bona t P & eehan deeds ne ASh4 45) a . ' wi. Seeu ete bite oh Mette es ae Ps % . Fam te peers H siege eid ‘ . . . tere ". . : : . . tae eotele : oy Cyr . ' aere eer add TO as hee | ¥ 4 * id » or’ . . ' wera . Bante . . ties . . wet poe wade septate ceptatentge + ret nels a . : , a ita dar ye Ccabhe back . atone ‘ nO eer arh| oh aay st ater Peer. Plat ja Hh ha 1 ae Ne oy Fett st AASAGM statin ste oe Fe pNetoat Date SAG a Mangere Et nT in ee Ed Tee Se Ue EE et 8 ae wt FE ne Se Vie aL Una pose Meet fa Me NT Se ee men ge tat Sise ane SNE Oey fold Qe te Awad ee lS peer tivade ste eh tepeueran tin wrentat cease sespen see | ; eh ; Me rH al WK je 4 Rh CAM Ae is faery Cn ¥ rive if an 7 7 fT irastructure of the egg chorion of Nemoptera sinuata Olivier 1811 (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae) from Turkey Selami Candan, Zekiye Suludere, Fatma Acikgéz, and Abdullah Hasbenli 1 A new species of Thevenetimyia Bigot, 1892 (Diptera, Bombyliidae, Ecliminae) from Turkey Abdullah Hasbenli 11 Two new species 7rissopelopia Kieffer from China, with emendation of the generic diagnosis and a key to the adult male 7rissopelopia of the world (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae) Ming Cheng and Xinhua Wang 15 A new species of Compsorhipis Saussure (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Oedipodinae), with a key to the known species from China and adjacent areas Xiang-Chu Yin and Wen-Qiang Wang 23 An updated list of stoneflies (Plecoptera) of New Mexico, U.S.A. Gerald Z. Jacobi, Steven J. Cary, and Richard W. Baumann 29 Parafuscoptilia: A new genus of plume moths (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae) from China Shu-Lian Hao and Hou-Hun Li 35 Letter from the President of the American Entomological Society Susan Whitney King 38 Introduction of the centipede Scolopendra morsitans L., 1758, into northeastern Florida, the first authentic North American record, and a review of its global occurrences (Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae: Scolopendrinae) Rowland M. Shelley, G. B. Edwards, and Amazonas Chagas Jr. 39 BOOK REVIEWS: Spiders by Seymour Simon a Suzanne McIntire 59 Recently published books briefly noted A pe t Jorge A, Santiago-Blay 60 Bringing fossils to life by Donald R. Prothero 5 20) ce 4. Santiago-Blay : d Back Cover ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, AND NEW GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS OF ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Entomological News is published bimonthly except July-August by The American Entomological Society, which is headquartered at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195 United States of America. AES can be reached, as follows: telephone (215) 561-3978; fax (215) 299-1028; e-mail, aes@acnatsci.org and website: http://www. acnatsci.org/hosted/aes. Calvert Award. Information on the Calvert Award for insect-related study by a young person in the Delaware River Valley region sponsored by The American Entomological Society can be found at: http://www.udel.edu/chem/white/ Odonata/CalvertAwd html Subscriptions to current issues, back issues, and microforms of Entomological News. Private sub- scriptions for personal use of members of the American Entomological Society are US $15 per year pre- paid. Subscriptions for institutions, such as libraries, laboratories, government agencies, etc. are US $30 per year prepaid for those located in the U.S.A. and US $34 per year prepaid for those located outside the U.S.A. Back issues when available are sold by complete volume, for US $15 to members, and US $30 to nonmembers. Membership / subscription application and additional information is available at: http://www.acnatsci.org/ hosted/aes/subscription.html. Please send inquiries or send completed member- ship form to: Office Manager at the address above, e-mail: aes@say.acnatsci.org, or call (215) 561- 3978. Entomological News is available in microform from ProQuest Information and Learning. Call toll- free (800) 521-3042, (800) 521-0600, (734) 761-4700. Mail inquiry to: ProQuest Information and Learning, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106-9866 U.S.A. Previous editors of Entomological News: 1(1) January 1890 and 1(2) February 1890, Eugene Murray Aaron (1852-1940); 1(3) March 1890 to 21(10) December 1910, Henry Skinner (1861-1926); 22(1) January 1911 to 54(9) November 1943, Phillip P. Calvert (1871-1961); 54(10) December 1943 to 57(10) December 1946, Editorial Staff with A. Glenn Richards (1909-1993) and R. G. Schmieder (1898-1967) as co-editors; 58(1) January 1947 to 79(7) July 1968, R. G. Schmieder; 79(8) October 1968 to 83(10) to December 1972, Ross H. Arnett, Jr. (1919-1999); 84(1) January 1973 to 85(4) April 1974, R. W. Lake; 85(5-6) May & June 1974 to 113(3) May & June 2003, Howard P. Boyd; 113(4) September & October 2002 to 113(5) November & December 2002, F. Christian Thompson and Michael Pogue. New Guidelines for authors of Entomological News: Further guidelines can be found on http://www.geocities.com/entomologicalnews/instructions.htm Subject Coverage: Insects and other terrestrial arthropods. Manuscripts on systematics, ecology, evolution, morphology, physiology, behavior, biodiversity, conservation, paleobiology, and other aspects of insect and terrestrial arthropod life as well as nomenclature, biographies and history of entomology, among others, are appropriate topics for papers submitted to Entomological News. Papers on applied, eco- nomic, and regulatory entomology or on toxicology and related subjects will be considered only if they also make a major contribution in one of the aforementioned fields. Any author may submit papers. Manuscripts will be accepted from any author, although, papers from members of the American Entomological Society are given priority. It is suggested that all prospec- tive authors join the AES. Send manuscripts, books for review, and editorial correspondence to the editor. All manuscripts, including scientific notes and book reviews, submitted for publication in Entomological News as well as all associated editorial communications must be sent to the Editor, Jorge A. Santiago-Blay at this address: Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 U.S.A. If an author uses a mailing service that does not accept addresses with a P. O. Box, please use this address: Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, West Loading Dock, Washington, District of Columbia 20560 U.S.A. Other means of contacting the Editor are, as follows: Phone: (202) 633-1383, Fax: (202) 786-2832, e-mails: blayj@si.edu, or blayj@hotmail.com, or via the webpage at http://www. geocities.com/entomologicalnews/contact.htm. Books for review should also be sent to the editor who will, in turn, give them to a colleague for review. The receipt of all papers will be acknowledged and, if accepted, they will be published as soon as possible. Postmaster: If undeliverable, please send to The American Entomological Society at The Academy of Natural Sciences 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway / Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195 PERIODICAL POSTAGE PAID AT DOVER, DELAWARE 19901 U.S.A. Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE EGG CHORION OF NEMOPTERA SINUATA OLIVIER 1811 (NEUROPTERA: NEMOPTERIDAE) FROM TURKEY '! Selami Candan,’ Zekiye Suludere,’ Fatma Acikg6z,’ and Abdullah Hasbenli? ABSTRACT: The ultrastructure of the egg chorion of Nemoptera sinuata Olivier 1811 was studied with scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. Females were collected from Antalya, Finike, Turkey, and maintained under laboratory conditions. Eggs were laid singly in cotton batting. The eggs are spherical, snow-white, and lusterless; with a diameter of 0.82—0.91 mm; and with one micropyle. The chorion is highly sculptured with regular hexagonal convexities on the sur- face touching one another. The micropyle is in disk form; in profile it resembles a cornet with no opening. In cross section, three layers of chorion are easily distinguished by transmission electron microscopy. KEY WORDS: Neuroptera, Nemopteridae, Nemoptera sinuata, ultrastructure, chorion, micropylar process, scanning and transmission electron microscopy From recent studies, it appears that the surface structure of various chorionic modifications has morphological, physiological and taxonomic significance in various insect orders (Hinton, 1981; Downey and Allyn, 1984; Salkeld, 1983, 1984; Margaritis, 1985; Gaino et al., 1987; Sahlen, 1996; Lounibos et al., 1997; Suludere et al.; 1999; Baker and Chandrapatya, 2001; Wolf and Reid, 2001). Scanning and transmission electron microscopy has become a useful tool for detailed description of surface morphology and ultrastructure in eggs (Mouzaki et al., 1991; Simiczyjew, 1994; Bundy and McPherson, 2000; Danielczok and Kocorek, 2003; Candan and Suludere, 2003; Candan et al. 2004). Hinton (1981) and Margaritis (1985) provide an extensive survey of respiratory and morpho- logical structures of insect eggs. Egg surface structure and ultrastructure of Neu- roptera species, including Nemopteridae, has been reported by many authors, however, accurate knowledge of the egg morphology is still lacking for many taxa (Hinton, 1981; Mazzini, 1976; Cutler, 1993; Monserrat, 1985, 1996; Shields and Pupedis, 1997). The ecology and egg of Nemoptera sinuata has been briefly described by Popov (2002) using light microscope. According to Popov (2002) adults of N. sinuata occur in meadows and open sunny places with Mediterranean and Sub Mediterranean vegetation near a shel- tered river valley and feed only on pollen. They are most active at noon between the middle of May and the end of June. N. sinuata is a diurnal insect. It flies, feeds and lays eggs only during the day. "Received on June 24, 2004. Accepted on November 12, 2004. 2 Gazi University, Science and Arts Faculty, Department of Biology, 06500 Ankara, Turkey. E-mails: (SC) scandan@gazi.edu.tr, (ZS) zekiyes@gazi.edu.tr, (FA) facikgoz@gazi.edu.tr, and (AH) hasbenli@gazi.edu.tr. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 116 (1): 1, January & February 2005 Mailed on March 31, 2005 2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS The eggs are usually laid in the morning, by a female, with half open wings and a drooping abdomen, perched on blossoms or racemes of plants, e.g. Achillea. An egg 1s oviposited every two minutes, and after 4-6 eggs the female moves on to another raceme. Up to 70 eggs are laid by a female over a period of 10 days, during the total female life span of 20 days. Within the first five days the number gradually drops from 14 to 9 eggs per day. The eggs fall directly to the ground or onto dry vegetation. They are not adhesive, but elastic and bounce when coming into contact with a hard surface, as for example a piece of wood. Our study describes the ultrastructure of the egg of the Neuropteran, N. sinuata using scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). METHODS Eggs were obtained from ovipositions by females of NV. sinuata collected from Antalya, Finike, Turkey (16 June 2001). Females deposited eggs singly onto cot- ton batting in plastic jars. The eggs were prepared for SEM following the methodology described by Suludere (1988). Cleaned and dried eggs were mount- ed with double-sided tape on SEM stubs and coated with gold in a Polaron SC 502 Sputter Coater. They were examined with a Jeol JSM 5600 Scanning Elec- tron Microscope at 15-20 kV. Other eggs were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in a phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) for 2 hours and post fixed with 1% osmium tetrox- ide in a phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) for 1 hour. The samples were then embedded in Glauert’s araldite medium and the ultra thin sections were stained with Rey- nold’s lead citrate following uranyl acetate. These eggs were examined with a Zeiss EM 900 Transmission Electron Microscope at 80 kV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION From our observations; NV. sinuata deposited eggs singly into cotton batting in the laboratory and egg number varied from 35 to 60 and were not adhesive. N. sinuata eggs are spherical, snow-white, opaque, and lusterless. Eggs average 0.82—0.91 mm (Fig. 1, 2). The genus Nemoptera is one of the few genera among all Neuroptera with spherical eggs. In the Chrysopidae, Brothidae, and Manti- spidae, eggs that are generally cylindrical, e.g. Mantispa sayi Banks (Manti- spidae) eggs are elongate and cylindrical with rounded ends. Each N. sinuata egg has a buttonlike micropylar process at one apex; at the opposite end a short, thin flexible stalk anchors the egg to the substrate by the egg stalk (Shields and Pupedis, 1997). Mazzini (1976) also stated that Chrysopa carnea Steph. (Chry- sopidae) has a cylindrical egg and the micropylar area of the egg is at the anteri- or pole, while the posterior pole has a peduncle which functions to attach the egg to the substrate. Monserrat (1996) reported that Lertha sofiae Monserrat (Ne- mopterinae) has an ovoid egg and the micropyle is conical with a discoidal and conspicuous apex. Surface of chorion covered with convex ovarian follicle cell impressions, irregularly hexagonal and bordered by subcylindrical crests. The color of the eggs is yellowish white when laid, rosaceous some days later, and Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 5 dark grayish prior to hatching. In addition the eggs of Nemoptera bipennis were described by Withycombe (1925) and Monserrat (1985). Eggs of N. bipennis are spherical, similar to a golf ball, prolonged in the cephalic apex by a truncated cone formation in whose end it is located micropyle. The chorion has hemi- spheric swellings more convex in the equatorial zone than in the poles. The cephalic pole has a truncated cone formation that in its base is limited by the hexagonal margins of the peripheral swellings. Micropyle, as a plate, is to circu- late, thicker in the external margins. Its surface shows a porous structure, with multitude of internal tubules that give a sponge aspect to it. Fig. 1. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of Nemoptera sinuata egg, lateral view. Scale bar =100 um. Fig. 2. SEM of egg of N. sinuata, end view with micropyle. Scale bar = 100 pm. 4 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS In Neuroptera, including Nemopteridae, and in the Chrysopidae, eggs are laid unconcealed and usually not in an organized arrangement, although occasionally a straight row of 10-15 eggs may be found across a leaf or stem. Some species of Chrysopa lay single singly, e.g. C. rufilabris Burmesiter and C. chi Fitch (Smith, 1922). Each egg has a single stalk, but if the female is confined in a small space, the stalk of one egg may be attached part of the way up the stalk of another egg (Hinton, 1981). However, these three families are not closely related and have presumably independently evolved a stalked egg. The stalks of the eggs of the Mantispidae are only about twice the length of the egg, whereas in many Chrysopidae they may be over 10 times the length of the egg (Hinton, 1981; Shields and Pupedis, 1997). Nemoptera sinuata eggs do not have an egg stalk. In Neuropterans, the micropylar apparatus is usually conspicuous as a plate or knob raised well above the surface. In the Coniopterygidae the micropylar apparatus is on a conical projection at the anterior pole. In the Chrysopidae the knob is somewhat flattened and saucer-shaped. In the Myrmeleontidae and As- calaphidae, in which the micropyle is also in the form of a shallow saucer, there is a ring of perforations at the margin of saucer and from these perforations the canals pass inwards to an area at the centre. In both Myrmeleontidae and Ascalaphidae there appears to be a similar structure at the posterior pole and it has therefore been suggested that in these two families there are both anterior and posterior micropyles (Withycombe, 1925). Henry (1972) states that in the Ascalaphidae identical micropyles are present on both the anterior and poste- rior ends. In Mantispa sayi eggs, micropylar prominence is roughly dome- shaped and above the surface of the chorion. The basal periphery of the micropylar knob is divided into 8-10 scallops that project downward (Shields and Pupedis, 1997). In C. carnea the micropylar region appears circular and the margin of the micropylar area has 30 indentations each of which corre- sponds to a micropylar orifice (Mazzini, 1976). Also Monserrat (1996) stated that eggs of L. sofiae have a conical micropyle with a discoidal and conspicu- ous apex. In N. sinuata, there is one micropylar process at the anterior pole (Fig. 1-4). When seen from above, the micropyle has the form of a disk; in profile it looks like a cornet with no opening in it (Fig. 3). A polar lid with the micropyle in the center is opened during hatching (Fig. 4). The micropylar process has a central canal for the passage of sperm and has a porous structure which serves for respiratory interchange (Southwood, 1956; Cobben, 1968; Hinton 1981; Lambdin and Lu, 1984; Shuxhi, 1985; Javahery, 1994; Candan, 1997; Candan 1999; Candan and Suludere, 1999 a, b; Suludere et al. 1999; Candan and Suludere, 2003; Candan et al., 2004). Similar observations are abeesented 3 in this study for N. sinuata. Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 St Fig. 3. SEM of a closed micropyle (™) in unhatched egg of N. sinuata. Scale bar = 100 um. mee Fig. 4. Micropyle opening (arrow) of a hatched egg of N. sinua- ta. Scale bar = 100 um. In the Chrysopidae, Mantispidae, and other Neuroptera in which the surface of the chorion is densely set with projections, a film of air is trapped by these when the eggs are flooded. This is an example of plastron respiration projections as in some dipterous eggs with rather similar projections e.g. Anopheles (Culici- dae) and some Syrphidae. The projections protect the general surface against the effects of turbulence, and they establish a boundary layer of air creating a humid- ity gradient that reduces the loss of water (Hinton, 1981). 6 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Fig. 5. Hexagonal pattern on the chorion surface of N. sinuata. Scale bar = 100 um Fig. 6. High magnification of the hexagonal pattern on the chori- on surface of N. sinuata egg. Scale bar = 10 pm. The surface of the egg chorion of Mantispa sayi Banks appears to be devoid of these features, but closer examination reveals a meshwork of interconnecting ridges on the surface of the chorion and the micropylar surface except at the region of stalk attachment (Shields and Pupedis, 1997). The surface of the egg chorion of C. carnea also shows a uniform surface sculpturing at low magnifi- cation and near the peduncle the surface appears smooth. At higher magnifica- tion the surface sculpturing of the chorion appears as raised, irregular projections joined by narrow bridges (Mazzini 1976). In L. sofiae eggs, the surface of the chorion is covered with convex ovarian follicle cell impressions, irregularly hexagonal and bordered by sub-cylindrical crests. Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 7 The egg chorion of N. sinuata is highly sculptured, with many regular hexag- onal convexities on the surface, which touch one another and these hexagonal boundaries are well defined. The surface of the hexagonal boundaries are de- pressed and rough (Fig. 5, 6). Popov (2002) stated that about 30 convexities have been counted on the periphery of the egg and about 180 convexities on the whole egg surface. According to our observations, N. sinuata eggs have similar chori- on morphology with L. sofiae and N. bipennis but L. sofiae has different egg shapes. The egg shape in L. sofiae is ovoid but in N. sinuata and N. bipennis it is spherical. After the 15th or 16th day the egg becomes light pink and then grey on one side. The embryo lies in the form of a semicircle in the egg. A polar lid with the micropyle in the centre is opened during hatching. The lid is cut off by an egg- breaker on the larval clypeus and the eggshell breaks by pressure from the dor- sal surface of the larva. The split becomes an almost complete circle and the lid separates without breaking from the egg (Fig. 7). The newly hatched larva is 1.9-2.2 mm long including the jaws. They are dorsally grey, with an oblong, transverse, dark spot on both sides of the median line of every thoracic and abdominal segment. There is a large, almost black, spot on the head and the body is densely covered with long and short setae (Fig. 8). Egg hatching and first instar larvae of N. sinuata from Bulgaria (Popov, 2002) and N. bipennis Illiger reared by Monserrat (1996) are very similar to those we observed. Fig. 7. Hatched egg of N. sinuata. Scale bar = 100 um. 8 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS i ll nano Fig. 9. Cross section of the egg-chorion of N. sinuata (TEM). Endochorion (1), exochorion (2), extrachorion (3) X 10,000. Examination of a cross section of the chorion shows that it is composed of three layers. The basal endochorion has layers of fibers. Under this there are air cavities of different sizes which are thought to function in plastron respiration. The exochorion appears as a large and homogenous layer. Above the exochorion is the extrachorion, which is composed of electron dense and electron light lay- ers extending to the exochorion layer (Fig. 9). Mazzini (1976) reported that the egg of C. carnea has two layers, the endochorion and exochorion. The endo- Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 chorion consists of plurilaminar layers, each periodically arranged and paralle! to th egg surface. The exchorion consists of numerous projections, separated from one another by spaces. Cutler (1993) observed an inner chorion and pillars that formed a continuous air space in M. interrupta Say eggs. Insect eggs require a large surface area in order to supply the oxygen required by the developing embryo. Because of the presence of air spaces as seen in the cross sec- tion under TEM, the eggs of N. sinuata are able to perform plastron respiration, thus supplying enough oxygen without significant moisture loss. As suggested by Hinton (1969), the chorion is probably so structured so that water loss is kept to a minimum. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to thank Kirikkale University Research Centre for providing SEM facilities. LITERATURE CITED Baker, G. T. and A. Chandrapatya. 2001. Morphology of the Chorion of Diapheromera femorata (Phas- mida: Heteronemiidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 103 (4): 849-853. Bundy, C. S. and R. M. McPherson. 2000. Morphological examination of stink bug (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) eggs on cotton and soybeans, with a key to genera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93: 616-624. Candan, S. 1997. External morphology of eggs of some Pentatomidae (Heteroptera: Insecta). Ph. D. Thesis. Gazi University. Ankara, Turkey. 223 pp. (In Turkish with English summary.) Candan, S. and Z. Suludere. 1999a. External Morphology of eggs of Carpocoris pudicus (Poda, 1761) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Journal of the Entomological Research Society 1(2): 21-26. Candan S. and Z. Suludere. 1999b Chorionic structure of Graphosoma lineatum (Linneaus, 1758) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Journal of the Entomological Research Society 1(3): 1-7. Candan, S. and Z. Suludere. 2003. Scanning electron microscopy of the eggs of Psacasta exanthemat- ica Scopoli, 1763 (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae). Polish Journal of Entomology 72: 241-247. Candan, S., Z. Suludere, and K. W. Wolf. 2004. Morphology and surface structure of eggs of Macce- vethus lutheri Wagner (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae): a scanning electron microscopy study. Polish Journal of Entomology 73:25-32. Cobben, R. H. 1968. Evolutionary trends in Heteroptera. Part I. Eggs, architecture of the shell. Gross Embryology and Eclosion. Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation. Wageningen, The Netherlands. 66-210. Cutler, R. 1993. Egg surface ultrastructure in Mantispa interrupta (Neuroptera: Mantispidae). Entomo- logical News 104 (2):68-72. Danielczok, T. and A. Kocorek. 2003. External morphology of eggs of African species of Coridius III. (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Dinidoridae.) Polish Journal of Entomology 72: 63-73. Downey, J. C. and A. C. Allyn. 1984. Eggs of Riodinidae. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 34 (2): 133-145. Gaino, E., C. Belfiore, and M. Mazini. 1987. Ootaxonomic investigations of the Italian species of the genus Electrogenia (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae). Bollettino di Zoolagia. 54: 169-175. Henry, C. S. 1972. Eggs and rapagula of Ululodes and Ascaloptynx (Neuroptera: Ascalaphidae): a com- parative study. Psyche 79: 1-22. Hinton, H. E. 1969. Respiratory system of insect shell. Annual review of Entomology 14: 343-368. Hinton, H. E. 1981. Biology of insect eggs II. Pergamon Press. Oxford, England, United Kingdom. pp. 475-778. 10 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Javahery, M. 1994. Development of eggs in some true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) Part I. Pentato- moidae. Canadian Entomologist 126: 401-433. Lambdin, P. L. and G. Q. Lu. 1984. External morphology of eggs of the spined soldier bug, Podisus maculuventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Proceeding Entomological Society of Washington 86 (2): 374-377. Lounibos, L. P., D. Duzak, and J. R. Linley. 1997. Comparative Egg Morphology of Six Species of the Albimanus Section of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) (Diptera Culicidae). Journal Medical Entomology 34 (2): 136-155. Margaritis, L. H. 1985. Structure and physiology of the eggshell, pp.153-230. In, G. A. Kerkut and L. I. Gilbert (Executive Editors) Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology. Volume |. Pergamon Press. Oxford, England, United Kingdom. 487 pp. Mazzini, M. 1976. Fine structure of the insect micropyle — III. Ultrastructure of the egg of Chrysopa carnea Steph. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). International Journal of Insect Morpholohy & Embryology. 5 (4/5): 273-278. Monserrat, V. 1985. Morfologia del huevo en los Nemoptéridos ibéricos. Acta II Congreso Ibérico de Entomologia 2: 463 — 474. Monserrat, V. 1996. Larval stages of European Nemopterinae, with systematic considerations on the family Nemopteridae (Insecta, Neuroptera). Deutche Entemologische Zeitschrift 43: 99-121. Mouzaki, D. G., F. E. Zarani, and L. H. Margaritis. 1991. Structure and morphogenesis of the egg- shell and micropylar apparatus in the olive fly, Dacus oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of Mor- phology 209: 39-52 Popov, A. 2002. Autecology and biology of Nemoptera sinuata Olivier (Neuroptera: Nemopterydae). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Supplement 2): 293-299. Sahlen, G. 1996. Eggshell ultrastructure in four mosquito genera (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 12(2): 263-270. Salkeld, E. H. 1983. A catalogue of the eggs of some Canadian Geometridae (Lepidoptera), with com- ments. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 126: 1-127. Salkeld, E. H. 1984. A catalogue of the eggs of some Canadian Noctuidae (Lepidoptera). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 127:1-167. Shields, K. S. and R. J. Pupedis. 1997. Morphology and surface structure of Mantispa sayi (Neuroptera: Mantispidae) eggs. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 90(6):810-813. Shuxhi, R. 1985. Fine surface structure of eggs and classification of five species of Coptosoma Laporte La Animala Mondo 2 (3-4): 235-243. Simiczyjew, B. 1994. Egg morphology and chorion fine structure of Hydrometra stagnorum (Heterop- tera). Zoologica Polanica 39: 79-86. Smith, R. C. 1922. The biology of the Chrysopidae. Memoirs of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station. 58: 1291-1372. Southwood, T. R. E. 1956. The structure of the eggs of the terrestrial Heteroptera and its relationship to the classification of the group. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society, London. 108: 163- DOME Suludere, Z. 1988. Studies on the external morphology of the eggs of some Argynninae species (Saty- ridae: Lepidoptera). Communications. Faculty of Sciences, University of Ankara. Series C, 6: 9-28. Suludere, Z., S. Candan, and Y. Kalender. 1999. Chorionic sculpturing in eggs of six species of Eury- dema (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae): a scanning electron microscope investigation. Journal of the Ento- mological Research Society 1: 27-56. Withycombe, C. L. 1925. Some aspects of the biology and morphology of the Neuroptera, with special reference to the immature stages and their possible phylogenetic significance. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society, London, 1924: 303-411. Wolf, W. K. and W. Reid. 2001. Egg morphology and hatching in Mormidae pictiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 726-736. Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 1] A NEW SPECIES OF THEVENETIMYIA BIGOT, 1892 (DIPTERA, BOMBYLITDAE, ECLIMINAE) FROM TURKEY ' Abdullah Hasbenli ABSTRACT: A new species of Thevenetimyia Bigot, 1892 from Turkey is described and illustrated. A key to Palaearctic species of Thevenetimyia and drawings of male genitalia of Thevenetimyia zer- rinae sp. N. are given. KEY WORDS: Diptera, Bombyliidae, Thevenetimyia, new species, Turkey This study is based on a single specimen collected during field work under- taken by me in southwestern Anatolia (Turkey) during 1999. This specimen is quite distinct from previously collected species of Thevenetimyia Bigot, 1892; Hall, 1969; Engel, 1932). There are 37 described species of Thevenetimyia world- wide (Evenhuis & Greathead, 1999). Only two species of Thevenetimyia have been described from Palaearctic Region (Hall, 1969), apparently both with limit- ed distribution. Thevenetimyia hirta (Loew, 1876) is known only from southern Greece and T. quedenfeldti (Engel, 1885) from northern Algeria (Hall, 1969). Thevenetimyia zerrinae sp. n. (Figs. 1-7) Description: Holotype, length 24 mm, proboscis 8 mm, wing 18 mm. Ground color of head shin- ing black. Oragenal cup shining black. Face, front, 1. and 2. segments of antennae, ocellar tubercle, palpi and ventral of head with black hairs. Occiput evenly swollen with yellowish hairs. Eyes holop- tic. Antennae cylindrical, I and II segments reddish yellow, III] segment black. Length ratio of anten- nal segments 30:12:32. Palpi black and as long as head. Proboscis as long as thorax. Ground of thorax dull black, only femora, tibiae and tarsi of all legs reddish. Coxae with black hairs. Femora I, II with short and black hairs. Femora III, tibia I, II, III and tarsi I, Hl, HI with very short yellowish red spines and hairs. Claws reddish. Scutum and scutellum with black hairs as long as antennal segment II. Above paratergites and two sides of middle line in front half of scutum with numerous thorns. Upper and posterior parts of anepisternum, most of katepisternum and entire metakatepisternum with black hairs. Costa with short and thick thorns from humeral crossvein to the end of the R1 vein. Fore margin of wings reddish yellow. Apices of marginal and submarginal cells from R4+5 fork and 1. posterior cell completely brownish. The veins of wings in anterior half red- dish and in posterior half brownish. Anal cell narrowly open. Alulae partly developed. Halters yel- lowish-red. Discal, 2. posterior, anal and axillary cells light yellowish. 2. basal, 3. and 4. posterior cells darker. Abdomen completely shining black. Posterior margin of tergites I-VI covered with golden yellow tufts of hair. Surface of all tergites and sternites with black hairs. Hypopgyium black and with black hairs. Epandrium rectangular. Posterior margin of epandrium with long setae and posterior corners with longer setae. In lateral view, posterior corners of epandri- um and sternite VIII very long and strongly setae. Cerci long, wide with a rounded apex. Surface of cerci covered with sparsely microtrichia on the basal and short, densely setae on the apical margins. Basistylus wide, truncate-triangular. Apical and lateral margins of basistylus sclerotized strongly. Dististylus elipse-like with short and sharp apex. Hypandrium large, triangular. In lateral view, epi- "Received on April 9, 2004. Accepted on January 10, 2005. > Gazi University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, 06500 Teknikokullar, Ankara, Turkey. E-mail: hasbenli@gazi.edu.tr. Mailed on March 31, 2005 12 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS phallus wide and the ventral margin of epandrium sinuated. Apex of epiphallus short, narrow, point- ed and extended to front. In dorsal view, aedeagus conical with short and narrow apex. Lateral basal plates ellipselike, aedeagal apodeme widened to rounded apex and strongly transparent (Figs 4-7). Diferential Diagnosis: Thevenetimyia zerrinae differs from other congeneric Palaearctic species in length: 7. hirta and T. quedenfeldti are 13-16 mm and 9-10 mm, respectively, whereas 7: zerrinae is 24 mm long. The oragenal cup of T. quedenfeldti is shorter than that of 7: hirta and T: zerrinae. The hairs located on the genae are black in 7. hirta and T: zerrinae but predominantly white in T. quedenfeldti. The occiput and the lateral sides of the abdomen of T: hirta bear orange or reddish-orange hairs, while 7. zerrinae and T. quedenfeldti has yellow hairs. The entire surface of 7: hirta wings is brown; the costal margin is dark brown. The wings of 7: guedenfeldti are brownish, only hind margin near to base of wings lighter. Most of the wings of 7: zerrinae are yellowish, only apices of marginal and submarginal cells from R4+5 fork and first posterior cell are com- pletely brownish. The legs of 7’ quedenfeldti and T: hirta are black; the legs of T. zerrinae are reddish and only the coxae are black. The thorns on prescutum are found only on T. zerrinae. The described Palaearctic species of Thevenetimyia can be differentiated by examining Table 1. Type Data: Holotype, male collected in Antalya, Kumluca, Salur Village, 100 m, 18.05.1999. The specimen is deposited in the collection of the Zoological Museum of the Gazi University (ZMGU), Ankara, Turkey. Etymology: The species is named in honor of Zerrin Hasbenli, my wife. Habitat: The described specimen was collected at 18:00. The collection site is located at the bottom of a valley containing slopes covered with maquis (Quer- cus coccifera, Genista acanthoclada, Spartium junceum, Ceratonia siliqua, Arbutus andrachne, Phillyrea latifolia, Cistus creticus) and sparse pines (Pinus brutia). Occasional olive trees (Olea europea) are present on the sides of the dry riverbed located in the floor of the valley. The specimen collection site is 1 km to Alakir damlake. Table 1. Diagnostic characters of Palaearctic species of Thevenetimyia. J serrinae nap. | ia | Te guedenfl enath (nm 13-16 as long as eyes width 2/3 of eye width 2/3 of eye width black hairs black hairs predominantly white occiput yellow hairs orange or reddish-orange | brown hairs hairs lateral sides of yellow hairs orange or reddish-orange | golden blonde the abdomen hairs es Peoxae | black | black ‘| black thorns on prescutum present absent absent Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 =) Figs. 1-3: Thevenetimyia zerrinae sp. n. 1. dorsal view; 2. lateral view; 3. wing. 14 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS wu €°0 ww €°0 ui €°0 UI €°0 7 Figs. 4-7: Thevenetimyia zerrinae sp.n. 4. Dorsal view of male genitalia. 5. Venral view of male genitalia. 6. Lateral view of male genitalia. 7. Aedeagus. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by TUBITAK (TBAG-1709). I thank the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for their financial support. LITERATURE CITED Engel, E. O. 1932. 25. Bombyliidae. /n, Lindner, E. (Editor). Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region 4(3): 49-96. Hall, J. C. 1969. A review of the subfamily Cylleniinae with a world revision of the genus Thevenemyia Bigot (Eclimus auct.) (Diptera: Bombyliidae). University of California Publications in Entomology 56:1- 85. Evenhuis, N. L. and D. J. Greathead. 1999. World catalog of bee flies (Diptera: Bombyliidae). Backhuys Publishers. Leiden, The Netherlands. XIVIII + 756 pp. Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 TWO NEW SPECIES TRISSOPELOPIA KIEFFER FROM CHINA, WITH EMENDATION OF THE GENERIC DIAGNOSIS AND A KEY TO THE ADULT MALE TRISSOPELOPIA OF THE WORLD (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE: TANYPODINAE)' Ming Cheng’ and Xinhua Wang’ ABSTRACT: The genus 7rissopelopia is recorded for the first time from the Oriental region. Trisso- pelopia dimorpha sp. n. and T. lanceolata sp. n. are described from male imagines. A key to adult males of the genus of the world is presented. The generic diagnosis is emended. KEYWORDS: Diptera, Chironomidae, Tanypodinae, 7rissopelopia, new species, key, China The Pentaneurini genus T7rissopelopia was established by Kieffer in 1922. The type species is 7: flavida Kieffer. The adult males are separated by the following combined characters: scutal tubercle absent; tibial spurs comblike; outer spur of hind leg much smaller than inner spur; tibial comb of leg III absent or indistinct, pulvilli present; tergite IX without a row of setae; palp segment 2 with a distal group of strong dark setae; gonocoxite robust, 2X as long as broad; gonostylus slender, curved, about 2/3 as long as gonocoxite; inferior volsella absent. To date, five species have been recorded in the world: 3 Palaearctic (Fittkau 1962, Sasa, Kawai and Ueno 1988, Sasa 1995, 1998), 1 Nearctic (Roback 1971) and 1 Afrotropical (Harrison 1978). According to Wang (2000), only the larva of T. longimana (Staeger) has been recorded from North China. In this paper we describe two new species from China and emend the generic diagnosis by Mur- ray and Fittkau (1989). METHODS The morphological nomenclature follows Szther (1980). Wing length was measured from arculus to wing tip. The material examined was mounted on slides following the procedure outlined by Szther (1969). Measurements are giv- en as ranges followed by the arithmetic mean, when there are three or more measurements, often followed by the number measured (n) in parentheses. LR represents leg ratio, calculated as the length of tarsus | / length of tibia 1. All the types described in this paper are deposited in the Department of Biology, Nankai University, China (BDN). SYSTEMATIC REMARKS Based on the description of the new species from China, the generic diagno- sis of Trissopelopia given by Murray and Fittkau (1989) should be emended as "Received on September 22, 2004. Accepted on December 1, 2004. > College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China. E-mails: (MC) lifel0@ eyou.com; (XW, Corresponding Author): xhwang@nankai.edu.cn. Mailed on March 31, 2005 16 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS follows: Wing length 2.23-4.00 mm (2.23 mm in T. dimorpha sp. n.). Antennal ratio 0.45-2.50 (0.45-0.77 in T: dimorpha sp. n.). Tarsomere | on fore leg with (7: lanceolata sp.n.) or without large sensilla chaetica. The male antenna with 11, 12 (Z. dimorpha sp.n.) or14 flagellomeres. Previously, the genus was known from the Palaearctic, Nearctic, and Afrotropical regions. The new records from China establish its presence in the Oriental region. There are undescribed species in the Neotropical region. DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES Trissopelopia dimorpha sp. n. (Figs. 1-6) nec Trissopelopia longimana (Staeger), Wang 2000: 633. Type Data: Holotype male (BDN No.12555), CHINA: Sichuan Province, Ya’an City, Zhougong River, 18. VI. 1996, light trap, X. Wang. 2 Paratype: 1 male (BDN No.12580), same as holotype; 1 male (BDN No.10200), Henan Pro- vince, Luanchuan County, Longyuwan, 10. VII. 1996, 1000m, light trap, J. Li. Etymology. Named for the distinctive antenna of the male. Male imago (n=3) Dimensions. Total length 3.10-3.28, 3.15 mm. Wing length 2.23-2.58, 2.45 mm. Total length/wing length 1.20-1.39, 1.29. Wing length/ length of profemur BVOLN 5 Zl Coloration. Head brown. Thorax brown with darker vittae and anterior anepis- ternum II (Fig. 1); halter yellow. Ground color of abdomen pale yellow, tergites II-VII each with a brown rounded mark in the middle and tergites II-V with addi- tional dark stripe along lateral margins; tergite VIII entirely brown (Fig. 2). Fore legs dark brown, mid and hind legs brown. Head. Antenna (Fig. 3) with 11 or 12 flagellomeres. The setae of the antennal flagellum are reduced in number. Two specimens (no. 12555 and no. 10200) with 11 flagellomeres (Fig. 3a), the 10th flagellomere is longest, the length of flagel- lomere (10th) / flagellomere (11th) = 0.34-0.74 (53 mm / 157 wm-113 pm / 157 um), AR 0.45-0.46. On the specimen (no.12580) with 12 flagellomeres (Fig. 3b), the 11th flagellomere is longest, the length of flagellomere (11th) / flagellomere (12th) = 2.36 (295 um/ 125 um), AR 0.77. Temporal setae 12-15, 13; including 9-10, 10 verticals and 3-5, 4 postorbitals. Clypeus with 21-26, 23 setae. Tentorium 164-175, 168 um long, 49-60, 55 um wide. 3rd palpomere with dis- tal tuft of 9-12, 11 strong setae. Palpomere 1-5 lengths (um): 62-72, 66; 65-110, 92; 155-180, 170; 215-240, 227; 325-400, 355. Wings (Fig. 4). Wing thickly covered with numerous macrotrichia and without dark marks. VR 0.78-0.80, 0.79. Costal extension 40-50, 43.3 mm long. Brachiolum with 2-3, 2 long setae. Squama with 21-24, 23 setae. Anal lobe even- ly rounded. Thorax. Antepronotal setae 3-4, 3. Dorsocentrals 19-24, 22; acrostichals 16- 17, 17; prealars 6-7, 7; Scutellars 6-11, 8. Scutal tubercle absent. Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 17 Legs. Tibial spurs comblike. Spur on fore tibiae with 3-5, 4 teeth, the main tooth 15-20, 16.7 um long, equal to the lateral teeth. Middle and hind tibia each with two short and broad terminal spurs. One spur of mid tibia with 6-7, 6 teeth, the main tooth 33-37, 35 um long, slightly longer than the lateral teeth; the other spur with 8-9, 8 teeth, the main tooth 23-30, 25.3 um long, equal to the lateral teeth. Spur on posterior tibia with 4-6, 5 teeth, the main tooth 20-25, 23 um long and slightly longer than the lateral teeth, the other spur s with 7-8, 8 teeth, the main tooth 18-28, 22 um long equal to the lateral teeth (Fig. 5). Tibial comb indistinct on hind leg. Claw slender, distally pointed and weakly curved Pulvilli present. Length (um) and proportions of legs (fore tarsi of specimen No. 10200 were lost) as in Table 1. Table 1. Range of lengths (um) and proportions of legs of T. dimorpha sp. n. Because we got the same measurements, LR in pl and p3 of T. dimorpha sp. n have no variation. fe tl ta, ta, ta; tay tas LR P} 1025-1250 1500-1875 1250-1325 750-82 525-550 340-360 120-130 0.71 1167 1708 1) 1100-1325 1450-1625 950-1100 375-475 250-350 175-225 100-125 0.66-0.69 1242 1558 1050 433 308 208 117 068 P3 1000-1200 1650-1875 1175-1325 525-775 425-525 275-350 100-140 0.71 1125 1750 1242 692 492 310 125 Hypopygium (Fig. 6). Tergite [IX without a row of setae. Anal point broad and blunt. Phallapodeme 55-72, 65 mm long. Anterior of sternapodeme pointed, 8- 10, 9 um in width. Gonocoxite 145-190, 168 um long. Length of gonocoxite/ width of gonocoxite=1.7-1.9, 1.8.Gonostylus 95-100, 97 mm long, simple and slightly curved, basal portion 35-45, 41 um wide. Without inferior volsella. Distribution: The species has been found in both Oriental (southern Sichuan Province) and Palaearctic China (northern Henan Province). The specimen were collected by light trap from the side of Zhougong River, a mesotrophic running river in Sichuan Province and the side of a small brook in a subtropical moun- tain area in Henan Province. Remarks: According to Wang (2000), one male was found in Henan Province and treated as 7: lJongimana (Staeger). When reexamining the specimen, the authors found it was incorrectly identified. Together with specimens from Sichuan Province we determined them to be a species new to science. The new species differs from all known species of Trissopelopia by the characteristic color pattern on the male abdomen (Fig. 2) and femalelike antenna with 11 or 12 flagellomeres, the setae of the antennal flagellum are reduced in number, and low antennal ratio. Although there is variation in the number and shape of flagellom- eres, most of the other characters are identical. Therefore, we treat this as indi- vidual variation within the species. Females, pupa, and larva unknown. 18 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 3a 3b 6 Figs. 1-6. Trissopelopia dimorpha sp.n. male imago. 1. Thorax. 2. Abdomen. 3a Antenna. (BDN No.12555). 3b Antenna (BDN No.12580). 4. Wing. 5. Tibial spur on hind leg. 6. Hypopygium. Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 19 Trissopelopia lanceolata sp. n. (Figs. 7-14) Type Data: Holotype male (BDN No. 09240), CHINA: Shannxi Province, Ningshan County, Huoditang, 14. VIII. 1994, sweep net, B. Ji. Paratype: 1 male (BDN No. 12571), Sichuan Province, Ya’an City, Zhougong River, 18. VI. 1996, light trap, X. Wang. Etymology: Named for the lanceolate sensilla chaetica on the fore legs, which is unique to the genus. Male imago (n=2) Dimensions. Total length 4.15-4.35 mm. Wing length 2.70-2.73 mm. Total length/wing length 1.54-1.60. Wing length/ length of profemur 2.14-2.20. Coloration: Head brown. Thorax (Fig. 7) brown with pale vittae and postno- tum; anterior anepisternum II and preepisternum with dark marks; halter yellow. Abdomen tergite I pale yellow; tergite II-V pale yellow with broad brown basal bands; tergite VI-VIII largely brown (Fig. 8); hypopygium yellowish. Fore legs dark brown, mid and hind legs brown. Head. Antenna (Fig. 9) with 14 flagellomeres, flagellomere 13 much longer than flagellomere 14, flagellomere (13th)/flagellomere (14th)=3.25-3.30 (780 um /240 um -760 um /230 um ), terminal flagellomere with numerous sensory setae on distal half. AR 1.94-2.06. Temporal setae 14-15; including 10 verticals and 5 postorbitals. Clypeus with 22-24 setae. Tentortum 200-212 um long, 78- 85 um wide. 3rd palpomere with distal tuft of 9-12 strong setae. Palpomere 1-5 lengths (mm):55-70; 105-120; 155-190; 215-255; 350-390. Wings (Fig. 10). Membrane with numerous macrotrichia in all cells and with- out pigment marks. VR 0.79-0.87. Costal extension 40 mm long. Brachiolum with 2 long setae. Squama with 28-31 setae. Anal lobe slightly protruding. Thorax Antepronotum with 3-5 setae. Dorsocentrals 18-20; acrostichals 19- 20; prealars 6-7; Scutellum with 8-11 setae. Scutal tubercle absent Table 2. Lengths (um) and proportions of legs of T. Janceolata sp. n. fe ti ta, ta, ta tay tas LR Lee 1225-1275 1900-1975 1150-115 725-75 550-57 400-42 125-12 0.58-0.61 0 0 5 5 5 P», 1350-1375 1725-1800 =1175-120 375-40 325-32 225-22 110-10 0.67-0.68 0, 0 5 >) 0 P3 1250-1300 1925-2225 1425-150 775-85 525-55 325-35 125-12 0.67-0.74 0 0 0 0 5 Legs. Tibial spurs comblike. Spur on fore tibia with 4-5 teeth, the main tooth 15-20 um long, equal to the lateral teeth. Middle and hind tibia each with two short and broad terminal spurs. One spur on mid with 5-10 teeth, the main tooth 20 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 43-45 um long and slightly longer than the lateral teeth; the other spur with 10 teeth, the main tooth 20-23 um long, equal to the lateral teeth. Spur on posterior tibia with 5-6 teeth, the main tooth 23-30 um long and slightly longer than the lateral teeth, the other spur with 7 teeth, the main tooth 20 um long, equal to the lateral teeth (Fig. 11). Tarsomere I of front legs with six large lanceolate sensilla chaetica (Figs. 12-13). Tibial comb indistinct on hind leg. Claws are pointed api- cally and weakly curved. Pulvilli present. Lengths (um) and proportions of legs as in Table 2. Hypopygium (Fig. 14). Tergite [X without a row of setae. Anal point blunt and short. Phallapodeme 60-63.m long. Anterior of sternapodeme pointed, 8 um in width. Gonocoxite 175-180 um long; length of gonocoxite/width of gonocoxite = ].71-1.75; with strongly setose basomedial area; without inferior volsella. Gonostylus 110-115 um long, simple and slightly curved, basal portion 45 um wide. | Distribution: The specimen were collected from a subtropical mountain area by sweeping net in Shannxi Province and at riverside by light trap in Sichuan Province. Remarks: The present new species resembles 7: oyabetrispinosa Sasa, Kawai and Ueno (1988) from Japan and T Jongimana (Stager) from the Palaearctic as figured by Sasa (1990:165) in abdomen coloration, but can be separated from them and other members in the genus by having 6 large lanceolate sensilla chaet- ica on tarsomere I of the fore legs. KEY TO ADULT MALES OF THE GENUS TRISSOPELOPIA OF THE WORLD 1. Tarsomere I of fore legs with six large lanceolate sensilla chaetica; Oriental (GINA) csr osersceecacecceseratie ns eceee aenetee ene nee mee ne nee T: lanceolata sp. n. Tarsomere lof tore) legs without 'sensilllayehaeticaeresese pessoa eee eee eee 2) 2. Antenna with 11 or 12 flagellomeres, AR<1.0; Palaearctic and Oriental (GMINA) Sere cecece tee tee eee T. dimorpha sp. n. Antenna with 14 flagellomeres, AR > )-S\xcceecescesre eee 3 3. Hind tibia comb with three comb setae; Japan.......... T. oyabetrispinosa Sasa lind tibia without comb Setacsc. cee eee + 4. Middle Ta2 < Ta3, LRI College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002 China. E-mails: (XCY) yxch@ mail.hbu.edu.cn, (WQW) wwqya@yahoo.com.cn. > College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China. E-mail (XCY) yxch@sdau.edu.cn. *College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000 China. E-mail (WQW) wwqya@ yahoo.com.cn. Mailed on March 31, 2005 24 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ah aoa rH Z\ Y ie Li é o) ~ Ry a _ f} XY conf AY 6 z 5 100 Fig. 1. Distribution of species in the genus Compsorhipis Saussure. HC. angustilinearis Huo and Zheng, ®@C. bryodemoides Bei-Bienko, @C. cyanitibia Zheng et Gong, AC. davidiana (Saussure), *C. longicornis new species, © C. nigritibia Zheng, WC. orien- talis Chogsomzhav. Compsorhipis longicornis, NEW SPECIES (Figs. 2 A-B) Diagnosis. This new species is similar to Compsorhipis cyanitibia Zheng and Gong, 2003. The major differences distinguishing these two species are listed on Table 1. Type Data. Holotype: male, paratypes: 4 males, 2 females, Yiwu, Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region, China (43°12’N, 94°36’E), 1700-2000m, 14 Aug. 2003, collected by Wen-qiang Wang and Xin-jiang Li. Etymology. The species name is derived from Latin /ongi- (long) and cornis (antenna) meaning this new species with longer antennae. Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 25 Table 1 Comparison of characters of two species of the genus Compsorhipis. Compsorhipis cyanitibia Zheng Compsorhipis longicornis, new and Gong species Length of a middle segment of Length of a middle segment of antennae |.5-2.0 times its width (male) antennae 2.4-2.6 times its width (male) Maximum width of cubital area Maximum width of cubital area 1.5 (male) or 2.0 (female) times 2.2 (male) or 1.4 (female) times the width of medial area the width of medial area Basal part of hind wings dark red Basal part of hind wings purplish red Width of elytra about equal to Width of elytra 1.4 times larger maximum width of transparent than maximum width of transparent band of hind wings (female) band of hind wings (female) Length of hind femur 5.3 times Length of hind femur 4.2-4.5 its width (male) times its width (male) Hind tibiae totally dark blue Hind tibiae blue in terminal part, rest yellowish brown Description. Male. (Fig. 2-A) Body slender, medium sized, ventrally and legs with dense thin and long hairs. Head short. Frons almost vertical, form obtuse angle with vertex; frontal ridge broad, with longitudinal sulcus obviously, lateral margins slightly narrow below median ocellus, visibly not reaching to clypeus downward. Vertex short and broad, rather flat, its lateral margins distinct. Lateral foveola absent. Antennae filiform, thin and long, the length 1.5 times head and pronotum together, length of a middle segment 2.4-2.6 times its width (Fig. 2-A-1). Eyes oval, longitudinal diameter 1.2 times its horizontal diameter, and 1.1 times subocular sulcus. Interocular distance 1.6-1.7 times width of frontal ridge between antennae. Pronotum contracted in prozona, cylindrical; metazona widened, flat, shoulder shaped outer sides; anterior margin faintly obtuse angular, posterior margin angular projected in the middle; median keel of pronotum thin, absent between transversal sulci; length of metazona 1.8-1.9 times that of prozona; lateral keels absent. Lateral lobe of pronotum rectangular, lateral margins parallel, anterior ventral part right-angular and posterior ventral part rounded. Prosternum appreciably swelled. Width of mesosternal lobes larger than the length, interspace wide, its width larger than that of lobes. Metasternal lobes separated widely. Elytra developed, extending to end of hind tibiae, apices round, length 3.8-4.0 times width; Intercalary vein in medial area slight- ly curved, relatively closer to median vein rather than to anterior cubital vein; Maximum width of cubital area 2.2 times the width of medial area (Fig. 2-A-3). Hind wings slightly shorter than elytra, main longitudinal veins of hindwings slightly thickened; middle part with a broad and black fascia, its width 1.6-2 times width of elytra. Width of second anal lobe 1.5-1.8 times width of third anal lobe, 2A, vein thicker, 2A , vein thinner and paralleled with 2A, vein. Length of hind femur 4.2-4.5 times its width, median keel of upper side smooth (Fig. 2-A-2). Apex of lower kneelobes angled. Outer side of hind tibia with 12-13 spines, inner side with 14-15 spines, outer apical spine absent. Arolium between claws small, not reach to the half of claws. Tympanum organ developed, aperture approxi- mately rounded; Tympanic flap small, covered less than 1/3 of tympanal aperture. Anal plate trian- gular, with transversal ridge in the middle. Cerci long cone-shaped, extending to the apex of epiproct. Subgenital plate brevi-conic, apex blunt. 26 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Fig. 2. Photographs of Compsorhipis longicornis, new species. A. Dorsal view of male. B. Dorsal view of female. 1. Partial enlarged image of the antenna; 2. Lateral view of the hind leg; 3. Partial enlarged image of the elytron; 4. Partial enlarged image of the elytron. Female (Fig. 2-B). Body more sturdy than male. Length of a middle segment of antennae 2.3 times width. Length of elytra 4.2 times width, maximum width of cubital area 1.4 times width of medial area (Fig. 2-B-4). Width of second anal lobe of hind wings 1.6 times width of third anal lobe; Width of black fascia of hind wings larger than 2 times of width of elytra. Length of hind femur 3.8 times its width. Ovipositor short and thick, without blunt teeth. Length of subgenital plate larger than width, posterior margin slightly projected in the middle. Others same as male. Coloration. Body fuscous. Antennae yellow and brown alternated. Basal quarter of elytra dark brown, rest part semitransparent and scatter with some dark speckles mainly in anterior and posteri- or margins. Hind wings purplish red in basal part, transversal vein within it black; near apical part with a wide transparent band, extending backward to the fourth anal lobe; apical part with two black speckles; Width of elytra 1.4 times larger than the maximum width of transparent band of hind wings (Fig.2). Hind femur with two indistinctly darker fascia in outer side and with a yellow ring near knees, inner and lower sides black; knees black. Hind tibiae blue in terminal part, the others yellow- ish brown (Fig. 2-A-2). Tarsi yellow. Measurements. (mm). length of body: male 29.6-30.0, female 36.0-48.0; length of pronotum: male 6.1-6.3, female 7.3-8.4; length of elytra: male 30.0-31.3, female 35.5-39.8; length of hind femur: male 12.3-13.1, female 15.2-16.7. —" Oo Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 py, KEY TO KNOWN SPECIES OF COMPSORHIPIS SAUSSURE . Tegmina with regular cross veins in costal area, especially in male ............. 2 Tegmina with irregular cross veins in costal area, even in male ................... 3 . Antennae relatively thick and short, length of a middle segment 3 times (not MEomMeC MEIGS) MCS WAC Uno, CTA, TOG. .6... 2425.0. ss.sonwsesooeqcinnssorcstesseseeceeseavaceeeeeee Rete Fretted eters dace! Compsorhipis orientalis Chogsomzhav, 1989 Antennae relatively thin and long, length of a middle segment 4-5 times its width. Hind tibia pale yellow or slightly luteous....0.........ccc cece ccceeeeeeeeeeeeee eo acai asbderedssoneeo Compsorhipis bryodemoides Bei-Bienko, 1932 . Male’s hind tibia black, with a white ring near the basal part. In female, the basal and middle part of hind tibia black, apical and near the basal part white ere 18. i dalnciluu dats hdeatesiba Compsorhipis nigritibia Zheng et Ma, 1995 Male’s hind tibia not black, without a white ring near the basal part ........... 4 Hind tibia orange red, with a dark speckle in the middle part ...............0..0... 5 Hind tibia wholly blue or blue in terminal part, without a dark speckle in the RBS CMU fn es deed aes tnaee cite. nd 8d eo Uda ecahdhige, onbtished ase: 6 . Transparent band of hind wing wider, the width slightly narrower than that of elytron. Basal part of hind wing rose red in larger scope, width of second anal lobe of hind wing not longer than that of 1.5 times of third anal lobe. Hind tlic ORANGES Ted 1.2): 2.082 sachs Compsorhipis davidiana (Saussure, 1888) Transparent band of hind wing narrower, width of elytron larger than that of transparent band of hind wing about 2.6-3.25 times (male) or 2.25 times (female). Besal part of hind wing dark red in smaller scope, width of the sec- ond anal lobe of hind wing 1.5 times larger than that of the third anal lobe. hinmeenloianyellowish with Sli@hthy TE | 22. .ccces.-..c2-en0cccseanccesoeontseeenrcsesssereoeoeares NP ce csckidstvvnnnoneitaces Compsorhipis angustilinearis Huo et Zheng, 1993 . Antennae shorter, length of a middle segment is smaller than 2 times of its width. Width of elytron about equal to the maximum width of transparent band of hind wing in female. Maximum width of cubital area 1.5 (male) or 2.0 (female) times the width of medial area. Basal part of hind wing dark red. Length of hind femur 5.3 times its width in male. Hind tibia wholly dark blue ORR i ts seca ness aetlnsacn Compsorhipis cyanitibia Zheng et Gong, 2003 Antennae longer, length of a middle segment larger than 2.4 times of its width. Width of elytron larger than 1.4 times of the maximum width of transparent band in hind wing of female. Maximum width of cubital area 2.2 (male) or 1.4 (female) times the width of medial area. Basal part of hind wing purplish red. Length of hind femur 4.2-4.5 times its width in male. Hind tibia blue in ter- MAMA aD ATLMOLMEES Wel lOwvASM OO WM er. 22...c0.50-cecesecn-cesentenncenenesacrcesatvesceesovsenscorese 28 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are very grateful to Xin-jiang Li (College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, China) for assisting in collecting specimens. This study funded by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (No. 30130040). LITERATURE CITED Bei-Bienko, G. Y. 1932. Notes on the genus Compsorhipis Sauss. (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Stylops: A Journal of Taxonomic Entomology 1: 82-84. Bei-Bienko, G. Y. and L. L. Mishchenko. 1963. pp. 252-253 Jn, Locusts and Grasshoppers of the U.S.S.R. and Adjacent Countries [In English, Translated from Russian]. Part II. Israel Program for Scientific Translations. Jerusalem, Israel. 291 pp. Chogsomzhav, H. 1989. Composition and distribution of fauna of the Orthopteroidea in the Mon- golian People’s Republic (in Russian). Nasekomye Mongolii 10: 84-96. Huo, K, K. and Z. M. Zheng. 1993. Two new species of grasshoppers from Nei Mongol Autono- mous Region (Orthoptera: Oedipodidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 18(2): 188-192. Li, H. C., Y. Ma, Z. R. Zhang, X. W. Pan, and A. S. Ma. 1990. Studies on the composition of Acri- doidea fauna and its regional distribution in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia) Autonomous Region. Entomotaxonomia 12(3-4): 171-193. Saussure, H. D. 1888. Addimenta ad Prodromum Oedipodiorum, Insectorum ex Ordine Orthop- terorum. Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d’Histoire naturelle de Geneve 30(1): 22, 66. Saussure, H. D. 1889. Note sur quelques Oedipodiens, en Particulier sur les genres appartenant au type des Sphingonotus. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen entomologischen Gesellschaft 8: 87- oie Yin X. C., J. P. Shi, and Z. Yin. 1996. A synonymic catalogue of grasshoppers and their allies of the world (Orthoptera: Caelifera). China Forestry Publishing House. Beijing, China. 186 pp. Zheng, Z. M. 1993. pp. 191, 227-228. In, Acritaxonomy. Shaanxi Normal University Press, X1’an. 442 pp. Zheng, Z. M. and Y. X. Gong. 2003. Three new species of Oedipodidae from Xinjiang (Orthoptera, Acridoidea). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 28(2): 258-262. Zheng, Z. M. and S. L. Ma. 1995. New species of grasshoppers from Gansu Province (Orthoptera, Acridoidea). Acta Entomologica Sinica 38(1): 67-71. Zheng, Z. M. and K. L. Xia. 1998. pp. 81, 162-166, 557, 561. Jn, Fauna Sinica, Insecta. Volume 10. Orthoptera, Acridoidea: Oedipodidae and Arcypteridae. Science Press. Beijing, China. 616 pp. Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 29 AN UPDATED LIST OF THE STONEFLIES (PLECOPTERA) OF NEW MEXICO, U.S.A.' Gerald Z. Jacobi,’ Steven J. Cary,’ and Richard W. Baumann‘ ABSTRACT: An updated checklist is presented for the 72 species now known to occur in New Mexico, U.S.A. Distributional data are given for 13 species of stoneflies which are reported from New Mexico for the first time. KEY WORDS: Plecoptera, stoneflies, New Mexico, U.S.A., new records In a checklist of intermountain stoneflies, Gaufin (1964) acknowledged 29 species as occurring in New Mexico. With the addition of new species and new state records, the list grew to 42 species (Stewart et al., 1974). Stark et al. (1975) reported 46 species citing current distribution records for eight new state records and others mentioned by Stewart et al. (1974), while in a later systematic, geo- graphic and taxonomic treatment, Baumann et al. (1977) recognized only 44 species. Stark et al. (1986) and Stewart and Stark (2002) have since reported 54 and 58 species, respectively, from New Mexico. Websites (Kondratieff and Bau- mann, 2000 and Stark, 2001) listed state or county records for 59 species each. The objective of this report was to synthesize previous lists, unpublished records, recent descriptions of new species and additional distributional and eco- logical data (Jacobi and Baumann, 1983; Baumann and Jacobi, 1984, 2002; Jacobi and Cary, 1986, 1996; Stanger and Baumann, 1993; Garn and Jacobi, 1996; Jacobi and Jacobi, 1998; Jacobi et al., 1998; and Zamora, 2002). STUDY AREA New Mexico is the fifth largest state in the U.S., and one of the most physio- graphically diverse. The topography and hydrologic regimes provide a variety of flowing water for Plecoptera, ranging in size from major rivers to small tempo- rary or permanent streams. Land surface elevations range from ca. 1050m in the southeast to ca. 4550m in north central New Mexico at the southern terminus of the Rocky Mountains. For a detailed description of the topography and hydrolo- gy see McCafferty et al. (1997). RESULTS We herein list and report unpublished collection records for 13 species new to New Mexico. The most recent addition to the New Mexico list is a recently described new species Capnia caryi (Baumann and Jacobi, 2002) found in the "Received on July 14, 2004. Accepted on October 25, 2004. > 2314 Calle Colibri, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 U.S.A. E-mail: drsjacobi@cybermesa. com. >New Mexico State Parks, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87502 U.S.A. E-mail: SCary@state.nm.us. *Department of Integrative Biology, Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young Univer- sity, Provo, Utah 84602 U.S.A. E-mail: richard _baumann@byu.edu. Mailed on March 31, 2005 30 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS headwaters of the Gila River in southwestern New Mexico. We have listed Acroneuria abnormis (Newman) as new because the complete collection record was lacking when it was first mentioned as occurring in New Mexico (Baumann and Jacobi, 1984). Additional collection records of this species are also provided. Our list includes [soperla jewetti Szczytko and Stewart (1979). Nymphs were collected from one of the few remaining cobble substrata in the Rio Grande upstream of Radium Springs in southern New Mexico in 1978 and 1980. Since then numerous searches have failed to produce nymphs or adults in this highly regulated river downstream from concentrated agriculture in the Hatch Valley. The type specimens, collected by J. A. and H. H. Ross in 1939, were from a locality approximately 80 km downstream near El Paso, Texas. This population may have been extirpated due to heavy use of pesticides (Szczytko and Stewart, 1979), but more survey work is needed. Our list does not include Neoperla clymene (Newman). A 1966 collection of this species listed in Stark et al. (1975) and Baumann et al. (1977) was recorded as “Santa Fe Co: 12 miles east of Santa Fe.” The specimen, at Brigham Young University, was subsequently identified by B. P. Stark in 1990 as being Neoperla robisoni Poulton and Stewart (1991), which had been found in Arkansas. We do not include this species because the collection location is vague and there have been no subsequent reports, despite much collecting in the mountains east of Santa Fe. Also, see the discussion in DeWalt et al. (2002) regarding the validity of this New Mexico record. The following are the 13 new state records with collection information: Amphinemura banksi Baumann and Gaufin. - COLFAX Co., Soda Pocket Creek, Sugarite Can- yon State Park, 2350 m, 23 VI 2001, S. J. Cary, 3 females. LOS ALAMOS Co., Canyon de Valle, near Burning Ground Spring, 2256 m, 31 VIII 1995, R. Ford-Schmid, 1 female. MORA Co., Manueles Creek, at county line culvert, 2835 m., 22 VIII 1980, G. Z. Jacobi, 5 males, 4 females. SAN MIGUEL Co., Johns Creek, Mosimann Ranch (Lovelady Trust), Sangre de Cristo Mountains, 3 VIII 1963, G. E. and K. E. Ball, 1 male. Malenka californica (Claassen). -SANDOVAL Co., Jemez River, prob. at Battleship Rock Park, 2050 m, 25 X 1975, B. A. Bowman, | male. Zapada oregonensis (Claassen). - SANTA FE Co., N. Fork Big Tesuque Creek, at Big Tesuque Campground, 23 V 1991, 2940 m, C. R. Nelson, 1 male, 4 females. TAOS Co., East Fork of the Red River, at boundary of Wheeler Peak Wilderness, 9 VI 1974, 3399 m, B. P. Stark and T. A. Wolff, 3 males, 4 females. Bolshecapnia milami (Nebeker and Gaufin). - TAOS Co., Rio Hondo, above Twining STP, 2850 m, 26 III 1988, G. Z. Jacobi, 1 male. Capnia uintahi Gaufin. - CATRON Co., Little Turkey Creek, forest trail 151, 2425 m, 22 II 1999, G. Z. Jacobi and S. J. Cary, 8 males, 2 females; Gilita Creek, upstream from Willow Creek, 2400 m, 22 II 1999, G. Z. Jacobi and S. J. Cary, 6 males, 2 females. Isocapnia crinita (Needham and Claassen). - COLFAX Co., Vermejo River, 23 IV 1986, R. W. Baumann and B. C. Kondratieff, 3 males, 7 females; Vermejo River, 2220 m; same location, 17 IV 1999, G. Z. Jacobi and S. J. Cary, 2 females. Paraleuctra jewetti Nebeker and Gaufin. - SANTA FE Co., N. Fork Big Tesuque Creek, at Big Tesuque Campground, 21 V 1991, 2940 m, C. R. Nelson, 1 male, 1 female. ; Isogenoides colubrinus (Hagen). — SAN JUAN Co., Animas River at Aztec, Highway 550 Crossing at 20th Street, 1630 m, 11 V 2002, S. J. Cary, 1 female. Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 31 Isoperla jewetti Szezytko and Stewart. - DONA ANA Co., Rio Grande upstream from Radium Springs, 1210 m, 11 II 1978, J. Anderson, 1 nymph; same location, 11 IV 1980, G. Z. Jacobi. 5 nymphs. Perlesta decipiens (Walsh). - SOCORRO Co., Rio Grande, access road off Hwy | at Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, 2 VII 1995, B. Kondratieff, 2 males, 3 females. Acroneuria abnormis (Newman). -GUADALUPE Co., Pecos River at Tecolotito, 1615 m, 31 II] 1979, G. Z. Jacobi, 1 nymph. SAN MIGUEL Co., Pecos River at Highway 63 bridge above the vil- lage of Pecos, 2110 m, 7 IV 1980, G. Z. Jacobi, 1 female; Pecos River at Terrero Store, 2340 m, 22 V 1988, G. Z. Jacobi, 1 nymph; Pecos River upstream from I-25 bridge, 1880 m, 9 IX 1997, D. L. Zamora, | nymph. TAOS Co., Rio Grande at Chiflo Campground and USGS Gage, 6 XI 1979, G. Z. Jacobi, 1 nymph. Alloperla pilosa Needham and Claassen. LINCOLN Co., Sierra Blanca Creek (N. Fork tributary to N. Fork Rio Ruidoso), 3020 m, 11 VIII 1993, G. Z. Jacobi and M. W. Sanderson, 2 males, 1 female; S. F. Rio Bonito, 2590 m, 10 VI 2002, S. J. Cary 2 males, 2 females; North Fork Rio Ruidoso, Ski Apache, 15 VIII 2001, S. M. Clark, 2 males. The New Mexico specimens do not have a dorsal abdominal stripe like the Colorado specimens, but SEM studies of the male epiproct show that they belong to the same species. Suwallia starki Alexander and Stewart. - LINCOLN Co., North Fork Rio Ruidoso, Ski Apache, 15 VIII 2001, S. M. Clark, 52 males, 24 females.SAN MIGUEL Co., Dalton Creek upstream from the junction with the Pecos River, 2206 m, 8 VI 1997, D. L. Zamora, 1 female. TAOS Co., Policarpio Canyon, (T22N, R13E, Sec. 16), 13 IX 1965, R. G. Jones, 2775 m, 3 females. The following is our updated checklist of Plecoptera found in New Mexico; new state records are marked with.* Family Nemouridae *Amphinemura banksi Baumann and Gaufin Prostoia besametsa (Ricker) A. mogollonica Baumann and Gaufin Zapada cinctipes (Banks) *Malenka californica (Claassen) Z. frigida (Claassen) M. coloradensis (Banks) Z. haysi (Ricker) M. flexura (Claassen) *Z. oregonensis (Claassen) Podmosta delicatula (Claassen) Family Taeniopterygidae Doddsia occidentalis (Needham and Claassen) _T. pallidum (Banks) Taenionema jacobii Stanger and Baumann Taeniopteryx parvula Banks T. pacificum (Banks) Family Capniidae *Bolshecapnia milami (Nebeker and Gaufin) C. wanica Frison Capnia californica (Claassen) Eucapnopsis brevicauda (Claassen) C. caryi Baumann and Jacobi *Tsocapnia crinita (Needham and Claassen) C. coloradensis Claassen I. vedderensis (Ricker) C. confusa Claassen Mesocapnia arizonensis (Baumann and Gaufin) C. decepta (Banks) M. frisoni (Baumann and Gaufin) C. gracilaria Claassen M. werneri (Baumann and Gaufin) *C. uintahi Gaufin Utacapnia logana (Nebeker and Gaufin) C. vernalis Newport U. poda (Nebeker and Gaufin) Capnura fibula Claassen 32 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Family Leuctridae *Paraleuctra jewetti Nebeker and Gaufin P. vershina Gaufin and Ricker P. occidentalis (Banks) Perlomyia utahensis Needham and Claassen P. projecta (Frison) Family Pteronarcyidae Pteronarcella badia (Hagen) Pteronarcys californica Newport Family Perlodidae Cultus aestivalis (Needham and Claassen) I. mormona Banks Diura knowltoni (Frison) I. phalerata (Smith) *Tsogenoides colubrinus (Hagen) I. quinquepunctata (Banks) I. elongatus (Hagen) I. sobria (Hagen) I. zionensis (Hanson) Kogotus modestus (Banks) Tsoperla fulva Claassen Megarcys signata (Hagen) *T. jewetti Szczytko and Stewart Skwala americana (Klapalek) I. longiseta Banks Family Perlidae *4Acroneuria abnormis (Newman) Hesperoperla pacifica (Banks) Claassenia sabulosa (Banks) *Perlesta decipiens (Walsh) Family Chloroperlidae *Alloperla pilosa Needham and Claassen S. coloradensis (Banks) Paraperla frontalis (Banks) S. hondo Baumann and Jacobi Plumiperla diversa (Frison) S. lamba (Needham and Claassen) Suwallia pallidula (Banks) Triznaka pintada (Ricker) *S. starki Alexander and Stewart T. signata (Banks) Sweltsa borealis (Banks) DISCUSSION In the 40 years since Gaufin’s (1964) initial report, 43 species have been added to the New Mexico list, including three new species, Sweltsa hondo Baumann and Jacobi, Taenionema jacobii Stanger and Baumann, and Capnia caryi Bau- mann and Jacobi. The updated total is now 72 species. The family Capniidae is best represented in the state, comprising 26 percent of the known species. This may, in part, be due to encouragement to collect by members of the winter stone- fly club (Nelson and Baumann, 1989) and our interest in zoogeographical distri- butions and seasonal habitats of Plecoptera (Jacobi and Cary, 1986, 1996). Only one species with a western affinity, Mesocapnia frisoni (Baumann and Gaufin), has been found east of New Mexico (Texas) while three species with eastern origins, Acroneuria abnormis (Newman), Perlesta decipiens (Walsh), and Taeniopteryx parvula Banks, have been found in New Mexico. To date, the nearctic family Peltoperlidae has not been collected in New Mexico. The sur- Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 33 rounding states and Mexico have the following numbers of species: Arizona (23), Utah (81), Colorado (86), Oklahoma (57), Texas (25), and Mexico (38) (Call and Baumann, 2002; Kondratieff and Baumann, 2000, 2002; Sargent, 1991; Stark and Kondratieff, 2004; and Stewart and Stark, 2002). The number of stoneflies in New Mexico is neither high nor low compared to surrounding areas; lower counts elsewhere are perhaps due to less diverse habitats or reduced efforts in collecting. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank R. E. DeWalt and B. P. Stark for suggestions while reviewing the paper. Appreciation is also extended to J. Santiago-Blay and anonymous reviewers for their comments. Thanks to B. Kondratieff for apprising us of the Perlesta decipiens (Walsh) record. Thanks are also extended to M. Donna Jacobi for assistance and support through the whole process. LITERATURE CITED Baumann, R. W., A. R. Gaufin, and R. F. Surdick. 1977. The stoneflies (Plecoptera) of the Rocky Mountains. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 31:1-207. Baumann, R. W. and G. Z. Jacobi. 1984. Two new species of stoneflies (Plecoptera) from New Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 86:147-154. Baumann, R. W. and G. Z. Jacobi. 2002. Capnia caryi, an interesting new species of winter stone- fly from the American southwest (Plecoptera: Capniidae). Western North American Naturalist 62:484-486. Call, R. D. and R. W. Baumann. 2002. Stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Southern Utah, with an updated checklist of Utah species. Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist 2: 65-89. DeWalt, R. E., D. W. Webb, and A. M. Soli. 2002. The Neoperla clymene (Newman) complex (Plecoptera: Perlidae) in Illinois, new state records, distributions, and an identification key. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 104:126-137. Garn, H. S. and G. Z. Jacobi. 1996. Water quality and benthic macroinvertebrate bioassessment of Gallinas Creek, San Miguel County, New Mexico, 1987-1990. U.S. Geological Survey, Water- Resources Investigations Report 96-4011. 54 pp. Gaufin, A. R. 1964. Systematic list of Plecoptera of the Intermountain Region. Proceedings of the Utah Academy of Science, Arts and Lettters 41:221-227. Jacobi, G. Z. and R. W. Baumann. 1983. Winter stoneflies (Plecoptera) of New Mexico. Great Basin Naturalist 43:585-591. Jacobi, G. Z. and S. J. Cary. 1986. New records of winter stoneflies (Plecoptera) from southwest- ern New Mexico, with notes on habitat preferences and zoogeographical origins. The South- western Naturalist 31:503-510. Jacobi, G. Z. and S. J. Cary. 1996. Winter stoneflies (Plecoptera) in seasonal habitats in New Mexico, U.S.A. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 15:690-699. Jacobi, G. Z. and M. D. Jacobi. 1998. Water quality assessment of the Pecos River and Glorieta Creek, Pecos National Historical Park, New Mexico. National Park Service. Santa Fe, New Mexico U.S.A. 119 pp. Jacobi, G. Z., L. R. Smolka, and M. D. Jacobi. 1998. Use of biological assessment criteria in the evaluation of a high mountain stream, the Rio Hondo, New Mexico, U.S.A. Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung Limnologie 26:1227-1234. 34 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Kondratieff, B. C. and R. W. Baumann. 2000. State Plecoptera list:http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/ resource/distr/insects/sfly/nm/toc/htm. Kondratieff, B. C. and R. W. Baumann. 2002. A review of the stoneflies of Colorado with description of a new species of Capnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 128:385-401. McCafferty, P. W., C. R. Lugo-Ortiz, and G. Z. Jacobi. 1997. Mayfly fauna of New Mexico. Great Basin Naturalist 57:283-3 14. Nelson, C. R. and R. W. Baumann. 1989. Systematics and distribution of the winter stonefly genus Capnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae) in North America. Great Basin Naturalist 49:289-363. Poulton, B. C. and K. W. Stewart. 1991. The stoneflies of the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains (Plecoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 38. 116 pp. Sargent, B. J.. R. W. Baumann, and B. C. Kondratieff. 1991. Zoogeographic affinities of the nearctic stonefly (Plecoptera) fauna of Mexico. The Southwestern Naturalist 36:323-331. Stanger, J. A. and R. W. Baumann. 1993. A revision of the stonefly genus Zaenionema (Ple- coptera: Taeniopterygidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 119:171-229. Stark, B. P. 2001. State Plecoptera lists: http://www.mc.edu/campus/users/stark/sfly0102.htm. Stark, B. P. and B. C. Kondratieff. 2004. Anacroneuria from Mexico and upper Mesoamerica (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist 2: 1-64. Stark, B. P., T. A. Wolff, and A. R. Gaufin. 1975. New records of stoneflies (Plecoptera) from New Mexico. Great Basin Naturalist 35:97-99. Stark, B. P., S. W. Szezytko, and R. W. Baumann. 1986. North American stoneflies (Plecoptera): systematics, distribution, and taxonomic references. Great Basin Naturalist 46:383-397. Stewart, K. W., R. W. Baumann, and B. P. Stark. 1974. The distribution and past dispersal of southwestern United States Plecoptera. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 99:507-546. Stewart, K. W. and B. P. Stark. 2002. Nymphs of North American Stonefly Genera (Plecoptera). 2nd Edition. The Caddis Press. Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. 510 pp. Szczytko, S. W. and K. W. Stewart. 1979. The genus Jsoperla (Plecoptera) of western North America: holomorphology and systematics, and a new stonefly genus Cascadoperla. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 32:1-120. Zamora, D. L. 2002. Plecoptera (stoneflies) of the upper Pecos River. MS Thesis (Department of Life Sciences). New Mexico Highlands University. Las Vegas, New Mexico, U.S.A. 61 pp. Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 35 PARAFUSCOPTILIA: A NEW GENUS OF PLUME MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA: PTEROPHORIDAE) FROM CHINA(' Shu-Lian Hao’ and Hou-Hun Li?’ ABSTRACT: A new genus, Parafuscoptilia gen. nov. in the Pterophoridae is established. The type species, Parafuscoptilia tubuliformis sp. nov., is described based on specimens collected in Fujian, China. The adult as well as male and female genitalia are illustrated. KEY WORDS: Lepidoptera, Pterophoridae, Parafuscoptilia, new genus, new species, China Parafuscoptilia gen. nov. Type Species. Parafuscoptilia tubuliformis sp. nov. Description. Head (Fig. 2) with appressed scales, without frontal tuft; scales on vertex porrect or slightly reclinate. Labial palpi porrect, about twice length of eye diameter. Cervix with numerous dis- persed erect scales. Wings. Forewing (Fig. 3) cleft from 3/5 to 2/3, lobes with slightly concave outer margin, apex moderately pointed. Sc reaching 2/5 costal margin; R, absent, R, free, R; stalked with Ry, Ry nearly reaching apex of first lobe, R; reaching inner margin at about 3/5 length of first lobe; M3 reaching apex of second lobe; Cu, from 1/3 of M; in second lobe, Cu, from before angle of cell. Hindwing (Fig. 3) cleft from 1/2 and 1/5; first lobe evenly narrow; second lobe with outer margin somewhat concave; third lobe evenly narrow, without “scale tooth.” Sc+R, reaching 1/2 costal margin, third lobe with only one vein. Abdomen short and small. Male genitalia: Uncus nearly trapezoidal, sclerotized. Tegumen broad, with distal portion tube- like. Valvae symmetrical, tapering distally. Anellus absent, but manica present. Aedeagus stubby, spinous. Female genitalia: Apophyses posteriores slender; apophyses anteriores short and broad. Ostium and antrum centrally positioned. Corpus bursa without signum, but with spinules. Differential Diagnosis. Parafuscoptilia gen. nov. is characterized by the male genitalia with the distal portion of the tegumen tubiform, the uncus nearly trapezoidal, and the valva tapering distally. The new genus is most similar to Fuscoptilia Arenberger (1991) (Arenberger, 1991; Gielis, 1993, 2003; Ustjuz- hanin, 1996), but can be distinguished from the latter by the following charac- ters: R, of the forewing is absent in Parafuscoptilia gen. nov., but present in Fuscoptilia; Sc+R, of the hind wing in Parafuscoptilia extends to 1/2 of costal margin, while it nearly reaches the apex of the costal margin in Fuscoptilia; the uncus is nearly trapezoidal in Parafuscoptilia, but somewhat rectangular or spherical in Fuscoptilia; the valva is tapering distally and pointed at apex in Parafuscoptilia, but broad and rounded at apex in Fuscoptilia; the basal section of the aedeagus is simple in Parafuscoptilia, but bifurcated in Fuscoptilia; the ‘Received on April 13, 2004. Accepted on May 18, 2004. > Department of Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071 China. E-mails: SLH, haoshulian@ 126.com; HHL, lihouhun@nankai.edu.cn. *To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. Mailed on March 31, 2005 36 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS corpus bursa is small and bears numerous fine spines on the inner surface in Parafuscoptilia, while it is very large and does not possess spines in Fuscoptilia. Remarks. The tubiform distal portion of the tegumen in Parafuscoptilia is not found in other Pterophoridae. The tapering distal section of the valva in Parafus- coptilia can also be found in Antarches (Gibeaux, 1994) and Megalorhipida (Gielis, 1993, 2003; Gibeaux, 1994), but the new genus can be separated from them by the simpler, not S-shaped, valva and the slender aedeagus. In general, the manica is absent in Pterophoridae, but it is present and tightly surrounds the stout aedeagus in Parafuscoptilia and Fuscoptilia, which might be a synapo- morphy for these two genera. Etymology. The generic name is derived from the Greek para = beside, near, and the generic name Fuscoptilia, in reference to the similarity of male genitalia in the two genera. Parafuscoptilia tubuliformis sp. nov. Figs. 1-2 Type Data. Holotype @: China, Putian County (24.26° N, 119.01° E), Fujian Province, 30. Jul. 1978, genitalia slide No. HSL02307. Paratypes: 5 OO’, 2 QQ, same locality as holotype, from 30. Jul. 1978 to 4. Aug. 1978. Holotype and 2 0’, 1 9 of paratypes deposited at the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS), Beijing, China; other paratypes deposited at the Department of Biology, Nankai University (DBNU), Tianjin, China. Description. Head yellowish white to ivory white, roughly scaled. Antenna about 2/5 length of forewing; scape slightly expanded, yellowish white to ivory white; flagellum yellowish white, except for brown end of each segment on dorsal surface, ventral surface with dense cilia. Labial palpus with basal segment yellowish white, slightly enlarged; second segment ivory white, appressedly scaled; apical segment somewhat thin, as long as second segment, pointed. Numerous erect apically bifur- cated short scales dispersed along margin of occiput and cervix. Thorax brown, with yellowish-white to ivory-white scales. Tegula buff to ivory white. Legs with outer surface greyish brown to pale brown, inner surface yellowish white to ivory white. Wingspan 11.0-14.0 mm. Forewing white, with yellowish-white margins; with small, pale brown spot situated at 1/3 near costa; with pale brown spot at basal 1/4 on inner margin; cleft with a pale brown triangular spot; lobes with distal section alternately pale brown and ivory white; apices ivory white; fringe of first lobe yellowish white to ivory white, inner margin mixed with grayish brown; fringe of costal margin of second lobe concolorous with markings of second lobe, but brown near apex, inner margin yellowish brown to ivory white, evenly mixed with brown scales. Hindwing and its fringe evenly grayish brown to grayish white. Male genitalia (Fig. 4): Uncus arising from distal 1/3 of tegumen ventrally, relatively sclerotized, moderately setose. Tegumen with distal 1/3 tubiform, weakly sclerotized. Valvae more or less S- shaped, densely covered with fine hairs, with apex sharp, somewhat spine-like; costa simple, distal half gently arched except apex; ventral margin protruded medially, distal 1/3 incurved. Manica tight- ly surrounding aedeagus. Saccus short, rounded at apex. Aedeagus simple, basal 1/2 wide, nearly par- allel-sided, distal 1/2 gradually narrowing toward apex, somewhat subtriangular. Female genitalia (Fig. 5): Papillae anales subrectangular, with long setae. Apophyses posteriores slender, about twice length of 8th sternite. Apophyses anteriores stout, about 1/4 of 8th sternite. Ostium small. Antrum heavily sclerotized, with small process arising from lateral side at anterior 1/3. Ductus bursae membranous, as long as apophyses posteriores. Corpus bursae somewhat pyriform, vesicular, relatively small, shorter than ductus bursae, inner surface densely spinulose. Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 37 1 Se erie Fi TTT Gy Eu i % Cu2 Cul M3 Figs. 1-5. Parafuscoptilia tubuliformis gen. sp. nov.: 1. adult; 2. head; 3. venation; 4. male genitalia (gen. slide no. HSL02307); 5. female genitalia (gen. slide no. HSL02276) (scales = 0.5 mm). Diagnosis. The new species is related to Fuscoptilia emarginata (Snellen, 1884) (Yano, 1963; Arenberger, 1991), but can be easily separated from the lat- ter by the tubiform distal portion of the tegumen, the nearly trapezoidal uncus, the distally tapering valva and the simple basal portion of the aedeagus in the male genitalia; the antrum with a small process arising from the lateral side at anterior 1/3 and the corpus bursae somewhat pyriform in the female genitalia. Etymology. The new specific name is derived from the Latin tubuliformis = tubiform, in reference to the distal shape of the tegumen in the male genitalia. 38 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We acknowledge gratefully the assistance and information received from Dr. Peter Ya. Ustjuzha- nin (Siberian division of the Russian Entomological Society). We also would like to extend our cor- dial thanks to Dr. Chun-sheng Wu (Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science) for providing the specimens used in this study. LITERATURE CITED Arenberger, E. 1991. Pterophoridae aus Korea (Lepidoptera). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Oesterreichischer Entomologen 43(1-2): 33-42. Gibeaux, C. A. 1994. Insectes lepidopteres Pterophoridae. Faune de Madagascar 81: 1-176. Gielis, C. 1993. Generic revision of the superfamily Pterophoroidea (Lepidoptera). Zoologische Verhandelingen 290: 1-139. Gielis, C. 2003. Pterophoroidea & Alucitoidea. World Catalogue of Insects 4: 1-198. Ustjuzhanin, P. Y. 1996. Plume moths of Siberia and the Russian Far East (Lepidoptera, Ptero- phoridae). Atalanta (Marktleuthen) 27(1-2): 345-409. Yano, K. 1963. Taxonomic and biological studies of Pterophoridae of Japan (Lepidoptera). Pacific Insects 5(1): 65-209. LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Dear Entomological News subscriber: The American Entomological Society is pleased to announce that we have now caught up the with publication of Entomological News. We sin- cerely thank the Editor, Dr. Jorge Santiago-Blay, and the Business Manager, Dr. Faith Kuehn (currently Treasurer of the AES), for their stead- fast dedication to accomplishing what some of us thought would not be possible. We look forward to continuing our long tradition of providing you, the subscriber, with timely, relevant, and important entomological research. Thank you, all. Sincerely, hom Hb we, Susan Whitney King President, American Entomological Society Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 39 INTRODUCTION OF THE CENTIPEDE SCOLOPENDRA MORSITANS L., 1758, INTO NORTHEASTERN FLORIDA, THE FIRST AUTHENTIC NORTH AMERICAN RECORD, AND A REVIEW OF ITS GLOBAL OCCURRENCES (SCOLOPENDROMORPHA: SCOLOPENDRIDAE: SCOLOPENDRINAE)' Rowland M. Shelley,’ G. B. Edwards,’ Amazonas Chagas Jr.’ ABSTRACT: The centipede Scolopendra morsitans L., 1758, is recorded from North America and the continental United States based on an exogenous individual from Jacksonville, Duval County, Florida; it is also documented from Curacao. The species has now been reported from all the inhab- ited continents, but the European citations — from France, Italy, Turkey (Istanbul), Russia/Georgia (Caucasus), and Armenia — are dubious. With extensive records from the interiors, well removed from ports, S. morsitans appears to be native to Australia and Africa, occurring throughout these con- tinents except for most of Victoria, adjacent South Australia, and southwestern Western Australia in the former, and the Eritrean Highlands and Red Sea Hills in the latter; it also seems to be native to southern/southeastern Asia from Pakistan to New Guinea, southeastern China, Taiwan, and the Philippines. New World occurrences — extending from Florida, Mexico, and the Bahamas to Peru and northern Argentina — are sporadic and interpreted as introductions or possible misidentifica- tions. While absent from the eastern Pacific, Tasmania, and New Zealand, S. morsitans occurs on many islands and archipelagos in the Atlantic, Indian, and western and central Pacific Oceans, appar- ently being indigenous to Madagascar and Sri Lanka, and introduced to the rest. However, occur- rences on the Canary and Cape Verde Islands may represent rafting from Africa and thus natural range extensions. KEY WORDS: Scolopendra morsitans, introduction, Florida (U.S.A.), Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, New World, islands Because of its moist, subtropical environments and its location as the south- easternmost Atlantic Coastal state, Florida is a haven for introduced organisms. Of 54 species in the arthropod class Diplopoda, Shelley (2001, 2002a, b) docu- mented 12 exogenous Neotropical or Oriental species, one of which, Myrmeco- desmus digitatus (Loomis, 1959) (Polydesmida: Pyrgodesmidae), he (Shelley 2004a) subsequently concluded is indigenous to the Gulf Coastal Plain. Addi- tionally, there is at least one exogenous species in the family Rhinocricidae (order Spirobolida), tentatively assigned to the Neotropical genus Eurhinocricus Brolemann (Shelley and Edwards 2002), that is now established in the Keys, par- ticularly in plant nurseries. Consequently, nearly one-fourth (22.2 percent) of the Floridian diplopod fauna is non-native. In comparison to millipeds, the centipede fauna of Florida is poorly known. The introduced Palearctic scutigeromorph, Scutigera coleoptrata L., 1758, "Received on December 9, 2004. Accepted on January 6, 2005. * Research Lab., North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, 4301 Reedy Creek Road, Ra- leigh, North Carolina 27607 U.S.A. E-mail: rowland.shelley@ncmail.net. * Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Division of Plant Industry, P. O. Box 147100, Gainesville, Florida 32614-7100 U.S.A. E-mail: edwardg@doacs.state.fl.us. * Departamento de Invertebrados, Laboratorio de Aracnologia, Museu Nacional/UFRJ, Quanta da Boa Vista, s/numero, S40 Crist6vao, CEP-209-040, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. E-mail: amazonaschagas@ mm.ufrj.br. Mailed on March 31, 2005 40 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS which is widespread in North America, surely occurs there, but the only order that has been investigated in depth is the Scolopendromorpha (Shelley and Edwards 1987, Shelley 2002c), which comprises nine species (Table 1) with the Neotropical chilopod Rhysida longipes longipes (Newport, 1845) (Scolopendridae: Otostigmi- nae) being allochthonous. Shelley (2002c) did not regard it as established in Flori- da, but a recent sample from Hialeah suggests that reproducing populations may exist in Miami-Dade County (Shelley and Edwards 2004). We report here the dis- covery of a second introduced scolopendrid, Scolopendra morsitans L., 1758 (Scolopendridae: Scolopendrinae), in Duval County, which was intercepted once in quarantine in Philadelphia (Shelley 2002c). This is the first authentic record of S. morsitans from the continental United States and North America as a whole; previ- ous citations from Big Springs, Howard County, Texas, and Texas, Florida, Geor- gia, New York, Kansas, Utah, and California in general (Cragin 1885; Underwood 1887; Daday 1889; Chamberlin 1911; Gunthorp 1913, 1921; Chamberlin and Mu- laik 1941; and Kevan 1983) are misidentifications of other scolopendrids (Shelley 2002c). On July 30, 2004, John A. Smith, an inspector with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, discovered an individual of S. morsitans climbing the base of a peach tree outside a home in the Mayport area of Jacksonville, approximately 4.5 mi (7.2 km) south of Fort Caroline National Memorial; because it was found in a residen- tial area well away from the Port of Jacksonville, S. morsitans must be considered a true introduction into northeastern Florida. The specimen was sent to the second author, where it was accessioned as Florida State Collection of Arthropods sample E-2004-5618, and then to the first author for determination. It exhibits the triangu- lar spiracles characteristic of the Scolopendrinae and the diagnostic features of Scolopendra (the cephalic plate overlapping T1 and a prominent ventrodistal spur on the proximotarsus of each leg), but it lacks the procurved transverse sulcus on T1, sulci on the cephalic plate, and spines dorsally on the prefemora of legs 18-20. Consequently, it is not a juvenile of S. alternans Leach, 1813, which lacks the first feature but possesses the last two and occurs in Collier, Miami-Dade, and Monroe counties in south Florida (Shelley 2002c). There is a median suture on T21 [as in the Australian individual of S. morsitans illustrated by L. E. Koch (1983:84, fig. 10)], seven ventral spines arranged in three rows (2, 3, 2) on the ultimate prefemur of the right leg, and nine spines arranged in five rows (2, 3, 2, 2, 1) on that of the left leg (Fig. 1), which are comparable to spine arrangements in individuals from Puerto Rico (Shelley 2002c:40, fig. 57). Likewise the size, 56.5 mm long and 5.7 mm wide, is consistent with S. morsitans, a small-bodied scolopendrid, and the specimen compares favorably with an authentic individual in the the first author’s institution from Queensland, Australia, where S. morsitans is common (L. E. Koch 1983). Though not diagnostic, the antennae reach backwards to near midlength of T3, have 19 and 17 articles on the left and right ones, respectively, and the basal 5% articles are sparsely hirsute. Its color is distinctly different from the two sympatric native scolopendrids — S. viridis Say, 1821 (generally greenish) and Hemiscolo- pendra marginata (Say, 1821) (bluish or blue-gray) (Shelley 1987, 2002c; Shelley and Edwards 1987; Hoffman and Shelley 1996): cephalic plate, forcipules, cox- osternum, T1, S1 and $21, and Ist and ultimate legs orange; T2-19 pale yellow with prominent bluish-brown transverse bands along caudal margins comprising 20-40 Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 percent of tergal lengths; T20 with narrow, interrupted caudal band constituting ca. 10 percent of tergal length; T21 completely yellow; S2-20 and associated legs gen- erally yellowish and becoming progressively darker caudad. Table 1. Representatives of the chilopod order aa Scolopendromorpha in Florida (*introduced species). Family Scolopendridae Subfamily Scolopendrinae Scolopendra alternans Leach, 1813 — Collier, Miami-Dade and Monroe Cos. *S. morsitans L., 1758 — Duval Co. S. viridis Say, 1821 — statewide Subfamily Otostigminae *Rhysida longipes longipes (Newport, 1845) — Miami-Dade Co. Family Scolopocryptopidae Subfamily Scolopocryptopinae Scolopocryptops nigridius McNeill, 1887 — Jackson Co. S. sexspinosus (Say, 1821) — statewide Family Cryptopidae 1 Subfamily Cryptopinae | Cryptops floridanus Chamberlin, 1925 — peninsular Fig. 1. Prefemur of left Florida from Alachua, Gilchrist, and Putnam caudal leg of specimen counties southward. of S. morsitans from C. leucopodus (Rafinesque, 1820) — statewide Jacksonville, Florida, Subfamily Plutoniuminae U.S.A., ventral view. Theatops posticus (Say, 1821) — statewide Scolopendra morsitans, the fifth species described in Scolopendra L., 1758, was designated the type species in 1957 under the plenary powers of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (Opinion 454), in response to the peti- tion by Crabill (1955). The type locality is India, and the first author found the holo- type, a dry specimen labeled S. morsitans, on a pin in the Linnaean Collection at the Linnean Society of London during a visit in 1997. According to Attems (1930a), there are some 48 synonyms, and four subspecies have been proposed: S. m. scopoliana C. L. Koch, 1841, described as a full species from Algiers, placed in synonymy under S. morsitans by Kohlrausch (1881), elevated to a subspecies (= “variety’) by Kraepelin (1903), and retained in that status by Attems (1930a); S. m. calcarata Daday, 1891, from an unknown locality, which was placed in synonymy under S. morsitans by Kraepelin (1903) and retained in that status by Attems (1930a); S. m. fasciata Attems, 1930, from Angola, which was placed in synonymy by Wurmli (1975); and S. m. amazonica Biicherl, 1946, from Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. The first remains a subspecies that ostensibly occurs in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, and was encountered as an introduction near Marseilles, France; S. m. amazonica, however, was elevated to full species status by Jangi (1959). The rela- tive statuses of S. morsitans and S. amazonica have been extensively debated, and 42 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS like L. E. Koch (1983) and Lewis (2002), we accept the opinion of Wurmli (1975, 1978), who investigated this matter and concluded that the names are synonymous. Scolopendra morsitans (~S. amazonica) is thus a widespread, cosmopolitan cen- tipede that has now been recorded from all the inhabited continents, but much of its distribution is an artifact reflecting extensive human introductions. The species is abundant in Africa and Australia, occurring well inland and away from ports (Figs. 4-6), so we believe S. morsitans is native to these continents as did L. E. Koch (1983); these factors also apply to mainland southeast Asia from coastal Pakistan eastward (Fig. 5). Likewise, S. morsitans occurs throughout Taiwan and Indonesia, and is surely native there too although some localities may represent introductions. Records exist from only four islands in the Philippines, too few to draw a definitive conclusion, but we suspect that S. morsitans 1s also native to this archipelago, which lies between Taiwan and Indonesia. Its sporadic occurrence in the New World, primarily on islands and at ports or coastal locations, undoubtedly reflects human importations, and Shelley (2002c) cited ones from the West Indies, Mexico, and Central America. Numerous published records of S. morsitans exist in scores of papers, and it is timely to consolidate and map them. We therefore scoured the first author’s personal library and present below a list of all records of S. morsitans that we know of in modern geopolitical terminology with old names in parenthe- ses; states or provinces (in italics) are provided for certain countries, and islands in archipelagos are also italicized. We could not place some localities nor determine their modern names, and these are denoted by asterisks. Occurrences are mapped in Figs. 2-6, with specific localities indicated by dots and unsupplemented records from countries or islands in general, by triangles. Lewis (2001a) reexamined 13 of Chamberlin’s specimens (1958) of “S. morsitans” from Bahrain and Iraq, and dis- covered that they were actually other species; he stated, “it seems very unlikely that S. morsitans occurs in Iraq and Chamberlin’s records for that country should be dis- regarded.” Lewis added that S. morsitans had not been reported from Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Iran, or Saudi Arabia and that the only reliable records from the Arabian Peninsula are from the coasts of Oman and Yemen (Lewis 1996). However, there are old literature reports from Syria in general (Brolemann 1904a) and the Elburz Mountains in northern Iran (Silvestri 1935), which are isolated and suspicious. No one knows how many and which records represent additional misidentifications; this would require reexamining all the samples that are scattered through major global repositories, a prohibitive amount of work. However, the Syrian, Iranian, and several other records, indicated by question marks (?) on figs. 4-5, are so disparate from areas where localities cluster that they likely reflect misidentifications or, at best, isolated, one-time importations. Consequently, the en- suing list and maps are undoubtedly imperfect and contain undetected errors, but we believe they constitute beneficial information for chilopodology. The list con- tains the few published records of S. m. scopoliana and is divided into regions of the world with countries arranged alphabetically; general range statements are pro- vided first followed by specific localities, all documented with citations. For com- pletion and historical interest we preface the list with prior overall range statements, none of which are truly accurate. Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 43 As shown in Figs. 2-6, S. morsitans has been reported from the six inhabited continents, but all the records from Europe and the Middle East are dubious at bes! except those from Yemen and Oman (Fig. 4). In the New World, occurrences are sporadic and primarily from islands or coastal sites between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, which suggest accidental human importations; localities on the Amazon River and tributaries in Brazil and Peru, like Manaus, also are ports and indicate the same. Pocock (1895a) recognized this and stated that the centipede was “artificially introduced” to Tamaulipas and Veracruz, Mexico. Records from the interiors of Colombia, Peru, Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina are not verifiable and may or may not be accurate, but we accept them for now. Consequently, New World occurrences extend from Florida, central Mexico/southern Baja California, and the Bahamas to central Peru and northern Argentina, and we here newly record it from Cura¢ao. The only countries, territories, and major islands in the hemi- sphere from which S. morsitans has not been cited are Canada, Guatemala, Hon- duras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Chile, on the continents, and the British Virgin Islands, Saba, St. Martin, St. Eustatius, St. Lucia, Barbados, Grenada, Aruba, Bonaire, Margarita Island, and Trinidad, in the Caribbean. In the Old World, there is no recent evidence that S. morsitans occurs in Europe or the Middle East except for the sites in Yemen and Oman, which, being coastal, logically represent introductions. The species occurs throughout Africa except for the Eritrean Highlands in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia, its northern extension, the Red Sea Hills, of eastern Sudan and plausibly also southern Egypt, and the narrow coastal strip bordering the Red Sea in these countries (J. G. E. Lewis, pers. comm. to RMS) and the southwestern corner of South Africa, including the Cape Penin- sula, where it is replaced by Arthrorhabdus formosus Pocock, 1891 (Lawrence 1936, 1938, 1955). The only species of Scolopendra that Brolemann (1901a, 19045) and Lewis (1969a) recorded from Eritrea and adjacent areas were S. valida Lucas, 1840, and S. mirabilis (Porat, 1876), so we believe that S. morsitans is truly absent from this part of the continent. The other sizeable voids on the African map (Fig. 4) are the inaccessible central Sahara and the northwestern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and adjoining countries. However, outlying records from Mali and Chad document occurrence in the Sahara, and the preponderance of records from southern Sudan and eastern DRC suggest that the latter hiatus reflects inadequate collecting. Thus, excepting the Eritrean Highlands and Red Sea Hills, we believe S. morsitans can be expected throughout Africa, and the numerous records from deep in the interior, well removed from ports, indicate native occur- rence on this continent. In Africa, therefore, S. morsitans is known from 33 of the 46 countries, being unrecorded from the Moroccan territory of “Western Sahara” and Mauritania, Guinea Bissau, Sierra Leone, Togo, Niger, Central African Repub- lic, Eritrea, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Congo, Bwanda, Burundi, and Malawi, with the absences from Eritrea and possibly also Djibouti considered real. In Asia and Australia, S. morsitans extends from coastal Pakistan to the Ryu Kyu Islands (Okinawa), New Guinea (known only from Irian Jaya but surely also in Papua New Guinea), and Australia, where it is widespread but absent from the southwestern corner of Western Australia, the southeastern corner of South Aus- tralia, and essentially all of Victoria, except for the inner border area with New 44 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS South Wales and Melbourne, a major port, where the one recorded individual is an obvious human importation (L. E. Koch 1983, fig. 16 [map]) (Fig. 5). According to this author, it is absent from Tasmania and all of New Zealand, a conclusion that we accept although there are two records from New Zealand in general (Daday 1889, Wiurmli 1975). Many sites are in the interiors of India, Myanmar, Laos, and Austra- lia, well removed from ports, so we believe the centipede is native here too; most Indonesian records probably also reflect indigenous occurrences. Widely disjunct records, detached from this continuous area, include the aforementioned Elburz Mountains in Iran, Beijing, China, and Japan in general, all denoted by question marks (Fig. 5). Scolopendra morsitans has been collected repeatedly on Taiwan, and occurrence on Okinawa is plausible both because of its proximity to Taiwan and because it is a small island where exogenous species typically abound. The records from Japan in general (Wood 1862, Chamberlin and Wang 1952) are non- specific and could refer to any island or even the Ryu Kyus, and we arbitrarily place a question mark in central Honshu. The Beijing record (D. Wang and Maurieés 1996) could represent an introduced specimen, but we show it with a question mark because it is so disjunct. Khanna (2001) summarized Indian occurrences and re- ported S. morsitans from all the states, so we shade the entire country including Kashmir. However, S. morsitans may be absent from this area because of its high elevations, as other records suggest that it occurs primarily at lower altitudes. Kohlrausch (1881) did report it from “Himalaya” without further specification, implying high elevations, but the only other records from such heights are those of Khanna (2001 and references therein). The centipede has not been recorded from Nepal or Bhutan but is expected in border areas adjacent to India. Other than the dubious record from Beijing, it also is unknown from the Palaearctic part of Asia, north of the Himalayas, which includes seven countries — Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakstan, Russia, and Mongolia. Scolopendra morsitans inhabits many islands in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans (Figs. 5, 6), and has been introduced to most of these including all those in Oceania (Shelley 20045). It is surely indigenous to Sri Lanka, given its abundance in nearby southern India, and also Madagascar, where we shade the entire island (fig. 5) although most records are from coastal sites. It is probably introduced to the other Indian Ocean Islands — Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Mascarenes, Sey- chelles, and Comoros — though those closest to Africa and Madagascar could result from rafting. In the Atlantic, S. morsitans has been recorded primarily from islands close to the African and South American continents — Fernando Noronha, the Canaries, and Cape Verdes; occurrence in Fernando Noronha must reflect hu- man agency, but its presence in the last two could plausibly result from rafting from Africa, where the species is common. However, St. Helena is so far from the Afri- can mainland that its presence there must reflect human activity. Of interest is the fact that S. morsitans has not been recorded from the eastern Pacific Ocean; for example Shear and Peck (1992) do not cite it from the Galapagos nor does Shelley (20045) record it from the Juan Fernandez Islands, Easter and Pitcairn Islands, or Cocos Islands. While there are fewer islands and archipelagos in this vast area than in the western and central Pacific, some have seen enough human activity that S. morsitans may be encountered in the future. Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 Review of its Global Occurrences PUBLISHED OVERALL RANGE CITATIONS: WORLDWIDE (Haase 1887 [‘Territor. univ.’’}). VAST DISTRIBUTION (Silvestri 1895a). COSMOPOLITAN OR NEARLY COSMOPOLITAN (Boll- man 1893; Kraepelin 1903; Attems 1907a, 1909a, 1910a, 1914, 1915, 1930a, 1934a; Chamberlin 1914a; Chelazzi 1977; Lawrence 1936, 1955; Lewis 1984; L. E. Koch 1983, 1984); “Kosmopolitisch liber alle Lander der warmeren und gemasstigten Zone verbreitet” (Attems 1914). WARM REGIONS (Kohlrausch 1881 [“in regionibus calidioribus terrarum omnium’’]), (Attems 1930a, Chamberlin 1951, L. E. Koch 1983 [Tropics and warm parts of temperate zone]), (Bollman 1893, Chamberlin 1911, Brolemann 1932 [Common in tropical, subtropical, and temperate zones]). TROPICAL AND SUB- TROPICAL (Pocock 1895a; Kraepelin 1903; Attems 1928, 1934a; Silvestri 1894, 1895b, 1935; Law- rence 1936; Biicherl 1939; Crabill 1960; Dobroruka 1969; Lewis 1969b, 1996; Wiirmli 1972), (Meinert 1886 [”all tropical regions, whence it is often brought alive in ships to more northern localities”’]); par- ticularly occurring in oriental and African regions (Kraepelin 1903). NORTH AMERICA: USA: Florida, Duval County (present contribution). MEXTCO AND CENTRAL AMERICA: MEXICO (Kohlrausch 1881, Brdlemann 1909): Baja California Sur; San Jose del Cabo (Shelley 2002c). Colima (Brélemann 1904a). Tamaulipas; Tampico (Kohlrausch 1881, Pocock 1895a). Veracruz (Kohlrausch 1881, Pocock 1895a, Bollman 1893), Tuxpan (Shelley 2002c). Yucatan; Cayo Aremas (a small island NW Progresso) (Shelley 2002c). BELIZE: Belize City (Chamberlin 1921, Shelley 2002c). COSTA RICA: Banana River* (Shelley 2002c). PANAMA (Chamberlin 1921). CARIBBEAN ISLANDS: WEST INDIES/CARIBBEAN ISLANDS/ANTILLES (Griffith and Pidg- eon 1832; Newport 1845, 1856; Underwood 1887; Bollman 1893; Brélemann 1909). ANGUILLA (Shelley 2002c). ANTIGUA: Cambridge, Dickinson Bay, and Marmora Point (Shelley 2002c). BAHA- MAS: Eleuthera, Exuma (Shelley 2002c). New Providence; Nassau (Chamberlin 1918). BARBUDA (Shelley 2002c). CAYMAN ISLANDS: Grand and Little Cayman Islands (Shelley 2002c). CUBA (Pocock 1893, Brélemann 1904a). CURACAO: Coral Specht, 3 km E Willemstad, 2 specimens, 8-15 November 1987, W. E. Steiner, J. M. Swearingen (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA) New Record. DOMINICA: Roseau (Brélemann 1904a). DOMINI- CAN REPUBLIC (Pocock 1893): Azua, San Juan (Shelley 2002c). GRENADINES: Bequia (Shelley 2002c). GUADELOUPE: Basse Terre, Grande Terre (Demange 1981). HAITI: Jérémie, Grand Anse, St.-Mare (Pocock 1893, Chamberlin 1918). Port-au-Prince (Pocock 1893, Chamberlin 1918, Shelley 2002c). JAMAICA (Pocock 1893, Bollman 1893): St. Andrews Par. (Shelley 2002c). MARIE GALANTE (Demange 1981). MARTINIQUE (Brélemann 1904a, Shelley 2002c). MONTSERRAT (Shelley 2002c). NEVIS (Shelley 2002c). PUERTO RICO (Chamberlin 1918); San Juan (Shelley 2002c). ST.-BARTHELEMY (Pocock 1893). ST. KITTS (Pocock 1893, Bollman 1893, Chamberlin 1918, Shelley 2002c). ST. VINCENT (Brélemann 1904a, Shelley 2002c). TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO: Tobago (Newport 1845, 1856; Kohlrausch 1881; Bollman 1893). TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS: Grand Turk, S. Caicos, and W. Caicos Islands (Shelley 2002c). USVIRGIN ISLANDS: St. Thomas (Bollman 1893, Brdlemann 1904a, Shelley 2002c). St. Croix (Shelley 2002c). SOUTH AMERICA: ALMOST ALL SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES (Biicherl 1939). GUYA- NA, SURINAM, AND FRENCH GUIANA (Guyanas) (Brélemann 1909). ARGENTINA (Brélemann 1909): Chaco (Silvestri 1895c). BRAZIL (Kohlrausch 1881, Brélemann 1909): Amazonas (Biicherl 1939, 1941); Manaus (Brélemann 1901b, 1903, 1904a, 1909; Chamberlin 1914a; Biicherl 1946, 1974; Chagas 2000; Schileyko 2002). Bahia; Salvador (Biicherl 1974). Goias (Bicherl 1939). Mato Grosso (Biicherl 1939, 1941). Para (Biicherl 1939); Belém (Para) (Brélemann 1902a, 1902b, 1904a, 1909; Chamberlin 1914a; Biicherl 1974; Schileyko 2002); Santarem (Chamberlin 1914a). Paraiba, Paraiba (Chamberlin 1914a). Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro (Bollman 1893, Chamberlin 1914a). Sao Paulo (Brélemann 1901c, Biicherl 1941); Sao Paulo (Biicherl 1974). COLOMBIA (New Granada) (Kohl- rausch 1881, Bollman 1893, Brélemann 1909, Biicherl 1974): Casanare; Orocué (Attems 1903). Cordoba; Darien (Brélemann 1904a). Meta; Villavicencio (Attems 1903). ECUADOR (Campos-Re- beiro 1926): Rio Napo (Brélemann 1904a). FRENCH GUIANA: Cayenne (Bollman 1893, Brolemann 1904a). GUYANA: Demerara River (Newport 1845, 1856; Porat 1893; Bollman 1893). PARAGUAY (Brélemann 1909): Rio Apa (Silvestri 1895c). PERU: Huanuco; La Merced (Biicherl 1950). La Libertad; Huamachuco (Kraus 1957, Biicherl 1974). Loreto; Santa Elena (Kraus 1957). San Martin; Juanjui (Yanjui) (Kraus 1957, Biicherl 1974). SURINAM (Kohlrausch 1881, Underwood 1887, Jeekel 1952): Paramaribo (Bollman 1893). VENEZUELA (Brélemann 1909). 46 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Fig. 2. Occurrences of S. morsitans in the New World. Dashed lines represent the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn; the solid line represents the Equator. Dots, approximate loca- tions of specific records; triangles, unsupplemented records from countries and islands in general. The dots off the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico and the tip of Brazil represent the records from Cayo Arema, and Fernando de Noronha, respectively. The outlined area is enlarged in Fig. 3. Fig. 3. Occurrences of S. morsitans on Caribbean Islands and neighboring areas. Lines and symbols as in Fig. 2. Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 47 ATLANTIC OCEAN ISLANDS CANARY ISLANDS (Kohlrausch 1881, Brélemann 1909). CAPE VERDE ISLANDS (Porat 1892 Brélemann 1904a, Attems 1930a, Lewis 1969b): Sao Vicente (Lewis 1969b). FERNANDO NORON- HA: Main island (Pocock 1890). ST. HELENA (Cook and Collins 1893, Attems 1907a). EUROPE PALAEARCTIC REGION IN GENERAL (Attems 1930a). ARMENIA: Jerevan (Erivan) (Brélemann 1909). FRANCE: discovered at ports with merchandise from exotic provinces (Brolemann 1930). Marseilles vicinity (Turk 1951). ITALY (Brodlemann 1904a, Schileyko 1995). RUSSIA/GEORGIA: Caucasus (Daday 1893, Attems 1907b). TURKEY (Schileyko 1995): Istanbul (Kohlrausch 1881, Attems 1930a). AFRICA AFRICA IN GENERAL (Newport 1844). ALMOST THROUGHOUT THE AFRICAN CONTINENT (Kohlrausch 1881, Lewis 1969b, Lawrence 1975, Schileyko 1995, Chagas 2000). AFRICA EAST OF THE SAHARA (Lewis 1984). COASTAL REGION OF EAST AFRICA (Ribaut 1914). WEST AFRICA (Lewis 1969b). TROPICAL AND SOUTHERN AFRICA (Manfredi 1941). SOUTHERN AFRICA (Lawrence 1936, 1955). ALGERIA (Brolemann 1921, Lewis 1984): Alger (C. L. Koch 1847, 1863; Kraepelin 1903; Brolemann 1904a, 1921, 1931; Attems 1930a); Arzew, mountains nr. Boghar, Tlemcen (Brélemann 1904a); Batna, Oran (Attems 1902); Biskra (Brdlemann 1904a, Lewis 1969b); Chrea Nat. Pk. (Brolemann 1931); Guelt es Stel (Lewis 1969b, 1984); Miliana (Brélemann 1904a, 1921, 1931); Cédres Peak* (Attems 1902); Hamman Righa, Constantine, Kherata,* Quarzazate* (Lewis 1969b). AN- GOLA (Lewis 1966, 1969b; Schileyko 2002): Southern Angola (Lawrence 1959). Lunda Sul Prov. (Chamberlin 1951). Benguela, Bié (Lewis 1969b); Luanda (Cook 1893, Cook and Collins 1893); Chimporo,* Rio Mbali* (Attems 1930b); Caquindo* (Attems 1930a, 1930c; Wiirmli 1975). BENIN: Dassari* (Demange 1972); Zagnanado (Brolemann 1926). BOTSWANA (Lawrence 1959): Kang, Lehutu, Kang-Kgokong,* Mookane,* Severelela-Kkakhea* (Attems 1909b); Okavango (Attems 1922); Ghanzi District, Molepolole, Kasane, Chukudukraal (Chukudu) near Kaotwe Pan, Tsotsoroga Pan,* Gemsbok Pan,* van Zyl’s Cutting,* Damara Pan,* Titumi* (Lawrence 1936); Mashonoland (Lewis 1969b). BURKINA FASO: Ouagadougou and vicinity (Revault 1996). CAMEROON: Kumba (Dobro- ruka 1968); Bibundi,* Ekunda,* Kitta* (Porat 1894). CHAD: Kanem Prov. (Dobroruka 1968). COTE D’IVOIRE: Tiassalé (Brolemann 1904a). DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: “Congo” (Cook and Collins 1893). Kivu (Attems 1937). Bandundu; Lunda (Attems 1937). Lower ‘Zaire’; Banana (Chamberlin 1927, Attems 1937). Maniem; Kasongo (Attems 1937), Malela (Chamberlin 1927). South Kivu; Uvira (Attems 1930b, Dobroruka 1968), Luvunge (on Rusizi R. between lakes Kivu and Tanganyika) (Attems 1937). Upper “Zaire”; Bunia, Epulu R. (Dobroruka 1968); Garamba (Chamberlin 1927); Kulu (just south of Bondo) (Attems 1937). Shaba (Katanga) (Attems 1937); Kikondja (Attems 1937); Kiambi (Attems 1930b, 1937); Ankoro, Lukuga R. (Attems 1930b); Kateke riv. S of confl. with Lufira R., and Kabulumba, Kaulue N., Kanonga, Kaswabilenga, Kaziba, Kiamakoto/Kiwakishi, Kilwezi, Kipondo Riv., Mabwe, Masombwe, Mukana, all in Upemba National Park (Kraus 1958a). Provinces Unknown; Zambi* (Chamberlin 1927); Kalemi (Albertville), Kalelwé* (Attems 1930b); Gitega,* Muanda,* Mwema,* Urundi* (Attems 1937). EGYPT (Lewis 1969b): Alexandria, Cairo (Attems 1902); Aswan, Giza (Lewis 1984, 1967, 1985). ETHIOPIA: Ethiopia in general but not southern Ethiopia north- east of L. Turkana (L. Rudolph), between the Dawa River and L. Turkana/Omo River (Manfredi 1941, occurrences mapped by Lewis (1985, map 1)); Genal¢ River area of southern Ethiopia (“Alto Ganale Gudda’’) (Silvestri 1895a); “Magala re Umberto” (?”King Humbert’s Place, believed to be on Wab Shebel R. ca. 20 km N present border with Somalia [R. Hoffman, in /itt. to RMS]) (Silvestri 1896); head- waters region of Genal¢ River (“Galla”) (Broélemann 19045); Adaleh (Chelazzi 1977, incorrectly placed in Somalia). GABON: Lamboréné (Brélemann 1904a); near Ogooué R. (Brélemann 1904a, Chamberlin 1927). GAMBIA (Brélemann 1904a): Bathurst (Lewis 1969b). GHANA: Mole Game Res. (Attems 1909c, d). GUINEA: Kouroussa Prov. (Brélemann 1904a). Late* (Dobroruka 1968). KENYA (Manfredi 1941): Athi Plains (Pocock, 1896); Gongoni, on the coast but exact location unknown (Lawrence 1953); Mombassa (Lewis 1969b); Longopito, on southern bank of Ewaso Ng’ iro R, exact location unknown but near Samburu National Reserve (Dobroruka 1973); Elolo, modern name unknown but located on north- east shore of L. Turkana (L. Rudolph) (Manfredi 1941); Lamu and Manda islands (Attems 1910a). LESOTHO (BASUTOLAND) (Brélemann 1904a, Lewis 1969b). LIBERIA (Lewis 1969b). LIBYA: Tarabulus (Tripoli) (Brolemann 1921). MALI: Tassakante, near Tombouctou, Sikasso (Brolemann 1904a); Kayes (Brélemann 1904a, 1905). MOROCCO (Kraepelin 1903, Brolemann 1921, Attems 1930a, Lewis 1984): Tétouan (Attems 1902); Amizmiz, Asni, Rabat, Mazagan (El Jadida), Marrakech, 48 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Oued Tensift R., Fedhala,* Boulhaut,* Gorges de |’Oued,* Haute-Reraya,* Vallée de la Reraya,* Tiffsourme* (Brolemann 1945); E. of Mogodon* (Lewis 1969b). MOZAMBIQUE (Kohlrausch 1881): Cabo Delgado; Mecufi, Pemba (Lewis 2001b). Maputo (Lewis 2001b). Zambezia; Mopeia, on Cuacua (Quaqua) R. (Attems 1896); Kasumbadedza, exact location unknown but on the Zambezi R. (Lawrence 1953). NAMIBIA (Lawrence 1975): “Hereroland” (a former homeland ca. 320 km N Windhoek) (Attems 1928); Omaruru, Swakopmund (Attems 1922); Okahandja (Attems 1909b); Windhoek (Attems 1909b, 1922). NIGERIA (Schileyko 2002): Northern Nigeria (Lewis 1969b, 1972); Southern Nigeria (Lewis 1969b); 31 localities named and mapped by Lewis (1978, fig. 2). Jos (Dobroruka 1968, Lewis 2001b); Kabwir (Lewis 2001b); Lake Chad (Lewis 2003); Malam Fatori, on western shore of Lake Chad (Lewis 1972, 1978); Pai River Game Res. (Lewis 2001b); Sokoto (Lewis 1978); Zaria (Lewis 1968, 1969b, 1970, 1978, 2003). SENEGAL (Lewis 1969b): Baraff/* (Demange 1985); Bignona Forest nr. Tabi, Linguére, Missira, Niokolo, Road to Kolda, Vélingara (Demange 1982); Saint Louis vicinity (Brolemann 1904a). SOMALIA (Manfredi 1941, occurrences mapped by Chelazzi [1977:71, fig. 1] and Lewis [1985, map 1 ]): “Frequent in humid southern zones near Juba (Giuba) and Webi Shabeelle (Uebi Scebeli) rivers, also present on the coast as far north as Xaafuun” (Hafun) (Chelazzi 1977); Brava, a tiny seaport just south of Muqdisho (Mogadishu) (Silvestri 1897, Chelazzi 1977); Lugh/Lugh Ferrandi, a site on the Juba (Giuba) R. just below 4° N (R. Hoffman, in Jitt. to RMS) (Silvestri 1897); Scioa* (Brolemann 1904b); Jawhar (Giohar) (Manfredi 1933 [cited as “Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi] Chelazzi 1977); Muqdisho (Mogadishu), Gelib*, Obbia* (Chelazzi 1977); Bardera,* Alessandra,* Dante,* Cardero,* Lugh Dolo,* Siccome* (Manfredi 1933). SOUTH AFRICA (Attems 1930a, Chagas 2000): “All parts of South Africa, from Hereroland (in Namibia) to the Transvaal” (Attems 1928). “Found throughout South Africa except extreme southwestern corner, including Cape Peninsula, territory immediately bordering it, and the nar- row coastal strip affected by winter rains” (Lawrence 1936). Central and Northern Transvaal, Mpu- malanga, northern Cape, and KwaZulu-Natal Provs. (Lawrence 1959). Murchison Range, Transvaal, and Cape Prov. (Lewis 1969b). South of Orange River (Lawrence 1975). Gauteng; Pretoria (Lewis 1969). KwaZulu-Natal; Zululand (Lawrence 1955, Lewis 1969b); Mazimba Hill* (Attems 1934a); Mseleni, exact location unknown but near Ubombo (Attems 1934b); Nagana,* Umtalose Station* (Lewis 1969b). Limpopo: Murchison Range (Lewis 1969b). Limpopo/Mpumalanga; 11 sites in Kruger Nat. Pk. (Law- rence 1966). Mpumalanga; Kruger Nat. Pk., Malelane Camp (Attems 1934a). Northern Cape; Namaqualand (Attems 1909b; Lawrence 1936, 1938, 1955; Lewis 1968); Kuruman (Lewis 1969b); Steinkopf (Attems 1909b). Western Cape; Karoo (Attems 1907a); Cape of Good Hope (Kohlrausch 1881, Brolemann 1904a), but Lawrence (1936, 1938, 1955) stated that S. morsitans was absent from the Cape Peninsula, an opinion that we accept. Province(s) Unknown, Deelfontein,* Schoonard Rydenburg* (Lewis 1969b). SUDAN (Attems 1910b, Schileyko 2002, occurrences mapped by Lewis (1985, map 1)]: Northern and southern Sudan (Lewis 1969b). Bahr el Ghazal; Rumbek (Lewis 1966); Yirol (Lewis 1967, 1968). Central; Disa Forest Res. nr. Roseires (Lewis 1966, 1967). Darfur; Kulme (Lewis 1967). Equatoria; Gondokoro (Attems 1910a, Lewis 1967). Khartoum; Khartoum (Lewis 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969b, 1984). Kordofan; Abu Gubeiha, Rashad (Lewis 1966, 1967). Upper Nile; Gabt-el- Maghadid (Flower 1900; Lewis 1967, 1968); Ghrab el Aish (Attems 1909c, Lewis 1967); Malakal, Paloich (Lewis 1966, 1967, 1968). Province Unknown, Khar Attar* (Attems 1910b, Lewis 1967). TAN- ZANIA: “Tanganyika” (Brdlemann 1904a, Kraus 1958b, Lewis 1969b). “West Tanganyika” (Attems 1930b). Kilimanjaro; Mt. Kilimanjaro (Attems 1896); Ngorongoro Crater (Brolemann 1904a). Morogoro; Morogoro (Lawrence 1953). Mwanza; Mwanza (Attems 1937). Pwani; Bagamoyo (Attems 1896, Lawrence 1953); Dar-es-Salaam (Dobroruka 1968, Lawrence 1953). Rukwa; Nyonga (Attems 1930b, 1937). Tanga; Tanga (Attems 1909e); Usambara Mts. (Attems 1909c). Pemba I.; Chake Chake (Attems 1910b). Fundu I. (near Pemba) (Attems 1910b). Zanzibar [.; Zanzibar (Kohlrausch 1881, Attems 1896, Brdlemann 1904a, Lewis 1969). Province unknown; Mangasini* (Lawrence 1953). TUNISIA (Brolemann 1921): Tunis (Attems 1902, 1930a; Kraepelin 1903; Brélemann 1904a; Lewis 1969b, 1984); Makthar region* (Dobroruka 1968). UGANDA (Manfredi 1941): Katongo (Kraus 1958a). ZAMBIA (Chamberlin 1927): Kabwe, Kafwi (Kraus 1958a); Lochinvar Nat. Pk. (Dobroruka 1968); Ngwezi Station* (Dobroruka 1969); Victoria Falls (Lewis 2001b). ZIMBABWE (RHODESIA) (Chamberlin 1927, Lewis 1969b): Masvingo (Fort Victoria), Gweru (Gwelo), Mica Hills near Hwange (Wankie) (Lawrence 1936); Mutare (Umtali) (Lewis 1969b); Bulawayo (Lewis 2001b); Great Zimbabwe Nat. Mon. (Great Zimbabwe Ruins), nr. Masvingo and Lake Mutirikwi — Pk. (Lewis 2001b). UNKNOWN COUNTRY: Schumbala-Tal* (Attems 1909c). ARABIAN PENINSULA OMAN: Salalah (Lewis 1996). SYRIA (Brélemann 1904a). YEMEN: Aden vicinity (Lewis 1996); Shaykh Uthman (Lewis and Wranik 1990). Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 re L. a! = Wane ty _ : r 7 ae oa pt Ss “Mn 9 =a =| . ve : Fes eT ah ——— Na re gee 5 = = “hr A me pS ay « = Te = pee fp! oe = ¥ ine Soa be f — : oe 3 9 z gree 4 a " = AS at AF _f a u _ ‘ Te ae a a eat aN : \ \ f. iy Ee \ ‘ % 4 = ean LAS e \¥>* : iN — == = a os a } ane rr) ' S —< _ = X 3 ‘ = Py et SS aoe > t j i a fen 4 a GN % e- al _= a 6 Sd e bed Fi 7 , 2 SRS N 4 = \ ee et z = - a ae ri a Z * ® - re hed Fig. 4. Occurrences of S. morsitans in Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and the eastern Atlantic and western Indian Oceans. Question marks, dubious records, likely misidentifica- tions or isolated, transient importations; lines and other symbols as in Fig. 2. Nigeria and Madagascar are shaded to reflect occurrences throughout these countries. Records in the Atlantic Ocean (north to south): general record from the Canary Islands; Sao Vicente, Cape Verde Islands; and St. Helena. Indian Ocean records (north to south): general record from the Seychelles; Njazidja and Nzwani, Comoro Islands (between Mozambique and Mada- gascar); and, east of Madagascar, Reunion, Mauritius, and Rodrigues and associated islands. ASIA (including Indonesia, New Gunea. Philippines, Taiwan, and Japan): ASIA IN GENERAL (Chagas 2000). “HIMALAYA” IN GENERAL (Kohlrausch 1881), not plotted in fig. 5. BANGLA- DESH (Pocock 1892, Khanna 2001): Ganges R. (Brélemann 1904a). BRUNEI (Wiirmli 1975). CAM- BODIA: South Cambodia (Wiirmli 1975). CHINA (Newport 1845, 1856; Kohlrausch 1881; Kraepelin 1903; D. Wang and Mauriés 1996): Beijing; Beijing (D. Wang and Mauriés 1996). Yunnan: Jinshui Co. nr. Yan Dong (cave) (Lewis 2001a). Hong Kong (Kohlrausch 1881, Wiirmli 1975). INDIA (Linnaeus 1758): All Provinces except West Bengal (Khanna 2001 and references therein; Indian records also cited by Kohlrausch (1881), Jangi (1959), Lewis (1966)). West Bengal; Calcutta (Wtrmli 1975). Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Khanna 2001). INDONESIA: Amboina (believed to refer to Ambon Island and other islands in the Molucca Sea [the “Moluccas”]) (Silvestri 1894, Chamberlin 1920, Wurmli 1975). Ambon (Attems 1927). Aru Islands (Attems 1915); Aru I. (Attems 1914); Trangan I. (Chamberlin 1920). Bali; Singaraja (Attems 1932); Pafdangbai* (Lewis 2001b). Borneo (Wiirmli 1975); Banjermasin (Wiirmli 1975); Wa Katin* (Attems 1927). Flores (Attems 1914); Ende, Maumere, Sikka (Pocock 1894, Chamberlin 1920). Halmahera (Chamberlin 1920); Bruiyn* (Silvestri 1894); Patani, Soah Konorah* (Attems 1897). Irian Jaya (Dutch New Guinea) (Chamberlin 1914b, 1920, 1944a). Java (C. L. Koch 1847, 1863; Daday 1889; Brélemann 1904a; Attems 1914; Wiirmli 1975); Batavia Bay,* Purmerend* (Chamberlin 1939, 1944b); Bogor (Buitenzorg) (Chamberlin 1914b); Labuhan (Attems 1909). Kei 50 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Islands (Silvestri 1894; Attems 1914, 1915, 1927; Chamberlin 1920); Grand-Kei* (between Warka* and Waor*) (Ribaut 1912); Petit-Kei,* Langgur* (Ribaut 1912). Kepulauan Banda (Chamberlin 1920). Lom- bok; Ekas Bai, Selong, Swela (Attems 1930d). New Guinea in general (uncertain whether Irian Jaya [Dutch New Guinea] or Papua New Guinea) (Haase 1887, Silvestri 1894, Attems 1915). Nias; Lelemboli* (Silvestri 1895b). Nila (Attems 1927). Nusa Penida (nr. Bali) (Lewis 2001b). Selayar (Pocock 1894, Attems 1914, Chamberlin 1920). Sulawesi (Attems 1914, Wurmli 1975); Tempe (Pocock 1894). Sumatra (Daday 1889); Atjeh (Attems 1932); Padang (Wurmli 1975). Sumba (Wiirmli 1972). Sumbawa; Sumbawa Besar, Wawo (Attems 1930d). Terangan,* Ngaiguli* (Ribaut 1912). Ternate (Attems 1897, Chamberlin 1920). Teun (Attems 1927). Timor (Chamberlin 1920). IRAN: Takht-e-Soleyman Peak, Elburz Mountains (Silvestri 1935). JAPAN (Wood 1862, Chamberlin and Wang 1952): Ryu Kyu Islands (Attems 1914, Wiirmli 1975); Okinawa (Pocock 1895b). LAOS: Luang Prabang Mts. (Brdlemann 1904a, Attems 1938); Savannakhet (Attems 1938). MALAYSIA (Brolemann 1909): Bukit Kuching, Perlis (Verhoeff 1937). Sarawak; Baram River (Attems 1897). MYANMAR (Pocock 1892, Attems 1914): Arakan, Yoma (Wirmli 1975); Bhamo (Brolemann 1904a); Yangon (Rangoon) (Kohlrausch 1881). PAKISTAN: Karachi (Broéle- mann 1904a). PHILIPPINES (Attems 1914, Y. Wang 1955a): Luzon; Alabang (nr. Manilla) (Y. Wang 1962); Manila (Brdlemann 1904a, Wirmli 1975). Mindanao (Y. Wang 1951, 1962). Mindoro (Brolemann 1904a). Panay (Y. Wang 1951, 1962). SINGAPORE (Kohlrausch 1881, Brolemann 1904a). SRI LANKA (Kohlrausch 1881, Pocock 1892, Brolemann 1904a): Kandy (Wirmli 1975). TAIWAN (Takakuwa 1940a, b; Y. Wang 1955a; Mitsuo 1993; Chao and Chang 2003): Chanhua (Y. Wang 1955b); Hualien (Y. Wang 1956); Kaosuing (Takao), Kagi,* Yantempo* (Wiirmli 1975); Chi-Hsi Tseng,* Chi-Kuo Siang,* Chia-Yi Hsien* (Y. Wang 1955b). Lan Yu Islets (Y. Wang 1955a). Jinmen Dao I. (Quemoy) (Y. Wang 1963). THAI- LAND (Kohlrausch 1881, Daday 1889, Brolemann 1904a): Krung Thep (Bangkok) (Brolemann 1904a). VIETNAM: Nin Thung, 17 km W Phan Rang (Schileyko 1995); Kohinhina or Nam-bo (Schileyko 1992); Annam Mts., Haiphong, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon), Tonkin (Bro6lemann 1904a); Buon Me Thuot, Nha Trang, Ninh Hoa, Vinh (Attems 1938); Ca Mau, Da Lat (Attems 1953). Fai Tsi Long Archipelago: Dongkko I. (Schileyko 1995). SOUTH CHINA SEA ISLANDS: TIZARD BANK (Attems 1953). INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: COMORO ISLANDS: Njazidja (Grande Comore) (Brélemann 1904a). Nzwani (Anjouan) (Attems 1910b). MADAGASCAR (Kohlrausch 1881): Lac Thotray, Itampolo,* Maha- faly,* Miary* (Demange 1969); Antananarivo (Tananarive) (Brolemann 1922); Ankazoabo, Antsiranana (on Baie de Diégo Suarez), Maevatanana, Morondava, Tamatave, Tulléar* vic. (Brolemann 1904a); Behara (Brolemann 1904a, Lawrence 1960); Tuléar (Brolemann 1904a, Lawrence 1960); Fiherenana, Soalala, Tsimanampetsotsa, Andrahomana,* Sambirano-Mahilaka* (Lawrence 1960). MASCARENE ISLANDS: Ile Cocos (beside Rodrigues) (Lewis and Daszak 1996; Lewis 2002, 2003). [le aux Sables (beside Rodri- gues) (Lewis 2002). Mauritius (Ile de France) (Brélemann 1904a); Black River Aviaries, Pigeon Wood, Tamarin (Lewis 2002); Cape Malheureux, Petite Riviere (Verhoeff 1939, Lewis 2002). Rodrigues (Bréle- mann 1909, Lewis 2003); hill west of Port Mathurin (Lewis 2002). Réunion (Brolemann 1904a). SEY- CHELLES (Schileyko 1995). AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND: AUSTRALIA: Capital Territory and all states except Tasmania and, essentially, Victoria (new records, published localities, and associated references summarized by L. E. Koch [1983]). NEW ZEALAND (Daday 1889, Wirmli 1975), but L. E. Koch (1983) stated that S. morsitans 1s absent from this country, an opinion that we accept. PACIFIC ISLANDS (new records, published localities, and associated references summarized by Shelley 20046): COOK ISLANDS, FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA, FIJI, FRENCH POLYNESIA, GUAM, KIRIBATI, NEW CALEDONIA, NORTHERN MARIANNA ISLANDS, PAPUA NEW GUINEA (BOUGAINVILLE), REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS, SOLOMON ISLANDS, TONGA, TUVALU, WESTERN SAMOA. Additionally, Ribaut (1923) cited S. morsitans from Koné, New Caledonia, in a reference that Shelley (2004b) did not have access to. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank J. A. Smith, for collecting the specimen and sending it to the second author; J. G. E. Lewis and R. L. Hoffman, for general advice, reference citations, and prepublication reviews; H. Heatwole, for the com- parative specimen from Queensland, Australia; M. Hamer and J. Bueno Villegas, for advice on localities in southern Africa and Mexico; J. Raine, for assistance with the maps; and A. Minelli and G. Edgecombe, for insightful post-submission reviews. The first author’s travel to London in 1997 was supported in part by a grant from the American Philosophical Society; access to the Linnaean Collection, where the type of S. mor- sitans was discovered, was courtesy of G. Douglas. The third author discovered the specimens from Curacao in 2003 while visiting the U.S .on travel sponsored by a “mini-PEET” grant from the Society for Systematic Biology; access to the Smithsonian holdings was courtesy of J. Coddington. Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 51 oe Fig. 5. Occurrences of S. morsitans in Asia, Australia, the Indian Ocean, and the western Pacific Ocean. Lines and symbols as in Figs. 2, 4. All of India and Taiwan, and most of con- tinental Australia, are shaded to reflect occurrences throughout these areas. Fig. 6. Occurrences of S. morsitans in Asia, Australia, and Pacific Islands. Lines and sym- bols as in Figs. 2, 4. Most of continental Australia is shaded to reflect widespread occurrence throughout this area. 37 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LITERATURE CITED Attems, C. 1896. Beschreibung der von Dr. Stuhlmann in Ost-Africa gesammelten Myriopoden. Mitt- heilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg 13:23-42. Attems, C. 1897. Myriopoden. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 23(3):473-536. Attems, C. 1902. Myriopoden von Kreta, nebst Beitragen zur allgemeinen Kenntnis einiger Gattungen Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-naturwis- senschaftliche Klasse 111(1):1-88. Attems, C. 1903. Beitrage zur Myriopodenkunde. Zoologische Jahrbiicher. Abtheilung ftir Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere 18(1):63-152. Attems, C. 1907a. Die Myriopoden der Deutschen Stidpolar-Expedition 1901-1903. Deutsche Stidpolar- Expedition 1901-1903. Zoologie 9(1):417-433. Attems, C. 1907b. Myriopoden aus der Krim und dem Kaukasus. Arkiv for Zoologi 3(25):1-16. Attems, C. 1909a. Die Myriopoden der Vega-Expedition. Arkiv for Zoologi 5(3):1-84. Attems, C. 1909b. Myriopoden aus Agypten und dem Sudan. pp. 1-6, IN, L. A. Jagerskidld, Editor, Results of the Swedish zoological expedition to Egypt and the White Nile 1901, 3(22). Attems, C. 1909c. Myriopoda. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905-1906 unter Leitung von Prof. Dr. Yngve Sjéstedt. Herausgegeben mit Unterstiitzung von der K6niglichen Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp. 1-64. Attems, C. 1909d. Athiopische Myriopoden Gesammelt von Prof. O. Neumann und K. V. Erlanger. Zoo- logische Jahrbticher. Abtheilung fiir Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere 27(4):391-418. Attems, C. 1909e. Myriopoda. Jenaische Denkschriften 14:1-52. Attems, C. 1910a. Ergebnisse der mit Subvention aus der Erbschaft Treitl unternommen zoologischen Forschungsreise Dr. Franz Werner’s nach dem agyptischen Sudan und nord Uganda. XVI. Myriopoda. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. — Mathematisch-naturwissenschaft- liche Classe. Wien. Abt. 1, 119:355-360. Attems, C. 1910b. Myriopoden von Madagaskar, den Comoren und den Inseln Ostafrikas. Reise in Ostafrika in den Jahren 1903-1905 mit Mitteln der Hermann und Elise geb. Heckmann Wentzel-Stiftung ausgefthrt von Professor Dr. Alfred Voeltzkow. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse 3:73-115. Attems, C. 1914. Die indo-australischen Myriopoden. Archiv ftir Naturgeschichte 4:1-398. Attems, C. 1915. Myriopoden von Neu-Guinea II. Gesammelt wahrend der Expeditionen 1904-1909. Résultats de l’ Expedition Scientifique Néerlandaise a la Nouvelle-Guinée 13(1):1-37. Attems, C. 1922. Myriopoda. /n, W. Michaelsen (Editor), Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Land- und Stsswas- serfauna Deutsch-Stidwest Afrikas, Ergebnisse der Hamburger Deutsch-Siidwest Afrika Studienreise IDI, ZDS=103}. Attems, C. 1927. Myriopoden von Ambon und anderen Inseln der Banda-See. Zoologische Mededeelingen uitgegeven vanwege’s Rijks Museum van Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden 10(1):61-70. Attems, C. 1928. The Myriopoda of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 26:1-431. Attems, C. 1930a. Myriapoda 2. Scolopendromorpha. Das Tierreich 54:1-308. Attems, C. 1930b. Scolopendromorpha du Congo Belge. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines 19(2):287-294. Attems, C. 1930c. Chilopoda aus Angola. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 37(17):371-373. Attems, C. 1930d. Myriopoden der Kleinen Sunda-Inseln, gesammelt von der Expedition Dr. Rensch. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 16(1):117-184. Attems, C. 1932. Myriopoden. Résultats Scientifiques du Voyage aux Indes Orientales Néerlandaises de LL. AA. RR. le Prince et la Princesse Léopold de Belgique 3(12):3-34. Attems, C. 1934a. Die von Dr. Fritz Haas auf der Schomburgk-Afrika-Expedition 1931/32 gesammelten Myriopoden. Senckenbergiana 16(1):4-16. Attems, C. 1934b. The Myriopoda of Natal and Zululand. Annals of the Natal Museum 7(3):459-522. Attems, C. 1937. Chilopoden und Symphylen des Belgischen Congo. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines 29(3):317-332. i Attems, C. 1938. Die von Dr. C. Dawydoff in Franz6éisch Indochina gesammelten Myriopoden. Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série 6(2):187-353. Attems, C. 1953. Myriopoden von Indochina. Expedition von Dr. C. Dawydoff (1938-1939). Mémoires du Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle, Série A, Zoologie 5(3):133-230. Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 Bollman, C. H. 1893. The Myriapoda of North America. Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum No. 46:1! Brélemann, H. W. 190la. Materiali per la conoscenze della fauna Eritrea raccolti dal Dott. P. Magretti Bullettino della Societa entomologica Italiana 33:26-35. Brolemann, H. W. 1901b. Myriapodes du Museu Paulista. II Mémoire: Manaos. Revista do Museu Paulista 5:64-96. Brélemann, H. W. 1901c. Myriapodes du Musée de Sao Paulo. Revista do Museu Paulista 5:35-237. Brélemann, H. W. 1902a Myriapodes recueillis au Para par Monsieur le Prof. E. A. Goeldi, Directeur du Musée. Zoologischer Anzeiger 26(12):177-191. Broélemann, H. W. 1902b. Myriapodes recueillis par M. E. Gounelle au Brésil. Annalés de la Société Entomologique de France 71:649-694. Brolemann, H. W. 1903. Myriapodes du Museu Paulista Ile. mémorie: Manaos. Revista do Museu Paulista 6:63-96. Brélemann, H. W. 1904a. Catalogue des scolopendrides des collections du Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle de Paris, (Collection du Muséum déterminée par M. le professeur Karl Kraepelin, et collection H. W. Brédlemann). Bulletin du Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle no. 6:316-324. Brélemann, H. W. 1904b. Materiali per lo studio della fauna eritrea raccolti nel 1901-1903 dal Dr. Andreini, tenente medico. I. Myriapodes. Bulletino della Societa entomologica Italiana 35:96-153. Brolemann, H. W. 1905. Myriapodes de la mission du Chemin de Fer Thiés-Kayes recuellis par le Dr. Conan. Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France 18:201-213. Brélemann, H. W. 1909. Catalogos da fauna Brazileira editados pelo Museu Paulista S. Paulo, Brazil. II. Os myriapodos do Brazil. 94 pp. Brolemann, H. W. 1921. Liste des myriapodes signalés dans le nord de |’ Afrique. Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles du Maroc 1(3-6):99-110. Brolemann, H. W. 1922. Liste des Myriapodes de l’Académie Malgache, de Tananarive. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 47:223-278. Brolemann, H. W. 1926. Myriapodes recueillis en Afrique occidentale francaise par M. |’ Administrateur en chef L. Dubosq. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Generale 65(1):1-159. Brolemann, H. W. 1930. Elements d’une Faune des Myriapodes de France. Chilopodes. Faune de France 25:1-405. Brolemann, H. W. 1931. Myriapodes recueillis par M. le Dr. H. Gauthier en Algérie. Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de l’Afrique du Nord 22:121-134. Brolemann, H. W. 1932. Tableaux de détermination des Chilopodes signalés en Afrique du Nord. Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles du Maroc 23:31-64. Brolemann, H. W. 1945. Catalogue des myriapodes chilopodes de la collection de I’Institut Scientifique Chérifien. Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles du Maroc 25:172-182. Bucherl W. 1939. Os quilopodos do Brasil. Memorias do Instituto Butantan 13:43-362. Biicherl W. 1941. Catalogo dos Quildpodos da zona Neotropica. Memorias do Instituto Butantan 15:251-372. Biicherl W. 1946. Novidades sistematicas na ordem Scolopendromorpha. Memorias do Instituto Butantan 19:135-158. Bicherl W. 1950. Quildpodos do Peru - I]. Memorias do Instituto Butantan 22:173-186. Biicherl, W. 1974. Die Scolopendromorpha der Neotropischen Region. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London No. 32:99-133. Campos-Rebeiro, F. 1926. Catalogo sistematico de los Miriapodos del Ecuador, Clasificados hasta la fecha. Revista del Colegio Nacional Vicenté Rocafuerti 8:37-61. Chagas, A., Jr. 2000. A catalogue of the type specimens of Scolopendromorpha in the Brazilian myri- apodological collections (Chilopoda, Arthropoda). Fragmenta Faunistica, 43 Supplement: 259-271. Chamberlin, R. V. 1911 The Chilopoda of California II. Pomona Journal of Entomology 3(2):470-479. Chamberlin, R. V. 1914a. The Stanford expedition to Brazil, 1911, John C. Branner, Director. The Chilo- poda of Brazil. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 58(3):151-221. Chamberlin, R. V. 1914b. Notes on chilopods from the East Indies. Entomological News 25:385-392. Chamberlin, R. V. 1918. The Chilopoda and Diplopoda of the West Indies. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 62(5):151-262. Chamberlin, R. V. 1920. The Myriopoda of the Australian region. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 64(1):1-269. Chamberlin, R. V. 1921. The centipeds of Central America. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum 60(7):1-17. 54 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Chamberlin, R. V. 1927. The Chilopoda and Diplopoda collected by the American Museum of Natural History Congo Expedition (1909-1915), with notes on some other African species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 57:177-249. Chamberlin, R. V. 1939. On a collection of chilopods from the East Indies. Bulletin of the University of Utah, 29(12)[Biological Series 5(2)]:1-19. Chamberlin, R. V. 1944a. Chilopods in the collections of the Field Museum of Natural History. Zoological Series, Field Museum of Natural History 28(4):175-216. Chamberlin, R. V. 1944b. Some chilopods from the Indo-Australian archipelago. Notula Naturae No. 147:1- 14. Chamberlin, R. V. 1951. On Chilopoda collected in north-east Angola by Dr. A. de Barros Machado. Publicacoes Culturais da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola No. 10:95-112. Chamberlin, R. V. 1958. On chilopods from Iraq. Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Staatsinstitut und Zoologischen Museum in Hamburg 18:1-4. Chamberlin, R. V. and S. Mulaik. 1941. On a collection of centipeds from Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona (Chilopoda). Entomological News 51:107-110, 125-128, 156-158. Chamberlin, R. V. and Y. M. Wang. 1952. Some records and descriptions of chilopods from Japan and other oriental areas. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 65:177-188. Chao, J.-L. and H.-W. Chang. 2003. The scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda) of Taiwan. African Invertebrates 44(1):1-11. Chelazzi, L. 1977. Some Scolopendridae centipedes from Somalia (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha). Moni- tore Zoologico Italiano Supplemento 9(4):69-84. Cook, O. F. 1893. Notes on Myriapoda from Loanda, Africa, collected by Mr. Heli Chatelaine, including a description of a new genus and species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 16:703-708. Cook, O. F. and G. N. Collins. 1893. The Myriapoda collected by the United States Eclipse Expedition to West Africa. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 8:24-40. Crabill, R. E. Jr. 1955. Proposed use of the plenary powers to designate for the genus “Scolopendra” Lin- naeus, 1758 (Class Myriapoda) a type species in harmony with accustomed usage. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 11:134-136. Crabill, R. E. Jr. 1960. Centipedes of the Smithsoinian-Bredin expeditions to the West Indies. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 111:167-195. Cragin, F. W. 1885. First contribution to a knowledge of the Myriopoda of Kansas. Bulletin of the Washburn College Laboratory of Natural History 4:143-145. Daday, E. 1889. Myriopoda extranea Muszi Nationalis Hungarici. Természetrajzi Fuzetek 12(4):115-156. Daday, E. 1891. Auslandische Myriopoden der Zoologischen Collection der Universitat zu Heidelberg. Természetrajzi Fuzetek 14(3-4):172-193. Daday, E. 1893. Myriopoda extranea nova vel minus cognita in collectione Musaei Nationalis Hungarici. Természetrajzi Fiizetek 16(3-4):98-113. Demange, J.-M. 1969. Myriapodes récoltés a Madagascar par M. L. Bigot. Bulletin du Muséum National d Histoire Naturelle, Série 2, 41(2):484-489. Demange, J.-M. 1972. Myriapodes récoltés au Dahomey et au Togo par Ch. Gasc. Bulletin du Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Série 3 No. 62:723-752. Demange, J.-M. 1981. Scolopendromorphes et Lithobiomorphes (Myriapoda, Chilopoda) de la Guadeloupe et dépendances. Bulletin du Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle, Série 4, 3(3):825-839. Demange, J.-M. 1982. Contribution a la connaissance des Myriapodes du Sénégal: Diplopodes nuisibles aux cultures et Chilopodes. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Série 4, Section A, nos. 3- 4:445-453. Demange, J.-M. 1985. Nouvelle contribution a la connaissance des Myriapodes (Diplopoda, Chilopoda) du Sénégal (récoltes J. Etienne). Bulletin du Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Série 7, Section A, no. 1:201-204. Dobroruka, L. J. 1968. Myriapoda-Chilopoda aus der Sammlung des Musée Royal de |’Afrique Central. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines 78(3-4):201-215. Dobroruka, L. J. 1969. Some Chilopoda from Zambia. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines 79(3- 4):352-358. : Dobroruka, L. J. 1973. Chilopoda from Kenya. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines 87(4):829- 834. Flower, S. G. 1900. Notes on the fauna of the White Nile and its tributaries. X. Centipedes. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1900:972-973. Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 55 Griffith, E. and E. Pidgeon. 1832. The Class Insecta arranged by the Baron Cuvier, with supplementary additions to each order. Vol. 1. Whittaker, Treacher, and Co., London, England. 570 pp. Gunthorp, H. 1913. Annotated list of the Diplopoda and Chilopoda, with a key to the Myriapoda of Kansas Kansas University Scientific Bulletin 7:161-182. Gunthorp, H. 1921. Cragin’s collection of Kansas Myriapoda. Canadian Entomologist 53:87-91. Haase, E. 1887. Die Indisch-Australischen Myriopoden. I. Chilopoden. Abhandlungen und Berichte des K6- niglichen Zoologischen und Anthropologisch-ethnographischen Museums zu Dresden 5(1886-1887): 1-114. Hoffman, R. L. and R. M. Shelley. 1996. The identity of Scolopendra marginata Say (Chilopoda: Scolo- pendromorpha: Scolopendridae). Myriapodologica 4(5):35-42. Jangi, B. S. 1959. Further notes on the taxonomy of the centipede Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus (Scolo- pendridae). Entomological News 70:253-257. Jeekel, C. A. W. 1952. Scolopendridae (Chilopoda) from Surinam. Entomologische Berichte 14:175. Kevan, D. K. McE. 1983. A preliminary survey of known and potentially Canadian and Alaskan centipedes (Chilopoda). Canadian Journal of Zoology 61:2938-2955. Khanna, V. 2001. A check list of the Indian species of the centipedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha). Annals of Forestry 9(2):199-219. Koch, C. L. 1847. System der Myriapoden, mit den Verzeichnisses und Berichtigungen zu Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden, pp. 1-196, 262-270, Jn, Panzer und Herrich-Schiaffer, Kritische Revision der Insectenfauna Deutschlands. Volume 3. Koch, C. L. 1863. Die Myriapoden. Getrau nach der Natur abgebildet und beschrieben, Erster Band. Halle, Germany, 134 pp. Koch, L. E. 1983. Morphological characters of Australian scolopendrid centipedes, and the taxonomy and distribution of Scolopendra morsitans L. (Chilopoda: Scolopendridae: Scolopendrinae). Australian Journal of Zoology 31:79-91. Koch, L. E. 1984. The zoogeography and phylogenetic relationships of three genera of Australian scolopen- drid centipedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendridae). Australian Journal of Zoology 32:507-518. Kohlrausch E. 1881. Gattungen und Arten der Scolopendriden. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte. 47:50-132. Kraepelin, K. 1903. Revision der Scolopendriden. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg. 20:1-276. Kraus, O. 1957. Myriapoden aus Peru, VI: Chilopoden. Senckenbergiana Biologica 38(5/6):359-404. Kraus, O. 1958a. Myriapoda (Chilopoda, Diplopoda). Parc National de |’ Upemba I. Mission de G. F. de Witte en collaboration avec W. Adam, A. Janssens, L. Van Meel, et R. Verheyen (1946-1949), 54(1):3-67. Kraus, O. 1958b. Myriapoden aus Ostafrika (Tanganyika Territory). Verdffentlichungen aus dem Uberseemuseum Bremen, Reihe A. 3(1):1-16. Lawrence, R. F. 1936. Scientific results of the Vernay-Lang Kalahari Expedition, March to September. 1930. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 17(2):159-160. Lawrence, R. F. 1938. Transvaal Museum expedition to South-West Africa and Little Namaqualand, May to August 1937: Myriapoda. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 19:227-230. Lawrence, R. F. 1953. Zoological results of a fifth expedition to East Africa. V. Chilopoda (Myriopoda). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 110(5):409-423. Lawrence, R. F. 1955. Chilopoda. South African Animal Life. Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950-51, 2:4-56. Lawrence, R. F. 1959. A collection of Arachnida and Myriopoda from the Transvaal Museum. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 23(4):363-386. Lawrence, R. F. 1960. Faune de Madagascar. XII. Myriapodes Chilopodes. L’Institute de Recherche Scientifique, Tananarive. 121 pp. Lawrence, R. F. 1966. The Myriapoda of the Kruger National Park. Zoologica Africana 2(2):225-262. Lawrence, R. F. 1975. The Chilopoda of South West Africa. Cimbebasia, Series A. 4(2):35-45. Lewis, J.G. E. 1965. Seasonal fluctuations in the riverain invertebrate fauna of the Blue Nile near Khartoum. Journal of Zoology 148:1-14. Lewis, J. G. E. 1966. The taxonomy and biology of the centipede Scolopendra amazonica Bicherl in the Sudan. Journal of Zoology 149:188-203. Lewis, J. G. E. 1967. The scolopendromorph centipedes of the Sudan with remarks on taxonomic characters in the Scolopendridae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 178(2):185-207. Lewis, J. G. E. 1968. Individual variation in a population of the centipede Scolopendra amazonica from Nigeria and its implications for methods of taxonomic discrimination in the Scolopendridae. Journal of the Linnean Society (Zoology) 47(312):315-326. 56 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Lewis, J. G. E. 1969a. Scolopendromorph and geophilomorph centipedes from Eritrea. Journal of Natural History 3:461-470. Lewis, J. G. E. 1969b. The variation of the centipede Scolopendra amazonica in Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 48:49-57. Lewis, J. G. E. 1970 (1969). The biology of Scolopendra amazonica in Nigerian Guinea Savannah. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Série 2, 41(Supplement 2):85-90. Lewis, J. G. E. 1972. The population density and biomass of the centipede Scolopendra amazonica (Bicherl) (Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae) in Sahel Savanna in Nigeria. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 108:16-18. Lewis, J. G. E. 1978. Variation in tropical scolopendrid centipedes: Problems for the taxonomist. Abhand- lungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg, Neue Folge 21/22:43-50. Lewis, J. G. E. 1984. Woodlice and Myriapods. pp. 115-127, Jn, Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L.(Editor). Key Environments. Sahara Desert. Pergamon Press. Oxford, United Kingdom. Lewis, J. G. E. 1985. Possible species isolation mechanisms in some scolopendrid centipedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendridae). Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 55(1):125-130. Lewis, J. G. E. 1996. Further records of scolopendromorph and geophilomorph centipedes from the Arabian Peninsula, with a note by Dr. E. H. Eason on Lithobius erythrocephalus cronebergii Sseliwanoff. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 15:137-156. Lewis, J. G. E. 2001a. Scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha) collected in north- ern Iraq by Dr. Hywel Roberts with a review of previous records. Arthropoda Selecta 10(2):151-154. Lewis, J. G. E. 2001b. The scolopendrid centipedes in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History in Sofia (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae). Historia Naturalis Bulgarica 13:5-51. Lewis, J. G. E. 2002. The scolopendromorph centipedes of Mauritius and Rodrigues and their adjacent islets (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha). Journal of Natural History 36:79-106. Lewis, J. G. E. 2003. The problems involved in the characterisation of scolopendromorph species (Chilo- poda: Scolopendromorpha). African Invertebrates 44(1):61-69. Lewis, J. G. E. and P. Daszak. 1996. On centipedes collected on the Raleigh International Expedition to Mauritius and Rodrigues 1993, with a description of a new species of Scolopendra (Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae). Journal of Natural History, 30:293-297. Lewis, J. G. E. and W. Wranik. 1990. On the centipedes of Yemen. Zoology in the Middle East 4:61-70. Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae...., ed. 10, Holmiae, Laurentus Salvus 1:1-824. Manfredi, P. 1933. Miriapodi della Somalia Italiana. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali 72:275- 284. Manfredi, P. 1941. Myriapoda, pp. 2-20. /n, Missione Biologica Sagan-Omo Vol. 12, Zoologia 6. Myriapoda - Arachnida - Tardigrada - Crustacea - Mollusca. Reale Accademia d’Italia, Roma. 281 pp. Meinert, F. 1886. Myriapoda Musei Cantabrigensis, Mass. Part I. Chilopoda. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 23(122):161-232. Mitsuo, T. 1993. A catalogue of myriapods from Taiwan. Takakuwaia No. 25:4-8. Newport, G. 1844. List of the specimens of Myriapoda in the collection of the British Museum. E. Newman, Printer, London. 15 pp. Newport, G. 1845. Monograph of the Class Myriapoda, Order Chilopoda: with observations on the general arrangement of the Articulata. Part 2. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 19:349-439. Newport, G. 1856. Catalogue of the Myriopoda in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. Chilopoda. Taylor & Francis. London, England. 92 pp. Opinion 454. 1957. Designation under the plenary powers of a type species in harmony with accustomed usage for “Scolopendra”’ Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Chilopoda). Opinions and Declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 15:357-378. Pocock, R. I. 1890. Myriopoda. pp. 526-529, Jn, H. N. Ridley, Editor, Notes on the Zoology of Fernando Noronha. Journal of the Linnean Society. Zoology 20:473-592. Pocock, R. I. 1892. Report upon two collections of Myriopoda sent from Ceylon by Mr. E. E. Green, and from various parts of southern India by Mr. Edgar Thurston, of the Government Central Museum, Madras. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 7(II):131-139. Pocock, R. I. 1893. Contributions to our knowledge of the arthropod fauna of the West Indies. Part II. Chilopoda. Journal of the Linnean Society. Zoology 24:454-473. Pocock, R. I. 1894. Chilopoda, Symphyla and Diplopoda from the Malay Archipelago. Jn, M. Weber (Editor), Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederlandisch Ost-Indien 3:307-404. Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 &7 Pocock, R. I. 1895a-1910. Chilopoda and Diplopoda. Biologia Central-Americana. pp. 1-217. (Fascix the genus Scolopendra distributed in December 1895 [1895a]). Pocock, R. I. 1895b. Report upon the Chilopoda and Diplopoda obtained by P. W. Bassett-Smith, Esq Surgeon R. N., and J. J. Walker, Esq., R. N., during the cruise in the Chinese Seas of H.M:S. “Penguin.” Commander W. U. Moore commanding. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Ser. 6, 15:346-369. Pocock, R. I. 1896. On the scorpions, centipedes, and millipedes obtained by Dr. Gregory on his expedition to Mount Kenia, East Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 17:425-444. Porat, C.O. 1893. Myriopoder fran Vest- och Syn-Afrika. Bihang til Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akade- miens Handlingar 18(7):3-52. Porat, C.O. 1894. Zur Myriopodenfauna Kameruns. Bihang til Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 20(5):3-90. Revault, P. 1996. Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus, 1758: a characteristic prey of the African Carpet Viper Echis ocellatus Stemmler, 1970. pp. 495-499, In, J.-J. Geoffroy, J.-P. Mauriés, and M. Nguyen Duy- Jacquemin (Editors). Acta Myriapodologica, Mémoire du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle 169. Ribaut, H. 1912. Chilopodes (Voyage de M. le Dr. Merton aux iles Kei et Aru). Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 34:283-287. Ribaut, H. 1914. Chilopoda. pp. 1-35, Jn, Voyage de Ch. Alluaud et R. Jeannel en Afrique orientale (1911- 1912). Résultats Scientifiques. Myriapoda I. Paris, A. Schulz. Ribaut, H. 1923. Chilopodes de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et des Iles Loyalty. pp. 1-79, Jn, Sarasin and Roux (Editors), Nova Caledonia, Zoologie 3(1). Berlin, C. W. Kreidel. Schileyko, A. A. 1992. Scolopenders of Viet-Nam and some aspects of the system of Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda Epimorpha). Part 1. Arthropoda Selecta 1(1):5-19. Schileyko, A. A. 1995. The scolopendromorph centipedes of Vietnam (Chilopoda Scolopendromorpha). Part 2. Arthropoda Selecta 4(2):73-87. Schileyko, A. A. 2002. Scolopendromorpha. Jn, Adis, J. (Editor) Amazonian Arachnida and Myriapoda. Identification keys to all classes, orders, families, some genera, and lists of known terrestrial species. Pen- soft Publishers. Sofia, Bulgaria. pp. 479-500. Shear, W. A. and S. B. Peck. 1992. Centipeds (Chilopoda) and Symphyla of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70:2260-2274. Shelley, R. M. 1987. The scolopendromorph centipedes of North Carolina, with a taxonomic assessment of Scolopocryptops gracilis peregrinator (Crabill) (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha). Florida Entomologist 70(4):498-5 12. Shelley, R. M. 2001 (2000). Annotated checklist of the millipeds of Florida (Arthropoda). Insecta Mundi 14(4):241-251. Shelley, R. M. 2002a. Narceus woodruffi Causey, a forgotten milliped species (Spirobolida: Spirobolidae). Insecta Mundi 16(1-3):25-29. Shelley, R. M. 2002b (2001). Occurrence of the milliped Pachydesmus crassicutis adsinicolus Hoffman in Florida (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). Insecta Mundi 15(4):220. Shelley, R. M. 2002c. A synopsis of the North American centipedes of the order Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda). Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoir No. 5:1-108. Shelley, R. M. 2004a. The milliped family Pyrgodesmidae in the continental U.S.A., with the first record of Poratia digitata (Porat) from the Bahamas (Diplopoda: Polydesmida). Journal of Natural History 38:1159- 1181. Shelley, R. M. 2004b. Occurrences of the centipedes, Scolopendra morsitans L. and S. subspinipes Leach, on Pacific islands (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae). Entomological News 115(2):95- 100. Shelley, R. M. and G. B. Edwards. 1987. The scolopendromorph centipedes of Florida, with an intro- duction to the common myriapodous arthropods. Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Serv- ices, Division of Plant Industry, Entomology Circular No. 300:1-4. Shelley, R. M. and G. B. Edwards. 2002. Introduction of the milliped family Rhinocricidae in Florida (Spirobolida). Entomological News 113(4):270-274. Shelley, R. M. and G. B. Edwards. 2004. A fourth Floridian record of the centipede genus Rhysida Wood, 1862; potential establishment of R. 1. longipes (Newport, 1845) in Miami-Dade County (Scolopendro- morpha: Scolopendridae: Otostigminae). Entomological News 115(2):116-119. Silvestri, F. 1894. Chilopodi e Diplopodi della Papuasia. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova 34:619-658. 58 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Silvestri, F. 1895a. Esplorazione del Giuba e dei suoi affluenti compiuta dal Cap. V. Bottego durante gli anni 1892-93 sotto gli auspicii della Societa Geografica Italiana. - Risultati Zoologici. XVII Chilopodi e Diplopodi. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova 35:481-490. Silvestri, F. 1895b. I Chilopodi ed 1 Diplopodi di Sumatra e delle isole Nias, Engano e Menta-vei. An- nali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova 34:707-760. Silvestri, F. 1895c. Viaggio del dottor Alfredo Borelli nella Repubblica Argentina e nel Paraguay. XIV. Chilopodi e Diplopodi. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Universita di Torino 10:1-12. Silvestri, F. 1896. Chilopodi e Diplopodi raccolti da Don Eugenio dei Principi Ruspoli durante l’ulti- mo suo viaggio nelle Regioni dei Somali e dei Galla. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova 37:57-65. Silvestri, F. 1897. Chilopodi e Diplopodi raccolti dal Cap. V. Bottego durante il suo secondo viaggio nelle Regioni dei Somali e dei Galla. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Ser. 2, 17(37):301-307. Silvestri, F. 1935. Chilopoda. pp. 194-204, Jn, Ph. C. Visser and J. Visser-Hooft (Editors), Wissen- schaftliche Ergebnisse der Niederlandischen Expeditionen in den Karakorum und die angrenzenden Gebiete 1922, 1925 und 1929/30 Herausgegeben von in Kommission bei F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig/ 1935. Zoologie. Takakuwa, Y. 1940a. Eine neue art von Ofostigmus (Chilopoda) aus Formosa. Transactions of the Natural History Society of Formosa 30:209-210. Takakuwa, Y. 1940b. Class Chilopoda, Epimorpha, Scolopendromorpha. Fauna Nipponica 9(8:2):1- 81. (In Japanese). Turk, F. A. 1951. Myriapodological Notes. — III. The iatro-zoology, biology, and systematics of some tropical myriapods. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 12(4):35-48 Underwood, L. M. 1887. The Scolopendridae of the United States. Entomologica Americana 3(4):61- 65. Verhoeff, K. W. 1937. Chilopoden aus Malacca, nach den Objecten des Raffles Museum in Singapore. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum 13:198-270. Verhoeff, K. W. 1939. Chilopoden der Insel Mauritius. Zoologische Jahrbiicher, Abteilung ftir Syste- matik 72:71-98. Wang, D. and J.-P. Mauriés. 1996. Review and perspective of study on myriapodology of China, Jn, J.-J. Geoffroy, J.-P. Mauriés, and M. Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin (Editors) Acta Myriapodologica. Mémoire du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle 169:81-99. Wang, Y. M. 1951. The Myriopoda of the Philippine Islands. Serica 1:1-80. Wang, Y. M. 1955a. A preliminary report on Myriapoda and Arachnida of Lan Yu Islets (Botel Tobago, China). Quarterly Journal of the Tatwan Museum 8(19):195-201. Wang, Y. M. 1955b. Records of myriapods on Formosa with description of new species. Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum 8(1):13-16. Wang, Y. M. 1956. Records of myriapods on Formosa with description of new species (2). Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum 9(2):155-159. Wang, Y. M. 1962. The Chilopoda of the Philippine Islands (A revision of the Myriapoda of the Philippine Islands Part 2). Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum 15:79-106. Wang, Y. M. 1963. Millipedes and centipedes of Quemoy, Fukien Province and Taiwan Island, Botel Tobago (Lan Yu), Taiwan Province and of Singapore. Quarterly Journal of the Tatwan Museum 16:89-96. Wood, H. C. 1862. On the Chilopoda of North America, with a catalogue of all the specimens in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadel- phias sem 2, 5:2-52. Wirmli, M. 1972. Chilopoda von Sumba und Flores I. Scolopendromorpha. Verhandlungen der Natur- forschenden Gesellschaft in Basel 82(1):88-104. Wirmli, M. 1975. Systematische Kriterien in der Gruppe von Scolopendra morsitans Linné, 1758 (Chilopoda, Scolopendridae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 22(I-II): 201-206. Wirmli, M. 1978. Biometrical studies on the taxonomy and the post-embryonic development of some species of Scolopendra Linnaeus (Chilopoda). Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg, Neue Folge 21/22:51-54. Vol. 116, No. 1, January & February 2005 59 BOOK REVIEW SPIDERS. Seymour Simon. 2003. HarperCollins. 32 pp. ISBN 0-06-02839 1-2. US$15.99. “Spiders are not the most popular kind of animal,” acknowledges Seymour Simon as he calmly introduces a creature many children prefer not to meet. Fantastic photos of amazing clarity, includ- ing an artificially colored scanning electron micrograph, capture the varied spider world in this clean- ly designed book. There are spiders that live under water in bubbles of air, hairy tarantulas, hundreds of just-hatched spiderlings, and a black widow—red hourglass vivid against its black abdomen. Readers will find colorful crab spiders, wolf spiders, and orb weavers. There are moths and even a hummingbird caught in webs, and a close-up of ribbons of glistening silk emerging from a spider’s spinnerets. Simon’s understated prose conveys plenty of information in the child-friendly language he honed in his years as a teacher and as a writer for Scholastic magazines. The text accompanying a stop- action photo of a spider in mid-leap reads, “A jumping spider can leap a distance about 40 times the length of its own body. That would be like you jumping the length of two basketball courts and mak- ing a slam dunk.” With the all-important lesson on how to tell spiders from insects, readers will be well equipped to correct hapless family members referring to spiders as “bugs.” Kids should enjoy sharing the many interesting facts with their friends. For example, tarantulas may live 20 years. Black widows are 15 times more poisonous than rattlesnakes. Spiders can make seven different kinds of silk. Some spiders disguise themselves as bird droppings. The stunning photos are not labeled with scientific or common names, or any captions at all, and while it is sometimes obvious from the text what is going on in the photo, often it is less apparent. It is disappointing not to be able to put a name with the spider in the cover photo—looking to the unini- tiated like a leggy cactus bristling with spines. Surely the names could have been provided at the back, if not in captions. Experts will be able to identify spiders to genus (e.g. Argiope) or to family (e.g. Thomisidae, Salticidae, Lycosidae, and Aranidae). Simon wisely observes, “Most of us can become less frightened of spiders just by watching and learning more about them.” This beautiful book, from an award-winning author of 200 nonfiction books for children, is a welcome step in that direction. For ages 5 to 9. Suzanne McIntire, Arlington, Virginia, U.S.A. E-mail: maxintire@comcast.net Mailed on March 31, 2005 60 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS RECENTLY PUBLISHED BOOKS BRIEFLY NOTED Jorge A. Santiago-Blay' Foundations of Biogeography. Classic papers with commentaries 2004 by M. Lomolino, M. V., D. F. Sax, and J. H. Brown. University of Chicago Press. Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. 1291 pp. Colossal tome on must-read papers in biogeography. Cuts across the discipline in numerous important axes, including history of biogeography, the distribution of living things explained (vacariance or dispersal), influence of phylogenetics in biogeography, speciation, island biogeography, assembly rules, and the tropical biodiversity. The breadth of coverage and the abundance of examples from numerous types of organisms, including insects, make this gargantuan publica- tion invaluable. My only concern is a practical one: I am not sure how long the binding will resist regular use. Fossil Plants 2004 by P. Kendrick and P. Davis Smithsonian Books, Washington [District of Columbia, U.S.A.] in association with the Natural History Museum, London [England, United Kingdom]. This is a succinct compendium of introductory paleobotany, which will be of great interest to readers wanting to become familiarized with ancient plants effi- ciently. Fossil Plants also includes a section on animal-plant interactions. Dragonflies and damselflies of northeast Ohio 2002 by L. Rosche. Illustrated by J. Haley, J. Brumfield, and K. Metcalf. The Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. 94 pp. Colorful and easy-to-use contribution on the imagoes of the Odonata from north- eastern Ohio. This area of the U.S.A. is home to one of its largest metropolitan regions, the greater Cleveland metropolitan area, as well as to some exceedingly beautiful gardens, such as the Holden Arboretum (http://www.holdenarb.org/, Kirtland, Lake County, Ohio). Plenty of freshwater habitats present in this mix of urban development and nature will make readers find joy trying to identify local dragonfly and damselfly imagoes. Remarks on the habitat as field recogni- tion traits, including those of newly emerged adults as well as mature specimens are also provided. Plants in Print. The Age of Botanical Discovery 2004 Collaboration between the United States Botanical Garden and the Chicago Botanic Garden. Wash- ington, District of Columbia, U.S.A. 37 pp. This is a beautiful, well-illustrated introduction to the early Bey of botany in the western world. ' Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institu- tion, Washington, District of Columbia 20013-7012 U.S.A. E-mail: blayj@si.edu. Mailed on March 31, 2005 Agreement. By submitting a paper for publication, authors tacitly agree to not submit in paralle! the same manuscript to another journal. For published papers, authors agree to accept responsibility for all page, illustration, and requested reprint charges. Rejected manuscripts will be discarded, ex cept for original artwork and photographs, which will be returned to the authors. Scientific Notes and Book Reviews. These are much shorter contributions, typically not exceed- ing one (Book Review) or two (Scientific Notes) printed pages. The main difference between these types of contributions and longer papers is that scientific notes and book reviews lack an abstract and most of the main headings, except for the acknowledgments and the literature cited sections. Reviewers. When submitting papers, all authors are requested to provide the names of two qual- ified individuals who have critically reviewed the manuscript before it is submitted to Entomological News. All papers, except book reviews, are forwarded to experts for final review before acceptance. In order to expedite the review process when submitting papers, the authors are also asked to suggest the name, address, email, telephone and fax of at least three experts in the subject field to whom the manuscript may be forwarded for additional review. Ideally, the review process should be completed within 30 days. If additional reviews are necessary, authors will be requested to suggest the name, address, and e-mail of other colleagues to whom the article may be sent. The editor reserves his pre- rogative of sending the manuscript to other reviewers. Authors are also welcome to list the names of colleagues to whom the article should not be sent, with a brief explanation. Upon return of reviews, authors will be asked to modify their papers to accommodate suggestions of the reviewers and the editor as well as to conform to requirements of Entomological News. If authors do not modify their papers, they should specifically address, on a point by point basis, why they are not doing that. Page Proofs. The printer will send page proofs to the editor, then the proofs will be sent to the corresponding authors as .pdf files, together with the reprint order form. Authors must process proofs and return them to the editor by e-mail. Authors who anticipate being absent are urged to provide for- warding addresses or to provide a temporary address (with dates). Proofs not received on time from authors may be published at a later date. The editor will collect the page proofs and send them to the printer. Page and Reprint Charges. Charges for publication in Entomological News are US$25.00 per published page (or part) for members and US$30.00 per published page (or part) for nonmembers. Authors will be charged for all text figures and halftones at the rate of US$30.00 each, regardless of size. If hard copy reprints are desired, they must be ordered together with the proofs. Reprints as .pdf files are available for the authors for US$25.00 per article. There are no page charges for book reviews. There are no discounts. For options and charges, contact the editor. Authors will be mailed invoices for their total page(s), reprint, and shipping charges. After receiv- ing invoice, please remit payment or address questions to The American Entomological Society, The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103- 1195 U:S.A. Articles longer than 20 printed pages of Entomological News may be published in two or more installments, unless the author is willing to pay the entire cost of a sufficient number of additional pages in any one issue to enable such an article to appear without division. Entomological News is widely indexed. Entomological News is listed in the Science Citation Index Expanded (updated on February 26, 2005). In addition, the Ulrich’s Periodical Index for 2005 lists Entomological News as being indexed by dozens of sources, including Biological Abstracts, Agricola, Zoological Abstracts, Medline, Ingenta, and many others. Entomological News is printed by Dover Litho Printing Company, 1211 North DuPont Highway, Dover, Delaware 19901 U.S.A. Telephone (302) 678-1211; fax: (302) 678-8091; toll-free telephone (800) 366-9132; Web Page: www.doverlitho.com. Dover Litho has been recognized by DENREC and DELRAP Green Industries as “The Most Environmentally Conscious Printer in the State of Delaware.” BOOK REVIEW BRINGING FOSSILS TO LIFE, AN INTRODUCTION TO PALEOBIOLOGY (Second Edition) 2004 by Donald R. Prothero. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. New York, NY, U.S.A. 504 pp. ISBN: 0-07-366170-8. Paperback. This book review reflects three values I treasure: 1) our publications can always be improved, 2) readers of such publications may benefit from research-based pedagogical principles, regardless of their academic standing, and 3) these goals can sometimes be accomplished within budget. Bringing fossils to life, an introduction to paleobiolo- gy, uses a traditional arrangement in the presentation of what we infer from life in the past. This approach discuss- es principles of biology and geology and tightly weaves them with paleobiodiversity: the identity, functional mor- phology, ecology, phylogeny, etc. of the actors and actresses in the drama of ancient life. The first section, “The fossil record, a window to the past” (chapters 1-10), discusses principles of biology and geology. Chapter | summarizes the history of paleobiology. The contributions of Steno, father of stratigraphy, Scheuchzer, maligned by his incorrect interpretation of a giant salamander — which he called Homo diluvii testis (human who witnessed the deluge) are followed by a generalized schema and a consideration of fossilization show- ing how unlikely it is for organisms to become part of the record. A discussion on species and speciation (chapter 3) is included (see Coyne and Orr 2004 Speciation as well as West-Eberhard 2003 Developmental plasticity and evolution for recent discussions). Systematics (chapter 4) includes the major schools, phenetics and cladistics, which at times had “great similarities to religious movements...” (Hull 1988 Science as a Process). Prothero does not shy away from presenting equations and graphical interpretations of allometric growth in his treatment of vari- ation and its causes (chapter 2), functional morphology (chapter 7), and paleoecology (chapter 8). Evolution (chap- ter 5) and extinction (chapter 6) are aptly sprinkled with models and experimental approaches. Readers are well- warned against trying to infer paleoecological phenomena in as much detail as neoecological ones. Nevertheless, we should be grateful that we can enjoy the broad brushes and occasional fine details that paleoecology, biogeog- raphy (chapter 9), and biostratigraphy (chapter 10) offer us. The second section, “Life of the past and present” (chapters 11-19), introduces major protistan and animal phyla. Relatively little-known organisms, such as the archaeocyathans (perhaps sponge-like creatures, major reef builders during the Early to Middle Cambrian, approx. 