigenous insects. In addition, the beetle fauna near raspberry plants included many other adventive species, sometimes captured in large numbers, such as Clambus armadillo (DeGeer) (Clambidae), Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.) and Sciaphilus asperatus (Bonsd.) (Curculionidae), and Pterostichus melanarius (111.) (Carabidae) (Levesque and Levesque 1993, 1994a, 1994b). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We appreciate the help of J.M. Campbell (Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario) for identifications and confirmations of species collected in this study. We are grateful to Paul J. Johnson (South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota) and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on this man- uscript. Also, we thank Michel Couture and Lucie Labrecque, owners of "La Framboisiere de 1'Estne, Enr." at Johnville (Quebec). This study was partially supported by the Fonds F.C.A.R. (Quebec). LITERATURE CITED Campbell, J. M., M. J. Sarazin and D. B. Lyons. 1989 Canadian beetles (Coleoptera) injurious to crops, ornamentals, stored products, and buildings. Research Branch. Agriculture Canada, Publication 1826, Ottawa. 200 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS El Moursy, A. A. 1961. A tentative classification of and a key to the North American genera of the family Byrrhidae (new sense) and family Syncalyptidae (new status) (Coleoptera, Polyphaga, Byrrhoidea). Coleopt. Bull. 15: 9-15. Johnson, P. J. 1990. Notes on the naturalization of two species of European Byrrhidae (Coleoptera) in North America. J. New York Entomol. Soc. 98: 434-440. Johnson, P. J. \99\u. Taxonomic notes, new records, and a key to the adults of North American Byrrhidae (Coleoptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 93: 322-332. Johnson, P. J. 199 \b. Family Byrrhidae pill beetles, pp. 158-160, In Y. Bousquet (ed.), Checklist of beetles of Canada and Alaska. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Publication 1861/E, Ottawa. Levesque, C. and G.-Y. Levesque. 1992. Epigeal and flight activity of Coleoptera in a commer- cial raspberry plantation and adjacent sites in southern Quebec (Canada): Introduction and Nitidulidae. Great Lakes Entomol. 25: 271-285. Levesque, C. and G.-Y. Levesque. 1993. Abundance and seasonal activity of Eucinetoidea (Coleoptera) in a raspberry plantation and adjacent sites in southern Quebec (Canada). Entomol. News 104: 180-186. Levesque, C. and G.-Y. Levesque. 1994«. Abundance and seasonal activity of weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in a raspberry plantation and adjacent sites in southern Quebec (Canada). Great Lakes Entomol. 26: 23-37. Levesque, C. and G.-Y. Levesque. 1994ft. Abundance and seasonal activity of ground .beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in a raspberry plantation and adjacent sites in southern Quebec (Canada). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 67: 73-101. Lindquist, O. H. and W. Ingram. 1968. The pill beetle, Cytilus alternatus (Coleoptera: Byrrhidae), a nursery pest in Ontario. Can. Entomol. 100: 1113-1114. Peck, S. B. and A. E. Davies. 1980. Collecting small beetles with large-area "window" traps. Coleopt. Bull. 34: 237-239. Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 201 A NEW HOST FOR JALYSUS SPINOSUS (HETEROPTERA: BERYTIDAE) AND NEW HOST FAMILY (COMMELINACEAE) FOR STILT BUGS1 A. G. Wheeler, Jr.2 ABSTRACT: Nymphs of the stilt bug Jalysus spinosus were observed on the densely pubescent Tradescantia hirsuticaulis on Glassy Mountain in South Carolina, but they were absent from coexisting colonies of the glabrous T. ohiensis. This host association supports the characterization of metacanthine berytids as specialists on glandular-hairy plants. Tradescantia hirsuticaulis is the first member of the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae, known to serve as a berytid host. Four species of the stilt bug genus Jalysus Stal occur in North America: J. caducus (Distant), known in the United States only from Arizona and Texas; J, balli Harris, a Mexican species recorded from Arizona; and the more wide- ranging J. spinosus (Say) and J. wickhami Van Duzee (Froeschner and Henry 1988, Henry and Froeschner 1992). Following its original description (Van Duzee 1906), J. wickhami was reduced to a variety of J. spinosus (Van Duzee 1914) but was reinstated as a full species by Harris (1941). Until recently, J. spinosus was assumed to be the most commonly collect- ed and most widely distributed of these berytid species. Because J. wickhami was described from Arizona and California, early workers apparently assumed it was a western species. It has been shown, however, that J. wickhami occurs in southern Canada and throughout the United States and also extends into Mexico. In contrast, J. spinosus is generally restricted to southern Canada and the United States east of the 100th meridian (Wheeler and Henry 1981, Scudder 1991). It has also been demonstrated that the Jalysus species used in nearly all biological studies in North America has been misidentified. Jalysus wick- hami - not J. spinosus - is an occasional pest of tomato. It is also the species whose life history has been studied on onagraceous plants, and is the natural enemy augmentatively released in the southern states to help control aphids and lepidopteran pests of tobacco (Wheeler and Henry 1981 and references therein). Whereas the polyphagous J. wickhami uses diverse hosts, particularly glandular-hairy dicots of the Malvaceae, Onagraceae, Oxalidaceae, Scrophu- lariaceae, and Solanaceae, J. spinosus has a much narrower host range - mostly monocots. Its primary hosts appear to be grasses of the genus Panicum, although nymphal development also occurs on a few dicots, namely the ona- 1 Received February 17, 1994. Accepted March 6, 1994. ^ Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harnsburg, PA 17110 ENT. NEWS 105(4): 201-203, September & October 1994 202 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS graceous enchanter's nightshade, Circaea lutetiana L. (Wheeler 1986; see also Wheeler and Henry 1981, Wheeler and Schaefer 1982). Here I record another monocot, Tradescantia hirsuticaulis Small, as a host plant of J. spinosus, the first commelinaceous host for any berytid. STUDY SITE AND HOST PLANTS Glassy Mountain Heritage Preserve is a natural area northeast of Pickens, South Carolina (Pickens Co.). Managed by the state's Wildlife and Marine Resources Department, Glassy Mountain is a 26-ha, relatively undisturbed monadnock or isolated mountain that has withstood the forces of natural ero- sion in the piedmont. This granitic dome (elev. 518 m) is similar in appearance to the nearby Table Rock Mountain and structurally similar to Georgia's Stone Mountain, probably the best-known monadnock in the southeastern United States (Nelson 1988). The berytid host T. hirsuticaulis, a rather uncommon member of the spi- derwort family Commelinaceae, is found in dry woods and rock outcrops from North Carolina to Florida and in Arkansas and Texas. This spiderwort species is characterized by hirsute stems and generally pubescent leaves (Rickett 1967, Radford et al. 1968). On Glassy Mountain, it grows on several rock out- crops near the summit. Observations on J. spinosus were made in colonies of T. hirsuticaulis that were growing with T. ohiensis Raf. southeast of the promontory near the forest tower. Voucher specimens of this berytid have been deposited in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C.; host plants have been deposited in the A. C. Moore Herbarium, University of South Carolina, Columbia. HOSTS OF JALYSUS SPINOSUS On 4 May 1991, adults of J. spinosus, including mating pairs, were com- mon on T. hirsuticaulis, which was in full bloom. This berytid overwinters in the adult stage (Wheeler and Stimmel 1988), and nymphs were not yet present. No J. spinosus adults were collected in early May from the essentially glabrous T. ohiensis, even though its colonies coexisted with those of T. hir- suticaulis. In 1993, nymphs were abundant on 30 May on T. hirsuticaulis that had fin- ished blooming. First through fourth instars and one adult were observed on fruits, pedicels, and other plant parts. As in 1991, no life stages could be found on T. ohiensis, including colonies in which stems of the two species were touching. Nymphs and adults were also present on the rock outcrop on the panic-grasses Panicum sphaerocarpon Elliott and P. laxiflorum Lam. Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 203 DISCUSSION Metacanthine berytids, including Jalysus species, develop mainly on well- glanded, pubescent hosts, feeding preferentially on glandular hairs or on arthropods entrapped by plant secretions. Such use of glandular-hairy plants, although atypical among heteropterans, is also characteristic of many dicyphine mirids (Wheeler and Schaefer 1982 and references therein). The use of T. hirsuticaulis as a host of J. spinosus on Glassy Mountain, and its appar- ent absence from the glabrous T. ohiensis, is consistent with previous biolog- ical studies of this berytid genus. T. hirsuticaulis becomes the only non- poaceous monocot known as a host of this stilt bug and the first member of the family Commelinaceae (and order Commelinales) recorded as a berytid host plant.. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to S. H. Bennett and J. A. Sorrow (South Carolina Wildlife & Marine Resources Dept.) for permission to collect insects at Glassy Mountain Heritage Preserve, J. B. Nelson (Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina) for plant identifications, and T. J. Henry (Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, c/o U. S. National Museum) and E. R. Hoebeke (Dept. of Entomology, Cornell University) for reviewing the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Froeschner, R. C. and T. J. Henry. 1988. Family Berytidae Fieber, 1851 (=Neididae Kirkaldy. 1902; Berytinidae Southwood and Leston, 1959). The stilt bugs. pp. 56-60 In: T. J. Henry and R. C. Froeschner (eds.), Catalog of the Heteroptera, or true bugs, of Canada and the continen- tal United States. E. J. Brill, Leiden. Harris, H. M. 1941 . Concerning Neididae, with new species and new records for North America. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 36: 105-109. Henry, T. J. and R. C. Froeschner. 1992. Corrections and additions to the "Catalog of the Heteroptera, or true bugs, of Canada and the Continental United States." Proc. Entomol. Wash. 94: 263-272. Nelson, J. 1988. Mountain islands on a piedmont sea. South Carolina Wildlife 35(6): 42-49. Radford, A. E., H. A. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Univ. North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. 1 183 pp. Rickett, H. W. 1967. Wild flowers of the United States: Volume 2: The southeastern states (2 parts). McGraw-Hill, New York. 688 pp. Scudder, G. G. E. 1991. The stilt bugs (Heteroptera: Berytidae) of Canada Can. Eniomol 123: 425-438. Van Duzee, E. P. 1906. New North American Heteroptera. Entomol. News 17: 384-391 Van Duzee, E. P. 1914. A preliminary list of the Hemiptera of San Diego County, California. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 1-57. Wheeler, A. G., Jr. 1986. A new host association for the stilt bug Jalysus spinosus (Heteroptera: Berytidae). Entomol. News 97: 63-65. Wheeler, A. G., Jr. and T. J. Henry. 1981. Jalysus spinosus and J. wickliami: Taxonomic clar- ification, review of host plants and distribution, and keys to adults and 5th instars. Ann. E nto- mol. Soc. Am. 74: 606-615. Wheeler, A. G., Jr. and C. W. Schaefer. 1982. Review of stilt bug (Hemiptera: Berytidae) host plants Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 75: 498-506 Wheeler, A. G., Jr. and J. F. Stimmcl. 1988. Heteroptera overwintering in magnolia leaf litter in Pennsylvania. Entomol. News 99: 65-71. 204 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS THE MAYFLIES (EPHEMEROPTERA) OF CONNECTICUT: AN INITIAL FAUNAL SURVEY1 Steven K. Burian^, Andrew F. Bednarik^ ABSTRACT: Mayflies from 80 sites across Connecticut were studied. A list of 109 species, including 34 new State records, was compiled. Two-way Indicator Species Analysis (TSA) was used to investigate block structure in the overall species data matrix. Site classes produced at suc- cessive division levels in repeated TSA runs showed no discernible stable geographic trends. Sim- ilarities among sites within a class and variation between classes resulted from differences in attributes of aquatic habitat structure that are not constrained within the context of ecoregions/sub- regions proposed for Connecticut. Within New England, Connecticut represents a comparatively small area (13,183.1 km2), but has the potential for a diverse mayfly fauna. Southernmost of the New England States and located directly east of the Hudson River drainage, Connecticut has a range of climate and habitat types typical of areas much further north and south. Recently, Griffith et al. (1993) recognized two broad ecoregions and several subregions in Connecticut (Fig. 1). Throughout these zones aquatic habitats suitable for mayflies are common. Lotic habitats range from large deep rivers to first order streams and spring brooks. Lentic habitats vary from large lakes to small glacially formed ponds and temporary flood plain pools. Connecticut mayfly populations are routinely sampled by environmental agencies for purposes of monitoring water quality. However, these groups have made little effort to identify species and currently there is no species list available. Further, little is known about the distribution of species with regards to landscape patterns. Some site specific data are available from the Con- necticut Department of Environmental Protection, but are biased toward lotic habitats with coarse, poorly sorted substrates. This study is the first attempt to catalog the occurrence of mayfly species in Connecticut and to analyze species assemblages. Species recorded in this study will be entered into a CIS dBase that will be developed into a computerized atlas for mayflies of New England and Atlantic Canada. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW The earliest list of mayflies from Connecticut appears in Britton's (1920) 1 Received September 22, 1993. Accepted March 10. 1994. - Dept. of Biology, Southern Connecticut State University, 501 Crescent Sir ., New Haven, CT 06515 3 8 Birchwood Road, Seymour, CT 06483 ENT. NEWS 105(4): 204-216, September & October 1994 Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 205 checklist of Connecticut insects. The study of his material deposited at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station showed that many of the speci- mens were female imagos, subimagos, or badly damaged and could not be determined to species. Specimens labeled as Siphlonurus aridus Say, S. typi- cus Eaton, and Heptagenia luridipennis Burmeister were either females or badly damaged male imagos and could only be determined to Siphlonurus sp. The specimen labeled Heptagenia terminata Walsh was damaged and tenta- tively determined to be Stenonema sp. No specimens were located that corre- sponded to Britton's records for Hexagenia bilineata (Say), Ephemerella cornuta Morgan and Siphlonurus minis Eaton. Two specimens labeled Ephemera varia Eaton were tentatively confirmed to be correct. Among the material labeled Hexagenia limbata Serville, Leptophlebia cupida (Say), and Callibaetis ferrugineus (Walsh) were enough intact specimens to verify these determinations. Traver (1935) only listed records for three species: Drunella cornuta (Morgan) [as Ephemerella cornuta Morgan], Siphlonurus quebecensis (Pro- vancher), and S. typicus Eaton [as S. bernice McDunnough]. Burks (1953) expanded the list to include Arthroplea bipunctata McDunnough, Leucrocuta Hebe (McDunnough) [as Heptagenia hebe McDunnough], Stenacron inter- punctatum (Say) [as Stenonema canadense (Walker)], Stenonema modestum (Banks) [as Stenonema rubrum (McDunnough)], Leptophlebia johnsoni McDunnough, Ephemera varia Eaton, Ephemerella dorothea Needham, and Siphlonurus rapidus McDunnough. The record of E. varia is problematic, because Burks (1953) only listed the State with no site location and no other valid records of the species were found. Studies by Allen and Edmunds (1962) on the genus Drunella added the record of D. walkeri (Eaton) to the list of Connecticut taxa. McCafferty (1975) listed spot map records for Ephemera simulans Walker and Hexagenia limbata Serville [as H. munda Eaton]. Bednarik and McCaf- ferty (1979) studied the Nearctic species of Stenonema and added S. mediop- unctatum (McDunnough) and S. vicarium (Walker) to the list of Connecticut species. Kondratieff and Voshell (1984) studied the Nearctic Isonychia and listed Connecticut records for /. bicolor (Walker). Most recently Provonsha (1990) published records for Caenis arnica Hagen, C. latipennis Banks, and C. punctata McDunnough. In addition to these published accounts, there are other sources of records in the "gray literature" that should be mentioned. The first is a masters thesis by Dodds (1978) on the mayfly fauna of the Fenton and Natchaug Rivers in eastern Connecticut. Dodds' thesis contains records for about 47 species. Dodds reared many species and amassed series of nymphs used to study nymphal growth and development. Our study of Dodds' material revealed that specimens determined as Isonychia sadleri Traver and Isonychia thalia Traver were really Isonvchia bicolor. Study of series of specimens labeled Rhithro- 206 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS gena arnica Traver and R. anomala McDunnough showed a third species that was previously not recorded by Dodds: Rhithrogena jejuna Eaton. Species listed by Dodds that we could not verify were not included in our taxa list. The second source of "gray literature" records is a U.S.E.P.A. report by Bilger (1986) on the aquatic macroinvertebrates of New England and New York. Sixty-two taxa of mayflies were listed by Bilger as occurring in Con- necticut. These records were based almost entirely on information supplied from the Connecticut Dept. of Environmental Protection (Water Compliance Sec.). Species included in Bilger's list that we could not verify were not included in our species list. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mayfly nymphs and adults from 80 sites distributed across Connecticut were studied. Sites were plotted by latitude/longitude coordinates on a base map of Connecticut formatted to be digitized as a GIS geographic file (Fig. 1). Four control point coordinate pairs are given on the base map for corners of the State and a central location at the intersection of Hartford, Middlesex, and New Haven Counties. Sites for which latitude/longitude coordinates were not previously known were estimated from a 1:250000 scale U.S.G.S. base map of Connecticut. Sites are labeled on the base map (Fig. 1). by county site codes. These codes are listed with site locations, site coordinates, and TWIN- SPAN code numbers in Appendix 1 . The detection of stable geographic patterns is a primary goal of most stud- ies of species distribution. A method well suited to revealing such patterns or block structures in a divisive polythetic manner is Two-way Indicator Species Analysis (TSA) (Gauch 1982) via the computer program TWINSPAN (Hill 1979). Blocks of sites (i.e., site classes) are defined by TSA by groups of dif- ferential species with a similar distribution across all sites in a group. Block structures elucidated by TSA may correspond to a group of uncommon taxa/communities or common widely distributed taxa/communities that have a common distribution among a restricted number of sites (Brown et al. 1993). TSA uses no geographic data in finding block structures; thus all such struc- tures result from biological or ecological attributes of species. Connecticut mayfly species distribution data were compiled into a full for- mat binary matrix (where 1 is a positive occurrence and 0 a negative occur- rence) of 80 columns (sites) by 108 rows (species). The species E. varia was omitted because of its problematic nature as discussed earlier. Repeated TWINSPAN analyses were completed emphasizing and deemphasizing rare taxa and to look for problems of convergence as described by Furse et al. (1984). Specimens studied to produce the full species matrix were obtained from Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 207 the following sources: Amer. Mus. of Nat. Hist. (AMNH), Univ. of Conn, (at Storrs) Insect Col. (UCONN),Conn. Agricul. Exper. Sta. New Haven (CAES), Conn. Depart, of Environ. Protect. (Water Compliance Section) (CDEP), Peabody Museum, Yale Univ. (PMYU), and new material obtained by both authors. Voucher specimens, except where noted, were deposited in the insect collection of the Peabody Museum, Yale University. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Species of mayflies recorded in this study are presented in Table 1. Arrangement of taxa is according to the classification of McCafferty (1991). New state records are indicated by (*); species recorded in the literature, but not collected or reexamined during this study by (+); and tentative species determinations by (?). Species distributions are given by county site codes defined in Appendix 1. After repeated TWINSPAN analyses no clear stable geographic patterns were observed. Blocks of sites (i.e., classes) overlaid on ecoregions/subregions of Connecticut showed no correlation to broad land- scape units. However, site classes (Appendix 1) did more or less correspond to macroecological divisions within aquatic habitats (e.g., shallow riffles, tran- sitional runs, pools, and flood plain pools). Because structurally similar aquatic habitats suitable for mayflies are widely distributed in Connecticut, most species seem to be equally widespread with a high probability of occur- ring where habitat and climate are within ecological tolerances for a species. Exceptions to this trend seem to be most parsimoniously explained by com- paring attributes of species ranges in eastern North America with the occur- rences in Connecticut. For example, Cinygmula subaequalis, Leptophlebia bradleyi, and Paraleptophlebia assimilis had restricted occurrences in Con- necticut. Cinygmula subaequalis has only been recorded from a cool stream in the northwestern corner of the state where hills contiguous with the Appa- lachians occur. In eastern North America this species is restricted to cool fast flowing streams of the Appalachian Mountains and associated foot hills. The occurrence of this species in northwestern Connecticut is consistent with its known continental distribution and habitat requirements. In the case of Leptophlebia bradleyi and Paraleptophlebia assimilis, these species are mostly southeastern components of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain communities. In Connecticut they have only been found in the south-central region, which has the highest annual temperatures and most accumulated heat. Currently, this area represents the northeastern limits of these species ranges. Considering the southeastern nature of these species, their occurrence in this part of Connecticut is consistent with attributes of their distribution in eastern North America. 208 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figure 1. Base map of sites from which mayflies were recorded in this study. Latitude/Longitude control point coordinates are given for the corners of the State and a central point at the intersec- tion of New Haven, Middlesex, and Hartford Counties to facilitate digitizing into a CIS dBase Coordinates are given in Degrees (dd)- Minutes (mm)- Seconds (ss) in the sequence North dd mm ssAVest dd mm ss. Ecoregion/subregion boundaries are from Griffith el nl. 1993. Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 209 Table 1. Species list of Connecticut mayflies. Species distributions are given by county site codes defined in Appendix 1. Species List Species Distribution Suborder Pisciforma Infraorder Imprimata Family Atneletidae Ameletus ludens Needham LD1 Family Siphlonuridae Siphlonurus alternatux (Say) TD2 *5. mirus Eaton MX2 S. quebecenxix (Provancher) MX2, NH2, NH6 S. rapidus McDunnough FD6, MX2, NH6, NH9 *S. securifer McDunnough MX2, NH6, NH9 »5. typicus Eaton LD17tt Family Baetidae Acentrella ampla Traver FD1, LD1, MX4, MX5, NH13, NH22, TD2 A. Carolina (Banks) MX1, NH2, TD4 lAcerpenna macdunnoughi (Ide) HD6 *A. pygmaea (Hagen) MX1, MX6 Baetis armillatus McCafferty & Waltz NH 1 , NH20 tB. brunneicolor McDunnough HD3, LD4, LD18, NH2, NH1, NH16, NH17, TD4 B. dubius (Walsh) LD1, LD5, LD7, NL4, NL8 B. flavistriga McDunnough LD4, LD8, LD10, LD18, MX2, MX3, NH6, TD2, TD4 B. punctiventris (McDunnough) FD2, HD3, HD4, LD1 1, LD14, MX7 Family Baetidae B. tricaudatux Dodds HD3, HD4, HDMX 1 , NH 1 2 Callibaetis ferrugineus (Walsh) NH 1 , NH2, NH4, NH9, NH 1 4, NH15, NH23 *C.fluctuans( Walsh) NL2 *C. pallidus Banks NH 1 , NH2, C. pretiosux Banks NH 1 tCentroptilum triangulifer (McDunnough) TD4 C. sp. TD4 tCloeon cognatum Stephens FD 1 , NH 1 4, NH 1 5. NH23 Heterocloeon curiosum (McDunnough) LD6, TD2 tProcloeon helium (McDunnough) NL3, NL6. TD4 P. sp. NH2 Infraorder Arenata Family Metretopodidae Siphloplecton basale (Walker) MX6, NH 1 Suborder Setisura Family Isonychiidae Isonychia bicolor (Walker) FD1, LD4, LDK), LD1S, MX1. NH1. NH20, TD2 «/. obscura Traver NH2. NL3. NL6, TD4 / sp. TD4 Family Heptageniidae Arthroplea hipunctata McDunnough LD6, MX2, NH6, NH9, TD2 Cinygmula xuhaeuualix (Banks) LD14»» *Epeorux fragilis (Morgan) LD8 *£. pleuralix (Banks) LD3, 1.P4, MX1. MX2. NH1, TD2 «£. vitreus (Walker) LD1.LD18, NHI.NLI. NL4, TD2 TD4 210 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Species List Species Distribution Family Heptageniidae (continued) Weptagenia pulla (Clemens) LD4, LD18 H. marginalis Banks TD2**** Leucrocuta hebe (McDunnough) NL3. NL6, TD2 *L. maculipennis (Walsh) NL3, NL6, WM1 Wixe lucidipennis (Clemens) LD 1 , TD2, TD4 Rhithrogena arnica Traver TD2, WM2 R. anomala McDunnough WM2 */?. jejuna Eaton TD2, TD4 Stenacron interpunctatum (Say) LD 1 , LD8, LD 1 0, MX3, TD2, TD5 Stenonema femoratum (Say) LDL4 5. ithaca (Clemens & Leonard) TD2, TD4 S. mediopunctatum (McDunnough) FD2, FD3, FD4, HD3, LD1.LD12, NH4, NH16 S. mexicanum integrum (McDunnough) HD4, LD9, LD12, LD13, MX7, MX8, NH5 5. modestum (Banks) FDI, HD1, LD3, LD10, MX3, MX 10 NH1, NH2, NH3, NH9, NL4, NL7, NL8, TD2, TD5 S. pudicum (Hagen) LD13, LD14, MX1, MX9, MX12 S. vicarium (Walker) FDI, LD7, MX1, MX9, MX 12, NH1.NH2, TD1,TD Suborder Rectracheata Infraorder Lanceolata Family Leptophlebiidae tChoroterpes basalis (Banks) FDI***** Habrophlebia vibrans Needham NH4, TD2 iHabrophlebiodes americana (Banks) TD2, TD4 tLeptophlebia bradleyi Needham MX 1 0, NH2 1 L. cupida(Say) FDI, LD15, MX2,MX10,NH1, NH4, NH6, NH9, NH13, NH22 NH23 L intermedia (Traver) FDI, NH6, NH9, NH21, NH23 L. jofmsoni McDunnough MX2, MX 1 1 , NH6, NH9, NH23 Paraleptophlebia adoptiva (McDunnough) LD9, MX1, MX7, MX9, NH4, NL3, TD1,TD2, TD3 *P. assimilis (Banks) MX 12 P debilis (Walker) LD9, NH16, WM4 *P. moerens (McDunnough) FDI, FD2 P. mollis (Eaton) LD1, NL1, NL3, TD2, TD4 IP. Ontario (McDunnough) LD14»* P. strigula (McDunnough) NL3, NL6 *P. volitans(. McDunnough) TD4 Family Potamanthidae tAnthopotamus distmctus (Traver) LD 1 0, NL 1 , NL3, NL6, TD2, WM2 Family Polymitarcyidae Ephoron leukon Williamson LD10 Family Ephemendae Ephemera guttulata Pictet WM2 E. simulans Walker LD9, LD10, LD12, NH1, NH23, WM1 IE. varia Eaton ****** Hexagenia atrocaudata McDunnough LD16, NH2 H limbata Serville NH2, NH23 *Litobrancha recurvata (Morgan) LD20 Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 211 Species List Species Distribution Infraorder Pannota Family Ephemerellidae Attenella attenuate (McDunnough) *A. margarita (Needham) Dannellu simplex (McDunnough) Drunella cornutu (Morgan) D. lata (Morgan) D. tuberculata (Morgan) D. walkeri (Eaton) Ephemerella dornthea Needham E. invaria (Walker) E. needhami McDunnough E. rotunda Morgan E. septentrionalis McDunnough IE. ximila Allen & Edmunds E. subvaria McDunnough Eurylophella funeralis (McDunnough) E. lululenta (Clemens) E. minimella (McDunnough) E. prudentalis (McDunnougb) E. temporalis (McDunnough) E. ver.iimilis (McDunnough) Serratella deficiens (Morgan) ?5. frisoni (McDunnough) *5. serratu (Morgan) *5. serratoides (McDunnough) *S. sordida (McDunnough) Family Tncorythidae Tricorythodes sp. Family Caenidae *Brachycercus nitidus (Traver) Caenis arnica Hagen *C. ancepx Traver *C hilaris (Say) C. latipennis Banks *C macafferti Provonsha C. punctata McDunnough Family Baetiscidae Baetisca laurentina McDunnough NH2, NL3, NL6, TD2, TD4 NH5, TD2 FD1, FD2, FD3, HD3, HD4, HD5, LD14,NH1,NH20,TD2, TD4, WD1, WM3, WM4 LD1, LD2, LD3, LD14, NH4, NH8, NL4, NL8, TD2 NL3, NL6, TD2, TD4 WM2»» FD1, HDI, LD1, LD2, MX1, MX12 NL1 MX4, NH1, NH4, NH7, NH20, NLI, NL3, TD2, TD4 LD3, MX4, NH1.NL1 LD10, TD2, WM2 HDI, LD1, LD4, LD5, LD18, MX4, MX6, NH1, NH2, NH6, NH12, NH20 HD1.LD1.TD2 TD2»« MX1.MX9, NH1, NH2, NH6 NH3, NH4, NH5 FD4, LD9 FD1.FD4, LD11.LD13, LD19, MX8, TD3 MX2, NH9, TD2 FD4, FD5, HD4, LD1, WM1 HD1.TD2, TD4 LD6, TD2, TD4 FD2'» NH2 LD4, LD1KLN18, NL3, NL6 LD4, LD10, LD18 NH2, TD2, WM2 TD2»», WM2«« LD10, MX2, MX10, NH2, NHK) LD10 NH2 NH2, NH10 LD10 NH2, NHK) HDI, HD5 » - Location listed by Traver (1935) for a specimen collected by C.P. Alexander. «* - Specimens located in the CDEP reference collection «** - Specimens located in the UCONN collection. »«* - Specimens located in the pinned collection of the AMNH tttttt - Specimens located in the pinned collection of the CAES Appendix I. Site locations and codes for Connecticut mayfly data matrix. Latitude/Longitude 212 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Appendix 1. Site locations and codes for Connecticut mayfly data matrix. Latitude/Longitude coordinates are given in Degrees (dd) - Minutes (mm) - Seconds (ss) in the sequence of North dd mm ss / West dd mm ss. Site classes are TSA blocks of sites produced at six division levels. County Site Code Location Lat./Long. Coordinates TSA Site Class Fairfield FD1 FD2 FD3 FD4 FDS Saugatuck River, North Redding Saugatuck River, Redding Five Mile River, New Canaan, CDEP site 42 Norwalk River, Ridgefield at inter, of Rt. 7 & Rt. !02, CDEP site 40 Still River, Brookfield, CDEP site 02 41 1800/732400 8 41 1700/732343 5 410853/732904 5 41 1603/732630 3 412619/732405 4 FD6 Hartford HD1 HD3 HD4 LD5 HD6 Hartford/ HDMX1 Middlesex Litchfield LD1 LD2 LD3 LD4 LD5 LD6 LD7 LD8 LD9 LD10 LD1I LC12 LD13 LD14 LD15 Stamford Salmon Brook, Granby Eight Mile River, Southington, CDEP site S-9 Farmington River, Unionville, CDEP site 52 Farmington River, Avon, CDEP site 53 Mill Brook, Windsor Mattabessett River, Berlin/Cromwell line Leadmine Brook, Thomaston Naugatuck River, Torrington Cranberry Meadow River, Flanders Kent Falls Brook, Kent Housatonic River, Litchfield (?) Housatonic River, West Cornwall Housatonic River, Cornwall Housatonic River, Cornwall Bridge Still River, Colebrook (Riverton), CDEP site 54 Housatonic River, Housatonic Meadows State Park, Sharon Shepaug River, Roxbury, CDEP site 25 Blackberry River, North Canaan (Canaan), CDEP site 37 Pomperaug River, Woodbury, CDEP site 55 Salisbury Morris 41 03 00/73 33 00 8 41 5700/724600 7 41 35 16/7253 52 5 41 4501/7252 17 4 41 46 18/7249 18 5 41 5200/723900 1 41 3707/724241 5 4141 00/73 05 00 7 414800/730700 7 414500/732600 7 414600/732500 7 tt 7 41 5400/7321 00 7 41 5000/732200 7 414900/732200 6 41 5802/7301 59 3 41 5100/732200 6 41 32 55/73 1951 2 4201 24/732028 3 41 3226/73 1250 2 41 5900/732500 4 41 41 00/73 1200 8 Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 213 County Site Code Location Lat./Long. Coordinates TSA Site Class Litchfield (cont.) LD16 LD17 Washington Kent Falls, Waren 41 3800/73 1800 41 4600/73 2200 7 10 LD18 Macedonia Brook, Kent 41 4500/732900 7 LD19 Still River, Winchester, CDEF site 39 41 5720/730251 2 LD20 Loon Brook below Philip's Pond, Colebrook 42 00 (X)/73 07 00 11 Middlesex MX1 Eight Mile River, East Haddam 41 2600/722000 7 MX2 Hammonasset River, Killingworth 41 2400/72 3700 8 MX3 Seven Falls State Park, Higganum 41 2900/723300 6 MX4 Succor Brook, Haddam 41 2600/72 3400 7 MX5 Moodus River, Moodus 41 3000/722700 8 MX6 Menunketesuck River, Clinton 41-1900/72 31 00 7 MX7 Salmon River, East Hampton, CDEP site 17 41 33 05/72 27 04 7 MX8 Coginchaug River, Middletown, CEDP site 5 1 41 33 18/724026 2 MX9 Strong Brook, East Haddam 41 27 00/72 2800 7 MX10 Tetram's Pond, Killingworth 41 2600/723700 8 MX11 Grounds Pool, Hammonasset Rod & Gun 41 2600/723700 8 Club, Killingworth MX12 Burnham Brook Preserve, East Haddam 41 2900/722000 7 New Haven NH1 Branford River, Branford 41 1700/724800 7 NH2 Mill River, Hamden 41 2400/72 5300 7 NH3 Cheshire 41 2900/725400 8 NH4 Bethany 41 2400/730000 7 NH5 Small stream at Kettleton State Park, 41 25 00/73 1200 3 Southbury NH6 Hammonasset River, Madison 41 2000/723600 8 NH7 Trout Brook, Straitville 41 2800/730200 6 NH8 Woodbridge 41 21 00/73 01 00 7 NH9 Hammonasset Swamp, North Madison 41 25 (X)/72 3800 8 NH10 Community State Farm, Mt. Carmel 41 25 (Xl/72 54 00 9 NH12 Farm River, Northford 41 24 (X)/72 47 00 7 NH13 West River, Guilford (Rt 77 x Rt 80) 41 21 00/724200 8 NH14 Yale Trout Stream. New Haven 41 1900/72 5600 8 NH15 From side of house on Molsick Road. 41 2400/730300 8 Seymour 214 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS County Site Code Location Lat./Long. Coordinates TSA Site Class New Haven NH16 Quinnipiac River, Cheshire/Meriden, 41 31 41/72 51 24 5 (cont.) CDEP site 05 NH17 Steele Brook, Waterbury, CDEP site S-8 41 34 10/7303 30 6 NH20 Mill Plain Road, Branford 41 1800/724600 7 NH21 Nathan s Pond, Madison 41 2400/72 3700 8 NH22 Bluff Head, North Guilford 41 2500/7241 00 8 NH23 Mill River, New Haven 41 17 00/72 5600 8 New London NL1 Salmon River, Westchester 41 3500/722500 7 NL2 Old Lyme 41 1900/72 1900 11 NL3 Flat Brook, Colchester 41 3500/722000 6 NL4 Pease Brook, Lebanon 41 3800/72 1300 7 NL6 Salmon River, Salmon River State Park 41 3400/722600 6 NL7 Shetonket River, Occum 41 3600/7203-00 7 NL8 Susquetonsout River, Lebanon 41 3800/72 1200 7 Tolland TD1 Jeremy River, Hebron 41 3900/7221 00 7 TD2 Fenton River, Willington 41 5200/72 1500 6 TD3 Willimantic River, Coventry/Mansfield 41 4958/72 18 32 2 TD4 Fenton River, Mansfield 41 5000/72 1400 6 TD5 Roaring Brook, Staffordville 41 5900/72 1300 7 (Stafford) Windam WM1 Quinebaug River, Killmgly, CDEP site 33 41 50 15/71 5439 4 WM2 Natchaug River, Chaplin/Eastford 41 5000/720500 6 WM3 Quinebaug River, Putnam, CDEP site 32 41 55 13/71 5433 5 WM4 French River, Thompson, CDEP site 31 41 5745/71 5304 5 tt-Site location label did not indicate where along the Housatonic River the specimens were obtained, thus no coordinates could be listed. This site also does not appear on site base map Figure 1 . Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 215 most species of mayflies in Connecticut are not constrained by ecoregion/sub- region boundaries. The majority of species seem to have an equal chance of occurring where suitable lotic and lentic habitats occur regardless of geo- graphical position. Overlaid on the template of aquatic habitat variables, cli- mate that affects seasonal water temperatures perhaps has the greatest effect in restricting the distribution of some species. Because no stable geographic trends were observed in this data set does not mean there are no regionally pre- dictable patterns. Much of the information on Connecticut species is centered on relatively few sites. Among the 80 sites analyzed, 13 sites contained from 8.33% to 33.33% of the species in Table 1. The remaining sites had from 0.92% to 7.40% of the species recorded. Site specific environmental and land- use variables, shown to be important in discerning ecologic and geographic patterns (Corkum 1989), were not available for most sites. As more sites are sampled and site specific data accumulated, more refined multivariate analy- ses will be possible. Data compiled in this study provide a starting point for future studies of mayflies in southern New England. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Support for this project was provided by the CSU-AAUP faculty research grants program and the Department of Biology, Southern Connecticut State University. Much appreciated help in managing data on specimens was provided by Carrie Bradley. Jane O'Donnell (Univ. of Conn, at Storrs), Ray Pupedis (Insect Coll. Manager, Peabody Museum, Yale Univ.), and Guy Hoffman (Conn. Dept. of Environ. Protection). All provided invaluable help in locating and loaning speci- mens. A special thanks is extended to the late W.G. Downs for his tremendous efforts in collect- ing mayflies throughout Connecticut. Finally, we extend our thanks to W.L. Peters and M.L. Pescador for their comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Allen, R.K. and G.F. Edmund., Jr. 1962. A revision of the genus Ephemerella (Epherneroptera: Ephemerellidae) V. The subgenus Drunella in North America. Entomol. Soc. Am. Misc. Publ. 3: 147-179. Bednarik, A.F. and W.P. McCafferty. 1979. Biosystematic revision of the genus Slenonemu (Epherneroptera: Heptageniidae). Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 201, 73 pp. Bilger, M.D. 1986. A preliminary checklist of the aquatic macroinvertebrates of New England. including New York. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 1. Environmental Ser- vices Div.. Biology Section, Lexington, Mass., 02173. Britton, W.E. 1920. Checklist of the insects of Connecticut. Conn. State Geological and Natural History Survey Bull. No. 31, 397 pp. Brown, A. D. Horsfield, and D.B.A. Thompson. 1993. A new biogeographical classification of the Scottish Uplands. I. Description of vegetational blocks and their spatial variation J. Eco/. 81: 207-229. Burke, B.D. 1953. The Mayflies, or Ephemeroptera, of Illinois. 111. Nat. Hist Surv Bull. 26: 1-216. 216 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Corkum, L.D. 1989. Patterns of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in rivers of northwestern North America. Freshwater Biol. 21: 191-205. Dodds, P.J. 1978. The mayfly fauna of two northeastern Connecticut streams. M.S. Thesis. Univ. of Conn, at Storrs. Furse. M.T., D. Moss, J.F. Wright, and P.O. Armitage. 1984. The influence of seasonal and taxonomic factors on the ordination and classification of running-water sites in Great Britain and on the prediction of macroinvertebrate communities. Freshwater Biol. 14: 257-280. Gauch, H.G., Jr. 1982. Multivariate analysis in community ecology. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York. 298 pp. Griffith, G.E., J.M. Omernick. and S.W. Pierson. 1993 (Draft). Massachusetts Regionalization Project, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental Research Lab., Corvallis Ore- gon. 26 pp. Hill, M.O. 1979. TWINSPAN-A FORTRAN program for arranging multivariate data in an ordered two-way table by classification of individuals and attributes. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. 60pp. Kondratieff. B.C. and J.R. Voshell, Jr. 1984. The North and Central American species of Iso- nycliid (Ephemeroptera: Oligoneuriidae). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc 110: 129-244. McCafferty, W.P. 1975. The burrowing mayflies of the United States (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeroidea). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101: 497-504. , 1991. Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Ephemeroptera (Insecta): a commen- tary on systematics. Am. Entomol. Soc. Am. 84: 343-360. Traver, J.R. 1935. Part II, Systematic, pp. 237-739 in Needham, J.G., J.R. Traver, and Y.C. Hsu (eds.). The biology of mayflies with a systematic account of North American species. Corn- stock Publ. Co.. Ithaca. NY. 759 pp. Provonsha. A.V. 1990. A revision of the genus Caenis in North America (Ephemeroptera: Caenidae). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1 16:801-884. Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 217 NEW RECORDS OF EPHEMEROPTERA IN UTAH, WITH NOTES ON BIOGEOGRAPHY* W. P. McCafferty, John F. MacDonald2 ABSTRACT: Two species of mayflies, Baetis flavistriga (family Baetidae) and Choro- terpes inornata (family Leptophlebiidae) are reported from Utah for the first time. Records are from Capitol Reef National Park and represent known range limits for these species. Evidently neither species has penetrated the Great Basin proper. Notes on dis- tribution, aquatic habitat, and life history of both species are provided. Utah is one of the best known regions in North America with respect to its mayfly fauna. The major reason for this is simple: It is the home state and residence of George F. Edmunds, Jr., one of the world's most noted and productive Ephemeroptera researchers. Edmunds has col- lected and studied mayflies in the state since the 1940's, and Edmunds' Ph.D. dissertation was in part a faunistic study of the mayflies of Utah (Edmunds 1952). The only faunal list that has appeared for the entire state was provided by Edmunds (1954), wherein 62 nominal species were documented. Other records and synonymies since 1954 bring the current state total to approximately 70. One of us (JEM) recently collected aquatic insects from the Capitol Reef area in south-central Utah. Ephemeroptera collected from Pleasant Creek, at about 1,900m elevation, within Capitol Reef National Park, consisted of Acentrella insignificans (McDunnough), Baetis flavistriga McDunnough, B. tricaudatus Dodds, Choroterpes inornata Eaton, Hep- tagenia solitaria McDunnough, Paraleptophlebia debilis (Walker), Rhithrogena morrisoni (Banks), and Tricorythodes minutus Traver. Baetis flavistriga and C. inornata represent new records for the state. The new records are significant because the state's mayfly fauna is relatively well known and because this locale may be near the range limit of both species. The new records and notes on these newly found species follow. Baetis flavistriga McDunnough New Records. Thirty three larvae, Utah, Wayne Co., Pleasant Creek, Capitol Reef National Park, upstream from Sleeping Rainbow Ranch, VIII-3-1993, J. F. MacDonald, deposited in the Purdue Entomological Research Collection (PERC); 60 larvae and one male adult, Utah, Wayne Co., Capitol Reef National Park, downstream from Sleeping Rainbow Ranch, VIII-4-5-1993, J. F. MacDonald, deposited in PERC. 1 Received January 29, 1994. Accepted March 10. 1994. 2 Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. ENT. NEWS 105(4): 217-221, September & October 1994 218 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS McCafferty et al. (1993) in their inventory of the Colorado mayflies, discussed the distribution of B. flavistriga. This species demonstrates an unusual mayfly distribution pattern in that it is transcontinental but mainly distributed in mountain ranges. Except for being generally com- mon in the Great Lakes region in the Midwest (Morihara and McCaf- ferty 1979), it is known primarily from the Appalachians in the East (Morihara and McCafferty 1979), the Ozark-Ouachitas (McCafferty and Provonsha 1978), the Black Hills of South Dakota (McCafferty 1990), and the Colorado Rockies (McCafferty et al. 1993). The Utah record may prove, however, to be very near its western range limit. The Capitol Reef area, while considered part of the Great Basin Province in terms of its flora (Gleason and Cronquist 1964), represents an area that differs physiographically from most of the Great Basin (to the west and northwest) in that it has a sea drainage via the Colorado River system. The Great Basin proper drains to the interior, lacking a sea drainage. This may account for the current absence of some western aquatic species in the Great Basin: Dendritic drainage routes connecting the Great Basin proper with exterior drainage systems are essentially lacking [a few minor connections via diversions across divides for irri- gation purposes have occurred in the last century (Hubbs and Miller 1948)], and such routes are necessary for dispersal of some lotic aquatic insects (see e.g., Ross 1967, Ross et al. 1967, Flannagan and Flannagan 1982) just as they are for freshwater fishes in general (see e.g., Miller 1958, Page 1983, Smith 1983). Western aquatic insects, many of which can be assumed to have been present in the Great Basin during recent Pluvial periods, may not have been able to colonize (or recolonize) the Great Basin since the drying of basin lakes and stream connectors some 7,500 to 2,500 years ago (Blackwelder 1948). Such dispersal via drainages would appear especially pertinent in arid regions of the west- ern United States, where considerable overland distances occur between streams and thus can preclude overland flight dispersal by many aquatic insects. We consider many aquatic insects now present in the Great Basin to be Pluvial relicts, much as the Great Basin fishes (Hubbs and Miller 1948). Given its restricted Colorado drainage distribution in Utah, its continental distribution east of Utah, and its apparent absence from northwestern Pacific drainage systems, we hypothesize that B. flav- istriga has not colonized the Great Basin either in Pluvial or Postpluvial periods. Morihara and McCafferty (1979) indicated that larvae of B. flavistriga generally inhabit rocky substrates of streams. Bergman and Hilsenhoff (1978) found populations in Wisconsin to be either univoltine with a pro- longed hatching period in the summer, or bivoltine with overlapping Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 219 cohorts. Samples from Utah were taken from Pleasant Creek where it is relatively clean and cold, devoid of canopy, and ranging from approxi- mately 1.5 to 3.0m in width and 15.0 to 45.0cm in depth. The current is essentially erosional, and substrate is mixed, being primarily made up of pebble, cobble, and some boulders with moderate periphyton growth. Baetis flavistriga larvae were taken on substrates of coarse gravel, peb- ble, cobble, and boulders. Larval samples consisted of both fully mature individuals, with dark wingpads, and individuals of the same size, but without dark wingpads, and presumably nearly mature. Emergence appeared imminent, and although collecting emphasis with regard to mayflies was on benthic forms, one confirmed adult was taken, and numerous subimagos of Baetis that may have been this species were taken in Malaise traps positioned along the stream. Choroterpes inornata Eaton New records. Three larvae, Utah, Wayne Co., Capitol Reef National Park, downstream from Sleeping Rainbow Ranch, VIII-5-1993, J. F. MacDonald deposited in PERC. Allen (1974) provided a range map of this southwestern species, which included records from Sonora, Mexico, southeastern Arizona, western and northern New Mexico, and southern Colorado. McCafferty et al. (1993) confirmed its existence in much of western and northwest- ern Colorado. Mesa Co., Colorado, on the Utah border, is the nearest record to the Utah site. Capitol Reef may be near the westernmost dis- tribution north of Arizona. As is the case for B. flavistriga (see discus- sion above), we hypothesize that C. inornata has not colonized the Great Basin proper. McCafferty et al. (1993) considered C. inornata among species they called the western sand/silt riverine fauna. This faunal group includes western slope/plateau species in Colorado (see McCafferty et al . 1993) that range from Mexico, Arizona, or New Mexico usually to southwest- ern Wyoming, and sometimes as far north as Saskatchewan. Their dis- persal evidently has been via sand/silt bottomed rivers of the Colorado River drainage and the Colorado Plateau such as the Green River and its tributaries in Utah and Wyoming. Edmunds (pers. comm.) has unre- ported sightings of C. inornata in other Colorado drainage system areas in northeastern Utah. These sightings would be predictable if the above conclusions regarding the distribution of this species are correct. DISCUSSION Of the other nominal mayfly species taken at Pleasant Creek in 220 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Capitol Reef National Park (see above), Heptagenia solitaria was also considered a member of the western sand/silt riverine fauna by McCafferty et al. (1993). The identification of Rhithrogena morrisoni from Capitol Reef is tentative because it is based on larvae that are very difficult to distinguish from R. hageni Eaton and R. undulata (Banks) larvae. Rhithrogena morrisoni has not been taken commonly from the western slope/plateau area of Colorado, but R. hageni and R. undulata have been. In any case, the presence of at least two species of the west- ern sand/silt riverine faunal component (H. solitaria and C. inornata) at Capitol Reef clearly indicates that this area is within the geographic scope of this faunal pattern. Those mayfly species that occur in both the Great Basin drainage system and the Colorado drainage system can be assumed to be Pluvial relicts in the Great Basin. The drainages were connected as recently as the late Pleistocene when some lakes of the Great Basin evidently over- flowed into adjacent basins and did, for example, make contact with large rivers such as the Colorado (Blackwelder 1948). While several southwestern collections of C. inornata have been reported by Kilgore and Allen (1973), no habitat or life history data were made available from these collections. In Colorado, B. C. Kon- dratieff (pers. comm.) has collected larvae of C. inornata only from coarse sand to gravel substrates in a wide variety of stream types (see also McCafferty et al. 1993); emergence of this species occurs in September. The few Utah individuals that were collected were taken from a small isolated channel of Pleasant Creek (see general description above) where it undercuts the north bank somewhat. Although the sub- strate there was mainly pebbles and small cobble, the larvae could have been kicked out of pockets of sandy gravel that were also present; we cannot say for certain. All individuals were middle instar larvae (early August), and suggest a late season (September) emergence, as has been observed for this species in Colorado (Kondratieff, pers. comm.). The collection date of the adults and subimagos of this species described by Eaton (1892) from Mexico and Arizona is not known. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Norman Henderson and Sandy Borthwick, resource management special- ists at Capitol Reef National Park, for allowing stream sampling within the park. We also thank Carlos Lugo-Ortiz of Purdue University for making preliminary identifications of Utah Ephemeroptera, and Boris Kondratieff of Colorado State University and George Edmunds of Murray, Utah for providing some unpublished information on C. inornata. This paper has been assigned Purdue Experiment Station Journal Number 14064. Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 221 LITERATURE CITED Allen, R. K. 1974. Neochoroterpes, a new subgenus of Choroterpes Eaton from North America (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae). Can. Entomol. 106: 161-168. Bergman, A. E. and W. L. Hilsenhoff. 1978. Baetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) of Wisconsin. Gr. Lakes Entomol. 1 1: 125-135. Blackwelder, E. 1948. The geological background, pp. 3-16 In: The Great Basin with emphasis on glacial and postglacial times. Bull. Univ. Utah, Vol. 38. Eaton, A. E. 1 892. Fam. Ephemeridae. pp. 1-16 In Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoologia, Class Insecta, Order Neuroptera, Vol. 38. Edmunds, G. F., Jr. 1952. Studies on Ephemeroptera. Part II. The taxonomy and biology of the mayflies of Utah. Unpubl. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Massachusetts. Edmunds, G.E Jr. 1954. The mayflies of Utah. Proc. Utah Acad. Sci. Arts Lett. 31: 64-66. Flannagan, P. M. and J. F. Flannagan. 1982. Present distribution and post-glacial origin of the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera of Manitoba. Manitoba Dept. Nat. Res. Fish. Tech. Rep. 81-82: 1-79. Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1964. The natural geography of plants. Columbia Univ. Press, New York. Hubbs, C. L. and R. R. Miller. 1948. The zoological evidence, pp. 17-144 In: The Great Basin with emphasis on glacial and postglacial times. Bull. Univ. Utah, Vol. 38. Kilgore, J. I. and R. K. Allen. 1973. Mayflies of the Southwest: New species, descriptions, and records (Ephemeroptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 66: 321-332. McCafferty, W. P. 1990. Biogeographic affinities of the Ephemeroptera of the Black Hills, South Dakota. Entomol. News 101: 193-199. McCafferty, W. P. and A. V. Provonsh. 1978. The Ephemeroptera of mountainous Arkansas. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 51: 360-379. McCafferty, W. P., R. S. Durfee, and B. C. Kondratieff. 1993. Colorado mayflies (Ephemeroptera): An annotated inventory. Southwest. Nat. 38: 252-274. Miller, R. R. 1958. Origin and affinities of the freshwater fish fauna of western North America, pp. 187-222 In: C. L. Hubbs [ed.]. Zoogeography. Publ. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 51. Morihara, D. K. and W. P. McCafferty. 1979. The Baetis larvae of North America (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 105: 139-221. Page, L. M. 1983. Handbook of darters. TFH Publ., Neptune City, New Jersey Ross, H. H. 1967. The evolution and past dispersal of the Trichoptera. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 12: 169-206. Ross, H. H., G. L. Rotramel, J. E. H. and J. F. McAlpine. 1967 Postglacial colo- nization of Canada by its subboreal winter stoneflies of the genus Allocapnia. Can. Entomol. 99: 703-712. Smith, C. L. 1983. Going with the now. Nat. Hist. March: 48-57. 222 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS NEW ADDITIONS TO THE INVENTORY OF COLORADO MAYFLIES (EPHEMEROPTERA)1 Richard S. Durfee, Boris C. Kondratieff2 ABSTRACT: Four mayfly species, Baetis dardanus, Paracloeodes minutus, Homoeoneuria alleni, and Rhithrogena pellucida are reported from Colorado for the first time. Homoeoneuria and Par- acloeodes represent new generic records for the state. The male terminalia of R. pellucida from Colorado and a paratype from Minnesota are illustrated and compared, and characters are given to separate this species from the four other Rhithrogena species in Colorado. Previous tentative records for two additional species, Baetis virile, and Leptophlehia nebulosa are confirmed. Bio- geographic affinities for several species in the North Platte River system are discussed. A total of 43 genera and 101 species of mayflies are now known from Colorado. McCafferty el al. (1993) listed 41 genera and 97 species of Colorado mayflies. In this paper we report four new species records for the state. The first of these, Baetis dardanus McDunnough, was collected from the Green River in Dinosaur National Monument. This species belongs to the Baetis propinquus group, and the larvae will key to Baetis ephippiatus Traver in Morihara and McCafferty (1979a). However, the larvae of these two closely related species can be separated using the characters given by Soluk (1981). In that paper he described two principal types of dorsal abdominal patterns, and our specimens correspond to the one that is figured. Morihara and McCafferty (1979b) provided a key to separate adult males of the Baetis propinquus group. Previously, B. dardanus had been reported from Alberta, Manitoba, Idaho, Utah, and Illinois (Soluk 1981), and McCafferty et al. (1993) predicted that this species might eventually be found in Colorado. The second state record, Homoeoneuria alleni Pescador and Peters, was discovered in the Yampa River in Dinosaur National Monument. Larvae were collected approximately 0.2 km upstream of the Yampa-Green River conflu- ence in larval fish drift nets that were used during a study on the reproduction and larval abundance of the federally listed endangered Colorado squawfish. Previous distributional records for H. alleni include New Mexico, Utah, and Chihuahua, Mexico (Pescador and Peters 1980). This species had been men- tioned by McCafferty et al. (1993) as possibly occurring in Colorado, there- fore, its discovery in the state was expected. The adults of H. alleni remain unknown. The third new record from Colorado, Paracloeodes minutus (Daggy), was discovered in a benthic sample taken from the Conejos River near LaSauses. This locality provides the habitat that P. minutus seems to prefer (Edmunds et 1 Received February 1, 1994. Accepted March 10, 1994. 2 Colorado State University, Department of Entomology, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523. ENT. NEWS 105(4): 222-227, September & October 1994 Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 223 al. 1976). These three-tailed larvae are easily overlooked in benthic samples due to their small size and pale color (Day 1955), and workers need to be care- ful not to mistake this species for small Baetis spp. The distinctive labial palps and the relatively long tarsal claws as illustrated by Edmunds el al. (1976) distinguish this genus. Paracloeodes minutus is known from Minnesota (Daggy 1945), California (Day 1955, as P. abditus, [see McCafferty and Waltz 1990]), Indiana (McCafferty and Waltz 1990), and Illinois and Texas (McCafferty and Davis 1992). The fourth new species record for the state, Rhithrogena pellucida Daggy, was collected from the North Platte River near Walden, Colorado. It was pre- viously suggested that Rhithrogena larvae collected here during 1991 and 1992 might be the unknown larvae of R. flavianula (McDunnough) (see McCafferty et al. 1993). However, in August of 1993, Rhithrogena adults col- lected and reared from this site were determined to be R. pellucida. The orig- inal description of this species by Daggy (1945), and the redescriptions by Burks (1953), and Leonard and Leonard (1962) adequately match our speci- mens from Colorado. For comparison purposes we provide illustrations of the male terminalia using a specimen from Colorado (Fig. 1 ) and a paratype from the original type series (Mississippi River, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1 July 1939) (Fig. 2). Some differences were noted, particularly in the relative shape of the median notch of the penes. Also, the penes of the Colorado specimens differ slightly from typical midwestern specimens by having a larger dorsal subapical membranous excavation. However, similar variability has been found between populations throughout the Midwest (W. P. McCafferty, pers. comm.). The adults of R. pellucida can easily be separated from the other four species of Rhithrogena in Colorado by their distinctive genitalia (Fig. 1) and small size. The larvae of R. pellucida can be separated from the other species of Colorado Rhithrogena by the absence of a dorsal lobe on gills 2-6 (present on R. hageni Eaton, and R. undulata [Banks]), and the absence of a longitudi- nal ventral sclerotized setose line on gills 2-6 (present on Rhithrogena rohusta Dodds) (Jensen 1966). In addition, the larvae of R. pellucida have a charac- teristic V-shaped transparent marking on the ventral gill surface that points out perpendicular to the long axis of the body (Fig. 3). Although the larvae of R. flavianula are unknown, the much larger size of the adults (body length 14mm) (McDunnough 1924), should make mature larvae of this species eas- ily separable from the much smaller R. pellucida (body length 6-7mm). Rhithrogena pellucida has been recorded from Minnesota (Daggy 1945), Michigan (Daggy 1945, Leonard and Leonard 1962), Illinois (Burks 1953). Wisconsin, (Flowers and Hilsenhoff 1975, 1978), Virginia (Kondraticff and Voshell 1983), Alabama (Kondratieff and Harris 1986), Indiana (McShaffrcy and McCafferty 1988), and Maine (Burian and Gibbs 1991 ). Two additional species, Baetis virile (McDunnough), and Leptophlebia 224 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figs. 1 and 2. Rhithrogena pellucida, male terminalia, dorsal view. 1. North Platte River, Jackson County, Colorado. 19 August 1993. 2. Paratype, Mississippi River, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1 July 1939. Fig. 3. Rhithrogena pellucida, larval abdominal gill 5, ventral view. North Platte River, Jackson County, Colorado. 19 August 1993. Anterior end indicated by arrow Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 225 nebulosa (Walker), tentatively listed as occurring in Colorado by McCafferty et al. (1993), have been confirmed for the state. B. virile was reared from the North Platte River near Walden, and from Tomichi Creek near Gunnison. We compared these reared specimens with the descriptions by McDunnough (1923) and Traver (1935) and have determined them to be B. virile. The pre- vious record from Colorado was based on a single larva taken from Grizzly Creek, a tributary of the North Platte River (McCafferty et al. 1993). We have also confirmed L nebulosa from Colorado by rearing a large series of adults from the South Fork of the Republican River in Yuma County in eastern Colorado. This species has been recorded from much of eastern and mid- western North America, so its occurrence in the Great Plains of Colorado is not surprising. In addition to R. pellucida, three other mayflies with primarily eastern/ midwestern North American distributions, Heterocloeon frivolum (McDun- nough), Barbaetis cestus (Provonsha and McCafferty), and Baetis virile (McDunnough) occur in the North Platte River in Colorado (McCafferty et al. 1993). Other aquatic insect species that are considered typical eastern/mid- western North American species and found in this river, include the stonefly Taeniopteryx parvula Banks (Kondratieff and Baumann 1988) and the caddis- fly Pycnopsyche guttifer (Walker) (Ruiter and Lavigne 1985, and Ruiter 1990). The North Platte River originates as snowmelt streams in the mountains of northern Colorado, flowing northward into central Wyoming, then southeast- ward into Nebraska. In west-central Nebraska, the river joins the South Platte River to form the Platte River, a major tributary of the Missouri River. The North Platte River flows into the Wyoming Basin, a plateau, which interrupts the continuity of the Rocky Mountain system. Here the North Platte River cuts through two mountain ranges, the Seminoe and the end of the Laramic Moun- tains before reaching the Great Plains. Most of this region was not glaciated during the last ice age except for high mountain glaciers. The upper North Platte River may have served as effective refugia or population pools for the above species. The Platte River system has been extensively altered by at least 194 reservoirs of capacities greater that 0.6 hm^ and hundreds of agricultural diversion canals (Kirchner and Karlinger 1983). Therefore, intervening popu- lations of these mayfly, stonefly, and caddisfly species along the North Platte in Wyoming or Nebraska may have been reduced to small local populations or have become extinct. Material examined. - B dardanus: Moffat Co., CO, Green River, 19 August 93, B. Kondratieff and R. Durfee, 15 larvae, (four slide mounts). H. allem: Moffat Co., CO, Yampa River. 24 July 92, R. T. Muth, 15 larvae. P. minutus: Conejos Co., CO. Conejos River. 27 July 92, Colorado Department of Health, 1 larva (slide mount). R. pellucida: Jackson Co., CO, North Platte River, 19 August 93, B. Kondratieff and R. Durfee, 3 males. 3 larvae, and 2 males and 1 female (reared) 226 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS B. virile Jackson Co., CO, North Platte River, 19 August 93, B. Kondratieff and R. Durfee, 2 females (reared); Gunnison Co., CO, Tomichi Cr, 4 September 93, B. Kondratieff and R. Durfee, 8 males, 10 females (reared), and 8 larvae. L nebulosa: Yuma Co., CO, South Fork Republican River, 25 April 93, B. Kondratieff and R. Durfee, 17 males, 7 females (reared). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Robert T. Muth, Department of Fishery and Wildlife, Colorado State University for providing the larval fish samples from the Yampa River, which contained H. alleni. Jim Harvey, Colorado Department of Health provided the benthic samples from the Conejos River. Philip J. Clausen, University of Minnesota is thanked for the loan of specimens from the original type series of R. pellucida. We thank Howard E. Evans, Tom Eckberg, Colorado State University and R. Fred Kirchner, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers for providing reviews of the manuscript. W. P. McCafferty, Pur- due University is thanked for information on the variability of/?, pellucida. LITERATURE CITED Burian, S. K. and K. E. Gibbs. 1991. Mayflies of Maine: An annotated faunal list. Maine Agri. Exp. Stn. Univ. Maine, Tech. Bull. 142. April 1991. Burks, B. D. 1953. The mayflies or Ephemeroptera of Illinois. Bull. 111. St. Nat. Hist. Surv. 26: 1-216. Daggy, R. H. 1945. New species and previously undescribed naiads of some Minnesota mayflies (Ephemeroptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 38: 373-396. Day, W. C. 1955. New genera of mayflies from California (Ephemeroptera). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 31: 121-137. Edmunds, G. F., S. L. Jensen, and L. Berner. 1976. The mayflies of North and Central Amer- ica. Univ. Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Flowers, R. W., and W. L. Hilsenhoff. 1975. Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera) of Wisconsin. Great Lakes Entomol. 8: 201-218. Flowers, R. W., and W. L. Hilsenhoff. 1978. Life cycles and habits of Wisconsin Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera). Hydrobiologia 60: 159-171. Jensen, S. L. 1966. The mayflies of Idaho (Ephemeroptera). Unpublished MS Thesis, Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City. Kirchner, J. E. and M. R. Karlinger. 1983. Effects of water development on surface-water hydrology, Platte River Basin in Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska upstream from Duncan, Nebraska. In: Hydrologic and geomorphic studies of the Platte River. Pp. B-1-B49. Geologi- cal Survey Professional Paper 1277- A. U.S. Gov. Printing Office., Washington, D.C. Kondratieff, B. C., and R. W. Baumann. 1988. Taeniopteryx of Western North America (Ple- coptera: Taeniopterygidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 64: 381-390. Kondratieff, B. C. and S. C. Harris. 1986. Preliminary checklist of the mayflies (Ephemeroptera) of Alabama. Entomol. News 97: 230-236. Kondratieff, B. C., and J. R. Voshell Jr. 1983. A checklist of the mayflies (Ephemeroptera) of Virginia, with a review of pertinent taxonomic literature. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 18: 273- 279. Leonard, J. W., and F. A. Leonard. 1962 Mayflies of Michigan trout streams. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. Bull. No. 43, 139pp. McCafferty, W. P., and J. R. Davis. 1992. New and additional records of small minnow mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Texas. Entomol. News 103: 199-209. McCafferty, W. P. and R. D. Waltz. 1990. Revisionary synopsis of the Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) of North and Middle America. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1 16: 769-799. Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 227 McCafferty, W. P., R. S. Durfee, and B. C. Kondratieff. 1993 Colorado mayflies (Ephemeroptera): An annotated inventory. Southwestern Nat. 38: 252-274. McDunnough, J. 1923. New Canadian Ephemeridae with notes. Can. Entomol. 55: 39-50. McDunnough, J. 1924. New North American Ephemeridae. Can. Entomol 56: 221-226. McShaffrey, D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1988. Feeding behavior of Rhithrogena pellucida, (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae). J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc., 7: 87-99. Morihara, D. K. and W. P. McCafferty. 1979a. The Duetts larvae of North America (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 105: 139-221 Morihara, D. K. and W. P. McCafferty. 1979b. Systematics of the propinquus group of Buetis species (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 72: 130-135. Pescador, M. L. and W. L. Peters. 1980. A revision of the genus Homoeoneuria (Ephemeroptera: Oligoneuriidae). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106: 357-393. Ruiter, D E. 1990. A new species of Neotrichia (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) from Colorado with additions and corrections to the distributions and records of Colorado Trichoptera. Entomol. News 101: 88-92. Ruiter, D. E., and R. J. Lavigne. 1985. Distribution of Wyoming Trichoptera. Univ. Wyoming, Agric. Exp. Stn. Publ. No. SM47. 102 pp. Soluk, D. A. 1981. The larva of Baetis durdanus McDunnough (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Ento- mol. News 92: 147-151. Traver, J. R. 1935. Part II, North American Mayflies. In The biology of mayflies with a system- atic account of North American species. J. G. Needham, J. R. Traver, and Y. C. Hsu. Pp. 239- 739. Comstock Publ. Co., New York. EDITORIAL NOTE In the following pages of this issue. Entomological News presents two papers on the introduction and establishment of non-indigenous species of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). These papers present some conflicting data and one expresses some controversial and possibly speculative views on the establishment of 'adventive' vs. (purposely) 'intro- duced' species. Entomological News neither supports nor takes issue with either position but leaves consideration of the presented positions to its readers. H.P.B 228 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS RELEASE AND ESTABLISHMENT OF HARMONIA AXYRIDIS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES1 W. L. Tedders2, Paul W. Schaefer3 ABSTRACT: Hannoma cixyridis were laboratory reared and 87,810 specimens were released (1978-81) primarily in pecan orchards containing leguminous cover crops at Byron, Georgia. The first major recovery indicating establishment in Georgia was in 1990 at Buchanan, 174 km from the Byron release site. By 1992, the population had spread throughout Georgia to northern Florida and eastern South Carolina. H. axyridis is now the dominant coccinellid species (54.4%) in the Byron pecan orchard and appears influenced by the legume cover crop. Numerous pecan growers in Georgia reported control of pecan aphids (Monellia caryella and Monelliopsis pecanis) during 1993. Adult H. axyridis were more attracted to white traps than to similar dark grey, brown, or black traps. During rearing, total development required ca. 36 d. Recorded prey include 36 species of Aphididae, 12 species from 7 other homopteran families, and 3 species from two other insect orders. Aphids appear to be preferred prey but all may be acceptable, indicating polyphagy and suggesting an extended control potential for this generally arboreal coccinellid. Lady beetles in the genus Harmonia occur in Asia and Australia and prey on aphids, psyllids, and scale insects (Gordon 1985). Widely distributed in Asia, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) is recorded from Formosa, China, Korea, Japan, Manchuria, southern Siberia and the Ryukyu and Bonin Islands (Chapin and Brou 1991). This arboreal species occurs in orchard and forest habitats and preys mostly on various aphids, but it will also accept certain scales and two species of chrysomelids. It inhabits various trees, including maple, walnut, willow, and oak (Chapin and Brou 1991). Harmonia axyridis is highly polymorphic, very prolific, and may live up to three years (Hodek 1973). ' Several attempts have been made to introduce H. axyridis into North America. Inclusive dates for recorded releases include: California - 1916, 1964 and 1965; Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Mississippi, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Washington, and Washington, D.C. - 1978 to 1982; and Connecticut - 1985 (Coulson el al. 1981, Gordon 1985, McClure 1987; USDA, Beneficial Introduction Res. Lab., unpubl. records). Recently, Chapin and Brou (1991) reported the establishment of H. axy- ridis in Louisiana and Mississippi. Releases in that area consisted of a single ' Received February 4, 1994. Accepted February 26, 1994. 2 Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, 1 1 1 Dunbar Road, Byron, Georgia 31008. 3 Beneficial Insects Introduction Research, 501 Chapel Street, Newark, Delaware 19713. ENT. NEWS 105(4): 228-243, September & October 1994 Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 229 release of 32 specimens in Bossier Parish, Louisiana, in 1979 and eight releases totaling 3781 specimens in Washington County, Mississippi (near Leland), in 1980. The first evidence of establishment was the collection of more than 1000 adults in six light traps near Abita Springs, Louisiana, from July to November 1988. Specimens were collected from August to November 1990 in the Mississippi counties of Calhoun, Harrison, and Panola. In addi- tion, Chapin and Brou reported specimens from crabapple trees infested with Aphis spiraecola Patch, crapemyrtle infested with Tinocallis kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy), and from senescent Erigeron sp. in an old field habitat. Currently, H. axyridis is the most common lady beetle in the Abita Springs area. This paper records the appearance of H. axyridis in Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida. We also report on the rearing and release pro- gram in Georgia (Gordon and Vandenberg 1 99 1 , Tedders 1 986, Tedders 1 99 1 ) and give additional notes and information concerning its biology and behavior in Georgia and its known prey. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rearing and Production. An intensive H. axyridis rearing and release program was conducted at the USDA-ARS, Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory at Byron, Georgia, from 1978 to 1981. The target prey were black pecan aphid, Melanocallis caryaefoliae (Davis), blackmargined aphid, Monellia caryella (Fitch), and yellow pecan aphid, Monelliopsis pecanis Bissell, on pecan, Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch. Stock insects were supplied by the USDA-ARS Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Laboratory at Newark, Delaware. At Byron, most H. axyridis were reared on Myius persicae (Sulzer) colonies that infested greenhouse-produced Chinese cabbage, Brassica rapa L. (pekinensis group). Chinese cabbage plants were grown in Jiffy-9® peat pellets. Additional fertilizer, fungicides, and insecticides were not used. Two tightly secured greenhouses were used. one to produce aphid- free cabbage plants and the second to produce cabbage plants infested with M. persicae. Non-infested plants were transferred to the second greenhouse where they remained for a few days and became infested. Aphid-infested plants were then removed and placed in individual cages con- taining one or more pairs of H. axyridis adults. Cages for H. axyridis were 3.8 ^cylindrical cardboard cartons having a thin polyethylene upper cover that allowed for illumination and viewing. Newly infested cabbage plants were added to each cage every second day or as needed as aphids were consumed. Cabbage plants were provided in cages at the rate of one plant per pair of H. axyridis. Cabbage plants depleted ot aphids were discarded. The inside of the carton cages were lined with brown wrapping paper as an oviposition substrate. Foliage, the paper liner, and the 230 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS cover were removed daily to obtain eggs for additional colony production for release, developmental studies, and studies of acceptance of pecan aphids as prey. Specimens of stock lady beetles were maintained in the insect collection at Byron as identification vouchers. In the greenhouses, temperatures averaged 24.6°C (range 6.7 - 37.7°C) and relative humidity averaged 68.5% (range 30 - 100%). In the rearing facility the temperature averaged 23.6°C (range 20 - 27.7°C) and relative humidity aver- aged 69.4% (range 40 - 95%). Lighting was held constant by overhead lights 24 hr per day. The production cages often contained 2 or 3 pairs, and supply of food was increased at a comparable rate. In November 1992, visual traps developed for monitoring the emergence of pecan weevils, Curculio caryae (Horn) (Stanley 1992, Tedders and Wood 1993) were used to assess visual color preferences. The traps were interlock- ing triangular masonite panels, measuring 53.3 cm base x 121.8 cm height, on top of which was positioned a modified boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, collecting device (Anonymous 1990). The panels were painted either white (84.0% reflectance), gray (18.3% reflectance), brown (4.8% reflectance), or black (1.0% reflectance). Each colored trap was repli- cated three times and set out across the lawn of the laboratory in a randomized complete block design. Traps were about 3 m apart. Traps were in place from about 3:00 p.m. November 17 until 3:00 p.m. November 20 (3 consecutive 24- hr periods). Beetles were removed and counted after each 24-hr period. Trap data were subjected to analysis of variance. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Rearing and Development. Eggs were laid on the paper lining, cabbage foliage, and the polyethylene cover. A shortage of aphid prey in the cages was always followed by a marked reduction in lady beetle eggs due to cannibalism. Well-fed beetles did not usually cannibalize their own eggs. Eggs averaged 4 days from oviposition to hatch (range 3-5 d). Average lar- val development for first through fourth stadia was 2, 2, 2-4, and 6 d, respec- tively, with larval development overall averaging 12-14 d. The pupal stadium ranged from 5-6 d and averaged 5.5 d. Average time required for development from egg to egg was about 36 d. Cooler temperatures ranging from 15.5 to 21.1°C increased the time required for development from egg to egg by 3-4 d. Thirty-one newly emerged females were studied for longevity and fecun- dity. With one copulating pair confined per cage, females lived an average of 32.2 d (sd=25.26), laying an average of 491.3 eggs (sd=375.86); mean 16.7 eggs/female/d (sd=7.64). The shortest life span was 2 d and the longest 101 d. The 101 -day old female produced 1543 eggs. Longevity of males was not recorded but was usually shorter than that of the females. Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 231 Adults and larval mortality in all colonies was usually the result of natural causes such as individual weakness and old age. Dead beetles were placed in a humidor and observed for suspicious microbial growth. On two occasions fungal pathogens were suspected and identified as Paecilomyces farinosus (Holm) Brown and Smith (Deuteromycota) (Richard A. Humber, pers. comm., Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York). All three species, M. caryaefoliae, M. caryella, and M. pecanis represented adequate food when time required for larval development and oviposition on a diet of M. persicae were used as baseline data. However, H. axyridis appeared to prefer M. caryella. The preference may be associated with the copious honeydew excreted by this aphid because both larvae and adults used this alternative food source. Adult H. axyridis, fed on M. pecanis or M. caryella, laid about 20 eggs per day. Melanocallis caryaefoliae, which appeared to be least favored as prey, excretes the least amount of honeydew. Releases. Releases of reared H. axyridis in Georgia from 1978 to 1981 usually consisted of second and third instar larvae, occasionally 1st instar lar- vae, and rarely eggs. In total 87,561 immatures and 249 adults were released from 1978 to 1981 (Table 1). Releases were made on the farm at the Byron, Georgia laboratory, mainly into trees or legume cover crops within pecan orchards. Immatures were either transferred to plant foliage with a camel-hair brush, or the supporting substrate of Chinese cabbage leaf, paper liner, or polyethylene cage cover was stapled to pecan or legume foliage. Pecan trees were selected that supported M. caryella, M. pecanis, or M. caryaefoliae aphids or mixtures of two or all three species. The primary release orchard (about 7 ha) was bordered on opposite sides by oak-hickory-gum woods, on a third side by a second pecan orchard, and on the remaining side by a fallow field. No pesticides were applied to the orchard from 1977 through 1983. Releases during March, April, and May were usually divided evenly between winter cover crop in the orchard and the pecan trees. The winter cover was composed of hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Roth, crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum Roth, big flower vetch, Vicia grandiflora Scopoli, and rye grass, Lolium sp. Vetch and clover ground cover infested with pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), and occasionally cowpea aphids, Aphis cracci- vora, and A. medicagenis Koch was selected. Larvae and adults (n = 397) were released in nearby cultivated plums. Primus sp., apple. Mains sp., and crapemyrtle, Lagerstroemia sp. Plums were infested with black peach aphids, Brachycaudus persicae (Passerini), rusty plum aphid, Hysteroneura setariae (Thomas), or/4, spiraecola. Apple was infested with A. spiraecola and crape- myrtle with T. kahawaluokalani. Also, a total of 2,485 larvae were released in weed covers within pecan orchards where the dominant weeds were horse- weed, Erigeron canadensis L., infested with Uroleucon erigeronensis (Thomas), cocklcbur, Xanthium strumarium L., infested with U. ambrosiae (Thomas), and goldenrod, Solidago sp. infested with U. rudbeckiae (Fitch) (Table 1). 232 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Initial Recoveries. From 1978 to 1981 attempts to recover adults of released H. axyridis were conducted weekly, beginning the first week of April and continuing until the end of October or mid-November depending upon the condition of pecan foliage and the weather. From 1982 to the present, collec- tions of beneficial arthropods at Byron, emphasizing Coccinellidae and Chrysopidae, continued on the same schedule in the same 7-ha release orchard or in adjacent orchards not over 8 km distant. Given these efforts, if coccinel- lid establishment had been successful, beetles should have been detected. From 1978 to 1981, three sampling methods were employed in the 7-ha orchard. Visual 2-hr searches were conducted weekly in and around the orchard. In addition, weekly sweep net samples of the ground cover (100 sweeps per 7 ha) were taken, and the lower limbs of 25 pecan trees within the orchard were jarred with a club to dislodge beetles onto a 1 m2 cloth catching frame. From 1982 to present, visual searches of about 1 hr were conducted monthly. Sweep net collections from cover crops continued but collections from trees were made with the aid of a D-Vac collecting machine as a substi- tute for the limb-jarring method. After releases, mature larvae and pupae were easily found on foliage of pecan trees and the ground cover, however adults were scarce. One adult was swept from evening primrose, Oenothera sp., May 24, 1978. No adults were collected during 1979. Six adults were swept from vetch from April 28 to May 6, 1980, and fifty-three adults were collected from pecan foliage by jarring and by hand collection from May 5 to June 6, 1980. One adult was swept from rye grass on May 6, 1980. A single adult was recovered September 29, 1981, by jarring pecan foliage. No adults or larvae were collected from 1982 through 1991 . Evidence of colonization in Georgia first became available in fall 1990. John C. Callaway, Jr., County Extension Director for Haralson and Carroll Counties (Buchanan, Georgia) advised the Department of Entomology, Uni- versity of Georgia, Athens that an unidentified lady beetle had become a nui- sance in houses in that area. A visit there on June 18, 1991 revealed a single H. axyridis adult on arrow leaf clover, Trifolium vesiculosum Savi. No addi- tional lady beetles were found on adjacent trees, shrubs and other vegetation, but suspect pupal exuviae were found on apple. Specimens of that population submitted for identification to the Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, proved to be H. axyridis (Cecil L. Smith, per. comm.). A second trip to Haralson County (elevation 382 m) on November 12, 1 99 1 , revealed about 50 H. axyridis adults inside the screened porch of a home in Buchanan. Additional searches revealed numerous adults and pupae on apple, Pinus spp., and magnolia, Magnolia macrophylla Michaux, at this site. During November and December 1991 Mr. Callaway and the Byron Labora- tory received numerous reports that H. axyridis was an increasing nuisance in Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 233 homes throughout northwest Georgia. During early winter of 1991 H. axyridis were identified from northeast Alabama and were abundant near Hunts ville (Paul Estes, Auburn, Alabama, per. comm.). Subsequent Recoveries-Biology and Population Abundance. At Byron, on February 4, 1992, one adult was collected from loblolly pine, P. taeda L. that was heavily infested with Eulachnus agilis (Kaltenbach) on which the beetle was feeding. Thereafter and throughout March adults, larvae, and eggs were found regularly on various species of yellow pine infested with E. agilis. Foliage samples from April through October 1992 revealed that H. axyridis began inhabiting pecan in May and fluctuated in numbers as aphid populations varied. Harmonia axyridis comprised 54.4% of all the lady beetles collected from pecan by the end of the growing season (Table 2). In a separate experiment on October 6, five terminal branches on each of 20 pecan trees were examined for H. axyridis by the jarring technique. Adults averaged 0.30/terminal and larvae 0.27/terminal. Aphid control on pecan, which was considered to be very good throughout 1992, was attributed mainly to H. axyridis . By late summer 1992, specimens of H. axyridis were found throughout Georgia (W. L. T.), in north Florida (Russ Mizell, University of Florida, pers. comm.) and near McClellanville, South Carolina (Stuart H. Tedders, Univer- sity of South Carolina, pers. comm.). Movement by H. axyridis to overwintering aggregation sites began about November 1, 1992, when several hundred were found on the southwest sides of several buildings at Byron. On November 17 adults were observed flying around the grounds of the laboratory in such abundance that they were first thought to be the tail end of a swarm of honey bees. Many of these landed on the sides of buildings in large numbers, and four people were able to hand col- lect about 6,000 beetles in 2V2 hrs. Since beetles appeared to be attracted in greater numbers to light colored buildings than to dark colored ones, it was not surprising that traps captured totals of 208, 143, 61, 23 in the white, gray, black, and brown traps, respec- tively. Analysis of variance of these data indicated that H. axyridis is signifi- cantly attracted to white traps (a = 0.05) as opposed to darker ones (Table 3). This finding confirms observations by Obata (1986) in Kyoto, Japan, and agrees with those of Hodek (1973) that several coccinellid species were attracted to light-colored rock outcroppings that were used as overwintering sites. Beetles were not observed moving to overwintering sites after Novem- ber 20, 1992. Recoveries began in 1993 when several adults were found (February 15) feeding on the floral nectaries of common box, Buxus sempervirens L.. indi- cating that emergence from overwintering had begun. About 2, (XX) hibernat- ing adults were collected on February 26 by three people in 30 minutes from the center of a panelled wall on the south-southwestern side of an abandoned 234 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS insecticide building at the laboratory farm center, indicating that most were still overwintering. Also on that date, several active adults were observed on yellow pine, and about 30 active adults were observed on the lighting fixtures in an office of the laboratory building, further indicating that the overwinter- ing period was ending. At Biloxi, Mississippi (February 28), mature larvae, pupae, and newly emerged adults were found on Podocarpus sp. infested with Neophyllaphis podocarpi Takahashi at a hotel resort facing the Gulf of Mexico, confirming that H. axyridis had been active in that area for several weeks, and had passed through at least one generation (W.L.T.). On March 9 at Byron, adults were observed feeding on exudates of the flo- ral nectaries of peach, plum, and common box. Aphids or other prey were not observed on these plants, and we can exclude the possibility that aphid eggs were being fed on since aphids are rare on these plants in central Georgia. On March 11, 100 limbs each of peach, plum, and yellow pine were jarred reveal- ing 13, 1, and 3 adults, respectively. Impact in Pecan orchard: Collections of//, axyridis from pecan orchards at Byron continued during 1993. In addition to standard sweep net and D-Vac machine samples, a large Malaise trap was placed in a legume ground cover study orchard. Collections from this orchard were compared, with collections from an adjacent control orchard without a legume cover. Yellow aphids on pecan in the legume cover crop orchard were very low, the highest count aver- aged only 4.7/compound leaf during the week of May 10. Average numbers of aphids for May 1993 was 2.2 aphids per compound leaf. Yellow pecan aphids on pecan during May usually exceed 100/leaf. In the adjacent control orchard the highest counts were 22.3 aphids per compound leaf during the week of May 17, and counts averaged 9.2 aphids per compound leaf for the month. Neither orchard received insecticide but H. axyridis were noticeably slower to colonize the non-cover crop orchard. Although a Malaise trap was not used and sweep net samples were not taken from the closely mowed grass of the control orchard, comparative collections of//, axyridis suggest the importance of the legume cover crop (Table 4). Numerous pecan growers in Georgia reported excellent control of M. caryella and M. pecanis in commercial orchards during 1993 (W.L.T.). Conclusions: Harmonia axyridis, first reported to be established in North America by Chapin and Brou (1991) from Louisiana in 1988 with subsequent collections during 1989 and 1990, was not reported in Mississippi until 1990. There was no mention by the authors of the size of that population. Releases possibly leading to the Louisiana-Mississippi establishment were a single release of 32 specimens in Bossier Parish during August 1979 and eight releases of 3781 specimens from July to October 1980 near Leland, Missis- sippi. The straight-line distance from Bossier City (Bossier Parish) to Abita Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 235 Springs, Louisiana is about 418 km (260 mi) and from Leland to Abita Springs is 320 km (199 mi). The distance from Leland and Bossier City to Buchanan, Georgia is about 553 km (344 mi) and 831 km (516 mi) respectively, and from Abita Springs to Buchanan is about 591 km (367 mi) (Figure 1 ). The population level first reported in Georgia near Buchanan during the fall of 1990 was very high as judged by numerous calls to county agent John Callaway in Buchanan (personal communication). The straight-line distance from Byron to Buchanan is about 174 km (108 mi). It remains uncertain whether the Buchanan population was the result of migration of beetles across Mississippi and Alabama to Buchanan or the result of migration of releases from Byron to Buchanan. It is clear that many more specimens were released at Byron and the distance from Byron to Buchanan is much shorter. If the Buchanan population originated from Abita Springs, it is unusual that H. axyrdis were not reported as a nuisiance from Alabama before it was found in Georgia in view of its habit of overwintering in homes. The evidence suggests that two separate establishments occurred: one in Abita Springs, LA, and another in Buchanan, GA. Because H. axyridis is highly polymorphic, with a basic red morph and a black morph, as illustrated in Ayala (other variations are also possible), it is important to record that no black morphs were found in Georgia, Alabama, Florida, and South Carolina populations. All beetles found to date are of the red color morphs as described by Chapin and Brou (1991). Live specimens of red morph vary in background color from a pale yellow-orange to a deep orange-red (which may well be age related), and the black spotting varies from none to 20± spots. As H. axyridis spreads from the southeast into other areas and begins to receive increasing attention, a greater understanding of this invading species will result. Toward that end, we present a rapidly growing list of prey species (Table 5). This tentative list will serve as a reference point for addition of new prey species, especially as this lady beetle is redistributed (See Appendix) and spreads naturally into new states. APPENDIX In light of some significant biological information and records of an inten- tional shipment of Harmonia axyridis, we offer the following information for the record. Biological Notes: April 16, 1980, freeze-dried pea aphids and a water sup- ply were found to be acceptable but poor quality food for H. axyridis . Thirty- six eggs yielded five pupae but only three adults. 1980-Uroleucon ambrosiae on horseweed and cocklebur were unsatisfac- tory prey and H. axyridis did not complete development. Uroleucon erigcron- sis on horseweed were fair prey and produced adults after lengthy feeding. 236 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Aphis craccivora on vetch and velvet bean, Stizolobium Deeringianum Bert., were poisonous to H. axyridis larvae. Aphis spiraecola on Garland cv. crab apple, Mains coronaria Mill, were poor prey for larvae. May 22, \9%\-Phylloxera notabilis Pergande on pecan were excellent prey for H. axyridis; larvae matured in less that 12 d. Field released adult H. axyridis were observed feeding on P. notabilis emerging from opening galls. August 25, \98l-Tinocallis kahawaluokalani on crapemyrtle were suit- able prey. Larvae released on crapemyrtle yielded at least two adult H. axy- ridis . Four H. axyridis adults fed A. pisum laid a total of 2,016 eggs; average 526.5 eggs/female over a period of 32.3 consecutive days. As prey, A. pisum were deemed suitable. For initial rearing of H. axyridis in quarantine at Newark, prey were A. pisum produced on faba (fava) beans, Vicia faba L. Cages for all life stages were 530 cc unwaxed paper cups (No. 2186 Design, James River Corp.) with tight-fitting clear plastic lids. To prolong the availability of suitable A. pisum prey, several lengths of bean stems were stripped of leaves and placed in each cup. By stripping stems of leaves, the containers were kept cleaner, which facilitated detection and removal of eggs, larvae, and adults. Samples of overwintering H. axyridis were weighed on two occasions after collection to gain information about weight loss during hibernation. On December 15, 1992, 315 beetles weighed an average of 35 mg. On January 11, 1993, 224 beetles weighed an average of 33 mg for loss of 2 mg over 27-d period. May 1993-A11 stadia of H. axyridis were found in very large numbers on six tulip trees, Liriodendron tulipifera L., infested with Macrosiphum lirio- dendri (Monell) in Houston County, Georgia. April 1993-Ornamental rose, Rosa spp., infested with Rhodobium poro- sum (Sanderson) were found to have one or more feeding adult or larval H. axyridis per plant in Thomasville, Ga. The H. axyridis population was very large and effectively controlled aphids during this time. Redistribution: Of the 8,000 H. axyridis adults collected during late 1992 and early 1993, 6,000 were sent to California for inspection and subsequent release in California and New Mexico pecan orchards (Ken S. Hagen, Kent Daane, and Steve Sibbett, University of California, pers. comm.). To date 1 ,500 were released on April 9 and 750 were released on April 30 at Blaine Ranch, Visalia, California. Dr. Hagan inspected and forwarded 2,000 to New Mexico where they were released in pecan orchards at Mesilla (Joe Ellington, New Mexico State University, pers. comm.). During fall 1993, daily observations were made to detect the onset of H. axyridis flight to overwintering quarters. None were observed until November 4 when large numbers congregated on the sides of buildings at Byron (maxi- mum air temperature was 22.2° C). Very few were observed on November 5 Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 237 (maximum temperature 20.6° C) and fewer yet occurred during the next four days when maximum temperatures were 16.6° C or below. Maximum flight activity occurred on November 10 when many adults congregated on the sides of buildings. Of particular interest that day was an abandoned silo located on the laboratory farm at Byron. The silo was a light gray concrete shell having no top and containing about 20 cm rain water at the bottom. Insects on the inside were inaccessible but visible through port holes. The silo measured 14.4 m cir. x 9.6 m height. At about 2:00 p.m., congregat- ing H. axyridis were estimated at 1550 beetles/m2 on the outside wall with slightly smaller numbers on the inside wall. Air temperature for November 10 was 20° C maximum and 5° C minimum. On November 1 1, entomologists Billy Ree and Allan Knutson of the Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Texas A&M University, arrived at Byron to collect H. axyridis during November 11-14. They collected 10,200 adults, mostly from the exterior wall of the silo. Maximum temperature for the period ranged from 19.4-25.0° C. Smaller numbers of adults were observed on the Bossier Distance* In kilometers Figure 1. Map of Southeastern United States showing release sites (Byron, GA, Leland MS. and Bossier City, LA) and recovery sites (Buchanan, GA and Abita Springs LA) of Harmonia axyridis and the straight-line distances (KM) between sites. 238 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS silo on each successive day, but the change was not measured. On each day, the primary movement of adults to the silo occurred between 1:00 and 4:00 p.m. when air temperature ranged between 17.7-20.6° C. During that period, the sky was bright but large cumulus clouds intermittently blocked full sun. The greatest number of adults was observed flying to the silo during periods when the silo was fully illuminated, and flying decreased with shadows cast by clouds. Most H. axyridis that accumulated during the day were gone the following morning; presumably because of a lack of protected sites (cracks and crevices) to inhabit. The H. axyridis collection was returned to Texas for study and release in Texas pecan orchards during spring 1994. One Byron technician collected 2795 H. axyridis from the silo for our use on November 12 during a 1.5 hr. period. Adult weight averaged 35.4 mg. Table 1. Release of Harmonia axyridis into pecan trees and clover-vetch ground cover, Byron, Georgia. Total 1978 1979 1980 1981 I m matures 10,254 Adults Immatures Adults Immatures Immatures Mar. 23,401 Apr. 197 34 1,767 6 6,729 May 1,195] 1622 723 18 1,052 Jun 2,496 6 Jul 482 Aug 2583 12,164 Sep 2,780 2,1454 933 Oct 2,846 23 15,244 809 Nov 12.3185 22 225 44,361 24 31,204 1,742 1 201-plum, 172 apple - 18-apple 3 6-crapemyrtle 4 540-weed cover 1,945-weed cover Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 239 Table 2. D-Vac collections of important Coccinellidae from pecan trees at Byron, Georgia, 1992. Species Month/Number Collected Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Total Hippodamia canvergens 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 8 Coccinella septempunctata 2 16 8 5 1 2 0 34 Olla v-nigrum 1 4 5 4 16 2 1 33 Cycloneda munda 3 6 2 3 3 1 1 19 Coleomegilla maculate 0 0 1 4 0 0 11 16 Har mania axyridis 0 2 0 9 53 34 34 132 Total 6 32 18 27 73 39 47 242 Table 3. Analysis of variance of means of numbers of Harmania axyridis adults captured in four different colored traps November 17-20, 1992, Byron, Georgia'. Trap 24 hr periods^ Total of 3 Color 1 2 3 Period3 White 5.4 a 5.6 a 2.6 a 8.1 a Gray 4.3 ab 4.2 a 2.1 ab 6.6 ab Black 2.8 be 3.0 ab 17 ab 4.5 be Brown 2.0 c 1..3b 0.7 b 2.8 c MSE 0.899 1 767 0.592 2.164 1 Analysis of variance of means; a = 0.05, df = 6. Means followed by same letter within a col- umn are not significantly different (Duncan's Multiple Range Test). 2 Means captured in 3 traps per 24 hr period. 3 Means captured in 3 traps per 72 hr period. 240 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Table 4. Harmonia uxyridis captured in pecan orchard with ground cover of crimson clover and hairy vetch, sampled by malaise trap, sweep net, and D-Vac methods, compared with adjacent orchard with no cover crop, sampled by D-Vac only, Byron, Georgia 1993. Legume Cover Crop Orchard No Cover Crop Sample Period Malaise Trap Sweep Net1 D-Vac2 D-Vac2 Mar 8-14 2 Mar 15-21 0 1 — — Mar 22-28 2 2 — — Mar29-Apr4 8 10 — — Apr 5- 1 1 4 23 — — Apr 12-18 8 3 3 0 Apr 19-25 6 5 2 1 Apr 26-May 2 0 3 4 1 May 3-9 1 0 1 1 May 10-16 0 0 2 1 May 17-23 0 1 0 1 May 24-30 Total 0 1 3 0 29 51 15 5 Sweep net samples represent 5 sweeps in each of 10 locations. ^ D-Vac samples represent 5 terminals/tree from each of 10 trees. Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 241 Table 5. Recorded prey of Harmonia axyridis Pallas. Taxon and Species [Source(s)] ' Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Ambrostoma quadriimpressum Motschulsky4 Chrysomela vigintipuncata Scopoli Homoptera: Adelgidae Adelges laricis Vallot4 Aphididae Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)2'3 (Hodek 1973) Agrioaphis spp. Amphorophora oleracea v.d. Goot Aphis craccivora Koch (Hodek 1973) Aphis pomi DeGeer (Hodek 1973) Aphis spiraecola Patch*- (Chapin & Brou 1991) Cliaitophorus spp. Cinara kochi Inouye Cinara laricicola (Matsumura)3 Cinara todocola (Inouye)3 Cinara pinea Mordvilko Cryptosiphum gallarum Kaltenbach3 Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann)- Eulachnus agilis ( Kaltenbach) (Present study) Hvalopterus pinni Matsumura Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffrey)-' Kermaphis pini (Koch)-' Lachnus sp. Macrosiphum rosae ibarae Matsumura- Macrosiphum liriodendri Monell2 (Present study) Megoura viciae japonica (Matsumura) Melanocallis caryaefoliae (Davis)2 (Present study) Monellia caryella (Fitch)2 (Present study) Monelliopsis pecanis Bissell2 (Present study) Myzus malisucta Matsumura-' Myzus persicae (Sulzer)3 (Hodek 1973) Neophyllaphis podocarpi Takahashi2-3 (Present study) Nippolachnus piri Matsumura- Periphyllus californiensis (Shinji)- Rhodobium porosum (Sanderson) (Present study) Rhopalosiphum pseudobrassicae Davis- Rhopalosiphum prunifoliae Shinji- Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (USDA, APHIS, Niles, Ml) Tinocallis kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy)2 (Chapin & Brou 1991) Toxoptera odinae (Van der Goot) Toxoptera piricola Matsumura3 242 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Table 5. Recorded prey of Harmonia axyridis Pallas (continued) Taxon and Species [Source(s)] (continued)' Diaspididae Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Park and Kim 1990) Lepidosaphes salicina Borchsenius4 Eriococcidae Rlrizococcus transversus (Green)-' Margarodidae \cerya purchasi MaskelP Matsucoccus resinosae Bean & Godwin*- (McClure 1987) Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kuwana) (Kao & Yun 1983) Phylloxeridae Phylloxera notabilis Pergande^ (Present study) Pseudococcidae Nesticoccus sinensis Tang-' Phenacoccus pergandei Cockerell Psyllidae Anomoneura mori Schwarz^ Thysanogyne limbata Enddeyein4 Lepidoptera: Arctiidae Hyphantria cunea (Drury)^ ' Unless indicated otherwise, listed in Yasumatsu and Watanabe (1964) (citing other sources) as prey species in Japan. 