530 to 515 million years ago, Ma) are discussed along with better known ones in the fossil record, such as mollusks and echinoderms. For each major group, the morphology, biology, and time range are included. Readers will note that “major” groups do not appear all at the same time, as some creationists argue. Regrettably, only a few pages are devoted to fossil insects (pp. 276-278, see Rasnitsyn 2002 History of Insects) and plants (chapter 19); fungi are not discussed. A glossary and a bibliography complete this volume. The author may want to consider some of the following additional suggestions for future editions concerning content: 1) having a more inclusive taxonomic treatment; 2) improving the layout of some illustrations and replac- ing others, 3) updating and expanding the “For further reading” and “Biography” sections, as well as 4) making the Index more comprehensive. Furthermore, I believe it is important for a textbook of this type to explicitly confront ‘Intelligent Design,’ ‘creationism’ and other anti-evolutionary notions prevalent in the popular culture, by present- ing a point by point analysis of the nature of science and the success of each model in predicting and explaining the fossil record [e.g. Delis, York Daily Record — Sunday News (Pennsylvania, USA) 13 February 2005, p. B3] Dal- rymple 1994 The age of the Earth), mode of evolutionary change (e.g. Berra 1990 Evolution and the myth of cre- ationism, Futuyma 1995 Science on trial, the case for evolution and Pigliucci 2002 Denying evolution, creation- ism, scientism, and the nature of nature of science)]|. This is essential given that “30-40% of college students in public universities in several states held Young Earth Creationist beliefs” (http://serc.carleton.edu/introgeo/ earthhistory/creation.html). Pedagogically, Bringing fossils to life, an introduction to paleobiology will benefit from: 1) laying out learning objectives, 2) incorporating activities to encourage the development of problem- solving and general academic skills (e.g. exercises on classification), and 3) using electronic resources (see text- books by Cunningham et al. 2005 Environmental Sciences, a global concern, for an example of this approach). There are a few recent, college-level, general paleobiology textbooks written in English; Bringing fossils to life, an introduction to paleobiology, is a good one. Materials from broad spatiotemporal and taxonomic spectra, with emphasis on animals, are presented in an organized and succinct fashion. Used in conjunction with sources con- taining a stronger historical approach to paleobiology [e.g. Palmer Fossil revolution, the finds that changed our views of the past, see Entomological News 115(2): back cover, for a review], supplementary articles written by spe- cialists in different subdisciplines, and additional information on other taxa, beginning students will get a well- rounded introduction to paleobiology. Jorge A. Santiago-Blay, Department of Paleobiology SMITHSONIAN INST nina SES 08 Mailed on March 31, 2005 A preliminary list of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Alabama, U.S.A. J. A. MacGown and J. A. Forster 61 Review of Paradorydium Kirkaldy (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadellidae) from Turkey, with description of a new species Emine Demir 75 Two new species of Pentelicus Howard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) from southern China Yan-Zhou Zhang, Hui Xiao, and Da-Wei Huang 83 A new wingless stonefly, Scopura jiri (Plecoptera: Scopuridae), from Korea Young Hun Jin and Yeon Jae Bae 89 A new species of Amphinemura (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) from China Weihai Li, Ding Yang, and Ignac Sivec 93 Notes on the Platypalpus pallidiventris-cursitans species group (Diptera: Empididae) from China, with the description of a new species and a key Ding Yang and Haidong Yu 97 Five new species of Acrulogonia leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from Colombia Paul H. Freytag 101 SCIENTIFIC NOTES: New distributional records for Nicrophorus marginatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Silphidae) from Jalisco, Mexico Edith Garcia-Real, Luis Eugenio Rivera-Cervantes, and Carlos Palomera-Garcia 107 Nebraska, U.S.A.: A new state record for the shortwing snowfly, Allocapnia vivipara (Plecoptera: Capniidae) Robert E. Zuellig and Boris C. Kondratieff 111 First records of males and new distribution records for two species of Agathirsia Westwood (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) José Isaac Figueroa-De la Rosa, Michael J. Sharkey, and Victor Lépez-Martinez 113 The first report of Oncastichus goughi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), an introduced pest of waxflower (Myrtaceae; Chamelaucium uncinatum), from South America Michael W. Gates and Michael E. Schauff 115 Patapius spinosus (Rossi) (Hemiptera: Leptopodidae) in the Texas Panhandle, U.S.A. W. David Sissom and James D. Ray 117 BOOK REVIEW: Spiders of the Eastern United States. A photographic guide by W. Mike Howell and Ronald L. Jenkins Kenneth D. Frank 120 Orange Sulphur and Virgin Tiger Moth J/lustrations by Michael Marks Back Cover ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, AND NEW GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS OF ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Entomological News is published bimonthly except July-August by The American Entomological Society, which is headquartered at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195 United States of America. AES can be reached, as follows: telephone (215) 561-3978; fax (215) 299-1028; e-mail, aes@acnatsci.org and website: http://www. acnatsci.org/hosted/aes. Calvert Award. Information on the Calvert Award for insect-related study by a young person in the Delaware River Valley region sponsored by The American Entomological Society can be found at: http://www.udel.edu/chem/white/ Odonata/CalvertAwd.html Subscriptions to current issues, back issues, and microforms of Entomological News. Private sub- scriptions for personal use of members of the American Entomological Society are US $15 per year pre- paid. Subscriptions for institutions, such as libraries, laboratories, government agencies, etc. are US $30 per year prepaid for those located in the U.S.A. and US $34 per year prepaid for those located outside the U.S.A. Back issues when available are sold by complete volume, for US $15 to members, and US $30 to nonmembers. Membership / subscription application and additional information is available at: http://www.acnatsci.org/ hosted/aes/subscription html. Please send inquiries or send completed member- ship form to: Office Manager at the address above, e-mail: aes@say.acnatsci.org, or call (215) 561- 3978. Entomological News is available in microform from ProQuest Information and Learning. Call toll- free (800) 521-3042, (800) 521-0600, (734) 761-4700. Mail inquiry to: ProQuest Information and Learning, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106-9866 U.S.A. Previous editors of Entomological News: 1(1) January 1890 and 1(2) February 1890, Eugene Murray Aaron (1852-1940); 1(3) March 1890 to 21(10) December 1910, Henry Skinner (1861-1926); 22(1) January 1911 to 54(9) November 1943, Phillip P. Calvert (1871-1961); 54(10) December 1943 to 57(10) December 1946, Editorial Staff with A. Glenn Richards (1909-1993) and R. G. Schmieder (1898-1967) as co-editors; 58(1) January 1947 to 79(7) July 1968, R. G. Schmieder; 79(8) October 1968 to 83(10) to December 1972, Ross H. Arnett, Jr. (1919-1999); 84(1) January 1973 to 85(4) April 1974, R. W. Lake; 85(5-6) May & June 1974 to 113(3) May & June 2003, Howard P. Boyd; 113(4) September & October 2002 to 113(5) November & December 2002, F. Christian Thompson and Michael Pogue. New Guidelines for authors of Entomological News: Further guidelines can be found on http://www.geocities.com/entomologicalnews/instructions.htm Subject Coverage: Insects and other terrestrial arthropods. Manuscripts on systematics, ecology, evolution, morphology, physiology, behavior, biodiversity, conservation, paleobiology, and other aspects of insect and terrestrial arthropod life as well as nomenclature, biographies and history of entomology, among others, are appropriate topics for papers submitted to Entomological News. Papers on applied, eco- nomic, and regulatory entomology or on toxicology and related subjects will be considered only if they also make a major contribution in one of the aforementioned fields. Any author may submit papers. Manuscripts will be accepted from any author, although, papers from members of the American Entomological Society are given priority. It is suggested that all prospec- tive authors join the AES. Send manuscripts, books for review, and editorial correspondence to the editor. All manuscripts, including scientific notes and book reviews, submitted for publication in Entomological News as well as all associated editorial communications must be sent to the Editor, Jorge A. Santiago-Blay at this address: Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 U.S.A. If an author uses a mailing service that does not accept addresses with a P. O. Box, please use this address: Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, West Loading Dock, Washington, District of Columbia 20560 U.S.A. Other means of contacting the Editor are, as follows: Phone: (202) 633-1383, Fax: (202) 786-2832, e-mails: blayj@si.edu, or blayj@hotmail.com, or via the webpage at http://www. geocities.com/entomologicalnews/contact.htm. Books for review should also be sent to the editor who will, in turn, give them to a colleague for review. The receipt of all papers will be acknowledged and, if accepted, they will be published as soon as possible. Postmaster: If undeliverable, please send to The American Entomological Society at The Academy of Natural Sciences 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway / Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195 PERIODICAL POSTAGE PAID AT DOVER, DELAWARE 19901 U.S.A. Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE ANT SRAR (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) OF ALABAMA, U:S.A.' Joe A. MacGown’ and Jason A. Forster’ ABSTRACT: One hundred and fifty-four species of Formicidae, plus the hybrid fire ant Solenopsis invicta x richteri, are reported from Alabama, U.S.A. Fifty-nine new state records are presented and county distributions are given for each species. KEYWORDS: Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Alabama, U.S.A., ants, new records Although the formicid fauna of North America is relatively well known, dis- tributional records are incomplete for many parts of the United States, including Alabama. The lack of published information on Alabama ants is unfortunate because the state is extremely diverse with five major and 31 minor physio- graphic regions (Department of Geography, University of Alabama, http://alaba mamaps.ua.edu/alabama/physical/al_physio.jpg.), and one would expect Ala- bama’s ant fauna to reflect this diversity. Several physiographic regions from the northern, southern, and midwestern United States reach their geographic limits in Alabama, forming a unique transitional area that is very important for delim- iting the distribution of many species of ants. L. C. Murphree (1947) conducted a limited survey of ants in Alabama with the results eventually given in his thesis. Murphree did not mention the years that his collections were made, but Glancey et al. (1976) stated that Murphree’s work must have been done in the early to mid 1930s when he was scouting the state for the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr). Most of Murphree’s ant col- lections were from urban habitats; consequently, he listed only 47 species of ants, some of which were later synonymized. Murphree had no unusual species records for Alabama in his list, nor were his identifications considered to be questionable because they were corroborated by the well-known ant taxonomist M. R. Smith. However, three species on Murphree’s list, Dorvmyrmex pyramicus Roger, Forelius analis Andre, and Camponotus pylartes fraxinicola M. R. Smith, were not included in this list due to difficulties in those groups or questions about their current validity as species, making it impossible to know with certainty which species he actually had. The only other published list of ants for Alabama included 16 species collected at bait in Mobile County (Glancey et al. 1976), the identifications of which were verified by W. F. Buren, another well-known myrmecologist. ‘Received on January 10, 2005. Accepted on February 9, 2005. ? Mississippi Entomological Museum, Box 9775, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State, MS 39762, U.S.A. Email: jmacgown@entomology.msstate.edu. > Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn University, AL 36849, U.S.A. Email: forstja@Auburn.edu. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 116 (2): 61, March & April 2005 Mailed on April 22, 2005 LiIBRARIEL” 62 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Edward O. Wilson, a native of Alabama, and various colleagues, including W. Brown, collected ants in different locations in the state, but their records were not compiled into a state list. Rather, records of their specimens and others have been reported in revisional works by various authors including Baroni Urbani and De Andrade (2003), Bolton (2000), Creighton (1930, 1950), Deyrup and Cover (2004), DuBois and Davis (1998), Johnson (1988), MacKay (1993), Shoemaker et al. (1994), D. R. Smith (1979), M. R. Smith (1931, 1932, 1942), Pass (1960), Snelling (1988, 1995), Trager (1984, 1988), Trager et al. (2005), Umphrey (1996), Ward (1985), Watkins (1985), and Wilson (1950, 1952, 2003). While these authors made significant contributions to the number of species recorded from Alabama, a considerable number of species likely to occur in the state were still not reported. With taxonomic changes taken into account, only 95 species have actually been listed as occurring in Alabama. The list presented here adds 59 new records and increases the list of Alabama ants to 154 species (plus the hybrid fire ant, Solenopsis invicta x richteri) representing 37 genera and 8 subfamilies. Efforts were made to sample as many of the diverse habitat types in Alabama as possible, and ants were collected or reported from all 67 counties in Alabama (Fig. 1). Many of the species records included in this list are based on collections made during the last 12 years, with 125 species and all of the 59 new state records col- lected during this time period. The remaining species records are from examina- tion of older specimens stored at both the Auburn University Entomological Museum (AUEM) in Alabama and the Mississippi Entomological Museum (MEM) at Mississippi State University, as well as from literature records. Preliminary List of the Formicidae of Alabama, U.S.A. The list presented is arranged by subfamily, tribe, and genus according to Bol- ton (2003). Names follow Bolton (1995), except Dorymyrmex, which follows Snelling (1995); Pyramica, which follows Bolton (2000); Aphaenogaster, which follows Umphrey (1996); Pheidole, which follows Wilson (2003); and Crematogaster, which follows Johnson (1988) and Deyrup (2003). County records are provided with counties of material examined by the authors given first (AUEM and/or MEM indicate deposition of specimens), fol- lowed by literature records. Only unique county records are listed for literature records, with duplicate counties excluded if specimens from those counties were in the AUEM or MEM collections. New records of species for Alabama are indi- cated by an asterisk (*). Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 fase Xwa CLEBURNE RANDOLPH i> ic ~) COOSA /|TALLAPOOSA CHAMBERS Figure 1. Map of Alabama (U.S.A.) showing counties. 64 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Family Formicidae Subfamily Dolichoderinae Tribe Dolichoderini Dolichoderus mariae Forel. No county given (MacKay 1993). *Dolichoderus plagiatus (Mayr). DeKalb Co. (AUEM, MEM). Dolichoderus pustulatus Mayr. No county given (MacKay 1993). Dolichoderus taschenbergi (Mayr). No county given (MacKay 1993). *Dorymyrmex bureni (Trager). Bibb, Blount, Clarke, Coffee, Covington, Dal- las, Escambia, Geneva, Hale, Houston, Lamar, Lee, Lowndes, Macon, Marengo, Monroe, Perry, Russell, Sumter, Tuscaloosa, and Wilcox Cos. (AUEM, MEM). *Dorymyrmex flavus McCook. Baldwin, Conecuh, and Mobile Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Dorymyrmex grandulus (Forel). Mobile Co. (Trager 1988). *Dorymyrmex smithi Cole. Baldwin, Geneva, Lee, Macon, and Mobile Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Forelius sp. Baldwin, Bibb, Blount, Butler, Clay, Cleburne, Colbert, Cullman, Dallas, Fayette, Jackson, Lamar, Lawrence, Lee, Limestone, Lowndes, Macon, Marion, Mobile, Morgan, Pickens, Russell, Tuscaloosa, Walker, and Winston Cos. (AUEM, MEM). There could be two or more species involved in this group and further study is needed. Linepithema humile (Mayr). Baldwin, Bibb, Coffee, Conecuh, Covington, Dallas, Greene, Lowndes, Marengo, Mobile, Monroe, Shelby, Tuscaloosa, Walker, Washington, Wilcox, and Winston Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Tapinoma sessile (Say). DeKalb, Etowah, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Limestone, Macon, and Tuscaloosa Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Subfamily Formicinae Tribe Lasiini *Lasius alienus (Foerster). Barbour, Bibb, Butler, Jackson, Lauderdale, Law- rence, Macon, Madison, Marion, Monroe, and Morgan Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Lasius flavus (Fabricius). No county given. (Smith 1979). *Lasius neoniger Emery. Limestone and Madison Cos. (AUEM). *Lasius umbratus (Nylander). Covington, Lawrence, and Macon Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Tribe Plagiolepidini Brachymyrmex depilis Emery. Baldwin, Bibb, Clay, Conecuh, Dallas, DeKalb, Escambia, Jackson, Macon, Monroe, Pickens, Tuscaloosa, and Winston Cos. (AUEM, MEM); Mobile Co. (Murphree 1947). Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 65 *Brachymyrmex musculus Forel. Baldwin, Bibb, Butler, Choctaw, Clarke, Cof- fee, Conecuh, Covington, Dale, Dallas, Escambia, Geneva, Houston, Lee, Lowndes, Macon, Marengo, Marion, Mobile, Monroe, Montgomery, Shelby, Sumter, Tuscaloosa, Washington, and Wilcox. (AUEM, MEM). *Brachymyrmex sp. Tuscaloosa Co. (MEM). This species is possibly an unde- scribed new species (Mark Deyrup, pers. comm.), and it is distinctly differ- ent from the two other species of Brachymyrmex on this list. Paratrechina arenivaga (Wheeler). Baldwin, Bibb, Blount, Choctaw, Lee, and Marion Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Paratrechina bourbonica (Forel). Bibb Co. (MEM); Mobile Co. (Trager 1984). Paratrechina concinna Trager. No county given (Trager 1984). Paratrechina faisonensis (Forel). Bibb, Blount, Butler, Calhoun, Clay, Cle- burne, Colbert, Conecuh, Covington, Dallas, DeKalb, Escambia, Franklin, Greene, Lamar, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lee, Lowndes, Macon, Madison, Mobile, Perry, Shelby, Sumter, Tallapoosa, Tuscaloosa, Wilcox, and Winston Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille). Widespread, according to Murphree (1947). Trager (1984) stated that this species was present in the Gulf States, but did not give more specific distributional information. *Paratrechina parvula (Mayr). Bibb, DeKalb, and Russell Cos. (AUEM, MEM). *Paratrechina phastasma Trager. Baldwin Co. (MEM). Paratrechina vividula (Nylander). Baldwin, Bibb, Calhoun, Cherokee, Dallas, Fayette, Franklin, Hale, Lawrence, Lee, Limestone, Lowndes, Marion, Montgomery, Morgan, Sumter, and Wilcox Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Paratrechina wojciki Trager. Mobile Co. (Trager 1984). Prenolepis imparis (Say). Bibb, Chambers, Clay, DeKalb, Lauderdale, Law- rence, Lee, Macon, Morgan, Sumter, Talladega, Tallapoosa, and Winston Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Tribe Camponotini *Camponotus americanus Mayr. Calhoun, Clay, Cleburne, Coffee, Colbert, Cullman, DeKalb, Etowah, Lawrence, Lee, Tallapoosa, and Winston Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Camponotus caryae (Fitch). Jefferson Co. (Murphree 1947). *Camponotus castaneus (Latreille). Baldwin, Bibb, Covington, Henry, Law- rence, Lee, Limestone, Lowndes, Macon, Mobile, Monroe, Morgan, Shelby, and Wilcox Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Camponotus chromaiodes Bolton. Butler, Calhoun, Clarke, Colbert, Covington, Dallas, DeKalb, Franklin, Lamar, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lee, Lowndes, Macon, Madison, Marengo, Marion, Sumter, and Winston Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Camponotus decipiens Emery. Clay, Fayette, Lee, Limestone, Lowndes, Madi- son, and Marengo Cos. (AUEM, MEM); Autauga and St. Clair Cos. (Murphree 1947). 66 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Camponotus discolor (Buckley). Pickens Co. (AUEM); Baldwin Co. (Murphree 1947). *Camponotus floridanus (Buckley). Baldwin, Geneva, Mobile, and Tallapoosa Cos. (AUEM, MEM). *Camponotus impressus (Roger). Baldwin, Barbour, Bibb, Dallas, Lee, Lown- des, and Marengo. (AUEM, MEM). *Camponotus mississippiensis M. R. Smith. Lawrence and Lowndes Cos. (AUEM, MEM). *Camponotus nearcticus Emery. Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lowndes, Morgan, and Shelby Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Camponotus obliquus M. R. Smith. No county given (Smith 1979). Camponotus pennsylvanicus (DeGeer). Bibb, Blount, Cleburne, Dallas, De Kalb, Escambia, Greene, Hale, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lee, Limestone, Lowndes, Marengo, Monroe, Morgan, Pickens, Shelby, Sumter, Tuscaloosa, and Wilcox Cos. (AUEM, MEM); Mobile Co. (Glancey et al. 1976). *Camponotus snellingi Bolton. Bibb, Colbert, DeKalb, Lawrence, Lee, Hale, Monroe, Tuscaloosa, and Walker Cos. (AUEM, MEM). *Camponotus socius Roger. Baldwin and Mobile Cos. (AUEM, MEM). *Camponotus subbarbatus Emery. Bibb, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Marion, and Tuscaloosa Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Tribe Formicini Formica archboldi M. R. Smith. No county given (Smith 1979). *Formica integra Nylander. Clay, DeKalb, Etowah, Lee, Morgan, and Ran- dolph Cos. (AUEM, MEM). *Formica pallidefulva Latreille. Clay, Cleburne, DeKalb, Fayette, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Limestone, Macon, Marion, Morgan, and Tuscaloosa Cos. (AUEM, MEM). *Formica rubicunda Emery. DeKalb Co. (MEM). Formica schaufussi dolosa Buren. Bibb, Clay, DeKalb, Lawrence, Lowndes, and Sumter Cos. (AUEM, MEM); Mobile Co. (Glancey et al. 1976). *Formica subintegra Wheeler. Clay Co. (AUEM, MEM). *Formica subsericea Say. Barbour, Bibb, Cherokee, DeKalb, Etowah, Law- rence, Lowndes, Madison, and Shelby Cos. (AUEM, MEM). *Formica n. sp. Bibb, Butler, Lowndes, Sumter, and Tuscaloosa Cos. This is a new species in the pallidefulva group being described by Trager (2005, in press). Subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae Tribe Pseudomyrmecini Pseudomyrmex ejectus (F. Smith). Baldwin, Houston, Lee, and Macon Cos. (AUEM, MEM); Geneva Co. (Murphree 1947); Mobile and Monroe Cos. (Ward 1985). Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 67 nee Pseudomyrmex pallidus (F. Smith). Baldwin, Bibb, Blount, Clarke, Dale, Dallas, Marengo, Montgomery, Shelby, Washington, and Wilcox Cos. (AUEM, MEM); Mobile Co. (Ward 1985). *Pseudomyrmex seminole Ward. Baldwin Co. (MEM). Subfamily Ecitoninae Tribe Ecitonini Neivamyrmex carolinensis (Emery). Chilton, Choctaw, Etowah, and Pickens Cos. (Smith 1942). Neivamyrmex nigrescens (Cresson). Calhoun, Cherokee, Cullman, Lauderdale, Lee, and Madison Cos. (AUEM, MEM); Clay, Jefferson, Mobile, and Morgan Cos. (Smith 1942). Neivamyrmex opacithorax (Emery). No county given (Watkins 1985). Subfamily Amblyoponinae Tribe Amblyoponini *Amblyopone pallipes (Haldeman). Bibb, Lauderdale, Lawrence, and Lee Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Subfamily Ponerinae Tribe Ponerini Cryptopone gilva (Roger). Butler Co. (AUEM). Hypoponera opaciceps (Mayr). Covington and Marengo Cos. (AUEM); Bald- win, Bullock, Conecuh, Crenshaw, Mobile, Montgomery, and Russell Cos. (Murphree 1947). Hypoponera opacior (Forel). Baldwin, Barbour, Bibb, Blount, Butler, Chambers, Choctaw, Clay, Cleburne, Conecuh, Cullman, Dallas, Escambia, Franklin, Houston, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lee, Macon, Madison, Marengo, Mobile, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Shelby, Sumter, Tallapoosa, Tusca- loosa, Walker, and Winston Cos. (AUEM, MEM); Elmore Co. (Murphree 1947). Odontomachus brunneus (Patton). Houston Co. (AUEM); Baldwin and Mobile Cos. (Deyrup and Cover 2004). *Odontomachus ruginodis M. R. Smith. Baldwin Co. (MEM). *Ponera exotica M. R. Smith. Bibb, Lawrence, and Sumter Cos. (MEM). *Ponera pennsylvanica Buckley. Bibb, Blount, Clay, DeKalb, Lawrence, Lee, Macon, Monroe, Sumter, and Tuscaloosa Cos. (AUEM, MEM). 68 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Subfamily Ectatomminae Tribe Ectatommini *Gnamptogenys triangularis (Mayr). Mobile Co. (Lloyd Davis, Gainesville, FL, pers. comm.). Subfamily Proceratiinae Tribe Proceratiini *Discothyrea testacea Roger. Baldwin, Chilton, Lauderdale, Lawrence, and Lee Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Proceratium chickasaw De Andrade. Bibb, Lauderdale, Lawrence, and Tuscaloosa Cos. (MEM); Mobile Co. (Baroni Urbani and De Andrade 2003). Proceratium croceum (Roger). Baldwin Co. (MEM); DeKalb, Mobile, Mont- gomery, and Tuscaloosa Cos. (Baroni Urbani and De Andrade 2003). Proceratium pergandei (Emery). Lawrence Co. (MEM); Mobile Co. (Baroni Urbani and De Andrade 2003). Proceratium silaceum Roger. Bibb and Tuscaloosa Cos. (MEM); Baldwin and Mobile Cos. (Baroni Urbani and De Andrade 2003). Subfamily Myrmicinae Tribe Dacetini Pyramica angulata (M. R. Smith). Baldwin, Lauderdale, Lawrence, and Mar- shall Cos. (AUEM, MEM); Tuscaloosa Co. (Bolton 2000). Pyramica clypeata (Roger). Morgan Co. (AUEM); Marshall and Tuscaloosa Cos. (Bolton 2000). Pyramica creightoni (M. R. Smith). Mobile Co. (MEM). Pyramica dietrichi (M. R. Smith). Lawrence Co. (MEM); Houston, Mobile, and Tuscaloosa Cos. (Bolton 2000). Pyramica laevinasis (M. R. Smith). Bibb, Lauderdale, and Lee Cos. (AUEM, MEM); Marshall and Mobile Cos. (Bolton 2000). Pyramica margaritae (Forel). No county given (Smith 1979). Pyramica membranifera (Emery). Baldwin, Bibb, and Macon Cos. (MEM). *Pyramica metazytes Bolton. Monroe Co. (MEM). Pyramica ohioensis (Kennedy & Schramm). Clay, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lee, Monroe, and Sumter Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Pyramica ornata (Mayr). Baldwin, Bibb, Chilton, Conecuh, Henry, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lee, Marion, Sumter, and Tuscaloosa Cos. (AUEM, MEM); Mar- shall Co. (Bolton 2000). *Pyramica pergandei (Emery). DeKalb Co. (AUEM, MEM). | Pyramica pilinasis (Forel). Tuscaloosa Co. (Bolton 2000). Pyramica pulchella (Emery). Baldwin, Bibb, and Conecuh Cos. (MEM); Marshall, Mobile, and Morgan Cos. (Bolton 2000). Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 69 Pyramica reflexa (Wesson & Wesson). Conecuh and Lawrence Cos. (MEM); Franklin Co. (Bolton 2000). Pyramica rostrata (Emery). Bibb, Clay, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lee, and Sumter Cos. (AUEM, MEM); Baldwin, Franklin, and Tuscaloosa Cos. (Bolton 2000). Pyramica talpa (Weber). Baldwin and Bibb Cos. (MEM); Houston and Mobile Cos. (Bolton 2000). Strumigenys louisianae Roger. Baldwin, Barbour, Bibb, Butler, Clay, Henry, Houston, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lee, Sumter, and Tuscaloosa Cos. (AUEM, MEM); Morgan Co. (Smith 1932). Tribe Attini Cyphomyrmex rimosus (Spinola). Baldwin, Conecuh, Covington, Dale, Escambia, Houston, Lowndes, Mobile, Monroe, Montgomery, and Wilcox Cos. (AUEM, MEM). *Trachymyrmex septentrionalis (McCook). Bibb, Butler, Covington, Hale, Houston, Lawrence, Lowndes, Macon, Mobile, Monroe, Pickens, Talladega, Tuscaloosa, and Wilcox Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Tribe Stenammini Stenamma foveolocephalum M. R. Smith. Bibb Co. (DuBois and Davis 1998). *Stenamma meridionale M. R. Smith. Monroe and Sumter Cos. (MEM). Tribe Solenopsidini Monomorium floricola (Jerdon). No county given (Smith 1979). Monomorium minimum (Buckley). Baldwin, Bibb, Covington, Escambia, Hale, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lowndes, Marengo, Mobile, Montgomery, Morgan, Pickens, and Tuscaloosa Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Monomorium pharaonis (Linnaeus). Lamar Co. (AUEM); Widespread, accord- ing to Murphree (1947). Monomorium viride Brown. Mobile Co. (Glancey et al. 1976). This record may be unreliable as workers of this species are difficult to distinguish from . minimum. “Solenopsis carolinensis Forel. Cleburne, Colbert, Covington, Henry, Lee, Lowndes, Macon, Madison, Monroe, Pickens, and Tuscaloosa Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius). Mobile Co. (Creighton 1930); Baldwin, Bar- bour, Bibb, Bullock, Coffee, Covington, Crenshaw, Dale, Escambia, Gene- va, Houston, and Pike Cos. (Murphree 1947). This species was not found during the course of recent collecting and is thought to have been displaced from the area by the introduced fire ants, S. invicta, S. richteri, and their hybrid. 70 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Solenopsis globularia littoralis Creighton. Mobile Co. (MEM); Baldwin Co. (Creighton 1930); Russell Co. (Murphree 1947). Solenopsis invicta Buren. Baldwin, Bibb, Chambers, DeKalb, and Lee Cos. (AUEM, MEM); widespread, especially in southern half of state (Shoe- maker et al. 1994). Solenopsis invicta x richteri. Lauderdale and Sumter Cos. (AUEM, MEM); widespread, especially in north-central portion of state (Shoemaker et al. 1994). Solenopsis molesta (Say). Baldwin, Barbour, Bibb, Clay, Franklin, Hale, Hous- ton, Lamar, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lee, Macon, Marion, Mobile, Morgan, Pickens, Shelby, and Tuscaloosa, Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Solenopsis pergandei Forel. Bibb, Covington, Lauderdale, Mobile, and Tusca- loosa Cos. (AUEM, MEM); Coosa Co. (Murphree 1947). *Solenopsis picta Emery. Baldwin, Barbour, and Montgomery Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Solenopsis richteri Forel. Lawrence Co. (AUEM, MEM); Mobile Co. (Creigh- ton 1930); Baldwin and Mobile Cos.; and Spring Hill and Whistler (counties unknown) (Murphree 1947); widespread, especially in the northwestern por- tion of Alabama (Shoemaker et al. 1994). *Solenopsis tennesseensis M. R. Smith. Baldwin Co. (MEM). *Solenopsis tonsa Thompson. Baldwin Co. (MEM). Solenopsis xyloni McCook. Lee Co. (AUEM); Madison, Mobile and Mont- gomery Cos. (Creighton 1930). Historically this species was widespread, occurring in 154 communities in Alabama, according to Murphree (1947). This species was not found during the course of recent collecting and is thought to have been displaced from the area by the introduced fire ants, S. invicta, S. richteri, and their hybrid. Tribe Myrmicini *Myrmica americana Weber. Jackson Co. (AUEM, MEM). *Myrmica pinetorum Wheeler. Barbour, Clay, DeKalb, and Winston Cos. (AUEM). *Myrmica punctiventris Roger. Clay, Cleburne, Coosa, DeKalb, Etowah, Lee, Macon, and Monroe Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Pogonomyrmex badius (Latreille). Baldwin, Covington, Lee, and Mobile Cos. (AUEM, MEM); Barbour Co. (Murphree 1947). Tribe Tetramoriini Tetramorium bicarinatum (Nylander). Mobile Co. (Glancey et al. 1976); wide- spread, according to Murphree (1947). *Tetramorium caespitum (Linnaeus). Limestone Co. (AUEM). Tetramorium lanuginosum Mayr. Dale and Houston Cos. (Murphree 1947). Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 7\ Tribe Pheidolini Aphaenogaster floridana M. R. Smith. No county given (Smith 1979). Aphaenogaster fulva Roger. Bibb, Conecuh, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Perry, Sumter, and Tuscaloosa Cos. (AUEM, MEM); Autauga and Colbert Cos. (Murphree 1947). *Aphaenogaster lamellidens Mayr. Bibb, Blount, Chambers, Cherokee, Col- bert, Fayette, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lee, Macon, Morgan, and Tuscaloosa Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Aphaenogaster miamiana Wheeler. Baldwin, Barbour, Bibb, Butler, Escambia, Geneva, Houston, and Macon Cos. (AUEM, MEM). *Aphaenogaster picea (Wheeler). Clay and Franklin Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Aphaenogaster rudis Enzmann. Cleburne Co. (Umphrey 1996). *Aphaenogaster tennesseensis (Mayr). Bibb and Houston Cos. (AUEM). Aphaenogaster treatae Forel. Bibb, Clay, DeKalb, Lawrence, Macon, and Tus- caloosa Cos. (AUEM, MEM); Lamar Co. (Murphree 1947). Aphaenogaster sp. (fulva-texana-rudis complex). Baldwin, Bibb, DeKalb, Laud- erdale, Lawrence, Sumter, and Tuscaloosa Cos. (AUEM, MEM). This species is probably either Aphaenogaster carolinensis Wheeler or A. n. sp. N19 (Umphrey 1996). These two species cannot be separated reliably using morphological characteristics. *Pheidole adrianoi Naves. Baldwin Co. (MEM). Pheidole bicarinata Mayr. Bibb, Blount, Dallas, DeKalb, Franklin, Geneva, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lowndes, Macon, Marion, Morgan, Pickens, Shelby, Tuscaloosa, and Winston Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Pheidole crassicornis Emery. Barbour, DeKalb, Lee, Lowndes, and Macon Cos. (AUEM, MEM); Butler Co. (Murphree 1947). Pheidole davisi Wheeler. No county given (Wilson 2003). Pheidole dentata Mayr. Baldwin, Barbour, Bibb, Clay, Cleburne, Colbert, Coosa, Covington, Cullman, Escambia, Franklin, Geneva, Hale, Houston, Lawrence, Lee, Limestone, Lowndes, Macon, Marion, Mobile, Monroe, Perry, Shelby, Tuscaloosa, and Washington Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Pheidole dentigula M. R Smith. Barbour, Bibb, Calhoun, Clay, Henry, Houston, Lawrence, Lee, Marion, Sumter, and Tuscaloosa Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Pheidole floridana Emery. Baldwin Co. (MEM); Mobile Co. (Wilson 2003). Pheidole metallescens Emery. Barbour, Covington, Mobile, Tuscaloosa, and Wilcox Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Pheidole moerens Wheeler. Baldwin, Coffee, Covington, Dale, Geneva, Hous- ton, and Mobile Cos. (AUEM, MEM). *Pheidole morrisi Forel. Baldwin, Covington, Escambia, and Madison Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Pheidole obscurithorax Naves. Baldwin, Escambia, and Mobile Cos. (AUEM, MEM). *Pheidole tetra Creighton. Winston Co. (AUEM). *Pheidole tysoni Forel. Clay, Lawrence, Montgomery, and Pickens Cos. (AUEM, MEM). 12 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS *Pheidole sp. Bibb, Clay, Dallas, Lamar, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Marion, and Tuscaloosa Cos. (AUEM, MEM). This species does not fit Wilson’s key to Pheidole (2003) and is apparently an undescribed species in the crassicornis group. Tribe Crematogastrini Crematogaster ashmeadi Mayr. Baldwin, Bibb, Blount, Cherokee, Colbert, Covington, Cullman, Dallas, Fayette, Houston, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lee, Limestone, Lowndes, Madison, Mobile, Monroe, Pickens, Shelby, Talla- dega, Tuscaloosa, Walker, Wilcox, and Winston Cos. (AUEM, MEM); Henry and Saint Clair Cos. and Edwardsville (county unknown) (Murphree 1947). Crematogaster atkinsoni Wheeler. No county given (Johnson 1988). Crematogaster lineolata (Say). Barbour, Bibb, Blount, Choctaw, Clay, Cleburne, Colbert, Cullman, Dale, Dallas, DeKalb, Escambia, Henry, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Limestone, Lowndes, Macon, Marengo, Russell, Tuscaloosa, and Wilcox Cos. (AUEM, MEM); Chilton Co. (Johnson 1988); Franklin, and Montgomery Cos. (Murphree 1947). Crematogaster minutissima Mayr. Bibb, Lawrence, Lee, Marion, and Mobile Cos. (AUEM, MEM); Pike and Talladega Cos. (Murphree 1947). *Crematogaster missuriensis Emery. Baldwin, Bibb, Clay, Lawrence, Madison, and Morgan Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Crematogaster pilosa Emery. Baldwin, Cleburne, Coffee, Cullman, Dallas, Escambia, Franklin, Jackson, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lee, Marion, Monroe, Pickens, Shelby, Sumter, Tallapoosa, Tuscaloosa, and Washington Cos. (AUEM, MEM); Calhoun, Cherokee, Conecuh, Dale, Fayette, and Greene Cos. (Murphree 1947). *Crematogaster vermiculata Emery. Barbour and Lauderdale Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Tribe Formicoxenini *Protomognathus americanus (Emery). Madison Co. (AUEM). Temnothorax bradleyi (Wheeler). Baldwin and Tuscaloosa Cos. (Wilson 1952); Jefferson Co. (Murphree 1947). Temnothorax curvispinosus (Mayr). Clay, Cleburne, DeKalb, Etowah, Lauder- dale, Lawrence, Lee, Lowndes, Madison, Marengo, and Winston Cos. (AUEM, MEM). Temnothorax longispinosus (Roger). Clay and DeKalb Cos. (AUEM, MEM). *Temnothorax pergandei (Emery). Cullman, DeKalb, Lawrence and Lowndes Cos. (AUEM, MEM). *Temnothorax schaumii (Roger). Lawrence Co. (AUEM, MEM). Temnothorax smithi (Baroni Urbani). No county given (Smith 1979). *Temnothorax texanus (Wheeler). Clay Co. (AUEM, MEM). Temnothorax tuscaloosae (Wilson). Monroe Co. (MEM); Tuscaloosa Co. (Wilson 1950). Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 73 Tribe Myrmecinini Myrmecina americana Emery. Baldwin, Bibb, Chilton, Clay, Dallas, Fayette, Henry, Houston, Jackson, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lee, Macon, Marion, Shel- by, Sumter, and Tuscaloosa Cos. (AUEM, MEM). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank the many people who have either aided in the collection of ants in Alabama or provided other valuable assistance, especially Richard L. Brown (MEM), Terence L. Schiefer (MEM), JoVonn G. Hill, (MEM), Michael L. Williams (Auburn University, AL), Charles Ray (Auburn), Nathan Burkett (Auburn), James C. Trager (Shaw Nature Reserve, MO), and Valerie Behan-Pelletier (AG Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada). Thanks to Lloyd Davis (Gainesville, FL), Mark Deyrup (Archbold Biological Station, FL), James C. Trager, and Gary Umphrey (University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada) for verifying some of the identifications. We are grateful to the Alabama State Parks for granting collecting permits and for allowing us to collect at various parks in the state. This article is approved for publication as Journal Article No. 10624 of the Mississippi Agricul- tural and Forestry Experiment Station with support from state project MIS-311020, NSF Grant No. DEB-9200856 (Richard L. Brown, Principal Investigator), William H. Cross Expedition Fund, USDA-ARS Areawide Management of Imported Fire Ant Project, and the Alabama Fire Ant Management Program. LITERATURE CITED Baroni Urbani, C. and M. L. De Andrade. 2003. The ant genus Proceratium in the extant and fos- sil record (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Monografie 36: 1-480. Bolton, B. 1995. A New General Catalogue of the Ants of the World. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. 504 pp. Bolton, B. 2000. The ant tribe Dacetini. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 65: 1-1028. Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomologi- cal Institute 71: 1-370. Creighton, W. S. 1930. The New World species of the genus Solenopsis (Hymenop. Formicidae). Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 66: 39-151 + 7 plates. Creighton, W. S. 1950. The ants of North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoo- logy at Harvard College 104: 1-585 + 57 plates. Deyrup, M. 2003. An updated list of Florida ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Florida Entomolo- gist 86: 43-48. Deyrup, M. and S. Cover. 2004. A new species of Odontomachus ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from inland ridges of Florida, with a key to Odontomachus of the United States. Florida Ento- mologist 87: 136-144. DuBois, M. and L. R. Davis. 1998. Stenamma foveolocephalum (= S. carolinense) rediscovered (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Sociobiology. 32: 125-138. Glancey, B. M., D. P. Wojcik, C. H. Craig, and J. A. Mitchell. 1976. Ants of Mobile County, AL, as monitored by bait transects. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 11: 191-197. Johnson, C. 1988. Species identification in the eastern Crematogaster. Journal of Entomological Science 23: 314-322. 74 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS MacKay, W. P. 1993. A review of the New World ants of the genus Dolichoderus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 22: 1-148. Murphree, L. C. 1947. Alabama Ants, Description, Distribution, and Biology, with Notes on the Control of the Most Important Household Species. M. S. Thesis. Mississippi State College, State College, MS, U.S.A. 144 pp. Pass, B. C. 1960. Bionomics of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis saevissima richteri Forel. M. S. Thesis. Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, U.S.A. 65 pp. Shoemaker, D. D., K. G. Ross, and M. L. Arnold. 1994. Development of RAPD markers in two introduced fire ants, Solenopsis invicta and S. richteri, and their application to the study of a hybrid zone. Molecular Biology 3: 531-539. Smith, D. R. 1979. Superfamily Formicoidea [pp. 1323-1467]. Jn, K.V. Krombein, P. D. Hurd, Jr., D. R. Smith, and B. D. Burks (Editors). Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Vol. 2: Apocrita (Aculeata). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., U.S.A. xvi + 1199- 2209. Smith, M. R. 1931. A revision of the genus Strumigenys of America, north of Mexico, based on a study of the workers. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 24: 384-387. Smith, M. R. 1932. An additional annotated list of the ants of Mississippi (Hym.: Formicidae). En- tomological News 42: 157-160. Smith, M. R. 1942. The Legionary ants of the United States belonging to Eciton subgenus Neivamyrmex Borgmeier. The American Midland Naturalist 27: 537-590. Snelling, R.R. 1988. Taxonomic notes on Nearctic species of Camponotus, Subgenus Myrmentoma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (pp. 55-78). Jn, Trager, J. C. (Editor) Advances in Myrmecology. E. J. Brill. New York, NY, U.S.A. 551 pp. Snelling, R. R. 1995. Systematics of Nearctic ants of the genus Dorymyrmex (Hymenoptera: For- micidae). Contributions in Science (Los Angeles). 454: 1-14. Trager, J.C. 1984. A revision of the genus Paratrechina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the conti- nental United States. Sociobiology 9: 49-162. Trager, J. C. 1988. A revision of the Conomyrma (Hymenoptera: Fomicidae) from the southeast- ern United States, especially Florida, with keys to the species. Florida Entomologist 71: 11-29. Trager, J. C., J. A. MacGown, and M. D. Trager. 2005. Revision of the Nearctic endemic Formi- ca pallidefulva group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae). Memoirs of the American Ento- mological Institute. In press. Umphrey, G. J. 1996. Morphometric discrimination among sibling species in the fulva-rudis - tex- ana complex of the ant genus Aphaenogaster (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 528-559. Ward, P. S. 1985. The Nearctic species of the genus Pseudomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Quaestiones Entomologicae 21: 209-246. Watkins, J. F. 1985. The identification and distribution of the army ants of the United States of American (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ecitoninae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 58: 479-502. Wilson, E. O. 1950. A new Leptothorax from Alabama (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche 57: 128-130. Wilson, E. O. 1952. Notes on Leptothorax bradleyi Wheeler and L. wheeleri M. R. Smith (Hy- menoptera: Formicidae). Entomological News 63: 67-71. Wilson, E. O. 2003. Pheidole in the New World; a Dominant Hyperdiverse Ant Genus. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. 794 pp. Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 iis) REVIEW OF PARADORYDIUM KIRKALDY (HOMOPTERA, AUCHENORRHYNCHA, CICADELLIDAE) FROM TURKEY, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES' Emine Demir’ ABSTRACT: The following species of Paradorydium are recorded from Turkey: P. mustafai sp.n., P. occidentale Lindberg (new record) and P. paradoxum (Herrich-Schaeffer). Taxonomical features and figures of the species are given. KEY WORDS: Paradorydium mustafai, sp.n., Homoptera, Cicadellidae, Auchenorrhyncha, Turkey Paradorydium is one of only four genera of the Old World leafhopper tribe Paradorydiini (Linnavuori, 1979). The distinctive elongate shape (Fig. 1) of the members of this tribe has been likened to the seeds of the grasses on which they live. Sixteen species were recorded from Africa by Linnavuori (1979) and ten species from the Palaearctic region by Nast (1972), including P paradoxum Herrich-Schaeffer). In the present work, two other species, P. occidentale Lind- berg and P. mustafai sp. nov., are recorded from Turkey. All three species are described and a key provided for their separation. Key to the species of Paradorydium from Turkey 1. Length of vertex approximately 6.5 X length of pronotum. Aedeagus with a pair of apical process- 25 FD. 111) ccceathokestonc: oo eee see thane ete 3 a eee on eer es mustafai - Length of vertex 4-5 X length of pronotum. Aedeagus without apical processes.............:::c:e D AEeacdcasus with a pair of basal processes: (Fig. 33). ..:...cc.ssccsssccsecccsecssessssencsoscscontesteens paradoxum eeaeaeus without a.pair of basal processes (Fig. 21) ............2....-cccscsceseoseveceeeeceeencetent occidentale Paradorydium mustafai sp. n. (Figs. 1-11) Description: Length: male 8.8 - 9.7 mm, female 11.8 — 12.2 mm. Yellowish-green. Crown and hemelytra with fine brown punctation (only a female with red punctation). Face with distinct dark lateral bands. Veins of forewing brownish-yellow, granulated. Crown (Figs. 3-4) tetrahedral in cross section, median, lateral and ventral carinae distinct; vertex 6.5 X as long as median length of pronotum, sides concave, apex pointed and curved dorsad, medi- an carina reaching to apex, Hemelytra transparent with sharp apex, enclosing entire abdomen. Male genitalia as in Figs. 6-11. Side lobes of pygophore insinuate apically. Subgenital plate with apical margin forming an inner process and an outer lobe. Stem of aedeagus elongate, slightly re- curved dorsad, with falcate apical appendages. Female genitalia as in Fig. 5. Material Studied: Holotype: male, TURKEY: Southwest Anatolia, Antalya, Manavgat, Hacyo- basy, 22.06.2002, on Bothriochloa ischaemum. Paratypes: 2 males and 3 females, TURKEY, Antalya, Manavgat, Hacyobasy, 22.06.2002, on Bothriochloa ischaemum, 2 males, Antalya, Manavgat, Oren- sehir, 15.10.2001, 8 males and 4 females, Antalya, Manavgat, Hacyobasy, 26.08.2003, on Bothrioch- loa ischaemum. Holotype and paratypes are deposited in Centre for Entomological Studies Ankara and | male and | female in the Natural History Museum, London. "Received on March 10, 2004. Accepted on January 3, 2005. *Gazi University, Faculty of Science & Arts, Department of Biology, 06500 Teknikokullar Ankara, Turkey. E-mail: eminedemird@yahoo.com. Mailed on April 22, 2005 76 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Etymology: The name of this new species is dedicated to my father Mustafa Demir. Remarks: Similar to PR. dimorphum Linnavuori from Africa and P. paradox- um, in the shape of the subgenital plate but differs from the former species by its longer crown with sides concave and more elongate lateral lobe of the subgenital plate and from both species in having a pair of apical aedeagal processes. Figs. 1-5. Paradorydium mustafai sp. n., holotype male. 1. Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. 2. Left forewing. 3. Crown, dorsal view. 4. Crown, lateral view. 5. Paratype female, dis- tal portion of abdomen, lateral view. Figures 2-5, scale bar = 0.5 mm. Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 77 11 Figs. 6-11. Male genitalia of Paradorydium mustafai sp. n., holotype male. 6. Genital cap- sule and anal tube, lateral view. 7. Same, ventral view. 8. Right style, dorsal view. 9. Connective, dorsal view. 10. Aedeagus, posterior view. 11. Aedeagus, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. 78 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Paradorydium occidentale Lindberg (Figs. 12-22) Paradorydium occidentale Lindberg, 1954: 208, Figs. 51 I-m. Description: Length: male 4.5 — 5.3 mm, female 6.2 — 7.1 mm. Yellowish-green. Females darker than males. Crown and hemelytra with fine brownish-green punctation (some specimens [1 male and 4 females] with red punctation). Face with distinct dark lateral bands. Veins colored light yellow, indistinctly granulated. Crown (Figs. 14-15) tetrahedral in cross section, slightly flattened with apex slightly truncate; vertex 4-4.5 X as long as median length of pronotum (male and female respectively), median carina reaching to apex, lateral carinae more distinct than median carinae. Hemelytra transparent with slightly rounded apex enclosing entire abdomen. Male genitalia as in Figs. 17-22. Side lobes of pygophore conical. Stem of aedeagus elongate, slightly recurved dorsad, without processes. Female genitalia as in Fig. 16. Material Studied: TURKEY: Southwest Anatolia, Antalya, Gazipasa, Calipinar, 25 m, 12.05.2001 230 309, on Graminae. Antalya, Manavgat, Demirciler, 40 m, 11.05.2001 10, on Graminae. Remarks: The specimens from Turkey (new record) were identified by refer- ence to the original figures and by comparison (by M. D. Webb) with a male and female from Cape Verde Island determined by Lindberg as P paradoxum, deposited in the Natural History Museum, London. The species was previously recorded from the Canary Islands. Figs 12-16. Paradorydium occidentale. 12. Habitus. 13. Left forewing. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. 14. Crown, dorsal view. 15. Crown, lateral view. 16. Paratype female, distal portion of the abdomen, lateral view. Figures 14-16, scale bar = 0.5 mm. Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 79 Figs. 17-22. Male genitalia of Paradorydium occidentale. 17. Genital capsule and anal tube, lateral view. 18. Same, ventral view. 19. Right style, dorsal view. 20. Aedeagus, pos- terior view. 21. Aedeagus, lateral view. 22. Connective, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. 80 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Paradorydium paradoxum (Herrich-Schaffer) (Figs. 23-33) Jassus paradoxum Herrich-Schaffer, 1837. Description: Length: male 6.5 — 7.0 mm, female 7.4 — 8.2 mm. Yellowish-green. Females dark- er than males. Crown and hemelytra with fine brownish-green punctation. Veins colored light yellow, indistinctly granulated. Crown (Figs. 25-26) tetrahedral in cross section, apex slightly flattened; vertex 4-5 X as long as median length of pronotum (male and female respectively). Hemelytra transparent with slightly sharp apex enclosing entire abdomen. Male genitalia as in Figs. 28-33. Aedeagus with a pair of narrow basal processes. Female genitalia as in Fig. 27. Material Studied: TURKEY: Southwest Anatolia, Antalya, Diizlergami, 280 m, 22 July 2001 2029, on Graminae, Middle Anatolia, Ankara, Sincan Milk. Ayas Mts. E. 1000 m, 20.07.2000 19, on Graminae, Sincan Milk. Ayas Mts. E. 1000 m, 17.06.2000 19, on Graminae, Kizilcahamam, Soguksu, 1300 m, 07.06.1997 49, on Graminae, Soguksu, 1300 m, 20.07.1997 20, on Graminae. Distribution in Turkey: Middle Anatolia: Ankara and Southeast Anatolia: Diyarbakir (Dlabola, 1957; Lodos & Kalkandlen, 1982). Remarks: Differing from the similar Paradorydium lanceolatum Burmeister in the flattened apex of the crown and aedeagus with narrow rather than triangu- lar basal processes (D’Urso, 1992). Figs. 23-27. Paradorydium paradoxum. 23. Habitus. 24. Left forewing. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. 25. Crown, lateral view. 26. Crown, dorsal view. 27. Paratype female, distal portion of the abdomen, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 8] 33 Figs. 28-33. Male genitalia of Paradorydium paradoxum. 28. Genital capsule and anal tube, lateral view. 29. Same, ventral view. 30. Right style, dorsal view. 31. Connective, dorsal view. 32. Aedeagus, posterior view. 33. Aedeagus, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. 82 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank Dr. H. Abdul-Nour, Dr. M. D. Webb (Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, London, England), and my parents for their help during different phases of this project. LITERATURE CITED Dlabola, J. 1957. Results of the Zoological Expedition of the National Museum in Prague to Turkey 20. Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 31: 19-68. D’Urso, V. 1992. Taxonomical notes on Paradorydium paradoxum (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1837) and Paradorydium lanceolatum (Burmeister, 1839). Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift 39: 55-63. Herrich-Schaeffer, G. A. W. 1837. Deutschlands Insecten 144: 1-16. Lindberg, H. 1954. Hemiptera Insularum Canariensium. Commentationes Biologicae XIV: 1-304. Linnavuri, R. 1979. Revision of African Cicadellidae (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha). Revue Zoologique Africaine 93(3): 655-667. Lodos, N. and A. Kalkandelen. 1982. Preliminary list of Auchenorrhyncha with notes on distribu- tion and importance of species in Turkey IX. Family Cicadellidae: Iassinae, Penthiminae, Dorycephalinae, Hecalinae and Aphrodinae. Turkiye Bitki koruma Dergisi 6: 147-159. Nast, J. 1972. Palaearctic Auchenorrhyncha (Homoptera), an annotated check list: Polish Academy. of Sciences, Institute of Zoology. Warsaw, Poland. 550 pp. ANNOUNCEMENT Our web page (www.geocities.com/entomologicalnews) has been updated. Among others, we now have revised guidelines to authors and all the published indexes to Entomological News. Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 83 TWO NEW SPECIES OF PENTELICUS HOWARD (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE) FROM SOUTHERN CHINA' Yan-Zhou Zhang,’ Hui Xiao,’ and Da-Wei Huang”? ABSTRACT: We describe two new species of Pentelicus, Pentelicus orientalis and Pentelicus sim- ilis, from southern China, the Oriental biogeographic region. Photomicrographs are provided to illus- trate morphological characters of the new species. A key to worldwide species of Pentelicus is pro- vided. All type specimens are deposited in Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (IZCAS). KEY WORDS: Pentelicus, Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae, southern China, Oriental biogeographic region Pentelicus Howard is a small genus in the Encyrtidae. Of the five recognized species of Pentelicus, P. aldrichi Howard (Howard 1895, Peck 1963, Gordh 1979), P. confusus (Ashmead) (Ashmead 1900, Peck 1963, Gordh 1979, Trjapit- zin and Gordh 1979, Noyes and Hayat 1984) and P. varicornis (Girault) (Girault 1917, Peck 1963, Gordh 1979, Trjapitzin and Gordh 1979, Noyes and Hayat 1984) are distributed in the United States of America; P paliji Khlopunov (Khlopunov 1979, Trjapitzin 1989) and P. aeneifrons (Girault) (Girault 1935, Noyes and Hayat 1984, Dahms and Gordh 1997) are known from the Palearctic and Australasian regions, respectively. Little has been known about biology of Pentelicus species except that McHugh (1993) recorded Pentelicus spp. as para- sitoids of sphingid beetles (Coleoptera: Sphindidae). Noyes and Hayat (1984) elucidated undetermined species of Pentelicus from Chinese Taiwan and India. In this paper, P. orientalis sp. n. and P. similis sp. n. are described from southern China as representatives of Oriental region. A key to all known species of Pentelicus is provided to facilitate species identification. Morphological nomenclature follows Noyes and Hayat (1984), Huang and Noyes (1994). Absolute measurements are used for body length; relative meas- urements are used for other dimensions. All type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (IZCAS). ‘Received on September 9, 2004. Accepted on January 16, 2005. * Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, P. R. China. E-mails: (YZZ) zhangyz@ioz.ac.cn, (HX) xiaoh@ioz.ac.cn, (DWH) huangdw@ioz.ac.cn. * Plant Protection College, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, P. R. China. To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. Mailed on April 22, 2005 84 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY FAMILY ENCYRTIDAE Genus Pentelicus Howard, 1895 Pentelicus Howard, 1895: 611. Type species: Pentelicus aldrichi Howard, by monotypy. Hemaenasius Ashmead, 1900: 374. Type species: Hemaenasius confusus Ashmead, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy with Pentelicus by Noyes and Hayat, 1984: 3272. Epaenasomyia Girault, 1917: 3. Type species: Epaenasomyia varicornis Girault, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy with Pentelicus by Noyes and Hayat, 1984: 322. Cowperella Girault, 1935: 4. Type species: Cowperella aeneifrons Girault, by monotypy. Synonymy with Pentelicus by Noyes and Hayat, 1984: 322. Diagnosis. Female: Body robust, usually dark brown and with metallic green or purple blue sheen; frontovertex about 1/3 head width, with small or large pil- iferous punctures; occipital margin sharp; facial impression frequently carinate at top of antennal scrobes; antennal scape varying from cylindrical to strongly flat- tened and expanded; pedicel often clearly longer than the first funicular segment, rarely subequal in length; funicle 6-segmented; clava 3-segmented, with apex slightly to strongly obliquely truncated; mandibles tridentate; dorsum of thorax moderately convex, with shallow or deep piliferous punctures; posterior margin ~ of mesoscutum often- convex and axillae distinctly separated in dorsal view; scutellum with an discernable median longitudinal ridge, laterally and posterior- ly flanged; forewing often with an infuscate pattern, sometimes hyaline; linea calva posteriorly open; filum spinosum present; marginal vein punctiform or a little longer than broad; stigmal vein slightly to clearly longer than postmarginal vein; apex of stigmal vein and apex of postmarginal vein connected by a naked, hyaline streak (Fig. 2); gaster about as long as thorax; cercal plates located in basal half of gaster; hypopygium nearly reaching apex of gaster; ovipositor not or hardly exserted. Male: generally similar to female except antenna (Fig. 5) and genitalia (Fig. 6); apex of stigmal vein and apex of postmarginal vein without a naked, hyaline streak. Remarks. As a result of the comprehensive study of Indo-Pacific Encyrtidae by Noyes and Hayat (1984), Hemaenasius Ashmead, Epaenasomyia Girault and Cowperella Girault are junior synonymies of Pentelicus (Dahms and Gordh 1997). All known species of Pentelicus possess a discernable median longitudi- nal ridge on scutellum, which is a possible autapomorphy of the genus. However, the systematics of this genus is yet unsettled. Historically, Pentelicus has been placed in the Bothriorhorini (Howard 1895, Trjapitzin and Gordh 1978, Trjapit- zin 1989), Discodiini (as Hemaenasius in Trjapitzin and Gordh 1978). Noyes and Hayat (1984) stated Pentelicus is probably related to Leurocerus Crawford, Proleurocerus Ferriére, Zozoros Noyes and Hayat, etc. We refrain to give our opinion pending a further study of these genera. Pentelicus orientalis sp. n. (Figs. 1-6) Diagnosis. Female: body (length about 1.2 mm) dark brown; antenna (Fig. 1) generally dark brown except apex of scape, F6 and sometimes apex of F5 yel- low; antennal scape about 3 times as long as broad; frontovertex with very shal- Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 85 low reticulate sculpture or smooth-like, and with piliferous punctures much smaller than diameter of posterior ocellus; mesoscutum and scutellum covered with scaly reticulate sculpture, and with shallow piliferous punctures, but apex of scutellum often smooth; forewing (Fig. 2) with about basal 1/3 infuscate, the rest hyaline, sometimes faintly infuscate subapically. Description. Female: Body (length about 1.2 mm) dark brown, head with blue sheen, dorsum of thorax with blue-green sheen; antennae with scape generally dark except apex yellow; pedicel dark brown; funicle dark brown except F6 and sometimes apex of F5 yellow; clava dark brown; forewing with about basal 1/3 infuscate, the rest hyaline, sometimes faintly infuscate subapically; legs including all coxae generally dark brown except apices of all femora and tibiae, and all tarsi brownish yellow. Head. Head in dorsal view, about 2.5 times as wide as its median length; ocelli forming an angle about 90°; posterior ocelli separated from occipital margin by about half their own diameters and from inner eye margin by 1/3 their own diameters; eyes oval and covered with translucent setae, which are clearly longer than diameter of a facet; head in front view, antennal toruli situated below lowest eye margin; antennal scrobes deep and jointed at top of interantennal prominence which is clearly convex; antenna (Fig. 1) with scape obviously expanded and flattened, about 3 times as long as wide; pedicel about two and a half times longer than wide; funicular segments gradually shorten- ing distad, Fl nearly 1.5 times as long as broad and slightly longer than F2; F6 slightly transverse; clava apically conspicuously obliquely truncated and a little longer than F3-6 combined. Relative measurements: head width 46, median head length 18, head height 40, frontovertex width 16, POL 10, OOL 1, OCL 1.5, scape length 21, scape width 7, malar space 14. Thorax. Mesoscutum and scutellum covered with reticulate sculpture, scattered with shallow pil- iferous punctures, but scutellum sometimes apically smooth; forewing (Fig. 2) slightly more than 2.1 times as long as wide; marginal vein punctate; postmarginal vein about twice as long as marginal vein and little shorter than stigmal vein. Relative measurements: mesoscutum width 42, mesoscutum length 20, scutellum width 28, scutellum length 25, forewing length 90, forewing width 42, margin- al vein length 2.5, postmarginal vein length 5, stigmal vein length 6. Gaster. Gaster a little shorter than thorax; cercal plate located in basal half of gaster; hypopygium extending to apex of gaster; ovipositor sheath (Fig. 3) slightly exerted. Relative measurements: gaster length 50. Male. Body length about 1.1 mm; similar to female except as follows: antennal scape generally yellow or yellow brown, with dorsal and ventral margin dark brown; pedicel dark brown; flagellum dark yellow brown; forewing hyaline (Fig. 4); scape a little expanded and flattened, about 3 times as long as broad; pedicel short; all funicular segments longer than wide (Fig. 5); genitalia as in Fig. 6. Host. Unknown. Distribution. P. R. China-Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Hubei and Jiangxi provinces. Type material. Holotype female mounted on card; P. R. China, Fujian, Fuzhou, 9.vi.2001, Leg. Nai-quan LIN (IZCAS). Paratypes: 2 females, 6 males, same data as holotype; 6 females, P. R. China, Anhui, Xuancheng, v.2003, Leg. Zhong-li SHA; | female, P. R. China, Guangxi, Jinxiu, 2.vii.2000, Leg. Chao-dong ZHU; | female, P. R. China, Hubei, Badong, alt. 1500 m, 11.viii.1989, Leg. Da-wei HUANG; 1 female, P. R. China, Jiangxi, Dayu, alt. 450 m, 14.viii.1985, Leg. Chang-fang LI (IZCAS). Differential Diagnosis. Pentelicus orientalis is close to P. aeneifrons (Girault) but females can be separated from the latter by the following characters: body completely dark brown (generally orange in aeneifrons); antennal scape 3 times as long as broad (twice as long as broad in aeneifrons); funicle dark brown except F6 yellow and sometimes apex of F5 yellow (in aeneifrons, funicle whitish except F2 dark brown). Pentelicus similis sp. n. (Figs. 7-8) Diagnosis. Female: Body (length about 1 mm) dark brown; antennal scape yellow, sometimes basally brownish yellow; pedicel generally dark brown except apex yellow; F1-4 brownish yellow, F5-6 yellow; antennal clava dark brown; 86 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS antennal scape cylindrical, 5 to 6 times as long as broad; frontovertex with dis- tinct reticulate sculpture, and with small piliferous pits; mesoscutum and scutel- lum entirely covered with scaly reticulate sculpture, and with shallow piliferous punctures; forewing (Fig. 8) nearly entirely hyaline but for basal 1/6 or so infus- cate. Description. Female: Body (length about | mm) dark brown, head and dorsum of thorax with blue-green sheen; antennal scape yellow, sometimes basally brownish yellow; pedicel generally dark brown except apex yellow; F1-4 brownish yellow, F5-6 yellow; antennal clava dark brown; forewing nearly entirely hyaline but for basal 1/6 or so infuscate; legs similar to P. orientalis in color. Head: Head in dorsal view, nearly 2.25 times as wide as its median length; frontovertex slightly less than 1/3 head width and covered distinct reticulate and sparsely with small piliferous punctures; ocelli forming an angle about 90°; posterior ocelli about 1/3 their own diameters from occipital mar- gin and about the same from inner eye margin; antenna (Fig. 7) with scape cylindrical, 5 to 6 times as long as wide; pedicel about two times as long as wide; F1 about 1.2 times as long as broad, and about equal to F2 in length; F6 slightly transverse; clava apically conspicuously obliquely truncated and about as long as F3-6 combined. Relative measurements: head width 47, median head length 21, head height 39, frontovertex width 17, POL 10, OOL 1, OCL 1, scape length 21, scape width 4, malar space 13. Thorax: Mesoscutum and scutellum covered with distinct reticulate sculpture, scattered with shallow piliferous punctures; forewing (Fig. 8) nearly 2.2 times as long as wide; marginal vein punc- tate; postmarginal vein about twice as long as marginal vein. Relative measurements: mesoscutum width 44, mesoscutum length 18, scutellum width 30, scutellum length 25, forewing length 100, fore- wing width 45, marginal vein length 2, postmarginal vein length 4, stigmal vein length 5.5. Gaster: Cercal plate located in middle of gaster; hypopygium nearly extending to apex of gaster; ovipositor sheath hardly exerted. Relative measurements: gaster length 45. Male: Unknown. Host. Unknown. Distribution. P. R. China-Fujian. Type Data. Holotype female mounted on card, P. R. China, Fujian, Fuzhou, 20.vi.1997, Leg. Nai- quan Lin (IZCAS). Paratype: 1 female mounted on card, the same data as holotype (IZCAS). Differential Diagnosis. P. similis is very similar to P. orientalis but the females can be separated from the latter by the following characters: antennal scape cylindrical and 5 to 6 times as long as broad (antennal scape obviously flattened and expanded and about 3 times as long as broad in orientalis); scape yellow (scape nearly entirely dark brown in orientalis); forewing with basal 1/6 or so infuscate (forewing with basal 1/3 or so infuscate in P. orientalis). Key to species of Pentelicus 1 Female; antennal clava 3-segmented and apically slightly to strongly obliquely truncated ......... 2 - Male; antennal clava appearing 2-segmented and apically pointed................ecceeceeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 8 2 Frontovertex with large and deep piliferous punctures, which only slightly smaller than diameter OL posterior ocellus: fore! wimg inyalines. eee eee os cece eee ene rene een eee eee ee 3 - Frontovertex with shallow piliferous punctures much smaller than diameter of posterior ocellus; fore; wing at least’ basally iniftiscate’ <2... 24)...e ee ese eee ee 4 3 Funicle with F1 about as long as pedicel; clava about as long as F5-6 combined.................::::0+ Fi Sap Bae Mes ealanei te Sh ASSatu/ecivou'sxe daseen gee aetces Coes Sar Se Ate ee me a ee P. aldrichi Howard - Funicle with F1 shorter than pedicel; clava about 1.7 times as long as F5-6 combined................. si debevaucaseroenccgesse esa dentie poseobesdesesoresansnntecuet omar heat wonncraaamenaceiicer seeeeeaeee eemeeaeeent area aaae P. paliji Khlopunov 4 Antennal clava with apex distinctly obliquely truncated and the truncated part about half clava.. lemetila.ns: paretivrteeee ere ah aside. doce cc vadesc eee eee ee eer. ae re eee eee 5 - Antennal clava with apex more or less rounded or somewhat transversely truncated and the trun cated pareishorterthanel/Siclavyia lem pple tecccccce cues eoece: eee eae scene eee eee eee eee i] 5 Body generally orange; antennal scape twice as long as broad.................... P. aeneifrons (Girault) Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 87 - Body completely dark brown; antennal scape at least 3 times as long as broad.............00.:00000000. 6 6 Antennal scape about 3 times as long as broad (Fig. 1); forewing with at least basal 1/3 infuscate gee) SO eI At SS Aen so nee Rect en SAe hc gube teckel te ove ncdsdece Soctdunsvseddenoel oul P. orientalis sp. n. - Antennal scape 5 to 6 times as long as broad (Fig. 7); forewing with basal 1/6 or so infuscate ... SURI Wms) et eee ere reece hs Re ow ee re ees Fee eet h BEEN cest he ied dk enceenctla de nctbiduest P. similis sp. n. 7 Antennae with F1 yellow brown or dark yellow brown; forewing with basal infuscate area not . of LEIS SD) RSs TONY LET ITEMS at 0) kg a ence ae sas eo ce Cenarion P. confusus (Ashmead) - Antennae with F1 yellow; fore wing with basal infuscate area interrupted by hyaline stripe ........ 1 cre nenccoesecoce Beceem Teron ee ee P. varicornis (Girault) 8 Body length 2.5 mm; frontovertex with large and deep piliferous punctures, which only slightly smaller than diameter of posterior ocellus; antennal scape nearly 4 times as long as wide............ ozs st seg cespende oOo beac ate BE ees AE USNR ar aem P. paliji Khlopunov - Body length 1.1 mm; frontovertex with shallow piliferous punctures much smaller than diameter of posterior ocellus; antennal scape 3 times as long as wide..........0..:eeseeeeee P. orientalis sp. n. ff 4 Mf 7 8 Figs. 1-8. 1-6, Pentelicus orientalis sp. n., 1. Antenna, female. 2. Forewing, female. 3. Ovipositor, female. 4. Forewing, male. 5. Antenna, male. 6. Genitalia, male. 7-8. Pen- telicus similis sp. n., 7. Antenna, female. 8. Forewing, female. 88 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC grant no. 30330090) and partially by National Science Fund for Fostering Talents in Basic Research (NSFC- J0030092). We thank Dr. J. S. Noyes for loan of type of Zozoros sinemarginis. We are grateful to Professor Yan-ru Wu for her help in preparing this paper. LITERATURE CITED Ashmead, W. H. 1900. On the genera of chalcid-flies belonging to the subfamily Encyrtinae. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 22:323-412. Dahms, E. C. and G. Gordh. 1997. A review of the genera of Australian Encyrtidae (Hymenop- tera: Chalcidoidea) described from Australia by A.A. Girault with a checklist of included species. Memoirs on Entomology, International 9. 518 pp. Girault, A. A. 1917. Chalcidoidea nova marilandensis. III. Private publication, Glenndale, Mary- land. 6pp. Girault, A. A. 1935. Microhymenoptera australiensis nova, mostly Chalcididae. Sydney, private publication. 4pp. Gordh, G. 1979. Family Encyrtidae, pp. 890-967. In: K. V. Krombein, P. D. Jr. Hurd, D. R. Smith and B. D. Burks, eds. Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Smithsonian Insti- tution Press, Washington, DC. U.S.A. 2735 pp. Howard, L. O. 1895. On the bothriothoracine insects of the United States. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 17:605-613. Huang, D. W. and J. S. Noyes. 1994. A revision of the Indo-Pacific species of Ooencyrtus (Hy- menoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoids of the immature stages of economically important insect species (mainly Hemiptera and Lepidoptera). Bulletin of The Natural History Museum (Ento- mology Series) 63(1):1-136. Khlopunov, E. N. 1979. Palaearctic representative of the encyrtid genus Pentelicus Howard, 1895 (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 58(2):394-398 [in Russian]. McHugh, J. V. 1993. First records of parasitoids for slime mould beetles of the family Sphindidae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea). Entomological News 104(3):136-138. Noyes, J. S. and M. Hayat. 1984. A review of the genera of Indo-Pacific Encyrtidae (Hymen- optera: Chalcidoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 48:131- Su )5). Peck, O. 1963. A catalogue of the Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Canadian Ento- mologist (Supplement) 30:1-1092. Trjapitzin, V. A and G. Gordh. 1978. Review of the genera of Nearctic Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). I. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 57(2):364-385. Trjapitzin, V. A. and G. Gordh. 1979. Revision of the genus Hemaenasius (Hymenoptera, Chalci- doidea, Encyrtidae). Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal 58(6):855-859 [in Russian]. Trjapitzin, V. A. 1989. Parasitic Hymenoptera of the Fam. Encyrtidae of Palaearctics. Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR. Zoologicheskim Institutom Akademii Nauk SSR, Leningrad. 158:1-489 [in Rus- sian]. Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 89 A NEW WINGLESS STONEFLY, SCOPURA JIRI (PLECOPTERA: SCOPURIDAE), FROM KOREA' Young Hun Jin’ and Yeon Jae Bae’ ABSTRACT: A new species, Scopura jiri sp. n., in the wingless stonefly family Scopuridae is described from Korea with figures of key characters. The male adult of S. jiri can be distinguished from other congeners by the elongated lateral projections of the epiproct, by the absence of a basal projection of the cerci, and by the presence of a median sclerite on the penis. The nymph can be dis- tinguished by the presence of a pair of lateral swellings and a median swelling on the epiproct. Distributional and taxonomic remarks are provided. KEY WORDS: Plecoptera, Scopuridae, Scopura jiri, wingless stonefly, headwater stream, Korea The Scopuridae is unique among the Plecoptera taxa due to their absolute winglessness in both the adult and nymphal stages. The family is regarded as a basal clade of Holognatha in the Plecoptera phylogeny (Zwick 2000). The fami- ly includes seven species in the monotypic genus Scopura and is geographically limited to Northeast Asia (Uchida and Maruyama 1987; Jin and Bae 2005). Uéno (1929) described Scopura longa from Japan. Uchida and Maruyama (1987) described S. montana Maruyama, S. bihamulata Uchida, and S. quat- tuorhamulata Uchida from Japan and S. laminata Uchida from Korea. Jin and Bae (2005) described S. gaya Jin and Bae and S. scorea Jin and Bae from Korea. In addition to the above species, one new Scopura species was recently discov- ered in the southwestern part of Korea. We herein describe this species. The adult and nymphal materials were collected with hand nets. They were preserved in 80 percent ethyl alcohol and deposited in the Aquatic Insect Collection of Seoul Women’s University (SWU-AIC). The characters and termi- nology used in this paper follow those of Jin and Bae (2005). Scopura jiri sp. n. (Figs. 1-13) Adult Male. Body length 18.5mm; body surface shiny, light brown to brown with dark brown markings. Head: Head width 3.4mm. Thorax: Nota greatly expanded, with irregular dark brown markings. Pronotum (Fig. 1) lateral expansions without dorsal hump; distance between anterolateral corners 3.3mm; posterolateral expansion well developed and round; length of posterolateral expan- sions 0.8mm; distance between posterolateral expansions 3.9mm. Mesonotum (Fig. 2) lateral expan- sions without dorsal hump; length of posterolateral expansions 0.7mm; distance between posterolat- eral expansions 4.5mm; anterior projections pointed (height 0.2mm anteriorly); posterior projections pointed (height 0.2mm posteriorly). Metanotum (Fig. 3) lateral expansions without dorsal hump; length of posterolateral expansions 0.6mm; distance between posterolateral expansions 4.1mm; ante- rior projections pointed and greatly elongated to level of posterior projections (height 0.2 mm poste- riorly); posterior projections moderately angled (height 0.2 mm posteriorly). Femora light brown, without stripe. Tibiae light brown, without stripe. Abdomen: Abdominal terga I-VII (Fig. 4) with dark brown transverse stripes (stripes on anterior terga thicker: terga I-II almost dark brown; stripes on "Received on May 10, 2004. Accepted on December 21, 2004. > Department of Biology, Seoul Women’s University, 126 Gongneung-dong, Seoul 139-774, Korea. E-mails: YHJ, water@swu.ac.kr; YJB, yjbae@swu.ac.kr. Mailed on April 22, 2005 90 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS terga III-V relatively thick and distinct; stripes on terga VI-VII relatively thin and vague). Tergum IX (Fig. 5) posterior 2/3 slightly elevated dorsally from lateral view, with setae in posterolateral parts and posterior margin. Epiproct (Figs. 6-7) with pair of lateral projections and pair of submedian pro- jections; lateral projections elongated and widely separated (0.8mm in distance between apices of lat- eral projections), located ca. 2/3 apically and as high as top of membranous part of epiproct, rela- tively distant from membranous part of epiproct, curved anteriorly from lateral view, with short setae posteroapically; submedian projections small and relatively widely separated, apically blunt and directed anteriorly; membranous part of epiproct U-shaped, with tiny setae. Cerci (Figs. 8-9) without basal projection; base of cerci with many short setae along posteromesial margin. Penis (Fig. 10) api- cally dark brown, with lateral and median sclerites; lateral sclerites elongated, apically narrower and darker, basally broader and lighter; median sclerite bell-shaped, apically darker. Adult Female. Unknown. Nymph. General body shape and color pattern similar to adult but blunt in shape and dull in color. Epiproct of mature male nymph (Figs. 11-13) with median and pair of lateral membranous swellings, with dorsal transverse sclerite and concavity; median swelling located basally; lateral swellings directed posteriorly (not expanded laterally from dorsal view) (Fig. 11), located laterally and lower than concavity from posterior view (Fig. 12), and located basally from lateral view (Fig. 13). Differential Diagnosis. Scopura jiri sp. n. can be distinguished from other congeners by the following characters. The male adult of S. jiri possesses two pairs of distinct projections on the epiproct (submedian and lateral projections), similar to the other Korean species (S. gaya, S. laminata, and S. scorea) and a Japanese species (S. quattuorhamulata). Both S. jiri and S. quattuorhamulata possess widely separated submedian projections in the epiproct, but the lateral projections of S. jiri (Figs. 6, 7) are longer than those of S. guattuorhamulata. The male adult of S. jiri can also be distinguished by the absence of a basal pro- jection of the cerci (Fig. 8, 9) and by the presence of a round median sclerite of the penis (Fig. 10). The nymph of S. jiri can be distinguished from other species of Scopura by the presence of both a pair of lateral swellings and a basal medi- an swelling in the epiproct. The shape of the epiproct of S. jiri is similar to that of S. scorea, but the lateral swellings of S. jiri are in a lower location than those of S. scorea from a lateral view (Fig. 13). Remarks. When Uchida and Maruyama (1987) described S. Jaminata (nymph only) from Odaesan (Mt.) in the middle of the Korean Peninsula, they presented another type of nymph, noted as the “Jirisan type of S. /aminata,” from Jirisan (Mt.) (see material examined, below). These nymphs are separated by the degree of the swellings on the epiproct. The male and female adults of S. Jaminata were described by Jin and Bae (2005) based on material collected from the type local- ity of S. Jaminata. The adults of the “Jirisan type of S. laminata,” however, have not been collected from the locality visited by Uchida and Maruyama (1987). It is possible that the “Jirisan type of S. laminata” belongs to S. jiri, not only because the shape of the nymphal epiproct is similar, but also because the type locality of S. jiri (Nogodan in Jirisan) is close (ca. 15 km) to Uchida and Maruyama’s (1987) locality of the “Jirisan type of S. Jaminata” (Hanshingyegok in Jirisan). Etymology. The specific epithet jiri (noun) refers to the type locality. Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 91 Figs. 1-10. Scopura jiri sp. n., adult male: 1. pronotum. 2. mesonotum. 3. metanotum. 4. abdom- inal terga. 5. 9th abdominal tergum. 6. epiproct, dorsal. 7. epiproct, posterior. 8. basal cercus, dor- sal. 9. basal cercus, posterior. 10. penis, dissected. Figs. 11-13. Scopura jiri sp. n., mature male nymph: 11. epiproct, dorsal. 12. epiproct, posterior. 13. epiproct, lateral. Material Examined. Holotype: Male adult (SWU-PLE-501), South Korea, Jeollanam-do (pro- vince), Gurye-gun, Sandong-myeon, Jwasa-ri, Jirisan (Mt.), Nogodan, a headwater stream at 100m west from Nogodan shelter, alt. 1300m, 27-X-2003, Y. H. Jin [SWU-AIC]. Paratypes: 1 male and 1 female nymphs (SWU-PLE-502), same locality and data as holotype [SWU-AIC]; 8 male and 10 female nymphs (SWU-PLE-503-512), same locality as holotype, 12-VUI-2000, D. H. Won [SWU- 92 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS AIC]. Other materials. 1 female nymph, same locality and data as holotype [SWU-AIC]; 2 female nymphs, same locality as holotype, 12-VIII-2000, D. H. Won [SWU-AIC]. Scopura sp. (“Sirisan type of S. laminata’”’): 6 male and 5 female nymphs, Korea, Gyeongsangnam-do, Chirisan (= Jirisan), Hanshingyegok (valley), alt. 1400m, 5-VI-1983, S. Uchida [Lake Biwa Museum]. | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to Dr. D. H. Won (Korea Ecosystem Service, Seoul) for providing useful speci- mens and locality information, Dr. P. Zwick (Max-Planck Instituts fuer Limnologie, Schlitz, Ger- many) for reviewing this manuscript. This work was supported by the Research Grant of Seoul Women’s University in 2004. LITERATURE CITED Jin, Y. H. and Y. J. Bae. 2005. The wingless stonefly family Scopuridae (Plecoptera) in Korea. Aquatic Insects (in press). Uchida, S. and H. Maruyama. 1987. What is Scopura longa Uéno, 1929 (Insecta, Plecoptera)? A revision of the genus. Zoological Science 4(4): 699-709. Uéno, M. 1929. Studies on the stoneflies of Japan. Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto Imperial University, Series B, 4(2): 97-155, plate 24. Zwick, P. 2000. Phylogenetic system and zoogeography of the Plecoptera. Annual Review of Ento- mology 45: 709-746. ERRATA Volume 115(4), page 213. Complete author list should read J. M. Webb, D. W. Parker, D. M. Lehmkuhl, and W. P. McCaf- ferty. Volume 115(5), page 298. Title should read “Index — Volume 115 (1-5) 2004.” Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 93 A NEW SPECIES OF AMPHINEMURA (PLECOPTERA: NEMOURIDAE) FROM CHINA' Weihai Li,’* Ding Yang,”* and Ignac Sivec* ABSTRACT: Amphinemura elongata, a new species of Nemouridae (Plecoptera) from China is described. Remarks on relationships with the closest species, A. fleurdelia Wu, are given. KEY WORDS: Plecoptera, Nemouridae, Amphinemura, New species, China The genus Amphinemura Ris belongs to the subfamily Amphinemurinae, and is distributed in the Holarctic and Oriental regions. It currently contains 124 known species worldwide, including 37 from China. The species of Amphine- mura from China were studied mainly by Wu (1938, 1962, 1973) and Zhu and Yang (2002, 2003). In the present paper, we describe one new species. Morpho- logical terminology follows that of Baumann (1975). The type of new species are deposited in the Entomological Museum of China Agricultural University (CAU), Beijing. Amphinemura elongata, NEW SPECIES (Figs. 1-5) Diagnosis: Tergum 9 distinctly constricted medially. Epiproct in dorsal view with one pair of spine-like lateral processes distinctly shorter than median process, and single median process slightly curved upward at tip. Median lobe of paraproct strongly spiral; outer lobe long and thin. Male: Body length 5.2 mm; forewing length 6.5 mm, hindwing length 5.0 mm. Head dark brown; antennae yellowish brown; mouthparts dark brown. Thorax brown; wings hyaline; legs yellowish brown. Abdomen brownish yellow; hypoproct including cerci brownish yellow; hairs on abdomen mostly pale. "Received September 27, 2004. Accepted on January 21, 2005. * Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100094, China. E-mail (DY): yangdcau@yahoo.com.cn (corresponding author). E-mail (WL): E-mail: lwh7969@163.com. *Key Lab of Insect Evolution & Environmental Changes, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100037, China. * Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Presernova 20, POB 290, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia. E-mails: isivec@pms-lj.si, ignac.sivec@guest.arnes.si. Mailed on April 22, 2005 94 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Genitalia (Figs. 1-5): Tergum 9 weakly sclerotized except basal margin dis- tinctly sclerotized, rather constricted medially, with large triangular mid-anterior incision and distinct mid-posterior incision, and with a few dark long hairs along posterior margin and two groups of black tiny spines at the middle. Sternum 9 with slender vesicle slightly constricted medially; hypoproct rather wide basally, then distinctly tapering toward tip, elongated upward to base of epiproct. Tergum 10 weakly sclerotized except basal margin distinctly sclerotized, with a large median concavity bearing 6 black spines closely located along mid-lateral mar- gin of the concavity. Cercus membranous, long and nearly cylindrical. Epiproct divided into one pair of strongly sclerotized and long spine-like lateral process- es with tiny spines apically and single sclerotized median process slightly curved upward apically with ventral tiny spines along keel-like ventral sclerite. Para- proct divided into three lobes: outer lobe rather long and thin, heavily sclero- tized, nearly as long as median lobe, curved inward medially, and with one or two small spines at the tip; median lobe spiral and partly sclerotized with a sharp spine; inner lobe triangular, weakly sclerotized, much shorter than outer lobe, with acute tip. Female: Unknown. Holotype male, Zhejiang: Qingyuan, Baishanzu Mountain, Wulingkeng, 1994. IV. 22, H. Wu. Distribution: China (Zhejiang). Etymology: The specific name refers to the long outer lobe of paraproct. Figs. 1-5. Amphinemura elongata sp.n. (male). 1. Terminalia, dorsal. 2. Terminalia, ven- tral. 3. Epiproct, dorsal. 4. Epiproct, lateral. 5. Right paraproct. Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 95 Remarks: The new species is closely related to A. fleurdelia (Wu) described from Fujian and also recorded in Guangdong, but may be separated from the lat- ter in the following features: spine-like lateral processes of epiproct distinctly shorter than median process and with tiny spines at tip, median process curved upward at tip; median lobe of parapoct strongly spiral, outer lobe rather long and thin. In A. fleurdelia, the lateral process of epiproct is nearly as long as the medi- an process which is curved downward in an angle and has no tiny spines at tip; the median lobe of paraproct is not spiral, the outer lobe is rather short (Figs. 6- 10). Amphinemura fleurdelia (Wu) (Figs. 6-10) Nemoura (Protonemoura) fleurdelia Wu, 1949, Peking Nat. Hist. Bull. 17: 253. Type locality: Ta-chu-luan, Shao-wu, Fukien. Diagnosis: Tergum 9 distinctly constricted medially. Epiproct with one pair of long spine-like lateral processes nearly as long as median process, and single median process slightly curved downward apically in an angle. Median lobe of paraproct strongly curved inward but not spiral and outer lobe short. Specimens examined: | male, Guangdong, Ruyuan, Nanling National Natur- al Reserve, 2003. III. 26, D. Yang; 2 males, Guangdong, Yingde, Shimentai National Forest Garden, 2003. III. 28, D. Yang. Distribution: China (Fujian, Guangdong). Figs. 6-11. Amphinemura fleurdelia (Wu) (male). 6. Terminalia, dorsal. 7. Terminalia, ventral. 8. Epiproct, dorsal. 9. Epiproct, lateral. 10. Right paraproct. 11. Variation of right outer lobe of paraproct. 96 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our sincere thanks are due to Prof. Hong Wu (Zhejiang) for his kind help in many ways. The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30225009) and 2004-2005 Sino-Slovenian Scientific and Technological Cooperative Program. LITERATURE CITED Baumann, R. W. 1975. Revision of the Stonefly Family Nemouridae (Plecoptera): A study of the world fauna at the generic level. Smithsonian Contributions Zoology 211: 1-74. Wu, C. F. 1938. Family Nemouridae. Jn, Plecopterorum sinensium: A monograph of stoneflies of China (Order Plecoptera). Peking, pp. 159-189. Wu, C. F. 1949. Sixth supplement to the stoneflies of China (Order plecoptera). Peking Natural History Bulletin 17: 251-256. Wu, C. F. 1962. Results of the Zoologico-Botanical expedition to Southwest China, 1955-1957 (Plecoptera). Acta Entomologica Sinica 11 (Supplement): 139-153. Wu, C. F. 1973. New species of Chinese stoneflies (Order Plecoptera). Acta Entomologica Sinica 16: 97-118. Zhu, F. and D. Yang. 2002. Three new species of Amphinemura from China (Plecoptera: Nemouri- dae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 27: 745-749. Zhu, F. and D. Yang. 2003. Three new species of Amphinemura (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) from Tibet. Entomologia Sinica 10: 51-56. Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 97 NOTES ON THE PLATYPALPUS PALLIDIVENTRIS-CURSITANS SPECIES GROUP (DIPTERA: EMPIDIDAE) FROM CHINA, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES AND A KEY' Ding Yang” and Haidong Yu‘ ABSTRACT: One species of the Platypalpus pallidiventris-cursitans species group (Diptera: Empididae) is described as new to science: Platypalpus beijingensis sp. n., which represents the first record of the genus Platypalpus Macquart in Beijing. The species of the Platypalpus pallidiventris- cursitans species group known from China are keyed. KEY WORDS: Diptera, Empididae, Platypalpus, new species, China The genus Platypalpus Macquart is easily identified amongst Palaearctic Tachydromiini by the following features: eyes narrowly separated on face, mid leg raptorial, and the presence of an anal cell (Chvala, 1975; Grootaert and Chvala, 1992). The genus is distributed worldwide with some 250 species in Europe (Chvala and Kovalev, 1989; Grootaert and Chvala, 1992) and about 60 species in the Oriental region (Smith 1975; Yang and Yang 1989, 1990; Saigusa and Yang, 2002). Thirty-three species are known to occur in China. Beijing is a semi-humid region with a subtemperate climate and belongs to the North China region of the Palaearctic realm. The genus Platypalpus is recorded from Beijing for the first time with one new species belonging to the P. pallidi- ventris-cursitans species group. The group is characterized by the mesonotum grayish dusted, humerus with one long bristle, mid femur with one row of pv behind two rows of v and mid tibia with long acute spur (Chvala, 1975; Grootaert and Chvala, 1992). A key to the species of the group from China is given. The specimens in 75 percent alcohol, which were collected in Mentougou by Mr. Xingyue Liu and Ms. Lili Zhang (Beijing), are deposited in the Insect collection of China Agricultural University (CAU), Being. Here we follow Steyskal and Knutson (1981) and Yang and Yang (2004) in treating the dance flies as a single family, the Empididae. Morphological termi- nology mainly follows Chvala (1975) except the male genitalia follow Sinclair (2000). The following abbreviations are used: acr-acrostichial, dc-dorsocentral, h-humeral, oc-ocellar, npl-notopleural, prsc-prescutellar, psa-postalar, sc-scutel- lar, v-ventral, vt-vertical. ‘Received on July 27, 2004. Accepted on January 22, 2005. * Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100094, China. E-mail: yangdcau@yahoo.com.cn. *Kay Lab of Insect Evolution & Environmental Changes, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100037, China. * Xiaowutai National Nature Reserve, Yuxian, Hebei 075733, China. E-mail: yuhaidon@inhe.net. Mailed on April 22, 2005 98 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Platypalpus beijingensis Yang and Yu, NEW SPECIES (Figs. 1-5) Diagnosis: Belonging to P. pallidiventris-cursitans group. 1 vt. Antenna black; first flagellomere long conical. Palpus dark brownish yellow, acr biseriate with rows distinctly separated. Mid tibia with long, acute, apical spur. Description: Male. Body length 3.0 mm, wing length 2.7 mm. Head black with dense pale gray pollen. Eyes narrowly separated; face slightly narrower than frons. Hairs and bristles on head pale. Ocellar tubercle with 2 oc and 2 posterior hairs; 1 vt. Antenna black; scape without dorsal bristles; pedicel with circlet of pale subapical bristles; first flagellomere long conical, 2.1 times longer than wide; arista 2.5 times as long as first flagellomere, black, minutely pubescent. Proboscis shiny black, with sparse pale hairs; palpus dark brownish yellow, with pale hairs and 2 pale apical bristles. Thorax black with pale gray pollen; sternopleuron with a large shiny black spot. Thorax with pale hairs and bristles, hairs on anterior 2/3 of mesonotum sparse; | h curved inward, 2 npl, acr and de short and hair-like, acr biseriate with rows distinctly separated (distance between two acr rows nar- rower than that between acr row and uniseriate dc row), | prsc (belonging to acr), 1 psa; scutellum with 2 pairs of sc, lateral sc less than 1/2 length of apical sc. Legs brownish yellow; tarsomeres 1-2 with brown tip, tarsomeres 3-5 dark brown. Hairs and bristles on legs pale, but tarsi with some black- ish hairs. Fore and mid femora distinctly thickened, fore femur 1.6 times and mid femur 1.8 times as wide as hind femur; mid femur with two rows of very short black inner ventral spines and two rows of long yellow outer v (antero-outer v shorter than postero-outer v); mid tibia with row of black thin v and long, acute, apical spur. Wing hyaline; veins dark yellow; first basal cell shorter than second basal cell, distance between r-m and m-cu longer than length of r-m; nearly straight R4+5 and gen- tly bent M weakly convergent apically. Squama yellow with pale hairs. Halter yellow with brown base. Abdomen shiny black without distinct pollen. Hairs on abdomen pale. Male genitalia (Figs. 2-4): Left epandrial lobe wide with row of 5 long bristles at outer margin, its surstylus not distinctly sep- arated, subtriangular; right epandrial lobe narrow with row of long lateral and apical bristles near surstylus, its surstylus not distinctly separated, short and obtuse apically; left cercus slightly bent, longer and thicker than right cercus, right cercus narrow and nearly straight; hypandrium much longer than wide, narrow apically, with finger-like lateral and hook-like median processes. Female: Body length 2.7-2.9 mm, wing length 3.2-3.5 mm. Cerci long and finger-like. Other- wise, similar to male. Type Data: Holotype, male, Beijing, Mentougou, Longmenjian, 2004. VI. 3, Xingyue Liu (CAU). Paratypes: 5 females, Beijing, Mentougou, Longmenjian, 2004. VI. 3, Lili Zhang (CAU). Etymology: The species is named after the type locality Beiing. Remarks: The new species is somewhat similar to P. parvula Collin from the Russian Far East, but it can be separated from the latter by its larger body size (body length 2.7-3.0 mm), first flagel- lomere 2.1 times as long as wide, and the mid and hind femora entirely yellow. In P. parvula, the body is small-sized (body length 1.25 mm), the first flagellomere is shorter (about 1.25 times longer than wide), and the apical halves of mid and hind femora are dark tawny brown (Collin, 1941). Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 99 Figures 1-5. Platypalpus beijingensis sp. n., male: 1. apical portion of mid tibia; 2. gen- italia, dorsal view; 3. right epandrial lobe; 4. left epandrial lobe; 5. hypandrium. Key to species of the pallidiventris-cursitans group from China Ppeeenamennarblack: Mibet Homan; eijiin 9 2. ....:c2..-.22.<2s-cocc0s0ccesseccceseceesasecessacecvesasceasacceseasenseecceonses 2 DCAM WCWMOWs FLCMANN 2. <.. 32.0224 2-scccensedecueseacddevercnseseccensecsessess P. henanensis Saigusa and Yang PRE OLABO MI CTITC LY, VC OW LUG Es. feos eco oe cose guises dca cud ceduddacsvasencdsccdsesasdeaeasnecdeceddavuedcavanceoenstees- 3) EC IMORANC IEE ayCll OW ane MAI PES CPTI Gi. s0.00 0 fe. ceee ck. carton Secas celdescce aden tok cas ceebewsuedubeblobducs uit leeseensees 4 3. All coxae yellow; apices of mid and hind femora brownish yellow .............:::ccccesseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees “ - goseaatoe5ek s0c 00 ee CONDRES COREG He SECT DDEOH EERE Ene ae nn ee ee eee once eee P. variegatus Yang and Yang Mid and hind coxae brownish; median portions of fore and mid femora and apical half of hind TEETER? [TRON HITS Nee Ee dese cteccenoce cccteceeaceaee SOC a OLE CeCe RCTs ae et eee ee P. xizangenicus Yang et Yang 4. Bristles on head and thorax black; 6-seriate acr; Henan.................. P. neixiangensis Yang et Yang Bristles on head and thorax pale; biseriate acr; Beijing .................cc:ceeee P. beijingensis sp. nov. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our sincere thanks are due to Mrs. Mengqing Wang (China Agricultural University, Beijing) for her help during the study. The research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30070100, No. 30225009). 100 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LITERATURE CITED Chvala, M. 1975. The Tachydromiinae (Dipt. Empididae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. I. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 3: 1-336. Scandinavian Science Press, Kopenhagen, Denmark. Chvala, M. and V. G. Kovalev. 1989: Family Hybotidae. Jn, Sods A. and Papp L. (Editors). Cata- logue of Palaearctic Diptera 6: 174-227. Elsevier Science Publishers and Akadémiai Kiado,,. Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Budapest, Romania. Collin, J. E. 1941. Some Pipunculidae and Empididae from the Ussuri region on the far eastern border of the U.S.S.R. (Diptera). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B)10: 225-248. Grootaert, P. and M. Chvala. 1992. Monograph of the genus Platypalpus (Diptera: Empidoidea, Hybotidae) of the Mediterranean region and the Canary Islands. Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 36: 3-226. Saigusa, T. and D. Yang. 2002. Empididae (Diptera) from Funiu Mountains, Henan, China (1). Studia Dipterologica 9(2): 519-543. Sinclair, B. J. 2000. Morphology and terminology of Diptera male genitalia. /n, Papp L. and Darvas B. (Editors). Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera. Volume 1: General and Applied Dipterology: 53-74. Science Herald, Budapest. Smith, K. G. V. 1975. Family Empididae. Jn, Delfinado M. D. and Hardy D. E. (Editors). A cata- log of the Diptera of the Oriental region 2: 185-211. The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. Steyskal, G. C. and L.V. Knutson. 1981. Empididae, pp 607-624. Jn, McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peter- son, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth and D. M. Wood (Coordinators). Manual of Nearctic Diptera 1: 607-624. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa. Monograph 27. 674 pp. Yang, D. and C. Yang. 1989. The dance flies of Xizang (II) (Diptera: Empididae). Acta Agricul- turae Universitatis Pekinensis 15(4): 415-424. Yang, D. and C. Yang. 1990. Eleven new species of the subfamily Tachydromiinae from Yunnan (Diptera: Empididae). Zoological Research 11(1): 63-72. Yang, D. and C. Yang. 2004. Diptera, Empididae, Hemerodromiinae Hybotinae. Fauna Sinica Insecta 34: 1-329. Science Press, Beijing, China. Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 101 FIVE NEW SPECIES OF ACRULOGONIA LEAFHOPPERS (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) FROM COLOMBIA' Paul H. Freytag’ ABSTRACT: Five new species are added to the genus Acrulogonia from Colombia; A. acuta, A. undulata, A. forficata, A. obtusa, and A. lobata. A key to the congeneric males from Colombia is included. KEY WORDS: Acrulogonia, new species, Homoptera, Cicadellidae, Cicadellinae, Colombia The genus Acrulogonia was described by Young (1977) in his revision of the Cicadellini of the New World. Included at that time were 11 species, 2 from southern Central America and 9 from northern South America. Godoy and Nielson (2000) added two more species from Central America. Four of the species are known from Colombia: A. chocona Young, A. defectiva Young, A. ordinaria Young and A. sparsa Young (Freytag and Sharkey, 2002). In this paper, five new species are described from recent collections in Colombia. Most species are about the same size (5.5 to 8.5 mm) and with a similar color pattern, shared with the genus Oragua. The two genera are separated by Acrulogonia having the male pygofer bifurcate at apex and the aedeagus tubular and with processes at apex. In Oragua the male pygofer is not bifurcate and the aedeagus is small and usually without apical processes. Also, the females of the two genera are similar; in Acrulogonia the seventh sternum is enlarged with a median posterior notch, and in Oragua it is not enlarged and with a median pos- terior acute process. For the reasons above both sexes are fairly easy to identify to genus, but usually only the males differ enough to separate individuals to species. Females are identified mostly by association with males collected from the same locality. Associations may be incorrect as several species can occur in the same locality. All types of the species described in this paper are deposited in the collection of the Instituto von Humboldt, Villa de Leyva, Colombia. Key to the species of Acrulogonia (males only) from Colombia Pe Lag PURT CRMLOLURIGLE COSI GSE eee en i sah Hs canes AC Das eine Gach ance wusaed ges daanden deter 2 1’. Pygofer longer and narrowing to apex, which has a hook or spine dorsad and a thin lobe ventrad PER. TN cceoet Sb sbecessc ee ce cee Se aaa ao ae eee SO ee 3 2. Pygofer rounded in lateral view; aedeagus curved dorsad, with lobe-like processes at apex ee Rn Pee yes Nad Res eS 8 SA te 1 ON st wa Uae is adh duhb Sane stVioadatbestese A. defectiva Young 2’. Pygofer short, with a short dorsal caudal process; aedeagus curved ventrad, with long ventral (OG ESS SS Es haa ESE ee Oe ea oe bo Se Rn rst ee a ea ee eee A. sparsa Young ‘Received on October 28, 2004. Accepted on February 7, 2005. *Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0091 U.S.A. E-mail: pfreytag@ix.netcom.com. Mailed on April 22, 2005 102 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 3\y Aedeapusswithouta dorsalisinole process =. Ae2 SER ee ee eee eee eee 4 3”, Aedeapus wathyardorsalssinele process) (Figs.2-3)) pete. meee a eee eae eee eee eee 5 4. Aedeagus with a pair of lateral basal processes, branched at apex ..................- A. chocona Young 4’. Aedeagus with a pair of lateral medial processes, not branched ..................0.. A. ordinaria Young 5: (Acdeacus with tworpairs:ef processes\(F igs] 2) aera eee nr eee 6 57, Acdeacus withtone pair Of processes) (Fig 93) ea. ee eee ee 7 GueAededousnwathvalli processes SlorteyS tou ta (Tiles 12) erences eee eee ener eee A. obtusa n. sp. 6’. Aedeagus with one pair of processes elongate (Fig. 15) ...........eeseeceeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeees A. lobata n. sp. 7. Aedeagus with apical pair of processes narrow, curving ventrad (Figs. 2-3) .......... A. acuta 0. sp. 7’. Aedeagus with apical pair of processes thicker (Figs. 6 and 9)...........::esccsesccesceceereceseeeeseeeeneeesees 8 8. Aedeagus with apical pair of processes close to shaft, sinuate (Figs. 5 and 6)...A. undulata n. sp. 8°. . Aedeagus with apical pair of processes fork-like (Figs. 8-9) ..........ccccsceceseeeeees A. forficata n. sp. Acrulogonia acuta NEW SPECIES (Figures 1-3) Description: Length of male 6.4 mm, females unknown. Similar to A. fuscinula, but smaller and with different male genitalia. Male genitalia: Pygofer (Fig. 1) narrowing to nearly pointed apex, with hook-like process on dorsal subapical margin. Plates short, narrow, two-thirds length of pygofer. Style and connective similar to A. fuscinula. Aedeagus (Figs. 2-3) tubular, stout, with a single medi- an dorsal process, and a pair of lateral apical processes extending beyond apex of shaft and bent ven- trad. Type Data: Holotype male, Colombia: Vaupés, R.N. Mosiro-Itajura (Capart), Centro Ambiental, 1°04'S 69°31'W, 60 m., Red, 20-I-1-l-2003, M. Sharkey and D. Arias, M-3387. Differential Diagnosis: This species is close to A. fuscinula but is smaller and does not have the pygofer process bifurcate and has a stout aedeagus with the dorsal process closer to the middle of the shaft. Acrulogonia undulata NEW SPECIES (Figures 4-6) Description: Length of males 5.9-6.1 mm, females 5.9-6 mm. Similar to A. fuscinula, but small- er and with different male genitalia. Male genitalia: Pygofer (Fig. 4) narrowing to a hooked apex, with a small ventral apical lobe beneath hooked apex. Plates short, half length of pygofer, narrow. Style and connective similar to A. fuscinula. Aedeagus (Figs. 5-6) tubular, bent dorsad near middle of shaft, with a single dorsal process near apex and a pair of lateral apical processes extending just beyond apex of shaft. Type Data: Holotype male, Colombia: Putumayo, PNN La Paya, Cabana La Paya, 0°07'S 74°56'W, 320 m., 1-15-XII-2001, Malaise, E. Lozano. M-2795. Paratypes: Two males same data as holotype. Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 103 Additional Specimens: Other specimens studied are as follows: one male and one female, same data as holotype, except 1-15-XI-2001, M-2439; one male, same data, except Bocana Mamansoya, 23-IX-2001, Red, M-2092; one female, same data, except Salo Grande, 0°01'S 74°56W, 330 m., 22- IX-2001, Red, M-2087; one male, same data, except Fca. Charapa, 0°08'S 74°57'W, 330 m., 15-30- X-2001, Malaise, R. Cobete, M-2436: one male, same data, except 26-III-10-IV-2002, Malaise, M- 3135; one male, same data, except 12-27I1V-2002, M-3147; one male, same data, except, Cabajfia Viviano Cocha, 0°07'S 74°56'W, 320 m., Malaise, A. Morales, 1-30-VII-2002, M-3314; one male, same data, except Ressuardo Cecilio Cocha, 0°11'S 74°55'W, 190 m., Malaise, 20-24-I-2003, C. Sermiento, M-3419: and one male, same data, except La Nueva Paya, 0°02'S 75°12'W, 210 m., Malaise, 31-I-3-I-2003, M-3423. All specimens are deposited in the Instituto von Humboldt Col- lection. Differential Diagnosis: This species is close to A. fuscinula but is smaller and differs in the shape of the pygofer, and the shaft of the aedeagus being stout and bent near the middle of the shaft. Acrulogonia forficata NEW SPECIES (Figures 7-9) Description: Length of male 6.5 mm, females unknown. Similar to A. fuscinula, but with differ- ent male genitalia. Male genitalia: Pygofer (Fig. 7) narrowing to an apex which has a small hook dor- sally and a small lobe ventarlly. Plate narrow, short, about two-thirds length of pygofer. Style and connective similar to A. fuscinula. Aedeagus (Figs. 8-9) short, stout, gradually curving to apex, with a single median subapical process and a pair of stout lateral apical processes extending beyond apex of shaft. Type Data: Holotype male, Colombia: Caqueta, Santa Rosita, 1°20'N 76°6'W, 600 m., 22-VII-4- VIII-2000, Malaise, F. Ruales, M-1116 Differential Diagnosis: This species is close to 4. fuscinula but differs in the shape of the pygofer, and the large apical processes of the aedeagus. Acrulogonia obtusa NEW SPECIES (Figures 10-12) Description: Length of males 6.1-6.6 mm, females 6.2 mm. Similar to A. resima, but with dif- ferent male genitalia. Male genitalia: Pygofer (Fig. 10) narrowing to a prolonged dorsal process with a ventral narrow lobe beneath. Plate narrow, short, less than half length of pygofer. Style and con- nective similar to A. resima. Aedeagus (Figs. 11-12) straight, tubular, with expanded apex bearing a short single dorsal process and a pair of lateral short slender processes as well as a pair of lateral ven- tral short stout processes. Type Data: Holotype male, Colombia: Vaupés, R.N. Mosiro-Itajura (Capart), Centro Ambiental, 1°04'S 69°31'W, 60 m., FIT, 20-I-1-II-2003, M. Sharkey and D. Arias, M-3388. Additional Specimens: One male, 2 females, Colombia: Caqueta, PNN Chiribiquete, Cunare- Amu, 0°12'N 72°25'W, 300 m., 14-17-II-2001, Malaise, M. Ospina and E. Gonzalez; one male, same data, except 19-22-II-2001; one male same data, except 23-26-II-2001; one male same data, except 28-III-3-IV-2001; one male same data, except Rio Cunare, 0°32'N 72°37'W, 300 m., 15-19-XI-2000, Malaise, E. Gonzalez and M. Ospina; one male, same data, except 1-5-XI-2000; one male, same data, except Puerto Abeja, 0°04'N 72°26'W, 250 m., 29-X-12-XI-2000, Malaise, J. Forero, M-955; and one male, same data, except 12-26-XI-2000, M-956. All specimens are deposited in the Instituto von Humboldt Collection. 104 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Differential Diagosis: This species differs from A. resima in having a differ- ent pygofer apex, and an aedeagus with shorter, more apical processes. | 2 3 ACUTA = 4 \ Ss) 6 UNDULATA 0.5 mm 8 9 FORFICATA Figures 1-3. Acrulogonia acuta n. sp. Fig. 1. Male genital capsule, lateral view. Fig. 2. Aedeagus, lateral view. Fig. 3. Aedeagus, ventral view. Figures 4-6. A. undulata n. sp. Fig. 4. Male genital capsule, lateral view. Fig. 5. Aedeagus, lateral view. Fig. 6. Aedeagus, ventral view. Figures 7-9. A. forficata n. sp. Fig. 7. Male genital capsule, lateral view. Fig. 8. Aedeagus, lateral view. Fig. 9. Aedeagus, ventral view. All drawn to the same scale. Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 105 OBTUSA od EE : 0.5 mm yx | I3 I5 LOBATA Figures 10-12. Acrulogonia obtusa n. sp. Fig. 10. Male genital capsule, lateral view. Fig. 11. Aedeagus, lateral view. Fig. 12. Aedeagus, ventral view. Figures 13-15. A. Jobata n. sp. Fig. 13. Male genital capsule, lateral view. Fig. 14. Aedeagus, lateral view. Fig. 15. Aedeagus, ventral view. All drawn to the same scale. Acrulogonia lobata NEW SPECIES (Figures 13-15) Description: Length of males 6.2-6.5 mm, females 6.2-6.5 mm. Similar to 4. resima, but with dif- ferent male genitalia. Male genitalia: Pygofer (Fig. 13) narrowing to a pointed apex, with a dorsal apical hook-like process. Plate narrow, about half length of pygofer. Style and connective similar to A. resima. Aedeagus (Figs. 14-15) stout, tubular with a single slender dorsal curved subapical process, and a pair of longer slender curved lateral ventral processes and a pair of longer ventral processes extending beyond apex of shaft. 106 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Type Data: Holotype male, Colombia: Amazonas, PNN Amacayacu, Cabafia Lorena, 3°00'S 69°59'W, 210 m., 27-VIII-2001, Red, D. Campos, M-2234. Paratypes: Four males and five females, same data as holotype. Additional Specimens: Other specimens seen are as follows: seventeen males and seventeen females, same data as holotype; and three females, same data as holotype, except 31-VIII-2001, pan trap, M-2204. All specimens are deposited in the Instituto von Humboldt Collection and the University of Kentucky Collection. Differential Diagnosis: This species differs from A. resima in having a dif- ferent apex on the pygofer, and a similar type of aedeagus, except the lateral processes are not bifurcate and the ventral pair are thicker. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks are extended to Michael J. Sharkey, Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, who made it possible to study the specimens used in this study through his National Science Foundation Grant no. DEB 0205982. LITERATURE CITED Freytag, P. H. and M. J. Sharkey. 2002. A preliminary list of the leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) of Colombia. Biota Colombiana 3(2):235-283. Godoy, C. and M. W. Nielson. 2000. A Review of the leafhopper Genus Acrulogonia (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) with descriptions of new species. Entomological News 111(2):107-115. Young, D. A. 1977. Taxonomic study of the Cicadellinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Part 2. New World Cicadellini and the genus Cicadella. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 239. 1135 pp. Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 107 SCIENTIFIC NOTE NEW DISTRIBUTIONAL RECORDS FOR NICROPHORUS MARGINATUS FABRICIUS (COLEOPTERA: SILPHIDAE) FROM JALISCO, MEXICO’ Edith Garcia-Real,’ Luis Eugenio Rivera-Cervantes,’ and Carlos Palomera-Garcia’ The Silphidae, or carrion beetles, are predominantly necrophagous on verte- brate carcasses both in their larval and adult stages. Notable exceptions are Dendroxena and Silpha, which are predators, and some species of the genus Aclypea, which are phytophagous (Navarrete-Heredia and Fierros-Lopez, 2000). Silphid beetles are an important group in forest ecosystems because they recycle and remove substrates that are otherwise key resources for the development of noxious insects, such as flies (Anderson and Peck 1985). However, their role in the carrion-feeding cycle is remarkably less evident in tropical than in temperate regions (Peck and Anderson, 1985). In Mexico, the Silphidae is comprised of four genera and eleven species, of which four have been accurately recorded for the Mexican state of Jalisco. Sam- pling in various vegetation types have shown that Oxelytrum discicolle (Brullé) 1840, Thanatophilus truncatus (Say) 1823 and Nicrophorus olidus Matthews 1888 are repeatedly found in Mexican tropical forests. However, in Mexican temperate forests of oak, pine-oak, pine or cloud forests, species composition varies depending on the geographic location and altitude. Various combinations of the same three species are found, along with N. mexicanus Matthews 1888 (Rivera-Cervantes and Garcia-Real, 1998; Navarrete-Heredia and Fierros- Lopez, 2000; Fierros-Lopez and Navarrete-Heredia, 2001). Nicrophorus marginatus Fabricius 1801 belongs to the marginatus species group sensu Peck and Anderson (1985). This species group is defined by the presence of yellow hairs on the posterior lobe of the metepimeron. N. margina- tus is currently known in Mexico from the states of Coahuila, Durango, Distrito Federal, Puebla, Veracruz and Hidalgo (Peck and Anderson, 1985; Navarrete- Heredia, 2001). We provide new distributional data and field observations for Nicrophorus marginatus, trapped on the northeastern slope of the Nevado de Colima National Park (2100 m), Jalisco, Mexico. ‘Received on October 4, 2004. Accepted on November 25, 2004. * Instituto Manantlan de Ecologia y Conservacion de la Biodiversidad, Centro Universitario de la Costa Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara. Avenida Independencia Nacional 151, Autlan, Jalisco. C. P. 48900 Mexico. Emails: (EGR) egarcia@cucsur.udg.mx; (LERC) Irivera@cucsur.udg.mx; (CPG) cpalomera@cucsur.udg.mx. Mailed on April 22, 2005 108 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We have been trapping invertebrates using carrion trap (model NTP-80, designed by Moron and Terron, 1984) in the mountains of southern Jalisco, in western Mexico during the last 15 years. The specimens reported here were col- lected in oak forest on slopes of the Nevado de Colima National Park (2100 m). One carrion trap, with squid as bait, was used and checked monthly from January to December 1997. This area is dominated by oak (Fagaceae) - pine (Pinaceae) forests, with Quercus castanea, Q. laurina, Q. rugosa and Pinus pseudostrobus being the most common species (Gonzalez- Villareal and Pérez de la Rosa, 1987). N. marginatus was caught with three other carrion beetles: N. olidus, N. mex- icanus, and Thanatophilus truncatus. It was the third most abundant species after N. mexicanus and N. olidus (Fig. 1). The specimens were trapped from July through November 1997, except for October, which suggests a seasonal phenol- ogy. At this locality, the most abundant species was N. mexicanus, as was found by Rivera-Cervantes and Garcia-Real (1998), as well as Fierros-Lopez and Navarrete-Heredia (2001). It is important to note that N. marginatus was not reported by Fierros-Lopez and Navarrete-Heredia (2001) in their 2200 - 3000 m altitudinal gradient study in the northwestern slope of the Nevado de Colima between April to October 1998, which was close to our sampling sites PITT # o = ge. 2 o — ° z GRORERGROROROTOEOROR ELEVEN ZILLLLLE LLL ED ee MIPS NE NT Months Nicrophorus olidus EN. mexicanus HN. marginatus 0) Thanatophilus truncatus Figure 1. Abundance of Silphidae species trapped in oak (Fagaceae) forest in 1997, Piedra Ancha (2,100m), Jalisco, Mexico. Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 109 With this new record for N. marginatus, we extend the distribution of this lit- tle known but apparently widespread species in Mexico (Fig. 2). Its presence in western Mexico suggests that its distribution pattern follows that of temperate forests (pine, pine-oak, and oak) above 2000m in the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Trans Volcanic Belt. Peck and Anderson (1985) mention this species from open habitats in northern parts of its distribution. Its scarcity is probably explained by being in the southern limits of its distribution. Ratcliffe (1996) mentions that this species is widely distributed in North America, and in Mexico it is found only in the north. Moreover, we also believe that the Mexican carrion beetle community is dominated in numbers and phenology by N. mexicanus and N. olidus. Material examined: MEXICO, Jalisco, Zapotlan el Grande. VII-1997. G. Granados, col. Piedra Ancha, Oak forest, altitude 2100m, Necrotrap (4 specimens); same collection data, except VIII-1997 (1 specimen); same collection data, except [X-1997 (12 specimens); same colelction data, except XI- 1997 (6 specimens). All specimens are deposited in the entomological collection of the Instituto Manantlan de Ecologia y Conservacion de la Biodiversidad, Universidad de Guadalajara. In addition, a new record from Ojuelos is also added: Presa El 40, xerophilous shrub, 2002 m, 21°31'29" N 101°43'43"W, ex NTP squid, Navarrete-Heredia and G.A. Quiroz-Rocha, det. J.L. Navarrete-Heredia 2004. The specimen caught corresponds to a completely different vegetation type than the one report- ed by us. i IS D Figure 2. Localities where Nicrophorus marginatus has been collected in Mexico. The circles show new records in the state of Jalisco. 110 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Ingeniero Gerardo Granados for collecting the field samples and the Centro Universitario de la Costa Sur, University of Guadalajara for financing the field trips. We also thank José Luis Navarrete-Heredia from the Centro Universitario de Ciencias Bioldgicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara for the information given for this species record in northern Jalisco, as well as to three anonymous reviewers. Raquel Alvarez and Oscar E. Balcazar helped with the maps. LITERATURE CITED Anderson, R. S. and S. B. Peck. 1985. The insects and arachnids of Canada. Part 13. The carrion beetles of Canada and Alaska (Coleoptera: Silphidae and Agyrtidae). Biosystematics Research Institute. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 121 pp. Fierros-Lopez, H. E. and J. L. Navarrete-Heredia. 2001. Altitudinal distribution and phenology of three species of carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) from Nevado de Colima, Jalisco, México. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 77 (1): 45-46. Gonzakez-Villareal, L. M. and J. A. Pérez de la Rosa. 1987. Guia de la excursion botanica al Nevado de Colima, Jal. Guia de Excursiones Botanicas en México 8: 101-139. Moron, M.A. and R. Terron. 1984. Distribucion altitudinal y estacional de los insectos necrofilos en la Sierra Norte de Hidalgo, México. Acta Zoologica Mexicana n. s. (3): 1-47. Navarrete-Heredia, J. L. and H. E. Fierros-Lépez. 2000. Silphidae (Coleoptera), pp. 401-412. In, Jorge E. Llorente B., Enrique Gonzalez S., and Nelson Papavero (Editors). Biodiversidad, Taxonomia y Biogeografia de Artroépodos de México: Hacia una sintesis de su conocimiento. Volumen IT. México, D.F., México. 675 pp. Navarrete-Heredia, J. L. 2001. Comentarios sobre algunas especies de Silphidae de Sonora e Hidalgo, incluyendo la distribucién por estado de las especies de Silphidae en México. Acta Zoologica Mexicana n. s. (83): 169-171. Peck, S. B. and R. S. Anderson. 1985. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the carrion bee- tles of Latin America (Coleoptera: Silphidae). Quaestiones Entomologicae 21: 247-317. Ratcliffe, R.C. 1996. The carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) of Nebraska. Volume 13. Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum. 100 pp. Rivera-Cervantes, L. E. and E. Garcia-Real. 1998. Analisis preliminar sobre la composicion de los escarabajos necrofilos (Coleoptera: Silphidae y Scarabaeidae) presentes en dos bosques de pino (uno dafiado por fuego), en la Estacion Cientifica Las Joyas, Sierra de Manantlan, Jalisco, México. Dugesiana 5(1): 11-22. Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 111 SCIENTIFIC NOTE NEBRASKA, U.S.A.: A NEW STATE RECORD FOR THE SHORTWING SNOWELY, ALLOCAPNIA VIVIPARA (PLECOPTERA: CAPNIIDAE)' Robert E. Zuellig’ and Boris C. Kondratieff The snowfly genus A//ocapnia is considered an eastern deciduous forest asso- ciated group of stoneflies (Ross and Ricker 1971). Currently, 43 species are rec- ognized (Kondratieff and Kirchner 2000). Rhodes and Kondratieff (1996) listed nine stonefly species from the western part of Nebraska. The eastern part of the state was not treated. During a recent survey of the stoneflies of Missouri, one Allocapnia vivipara (Claassen) male was collected in eastern Nebraska near the borders of Missouri, Kansas, and Iowa. It is not surprising that A. vivipara was found in Nebraska as it has been reported from the adjoining states of Missouri (Poulton and Stewart 1991, Ross and Ricker 1971, Frison 1942), Kansas (Ste- wart and Huggins 1977, Ross and Ricker 1971, Frison 1942), and Iowa (Heimdal et al. 2004, Ross and Ricker 1971, Frison 1942). Poulton and Stewart (1991) indicated that A. vivipara was common in the lowland areas of the Mississippi- Missouri River subregions of Missouri and the Illinois Ozarks. During this sur- vey we also collected A. vivipara from several localities in northwestern Mis- souri. The Illinois Natural History Survey stonefly collection also holds several records of A. vivipara from northeastern Missouri. It is likely that additional col- lections of A. vivipara will be made in more northern parts of eastern Nebraska, especially from small tributaries of the Missouri River. Ross and Ricker (1971) indicated that A. vivipara is typically found in streams heavily loaded with organic material and is especially tolerant of “barnyard pollution.” Poulton and Stewart (1991) reported a similar association of this species with organic enrich- ment. The stream localities visited during this survey drain mostly row crop agri- cultural lands typical of this part of the United States. Most sites were deeply incised and silt laden. All material collected during this survey was deposited in the C. P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (CSUC). Material Examined: New State Record: Nebraska: Cass Co., Weeping Water Creek, Hwy 75 north of Nebraska City, 18-III-2004, B. C. Kondratieff, R. E. Zuellig, & M. Garhart, 1 male (CSUC). ‘Received on October 28, 2004. Accepted on January 7, 2005. ?U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, MS 415, Denver, Colorado 80225 U.S.A. Email: rzuellig@usgs.gov. > Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524 U.S.A. Email: boris.kondratieff@colostate.edu. Mailed on April 22, 2005 HW ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Mathew Garhart for assistance with field collections. Also, we thank Robert Hood (U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado), Bill Stark (Mississippi College, Clinton, Mississippi), and three anonymous reviewers for improving earlier versions of this scientific note. LITERATURE CITED Frison, T. H. 1942. Studies of North American Plecoptera: with special reference to the fauna of Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey 22:235-355. Heimdal. D. P., R. E. DeWalt, and T. F. Wilson. 2004. An annotated checklist of the stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Iowa. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 106:761-778. Kondratieff, B. C. and R. F. Kirchner. 2000. Two new Allocapnia from eastern North America (Plecoptera: Capniidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93:1267-1273. Poulton, B. P. and K. W. Stewart. 1991. The stoneflies of the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains (Plecoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 38:1-116. Rhodes, H. A. and B. C. Kondratieff. 1996. Annotated list of the stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Ne- braska, U.S.A. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 69:191-198. Ross, H. H. and W. E. Ricker. 1971. The classification, evolution, and dispersal of the winter stonefly genus Allocapnia. University of Illinois Biological Monograph 45:1-106 pp. Stark, B. P. 2001. North American Plecoptera List. http://www.mc.edu/campus/users/stark/Sfly 0102.htm Stewart, K. W. and D. G. Huggins. 1977. Kansas Plecoptera (Stoneflies). Technical Publications of the State Biological Survey of Kansas 4:31-40. Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 113 SCIENTIFIC NOTE FIRST RECORDS OF MALES AND NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS FOR TWO SPECIES OF AGATHIRSIA WESTWOOD (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)' José Isaac Figueroa-De la Rosa,’ Michael J. Sharkey,’ and Victor Lopez-Martinez* Members of Agathirsia Westwood are restricted to the arid regions of Mexico and the southwestern United States of America. Twenty-five of the 31 described species are recorded from Mexico and most of these were recently described by Pucci and Sharkey (2004). Mexican species are widely distributed across the country, but are notably absent from the Yucatan Peninsula and lowland areas along the Gulf of Mexico. They are collected principally from July through Octo- ber (Pucci and Sharkey, 2004; Sanchez and Lopez, 2000). Descriptions of Agathirsia minuata Pucci and Sharkey and A. tiro Pucci and Sharkey were based only on female specimens. A. minuata was reported from only one specimen collected in New Mexico (USA), and A. tiro was reported from only Nuevo Leon (Mexico) and Texas (USA). As a part of a revision of Crassomicrodus, specimens of Agathirsia were mis- takenly sent to the senior author from various institutions. From this material we report for first time males of A. minuata and A. tiro and new distributional data for the two species. The males of both species are similar to females and there- fore descriptions are not included here. The records are based in material deposited in the following collections: American Entomological Institute (AEI) Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.; California Academy of Sciences (CAS) San Francisco, California, U.S.A.; Canadian Na- tional Collection (CNC), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Essig Museum of Entomol- ogy-University of California (EMEC), Berkeley, California, U.S.A.; Michigan State University (MSU), East Lansing, Michigan, U.S.A.; The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California-Davis (UCDC), Davis, California, U.S.A. and the National Museum of Natural History (formerly known as the United States Natural History Museum (USNM), Washington, District of Colum- bia, U.S.A. "Received on November 30, 2004. Accepted on January 19, 2005. *Instituto de Fitosanidad, Colegio de Postgraduados, kilometro 36.5 carreterra Mexico-Texcoco, Montecillo, Estado de Mexico, Caja Postal 56230 México. E-mail: fisaac@colpos.mx. > Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Ag. Science Center North, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0091, U.S.A. E-mail: msharkey@uky.edu. ‘Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Caja Postal 62210 Mexico. E-mail: vilomar74@yahoo.com.mx. Mailed on April 22, 2005 114 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Agathirsia minuata Pucci and Sharkey Collection Data: MEXICO, Chihuahua: 1 9, 33 mill N Hidalgo de Parral, 23.viii.1960, Arnaud P.H., Jr, E. S. Ross & D. C. Rentz (CAS); Sonora: 19 and 1 &, 17 mill S Navojoa, 18.viii.1964, Timberlake (USNM). USA, California: 1 &, Capinole, L., 2.x.1941, Ross & Bohart (UCDC); New Mexico: 2 O&,, Rodeo, Hidalgo Co., 21.viii.1960, Arnaud P. H. Jr., E. S. Ross & D. C. Rentz (CAS); 1 &, 4.8 mill N Rodeo, Hidalgo Co., 4.ix.1961, Hurd P. D. (EMEC); 1 &, 18 mill N Cloverdale, 12.vili.1955, Dreisbach R. R. (USNM); 5 9 and 4 ©, Hatch, 30.viii.1974, Townes H. & M. Townes (AE). These are the first records of A. minuata from Mexico (Chihuahua and Sonora). The Californian specimen represents a new state record for the USA. This information increases, to 26 species, the number of species of Agathirsia recorded from Mexico, representing 83 percent of the total number of species. Agathirsia tiro Pucci and Sharkey Collection Data: USA, New Mexico: 1 &, Ruidoso, Lincoln Co., 4.vii.1961, Eickwort G. C. (MSU); Texas: 1 9, Davis Ranch, NW Blanco Co., 23.iv.1959, Mason W. R. M. (CNC); 1 &, Sanderson, 28-29.iv.1959, Mason W. R. M. (CNC); 1 &, Sullivan City, Hidalgo Co., 10.iv.1976 (CAS). These data corroborate the original distribution of the species reported by Pucci and Sharkey (2004), southern United States to northeast Mexico. The New Mexico specimen represents a new state record for the USA. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We appreciate the collaboration of the following collection managers, Robert L. Zuparko (CAS and EMEC), John Huber and Henry Goulet (CNC), Gary L. Parsons (MSU), S. L. Heydon (UCDC), and David R. Smith (USNM) for the loan of the material. Our thanks to Jorge Santiago-Blay (Editor of Entomological News) and two anonymous referees for their comments that improved the final ver- sion of the manuscript. This work was partially supported by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (SNI-CONACYT expd. 31351). LITERATURE CITED Pucci, T. and M. Sharkey. 2004. A revision of Agathirsia Westwood (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Agathidinae) with notes on mouthpart morphology. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 13(1): 64- 107. Sanchez G., J. A. and V. Lopez M. 2000. Géneros de Braconidae (Hymenoptera) depositados en la coleccion entomologica del Instituto de Fitosanidad del Colegio de Postgraduados. Acta Zooldgica Mexicana (n. s.) 79: 257-276. Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 115 SCIENTIFIC NOTE THE FIRST REPORT OF ONCASTICHUS GOUGHI (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE): AN INTRODUCED PEST OF WAXFLOWER (MYRTACEAE; CHAMELAUCIUM UNCINATUM) FROM SOUTH AMERICA' Michael W. Gates? and Michael E. Schauff The Geraldton waxflower, Chamelaucium uncinatum Schauer (Myrtaceae) has been an important species for the California cut flower industry since its introduction from Australia in the early 1980s (Redak and Bethke 1994). It has since been cultivated in South America, Japan, South Africa (Roh and Lawson 1996), New Zealand, and israel (The Plant People and HoneyBunchWax.com). The waxflower is used mainly for cut flower production, valued for its long vase life, but also for cut shoots with flower buds, cut foliage, and flowering pot plants. Most of the initial physiological and horticultural research on this plant was carried out in Israel (1980s) facilitating the rapid development of the plant, a commercial crop currently being grown on ca. 300 ha in Israel (Shillo 1985; Shillo et al. 1985; Halevy 1994). Israel became the main exporter of wax flow- ers to Europe during the winter months. The gall-forming wasp, Oncastichus goughi Headrick and La Salle (Eulophi- dae: Tetrastichinae) was described in 1995, at which time its status as a pest of waxflower and subsequent spread was reported (Headrick et al. 1995). Initially reported in the 1980s (Gough and McMahon 1989; Hamlet 1990) the wasp caus- es galls on the young leaves and stems decreasing the value of the cut flower product and creating quarantine difficulties. This wasp is a problem in certain regions such as Queensland (Australia), California (USA), and Israel (Considine and Growns 1997). The inquilines and parasitoids of O. goughi were apparent- ly co-introduced with O. goughi on infested plant material, thus, contributing to a possible decrease in the extent of infestations and economic loss by having accidentally introduced natural mortality factors into California (Headrick, pers. comm. 2004). This may ultimately prove to be the case with new introductions to other countries of this pestiferous wasp. We report here the identification of O. goughi from specimens collected in Peru, the first time the wasp species has been reported in South America. Specimens reared from commercially produced waxflowers at Ica, Peru, on March 18, 2003, by Javier Huanca were sent to the Systematic Entomology "Received on December 21, 2004. Accepted on January 19, 2005. > Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, PSI, c/o Smithsonian Institution, National Muse- um of Natural History, MRC-168, Washington, District of Columbia 20013-7012 U.S.A. E-mails: (MWG) mgates@sel.barc.usda.gov, (MES) mschauff@sel.barc.usda.gov. Mailed on April 22, 2005 116 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Laboratory for identification by Clorinda Vergara Cobian from the Departamento de Entomologia y Fitopatologia (Museo de Entomologia, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Av. La Universidad s/n, Apdo. 456, Lima, Peru). This range expansion indicates that the wasp continues to be transported around the world by human commerce. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to Clorinda Vergara Cobian for submitting these specimens to Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS, USDA for identification and to Michael Pogue, Alma Solis (Systematic Ento- mology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Washington, D.C.) and Gregory Evans (USDA-APHIS, Beltsville, MD) for reviewing earlier versions of this manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Considine, J. A. and D. Growns. 1997. Geraldton wax and relatives. Jn, Hyde, K. (Editor). The New Rural Industries: A handbook for Farmers and Investors. 570 pp. Copyright © RIRDC. Last updated: January 11, 1998. (Accessed on October 20, 2004.) http://www.rirdc.gov.au/pub/ handbook/gwax.html. Gough, N. and P. McMahon. 1989. The biology and control of gall-forming wasps on Geraldton Wax. The Production and Marketing of Australian Flora, Conference Papers, Western Australian Department of Agriculture. 6 pp. Halevy, A. H. 1994. Introduction and development of Geraldton Wax flower as a commercial cut flower in Israel. Israel 7:45—54 Hamlet, S. 1990. The biology and control of gall-forming wasps on Geraldton Wax: an update. The Production and Marketing of Australian Flora, Conference Papers, Western Australian Depart- ment of Agriculture. 17 pp. Headrick, D., J. LaSalle, and R. Redak. 1995. A new genus of Australian Tetrastichinae (Hymen- optera: Eulophidae): an introduced pest of Chamelaucium uncinatum (Myrtaceae) in California. Journal of Natural History 29: 1033-1034. Redak, R. and J. Bethke. 1994. Detection and seasonal occurrence of gall-forming wasps (Hymen- optera: Eulophidae) on Geraldton wax plant. Journal of Economic Entomology 88: 387-392. Roh, M. S. and R. H. Lawson. 1996. New floral crops in the United States. p. 526-535. In, J. Janick (Editor). Progress in new crops. ASHS Press, Arlington, VA. Last Update June 25, 1997 (Accessed on October 20, 2004). http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1996/V3-526. html. Shillo, R. 1985. C,amelaucium uncinatum. p. 185-189. In, A. H. Halevy (Editor). Handbook of flowering, Vol. Ii. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, U.S.A. 568 pp. Shillo, R., A. Weiner, and A. H. Halevy. 1984. Inhibition imposed by developing flowers on fur- ther flower bud initiation in Chamelaucium uncinatum Schauer. Planta 160: 508-513. Shillo, R., A. Weiner, and A. H. Halevy. 1985. Environmental and chemical control of growth and flowering in Chamelaucium uncinatum Schauer. Scientific Horticulture 25: 287—297. The Plant People and HoneyBunchWax.com. Plant History, Copyright © 1995-2004. (Accessed on October 20, 2004.) http://www.honeybunchwax.com/general/plant_history/plant_history.html. Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 117 SCIENTIFIC NOTE PATAPIUS SPINOSUS (ROSST) (HEMIPTERA: LEPTOPODIDAE) IN THE TEXAS PANHANDLE, U.S.A.' W. David Sissom’ and James D. Ray’ The leptopodid bug Patapius spinosus (Rossi) (Fig. 1) was introduced into the United States from the Old World, having previously been known to occur in Europe, northern Africa, and the Canary Islands. The first record in the United States was at Arbuckle, Colusa County, California (Usinger 1941), based on a single individual taken from traps designed to capture peach twig borer larvae on almond trees. Subsequently, the species was reported from additional localities in California (Drake 1954), in Nevada, and Idaho (Brothers 1979), and more recently from several sites in Washington State (Zack, et al. 2001). Patapius spinosus has also been introduced into Chile (Froeschner 1988). Fig. 1. Adult Patapis spinosus (Rossi) (Hemiptera : Leptopodidae). "Received on November 2, 2004. Accepted on December 7, 2004. * Department of Life, Earth, & Environmental Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX 79016. E-mail: dsissom@mail.wtamu.edu. >BXWT Pantex, L.L.C., Pantex Plant, Bld. T-9061, Amarillo, TX 79120-0020. E-mail: JDRay@ pantex.com. Mailed on April 22, 2005 118 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS While conducting an invertebrate survey at the U.S. Department of Energy/National Nuclear Security Administration’s (DOE/NNSA) Pantex Plant in Carson County, Texas, in 2000-2001, we encountered four specimens of this unusual bug in pitfall traps. The plant is located approximately 11.76 km north- west of the intersection of Interstate Highway 40 and Farm to Market Road 2373. Two pitfall trap series were set up along a playa edge (a single line of 10 traps) and the gently sloping (circa 5°) adjoining grassland habitat (a grid of five traps in two rows). One Patapius specimen was collected between August 17-24 along the playa edge, and three more were taken between October 13-27 from the grassland site. GPS coordinates for the ends of the playa edge trap line were 35° 19' 08.56", 101° 35' 22.29" and 35°19" 06.08", 101° 35' 20.90"; the coordinates for the corners of the grassland trap grid were: 35°19'10.42"N, 101°35'25.57"W; 35-19T0:88"N, 101°35' 27.12" We Sar lS eta" N, 10135'27-00° We and! 35en2 10.65"N, 101°35'25.53"W. Although the site was monitored in the spring and summer seasons of two years, the hemipterans appeared only at the end of the second year’s sampling. Vegetation along the playa edge included sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae), creeping spike rush (Eleocharis macrostachya Britt, Cyperaceae), woolly-leaf bursage (Ambrosia grayi [A. Nels.] Shinners, Asteraceae), spotted primrose (Oenothera canescens Torr. & Frém, Onagraceae), woolly plantain (Plantago patagonica Jacq., Plantaginaceae), little barley (Hordeum pusillum Nutt., Poaceae), and prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola L., Asteraceae). Vegeta- tion at the grassland site consisted primarily of dense, medium-height grasses, predominantly silver bluestem [Bothriochloa laguroides (Herter), Poaceae], prickly pear (Opuntia macrorhiza Engelm., Cactaceae), a few soapweed yuccas (Yucca glauca Nutt., Agavaceae), a single small Siberian elm tree (Ulmus pumi- la L., Ulmaceae), scurfy pea (Psoralea tenuiflora Pursh, Fabaceae), western rag- weed (Ambrosia psilostachya DC, Asteraceae), prickly lettuce, curl-cup gumweed (Grindelia squarrosa {Pursh| Dun, Asteraceae), devil’s claw (Probo- scidea louisianica [P. Mill.| Thell., Pedaliaceae), and nodding thistle (Carduus nutans L., Asteraceae). The grassland adjoining the playa was utilized for cattle grazing in 2001, but the cattle were not introduced until after the July sampling period and were removed before the October period. The effects of the cattle on the vegetation were noticeable during August sampling, and became pronounced by October, with the vegetation cropped low to the ground. The site is devoid of rock cover, and the soil consisted primarily of PEP clay loam. Previous authors have presented considerable data regarding the habitats in which Patapius spinosus has been found. Brothers (1979) reported his specimens from underneath cobblestones in a mine-tailings dump. The Washington sites were also characterized by the presence of cobblestone, and the hemipterans were common among the rocks. One specimen from the Hanford Nuclear Site (Zack et al. 2001) was taken from a pitfall trap set in the vegetated area sur- rounding an alkaline pond (West Lake). Zack et al. (2001) also found numerous specimens from several sites along the Snake River in Whitman County, Wash- ington; these specimens were also taken from rocky habitats. Our site, as previ- Vol. 116, No. 2, March & April 2005 119 ously indicated, lacks rocks altogether, and the only types of cover available were cow pies and the relatively sparse litter that accumulates in the grassland. Froeschner (1988) indicates that leptopodids are typically associated with moist habitats around bodies of water, and this was also observed by Zach et al. (2001). The Brothers (1979) sites, however, were away from sources of water. Our site was adjacent to a playa wetland; however, this basin remained dry throughout most of the study period. The new Texas record is of considerable interest because it is in the center of the North American continent more than 1700 kilometers southeast of the previ- ously easternmost sites in Nevada. It seems unlikely that the dispersal event was natural, because Patapius is a ground dwelling bug with apparently low mobili- ty. Sixty years after its first noted occurrence in California, it still appears to be almost strictly limited to that and a few surrounding states. The Pantex Plant is a nuclear weapons maintenance and dismantling facility, and it is interesting to note that one of the Washington State sites was the Hanford Nuclear Site (also DOE/NNSA) in Benton County. Transfer of specimens be- tween these DOE/NNSA sites could have occurred, as past and current subcon- tractors have worked at Pantex as well as on or around the Hanford site, else- where in the Pacific Northwest, and in California. We suspect that the introduc- tion to the Pantex Plant is new, because the bug was not taken from any of 10 regularly monitored sites between July 2000 and July 2001. Three of the Pantex specimens are permanently housed in the Entomology Collection at West Texas A&M University in Canyon, Texas, and the fourth has been deposited in the Entomology Collection at Texas A&M University at Col- lege Station. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to Dr. Joseph Schaffner of the Entomology Department at Texas A&M University for verifying our identification of P. spinosus and supplying pertinent literature. Funding for the col- lections was provided by the DOE/NNSA in cooperation with BWXT-Pantex, L.L.C. We thank M. Schoenhals and M. Keck of BWXT Pantex, L.L.C. for assistance with site access coordination. LITERATURE CITED Brothers, D. R. 1979. First record of Patapius spinosus in Idaho and Nevada (Hemiptera: Lepto- podidae). Great Basin Naturalist 39:195-196. Drake, C. J. 1954. An undescribed leptopodid from India (Hemiptera). Journal of the Kansas Ento- mological Society 27:111-112. Froeschner, R. C. 1988. Family Leptopodidae Amyot and Serville, 1843. p. 166. Jn, Henry, T. J. and R. C. Froeschner (Editors). Catalog of the Heteroptera, or True Bugs, of Canada and the Con- tinental United States. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 958 pp. Usinger, R. L. 1941. A remarkable immigrant leptopodid in California. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 36:164-165. Zack, R. S., C. N. Looney, M. E. Hitchcox, and J. P. Strange. 2001. First records of Leptopodidae in Washington State (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) with notes on its habitat. The Pan-Pacific Ento- mologist 77(1):47-50. 120 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS BOOK REVIEW SPIDERS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES. A PHOTOGRAPHIC GUIDE. W. Mike Howell and Ronald L. Jenkins. 2004. Pearson Education Inc., 75 Arlington St., Boston, MA 02116. 361 pp. 269 color photographs. 43 line drawings. Softcover. ISBN 0-536-75853-0. $30. Available from BioQuip, Inc; http://www.bioquip.com. Identification guides based on photographs of arthropods in the field concentrate on showy sub- jects such as Lepidoptera and Odonata more often than on less charismatic creatures such as arach- nids. Spiders of the Eastern United States demonstrates that a guide presenting photographs of arthro- pods alive in their natural habitats can succeed even for arachnids. In an attractive presentation, it illustrates and describes 166 species of spiders in 35 families in the eastern United States. The authors selected species primarily according to those most commonly encountered. These species constitute a small fraction of the region’s total, which the authors estimate to be from 800 to 2000. The book is intended for an audience lacking special expertise in arachnid taxonomy, but it will reward anyone interested in identification of the region’s spiders. The photographs are superb. They capture individuals exhibiting characteristic behavior, such as the extension of the front legs of the green Tetragnatha viridis (Walckenaer), shown camouflaged on needles of a loblolly pine. Habitats included in photographs are revealing, such as a mud dauber’s nest where a pirate spider, Mimetus puritanus (Chamberlin), is shown ready to steal the wasp’s captured prey. Photographs of webs are often as diagnostic as the images of the spiders themselves. The authors have expanded accounts of spiders of particular significance. For example, 8 photographs of individuals in the genus Lactro- dectus (black widows and venomous relatives) illustrate differences in appearance among sexes, juveniles, and species. The authors present 40 species of araneids (orbweavers) and 25 species of salticids (jumping spiders). Each species is identified according to family, genus, species, and if pres- ent, common name. The authors took all the photographs themselves. They include a photograph of their handheld macrophotography gear, and they give helpful details about their photographic tech- nique. Introductory chapters include general information about spiders. They briefly discuss spider anatomy; venom; silk; populations; and taxonomy. Schematic drawings illustrate distinguishing fea- tures of the cephalothorax for 31 families of spiders. In the accounts of individual species, the authors describe appearance, ecology, and behavior. The organization of taxons begins with mygalomorphs and ends with salticids. The book concludes with a glossary, bibliography, and index of species alpha- betized according to genus. Unfortunately, common and species names are not indexed. This book frequently cites Kaston’s Spider's of Connecticut (1981) which, although published over two decades ago, remains the most comprehensive reference on spiders for the region. Kaston’s work contains no color photographs and presumes that the reader has familiarity with spider system- atics. For those who want help identifying species of spiders that they are most likely to encounter in the eastern United States, Howell and Jenkins have provided an informative and esthetically pleas- ing introduction. LITERATURE CITED Kaston, B. J. 1981. Spiders of Connecticut. State geological and natural history survey of Con- necticut. Bulletin 70, revised edition. Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.A. 1020 pp. Kenneth D. Frank University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia VA Medical Center Primary Care Center, 3900 Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104 U.S.A. Email: kenfrank@aol.com Mailed on April 22, 2005 Agreement. By submitting a paper for publication, authors tacitly agree to not submit in parallel! the same manuscript to another journal. For published papers, authors agree to accept responsibility for all page, illustration, and requested reprint charges. Rejected manuscripts will be discarded, ex- cept for original artwork and photographs, which will be returned to the authors. Scientific Notes and Book Reviews. These are much shorter contributions, typically not exceed- ing one (Book Review) or two (Scientific Notes) printed pages. The main difference between these types of contributions and longer papers is that scientific notes and book reviews lack an abstract and most of the main headings, except for the acknowledgments and the literature cited sections. Reviewers. When submitting papers, all authors are requested to provide the names of two qual- ified individuals who have critically reviewed the manuscript before it is submitted to Entomological News. All papers, except book reviews, are forwarded to experts for final review before acceptance. In order to expedite the review process when submitting papers, the authors are also asked to suggest the name, address, email, telephone and fax of at least three experts in the subject field to whom the manuscript may be forwarded for additional review. Ideally, the review process should be completed within 30 days. If additional reviews are necessary, authors will be requested to suggest the name, address, and e-mail of other colleagues to whom the article may be sent. The editor reserves his pre- rogative of sending the manuscript to other reviewers. Authors are also welcome to list the names of colleagues to whom the article should not be sent, with a brief explanation. Upon return of reviews, authors will be asked to modify their papers to accommodate suggestions of the reviewers and the editor as well as to conform to requirements of Entomological News. If authors do not modify their papers, they should specifically address, on a point by point basis, why they are not doing that. Page Proofs. The printer will send page proofs to the editor, then the proofs will be sent to the corresponding authors as .pdf files, together with the reprint order form. Authors must process proofs and return them to the editor by e-mail. Authors who anticipate being absent are urged to provide for- warding addresses or to provide a temporary address (with dates). Proofs not received on time from authors may be published at a later date. The editor will collect the page proofs and send them to the printer. Page and Reprint Charges. Charges for publication in Entomological News are US$25.00 per published page (or part) for members and US$30.00 per published page (or part) for nonmembers. Authors will be charged for all text figures and halftones at the rate of US$30.00 each, regardless of size. If hard copy reprints are desired, they must be ordered together with the proofs. Reprints as .pdf files are available for the authors for US$25.00 per article. There are no page charges for book reviews. There are no discounts. For options and charges, contact the editor. Authors will be mailed invoices for their total page(s), reprint, and shipping charges. After receiv- ing invoice, please remit payment or address questions to The American Entomological Society, The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103- 1195 U.S-A. Articles longer than 20 printed pages of Entomological News may be published in two or more installments, unless the author is willing to pay the entire cost of a sufficient number of additional pages in any one issue to enable such an article to appear without division. Entomological News is widely indexed. Entomological News is listed in the Science Citation Index Expanded (updated on February 26, 2005). In addition, the Ulrich’s Periodical Index for 2005 lists Entomological News as being indexed by dozens of sources, including Biological Abstracts, Agricola, Zoological Abstracts, Medline, Ingenta, and many others. Entomological News is printed by Dover Litho Printing Company, 1211 North DuPont Highway, Dover, Delaware 19901 U.S.A. Telephone (302) 678-1211; fax: (302) 678-8091; toll-free telephone (800) 366-9132; Web Page: www.doverlitho.com. Dover Litho has been recognized by DENREC and DELRAP Green Industries as “The Most Environmentally Conscious Printer in the State of Delaware.” SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES = MINIM 9088 01141 0800 SS Orange Sulphur — Colias eurytheme (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Illustration by Michael Marks, Cleveland Institute of Arts, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. , Virgin Tiger Moth — Grammia virgo (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) Illustration by Michael Marks, Cleveland Institute of Arts, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. The color version of these illustrations can be seen at: http://www. geocities.com/entomologicalnews/images/specimens.pdf Mailed on April 22, 2005 Hemiptera as cecidophages Kazuo Yamazaki and Shinji Sugiura 121 Disjunct distributions of Pseudopomala brachyptera and Campylacantha olivacea (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in the Blackland Prairies of Mississippi, U.S.A. JoVonn G. Hill 127 A new species of robber fly of the insula species group of Merodontina Enderlein (Diptera: Asilidae) from Vietnam Aubrey G. Scarbrough and Jessica Constantino 131 A review of the small carpenter bees, Ceratina, from Korea, with the description of a new species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Seunghwan Lee, Hyojoong Kim, and Wonhoon Lee 137 Contribution of the taxonomy of Asioplax (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae: Tricorythodinae) in the New World N. A. Wiersema and W.P. McCafferty 147 First records of adventive Hymenoptera (Argidae, Megachilidae, Tenthredinidae, and Vespidae) from the Canadian Maritimes and the United States E. Richard Hoebeke and A. G. Wheeler, Jr. 159 A new oecophorid genus and species (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) from China Shu-Xia Wang and Hou-Hun Li 167 Ant midden (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as an aide in documenting a species inventory Richard J. Wilson Patrock and Lawrence E. Gilbert 173 Chorion morphology of eggs of the North American stink bug, Euschistus variolarius (Palisot de Beavois, 1817) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae): A scanning electron microscopy study Selami Candan, Zekiye Suludere, and Fatma Acikgoz 177 Sympiesis fragariae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasitizes Malacosoma americanum (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) in Kentucky, U.S.A.: Host and geographic records B. A. Choate and L. K. Rieske 183 Continued on Back Cover a ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ,» TRE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, AND NEW GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS OF ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Entomological News is published bimonthly except July-August by The American Entomological Society, which is headquartered at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195 United States of America. AES can be reached, as follows: telephone (215) 561-3978; fax (215) 299-1028; e-mail, aes@acnatsci.org and website: http://www. acnatsci.org/hosted/aes. Calvert Award. Information on the Calvert Award for insect-related study by a young person in the Delaware River Valley region sponsored by The American Entomological Society can be found at: http://www.udel.edu/chem/white/ Odonata/CalvertAwd html Subscriptions to current issues, back issues, and microforms of Entomological News. Private sub- scriptions for personal use of members of the American Entomological Society are US $15 per year pre- paid. Subscriptions for institutions, such as libraries, laboratories, government agencies, etc. are US $30 per year prepaid for those located in the U.S.A. and US $34 per year prepaid for those located outside the U.S.A. Back issues when available are sold by complete volume, for US $15 to members, and US $30 to nonmembers. Membership / subscription application and additional information is available at: http://www.acnatsci.org/ hosted/aes/subscription.html. Please send inquiries or send completed member- ship form to: Office Manager at the address above, e-mail: aes@say.acnatsci.org, or call (215) 561- 3978. Entomological News is available in microform from ProQuest Information and Learning. Call toll- free (800) 521-3042, (800) 521-0600, (734) 761-4700. Mail inquiry to: ProQuest Information and Learning, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106-9866 U.S.A. Previous editors of Entomological News: 1(1) January 1890 and 1(2) February 1890, Eugene Murray Aaron (1852-1940); 1(3) March 1890 to 21(10) December 1910, Henry Skinner (1861-1926); 22(1) January 1911 to 54(9) November 1943, Phillip P. Calvert (1871-1961); 54(10) December 1943 to 57(10) December 1946, Editorial Staff with A. Glenn Richards (1909-1993) and R. G. Schmieder (1898-1967) as co-editors; 58(1) January 1947 to 79(7) July 1968, R. G. Schmieder; 79(8) October 1968 to 83(10) to December 1972, Ross H. Arnett, Jr. (1919-1999); 84(1) January 1973 to 85(4) April 1974, R. W. Lake; 85(5-6) May & June 1974 to 113(3) May & June 2003, Howard P. Boyd; 113(4) September & October 2002 to 113(5) November & December 2002, F. Christian Thompson and Michael Pogue. New Guidelines for authors of Entomological News: Further guidelines can be found on http://www.geocities.com/entomologicalnews/instructions.htm Subject Coverage: Insects and other terrestrial arthropods. Manuscripts on systematics, ecology, evolution, morphology, physiology, behavior, biodiversity, conservation, paleobiology, and other aspects of insect and terrestrial arthropod life as well as nomenclature, biographies and history of entomology, among others, are appropriate topics for papers submitted to Entomological News. Papers on applied, eco- nomic, and regulatory entomology or on toxicology and related subjects will be considered only if they also make a major contribution in one of the aforementioned fields. Any author may submit papers. Manuscripts will be accepted from any author, although, papers from members of the American Entomological Society are given priority. It is suggested that all prospec- tive authors join the AES. Send manuscripts, books for review, and editorial correspondence to the editor. All manuscripts, including scientific notes and book reviews, submitted for publication in Entomological News as well as all associated editorial communications must be sent to the Editor, Jorge A. Santiago-Blay at this address: Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 U.S.A. If an author uses a mailing service that does not accept addresses with a P. O. Box, please use this address: Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, West Loading Dock, Washington, District of Columbia 20560 U.S.A. Other means of contacting the Editor are, as follows: Phone: (202) 633-1383, Fax: (202) 786-2832, e-mails: blayj@si.edu, or blayj@hotmail.com, or via the webpage at http://www. geocities.com/entomologicalnews/contact.htm. Books for review should also be sent to the editor who will, in turn, give them to a colleague for review. The receipt of all papers will be acknowledged and, if accepted, they will be published as soon as possible. Postmaster: If undeliverable, please send to The American Entomological Society at The Academy of Natural Sciences 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway / Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195 PERIODICAL POSTAGE PAID AT DOVER, DELAWARE 19901 U.S.A. Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 HEMIPTERA AS CECIDOPHAGES JUN 2 8 2005 WBRARIES ABSTRACT: Gall-feeding by non-gallmaking insects (cecidophagy) has been recorded mostly for Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, but rarely for Hemiptera. We report here seven observa- tions of cecidophagy in Japanese Hemiptera: Carbula humerigera (Uhler) (Pentatomidae) on a gall midge gall; Halyomorpha picus (Fabricius) (Pentatomidae) on a gall wasp gall; Plautia crossota stali Scott (Pentatomidae) and Megacopta punctatissima (Montandon) (Plataspidae) on an aphid gall; Geisha distinctissima (Walker) (Flatidae) on a clearwing moth gall; Planococcus kraunhiae Kuwana (Pseudococcidae) on a bacterium gall; and Chaitophorus saliniger Shinji (Aphididae) in a sawfly gall. These hemipterans feed on galls because they are sinks for assimilates and have more nutritious phloem sap and parenchyma than do normal plant tissues. Kazuo Yamazak? and Shinji Sugiura’ KEY WORDS: Heteroptera, Homoptera, galls, cecidophagy, adaptive significance Plant galls are formed by physicochemical stimuli produced by a wide variety of organisms, including insects, mites, nematodes, fungi, viruses and bacteria (e.g., Mani 1964; Meyer 1987), and provide gall-makers with nutritious tissues, a mild microclimate and occasionally shelter from natural enemies (Price et al. 1987). Galls are therefore inhabited by predators, parasitoids, cecidophages and successori, resulting in diverse communities on galls. Gall-centered insect com- munities have been studied from the viewpoint of community ecology (e.g., Yukawa 1983; Hawkins and Goeden 1984; McGeoch and Chown 1997). Among the community components, cecidophages (non-gallmaking gall-feeders) have been recorded primarily in Lepidoptera (e.g., Abe 1997; McGeoch and Chown 1997; Yamazaki and Sugiura 2003), Coleoptera (e.g., Clancy 1993; Sugiura et al. 2004) and Hymenoptera (e.g., Stone et al. 2002), but rarely in Hemiptera (but see Pepper and Tissot 1973; Yang et al. 2001; Miller and Crespi 2003). In this report, we described the cecidophagous habits of seven hemipteran species observed in central Japan. METHODS Galls examined. We observed cecidophagous Hemiptera on the following six galls in Osaka and Kyoto Prefectures in central Japan. Common names of galls and species identification of the gall-makers were based on Yukawa and Masuda (1996). "Received on February 21, 2005. Accepted on March 20, 2005. * Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 8-34 Tojo-cho, Tennoji, Osaka 543-0026, Japan. E-mail: k.yamazaki@iphes.city.osaka.jp. * Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Department of Forest Entomology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan. E-mail: ssugiura@ ffpri.affre.go.jp. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 116 (3): 121, May & June 2005 Mailed on June 16, 2005 122 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 1) Oval stem galls made by the gall midge Lasioptera achyranthii Shinji (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on the herb Achyranthes bidentata var. japonica (Amar- anthaceae); 2) oval bud galls made by the gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasu- matsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on the chestnut tree Castanea crenata (Faga- ceae); 3) irregular pouch leaf galls made by the aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis (Bell) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on the shrub Rhus javanica (Anacardiaceae); 4) fusiform stem galls made by the clearwing moth Paranthrene pernix (Leech) (Lepidoptera: Sessidae) on the vine Paederia scandens (Rubiaceae); 5) irregular oval trunk galls produced by the bactertum Pantoea agglomerans pv. milletiae (Ewing and Fife) Gavini et al. (Enterobacteriaceae) on the vine Wisteria floribun- da (Legiminosae); and 6) roll leaf galls induced by the sawfly Phyllocolpa sp. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) on the tree Salix eriocarpa (Salicaceae). RESULTS The observations made are summarized in Table | and the details are as follows: 1) We found a Carbula humerigera (Uhler) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) adult sucking on a L. achyranthii gall alongside a hiking route in Amami (34°23'N, 135°35'E, ca. 300 m above sea level, a.s.l.), Kawachinagano City, Osaka on Aug- ust 13, 2001. The multichambered gall was formed in a stem node and was ca. 20 mm in diameter. Carbula humerigera was abundant on various asteraceous herbs and rosaceous shrubs, whose stems and flowers C. humerigera fed on the sap, on the forest floor. 2) A Halyomorpha picus (Fabricius) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) adult was observed sucking on a D. kuriphilus gall in the Kamigamo Experimental Forest of Kyoto University (35°4'N, 135°45'E, ca. 150 ma.s.l.), Kyoto City on May 14, 2004 (Figure 1A). The buds of chestnuts had swelled to form galls and the gall diameter was ca. 15 mm. Table 1. Cecidophagous hemipterans on six galls in Osaka and Kyoto, central Japan. Hemipterans Gall-makers Host plants FAMILY SPECIES | FAMILY SPECIES (1) Pentatomidae Carbula humerigera Cecidomyiidae Lasioptera achyranthii, Achyranthes bidentata (2) Pentatomidae Plautia crossota Aphididae Schlechtendalia chinensis, Rhus javanica stali Plataspidae Megacoptera punctatissima (3) Pentatomidae Halyomorpha picus Cynipidae Dryocosmus kuripbilus, Castanea crenata (4) Flatidae Geisha distinctissima Sessidae Paranthrene pernix, Paederia scandens distinctissima (5) Pseudococcidae Planococcus Enterobacteriaceae Pantoea agglomerans, Wisteria floribunda kraunhiae (6) Aphididae Chaitophorus Tenthredinidae Phyllocolpa sp., Salix eriocarpa saliniger Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 123 Figure 1. Gall-feeding Hemiptera observed in central Japan. A. Halymorpha picus adult on a Dryocosmus kuriphilus gall. B. Megacoptera punctissima adult feeding on a Schlech- tendalia chinensis gall. C. Geisha distinctissima nymphs covered with white waxy threads sucking a Paranthrene pernix gall. D. Planococcus kraynhiae females coated with white waxy threads on a Pantoea agglomerans pv. milletiae gall. Pristomyrmex pungens ants attending mealybugs. Scale bars = 5mm. 3) A Plautia crossota stali Scott (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and two Mega- coptera punctatissima (Montandon) (Heteroptera: Plataspidae) adults were observed sucking on a S. chinensis gall alongside a hiking route in Toukiyama (34°24'N, 135°32'E, ca. 140 ma.s.1.), Osaka-sayama City, Osaka on October 16, 2003 (Figure 1B). The aphid gall was large (ca. 50 mm in length), had been formed on a petiole of a compound leaf of the host plant, and was irregularly- shaped, with a large surface area. From the surface of a small number of S. chi- nensis galls, tar-like resin was being exuded, suggesting heteropteran sucking damage to the galls. A few P. crossota stali were found on the leaves of broad- leaved deciduous trees, and many M. punctatissima bugs were present on the stems of leguminous plants, indicating facultative gall use as food resources. 4) Seven Geisha distinctissima (Walker) (Homoptera: Flatidae) nymphs, which were coated with waxy threads, had settled on four P. pernix galls in Tannowa (34°20'N, 135°11'E, ca. 2 maz.s.l.), Misaki-cho, Osaka on July 16, 2004 (Figure 1C). The fusiform galls were formed in the stems of the host plant, and their sizes were ca. 30 mm in length and ca. 10mm in diameter. These flatid 124 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS nymphs appeared to be sucking on the galls, because the waxy threads were strongly attached to the gall surfaces, indicating settlement for an extended peri- od and feeding activity. Geisha distinctissima were not observed on normal shoots of the host plant. Therefore, the nymphs may prefer the galls to the nor- mal shoots. We could not find any physical damage to the galls inflicted by G. distinctissima. 5) A large colony of the Japanese mealybug Planococcus kraunhiae Kuwana (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) was found on each of two bacterial galls formed by P. agglomerans pv. milletiae at an urban Park in Suminoe (34°36'N, 135°29'E, ca. 5 m a.s.l.), Osaka City on July 18, 2004 (Figure 1D). The oval galls were formed in a Wisteria trunk and were ca. 50 mm in diameter. The colonies were not found on the normal parts of the trunks and twigs of the host plant. Thus, the mealybug female adults appear to prefer the galls to the trunks and twigs. Ants, Pristomyrmex pungens Mayr, were attending the mealybugs. We could not find any physical damage on the galls attributable to the mealybugs. 6) Many Chaitophorus saliniger Shinji (Homoptera: Aphididae) colonies were found in galls induced by Phyllocolpa sawflies along a riverbank (34°53'N, 135°42'E, ca. 10 maz.s.1.) of the Kizu River in Kyoto on April 25, 2002. The elon- gate willow leaf had been longitudinally rolled to form a gall 40 - 50 mm in length. Aphid colonies had formed on inner surfaces of the leaf roll, and the aphids were feeding on the rolls and appeared to be parthenogenetically prolif- erating in them. No parasitized aphid mummies were found in the galls, but sev- eral mummies in the aphid colonies on the undersides of normal leaves were seen. There was no visible physical damage to the galls caused by the aphids. DISCUSSION Although herbivorous sap feeders (mainly Hemiptera: Homoptera and Thysa- noptera) as gall-makers have frequently been studied, those as cecidophages have rarely been investigated except for in the studies by Pepper and Pissot (1973), Crespi et al. (1997), Yang et al. (2001) and Miller and Crespi (2003). Here we document hemipteran cecidophagy in various settings: Cecidophages belonged to five families of Heteroptera and Homoptera; the gall-maker taxa consisted of five insect families of four orders and a bacterium; the growth forms of the host plants contained herb, vines, shrub and trees; and the host plant taxa consisted of six families. Therefore, hemipteran cecidophagy is probably associ- ated with various types of plant galls. These cecidophagous hemipterans are common species in suburban and rural areas of central Japan, and are agricultur- al pests (Kawai 1980; Moritsu 1983; Tomokuni et al. 1993). All the types of hemipterans observed in this study feed on the parenchyma and phloem sap of normal plant tissues (Tomokuni et al. 1993; Schoonhoven et al. 1998). Therefore, these hemipterans have been classified as facultative ceci- dophages, which utilize normal plant tissues as well as gall tissues (sensu Mani Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 125 1964). Since plant galls are sinks of assimilates where photosynthates are import- ed from leaves (sources) and possess a greater amount of nutritious phloem sap and parenchyma than do normal plant tissues (Larson and Whitham 1991; Hartley and Lawton 1992), hemipterans may suck on gall sap as a superior food resource. In addition, galls are more or less swollen structures and have large sur- face areas, possibly resulting in a comfortable settlement site. In the case of the aphid C. saliniger, leaf roll galls of a sawfly might function as refuges from par- asitoids, because no parasitized aphid mummies were present in the galls, although several mummies were found on normal leaves. An increase in the number of aphids in the roll galls may have occurred due to the presence of supe- rior phloem sap and the gall structure acting as a refuge. The feeding damage caused by these hemipterans to the galls appeared to dif- fer between Heteroptera and Homoptera. Heteroptera such as pentatomids and plataspids feed on parenchyma using digestive saliva, while Homoptera such as flatids, mealybugs and aphids suck phloem sap using flexible stylets (Tjallingii and Hogen Esch 1993; Schoonhoven et al. 1998). Therefore, the physical feed- ing damage caused to galls was prominent for Heteroptera and negligible for Homoptera, although the interception of phloem sap by homopteran ceci- dophages might have affected the gall-makers living inside the galls. LITERATURE CITED Abe, Y. 1997. Well-developed gall tissues protecting the gall wasp, Andricus mukaigawae (Mukai- gawa) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) against the gall-inhabiting moth, Oedematopoda sp. (Lepi- doptera: Stathmopodidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology 32: 135-141. Clancy, K. M. 1993. Adaptations of galling sawflies to natural enemies. pp. 295-330. Jn, Sawfly Life History Adaptations to Woody Plants., M. Wagner and K. F. Raffa (Editors.). Academic Press, London. Crespi, B. J., D. A. Camean, and T. W. Chapman. 1997. Ecology and evolution of galling thrips and their allies. Annual Review of Entomology, 42: 51-71. Hartley, S. E. and J. H. Lawton. 1992. Host-plant manipulation by gall-insects: a test of the nutri- tion hypothesis. Journal of Animal Ecology 61: 113-119. Hawkins, B. A. and R. D. Goeden. 1984. Organization of a parasitoid community associated with a complex of galls on Atriplex spp. in southern California. Ecological Entomology 9: 271-292. Kawai, S. 1980. Scale Insects of Japan in Colors. Zenkoku Noson Kyoiku Kyokai, Tokyo. 455 pp. Larson, K. C. and T. G. Whitham. 1991. Manipulation of food resources by a gall-forming aphid: the physiology of sink-source interactions. Oecologia 88: 15-21. Mani, M.S. 1964. Ecology of Plant Galls. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague. 434 pp. McGeoch, M. A. and S. L. Chown. 1997. Evidence of competition in a herbivorous, gall-inhabit- ing moth (Lepidoptera) community. Oikos 78: 107-115. Meyer, J. 1987. Plant Galls and Gall Inducers. Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin. 291 pp. Miller, D. G. and B. Crespi. 2003. The evolution of inquilinism, host-plant use and mitochondrial substitution rates in Zamalia gall aphids. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16: 731-743. 126 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Moritsu, M. 1983. Aphids of Japan in Colors. Zenkoku N6éson Kydéiku Kyokai, Tokyo. 545 pp. Pepper, J. O. and A. N. Tissot. 1973. Pine-feeding species of Cinara in the eastern United States (Homoptera: Aphididae). Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Monograph Series No. 3. 160 pp. + VI plates. Price, P. W., G. Fernandes, and G. L. Waring. 1987. Adaptive nature of insect galls. Environmen- tal Entomology 16: 15-24. Schoonhoven, L. M., T. Jermy, and J. J. A. van Loon. 1998. Insect-Plant Biology: From Physi- ology to Evolution. Chapman and Hall, London. 409 pp. Stone, G. N., K. Schénrogge, R. J. Atkinson, D. Bellido, and J. Pujade-Villar. 2002. The popu- lation biology of oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Annual Review of Entomology 47: 633-668. Sugiura, S., K. Yamazaki, and Y. Fukasawa. 2004. Weevil parasitism of ambrosia galls. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 97: 184-193. Tjallingii, W. F. and T. Hogen Esch. 1993. Fine structure of aphid stylet routes in plant tissues in correlation with EPG signals. Physiological Entomology 18: 317-328. Tomokuni, M., T. Yasunaga, M. Takai, I. Yamashita, M. Kawamura, and T. Kawasawa. 1993. A Field Guide to Japanese Bugs: Terrestrial Heteropterans. Zenkoku Noson Kydiku Kyokai, Tokyo. 380 pp. Yamazaki, K. and S. Sugiura. 2003. Gall-feeding habits in Lepidoptera of Japan. I. Three differ- ent types of galls. Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan 54: 31-39. Yang, M.-M., C. Mitter, and D. R. Miller. 2001. First incidence of inquilinism in gall-forming psyllids, with a description of the new inquiline species (Insecta, Hemiptera, Psylloidea, Psyl- lidae, Spondyliaspidinae). Zoologica Scripta 30: 97-113. Yukawa, J. 1983. Arthropod community centered upon the neolitsea leaf gall midge, Psewdasphon- dylia neolitseae Yukawa (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) and its host plant, Neolitsea sericea (Blume) Koidz. (Lauraceae) Memoirs of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University 19: 89-96. Yukawa J. and H. Masuda. 1996. Insect and Mite Galls of Japan in Colors. Zenkoku Noson Ky6éiku Kyokai, Tokyo. 826 pp. Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 127 DISJUNCT DISTRIBUTIONS OF PSEUDOPOMALA BRACHYPTERA AND CAMPYLACANTHA OLIVACEA (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) IN THE BLACKLAND PRAIRIES OF MISSISSIPPI, U.S.A. ! JoVonn G. Hill’ ABSTRACT: Reports of disjunct distributions of two grasshoppers, Pseudopomala brachyptera and Campylacantha olivacea are given. KEY WORDS: Disjunct distribution, Pseudopomala brachyptera, Campylacantha olivacea, Black- land Prairies, Mississippi, U.S.A. Mississippi has two physiographic regions characterized by prairie, the Black Belt Prairie and the Jackson Prairie (Figure 1). The Black Belt Prairie is a cres- cent-shaped region that extends from McNary County in southern Tennessee through east-central Mississippi to Russell County, Alabama, near the Georgia border (Lowe, 1921; Smith, 1926; Stephenson and Monroe, 1940; Schiefer, 1998). The Black Belt is underlain by Cretaceous Selma chalk that is composed of fossiliferous, soft, white-gray limestone that weathers into fertile black soil for which the region is named (Logan, 1903; Lowe, 1913; Stephenson and Monroe, 1940; Hicks and Haynes, 2000). Floristic surveys of the prairies in the Black Belt have revealed a distinct plant community that is similar to that of the Great Plains (Schuster and McDaniel, 1973; MacDonald, 1996; Leidolf and McDaniel, 1998). The most common grass- es (Poaceae) include Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr., Panicum virgatum L., Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash, and Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash. Prominent forbs include Asclepias viridis Walter (Asclepladaceae), Dalea candi- da (Michx.) Willd., D. purpurea Vent. (Fabaceae), Liatris squarrosa (L.) Michx., L. squarrulosa Michx. (Asteraceae), Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnh. (Astera- ceae), Silphium laciniatum L., and S. terebinthinaceum Jacq. (Asteraceae). The Jackson Prairie extends eastward from central Mississippi to just across the Alabama line into Washington County. The soils of this region, like those in the Black Belt, are formed from fossiliferous chalk that weathers into a dark rich soil (Moran et al., 1997). The Mississippi Entomological Museum (MEM) has been surveying the insect fauna of the prairie regions of the state since the late 1980s. These surveys have documented populations of the bee, Zetraloniella albata (Cresson) (Antho- phoridae), four species of Cerambycidae, and several species of moths that are disjunct from the Great Plains (MacGown and Schiefer, 1992; Schiefer, 1998; Brown, 2003). "Received on September 7, 2004. Accepted on February 10, 2005. * Mississippi Entomological Museum, Box 9775 Mississippi State, MS 39762 U.S.A. Email: jgh4@ entomology.msstate.edu. Mailed on June 16, 2005 128 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figure 1. Mississippi map showing Black Belt (solid) with collection sites of Campylacantha olivacea (@) and Jackson Prairie (hatched) with collection sites of Pseudopomala brachyptera (@). Recent collections of grasshoppers in prairie regions of the state have docu- mented two additional species with disjunct distributions. Examinations of grass- hopper holdings in the University of Mississippi insect collection and MEM have revealed additional records of one of these species in the latter collection. Voucher specimens of newly collected material have been deposited in the MEM collection. Pseudopomala brachyptera (Scudder) Otte (1981) reported the distribution of Pseudopomala brachyptera as “main- ly northern United States and western Canada, but ranging southward through Kansas and Oklahoma.” This species has been reported to be commonly found on Little Bluestem, Schizachyrium scoparium, a dominant plant on Mississippi’s prairies (Morse, 1896; Blatchley, 1920). Pseudopomala brachyptera was found at only one of the three Jackson Prairie sites that were surveyed, at which it was relatively common. Because of its restricted distribution in Mississippi, only a limited number of voucher specimens were collected. Mississippi Records. Scott Co.: Pinkston Hill, TSN R9E Sec.17, Jackson Prairie, 30 June 2001 (2 females), 12 July 2003 (2 males, | female). Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 129 Campylacantha olivacea (Scudder) The known distribution of Campylacantha olivacea extends from Illinois west to Nebraska and southeastern Colorado and south to Fort Worth, Texas, with dis- junct populations reported from Macon, Georgia, and Marengo County, Alabama (Rehn and Hebard, 1916; Blatchley, 1920; Dakin and Hays, 1970). It is interest- ing to note that these disjunct populations, as well as the Mississippi records of C. olivacea reported here, all occur on or are associated with blackland prairies. Dakin and Hayes (1970) list two specimens from Marengo County, Alabama, which lies within Alabama’s Black Belt and historically contained about 4150 ha of prairie according to surveys made in the 1800s (J. A. Barone, pers. comm.). The older Mississippi specimens are labeled as having been collected at either Agricultural College, or A&M College, both of which are former names for Mississippi State University. Parts of the campus lie at the edge of the Black Belt in Oktibbeha County and still contain prairie features to this day. The most recent specimens from Mississippi were taken on Western Ragweed (Ambrosia psilo- stachya DC.) from a prairie remnant at Osborn, Oktibbeha County. This is con- sistent with Rehn and Hebard (1916) who state that this species is often very abundant on large ragweeds (Ambrosia spp.) in Georgia. Blackland prairie rem- nants were recently described in Houston and Bleckley counties, which lie just south of Macon, Georgia, near where C. olivacea was historically collected (Klaus and Patrick, 2002). Mississippi Records. Chickasaw Co.: Buena Vista, 4 Aug. 1916 (1 female). Oktibbeha Co.: Agricultural College [Mississippi State University], 19 Aug.-12 Nov., 1914-1931 (13 females); Osborn, 33°30'41"N 88°44"08"W, Black Belt Prairie, 14 Aug. 2001 (1 female), 13 Oct. 2003 Sweep- ing Ambrosia psilostachya DC., Black Belt Prairie (2 males, | female). Another orthopteroid with a disjunct distribution in the Southeast is the Prairie Tree Cricket, Oecanthus argentinus Saussure. This speciesis found in the west- ern United States east to Ohio, with disjunct populations occurring in Alabama and Florida (Helfer, 1971; Walker and Moore, 2004). Dakin and Hays (1970) list O. argentinus as a species inhabiting the Black Belt Prairie in Alabama, but this species has not yet been found in Mississippi’s Black Belt. The distribution of these three species adds additional support to Brown’s (2003) hypothesis that the Black Belt was a refugium for Great Plains species during and after the Wiscon- sin glaciation (approximately 0.1-0.01 million years ago). Further biogeographi- cal studies are needed to better understand how isolated open habitats in the southeast, such as the Black Belt and Jackson Prairie, are associated with each other and with the Great Plains. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Richard Brown for his encouragement on this project and access to the MEM collection. I would also like to thank John Barone for his efforts in collecting specimens and for pro- viding information of the Black Belt in Alabama. Thanks to Paul Lago for access to the University of Mississippi insect collection, Mark O’Brien for access to data from specimens in the University of Michigan insect collection, and Joe MacGown for help in producing the figure. This project was par- tially funded by the Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, and is publication number A10570. 130 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LITERATURE CITED Blatchley, W. S. 1920. Orthoptera of northeastern America. The Nature Publishing Company. Indi- anapolis, Indiana, U.S.A. 784 pp. Brown, R. L. 2003. Paleoenvironment and biogeography of the Mississippi Black Belt: Evidence from insects. [pp. 11-26.] Jn, E. Peacock and T. Schauwecker (Editors). Blackland Prairies of the Gulf Coastal Plain: Nature, Culture, and Sustainability. The University of Alabama Press. Tusca- loosa, Alabama, U.S.A. 348 pp. Dakin, M. E. and K. L. Hays. 1970. Asynopsis of Orthoptera (sensu lato) of Alabama. Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 404. Auburn University. Auburn, Alabama, U.S.A. 118 pp. Helfer, J. R. 1971. How to know the grasshoppers, cockroaches, and their allies. Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers. Dubuque, Iowa, U.S.A. 359 pp. Hicks, M. B. and C. G. Haynes. 2000. An annotated list of Trichoptera in the Black Belt region of west central Alabama. Entomological News 111: 215-222. Klaus, N. and T. Patrick. 2002. Draft Management for the blackland prairies, oaky woods, and Ocmulgee Wildlife Management Area. Report submitted to the Georgia Department of Natural Resources Non-game Wildlife and Natural Heritage Section. 5 pp. Leidolf, A. and S. McDaniel. 1998. A floristic study of Black Prairie plant communities at Sixteen- Section Prairie. Oktibbeha County, Mississippi. Castanea 63: 51-62. Logan, W. N. 1903. The geology of Oktibbeha County. Geological and Industrial Survey of Missis- sippi, Report 1. Rand McNally and Co., Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. 67 pp. Lowe, E. N. 1913. Forest conditions of Mississippi. Mississippi State Geological Survey Bulletin 11.166 pp. Lowe, E. N. 1921. Plants of Mississippi: A list of flowering plants and ferns. Mississippi State Geo- logical Survey Bulletin 17.292 pp. MacDonald, J. 1996. A survey of the flora of Monroe County Mississippi. M.S. Thesis. Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, U.S.A.163 pp. MacGown, M. W. and T. L. Schiefer. 1992. Disjunct distribution and new record for an anthro- phorid bee, Xenoglossodes alabata (Hymenoptera: Anthoporidae), in the southeastern United States. Entomological News 103: 81-82. Moran, L. P., D. E. Pettry, R. E. Switzer, S. T. McDaniel, and R. G. Wieland. 1997. Soils of native prairie remnants in the Jackson Prairie region of Mississippi. Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Bulletin 1067. 11 pp. Morse, A. P. 1896. Notes on the Acrididae of New England, I: Truxalinae. Psyche 7: 382-384. Otte, D. 1981. The North American grasshoppers, Volume I, Acrididae: Gomphocerinae and Acridi- nae. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. 275 pp. Rehn, J. A. G. and M. Hebard. 1916. Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of the Coastal Plain and Piedmont region of the southeastern United States. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia 68: 87-314. Schiefer, T. L. 1998. Disjunct distribution of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) in the Black Belt Prairie and Jackson Prairie in Mississippi and Alabama. The Coleopterists Bulletin 52: 278-284. Schuster, M. F. and S. McDaniel. 1973. A vegetative analysis of a black prairie relict site near Aliceville, Alabama. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Science 19:153-159. Smith, E. A. 1920. Geological map of Alabama. Geological Survey of Alabama. A. Hoen and Company. Baltimore, MD.1: 2,375,000. Stephenson, L. W. and W. H. Monroe. 1940. The Upper Cretaceous deposits. Mississippi State Geological Survey Bulletin 40. University of Mississippi. University of Mississippi, Mississippi, U.S.A. 296 pp. Walker, T. J. and T. E. Moore. 2004. The singing insects of North America. http://buzz.ifas. ufl.edu/581a.htm (accessed on July 9, 2004). Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 131 A NEW SPECIES OF ROBBER FLY OF THE INSULA SPECIES GROUP OF MERODONTINA ENDERLEIN (DIPTERA: ASILIDAE) FROM VIETNAM! Aubrey G. Scarbrough’ and Jessica Constantino’ ABSTRACT: A new species of robber fly of the insula species group of Merodontina Enderlein from Vietnam, M. bellicosa, sp. nov., is described, illustrated, and compared with congeners. A key to the regional species of the insula species group of Merodontina, new locality records of M. thaiensis Scarbrough and Hill, and a list of all known species in the genus are included. KEY WORDS: Merodontina, Diptera, Asilidae, Vietnam, new species The genus Merodontina Enderlein (1914) is composed of a small group of Om- matius-like robber flies which have a strong dilation of the anterior margin on the apical half of the wing, an acutely pointed first radial cell, and a prominent ven- trobasal digitate process on the hind femur of the male. Presently, this genus includes 12 species: five species from India (Joseph and Parui 1998), four from China (Hua 1987, Shi 1991), and three from Southeast Asia (Scarbrough and Hill 2000a, Haupt and Azuma 1997). Based upon our studies of all material except those from China, we recognize two groups based largely on the shapes of the male epan- drium. The sikkim group is presently limited to India and is characterized by a long, narrow epandrium. The insula species group is found in southeastern Asia and Iriomote Island, Japan, and is characterized by an apically capitate epandrium. We describe and illustrate a fourth species of the insula group from Vietnam and pro- vide new records of M. thaiensis Scarbrough and Hill from Thailand. A list of all known species of the genus and a key to the regional species are also provided. METHODS The descriptive terminology and acronyms of museums follow McAlpine (1981) and Arnett et al. (1993), respectively. Specimens for this study were obtained via loans from curators at the following collections: David Grimaldi, American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH) and Thomas Pape, Museum of Zoology, University of Copenhagen (ZMUC). Dissection of the terminalia and preparation of illustrations follow Scarbrough and Hill (2000a, b). In recording label data of specimens, each line is denoted by a forward slash (/). All measure- ments were made of pinned specimens. Structures illustrated in different positions are accompanied by a single scale line. ‘Submitted on November 26, 2004. Accepted on March 20, 2005. * Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Baltimore, Maryland 21252 U.S.A. E-mail: ascarbrough@towson.edu. > Center for Conservation Research and Training, University of Hawaii, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore Hall #408, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 U.S.A. E-mail: jecostantino@smcm.edu. Mailed on June 16, 2005 132 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Merodontina bellicosa, sp. nov. Figs 1-6 Male. Body dark brown to black. Measurements, body 21.2mm,; wing 16.7 mm. Head. Face and froms yellowish-gray tomentose, vestiture yellow, facial setae long, abundant on ventral half, sparse dorsally; face 1/8.3 as wide as head. Palpus entirely and ocellar tubercle mostly black setose. Proboscis and frons entirely, and antenna mostly yellowish setose, pedicel black setose dorsally. Antenna brown, flagellum twice as long as wide, longer than either scape or pedicel. Ocellar tubercle with longest seta subequal to basal three antennal segments combined. Occiput with five to six black postocular bristles dorsally, longest strongly proclinate, apex about half the distance toward ocellar tubercle. Thorax. Mesonotum brown tomentose dorsally, two wide, faint paramedial brownish-yellow tomentose stripes present; postpronotal spot, narrow sides, and posterior yellow; dorsal setae short, mostly black, scattered pale yellow setae present anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly between dorsocentral rows; three dorsocentral and five lateral bristles present, most black, one each yellowish- brown; dorsocentral bristles shorter and thinner than lateral bristles. Scutellum yellow tomentose with scattered yellow setae and four marginal bristles, two blackish, two yellowish-brown; preapical groove present. Pleuron yellow to yel- lowish-gray tomentose, bristles and setae yellow; anepimeral bristle present. Halter yellow, knob slightly brownish-yellow. Wing. Strongly dilated beyond middle portion. Costal and r, cells brown to brownish; apical two-thirds microtrichose. Cell r, triangular, base narrow, sides gradually diverge to apical third, wide and slightly angled posteriorly beyond; base well beyond apex of cell d. Crossvein r-m just before middle of cell d. Cell m, wide basally, slightly more than half as wide as cell at basal third, slight con- striction present apically. Cell m, long, somewhat narrow, CuA,+M,; shorter than r-m crossvein, cell apex truncate, just before base of cell m,. Leg. Coxae and trochanters brown; former yellowish-gray tomentose with abundant, long vestiture, none unusually thick. Fore and middle femora mostly yellow, brown to brownish-yellow apically, mostly yellow setose; ventral setae abundant and long, bristles absent; anterior bristles black. Hind femur with api- cal two-thirds dark brown, basal third yellow; long, thick, digitate process pres- ent basoventrally; anteroventral bristles beyond digitate process absent, only long yellow setae present; bristles before digitate process and those in posteroventral row, most or all black. Tibiae mostly yellow, narrow apex of fore and middle tib- iae brownish-yellow, apical third of hind tibia dark brown; lateral bristles black except yellow on fore tibia; hind tibia with short, flat, apical bristle. Tarsi mostly black with black bristles; basal tarsomere of fore and middle tarsi mostly yellow. Abdomen. Dark brown, narrow apical margins yellow; tomentum sparse, dense on segment | and base of tergite 2, mostly gray, brownish-gray laterally and ventrally; mostly yellow setose, long on sides of tergites and on all sternites; black setae present on apical 4 tergites medially. Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 133 CN realy 6 0.5 mm Figures 1-6. Male terminalia of Merodontina bellicosa Scarbrough and Constantino, sp. nov. 1. Dorsal view, 2. Apical club of epandrium, 3. Ventral view, 4. Gonostylus, 5-6. Aedeagus, dorsal and lateral views. Abbreviations: Ep=epandrium, Ce=cercus, Gc=gonocoxite, Hp=hypandrium. 134 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Terminalia (Figs 1-6). Epandrium brown, apex bright yellow especially on inner surface and strongly capitate, flat, narrow, projecting dorsally. Gonostylus with bifurcate apex. Gonocoxite with 2 stout black bristles. Hypandrium nar- rowed, strongly produced apically, apical margin slightly emarginated medially, bare, without vestiture; 2 long, thin, yellow bristles present laterobasally. Female. Unknown. Type Data. Holotype M, VIETNAM: Ha Tinh Huong, Son 18° 22'N 106° 13' E, 900 m May 5 1998, Malaise AMNH K. Long, AMNH. Etymology. Latin bellicosa for ‘warlike or fierce,’ and refers to the preda- ceous habits of this new species. Distribution. Vietnam. Remarks. Merodontina bellicosa is distinguished from all congeners by the characters in the key and combined characters of the terminalia (Figs 1-6). Merodontina thaiensis Scarbrough and Hill Merodontina thaiensis Scarbrough and Hill 2000a: 103. Holotype M, type locality Chieng [=Chiang], Prov. Doi Suthep, UCRC. New records. THAILAND: | M, 1 F, North Thailand Doi Suthep 25.iv.1958 Bs: Degerboliles=Pr (-7.59)) UZME. Distribution. Thailand. Remarks. Merodontina thaiensis differs from congeners by the characters in the key. KEY TO THE JNSULA SPECIES GROUP OF MERODONTINA 1. Mesonotum with a pair of wide yellowish, paramedial tomentose stripes dor- sally; coxae with only whitish vestiture; hind femur of male with only 4-5 stout bristles before ventrobasal digitate process; margin of epandrium api- Cally;smooth; without small teeth=like processs .caresctecra-eeeeeee eee eee eee 2 - Mesonotum entirely brown dorsally, yellowish paramedial stripes absent; coxae with numerous black setae and bristles; hind femur of male with 10-12 stout bristles before digitate process; margin of epandrium apically with only sparse small teeth-like processes, gonostylus with short black bristles poste- TO yes Mina aM cc. oe tccestts: concen ceeeter te eeneeneee: thaiensis Scarbrough and Hill 2. Epandrial club wide, oval vertically with anterodorsal notch; gonocoxa dor- sally with narrow, rectangular process; gonostylus contrastingly wide medi- ally, narrow apically; Iriomote, Japan.................. insula Scarbrough and Hill - Epandrial club narrow vertically, without anterodorsal notch (Fig. 2); gono- coxa simple dorsally, rectangular process absent; gonostylus gradually nar- rowed from base to apex, not contrastingly wide medially............... ee 3 Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 135 3. Epandrial club ‘T-shaped’ with dorsal and ventral extensions; Iriomote, Japan cose stn aCe Poe 0 Ey RSS onc Ce ee ee A silvatica Haupt and Azuma - Epandrial club ‘L-shaped,’ ventral extension absent; terminalia as in Figs |- BRAN SLT AM nee a cet ee eS eis set roca td ask stinapedu veces bellicosa, sp. nov. SPECIES LIST AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MERODONTINA ENDERLEIN bellicosa Scarbrough and Constantino, sp. nov. Vietnam. carmichaeli (Bromley) 1935: 225. India. indiana Joseph and Parui 1984: 32. India. insula Scarbrough and Hill 2000a: 99. Iriomote Island, Japan. Jianfanglingensis Hua 1987: 186. China. nigripes Shi 1991: 210. China. obliquata Shi 1991: 211. China. robusta Ramachandra Rao and Parui 1969: 110. India. rufirostra Shi 1991: 213. China. sikkimensis Enderlein 1914: 262. India. silvatica Haupt and Azuma 1998: 36. Iriomote Island, Japan. spinulosa Joseph and Parui 1997: 9. India. thaiensis Scarbrough and Hill 2000a: 103. Thailand. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank our colleagues and institutions listed in the methods section for the loan of specimens. AGS especially thanks David Grimaldi for help in arranging accommodations and assistance during his visit to AMNH. JC acknowledges support from NSF-REU grant BBI 0097478 at Towson University. We express our thanks to Drs. William L. Grogan of Salisbury University and Joel Snodgrass of Towson University for reviewing this paper. LITERATURE CITED Arnett, R. H., G. A. Samuelson, and G. M. Nishida. 1993. The insect and spider collections of the world. 2nd Edition. Sandhill Crane Press. Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A. 310 pp. Bromley, S. W. 1935. New Asilidae from India (Insecta: Diptera). Records of the Indian Museum 37:219-230. Enderlein, G. 1914. Dipterologische Studien. XI. Zur kenntnis der tropischen Asiliden. Zoologischer Anzeiger 44: 62-85, 123-139, 240-250. 136 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Hua, L. 1987. A new record, genus and a new species of Asilidae (Diptera) from China. Entomot- axonomia 9(3):185-187. Haupt, J. and A. Azuma. 1998. Faunistic and taxonomic notes on robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae) from Ryukyu Islands (Japan) with descriptions of three new species, Molobratia triangulate, Choerades yaeyamana and Merodontina silvatica. Institut fir Okologie und Biologie, Deutsche Entomologische Zietschift [Berlin] 45 (1): 33-42. Joseph, A. N. T. and P. Parui. 1984. Studies on the Asilidae (Diptera) collections made by Dr. Ghorpade. Record of the Zoological Survey of India. Occasional Paper 66: 1-40. Joseph, A. N. T. and P. Parui. 1997. On Asilidae from India present in the Ghorpade collection, Bangalore. Colemania: Insect Biosystematics 5:1-30. Joseph, A. N. T. and P. Parui. 1998. The fauna of India and adjacent countries, Diptera (Asilidae). Part I. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, India. 278 pp. McAlpine, J. F. 1981. Morphology and terminology — adults. pp. 9-63. In McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth, and D. M. Wood (Editors). Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 1. Agriculture Canada. Monograph 27. 674 pp. Ramachandra Rao, K. and P. Parui. 1969. On the genitalia of Ommatius sikkimensis Enderlein (Diptera:Asilidae) with a description of a new species of Merodontina Enderlein from India. Zoologischer Anzeiger 182: 110-113. Scarbrough, A. G. and H. N. Hill. 2000a. The insula species group of Merodontina Enderlein (Diptera: Asilidae). Studia Dipterologica 7: 93-108. Scarbrough, A. G. and H. N. Hill. 2000b. Ommatiine robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae) from Sri Lanka. Oriental Insects 34: 341-407. Shi, Y. S. 1991. Notes on Chinese Merodontina Enderlein (Diptera: Asilidae). Jn, Scientific treatise on systematic and evolutionary zoology 1: 207-213. In Chinese. Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 137 A REVIEW OF THE SMALL CARPENTER BEES, CERATINA, FROM KOREA, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)' Seunghwan Lee,’ Hyojoong Kim,’ and Wonhoon Lee’ ABSTRACT: Four species of the small carpenter bees, the genus Ceratina Latreille, are recognized in Korea, including a new species described here. The new species, Ceratina (Ceratinidia) jejuensis sp. n., was collected exclusively from Jeju Island, the southernmost adjunct from the Korean Penin- sula. It belongs to the C. (Ceratinidia) flavipes-group, and is easily distinguished from the other species of this group, C. (Ceratinidia) flavipes, C. (Ceratinidia) maai, and C. (Ceratinidia) takasag- ona, by the characteristic color patterns of head, clypeus, thorax and metasoma, and the shape of ster- nal teeth and apical lobes on sixth metasomal segment. An identification key to the species of the C. (Ceratinidia) flavipes-group is presented with color illustrations of male and female adults of C. (Ceratinidia) jejuensis sp. n. KEY WORDS: Ceratina, small carpenter bee, Ceratina (Ceratinidia) jejuensis, Korea The small carpenter bees, Ceratina Latrielle, constitute a generally solitary group, but occasionally are semisocial or delayed eusocial (Maeta et al., 1993), belonging to the tribe Ceratinini in the subfamily Xylocopinae. Ceratina is one of the common pollinators of various wild plants in Far Eastern Asia, and adult females of many species use holes in the narrow stems or twigs of dead plants (Miscanthus, Artemisia, Phragmatis spp. etc.) as nests for brood rearing. Adults are generally shiny black, superficially nearly hairless with many yellow mark- ings on the face, and frequently also on the thorax, legs and metasomal tergites. They are medium-sized to small, ranging from 3.0 mm to 12.5 mm in body length. The genus Ceratina consists of 19 subgenera, none of which occurs nat- urally in both the Eastern and Western hemispheres. There are 13 subgenera in the Eastern Hemisphere, of which only three species [subgenera Ceratina sensu stricto (C. satoi Yasumatsu, 1936) and Ceratinidia (C. flavipes Smith, 1879 and C. japonica Cockerell, 1911)] have been reported in Korea (Anonymous, 1994). The subgenus Ceratinidia is an oriental subgenus found from Sri Lanka and India throughout southeastern Asia, north to China, Korea and the maritime province of Far Eastern Russia, including Japanese Islands, Tatwan, the Philip- pines, and Indonesia east to the western end of New Guinea (Michener, 2000). There are about twenty-six species known in these regions (Vecht, 1952; Yasu- matsu and Hirashima, 1969; Shiokawa and Hirashima, 1982). The flavipes-group of the subgenus Ceratinidia Latreille, which was proposed by Yasumatsu and Hirashima (1969), is composed of three species from the Far Eastern Asia, including Korea, China, and Taiwan. Among them, C. flavipes is rather widely ‘Received on February 3, 2005. Accepted on March 20, 2005. * Division of Entomology, School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, San 51- 1 Shillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742 Korea. E-mails: seung@snu.ac.kr, khj9464@snu.ac.kr, and won9@snu.ac.kr, respectively. Mailed on June 16, 2005 138 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS distributed in Korea, Northern China, and Japan. The other two species, C. takasagona Shiokawa and Hirashima, 1982 and C. maai Shiokawa and Hira- shima, 1982, are reported to have limited distributions in Taiwan (Meishan) and Southern China (Chaowu, Tachuland, Fukien and Chungan, Tsiliohiao), respec- tively. The subgenus Ceratina Latreille sensu stricto is rather widely distributed in the Palaearctic regions including Europe, Central Asia to Eastern Asia (Japan, Taiwan, and Thailand), and Africa. It consists of mostly black nonmetallic spec- ies with pale coloration limited to the head, pronotal lobes, and legs. There are about 20 known species worldwide, mostly small, and ranging from 5 mm to 9 mm in length. From recent collections of bees from South Korea, we recognized four species of the genus Ceratina from Korea, including a new species of the flavipes-group from the southern subtropical island, Jeju-do. METHODS For this study, specimens of Ceratina were collected directly on various wild flowers using insect nets. Many specimens were also collected using yellow pan traps (YPT), 18 cm diameter plastic dishes, filled with about one-fourth liter of clean water and two drops of dishwasher detergent. Most specimens studied as well as the holotype designated used in this study are deposited in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University (CALS SNU, Korea). Some paratypes and other specimens are deposited in the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (NIAST), Suwon, Korea. For the collection data, abbreviations for the provincial names of South Korea are used, as follows: GG — Gyeonggido, GW — Gwangwondo, CB — Chungcheongbukdo, CN — Chungcheongnamdo, GB — Gyeongsangbukdo, GN — Gyeongsangnamdo, JB — Jeollabukdo, JN — Jeollanamdo, JJ — Jeyudo, UR — Ulreungdo. Plant names of host flowers are according to The International Plant Names Index (2004). Genus Ceratina Latreille Subgenus Ceratina Latreille s. str., 1802 Clavicera Latreille, 1802a, Histoire Naturelle des Fourmis xvi: 432. Type species: Hylaeus albilabris Fabricius, 1793 = Apis cucurbitina Rossi, 1792 Ceratina Latreille, 1802b, Histoire Naturelle Générale et Particuliére des Crustacés et des Insectes 3: 380. Type species: Hylaeus albilabris Fabricius, 1793 = Apis cucurbitina Rossi, 1972. Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 139 Ceratina (Ceratina) satoi Yasumatsu, 1936 Ceratina satoi Yasumatsu, 1936, Annot. Zool. Japon., 15(4): 550-553. Ceratina (Ceratina) satoi: Yasumatsu and Hirashima, 1969, Kontyu 37: 66. Specimens examined. 20’, Cheonan (Mt. Heugseong), CN, 11.iv.1998, leg. June Yeol Choi; 10°, Seonheul, Jocheon, Bujeju, JJ, 17.vii.1997, leg. Seunghwan Lee. Distribution. Korea (Southern Part of the Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island) and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, Hachiho-jima, Ryukyus), and China (Southeastern Part). Remarks. This species was described in the Nearctic subgenus Zadontomerus by Yasumatsu (1936), but was placed to Ceratina s. str. by Yasumatsu and Hira- shima (1969). It is not common in the Korean Peninsula. Only two males were col- lected in the Korean peninsula and one male was collected in Jeju Island. Subgenus Ceratinidia Cockerell and Porter, 1899 Ceratina (Ceratinidia) Cockerell and Porter, 1899, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7)4: 403- 421. Type species: Ceratina hieroglyphica Smith, 1854, by original designation. Ceratina (Ceratinidia) flavipes Smith, 1879 Ceratina flavipes Smith, 1879, Description of new species of Hymenoptera in the collection of the British Museum. p 73. Ceratina (Ceratinidia) flavipes: Shiokawa, 1963, Kontyu, 31: 276. Specimens examined. 19, Chuncheon, GW, 13.vi.1996, leg. Hyun Jung Choe; 10°19, Mt. Taehwa, Gwangju, GG, 22.vii.1998, leg. Seunghwan Lee; 19, ditto, 19.viii.1998, leg. Seunghwan Lee on Patrinia scabiosaefolia Link (Valerianaceae); 1029, Suwon, GG, 20-21.vi.1980, leg. Jong Cheol Paik; 19, ditto, 24.vi.1994, leg. June Yeol Choi; 19, Suwon, GG, 11.ix.1995, leg. Seunghwan Lee, on Lycium chi- nense Mill (Solanaceae); 19, Mt. Gwanggyo, Suwon, GG, 28.viii.1995, leg. Seunghwan Lee; 29, Suwon, GG, 27.vii.1995, leg. Hwang Yong Kim, on Rudbeckia laciniata L. (Asteraceae); 19, ditto, 31.iii.1998, leg. Seunghwan Lee; 19, Mt. Yeogi, Suwon, GG, 15.vii.1993; 10°, Suwon, GG, 16.iv.1994, leg. June Yeol Choi; 10, ditto, 22.v.1995, leg. June Yeo! Choi; 29, ditto, 16.ix.1995, leg. Seunghwan Lee, on Lespedeza bicolor Turez. (Leguminosae); 10°, Mt. Ungil, Yangpyeong, GG, 19.x.1995, leg. Hwang Yong Kim; 19, Gongsan-seong, Gongju, CN, 29.v.1994, leg. June Yeol Choi; 40°, Baenaegol, Eonyang, Ulsan, GN, 27.v.1998, leg. Seung Hwan Lee, on Artemisia princeps Pamp. (Compositae); 19, Dogo-ri, Ssangchi- myeon, Sunchang, JB, 12.viii.1998, leg. Seunghwan Lee, on Lespedeza bicolor; 19, Mt. Baegun, Chusan, Gwangyang, JN, 30.vii.1998, leg. June Yeol Choi. Distribution. Korea, Northern China, Japan. Remarks. This species is common in the main Korean peninsula, Japan, and Northern China but has not been collected in Jeju Island. 140 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Ceratina (Ceratinidia) jejuensis S. Lee sp. n. Male. Color. Body shiny black, except yellow markings as below (Figs. 1-13). Head black shiny with triangular yellow mark on clypeus; frons with well-devel- oped broad yellow mark laterally on paraocular area, attaining antennal socket; yel- low mark below well-developed frontal line near clypeus; labrum pale yellow with pair of dark markings laterally and median additional one to clypeal articulation; mandible reddish brown on distal 1/3, yellow in middle, and shiny black basally (Fig. 7). Antennae dark reddish brown with pale yellow small markings at base and distal end of scape (Fig. 3). Thorax shiny black except small yellow spot on prono- tal lobe; legs with yellow marks on tibiae and tarsi including pretarsi, frequently extending onto ventral parts of front femur and anterior end of femur distally (Fig. 4). Metasoma black shiny or blackish brown with narrow yellow bands on lateral parts of posterior margins of terga 1-4 (Fig. 13). Morphology. Body 5.0 — 6.2 mm long. Head: Clypeus rather smooth with a weakly developed median longitudinal carina, with many small punctures lateral- ly; frons smooth with 15-20 punctures along compound eye anterior to antennal socket; frontal line sharply carinate between antennae; antennal grooves smooth with 10-15 punctures along frontal line; vertex between ocelli and compound eye smooth, 20-30 punctures on frons anterior to ocelli, densely covered with long hairs and strong punctures on vertex posterior to ocelli (Fig. 7). Preoccipital carina well distinguished dorsally indistinct laterally. Antennal scape and pedicel weakly punctuated with rather long hairs, longest ones as long as median width of scape; flagellum armed with dense warts and short hairs anteriorly; last segment of fla- gellum 1.2 times as long as penultimate segment (Fig. 3). Thorax: mesoscutum smooth medially with rarely 2-3 irregular rows of punctures to parapsidal line, densely punctuated on anterior 1/3, posterior 1/4, and marginally; scutellum and metanotum densely punctured; meso- and metapleuron densely punctuated with a small smooth area below wing attachment. Hind coxa enlarged triangularly, dense- ly punctuated with smooth lateral area; antennal cleaner well-developed by front tarsus and spur on front tibiae; outer spine well-developed on distal end of fore- and hind-tibiae; longest tibial spur more than 1/2 length of first hind tarsal segment; posterior projection of hind trochanter well-developed with a tuft of long, golden, decumbent ventral hairs on hind trochanter and hind femur (Figs. 10, 12); tarsi and tibiae covered with long hairs. Propodeum densely wrinkled basally and punctuate distally, mediolongitudinal ridge weak, but conspicuous. Metasoma: metasomal terga with dense punctures; terga 4-6 with combination of large and small punc- tures; median apex of tergum 7 distinctly produced, lateroapical portions with an area of smooth surface. Sixth metasomal sternum (Fig. 6) with a pair of well- developed apical lobes, with many pale yellow hairs except on apical margin and bases of median teeth; subapical depression armed with a pair of strong teeth, aris- ing at basal ridge of depression; teeth bent outward at apices, as long as distance between two teeth. Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 14] Female. Color. Body shiny black with conspicuous yellow markings as fol- lows. Head shiny black with well-developed transverse yellow mark on anterior margin of clypeus (Fig. 5); longitudinal yellow stripe of paraocular area along compound eye bent inward anteriorly, frequently interrupted in middle; a medi- an horizontal yellow stripe on upper border of clypeus below antennal sockets; a pair of eyebrow shape spots between antennae and ocelli. Thorax shiny black with yellow spots on lateral margin of pronotum and pronotal lobe, two pairs of long mesial and short marginal lines on scutum, one triangular large spot on scutellum (Fig. 1). Legs reddish brown to dark brown except tibiae and tarsi paler than femur, with a yellow spot at bases of tibiae. Metasomal terga 1-5 with trans- verse posterior yellow bands; band interrupted on tergum | in middle, each side with bowl shape depression; terga II-III] with bands narrow and interrupted in middle, broad laterally; terga [V-V with complete bands, broader in middle and each margin (Fig. 8). Genitalia similar to C. flavipes and C. maai: gonocoxite strongly constricted before gonostylus; distal apex of gonostylus obtuse with many long hairs (ca. 20); penis valve very long and tapering, sickle-shaped, con- sisting basal stem and distal blade, distal blade more than 3 times as long as basal stem; spatha broadly rounded apically and abruptly narrowed and stemmed pos- teriorly, forming mushroom shape. Morphology. Body 5.7 — 8.5 mm in length. Head: Clypeus conspicuously punctured, ridged medio-longitudinally, frons with 10-15 punctures on paraocu- lar area between clypeus and compound eyes, anterior to antennal attachment, along median ridge between antennae. Scutum smooth medially with 1-2 irregu- lar rows of punctures along medial line, finely and strongly punctured on anteri- or 2/5, posterior 1/5, and marginally. Scutellum sparsely punctured in middle. Hind trochanter without posterior projection; hind trochanter and femur without the tuft of long golden decumbent ventral hairs (Figs. 9, 11) Type Materials. Holotype: male, Seonheul, Jocheon, Bugjeju, JJ, South Korea, 17.vii.1997, leg. Seunghwan Lee (YPT). Paratypes: 349280’, from the same collection of holotype; 8920’, same location of holotype, 17.iv.1998, Seunghwan Lee; 39, ditto, 17.iv.1998, leg. Seunghwan Lee (YPT); 39, ditto, 17.vii1.1998, leg. Seunghwan Lee; 10°, Citrus Experimental Station, Namwon, Namjeju, JJ, 23.xi.1996, leg. June Yeol Choi, by Malaise Trap; 19, Namwon, Namjeju, JJ, 25.viii.1994, leg. Deok Seo Ku; 5029, Jedong, Namwon, Namjeju, JJ, 17.iv.1996, Leg. Seunghwan Lee; 29, Jeju Country Club, Jeju, JJ, 10.vi.1998 (YPT); 19, Eorimog, Bugjeju, JJ, 10.viii.1995, leg. Seunghwan Lee; 19, Gor- aengjipojang, Bugjeju, JJ, 15.iv.1998, leg. Seunghwan Lee; 39, Gwaneumsa, Jeju, JJ, 26.v.1985; 30°169, ditto, 17.vii.1997, leg. Seunghwan Lee (YPT); 3980, ditto, 17.iv.1998, leg. Seunghwan Lee (YPT); 29, 1100m Rest Area, Mt. Halla-san, Seogwipo, JJ, 11.vi.1998, leg. Seunghwan Lee; 19, Natural Forest Resort, Mt. Halla-san, Seogwipo, JJ, 17.1v.1998, Seunghwan Lee. 142 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figures 1-13. Ceratina (Ceratinidia) jejuensis S. Lee sp. n.: 1, Female adult; 2, Antenna of female; 3. Male antenna; 4, Male adult; 5, Frontal view of female head; 6, Sixth abdominal sternum of male; 7, Frontal view of male head; 8, Dorsal view of female abdomen; 9, Hind trochanter of female; 10, Hind trochanter of male; 11, Hind femur of female; 12, Hind femur of male; 13, Dorsal view of male abdomen. Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 143 Distribution. Korea (Only in Jeju Island) Etymology. The species name ejuensis’ is derived from the name of type location ‘Jeju-do’ where all type series were collected. Diagnosis. Color pattern and genitalia of male C. (Ceratinidia) jejuensis sp. n. similar to that of C. (Ceratinidia) flavipes and C. (Ceratinidia) maai, from which this new species can be distinguished by the frons which has broad black gaps between the yellow clypeus and paraocular areas, thus forming the triangu- lar yellow pigmentation on clypeus (Frons entirely covered by yellow pigmenta- tion in C. (Ceratinidia) flavipes and with narrow black gaps on the epistomal suture in C. (Ceratinidia) maai, making an upside-down hat shape). In addition, the new species is distinguished from C. (Ceratinidia) flavipes by the angulated produced apical lobes on 6th sternum (apical lobes smooth without angulated points in C. (Ceratinidia) flavipes and is also distinguished from C. (Ceratinidia) maai by the apical lobes with hairs confined to the middle (hairs distributed on the whole apical lobes in the latter species). The color pattern of female adults of the new species is similar to the Taiwanese species, C. (Ceratinidia) takasagona, from which it can be differentiated by the shape of yellow pigmentation on the first metasomal tergum and the clypeus. _ Ceratina (Ceratinidia) japonica Cockerell, 1911 Ceratina hieroglyphica var. japonica Cockerell, 1911. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 39: 635. Ceratina (Ceratinidia) japonica: Shiokawa, 1963, Kontyu, 31: 278. Specimens examined. Numerous males and females were collected through- out South Korea, excluding Jeju Island, using yellow pan traps (YPT), sweep nets, and by hand directly on flowers. They are found continuously from April to October, and are common in spring, April-May, and early autumn, August- September. Host flowers observed. Carduus crispus L. (Asteraceae), Chaenomeles lage- naria Koiduzumi (Rosaceae), Chrysanthemum indicum L. (Compositae), Erigeron Canadensis L. (Asteraceae), Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. (Leguminosae), Malus pumila Mill. (Rosaceae), Patrinia scabiosaefolia Link (Valerianaceae), Pueraria thunbergiana Benth (Leguminosae), Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz. (Ericaceae), Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maxim (Ericaceae), Rosa multiflora Benth. (Rosaceae), Saussurea pulchella Fisch. ex Colla. (Compo- sitae), Vicia amurensis Oettingen (Leguminosae), Youngia sonchifolia Maxim. (Compositae). Distribution. Korea (mainland of the Korean Peninsula, excluding Jeju Island), Japan, China. Remarks. This is the most common species of the genus Ceratina in Far Eastern Asia. However, it has not been recorded in Jeju Island. 144 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Key to the species of the Ceratina (Ceratinidia) flavipes-group Males Clypeus, paraocular area, and supraocular area wholly yellow without dark gaps between clypeus and paraocular area. All transverse yellow band of metasomal terga broadly interrupted medially. (Widely distributed in Far Eastemr countess iWorean Penimsulayapanms@hima)) sr 0 eee eee FEB nobbOscsbacoce Cee oc MELEE TE eee REET RRR LCCES TD Roda: Ceratina (Ceratinidia) flavipes Frontal pigmentation on clypeus, paraocular area, and supraocular area sepa- rated by black areas along the sutures. Transversal yellow bands, at least of terga 4-5, not broken or with narrow gaps only in middle ..................ee Z Preoccipital carina low but distinct. Seventh tergum with apical margin only slightly produced apically in middle, latero-apical portions coarsely sculp- tured as in rest of same tergum. Hind femur rather thick with anterior face dis- tinctly convex; subapical tuft of decumbent golden hairs not arranged in a compact fringe. Sixth sternum with a pair of small denticles very close to- gether. Body length less than 5.5 mm. (Taiwan: Meisan, Nantow). ............... BO Ne a8 ei, acca esc ote ee ee Ceratina (Ceratinidia) takasagona Preoccipital carina weak or absent. Seventh tergum with apical margin dis- tinctly produced apically in middle, latero-apical portions broadly smooth and shining. Hind femur not thick; subbasal tuft of golden decumbent hairs long and arranged in a compact fringe. Sixth sternum with a pair of robust andibroadly;separatedsdenticles: angen Species... ---eee ease ee eee 3 . Yellow pigmentation covering on almost whole clypeus except narrow gaps on epistomal suture, forming hat-shaped yellow marking on clypeus. Transverse yellow bands on anterior three metasomal terga narrowly inter- rupted and distal two band with narrow gaps. Hairs on apical lobes of sixth metasomal sternum distributed over entire lobes. (China: Fukien)................. RR eRe A onc i Aed . . S Gia RI RRO ck OR Ceratina (Ceratinidia) maai Yellow marking on clypeus triangular, broadly interrupted along epistomal suture (Fig. 7). Transverse yellow bands on terga broadly interrupted (Fig. 13). Hairs on apical lobes of sixth abdominal sternum confined in the middle of lobes, base and apices of lobes bare (Fig. 6). (Korea: Jeju Island)............. Pe eee Ps cae the ee Ceratina (Ceratinidia) jejuensis S. Lee sp. n. Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 145 Females Thorax with two pairs (medial and lateral) of well developed longitudinal yellow streaks on scutum; transverse yellow bands on metasoma complete, PORE MM TAT atl [ECCT ClicAl gies Meena ae Peace ene O eRe sac ccwenedecanesedesesecdsessseee. 2 Thorax with one pair of longitudinal yellow streaks on scutum; transversal yellow bands interrupted at least on first and second terga «0.0.0... 3 Preoccipital carina low, but distinct; clypeus not coarsely sculptured, rather smooth, shiny, with a median longitudinal ridge; yellow mark on clypeus large, inverted T-shaped. Transversal yellow marking on first metasomal ter- gum broad with two small black spots laterally. Body length 5 — 7 mm. Cianwan: Meisan, Nantow) ............:......++- Ceratina (Ceratinidia) takasagona Preoccipital carina absent; clypeus sculptured without or with very indistinct indication of longitudinal ridge; yellow mark transverse, without longitudinal bar. Transversal yellow marking on first metasomal dorsum not as above, almost W-shaped with a small longitudinal bar in middle. Relatively large species, 5.7-8.4 mm in body length. (Korea: Jeju Island) «0... eee _cooteaue20e see eee eee Ceratina (Ceratinidia) jejuensis S. Lee sp. n. Preoccipital carina weak but often well recognizable; basal area of propodeum usually without a median ridge; metasomal yellow bands, espe- cially those on three basal terga, not well developed; clypeus without median ridge. (Widely distributed in Far Eastern countries: Korean Peninsula, Japan, CILTISE)) cccesnbecaetle dace Nees cies ee eee Mn One esi at eh aa eee C. (Ceratinidia) flavipes Preoccipital carina absent; basal area of propodeum with a median longitudi- nal ridge (although weak); metasomal yellow bands well developed; clypeus with an indication of median ridge. (China: Fukien)....C. (Ceratinidia) maai ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank C. D. Michener (University of Kansas Natural History Museum and Department of Entomology, USA) for reviewing and helpful comments on the manuscript. This study was support- ed by the Brain Korea 21 program, Seoul National University. LITERATURE CITED Anonymous. 1994. Check List of Insect from Korea. Entomological Society of Korea and Korean Society of Applied Entomology. Kun-Kuk University Press. Seoul. 744 pp. Cockerell, T. D. A. 1911. Bees in the collection of the United States National Museum. 1. Proceed- ings of the United States National Museum. 39: 635-658. 146 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Cockerell, T. D. A. and W. Porter. 1899. Contribution from the New Mexico Biological Station. VII. Observation on bees, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7)4: 403-421. Latreille, P. A. 1802a. Histoire Naturelle des Fourmis. XVI. Crapelet, Paris, France. 445 pp. Latreille, P. A. 1802b. Histoire Naturelle Générale et Particuliére des Crustacés et des Insectes 3. Paris, France. 380 pp. Maeta, Y., K. Saito, and K. Hyodo. 1993. Diapause and Non-Delayed Eusociality in a Univoltine and Basically Solitary Bee, Ceratina japonica (Hymenoptera, Anthoporidae). I. Diapause Termi- nation by Cooling and Application of Juvenile Hormone Analog. Japanese Journal of Ento- mology. 61(2): 203-211. Michener, C.D. 2000. The bees of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. and London, England, United Kingdom. 913 pp. Shiokawa, M. and Y. Hirashima. 1982. Synopsis of the flavipes-group of the bee genus Ceratina of Eastern Asia (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). Esakia, 19: 177-184. Shiokawa, M. 1963. Redescriptions of Ceratina flavipes Smith and C. japonica Cockerell (Hymen- optera, Apidae). Kontyu (Tokyo, Japan), 31: 276-280. Smith, F. 1879. Description of new species of Hymenoptera in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London. 240 pp. The International Plant Names Index. 2004. Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org [accessed | March 2004]. Vecht, J. van der. 1952. A preliminary revision of the Oriental species of the genus Ceratina (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden, The Netherlands) 16: 1-85. Yasumatsu, K. 1936. On the occurrence of the subgenus Zaodontomerus Ashmead in Japan and Korea (Hymenoptera, Ceratinidae, Ceratina). Annotationes. Zoologicae. Japonensis, 15(4): 550- 353), Yasumatsu, K. and Y. Hirashima. 1969. Synopsis of the small carpenter bee genus Ceratina of Japan (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). Kontyu (Tokyo, Japan), 37: 61-70. Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 147 CONTRIBUTION TO THE TAXONOMY OF ASIOPLAX (EPHEMEROPTERA: LEPTOHYPHIDAE: TRICORYTHODINAE) IN THE NEW WORLD' N. A. Wiersema’ and W. P. McCafferty’ ABSTRACT: North, Central, and South American species of the genus Asioplax (Leptohyphidae: Tricorythodinae) are comparatively reviewed and diagnosed. The male adult of A. dolani and male and female adults of A. edmundsi are described for the first time. Adults of A. texana are comparatively redescribed. Two South American species previously considered in Tricorythodes are newly transferred to Asioplax: A. santarita, n. comb, and A. zunigae, n. comb. Asioplax corpulenta is shown to be a jun- ior subjective synonym of A. edmundsi, n. syn. Stage correlated identification keys to species, incorpo- rating range characteristics, are provided. KEY WORDS: Asioplax, Ephemeroptera, Leptohyphidae, Tricorythodinae, New World In the early mid-1990s we became aware initially of two species of Leptohyphi- dae with highly unusual larvae that could not be clearly placed to any of the genera that had historically constituted that Western Hemisphere family. One of these species was described from Costa Rica by Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty (1995a) as Leptohyphes curiosus Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty. Those authors stated that their species was unique because of its small size, flattened body, posterolateral projec- tions on abdominal segments 7 and 8, leg setation, and shape of the operculate gills. Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty (1995a), while describing this species in the genus Leptohyphes Eaton, pointed out that it possessed some characteristics that were his- torically associated with Tricorythodes Ulmer. A generically similar second species had been collected in Texas and was even more dramatic with respect to its char- acterization of being small, squat and depressed. Our suspicions that these species represented a distinct new genus were borne out by subsequent revisionary work on the Leptohyphidae (Wiersema and McCafferty 2000). The review of species incor- porated in the latter study resulted in a small number of additional congeners (pre- viously in either Leptohyphes or Tricorythodes) all being placed in the new genus Asioplax Wiersema and McCafferty in the subfamily Tricorythodinae (Wiersema and McCafferty 2000). The nine species originally placed in Asioplax included the unnamed species from Texas referred to above, which has since been described as A. numinuh Wiersema, McCafferty and Baumgardner (Wiersema et al. 2001). Five of the species were North American, but the genus also included the Central American species A. curiosa, mentioned above, and A. nicholsae (Wang, Sites, and McCaf- ferty) from South America, a species that had been noted by its authors (Wang et al. 1998) as being similar in generic characterization to A. curiosa. In addition, two species known only from Cuba, A. sacculobranchis (Kluge and Naranjo) and ‘Received on December 21, 2003. Accepted on April 7, 2005. *MEG, Inc., Consulting Scientists and Engineers, 4807 Spicewood Springs Road, Bldg. 4, First Floor, Austin, Texas 78759 U.S.A. E-mail: Nick.Wiersema@mfgenv.com. *Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 U.S.A. E-mail: pat_ maccafferty@entm.purdue.edu. Mailed on June 16, 2005 148 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS A. sierramaestrae (Kluge and Naranjo) were included in the genus on the basis of somewhat incomplete descriptions (Kluge and Naranjo 1990). Because these latter two species have not been available for further study, they are not treated herein and their placement in Asioplax is considered provisional. Recently, Molineri (2002) provided a taxonomic treatment of South American Tricorythodes species including two species that are congeneric with Asioplax: A. santarita (Traver), n. comb., and A. zunigae (Molineri), n. comb. The phylogenetics presented by Molineri (2002) support the recognition of this grouping as a distinct genus, although that author chose to retain a broadly encompassing, less informative taxonomic concept of Tricorythodes consisting of multiple clades. The purpose of this paper is to present synonymies of current North, Central, and South American species; the first descriptions or comparative redescriptions of the adult stage of certain of the species that have not been well understood in that regard; and comparative diagnoses of species accompanied by identification keys. Asioplax Asioplax Wiersema and McCafferty, 2000:347. Type species: Tricorythodes edmundsi Allen. Diagnosis. Larva: These are relatively small, broad forms only rarely greater than 4.0mm in length, often 2.6 to 3.3mm and only rarely as much as 5.5mm. Larvae of Asioplax have in common with most other Tricorythodinae genera a combination of having abdominal terga 1-6 lacking spines at their posterior mar- gins, hindtarsi that are more than one-half the length of the hindtibiae, and a thorax devoid of hingwingpads in both sexes. Asioplax larvae may be distinguished from those of other Tricorythodinae genera and leptohyphids in general by a combina- tion of the relatively small, depressed and broad appearing, setate body and legs; well-developed posterolateral projections of abdominal segments 8 and 9 that are generally longer than the midlength of their respective terga; broadened forefemo- ra that are as wide or nearly as wide as long, that have their transverse dorsal setal row located near the base of the femur, and that have well-developed marginal setae; and either an absence of the inner ventral lamellae of operculate gills or the presence of one that is less than one-half the length of the outer lamellae. See also key characters discussed by Wiersema and McCafferty (2000) and further modified by Wiersema and McCafferty (2004). Adult: As per other Tricorythodinae, Asioplax adults lack hindwings in both sexes; have ventrodistally extended hindtibiae on all legs of females and on the mid- and hindtibae of males; have a mesonotum [Fig. 4 (Wiersema and McCafferty 2000)| that has the paired longitudinal posterior and anterior parapsidal sutures merging anterior to the transverse interscutal suture, that has poorly developed and anteriorly well separated posterior scutal lobes, and that does not have a developed posterior transverse sulcus; and have forewings that are widest at the base in males and widest at midlength in the females. Among Tricorythodinae adults, Asioplax is most similar to Epiphrades Wiersema and McCafferty and some Tricorythodes in that both may be diagnosed as having three-segmented forceps, eyes that are not Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 149 sexually dimorphic (i.e. not greatly enlarged in the males), an IMP vein that is not longer than MP.,, lateral ocelli that are widely separated, and male foretarsi that are greater than one-half the length of the foretibiae. In addition, Asiop/ax adults share with Epiphrades and some species presently considered Tricorythodes, a male sub- genital plate that is not extended beyond the forceps bases and in females reduced cerci, lacking fine setae and elongated medial caudal filament with extensive seta- tion. Asioplax adults, however, can be differentiated from those of all other species presently considered Tricorythodes and Epiphrades by a combination of relatively small body size (2.4-4.0mm) and hindfemora that are about three-fourths or more of the length of the hindtibiae and hindtarsi combined. Asioplax curiosus Leptohyphes curiosus Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, 1995a:170. Asioplax curiosus (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty): Wiersema and McCafferty, 2000:348. Diagnosis. Larva: The only known body length is 2.8mm. The maxillae are devoid of palps. The setae of dorsal transverse row on the forefemora are hairlike. Anterior lateral setae of the mid- and hindfemora are longer than the posterior lat- eral setae. Tarsi do not have a dark blue pigmentation basally. Claws have five to six denticles and a subapical seta. Tubercles are not found on the abdominal terga. Posterolateral projections of abdominal segment 9 are very poorly developed [Fig. 10 (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1995a)]. Operculate gills are somewhat ovate and somewhat pointed. Adult: Unknown. Material Examined. Holotype female larva, Costa Rica, Guanacaste Prov., Rio Tenerio at Ficna La Pacifica, E of Panamerican Hwy., II-2-1969, WP McCafferty, Purdue Entomological Research Collection (PERC). Distribution. Central America: Costa Rica and Panama. Asioplax dolani Leptohyphes dolani Allen, 1967:351. Asioplax dolani (Allen): Wiersema and McCafferty, 2000:348. Male adult. Body: Length 2.6mm. General coloration red-brown with extensive black markings. Head: Coloration almost entirely black with medial triangulate pale area between lateral ocelli with epi- cranial sutures not darkly pigmented, and ocelli encircled with black basally. Eyes widely separated, with diameter greater than basal width of lateral ocelli. Thorax: Nota deep red-brown with extensive black markings. Forewings length 3.5mm. Forelegs approximately one and one-half times length of body. Femora, tibiae and tarsi of mid- and hindlegs extensively covered with black markings (Fig. 1). Mid- and hindtibiae with black shading and speckling basally extending down to a U-shaped mark at half the tibial length. Hindfemora subequal in length to hindtibiae and hindtarsi combined. Abdomen: Terga with sublateral, submedial and medial dark maculae, appearing as alternating dark and light lon- gitudinal stripes. Sterna with lateral muscle insertion marks blue-black. Genitalia unknown. Caudal fil- aments gray-white. Female adult. Unknown. Diagnosis. Larva: The mature body length may be as much as 4.5mm. Maxillary palps are present and two-segmented. The setae making up the dorsal transverse row are spatulate, and these spatulate setae are also interspersed with hairlike setae 150 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS along the posterior margin of the forefemora (Fig. 2). Tarsi lack any bluish or blue- black pigmentation basally. Claws have two or more (commonly three) small den- ticles at the base of the inner curvature. Abdominal terga lack tubercles and have conspicuous paired submedian maculae across the width of each tergum. Poster- olateral projections of abdominal segment 9 are well developed, narrowly pointed, and have straight margins. Operculate gills are subovate and could be interpreted as only broadly pointed at most. 0.25mm 0.25mm 4 Figures 1-4. Asioplax. 1. A. dolani, male adult hindleg. 2. A. dolani, larval forefemera. 3. A. edmundsi, male adult genitalia, ventral view. 4. A. texana, male adult genitalia, ventral view. 3 Adult: The male may be distinguished from male adults of other known species Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 15] by the head color pattern consisting of black pigmentation except for a conspicu- ously pale wedge-shaped area between the lateral ocelli. Material Examined. Larvae, North Carolina, Johnston Co, Neuse R, nr Princeton, VII-1991, and Sampson Co, Black R, nr Tomahawk, VII-1988, DR Lenat, PERC. Reared male adult, exuviae, and 6 larvae, South Carolina, Barnwell Co, Steel Creek at Cypress Bridge, IX-15-1984, BC Kondratieff, col- lection of NA Wiersema (NAW). Distribution. North America: USA: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and east Texas. Remarks. The above represents the first adult description of A. dolani. The female adult remains unknown, and because there are no genitalia from the single reared adult specimen available for study, further documentation of this life stage will be necessary. This is the only species of Asioplax known from the Southeast or eastern North America in general. Allen (1978) reported this species from Victoria County, Texas. We have been unable to locate the larvae on which the record was based. Although, this species was recently confirmed from east Texas by Baumgardner et al. (2003), we believe the records from Victoria County could be representative A. dolani, A. numinuh, or even the unknown larva of A. texana (Traver). Asioplax edmundsi Tricorythodes edmundsi Allen, 1967:370. Tricorythodes corpulentus Kilgore and Allen, 1973:330, n. syn. Asioplax edmundsi (Allen): Wiersema and McCafferty, 2000:348. Asioplax corpulenta (Kilgore and Allen): Wiersema and McCafferty, 2000:348, n. syn. Male adult. Body: Length 2.8-3.1mm. Coloration pale brown with black markings. Head: Coloration yellow-brown with epicranial sutures darkly pigmented, sometimes with blackish speckling, and with ocelli encircled with red-brown basally. Eyes widely separated, with diameter slightly more than basal width of lateral ocelli. Thorax: Nota deep yellow-brown with sparse red-brown to black-blue markings. Forewings length 3.2-4.0mm. Forelegs approximately one and one-half times length of body. Mid- and hindfemora with sparse red-brown to black-blue markings. Mid- and hindtarsi shaded basally with blue-black. Hindfemora subequal in length to hindtibiae and hindtarsi combined. Abdomen: Terga with sublateral, submedial and medial dark maculae, appearing as alternating dark and light longitudi- nal stripes. Sterna with lateral muscle insertion marks not pigmented. Subgenital plate shallowly emar- ginated (Fig. 3). Basal swelling of second forcep segment basomedially directed. Caudal filaments gray- white. Female adult. Body: Length 2.7mm. Coloration generally black-brown with few light markings (legs light except marked with black-brown at joints, and caudal filaments light). Head brown, except for narrow pale epicranial suture margins and narrow pale transverse band at posterior border of head. Forewings length 4.4mm. Subanal plate well developed into transparent convexity extending beyond bases of caudal filaments. Diagnosis. Larva: The mature body length may be as much as 5.5mm, accord- ing to Kilgore and Allen (1973); however, most mature larvae we have seen are not longer than 4.0mm. Maxillary palps are absent. The setae making up the dorsal transverse row on the forefemora are hairlike [Fig. 1 (Wiersema and McCafferty 2000)]. Tarsi typically have a blue-black pigmentation basally. Claws have a basal row of five to seven denticles and paired denticles (can be very minute) located at the lateral, subdistal edges of the claws. Abdominal terga lack tubercles. The pos- 152 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS terolateral projections on abdominal segment 9 are well developed and narrowly pointed but extend only to about the length of sternum 9. Posterolateral projections of segment 8 appear much more posteriorly oriented from their base than those of segment 7, which are posterolaterally oriented from the base. Sternum 9 of female larvae is truncate distally. Operculate gills are broadly subovate (or what could also be interpreted as subtriangulate) and appear nearly round except for a somewhat straight lateral margin. Adult: Males have a yellow-brown head with dark sutures and sometimes some degree of dark speckling. The subgenital plate is wide and shallowly emarginate. Both sexes have dark blue pigmentation basally on the tarsi, and both lack dark lat- eral dashes on the abdominal sterna. Females have a primarily solid black-brown body and dark brown head with a pale posterior border. The subanal plate of female reaches distally, considerably beyond the bases of the caudal filaments. Material Examined. Larval paratypes, Utah, Daggett Co, Green R, IX-11-1952, GF Edmunds, PERC; 2 larvae, Colorado, Moffatt Co, Yampa R, NAW; 2 larvae, Colorado, Moffatt Co, Green R, VII- 24-1992, NAW; Larvae, Colorado, Moffatt Co, Green R; VI-28-1956, E Mills, PERC; reared male adults and larval exuviae, Saskatchewan, Torch R, N of Hwy 35, VI-16-2001, JM Webb, in collection of col- lector; reared female adult and larval exuviae, Saskatchewan, South Saskatchewan R, at Lemsford Ferry, IX-16-2000, JM Webb, in collection of the collector; 10 male adults, Utah, Uintah Co, White River, | mi south of Bonanza, VII-24-1988, GF Edmunds, PERC. Distribution. North America: Canada: Saskatchewan; USA: Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, and Utah. Remarks. The above represents the first formal description of the adults of this species, although some adult figures were published by Wiersema and McCafferty (2000). We have herein ae A. corpulenta as a junior subjective synonym of A. edmundsi, n. syn., based on the following: The only structural larval characteristic that Kilgore and Allen (1973) could ostensibly use to distinguish their A. corpulen- ta from A. edmundsi was the presence of paired subapical denticles in the former. Allen (1967) had not mentioned the presence of such denticles in his description of A. edmundsi. Examination of the paratopotypes of A. edmundsi under compound high magnification, however, has revealed the presence of these paired subapical denticles. These structures can be difficult to detect and this situation has evident- ly contributed to other previous identifications as A. corpulenta. Color pattern char- acters of the forefemora and operculate gills that Kilgore and Allen (1973) assigned to either A. corpulenta or A. edmundsi are not consistent among and within popu- lations. The availability of only one or very few specimens, however, evidently also led to previous identifications of A. corpulenta. A reared female (and only female adult known of A. edmundsi) has a dimorphic much longer forewing than that of the male (compare 4.4mm in the female vs. 3.2mm in the male of northern populations, although body lengths are 2.7 and 3.0, respectively). The female body also has a much more solid blackish color rather than the more granular black patterning on the yellow ground color seen in the male. This striking sexual dimorphism with respect to coloration is not seen in A. numinuh or A. texana (Traver). Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty (1995b) reported 4. edmundsi from central Texas both as 7! edmundsi and T. corpulentus. These reports, however, are referable to A. numinuh, and Wiersema et al. (2001) pointed out that larval paratypes of Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 153 T. edmundsi from Tamaulipas, Mexico, were actually misidentified 4. numinuh. Therefore, A. edmundsi remains known only from western Canadian and USA drainage systems. Lester et al. (2002) noted that the species appeared limited to low-gradient streams and rivers and was tolerant of high sediment levels and warm summer temperatures. Asioplax nicholsae Leptohyphes nicholsae Wang, Sites, and McCafferty, 1998:69. Asioplax nicholsae (Wang, Sites, and McCafferty): Wiersema and McCafferty, 2000:348. Diagnosis. Larva: The body length of the single known specimen is 3.0mm. Maxillae are devoid of palps. The setae making up the dorsal transverse row on the forefemora are hairlike. Tarsi lack any blue or blue-black pigmentation basally. Tarsal claws have a row of four to six denticles. Abdominal terga 3-9 have mid- posterior tubercles, and these tubercles are relatively strongly developed on terga 6- 9 [Fig. 9 (Wang et al. 1998)]. Posterolateral projections of abdominal segment 9 are small yet distinctive, being only somewhat developed. Operculate gills are subo- vate and posterolaterally somewhat falcate, making them appear slightly pointed. Adult: Unknown. Distribution. South America: Ecuador. Remarks. Asioplax nicholsae \arvae have tergal tubercles, a distinctive feature shared only with the South American species A. santarita. Material Examined. Holotype (male larva) and paratype (female larva), Ecuador, Pichincha Prov, Rio Peripa at Puerta Limon, VII-18-1993, PERC. Asioplax numinuh Asioplax numinuh Wiersema, McCafferty, and Baumgardner, 2001: 301. Diagnosis. Larva: The mature body length ranges from 2.6 to 3.8mm. Maxillae are devoid of maxillary palps. The setae making up the dorsal transverse row of the forefemora are hairlike. Tarsi lack any blue-black pigmentation. Claws have a row of five to six basal denticles and lack subapical paired denticles. Abdominal terga lack tubercles [Fig. 1 (Wiersema et al. 2001)]. The posterolateral projections of abdominal segment 9 are well developed, extending well beyond sternum 9. Poster- olateral projections of abdominal segments 7, 8, and 9 are essentially posteriorly oriented from their base. Sternum 9 in the female larvae is slightly emarginate dis- tally to nearly truncate [Fig. 2 (Wiersema et al. 2001)]. Operculate gills are rela- tively elongate with a somewhat rounded medial margin and a somewhat straight lateral margin. Adult: Males range from 2.8-3.0mm in length, with their wing length ranging from 3.8 to 4.0mm. The dark coloration of the head and a deep and narrowly emar- ginate of the subgenital plate [Fig. 4 (Wiersema et al. 2001)] are important distin- guishing characteristics. Both sexes have hindfemora that are subequal in length to the hindtibiae and hindtarsi combined [Fig. 3 (Wiersema et al. 2001)], and they lack lateral dashes on the abdominal sterna. Females range from 3.6 to 3.8mm in length, 154 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS with their wing length ranging from 4.2 to 4.6mm. They are much lighter than females of A. edmundsi, and the convex subanal plate is not as distally developed, only reaching the base of the caudal filaments. Material Examined. Holotype (male larva) and paraytypes (male and female larvae and reared male and female adults), Texas, Kerr Co, Guadalupe R, Hwy 27, nr Center Point, [V-14-2000, PERC; 23 lar- vae, Texas, Val Verde Co, Rio Grande, Del Rio, VIII- 11-1977, JR Davis, NAW; 12 larvae, Texas, Terrell Co, Independence Cr, Chandler Ranch, IV-24-1994, G Larson, NAW; Larvae, Texas, Blanco Co, Blanco R, V-1977, PERC; larvae, Texas, Kerr Co, Robinson Cr, V-1977, PERC; larvae, Texas, Kimble Co, South Llano R, Hwy 456, X-13-1966, R. Waugaman, PERC. See also Material Examined in Wiersema et al. (2001). Distribution. North America: Mexico: Querétaro and Tamaulipas; USA: central and south Texas. Remarks. As indicated above, A. numinuh has occasionally been reported as A. edmundsi in the past. Wiersema et al. (2001) indicated that larvae of this species in Texas were commonly associated with silt-laden periphyton on the tops of flat cob- ble in stream habitats with rapid but nonturbulent currents. Asioplax santarita, n. comb. Tricorythodes santarita Traver, 1959: 130; Molineri, 2002: 293. Diagnosis. Larva: Body length 3.7mm. Maxillae palps highly reduced and one segmented. The setae making up the dorsal transverse row on the forefemora are hairlike. Tarsi lack any blue or blue-black pigmentation basally. Tarsal claws appar- ently devoid of marginal denticles, with only paired subapical, submarginal denti- cles. Large midposterior tubercles present on abdominal terga 7-9. Posterolateral projections of abdominal segment 9 are small yet distinctive, being only somewhat developed. Operculate gills are subovate, lack an interior ventral lamella, and have a highly reduced outer lamella. Adult: Males range from 3.0-3.1mm in length, with their wing length ranging from 3.0 to 3.5mm. The dark shading of the basal third of the wings and the distinct lateral projections of the subgenital plate are important distinguishing characteris- tics. Both sexes have hindfemora that are subequal in length to the hindtibiae and hindtarsi combined. Females range from 2.2 (without eggs) to 3.2mm in length, with their wing length ranging from 3.9 to 4.5mm. Vein CuP often merges with vein A, or is reduced, not extending to the hind margin of the wings. Distribution. South America: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. Remarks. As noted above the larvae of this species should be readily recogniz- able due to the presence of large tubercles on terga 7-9. Asioplax texana Tricorythodes texanus Traver, 1935:638. Asioplax texana (Traver): Wiersema and McCafferty, 2000:348. Male adult. Body: Length: 2.8-3.4mm. Coloration pale yellow-brown with black markings. Head: Coloration pale yellow to yellow-brown without dark markings, and with ocelli encircled with black basally. Eyes widely separated, with diameter greater than basal width of lateral ocelli. Thorax: Nota Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 15 a) deep yellow-brown to pale yellow often with darker shading and speckling adjacent to sutures. Forewings length 3.6-4.2mm. Forelegs approximately one and one-half times length of body. Mid- and hindfemora pale yellow to yellow-brown, with sparse black markings. Mid- and hindtibiae usually with black shading and speckling basally extending down to a U-shaped mark at half the tibial length. Hindfemora approximately three-fourths length of hindtibiae and hindtarsi combined. Abdomen: Terga with median transverse black marking, with heaviest pigmentation medially and sublaterally. Sterna with lateral muscle insertion marks black. Subgenital plate with posteriorly produced lateral projections (Fig. 4). Basal swellings of forcep segment two posteriorly directed. Caudal filaments white. Female adult. Body: Length: 3.2-3.5mm. Coloration pale yellow to yellow-brown with spare black markings (legs light except for black markings basally and subdistally on the femora and basally extend- ing to the midlength of the tibiae, and caudal filaments light). Head entirely pale yellow to yellow- brown, venter of head with black shading. Forewings length 4.5-5.0mm. Subanal plate well developed into transparent convexity, which extends distally well beyond the bases of caudal filaments. Diagnosis. Larva: Unknown. Adult: In both sexes the vertex of the head is entirely pale yellow; the length of the hindfemora is about three-fourths the length of the hindtibiae and hindtarsi combined; and abdominal sterna have paired dark lateral dashes, although these may be faint or not seen on all sterna in extremely pale specimens. The subgenital plate of the male is moderately emarginated with posteriorly produced lateral pro- jections. The subanal plate of the female extends distally, well beyond the bases of the caudal filaments. Material Examined. Paratype adult parts on slides, Texas, Devil’s R, VII-2-1917, PERC; 50+ male and female adults, Texas: Val Verde Co, Devils River at Dolan Falls, VIII-4-1994 and X-17-1995, CR Nelson, NAW, PERC. Distribution. North America: USA: west Texas. Remarks. A redescription of the adult stage of A. texana has been given herein in order to augment Travers (1935) and address comparative characters now known to be of interspecific importance in Asioplax. It should be noted that A. texana is only provisionally included in Asioplax, pending the discovery of its larva. Asioplax zunigae, n. comb. Tricorythodes zunigae Molineri, 2002: 293. Diagnosis. Larva: Body length 2.0 mm. Maxillae palps present and two-segment- ed. The setae making up the dorsal transverse row on the forefemora are spatulate. Tarsi lack any blue or blue-black pigmentation basally. Tarsal claws have three to four marginal denticles and paired subapical, submarginal denticles. Abdominal terga lack tubercles. Posterolateral projections of abdominal segment 8 and 9 are well developed with nearly straight lateral margins. Operculate gills are subovate, and their interior ventral lamella is reduced. Adult: Holotype Male 3.0mm in length, with wing length 3.0mm. The dark lon- gitudinal shading on the thorax and abdomen are important distinguishing charac- teristics. Hindfemora are subequal in length to the hindtibiae and hindtarsi com- bined. Females are unknown. Distribution. South America: Colombia. Remarks. On the basis of maxillary palpi morphology, similarities in larval body form, coloration and setation, and distinctively large eyes of the male adult, A. zunigae appears most closely related to A. dolani and possibly the provisional Cuban species 4. sacculobranchis and A. sierramaestrae. 156 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 1b. MB, 2b. 3a. 3b. Aa. Ab. 5a. 5b. 6a. 6b. KEY TO LARVAE OF NORTH, CENTRAL, AND SOUTH AMERICAN ASIOPLAX . Forefemora with dorsal row of short, stout setae (Fig. 2). Maxillae with two- SEPTIC MLS Cho Al HM ey eS ees Soci con ostema tea igebe seins vabde eee mene ence ete 2 Forefemora with dorsal row of long fine setae [Fig. 1 (Wiersema and McCafferty 2000)]. Maxillae without palpi, or with very short one-segmented |OUR ESTA Bic AIRE PUNE DE Me I pbboooncane 3 Abdominal terga with medial band of black shading. Distribution: Colombia.. PAR edt Meo ARES E Sa cates carcaitnn's vege uae ABNOR REAR AEA SR an A. zunigae Abdominal terga with paired submedial dark maculae, giving the appearance of paired submedial, longitudinal stripes. Distribution: southeastern U.S.A.......... CRE ca ee Meee tas eee PERN Lect calcd estar cb oa cboBadodddcoc A. dolani Abdominal terga with posteromedial tubercles. Distribution: South America. 4 Abdominal terga without posteromedial tubercles. Distribution: southwestern WaseAs ‘to Central Amentcar ys oiiesiececccotte tere sete ceee atest eee ee 5 Posteromedial tubercles present on abdominal terga 3-9, larger on terga 6-9. Maxillae without palp. Claws with marginal denticles. Distribution: Ecuador.. Bee aa ton EA IA Ede lhl ASE ALI a5 iguuoags dobodsonaaboooccodbobeeed A. nicholsae Posteromedial abdominal tubercles present on terga 7-9. Maxillae with small one-segmented palp. Claws without marginal denticles. Distribution: NCU UIE, JSIRVA BiaVGl (TAU WENT cossoooccendbsoosdoccoosvbococobodpodoassaadssbooocooee A. santarita Abdominal segment 9 with poorly developed posterolateral projections [Fig. 10 (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1995a)]. Operculate gills ovate. Anterior lateral setae of mid- and hindfemora longer than posterior lateral setae. Distribution: COSbAIRIC A seit PL A a ce See ER ee A. curiosus Abdominal segment 9 [Fig. 2 (Wiersema et al. 2001)] with well developed pos- terolateral projections. Operculate gills subtriangulate. Anterior and posterior lateral setae of mid- and hindfemora of approximately same length. Distribu- tion: west and south-central, NorthyAmenica ye:ceeet- esters eae ee 6 Tarsi with dark blue pigmentation basally. Claws with paired submarginal den- ticles. Distribution: West-central Canada; intermountain U.S.A. ...4. edmundsi Tarsi not basally pigmented as above. Claws without paired submarginal denti- cles. Distribution: east and south Mexico; central, south, and west Texas. ....... Be eee aot RAE LET ey ena e Teer REE Ra RRA MR cco be ntc noc a iandddoandobobbdde séboos A. numinuh la. 1b. Da: 2b. 3a. 3b. 4a. Ab. Sa. Sb. Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 LS KEY TO ADULT OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA ASIOPLAX “2 SS DUT SCULLY C2) Gee ce oe Ue a Re 2 Beeribution: North America (including MEXICO) .............cccccccssoscessssseeeeesnseeeee 3 Basal third of wings with black shading. Distribution: Argentina, Brazil, and areata ieee ei Ree PAS eel B.A ec aves acl als ecadaces A. santarita Black shading limited to costal margin of wings. Distribution: Colombia ........ ENN eto. kt TER, RSS wpe oP Label eatiade) nd ci Ayuda dadennstav A. zunigae Mid- and hindfemora of male (possibly unknown female) extensively shaded in blue-black (Fig. 1). Vertex of head with posterior lateral areas shaded in Bine-plack. Distribution: southeastern USA ...2....6.0....6....ecceee cece A. dolani Mid- and hindfemora not as extensively shaded in blue-black as above. Vertex of head not as above, either entirely shaded in blue-brown to red brown, yel- low-brown with epicranial sutures shaded in red-brown, or entirely pale yel- low-brown. Distribution: west and south-central North America ................... 4 Vertex of head entirely pale yellow to yellow-brown. Hindfemora approxi- mately three-fourths as long as hindtibiae and tarsi combined. Abdominal ster- na with lateral dark dashes. Distribution: west Texas ..................06: A. texana Vertex of head not as above. Hindfemora subequal in length to hindtibiae and tarsi combined, similar to Figure 1. Abdominal sterna without lateral dark dash- es. Distribution: west and south-central North America.................:ceeeseeeeeeeee 5 Males with tarsi with dark bluish pigmentation basally. Vertex of male head yellow-brown with dark pigmented epicranial sutures and sometimes black speckling; vertex of female head dark brown-black, with pale epicranial suture margins and a pale transverse band at posterior margin of head capsule. Sub- genital plate with wide, shallow emargination (Fig. 3). Distribution: west-cen- AMC ANCA: IMLSHMMOUMPAML SAG y 5, 2eesk on. toceoenvesecnscacesanenecienconsee A. edmundsi Tarsi without dark bluish pigmentation basally [Fig. 3 (Wiersema et al. 2001)]. Vertex of head entirely brown-blue. Subgenital plate with narrow and deep emargination [Fig. 4 (Wiersema et al. 2001)]. Distribution: east and south MoxMIcO-ceninal south. and west Wiexas 2.282. 20a aide .e.csteess A. numinuh 158 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Jeff Webb (West Lafayette, Indiana) and Dave Baumgardner (College Station, Texas) for conducting rearings and making collections available to WPM for study, and to Jeff Webb and Lu Sun (West Lafayette, Indiana) for technical assistance. LITERATURE CITED Allen, R. K. 1967. New species of New World Leptohyphinae (Ephemeroptera: Tricorythidae). Canadian Entomologist 99: 350-375. Allen, R. K. 1978. The nymphs of North and Central American Leptohyphes (Ephemeroptera: Tri- corythidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 71: 537-558. Baumgardner, D. E., S. K. Burian, and D. Bass. 2003. Life stage descriptions, taxonomic notes, and new records for the mayfly family Leptohyphidae (Ephemeroptera). Zootaxa 332: 1-12. Kilgore, J. I. and R. K. Allen. 1973. Mayflies of the Southwest: new species, descriptions, and records (Ephemeroptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 66: 321-332. Kluge, N. and K. Naranjo. 1990. Mayflies of the family Leptohyphidae (Ephemeroptera) from Cuba. Entomologicheskoye Obozreniye. 3: 564-578. Lester, G. T., W. P. McCafferty, and M. R. Edmondson. 2002. New mayfly (Ephemeroptera) records from Idaho. Entomolical News 113: 131-136. Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1995a. Contribution to the taxonomy of the Leptohyphi- dae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) of Central America. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environ- ment. 30: 165-176. Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1995b. The mayflies (Ephemeroptera) of Texas and their biogeographic affinities. pp. 151-169. Jn: Current directions in research on Ephemeroptera. L. Corkum and J. Ciborowski (Editors). Canadian Scholars’ Press. Toronto, Canada. 478 pp. Molineri. C. 2002. Cladistic analysis of South American species of Tricorythodes Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae) with the description of new species and stages. Aquatic Insects 24: 273-308. Traver, J. R. 1935. Part II Systematic. pp. 239-739. In, J.G. Needham, J.R. Traver and Y.-C. Hsu [Editors]. The biology of mayflies with a systematic account of the North American species. Comstock. Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. 759 pp. Traver, J. R. 1959. The subfamily Leptohyphinae. Part II: Five new species of Tricorythodes (Ephmeroptera: Tricorythidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 61: IEISHe Wang, T.-Q., R. W. Sites, and W. P. McCafferty. 1998. Two new species of Leptohyphes (Ephe- meroptera: Leptohyphidae) from Ecuador. Florida Entomologist 81: 68-75. Wiersema, N. A. and W. P. McCafferty. 2000. Generic revision of the North and Central American Leptohyphidae (Ephemeroptera: Pannota). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 1262337-371- Wiersema, N. A. and W. P. McCafferty. 2004. Ableptemetes: A new genus of Tricorythodinae (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae) from Mexico and Central America. Entomological News 114: 37-40. Wiersema, N. A., W. P. McCafferty, and D. E. Baumgardner. 2001. Asioplax numinuh, a new species of Ephemeroptera (Leptohyphidae) from Texas and Mexico. Entomological News 112: 301-304. Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 159 FIRST RECORDS OF ADVENTIVE HYMENOPTERA (ARGIDAE, MEGACHILIDAE, TENTHREDINIDAE, AND VESPIDAE) FROM THE CANADIAN MARITIMES AND THE UNITED STATES' E. Richard Hoebeke’ and A. G. Wheeler, Jr.* ABSTRACT: Arge ochropa (Gmelin) (Argidae), Metallus lanceolatus (Thomson) (Tenthredinidae), Polistes dominulus (Christ) (Vespidae), and Anthidium manicatum (L.) (Megachilidae), Palearctic species of Hymenoptera previously recorded from North America, are reported from Nova Scotia for the first time. We also report A. ochropa from New York as the first record from the United States. KEY WORDS: Hymenoptera, Nova Scotia, United States, exotic species, new records Our survey work on adventive insects in Atlantic Canada since 1993 has empha- sized the need for additional detection efforts in this region of North America, par- ticularly Nova Scotia, which historically has yielded records of numerous Old World species (Brown 1940; Morris 1983; Hoebeke and Wheeler 1996, 2003; Wheeler and Hoebeke 1997, 2004; Majka and Klimaszewski 2004). The insect fauna of Newfoundland and the Halifax region of Nova Scotia is noted for its unusually large number of unintentionally introduced Palearctic species (Brown 1940, 1950, 1967; Lindroth 1957). Herein, we report the first collection of four Palearctic species of Hymenoptera from the Maritime Provinces of Canada, and among them, the first U.S. record of Arge ochropa (Gmelin), a sawfly known previously in North America only from Ontario, Canada. All coilections were made by the authors, unless otherwise noted. The number of specimens examined is given in parentheses after each locality record. Voucher specimens have been deposited in the Cornell University Insect Collection, Ithaca, NY. ARGIDAE Arge ochropa (Gmelin) (Fig. 1). This Palearctic sawfly, a destructive pest of ornamental rose (Rosa spp.), is widely distributed in continental Europe and ranges from Siberia to the Middle East. The only previous North American records are from Ontario (Smith 1989): Willowdale (1951), Thornhill (1955), Lake Simcoe, Richmond Hill (1957), Agincourt (1957), and Toronto (1963). New Records: MARITIME CANADA: Nova Scotia: Halifax Co., Halifax, Dal- housie University campus, 4 August 2001, ex Rosa sp. (1 female); Halifax Public ‘Received on February 13, 2005. Accepted on March 20, 2005. > Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 U.S.A. E-mail: erh2@ cornell.edu. Corresponding author. > Department of Entomology, Soils, and Plant Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634 U.S.A. E-mail: awhlr@clemson.edu. Mailed on June 16, 2005 160 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Gardens, 28 July 2003, feeding on ornamental Rosa sp. (numerous mature larvae observed, 5 collected and preserved). UNITED STATES: New York: Tompkins Co., Town Of Ulysses, NE of Jacksonville, 18 June 2003, E. R. Hoebeke and M. E. Carter, resting on grass stem near Rosa multiflora Thunberg (1 female). Figure 1. Arge ochropa, female. A, dorsal habitus. B, lateral aspect. Scale line = 5 mm. TENTHREDINIDAE Metallus lanceolatus (Thomson) (Fig. 2). A Palearctic leafmining sawfly, M. lanceolatus has long been recognized as a common pest of native and culti- vated Geum in English and continental European gardens (Buhr 1933, 1941). Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 16] The species was known previously in the European literature as WM. gei (Brisch- ke); the name was recognized as a junior synonym of M. lanceolatus by Koch (1989). This species was originally recorded from North America under a differ- ent name — M. bensoni Smith; M. bensoni also was synonymized with M. /ance- olatus (Koch 1989). Smith (1971) described M. bensoni based on specimens from New York (Albany Co., near Rensselaerville) and British Columbia (Grouse Mt.). Metallus lanceolatus has been reported (as M. gei) as a pest of Geum in cultivated gardens on the campus of Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Hoebeke 1989), and has been found at other nearby localities (Oswego, NY) (E.R.H., unpublished data). It is the only tenthredinid leafminer of Geum in North America. Mature larvae also were collected from mined leaves (Fig. 2C) of Geum x Borisii and Geum ‘Mrs. Bradshaw’ at the Niagara Parks Botanical Gardens and School of Horticulture in Niagara Falls, Ontario, in 1985 (E.R.H., unpublished data). New Records: MARITIME CANADA: Nova Scotia: Colchester Co., Truro, Nova Scotia Agricultural College (Bible Hill), 29 July 2003, ex Geum sp. (larval mines observed, mined leaves not collected). Halifax Co., Halifax Public Gar- dens, 28 July 2003, ex Geum sp. (numerous larval mines observed, but no larvae in mines; mined leaves pressed and vouchered). VESPIDAE Polistes dominulus (Christ) (Fig. 3). This Old World paper wasp, abundant in the Mediterranean countries, is rapidly expanding its range in the United States (Cervo et al. 2000, Pickett and Wenzel 2000). It was first discovered in the Boston area (Cambridge) in the late 1970s (Hathaway 1981). Since then, it has been reported from most areas in Massachusetts and has increased its distribu- tion in the United States to include California, Colorado, Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Utah, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin (Arduser and Stevens 1999; Landolt and Antonelli 1999; Cervo et al. 2000; Pickett and Wenzel 2000; Kurt M. Pickett, personal communication). In Canada, P. dominulus has been collected by the senior author (unpublished data) at two sites in Ontario: Niagara Falls (Niagara Parks Botanical Gardens and School of Horticulture) in 1997 and Brantford in 2002. It also has been sighted at Kingston in 2002 and Sandfield in 2004 (Borkent and Cannings 2004). Borkent and Cannings (2004) recorded the discovery of P dominulus from Saanich and Salmon Arm, British Columbia, in 2003 and 2004, respectively. An undated specimen of P. dominulus has been confirmed by K. M. Pickett (personal communication) from Kelowna, British Columbia. New Record: MARITIME CANADA: Nova Scotia: Cape Breton Co., Sydney (Wentworth Park), 31 July 2003 (1 female). 162 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figure 2. Metallus lanceolatus, female. A, dorsal habitus. B, lateral aspect. C, leaf mines in Geum sp., larva noted by arrow. Scale line = 2 mm. Figure 3. Polistes dominulus, worker. A, dorsal habitus. B, lateral aspect. Scale line = > ema), Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 163 Figure 4. Anthidium manicatum. A, male, dorsal habitus. B, male, lateral aspect. C, female, dorsal habitus. D, female, lateral aspect. Scale line = 5 mm. MEGACHILIDAE Anthidium manicatum (L.) (Fig. 4). The wool-carder bee, a native of Europe, was first found in North America in central New York (3 counties) in 1963 (Jaycox 1967) and since has been found in eastern Ontario (Guelph, Freelton) (Smith 1991). Hoebeke and Wheeler (1999) provided new records of this adven- 164 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS tive bee for New York (4 counties), Pennsylvania (2 counties), and Ontario (Niagara Falls). It also was collected in Quebec (Montreal) in 1999 (Payette 2001), and in several counties in northern Ohio between 1996 and 2001, and at one site in southern Michigan in 2001 (Miller et al. 2002). Javorek and Mac- Kenzie (2003) in their “Bees of Maritime Canada” did not record A. manicatum; they reported only three introduced species [Apis mellifera L., Megachile rotun- data (F.), and Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson] among 156 species in Maritime Canada. New Record: MARITIME CANADA: Nova Scotia: Colchester Co., Truro, Nova Scotia Agricultural College (Bible Hill), 29 July 2003, visiting flowers of Stachys sp. (3 males, 2 females). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Peter H. Adler (Department of Entomology, Soils, and Plant Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina) for providing helpful comments on an earlier draft of the man- uscript, David R. Smith (Systematic Entomology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, District of Columbia) for suggestions that improved the manuscript and for information on the occurrence of A. ochropa in Ontario, Kurt M. Pickett (Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History, New York) for informa- tion on the occurrence of PR. dominulus in Canada and the U.S., and Kent Loeffler (Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University) for photographing the four species of adventive Hymenoptera addressed in this paper. This research was supported by the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station federal formula funds, Project No. NYC-139413 to ERH, received from Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. LITERATURE CITED Arduser, M. S. and J. A. Stevens. 1999. Polistes dominulus (Christ) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) established in St. Louis, Missouri. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 72: 334-335. Borkent, C. J. and R. A. Cannings. 2004. Polistes dominulus (Christ) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) in British Columbia: first collection records of an invasive European paper wasp in Canada. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 101: 149-150. Brown, W. J. 1940. Notes on the American distribution of some species of Coleoptera common to the European and North American continents. Canadian Entomologist 72: 65-78. Brown, W. J. 1950. The extralimital distribution of some species of Coleoptera. Canadian Ento- mologist 82: 197-205. Brown, W. J. 1967. Notes on the extralimital distribution of some species of Coleoptera. Canadian Entomologist 99: 85-93. Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 165 Buhr, H. 1933. Mecklenburgische Minen. II. Coleopteren-, Tenthrediniden- und Dipteren-Minen. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 94: 47-96. Buhr, H. 1941. Beobachtungen uber Nahrungspflanzen, Verbreitung und Auftreten von minieren- den Blattwespen. Mitteilungen der Munchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft 31: 903-926. Cervo, R., F. Zacchi, and S. Turillazzi. 2000. Polistes dominulus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) invad- ing North America: some hypotheses for its rapid spread. Insectes Sociaux 47: 155-157. Hathaway, M. A. 1981. Polistes gallicus in Massachusetts (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Psyche 88: 169-173. Hoebeke, E. R. 1989. Guest who’s coming to dinner. Cornell Plantations 44(3): 3-5. Hoebeke, E. R. and A. G. Wheeler, Jr. 1996. Meligethes viridescens (F.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in Maine, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island: diagnosis, distribution, and bionomics of a Palearctic species new to North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washing- ton 98: 221-227. Hoebeke, E. R. and A. G. Wheeler, Jr. 1999. Anthidium oblongatum (Illiger): an Old World bee (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) new to North America, and new North American records for another adventive species, A. manicatum (L.). University of Kansas Natural History Museum Special Publication 24: 21-24. Hoebeke, E. R. and A. G. Wheeler, Jr. 2003. Sphaeroderma testaceum (F.) (Coleoptera: Chryso- melidae), a Palearctic flea beetle new to North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 105: 991-995. Javorek, S. K. and K. E. MacKenzie. 2003. The bees of Maritime Canada. Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, Kentville, Nova Scotia. 10 pp. (http://res2.agr.ca/kentville/pubs/bees-abeilles_e.htm; accessed 5 January 2005). Jaycox, E. R. 1967. An adventive Anthidium in New York State (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 40: 124-126. Koch, F. 1989. Revision der westpalaearktischen Arten der Fenusinen-Gattung Metallus FORBES, nebst Bemerkungen zur Gattung Si/liana MALAISE (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Symphyta: Tenthredinidae). Entomologische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden 53: 45-56. Landolt, P. J. and A. Antonelli. 1999. The paper wasp Polistes dominulus (Christ) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the state of Washington. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 75: 58-59. Lindroth, C. H. 1957. The Faunal Connections between Europe and North America. Wiley, New York. 344 pp. Majka, C. and J. Klimaszewski. 2004. Phloeocharis subtilissima Mannerheim (Staphylinidae: Phloeocharinae) and Cephennium gallicum Ganglbauer (Scydmaenidae) new to North America: a case study in the introduction of exotic Coleoptera to the port of Halifax, with new records of other species. Zootaxa 781:1-15. Miller, S. R., R. Gaebel, R. J. Mitchell, and M. Arduser. 2002. Occurrence of two species of Old World bees, Anthidium manicatum and A. oblongatum (Apoidea: Megachilidae), in northern Ohio and southern Michigan. Great Lakes Entomologist 35: 65-69. Morris, R. F. 1983. Introduced terrestrial insects, pp. 551-591. Jn South, G. R. (Editor), Bio- geography and Ecology of the Island of Newfoundland. W. Junk, The Hague, Netherlands. Payette, A. 2001. Premiére mention de |’abeille adventice Anthidium manicatum (Linné) (Hymen- optera: Megachilidae) pour le Québec. Fabreries 26: 87-97. 166 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Pickett, K. M. and J. W. Wenzel. 2000. High productivity in haplometrotic colonies of the intro- duced paper wasp, Polistes dominulus. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 108: 314- By) Smith, D. R. 1971. Nearctic sawflies III. Heterarthrinae: adults and larvae (Hym., Tenthredinidae). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1420. 84 pp. Smith, D. R. 1989. The sawfly genus Arge (Hymenoptera: Argidae) in the Western Hemisphere. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 115: 83-205. Smith, I. P. 1991. Anthidium manicatum (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), an interesting new Cana- dian record. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 122:105-108. Wheeler, A. G., Jr. and E. R. Hoebeke. 1997. Trioza chenopodii Reuter: first North American record of an Old World psyllid (Homoptera: Psylloidea: Triozidae). Proceedings of the Ento- mological Society of Washington 99: 409-414. Wheeler, A. G., Jr. and E. R. Hoebeke. 2004. New North American records of the European broom psyllid Arytaina genistae (Latreille) (Sternorrhyncha: Psyllidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 106: 176-180. Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 167 A NEW OECOPHORID GENUS AND SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: OECOPHORIDAE)' FROM CHINA Shu-Xia Wang’ and Hou-Hun Li’ ABSTRACT: A new oecophorid genus Epiracma is proposed to accommodate two Chinese species: Epiracma dilatata sp. nov. and Epiracma aedeagifera (Wang, Liu et Li). Photographs of the adults and the genital structures are provided. KEY WORDS: Lepidoptera, Oecophoridae, Epiracma, new genus, new species, China The genus Epiracma gen. nov. is proposed based on the study of the three genera closely related to it: Irepacma Moriuti, Saito and Lewvanich, Ripeacma Moriuti, Saito and Lewvanich, and Periacma Meyrick. The type species, Epirac- ma dilatata sp. nov., 1s described based on the specimens collected by light trap from Mt. Fanjing, Guizhou Province, China. Epiracma aedeagifera (Wang, Liu & Li) is transferred from Jrepacma to the present genus, with the female des- cribed for the first time. The type specimens are deposited in the Insect Col- lection, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China. Epiracma gen. nov. Type species: Epiracma dilatata sp. nov. Adult (Figs. 1-3). Head with loosely appressed scales. Antenna filiform, scape without pecten. Labial palpus very long, recurved, thickened with ap- pressed scales; two-segmented in male, three-segmented in female. Forewing broad; costa gently arched; R, originating from middle, Ry and R; stalked, R; reaching termen, M, nearer to M, than CuA,, CuA, arising from angle, CuA, from before angle, and CuP absent. Hindwing elongate-ovate, M, and CuA, con- nate from angle, CuP absent. Abdominal terga with spiniform setae. Male genitalia: Uncus absent. Gnathos very large, forming an irregularly rounded plate, without lateral arms. Tegumen developed. Valva symmetrical, short and broad, without process or verruca at base of dorsal margin; sacculus developed, dorsally with a cluster of spines in basal part. Transtilla absent. Ae- deagus relatively slender, distally with spiniform setae. Female genitalia: Apophysis anterioris short and strong, large thornlike. Ostium set on the anterior edge of 8th sternum. Ductus bursae partially sclero- tized. Corpus bursae with large spine-shaped signum. "Received on January 25, 2005. Accepted on April 8, 2005. ? College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071 China. E-mails: (SXW) shxwang@ nankai.edu.cn; (HHL) lihouhun@nankai.edu.cn. Mailed on June 16, 2005 168 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Cu 1A+2A CuA:2 Sce+Ri 3A {A+2A CuA? a Figs. 1-6. Epiracma dilatata gen. nov. and sp. nov.: 1. Head (&), holotype; 2. head (9), paratype; 3. wing venation (©), holotype; 4. adult (&’); 5. male gen- italia (Slide No. W01249); 6. female genitalia (Slide No. W01250). Diagnosis. Epiracma gen. nov. 1s closely allied to Irepacma Moriuti et al., Ripeacma Moriuti et al. and Periacma Meyrick by forewing broad and labial pal- pus two-segmented in male. However, it can be distinguished from them by uncus absent and gnathos without lateral arms in the male genitalia as well as by apophysis anterioris thick and thornlike in the female genitalia. Epiracma gen. nov. can be further separated from its three allies by both male and female geni- talia: from Jrepacma by sacculus dorsally with a cluster of spines and apophysis Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 169 anterioris well developed, while sacculus lacks clustered spines and apophysis anterioris is completely absent in /repacma; from Ripeacma by transtilla absent and apophysis anterioris strong and thornlike, while transtilla is well developed and apophysis anterioris is obviously long and thin in Ripeacma; from Periacma by valva without process or verruca at base of dorsal margin and apophysis ante- rioris thick and thorn-shaped, while valva has well produced process or verruca and apophysis anterioris is long and rather slender in Periacma. Etymology. The generic name is an anagram formed by reordering the letters of the genus name, Periacma Meyrick. Epiracma dilatata sp. nov. Figs. 4 - 6 Type data. Holotype O&, China: Mt. Fanjing (27.55° N, 108.41° E), Guizhou Province, alt. 1390 m, 29 May 2002, leg. Xinpu Wang, genitalia slide No. W01249. Paratype 19, 28 May 2002, other data as for holotype. Adult (Fig. 4). Wing expanse 17.5 mm. Head orange yellow. Labial palpus orange yellow, tinged with blackish scales on lateral surface of second segment; male second segment becoming slender toward distal end, pointed at apex; female second segment thickened, third segment rather slender, about 1/2 as long as second. Antenna with dorsal surface dark brown, ventral surface grayish yel- low. Thorax, tegula and wings evenly dark brown, somewhat deeper in female. Forewing with costal margin slightly arched, termen quite oblique, apex round- ly protruded. Legs gray. Male genitalia (Fig. 5): Uncus absent. Gnathos a large irregularly rounded plate, finely setose and weakly sclerotized along lateral margin, much shorter than tegumen. Tegumen developed, widely band-shaped. Valva broad, more or less elliptical, narrowed at base, bluntly rounded at apex, marginally set with dense fine setae. Sacculus with basal 3/5 broad, somewhat elliptical, edged with a cluster of spiniform setae along dorsal margin; distal process long and slender, slightly curved, apex rounded. Saccus large triangular. Juxta large, its basal por- tion broadened, distal portion narrowed, posterior margin almost straight. Aedeagus slender, basal 2/5 thin, somewhat handlelike; distal 3/5 thick and straight, with several spines at about 2/3; a small hairy patch set at about 5/6; dis- tal 1/6 a small dilated process. Female genitalia (Fig. 6): Papilla analis developed, somewhat broadly coni- cal, densely setose. Apophysis posterioris relatively thick, nearly as long as papilla analis. Apophysis anterioris short and strong, thornlike, about 1/4 length of apophysis posterioris. Ductus bursae with basal half thickened and sclerotized, distal half narrow and membranous. Corpus bursae slightly shorter than ductus bursae, somewhat long elliptical in shape. Signum a relatively small sclerotized spine, with one edge dentate, basal plate irregularly quadrangular and weakly sclerotized. 170 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Diagnosis. This species is similar to Epiracma aedeagifera (Wang, Liu et Li), but can be distinguished from it by gnathos being much shorter than tegumen, sacculus with distal process not band-shaped and aedeagus distally with a dilat- ed process in the male genitalia; signum relatively small, its basal plate irregu- larly quadrangular in the female genitalia. In E. aedeagifera, the gnathos is near- ly as long as tegumen, the sacculus is a strong and curved band-shaped process distally and the aedeagus has a long leaflike process distally in the male genitalia; the signum is large, its basal plate roughly rounded in the female genitalia. Etymology. This specific name is derived from the Latin dilatatus (dilatate), in reference to the distally dilated aedeagus. Epiracma aedeagifera (Wang, Liu et Li, 2002) comb. nov. Figs. 7 - 9 Trepacma aedeagifera Wang, Liu et Li, 2002: 64. Adult (Fig. 7). Wing expanse 20.0-23.0 mm. Male genitalia (Fig. 8): As illustrated. Female genitalia (Fig. 9): Papilla analis developed, posterior margin some- what rounded, setose. Apophysis posterioris stout, nearly as long as papilla analis. Apophysis anterioris about 1/2 as long as apophysis posterioris. Ductus bursae with basal 3/4 heavily sclerotized and parallel sided, distal 1/4 slightly narrow and membranous. Corpus bursae rounded, shorter than ductus bursae. Signum a large spine, with one edge sawlike, basal plate irregularly rounded and sclerotized. Material examined. Holotype 0, China: Mt. Qingcheng (30.58° N, 103.31° E), Sichuan Province, | June 1979, collector unknown (deposited in the Insect Collection, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University). Paratype 1 0, 5 June 1979, other same data as holotype (deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China). Additional material. 2 00’, 2 99, China: Mt. Fanjing (27.55° N, 108.41° E), Guizhou Province, alt. 1390 m, 28-29 May 2002, leg. Xinpu Wang. Distribution. China (Guizhou, Sichuan). Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 bgt Figs. 7-9. Epiracma aedeagifera (Wang, Liu et Li): 7. adult (Q); 8. male genitalia; 9. female genitalia. Remarks. Epiracma aedeagifera (Wang, Liu et Li) is transferred from Irepacma Moriuti, Saito et Lewvanich, and its female is described for the first time. This species is characterized by the band-shaped and curved distal process of sacculus in the male genitalia and by the large and long thornlike apophysis anterioris in the female genitalia. YZ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to Dr. T. Saito (Entomological Laboratory, College of Agriculture, University of Osaka Prefecture, Japan) for his kind assistance with valuable references. This project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30470211). LITERATURE CITED Clarke, J. F.G. 1963. Catalogue of the type specimens of Microlepidoptera in the British Museum (Natural History) described by Edward Meyrick. Volume 4. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). London, England, United Kingdom. 521pp. Moriuti, S., T. Saito, and A. Lewvanich. 1985. Thai species of Periacma Meyrick and its allied two new genera (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae). Bulletin of the University of Osaka Prefecture (B) 37/2 19-50, Moriuti, S., T. Saito, and A. Lewvanich. 1987. New species of Periacma and Ripeacma from Thailand, with notes on others (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae). Microlepidoptera of Thailand 1: 103-113. Moriuti, S., T. Saito, and A. Lewvanich. 1989. Thai species of the Oecophorine genera Periacma, Trepacma and Ripeacma (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae). Microlepidoptera of Thailand 2: 113-152. Wang, S. and Z. Zheng. 1997. Three new species of the genus /repacma from Shaanxi Province (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae). Entomologia Sinica 4 (1): 9-14. Wang, S. and H. Li. 2002. Four new species of the genus /repacma Moriuti, Saito & Lewvanich, 1985 from China (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae). SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia 30(118): 155-161. Wang, S., Y. Liu, and H. Li. 2002. Two new species of the genus /repacma from China (Lepi- doptera: Oecophoridae). Acta Entomologica Sinica 45 (Supplement): 64-66. Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 4/2) ANT MIDDEN (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) AS AN AIDE IN DOCUMENTING A SPECIES INVENTORY '! Richard J. Wilson Patrock? and Lawrence E. Gilbert’ ABSTRACT: Two Pheidole species considered locally extirpated in a long-term study of the impact of the red imported fire ants were refound in ant midden in the study area. Additional collection infor- mation and observations are given on the practicality of using of ant midden as a tool in studying local ant diversity KEY WORDS: ant midden, fire ants, Pheidole lamia, Pheidole mera, Labidus coecus Ant midden is refuse material that is comprised primarily of a colony’s dead and dispatched enemies, as well as discarded food or other remnants. The con- tents of a midden pile may not clearly reflect recent feeding or other activities of the ants (Vogt et al. 2001) as much as an accumulation of the trash of activities past, with removal depending on the ant’s “trash day.’ While easily overlooked, in central Texas midden is clearly recognizable surrounding the periphery of nests of Dorymyrmex and Pogonomyrmex colonies. Refuse of the very common red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren is placed in small patches along trails, usually up to meters away from the mound. Our interest in midden arises from three applications related to our work (Gilbert and Patrock 2002). We routinely use prepared S. invicta midden to mon- itor for the presence of the introduced biological control agent, Pseudacteon tri- cuspis Borgmeier (Smith and Gilbert 2003) at field release sites. We study the impact of phorid flies on task allocation, including midden work in laboratory colonies (Mehdiabadi et al. 2004). We also monitor for phorid flies around ants associated with midden patches and exposed foraging trails in the field. Finally, since laboratory studies show that dead ants infected with Pseudacteon are car- ried to trash piles in the laboratory, infected workers or heads are likely to be well represented in midden patches in the field. | OBSERVATIONS In August and September 2004, we collected midden around Solenopsis invic- ta colonies to examine fire ant heads for the presence of Pseudacteon tricupsis pupae. Virtually all.of this material was funereal and held few other items. We supplemented this sampling with Dorymyrmex midden since fire ant bodies and heads are often a large component of this refuse (Hung 1974). One area sampled was the Pitfall trap transect A area [Fig. 1 of (Porter and Savignano 1990)] at the "Received on February 2, 2005. Accepted on March 20, 2005. > Brackenridge Field Laboratory, Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin- C0930, 1 University Station C0930 Austin, Texas 78712 U.S.A. E-mails: patrock@mail.utexas.edu and lgilbert@mail.utexas.edu, respectively. Mailed on June 16, 2005 174 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Brackenridge Field Laboratory (BFL) where the flies had been seen on a regular basis and the dirt path allowed for relatively easy finding of midden. No evi- dence of Pseudacteon immatures was recovered from any of the material (N=20 piles). Noteworthy, however, were the remains of three ant species in the midden from three Dorymyrmex colonies, Pheidole mera Wilson, P. lamia Wheeler and Solenopsis geminata (F.). Voucher specimens are deposited in the entomology collection at the University of Texas. DISCUSSION The ant fauna at BFL has been well documented for 30 years (Feener 1978, Porter and Savignano 1990, Chesire 1995, Morrison 2002). Two species we found in midden (P. /amia and P. mera (as P. sp. near casta, S.P. Cover, pers. Comm. 2005, Wilson 2003) were also found by Porter and Savignano but were missed in the follow-up studies of Chesire and Morrison. Both species are patchi- ly distributed, and Feener (1981) describes the historical difficulty in collecting Pheidole lamia in particular. Chesire worked in the same vicinity of oak-hack- berry overstory used by Feener (1981) in his documentation of P. Jamia disper- sion. The results of his study, suggest that P Jamia was absent from this previ- ously well-occupied site described by Feener, perhaps as a result of the prevalent imported fire ant. Morrison (2002) explicitly suggested that fire ants might have contributed to the absence of P. /amia in his study. Our recent finding again of the remains of both of these Pheidole species indicates that fire ants did not extir- pate them but may have helped dramatically reduce their abundance. One extremely abundant species that had substantially diminished at BFL fol- lowing the invasion of S. invicta was the tropical fire ant, S. geminata (Porter et al. 1988). Morrison reported only one set of colonies on the property (near Porter and Savignano’s bait transect 5), almost 0.5 km distant to where we found S. geminata corpses in midden. Extensive bait, litter and pitfall sampling fol- lowing Morrison’s study indicated that colonies would rarely be found elsewhere on the property. The only other finding was from a set of 200 pitfall traps set out in 2000 where one S. geminata worker was caught a few hundred meters to the northeast of our transect. Solenopsis invicta midden typically holds few corpses of other ant species (Vogt et al. 2001, Patrock, Pers. Obs.), but on one occasion the senior author observed S. invicta carrying Labidus coecus (Latreille) corpses to midden piles (TX: Kleberg Co., Escondido Tank, 29 March 2000). He then sampled midden piles along two 100 m transects, one running east and the other west from this observation point. Labidus coecus was found in 31 of the 40 piles (77.5%), along the entire transect (total measured distance was 194.8m). This species accounted for 671 of the 7654 corpses (8.7%+13.8) with the remainder being S. invicta along with two Pheidole sp. minors. One callow S. invicta had an L. coecus worker mandibles attached to its leg. Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 Las Measures of local ant species diversity require multiple sampling methods to compensate for collection biases inherent in any specific method (Bestelmeyer et al. 2000). The observations reported here and that of Hung (1974) suggest that the incorporation of Dorymyrmex midden searches (dumpster diving) can be an additional tool for documenting a local ant species inventory. Allowing ants to do the initial collecting or scavenging work is likely to be most productive in finding either relatively rare taxa or predominately hypogaeic species such as Labidus or S. geminata. While species found in a midden are likely to be the garbage host’s neighbors, the relative abundance of corpses found will probably be influenced by a host of factors. The age of the corpses should be called into question especially if only disjointed body parts are present. From experience, we view its use to be limited primarily to areas where midden can be readily found, such as on dirt roads and paths and other open areas. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Sanford Porter and Stephan Cover for their helpful responses to questions concerning localities of collected Pheidole. This research was supported in part by the Lee and Ramona Bass Foundation, the Robert J. Kleberg and Helen C. Kleberg Foundation and the State of Texas Fire Ant Research and Management Project (FARMAAC). LITERATURE CITED Bestelmeyer, B. T., D. Agosti, L. E. Alonso, C. R. F. Brandao, W. L. Brown, Jr., J. H. C. Delabie, and R. Silvestre. 2000. Field techniques for the study of ground-dwelling ants: an overview, description and evaluation. pp. 122-144. Jn, D. Agosti, J. Majer, L. E. Alonso and T. Schultz [Editors]. Ants: standard methods for measuring and monitoring biodiversity. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington District of Columbia, U.S.A. 280 pp. Chesire, D. R. 1995. Population ecology of a litter ant community. M.A. Thesis. University of Texas at Austin. 66 pp. Feener, D. H., Jr. 1978. Structure and organization of a litter foraging ant community: Roles of interference competition and parasitism. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Texas at Austin. 168 pp. Feener, D. H., Jr. 1981. Notes on the biology of Pheidole lamia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) at its type locality (Austin, Texas). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 54: 269-277. Gilbert, L. E., and R. J. W. Patrock. 2002. Phorid flies for the biological suppression of import- ed fire ant in Texas: Region specific challenges, recent advances and future prospects. Southwestern Entomologist Supplement 25: 7-17. Hung, A. C. F. 1974. Ants recovered from refuse pile of the pyramid ant Conomyrma insana (Buckley) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 67: 522- 523: Mehdiabadi, N., E. A. Kawazoe, and L. E. Gilbert. 2004. Parasitoids and competitors influence colony-level responses in the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Naturwissenschaften 91: 539-543. 176 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Morrison, L. W. 2002. Long-term impacts of an arthropod-community invasion by the imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Ecology 83: 2337-2345. Porter, S. D. and D. A. Savignano. 1990. Invasion of polygyne fire ants decimates native ants and disrupts arthropod community. Ecology 71: 2095-2106. Porter, S. D., B. Van Eimeren, and L. E. Gilbert. 1988. Invasion of red imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): microgeography of competitive replacement. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 81: 913-918. Smith, C. R., and L. E. Gilbert. 2003. Differential attraction of a parasitoid to dead host ants. Florida Entomologist 86: 479-480. Vogt, J. T., R. A. Grantham, W. A. Smith, and D. C. Arnold. 2001. Prey of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Oklahoma peanuts. Environmental Entomologist 30: 123-128. Wilson, E. O. 2003. Pheidole in the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachussetts, U.S.A. 794 pp. Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 177 CHORION MORPHOLOGY OF EGGS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN STINK BUG EUSCHISTUS VARIOLARIUS (PALISOT DE BEAUVOIS, 1817) (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE): A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY STUDY' Selami Candan,’ Zekiye Suludere,’ and Fatma Acikg6z’ ABSTRACT: Eggs of Euschistus variolarius (Palisot de Beauvois, 1817) were examined with light and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). Eggs are deposited in clusters of generally 13-14 eggs per mass. The barrel-shaped eggs are about 1.15 mm long and 0.98 mm in width. Newly deposited eggs are light green and darkened color after the onset of embryonic development. The first external evi- dence of embryonic development is the appearance of paired red eye spots next to aero-micropylar processes. Subsequently the blackish T-shaped egg-burster appears between the eye spots. On the egg surface, polygons formed by spikes are clearly detectable using scanning electron microscopy. This chorionic pattern is usually referred to “as spinose chorion.” The circular hatching line surrounds the operculum. There are 30-35 pipe-shaped aero-micropylar projections at the anterior rim of the egg. KEY WORDS: Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Euschistus variolarius, chorion, external morphology, aero-micropylar process, egg-burster, scanning electron micrographs INTRODUCTION The stink bug genus Euschistus contains approximately 20 species and sub- species in America north of Mexico (Froeschner, 1988). According to the litera- ture, there are four economically important species: E. conspersus Uhler, E. servus (Say), E. tristigmus (Say), and E. variolarius (Palisot de Beauvois) (McPherson and McPherson, 2000; Panizzi et al., 2000). As a result, much infor- mation has been published on their biology including description of the imma- ture stages. Eggs of Pentatomidae have been described by numerous authors (McPherson, 1982; Lambdin and Lu, 1984; Candan and Suludere, 1999 a, b, 2000; Suludere et al., 1999; Wolf et al., 2002 a, b; Danielczok and Kocorek, 2003). One of the earliest and most comprehensive works was that of Esselbaugh (1946) in which he described the eggs of species within several genera, including three of Euschistus (1.e., E. servus, E. tristigmus, and E. variolarius). Javahery (1994) authored a study of egg morphology of Pentatomids including two species of Euschistus (1.e., E. servus, E. tristigmus). Recently, Bundy and McPherson (2000) authored a study of the eggs of stink bugs on cotton and soybeans and included electron micrographs of four species of Euschistus [i.e., E. obscurus (Palisot de Beauvois), E. quadrator Rolston, E. servus, and E. tristigmus]. Finally, Munyaneza and McPherson (1994) authored a comparative study of the "Received on December 31, 2004. Accepted on April 4, 2005. ?Gazi University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Department of Biology, 06500 Ankara, Turkey. E-mails: (SC) scandan@gazi.edu.tr, (ZS) zekiyes@gazi.edu.tr, (FA) facikgoz@gazi.edu.tr. Mailed on June 16, 2005 178 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS biology of E. servus and E. variolarius, including descriptions of the eggs, but did not include SEM micrographs of those eggs. Here we present detailed examinations of the egg structure of E. variolarius, using light and scanning electron microscopes, and compare the results with those of Esselbaugh (1946), Munyaneza and McPherson (1994), Javahery (1994) and Bundy and McPherson (2000) METHODS Adults of E. variolarius were collected from Campus of Iowa State University (U.S.A) on 16 May 2004 and brought to the laboratory. Ten pairs of adults were placed into polystyrene cages closed by cotton cover and fed on graminaceous plants. Fresh eggs were obtained from a colony maintained in same cage under laboratory conditions (at 25°C and 14 L: 10 D photoperiod) at Michigan State University. The eggs attached to cotton cover were removed and placed on Petri dishes. For SEM study eggs were prepared according to Suludere (1988). Some of the cleaned and dried eggs were mounted with double-sided tape on SEM stubs, coated with gold in a Polaron SC 502 Sputter Coater, and examined with a Jeol JSM 5600 SEM at 20 kV in Kirikkale University Research Centre (Turkey). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The eggs of E. variolarius were generally laid in two or three rows or in some cases four or five rows in clusters of 13-14 eggs (12-15) (Fig. 1). They were glued in upright with posterior pole attached to the cotton cover of the contain- ers. Several publications state that the eggs of Heteroptera are deposited upright and attached to each other as well as to the substrate with an adhesive secreted by the female (Southwood, 1956; Cobben, 1968; Hinton, 1981; Javahery, 1994; Candan et al., 2001). The eggs averaged 1.15 mm in length and 0.98 mm in width. Newly laid eggs were light green at oviposition but then their color changed after embryonic development. It is reported that it is normal for the color of eggs to change dur- ing embryogenesis in insects including most of the Pentatomidae (Hinton, 1981; Javahery, 1994). The first external evidence of embryonic development in eggs of E. variolar- ius 1s the appearance of paired red eye spots next to aero-micropylar processes. Subsequently the blackish T-shaped egg-burster appears between the eye spots. Eye spots and egg-burster are also partially visible through the thin semitrans- parent chorion as with Aelia, Mormidea, Coenus, Graphosoma, Piezedorus species. In other genera, such as Acrosternum, Apateticus, Bagrada, Carpocoris, Eurydema, and Perillus the thickness of the chorion, microsculpture of the egg or color prevent observation of the embryv ('. «“hery, 1994; Candan, 1997). Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 179 KIRIKKALE Fig. 1-6. SEM photos of eggs of Euschistus variolarius Fig.1. Hatched eggs mass of E. var- iolarius. Fig. 2. Hatching line in a circular shape (>), operculum (O) and micropylar pro- jections (=) Fig. 3-4. Spines connected by web-like chorionic sheets in the polygonal area. Fig. 5. Micropylar projections (=) among the chorionic spines. Fig. 6. Pores (™) on the micropylar projection and micropylar opening. 180 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Fig. 7-8. T-shaped configurations of the egg-burster (%*) in the hatched egg. The egg is barrel-shaped and capped by a circular operculum. Chorionic spines are present and connected with somewhat flattened ridges that produce a polygonal reticulated pattern (Fig. 2-4). This chorionic pattern is usually referred to “as spinose chorion.” Some of the spines are short, others long, with acute tips. Similar structures are present on the operculum, which is delimited by eclosion line. The eggs of stink bugs show a variety of species-specific sculpturings. The most common pattern appears to be the so-called spinous chorion typified by spines projecting from the surface, less common surface pattern are referred to as smooth and rough chorion, etc. (Javahery, 1994; Wolf and Reid, 2001, 2003, 2004). This spinous surface pattern has been identified in Euschistus species, such as E. variolarius, E. tristigmus, E. servus, E. euschistoides Vo\lenhoven, E. ictericus (L.) (Esselbaugh, 1946; McPherson and Paskewitz, 1984; Javahery, 1994; Munyaneza and McPherson, 1994) using light microscopy, and such as E. obscurus, E. quadrator, E. servus, and E. tristigmus (Bundy and McPherson, 2000) using scanning electron microscopy. There are 30-35 long pipe-shaped aero-micropylar projections along the eclo- sion line discernible among the chorionic spines (Fig. 5, 6). In E. variolarius eggs, the number of micropylar processes has been reported as 28-37 (Essel- baugh, 1946) and 27-33 (Munyaneza and McPherson, 1994). Including E. vari- olarius, all examined species of Eustiscus, including E. obscurus, E. quadrator, E. servus, E. tristigmus, and E. ictericus have 26-39 micropylar processes (Essel- baugh, 1946; McPherson and Paskewitz, 1984; Munyaneza and McPherson, 1994, Bundy and McPherson, 2000). The egg shape, chorionic pattern, egg- burster as well as the number of micropylar projections has taxonomical impor- tance (Puchkova, 1966; Hinton, 1981). In E. variolarius eggs, the surface of aero-micropylar projections is sponge-like and it has numerous pores. Aero- micropylar openings are clearly visible on the tips (Fig. 5, 6). The micropylar process has a central canal for the passage of sperm that becomes cemented when the egg is laid. The rest of the process has a porous structure that serves for res- piratory interchange (Southwood, 1956; Cobben, 1968; Hinton, 1981; Javahery, 1994). Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 181 A T-shaped, blackish, egg-burster is visible before hatching, and has a definite and sclerotized structure. An eclosion line is clearly visible with SEM (Fig. 1, 7, 8). Hatching begins with peristaltic contraction of the nymph’s body, posteroan- teriorly. The egg burster does not separate from the egg during hatching but it remains attached basally to the inner side of the egg (Fig. 7, 8). T-shaped egg- bursters have been reported in the Pentatomidae (Schumacher, 1917; Esselbaugh, 1946; Southwood, 1956; Puchkova, 1959, 1966; Cobben 1968; Javahery, 1994; Candan, 1997; Candan et al., 2001). Until now, no SEM micrograph of other Euchtiscus species have been showed, it’s the first time to show egg-burster of one of the Euchtiscus species by SEM in this study. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to thank Dr. Gary Parsons (Michigan State University Department of Entomology) for the identity of E. variolarius and Kirikkale University Research Centre for providing SEM facilities. LITERATURE CITED Bundy, C. S. and R. M. McPherson. 2000. Morphological examination of stink bug Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) eggs on cotton and soybeans, with a key to genera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93: 616-624. Candan, S. 1997. External morphology of eggs of some Pentatomidae (Heteroptera: Insecta). Ph. D. Thesis. University of Gazi, Turkey. 223 pp. (In Turkish with English summary) Candan, S. and Z. Suludere. 1999a. Chorionic structure of Graphosoma lineatum (Linneaus, 1758) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Journal of the Entomological Research Society 1(3): 1-7. Candan, S. and Z. Suludere. 1999b. External morphology of eggs of Carpocoris pudicus (Poda, 1761) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Journal of the Entomological Research Society 1(2): 21-26. Candan, S. and Z. Suludere. 2000. External morphology of eggs of Carpocoris fuscispinus (Boheman, 1851) (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae). Journal of the Institute of Science and Tech- nology of Gazi University 13(2): 485-491. Candan, S., Z. Suludere, and S. Kiyak. 2001. External morphology of eggs of Codophila varia (Fabricus, 1787) (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae). Journal of the Entomological Research Society 3(1-2): 33-39. Cobben, R. H. 1968. Evolutionary Trends in Heteroptera. Part I. Eggs, Architecture of the Shell, Gross Embryology and Eclosion. Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation. Wagen- ingen, The Netherlands. 459 pp. Danielezok, T. and A. Kocorek. 2003. External morphology of eggs of four African species of Coridius ILL (Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea: Dinidoridae). Polish Journal of Entomology 72: 63- ES Esselbaugh, C. O. 1946. A study of the eggs of the Pentatomidae (Hemiptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 34: 667-691. Froeschner, R. C. 1988. Family Pentatomidae Leach, 1815. The stink bugs, pp. 544-597. Jn T. J. Henry and R. C. Froeschner (Eds.), Catalog of the Heteroptera, or true bugs, of Canada and the continental United States. E. J. Brill. New York, NY, U.S.A. 958 pp. Hinton, H. E. 1981. Biology of Insect Eggs. Pergamon Press, New York NY, U.S.A. Three Vol- umes. 1125 pp. Javahery, M. 1994. Development of eggs in some true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) Part I. Pentatomoidea. Canadian Entomologist 126: 401-433. 182 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Lambdin, P. L. and G. Q. Lu. 1984. External morphology of eggs of the spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Proceeding Entomological Society of Washing- ton 86 (2): 374-377. McPherson, J. E. 1982. The Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera) of northeastern North America with emphasis on the fauna of Illinois. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale and Edwards- ville, Illinois, U.S.A. 240 pp. McPherson, J. E. and R. M. McPherson. 2000. Stink bugs of economic importance in America north of Mexico. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A. 253 pp. McPherson, J. E. and S. M. Paskewitz. 1984. Life history and laboratory rearing of Euschistus ictericus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), with descriptions of immature stages. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 92(1): 53-60. Munyaneza, J. and J. E. McPherson. 1994. Comparative studies of life histories, laboratory rear- ing, and immature stages of Euschistus servus and Euschistus variolarius (Hemiptera: Penta- tomidae). Great Lakes Entomologist 26: 263-274. Panizzi, A. R., J. E. McPherson, D. G. James, M. Javahery, and R. M. McPherson. 2000. Stink bugs (Pentatomidae). pp. 421-474. In, C. W. Schaefer and A. R. Panizzi (Editors). Heteroptera of Economic Importance. CRC Press LLC, New York, NY, U.S.A. 828 pp. Puchkova, L. V. 1959. Eggs of the true bugs (Hemiptera - Heteroptera). V. Pentatomoidea, I. Ento- mologicheskoe Obozrenie. 38(3): 634-648 (In Russian). Puchkova, L. V. 1966. The morphology and biology of the eggs of the terrestrial bugs (Hemiptera). Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae 51: 75-132 (In Russian). Schumacher, F. 1917. Eisprenger bei Wanzen aus der Groupe der Pentatomiden (Hemiptera-Heter- optera). Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 438-443. Southwood, T. R. E. 1956. The structure of the eggs of the terrestrial Heteroptera and its relation- ship to the classification of the group. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society, London 108: 163-221. Suludere, Z. 1988. Studies on the external morphology of the eggs of some Argynninae species (Sathyridae: Lepidoptera). Communications Faculty of Sciences, University of Ankara. Series C, 6: 9-28. Suludere, Z., S. Candan, and Y. Kalender. 1999. Chorionic sculpturing in eggs of six species of Eurydema (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae): A scanning electron microscope investigation. Journal of the Entomological Research Society 1(2): 27-56. Wolf, W. K. and W. Reid. 2001. Egg morphology and hatching in Mormidea pictiventris (Hemip- tera: Pentatomidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 726-736. Wolf, W. K. and W. Reid. 2003. The wart-like chorion of Edessa bifida (Hemiptera: Penta- tomidae). Journal of Submicroscopical Cytology and Pathology. 35 (4): 469-473. Wolf, W. K. and W. Reid. 2004. Post depositional dynamics of eggs of Podisus sagitta (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae). A light and scanning electron microscopy study. Journal of the Ento- mological Research Society 6(1): 1-11. Wolf, W. K., W. Reid, and M. Schrauf. 2002a. Optical illusions in scanning electron micrographs: the case of the eggshell of Acrosternum (Chinavia) marginatum (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Micron 34: 57-62. Wolf, W. K., W. Reid, and D. A. Rider. 2002b Eggs of the stink bug Acrosternum (Chinavia) mar- ginatum (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): a scanning electron microscopy study. Journal of Submicro- scopical Cytology and Pathology. 34: 143-149. Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 183 SYMPIESIS FRAGARIAE (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) PARASITIZES MALACOSOMA AMERICANUM (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE) IN KENTUCKY, U.S.A.: HOST AND GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS' B. A. Choate and L. K. Rieske’ ABSTRACT: Sympiesis fragariae emerged from a single, field collected Malacosoma americanum tent during the spring of 2004 in central Kentucky. This is the first report of S. fragariae parasitizing M. americanum, as well as the first report of this parasitoid within Kentucky. KEY WORDS: eastern tent caterpillar, parasitoid, Eulophidae, Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome The genus Sympiesis is found worldwide. Throughout North America mem- bers of the Sympiesis genus parasitize various Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenop- tera, and Lepidoptera (Noyes 2003). Sympiesis fragariae Miller, parasitizes both lepidopteran larvae that live within cases during their development and pupae that occur within cocoons (Miller 1970, Krombein et al. 1979). Reported lepi- dopteran hosts of S. fragariae include: Hemerophila pariana Clerck (Choreuti- dae), Coleophora malivorella Riley (Coleophoridae), Anthopila pariana (Clerck) (Glyphipterygidae), Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth) (Psy- chidae), Tetralopha robustella Zeller (Pyralidae), Ancylis comptana (Froelich) (Tortricidae), and Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker) (Tortricidae) (Krombein et al. 1979, Noyes 2003). Distribution records within the United States include Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Kansas, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virgin- ia, Wisconsin and West Virginia (Krombein et al. 1979, Noyes 2003). In the spring of 2004, S. fragariae was discovered parasitizing the pupae of a novel Lasiocampidae host, the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum (Fabricius). M. americanum is a common, native Lepidoptera found throughout the eastern United States feeding on rosaceous hosts. Amongst the branches of host trees, larvae communally construct silken tents that serve as the central loca- tion from which group foraging bouts are launched (Dethier 1980, Fitzgerald and Willer 1983). Since 2001, MZ. americanum larvae have been implicated in early fetal losses and late term foal abortions associated with Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome (Webb et al. 2004). Thus, there has been increased interest in M. americanum management, including enhancement of natural enemies. Between 7 April 2005 and 13 May 2005, M. americanum tents were sequen- tially sampled from two black cherry-dominated fencerow sites to characterize associates and assess parasitoid impact (Choate and Rieske /n press). Beginning 13 d post hatch (7 April) six naturally occurring tents, which contained variable ‘Received on January 31, 2005. Accepted on March 22, 2005. ? Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Ag Science North, Lexington, Kentucky 40546- 0091 U.S.A. Emails: bethachoate@yahoo.com, lrieske@uky.edu, respectively. Mailed on June 16, 2005 184 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS numbers of larvae, were collected at 3-5 d intervals from the lower (1.9-4.5 m) and upper (4.75-12.5 m) tree canopy; and the north and south sides of the fencerow. Tents, caterpillars, and associated branches of foliage were immedi- ately transferred to the greenhouse (23°C, 12:12 L:D), and placed within dark- ened cylindrical mesh cages (30.5 x61 cm) fitted with a collection vial. Larvae were provided fresh black cherry foliage as needed. All predators, parasitoids and inquilines were removed from collection vials at 24 h intervals and placed in 70% ethanol until identification. Steve Krauth identified all collected parasitoids and deposited vouchers in the University of Wisconsin Insect Research Collec- tion. A total of 82 parasitoids emerged from 56 collected tents. Two S. fragariae emerged from a single tent containing 5 M. americanum pupae on 20 May 2004. The tent was collected at a height of 2 m from the north side of a black cherry tree (Prunus serotina Ehrhart) in central Kentucky (Fayette Co.) on 10 May 2004. The most prevalent species in our collections was Hyposoter fugitivus (Say), a larval parasitoid (Choate and Rieske /n press). Various parasitoids have been identified as impacting M. americanum pupal development, including several Eulophidae: Dimmockia incongrua Ashmead, Syntomosphyrum clisiocampae Ashmead, and Syntomosphyrum esurus Riley, identified from West Virginia populations (Kulman 1965). An unknown Sym- piesis species has been noted as a pupal parasite of the closely related forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria (Witter and Kulman 1979), which is also found within Kentucky. This is the first record of S. fragariae on M. americanum and the first report of its occurrence in Kentucky. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Kerry Atherton, Tom Coleman, Shelly Kellogg, Nathan Kunze, Aerin Land and Katie Russell for technical assistance. We thank Dr. Lee Townsend and Tom Coleman for reviewing an ear- lier version of this manuscript. Funding was provided by a cooperative agreement between the United States Department of Agriculture and the University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, and Mclntire Stennis funds from the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. This manuscript is pub- lished as Experiment Station Paper 05-08-015. LITERATURE CITED Choate, B. A. and L. K. Rieske. 2005. Life history and age-specific mortality of the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Basse caripi des), Annals of the Entomological Society of America (in press). Dethier, V. G. 1980. The World of the Tent-Makers: A Natural History of the Eastern Tent Caterpillar. University of Massachusetts Press. Amherst., Massachusetts, U.S.A. 68-76 pp. Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 185 Fitzgerald, T. D. and D. E. Willer. 1983. Tent-building behavior of the eastern tent caterpillar Malacosoma americanum (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 56: 20-31. Miller, C. D. 1970. Nearctic species of Pnigalio and Sympiesis. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada. 68:68. Krombein, K. V., P. D. Hurd, D. R. Smith, and B. D. Burks. 1979. Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A. 970 pp. Kulman H. M. 1965. Natural control of the eastern tent caterpillar and notes on its status as a for- est pest. Journal of Economic Entomology 58: 66-70. Noyes J. S. 2003. Universal Chalcidoidea Database. The Natural History Museum. [Electronic ver- sion]. Retrieved Nov. 2004, from http://www.nhm.ac.uk/entomology/chalcidoids/index.html. Webb B. A., W. E. Barney, D. L. Dahlman, S. N. DeBorde, C. Weer, N. M. Williams, J. M. Donahue, and K. J. McDowell. 2004. Eastern tent caterpillars (Malacosoma americanum) cause mare reproductive loss syndrome. Journal of Insect Physiology 50:185-193. Witter J. A. and H. M. Kulman. 1979. The parasite complex of the forest tent caterpillar in north- ern Minnesota. Environmental Entomology 8: 723-731. THE AMERICAN EN TLOMOLDOGIC AL SOG rE APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP Membership coincides with the calendar year running from January 1 to December 31. If joining midyear, back issues will be mailed. Unless requested otherwise, membership application received after October 1 will be credited to the following year. DUES FOR 2005: Regular: $20 Student: $12 $ Students must provide proof of student status Paid membership dues are required for the following member's subscription rates: LJ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Vol. 116 @ $15.00 per year: $ LI TRANSACTIONS OF TAES f ( (x ( 1, lig | Le La Vol. 131 @ $15.00 per year: $ et aL el sa * n a > Se, Thi i yy te Cv 4 te ae ee eH ee Total: $ NAME ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP E-MAIL (PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY) AES Federal ID No.: 23-1599849 TELEPHONE MAIL FORM & PAYMENT TO: L] Check or money order (in US currency through a US bank) : The American Entomological Societ) payable to The American Entomological Society. at The Academy of Natural Sciences Credit card: LJ VISA LJ Discover (1 MasterCard [J AmEx 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195 Telephone: (215) 561-3978 E-mail: aes@acnatsci.org CREDIT CARD NUMBER EXPIRATION DATE NAME ON CARD SIGNATURE www.acnatsci.org/hosted/a Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 187 SCIENTIFIC NOTE DISCOVERY OF THE MILLIPED, AUTURUS LOUISIANUS LOUISIANUS (CHAMBERLIN, 1918), IN TEXAS (DIPLOPODA: POLYDESMIDA: EURYURIDAE)' Chris T. McAllister’ and Rowland M. Shelley’ The North American milliped genus Auturus Chamberlin, 1942 (Polydesmida: Euryuridae) consists of four species, three in the midwest, primarily along the Mississippi River, and one in the southeastern states. The last, A. erythropygos (Brandt, 1841) (syn. A. georgianus Chamberlin, 1942), inhabits the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont Plateau from Lunenburg County, Virginia,‘ to Levy County, Florida, and comprises two subspecies, the nominate, occurring from Virginia to Chatham County, Georgia, and A. e. becki Chamberlin, 1951, in Flori- da and doubtlessly also southern Georgia (Shelley 1978a, b, 1982, 1990, 2000, 2001; Filka and Shelley 1980; Hoffman 1999). Of the three midwestern species, A. mcclurkini Causey, 1955, occurs exclusively east of the Mississippi River in Mississippi and western Tennessee, while the other two span the water-course, occurring westward to the edge of the Central Plains. Auturus evides (Bollman, 1887), ranges from the vicinity of Minneapolis, Minnesota, to the Arkansas River in Arkansas and Oklahoma and extends eastward to eastern Illinois, and A. louisianus (Chamberlin, 1918) extends southward from the Arkansas River to southern Louisiana and Mississippi (Shelley 1982, Hoffman 1999). The latter also comprises two subspecies, the nominate occurring west of the Mississippi River in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and northern Louisiana, and A. /. phanus Cham- berlin, 1942, occurring to the east in Mississippi and southeastern Louisiana. Auturus I. louisianus is abundant in central and southern Arkansas, southeastern Oklahoma, and northern Louisiana (Shelley 1982, McAllister et al. 2002a, b, 2003), and Shelley (1982) predicted discovery in the northeastern corner of Texas, which is compatible with known occurrences in the adjoining states. Repeated efforts to document occurrence in Texas have been unsuccessful, but as euryurids occur almost exclusively in association with moist, decaying hard- wood logs and stumps, particularly under bark, they are among the few millipeds that one can deliberately search for with a reasonable chance of success. On 20 ‘Received on December 1, 2004. Accepted on January 21, 2005. ? Biology Department, Texas A&M University, Texarkana, TX 75505 U.S.A.; CTM E-mail: chris. meallister@tamut.edu. > Research Lab., North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, 4301 Reedy Creek Rd., Raleigh, NC 27607 U.S.A. E-mail: rowland.shelley@ncmail.net. ‘Based on an unpublished sample at the Virginia Museum of Natural History, Martinsville. Sample data: VIRGINIA: Lunenburg Co., south bank Nottoway R. below Nottoway Falls, in rotting birch log, 20°, 9, 14 April 1990, R. L. Hoffman, leg. Mailed on June 16, 2005 188 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS February 2004, a sample of this milliped was collected in litter under an oak log in Cass County to confirm northeast Texas for A. /. Jouisianus; the site is about 1 mi (1.6 km) west of the Arkansas state line (at Miller County, where the species is currently unknown). Locality data are as follows; the specimens are housed in the invertebrate collection of the North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences: TEXAS: Cass Co., ca. 6 mi (9.6 km) NE Atlanta, along FM rd. 3129, 0.5 mi (0.8 km) N Bloomburg, 60°, 59, 4 juveniles., 20 February 2004, Z. D. Ramsey. New State Record. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank R. L. Hoffman (Virginia Museum of Natural History, Martinsville, Virginia), for a pre- publication review and permission to cite the Lunenburg County, Virginia, record of A. e. erythropy- gos. LITERATURE CITED Filka, M. E. and R. M. Shelley. 1980. The milliped fauna of the Kings Mountain region of North Carolina (Arthropoda: Diplopoda). Brimleyana 4:1-42. Hoffman, R. L. 1999. Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication No. 5:1-504. McAllister, C. T., C. S. Harris, R. M. Shelley, and J. T. McAllister, III. 2002a. Millipeds (Arthro- poda: Diplopoda) of the Ark-La-Tex. I. New distributional and state records for seven counties of the West Gulf Coastal Piain of Arkansas. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science 56:91-94. McAllister, C. T., R. M. Shelley, and J. T. McAllister, II. 2002b. Millipeds (Arthropoda: Diplopoda) of Ark-La-Tex. II. Distributional records for some species of western and central Arkansas and eastern and southeastern Oklahoma. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science 56:95-98. McAllister, C. T., R. M. Shelley, and J. T. McAllister, III. 2003. Mullipeds (Arthro-poda: Diplo- poda) of the Ark-La-Tex. III. Additional records from Arkansas. Journal of the Arkansas Aca- demy of Science 57: in press. Shelley, R. M. 1978a. The millipeds of the eastern Piedmont region of North Carolina, U.S.A. (Arthropoda: Diplopoda). Journal of Natural History 12:37-79. Shelley, R. M. 19785. Diplopoda. pp. 222-223, In, R. G. Zingmark (Editor). An Annotated Check- list of the Biota of the Coastal Zone of South Carolina. University of South Carolina Press. Co- lumbia, South Carolina, U.S.A. 364 pp. Shelley, R. M. 1982. Revision of the milliped genus Auturus (Polydesmida: Platyrhacidae). Cana- dian Journal of Zoology 60(12):3249-3267. Shelley, R. M. 1990. Occurrence of the milliped Auturus erythropygos erythropygos (Brandt) in Virginia (Polydesmida: Platyrhacidae). Brimleyana 16:61-62. Shelley, R. M. 2000. Annotated checklist of the millipeds of North Carolina (Arthropoda: Diplo- poda), with remarks on the genus Sigmoria Chamberlin (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 116(3):177-205. Shelley, R. M. 2001 (2000). Annotated checklist of the millipeds of Florida (Arthropoda: Diplo- poda). Insecta Mundi 14(4):241-251. Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 189 SCIENTIFIC NOTE NOTES ON LEUCTRA ALTA (PLECOPTERA: LEUCTRIDAE)' Scott A. Grubbs? James (1974, 1976) described five species of stoneflies from limited geo- graphical areas in Alabama, including four species of Leuctra. One of those species, L. alta James, has been recorded only from two Alabama counties (Stark and Harris, 1986; Kondratieff and Baumann, 2000). During the course of a com- parative life history study of several species of stoneflies from a temporary stream-perennial spring continuum in central Kentucky, repeated collecting for adults revealed two species of markedly different sizes that resembled L. sibleyi Claassen. The larger species was determined as L. sibleyi and the smaller species was indistinguishable from paratype males of L. alta. Both L. alta and L. sibleyi were common inhabitants of the spring-fed reach, occurring at a L. alta:L. sib- leyi ratio of 2:1. In contrast, L. alta was found near-exclusively in the temporary stream at a ratio of 144:1. Additionally, both Stark (2001) and Grubbs (2004) reported L. sibleyi as a member of the stonefly fauna of Indiana. During the latter study fresh material was collected from springs and temporary streams in the southern portion of the state and determined as L. sibleyi. Reexamination of this material and compara- tive assessment with the paratype males revealed that L. alta was collected from two temporary streams and the remaining specimens were of L. sibleyi. In addi- tion, examination of Illinois material from the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS) also revealed the presence of L. alta from the far southern portion of that state. The Kentucky, Illinois, and Indiana localities of L. alta all represent new state records and the prior L. sibleyi county records of Harrison and Ohio in Indiana (Grubbs, 2004) now refer to L. alta. The Alabama paratypes of L. alta are deposited in the Auburn University Entomological Museum (AU) and all Indiana and Kentucky material in the S. A. Grubbs collection at Western Ken- tucky University (WKU). Material Examined. Alabama: Calhoun Co., Camp Cottaquilla Rd., off Ala. 9, N jet. U.S. 78, 14 April 1972, A. James and A. Burnett, 2 & paratypes (AU); Illinois, Pope Co., Bell Smith Springs, 29 April 1949, Sanderson and Stannard, 1 & (INHS); Indiana, Harrison Co., tributary to Potato Run, 6 km E Leaven- worth, 16 May 2000, S. A. Grubbs (SAG) and D. E. King-Grubbs, 3 0, 5 9 (WKU); Ohio Co., tributary to Willow Creek, 5 km NW Enterprise, 4 May 2002, ‘Received on February 8, 2005. Accepted on March 8, 2005. ? Center for Biodiversity Studies and Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, U.S.A. Email: scott.grubbs@wku.edu. Mailed on June 16, 2005 190 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SAG, 1 & (WKU); Kentucky, Hart Co., tributary to Roundstone Creek, 7.5 km NW Bonnieville, 10 May 2000, SAG, 10 &, 15 9 (WKU); same but 30 April — 4 June 2002, SAG, 44 0, 60 9 (WKU); same but 24 April — 23 May 2003, SAG, 44 &, 25 9 (WKU); same but 28 April 2004, SAG, 6 &, 2 9 (WKU). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks are extended to Wayne Clark, Auburn University, for the loan of paratype material, Ed DeWalt, Illinois Natural History Survey, for kindly yielding the Illinois record, and Peter Harper, University of Montreal, for confirming the validity of Leuctra alta. Boris Kondratieff, Colorado State University, Ed DeWalt, and three anonymous reviewers provided constructive comments on an ear- lier version of this note. LITERATURE CITED Grubbs, S. A. 2004. Studies on Indiana stoneflies (Plecoptera), with an annotated and revised state checklist. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 106: 865-876. Kondratieff, B. C. and R. W. Baumann. 2000. Stoneflies of the United States. Jamestown, North Dakota: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online. http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/ distr/insects/sfly/sflyusa.htm. James, A. M. 1974. Four new species of stoneflies in North America (Plecoptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 67: 964-966. James, A. M. 1976. Two new species of Leuctra, with notes on the ferruginea group (Plecoptera: Leuctridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 69: 882-884. Stark, B. P. 2001. North American stonefly list: updated as of February 16, 2001. URL address http://www.mce.edu/campus/users/stark/stonefly.html. Stark, B. P. and S. C. Harris. 1986. Records of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in Alabama. Entomological News 97: 177-182. Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 19] SCIENTIFIC NOTE FIRST RECORD OF TRIOZOCERA VERNALIS KIFUNE AND BRAILOVSKY (STREPSIPTERA: CORIOXENIDAE) FROM THE UNITED STATES, WITH ADDITIONAL RECORDS FOR STREPSIPTERA IN SOUTH CAROLINA' Will K. Reeves’ and Jerry L. Cook’ While some species of Strepsiptera could be agents of biological control, they are poorly studied as a group. The distribution and hosts of most Nearctic Strepsiptera are inadequately documented and no previous reports have focused on the strepsipteran fauna of South Carolina. We examined the strepsipterans in the Clemson University Arthropod Collection (CUAC) and potential hymen- opteran and hemipteran hosts to determine if previously undetected stylopized Specimens were present. Five species of Strepsiptera were identified in the CUAC including, Elenchus koebelei Pierce, Halictophagus sp., Triozocera ver- nalis Kifune and Brailovsky, Xenos pallidus Brues, and Xenos peckii Kirby. Two vials of unidentified male Corioxenidae from Upper Three Runs Creek, Aiken County, South Carolina, collected on 29 July 1984 were examined and in1- tially identified as Triozocera mexicana Pierce. Triozocera mexicana 1s a widely distributed species ranging throughout the southern United States and Mexico (Kifune and Brailovsky, 1987a; Kathirithamby and Peck, 1994). The wing vena- tion and size of the specimens were unusual and upon closer inspection and com- parison to reference specimens all of the 7Zriozocera were identified as T. ver- nalis. Triozocera vernalis was known from Mexico only (Kifune and Brailovsky, 1987b, 1991). This represents the first records of 7’ vernalis from the United States and casts some doubt on the identifications of T’ mexicana in the southern United States. Additional material identified as 7’ vernalis were collected from a spring creek above Camp Eunice approximately 1.1 km south southeast of Ro- berta, Crawford County, Georgia, on 4 and 28 August 1983. Four additional species of Strepsiptera were in the collection. These included E. koebelei, a widely distributed parasite of Cicadellidae and Delphacidae (Kath- irithamby and Peck, 1994; Kathirithamby and Moya-Raygoza, 2000). While not previously reported from South Carolina this strepsipteran ranges from the Gala- pagos to Costa Rica and Mexico north to Ohio and east to Maryland (Kifune and Brailovsky, 1987a; Peck and Peck, 1989; Kathirithamby and Peck, 1994). We report two collections of E. koebelei from 6-21 November 1981 in Clemson, Pickens County, ex Sogatella kolophon (Kirkaldy) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). ‘Received on September 13, 2004. Accepted on March 20, 2005. Viral and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop G-13, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, U.S.A. E-mail: wreeves@alumni.clemson.edu. > Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77320, U.S.A. E-mail: bio_jlc@shsu.edu. Mailed on June 16, 2005 192 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS We discovered stylopized Cuerna costialis (Say) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) with an unidentified Halictophagus sp. collected from Clemson on 2 December 1981 and 7 May 1985. Halictophagus spp. were not known from South Carolina, but Halictophagus acutus Bohart, Halictophagus omani Bohart, and Halicto- phagus oncometopiae (Pierce) have been reported in the southeastern US (Ki- fune and Brailovsky, 1987a; Kathirithamby and Peck, 1994). Two species of Xenos were identified. A single female X. pallidus stylopized an unidentified Polistes collected from Clemson, Pickens County, on 25 November 1983 and two female X. peckii stylopized Polistes fuscatus (Fabri- cius) collected in Clemson on 19 and 25 June 1985. Neither species of Xenos were previously reported from South Carolina but X. peckii parasitizes Polistes metricus Say in northeast Georgia (Hodges et al. 2003). Additional strepsipterans are reported from neighboring states and undoubt- edly occur in South Carolina. For example, Caenocholax fenyesi Pierce, a para- site of Solenopsis invicta Buren was reported from an adjacent county in Georgia (Cook et al. 1997). Five additional species, H. acutus, H. omani, H. oncometopi- ae, Pseudoxenos louisianae (Pierce), and T: mexicana, have been reported from nearby southern states (Kifune and Brailovsky, 1987a; Kathirithamby and Peck, 1994). We thank James Korecki for loaning material from the CUAC and Charles Bartlett for identifying Sogatella kolophon. Voucher specimens have been de- posited at the CUAC. LITERATURE CITED Cook, J. L., J. S. Johnston, R. E. Gold, and S. B. Vinson. 1997. Distribution of Caenocholax Jenyesi (Strepsiptera: Myrmecolacidae) and the habitats most likely to contain its stylopized host, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Environmental Entomology 26: 1258-1262. Hodges, A. C., G. S. Hodges, and K. E. Espelie. 2003. Parasitoids and parasites of Polistes metri- cus Say (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in northeast Georgia. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 96: 61-64. Kathirithamby, J. and S. B. Peck. 1994. Strepsiptera of South Florida and the Bahamas with the description of a new genus and new species of Corioxenidae. Canadian Entomologist 126: 125- 134. Kathirithamby, J. and G. Moya-Raygoza. 2000. Halictophagus naulti sp. n. (Strepsiptera: Halic- tophagidae), a new species parasitic in the corn leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from Mexico. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93: 1039-1044. Kifune, T. and H. Brailovsky. 1987a. Consideracion sindptica de los Estrepsipteros Mexicanos y un prospecto a investigaciones futuras. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México. Serie Zoologia 58: 221-230. Kifune, T. and H. Brailovsky. 1987b. Two new species of Mexican Strepsiptera in the collection of the Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México (Notulae Strepsipter- ologicae-X VIII). Kontyu 55: 132-138. Kifune, T. and H. Brailovsky. 1991. Localidades nuevas para el genero Triozocera en Mexico (Strepsiptera: Corioxenidae). Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Serie Zoologia 62: 527. Peck, S. B. and J. Peck. 1989. Elenchus koebelei (Pierce) (Elenchidae): first records of Strepsiptera from the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Coleopterists Bulletin 43: 203-204. Vol. 116, No. 3, May & June 2005 193 BOOK REVIEW THE TARANTULA SCIENTIST by Sy Montgomery. Photographs by Nic Bishop. 2004. Houghton Mifflin. Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. 80 pp. ISBN 0- 618-14799-3. US$18.00. The latest in the highly regarded “Scientists in the Field” series, this exciting new book from award-winning writer Sy Montgomery lets readers tag along with tarantula specialist Sam Marshall of Hiram College (Hiram, Ohio, U.S.A.) on a field trip to French Guiana. Montgomery made an excellent choice in her enthusiastic subject, as Marshall has a gift for mak- ing clear that scientific research is something almost anyone can do. “Scientific research is just a way of asking a question and answering it,” he says. Reinforcing that scientists are also regular people, Sam naps in his hammock and later falls down a slope after being stung by wasps. He good-hearted- ly explains that he was a poor student in school until he found his passion. The book’s opening moments find Sam in French Guiana (South America) enticing a Goliath bird-eater tarantula from its nest. His fun attitude to his subject shows. “Come out with your tarsi up!” he says. And when the expedition arrives at a steep incline, a likely site for tarantula dwellings, he explains, “They like a room with a view.” Why Sam is measuring and weighing tarantulas, and counting the number in a series of quadrants, is clearly explained. We find out that there are 850 extant species of tarantulas worldwide, that they use silk although they don’t make webs, and that in some places people roast and eat tarantulas. The text follows the use of a scanning electron microscope to examine leg hairs, also known as setae, in a study to determine how Goliath bird-eater tarantulas make hissing sounds. Readers also visit Sam’s Spider Lab back in Ohio, “the only comparative tarantula lab in the world that’s global in reach.” The lab has 500 living spiders. As usual in this series, young people are shown participating in research. The images in this book are excellent. Biologist-photographer Nic Bishop’s marvelous stop- action shots capture a New World tarantula brushing hairs from its abdomen, and a colorful Pterinocholus rearing up aggressively. An Avicularia spider lies in its silken hammock to molt. An important section walks readers through kingdom, phylum, class, order, and family, to explain where tarantulas fit in, and provides close-ups of body parts. Many captions include family or common names. Montgomery wisely includes information on handling tarantulas, and discourages keeping them as pets. There is also a glossary and index, suggested further reading, and websites suitable for chil- dren. For ages 9 to 14. Suzanne McIntire Arlington, Virginia, U.S.A. E-mail: maxintire@comcast.net Mailed on June 16, 2005 194 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS BOOK REVIEW MANUAL DE ETNOENTOMOLOGIA. 2002 by Eraldo Medeiros Costa-Neto. M & T. Manuales & Tesis. 4. SEA (Socieded de Entomologia Aragonesa). Zaragoza, Spain. 104 pp. ISBN (volume): 84-932807-1-2. Paperback. In Spanish. Long ago, I was introduced to ethnoentomology through a Taino-Spanish dictionary. In the early 2000s, while requesting collecting permits from and interacting with Native Americans of the Zia and Jemez Pueblos of northern New Mexico (U.S.A.), I had not noticed insects as being an obviously important element in their cultures. Last summer 2004, just as the Smithsonian’s Museum of Native American Indians was being inau- gurated, I began wondering about ethnoentomology or the interdisciplinary study of relationships between “insects” and human culture (p. 3) and decided to plunge into the field to discover the major structure of what has been written on the subject. In doing so, I came across a growing body of literature, journals, and groups devoted to this field. One of the books I found was the Spanish-written Manual de Etnoentomologia (Ethn- oentomology Manual) by the Brazilian biologist Eraldo Medeiros Costa-Neto. The Manual is divided in four parts, following major fields of interest in the ethnoentomological literature. In Part 1 (chapters 1-3), Costa-Neto describes the history and distinct theoretical approaches to ethnoento- mology in, at least two, axes: |) the role of cultural comparisons in ethnoentomological research and 2) the role of “use” of an insect. In an emic approach, the researcher views human-‘insect’ interactions from the local culture’s point of view. On the other hand, the outsider’s approach (etic) takes into consideration the re- searcher’s analysis, where s/he perceives the cultural organization according to his/her own terms. Both methodological perspectives have different data collection and analysis protocols (E. M. Costa-Neto to Santiago-Blay, pers. comm., May 2005), and 2) what is the relative importance of use of an “insect” in the culture being studied (utilitarian or intellectualist approach). As traditional entomological knowledge (TEK) is much older than the scientific knowledge of insects, TEK is potentially useful to humanity (chapter 3). Part 2 (chapter 4) includes a discussion of “what is an “insect.” The cultural concept, “insect,” needs not to coincide with the notion used by scientists. Furthermore, human attitudes toward “insects” may vary im- mensely. Of course, fomenting the destruction of “insects” can be particularly detrimental for threatened or endangered species. Part 3 (chapters 5-8) includes a classification or typology of the plethora of human — insect interactions: language, the arts, entertainment, prediction of future events, sexuality, sociology, domestication, bioindica- tors, source of smells, education, science, nutrition (including some interesting recipes, chapter 6), source of medicinal remedies (chapter 7), and religion (chapter 8). In reading these chapters, memories of radio and tel- evision advertisements as well as popular films that depict insects and/or entomologists in less than the best possible light, crossed my mind. A great feature of the Manual is its great breadth of examples, both geo- graphically and temporally. Part 4 (chapters 9-10) discusses methods in ethnoentomology. The Manual de Etnoentomologia concludes with a Code of Ethics of Ethnobiology (www.sbee.org.br, pp. 90-92) and a substantial References section (pp. 93-104). For the novice in the field, like me, this volume does an excellent job summarizing the field in clear and simple fashion. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author of the Manual de Etnoentomologia, Eraldo Medeiros Costa Neto (Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciéncias Biologicas, Feira de Santana, Bahia Brasil) kindly reviewed this piece and offered clarifications. Jorge A. Santiago-Blay Department of Paleobiology, Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Washington, District of Columbia 20013-7012 U.S.A. E-mail: blayj@si1.edu. Mailed on June 16, 2005 Vol. 115, No. 4, September & October 2004 195 RECENTLY PUBLISHED BOOKS BRIEFLY NOTED Jorge A. Santiago-Blay' From DNA to diversity. Molecular genetics and the evolution of animal design. 2005. S. B. Carroll, J. K. Grenier, and S. D. Weatherbee. Blackwell Publish- ing. Malden, Massachusetts, U.S.A. 258 pp. Excellent work featuring the importance of developmental regulation in evolution or “‘evo-devo.” This is an easy-to-read tome containing excellent illustrations and bibliographies at the end of every chapter. From DNA to Diversity features numerous examples on arthropods and insects. Undergraduate and graduate students will enjoy this entrée into the vast and often complex literature. Frontiers of biogeography. New directions in the geography of nature. 2004. M. V. Lomolino and L. R. Heaney. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Massachusett., U.S.A. Published in association with the International Biogeo- graphy Society. 436 pp. Excellent collection of papers written by over 30 colleagues, many of them familiar names in different branches of ecological and evolutionary biogeography. Among many valuable contributions, there is a global plate tectonic tree diagram (pp. 10-11 and plates 1-18), numerous examples of techniques used to link biological and environmental variables through time, papers researching phylogeographic and global patterns both on land and in the sea. The fire ant wars. 2004. J. B. Buhs. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. 216 pp. This work follows the march of the red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta Buren, Formicidae) from South America in the early 20th century to the U.S.A. with special interest in the “politics” of the prac- tices to control it. Morphology, shape and phylogeny. 2002. N. MacLeod and P. L. Forey (Edi- tors). Systematics Association Special Volume Series 64. Taylor & Francis, London, England, United Kingdom. 308 pp. A collection of excellent papers by many of the leaders in the field of morphometrics and its impact on phylogenetic analyses. The rarest of the rare. Stories behind the treasures at the Harvard Museum of Natural History. 2004. Text by N. Pick. Introduction by E. O. Wilson. Photo- graphs by M. Sloan. Harper Collins Publishers Inc., New York, NY, U.S.A. 178 pp. Fascinating story of natural history through the lens of the research efforts of scientists at Harvard University and its Museum. Assembling a tree of life. 2004. J. Cracraft and M. J. Donghue. Oxford University Press. Oxford, England, United Kingdom. 