2 Prey species recorded in New World. T - listed in Chapin and Brou (1991) and citing other sources. Many other synonymous names are also given but these are not reproduced here. 4 listed in Yan?ra/. (1989). 5 Shu and Yu ( 1985). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Judy Duff, Wanda Bragg, Faye Brown, Sherrie Yarbrough and Judy Friedel for their technical assistance during this study. Joseph Tropp reared all beetles at the Newark, DE, facility. We also thank Billy Ree, Allan Knutson, and two anonymous reviewers for their suggestions. Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 243 LITERATURE CITED Anonymous. 1990. The boll weevil traps: An eradication tool. U. S. Dept. Agnc. APHIS. Ayala, F. J. 1978. The mechanisms of evolution. Scient. Amer. 239(3):56-69. Chapin, J. B. and V. A. Brou. 1991. Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), the third species of the genus to be found in the U.S. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 93:630-635. Coulson, J. R., A. Carnell, and D. L. Vincent. 1981. Releases of beneficial organisms in the United States and territories - 1981. U. S. Dept. Agric., Agric. Res. Serv., Misc. Publ. No. 1464. 324 pp. Gordon, R. D. 1985. The Coleoptera (Coccinellidae) of America North of Mexico. Jour. New York Entomol. Soc. 93:1-912. Gordon, R. D. and N. Vandenberg. 1991. Field guide to recently introduced species of Coc- cinellidae (Coleoptera) in North America, with a revised key to North American genera of Coccinellini. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 93:845-864. Hodek, I. 1973. Biology of Coccinellidae. Academia, Czechoslovak Acad. Science. Prague. 260 pp. Kao, W. -C. and X. -J. Yun. 1983. Studies on the rearing and application of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) - a predator on pine bast scale, Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kuwana). Scientia Silvae Sinicae 863-8 (in Chinese, English summ.). McClure, M. S. 1986. Role of predators in regulation of endemic populations of Matsucoccus matsumurae (Homoptera: Margarodidae) in Japan. Environ. Entomol. 15:976-983. McClure, M. S. 1987. Potential of the Asian predator, Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to control Matsucoccus resinosae Bean and Goodwin (Homoptera: Margaro- didae) in the United States. Environ. Entomol. 16:224-229. Obata, S. 1986. Determination of hibernation site in the ladybird beetle, Harmonia axyridis Pal- las (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Kontyu (Tokyo) 54(2):2 18-223. Park, J. D. and K. C. Kim. 1990. Host range, life cycle and natural enemies of mulberry scale (Pseudaulacaspis pentafgona) on Prunus mume in southern Korea. Korean Jour. Appl. Ento- mol. 29(2): 104-1 12. Shu, C. -R. and C. Y. -Y. Yu. 1985. An investigation on the natural enemies of Hyphantria cunea (Lang, C. H.). Natural Enemies of Insects (Kunchong Tiandi) 7(2):91-94. (in Chinese). Stanley, D. 1992. Rescuing a popular nut from attack. U. S. Dept. Agric. Agric. Res. Serv. 40:12; 12-15. Tedders, W. L. 1986. Biological control of pecan aphids. Proc. Southeastern Pecan Growers Assoc. 149-152. Tedders, W. L. 1991. Alternative controls for pecan insects. Pp. 77-83. In: B. W. Wood and J. A. Payne (eds) Pecan Husbandry: Challenges and opportunities. First National Pecan Workshop Proceedings. U. S. Dept. Agric., Agric. Res. Serv., ARS-96, 259 pp. Tedders, W. L. and B. W. Wood. 1993. A new technique for monitoring pecan weevil emer- gence. Jour. Entomol. Science. 29(1): 18-30. Van, J. -J., C. -H. Xu, G. -W. Lie, D. -Y. Zhang, W. -B. Gao, D. -F. Yao, and Y. -M. Lie. 1989 Beneficial insects of forests pests. Chinese Forestry Press, Beijing. 300 pp. (in Chinese) Yasumatsu, K. and C. Watanabe. 1964 A tentative catalogue of insect natural enemies of injurious insects in Japan. I. Parasite-predator HostCatalogue. Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka, Japan. 244 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS THE KNOWN DISTRIBUTION OF THE PREDATOR PROPYLEA QUATUORDECIMPUNCTATA (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) IN THE UNITED STATES, AND THOUGHTS ON THE ORIGIN OF THIS SPECIES AND FIVE OTHER EXOTIC LADY BEETLES IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA1 W. H. Day2, D. R.Prokrym3, D. R. Ellis4, R. J. Chianese5 ABSTRACT: We provide 86 new collection records for the exotic P. quatuordecimpunctata, increasing its known range from 13 to 99 counties, and from three to nine states. The recovery data indicate that the actual distribution of this coccinellid is likely even larger, because system- atic and broad surveys have been done in only a few areas. Evidence provided for P. 14-punctata and five other aphidophagous coccinellids [Coccinella undecimpunctata, C. septempunctata, Har- monia axyridis, H. quadripunctata, and Hippodamia variegata] indicates that all six species were first established accidentally in eastern North America, and that they most likely were introduced through seaports. Inland ports appear to facilitate establishment, compared to urban, coastal ports. Lady beetles have long been recognized as one of the most important groups that prey on insect pests, especially on aphids and other Homoptera. Following the spectacular success of the Vedalia beetle in controlling the cot- tony-cushion scale in California citrus in the late 1880s (DeBach 1964), numerous attempts to establish foreign aphidophagous coccinellids have been made in the eastern United States, especially during the past 30 years (e.g. Shands et al. 1972, Angalet et al. 1979). However, nearly all of these inten- tional releases have failed to persist, and it is an interesting paradox that six aphidophagous coccinellid species have accidentally established themselves during this same period. Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (L.). is one of the six species of exotic aphidophagous coccinellids discovered to be established in eastern North America since 1912. This paper documents its dispersion southward, as demonstrated by new state and new county collection records. In addition, we discuss the probable means of entry into North America of P. quatuordecimpunctata (P. 14-punctata hereafter) and five other lady beetles, and briefly reflect on the significance of the apparent displacement of several native coccinellids by some of the exotic lady beetles. ' Received August 27, 1993. Accepted June 16, 1994. 2 Beneficial Insects Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 501 S. Chapel St., Newark, DE 19713. 3 Biological Control Lab, USDA-APHIS-PPQ, Niles, Ml 49120. Cooperative Extension, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269. ^ Beneficial Insects Laboratory, New Jersey Dept. of Agriculture, Trenton, NJ 08625. ENT. NEWS 105(4): 244-256, September & October 1994 Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 245 MATERIALS AND METHODS Records for the initial collection of each of the six coccinellid species were obtained from the literature, USDA-APHIS files (Niles, MI; D.R.P. & D.J. Nelson), CAPS (Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey) data files (Storrs, CT; D.R.E. & R.G. Adams), and from field collections (W.H.D., R.J.C. & staff). We cite the earliest collection date for each species and county because it is most useful for dispersion studies; in a few cases, these precede dates pub- lished previously. Most of the collections of P. 14-punctata and other coccinellids were made by sweeping low foliage with an insect net, but several other methods were used, and these are listed with the corresponding records. To prevent escape of any coccinellids, each sweep-net sample by W.H.D. was placed inside a glass-topped sleeve cage before the contents were sorted and counted. In both Canada and the United States, federal quarantine regulations require issuance of a permit prior to the release of foreign beneficial insects from a quarantine facility. These records were checked to determine if an establishment at each location was preceded by one or more intentional releases in the vicinity. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Propylea 14-punctata: This species was first detected in North America in 1968, near Quebec City, Quebec, by Chantal (1972). Quarantine records in Canada (M. Sarazin, pers. commun.) and the United States (L. R. Ertle, pers. commun.) indicate that no releases of this foreign predator had been made in Canada or the northeastern U.S. prior to this discovery. As Dysart (1988) noted, the evidence clearly indicated that this coccinellid had been present for several years in Quebec before it was first collected. Thus it was not surpris- ing that by 1986, P. 14-punctata had been found in 14 counties in Quebec, and had moved southward into three counties in northern Vermont and New York (Dysart 1988). Table 1 contains the known distribution of this species in the U. S., com- piled from our records, data of cooperators, and the literature. Most of these records have not been published - six of the nine state listings are new, as are 86 of the 99 county records. Voucher specimens for records published here for the first time are located at Niles, MI, Newark, DE, and Trenton, NJ. Based on the dates and locations of many of these first collections on the map (Figure 1 ), it is obvious that the distribution pattern of P. 14-punctata in the U.S. is an extension of the initial establishment in Quebec, and that its dis- persion southward is considerable (1,120 km/700 mi.). In addition, if these data are compared to Table 1 using a map with labeled counties, adjacent counties will be found to have different first collection dates. This pattern and the small number of (and widely-spaced) initial positive recovery counties 246 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS usually indicate the lack of broad and contemporaneous surveys, rather than absence of the coccinellid, because multi-county surveys later (Table 1) usu- ally detected this species in many additional counties. For example, the 1992 survey results (Table 1 : Dutchess, Putnam, & Renssalaer Counties in New York, and Hunterdon, Mercer, & Sussex Counties in New Jersey) suggest that thorough surveys would find P. 14-punctata in additional counties west of the Hudson River in New York, and in the eastern border counties of Pennsylva- nia - and field work in 1 993 did detect this beetle in four new counties in west- ern New York (Fig. 1) and in eight counties in eastern Pennsylvania (Table 1). Other adventive coccinellids: Five species of exotic, predaceous coc- cinellids have become established over large areas of eastern North America since 1912, as has P. 14-punctata. These are listed in Table 2, along with per- tinent data, and sources of this information. Origins of introduced species: The initial distribution of each of the six adventive species of lady beetles was so limited (Schaeffer 1912, Wheeler & Hoebeke 1981, Vandenberg 1990, Dysart 1988, Angalet et al. 1979, Gordon 1987, Chapin & Brou 1991) that we can be reasonably certain that they had been present there for a relatively short time. Each species was first found close to a seaport or a shipping lane (identified in Table 2), and five of these seven cases had never been released in that region (details are in footnotes, Table 2). In each of the other two cases (H. axyridis in Louisiana and C. 7- punctata in New Jersey), the initial recovery locations were distant from the places where the limited prior releases had been made, and these coccinellids were not detected at their release locations within 10 years (footnotes, Table 2). Thus we agree with Schaefer & Dysart 19886 that "... circumstantial evi- dence . . . suggests that accidental arrivals on ships is very probable ..." To this we would add that although aircraft would appear to favor insect introductions by virtue of their short transit times, they are inferior to ships for the follow- ing reasons: 1) aircraft are much smaller, and have fewer exterior hiding places that are accessible to large numbers of beetles (chances of successful establishment increase as the number of individual immigrants increases); 2) spaces outside the passenger and cargo compartments are not heated [air tem- peratures at cruising altitude (10,000 m) are - 35° C (calculations from Finch & Trewartha 1949)]; 3) shipments of plant material in cargo are inspected by quarantine personnel; 4) the usual "in port" time of aircraft (hours) is short compared to ships (days) and limits the time that insects can enter or depart; 5) short transit time is not a critical factor for long-lived coccinellid adults; and 6) the aggregation habit of many lady beetles provides a means for significant numbers to gather on large structures, like a ship in port. It is interesting that only two exotic aphidophagous coccinellids were found to be established during the first 67 years of this century, but that four They discussed 5 of the 6 species treated here. Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 247 more species (at five locations, one species at two different points) gained footholds in the next 20 years (Table 2). Three of these introductions probably occurred as a result of the increased ship traffic that followed the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1959 (Anon. 1991) - and the other two introduc- tions could have benefited from the increased foreign trade that has occurred during recent years (King et al. 1992). During its short life the St. Lawrence Seaway system has been the proba- ble means of entry of 60% (3 of the 5 establishments since 1959) of the exotic coccinellids that have established in eastern North America (Table 2; the two widely-separated introduction points for C. 7-punctata were counted as two introductions), and this should be commented upon. Using the Seaway, ocean- going ships can travel inland 3,300 km (2,035 mi.) (Anon. 1992) through forests and farmland. This very long waterway offers a much greater opportu- nity for predaceous or crop-feeding insects to quickly find their hosts, com- pared to coastal seaports, most of which are now surrounded by urban areas which lack a variety and quantity of prey insects and agricultural food plants. While routine inspections by quarantine officials at Seaway ports may help intercept insect pests in cargo, insects that fly from a ship along the lengthy inland passage will not be excluded by this means. Although much of the St. Lawrence River has always been accessible to transoceanic ships, the opening of the Seaway immediately increased the volume of ship traffic in the river at Montreal by 62% (Malta, pers. commun.), and average ship size also increased (Anon. 1992). The amount of Seaway shipping is significant; for example, in 1991, 445 ships from foreign ports traveled inland as far as Lake Ontario (1,900 km), and 350 (79%) of them continued to westward ports, some to the maximum of 3,300 km (Anon. 1992). Moreover, ship movement is concen- trated in the growing season because the Seaway system is closed during the winter (Anon. 1992). Schaefer et al. (1987) suggested that, in addition to the possible introduc- tion of Coccinella septempunctata L. by transoceanic ships, this species may have established in Quebec by flying from prior releases in northern Maine (400 km distant) and established in Bergen Co., NJ from earlier releases in Burlington County, NJ (80 km away). While possible, these origins appear much less likely than introduction by ships, because this beetle was never demonstrated to be established at either release site (Angalet & Jacques 1975, Shands et al. 1972), nor at intermediate locations, until many years after it was found close to the ports. It has also been suggested that several of these coccinellids may have become established as a result of intentional releases by man (Gordon 1987, Wheeler 1993). However, quarantine personnel7 verified that there were no release records for any of the six species listed in Table 2 in the areas where each was first discovered (for examples of the voluminous data maintained by each quarantine laboratory for every shipment, sec Coulson 1992). While Personal communications by L.R. Ertle (U.S.A.) and M. Sarazin (Canada) to W.H.D. 248 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS undocumented releases cannot be ruled out, it is unlikely that such unautho- rized releases would involve numbers of foreign coccinellids as large as in regular releases - which have had a very low rate of success in eastern North America (Angalet et al. 1979, Schaefer & Dysart 1988). For example, although about 150,000 laboratory-reared C. 7-punctata were released in 10 states and one province, permanent establishment was not verified at even one location (Schaefer et al. 1987). Large numbers of laboratory-reared P. 14-punctata have also been released, in two different regions, with a similar lack of success. The USDA- APHIS Russian wheat aphid biocontrol project disseminated nearly 565,000 P. 14-punctata in 16 western states from 1987 to 1992 (Russian Wheat Aphid Biological Control Project, FY 1992 Report, D.R. Prokrym et al. 1993, 55 pp., unpubl.). The New Jersey Department of Agriculture released 33,500 P. 14- punctata adults and nearly 39,000 eggs in New Jersey, from 1989 through 1992 (R.J. Chianese, unpubl. 2 p. report, 1993). No P. 14-punctata has yet been recovered from the 16 western states, but this species has recently been recovered in most of northern New Jersey, as noted in Table 1. The origin of the latter establishments cannot be absolutely determined, but the evidence indicates that the southward movement of P. 14-punctata from New England and eastern New York was almost certainly responsible, for the following rea- sons: 1) the first detection in New Jersey (Warren Co., 1991) was 37 km from the nearest release point; in 1992, this beetle was found in six additional New Jersey counties, several not close to release fields and in one (Sussex) in which no releases had ever been made (but which borders New York state, where P. 14-punctata was discovered in six adjacent/nearby counties in 1992 (Table 1); 3) the southward movement of large numbers of P. 14-punctata is obvious from the recovery data in Figure 1 ; and 4) the comparatively small numbers released in New Jersey (33,500 beetles over the whole state vs. 239,000 acres average area per county) could not have produced detectable numbers of this univoltine beetle in 12 counties (Table 1) in such a short period of time (2-4 years and generations). As noted in Table 2, Harmonia axyridis was very likely established in the U.S. via shipping, near New Orleans. It was first found there in 1988 (Chapin & Brou 1991), and was next detected at three widely-separated locations in 1990 [in both southern and northern Mississippi (Chapin & Brou 1991), and in northern Georgia (Tedders & Schaefer 1994)]. Although the latter authors suggest that this coccinellid might have established in central Georgia in 1992 as a result of releases there in 1978-1981, this is very unlikely, because: 1) detection attempts at the release locations were unsuccessful for 10 years (1982-1991); 2) H. axyridis was found in northern Alabama in 1991 (Tedders & Schaefer 1994) at a point directly between the northern Mississippi estab- lishment counties and northern Georgia; and 3) the movement of H. axyridis had obviously gained great momentum, because this beetle reached Virginia Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 249 in early 1993 (P. W. Schaefer, pers. commun.), and by fall 1993 was collected even farther north, in Delaware (D. Paruszewski, pers. commun.), Pennsylva- nia (K.S. Swan, pers. commun.), and New Jersey (R.J.C., unpubl.). Exotic coccinellids have traditionally been reared in the laboratory before release, to eliminate parasites that may be present in all four life stages. How- ever, the above results and the summary by Gordon 1985 (Table 1: only one aphidophagous species established in the NE U.S., after attempts with 31 species) indicate that laboratory-reared exotic aphid-feeding coccinellids have not been a practical means of achieving permanent establishment. Interest- ingly, Gordon's Table 2 also shows that natural (not lab-reared) populations can establish themselves, and subcolonizations by man from these self-estab- lished (and preadapted) lady beetle populations have had a much better suc- cess rate, as also noted by Schaefer et al 1987. Displacement of native aphidophagous coccinellids: Day (1965) ob- served that Coccinella undecimpunctata L. was by far the most numerous coc- cinellid on potatoes (55% of individuals, of 14 total spp.), over a three year period, on eastern Long Island, NY. Because this is an introduced species (Table 2), it obviously had previously displaced a native ladybird which had formerly been the dominant species. Angalet et al. 1979 stated that the intro- duced C. septempunctata had become the dominant coccinellid on Phragmites plants in the Bergen County, NJ meadowlands, and Day (unpubl.) observed that this species had also become the most abundant coccinellid (of 1 1 spp.) on alfalfa during the 1980s. And, H. axyridis is now the dominant lady beetle in a pecan orchard in Georgia (Tedders & Schaefer 1994). These examples indicate that substantial displacement of native lady beetles by exotic species has occurred in the eastern U.S. Although some people are concerned about the intentional or accidental introduction of exotic predators, historical evi- dence indicates that competitive displacement is likely only when the replac- ing species is superior in one or more attributes, that a higher degree of prey suppression will result (Huffaker & Messenger 1976), and native predator species do survive. In any event, accidental introductions cannot be prevented, and we agree with Schaefer & Dysart (1988) that more will occur in the future, if intercon- tinental commerce continues at the present high levels. And, because all of the six adventive coccinellids were discovered by chance, it is possible that other exotic species may be present - but undetected. As Wheeler 1992 has pointed out, "Prompt detection of immigrants and surveys to document their dispersal" are often neglected, leading to later confusion and uncertainty as to origin and points of introduction - both of which may later be of considerable impor- tance. The CAPS program, a cooperative effort between USDA-APHIS and all the States, provides a means for promptly discovering newly established pest and beneficial insect species, and hopefully this important work can be continued. 250 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 1985 50 100 mi. Figure 1. The southward advance of Propylea 14-punctula (L.). The number within a county is the year that this species was first detected there. Only "leading edge" county records or new area discoveries are included. The arcs represent maximum dispersion. Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 251 Table 1. First recoveries of Propylea quatuordecimpunclata (L.) from states and counties in the northeastern United States. State County Date Collector Collected on Sampling method CT Fairfield 5/20/92 D. Comboni roadside visual Hartford 6/17/92 D. Ellis grasses, weeds sweep net Litchfield 6/14/93 G. Moseley tomato pheromone trap Middlesex 6/10/93 D. Ellis alfalfa sweep net New Haven* 8/26/91 D. Ellis crabapple Ladd trap New London 7/16/92 D. Ellis alfalfa sweep net Tolland 5/21/92 D. Ellis alfalfa sweep net Windham 7/16/92 D. Ellis broccoli pheromone trap MA Berkshire 8/26/93 S. Maisey alfalfa, weeds sweep net Bristol 6/08/93 D. Fernandez alfalfa, weeds sweep net Essex 7/30/90 Karen Idoine sweet com visual Franklin 9/12/92 A.G. Wheeler3 weeds sweep net Hampden 6/25/93 S.A. Maisey alfalfa sweep net Hampshire 9/18/92 C. Hollingsworth sweet corn yellow sticky trap Middlesex* 6/19/90 Gary Couch burdock visual Norfolk 5/22/91 Karen Idoine Euonvmus visual Plymouth 6/08/93 D. Fernandez alfalfa sweep net Worcester 9/18/92 C. Hollingsworth sweet corn yellow sticky trap ME Androscoggin 9/13/93 R. Mack weeds sweep net Aroostook 7/05/89 A.G. Wheeler3 speckled alder branch beating Cumberland 7/15/91 D. Barry sweet corn sweep net Franklin 9/16/93 R. Mack weeds sweep net Hancock 9/02/93 R. Mack weeds sweep net Kennebec* 6/07/88 M P. Tullyb raspberry Knox 7/07/92 D. Comboni weeds visual Lincoln 9/13/93 R. Mack weeds sweep net Oxford 7/02/93 D. Barry alfalfa sweep net Penobscot 7/03/89 A.G. Wheelerb hairy vetch sweep net Piscataquis 9/08/93 R. Mack weeds sweep net Sagadahoc 9/13/93 R. Mack weeds sweep net Somerset 9/08/93 R. Mack weeds sweep net Waldo 9/02/93 R. Mack weeds sweep net Washington 9/07/93 R. Mack weeds sweep net York 7/24/91 D. Barry sweet corn sweep net NH Belknap 7/14/93 D. Barry sweet com earwonn trap N. Smith Carroll 8/11/93 S. Reynolds alfalfa sweep net J.S. Weaver Cheshire 6/23/93 S. Longsjoe alfalfa sweep net Coos 8/05/93 L. Wallace sweet corn corn earwonn trap Grafton 9/12/92 A.G. Wheeler3 weeds sweep net Hillsborough 6/29/93 S. Reynolds alfalfa sweep net J.S. Weaver Merrimac 6/12/93 AT Eaton weeds sweep net Rockingham 7/10/91 D.S. Chandler unknown unknown 252 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS State County Date Collector Collected on Sampling method Strafford* 6/27/90 J.S. Weaver alfalfa sweep net Sullivan 7/30/93 D. Barry sweet corn corn earworm trap B. Nelson NJ Bergen 6/7/93 J. VonderHorst weeds sweep net Burlington 7/27/93 W. Peaslee alfalfa sweep net Essex 6/7/93 J. VonderHorst grass sweep net Hunterdon 6/09/92 H. Crowley alfalfa sweep net Mercer 5/12/92 R. Chianese alfalfa sweep net Middlesex 6/09/93 J. VonderHorst weeds sweep net Monmouth 7/03/92 M. Mayer weeds sweep net Morris 7/10/92 E. Stern alfalfa, clover sweep net Passaic 6/03/93 J. VonderHorst grasses sweep net Somerset 5/29/92 H. Crowley clover sweep net Sussex 7/16/92 W.H. Day red & white clov. sweep net Warren* 7/31/91 W.H Day alfalfa sweep net NY Albany 9/11/92 A.G. Wheeler3 weeds sweep net Clinton* 6/01/86 R.J. Dysartc alfalfa, vetch sweep net Dutchess 7/I2/92d W.H. Day alfalfa sweep net Essex 6/11/91 Alan Letterman grass, clover sweep net Franklin 6/07/90 Alan Letterman vetch sweep net Lewis 8/18/93 J. Knodel red clover sweep net Monroe 8/05/93 J. Knodel red clover sweep net Ontario 8/05/93 J. Knodel red clover sweep net Orange 7/ll/92d W H Day alfalfa sweep net Oswego 8/18/93 J. Knodel red clover sweep net Putnam 9/19/92 A.G. Wheeler3 weeds sweep net Rensselaer 9/11/92 A.G. Wheeler3 weeds sweep net Saratoga 9/13/92 A.G. Wheeler3 weeds sweep net St. Lawrence 6/13/90 Alan Letterman clover, vetch sweep net Suffolk 6/26/91 Janet Knodel sweet corn visual Warren 9/13/92 A.G. Wheeler3 weeds sweep net Washington 9/13/92 A.G. Wheeler3 weeds sweep net Wayne 7/23/93 J. Knodel cabbage pheromone trap PA Bucks 7/16/93 R.L. Stewarte alfalfa sweep net Lehigh 8/13/93 R.L. Stewart alfalfa sweep net Monroe 6/18/93 R.L. Stewarte alfalfa sweep net Montgomery 8/26/93 R.L. Stewart clover sweep net Northhampton 6/21/93 R.L. Stewart6 alfalfa sweep net Philadelphia 6/17/93 Wheeler & Stewarte weeds sweep net Pike* 6/15/93 Wheeler & Stewart6 weeds sweep net Wayne 8/31/93 R.L. Stewart alfalfa sweep net RI Bristol 9/17/92 Lisa Tewksbury sweet corn yellow sticky trap Newport* 8/14/92 Lisa Tewksbury pheromone trap Providence 9/17/92 Lisa Tewksbury sweet corn yellow sticky trap Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 253 State County Date Collector Collected on Sampling method VT Addison 5/20/9 ld J. Turmel alfalfa sweep net Bennington 6/28/93 J. Turmel alfalfa, clover sweep net Caledonia 7/08/93 J. Turmel alfalfa, clover sweep net Chittenden ?/?/85d B.L. Parker0 alfalfa sweep net Essex 6/19/93 J. Tunnel alfalfa, clover sweep net Franklin 7/15/93 J. Turmel alfalfa, clover sweep net Grand Isle* 8/17/84 B.L. Parker0 alfalfa sweep net Lamoille 9/20/93 J. Turmel alfalfa, clover sweep net Orange 5/25/93 J. Turmel alfalfa, clover sweep net Orleans 7/08/93 J. Turmel alfalfa, clover sweep net Rutland 9/13/92 A.G. Wheeler3 weeds sweep net Washington 9/12/92 A.G. Wheeler3 weeds sweep net Windham 9/12/92 A.G. Wheeler3 weeds sweep net Windsor 6/28/93 J. Turmel alfalfa sweep net * First collection in state. This species was first found in the United States in 1984. a Reported in Wheeler, 1993. b Reported in Wheeler, 1990. c Reported in Dysart, 1988. "This is an earlier collection than that cited in Wheeler, 1993. e Personal Communication to W.H.D., from A.G. Wheeler, Jr., 8/93. 254 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Table 2. Foreign aphidophagous Coccinellidae that are now established in eastern North America. First Collection Species Previous Year State/Prov. County/Parish release Probable entry™ Coccinella undecimpunctata L. Harmonia quadripunctata (Pontopiddian) Propylea (juatuordecimpunctata (L.) Coccinella septempunctata L. Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) 1912a Massachus. Suffolk 1924" New Jersey Passaic 1968C Quebec Quebec 1973" New Jersey Bergen Noneh None" None1 1973e Quebec 1984f Quebec 80km (48mi.)J L' Assomption None* Shefford None1 19888 Louisiana St. Tammany 360km' (215 mi. Port of Boston New York/New Jersey ports Quebec City port, SLR (St. Lawrence River) Ports of Jersey City /Elizabeth , NJ SLR, near Montreal Port of Montreal, SLR Port of New Orleans aSchaeffer, 1912. b Vandenberg, 1990. c Chantal, 1972. d Angalet and Jacques, 1975. e Larochelle, 1979. f Gordon, 1987. SChapinand Brou, 1991. " No release on record for the U.S.: Clausen et al. 1978, Ertle (pers. commun.). 1 No release on record for Canada: Clausen et al. 1978, Corbet & Prentice 1971, Sarazin (pers. com- mun.). J 112 females released in Hunterdon Co. in 1959 (Ertle, pers. com- mun.); species not detected here until 1977 (Angalet et al. 1979). Also released in Burlington Co. (4,500 females in 1958-59, and 428 females in 1964; this is 1 17 km/70 mi. from Bergen Co.) but species not detected here until ca. 1978 (estimated from data in Angalet et al. 1979). ca. 25 females were released in New Brunswick in 1959-1960, and ca. 65 females in Nova Scotia in 1960 & 1967 (Corbet & Pren- tice 1971). These locations are far from the 1973 recovery site NE of Montreal (525 km/350 mi. and 750 km/450 mi., respec- tively), there was no post-release recovery at these locations (Corbet & Prentice 1971), and the very small numbers all make a connection to the 1973 Quebec recoveries (Larochelle 1979) very unlikely. 1 16 females released near Shreveport, LA in 1979 (380 km/230 mi. NW of recovery site) (Ertle, pers. commun.), and ca. 1,900 females near Leland, MS in 1980 (360 km/215 mi. N of recovery site) (Ertle, pers. commun.) H. axyridis was not found at either release site through 1990 (Chapin & Brou 1991). m Based on absence of nearby (within 167 km/100 mi.) releases for 6 of 7 examples, and data given (j above) for the 7th example. Vol. 105, No. 4, September & October, 1994 255 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank all of the collectors named in Table 1. We also received valuable assis- tance or information from P. Camu, Ottawa, ON; L.R. Ertle, N. Brady, and P.W. Schaefer, Newark, DE; R.G. Adams, Storrs, CT; R.V. Flanders, Hyattsville, MD; R.J. Lewis, Washington, D.C., H. Matta, Montreal, PQ; D.J. Nelson, Niles, MI; B.L. Parker, Burlington, VT; J. Plummer, Wilmington, DE; M. Sarazin, Ottawa, ON; J.K. Sheldon, Grantham, PA; G.L. Snodgrass, Stoneville, MS; and A.G. Wheeler, Jr., Harrisburg, PA. Suggestions to improve the manuscript from R.W. Fuester, R.D. Gordon, W.L. Tedders, N. Vandenberg, A. G. Wheeler, Jr., and the anonymous reviewers are also appreciated. LITERATURE CITED Angalet, G.W., and Jacques, R.L. 1975. The establishment of Coccinella septempunctata L. in the continental United States. USDA Coop. Econ. Insect Rept. 25: 883-884. Angalet, G.W., Tropp, J.M., and Eggert, A.N. 1979. Coccinella septempunctata in the United States: recolonization and notes on its ecology. Environ. Entomol. 8: 896-901. Anonymous. 1991. The Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Seaway system. US Transp./SLS Develop. Corp. Washington, D.C. 14 pp. Anonymous. 1992. The St. Lawrence Seaway traffic report - 1991. SLS Devel. Corp. Washing- ton, D.C. 87 pp. Chantal, C. 1972. Additions a la faune coleopterique du Quebec, nat. Can. 99: 243-244. Chapin, J.B., and Brou, V.A. 1 99 1 . Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), the third species of the genus to be found in the United States (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 93: 630- 635. Clausen, C.P. (Ed.) 1978. Introduced parasites and predators of arthropod pests and weeds: A world review. USDA Agr. Handbk. 480: 545 pp. Corbet, P.S., and Prentice, R.M. (Eds.). 1971. Biological control programmes against insects and weeds in Canada, 1959-1968. CIBC Tech. Commun. 4: 266 pp. < milson, J.R. 1992. Releases of beneficial organisms in the United States and Territories - 1982. USDA-ARS Misc. Publ. 1505. 529 pp. Day, W.H. 1965. The identification and importance of biotic and abiotic factors affecting aphids on Long Island potatoes. Ph. D. Thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y. 420 pp. DeBach, P. (Ed.). 1964. Biological control of insect pests and weeds. Reinhold, New York, N.Y. 844pp. Dysart, R.J. 1988. The European lady beetle Propylea quatuordecimpunctata: new locality records for North America. J.N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 96: 119-121. Finch, V.C., and Trewartha, G.T. 1949. Elements of Geography McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y. 711 pp. Gordon, R.D. 1985. The coccinellids (Coleoptera) of America north of Mexico, J.N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 93: 1-912. Gordon, R.D. 1987. The first North American records of Hippodamia variegata (Goeze). J.N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 95: 307-309. Huffaker, C.B., and Messenger, P.S. (Eds.). 1976. Theory and practice of biological control. Academic Press, New York, N.Y. 788 pp. King, G.W. (Ed.) 1992. Statistical abstract of the United States. U.S. Dept. Commerce, Bur of Census, Washington, D.C. 979 pp. Larochelle, A. 1979. Coccinella septempunctata L. (Col:Cocc.) au Quebec: repartition, geo- graphique, habitat et biologic. Bull. Invent. Ins. Quebec 1: 68-77. Schaefer, P.W., Dysart, R.J., and Specht, H.B. 1987. North American distribution of Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and its mass appearance in coastal Delaware. Environ. Entomol. 16: 368-373. 256 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Schaefer, P.W. and Dysart, R.J. 1988. Palearctic aphidophagous coccinellids in North America. pp. 99-103 in Ecology and Effectiveness of Aphidophaga. Niemczyk, E., and Dixon, A.F.G. (Eds.). Academic, The Hague. 341 pp. Schaeffer, C. 1912. Coccinella undecimpunctata Linn, in Massachusetts. Psyche 19: 104-105. Shands, W.A., Simpson, G.W., and Storch, R.H. 1972. Insect predators for controlling aphids on potatoes. 9. J. Econ. Entomol. 65: 1392-1396. Tedders, W.L. and Schaefer, P.W. 1994. Release and establishment of Harmonia axyridis (Col: Cocc.) in the southeastern United States. Entomol. News 105(4): 228-243. Vandenberg, N. 1990. First North American records for Harmonia quadripunctata (Ponto- piddian), a lady beetle native to the Palearctic. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 92: 407-410. Wheeler, A.G. Jr. 1990. Propylea quatuordecimpunctata: additional U.S. records of an adven- tive lady beetle. Entomol. News 101: 164-166. Wheeler, A.G. Jr. 1992. Holarctic insects adventive in Michigan; new and additional records (Homoptera, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera). Great Lakes Entomol. 25: 99-106. Wheeler, A.G. Jr. 1993. Establishment of Hippodamia variegata and new records of Propylea quatuordecimpunctata in the eastern United States. Entomol. News 104: 102-1 10. Wheeler, A.G. Jr., and Hoebeke, E.R. 1981. A revised distribution of Coccinella undecim- punctata L. in eastern and western North America. Coleopt. Bull. 35: 213-216. When submitting papers, all authors are requested to (1) provide the names of two qualified individuals who have critically reviewed the manuscript before it is submitted and (2) suggest the names and addresses of two qualified authorities in the subject field to whom the manuscript may be referred by the editor for final review. All papers are submitted to recognized authorities for final review before acceptance. Titles should be carefully composed to reflect the true contents of the article, and be kept as brief as possible. Classification as to order and family should be included in the title, except where not pertinent. 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NEEDED: BACK VOLUMES and numbers of Entomological News to complete my set. Will trade. Send SASE for list of offerta/disiderata to Roderick R. Irwin. Rural Route 3. Streator. IL61364. FOR SALE: Quality insect pins, black enameled, stainless steel. Best prices guaranteed. Call for free samples. Phone: 1 (800) 484-7347 Ext. 1324. Fax: (617) 581-5904. WANTED: Worldwide butterflies, moths, and beetles, with data. Send your price list to S. THERIAULT, 230 Pariseau, Boisbriand, Quebec, Canada J7G 2C7. WANTED: Diplura, Protura, Microcoryphia and Symphyla, world wide, especially SA, Africa, Asia, Europe. Will trade specimens of the same, buy, or trade reprints from a large Coleoptera library. Write for reprint list and/or information about purchases. Robert T. Allen, 243 Townsend Hall, Department Entomology/Appl. Ecol.,Univ. Delaware, Newark, DE 19717-1303 USA. WANTED: Lepidoptera and Coleoptera for resale, Dealers, please send wholesale price list to: Bone Room, 1569 Solano Ave., Berkeley, CA. 94707 U.S.A. (510) 526-5252. FOR SALE: INSECTS, framed, pinned and unmounted, plus supplies. When in the San Francisco Bay Area visit The Bone Room, 1569 Solano Ave., Berkeley, CA (510) 526- 5252. Ron Cauble, owner. EXCHANGE WANTED: Butterflies of Europe, Asia, and South America for butterflies of North America and other countries. Alberto Martinez Pola, c/Infanta Ma Teresa 12, 28016 Madrid, SPAIN. URBAN ENTOMOLOGIST. FMC ACG, a div. of FMC CORPORATION, a Fortune 150 leader in chemical R&D, has opening at Research Center in Princeton, NJ. Requires extensive exp. w/urban pests, including knowledge of turf and ornamental pests, stored product pests, ani- mal health pests & human health vectors. Familiarity with international pest control practices is essential, serving as liaison between the international specialty products group and the Discovery Research Dep't. Will establish an effective interface with technical managers world- wide. Experimental work will be conducted at the Research Center or at testing facilities in Georgia and Asia. Requires Ph.D. in Entomology w/min. 3-5 yrs. industry exp., excell. written & verbal comm. skills. Min. 25% travel including international. Resumes w/salary history & req'ts to Employment Coordinator, FMC CORPORATION, Dep't. 94-44, P.O. Box 8, Princeton, NJ 08543. EOE, M/F. VOL. 105 US ISSN 0013-872X NOVEMBER & DECEMBER, 1994 NO. 5 ENTO EWS The female of Haymatus blassus (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) A new species of Paraleptophlebia from Tennessee (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) B.C. Kondratieff, R.S. Durfee A new synonym in Hydroptila (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) S.C. Harris, D.E. Etnier Farrodes (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) in the Antilles: new species from Puerto Rico and review of the genus C.R. Lugo-Ortiz, W.P. McCafferty New records of immigrant bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in New York: attraction of conifer feeding species to ethanol-baited trap logs E. Richard Hoebeke Note on distribution of immigrant bark beetle, Hy tastes opacus, (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in North America R.J. Rabaglia, J.F. Cavey Status of some species names of eucerine bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) proposed by Lepeletier in 1841 Wallace E. LaBerge Ephacerella, a replacement name for Acerella Allen, 1971 (Ephemeroptera) nee Berlese, 1909 (Protura) /. Paclt Biting midges reared from larval habitats containing Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in New England F.R. Holbrook, W.L. Grogan, Jr. Fungal host records for species of Tritoma (Coleop- tera: Erotylidae) of America north of Mexico MA. Goodrich, P.E. Skelley Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis upon the predatory capacity of Buenoa sp. (Hemiptera: Notonectidae) against Culex pipiens quinque- fasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae E.A. Rebollar-T., N. Gorrochotegui-E., M. Reyna-N., A. Solis-S. Two new synonymies: Alabameubria, junior synonym of Dicranopselaphus and Alabameubria starki, a synonym of Dicranopselaphus variegatus (Coleoptera: Psephenidae) C.B. Barr, P.J. Spongier SCIENTIFIC NOTE: Proposed replacement name for Hydrop- tila setigera (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) S.C. Harris EDITOR'S NOTE SOCIETY MEETING OF APRIL 27, 1994 BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED PUBLISHER'S ANNUAL STATEMENT MAILING DATES FOR VOL. 105, 1994 INDEX: VOL. 105, 1994 David R. Smith 257 259 262 263 267 277 280 283 285 289 295 299 284 276 303 304 307 307 308 THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS is published bi-monthly except July-August by The American Entomological Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pa., 19103-1195, U.S.A. The American Entomological Society holds regular membership meetings on the fourth Wednesday in October, November, February, March, and April. The November, February and April meetings are held at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, Pa. The October and March meetings are held at the Department of Entomology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. Society Members who reside outside the local eastern Pennsylvania, southern New Jersey, and Delaware area are urged to attend society meetings whenever they may be in the vicinity. Guests always are cordially invited and welcomed. Officers for 1993-1994: President: Joseph K. Sheldon; Vice-President: Harold B. 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Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 257 THE FEMALE OF HAYMATUS BLASSUS (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)1 David R. Smith2 ABSTRACT: The female of Haymatus blassus is described based on specimens from northern Georgia. The genus and species were described and known from only three males from South Carolina. The female lancet is illustrated. The genus and species Haymatus blassus Smith, were described from three males from Union, South Carolina (Smith, 1979). The female was unknown until recently when specimens were discovered in collections from northern Georgia. The three males on which the original description is based possessed a unique set of characters which set them apart generically from other allan- tine genera. The females described have the same set of characters but, other than sexual characters, differ from the males in coloration. Haymatus is distinguished from other genera of Allantinae by the follow- ing combination of characters: Forewing with anal crossvein oblique, with 4 cubital cells, and with veins M and Rs+M meet- ing Sc+R at the same point; hindwing with cell M present, cell Rs absent, petiole of anal cell shorter than cell width or sessile, male without peripheral vein; antenna with 3rd segment sube- qual in length to 4th, segments beyond 3rd gradually decreasing in length, antennal length more than twice head width; both mandibles bidentate; clypeus truncate; malar space less than half diameter of front ocellus; genal carina absent; propleurae acute on meson; tarsal claw with long inner tooth, without basal lobe; and abdomen black, without paired white spots on dorsum (as in Empria). The genus and species is now known from South Carolina and northern Georgia. Haymatus blassus Smith Female. - Length, 7.0-7.8 mm. Antenna and head black; clypeus, supraclypeal area, some- times interantennal area and narrow dorsal margin of antennal sockets, and basal 2/3 mandible pale orange; palpi brownish; apical 1/3 mandible reddish brown. Thorax black with dorsum of pronotum and sometimes upper half of propleuron and mesonotum reddish; rnetascutellum red- dish or black; mesonotal lateral lobe blackish laterally and posterior 1/3 of mesoscutellum slightly blackish. Legs black with outer surface of apical half of forefemur and stripe on outer surface of foretibia pale orange. Abdomen black. Wings darkly and uniformly infuscated; veins and stigma black. 1 Received April 25, 1994. Accepted May 6, 1994. 2 Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, c/o National Museum of Natural History NHB 168, Washington, D.C. 20560. ENT. NEWS 105(5): 257-258, November & December 1994 258 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Antennal length about 2.3X head width; first segment longer than broad; second segment about as broad as long. Lower interocular distance 1.5X eye length; postocellar area 1.5X broader than long. Hindbasitarsus .7X length of following tarsal segments combined. Head and body smooth and shining, covered with white pubescence. Lancet as in Fig. 1 . Other characters as for genus. Male. - Length, 5.8 mm. Black with only apex of forefemur and outer surface of foretibia brownish to white. Wings darkly, uniformly infuscated. Genitalia illustrated by Smith (1979, figs. 144, 145) . Specimens examined. - GEORGIA: Murray Co., Fort Mountain St. Pk., 27-IV-1985, Scott W. Gross, Scott W. Gross Collection 1990 (1 F); Clarke Co., 200 m, 33°54'N, 83°16'W, 22-29 April 1992, J. Pickering, specimen with scanning label "UGCA 048326" (1 F). Deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. ^ 1 I Fig. 1. Lancet of Haymatus blassus. Discussion. - The two females differ slightly in coloration as follows: only the supraclypeal area is pale orange or the orange extends to the interantennal area and narrowly on the dorsal margin of the antennal sockets; the propleu- ron is black or the upper half is reddish and lower half black; and the metas- cutellum is dark reddish or black. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS John Pickering, University of Georgia, Athens, kindly allowed study of the specimen from his collections and granted permission to deposit it in the U.S. National Museum of Natural His- tory. I extend thanks to the following for review of the manuscript: Henri Goulet, Biological Resources Division, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa; Nathan Schiff, Bee Research Laboratory, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland; and S. Nakahara and D. A. Nickle, Systematic Entomology Labo- ratory, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland, and Washington, D.C., respectively. LITERATURE CITED Smith, D.R. 1979. Nearctic Sawflies IV. Allantinae: Adults and larvae (Hymenoptera:Tenthre- dinidae). U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Tech. Bui. No. 1595, 172 pp., 24 pis. Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 259 A NEW SPECIES OF PARALEPTOPHLEBIA FROM TENNESSEE (EPHEMEROPTERAiLEPTOPHLEBIIDAE)1 Boris C. Kondratieff, Richard S. Durfee2 ABSTRACT: A distinctive new species of mayfly, Paraleptophlebia kirchneri, is described and illlustrated from Trousdale County, Tennessee. The adult male of the new species is easily dis- tinguished from all other North American species by the long penis lobes with a ventral-subter- minal, forked appendage. The genus Paraleptophlebia in North America presently includes 36 species (Edmunds et al. 1976, Harper and Harper 1986, and Robotham and Allen 1988). The taxonomy of the northeastern and southeastern [geographic subdivisions after Edmunds et al. (1976)] species are relatively well known because of the excellent taxonomic studies of Berner (1975), Burks (1953), and Traver (1935). Using the combination of abdominal color and genitalic differences, adult males can be readily identified using existing keys (Traver 1935, Burks 1953). Recently, collecting in northcentral Tennessee revealed the presence of a distinctive new species that is described herein. The terminology follows Traver (1935). Paraleptophlebia kirchneri, NEW SPECIES Male imago (in alcohol): Length of body and forewing 6 mm. Head and thorax dark red-brown with darker markings on thoracic pleural folds. Legs light brown. Wings hyaline, longitudinal veins light brown, crossveins colorless. Slight milky cloud in stigmatic area. Tergite 1 dark brown, tergites 2-6 white, each with narrow black posterior transverse band and posterolateral mark. Ter- gites 8-10 brown. Sternites 2-7 hyaline white. Sternites 8-9 stained with brown. Midventral ganglionic marks orange on all Sternites. Genital forceps white, penes light brown. Each penis lobe long with a ventral-subterminal, slightly sclerotized, forked appendage, the outer tooth longer (Figs. 1-3). Caudal filaments white. Female imago (in alcohol): Length of body 7 mm, forewing 6.5 mm. Head and thorax dark brown. Legs light brown. Wings hyaline, longitudinal veins and crossveins light brown. Abdom- inal segments brown with purple-black shading along posterior margin of tergites. Posterior mar- gin of abdominal sternum 9 with a deep broadly rounded excavation. 1 Received May 6, 1994. Accepted May 31, 1994. 2 Colorado State University, Department of Entomology, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523. ENT. NEWS 105(5): 259-261, November & December 1994 260 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figs. 1-3. Paraleptophlebia kirchneri, holotype. 1. Ventral view of penes and forceps; 2. Lateral view of penis lobe and forceps; 3. Oblique view of left penis lobe. Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 261 Etymology: The patronym honors the aquatic biologist and good friend, Ralph Fred Kirchner. The senior author has traveled many thousands of miles with Fred in search of species of mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies. Material Examined: Holotype, male imago, Tennessee: Trousdale County, tributary to Second Creek, Crenshaw Road, 9 April 1994, B. C. Kondratieff and R. F. Kirchner. Paratype female, same data as holotype. The holotype and paratype will be deposited in the U.S. National Museum of Natural His- tory, Washington, D.C. Diagnosis: The shape and armature of the penes of P. kirchneri are not similar to those of any other described North American species. The long penis lobes with a ventral-subterminal, forked appendage, with the outer tooth longer, is unique to the genus (Figs. 1-3). Remarks. Other species of mayflies collected with P. kirchneri were Acentrella Carolina (Banks) and Stenonema femoratum (Say). Additionally, Helopicus rickeri Stark, a rare species of stonefly (Perlodidae) occurs at the type locality. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Howard E. Evans and Howard Rhodes, Colorado State University for prepublica- tion reviews. Charles H. Nelson, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, guided the senior author to this area of Tennessee. LITERATURE CITED Berner, L. 1975. The mayfly family Leptophlebiidae in the southeastern United States. Florida Entomol. 58: 137-156. Burks, B. D. 1953. The mayflies, or Ephemeroptera of Illinois. Bull. Illinois Nat. Hist. Sur. 26: 1-216. Edmunds, G. F., Jr., S. L. Jensen, and L. Berner. 1976. Mayflies of North and Central Amer- ica. Univ. Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Harper, F. and P. P. Harper. 1986. An annotated key to the adult males of the northwestern Nearctic species of Paraleptophlebia Lestage (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) with the description of a new species. Can. J. Zool. 64: 1460-1468. Robotham, C. D. and R. T. Allen. 1988. Paraleptophlebia calcarica, n. sp. (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from western Arkansas. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 61: 317-320. Traver, J. R. 1935. Part II. Systematic, pp. 239-739. In i. G. Needham, J. R Traver and Y. C. Hsu (eds). The biology of mayflies with a systematic account of North American species. Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, New York. 262 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS A NEW SYNONYM IN HYDROPTILA (TRICHOPTERA: HYDROPTILIDAE)1 Steven C. Harris^, David E. Etnier' A recent status survey in Tennessee of Hydroptila decia Etnier and Way (1973) for possible protection under the Endangered Species Act prompted the examination of a similar species, H. choccolocco Harris (1985) from northern Alabama (Etnier 1993). Hydroptila decia is known from Ten-Mile Creek, the type locality, and Fourth Creek in western Knox County, Tennessee while H. choccolocco is recorded from Choccolocco Creek, Calhoun County, the type locality, and Little Coon Creek, Jackson County, Alabama (Harris 1991). A comparison of paratypes of H. decia with those of H. choccolocco found only minor diifferences and the species are thus determined to be synonyms, with H. decia having priority. Apparent differences in the ventral view of the inferior appendages and subgenital plate in the original descriptions are attributed to the orientation of the drawings; H. decia being turned somewhat caudoventrally. What appear to be differences in the shape of the posterior margin of the tenth tergum pre- sumably resulted from slightly different clearing methodologies. The holo- types of both species are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. LITERATURE CITED Etnier, D.A. 1993. Status report for Ceratopsyche etnieri (Hydropsychidae), Hydroptila decia (Hydroptilidae), and Setodes epicampes (Leptoceridae) (Insecta, Trichoptera), U.S. Depart- ment of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Asheville Field Office, Asheville, NC, 6 p. Etnier, D.A. and J.D. Way. 1973. New southeastern Trichoptera. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 46:422-430. Harris, S.C. 1985. New microcaddisflies (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) from Alabama. Proc. Ento- mol. Soc. Washington 87:606-621. Harris, S.C. 1991. Caddisflies of Alabama. Bull. Geol. Surv. of Alabama. 142: 1-442. 1 Received March 30, 1994. Accepted May 24, 1994. ^ Department of Biology, Clarion University, Clarion, PA 16214, U.S.A. 3 Department of Zoology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A. ENT. NEWS 105(5): 262, November & December 1994 Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 263 FARRODES (EPHEMEROPTERA: LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE) IN THE ANTILLES: NEW SPECIES FROM PUERTO RICO AND REVIEW OF THE GENUS1 C. R. Lugo-Ortiz, W. P. McCafferty2 ABSTRACT: Farrodes taino, n. sp. (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlcbiidae) is described from larvae collected from the central mountainous region of Puerto Rico. The species is compared to F. grenadae and F. hyalinus, the other Antillean species known from larvae. Farrodes taino can be distinguished from these species by the presence of six oblong pale markings on the vertex, the crown-like pattern of the pronotum, the complex abdominal color pattern, and the presence of blackish apical markings on each femur. A key is provided to differentiate the three species. Peters (1971) erected the genus Farrodes ( Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebi- idae) to include F. bimaculatus Peters and Alayo, F. grenadae Peters, and F. hyalinus Peters. These species are known from Cuba, Grenada, and Jamaica, respectively. Farrodes grenadae and F. hyalinus are known from the larval and adult stages, whereas F. bimaculatus is known from the adult stage only (Peters 1971). Larvae pertaining to the genus can be distinguished by the pres- ence of long, slender gills on abdominal segments 1-7; the distinct denticula- tion of the tarsal claws, with the apical denticle being much larger than others; the presence of five denticles on the anteromedian emargination of the labrum; and the presence of a V-shaped ridge near the ventral, inner anterolateral mar- gin of the maxillae. Adults of Farrodes can be distinguished by the presence of a symmetrically forked MP vein in the forewings; the vein ICu] not attach- ing to veins CuA or CuP; dissimilar tarsal claws (one hooked, the other pad- like); and the styliger plate of the male adult being deeply cleft apically and extending posteriorly dorsal to the forceps. Savage (1987) indicated that Farrodes is closely related to the South American genera Homothraulus Demoulin and Simothraulopsis Demoulin, but did not provide detailed phylogenetic data to establish these relationships. Peters (1988) indicated that Farrodes evolved in South America and later moved northward, but failed to provide phylogenetic data for his conclusion. In any case, on the basis of the scant information available, the genus appears to have originated in South America (see also McCafferty el al. 1992) when the continent became isolated during the Eocene (54-38 mya) and extended northward after North and South America reunited during the Pliocene (5-2 mya). Its radiation in the Antilles is most likely the consequence of continuous dispersal and isolation among the islands during and after the Eocene. 1 Received May 13, 1994. Accepted August 16. 1994. 2 Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. ENT. NEWS 105(5): 263-266, November & December 1994 264 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS As part of a continuing effort to document the Ephemeroptera fauna of the Neotropics (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1993, 1994a, 1994b; McCafferty and Lugo-Ortiz 1992, 1994), we here describe a distinct, new species of Far rode s based on larval material collected from the central mountainous region of Puerto Rico. We compare this species to F. grenadae and F. hyalinus, the other members of the genus known also from the larval stage, and provide a key for their differentiation. The material upon which this study is based is housed in the Purdue Entomological Research Collection (PERC), West Lafayette, Indiana. Farrodes taino Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, NEW SPECIES Larva (Fig. 1). Body length: 4.0-5.8 mm; caudal filaments: 8.0-10.5 mm. Head: Coloration yellow brown, suffused with black markings. Area surrounding antennae and beneath compound eyes suffused with black. Area between ocelli with black band. Area surrounding compound eyes pale yellow-brown. Vertex with six pale brown oblong marks. Antennae pale yellow-brown to pale yellow, 2.0-2.5x length of head capsule. Thorax: Color yellow-brown to medium brown. Pronotum marginally suffused with black spots, with medial V-shaped black mark, and with seven to eight short, simple setae anterolaterally. Mesonotum yellow-brown medially, suffused with black laterally, especially anterolaterally. Metanotum yellow-brown. Sterna pale yellow-brown to yellow-brown. Pleura suffused with black. Legs pale yellow-brown; anterior faces of coxae and trochanters with row of five to six small, simple setae; femora with many long, simple setae dor- sally and short, simple setae ventrally, with setae of intermediate length on anterior and posterior faces, and small black markings distally on anterior face; tibiae with row of very fine, long, sim- ple setae dorsally and robust, simple setae of medium length ventrally, and with branched setae on anterior face; tarsi with row of fine, simple setae dorsally and seven to ten short, robust, sim- ple setae ventrally; tarsal claws with 14-17 denticles, becoming progressively larger distally (dis- tal denticle largest). Abdomen: Color yellow-brown with black markings; terga 1-10 with blackish band posteriorly, almost 1/3 length of each tergum; terga 4-6 often with submedian pale triangle; remaining terga variable in color pattern, sometimes with two anterior submedian black spots. Sterna pale yellow brown to yellow-brown, often with sublateral black to brown dash. Caudal fil- aments yellow-brown; terminal filament longer than cerci. Adult. Unknown. Material. Holotype: Female larva, PUERTO RICO, Maricao, Salto Curet, Sector Orama, VI- 2-1992, C. R. Lugo-Ortiz, deposited at PERC. Paratypes: 21 female and five male larvae, same data and deposition as holotype. Etymology. This species is named after the Taino indians who originally inhabited Puerto Rico. Remarks. Farrodes taino was taken in the central mountainous region of Puerto Rico. It was collected from stream riffle areas at water temperatures of 21°-24°C. The new species differs from F. hyalinus and F. grenadae by the presence of six distinct oblong markings on the vertex, the crown-like color pattern of the pronotum, the presence of small black markings on the anterior face of each femur, and the complex color pattern of the abdomen (Fig. 1). Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 265 Fig. 1. Farrodes taino, new species, female larva, dorsal view. 266 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS KEY TO THE KNOWN LARVAE OF FARRODES FROM THE ANTILLES 1. Abdominal terga 1-8 uniformly brown; fore- and midfemora entirely pale; Grenada grenadae Abdominal terga 1-8 patterned; fore- and midfemora with apical markings 2 2(1) Abdominal tergum 5 with narrow pale medial marking, tergum 6 with subtraingular medial pale marking, terga 7-8 with narrow anterior and posterior brown margins, tergum 9 pale with two submedial brown markings, tergum 10 pale [Figure 21 1: Peters (1971)]; fore- and midfemora with brown apical markings; Jamaica hyalinus Abdominal terga as in Figure 1; fore-, mid-, and hindfemora with dark apical markings; Puerto Rico taino ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank W. L. Peters (Tallahassee, Florida) for discussing this paper with us. We also thank A. V. Provonsha (West Lafayette, Indiana) for the larval drawing. This paper has been assigned Purdue Agricultural Research Program Journal No. 14194. LITERATURE CITED Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1993. Genera of Baetidae (Ephemeroptera:) from Central America. Entomol. News 104: 191-195. Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1994a. New records of Ephemeroptera from Mexico. Entomol. News 105: 17-26. Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1994b. The mayfly genus Acerpenna (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) in Latin America. Stud. Neotrop. Faun. Env., 29: 65-74. McCafferty, W. P. and C. R. Lugo-Ortiz. 1992. Registros nuevos y notas sobre los Ephemeroptera de Nicaragua. Rev. Nica. Entomol. 19: 1-7. McCafferty, W. P. and C. R. Lugo-Ortiz. 1994. Taxonomic status of three species of Fallceon (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Entomol. News, 105: 161-163. McCafferty, W. P., R. W. Flowers, and R. D. Waltz. 1992. The biogeography of Mesoameri- can mayflies. In: Biogeography of Mesoamerica: proceedings of a symposium (S. P. Darwin and A. L. Welden, eds.), pp. 173-193. Tulane Univ. Stud. Zool. Bot., Suppl. Publ. 1. Peters, W. L. 1971. A revision of the Leptophlebiidae of the West Indies (Ephemeroptera). Smith. Contr. Zool. 62: 1-48. Peters, W. L. 1988. Origins of the North American Ephemeroptera fauna, especially the Lep- tophlebiidae. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 144: 13-24. Savage, H. M. 1987. Biogeographic classification of the Neotropical Leptophlebiidae (Ephe- meroptera) based upon geological centers of ancestral origin and ecology. Stud. Neotrop. Faun. Env. 22: 199-222. Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 267 NEW RECORDS OF IMMIGRANT BARK BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN NEW YORK: ATTRACTION OF CONIFER-FEEDING SPECIES TO ETHANOL-BAITED TRAP LOGS1 E. Richard Hoebeke2 ABSTRACT: A 1993 survey for the recently detected pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda. in New York, conducted by Division of Plant Industry field personnel. New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets, has yielded specimens of two other non-indigenous bark beetles (Scolytidae). Trap logs of Pinus sylvestris and P. resinosa, baited with 95% ethanol, were placed at 100 sites across New York state, particularly in high risk areas. Pine shoot beetle was collected at 12 sites in 5 counties of western New York. Pityogenes bidentatus, a Palearctic species first detected in North America in New York in 1989, was trapped at two new localities in western New York. The European Hylastes opacus, known previously in North America from a single locality on Long Island, New York, was trapped at 32 sites in 22 counties throughout the state. Localities for all new records are listed and plotted on distribution maps. North American inter- ception records, native distribution, economic importance, and diagnostic features for H. opacus are provided, and an existing key to North American Hylastes is modified to include this new adventive member of the fauna. Data on relative abundance are provided for other species of conifer-feeding bark beetles that were trapped, which included: Dendroctonus terebrans. Den- droctonus valens, Dryocoetes autographus, Gnathotrichus materiarius, Hylastes porculus, Hylur- gops rugipeimis pinifex, Ips grandicollis, Ips pini, Orthotomicus caelatus. Pityophthorus sp. prob. puberulus, and Polygraphus rufipennis. The pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.), was first detected in North America in Ohio in 1992, and is now established in at least 106 counties in six states of the U.S. (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York) and in southern Ontario of Canada (Wheeler 1993; unpublished data). In response to the threat of this imported Old World forest pest, the Division of Plant Industry, New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets, initiated a trapping survey to determine its current distribution. As a result of ad hoc federal and state surveys for pine shoot beetle, vari- ous sites in at least 10 counties of western New York are now known to be infested, 8 of which were added in 1993 (see Map 1). Federal regulatory efforts continued in 1993 with delimiting surveys near known infested areas and detection surveys around selected high-risk ports of entry. MATERIALS AND METHODS The 1993 pine shoot beetle survey in New York was conducted during a 10-12 week period - from egg laying (mid-March) to adult pre-emergencc 1 Received May 5, 1994. Accepted May 31, 1994. 