576 pp. A collection of thought-provoking essays by leading workers in biodiversity. Excellent breadth of cov- erage, from bacteria and archaeans to animals. ' Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia 20013-7012 U.S.A. E-mail:blayj@si.edu. Mailed on June 16, 2005 196 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SOCIETY MEETING OF FEBRUARY 23, 2005 The Jeweled Metamorphosis Faith B. Kuehn, Plant Industries, Delaware Department of Agriculture Beginning the year on a different note, Dr. Faith Kuehn explored the use of the insect image in jewelry during the first Society meeting of 2005. Scarab representations of Re, the sun god who rolled the sun across the sky, were among the earliest uses of insects in jewelry. Later, jewelry assumed a more decorative role, and insects worn for adornment conveyed a symbolic meaning. For example, the cicada represented rejuvenation and rebirth, the dragonfly swiftness, and the fly persistence and bravery. In some cultures, such as Native American tribes in California and tribes in southern Africa, moth cocoons with added sand or seeds were used as decorative rattles. The 19th century brought a period of “ornithological and entomological fevers,” and jeweled insect adornments of hats, dresses and vests were extremely popular. Led by Rene Lalique, Art Nouveau in the early 20th century brought jewelry into the realm of wearable art versus wearable jewels. Lalique worked in a stylized realism, and reflecting the contemporary interest in Japanese art, cre- ated jewelry using dragonflies, cloisonné, and relatively humble materials such as horn, bone and IVOTY. Dr. Kuehn has also visited contemporary jewelry artists in their studios to observe and discuss how they are incorporating insects in their work. Among contemporary jewelry artists, the shape, color and texture of the insect body, along with many of its behavioral traits, continue to serve as a rich source of inspiration. The pieces may be realistic, employing wings and elytra or the entire body of the insect. Some artists use precious metals while creating anatomically correct works, including features such as articulating appendages. Others use highly stylized forms and a wide array of found objects. Although to some entomological enthusiasts insect jewelry may seem merely a decoration and of trivial interest, Dr. Kuehn emphasized that this jeweled art can play a much more important role in a society that is increasingly separated from nature. Insect jewelry, as an art form, can help to shorten the psychic space between insects and humans. Art illuminates an object, encourages us to take a closer look, to pause and reflect. As such, it is a good medium to reach out to the public and encourage them to take a closer look at the wide and fascinating world of insects. Several Cornell drawers and display boxes from Dr. Kuehn’s collection were set up to accen- tuate the evening’s talk. Displays included Lucanidae, Coccinellidae, the Morpho group of but- terflies, “Entofantasia” (fantasy insects of unknown taxonomy), Jewel Beetles (Buprestidae and Scarabaeidae), and “Broadsides from Other Orders.” Complementing Dr. Kuehn’s displays, Dr. Dennis Bartow brought in a display of buttons spanning several centuries that illustrate insect themes. In other news, Jason Weintraub reported the rearing of a buprestid beetle, Cypriacis aurulenta (Linnaeus), a species known from western North America, from a piece of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) wood in a workshop in Chester Country, Pennsylvania (the specimen is now in the Academy of Natural Sciences collection). Jon Gelhaus and Greg Cowper brought in a live speci- men of the Pink Webspinner, Haploembia solieri (Rambur) in the order Embiidina (= Embioptera) for members to observe. This order is unknown in the Northeast. Several of these insects were col- lected from soil and leaf litter along with crane fly larvae from central California (Merced). This meeting saw the election of the Society’s Executive Council for two-year terms. Dr. Susan King was reelected President, along with Dr. Jamie Cromartie (Vice President), Dr. Faith Kuehn (Treasurer), Mr. Greg Cowper (Corresponding Secretary), and Dr. Charles Bartlett (Recording Secretary). Both Kuehn and Cowper are new additions to Council. There were 32 members and visitors at the meeting. Jon Gelhaus, (Past) Corresponding Secretary of The American Entomological Society E-mail: gelhaus@acnatsci.org Mailed on June 16, 2005 Agreement. By submitting a paper for publication, authors tacitly agree to not submit in parallel the same manuscript to another journal. For published papers, authors agree to accept responsibility for all page, illustration, and requested reprint charges. Rejected manuscripts will be discarded, ex- cept for original artwork and photographs, which will be returned to the authors. Scientific Notes and Book Reviews. These are much shorter contributions, typically not exceed- ing one (Book Review) or two (Scientific Notes) printed pages. The main difference between these types of contributions and longer papers is that scientific notes and book reviews lack an abstract and most of the main headings, except for the acknowledgments and the literature cited sections. Reviewers. When submitting papers, all authors are requested to provide the names of two qual- ified individuals who have critically reviewed the manuscript before it is submitted to Entomological News. All papers, except book reviews, are forwarded to experts for final review before acceptance. In order to expedite the review process when submitting papers, the authors are also asked to suggest the name, address, email, telephone and fax of at least three experts in the subject field to whom the manuscript may be forwarded for additional review. Ideally, the review process should be completed within 30 days. If additional reviews are necessary, authors will be requested to suggest the name, address, and e-mail of other colleagues to whom the article may be sent. The editor reserves his pre- rogative of sending the manuscript to other reviewers. Authors are also welcome to list the names of colleagues to whom the article should not be sent, with a brief explanation. Upon return of reviews, authors will be asked to modify their papers to accommodate suggestions of the reviewers and the editor as well as to conform to requirements of Entomological News. If authors do not modify their papers, they should specifically address, on a point by point basis, why they are not doing that. Page Proofs. The printer will send page proofs to the editor, then the proofs will be sent to the corresponding authors as .pdf files, together with the reprint order form. Authors must process proofs and return them to the editor by e-mail. Authors who anticipate being absent are urged to provide for- warding addresses or to provide a temporary address (with dates). Proofs not received on time from authors may be published at a later date. The editor will collect the page proofs and send them to the printer. Page and Reprint Charges. Charges for publication in Entomological News are US$25.00 per published page (or part) for members and US$30.00 per published page (or part) for nonmembers. Authors will be charged for all text figures and halftones at the rate of US$30.00 each, regardless of size. If hard copy reprints are desired, they must be ordered together with the proofs. Reprints as .pdf files are available for the authors. There are no page charges for book reviews. There are no dis- counts. For options and charges, visit Entomological News web page and/or contact the editor. Authors will be mailed invoices for their total page(s) and reprints, including shipping charges. After receiving invoice, please remit payment, or address questions, to The American Entomological Society, The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-1195 U.S.A. Articles longer than 20 printed pages of Entomological News may be published in two or more installments, unless the author is willing to pay the entire cost of a sufficient number of additional pages in any one issue to enable such an article to appear without division. Entomological News is widely indexed. Entomological News is listed in the Science Citation Index Expanded (updated on February 26, 2005). In addition, the Ulrich’s Periodical Index for 2005 lists Entomological News as being indexed by dozens of sources, including Biological Abstracts, Agricola, Zoological Abstracts, Medline, Ingenta, and many others. Impact factor and other infor- mation science data on Entomological News can be found at http:// sciencegateway.org/impact/. Entomological News is printed by Dover Litho Printing Company, 1211 North DuPont Highway, Dover, Delaware 19901 U.S.A. Telephone (302) 678-1211; fax: (302) 678-8091; toll-free telephone (800) 366-9132; Web Page: www.doverlitho.com. Dover Litho has been recognized by DENREC and DELRAP Green Industries as “The Most Environmentally Conscious Printer in the State of Delaware.” SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRAR 5 wniiuiinniiiiin 3 9088 01142 1211 Continued from Front Cover SCIENTIFIC NOTE(S): Discovery of the milliped, Auturus louisianus louisianus (Chamberlin, 1918), in Texas (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Euryuridae) Chris T. McAllister and Rowland M. Shelley 187 Notes on Leuctra alta (Plecoptera: Leuctridae) Scott A. Grubbs 189 First record of Triozocera vernalis Kifune and Brailovsky (Strepsiptera: Corioxenidae) from the United States, with additional records for Strepsiptera in South Carolina Will K. Reeves and Jerry L. Cook 191 BOOK REVIEWS: The tarantula scientist by Sy Montgomery. Photographs by Nic Bishop Suzanne McIntire 193 Manual de Etnoentomologia by Eraldo Medeiro de Costa-Neto Jorge A. Santiago-Blay 194 Recently published books briefly noted Jorge A. Santiago-Blay 195 AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY BUSINESS: Society Meeting of February 23, 2005 Jon Gelhaus 196 Buthid scorpion in Dominican amber. Approximately 20 million years old. Photo by Patrick R. Craig (Monte Rio, California, U.S.A) We | J __ | flight activity of stored-product moths (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, = chiidae) in South Carolina, U.S.A. Richard T. Arbogast 197 A new species of Jsophya Brunner von Wattenwyl (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) from Turkey Mustafa Unal 209 Life history and laboratory rearing of a western U.S.A. hemipteran, Macrovelia hornii (Macroveliidae) J. E. McPherson, Steven J. Taylor, Steven L. Keffer, and John T. Polhemus 217 Three new species of the subgenus Hygia (Microcolpura) Breddin from southeastern Asia, and new taxonomic rearrangements (Hemiptera: Coreidae: Coreinae: Colpurini) Harry Brailovsky and Ernesto Barrera 225 The Mexican pine beetle, Dendroctonus mexicanus: First record in the United States and co-occurrence with the Southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae or Curculionidae: Scolytinae) John C. Moser, Bobbe A. Fitzgibbon, and Kier D. Klepzig 235 Winter prey preference of Perlodes microcephalus (Pictet, 1833) (Plecoptera, Perlodidae) in an Apenninic creek, northwestern Italy S. Fenoglio, T. Bo, and M. Cucco 245 A key to adult Nearctic Pasimachus (Pasimachus) Bonelli (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Scaritini), with comments on their functional mouthpart morphology Foster Forbes Purrington and Cathy J. Drake 253 AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY BUSINESS AND SCIENTIFIC NOTES Sarah Kirk receives the 2005 American Entomological Society’s Calvert Award Harold B. White IIT 262 Molecular genetic evidence for a novel bacterial endosymbiont of [costa americana (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) Will K. Reeves 263 First record of Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Acari: Ixodidae) on Lepus europaeus (Lagomorpha: Leporidae), an introduced host into the New World Darci M. Barros-Battesti and Marcelo B. Labruna 266 Continued on Back Cover ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, AND : ~ NEW GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS OF ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Entomological News is published bimonthly except July-August by The American Entomological Society, which is headquartered at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia; PA 19103-1195 United States of America. AES can be reached, as follows: telephone (215) 561-3978; fax (215) 299-1028; e-mail, aes@acnatsci.org and website: http://www. acnatsci.org/hosted/aes. - ‘Calvert Award. Information on the Calvert Award for insect-related study by a young person in the Delaware River Valley region sponsored by The American Entomological Society can be found at: http://www.udel.edu/chem/white/ Odonata/CalvertAwd.html. Subscriptions to current issues, back issues, and microforms of Entomological News. Private sub- scriptions for personal use of members of the American Entomological Society are US $15 per year pre- paid. Subscriptions for institutions, such as libraries, laboratories, government agencies, etc. are US $30 per year prepaid for those located in the U.S.A. and US $34 per year prepaid for those located outside the U.S.A. Back issues when available are sold by complete volume, for US $15 to members, and US $30 to nonmembers. Membership / subscription application and additional information is available at: http://www.acnatsci.org/ hosted/aes/subscription.html. Please send inquiries or send completed member- ship form to: Office Manager at the address above, e-mail: aes@say.acnatsci.org, or call (215) 561- 3978. Entomological News is available in microform from ProQuest Information and Learning. Call toll- free (800) 521-3042, (800) 521-0600, (734) 761-4700. Mail inquiry to: ProQuest Information and Learning, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106-9866 U.S.A. Previous editors of Entomological News: 1(1) January 1890 and 1(2) February 1890, Eugene Murray Aaron (1852-1940); 1(3) March 1890 to 21(10) December 1910, Henry Skinner (1861-1926); 22(1) January 1911 to 54(9) November 1943, Phillip P. Calvert (1871-1961); 54(10) December 1943 to 57(10) December 1946, Editorial Staff with A. Glenn Richards (1909-1993) and R. G. Schmieder (1898-1967) as co-editors; 58(1) January 1947 to 79(7) July 1968, R. G. Schmieder; 79(8) October 1968 to 83(10) to December 1972, Ross H. Arnett, Jr. (1919-1999); 84(1) January 1973 to 85(4) April 1974, R. W. Lake; 85(5-6) May & June 1974 to 113(3) May & June 2003, Howard P. Boyd; 113(4) September & October 2002 to 113(5) November & December 2002, F. Christian Thompson and Michael Pogue. New Guidelines for authors of Entomological News: Further guidelines can be found on http://www.geocities.com/entomologicalnews/instructions.htm Subject Coverage: Insects and other terrestrial arthropods. Manuscripts on systematics, ecology, evolution, morphology, physiology, behavior, biodiversity, conservation, paleobiology, and other aspects of insect and terrestrial arthropod life as well as nomenclature, biographies and history of entomology, among others, are appropriate topics for papers submitted to Entomological News. Papers on applied, eco- nomic, and regulatory entomology or on toxicology and related subjects will be considered only if they also make a major contribution in one of the aforementioned fields. In accordance with the spirit and letter of international codes of biological (e.g. zoological, botanical, etc.) nomenclature, the editor of Entomological News recommends that name-bearing types and represen- tative (voucher) specimens be deposited in collections where such specimens are well curated and avail- able to qualified researchers. Any author may submit papers. Manuscripts will be accepted from any author, although, papers from members of the American Entomological Society are given priority. Authors are urged to read the guidelines to the authors carefully. It is suggested that all prospective authors join the AES. Send manuscripts, books for review, and editorial correspondence to the editor. All manuscripts, including scientific notes and book reviews, submitted for publication in Entomological News as well as all associated editorial communications must be sent to the Editor, Jorge A. Santiago-Blay at this address: Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 U.S.A. If an author uses a mailing service that does not accept addresses with a P. O. Box, please use this address: Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, West Loading Dock, Washington, District of Columbia 20560 U.S.A. Other means of contacting the Editor are, as follows: Phone: (202) 633-1383, Fax: (202) 786-2832, e-mails: blayj@si.edu, or blayj@hotmail.com, or via the webpage at http://www. geocities.com/entomologicalnews/contact.htm. E-mail is the preferred way to contact the editor and the fastest way to get a reply. Books for review should also be sent to the editor who will, in turn, give them to a colleague for review. The receipt of all papers will be acknowledged and, if accepted, they will be pub- lished as soon as possible. Postmaster: If undeliverable, please send to The American Entomological Society at The Academy of Natural Sciences 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway / Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195 PERIODICAL POSTAGE PAID AT DOVER, DELAWARE 19901 U.S.A. Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 200 SEASONAL FLIGHT ACTIVITY OF STORED-PROBLUE YES MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE, GELECHUDAE) IN SOUTH CAROLINA, U.S.A! °° Cy lala Richard T. Arbogast’ : ABSTRACT: There is little information available on the flight activity of stored-product moths out- side farm bins during grain storage and inside empty bins after removal of the grain. The flight activ- ity of three species — Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), Cadra cautella (Walker), and Sitotroga cereal- ella (Olivier) — was monitored for two storage seasons on two farms in southern South Carolina by means of pheromone-baited traps. Plodia interpunctella accounted for most captures by far, followed by C. cautella and S. cerealella. Various moths other than stored-product species were also captured. Moth activity in general was highest in the spring and fall, lowest in the winter. All of the storage species showed at least some activity throughout the year, but trap catch of P. interpunctella was con- centrated in the spring and that of C. cautella in the summer and fall. Sitotroga cerealella was taken in relatively low numbers, especially during the second storage season. During the first storage sea- son, most captures of S. cerealella occurred in spring and summer, but we had no fall data. Of the few captured during the second storage season, most were captured in the fall. Plodia interpunctella was abundant in empty storage bins during the brief period between crops in late summer, but C. cautella and S. cerealella were found in smaller numbers. Air temperature clearly had an impact on flight activity, but seasonal affects other than the direct impact of temperature, such as the influ- ence of temperature on population growth and decline, must also influence flight activity. KEY WORDS: seasonal flight activity, stored-product moths, Lepidoptera, Plodia interpunctella, Cadra cautella, Pyralidae, Sitotroga cerealella, Gelechiidae, stored grain, South Carolina, U.S.A. The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), the almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker), and the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), are cosmopolitan pests of stored grain. All three species are commonly encoun- tered in shelled corn stored on farms in South Carolina and are often abundant at the surface of the grain bulk, and in the headspace of the storage bins (Horton 1982, Arbogast and Throne 1997, Arbogast and Chini 2005). The first two spec- ies (Pyralidae) attack a wide range of plant material in addition to cereal grains and their products. Although they cannot feed on intact kernels, grain harvested by combine contains enough broken kernels and fine material to support popula- tion growth. The Angoumois grain moth (Gelechiidae) deposits its eggs on the outside of grain kernels, and newly hatched larvae burrow into the kernels or enter through cracks in the pericarp. Development is completed within a kernel, and the adult emerges by pushing out a weakly fastened flap of pericarp prepared by the larva before pupation. Arbogast and Chini (2005) reported the seasonal abundance of P. inter- punctella and C. cautella on farm-stored corn in South Carolina. Throne and Cline (1989, 1991, 1994) reported the seasonal flight activity and abundance of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, the rice weevil, Sitophilus ‘Received on January 25, 2005. Accepted on March 21, 2005. * Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, ARS, USDA, P.O. Box 14565 Gaines- ville, Florida 32604 U.S.A. E-mail: tarbogast@gainsville.usda.ufl.edu. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 116 (4): 197, September and October 2005 Mailed on November 29, 2005 198 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS oryzae (L.), and other stored-product beetles on three South Carolina farms, includ- ing the two farms used in the present study, but they did not determine the flight activity of moths. The purpose of the present study was to estimate flight activity of P. interpunctella and C. cautella outside grain bins during the storage period, as well as inside empty bins during the short period between unloading one crop and load- ing the next. However, S. cerealella, and various moths other than stored-product Species were also captured in the traps, and the numbers captured were recorded. METHODS Storage sites. The storage sites (Fig. 1), located on farms in Barnwell and Bam- berg Counties, were separated by a distance of about 35 km. There were six corru- gated steel bins of various sizes at the Barnwell site; all were 7.3 m in diameter, but they differed in height. Bins | and 2, our study bins, were 5.7 m high at the eaves and were filled with corn during late August and early September 1990, leaving a head- space of about 2.7 m at the center. They were emptied during July 1991 and again filled with corn in early September. We also used these bins during the 1990-91 (bin 2) and 1991-92 (bin 1) storage seasons in our study of P. interpunctella and C. cautel- la infesting stored corn (Arbogast and Chini 2005). Bins 3 and 4 were smaller, but their height was not determined. Bin 3 contained a small quantity of wheat and bin 4 a small quantity of oats. Bins 5 and 6, which were 6.3 m high, were empty. The Bamberg site had five bins, each about 5.5 m in diameter x 5.5 m high, and three smaller bins (Fig. 1). Bins 1 and 2 were empty initially but were filled with wheat following the harvest in June 1991. Bins 3-5 contained corn harvested in late sum- mer and early fall 1990. Bin 5, our study bin, was filled by early September 1990, leaving a headspace of about 2.0 meters. It was emptied in early July 1991 and filled again in late August. This bin was always used for corn storage and was employed in our study of P. interpunctella and C. cautella populations (September 1990 - June 1993) (Arbogast and Chini 2005). The large (numbered) bins at both sites were equipped with perforated false floors and aeration fans so that outside air could be blown under the floor and forced upward through the grain bulk to maintain uniform grain temperature and reduce the risk of damage or spoilage. First storage season. The first storage season extended from September 1990, when the bins were filled, to July 1991, when they were emptied. The original plan was to monitor moth populations inside the bins. Outside trapping was not added to the protocol until late in November. At that time, four pheromone-baited sticky traps (Pherocon 1C Traps with IMM + 4 lures) (Trécé, Inc., Adair, OK) were positioned around the bins on each farm (Fig. 1). The traps at the Barnwell site were located about 6 m (1), 90 m (2), 46 m (3), and 5 m (4) from bin 2. The traps at the Bamberg site were located about 56 m (1), 39 m (2), 53 m (3), and 27 m (4) from bin 5. All were hung from supporting steel poles at a height of about 1.5 m. In July, after the bins had been emptied, one trap was placed in each of two bins (1 and 2) on the Barn- well farm and one in bin 5 on the Bamberg farm. These were suspended from the cen- ter of the bin at a height of about 1.5 m above the floor. The number of P. inter- punctella, C. cautella, S. cerealella, and other moths (mostly unidentified) in each trap was determined at weekly intervals. Traps were replaced when they became dirty or were damaged, and lures were replaced at least every six weeks. Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 199 Barnwell Co. Pasture \ Bamberg Co. Field Field —> Paved road Fig. 1. Layout of grain storage sites in Barnwell and Bamberg Counties, South Carolina (scale is approximate). Black triangles represent trap locations. Second storage season. The second storage season extended from August 1991 to May 1992 (Bamberg) or from September 1991 to April 1992 (Barnwell). For this season, we changed to plastic funnel traps (Universal Moth Trap or UNI- TRAP, International Pheromone Systems Ltd., Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, UK) — mainly to eliminate the problem of identifying moths trapped on a sticky surface. The funnel traps were baited with IMM + 4 lures and contained toxicant strips (10 percent DDVP in PVC) (Hercon Vaportape II, Hercon Environmental, Emigsville, PA) for rapid knock down. The traps were deployed as before, except that a fifth trap was placed about | m from each study bin. Moths were removed, identified, and counted at weekly intervals. The lures were replaced at least every 200 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS six weeks, and the toxicant strips were replaced monthly. Trapping was termi- nated when the bins were emptied. Because of a change in trap type, the data for the second storage season were analyzed separately from those for the first. Temperature. Daily maximum temperatures were obtained from the climato- logical records of NOAA Coop Stations (NOAA 1990-1992). One of these (Blackville 5W) was about 6 km southwest of the Barnwell site and the other (Bamberg) was about 18 km northwest of the Bamberg site. The highest daily maximum and lowest daily minimum for each week were plotted against time (Fig. 2): 40 a Blackville 5W : O a = Li fz it, 20 = = ay. Ue) Zz < x< a 0) = = 1 DEC 905) 27 APR9ie 14 SEPT Ol) aipGEB92)5 P20 UNiTd2 Bamberg MAX AND MIN TEMP (°C) DEC 90 > °277APR 91" M4SER POT S1sFEB 92 2 20 UNS2 DATE Fig. 2. Weekly maximum and minimum temperatures determined from daily maxima and minima recorded at NOAA Coop weather stations in Barnwell and Bamberg Counties. The vertical dotted lines divide the storage period into seasons (winter, spring, summer, and fall). M indicates missing data. Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 201 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The pheromone lure used in the traps is known to attract males of five stored- product pyralid species, including P. interpunctella and C. cautella. However, S. cerealella and a variety of moths (mostly unidentified) other than storage spec- ies were also trapped. These probably encountered the traps by chance, but we cannot rule out the possibility of attraction. First storage season. The traps outside the bins at the Barnwell site captured a total of 2,477 P. interpunctella, 199 C. cautella, 71 S. cerealella, 16 Hypena scabra (Fabricius) (Noctuidae), and 1,135 moths of unidentified species over a period of 39 weeks. Traps at the Bamberg site captured 501 P. interpunctella, 21 C. cautella, 25 S. cerealella, 2 H. scabra, and 352 unidentified species during the same period. Hypena scabra, the green cloverworm, overwinters as pupae, or as adults that shelter in barns and other protected places (Metcalf et al. 1951), and we occa- sionally found the adults sheltering in grain bins in South Carolina during the winter (November and December). The moths were very active and often flew out the bin hatch as soon as it was opened. The highest level of moth activity (all species combined), determined by trap catch, occurred in the spring (late March through early June) (Table 1) with peaks of P. interpunctella activity in late March to early April at Bamberg and in mid-April at Barnwell (Fig. 3). Flight activity continued through the summer, but at a lower level, and there was little activity during the winter, with the exception of H. scabra. Most H. scabra were captured during the winter and early spring (Table 1) when the adults were overwintering in grain bins. Only one was cap- tured in the summer, during the week of June 9 at Barnwell. Most C. cautella were captured during the summer, and captures of S. cerealella were about equal- ly distributed between spring and summer (Table 1). Plodia interpunctella was abundant in the empty bins at -both sites, but C. cautella and S. cerealella were found in smaller numbers, and no S. cerealel- la were found at Bamberg. These moths were presumably breeding on grain debris that had accumulated under the aeration floor, or that had been spilled out- side the bin. The Barnwell bins were empty for 6-7 weeks, but traps were in place for only 5 weeks (31 July - 5 September). During this period, 141 P. interpunc- tella, 48 C. cautella, 2 S. cerealella, and 27 unidentified moths were captured in bin 1 and 387 P. interpunctella, 32 C. cautella, 4 S. cerealella, and 19 unidenti- fied moths in bin 2. The Bamberg bin was empty for five weeks (17 July - 22 August) during which 230 P. interpunctella and 2 C. cautella were captured. Weekly capture rates (mean number of moths captured per week) were lower overall at Bamberg than at Barnwell and varied on both farms with trap position (Table 2). As might be expected, capture rate was influenced by the proximity of a trap to the bins. Traps | and 4, which were closest to the bins at both sites, cap- tured more storage moths than traps 2 and 3. The capture rates of traps 2 and 3 did not differ from one another on either farm, but trap 4 had a higher capture rate than | at both sites, even though 4 was slightly closer to the bins. The dif- ference in capture rates of P. interpunctella between farms reflects the difference 202 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS in population levels inside the bins as estimated by trapping of mature larvae (Arbogast and Chini 2005). However, population levels of C. cautella larvae inside the bins were higher at Bamberg than at Barnwell while capture rates out- side were lower. —— P interpunctella Barnwell C. cautella : | Bamberg —— P interpunctella 100 TOTAL TRAPPED S. cerealellaa m—— _ C. cautella @ e /™. 1 DEC 90 QIFEB 20 APR 91 29 JUN 91 CoERgi DATE Fig. 3. Weekly variation in total trap catch of P. interpunctella, C. cautella and S. cerealella at grain storage sites on two South Carolina farms during the 1990-1991 stor- age season. No trapping was done during the first 3 months of storage. The traps used were Trécé Pherocon 1C traps with IMM + 4 pheromone lures. The vertical dotted lines divide the storage period into three seasons (winter, spring, and summer). Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 203 Second storage season. Total trap catch for the two farms was much lower during the second storage season than during the first (Table 1). This may indi- cate that fewer moths were flying, but because different trap types were used, it could also indicate a difference in trap efficiency. At Barnwell, 264 P. inter- punctella, 425 C. cautella, 10 S. cerealella, and 7 moths of unidentified species were captured over a period of 30 weeks. At Bamberg, 57 P. interpunctella, 8 C. cautella, and 3 S. cerealella were captured over a period of 32 weeks. No H. scabra were captured at either site. Most of the moths (77 percent at Barnwell and 66 percent at Bamberg) were captured by the traps located 1 m from the bins. 150 F Barnwell County — P interpunctella —-—- C. cautella 100 50 TOTAL TRAPPED 28 SEP 91 GZDEC St (5'FEB.92 25 APR 92 % Bamberg County 10 TOTAL TRAPPED 20 SER Si 7 DEC 91 le laes) 62 25 APR 92 DATE Fig. 4. Weekly variation in total trap catch of P. interpunctella and C. cautella at grain storage sites on two South Carolina farms during the 1991-1992 storage season. The traps used were Universal Moth Traps (UNITRAP) with Trécé IMM + 4 pheromone lures. The vertical dotted lines divide the storage period into three seasons (fall, winter, and spring). 204 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Most flight activity occurred during spring and fall (Table 1), but there was some activity during December and late February as well (Fig. 4). At Barnwell, trap catch of both P. interpunctella and C. cautella peaked during late October and again in mid-April. Cadra cautella was the more abundant of the two species in the fall; P. interpunctella was the more abundant in the spring. Although the graphs of trap catch a Bamberg represent very few moths, they, nevertheless, show a clear seasonal pattern much like that at Barnwell (Figs. 3-4). As at Barn- well, P. interpunctella showed a distinct peak in mid-April, but both species showed a series of subequal peaks during the fall and early winter, possibly as a consequence of sparse and spotty trap catch. The few S. cerealella recorded at the two sites, were captured during the fall and spring, mostly during the fall (Table 1). Effect of Temperature. Air temperature (Fig. 2) clearly had an impact on flight activity, but it isn’t possible on the basis of our data to estimate tempera- ture thresholds for flight. During the winter, when flight activity was lowest (Figs. 3-4), the maximum temperature for most weeks (both weather stations) was < 25 °C and the minimum was almost always < 5 °C. In spring, the weekly maximum was > 25 °C for most weeks and > 30 °C for some. During the sum- mer, the weekly maximum was always > 30 °C and occasionally > 35 °C. Seasonal affects other than the direct impact of temperature, such as the effect of temperature on population growth and decline (Arbogast and Chini 2005), must also influence flight activity. For example, all three species of storage moths were sometimes captured during weeks when the weekly maximum temperature was as low as 21.7 °C, but sometimes none were captured when the weekly max- imum was > 30 °C. Throne and Cline (1989) reported that their flight traps cap- tured many species of insects throughout the year around grain bins in South Carolina, but that S. zeamais and S. oryzae did not fly when the maximum tem- perature was less than 23.3 to 26.1 °C. They pointed out that these temperatures were probably not the lower thresholds for flight, because a minimum period above threshold is probably required to enable flight. 205 Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 AVULINA ‘APW €] — Ateniqoy 97 :sutidg ‘Arenigo.J 97 — JOQUISAON 17 MOJUIA\ JOQUIDAON £Z— 1990190 Z ‘[[e ; ‘sdey DQ] uooorsyg Joquiajdag p — oun ¢ :JourUINg ‘ounr ¢ — yore] 9 :BuLIdg “yore 9 - JOQUIDAON QZ -JOIUI , = [87 Zo) OSL DLL ITV = VIL t vl te vl L polfyuspruy) = Il 2G ae €69 wl LEEDS = IGE 09 619 tev QD) ae TOL g9 VEC Ice pyjajoundsayun q “C661 SUuLIdS — [66] [ed S'6l L’8L 81 = 66L'V ITV Dice Ee 10 a L8v'1 polyuspiuy) DS tL, O)I| LL — 81 ALN 15 6 9V 6LV cS . 96 NYE MPPEIED SS Vale T6l 9°6 : OCC QTD) 6 Cl L’S8 Cl =a 816°C pyjajoundiagqul J 1166] F9UWUNS — 0661 JOWUIM JOUIUINS SULIdS JOVUT A Tea N sorseds '(%) soinjdeo Jo UONNGIYSIp [euosves pure (N) suLIey OM} UO podden sioquinu [e104 (7661 Sutids 0} [66] [[e} Pue [66] JOWIUUNS 0) 066] JOIUIM) “W'S'- ‘CUTTOIeD YINOG UT soSvI0}s UIeIS puNnose syJOW Jo APANOV ISI “] O1QLI, ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 206 COT 90 1LO0*e0 EO = 10 OO = 10 ORE C.O eS Il | IO? 00+ 00 CWO DIJajvad1aa “§ COAS0 L0*+V70 00+ 00 00+*+00 re S + ben | S DIJ2INDI “D 0S +8 CE 0G GU) OY) GCHNEOY OL LG OS lla S te) OL = Lav C0* 80 cOFOT 8S*O08l pyjajoundigqul q AS = yoom Jad poinjdeo syjou Jo Joquinu ,uesjy "SYOOM GE UO paseq suvd] , [P10] ' € Z I (juno) siaquog [BIO], V c C I (uno, jjamusvg ‘ou dex / suey ‘L661 ‘v Joquiaidas - 0661 ‘8Z JOQUISAON “SULLY BUI[OIRD YINOS OM} UO SUTG 93¥10}S UTLIS JO AWUIOIA OY} UT SYJOUT yOnNpOId-pos0}s dOIY} JO SoyeI orNydeo ATYOOM “TZ IQUL Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 207 CONCLUSION Trap catch data for the two storage seasons show that moth activity was high- est in the spring and fall, lowest in the winter. Only H. scabra was most active during the winter. All of the storage species showed at least some activity throughout the year, but trap catch of P. interpunctella was concentrated in the spring and that of C. cautella in the summer and fall. Although S. cerealella was taken in relatively low numbers, especially during the second storage season, it was clear that some flight activity occurred throughout the year, mostly during spring, summer, and fall. The seasonal pattern of fight activity exhibited by P. interpunctella in South Carolina was much like that observed in a culled-fig warehouse at Fresno, California, which has a temperature regime similar to that of the South Carolina sites (Johnson et al. 2000). The spring peak was attributed to emergence from (larval) diapause and the fall peak to the arrival of infested figs during late summer. Lack of activity during the winter was attributed to onset of diapause, low activity during the summer to high temperatures and low fig volume. Populations of P. interpunctella and C. cautella inside the South Carolina bins — based on numbers of mature wandering larvae that entered coils of corrugated paper for pupation — increased during the fall to maximum levels in late November to early December and then began to decline, reaching barely detectable levels by June (Arbogast and Chini 2005). The spring and fall peaks of flight activity could include both moths emigrating from the bins and moths from outside sources. The timing of these peaks, as affected by adult emergence and emigration from the bins, can be explained by acceleration and deceleration of larval and pupal development in response to seasonal changes in grain and headspace temperatures (Arbogast and Chini 2005). Although the larvae may be quiescent when temperatures are low, there is no evidence of a larval diapause in the populations studied. The pattern of flight activity exhibited by P. interpunctella and the other moths in South Carolina can be expected to differ markedly from those observed in cooler climates. For example, trap catch of male P. interpunctella inside and out- side a flour mill in Kansas showed that outside flight activity increased between July and September and then declined to zero by November; flight activity inside the mill tended to follow the same seasonal pattern as that for insects outside the mill (Campbell and Arbogast 2004). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am indebted to R. Rentz and J. J. Bates for their cooperation and support of our research on their farms, to R. V. Byrd for his invaluable help with all aspects of the field work, and to M. Carthon who assisted in the laboratory by counting and identifying insects and tabulating data. I am also indebted to S. R. Chini who prepared the site maps for Fig. 1, and to M. A. Mullen for providing the traps and helpful advice. Finally, I thank M. A. Mullen and P. Shirk for their critical review of an earlier ver- sion of the manuscript and for their helpful comments. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the United States Department of Agriculture or the Agri- cultural Research Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. 208 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LITERATURE CITED Arbogast, R. T. and S. R. Chini. 2005. Abundance of Plodia interpunctella (Hiibner) and Cadra cautella (Walker) infesting maize stored on South Carolina farms: seasonal and nonseasonal vari- ation. Journal of Stored Products Research 41: 528-543. Arbogast, R. T. and J. E. Throne. 1997. Insect infestation of farm-stored maize in South Carolina: towards characterization of a habitat. Journal of Stored Products Research 33: 187-198. Horton, P. M. 1982. Stored product insects collected from on-farm storage in South Carolina. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 17: 485-491. Johnson, J. A., K. A. Valero, M. M. Hannel, and R. F. Gill. 2000. Seasonal occurrence of post harvest dried fruit insects and their parasitoids in a culled-fig warehouse. Journal of Economic Entomology 93: 1380-1390. _ Campbell, J. F. and R. T. Arbogast. 2004. Stored-product insects in a flour mill: population dynamics and response to fumigation treatments. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 112: 217-225. Metcalf, C. L., W. P. Flint, and R. L. Metcalf. 1951. Destructive and useful insects, their habits and control. McGraw-Hill, New York, U.S.A. 1,071 pp. NOAA. 1990-1992. Climatological data South Carolina. Volumes 93-95. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center. Asheville, North Carolina, U.S.A. Throne, J. E. and D. L. Cline. 1989. Seasonal flight activity of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zea- mais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and the rice weevil, S. oryzae (L.), in South Carolina. Journal of Agricultural Entomology 6: 183-192. Throne, J. E. and D. L. Cline. 1991. Seasonal abundance of maize and rice weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in South Carolina. Journal of Agricultural Entomology 8: 93-100. Throne, J. E. and D. L. Cline. 1994. Seasonal flight activity and seasonal abundance of selected stored-product Coleoptera around grain storages in South Carolina. Journal of Agricultural Ento- mology 11: 321-338. Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 209 A NEW SPECIES OF ISOPHYA BRUNNER VON WATTENWYL (ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONIIDAE: PHANEROPTERINAE) FROM TURKEY ' Mustafa Una? ABSTRACT: A new species of /sophya Brunner von Wattenwy], /. kKaradenizensis sp.n. is described from eastern part of the Karadeniz Region of Turkey. A key to pyrenaea species group of the genus is provided. Illustrations, distributional map and a check list of the known Jsophya species from the Region are added. KEY WORDS: taxonomy, Orthoptera, Phaneropterinae, Jsophya, Turkey, Karadeniz region, new species, check list Kenneth M. Guichard, who was an excellent collector of insects (1914-2002) and hymenopterist David H. Harvey, made three major collecting expeditions to Turkey for the Natural History Museum London (BMNH). The first was made by Guichard in 1959 and the last two were made both researchers in 1960 and 1962. In these expeditions, materials in Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, Lepi- doptera (Rhopalocera), Hemiptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera, and Odonata were collected from various parts of Turkey (Guichard and Harvey, 1967; pers. com- mun. Judith Marshall). Most of the specimens of Orthoptera collected by Gui- chard and Harvey were evaluated by the famous Turkish Orthopterist Tevfik Karabag (1911-2003). He described five species in the genera Poecilimon Fisher, Pholidoptera Wesmael and Parapholidoptera Maran among that material (Karabag, 1961, 1964, 1975). After him, two Glyphotmethis Bey-Bienko (Cej- chan, 1964; 1965) and two Parapholidoptera Maran (Stolyarov, 1984; Ciplak, 2000) were described from that material deposited in the Natural History Museum London. During a recent study in the Natural History Museum London, the author rec- ognized some specimens collected by Guichard and Harvey, as belonging to an undescribed species of the genus Jsophya Brunner von Wattenwyl. The speci- mens were collected at high elevations in the Soganli Mountain, eastern part of Karadeniz, one of the geographical regions of Turkey (Fig. 9). Isophya is a widespread genus in Turkey and it is also from southern and south- eastern Europe, Caucasia, Middle East, Middle Asia (Unal, 2004) and it prefers mostly cool, humid climates and mesic vegetation. Jsophya can be frequently found from low elevations (to 1000 m) in the second half of spring and early summer (April, May and June) and, at some high elevations (1500-2000 m), in late summer (July and August) of the geographical regions of the Aegean, Medi- terranean, Middle Anatolia, a part of east Anatolia and southeast Anatolia which ‘Received on February 15, 2005. Accepted on March 21, 2005. > Abant Izzet Baysal Universitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakiiltesi, Biyoloji Béliimii, 14280 Bolu, Turkey. E-mail: unal@ibu.edu.tr. Mailed on November 29, 2005 210 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS have mostly xeric vegetation and high temperatures. A part of the Marmara and especially the Black Sea (Karadeniz) regions have cool and humid climate and mesic vegetation throughout the summer and the beginning of autumn (Sep- tember). Therefore, it is possible to find many species of Jsophya during this peri- od in the Karadeniz region (Table 1) (Miram, 1938; Ramme, 1951; Bey-Bienko, 1954; Karabag, 1958, 1962; Maran, 1958; Unal, 2003b, 2004; Sevegili, 2004). This paper contains the description of Jsophya karadenizensis, a new species from the Karadeniz Region of Turkey, with illustrations (Figs. 1-8) and a distri- bution map (Fig. 9). A check list of the species of Isophya known from the Karadeniz Region (Table 1) and a tabular key to related congenerics are includ- ed (Table 2). Table 1. Check list of the Jsophya Brunner von Wattenwyl species known from the Karadeniz Region of Turkey. 1. I. acuminata Brunner, 1878 10. I. pavelii Brunner, 1878 2. I. amplipennis Brunner, 1878 11. JL rectipennis Brunner, 1878 3. I. autumnalis Karabag, 1962 12. I. redtenbacheri Adelung, 1907 4. I. bicarinata Karabag, 1957 13. IL. reticulata Ramme, 1951 (unpubl. data) 14. I. rizeensis Sevgili, 2004 5. I. ilkazi Ramme, 1951 15. I. schneideri Brunner, 1878 6. I. karadenizensis sp. n. 16. I. staneki Maran, 1958 (this paper) 17. I. stenocauda Ramme, 1951 7. I. nervosa Ramme, 1951 18. I. sureyai Ramme, 1951 8. I. obenbergeri Maran, 1958 19. I. yaraligozi Unal, 2003 9. I. obtusidens Ramme, 1951 20. I. zernovi Miram, 1938 Isophya karadenizensis, NEW SPECIES Figures 1-8 Type Locality: Turkey, Bayburt Province, Soganly Gegidi, 2000-2500 m, 25 July 1960. Holotype deposited in the Natural History Museum London (BMNH). Description. Male (holotype): Small size as for the genus. Fastigium of vertex distinctly narrower than half of antennal scape, with a distinct dorsal fossa; ratio of width of fastigium to width of scapus: 1/3, in paratypes 1/4-1/3. Antennal pedicel always broader than fastigium of vertex. Pronotum strongly narrowed anteriorly and widened in posteriorly; prozona constricted with distinct lateral carinae, narrower than head; anterior margin slightly concave, in some males straight; metazona sharply widened and raised, 1.48 times broader than prozona; covers anterior part of tegmina and base of CuP; lateral carina projected like a shoulder; transverse sulcus behind middle of pronotal disc. Tegmina short, as long as pronotum, reaching middle of 2nd abdominal tergite; anterior 1/4 part covered by pronotum; stridulatory file (CuP) long and thin, thinner than third Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 211 antennal joint, its length 3/4 of hind margin of pronotum. Hind femur unarmed ventrally. Ratio length of fore tibia / pronotum 1.3. Supraanal plate about rectan- gular, both hind corners rounded, hind margin straight; 1.5 times longer than wide. Cercus moderately short; basal part somewhat wide, cylindrical and slight- ly incurved, apical part sharply narrowed and incurved; pointed with a large, curved apical tooth. Subgenital plate 1.8 times longer than wide; with shallow, round incision; its apical lobes with rounded apices; lower face without median carina. Female: Fastigium of vertex as in male. Pronotum with distinct prozona and metazona; prozona narrow, with distinct lateral carina, anterior margin slightly concave; metazona widened and slightly raised, its lateral carina distinct, poste- rior margin straight. Tegmina short and wide, broader than hind margin of prono- tum, hind margin slightly rounded; only a little surpassing anterior margin of first abdominal tergite; ratio length of tegmina to length of pronotum 1/3.8. Hind femur unarmed ventraly. Supraanal plate wide at base, 1.3 times broader than long, rounded at apex. Cercus thin slightly curved inwards, longer than supra- anal plate, its apex blunt. Subgenital plate broader than long. Ovipositor very short (6 mm); 1.6 times longer than pronotum; upper valve with 7, lower valve with 9 apical teeth; ratio ovipositor to hind femur 1/2; gonangulum and basal fold of lower valve as in Fig. 8. Color. Body green, with brown, reddish-brown, black spots and stripes. Dor- sal surface of head, pronotum, some femora and all abdominal tergites with dark green, brown, reddish-brown and black spots; antennal scapus and pedicel with small reddish-brown spots, flagellum unicolor as yellowish-brown; head with black longitudinal stripe between eye and pronotum; lateral carina of pronotum light colored, with dark stripe contiguous to carina in metazona. Tegmina partly reddish-brown and green in male, from CuP to anal margin and from subcosta to radius vein of left tegmen reddish-brown, remaining part green; tegmina green in female. All legs yellowish-brown, with dark spots. Abdomen green, with dense dark green, brown or black spots; without any longitudinal band. Male cerci brown or reddish-brown, with black apical tooth. Subgenital plate greenish-yel- low with reddish spots. Ovipositor yellowish green, with reddish-brown spots; apices of apical teeth reddish. All sternites greenish-yellow. Measurements (mm). Length of body: male 17-18.3, female 17; pronotum: male 3.3-3.7, female 3.8; tegmen: male 3.3-3.7, female 1; hind femur: male 11.2- 11.9, female 12.1; ovipositor: 6. Type Material. Turkey, Bayburt Province (formerly the type locality and Bayburt were in Gumtushane Province), Soganly Gec¢idi, 2000-2500 m (7000- 7500 ft in the label), 25 July 1960, 13 males (including holotype), 1 female (leg. K. M. Guichard and D. H. Harvey). Eleven males and female are deposited in the Natural History Museum London, two males are in the Entomological Museum of Abant Yzzet Baysal University, Bolu (collection of Mustafa Unal). 212 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figures 1-8. [sophya karadenizensis n.sp. 1, male pronotum and tegmina; 2, ditto, lateral view; 3, male left cercus; 4, male supra-anal plate; 5, male subgenital plate; 6, female pronotum and tegmen, lateral view; 7, female subgenital plate; 8, ovipositor. Scales 1 mm. Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 213 Differential Diagnosis. This new species is recognizable by the structure of pronotum, clearly constricted prozona, widened metazona; the short male tegmi- na (as long as pronotum); the shape of male cercus; narrowed fastigium of ver- tex; shape of shortened ovipositor and gonangulum. Isophya karadenizensis sp. n. is in the 1. pyrenaea group along with J. pyre- naea, I. zernovi, I. bivittata, I. schneideri, I. altaica (Bey-Bienko, 1954). The new species is related to Jsophya bivittata Uvarov known from Caucasia (Bey- Bienko, 1954; Stolyarov, 1997; Systax, 2003) by the narrow fastigium of vertex, structure of pronotum, short male tegmina. But differs from it by the thinner CuP, shape of female tegmina, male cercus and subgenital plate, ratio of the length of Ovipositor to the length of pronotum, shorter hind femur, female tegmina and ovipositor, ratio of the length of fore tibia to the length of pronotum, shape of Ovipositor and gonangulum. It is similar to Jsophya altaica Bey-Bienko known from Altai Mountains in Kazakhstan (Bey-Bienko, 1954; Otte et al., 1997) by the structure of pronotum, ratio of the length of pronotum to the length of tegmina in male and coloration. Differs from it in the distinctly narrowed fastigium of vertex, the thinner CuP, the shape of female tegmina, narrowed male tegmina, shape of supraanal plate, ratio of the length of female cerci to the length of supraanal plate; ratio the length of ovipositor to the length of pronotum, shape of shorter ovipositor and in other measurements. It is also near to Jsophya pyrenaea Serville known from middle Europe (Bey-Bienko, 1954; Harz, 1969; Otte et al., 1997) by the short tegmina (as long as pronotum), the length of female tegmina (1 mm), the shape of hind margin of pronotum. But differs from it by the nar- rower fastigium of vertex, structure of pronotum, male cerci, subgenital plate, shorter ovipositor and measurements. This new species is near to J. amplipennis group (Bey-Bienko, 1954) by the very narrow fastigium of vertex and shortened Ovipositor. But the other characteristics, especially the structure of pronotum in both sexes are different from this group. Etymology. Named after the “Karadeniz’” Region, which includes the type locality of this new species (Fig. 9). Habitat: Soganly Mountains (3376 m) are known as a part of the East Black Sea Mountains of Turkey. Soganl: Gegidi (2330 m) is the high pass on the bor- ders of Bayburt and Trabzon provinces. The north facing slopes just below the pass consist of lush alpine meadows. These hillsides before they merge lower down with dense conifer forest are in places dotted with thick patches of Vac- cinium myrtillus, a little Salix and the white Rhododendron caucasicum (Ericaceae) while Primula auriculata and P. kuznetzowii (Primulaceae) grow beside small bogs and streamlets. The southern slopes lack the typical lush alpine meadows of the northern side and consist in the area of the pass of turf expans- es grazed by livestock (Guichard and Harvey, 1967). ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 214 y}00} [eorde UOT}OLSUOD PpoAIno pue JOUTISIP UWA ‘Jopynoys yysusy jeyouoid ‘SUO] YIM SpoArnoul surjoolosid sndeos jo jyjey SOUT} 9° | Ajdzeys uty) syed unjouold se [eraye] yOUT)SIp uey} JOMOLIeU ‘UU [eorde pure jeordeqns Ysud] owes AIOA YIM A\OUNSIP sisuaziuapvsDY YOO} [eorde jouNSsIp pue suo] YIM UOT}OLSUOD yysuo] je}ouoid ‘poAmnour Ajjenpess jNOYIIM ‘Japynoys SOU Q°[-p'] yEYMOUWIOS UY} syed unjouo1d sunooloid sndeos jo jyey ‘WILL ()[-S°L jeoide pue jeordeqns uvy} JOSsUo] jesaye] Noy SB pvolg se Llaplauyas Y}00} [eorde OpIM pue yOYS YIM (poAINOUI Ysus] [e}ouoId Aydaeys yeyMouTOS UOTIOLISUOD JNOYIM Sou 9° [-S'] yoru) syed eorde winjouoi1d ‘Jopynoys sunooloid sndeos jo jJyey “UU Q-/, pue jeordeqns uey} Jdsu] [erayey] yNoyM Se peolq se 1AOUAOZ Y}00} jeorde {jews YIM SpoArnoul UOT}OLSUOD yysua] [ejouoid Ajdieys yeymouros YIM S1opynoys SOU €°7-]°Z uly) syed yeorde wimjouold se sunooloid sndvos jo jyey ‘WU Z'01-S'°8 pure jeordeqns YSU] oures jeroyey yim Se peolq sv DIID]ID YjO0} jeorde [jeurs YIM UONIISUO ysug] [e1sog ‘poarnoutr Ayjenpess YIM ‘Jopynoys sndeos jo jyey SOUT] 7-1] yoru} syed jeorde umjouoid se sunoofoid Uv} IOMOLIeU “WW 6-8 pue yeordeqns YSud] OURS jetoje] YA AjounsIp DIDIJIAIG yysus] Y100} Jeorde [jeurs YIM UONOLYSUOD YIM sndevos Jo Jey jejouoid 901M} ‘poAmnour Ayjenpess winjouoid se ‘Iapnoys surjsoloid uvy} JOMOICU “UU ()[-$°8 ‘yoru wed jeordegns YISud] OURS [etoye] ;oyVIM Ajyystys panuasAd BUIWISI I], wnjouoId XOJ}.19A JO IO}JISOCIAG SNI1ID IVI IP IPI UIMNISISey sorseds ‘[AmuoyeA UOA JoUUNIG DdYdosT Jo dno1s VapUasdd ay) JO Satdads ay} Jo UOSIIedWIOD °Z aIqQeT, Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 i) paar Nn 26 34 Black Sea (Karalden iz) Seorgia es Bulgaria YS s . e gi 0 NM Gomoshane | © .Ba er SS = — a | = Se << Orta Anadotu (Middle Anatolia) Dogu Anadolu (East Anatolia) | } SS : | Vineet Je ‘ BRN Ls . P fi, aay . PS i ae ey NK “Es y 25 Ege (Aegean) SEE Ni = Na ce te ail) at AE = SS ee : : Aca <7 ee Pa TORS SG pe 65S eee EN = hj aap SUR el » ; 6 age NOG u Anadolu \ (Southeast Anatolia) “| é? ee Mediterranean |! LEA (Akdeniz) apa ea GA \ N 7 50 200 km ; @® Ilsophya karadenizensis n.sp. ee Figure 9. Only known locality of [. karadenizensis n.sp. Soganly Gegidi, NE of Turkey and the geographical regions of Turkey. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. George Beccaloni for his help during my studies in the Natural History Museum London (BMNH) and for the loan of the specimens of new species. Mrs. Judith Marshall (BMNH) and anonymous reviewers read the manuscript and offered valuable comments. LITERATURE CITED Bey-Bienko, G. Ya. 1954. Fauna of the USSR (Phaneropterinae, Tettigonioidea: Orthoptera). Zoo- logical Institute of the USSR Academy of the Sciences 59: 1-375. Guichard, K. M. and D. H. Harvey. 1967. Collecting in Turkey 1959, 1960 & 1962. Bull. British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 19(4): 223-250. Harz, K. 1969. The Orthoptera of Europe (Die Orthopteren Europas). The Hague, The Netherlands 1: 1-749. Karabag, T. 1958. Tiirkiye’nin Orthoptera faunasy (The Orthoptera Fauna of Turkey). Ankara Universitesi Fen Fakiiltesi yayynlary 81: 1-198. Karabag, T. 1962. Some new and little known Phaneropterinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from Turkey. The Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 31: 4-10. 216 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Karabag, T. 1964. Some new species and new records of Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera) from Turkey. Communications Fac. Sci. Univ. Ankara (c) 13:36-55. Karabag, T. 1975. Studies in the Turkish Orthoptera (Insecta). I. New species and less known Tettigoniidae. Journal of Natural History 9: 337-350. Maran, J. 1958. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Zoologischen expedition des Nationalmuseums in Prag nach der Tirkei. Orthoptera - Tettigoniidae — Gattung /sophya Br. W. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 32: 285-293. Miram, E. F. 1938. New species of the Genera Poecilimon Fisch. Fr. and Isophya Br. W. (SubF. Phaneropterinae Fam. Tettigoniodea - Long Horned Grasshoppers) of the Fauna of the USSR. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 17: 348-372. Otte D. and P. Naskrecki. 1997. Orthoptera Species File Online. http://tettigonia.com Ramme, W. 1951. Zur Systematik Faunistik und Biologie der Orthopteren von Stidost Europa und Vorderasien. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 27: 1-431. Sevgili, H. 2004 (2003). A new species of Bushcricket (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) of the Palaearctic genus Jsophya (Phaneropterinae) from Turkey. Entomological News 114(3): 129-137. Stolyarov, M. V. 1997. Peculiarities of the Genesis of the Orthopteran Fauna in Transcaucasia: 5. Endemism and Some General Peculiarities of the Genesis of the Fauna in This Region. Entomo- logical Review 77: 66-74. Systax. 2003. Taxonomic database. http://www.biologie.uni-ulm.de/systax Unal, M. 2003a. Checklist of the Turkish Orthoptera. http://www.members.tripod.com/Cesa88/ orthtr.htm Unal, M. 2003b. The genus /sophya Br.-W. (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) from the Baty Karadeniz Region of Turkey, N.W. Anatolia. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 12(2): 93-103. Unal, M. 2004. Distribution of forty-six species of the genera Isophya Brunner von Wattenwyl, Poecilimon Fischer and Poecilimonella Uvarov (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) in Turkey with description of two new species. Centre for Entomological Studies Ankara, Priamus 11(1/2): 1-16. Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 BA\G! LIFE HISTORY AND LABORATORY REARING OF A WESTERN U.S.A. HEMIPTERAN, MACROVELIA HORNHI (MACROVELIIDAE)' J. E. McPherson,’ Steven J. Taylor,’ Steven L. Keffer,‘ and John T. Polhemus* ABSTRACT: The field life history of Macrovelia hornii Uhler was studied periodically from 1990 through early 1994 in central Colorado near Waterton in Douglas County. The bug also was reared in the laboratory from egg to adult. Adults of this apparently univoltine species overwintered and became active in late January. Copulation was noted occasionally from early March to early June. Eggs were found periodically from mid-February to mid-August and always were glued to moss attached to damp or dry rocks. First through third instars were collected first in early May, fourth instars in early June. Higher percentages of later instars were found as the season progressed. The bug was reared in the laboratory on adults of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen under a 14L: 10D photoperiod at 18.3 + 1.5°C. The incubation period averaged 17.4 days. Durations of the four subse- quent stadia averaged 8.3, 7.9, 8.5, and 13.1 days, respectively. KEY WORDS: Macrovelia hornii, Hempitera, Macroveliidae life history, laboratory rearing, uni- voltinism, western U.S.A. Macrovelia hornii Uhler ranges from North Dakota south to Nebraska and New Mexico, and west to Oregon and California, and extends into Baja Califor- nia (Polhemus and Chapman, 1979). Little has been published on its biology, although Anderson (1963) studied the morphology and biology of this insect for his Master’s research. Macrovelia hornii occurs most frequently in damp habitats associated with moving water (McKinstry, 1942; Froeschner, 1988; Zack, 1990), although it also has been collected from the margins of ponds (Anderson, 1963; Zack, 1990). Commonly, individuals are found near permanent springs and streams (Mc Kinstry, 1942; Slater and Baranowski, 1978; Polhemus and Chapman, 1979) and often are associated with moss (McKinstry, 1942; Anderson, 1963; Slater and Baranowski, 1978; Polhemus and Chapman, 1979) and other vegetation (Ander- son, 1963; Polhemus and Chapman, 1979). Although they are able to walk on the surface of open water, they apparently prefer protective vegetation (Slater and Baranowski, 1978; Froeschner, 1988). In fact, McKinstry (1942) stated they have apical claws and are “quite helpless upon the surface of the water,” an assertion repeated by Usinger (1956). They are carnivores or scavengers, feeding on arthropods, primarily insects (Froeschner, 1988). The species apparently is uni- "Received on April 25, 2005. Accepted on June 10, 2005. *Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois 62901 U.S.A. E-mail: mcpherson@zoology.siu.edu. * Center for Biodiversity, Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 E. Peabody Dr., Champaign, Illinois. 61820 U.S.A. E-mail: sjtaylor@utuc.edu. ‘Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807 U.S.A. E-mail: keffersl@jmu.edu. > Colorado Entomological Institute, 3115 S. York St., Englewood, Colorado 80113 U.S.A. E-mail: jtpolhemus@msn.com. Mailed on November 29, 2005 218 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS voltine (Anderson, 1963) with adults overwintering (Anderson, 1963; Polhemus and Chapman, 1979). Polhemus and Chapman (1979) reported on several laboratory observations of this insect. During copulation, the male rode atop the female. She moved from place to place with the male grasping her so firmly that he did not drop off, even when the pair was disturbed. Eggs were laid in moss on exposed rock. They were asymmetrically spindle-shaped, flattened along one side, and glued to the moss. Our paper presents further information on the field life history and laboratory rearing of M. hornii. METHODS Life History The study was conducted periodically from 1990 through early 1994 in cen- tral Colorado near Waterton in Douglas County. The study area was a permanent set of rheocrenes (= small seepages) on a sloping hillside (Fig. 1) adjacent to the South Platte River, about 300 m downstream from the bridge at Waterton. The area preferred by these insects has many stones interspersed with watercress and grasses growing on wet gravel. This vegetation is lush during midsummer but almost absent during midwinter. The study began in late January, after adults had become active but before they had begun to reproduce. As this population is small, there was concern with over- collecting. Therefore, samples were taken only at irregular intervals during 1990 (11 samples, 31 January-4 September), 1992 (6 samples, 3 June-13 October), and 1994 (3 samples, 22 March-21 May). Eggs, nymphs, and adults were collected by hand-picking (JTP), preserved in 80 percent ethanol, and examined in the lab- oratory (JEM) to determine the developmental stages in each sample. Observa- tions also were made during the winter to determine the overwintering stage(s) and sites. Data from the three years were combined to gain a better understand- ing of the annual life cycle. Laboratory Rearing On 5 February 1990, JTP collected 21 adults from the Waterton site and shipped them to JEM’s laboratory at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale with a sample of spring water and moss-covered rocks from the insects’ habitat. Both were used during laboratory rearing. The adults (not sexed) were placed in a bowl with a beveled lip (= 12.5 cm ID at top, 20 cm ID at widest point, 10.5 cm depth). Moss-covered rocks were placed in the bowl and = 0.5 cm of the spring water (i.e., enough to cover the bottom) was added. The bowl was closed with cheesecloth secured with a rubber band. Eggs were removed daily and placed on moist filter paper in Petri dishes (= 9 cm ID, 4 cm depth). Dechlorinated water was added as needed (every 1-2 days) to keep the filter paper moist. Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 219 Fig. 1. Macrovelia hornii collecting site near Waterton in Douglas County, Colo- rado. A. Sloping hillside leading to South Platte River (JTP provides scale). B. Slope ending adjacent to South Platte River. C. Close-up (inset from A and B) of slope showing primarily watercress interspersed with boulders and rocks. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 220 ‘TLidy ut poiduia}e 919M SUOI}I9T[OO OU Jey} dJVOIPUI SOUT] Posed “7661 0} 0661 WOT] ‘Ope1ojOD ‘AyUNO| se[sNo UI UOLOJVA\ IVS Pojd9][09 ZU10Y ‘PW Jo o[duIes Jod 93v}S YRS UL S[eNPIAIPUI JO JUDOIOg “7 “SIA JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. ie) Ke) Ke) Ko) LO N N N N N 50 25 25 50 25 25 50 0 50 50 50 SIVNQIAIGNI AO LNA04Sd 221 Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 ‘TLdy url pojdurayye d19M SUOT}O{[OD OU Jey} BedIPUT soUT] poyseq “p66] 0} 066] Wor ‘opeIOjOD ‘Aunod se[snoq Ul UOOeAA IEOU P9}d9[[09 MU4OY PY JO I3eIS OWLS JO S[ENPIAIPUI [e}0} Jo o[dwes Yyoeo Ul yUSdIDg “¢ ‘SI JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. STVNGIAIGNI 4O LNS08Sd 222 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Upon hatching, the first instars (maximum of five individuals) were placed in rearing containers modified from Anderson (1963). Plastic tubing was cut into one inch (2.54 cm) sections and each section filled with a mixture of plaster of paris and India ink to a depth of approximately 1 cm. We felt, although this was not tested, that darkening the plaster might be more conducive to these insects’ survival because the adults in the laboratory preferred to remain hidden on the undersides and in crevices of the rocks in the bow]; this behavior was similar to that observed in the field. No mortality that could obviously be attributed to the ink was observed. The rim of each section was coated with petroleum jelly to prevent escape of the nymphs. The first instars were grouped by hatching date, the subsequent instars from each container by molting date. No container ever had more than five individuals. These dates allowed determination of stadia. Groups of containers were placed in petri dishes to which enough dechlorinated water had been added to allow the plaster to remain damp (i.e., water was absorbed by the plaster). Nymphs and adults were fed frozen adult Drosophila melanogaster Meigen. Fresh flies were supplied daily and old flies removed. The number of flies pro- vided was generally one more than the number of the instar (e.g., 2 flies for each first instar, 3 flies for each second instar). The bowl, petri dishes, and rearing containers were kept in incubators maintained at 18.3 + 1.5°C and a 14L:10D photoperiod (260 ft-c). Voucher specimens are deposited in the Southern Illinois University Ento- mology Collection. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Life History Macrovelia hornii overwinters as adults as reported by Anderson (1963) and Polhemus and Chapman (1979). In our study, the bugs entered overwintering sites in November and emerged the following year. The sites consisted of inter- stices beneath or between rocks in or near the rheocrenes but were never associ- ated with dry earth. The insects generally were quiescent during the overwinter- ing period but sometimes became active on relatively warm, calm, winter days. This was noted by Anderson (1963), who also observed copulating pairs in Jan- uary and February. We found active adults from late January to mid-October (Figs. 2-3) and occasionally observed copulation from early March to early June. Eggs were found periodically from mid-February to mid-August, indicating that , copulation occurred earlier than early March. They were glued singly and later- ally to the moss attached to damp or dry rocks. Females showed a distinct pref- erence for moss (species unidentified) as an oviposition site, as no eggs were attached to the rocks themselves in the field. This species has only four instars. First through third instars were collected first in early May, fourth instars in early June (Figs. 2-3). Higher percentages of later Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 223 instars were found as the season progressed and by early September, only fourth instars (and adults) were collected; by mid-October, only adults were present. This species apparently is univoltine, as noted by Anderson (1963), although the possibility of a partial or even complete second generation cannot be dis- counted because of the limited data. Adults and nymphs were secretive, usually hiding in crevices and underneath rocks. As adults are dark-colored and not particularly active, they were even more difficult to see. Occasionally, nymphs and adults were seen in midsummer traversing the damp gravel, and, even then, most individuals were hiding. As noted earlier, other authors have reported that these insects apparently pre- fer protective vegetation and are either incapable of walking on the surface of the water (McKinstery 1942 and Usinger 1956) or do so only occasionally (Slater and Baranowski 1978, Froeschner 1988). However, JTP repeatedly has observed them at night, by flashlight, traversing open water in an observation aquarium, sometimes for protracted periods of time, without breaking the surface film. No prey species were noted during this study. Possible prey species common- ly found with these bugs were midge (Chironomidae) and marsh beetle (Scirti- dae) larvae, stonefly (Nemouridae) naiads, and springtails (Isotomidae). The only other predator and potential competitor commonly found in this habitat was Microvelia torquata Champion (Veliidae). Adults vary in extent of wing development, with macropterous, brachypter- ous, and micropterous forms known (Slater and Baranowski, 1978). Of the 210 adults collected in 1990 and 1992 at the Waterton site, all but one were brachypterous, the wings reaching about the middle of the abdomen. The excep- tion was a micropterous female collected 10 May 1990; her wings were reduced to pads that extended just past the posteromedial margin of the pronotum (see Slater and Baranowski [1978] for illustrations of these short-wing forms). Laboratory Rearing Adults were frequently seen in copula and, as mentioned by Polhemus and Chapman (1979), very reluctant to separate when disturbed. As in the field, eggs were glued laterally to the substrate, with females showing a preference for moss. Of 431 eggs for which substrate was recorded (not all these eggs were used in laboratory rearing), 55.1 percent were glued to moss, 41.8 percent to the rock surface, and 3.2 percent to the glass bottom along the water’s edge. They were white at oviposition but soon began to turn yellowish. In = 6 days (mean + SE = 6.00 + 0.07, range = 4-8 days, n = 83), faint eyespots were apparent. As the embryo continued to develop, it became increasingly visible through the chori- on, particularly the antennae, beak, legs, and body pubescence. The incubation period averaged 17.4 days (Table 1). The first instar emerged through an anteroventral slit in the chorion. The four stadia averaged 8.3, 7.9, 8.5, and 13.1 days, respectively (Table 1). The total developmental period, from egg to adult averaged 55.2 days. These stadia aver- aged longer than those reported by Anderson (1963), but as he did not report the 224 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS temperature for his rearing experiment, it is impossible to make meaningful com- parisons. All adults (n = 41) were brachypterous. The primary cause of mortality appeared to be excess moisture in the con- tainers. A similar conclusion was reached by Anderson (1963). Table 1. Duration (in days) of each immature stage of M. hornii under controlled laboratory conditions. | Number Completing Cumulative Stage Stadium Range Mean + SE Mean Age Eggs 114° 16-20 17.4 + 0.07 17.4 lst nymphal instar 90 7-13 8.3 + 0.14 Da 2nd nymphal instar fs 6-10 Tos) 22 JU 3356 3rd nymphal instar 65 6-11 ho) 28 OI3) 42.1 Ath nymphal instar 4] 11-17 ISIE OSS 4 *137 eggs were laid. We observed that adults will carry their prey on their beaks after impaling them. This previously was noted by Anderson (1963). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to W. A. and K. V. Polhemus for assistance in gathering specimens and field data. We thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. LITERATURE CITED Anderson, A. B. 1963. The morphology and biology of Macrovelia hornii Uhler (Heteroptera: Mesoveliidae). M. S. Thesis (Department of Entomology). Oregon State University. Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.A. 99 pp. Froeschner, R. C. 1988. Family Macroveliidae McKinstry, 1942. Macroveliid water bugs, p. 246. In, T. J. Henry and R. C. Froeschner (Editors). Catalog of the Heteroptera, or true bugs, of Canada and the continental United States. E. J. Brill. New York, U.S.A. 958 pp. McKinstry, A. P. 1942. A new family of Hemiptera-Heteroptera proposed for Macrovelia hornii Uhler. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 18: 90-96. Polhemus, J. T. and H. C. Chapman. 1979. Family Macroveliidae, pp. 46-48. Jn, A. S. Menke (Editor). The semiaquatic and aquatic Hemiptera of California (Heteroptera: Hemiptera). Bulletin of the California Insect Survey 21: 1-166. Slater, J. A., and R. M. Baranowski. 1978. How to know the true bugs (Hemiptera — Heteroptera). Wm. C. Brown Co. Publishers. Dubuque, Iowa, U.S.A. 256 pp. Usinger, R. L. 1956. Aquatic Hemiptera, pp. 182-228. Jn R. L. Usinger (ed.), Aquatic insects of California with keys to North American genera and California species. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. 508 pp. Zack, R. S. 1990. Aquatic Heteroptera (Notonectidae and Macroveliidae) new to Washington and Idaho. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 66: 168-169. Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 225 THREE NEW SPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS HYGIA (MICROCOLPURA) BREDDIN FROM SOUTHEASTERN ASIA, AND NEW TAXONOMIC REARRANGEMENTS (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE: COREINAE: COLPURIND)' Harry Brailovsky’ and Ernesto Barrera’ ABSTRACT: Three new species of Hygia (Microcolpura) Breddin from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Philippine Republic are described, and a key to the 14 known species is given. Numerous species pre- viously placed in the subgenus Hygia (Microcolpura) are transferred to the subgenus Hygia (Ptero- colpura), and 12 new subgeneneric combinations are made as follows: H. (P.) angulicollis (Breddin 1900) nov. comb., H. (P.) annulipes (Dallas 1852) nov. comb., H. (P.) armillata (Breddin 1900) nov. comb., H. (P.) brevipennis (Bergroth 1921) nov. comb., H. (P.) denticollis (Bergroth 1918) nov. comb., H. (P.) kinabaluna (Brailovsky and Barrera 2002) nov. comb., H. (P.) montana (Bléte 1936) nov. comb., H. (P.) noctua (Distant 1901) nov. comb., H. (P.) nodulosa (Distant 1899) nov. comb., H. (P.) pajuana (Brailovsky and Barrera 2002) nov. comb., H. (P.) tuberculicollis (Breddin 1900) nov. comb., and H. (P.) varipes (Westwood 1842) nov. comb. The new name Hygia (Pterocolpura) frontalis is proposed for Hygia (Pterocolpura) angulicollis Blote 1936, preoccupied by Hygia (Microcolpura) angulicollis Breddin 1900, here transferred to Hygia (Pterocolpura). Two species, humilis (Breddin 1906) and inermis (Walker 1871), previously included in Hygia (Microcolpura), are excluded and considered insertae sedis. KEY WORDS: Insecta, Hemiptera, Coreidae, Colpurini, Hygia (Microcolpura) and Hygia (Ptero- colpura), new species, southeastern Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Philippine Republic The genus Hygia Uhler (1861) includes ten subgenera (Australocolpura Brail- ovsky, Caracolpura Breddin, Colpura Bergroth, Eucolpura Breddin, Hygia Uhler, Microcolpura Breddin, Pterocolpura Blote, Sphinctocolpura Breddin, Stenocolpura Breddin, and Trichocolpura Breddin), and approximately 87 spec- ies widely distributed in the Oriental Region throughout Japan, China, Taiwan, India, Burma, Korea, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, and Australia (Brailovsky and Barrera 2002). Our knowledge of relationships subgenera of the genus Hygia is still incom- plete. Brailovsky and Barrera (1997) revised the subgenus Eucolpura of Hygia and discussed its relationship to the subgenus Colpura, and later Brailovsky and Barrera (2002) revised the subgenus Microcolpura of the genus Hygia, described five new species and placed the number of known at 26 species. Current studies of the subgenus Prterocolpura allow us to recognize close affinities with Microcolpura based on evidence that we did not consider during the revision of the latter. Both subgenera share the following characters: genae without spines, postocular tubercle protuberant, buccula rounded, short, and with sharp spiny anterior projection, femora unarmed, and abdominal sternite VII of the female with plica and fissura. "Received on February 16, 2005. Accepted on April 22, 2005. *Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Departamento de Zoologia, Apartado Postal 70153 México 04510 Distrito Federal, México. E-mails: coreidae@servidor.unam. mx, barrera@servidor.unam.mx, respectively. Mailed on November 29, 2005 226 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS The only feature that separates them is the frontal angles of the pronotum which in Microcolpura are obtuse and rounded (Fig. 1), whereas in Pterocolpura they are produced forward as tiny, medium-sized, or remarkably large conical lobes, thickened, and reaching or not the postocular tubercle (Figs. 2-4). The subgenus Pterocolpura has included only 3 species: H. (P.) frontalis Brailovsky and Barrera (nomen novum) [before H. (P.) angulicollis Blote (1936), H. (P.) pentafurcata Brailovsky (2002), and H. (P.) sarawak Brailovsky (2002)]. To this group, 12 new subgeneric combinations are added as follows: H. (P.) angulicollis (Breddin 1900) nov. comb., H. (P.) annulipes (Dallas 1852) nov. comb., H. (P.) armillata (Breddin 1900) nov. comb., H. (P.) brevipennis (Ber- groth 1921) nov. comb., H. (P.) denticollis (Bergroth 1918) nov. comb., H. (P_) kinabaluna (Brailovsky and Barrera 2002) nov. comb., H. (P.) montana (Blote 1936) nov. comb., H. (P.) noctua (Distant 1901) nov. comb., H. (P.) nodulosa (Distant 1899) nov. comb., H. (P.) pajuana (Brailovsky and Barrera 2002) nov. comb., H. (P.) tuberculicollis (Breddin 1900) nov. comb., and H. (P.) varipes (Westwood 1842) nov. comb. To clarify the taxa involved in the subgenus, Pterocolpura will be revised in a further contribution. Another species previously included in Microcolpura and transferred to the subgenus Hygia was reconfirmed by Kerzhner and Brailovsky (2003) as Hygia (Hygia) lativentris (Motschulsky 1866). Two species, humilis (Breddin 1906) and inermis (Walker 1871), which were included in Hygia (Microcolpura), are excluded and considered insertae sedis. A new subgenus or genus likely will be described to accommodate these species. The subgenus Microcolpura now includes14 species, among them three new to the science: H. (M.) binaluana new species, H. (M.) dulita Brailovsky and Barrera 2002, H. (M.) flavitarsis Blote 1936, H. (M.) hebeticollis (Breddin 1905), H. (M.) imbellis (Breddin 1900), H.(M.) incultus new species, H. (M.) inermi- collis (Breddin 1900), H. (M.) labecula (Distant 1901), H. (M.) modesta (Distant 1901), H. (M.) pacalis (Breddin 1906), H. (M.) selangorana new species, H. (M.) siberuta Brailovsky and Barrera 2002, H. (M.) siporana Brailovsky and Barrera 2002, and H. (M.) speculigera (Breddin 1906). These species are morphologi- cally very similar and therefore sometimes difficult to distinguish, especially females. The most reliable distinguishing character is the shape of the pos- teroventral edge of the male genital capsule. The following abbreviations are used for the institutions cited in this paper: BMNH (The Natural History Museum, London, England); BPBM (Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii); RNHL (Riyksmuseum van Natuurlijke Histoire, Leiden, Netherlands); UNAM (Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México); ZMAS (Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia); and ZSMC (Zoologische Staatsammlung, Munchen, Germany). Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 227 Figures 1-4. Pronotum. |. Hygia (Microcolpura) flavitarsis Bléte. 2-3. Hygia (Pterocol- pura) spp. 2. H. (P.) montana (Bl6te). 3. H. (P.) angulicollis (Breddin). 4. H. (P.) sarawak Brailovsky. 228 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figures 5-13. Hygia (Microcolpura) spp., male genital capsule in caudal view (5-7, 9, 11- 13) and lateral view (8, 10). 5. H. (M.) siberuta Brailovsky and Barrera. 6. H. (M.) imbel- lis (Breddin). 7. H. (M.) siporana Brailovsky and Barrera. 8. H. (M.) imbellis (Breddin). 9-10. H. (M.) pacalis (Breddin). 11. H. (M.) labecula (Distant). 12. H. (M.) dulita Brailovsky and Barrera. 13. H. (M.) incultus NEW SPECIES. Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 229 Figures 14-21. Hygia (Microcolpura) spp., male genital capsule in caudal view (14, 16- 17, 19-21) and lateral view (15, 18). 14-15. H. (M_) inermicollis (Breddin). 16. H. (M.) speculigera (Breddin). 17-18. H. (M.) hebeticollis (Breddin). 19. H. (M.) flavitarsis Blote. 20. H. (M.) binaluana NEW SPECIES. 21. H. (M.) selangorana NEW SPECIES. 230 13a. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HYGIA (MICROCOLPURA) Hind! tibiae blackato reddish brown) wathibwo\yelllowamglia GSicecesse senses eee ee eee 50a aU NORM ices ce en ic ie ee ae ee RA eh eee ee Hygia (Microcolpura) hebeticollis (Breddin) Hind tibiae entinelyablackato med dish yb nO witless. eee ceenee conten e oe ane ae ence ee 2. Hemelytral membrane dark to pale brown with central yellow discoidal spot ..............0eeeees 3 »Hemelyiralamembranelentire pale to dark browmloramal atic snore eee eee eee fh Posteroventral edge of male genital capsule pentalobulate or trilobulate (Figs. 6, 9, and 10)....4 “Eosteroventraliedee of male genital capsule simapler (Figs Iie Gs Zi) eeeesenen see eeeeee eee ere 5 Posteroventral edge of male genital capsule trilobulate (Figs. 6, 8)..........::ccsscccssssccessseceessceserseees Bees eh ees es ockiea attend o SSUkR cia Gece ee en Ae Hygia (Microcolpura) imbellis (Breddin) . Posteroventral edge of male genital capsule pentalobulate (Figs. 9-10) ..........cceccesceeesseesteeeneeenes stint hi Sean beeoasl ook oct ee Meee ER Ee cs a oe Rene Hygia (Microcolpura) pacalis (Breddin) . Posteroventral edge of male genital capsule with small U-shaped mesial concavity, lateral angles shallowly incurved mesad (Fig. 21)............ Hygia (Microcolpura) selangorana NEW SPECIES . Posteroventral edge of male genital capsule not with small U-shaped mesial concavity (Figs. 11, INC) ere rn RCR Seer Creede ce tcicodtacone sericea eacauetd naaeGronecscadons adeanco0qoneg0" 6 Posteroventral edge of male genital capsule with small V-shaped mesial acute concavity, lateral angles not incurved mesad (Fig. 16) <..cessecececcceees Hygia (Microcolpura) speculigera (Breddin) . Posteroventral edge of male genital capsule with deep elongate U-shaped concavity, lateral SINGS WIN Sava MOSS (ETS, WL) cccosessocscossaccsococuccseaces: Hygia (Microcolpura) labecula (Distant) Endoconum without subapical yellowadiscordalispotieccee-ceetesecee eee ee eee 8 » Endocorumiwith subapical’ yellow discoidalispotee recent eeseen eee eee eee 9 Connexivum and pleural abdominal sterna unicolor, entirely pale orange red; pronotal disk densely covered with long erect setae ...Hygia (Microcolpura) siberuta Brailovsky and Barrera . Connexivum and pleural margin of abdominal sterna bicolorous, reddish brown with posterior margin or posterior half yellow; pronotal disk glabrous or with a few scattered short hairs ....... Pere En er ore acne ho cette socdosnsnsetoaadomddeads Hygia (Microcolpura) binaluana NEW SPECIES Posteroventral edge of male genital capsule simple (Fig. 13-15, 19).............c:ecssceseseeceeeeeeeees 10 . Posteroventral edge of male genital capsule bituberculate or trilobulate (Figs. 7, 12) ............. 1 Posteroventral edge of male genital capsule with wide mesial concavity (Fig. 13) ............ee SD te «Meme a eT rd Heeger Seca cae Mo Cee Hygia (Microcolpura) incultus NEW SPECIES . Posteroventral edge of male genital capsule not with wide mesial concavity (Figs. 14-15, 19).. wbsisi watieoiien se go nO es es MMR tenet Cobras ebhieati cei ator qebeemioaty sel he Re Lalas Cte Skee eae Ee ot Se ee Se eee 1] . Posteroventral edge of male genital capsule moderately sinuate, with shallow non-truncated HAIN COYNE NVATLOS/ (CEE, OQ). ssconsscsvocoasoobedodcevobacindSodvosocsasodce, Hygia (Microcolpura) flavitarsis Blote . Posteroventral edge of male genital capsule with small U-shaped mesial concavity, and lateral angles incurving mesad (Figs. 14-15)............ ee Hygia (Microcolpura) inermicollis (Breddin) Posteroventral edge of male genital capsule bituberculate (Fig. 12); hind femur black to reddish brown, with basal third yellow................... Hygia (Microcolpura) dulita Brailovsky and Barrera . Posteroventral edge of male genital capsule trilobulate (Fig. 7); hind femur entirely black to red- COIS) C18) 6) c'0)s 76 ene on Ce NO nen Tare oer pene eas meee ie oF ne ta dbattc once daooobetcoossasocens 13 . Posteroventral edge of male genital capsule with median triangular lobe, elongate and exposed, lateral lobes narrowed incurving mesad and longer than median lobe (Fig. 7)..........:::ecceeeeeeeees Se ae ree ce cM a Sats STN UC Hygia (Microcolpura) siporana Brailovsky and Barrera Posteroventral edge of male genital capsule with median lobe short, and lateral lobes broad, incurving mesad, and longer than median lobe............. Hygia (Microcolpura) modesta (Distant) Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 231 Hygia (Microcolpura) incultus, NEW SPECIES (Fig. 13) Description. Male (holotype). Dorsal coloration. Black with apex of scutel- lum, and posterior margin of connexivum dark chestnut orange; antennal seg- ments I to III black, IV yellow orange with basal joint pale reddish brown; inner third of apical margin of endocorium with yellow discoidal spot; hemelytral membrane entirely dark ambarine with veins darker, and reaching posterior mar- gin of last abdominal segment. Ventral coloration. Black with rostral segments I to IV, trochanter, basal joint of femora, and anterior and posteror lobe of metathoracic peritreme yellow to chestnut orange; tarsi shiny chestnut orange. Structure. Rostrum incomplete: frontal angles obtuse, rounded; femora un- armed. Genital capsule broadly ovoid; posteroventral edge convex with a widened mesial concavity (Fig.13). Female. Unknown. Measurements. Head length: 1.30 mm; width across eyes: 1.44 mm; interoc- ular space: 0.90 mm; interocellar space: 0.44 mm; preocular distance: 0.86 mm; antennal segments lengths: I, 1.38 mm; I, 1.64 mm; III, 1.22 mm; IV, 1.10 mm. Pronotal length: 1.78 mm; width across humeral angles: 2.86 mm. Scutellar length: 1.52 mm; width: 1.32 mm. Total body length: 8.95 mm. Type material. Holotype: male, Indonesia, West Sumatra, Loeboek Sikaping, 450 m, 1923-27, L. Hundeshagen. Deposited in ZMAS. Discussion. The shape of the posteroventral edge of male genital capsule resembles Hygia (Microcopura) hebeticollis (Breddin 1905). Hygia (M.) incul- tus is distinguishable by the completely black tibiae, the hemelytral membrane entirely dark ambarine, and the mesial concavity of the posteroventral edge of male genital capsule widened (Figs. 13, 17-18). In H. (M.) hebeticollis the tibiae are reddish brown with two yellow rings, and the hemelytral membrane is pale brown. Etymology. From the Latin “incultus,” for uncultivated, referring to the rela- tively indistinctive nature of the species. Hygia (Microcolpura) selangorana, NEW SPECIES (iie4e21) Description. Male (holotype). Dorsal coloration. Black to reddish brown with apex of scutellum, and posterior margin of connexivum dark chestnut orange; antennal segments | to III chestnut orange, IV yellow with basal joint chestnut orange; inner third of apical margin of endocorium with dirty yellow discoidal spot; hemelytral membrane dark brown with wide yellow discoidal spot, and reaching posterior margin of last abdominal segment; dorsal abdominal segments black with segment II and lateral margins of III dark orange. Ventral coloration. Black; rostral segments I to IV yellow, or yellow with orange reflec- 232 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS tions; trochanter, basal joint of hind femur, tibiae, tarsi, anterior and posterior lobe of metathoracic peritreme, and posterior margin of pleural abdominal ster- na orange to dark chestnut orange. Structure. Rostrum reaching posterior mar- gin of abdominal sternite V; frontal angles obtuse, rounded; femora unarmed. Genital capsule broadly ovoid; posteroventral edge with narrow U-shaped con- cavity, and lateral angles shallowly incurved (Fig. 21). Female. Unknown. Measurements. Head length: 1.36 mm; width across eyes: 1.60 mm; interoc- ular space: 0.82 mm; interocellar space: 0.38 mm; preocular distance: 0.86 mm; antennal segments lengths: I, 1.52 mm; II, 2.12 mm; III, 1.34 mm; IV, 1.24 mm. Pronotal length: 2.00 mm; width across humeral angles: 3.00 mm. Scutellar length: 1.54 mm; width: 1.32 mm. Total body length: 9.35 mm. Type material. Holotype: male, Malaysia, Selangor, F. M. S., Gombok Valley, 20-X-1921, H. M. Pendlebury. Deposited in BMNH. Paratypes: | male, Malaysia, Selangor, F. M. S., Ayer Farm, F. A. Limba and Old Baluku, 100’-600’, 14-XI-1920, H. C. Abraham. Deposited in UNAM. | male, Malaysia, Malaya Peninsula, SE Pahang, Rompin Mining Co., Railway Track, 46 km, 3-III-1961, L. W. Quate. Deposited in BPBM. Discussion. The endocorium with small discoidal yellow spot, and the shape of the posteroventral edge of male genital capsule (Figs. 14-15, 17-18, 21) resemble Hygia (Microcolpura) hebeticollis (Breddin 1905) and H. (M.) inermi- collis Breddin 1900. The hemelytral membrane of those species is entirely pale brown, and in H. (M.) selangorana the membrane is dark brown with a wide cen- tral yellow spot. In H. (M.) imbellis (Breddin), the hemelytral membrane is similar to that of H. (M.) selangorana, but the posteroventral edge is clearly trilobulate and not sim- ple (Figs. 6, 8, 21). Etymology. Named after the type locality. Hygia (Microcolpura) binaluana, NEW SPECIES (Fig. 20) Description. Male (holotype). Dorsal coloration. Head and anterior lobe of pronotal disk black; posterior lobe of pronotal disk, scutellum, clavus, and cori- um dark chestnut orange; antennal segment I reddish brown, IJ and III chestnut orange, and IV yellow with basal joint chestnut orange; apex of scutellum yel- low; endocorium lacking a yellow discoidal spot; hemelytral membrane entirely brown; connexivum reddish brown with posterior margin yellow; abdominal segments reddish brown. Ventral coloration. Reddish brown with rostral seg- ments I to IV, anterior and posterior lobe of metathoracic peritreme, trochanters, basal joint of fore and middle femora, anterior third of hind femur, and posterior lateral margin of abdominal sterna yellow; tibiae orange yellow with basal and apical joint darker; tarsi yellow with pale chestnut orange reflections. Structure. Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 233 Rostrum reaching posterior margin of abdominal sternite IV or anterior third of V; frontal angles obtuse, rounded; femora unarmed. Genital capsule broadly ovoid; posteroventral edge with narrow elongate median longitudinal impression and undercurved area along the posterior one-third of lateral angles (Fig. 20). Female. Coloration. Similar to male (Holotype). Abdominal segments VIII and IX, connexival segments VIII and IX dark reddish; genital plates reddish brown with chestnut orange reflections. Structure. Genitalia. Abdominal stern- ite VII with plica and fissura; plica triangular, acute, reaching the middle third of the sternite; gonocoxae | enlarged dorsoventrally, convex, in caudal view closed; paratergite VIII triangular, small, with spiracle visible; paratergite IX squarish, larger than paratergite VIII, with inner third clearly touching. Measurements. Male given first, followed in parentheses by those for female. Head length: 1.56 mm (1.66 mm); width across eyes: 1.70 mm (1.80 mm); inte- rocular space: 0.88 mm (0.88 mm); interocellar space: 0.42 mm (0.44 mm); pre- ocular distance: 0.94 mm (0.96 mm); antennal segments lengths: I, 1.74 mm (1.70 mm); I, 2.44 mm (2.56 mm); III, 1.60 mm (1.62 mm); IV, 1.34 mm (1.32 mm). Pronotal length: 2.16 mm (2.36 mm); width across humeral angles: 3.24 mm (3.58 mm). Scutellar length: 1.68 mm (1.80 mm); width: 1.64 mm (1.82 mm). Total body length: 10.03 mm (10.75 mm). Type material. Holotype: male, Philippine Republic, N Palawan, Binaluan, XI-X-1913, G. Boettcher. Deposited in ZSMC. Paratypes: 3 males, 3 females, Philippine Republic, N Palawan, Binaluan, XI-XII-1913, G. Boettcher. De- posited in BMNH, UNAM and ZSMC: Discussion. The hemelytral membrane entirely brown, the obtuse frontal angles, and the shape of the male genital capsule relate this species to H. (M.) hebeticollis (Breddin 1905) (Figs. 17-18, 20). In H. (M.) binaluana the endoco- rium lacks a yellow discoidal spot, the pronotal disk is covered with short scat- tered hairs, and the tibiae are orange yellow with basal and apical joint darker. In H. (M.) hebeticollis the endocorium has a small yellow discoidal spot, the prono- tal disk is densely covered by long and erect hairs, and the tibiae are reddish brown with two yellow rings. Etymology. Named after Binaluan in the Philippine Republic. ADDITIONAL NOMENCLATURAL REMARKS Hygia (Pterocolpura) frontalis Brailovsky and Barrera, nomen novum Hygia (Pterocolpura) angulicollis Blote 1936. Zool. Meded. 19: 42-43. Pre- occupied. The male holotype of H. (P.) angulicollis Bléte (1936) housed in RNHL was examined. We determinated that the specific name H.(P.) angulicollis is a junior homonym of Hygia (Microcolpura) angulicollis (Breddin 1900), since the trans- fer of this latter taxon to the subgenus Prerocolpura. In the absence of a junior synonym for H. (P.) angulicollis Bléte 1936, not Breddin 1900, we suggest the following replacement name: Hygia (Pterocolpura) frontalis Brailovsky and Barrera, nomen novum. 