2 Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 ENT. NEWS 105(5): 267-276. November & December 1994 268 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS from galleries (early to mid- June) - using trap logs baited with 95% ethanol. Traditional trap trees (felled) and trap logs have been used successfully in Europe for well over a century for monitoring and, in some instances, con- trolling populations of economically important bark beetles. Two hundred logs (3-6" diam., 24" long) cut from Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and red pine (P. resinosa Aiton) were obtained from the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. One trap log of each pine species was placed in suspect sites at 100 locations throughout the state. These sites were situated primarily along Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, the St. Lawrence Seaway, the Hudson River waterways, Long Island, and also at a few inland sites. The sites that were selected were primarily unmanaged or poorly managed stands of Scotch pine, generally 12-20 feet high, including overgrown Christmas tree areas, reforestation plantings, windbreaks, shelter- belts, or wildlife plantings (Div. Plant Industry Memorandum, dated March 19, 1993). A 35mm plastic film container, containing polyester cotton fill sat- urated with 95% ethanol, was placed between and touching both trap logs at each site. This bait container, with the top lid securely snapped on, was placed top down on the ground. Beginning in mid- to late- June 1993 for each of the trap sites, Division of Plant Industry field personnel stripped the bark from the trap logs on site, and extracted and placed all adult beetles in vials with isopropyl alcohol. Each vial was labelled with the appropriate site number (Inspector #-County #-Town- ship #) and date of collection. Vials of specimens were sent to the author, who mounted, labelled, and identified all specimens; these are deposited in the Cor- nell University Insect Collection. RESULTS: RECORDS OF IMMIGRANT BARK BEETLES IN NEW YORK A total of 1,772 adults, predominantly bark beetles (Scolytidae) (96%), were extracted from baited trap logs placed at 80 sites in 33 counties of New York State in early 1993. Although 100 sites were selected, samples were examined from only 80 sites due to loss from vandalism by man and wildlife, and other factors. The significant findings of this trap survey are summarized below. All bark beetles species collected and identified from the survey are listed in Table 1 . Tomicus piniperda (L.) No new counties were added to the known list of infested counties of west- ern and central New York, but specimens of pine shoot beetle were extracted from baited trap logs at 12 sites in 5 counties (see Map 1) within the infested range of the species in New York. Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 269 These sites (counties and townships) are: Chaulauqua Co., Ripley; Erie Co.. Alden, Brant, Orchard Park, West Seneca; Niagara Co., Newfane (2 different sites), Somerset; Orleans Co., Carlton, Shelby; and Wyoming Co., Bennington, Orangeville. Tornicus piniperda (L.) Map 1. Known New York distribution of Tomicus piniperda (L.); shaded area known infested counties and solid circles ( • ) = new records reported herein. denotes Pityogenes bidentatus (Herbst) This adventive scolytid, known in the European literature as the two- toothed bark beetle, was originally recorded in North America from Liv- ingston Co. (Lima), New York, collected under bark of Bosnian pine (P. leucodermd) in a nursery (Hoebeke 1989). Another North American record has come to the attention of the author: Brighton (Monroe Co.), New York (a suburb of Rochester), taken from Austrian pine (P. nigra) at a private resi- dence in 1992 (E. R. Hoebeke, unpubl. data). Additional specimens of P. bidentatus were extracted from trap logs at 2 sites in Monroe County (Parma and Webster) during 1993. These additional records clearly indicate establish- ment of this Palearctic bark beetle in New York (see Map 2). 270 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Pityogenes bidentatus (Herbst) Map 2. Known North American distribution of Pityogenes bidentatus (Herbst); Solid star ( * = original detection record and solid circles ( • ) = new records reported herein. Hylastes opacus Erichson The only North American record of this Palearctic species is based on a series of specimens collected by T. W. Phillips near the eastern tip of Long Island on Fisher's Island, Suffolk Co., New York, 23 May 1989, from an Ips pheromone trap (Wood 1992). The 1993 trapping survey for pine shoot beetle yielded specimens of H. opacus from 32 sites in 22 counties across New York State (see map 3). The new locality records (counties and townships) for this immigrant bark beetle are (in alphabetical order b^ county): Albany Co., Albany City (two different sites), Colonie; Cattaragus Co., Olean; Chemung Co., Veteran; Chenango Co., Oxford; Columbia Co., Hillsdale, Kinderhook, Stockport; Cortland Co., Cinncinatus; Delaware Co., Harpersfield; Jefferson Co., Cape Vincent, Henderson; Monioe Co.. Mendon, Parma; Nassau Co., Hempstead; Niagara Co., Newfane; Orleans Co., Carlton, Shelby, Yates; Oswego Co., Oswego, Scriba; Otsego Co., Butternuts; Rens- selaer Co., East Greenbush; Rockland Co., Stony Point; St. Lawrence Co., Massena; Steuben Co., Hornellsville; Suffolk Co., Islip; Tompkins Co., Newfield; Ulster Co., Kingston; Washington Co., Salem; and Wyoming Co., Bennington. Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 271 Hylastes opacus Erichson Map 3. Known New York distribution of Hylastes opacus Erichson. Solid star ( * ) = original detection record and solid circles ( • ) = new records reported herein. Additional locality records for H. opacus in the northeastern United States are reported in a companion paper by Rabaglia and Cavey (1994). For nearly a 10-year period, 1978-1987, specimens of H. opacus were occasionally intercepted at major U.S. ports of entry. At least 5 interception records are documented in the "List of Intercepted Plant Pests," compiled by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. All specimens found during inspection were associated with pine dunnage (Pinus spp.) originating in various Euro- pean countries (Belgium, Germany, and Great Britain), and destined for U.S. entry points (Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and South Carolina). During 1939- 1977, H. opacus was not found during inspection at U.S. ports. Hylastes opacus, widely distributed in the Palearctic region, breeds in the bark of stumps or at the bases of unhealthy Pinus spp., chiefly Scotch pine (P. sylvestris). It occasionally infests the bark of other conifers (Browne 1968). Because adults will feed on the tender bark near the root collars of seedlings and transplants, often girdling them, the species is frequently considered a noxious pest of nurseries and pine plantations, not only killing small plants but 272 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS exposing older trees to infestation by wound parasites such as Fames (Basid- iomycetes, Polyporales: Polyporaceae) (Browne 1968). The genus Hylastes Erichson is generally confined to the Holarctic region, with 15 species occurring throughout the coniferous forests of North and Cen- tral America south to Honduras. An additional dozen or more species are found in the coniferous forests of north Africa, Europe, and Asia (Wood 1982). Hylastes opacus (Figs. 1-2) can be distinguished from most North Ameri- can members of the genus (except for H. exilis Chapuis and H. tenuis Eich- hoff, see key below) chiefly on the basis of its small size and certain other structural features. Adults are generally 3.0 mm or smaller (range 2.5-3.0 mm) and are recognized by the following combination of characters: Frons without longitudinal carina; frons and vertex closely and coarsely punctured; pronotum as long as wide and constricted anteriorly; interstnae flat, wider than striae; elytral declivity with erect setae; and body black, with antennae and legs reddish brown and elytra dull. 1 Figs. 1-2. Hylastes opacus. 1, dorsal habitus. 2, lateral habitus. Scale line = 1.0 mm. Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 273 Couplet #3 of Wood's (1982) key to the species of Hylastes of North and Central America is modified here to facilitate identification of//, opacus. (Couplets 1-2 unmodified). 3(2). Pronotum quadrate, as long as wide, distinctly constricted anteriorly (Fig. 1); interstriae, at least at base, wider than striae, flattened, each bearing a slightly confused row of fine setiferous granules; adventive in eastern United States (New York); 2.5-3.0 mm opacus Erichson Pronotum slightly elongate, approximately 1.2 times as long as wide, widest on basal half, sides weakly arcuate, broadly rounded anteriorly; interstriae, at least at base, as wide as striae, feebly convex, each bearing a uniseriately or slightly confused row of fine to large, rounded, setiferous granules 3a 3a Frons and vertex punctured, interspaces smooth to feebly granulate, median grove feebly indicated or absent; California and Hidalgo to Maryland and Florida; 2.0-2.5 mm .2. tenuis Eichhoff Frons and vertex devoid of punctures, coarsely, closely granulate, lower half usually with a conspicuous median sulcus; Texas to North Carolina and Florida; 2.3-2.7 mm 3. exilis Chapuis (Couplet 4 and remaining couplets unmodified). The native H. porculus Erichson also occurs commonly in the eastern United States, but it differs from H. opacus by its much larger size (3.9-5.3 mm) and the presence of a sharply elevated median carina on the frons. Aspects of the biology, habits, and life history of H. opacus and other Hylastes spp. occurring in Europe are reviewed by Munro (1926), Chararas (1962), and Scott and King (1974). DISCUSSION The rate at which exotic bark beetles are being transported by commerce to establish breeding populations in the United States is becoming a matter of increasing concern. In fact, during 1985-1991 alone, at least 13 species of non- indigenous Scolytidae have become established in the United States (Wood and Bright 1992). The many exotic bark beetles that are apparently slipping through this country's "first line of defense"- port inspection and quarantine - are jeopar- dizing North American agriculture and forestry. In addition to the pine shoot beetle (Tomicus piniperda), there are other economically important bark bee- tles that have high potential to become established (Marchant and Burden 1976). Examples include such major pest species as the spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus (L.); the red-haired pine bark beetle, Hylurgus ligniperda (F.); and the Mediterranean pine engraver, Orthotomicus erosus (Wollaston). 274 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS In January 1993, the Northeast Exotic Pest Survey Committee (NEPSC), concerned with the prospect that other foreign bark beetles might become established without our knowledge, "selected, researched, and recommended exotic bark beetle pests for a 1994 survey ..." (Cavey 1993). Several eco- nomically important species, including those mentioned above, were chosen for this survey, based primarily on interception records (most frequently inter- cepted pests) at U.S. ports of entry for the past 20 years. United States inter- ception lists of bark and ambrosia beetles demonstrate the ease and frequency with which these pests can enter new ranges and habitats. The mainly wood- boring habits of these beetles make them difficult to detect and allow them to be easily introduced (Marchant and Borden 1976). The New York trapping survey exceeded its primary objective of detect- ing populations of the pine shoot beetle. It also resulted in extensive additional records for one of the Palearctic black pine beetles, Hylastus opacus - demon- strating its long-term establishment in New York and elsewhere in the North- east (see Rabaglia and Cavey 1994). Additional records for Pityogenes bi- dentatus also were obtained in western New York from the trap log survey. Although harmful introductions fluctuate, the cumulative number of for- eign non-indigenous species in the United States is climbing steadily and swiftly - creating an increasing economic and environmental burden (Anony- mous 1993). If the inevitable is true - that foreign pest species will find entry Table 1. Adult conifer-feeding Scolytidae collected during a 1993 trap log survey for pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.), in New Yorka. Species No. of Specimens No. of Endemic Adventive Sites Dendroctonus terebrans (Olivier) 1 1 Dendroctonus valens LeConte 1 1 Dryocoetes autographus (Ratzeburg) 49 14 .1 Gnathotrichus materiarius (Fitch) 2 2 Hylastes opacus Erichson 117 32 Hylastes porculus Erichson 4 2 Hylurgops rugipennis pinifex (Fitch) 710 53 Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff) 6 6 Ips pini (Say) 28 6 Orthotomicus caelatus (Eichhoff) 699 43 Pityogenes bidentatus (Herbst) 39 2 Pityophthorus sp. pb. puberulus (LeC.) 1 1 Polygraphus rufipennis (Kirby) 9 4 Tomicus piniperda (L.) 36 12 a Trap logs consisted of Scotch and red pine; 80 sites in 33 counties throughout New York were sampled (see Materials and Methods). I Holarctic (North American coniferous forests, and northern Europe and Asia). Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 275 into this country - then a logical response is for more extensive and more thor- ough surveys designed to detect introduced species. One of the superior tools for detecting scolytids, as well as for monitoring their distribution and popu- lation density, is the use of baited traps. Various trap designs such as stovepipe, barrier, flight intercept, Lindgren multiple-funnel, and Theysohn baited with conifer monoterpenes, and/or ethanol, or pheromone components, are effective in sampling for populations of conifer-feeding bark beetles. The traditional trap trees and logs are also still used for sampling. The United States is especially prone to foreign introductions because of large volume in international trade in agriculture and forest products. States therefore should take the initiative to support and implement these systematic surveys in areas of high risk. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Gregory Cooke (Supervising Horticultural Inspector, Division of Plant Industry, New York Department of Agriculture and Markets, Albany) for organizing and implementing the 1993 pine shoot beetle trap log survey program. Division of Plant Industry field personnel involved with the survey, who placed trap logs in the field, stripped logs, and collected beetles, are acknowledged for their assistance. I am also grateful to John J. Pachai (University Photography, Cornell University) for providing the habitus photographs of Figures 1 and 2, to Natalia J. Van- denberg (Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS-USDA, Washington, D.C.) for confirming the identification of Hylastes opacus, and to A. G. Wheeler, Jr. (Pennsylvania Department of Agricul- ture, Harrisburg, PA), Joe F. Cavey (USDA-APHIS-PPQ, Baltimore, MD), and Janet J. Knodel (New York State Survey Coordinator, APHIS, Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey Program, Cornell University, NYSAES, Geneva, NY) for their critical comments on a draft of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Anonymous, 1993. Report brief - Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress. September, 4pp. Browne, F. G. 1968. Pests and diseases of forest plantation trees: an annotated list of the princi- pal insects occurring in the British Commonwealth. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1330 pp. Cavey, J. F. 1993. [A report]. "Recommended target species for exotic pest survey in the North- eastern region (January 1993)." USDA, APHIS, PPQ. Appendix I. a: 18 pp + attached appen- dices A-E (i-ix). Chararas, C. 1962. Etude biologique des scolytides des coniferes. Ency. Entomol., Ser. A, Bd. 38.556pp. Hoebeke, E. R. 1989. Pityogenes bidentatux (Herbst), a European bark beetle new to North America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). J. New York Entomol. Soc. 97: 305-308. Marchant, K. R. and J. H. Borden. 1 976. Worldwide introduction and establishment of bark and timber beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae). Simon Fraser Univ. Pest Manage. Pap. No. 6. 76 pp. Munro, J. W. 1926. British bark-beetles. For. Comm. Bull. No 8. H. M Stationary Office, Lon- don, 77 pp. Rabaglia, R. J. and J. F. Cavey. 1994. Note on the distribution of the immigrant bark beetle, Hylastes opacus Erichson, in North America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Entomol. News. 105: 277-279. 276 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Scott, T. M. and C. J. King. 1974. The large pine weevil and black pine beetles. For. Comm. Leaflet 58. 12 pp. Wheeler, A. G., Jr. 1993. Pine shoot beetle 1993 update. Pennsylvania Christmas Tree Grower's Assoc. Bull. No. 201:4-5. Wood, S. L. 1982. The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph. Great Basin Nat. Mem. 6:1-1359. Wood, S. L. 1992. Nomenclatural changes and new species in Platypodidae and Scolytidae (Coleoptera), Part II. Great Basin Nat. 52: 78-88. Wood, S. L. and D. E. Bright. 1992. A catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic Index. Volume A (pp. 1-833), Volume B (pp. 835-1553). Great Basin Nat. Mem. 13. EDITOR'S NOTE The above paper and the following paper are published 'back to back', but separately, because the three authors, quite independently and nearly at the same time, discovered new North American distributional data for the immigrant bark beetle, Hylastes opacus. In each case, data were developed from separate sources: one from a comprehensive trap log survey in New York, the other from Ips pheromone-baited Lindgren funnel traps in Maine and Vermont. The authors involved decided it would be more appropriate to publish each paper separately rather than join- ing them into one manuscript. H.P.B. Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 277 NOTE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE IMMIGRANT BARK BEETLE, HYLASTES OPACUS, IN NORTH AMERICA (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)1 Robert J. Rabaglia2, J. F. Cavey3 ABSTRACT: The Palearctic bark beetle, Hylastes opacus, was first recorded for North America in 1989 from a single location near Long Island, New York. This paper reports //. opacus from Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, West Virginia, and central New York. This black pine bark beetle was detected in Maine and Vermont in Ips pheromone-baited Lindgren funnel traps in 1993, in alpha-pinene baited traps in New Hampshite in 1994, and an ethanol baited trap in West Virginia in 1994. Additional specimens were identified from an earlier collection in New York. These records extend the known range of H. opacus in North America from New York to north- em New England and south to West Virginia.. The palearctic bark beetle, Hylstes opacus Erichson occurs in the "pine belts" of Asia and Europe (China, Japan, Korea, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Norway, Poland, Swe- den, Switzerland and USSR) (Wood and Bright 1992). The species has also become established in pine plantations of South Africa (Wood 1992). Wood (1992) reported the first North American record of H. opacus, from a series collected on Fisher's Island, Suffolk County, New York, in May, 1989 by T. W. Phillips. Based on the circumstances of the collection, Wood (1992) concluded that the H. opacus was established at this site. The Fisher's island collection consisted of 12 specimens in a pheromone trap. The island is devoid of native pines, with only one potential host for H. opacus - ornamental plantings of Japanese black pine, Pinus thunbergiana Franco. (T.W. Phillips, pers. commun., Feb. 1994). In 1993, we detected specimens of H. opacus from Vermont and Maine while screening trap samples from a Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) for exotic bark beetles in the Northeastern United States. These records extend the known geographic range for H. opacus in North America to the northeast from New York to New Engand (Figure 1). Specific collec- tion data area as follows: Maine: Waldo Co., Lincolnville, 6/V/1993, R. Mack Collector, four speci- mens and Vermont: Washington Co., Plainfield, 5/VI/1993, M. Michaelis Collector and Washington Co., Graniteville, 3/VI/1993, M. Michaelis Collec- tor, single specimens. 1 Received June 9, 1994. Accepted July 12, 1994 2 Maryland Department of Agriculture, 50 Harry S. Truman Pkwy, Annapolis, MD 21401. 3 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Health and Plant Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine (USDA-APHIS-PPQ), Federal Bldg, Room 625, 6506 Belcrest Rd, Hyattsville, MD 20782. ENT. NEWS 105(5): 277-279, November & December 1994 278 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS All collections were from Lindgren funnel traps baited with Ipslure (ips- dienol, methylbutanol and cis-verbenol). Specimens were identified using Bal- achowsky (1949) and by comparison to European material in the Eggers Collection at the U.S. National Museum (USNM). After reviewing the new England specimens, the senior author identified a series of//, opacus he collected from a cut stump of Pinus sylvestris L. in New York: Oneida Co., Woodgate, 27/IV/1987. This Oneida County record is additional to 1993 collections of//, opacus reported from 22 New York coun- ties by Hoebeke 1994. Figure 1. Collection records of Hylastes opacus: Star - first collection in North America (Wood 92); Closed circles - new state and county records reported in this paper. Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 279 During the review period for the manuscript we learned of the following records of H. opacus: from New Hampshire: Cheshire Co., Keene, 14- 22/IV/1994, J.S. Weaver and S. Longsjoe collectors, in pine shoot beetle trap baited with alpha-pinene (identified by Dr. Donald E. Bright, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada). West Virginia: Wood Co., Parkersburg, 1- 8/VI/1994, R. A. Meyers collector, in ethanol-baited Lindgren funnel trap (identified by Dr. Steven L. Wood, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT). One specimen from Maine and one from New York are deposited in the USNM Insect Collection. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Natalia J. Vandenberg, USDA, Aricultural Research Service, Systematic Ento- mology Laboratory (ARS-SEL), Washington D.C. and Donald M. Anderson, USDA-ARS-SEL (retired) for assistance in using the USNM collections and library; Richard Mack, Maine Pest Sur- vey Coordinator, Maine Cooperative Extension Service, Orono, and Mark Michaelis, USDA- APHIS-PPQ, Berlin, Vermont, for collecting the specimens; John S. Weaver, Department of Entomology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, for contributing the New Hampshire state record; R. A. Meyers, West Virginia Department of Agriculture, for contributing the West Vir- ginia record; and E. Richard Hoebeke, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York and Charles L. Staines, Maryland Department of Agriculture, Annapolis for reviewing an earlier draft of this note. LITERATURE CITED Balachowsky, A. 1949. Coleopteres Scolytides. Faune de France. 50:1-320. Hoebeke, E.R. 1994. New records of immigrant bark beetles (Coleoptera:Scolytidae) in New York: Attraction of conifer infesting species to ethanol-baited trap logs. Entomol. News 105(5): 267-276. Wood, S.L. 1992. Nomenclatural changes and new species in Platypodidae and Scolytidae (Coleoptera), Part II, Great Basin Nat. 52(l):78-88. Wood, S.L. and D.E. Bright, Jr. 1992. A catalog of Scolytridae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic Index. Volume A (pp 1-833), volume B (pp 835-1553). Great Basin Nat. Mem. 13. 280 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS STATUS OF SOME SPECIES NAMES OF EUCERINE BEES (HYMENOPTERA: APOIDEA) PROPOSED BY LEPELETIER IN 1841 1 Wallace E. LaBerge2 ABSTRACT: The purpose of this work is to make known the existence of Lepeletier types of American eucerine bees, selection of lectotypes of three species and designate the synonymy of these four names with American species of Melissodes and Florilegus. Macrocera philadelphica Lepeletier and M. pensylvanica Lepeletier are synonymized with Melissodes agilis Cresson, Macrocera americana Lepeletier is synonymized with Melissodes desponsa Smith, and Macro- cera cajennensis Lepeletier is synonymized with Florilegus festivus (Smith). This paper is the result of the discovery of type material of four eucerine bees described by Lepeletier in 1841 in the Latreille-Dejean-Lepeletier mate- rial in the Hope Entomological Collection of the University Museum at Oxford, England, by D. B. Baker. These specimens are all in poor or very poor condition and Mr. Baker could not determine them to species using modern references (LaBerge, 1956, 1961; Mitchell, 1962). Mr. Baker kindly loaned the material to the author for study and comparison with fresh material avail- able in the collections of the Illinois Natural History Survey. Lepeletier (1841, pp. 92, 94, 97 and 110) placed these four names in the genus Macrocera. LaBerge (1961, p. 654) considered them to be nomina dubia, since the types were unknown to him and were not discovered during a visit to Europe in 1957 including a visit to the Hope Collection. Of the four species named by Lepeletier, one (Macrocera pensylvanica} was described from a single male specimen and that specimen was labeled as holotype by Mr. Baker. Three species were described from at least two speci- mens each and I have chosen the least damaged and most recognizable speci- men as the lectotype for each name and so labeled it. Three of the Lepeletier names should be placed in the genus Melissodes and the fourth in the genus Florilegus. The names pensylvanica and philadelphica are both synonymous with Melissodes agilis Cresson and the name americana is synonymous with Melissodes desponsa Smith, whereas the name cajennensis is synonymous with Florilegus festivus (Smith). The resulting synonymies are given below. 1 Received June 23, 1994. Accepted July 5, 1994. ^ Center for Biodiversity, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois. ENT. NEWS 105(5): 280-282, November & December 1994 Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 281 \.Melissodespensylvanica (Lepeletier), 1841, (NEW COMBINATION). Macrocera pensylvanica (sic) Lepeletier, 1841. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hymen., 2:97. Macrocera phitadelphica Lepeletirer, 1841, supra cit., 2:1 10 (NEW SYNONYMY). Melissodes Agilis Cresson, 1878, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 30:204 (NEW SYN- ONYMY). The male holotype of pensylvanica is in delicate condition. It has been hol- lowed out by dermestid larvae, the face eaten away and the left antenna miss- ing. The legs and wings are complete and the right antenna partilaly eaten away. The metasoma and mesosoma appear to be complete. The lectotype male of philadelphica has also been damaged by dermestid larvae which entered through the posterior part of the mesosoma so that most of the propodeum and metqanotum and the legs of the right side are missing. Also missing are the antennae and the right compound eye. The remainder of the bee is intact and most key characters are visible. The other syntype avail- able of philadelphica is lacking a metasoma, most of the prosoma and most of the appendages. 2. Melissodes americana (Lepeletier), 1841 (NEW COMBINATION) Macrocera americana Lepeletier, 1841, supra cit. 2:92. Melissodes desponsa Smith, 1854, Cat. Hymen. British Mus., Pt. 2, Apidae, p. 310 (NEW SYNONYMY) The lectotype male of americana has had a dermestid larva enter its tho- rax through the ventral part between the hind coxae. The left leg is missing and the left femur half eaten away but still intact. All legs have lost at least the last two or all of the disitarsi and only the scape remains of the left antenna. The rest of the specimen is in fair shape and there can be no doubt about its iden- tity. The second syntype of americana is in much worse condition and cannot be easily recognized. 3. Florilegus cajennensis (Lepeletier), 1841 (NEW COMBINATION). Macrocera cajennensis Lepeletier, 1841, supra cit. 2:94. Teralonia festiva Smith, 1854, Cat. Hymen. British Mus., Part 2, p. 304 (NEW SYNONYMY). Florilegus festivus, Moure and Micheneer, 1955, Dusenia, 6:270. The male lectotype of cajennensis has a complete head, thorax, legs and wings but lacks all but the basal tergum of the metasoma. The second speci- men of cajennensis referred to me by Mr. Baker is a female specimen and the hind leg (right leg missing) is provided with abundant dark scopal hairs. This specimen is not part of the type series, as Lepeletier did not describe the 282 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Two of the above species, M. agilis Cresson and M. desponsa Smith, are very common species in eastern North America and these names have been applied many times in the literature for more than 130 years. The Lepeletier names, on the other hand, have not been applied to any species since their description in 1841 with one exception. Dr. G. O. Hendrickson (1930) lists Melissodes pennsylvanicus Lep. in his work on the insect fauna of Iowa prairies. The bees involved were probably named for him by Grace Sandhouse of the Division of Insect identification of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology who is mentioned in the acknowledgments of Hendrickson 's paper. Considering these circumstances, the author will apply to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to preserve the junior synonyms and to reject and make unavailable the senior synonyms (the Lepeletier names) which apply to the two Melissodes. The last species listed above, Florilegus cajennensis (Lepeletier), should retain the senior synonymy since the junior synonym festivus) has been used only a few times in the literature in recent years. LITERATURE CITED Cresson, E. T. 1878. Descriptions of new species of North American bees. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 30:181-221. Hendrickson, George O. 1930, Studies on the insect fauna of Iowa prairies. Iowa St. Col. J. Sci., 492):49-179. LaBerge, W. E. 1956. A revision of the bees of the genus Melissodes in North and Central Amer- ica. Part I, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 37:91 1-1 194. LaBerge, W. E. 1961. A revision of the bees of the genus Melissodes in North and Central Amer- ica. Part III, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 42:283-663. Lepeletier, A. 1841. Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Hymenopteres, 2:1-680. Mitchell, T. B. 1962. Bees of the Eastern United States, Vol. 2. North Carolina Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech., Bull. 141, 1-557. Moure, J. S. and C. D. Michener. 1955. A contribution toward the classification of Neotropical Eucerini. Dusenia, 6:239-331. Smith, F. 1854. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part II. Apidae. London, pp. 199-465. Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 283 EPHACERELLA, A REPLACEMENT NAME FOR ACERELLA ALLEN, 1971 (EPHEMEROPTERA), NEC BERLESE, 1909 (PROTURA)1 J. Paclt2 ABSTRACT: Acerella Allen is a preoccupied name in zoology and, therefore, is nomenclaturally unavailable. Eptuicerella nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name. Among new ephemerellid taxa described in 1971 from Asia, the late Richard K. Allen established the subgenus Acerella as a new division of Ephemerella, with the type-species E. longicaudata Ueno. In two more recent papers (Allen 1984, 1986) the subgenus Acerella was raised to the rank of genus. A homonymous Acerella Berlese exists in the proturan family Aceren- tomidae. This genus-group taxon was established by Berlese in 1909 as a sub- genus of Acerentulus Berlese, 1908, with the type-species Acerentulus tiarneus Berlese. Acerella Berlese is now generally recognized as a distinct genus . A number of authors (Tuxen 1964, Rusek 1974, Nosek 1978) believe Acerella belongs in the old family Acerentomidae. Others would split that family into a number of minor families or subfamilies including Acerellidae for Acerella (Yin 1987, Dallai et al. 1990). Acerella Allen, 1971, being a junior homonym of Acerella Berlese, 1909, a replacement name for the ephemerellid mayfly is herein proposed in accor- dance with ICZN Art. 60. Order Ephemeroptera Family Ephemerellidae Subfamily Ephemerellinae Ephacerella nom. nov. pro Acerella Allen, 1971 as subgenus of Ephemerella Walsh, 1862, preoccupied name. Etymology. Derived from Eph(emeroptera) and Acerella. Gender feminine. Distribution. According to Allen 1986, the genus includes only three East Asiatic species from Japan and Vietnam. 1 Received May 12, 1994. Accepted August 17, 1994. 2 Senior Scientist, Emeritus, Slovak Academy of Sciences. Present address: Martin Benka Place 24, 81 1 07 Bratislava, Slovakia. ENT. NEWS 105(5): 283-284, November & December 1994 284 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LITERATURE CITED Allen, R. K. 1971. New Asian Ephemerella, with notes. (Ephem., Ephemerellidae). Can. Ento- mol. 103: 512-528. Allen, R. K. 1984. A new classification of the subfamily Ephemerellinae and the description of a new genus. Pan-Pacif. Entomol. 60: 245-247. Allen, R. K. 1986. Mayflies of Vietnam: Acerella and Drunella. Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae. Pan-Pacif. Entomol. 62: 301-302. Berlese, A. 1908. Osservazioni intorno agli Acerentomidi. Nota preventiva. Redia 5: 1 10-122. Berlese, A. 1909. Monografia dei Myrientomata. Redia 6: 1-182. Dallai, R., L. Xue, and W.-Y. Yin. 1990. Aflagellated spermatozoa of Huhentomon and Acerella. Protura: Apterygota. Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol. 19: 211-217. Nosek, J. 1978. Key and diagnoses of Proturan genera of the world. Annot. zool. hot. Bratislava 122: 1-59. Rusek, J. 1974. Zur Taxonomie einiger Gattungen der Familie Acerentomidae. Insecta: Protura. Actaentomol. bohemoslov 71: 260-281. Tuxen, S.L. 1964. The Protura. Paris. Hermann. 360 pp. Yin, W.-Y. 1987. A new species of Protura of the family Acerellidae from Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu, China. Acta entomol. sin. 30: 75-79. SCIENTIFIC NOTE PROPOSED REPLACEMENT NAME FOR HYDROPTILA SETIGERA (TRICHOPTERA: HYDROPTILIDAE)1 S.C. Harris2 In a 1986 paper on microcaddisflies from Alabama (J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 59:610), I described a new species of Hydroptila, as H. setigera, unaware that this specific epithet was used by Alice Wells in her description of a new Hydroptila from New Guinea (Australian J. Zool. 32:271, 1984). Hydroptila setigera Harris, 1986 is thus a homonym and must be renamed. I here propose the name cottaquilla as a replacement name for H. setigera Harris, 1986. The name is taken from Cottaquilla Mountain which is near the type locality. The type specimen from Calhoun County, Alabama is deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. 1 Received March 30, 1994. Accepted May 24, 1994. 2 Department of Biology, Clarion University, Clarion, PA 16214, U.S.A. Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 285 BITING MIDGES REARED FROM LARVAL HABITATS CONTAINING CULICOIDES VARIIPENNIS (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) IN NEW ENGLAND1 Frederick R. Holbrook2, William L. Grogan, Jr.3 ABSTRACT: During a survey conducted in New England for larval Culicoides variipennis, the larvae of several other species of Ceratopogonidae were found occupying the same habitats. The collections of Dasyhela mutabilis, C. travisi and Bezzia nobilis represent first records of associ- ation of these species with C. variipennis. Culicoides variipennis (Coquillett) has been described as a species com- plex of from two to five subspecies (Wirth and Jones 1957; Atchley 1967; Downes 1978). While C. variipennis s.l. has been implicated as the principal vector of a number of pathogens of vertebrates, most notably the bluetongue (Price and hardy 1954) and episootic hemorrhagic disease viruses (Jones et al. 1977) of ruminants, and of Onchocerca cervicalis, a filarid parasite of horses (Collins and Jones 1978), it is probable that only one or two of the ssp. are important vectors of these pathogens. For instance, the distribution of blue- tongue virus transmission in the U.S. (Metcalf et al. 1981; Pearson et al. 1992) corresponds to the range proposed for only one of the ssp., C. v. sonorensis Wirth and Jones (Walton et al. 1992; Tabachnick and Holbrook 1993). As part of a long-term study to elucidate the C. variipennis complex, a sur- vey was conducted in the six new England States in 1992 (FRH, unpublished). Larvae (and sometimes pupae) typical of the Ceratopogonidae were identified in mud contaminated with animal feces in waste water sites on dairy farms. Mud samples containing larvae were shipped to the laboratory in Laramie, WY, and the larvae were held in rearing media as previously described (Jones et al. 1969). Upon emergence, adults of species other than C. variipennis s.l. were preserved in 70% ethanol and subsequently cleared in phenol-alcohol and mounted on microscope slides in phenol-balsam (Wirth and Marston 1968). Identifications of these Culicoides were made using the wing atlas of Wirth etal. (1985), the keys and illustrations in Blanton and Wirth (1979), and by comparison with specimens in the synoptic collection of WLG. Voucher specimens are deposited in the collection at the Arthropod-borne Animal Dis- 1 January 18, 1994. Accepted July 26, 1994. 2 Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, P.O. Box 3965, Univer- sity Station, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-3965. -* Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury State University, Salisbury, Maryland 21801; Cooperating Scientist, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705. ENT. NEWS 105(5): 285-288, November & December 1994 286 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS eases Research Laboratory (ABADRL), Laramie, Wyoming, with duplicates retained by WLG. Subfamily Dasyheleinae Dasyhelea mutabilis (Coquillett) NEW HAMPSHIRE:Belknap Co., New Hampton, 20-VII-1992, 1 Q VERMONT: Chittenden Co., Richmond, 5-VIII-1992, Fair, 1 9 Comments.- This is a common widespread Nearctic species which has been reared by B. Brookman from Poso Creek and Bakersfield, Kern County, California (Wirth 1952), by R. Jones from the sandy margin of a stream in Rusk County, Wisconsin, and by H. Jamnback and W. Wirth from salt marshes on Long Island, New York (Waugh and Wirth 1976). This is apparently the first record of this species being reared in associa- tion with C. variipennis. Since larvae of Dasyhela do not actively swim like those of Culicoides, but crawl slowly on or in their substrate (Mullen and Hribar 1988), they may not have been in direct competition with the larvae of C. variipennis. Furthermore, the larvae of C. variipennis are often found on the surface of the mud, particularly when feeding at night (Vaughan and Turner, 1989). However, Hribar and Mullen (1991) reported that larvae of Dasyhelea sp. collected from algae, rotting vegetation and treeholes and C. variipennis collected from soil near horse and cow manure and sewage lagoons in Alabama both contained diatoms, fungal hyphae and oligochaete setae in their guts. Subfamily Ceratopogoninae Tribe Culicoidini Culicoides crepuscularis Malloch CONNECTICUT: Litchfield Co., Sharon, 29-IV-1992, 5 CfCf. MAINE: Aroostook Co., Island Falls, 15-IX-1992, 5 CfCf, 19; Oxford Co., Bethel, 2-IX-1992, 6 CfCf, 899; South Paris, 2-IX-1992, 16 CfCf, 14 9 9, Penobscot Co., Kenduskeag, 10-IX-1992, 22 CfCf,23 9 9; Wash- ington Co., Cherryfield, 24-IX-1992, 42 CfCf, 3199. MASSACHUSETTS: Worcester Co., Berlin, 4-VI-1992, 299. NEW HAMPSHIRE: Belknap Co., New Hampton, 20-VII-1992, 7 CfCf , 2 9 9 ; Cheshire Co., Walpole, 30- VI- 1992, 5 Cf Cf, 2 9 9 ; Coos Co., Milan, l-IX-1992, 18 CfCf, 999. VERMONT: Addison Co., Middlebury, 4-VIII-1992, 1 Cf; Caledonia Co., Groton, 29-VII-1992, 3 Cf Cf, 2 9 9 ; Sheffield, 1 l-VIII-1992, 6 Cf Cf, 4 9 9 ; Chittenden Co., Richmond, 5-VIII-1992, 1 Cf; Franklin Co., Sheldon, 17-VIII-1992, Stebbins, 8 CfCf, 699; Orleans Co., Troy, 8-VIII-1992, Jacobs, 299; Washington Co., Berlin, 12-VII-1992, Burke, 1 Cf , 1 9 ; Windham Co., Rockingham, 16- VI- 1992, Stickney, 7 Cf Cf , 6 9 9 . Comments.-This common and widespread Nearctic species breeds in a variety of wet habitats and was also found in association with C. variipennis in Texas in household septic effluent by Jones (1959). Blanton and Wirth Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 287 (1979) summarized the known breeding sites from which this species has been reared ad follows: pond margins, puddles at stock tank overflows, septic tank overflows, fresh and salt marshes, rainfilled roadside ditches, seepage areas, cattle hoofprints in marshy meadows, lagoon margins, marshy drainage ditches, sewage lagoon effluent, edges of temporary and permanent ponds, edges of hog ponds, and freshwater stream margins. Culicoides haematopotus Malloch VERMONT: Washington Co., Berlin, 12-VIII-1992, Burke, 1 9. Comments.-This common and widespread Nearctic species breeds in a variety of freshwater habitats summarized in Blanton and Wirth (1979) and Mullen and Hribar (1988). Interestingly, although Wirth and Bottimer (1956) reared this species in association with C. variipennis in Texas, they never reared it from sitres where pollution was extensive. Culicoides travisis Vargas VERMONT: Windham Co., Rockingham, 16-VI-1992, 1 9. Comments.-This moderately common species occurs in the eastern two- thirds of the United States and extreme southern Ontario and Quebec. It emerges in late spring to early summer and is typically reared from stream and pond margins, usually in woody situations (Blanton and Wirth 1979). This is apparently the first record of this species being reared with C. variipennis. Tribe Palpomyiini Bezzia nobilis (Winnertz) MAINE: Aroostook Co., Washburn, 16-IX-1992, 299; Oakfield, 15-IX-1992, 8 Cf Cf, 1199: Oxford Co., Bethel, 2-IX-1992, 2 Cf Cf . NEW HAMPSHIRE: Belknap Co., New Hampton, 20- VII- 1992, 1 Cf . RHODE ISLAND: Washington Co., Hope Valley, 28-V-1992, 1 O", 1 9 . Comments.-This is perhaps the most common and wide ranging species of Bezzia, found throughout most of the Nearctic, Neotropical and Palearctic regions (Wirth 1983). The larvae are predaceous and occur in a variety of freshwater habitats, most often in association with filamentous algae. To our knowledge, B. nobilis has not previously been reported occurring with C vari- ipennis, and we consider it likely that its larvae prey upon that species. LITERATURE CITED Atchley, W. R. 1967. The Culicoides of New Mexico (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Univ. of Kansas Sci. Bull. 46:937-1022. 288 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Blanton, F. S. and W. W. Wirth. 1979. The sand flies (Culicoides) of Florida (Diptera: Cerato- pogonidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas 10:1-204. Florida Dept. of Agric. and Cons. Serv. Div. of Plant Industry, Gainesville. Collins, R. C. and R. H. Jones. 1978. Laboratory transmission of Onchocerca cervicalis with Culicoides variipennis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 27:46-50. Downes, J. A. 1978. The Culicoides variipennis complex: a necessary realignment of nomencla- ture (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Can. Entomol. 110:63-69. Hribar, L. J. and G. R. Mullen. 1991. Alimentary tract contents of some biting midge larvae (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), J. Entomol. Sci. 26:430-435. Jones, R. H. 1959. Culicoides breeding in human sewage sites of dwellings in Texas. Mosq. News 19: 164-167. Jones, R. H., H. W. Potter, and S. K. Baker. 1969. An improved larval medium for colonized Culicoides variipennis. J. Econ. Entomol. 62:1483-1486. Jones, R. H., R. D. Roughton, N. M. Foster, and B. M. Bando. 1977. Culicoides, the vector of epizootic hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer in Kentucky in 1971. J. Wildl. Dis. 13:2-8. Metcalf, H. E., J. E. Pearson, and A. L. Klingsporn. 198 1 . Bluetongue in cattle: a serologic sur- vey of slaughter cattle in the United States. Am. J. Vet. Res. 42:1057-1061. Mullen, G. R. and L. J. Hribar. 1988. Biology and feeding behavior of ceratopogonid larvae (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in North America. Bull. Soc. Vec. Ecol. 13:60-81. Pearson, J. E., G. A. Gustafson, A. L. Shafer, and A. D. Alstad. 1992. Distribution of blue- tongue in the United States. In Bluetongue, African Horse Sickness, and Related Orbiviruses, T. E. Walton and B. I. Osburn, Eds., Proc. 2nd Int. Sym., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL., pp. 128-139. Price, D. A. and W. T. Hardy. 1954. Isolation of the bluetongue virus from Texas sheep - Culi- coides shown to be the vector. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 124:255. Tabachnick, W. J. and F. R. Holbrook. 1993. The Culicoides variipennis complex and the distribution of bluetongue viruses in the United States. Proc. U. S. Anim. Hlth. Assoc. 96:207-212. Vaughan, J. A. and E. C. Turner, Jr. 1989. Diel microdistribution of immature Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) at Saltville, Virginia, USA. J. Agric. Entomol. 6:175- 182. Walton, T. E., W. J. Tabachnick, L. H. Thompson and F. R. Holbrook. 1992. An entomologic and epidemiologic perspective for bluetongue regulatory changes for livestock movement from the USA and observations on bluetongue in the Caribbean Basin. In Bluetongue, African Horse Sickness, and Related Orbiviruses, T. E. Walton and B. I. Osbum, Eds., Proc. 2nd Int. Sym., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, pp. 952-960. Waugh, W. T. and W. W. Wirth. 1976. A revision of the genus Dasyhelea Kieffer of the eastern United States north of Florida (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 69:219-247. Wirth, W. W. 1952. The Heleidae of California. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 9:95-266. Wirth, W. W. 1983. A review of the Ameircan predaceous midges of the Bezzia nobilis group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 85:670-685. Wirth, W. W. and L. J. Bottimer. 1956. A population study of the Culicoides midges of the Edward's Plateau region of Texas. Mosq. news 16:256-266. Wirth, W. W., A. L. Dyce, and B. V. Peterson. 1985. An atlas of wing photographs, with a sum- mary of the numerical characters of the nearctic species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogo- nidae), Contrib. Am. Entomol. Inst. 22:1-46. Wirth, W. W. and R. H. Jones. 1957. The North American subspecies of Culicoides variipen- nis (Diptera, Heleidae). USDA Tech. Bull. 1 170, 35p.. Wirth, W. W. and N. Marston. 1968. A method for mounting small insects on microscope slides in Canada balsam. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 61: 783-84. Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 289 FUNGAL HOST RECORDS FOR SPECIES OF TRITOMA (COLEOPTERA: EROTYLIDAE) OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO1 Michael A. Goodrich2, Paul E. Skelley3 ABSTRACT: A summary of the host fungi for the 1 1 species of North American Tritoma is pro- vided. Most species have clear host preferences, with varying degrees of specificity. Life histories are discussed, including a comparison of larval and adult host relationships. In 1991, we published a comprehensive list of the host preferences of the Erotylidae of America, north of Mexico (Skelley, Goodrich & Leschen 1991). During the past three years, as a result of recent fieldwork in preparation of Part III of our "Illinois Erotylidae", a large amount of additional host data has been collected for the genus Tritoma, including additional larval rearings. These data, together with that reported earlier, are presented here. This list reflects the current classification of host fungi. Members of the genus Tritoma Fabricius feed on a variety of macro-Basid- iomycetes. Adults are often found in numbers on fresh basidiocarps and some- times several species of adults are found on one basidiocarp. The duration of the three larval instars is brief in all species which have been reared. Pupation occurs in the ground adjacent to the host. All species reared transformed to adults without an extended quiescent period in either larval or pupal stages. The adult stage appears to be the longest lived. As noted in our earlier study (Skelley et ai, 1991), museum specimens have been of limited value in this research. Thus the majority of the records presented here are based on our recent fieldwork and rearing studies. RESULTS Data from 3,634 specimens are included in this paper; 1,808 of these are from collections made by the authors since 1991. In the following list of host fungi for the genus Tritoma north of Mexico, beetles are listed in phylogenetic order according to Boyle (1956) and by their currently accepted names. See Boyle (1956) and Goodrich & Skelley (1991) for lists of Tritoma synonyms. 1 Received May 3, 1994. Accepted May 24, 1994. 2 Department of Zoology, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL 61920, U.S.A. 3 Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 3261 1, U.S.A. ENT. NEWS 105(5): 289-294, November & December 1994 290 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Host records are reported under each beetle species in the following format: Beetle name A,B Fungus name Fungus synonymy Names of host fungi are recorded in the currently accepted combination; synonyms are indented under the currently accepted name. When host records were found in the literature, they are cited in brackets [ ]. Numbers in the code to the left (A,B) represent the number of beetles seen from that host: A = num- ber of collections; B = number of adult beetles and/or larvae taken (ie: a cita- tion of "3,15" means that beetle has been taken on that host 3 times with a total of 15 specimens collected). An asterisk, *, before a host name indicates that larvae have been collected from that host and/or that the beetle has been reared from the fungus. Larval records are included only where the larvae have been positively identified. Specimens studied are deposited in the Spooner-Riegel Insect Collection at Eastern Illinois University or in those of the individuals and institutions listed in the acknowledgments. DISCUSSION Our new data substantially increases the number of known hosts for both adults and larvae of Tritoma spp., although in many species host preferences are similar to our earlier data (Skelley, et al. 1991). Our earlier conclusions (Skelley, etal. 1991) regarding host preferences in species group sanguinipennis and species group humeralis are confirmed, although some niche overlap is found in both adults and larvae between T. mimetica and T. sanguinipennis. Larval hosts continue to be more restricted than adult hosts. This may be due to fewer collections of larvae, because of their relatively short period of development, but we believe it is more likely due to a higher degree of adult ovipositional specificity. On numerous occasions, we have observed adults of several species on a single sporocarp. Yet, when larvae are present in these situations, almost without exception, they prove to be of a single species. This suggests that competitive exclusion is much more a factor among the larvae than the adults. Some species show unexpected hosts or host overlap in a few records. For example: rearings of T. biguttata affinis from a member of the Boletaceae, or rearing of T. mimetica from Boletus sp. These apparent inconsistencies may be due to the beetles' utilization of an acceptable host in the absence of a pre- ferred one. Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 291 LIST OF SPECIES Tritoma Fabricius 1775 Species group humeralis Tritoma biguttata affinis Lacordaire 1842 1,18 Amanita bisporigera 1.4 Amanita ceasarea 2,60 * Amanita excelsa 9,89 * Amanita rubescens 1,3 Amanita subsolitaria 1,1 Amanita vaginata 1,1 Amanita verna 2,7 Amanita virosa 12,73 * Amanita sp. 2,3 Armillaria tabescens 1.6 * Boletaceae 1.5 Lepiota or Amanita sp. 1,11 Luecoagaricus naucinus 1,3 Phylloporus rhodoxanthus 2,3 Russula sp. Tritoma biguttata biguttata (Say 1825) 1,1 Agaricus sp. 1 , 1 Amanita bisporigera 1.7 Amanita citrina 1 , 1 Amanita flavorubescens Amanita muscaria [Weiss & West 1921] Amanita phalloides [Moennich 1944:1,4] 7,453 * Amanita rubescens [Weiss & West 1921] Amanita solitaria [Moennich 1939:1,1] Amanita strobiliformis [Chantal 1979; Boyle 1956] 1,20 Amanita vaginata 3,37 Amanita sp. 1,11 Armillaria mellea [Chantal 1979; Boyle 1956] 1,1 Armillaria tabescens Armillaria sp. [Weiss & West 1920] Collybia sp. [Weiss & West 1922] Lactarius piperatus [Moennich 1939:1,1] Oligoporus tephroleucus Polyporus lacteus [Weiss & West 1921] Russula sp. [Weiss & West 1922] Tritoma aulica (Horn 1871) No host data available Tritoma humeralis Fabricius 1801 . ,7 Amanita bisporigera 2,16 Amanita vaginata Amanitopsis vaginata 6.34 Armillaria mellea 5,43 * Armillaria tabescens Clitocybe maxima [Weiss & West 1920] 1 , 1 Collybia dryophila 1 , 1 Collybia sp. 1,12 Mycena galericulata . , 1 Polyporus alveolaris Favolus alveolaris 8,53 * Polyporus arcularius 2.10 Polyporus radicatus [Chantal 1979; Boyle 1956] 2, 1 14 * Polyporus squamosus . ,2 Polyporus sp. 1 , 1 Shizopora paradoxa . , 1 Xeromphalina sp . Tritoma atriventris LeConte 1 847 1.3 Amanita sp. 2,3 Armillaria mellea 13,133 * Armillaria tabescens Carduus sp. [Boyle 1956] 1 ,45 Clitocybe clavipes 1.8 * Le ntinus dentosus 2.2 Meripilus giganteus 1,216 * Omphalotus olearius, 2.3 Oudemensiella radicata 1 , 1 Pluteus cervmus ? 1,12 * Pluteus sp. 2,5 Polyporus alveolaris 6.35 * Polyporus arcularius Tritoma erythrocephala Lacordaire 1 842 1.11 Amanita vaginata Amanitopsis vaginata 2,26 * Armillaria tabescens 1 ,22 * Lentinus dentosus 1 , 1 Marasmius sp. 2.12 * Omphalotus olearius 292 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Tritoma angulata Say 1 826 1,1 Armillaria tabescens 1.1 Lactarius arguillaceifolius 1.2 Lactarius insulus 21,116 * Lactarius piperatus [Moennich 1939:1,3] 2,15 * Lactarius subvellereus \ , 1 Lactarius thejogalus . , 1 Lactarius volemus [Moennich 1939:1,5] 2,69 * Lactarius sp. 4,14 Russula aeruginea 1.2 Russula albidula 1.3 Russula compacta 2.3 Russula crustosus 1.4 Russula (emetical) 1,2 Russula (foetensl) 2,6 Russula mariae 1.2 Russula paludosa 1,9 Russula subalbida 1.3 Russula xerampelina 22,670 * Russula sp. Tritoma unicolor Say 1 826 Calvatia craniformis [Boyle 1956] 1.5 Hypholoma sp. [Boyle 1956] 2,2 Omphalotus illudens Clitocybe illudens [Boyle 1956] 5,142 * Omphalotus olearius 1,2 Tricholomataceae Tritoma tenebrosa Fall 1912 No host data available. Tritoma mimetica (Crotch 1873) ,2 Amanitafulva ,1 Amanita vaginata ;i,5 Armillaria mellea ,37 * flo/efu.9 sp. , 1 Marasmius sp. , 1 * Pluteus cervinus ,16 * Polyporus alveolaris 7,206 * Polyporus radicatus 4,36 * Polyporus squamosus 1,1 Polyporus sp. 1 , 1 Tricholomopsis platyphylla 1 , 1 Xerula furfuracea Oudemensiella furfuracea [Skelley, <>r «/ 1991] 14,83 Xerula radicata Oudemensiella radicata [Skelley, er a/ 1991] Collybia radicata [Froeschner & Meiners 1953] 9,29 Xerula rugosoceps Species group sanguinipennis Tritoma sanguinipennis (Say 1825) Amanita phalloides [Moennich 1944:1,1] 19,162 Polyporus alveolaris Favolus alveolaris Favolus canadensis [Boyle 1956] Hexagenia alveraris [Boyle 1956] 31,193 * Polyporus arcularius 3,14 Polyporus badius 1.4 Polyporus radicatus 2.5 Polyporus squamosus 3,49 * Polyporus sp. Tritoma pulchra Say 1 826 1 ,28 Ceriporia sp. . , 1 Ganoderma applanatum Oligoporus floriformis Polyporus floriformis [Chantal 1979] . ,2 Oligoporus stipticus Polyporus immitis 3,17 Oligoporus tephroleucus Polyporus tephroleucus (Judd 1957:1,1] 1,2 Oligoporus sp. Piptoporus betulinus Polyporus betulinus [Chantal 1979; Boyle 1956] 1 , 1 Polyporus squamosus Melanopus squamosus Russula irrescens (R. virescens!) [Weiss 1924] 1,1 Stemonitis axifers { Myxomycete } 2,5 Tyromyces chioneus Polyporus albellus Polyporus chioneus {Weiss 1920; Weiss & West 1920] Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 293 New host data supports our taxonomic conclusions regarding synonymy in the Tritoma biguttata complex (Goodrich & Skelley 1991). New data also suggest that further synonymy in this genus may be justified. Tritoma humer- alis, T. atriventris, and T. aulica, whose relationships parallel those of the three forms of T. biguttata, show no significant difference in host records. This conclusion also applies to T. erythrocephala, specimens of which have been regularly collected and reared with T. atriventris. A huge amount of new host data supports our earlier conclusion that fungi of the genera Russula and Lactarius are the adult and larval hosts of Tritoma angulata, whose hosts were virtually unknown prior to our 1991 publication. Tritoma mimetica demonstrates some interesting host relationships. Adults are usually collected in association with Xerula spp. (a gill fungus), while larvae have almost exclusively been reared from Polyporus spp. (poly- pores). Changes in the classification of fungi have also complicated the pic- ture. Xerula radicata and X. furfuracea were, until quite recently, placed in the genus Oudemensiella. In addition, X. radicata is now known to represent a group of closely related species, some or all of which may be suitable hosts for Tritoma mimetica. It should be noted that host data collected in this research has a significant bias toward midwestern host relationships. When extensive collections are made in other localities, additions and/or apparent shifts in preference may be discovered. For this reason, we would be pleased to examine and identify any Erotylidae collected in association with an identified fungal host. For further discussion of host relationships in the genus Tritoma, see Goodrich & Skelley (1995). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the following mycologists for help in the identification of fungal hosts and for their comments on fungal taxonomy and nomenclature: A. S. Methven, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL; and J. W. Kimbrough, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. In addition, we thank the following curators for providing specimens with host collection data on Tritoma spp.: K. E. M. Galley, Cornell University Collection, Ithaca, NY; J. M. Kingsolver, Systematic Ento- mology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC; R. A. B. Leschen,. University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS; R. E. Lewis, Iowa State University, Ames, IA; G. H. Nelson, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Pomona, CA; M. F. O'Brien, Uni- versity of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, MI; C. S. Parron, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; A. V. Provonsha, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; C. Milkint- Salvino, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL; S. Shaw, C. Vogt & S. Pratt. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, MA; A. Smetana, Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Ontario; and R. E. Woodruff, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, FL. We thank M. C. Thomas, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, J. M. Kingsolver, and R. C. Funk, East- ern Illinois University, Charleston, IL for editorial comments. This research was partially funded by grants from the Eastern Illinois University Council of Faculty Research. Florida Agriculture Experiment Station Journal Series No. R-03764. 294 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LITERATURE CITED Boyle, W. W. 1956. A revision of the Erotylidae of America north of Mexico (Coleoptera). Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 110(2):61-172. Chantal, C. 1979. Les Erotylidae (Coleoptera) du Quebec. Fabreries 5(1): 15-20. Froeschner, R. C. and E. P. Meiners. 1953. The Languriidae and Erotylidae (Coleoptera) of Missouri with notes and keys. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 26(1): 18-25. Gilbertson, R. L. and L. Ryvarden. 1987. North American Polypores. Fungiflora 2:437-885. Goodrich, M. A. and P. E. Skelley. 1991. New synonymy in the genus Tritoma (Coleoptera: Erotylidae). Coleopt. Bull. 45(l):31-36. Goodrich, M. A. and P. E. Skelley. 1995. The pleasing fungus beetles of Illinois (Coleoptera: Erotylidae). Part III. Triplacinae. The genus Tritoma. Trans. 111. St. Acad. Sci.: in press. Judd, W. W. 1957. A collection of insects and millipeds from fungi in Ontario. Trans. Am. Microscopical Soc. 76(3):31 1-316. Martin, M. M., Kukor, J. J., Martin, J. S., O'Toole, T. E. and M. W. Johnson. 1981. Diges- tive enzymes of Fungus-feeding beetles. Physiol. Zool. 54:137-145. Moennich, H. C. 1939. List of Coleoptera found living in and on various fungi. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 34:155-157. Moennich, H. C. 1944. 1940 supplement to the Coleoptera found living in and on various fungi. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 39:164-170. Overboils, L. O. 1953. The Polyporaceae of the United States, Alaska and Canada. Univ. Michi- gan Press, Ann Arbor. 466 pp. Skelley, P. E., Goodrich, M. A. and R. A. B. Leschen. 1991. Fungal host records for Erotylidae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) of America north of Mexico. Entomol. News 102(2):57-72. Weiss, H. B. 1920. Notes on Mycotretus pulchra Say, and its fungous host. Can. Entomol. 52:18-19. Weiss, H. B. 1924. More notes on fungus insects and their hosts. Psyche 31:236-237. Weiss, H. B. and E. West. 1920. Fungous insects and their hosts. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 33:1-20. Weiss, H. B. and E. West. 1921. Additional fungous insects and their hosts. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 34:59-62. Weiss, H. B. and E. West. 1922. Notes on fungous insects. Can. Entomol. 54:198-199. Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 295 EFFECT OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. ISRAELENSIS UPON THE PREDATORY CAPACITY OF BUENOA SP. (HEMIPTERA: NOTONECTIDAE) AGAINST CULEXPIPIENS QUINQUEFASCIATUS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) LARVAE.1 Eduardo A. Rebollar- Tellez, Norma Gorrochotegui- Escalante Martin Reyna- Nava, Adriana Soils- Santamaria.^ ABSTRACT: The predatory capacity of Buenoa sp. was evaluated with Culex pipiens quinque- fasciatus larvae. We determined two parameters of predation: searching capacity (a') and the han- dling time (th). Both estimates were calculated when the prey was untreated and when it had been treated with Bacillus thuringiertsis var. israelensis. Also, the mortality exerted by the predator, the predator plus B.t.i., and by B.t.i. alone were evaluated. In general, predation was greater when predator and bacteria were present than when each one was used separately. The mosquito Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) is an important vector of arboviruses and filarial worms. Commonly, arthropod- borne diseases are controlled by controlling their vectors with chemical insec- ticides. Use of insecticides presents two complications: insect resistance, and pollution of the environment (Metcalf 1990). With microbial control, these problems can be avoided. The purpose of this work was: 1) to evaluate the predatory capacity of Buenoa sp. alone, and of B.t.i. together with the preda- tor, and 2) to determine mortality exerted by the predator alone, by B.t.i. plus predator, and by B.t.i. alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mosquitoes were collected in the Pesqueria river, Escobedo, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Egg rafts were placed in plastic pans until eclosion. The notonectid predator Buenoa sp. was collected in an urban area of Monterrey, N. L. Iden- tification of mosquitoes and notonectids was done using keys in Darsie and Ward (1981) and Polhemus (1983). Larvae were placed into 1 L glass con- tainers containing 750 ml of dechlorinated water (pH 6.5). Individual preda- tors of either the third or fourth instar were used to one of 10 densities of prey larvae. These were 1,3,5,7,10,20,30,40,50 and 60 larvae 7750 ml of water. Each larval density was exposed to one predator to each larval density, repli- cated five times. To compare prey consumption by predators against untreated or treated larvae of different body sizes, we selected one group of larvae ' Received September 16, 1993. Accepted May 25, 1994. - Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facullad de Ciencias Biologicas, Laboratorio de Ento- mologfa Medica. Apdo. Postal 109-F, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L. Mexico. ENT. NEWS 105(4): 295-298, September & October 1994 296 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS containing first and second instars, and a second group containing third and fourth instars. In the first experiment, we used a single predator in each larval density described above; first to first plus second instar larvae, then to a sec- ond group of third plus fourth instar larvae. For a second experiment, we evaluated the action of the predator, plus Bactimos® (Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis Biochem Products, San Antonio, TX), at the recommended dosage (9.3 gr/m2). This experiment was conducted in the same way as the first experiment, first plus second instar lar- vae and third plus fourth instar larvae. We recorded the number of prey consumed after 24 h. All treatments were conducted at 14: 10 light- darkness regime, and the average temperature was 24°C. Results were analyzed with linear regression (Zar 1984) and were com- pared with Rolling's functional responses equation type II Na= a ' TtNo I (I + a ' ThNo) . In that equation (Na) denotes the number of successful attacks per predator during the time of exposure of prey to the predator (Tt) ; (No) denotes the initial density of prey; and (a') and (Th) represent the rate of successful attack and the time required to handle the prey, respectively. The (a ') and (Th) values were determined by means of the linear transformation of Rolling's equation: Na/No= a'Tt-a' ThNa (Rolling 1959). An X2 test for goodness of fit between observed and expected values was performed for both models. Finally, we conducted a third experiment using the same number of larvae as in the first and second experiments: first plus second instar larvae and third plus fourth instar larvae. In this experiment Bactimos® was used without predators. The numbers of dead larvae were recorded after 24 h. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION For a first experiment the linear regression equation was Y= 1.8357 + 0.5320X, where Y is the number of prey consumed after 24 h, and X is the prey density. This result was obtained for the first plus second instars. For third plus fourth instars it was Y= 2.0154 + 0.42 14X. To determine whether or not the slopes of these lines were significantly different, we used a "t" test, which indicated that both slopes were not different (P< 0.05). This indicates that the predation rate exhibited by Buenoa sp. was the same, and was inde- pendent of prey body size. Using Rolling's equation, a searching capacity of (a') = 0.0342 and a handling time of (th) = 0.2399 were determined for the first plus second instars, and (a') = 0.0259, (th) = 0.1646 for the third plus fourth instars. Despite apparent differences between the (a') values, we believe that antipredation responses of C. pipiens quinquefasciatus to escape this predator were basically the same. Linear regression for the predator combined with B.t.i. gave Y= 0.3523 + 0.9837X and Y= 1.8256 + 0.7546X for first plus second, and for third plus fourth instars respectively, In the same way as for the predator alone, we again Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 297 performed the "t" test, finding in this case a significant difference between both slopes (P< 0.05). These results suggest that the third plus fourth instar larvae were less susceptible to Bactimos® than were first plus second instars. Rolling's parameters were (a') = 0.0381, (th) = 0.0355 for first and second instars, (a') = 0.0420, and (th) = 0.1222 (Table 1.) for the third and fourth instars. B.t.i. was also tested alone for C. pipiens quinquefasciatus larvae to deter- mine the mortality of each treatment. Means were 1) 70.06% for predator alone, 2) 94.5% for B.t.i. plus predator, and 3) 99.2% for B.t.i. alone upon the first plus second instars. For the third plus fourth instars, mortality was 1) 57.2% for the predator alone, 2) 91.2% for B.t.i. plus predator, and 3) 66.2% for B.t.i. alone. The results for Rolling's parameters (a') and (th) are similar to the find- ings of Perez (1990) who reported a searching capacity value of 0.02954 and the handling time of 1.02159 for the predator Buenoa sp. On the other hand, Ortegon and Quiroz (1990) tested the predatory capacity of Buenoa sp. adults upon C. pipiens quinquefasciatus. In that study, they evaluated both parame- ters (a') and (th) when the predator was alone, and when the predator was pre- sent with a strain of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis. They found that the (a') value was incremented, and the (th) value was decreased when the bac- terium was present. Our results in this study corroborate their findings. Per- haps B.t.i. reduced larval strength, thereby diminishing anti-predator re- sponse, since moving is the key factor for larvae to avoid being consumed (Sih 1986). Bacterial action might have reduced larval capacity to escape from the predator. This effect was marked in the first and second instars. Larvae of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and third and fourth nymphal instars of the predator Buenoa sp. have been deposited as voucher specimens in the Nuevo Leon University (accession number: ER- 01- 92 for both species). TABLE 1. Results of the Hollmg's equation of the searching capacity (a') and the handling time (th) of Buenoa sp. alone, and with the Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis Predator alone Predator with B.t.i. Larval Stages (a') (th) (a') (th) I plus II III plus IV 0 . 0342 0 . 0259 0 . 2399 0.1646 0.0381 0 . 0420 0 . 035 0.122 298 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank Paul Earl from Nuevo Leon University for his review of the English text. We would also like to thank Alfonso Flores Leal (U.A.N.L.) for the supply of Bactimos. The senior writer wishes to thank R. G. Weber, University of Delaware, for review and comments on an earlier draft of this paper. LITERATURE CITED Darsie, R. F. and R. A. Ward. 1981. Identification and geographical distribution of the mosqui- toes of North America, North of Mexico. Mosq. Syst. Supplement 1: 1-313. Holling, C. S. 1959. Some characteristics of simple types of predation and parasitism. Can. Ento- mol. 91:385-398. Metcalf, R. L. 1990. Estrategias del manejo de plagas de insectos que atacan al hombre y a los animales in Metcalf, R. L. & W. H. Luckmann (eds.) Introduccion al Manejo de Plagas de Insectos. Editorial Limusa. 643-689. Ortegon, M. J. J. & H. Quiroz M. J. 1990. Efecto de la cepa GM-10 de Bacillus thuringiensis CL50 en la capacidad depredadora de Buenoa sp. (Hemiptera: Notonectidae) sobre larvas de Culexpipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Fol. Entomol. Mex. 79: 197-205. Perez, S. S. M. 1990. Selectividad de presas del depredador Buenoa sp. (Hemiptera: Notonecti- dae) en condiciones de laboratorio. Tesis Biologo, U. A. N. L. (unpublished) 43 pp. Polhemus, J. T. 1983. Aquatic and semiaquatic Hemiptera. In: R. W. Merrit and K. W. Cummins (eds.) An Introduction to the aquatic insects. Second edition. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co. Dubuque, Iowa. 231-260. Sih, A. 1986. Antipredator responses and the perception of danger by mosquito larvae. Ecol. 67: 434-441. Zar, J. H. 1984. Biostatistical Analysis, second edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. pp. 620. Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 299 TWO NEW SYNONYMIES: ALABAMEUBRIA, BROWN, A JUNIOR SYNONYM OF DICRANOPSELAPHUS AND ALABAMEUBRIA STARKI, A SYNONYM OF DICRANOPSELAPHUS VARIEGATUS (COLEOPTERA: PSEPHENIDAE) 1 , Cheryl B. Barr2, Paul J. Spangler3 ABJTRACT: Two synonymies are proposed: Alabameubria Brown (1980), a junior synonym of Dicranopselaphus Guerin-Meneville (1861); and Alabameubria starki Brown (1980), a junior synonym of Dicranopselaphus variegatus Horn (1880). Lectotype and paralectotype designations are made for Horn's two syntypes of D. variegatus. Several years ago we became aware of a problem in synonymy involving the eubriid names Dicranopselaphus variegatus Horn (1880) and Alabameu- bria starki Brown (1980). We planned to propose the synonymies in a revision of Dicranopselaphus Guerin-Meneville (1861), which we have in preparation. However, we report the following synonymies now in order to have the cor- rect name, Dicranopselaphus variegatus Horn (1880), available for use in the forthcoming edition (3rd) of An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America edited by Merritt and Cummins. Genus Dicranopselaphus Guerin-Meneville Dicranopselaphus Guerin-Meneville, 1861:531. Alabameubria Brown, 1980:188; type species: Alabameubria starki Brown, by original designa- tion. NEW SYNONYMY. Dicranopselaphus variegatus Horn Dicranopselaphus variegatus Horn, 1880:97; lectotype designated below. Alabameubria starki Brown, 1980:188. NEW SYNONYMY The following is a brief account of the circumstances that led to our conclusions that Alabameubria Brown is a synonym of Dicranopselaphus Guerin-Meneville and Alabameubria starki Brown is synonymous with Dicranopselaphus variegatus. Received October 7, 1994. Accepted October 14, 1994. Essig Museum of Entomology, College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berke- ley, California 94720. Department of Entomology, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560. ENT. NEWS 105(4): 299-302, September & October 1994 300 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS One distinctive larval specimen of a false water penny (eubriine) was col- lected in Alabama by B.P. Stark in 1973 and sent to H.P. Brown. For several years after the discovery of the unique larva, Brown and others periodically sought additional larvae and possible associated adults and a second larva was collected at a different site in Alabama by T. King and C.D. Guthrie in 1978. In 1980, Brown published his descriptions of the genus Alabameubria and the type species, A. starki based on the two larvae. On May 20 & 21, 1988, we vis- ited the type locality of A. starki at the confluence of Mill Creek and the trib- utary Murphy Creek, which is about 1 km southwest of Blount Springs, Blount County, Alabama. Barr collected five adult specimens of Dicranopselaphus variegatus by beating riparian vegetation overhanging the creek, and Spangler found three live, mature, dry, eubriine larvae attached above the water line to the vertical sides of rocks in shallow water at the stream edge. Spangler also found a fourth larva on a rock about 1-1.5 m from the margin of Mill Creek. To this time, no adult specimens that would be those of A. starki have been collected. Although we were not successful in our attempt to rear our larvae to the adult stage, we are confident they represent the larva of Dicranopselaphus variegatus - by association and elimination of the known larva of Ectopria. The larvae we identify as Dicranopselaphus variegatus are congeneric and conspecific with the holotype and paratype of Alabameubria starki, which becomes a junior synonym of Dicranopselaphus. The larvae we identify as the eubriine Dicranopselaphus variegatus are distinct from the larva of Ectopria, the only other eubriine genus we collected at the site. For illustrations of the larva of Ectopria see Brown, 1991, Fig. 34.413. In order to verify the identification of our adult specimens as Dicranopse- laphus variegatus Horn, we borrowed Horn's two male syntypes from the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University: one specimen is labeled: Md / LectoTYPE 3277 / Dicranopselaphus variegatus Horn; the other is labeled: 111. / Para-Type 3277. We do not find the lectotype and paratype designations validated by publication and believe the labels were added to the specimens, provisionally, by S. Henshaw as was his custom. We here desig- nate the specimen from Maryland as the lectotype (as it was previously labeled) and the one from Illinois as the lectoparatype and have added appro- priate labels to each. The genitalia of the lectotype was damaged slightly before we extracted it; the apex of the right paramere and a small piece of the median lobe are miss- ing. In all other aspects, the genitalia of the lectotype is identical to the geni- talia (Figs 1 & 2, by Y.T. Sohn) of one of our specimens from Blount Springs, Alabama. The lectotype is glued to a point and the cleared dissection is in glycerine in a microvial attached to the pin. Our adult specimens from Blount Springs, Alabama, are virtually identical externally to the type specimens. Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 301 0.2 mm Figs. 1 & 2.- Dicranopselaphus variegatus Horn, Cf genitalia: 1, Ventral view; 2, Lateral view. 302 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the following individuals for their assistance with this article: Scott Shaw for lend- ing Horn's type material; Harley P. Brown, Richard C. Froeschner, William Shepard, and Phyllis Spangler for their reviews; and Young T. Sohn for the pen and ink illustrations. LITERATURE CITED Brown, H. P. 1980. A new genus and species of water beetle from Alabama (Psephenidae: Eubriinae). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 99:187-192. . 1991. Psephenidae, pages 395-397. In F.W. Stehr, editor, Immature Insects. 2:975 pages. Kendall/Hunt;Dubuque, Iowa. Guerin-Meneville, F.E. 1861. Monographic du nouveau genre Dicranopselaphus et description de quelques autres insectes coleopteres appartenant aussi a la famille des Dascillides. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquee 13:531-547. Horn, G.H. 1880. Synopsis of the Dascyllidae of the United States. Transactions of the Ameri- can Entomological Society 8:76-1 14. Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 303 SOCIETY MEETING OF APRIL 27, 1994 WHEN DESERT, CHAPARRAL AND FOREST COLLIDE: INSECT NATURAL HISTORY OF THE DEVILS RIVER OF TEXAS C. Riley Nelson Division of Biology and Brackenridge Field Laboratory University of Texas, Austin The final meeting of The American Entomological Society's 1993-1994 schedule was one of the more exciting of recent years, featuring a joint gathering with the Entomological Society of Pennsylvania, presentation of the annual Calvert Award for the best local student project in ento- mology and a spectacularly illustrated and presented talk by Dr. C. Riley Nelson, of the Univer- sity of Texas. Dr. Nelson, well known for his work on the systematics and ecology of two diverse insect groups, stoneflies (Plecoptera) and robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae), combined his wide knowledge of aquatic and terrestrial insects, other animals and plants, and geology in giving the Philadelphia audience an insight into a unique riparian system set in the aridlands of west Texas. At the same time, he clearly conveyed his great enthusiasm for this inventory work which he called a "systematist's dream." The Devils River is an exceedingly interesting tributary of the Rio Grande river system in North America, lying close to the border of Mexico and flowing through the junction of ecotones of the Edward's Plateau woodland, South Texas Plains chaparral and the Chihuahuan Desert desertscrub. This intersecting of different biotypes explains much of the high diversity of both plants and animals, including many of the rarest plants in Texas. Unlike other systems, like the nearby Pecos River, which have been greatly affected by intensive farming and oil drilling, the low human population surrounding the Devils River and their historical reliance on low impact grazing has allowed this area to serve as a refuge for the native fauna of this part of Texas. To insure that this area remains unimpacted and its beauty unspoiled, the State of Texas and the Nature Conservancy have purchased 40,000 acres surrounding the Devils River. It is from fund- ing by the Nature Conservancy and through cooperation by the State Parks agency that Dr. Nel- son has been able to conduct an on-going study of the aquatic insects of the Devils River. Working with specialists in various groups. Dr. Nelson has enumerated more than 200 species of aquatic insects, and this does not include the chironomids, which might be expected to make up a third of the fauna of any stream! The species of this river are dominated by caddisflies, and, because of the open nature of the riparian region, these are primarily grazers and filter-feed- ers (hydroptilids, hydropsychids and leptocerids), reaching densities of thousands per square foot. Other groups well represented in the flowing sections of the river include baetid mayflies, aquatic pyralid moths and dobsonfiies. Deep pools, including an enormous one below a waterfall (Dolan Falls), are havens for more than 25 species offish, including gar and the only U.S. species of cich- lids and tetras. Interesting aquatic life is not restricted to the river itself, though. Other habitats with their own particular fauna include a short tributary of the river called Dolan's Creek, numer- ous springs flowing out along the base of high cliffs running along the creek and river, and ephemeral pools forming in the exposed limestone bedrock beside the creek. The springs are apparently where most of the species of crane flies occur, and these interesting sites also include cave dwelling organisms like isopods and amphipods. Ephemeral pools possess characteristic pupfish and fairy shrimp. ENT. NEWS 105(4): 303-304, September & October 1994 304 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS There were numerous items of entomological interest presented at this meeting. Jane Ruffin announced the sighting last fall of a tagged Monarch butterfly in Gulf Shores, Alabama, one of a number of individuals she and Mildred Morgan tagged in Cape May Point, New Jersey. This but- terfly traveled at least 1000 miles in 26 days, or about 38 miles/day! Harold White noted that fully mature Anaxjunius (Odonata) were seen in flight already this spring, corresponding well to obser- vations made by Dr. Mike May in a talk to the Society last month. Dr. White also noted that The Scientist listed a group of papers on tropical aquatic insect emergence, including one by Jon Gel- haus, as receiving an exceptionally high amount of citations. Dr. Gelhaus noted that a follow-up paper to that work has just been published, a joint effort between himself and AES student mem- ber Margot Livingston (Margot was the Society's first Calvert Award recipient and a Pew Scholar at the Academy of Natural Sciences for two years). Susan Whitney noted she had received a grant from Dow Elanco for researching termite bait. Dr. Whitney also encouraged everyone to use the new computer entomology discussion group, Entomo-L on the Internet. Approximately 50 mem- bers and guests were present. Jon K. Gelhaus, Corresponding Secretary BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED PARASITOIDS. BEHAVIORAL AND EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY. H.C.J. Godfrey. 1994. Princeton University Press. 473 pp. $65 cloth. $29.95 paper. Known for a long time to applied biologists for their importance in regulating the population densities of economic pests, parasitoids have recently proven to be valuable tools in testing many aspects of evolutionary theory. This book synthesizes the work of both schools of parasitoid biol- ogy and explores how a consideration of evolutionary biology can help us understand the behav- ior, ecology, and diversity of the approximately one to two million species of parasitoids found on earth. After a general introduction to parasitoid natural history and taxonomy, the first part of this book treats the different components of the reproductive strategy of parasitoids. Subsequent chap- ters discuss pathogens and non-Mendelian genetic elements that affect sexual reproduction, evo- lutionary aspects of the physiological interactions between parasitoid and host, mating strategies, and life history theory and community ecology. MITES. ECOLOGICAL. AND EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSES OF LIFE- HISTORY PATTERNS. M. A. Houck, ed. 1994. Chapman & Hall. 357 pp. $67.50 hardback. Mites rival insects in diversity, abundance, and ubiquity. They also have great potential for answering questions about biological phenomena and for testing biological concepts. Their rapid generation time and ease with which they can be manipulated make them excellent experimental animals and the advent of molecular techniques has overcome the limitation of their small size. ENT. NEWS 105(5): 304-306, November & December 1994 Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 305 Mites, with their intricate life styles, their unusual genetic and ecological mechanisms, and their hugely diverse adaptations, provide unique opportunities for analyzing and expanding evo- lutionary and ecological concepts. This book offers new data synthesized with previous knowledge, in some cases leading to views with broad evolutionary impact, and major implications for the field of the integrated con- trol of animal and plant pests. QUATERNARY INSECTS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTS. S.A. Elias. 1994. (Smithsonian Institution. 284 pp. $40.00 cloth. This book addresses science's long neglect of fossil insects by demonstrating their great potential contribution to our knowledge of the paleoenvironmental record of the past 1.7 million years. In this comprehensive survey of the field the author recounts the development of Quarte- nary entomology, reviews the fossil record from Quartenary deposits and points to possible areas for future research. Recent research reveals considerable Pleistocene insect species stability: insects responding to climatic changes by moving rather than evolving. The author argues that fossil insects often are more reliable indicators of past environments and climates than now commonly used pollen data. The author discusses the methods used to sample and analyze Quartenary insect fossils as well as the principal characters used in their identification. He describes the mutual climatic range method of paleoclimate interpretation and offers data on distributional shifts and the longevity of modern species through the Quartenary. EXOTIC ANTS. BIOLOGY, IMPACT, AND CONTROL OF INTRO- DUCED SPECIES. D.F. Williams, ed. 1994. Westview Press. 332 pp. $74.85 hardcover. Most of the major problems caused by ants are a result of exotic species that have been intro- duced into areas that lack natural controls on their populations. This book presents the latest research findings on introduced pest ant species. Discussions include the distribution, biology, ecology, and behavior of several exotic ants and also describe current research on basic and applied topics. Brief summaries are offered in Spanish at the end of each chapter. THE BEE GENERA OF NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA (HY- MENOPTERA: APOIDEA). C.D. Michener, H. J. McKinley, and B.N. Dan- forth. 1994. Smithsonian Institution. 209 pp., 79 photos, 440 line illus. $45.00 cloth. This very nicely produced, 8'/2 x 11 format, book is essentially an extensive and compre- hensive key to the 169 genera of bees throughout the Northern Hemisphere. In addition to its excellent illustrations, the book is produced with side by side texts in both English and Spanish. Along with the comprehensive classification, notes on each genus give its range, number of species, references to revisionary studies, subgenera, if any, and distinguishing features. The book indicates nest sites for those bees that do not nest in the ground and identifies hosts for socially parasitic and cleptoparasitic genera. The authors also list changes in classification and nomencla- ture and summarize the current classification by genera and subgenera. 306 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED (Continued) IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO THE ANT GENERA OF THE WORLD. B. Bolton. 1994. Harvard University Press. 222 pp. $65.00 hardcover. The principal aim of this very nicely produced, 10 x 12 format, book is to provide a series of dichotomous identification keys to the living ant subfamilies and genera of the world. In addition, it provides synoptic classifications of genera within the various subfamilies and lists of taxonomy works that provide determinations to species rank, where available, for further identification and study. The family Formicidae is described first and keys are provided to identify the extant sub- families. Then each extant subfamily is treated separately in alphabetical order. Each subfamily section commences with a newly formulated diagnosis of the group, followed by the keys to the genera, synoptic classification, and list of taxonomy references. A few notes on broad distribution are also provided. A short summary of the extinct subfamilies completes this main part of the work. A bibliography of faunistic studies is given separately in the back of the book and an exten- sive glossary of morphological terms is provided. One of the more impressive parts of this book is the series of 522 excellent scanning electron microscope photographs that are presented to illus- trate the keys, each chosen to represent the general habitus of a particular genus. Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 307 STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT & CIRCULATION 1. Title of publication: ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 2. Date of filing October 15, 1994 3. Frequency of issue: Bimonthly (every other month) except July and August 4. Location of known office of publication: 232 Oak Shade Rd., Tabernacle Twp., Vincentown PO, New Jersey 08088 5. Location of the headquarters or general business offices of the publishers: 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195 6. Name and address of publisher, editor and managing editor: Publisher: American Entomological Society, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia. PA. 19103-1 195. Editor; Howard P. Boyd, 232 Oak Shade Rd Tabernacle Twp, Vincentown PO, New Jersey, 08088 7. Owner: American Entomological Society, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia. PA 19103-1195 8. Known bondholders, mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding one percent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages and other securities: None 9. For optional completion by publishers mailing at the regular rates: signed 10. For completion by nonprofit organizations authorized to mail at special rates: The purpose, function and nonprofit status of this organization and the exempt status for Federal income tax purposes: Have not changed during preceding 12 months (checked) Average No. 11. EXTENT AND NATURE OF CIRCULATION A TOTAL NO. COPIES PRINTED B. PAID CIRCULATION 1. SALES THROUGH DEALERS AND CARRIERS. STREET VENDORS AND COUNTER SALES 2. MAIL SUBSCRIPTIONS C. TOTAL PAID CIRCULATION D.FREE DISTRIBUTION BY MAIL, CARRIER OR OTHER MEANS. SAMPLES, COMPLI- MENTARY, AND OTHER COPIES E. TOTAL DISTRIBUTION F. OFFICE USE. LEFTOVER. UNACCOUNTED, SPOILED AFTER PRINTING. G. TOTAL Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months 800 0 723 723 0 723 77 800 Actual Number of Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Filing Date 800 0 665 665 0 665 135 800 12. I certify that the statements by me above are correct and complete. Signed: Howard P. Boyd, editor. No. 1 2 3 4 5 Date of issue Jan. & Feb. Mar.& Apr. May & June Sept. & Oct. Nov. & Dec. MAILING DATES VOLUME 104.1993 Pages 1-60 61-124 125-188 189-256 257-312 Mailing Date March?, 1994 May 16. 1994 July 22, 1994 Sept. 30, 1994 Nov. 16, 1994 308 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS INDEX: Volume 105 Acrididae 1 1 9 Akre, R.D., B.A. Myhre Nesting biology & behavior of 141 Calif, yellowjacket Nesting biology of Dolichovespula 39 norvegicoides Alabameubria & sp. synonymized with 299 Dicranopselaphus & sp. Allen, R.T. First record of Campodea (s.str.) 71 pempturochaeta from So. Amer. Anagrus, a new, egg parasitoid of 1 37 Erythroneura spp. Apoidea 280 Arawana scapularis in U.S. & new 133 locality records for sp. of Arawana Asilidae 85 Atta sexdens, amphisbaenians in nests 183 of, in east. Amazonia, Brazil Azevedo-Ramos, C., P.R.S. Moutinho Amphisbaenians in nests of Atta 183 sexdens in east. Amazonia, Brazil Bacterial flora in mid & hind gut 47 regions of six sp. of carrion beetles Baetidae 161 Barr, C.B., P.J. Spangler Two new synonymies: Alabameubria 299 & sp., of Dicranopselaphus & sp. Bartow, D.H. Limonia (Geranomyid) communis in a Mammoth Hot Spring, WY 69 Beal, R.S. Jr. Dermestes rattus: taxonomic status 27 & comparison with five closely related sp. in west. U.S. Bednarik, A.F. 204 Berdela, G., B. Lustigman, P.P. Shubeck Bacterial flora in mid & hind gut 47 regions of six sp. of carrion beetles Berytidae 201 Book reviews 60,79,182 Books received & briefly noted 68, 304 Burian, S.K., A.F. Bednarik Mayflies of Conn.: an initial 204 faunal survey Burrowing mayflies of U.S., 1 supplement to Byrrhidae 195 Calvert award, 1994 185 Campodea (s.str.) pempturochaeta, 71 1st record from No. Amer. Campodeidae 7 1 Camras, S. New subfamily for fossil canopid 175 fly, Palaeomyopa tertiaria Cantheridae 14 Carabidae 1 1 1 Cavey, J.F. 277 Ceratopogonidae 285 Chianese, R.J. 244 ENT. NEWS 105(4): 308-312, September & October 1994 Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 309 Chiappini, F 137 Cicadellidae 1 37 Cicindela dorsalis media, coastal 1 89 tiger beetle, distrib. & abundance in So. Carolina Durfee, R.S. 259 Cicindelidae Coccinellidae Coleoptera Conopidae 14, 189 133,228,244 14,27,47,98, 111, 133, 149, 189, 195,228,244, 267, 277, 289, 299 175 Creed, R.P. Jr., S.P. Sheldon Aquatic weevils associated with 98 northern watermilfoil in Alberta Culicidae Curculionidae 103, 178 98 Day, W.H., D.R. Prokrym, D.R. Ellis, R.J. Chianese Known distrib. of predator Propy- 244 lena 14-punctata in U.S. & thoughts on origin of this sp. & five other exotic lady beetles in east. No. Amer. Dermestidae 27 Dermestes rattus: taxonomic status & 27 comparison with five closely related sp. in west. U.S. Diplura 7 1 Diptera 69, 85, 103, 125, 175, 178, 285 Dolichovespula norvegicoides, nesting 39 biology of DuBois, B.R., M.B. DuBois Colony founding by queens of Solenopsis molesta 61 Durfee, R.S., B.C. Kondratieff New additions to inventory of 222 Colorado mayflies Earle, J. New records of stoneflies from PA 80 Easton, E.R., G-Q Liang Grasshoppers associated with Xi 119 Qiao Mt. in central Guangdong Province, so-eastern China Editorial note Ellis, D.R. Ellis, M.S. Enicocephalidae 227, 276 244 149 159 Entomo-L bulletin board, directions 186 for using Entomo-L electronic mail notice board 26 Ephacerella, replacement name for 283 Acerella Ephemeroptera Erotylidae Errata Etnier, D.E. 1, 17, 161,204,217, 222, 259, 263, 283 289 68 262 Fallceon, taxonomic status of three 161 sp. of Farrodes in the Antilles: n.sp. from 263 Puerto Rico & review of genus Formicidae 61, 183 Galian, J., A.S. Ortiz, J. Serrano Karyotypic data on 13 sp. of 111 Nearctic carabid beetles DuBois, M.B. 61 Gelhaus, J.K. 125 310 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Goodrich, M.A., P.E. Skelley Fungal host records for sp. of 289 Tritoma of America, no. of Mexico Gordon, R.D. Arawana scapularis in the U.S. & 133 new locality records for sp. of Arawana Gorrochotegui-Escalante, N. 295 Grasshoppers associated with Xi Qiao 1 19 Mt. in central Guangdong Province in so-eastern China Homer, T.A. 103,178 Hydroptila, new synonym in 262 Hydroptila setigera, proposed 284 replacement name Hydroptilidae Hymenoptera 262, 284 39,61, 141, 183,257,280 Grogan, W.L., Jr. 285 Immigrant arthropod project 60 Jalysus spinosus, a new host for, & 201 new host family for stilt bugs Harmonia axyridis, release & estab- 228 lishment of, in so-eastern U.S. Harris, S.C. Proposed replacement name for 284 Hydroptila setigera Harris, S.C., D.E. Etnier New synonym in Hydroptila 262 Harrison, S.J. 33 Haymatus blassus, female of 257 Helius crane fly, n.sp. of, with 125 reduced antennae, from Aripo Caves, Trinidad Hemiptera 159 Heteroptera 201 Hoebeke, E.R. New records of immigrant bark 267 beetles in N.Y.: attraction of conifer feeding sp. to ethanol-baited trap logs Holbrook, F.R., W.L. Grogan, Jr. Biting midges reared from larval 285 habitats containing Culicoides variipennix in New England Homoptera 1 37 Karyotypic data on 13 sp. of 111 Nearctic carabid beetles Keeney, G., M.S. Ellis, D. Richmond, R.N. Williams Prelim, study of Nitidulidae in 149 Shawnee St. For., Ohio Knisley, C.B. 189 Kondratieff, B.C. 222 Kondratieff, B.C., R.S. Durfee New sp. of Paraleptophlebia from Tenn. 283 Krauth, S.J., O.K. Young First records of Enicocephalidae 159 from Wise. LaBerge, W.E. Status of some sp. names of euce- 280 rine bees proposed by Lepeletier in 1841 Lavigne, R. J., C.R. Nelson, E.T. Schreiber New prey records for Proctqcanthus, 85 with comments on prey choice Leptophlebiidae Lepidoptera Levesque, G-Y 259, 263 33 195 Vol. 105, No. 5, November & December, 1994 311 Levesque, C., G-Y. Levesque Abundance & seasonal activity of 195 pill beetles in a raspberry plantation & adjacent sites in so. Quebec Moutinho, P.R.S. Myhre, E.A. 183 39, 141 Liang, G-Qiu 119 Nelson, C.R. 85 Limenitis (Basilarchia) rubidus, 1st 33 record of an heterotic adult Nitidulidae 149 female hybrid Nymphalidae 33 Limonia (Geranomyia) communis in a 69 Mammoth Hot Spring, WY Obituary: Joe D. Pratt 59 Lugo-Ortiz, C.R. 161 Ortiz, A,S. 111 Lugo-Ortiz, C,R., W.P. McCafferty Farrodes in the Antilles: n.sp. 263 from Puerto Rico & review of genus New records of Ephemeroptera from 1 7 Mexico Lustigman, B. MacDonald, J.F. Mailing dates: Vol. 105,1994 47 217 307 Mayflies 1, 17, 161, 204, 217, 222, 259 263, 283 McCafferty, W.P. 17,263 McCafferty, W.P. Distrib. & classificatory supple- 1 ment to burrowing mayflies of U.S. McCafferty, W.P., C.R. Lugo-Ortiz Taxonomic status of three sp. of 161 Fallceon McCafferty, W.P., J.F. MacDonald New records of Ephemeroptera in 217 Utah, with notes on biogeography Moulton, S.R.,II, K.W. Stewart, K.L. Young New records, distrib. & taxonomic 164 status of some northern Arizona caddisflies Paclt, J. Ephacerella, replacement name for 283 Acerella Palaeomyopa tertiaria, fossil conopid 175 fly, new subfamily for Paraleptophlebia, n.sp. trom Tenn. 283 Platt, A. P., S.J. Harrison First record of a heterotic adult 33 female hybrid Limenitis (Basilarchia) rubidus Plecoptera 80 Proctacanthus, new prey records, 85 with comments on prey choice Prokrym, D.R. 244 Propylea 14-punctata, known distrib. 244 in U.S. & thoughts on its origin & five other exotic lady beetles in east. No.Amer. Psephenidae 299 Pseudoxycheila tarsalis, predation by 4 larval soldier beetles on eggs & larvae of Rabaglia, R.J., J.F. Cavey Note on distrib. of immigrant bark 277 beetle, Hylasles opacus, in No. Amer. 312 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Rebollar-Tellez, E.A., N.G-Escalante, M.R-Nava, A.S-Santamaria from PA, new records 80 Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis on predatory capacity of Buenoa sp. against Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus larvae 295 Tedders, W.L., P.W. Schaefer Release & establishment of Har- monia axyridis in so-eastern U.S. 228 Reyna-Nava, M. 295 Tenthredinidae 257 Richmond, D. 149 Tipulidae 69, 125 Trichoptera 164, 262, 284 Schaefer, P.W. Schreiber, E.T. 228 85 Tritoma, fungal host records for sp. of, of Amer. no. of Mexico 289 Schultz, T.D. Predation by larval soldier beetles on eggs by larvae of Pseudoxycheila tarsalis 14 Trjapitzin, S.V., E. Chiappini A new Anagrus, egg parasitoid of Erythroneura spp. 137 Scolytidae 267, 277 Vespidae 39, 141 Serrano, J. 111 Vespula sulphurea, Calif, yellow- jacket, nesting biology & behavior of 141 Sheldon, S.P. Shubeck, P.P. 98 47 Weber, R.G., T.A. Horner Silphidae 47 Cage to isolate individual oviposit- ing Culex spp. females in the field 178 Skelley, P.E. 289 Techniques for handling mosquito egg rafts & raft samples 103 Smith, D.R. Female of Haymatus blassus Society meeting reports 110, 118, 188, 257 187 303 Welch, N., J.K. Gelhaus New sp. of Helius crane fly with reduced antennae, from Aripo Caves, Trinidad 125 Solenopsis molesta, colony founding 61 by queens of Solis, Santamaria, A. 295 Spangler, P.J. 299 Stewart, K.W 164 Stoneflies Wheeler, A.G., Jr. New host for Jalysus spinosus & 201 new host family for stilt bugs Williams, R.N. 149 Yarbrough, W.W., C.B. Knisley Distrib. & abundance of coastal 1 89 tiger beetle, Cicindela dorsalis media, in So. Carolina When submitting papers, all authors are requested to (1) provide the names of two qualified individuals who have critically reviewed the manuscript before it is submitted and (2) suggest the names and addresses of two qualified authorities in the subject field to whom the manuscript may be referred by the editor for final review. All papers are submitted to recognized authorities for final review before acceptance. Titles should be carefully composed to reflect the true contents of the article, and be kept as brief as possible. Classification as to order and family should be included in the title, except where not pertinent. Following the title there should be a short informative abstract (not a descriptive abstract) of not over 150 words. The abstract is the key to how an article is cited in abstracting journals and should be carefully written. It should be an informative digest of the significant contents and of the main conclusions of the research. The author's com- plete mailing address, including zip code number, should be given as a footnote to the article. All papers describing new taxa should include enough information to make them useful to the nonspecialist. Generally this requires a key and a short review or discussion of the group, plus references to existing revisions or monographs. Authors must include the name(s) of recognized institution(s) where their voucher specimens have been deposited. Illustrations nearly always are needed. 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Notice of wants and exchanges not exceeding thnfe lines are free to subscribers. Positions open, and position wanted^aices are included here and may be referred to by box numbers. All insertions are continued from month to month, the new • 4 ones are added a$jthe end of the column, and, when necessary, the older ones at the top are discontinued. NEEDED: BACK VOLUMES and numbers of Entomological News to complete my set. Will trade. Send SASE for list of offerta/disiderata to Roderick R. Irwin. Rural Route 3. Streator. 1L61364. FOR SALE: Quality insect pins, black enameled, stainless steel. Best prices guaranteed. Call for free samples. Phone: 1 (800) 484-7347 Ext. 1324. Fax: (617) 581-5904. WANTED: Worldwide butterflies, moths, and beetles, with data. Send your price list to S. THERIAULT, 230 Pariseau, Boisbriand, Quebec, Canada J7G 2C7. WANTED: Diplura, Protura, Microcoryphia and Symphyla, world wide, especially SA, Africa, Asia, Europe. 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