234 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to the following individuals and their respective institutions for either the loan or permission to examine specimens: Mick Webb (The Natural History Museum, London, England), Gordon Nishida (Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii), Jan van Tol (Rijksmuseum van Naturlijke Histoire, Leiden, Netherlands), I. M. Kerzhner (Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia), and Klaus Schénitzer (Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munchen, Germany). Alfonso Neri Garcia Aldrete and Alfonso Delgado Salinas both from Instituto de Biologia, UNAM, provided insightful comments on an earlier draft of this paper. LITERATURE CITED Bergroth, E. 1918. Studies in Philippine Heteroptera, I. The Philippine Journal of Science 13 (2-3): 43-126. Bergroth, E. 1921. Some Hemiptera Heteroptera from N. W. Borneo. Journal of the Straits Branch of the R. Asiatic Society, Singapore, 83: 76-87. Blote, H.C. 1936. Catalogue of the Coreidae in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Histoire, Part III. Coreinae, Second part. Zoologische Mededeelingen 19: 23-66. Brailovsky, H. and E. Barrera. 1997. Redescription of the subgenus Hygia (Eucolpura) Breddin (Hemiptera: Coreidae: Colpurini), with the description of two new species, and a key to the known species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 99: 257-266. Brailovsky, H. and E. Barrera. 2002. Redescription of the subgenus Microcolpura Breddin, 1900 of the genus Hygia Uhler, 1861 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae: Colpurini), with description of five new species. Polish Journal of Entomology 71: 211-223. Breddin, G. 1900. Materiae ad cognitionem subfamilie Pachycephalini (Lybantini Olim). Ex Hemi- pteris-Heteropteris, Fam. Coreidae. Revue d’ Entomologie, Caen 19: 194-217. Breddin, G. 1905. Versuch einer Rhynchotenfauna der Malayischen Insel Banguey. Mitteilungen Naturhistorischen Museum Hamburg 22: 203-226. Breddin, G. 1906. Neue Beitrage zur Kenntnis von Colpura Bergr., und verwandter Rhynchoten. Annales de la Société Entomologique Belgique 50: 47-58. Dallas, W. S. 1852. List of the specimens of Hemipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part II. Taylor and Francis Inc. London, England. pp. 369-392. Distant, W. L. 1901. Rhynchotal notes.-VIII. Heteroptera: Fam. Coreidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Series 7, Volume VII: 6-22. Kerzhner, I. M. and H. Brailovsky. 2003. On Hygia opaca (Uhler), H. lativentris (Motschulsky) and H. obscura (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Coreidae). Zoosystematica Rossica 12 (1):99-100. Motschulsky, V. 1866. Catalogue des insects recus du Japon. Bulletin de la Societe Imperial Naturelle de Moscou 39(1):163-200. Uhler, P. R. 1861. Rectification of the paper upon the Hemiptera of the North Pacific expedition. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia 1861: 286-287. Walker, F. 1871. Catalogue of the specimens of Hemiptera Heteroptera in the collection of the British Museum. Part IV, London, England. 211 pp. Westwood, J. O. 1842. Catalogue of Hemiptera in the collection of the Rev. F. W. Hope, M. A., with short Latin descriptions of the new species. Part II. London, England. Printed by J. C. Bridgewater, 31, South Molton Street, Oxford Street. pp. 1-26. Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 255 THE MEXICAN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS MEXICANUS: FIRST RECORD IN THE UNITED STATES AND CO-OCCURRENCE WITH THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE - DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE OR CURCULIONIDAE: SCOLYTINAE)' John C. Moser,’ Bobbe A. Fitzgibbon,’ and Kier D. Klepzig’ ABSTRACT: The Mexican pine beetle (XPB) Dendroctonus mexicanus, is recorded here for the first time as a new introduction for the United States (US). Individuals of XPB and its sibling species, the southern pine beetle (SPB) Dendroctonus frontalis, were found infesting the same logs of Chihuahua pine, Pinus leiophylla var. chihuahuana and those of several other pine species in the Chiricahua Mountains, AZ. Both species were also captured in Lindgren traps baited with southern- and western pine beetle attractants, both of which contained the pheromone frontalin. XPB outnum- bered SPB 16:1 in the traps. Both XPB and SPB were trapped during warm periods in winter. It is possible that XPB attack trees during winter as SPB do in the southeastern US. Both XPB and SPB are highly destructive to pines, and XPB could pose a threat if accidentally introduced to pines in the higher elevations of the eastern US. KEY WORDS: Southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, Dendroctonus mexicanus, invasive species, bark beetle, Curculionidae, Scolytidae, Scolytinae Dendroctonus mexicanus Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae or Scolytidae: Scolytinae), the Mexican pine beetle (XPB), and D. frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Curculionidae or Scolytidae: Scolytinae), the southern pine beetle (SPB), are sibling species so closely related that they are nearly impossible to tell apart by visual examination and/or behavior. Until the discovery that males of the two species could be reliably differentiated by examining their seminal rods (Payne, 1980; Lanier et al., 1988), the two species were separated only with dif- ficulty, presumably by the relative lengths of the setae on their elytral declivities (Cibrian et al., 1995). The range of the XPB is limited in Mexico from the northern state of Sonora to the southern state of Chiapas (Cibrian et al., 1995). The SPB occurs north of, south of, and within the range of the XPB (Salinas-Moreno et al., 2004) (Fig. 1). Although the XPB normally exists at higher elevations than the SPB (Wood, 1982), the coexistence of these two species in the same tree was noted by Wood (1982) and even in adjacent galleries of the same tree (Zuniga et al., 1995). The biologies of the two species differ only slightly, and they both periodically cause extensive economic damage to pine forests (Cibrian et al., 1995). ‘Received on May 3, 2005. Accepted on June 10, 2005. * United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2500 Shreve- port Highway Pineville, Louisiana 71360 U.S.A. E-mails: jmoser@fs.fed.us, kklepzig@fs.fed.us, respectively. *Forestry and Forest Health, 2500 S. Pine Knoll Drive, Flagstaff, Arizona 86001 U.S.A. E-mail: bfitzgibbon@fs.fed.us. Mailed on November 29, 2005 236 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figure |. Approximate distribution of Dendroctonus mexicanus (XPB, black areas) (from Salinas-Moreno et al. 2004) and D. frontalis (gray areas) (from Payne 1980) in the United States and Mexico. Arrow indicates approximate location of new record of the XPB in Chiricahua National Monument, Arizona, U.S.A. On August 23, 2000, an aerial survey by the U.S. Forest Service discovered approximately seven hectares of damage by bark beetles in Southern Arizona on the Chiricahua National Monument, as well as over 4,700 hectares acres on the Coronado National Forest, and 26 hectares on private land. We document here the dominant species of bark beetles involved in these infestations, the first record of the XPB in the U.S.A., and provide additional data that the XPB and the SPB coexist within the same trees, and that both respond to semiochemical- baited traps. ; Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 237 METHODS Study areas. We selected two sites of bark beetle infestation on the Coronado National Forest, Arizona, U.S.A. Both sites — Pinery Canyon (31° 57.327' N, 109° 18.729' W) and Turkey Creek (31° 51.280' N, 109° 19.883' W), about 12 km south of Pinery Canyon — were located on ridge tops at elevations of approxi- mately 1750 m. Host species on the sites included Pinus engelmannii Carriére, Pinus leiophylla Schiede & Deppe var. chihuahuana (Engelm.) Shaw, P. ayac- ahuite Ehrenberg ex Schlechtendal, and Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson var. scopulorum Engelm. P. leiophylla var. chihuahuana appeared to be the species most impacted by bark beetles at both sites. Trapping. At each site we placed four Lindgren 12-unit multiple-funnel traps (Phero Tech, Inc., Delta, British Columbia, Canada), each separated by about 40 m, at each site. We baited two of the traps with a standard (SPB) lure (racemic frontalin, loaded with 296 mg active ingredient/ bait, releasing at 5.2 mg /d @ 23°C; Phero Tech, Inc.). Because the response of D. frontalis to frontalin in the southeastern US is synergized by a-pinene (a host monoterpene), we also baited those traps with a 170 g poly bag loaded with 70 percent (-)a-pinene (releasing at 1000 mg /d @ 23°C; Phero Tech, Inc.). Since we suspected the presence of the western pine beetle Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (WPB) in this area, we baited the other two traps at each site with the standard WPB three-component lure: racemic frontalin, exo-brevicomin, and myrcene releasing at 2.6 mg, 17 mg, and 100 mg per day (@ 23°C; Phero Tech, Inc.). The pheromone baits were placed near the tops of the traps, and the baits were replaced at least every three months. We sampled the traps weekly from May 15, 2001 until February 22, 2002. By January 2002, the Pinery Canyon infestation had begun to decline. We moved the four traps about 12 km south on February 22, 2002 to the Turkey Creek location, which now possessed a much larger number of actively infested trees. The placement and pheromone components of the traps were the same as at Pinery Canyon, except that the baits were replaced monthly. Each week, contents of each of the four traps were placed in a Nasco Whirl- pak® with 70 percent ethanol, by personnel of the Coronado National Forest, and sent to the senior author at Pineville (Louisiana, U.S.A.), for processing. Here Dendroctonus species were separated from the other insects, and cleared for a minimum of 12 hrs in lactophenol to facilitate visualizing the genitalia. The bee- tles were sexed and the males identified to species using seminal rod morpholo- gy. Due to a lack of reliable taxonomic characters, we did not attempt to identi- fy the females to species. Collection from host trees. On October 3, and November 19, 2001, bark sam- ples were removed from eight and two P. chihuahuana, respectively, from the Turkey Creek location from the lower bole to the crown. Live and dead Dendroc- tonus spp. were removed from the galleries in these bark pieces and sent to Pineville, LA, for identification to species. These trees were in various stages of infestation. On December 6, 2001, five additional P chihuahuana in various stages of infestation were cut in Pinery Canyon. Bark samples were also removed 238 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS from these trees, and live and dead Dendroctonus spp. were removed from the gal- leries and sent to Pineville, (Louisiana, U.S.A.), for identification to species. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures and rainfall data were obtained from the Coronado National Monument (CNM) weather station, about 7 km north of, and at the same elevation as, the Pinery Canyon site. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The trapping at the Pinery Canyon site (May 2001 — Feb 2002) with both SPB and WPB baits confirmed the presence of both the XPB and the SPB at the Pinery Canyon site (Fig. 2). This represents the first record of the XPB within the US, and the first recorded attraction of the XPB to semiochemical baited traps. Ground checks of bark beetle galleries of infested P leiophylla var chihuahuana revealed that both the SPB and the XPB were infesting the lower, mid, and upper boles of the same trees. Collection from P. leiophylla var chihuahuana at Turkey Creek in October and November 2001 yielded a total of 31 male XPB, two male SPB, and 69 female Dendroctonus spp. A total of 10 male XPB, seven male SPB, and 37 female Dendroctonus spp. were collected from P. leiophylla var chihuahuana at Pinery Canyon in December 2001. At the Pinery Canyon site, one trap baited with WPB pheromone consistently caught the most beetles. In contrast, at Turkey Creek a trap baited with SPB phero- mone consistently caught the largest number of beetles. In all but one collection (in September 2000 when only a few SPB were captured) XPB was always the pre- dominant bark beetle captured, outnumbering SPB about 34:1. Trapped SPB (74) and XPB (997) males together outnumbered the combined total of females of both species (484) by about 2:1 at Pinery Canyon. The SPB (416) and XPB (15,944) males trapped at Turkey Creek together outnumbered XPB and SPB females (1,526) about 10:1. These ratios are consistent with those recorded for populations of SPB only in the southeastern US (Payne, 1980). How- ever, for beetles collected from trees, females were recovered over twice as often as males. This sex ratio is greater than the 1:1 ratio recorded for emerging SPB in the southeastern USA (Coster et al., 1977; Osgood and Clark, 1963). However, we only sampled beetles within trees; it is possible that males may have re-emerged and vacated the galleries before the females, and therein changed the sex ratio. Maximum temperatures at the collecting sites at the times of flight (~1000 to ~1700 hrs.) varied from ~19°C in winter to ~38°C in summer. Trap catches of the XPB stopped when average temperatures dropped below 16°C, and SPB seemed even less active at cold temperatures. In both years of trapping, we observed a dis- tinct spring peak for male XPB and SPB (Fig. 2). Though numbers of SPB were at least an order of magnitude lower than those of XPB, the correspondence in their peak flight activity was striking. Perhaps by way of explanation, we noted a corre- spondence between peak trap captures and average daily temperature [obtained by adding the maximum and minimum daily temperatures and dividing by two (Figs. Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 239 3 and 4)]. Both species showed the highest propensity for flight during average daily temperatures in the range of 20-25°C, with the most beetles captured at approximately 22°C. This unimodal pattern of flight activity is in agreement with previous observations for SPB in the southern US (Moser and Thompson, 1986). 450 —*— XPB Males 400 —A— SPB Males 350 300 250 200 # Beetles 150 100 —e— XPB Males —*— SPB Males # Beetles Figure 2. Total number of male Dendroctonus mexicanus (XPB) and D. frontalis (SPB) captured in funnel traps at a) Pinery Canyon, Coronado National Forest, Arizona, U.S.A.; b) Turkey Creek, Coronado National Forest, Arizona, U.S.A. 240 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Mexican Pine Beetle 450 ee — = ee 400 . # XPB Males ine) on (e@) 200 150 % ry 100 o 50 o A ry o? ry e e OW 0 +¢—_¢ 0-00-06 *—+ + o—¢—_* o— 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Avg. Temp. (C) Figure 3. Total number of male Dendroctonus mexicanus (XPB) captured at various daily average temperatures in funnel traps at Turkey Creek and Pinery Canyon, Coronado National Forest, Arizona U.S.A. Each data point represents a collection attempt (regard- less of whether any beetles were collected). Southern Pine Beetle # SPB Males PS) 0 -_______0-+-_00-0 0-06 _____¢ 4 ________¢ 9 9 9 9 0 +000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Avg. Temp. (C) Figure 4. Total number of male Dendroctonus frontalis (SPB) captured at various daily average temperatures in funnel traps at Turkey Creek and Pinery Canyon, Coronado National Forest, Arizona U.S.A. Each data point represents a collection attempt (regard- less of whether any beetles were collected). Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 241 Although it is difficult, given our limited sampling, to estimate the number of generations per year in this area of Arizona, our data indicate far less than the 7- 9 generations that this beetle produces per year in the southern U.S. (Payne 1980). Also, SPB numbers declined in mid-Summer but never recovered when cooler weather returned in September. This is in contrast with SPB behavior in the southeastern U.S. where beetles routinely fly during cool weather in the win- ter (Moser and Thompson 1986). However, ground surveys in October indicated that another possible cause for the decline was that the Pinery Canyon infestation was moribund and producing few beetles. Examination of 474 SPB and 7,541 XPB males over the course of two years yielded no evidence of seminal rods which were intermediate in appearance (between one or more Dendroctonus species) (Fig. 5). This supports similar lack of evidence for hybrid individuals reported by others (Lanier et al., 1988; Zuniga etal 1995). Although we used a limited number of traps, and were unable to statistically analyze the data, beetle capture seemed to be more influenced by trap location than by bait type. At Pinery Canyon a WPB pheromone baited trap caught the greatest number of beetles, while at Turkey Creek, a SPB pheromone baited trap caught the most beetles. These results indicate that the baits may have little to do with the numbers caught, and suggest that these two traps may merely have been closer to heavily infested trees. Because the XPB (and SPB) were trapped during warm periods in winter, we speculate that they attack trees during the winter, as the SPB do in the southeastern U.S. (Payne, 1980). The reasons for the predominance of XPB over SPB at our sites are hard to ascertain. It may be that competitive displacement favored the XPB over the SPB, because the XPB is apparently better adapted to higher elevations (Lanier et al., 1988; Wood, 1982). Regardless, the SPB and the XPB were found infest- ing the same trees. This confirms previous observations by Zuniga et al. (1995). Although SPB have been reported for this area at least once (Lanier et al., 1988), we suspect that earlier XPB populations may have been overlooked because a reliable technique for separating the two species was not developed until 1988, and because SPB may have been the dominant species at that particular time and place when the collections were made (such as during our September 27, 2000 trapping). We describe XPB here as a new introduction to the U.S. However it is beyond the scope of this study to determine the degree to which this is a recent intro- duction. Given the morphological and biological similarities of the XPB and the SPB, it is possible that the two species have been co-occurring in this area for some time. The possibility of a more recent invasion (mediated by climatic changes) or introduction (via log transport), however, cannot be discounted. The mechanisms and spatiotemporal aspects of the occurrence of this insect within the U.S. remain to be determined. 242 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Mexican pine beetle Cc d Figure 5. Seminal rods of male XPB (a, b) and SPB (c, d) collected at Turkey Creek and Pinery Canyon, Coronado National Forest, Arizona U.S.A. Photographs by Rich Hofstet- ter, Northern Arizona University. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Ron Billings, Brian Strom, Alex Mangini for reviewing an earlier version of this man- uscript; John Anhold and Jill Wilson for the survey of June 21, 2000, which detected the initial bee- tle infestations; Brian Strom and Steve Clark for the subsequent 27 September 2000 trapping of SPB; Dennis Callahan, Adrian Cockerell, Arnold Canez, and Louis Pope (Coronado National Forest) for the 2001 spring and summer weekly trap collections; Russ Tindel (USDA Forest Service Senior Community Service Employment Program, Coronado National Forest) for consistent trap mainte- nance, collection and shipping in the Chiricahua Mountains; Alan Whalon (Coronado National Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 243 Monument) for supplying the daily minimum-maximum temperatures and precipitation data; Steve Wood and Ramon Cisneros for confirming our identifications of SPB and XPB; Stacy Blomquist for assistance in dissecting seminal rods and processing data. Rich Hofstetter for the seminal rod photo- graphs. LITERATURE CITED Cibrian, D., J. T. Mendez, R. Campos, H. O. Yates III, and J. E. Flores. 1995. Insectos Forestales de México/Forest Insects of Mexico. (North American Forestry Commission, FAO, Publication no. 6). Universidad Autonoma Chapingo, Chapingo, Estado de México, Mexico. 453 pp. Coster, J. E., T. L. Payne, E. R. Hart, and L. S. Edson. 1977. Seasonal variations in mass attack behavior of southern pine beetle. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 12:204-211. Lanier, G. N., J. P. Hendrichs, and J. E. Flores. 1988. Biosystematics of the Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) complex. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 81:403-418. Moser, J.C. and W. A. Thompson. 1986. Temperature thresholds related to flight of Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm. (Col.: Scolytidae). Agronomie 6:905-910. Osgood, E. A. and E. W. Clark. 1963. Methods of sexing and sex ratios of the southern pine bee- tle Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm. Canadian Entomologist 95:1106-1109. Payne, T. L. 1980. Life history and habits, pp. 7-28. In, R. C. Thatcher, J. L. Searcy, J. E. Coster, and G. D. Hertel [Editors]. The Southern Pine Beetle. US Department Agriculture Forest Service Technical Bulletin 1631. 266 pp. Salinas-Moreno, Y., M. G. Mendoza, M. A. Barrios, R. Cisneros, J. Macias-Samano, and G. Zuniga. 2004. Areography of the genus Dendroctonus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scoly- tinae) in Mexico. Journal of Biogeography 31:1163-1177. Wood, S. L. 1982. The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 6:1359. Zuniga, G., R. Cisneros, and Y. Salina-Moreno. 1995. Coexistencias de Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann y D. mexicanus Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) sobre un mismo hospedero. Acta Zoologica Mexicana Nueva Serie 64:59-62. THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGIGALESO @ let x APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP Membership coincides with the calendar year running from January 1 to December 31. If joining midyear, back issues will be mailed. Unless requested otherwise, membership application received after October 1 will be credited to the following year. DUES FOR 2006: Regular: $20 Student: $12 $ Students must provide proof of student status Paid membership dues are required for the following member's subscription rates: L] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Vol. 117 @ $15.00 per year: $ L] TRANSACTIONS OF TAES Vol. 132 @ $15.00 per year: $ SE GF “Moe. sy hey RS Se x yee = Total: $ NAME ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP E-MAIL (PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY) AES Federal ID No.: 23-1599849 TELEPHONE MAIL FORM & PAYMENT TO: L] Check or money order (in US currency through a US bank) The American Entomological Society payable to The American Entomological Society. at The Academy of Natural Sciences Credit card: LJ VISA L] Discover [1 MasterCard [1 AmEx 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195 Telephone: (215) 561-3978 E-mail: aes@acnatsci.org CREDIT CARD NUMBER EXPIRATION DATE NAME ON CARD SIGNATURE www.acnatsci.org/hosted/aes Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 245 WINTER PREY PREFERENCE OF PERLODES MICROCEPHALUS (PICTET, 1833) (PLECOPTERA, PERLODIDAE) NYMPHS IN AN APENNINIC CREEK, NORTHWESTERN ITALY’ S. Fenoglio,’ T. Bo,’ and M. Cucco’ ABSTRACT: The feeding habits of Perlodes microcephalus nymphs (Plecoptera, Perlodidae) have been investigated in Caramagna, an Apennine creek located in northwestern Italy. This large species is one of the most representative carnivorous stonefly nymphs in this area, where it is a top-bottom predator in many fishless creeks. Despite its ecological importance, little is known about its trophic ecology. In this study, we examined the gut contents of 35 nymphs during the winter of February 2005. We detected an evident trophic preference for the following taxa: Chironomidae (Diptera) as well as Psychomidae, Glossosomatidae, Hyporhyacophila sp., and other Trichoptera. This preference appears to be independent of the prey’s availability in the substratum. Rheostenic taxa, also abundant and widespread in the substratum, were almost absent or seldom found in the diet of P. micro- cephalus. These results suggest that the trophic preferences of PR. microcephalus are more dependent on prey microhabitat preference than on prey abundance. KEY WORDS: Perlodes microcephalus, Plecoptera, Perlodidae feeding habit, gut contents, north- western Italy Monakov (2003) stated that “there is no discipline in hydrobiology that does not require a study of the feeding and nutrition of aquatic animals.” Improving our knowledge about feeding behavior and trophic ecology is indispensable to better understand applied and basic elements of stream ecology. For example, increased human influence in aquatic ecosystems lead to changes in feeding and growth of aquatic invertebrates (Broekhuizen et al., 2001), altering composition and structure of benthic communities. Furthermore, studies about feeding habits take an evident interest in an auto-ecological perspective (Elliott, 2003; 2004). In the last decades, there was a growing interest in the trophic ecology of aquatic insects, especially for some groups such as shredders, for their importance in the metabolism of allochtonous organic inputs (Webster and Benfield, 1986), and predators, for their role as top-down control elements in benthic communities (Molles and Pietruszka, 1987; Wipfli and Gregovich, 2002). In lentic habitats and low flowing waters, large invertebrate predators are mainly represented by the Odonata, Anisoptera and Zygoptera; Coleoptera, Hy- droadephaga, as well as by the Hemiptera, Heteroptera. On the other hand, in lotic systems the dominant predator group is represented by the Plecoptera Systellognatha (Allan, 1995). Among the latter, Chloroperlidae, Perlodidae, and Perlidae have carnivorous nymphs of moderate to large size. In adult Perlidae and large Perlodidae, feeding seems to have little or no importance (Tierno de ‘Received on March 23, 2005. Accepted on April 26, 2005. * University of Piemonte Orientale, Dipartimento di Scienze dell’ Ambiente e della Vita, Via Bellini n. 25, 15100 Alessandria, Italy. E-mails: fenoglio@unipmn.it, tbo@unipmn.it, cucco@unipmn.it, respectively. Mailed on November 29, 2005 246 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figueroa and Sanchez-Ortega, 1999; Tierno de Figueroa and Fochetti, 2001). In fact, little if any solid food has been found in the gut of some perlid or large per- lodids (Tierno de Figueroa and Fochetti, 2001; Fenoglio and Tierno de Figueroa, 2003). Apparently, adults rely on the rich diet of the preimaginal stages (Fenoglio, 2003). Perlodes microcephalus (Pictet) (Plecoptera: Perlodidae) is a reophilous mesothermal species with a wide distribution in Europe. As all Perlodidae (Merritt and Cummins, 1996), P. microcephalus nymphs are known to be active predators. This species is characterised by a very rapid growth rate, reaching 18- 28 mm long in only one year (Hynes, 1993). Previous studies highlighted that P. microcephalus feeds mostly at night, mainly on Simuliidae, Chironomidae (both Diptera) and on Ephemeroptera (Berthélemy and Lahoud, 1981; Elliott, 2000). In an experiment conducted in laboratory conditions, Elliott (2003) com- pared predator-prey interactions of four large-sized, carnivorous Plecoptera nymphs: two Perlodidae (P. microcephalus Pictet, 1833 and Isoperla grammati- ca Poda, 1761) and two Perlidae (Dinocras cephalotes Curtis, 1827 and Perla bipunctata Pictet, 1833). Interestingly, P microcephalus was the most active of the four, with a daily mean prey consumption about three times that each of the others, the highest attack rate, and a generally short handling time. The aim of this study was to investigate the diet of P. microcephalus nymphs in an Apenninic creek during the winter, a period in which: a) benthic commu- nities show the greatest diversity and abundance in this area (Fenoglio et al., 2005a) and b) P. microcephalus nymphs have a strong energetic need and a high growth rate, before emerging. METHODS Between 26-28 February 2005, P. microcephalus nymphs were collected in the Caramagna Creek (latitude 44°36' N — longitude 8°32' E; altitude 280 m above sea level; Fig. 1). This lotic system has a good environmental quality, reaching the first class in the Italian Extended Biotic Index (Ghetti, 1997), corresponding to an environment without trace of human-induced alteration. All samplings were carried out in the first hours of the morning, because Systellognatha tend to feed under diminishing light conditions that occur at dusk and dawn (Vaught and Stewart, 1974). We examined 35 specimens, collected in a single uniform 100 m sized riffle. Moreover, using a Surber net (20 x 20 cm; mesh 255 | Im), we col- lected thirty samples in the same reach to assess the taxa presence and abundance of the natural population of benthic invertebrates. Samples were preserved in 95 percent ethanol (final concentration) in the laboratory. Later, all organisms were counted and identified to the genus, except for Coleoptera, Hydraenidae; Lum- briculidae, and early instars of some Diptera, which were identified to the fami- ly level. Perlodes microcephalus nymphs were measured (total length, 0.1 mm accuracy) and processed to assess food consumption by means of gut contents Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 247 analysis. Guts were removed and the content of the alimentary canal were analysed by the transparency method for slides (Faure’s fluid). Identification of prey was based on chitinized body parts, particularly head capsules, mouthparts, and leg fragments. Caramagna Creek Fig. 1. Caramagna Creek, NW Italy. Circle indicates the sample site. We also compared gut contents with the natural composition and abundance of macroinvertebrate communities in the riverbed. Feeding preferences were quantified using the Electivity Index by Ivlev (1961), E = (1j-pi) / (it pi). In this formula, r; = the proportion of ingested species, p; = the relative abun- dance in the benthic community, and N = the number of food items. This index ranges from -1 to 1. A value of -1 means total avoidance, | indicates preference and 0 indicates indifference. 248 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Table 1. Percent relative abundance (“% value in the community) for macroinver- tebrates collected in the natural riverbed. Taxon FFG % Taxon FFG % Arthropoda: Insecta Limontidae P 0.54 Plecoptera Tabanidae Ie 0.15 Isoperla sp. Je 0.73 Capnia bifrons Sh 0.48 Hymenoptera Leuctra sp. Sh 0.73 Agriotypus armatus P 0.04 Nemoura sp. Sh 0.30 Brachyptera sp. Sh 2OF Coleoptera Perlodes microcephalus 2 0.77 Helichus substriatus Sh OW Hydraenidae Sc EIA Ephemeroptera Dytiscidae P 0.02 Paraleptophlebia sp. Cg 0.02 Gyrinidae (larvae) P 0.58 Ecdyonurus sp. Sc 1.36 Elminthidae (larvae) Cg 0.15 Baetis sp. Cg 7.41 Elminthidae (adults) Cg 0.15 Caenis sp. Cg 0.11 Esolus sp. Cg 0.06 Habrophlebia sp. Cg E23 Helodidae (larvae) Sh 0.37 Habroleptoides sp. Cg 0.28 Hydrophilidae ly 0.02 Ephemera danica Cg 0.04 Centroptilum luteolum Cg 0.32 Odonata Torleya major Cg 0.02 Orthetrum sp. Ie 0.09 Calopteryx sp. ly 0.06 Trichoptera Onychogomphus sp. P 0.06 Sericostoma pedemontanum Sh 0.06 Limnephilidae Sh 0.71 Arthropoda: Arachnida: Potamophylax cingulatus Sh 0.06 Hydracarina P 0.37 Psychomidae Cg 0.13 Goeridae Cg 0.02 Mollusca: Gastropoda Leptoceridae Cg 0.06 Lymnaea peregra Sc 0.06 Glossosomatidae Sc 0.80 Hyporhyacophila sp. P 0.04 Mollusca: Bivalvia Hydropsyche sp. lf 1.04 Pisidium sp. ip 0.02 Wormaldia sp. Ie 0.06 Beraeidae Cg 0.02 Platyhelmintes: Turbellaria: Odontocerum albicorne Sh 0.30 Tricladida Dugesia sp. P 7.41 Heteroptera Micronecta sp. Cg 3){0 Nematoda Mermithidae EP 0.02 Diptera Stratiomyidae P 0.06 Annelida Atherix sp. P 0.09 Lumbriculidae Cg 0.26 Anopheles sp. Cg 0.02 Naididae Cg On Simultidae F 30.22 Eiseniella tetraedra Cg 1.60 Dixidae IP 0.04 Lumbricidae Cg 0.82 Chironomidae var. 10.41 Tubificidae Cg Oal8 Ceratopogonidae P 0.78 Psychodidae P 0.09 Nematomorpha Tipulidae Sh 1.10 Gordius sp. le 0.09 (*) FFG: functional feeding groups (Cg=collectors-gatherers; F=filterers; P=predators; Sc=scrapers; Sh=shredders; var. = various, mainly Cg and P). Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 249 To analyze the dimensional shift in food preference, we separately considered gut contents of smaller nymphs (body length < 20.0 mm) and larger nymphs (body length > 20.0 mm). The preference for individual prey taxon was evaluat- ed between the two length classes using indicator species analysis, computed by the INDVAL 2.0 software (Dufréne, 1998). Indicator species analysis is a ran- domization-based test that compares the relative abundance and relative fre- quency of occurrence of taxa to find indicator species assemblages characteriz- ing groups of samples. RESULTS In total, 30 Surber samples were collected, including 4629 aquatic inverte- brates belonging to 63 taxa. The gut content of 35 P. microcephalus nymphs was examined. The list of taxa and their relative abundance are listed in Table 1. The mean abundance of stream benthic community was 3856.7 individuals/m? + 632.6:SE. In Table 2, we report the list of taxa found in the P. microcephalus guts. The most important prey in the guts were Chironomidae (Diptera): they constituted 43.2 percent of total ingested items, and they were present in the 74.3 percent of examined guts. Other important prey were Trichoptera, particularly Psychomi- dae, Glossosomatidae, and Limnephilidae. Table 2. Indicator values, abundance, and fidelity for prey taxa found in smaller and larger P microcephalus guts. Species IndVal Smaller Larger nymphs nymphs Je Glossosomatidae 43.33 4/4 51/9 <0.01 Chironomidae 44.74 122/12 98/14 N.S. Psychomyidae DAES3 37/8 35/11 N.S. Plecoptera und. 26.32 0/0 WS N.S. Ephemeroptera und. 09 0/0 3/3 ns. Trichoptera und. 49.98 41/13 84/15 ns. Simuliidae SAO * 5 6/2 Difee n.s. Hyporhyacophila sp. 625 1/1 0/0 n.s. Heptageniidae 12.18 1/1 4/3 N.S. Brachyptera sp. 15.08 Dy). 6/4 eS: Baetis sp. 3239 1/1 val N.S. Limnephilidae 6.60 1/1 2/2 N.S. 250 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Electivity Index Plecoptera Brachyptera sp. Ephemeroptera Baetis sp. Ecdyonurus sp. Limnephilidae Simuliidae is) po ® pe a. fe) £ .S) = = Glossosomatidae Psychomidae Hyporhyacophila sp Chironomidae Fig. 2. Electivity index (E*) for macroinvertebrate taxa in the P. microcephalus nymphs diet in the Caramagna Creek. Comparing gut contents of the two dimensional classes (smaller nymphs, n=16; larger nymphs, n=19), we detected no significant quantitative difference (i.e.=number of preys consumed; ANOVA F; 33=0.51, P=n.s.) but interestingly we noticed a significant qualitative difference (1.e.=number of taxa ingested; ANOVA F; 33=4.95, P<0.05), with larger nymphs feeding on a wider range of preys. In the guts of larger individuals we found 3.7 + 0.29 (mean + SE) prey taxa, while in smaller ones 2.7 + 0.33 (mean + SE). IndVal analysis detected that larger individuals showed a significant preference for Glossosomatidae, consid- ering both number of items and number of guts. DISCUSSION Behavioral and ecological studies about stream macroinvertebrates predation mechanisms are attracting a growing interest in the last decades. In field condi- tions, most studies analyzed prey choice by means of the examination of gut con- tents (Fuller and Stewart, 1977; Allan, 1995; Peckarsky, 1996). In particular, prey selection is becoming a key element in this context: different studies focused on the reasons why some prey species are captured in preference to others. This could depend by how frequently predators and prey encounter, which is the prob- ability of an attack and the level of the attack success. In an elegant laboratory study Tikkanen et al. (1997) demonstrated that, for a Perlodidae species, en- counter rates were poor predictors of the preferences for different prey cate- gories. Frequently encountered preys, such as Ephemeroptera Baetidae, were only rarely ingested, while other more stationary organisms, such as Simuliidae Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 ol and Nemouridae, were rarely encountered but when they were, they were captured with high success. Comparing gut contents with the array of available prey living on and among substrates, we detected some interesting elements. The electivity index showed that some taxa were preferred or avoided independently from their availability in the riverbed. Although some groups were abundant and widespread on the river bot- tom, they were virtually absent in the diet. Noticeably, rheostenic organisms living in epilithic microhabitats, such as Simuliidae and Heptagentidae were little present, while we detected a strong preference for taxa living among and below substratum elements, such as Chironomidae, Psychomyidae, Glossosomatidae, and others. Our study, according to the results of other studies concerning Systellognatha diet (Siegfried and Knight, 1976; Berthélemy and Lahoud, 1981), confirms that Chiro- nomidae are the most important component in the carnivorous stonefly diet: also if electivity index shows an evident preference for some taxa (e.g.: Psychomyidae) independently from their availability, Chironomidae represent the most common prey item in the guts of P. microcephalus. The mean abundance of stream commu- nities agree with the findings of other studies conducted in the same area (Fenoglio et al., 2005b). Many studies, conducted in the field by analysis of gut contents, revealed a good correlation between what is eaten and what is available (Allan, 1995). Allan and Fleckner (1988) noticed that the rank order of prey taxa in the diet of the large sized Hesperoperla pacifica Banks 1900 (Perlidae) is analogous to the prey rank order in the benthos. Interestingly, our study supports the hypothesis that P microcephalus shows an evident trophic preference, feeding mainly on medium-sized, less mobile organ- isms, and avoiding taxa inhabiting fast-flowing waters. Our data may also indicate the growth of the trophic spectrum over time, as noticed in other Systellognatha (Femminella and Stewart, 1986) with larger nymphs hunting and consuming a higher number of taxa. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank R. Castellaro, M. Pessino, and F. Sgariboldi for help during field sampling. LITERATURE CITED Allan, J. D. 1995. Stream ecology. Structure and function of running waters. Chapman & Hall. London. 388 pp. Allan, J. D. and A. S. Fleckner. 1988. Prey preference in stoneflies: a comparative analysis of prey vulnerability. Oecologia 76: 495-503. Berthélemy, C. and M. Lahoud. 1981. Régimes alimentaires et piéces buccales de quelques perlodi- dae et perlidae des Pyrénées (Plecoptera). Annales de Limnologie 17: 1-24. Broekhuizen, N., S. Parkyn, and D. Miller. 2001. Fine sediment effects on feeding and growth in the invertebrate grazers Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) and Deleatidium sp. (Ephemeroptera, Leptophlebiidae). Hydrobiologia 457: 125-132. Dufréne, M. 1998. IndVal or how to identify indicator species of a sample typology? Version 2.0. User’s Guide and application published at: http://mrw.wallonie.be/dgrne/sibw/outils/indval/home. html. Elliott, J. M. 2000. Contrasting diel activity and feeding patterns of four species of carnivorous stone- flies. Ecological Entomology 25:26-34. DD, ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Elliott, J. M. 2003. Interspecific interference and the functional response of four species of carnivo- rous stoneflies. Freshwater Biology 48: 1527-1539. Elliott, J. M. 2004. Prey switching in four species of carnivorous stoneflies. Freshwater Biology 49: 709-720. Femminella, J. W. and K. W. Stewart. 1986. Diet and predation by three leaf-associated stoneflies in an Arkansas mountain stream. Freshwater Biology 16: 521-538. Fenoglio, S. 2003. Feeding habits of Anacroneuria nymphs (Plecoptera Perlidae). Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana 135: 15-17. Fenoglio, S. and M. Tierno de Figueroa. 2003. Observations on the adult feeding of some Neoperla and Anacroneuria species (Plecoptera, Perlidae). African Entomology 11: 138-139. Fenoglio, S., T. Bo, P. Agosta, and G. Malacarne. 2005a. Temporal and spatial patterns of coarse par- ticulate organic matter and macroinvertebrate distribution in a low-order Apennine stream. Journal of Freshwater Ecology. In press. Fenoglio, S., T. Bo, P. Agosta, and M. Cucco. 2005b. Mass loss and macroinvertebrate colonisation of fish carcasses in riffles and pools of a NW Italian stream. Hydrobiologia 532: 111-122. Fuller, R. L. and K. W. Stewart. 1977. The food habits of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in the upper Gunnison River, Colorado. Environmental Entomology 6: 293-302. Ghetti, P. F. 1997. Manuale di applicazione dell’Indice Biotico Esteso. Provincia Autonoma di Trento Press, Trento, Italy. 222 pp. Hynes, H. B. N. 1993. A key to the adults and nymphs of the British stoneflies (Plecoptera), with notes on their ecology and distribution. Freshwater Biological Association Publ., Ambleside, U.K. Third Edition. 92 pp. Ivlev, V. S. 1961. Experimental ecology of the feeding of fishes. Yale University Press. New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A. 302 pp. Merritt, R. W. and K. W. Cummins. 1996. An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America. Kendall/Hunt. Dubuque, Iowa, U.S.A. 862 pp. Molles, M. C. and R. D. Pietruszka. 1987. Prey selection by a stonefly: the influence of hunger and prey size. Oecologia 72: 473-478. Monakoy, A. K. 2003. Feeding of freshwater invertebrates. Kenobi Productions. Ghent, Belgium. 373 pp. Peckarsky, B. L. 1996. Predator-prey interactions. pp. 431-451. Jn, F. R. Hauer and G.A. Lamberti (Editors). Methods in Stream Ecology. Academic Press, New York, U.S.A. 669 pp. Siegfried, C. A. and W. Knight. 1976. Prey Selection by a Setipalpian Stonefly Nymph, Acroneuria (Calineuria) californica Banks (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Ecology 57: 603-608. Tierno de Figueroa, J. M. and A. Sanchez-Ortega. 1999. Imaginal feeding of certain systellog- nathan stonefly species (Insecta, Plecoptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 92: 218-221. Tierno de Figueroa, J. M. and R. Fochetti. 2001. On the adult feeding of several European stone- flies (Plecoptera). Entomological News 112: 130-134. Tikkanen, P., T. Muotka, and A. Juntunen. 1997. The roles of active predator choice and prey vul- nerability in determining the diet of predatory stonefly (Plecoptera) nymphs. Journal of Animal Ecology 66: 36-48. Vaught, G. L. and K. W. Stewart. 1974. The life history and ecology of the stonefly Neoperla cly- mene (Newman) (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 67: 167-178. Webster, J. R. and E. F. Benfield. 1986. Vascular plant breakdown in freshwater ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 17: 567-594. Wipfli, M. S. and D. P. Gregovich. 2002. Export of invertebrates and detritus from fishless headwa- ter streams in southeastern Alaska: implications for downstream salmonid production. Freshwater Biology 47: 957-969. Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 253 A KEY TO ADULT NEARCTIC PASIMACHUS (PASIMACHUS) BONELLI (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE: SCARITIND, WITH COMMENTS ON THEIR FUNCTIONAL MOUTHPART MORPHOLOGY ' Foster Forbes Purrington’ and Cathy J. Drake’ ABSTRACT: A key to adults of the 11 species of Pasimachus Bonelli found in the United States and Canada is presented. A generalized plan of their dentition is outlined, including the first report of a labral occlusion of mandibles in the Carabidae, illustrated with scanning electron micrography. KEY WORDS: Coleoptera Carabidae, Pasimachus, adult, functional mouthpart morphology, nearctic, key Eleven species of Pasimachus Bonelli occur in America north of Mexico; only P. elongatus LeConte reaches Canada. These predatory beetles are large to very large, their greatest length ranging from 22 to 38 mm, with massive heads and markedly toothed falcate mandibles. They are black, the pronotum and elytra often bordered with metallic blue or violet. In P. viridans Leconte only, the borders are vivid green. In specimens with metallic color, some ventral surfaces are also slight- ly tinted. Their eyes are small and flattened, their foretibia broadened apically and toothed laterally as a consequence of a fossorial lifestyle; all are flightless. Sexual dimorphism is generally very reduced in the Scaritini, though more-or- less subtle albeit often inconstant differences are present in some species of Pasimachus. Male P. californicus Chaudoir and P. punctulatus Haldeman metatib- iae have a dense posterolateral golden pile in their apical half, much sparser in females. Female P depressus (F.) mandibles are obliquely rugostriated whereas those of males are usually entirely smooth. Banninger’s (1950) taxonomic revision is replete with details of male genitalia character states but includes no illustra- tions; we leave the matter of their taxonomic usefulness to the next reviser, por- tended by a putative P. punctulatus X P. elongatus hybrid male from southern Ohio (Scioto County), determined by George E. Ball based on the genital armature. Ban- ninger (1950) indicated the genitalia of these two species differ significantly but hybridization would seem to belie that. Old specimens have worn surfaces so mandibular sculpturing is an unreliable character, as for the same reason can be elytral ornamentation with costae, humer- al carinae and serial punctures. Colors also can suffer from advanced specimen age and wear; they vary too in intensity across the distributional range of species. Intraspecific variability and the general paucity of specific character states in this genus have made determinations difficult. Moreover, Banninger’s (1950) key to species in his revision is difficult to use because it suffers from an excess of non- exclusionary detail, the bane of dichotomous taxonomic keys. In spite of much "Received on February 7, 2005. Accepted on March 20, 2005. * Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, 300 Aronoff Laboratory, 318 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210 U.S.A. E-mails: (FFP) purrington.1@ osu.edu, (CJD) drake.2@osu.edu. Mailed on November 29, 2005 254 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS detail he failed to make use of some worthwhile characters mentioned by LeConte (1874), who described five of the 11 currently valid species found north of Mexico. Banninger (1950) in fact states that Pasimachus (s. str.), containing all these 11 species, is “...poor in sharply defined, constant characters.” The purpose of this article is to present a taxonomic key to species that combines elements from the treatments published by Banninger (1950) and LeConte (1874) as well as to add distributional information assembled in the catalogue of Bousquet and Larochelle (1993). Lindroth (1961) treated only P. elongatus (including fig- ures); he too alluded to the intraspecific variability and inconstancy that character- ize members of the genus. We also comment on dentition and report a novel labral occlusion that stops re- traction of mandibles in Pasimachus, to our knowledge an adaptation that is unique among Carabidae. METHODS We studied Pasimachus specimens held in the Museum of Biological Diversity (Ohio State University, Columbus), the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, the Cincinnati Museum Center and in private collections. Determinations were made or confirmed using Banninger (1950) and LeConte (1848, 1874). Measurements of overall lengths are taken from Banninger (1950). In reference to the numbering of abdominal sterna (in Key), I note that in Adephaga, sternum II is basalmost, sternum I evidently having been lost from the ancestral coleopteran stock. Thus, with six pregenital sterna (i.e. those exposed when the male is not in copulo, or the female is not ovipositing), the last one is abdominal sternum VII (see e.g. Purrington 2000). We interpreted dental homologies using Jeannel (1926), Ball (1959), Bell (1960), Goulet (1983), Evans and Forsythe (1985), Acorn and Ball (1991), David- son and Ball (1998) and Shpeley and Ball (2000). A Carrington 108 was used to sputter-coat heads and mouthparts with gold/pal- ladium; we obtained micrographs with a Philips XL30 Scanning Electron Micro- scope at the Ohio State University Microscopy and Imaging Facility in Columbus. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PASIMACHUS BONELLI OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO IF) One paireach of ambulatorial’setae on abdominal stermayl— Wiles ee-eeeeeeeeeeee cence eee eee eee 5 No such setae present (except rarely as asymmetrical anomalies) ...........ecceeeeeseeereeeeeereeeeeeeeeneees 2 Zakixed-apicalamesotibialispine acute mot flattemed mess eseseesecmeee secs eee ee nena 3 Eixed mesotibialispine flattened: lunch eesersceeesrc seer a eee eee ee eee eee 4 3. Antennomeres 2-4 compressed and sub-carinate; uneven elytral intervals notably convex to apex; Lane ee 26-92, MIM gases! soeceuantiues ct. Fe caataeud seats beumsemncaae ease ene co eet eee eee P. marginatus (F.) Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 25 Nn - Antennomeres 2-4 not compressed or sub-carinate; uneven intervals not notably convex; much Eepinea be be 1 Soo HV Meet en whey ene ne Ne hee ihe Suse tds IR Soest ee das dye ova vdvedaceceecenaeedeade P. subsulcatus _ Say 4. Pronotum markedly constricted basally, hind angles right, elytra smooth; very large: 29-35mm . NN te In Es eee Re Cg MEO res os oFeGadesk cdveeacunticecdssathdondtecdecvesene P. strenuus LeConte - Pronotum little constricted basally, hind angles obtuse; elytra irregularly dimpled; much smaller: ls) PETE Se De ec Sea re ee P. sublaevis (Palisot de Beauvois) 5. Pronotal and elytral margins vivid metallic green (Arizona only).................. P. viridans LeConte EMSA GKe Of MEANING IONS Of WAOLEL separ. cccecces.carsce2< 08st co arntanacndseiesaeceseessassosntecveaesesaessscereonuers 6 6. Prosternum intercoxal process produced apicad, somewhat comnical............cccecsecsseeeseeesseeesseenees 7 itt -reaxalpNrocess not so produced apicad, DIMER ....22....-2.c.c-cpesa-ctedaccesstdecsssecessaecesedee¥enceecsecdeonee 8 7. Frontal ridge (above antennal insertion) prominent and subangular in front of eye; mandibles in both sexes obtusely rugostriate dorsally, in males very long and thin apicad retinacular teeth...... ssc neoct as Seo BARE SPREE Oo nn ne ic Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE., Mailstop G-13, Atlanta, Georgia 30333 U.S.A. E-mail: cui8@cdc. gov. Mailed on November 29, 2005 264 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS with the Rick16sF1 and Rick16sR4 primers consisted of an initial DNA denatu- ration at 95°C for 5 minutes; followed by 45 consecutive cycles of 1 min denat- uration at 95°C, primer annealing at 55°C for 1 min, extension at 72°C for 2 min and a final 10 min extension at 72°C. All stock PCR and sequencing primers were initially at concentrations of 20 um; 45 amplification cycles were used because some endosymbionts are present in low copy numbers ranging from 20-100 per arthropod. PCR products were separated by 2 percent agarose gel electrophore- sis and visualized under ultraviolet light with ethidium bromide. Products were purified with a QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, California). Duplicate sequencing reactions were performed with a BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California) using both forward and reverse PCR primers, and excess dye was removed with a DyeEx 2.0 column (Qiagen, Valencia, California). Sequences were determined using an ABI 3100 capillary sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Primers sequences were removed and sequences were assembled with Seqmerge (Ac- celrys, San Diego, California) and compared to those in GenBank using the BLAST 2.0 program (NCBI, Bethesda, Maryland). An 801 bp amplicon was sequenced from a bacterial agent in I. americana (GenBank® accession number AY843210). The BLAST search indicated that this amplicon was 97 percent similar to 16s rDNA gene amplicons from un- named symbionts of Cimex lectularius Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) (Gen Bank® accession number U65654) and Euscelidius variegatus Kirschbaum (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) (GenBank® accession number Z14096). Hypsa and Aksoy (1997) placed these endosymbionts as sister taxa within a clade of the Gamma-subdivision of the Proteobacteria that included Buchnera aphidicola, a symbiont of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Serratia marcesens, a free living opportunistic pathogen, and Yersinia spp. including the causative agent of bubonic plague. The similarity between amplicons from the agent in J. americana to the endosymbionts of other insects implies that this bac- terium could be symbiotic. Symbiotic bacteria with similarities to those of either C. lectularius or E. variegatus in a blood feeding dipteran have not been report- ed and similar bacteria might be discovered in other species of Hippoboscidae. Further study could elucidate the relationships of these bacteria to the endosym- bionts of other economically important arthropods as well as reveal additional complexities in the life history of these microbes and their hosts. A voucher specimen of /. americana was deposited in the Clemson University Arthropod Collection. Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 265 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank S. Miller and P.H. Adler (Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, U.S.A.) for giv- ing me the specimens used in this study and A.D. Loftis (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.) for designing the PCR primer pairs used and reviewing a draft of this man- uscript. LITERATURE CITED Akman, L., R. V. M. Rio, C. B. Beard, and S. Askoy. 2001. Genome size determination and cod- ing capacity of Sodalis glossinidius, an enteric symbiont of tsetse flies, as revealed by hybridiza- tion to Escherichia coli gene arrays. Journal of Bacteriology 183: 4517-4525. Askoy, S. 2003. Control of tsetse flies and trypanosomes using molecular genetics. Veterinary Para- sitology 115:125-45. Aschner, M. 1946. The symbiosis of Eucampsipoda aegyptia Mcq. (Diptera Pupipara: Nycteridii- dae). Bulletin de la Societe Fouad ler d’Entomologie 30: 1-6. Bequaert, J. C. 1953. The Hippoboscidae or louse-flies (Diptera) of mammals and birds. Part I. Structure, physiology and natural history. Entomologica Americana 32: 1-209. Dehio, C., U. Sauder, and R. Hiestand. 2004. Isolation of Bartonella schoenbuchensis from Lipoptena cervi, a blood-sucking arthropod causing deer ked dermatitis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 42: 5320-5323. Hypsa, V. and S. Aksoy. 1997. Phylogenetic characterization of two transovarially transmitted en- dosymbionts of the bedbug Cimex lectularius (Heteroptera: Cimicidae). Insect Molecular Biology 6: 301-304. Lloyd, J. E. 2002. Louse flies, keds, and related flies (Hippoboscoidea). pp. 349-362. In, G. Mullen, and L. Durden, (Editors). Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Academic Publishing. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 597 pp. 266 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SCIENTIFIC NOTE FIRST RECORD OF HAEMAPHYSALIS LEPORISPALUSTRIS (ACARI: IXODIDAE) ON LEPUS EUROPAEUS (LAGOMORPHA: LEPORIDAE), AN INTRODUCED HOST INTO THE NEW WORLD' Darci M. Barros-Battesti? and Marcelo B. Labruna® The rabbit tick, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard, 1869), is endemic to the New World, where it is possibly the tick with the largest natural distribu- tion, with records from Alaska to Argentina (Guglielmone et al., 2003). Several New World species of rabbits (Sy/vilagus spp) and hares (Lepus spp) have been reported as the main hosts for H. /eporispalustris (Aragao, 1936; Bishopp and Trembley, 1945; Jones et al., 1972). In Brazil and Argentina, the wild rabbit Sylvilagus brasiliensis is the only lagomorph species native to this country, and also the only primary host reported for H. /eporispalustris (Boero, 1957; Labruna et al., 2000). At the end of the 19th century, the European hare (Lepus europaeus) was introduced in Argentina and Chile through the importation from Germany (Grigera and Rapoport, 1983). Since then, natural populations of L. europaeus have expanded to the South American continent upwards. Currently, wild popu- lations of this hare are reported to occur in Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia and Brazil (Grigera and Rapoport, 1983). In this last country, hares have been reported from the south to as north as Minas Gerais State (www. instituto- harus.org.br). In many areas, hares cause considerable economic losses to agri- culture. It has been reported that L. europaeus replaced the native wild rabbit (S. brasiliensis) in the Province of Formosa, Argentina (Grigera and Rapoport, 1983). Even though, it is of our knowledge that the only report of ticks infesting L. europaeus in South America is Boophilus microplus in Argentina (Ivancovich and Luciani, 1992). On October 9, 2004, an adult male of L. europaeus weighing 3 Kg was caught in the Jaguara Park at Sao Paulo Municipality (23°40'S, 45°44'W), state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The hare had a broken leg (it was probably hit by a car) and was rescued by a veterinarian that was visiting the area. Two ticks were collected from this hare, being one male and one female of H. /eporispalustris. The ticks have been deposited in the Instituto Butantan Acari Collection (BSP) under the accession number IBSP-9142. ‘Received on March 21, 2005. Accepted on April 8, 2005. * Laboratorio de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500 Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Email: dbattesti@butantan. gov. br. * Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87- Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil 05508-270. Email: labruna@usp.br. Mailed on November 29, 2005 Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 267 This is the first report of H. /eporispalustris on the European hare. Although this hare is currently widespread in southern South America, there has been no systematic study of ticks infesting this particular host species. As H. leporis- plaustris is a common parasite of Nearctic hares (Lepus spp) in North America, it is quite possible that L. europaeus become an important host for H. lep- orispalustris in South America. This topic is of major public health significance, since H. leporispalustris is incriminated to maintain an enzootic cycle of Rickett- sia rickettsii, the causative agent of a highly lethal spotted fever in the New World, including Brazil, Costa Rica, Colombia, Mexico, and the United States (Dias and Martins, 1939; Fuentes et al., 1985; McDade and Newhouse, 1986). For instance, spotted fever caused by R. rickettsii has increased in Brazil recent- ly, what has turned it a nationally notifiable disease since 2002. In the state of Sao Paulo, there were 76 laboratory-confirmed cases from 1985 to 2002, with a lethality of 47.6 percent (Silva and Galvao 2004). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Our thanks to Alberto A. Guglielmone for help in searching the literature about ticks on hare in the Neotropical region and to Adriana J. da Silva and Vilma C. Geraldi (DEPAVE) for collecting the hare and the ticks. This study was supported in part by the Fundagao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo through project Biota-Fapesp 99/05446-8 to DMBB. LITERATURE CITED Aragao, H. 1936. Ixodidas brasileiros e de alguns paizes limitrophes. Memorias do Instituto Os- waldo Cruz 31:759-843. Bishopp, F. C. and H. L. Trembley. 1945. Distribution and hosts of certain North American ticks. Journal of Parasitology 31:26-54. Boero, J. J. 1957. Las garrapatas de la Republica Argentina (Acarina: Ixodoidea). Departamento Editorial, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina. 113pp. Dias, E. and A. V. Martins. 1939. Spotted fever in Brazil. American Journal of Tropical Medicine 19:103-108. Grigera, D. E. and E. H. Rapoport. 1983. Status and Distribution of the European hare in South America. Journal of Mammalogy 64:163-166. Guglielmone, A.A., A. Estrada-Pena, J. E. Keirans, and R. G. Robbins. 2003. Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) of the zoogeographic region. International Consortium on Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases (ICTTD-2). Atalanta, Houten, The Netherlands. 173 pp. Fuentes, L., A. Calderon, and L. Hun. 1985. Isolation and Identification of Rickettsia rickettsii from rabbit tick (Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris) in the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 34:464-567. Ivancovich, J. C. and C. A. Luciani. 1992. Las garrapatas de Argentina. Monografia de la Asoci- acion Argentina de Parasitologia Veterinaria. Buenos Aires, Argentina. 95 pp. Jones, E. K., C. M. Clifford, J. E. Keirans, and G. M. Kohls. 1972. The ticks of Venezuela (Acarina: Ixodoidea) with a key to the species of Amblyomma in the Western Hemisphere. Brig- ham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series 17:1-40. Labruna, M. B., R. C. Leite, J. L. H. Faccini, and F. Ferreira. 2000. Life-cycle of the tick Hae- maphysalis leporis-palustris (Acari: Ixodidae) under laboratory conditions. Experimental and Applied Acarology 24:683-694. McDade, J. E. and V. F. Newhouse. 1986. Natural history of Rickettsia rickettsii. Annual Review of Microbiology 40:287-309. Silva, L. J. and M. A. M. Galvao. 2004. Epidemiologia das riquetsioses do género Rickettsia no Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinaria 13 (supplement): 197-198. 268 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SCIENTIFIC NOTE SIGNIFICANT RANGE EXTENSIONS FOR KANGELLA AND VIETNAMELLA (EPHEMEROPTERA: EPHEMERELLIDAE, VIETNAMELLIDAE)' Luke M. Jacobus,’ W. P. McCafferty,’ and Robert W. Sites’ Recent emphasis on the Oriental Ephemeroptera fauna (e.g., Sites et al. 2001, Soldan 2001) has expanded the known geographic range of several families and genera, especially in China and Thailand (e.g., Zhou and Zheng 2001; Parnrong et al. 2002; Zhou et al. 2003, 2004; Zhou 2004). Our examination of extensive Ephemeroptera collections from Thailand has yielded new records and signifi- cant range extensions for certain pannote mayflies (McCafferty and Wang 2000), reported below. At this time, our material examined is deposited in the Enns Entomology Museum, Columbia, Missouri, USA; however, some specimens will be deposited in Thailand with the National Science Museum, Pathum Thani; and the Royal Forestry Department, Bangkok. Images of collecting localities (“L” numbers) in Thailand are available online, via a locality image database at the Enns Entomology Museum website. Kangella brocha (Kang and Yang). The monospecific genus Kangella Sartori (2004) has been reported only from Taiwan (Kang and Yang 1995, Soldan 2001), and it represents the single Ephemeroptera genus that has been considered endemic to the island (Soldan and Yang 2003). Our new records, however, indi- cate that the genus has a broader range of distribution and that no mayfly genera are endemic to Taiwan. Our specific identification was verified by comparison to a paratype of K. brocha. Kangella larvae are differentiated from other Ephe- merellidae by having the length of the antennae greater than one-half the body length, the mandibles greatly elongate, and the labrum elongate and trapezoidal. The alate stages are unknown. We examined the following material: CHINA, Taiwan, Hsinchu Hsien, Wu- feng, 24-X-1991, SC Kang, HC Chang, one larva (paratype). THAILAND, Kampaeng Phet Prov., Khlong Lan National Park, Khlong Nam Lai Waterfall, 16°11'N, 99°15'E, 751m elev., 6-[V-2003, L-448, Sites, Vitheepradit, Prommi, Setaphan, three larvae; Mae Wong National Park, Kaeng Pa Nang Koi, 16°02'N, 99°13'E, 290m elev., 7-[V-2003, L-451, Sites, Vitheepradit, Prommi, Setaphan, two larvae. ‘Received on February 3, 2005. Accepted on March 20, 2005. *Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 U.S.A. E-mails: konchu@purdue.edu and mecaffer@purdue.edu, respectively. *Enns Entomology Museum, Department of Entomology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mis- souri, 65211, U.S.A. E-mail: sitesr@missouri.edu. Mailed on November 29, 2005 Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 269 Vietnamella spp. The genus Vietnamella Tshernova (1972) has been reported from Vietnam and southern China (reviewed by McCafferty and Wang 1997, Soldan 2001). The record from Prachuap Khiri Kan Province listed below extends the range of this genus south onto the Malay peninsula. Vietnamella lar- vae are distinguished easily from other pannote mayflies (McCafferty and Wang 2000) by having long cephalic horns, enlarged forefemora with a serrate ventral (leading) margin, and gills on abdominal segments 1—7. Alate stages are identi- fiable by cephalic horn vestiges, wing venation, and the structure of the male genitalia (You and Su 1987, Wang and McCafferty 1995). We have not assigned specific identifications to the specimens we examined because the taxonomy of species in this genus remains somewhat dubious, as indicated and discussed by McCafferty and Wang (1997) and Soldan (2001). We examined the following material: THAILAND, Chiang Rai Prov., stream from Khun Kon waterfall, 19°51'N, 99°39'E, 524m elev., 19-IV-2003, L-466, Vitheepradit, Prommi, Setaphan, one larva; Prachuap Khiri Khan Prov., Amphur Kui Buri Forest Plantation Station, 12°04'N, 99°37'E, 117m elev., 17-V- 2002, L-540, Vitheepradit, Ferro, one larva; Nan Prov., Amphur Bo Kluea, Ban Bo Kluea Tai, Nam Mang, gravel, 19°09'N, 101°09'E, 663m elev., 22-I'V-2003, L-476, Vitheepradit, Prommi, Setaphan, two larvae. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Michel Sartori (Musée cantonal de zoologie, Lausanne, Switzerland) loaned type material for study. Chaweewan Hutacharern (Royal Forestry Department), Jariya Chanpaisaeng (Kasetsart Uni- versity), and Porntip Chantaramongkol (Chiang Mai University) kindly assisted with obtaining per- mission from the National Research Council Thailand and Royal Forestry Department to make these collections. Akekawat Vitheepradit, Michael Ferro (University of Missouri), Taeng-On Prommi (Prince of Songkla University), Penkhae Thamsenanupap (Chiang Mai University), and Kriengkrai Setaphan (Naresuan University) assisted with fieldwork. Support for RWS was provided in part by NSF project number DEB-0103144 and by MU project number PSSL0232. This material is based, in part, upon work supported under a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship to LMJ. LITERATURE CITED Kang, S.-C. and C.-T. Yang. 1995. Ephemerellidae of Taiwan (Insecta, Ephemeroptera). Bulletin of National Museum of Natural Science 5: 95—116. McCafferty, W. P. and T.-Q. Wang. 1997. Phylogenetic systematics of the family Teloganodidae (Ephemeroptera: Pannota). Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums (Natural History) 19: 387-437. McCafferty, W. P. and T.-Q. Wang. 2000. Phylogenetic systematics of the major lineages of pan- note mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Pannota). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 126: 9-101. Parnrong, S., M. Buathong, and R. W. Sites. 2002. New records of Behningiidae, Potamanthidae, and Prosopistomatidae (Ephemeroptera) from Thailand. ScienceAsia 28: 407-409. 270 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Sartori, M. 2004. Kangella nom. nov. (Ephemeroptera, Ephemerellidae), replacement name pro Eburella Kang & Yang, 1995 nec Monné & Martins, 1973 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Aquatic Insects 26: 75-76. Sites, R. W., T.-Q. Wang, S. Permkam, and M. D. Hubbard. 2001. The mayfly genera (Ephe- meroptera) of southern Thailand. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 49: 243-268. Soldan, T. 2001. Status of the systematic knowledge and priorities in Ephemeroptera studies: the Oriental region. pp. 53-65. Jn: Dominguez, E. (ed), Trends in Research in Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York. 478 pp. Soldan, T. and J.-T. Yang. 2003. Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) of Taiwan: species composition, taxo- nomic shifts, distribution and biogeographical analysis. pp. 413-420. Jn, Gaino, E. (Editor). Re- search Update on Ephemeroptera & Plecoptera. Universita di Perugia, Perugia, Italy. 488 pp. Tshernova, O. A. 1972. Some new Asiatic species of mayflies (Ephemeroptera, Ephemerellidae, Heptageniidae). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 51: 604-614. Wang, T.-Q. and W. P. McCafferty. 1995. Specific assignments in Ephemerellina and Vietnamella (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). Entomological News 106: 193-194. You, D.-S. and C.-R. Su. 1987. A new species of Vietnamella from China (Ephemeroptera: Ephe- merellidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 12: 176-179. Zhou, C.-F. and L.-Y. Zheng. 2001. A new species of the genus Neoephemera McDunnough from China (Ephemeroptera: Neoephemeridae). Aquatic Insects 23: 327-330. Zhou, C.-F. 2004. A new species of genus Gilliesia Peters and Edmunds from China (Ephemerop- tera: Leptophlebiidae). Zootaxa 421: 1-4. Zhou C.-F., L. Sun, and W. P. McCafferty. 2003. A new species of Caenoculis Soldan from China (Ephemeroptera: Caenidae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 79: 185-191. Zhou, C.-F., L. Sun, and W. P. McCafferty. 2004. A new species of Brachycercus Curtis from China (Ephemeroptera: Caenidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 106: 312-318. Volume 116, Number 4, September and October 2005 271 SCIENTIFIC NOTE FIRST ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAIN OCCURRENCE OF GOMPHUS FRATERNUS SAY (OQDONATA: GOMPHIDAE)'! Christopher M. Heckscher’ and Harold B. White, III On May 15, 2002, CMH collected an unidentified gomphid within the wood- ed north shore of Broad Creek, Sussex County, Delaware, at approximately 38° 34'N, 75° 38'W. Broad Creek is entirely within the Middle-Atlantic Outer Coast- al Plain physiographic province. The specimen was examined by HBW and oth- ers and was eventually identified as Gomphus fraternus Say. A return visit to the site on May 13, 2004, revealed numerous adults at three disjunct sites east of Phillips Landing, Nanticoke Wildlife Management Area. All sites were on the north side of the outer bends of the meandering river. Gomphus fraternus ranges from Manitoba to New Brunswick and south to North Carolina and Tennessee (Donnelly, 2004) with its center of distribution in the Midwest. It is considered common in Indiana (Curry, 2001); however, east of the Appalachians, it is rare and local. The species occurs in large lakes or in mid- dle to large-sized rivers with moderate- to rapid-flow (Curry, 2001). Broad Creek is a moderate-sized tidal freshwater tributary of the Nanticoke River within the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Of note, the sites where G. fraternus were found maintain firm gravel substrate in an otherwise mud-bottomed river system. A shoreline gravel bar is evident at one of the sites. In the Great Lakes, G. frater- nus has also been associated with gravel bars (Kennedy, 1922). A firm or sandy substrate has been identified at other locations where this species occurs, such as the Connecticut River in Massachusetts and Connecticut (D. Wagner, pers. comm. ). This occurrence is significant in that it represents the first confirmed popula- tions of G. fraternus on the Outer Coastal Plain physiographic province and extends the range of this species eastward to the central Delmarva Peninsula (Delaware and eastern portions of Maryland and Virginia, U.S.A.). Our speci- mens also represent the first Delmarva Peninsula record and, consequently, a Delaware state record. The closest known population of G. fraternus is in the Potomac River on the Middle Atlantic Piedmont physiographic province in Maryland and Virginia, approximately 130 km west of Broad Creek (R. Orr, pers. comm.). Finally, the Broad Creek site and lower Connecticut River populations (D. Wagner, pers. comm.) are distinctive for G. fraternus in that both are tidal "Received on April 20, 2005. Accepted on April 21, 2005. *Delaware Natural Heritage Program, Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife, 4876 Hay Point Landing Road, Smyrna, Delaware 19977 U.S.A. E-mail: Christopher. Heckscher@state.de.us. * Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 U.S.A. E-mail: halwhite@udel.edu. Mailed on November 29, 2005 22 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS (freshwater) habitats. Voucher specimens have been placed in the Delaware Natural Heritage Program collection and the private collection of HBW. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Richard Orr and David Wagner for supplying information about this species and for helpful comments regarding this note. Our paper also benefited from the comments of four anony- mous reviewers. LITERATURE CITED Curry, J. R. 2001. Dragonflies of Indiana. Indiana Academy of Sciences, Indianapolis, U.S.A. 303 Pp. Donnelly, T. W. 2004. Distribution of North American Odonata. Part I: Aeshnidae, Petaluridae, Gomphidae, Cordulegasteridae. Bulletin of American Odonatology. 7(4):61-90. Kennedy, C. H. 1922. The ecological relationships of the dragonflies of the Bass Islands of Lake Erie. Contribution from the Department of Zoology and Entomology, Ohio State University 69:325-336. Agreement. By submitting a paper for publication, authors tacitly agree to not submit in parallel the same manuscript to another journal. For published papers, authors agree to accept responsibility for all page, illustration, and requested reprint charges. Rejected manuscripts will be discarded, except for origi- nal artwork and photographs, which will be returned to the authors. Scientific Notes and Book Reviews. These are much shorter contributions, typically not exceeding one (Book Review) or two (Scientific Notes) printed pages. The main difference between these types of contributions and longer papers is that scientific notes and book reviews lack an abstract and most of the main headings, except for the acknowledgments and the literature cited sections. Reviewers. When submitting papers, all authors are requested to provide the names of two qualified individuals who have critically reviewed the manuscript before it is submitted to Entomological News. All papers, except book reviews and American Entomological Society business, are forwarded to experts for final review before acceptance. In order to expedite the review process when submitting papers, the authors are also asked to suggest the name, address, e-mail, telephone and fax of at least five experts in the sub- ject field to whom the manuscript may be forwarded for additional review. Ideally, the review process should be completed within 30 days. If additional reviews are necessary, authors will be requested to sug- gest the name, address, and e-mail of other colleagues to whom the article may be sent. The editor reserves his prerogative of sending the manuscript to other reviewers. Authors are also welcome to list the names of colleagues to whom the article should not be sent, with a brief explanation. Upon return of reviews, authors will be asked to modify their papers to accommodate suggestions of the reviewers and the editor as well as to conform to requirements of Entomological News. If authors do not modify their papers, they should specifically address, on a point by point basis, why they are not doing that. Page Proofs. The printer will send page proofs to the editor, then the proofs will be sent to the corre- sponding authors as .pdf files, together with the reprint form. Authors must have at least 5MB of memory to receive the electronic copy of the proofs. Within three days authors must e-mail the proofs to the editor with corrections indicated precisely. Authors who anticipate being absent are urged to provide forwarding addresses or to provide a temporary address with dates. Proofs not received on time from authors may be published at a later date. The editor will collect the page proofs and send them to the printer. Page and Reprint Charges. Charges for publication in Entomological News are US$25.00 per pub- lished page (or part) for members and US$30.00 per published page (or part) for nonmembers. Authors will be charged for all text figures and halftones at the rate of US$30.00 each, regardless of size. If hard copy reprints are desired, they must be ordered together with the proofs. Reprints as .pdf files are available for the authors. There are no page charges for book reviews. There are no discounts. For options and charges, visit Entomological News web page and/or contact the editor. Authors will be mailed invoices for their total page(s) and reprints, including shipping charges. After receiving invoice, please remit payment, or address questions, to The American Entomological Society, The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103- 1195 U.S.A. Articles longer than 20 printed pages of Entomological News may be published in two or more install- ments, unless the author is willing to pay the entire cost of a sufficient number of additional pages in any one issue to enable such an article to appear without division. Entomological News is widely indexed. Entomological News is listed in the Science Citation Index Expanded (updated on February 26, 2005). In addition, the Ulrich’s Periodical Index for 2005 lists Ento- mological News as being indexed by dozens of sources, including Agricola (Agricola (CRIS), Agricultural Engineering Abstracts (AEA), Agroforestry Abstracts (AgrForAb), Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA), BIOBASE, BiolAb), Biology Digest (BiolDig), BIOSIS Previews (BIOSIS Prev), Chemical Abstracts (ChemAb), Current Awareness in Biological Sciences (BIABS), Current Contents (CurrCont), Field Crop Abstracts (FCA), Faba Bean Abstracts (FaBeAb), Fisheries Review (SFA), Forestry Abstracts (ForAb), Grasslands and Forage Abstracts (HerbAb), Horticultural Science Abstracts (HortAb), Index Veterinarius (indVet), MEDLINE, Nematological Abstracts (NemAb), Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews (NutrAb), Personal Alert (ASCA), Plant Breeding Abstracts (PBA), Post Harvest News and Information (PHN&I), Poultry Abstracts (PoultAb), Protozoological Abstracts (ProtozoAb), Review of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants (RA&MP, Referativnyi Zhurnal (RefZh), Review of Applied Entomology (RevAppl- Entom), Review of Medical and Veterinary Mycology (RM&VM), Rice Abstracts (RiceAb), Seed Abstracts (SeedAb), Soils & Fertilizers (S&F), Soybean Abstracts (SoyAb), Tropical Diseases Bulletin (TDB), Vitis - Viticulture and Oenology Abstracts (VITIS), Weed Abstracts (WeedAb), Wheat Barley and Tricicale Abstracts (TritiAb), Wildlife Review Abstracts (WildRev), Zoological Record (ZoolRec), among others. Impact factor and other information science data on Entomological News can be found at http:// sciencegateway.org/impact/. Entomological News is printed by Dover Litho Printing Company, 1211 North DuPont High- way, Dover, Delaware 19901 U.S.A. Telephone (302) 678-1211; fax: (302) 678-8091; toll-free telephone (800) 366-9132; web page: www.doverlitho.com. Dover Litho has been recognized by DENREC and DELRAP Green Industries as “The Most Environmentally Conscious Printer in the State of Delaware.” STITUTION LIBRARIES eae wii IV Continued from Front Cover Significant range extensions for Kangella and Vietnamella (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae, Vietnamellidae) Luke M. Jacobus, W. P. McCafferty, and Robert W. Sites 268 First.Atlantic Coastal Plain occurrence of Gomphus fraternus Say (Odonata: Gomphidae) Christopher M. Heckscher and Harold B. White, IIT 271 Sternotomis pulchra Drury (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) — a Illustration by Michael Marks, Cleveland Institute of Art, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. E-mail: mmarks@gate2.cia.edu The color version of this illustration can be seen at: http://www.geocities.com/entomologicalnews/images/ - x 289 / Distribution of the 2004 emergence of the seventeen-year periodical cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada spp., Brood X) in Pennsylvania, U.S.A. M. J. Edwards, A. E. Faivre, R. C. Crist IIT, M. I. Sitvarin, and J. Zyla 273 Three short-winged species of Chorthippus Fieber from Turkey (Orthoptera: Acridiidae: Gomphocerinae) Mustafa Unal 283 Two new genera and species of Stenocranine planthoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) from North America Charles R. Bartlett 291 An annotated checklist of the Blow Flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of South Carolina, U.S.A. Kristin D. Cobb and Will K. Reeves 305 Distribution and habitat characteristics of the color polymorphic bush-cricket Isophya rizeensis Sevgili (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) in Turkey Ismail Kudret Saglam and Selim Sualp Caglar 309 First record of the genus Anabasis Heinrich from China, with description of a new species (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae) Yanli Du, Shimei Song, and Chunsheng Wu 325 Multiple mating in female Stenomacra marginella (Heteroptera: Largidae) in central Mexico Cecilia Cuatianquiz and Carlos Cordero 331 Monolepta anatolica Bezdek, 1998 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): A new pest on some stone fruit trees (Rosaceae) in Turkey Ali Gok, Ebru Gil Aslan, and Baran Aslan 335 Possible implications of two new angiosperm flowers from Burmese amber (Lower Cretaceous) for well-established and diversified insect-plant associations Jorge A. Santiago-Blay, Scott R. Anderson, and Ronald T. Buckley 341 Laboratory predation and scavenging of three ground beetle (Carabidae) species from the U.S.A. on Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae Orrey P. Young 347 Production and life cycle of Chironomus major (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Kentucky Lake, southwestern Kentucky and northwestern Tennessee, U.S.A. Pinar Balci, David S. White, and Gary Rice 353 SCIENTIFIC NOTES: The Red Imported Fire Ant is now in Mexico: documentation of its wide distri- bution along the Texas-Mexico border _ Sergio R. Sanchez-Pena, Richard J. W. Patrock, and Lawrence A. Gilbert 363 Continued on Back Cover ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, AND NEW GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS OF ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Entomological News is published bimonthly except July-August by The American Entomological Society, which is headquartered at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195 United States of America. AES can be reached, as follows: telephone (215) 561-3978; fax (215) 299-1028; e-mail, aes@acnatsci.org and website: http://www. acnatsci.org/hosted/aes. Entomological News is committed to publishing peer-reviewed scientific contributions of high quality. Calvert Award. Information on the Calvert Award for insect-related study by a young person in the Delaware River Valley region sponsored by The American Entomological Society can be found at: http://www.udel.edu/chem/white/ Odonata/CalvertAwd.html. Subscriptions to current issues, back issues, and microforms of Entomological News. Private sub- scriptions for personal use of members of the American Entomological Society are US $15 per year pre- paid. Subscriptions for institutions, such as libraries, laboratories, government agencies, etc. are US $30 per year prepaid for those located in the U.S.A. and US $34 per year prepaid for those located outside the U.S.A. Back issues when available are sold by complete volume, for US $15 to members, and US $30 to nonmembers. Membership / subscription application and additional information is available at: http://www.acnatsci.org/ hosted/aes/subscription.html. Please send inquiries or send completed member- ship form to: Office Manager at the address above, e-mail: aes@say.acnatsci.org, or call (215) 561- 3978. Entomological News is available in microform from ProQuest Information and Learning. Call toll- free (800) 521-3042, (800) 521-0600, (734) 761-4700. Mail inquiry to: ProQuest Information and Learn- ing, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106-9866 U.S.A. Previous editors of Entomological News: 1(1) January 1890 and 1(2) February 1890, Eugene Murray Aaron (1852-1940); 1(3) March 1890 to 21(10) December 1910, Henry Skinner (1861-1926); 22(1) January 1911 to 54(9) November 1943, Phillip P. Calvert (1871-1961); 54(10) December 1943 to 57(10) December 1946, Editorial Staff with A. Glenn Richards (1909-1993) and R. G. Schmieder (1898-1967) as co-editors; 58(1) January 1947 to 79(7) July 1968, R. G. Schmieder; 79(8) October 1968 to 83(10) to December 1972, Ross H. Arnett, Jr. (1919-1999); 84(1) January 1973 to 85(4) April 1974, R. W. Lake; 85(5-6) May & June 1974 to 113(3) May & June 2003, Howard P. Boyd; 113(4) September & October 2002 to 113(5) November & December 2002, F. Christian Thompson and Michael Pogue. Guidelines for authors of Entomological News: Authors are urged to submit papers electronically. Further guidelines can be found on http://www.geocities.com/entomologicalnews/instructions.htm Subject Coverage: Insects and other terrestrial arthropods. Manuscripts on systematics, ecology, evolution, morphology, physiology, behavior, biodiversity, conservation, paleobiology, and other aspects of insect and terrestrial arthropod life as well as nomenclature, biographies and history of entomology, among others, are appropriate topics for papers submitted to Entomological News. Papers on applied, eco- nomic, and regulatory entomology or on toxicology and related subjects will be considered only if they also make a major contribution in one of the aforementioned fields. Entomological News is a venue for the exchange of scientific ideas in the spirit of constructive criti- cism and cooperation among all people for the endless search for scientific truth. In accordance with the spirit and letter of international codes of biological (e.g. zoological, botanical, etc.) nomenclature, the edi- tor of Entomological News recommends that name-bearing types and representative (voucher) specimens be deposited in collections where such specimens are well curated and available to qualified researchers. Any author may submit papers. Manuscripts will be accepted from any author, although, papers from members of the American Entomological Society are given priority. Authors are urged to read the guidelines to the authors carefully. It is suggested that all prospective authors join the AES. Send manuscripts, books for review, and editorial correspondence to the editor. All manuscripts, including scientific notes and book reviews, submitted for publication in Entomological News as well as all associated editorial communications must be sent to the Editor, Jorge A. Santiago-Blay at this address: Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 U.S.A. If an author uses a mailing service that does not accept addresses with a P. O. Box, please use this address: Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, West Loading Dock, Washington, District of Columbia 20560 U.S.A. Other means of contacting the Editor are, as follows: Phone: (202) 633-1383, Fax: (202) 786-2832, e-mails: blayj@si.edu, or blayj@hotmail.com, or via the webpage at http://www. geocities.com/entomologicalnews/contact.htm. E-mail is the preferred way to contact the editor and the fastest way to get a reply. Books for review should also be sent to the editor. The receipt of all papers will be acknowledged and, if accepted, they will be published as soon as possible. Postmaster: If undeliverable, please send to The American Entomological Society at The Academy of Natural Sciences 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway / Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195 PERIODICAL POSTAGE PAID AT DOVER, DELAWARE 19901 U.S.A. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 273 DISTRIBUTION OF THE 2004 EMERGENCE OF SEVEN- TEEN-YEAR PERIODICAL CICADAS (HEMIPTERA: CICADIDAE: MAGICICADA SPP., BROOD X) IN PENNSYLVANIA, U.S.A.’ M. J. Edwards,’ A. E. Faivre,’ R. C. Crist II, M. I. Sitvarin,’ and J. Zyla‘ ABSTRACT: The distribution of brood X seventeen-year periodical cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada spp.) in Pennsylvania was surveyed during the early summer of 2004. Field observations, surveys by telephone and e-mail and responses to cicada websites generated a total of 575 georeferenced data coordinates that represent 284 positive periodical cicada sightings and 291 reports confirming the absence of periodical cicadas. Data coordinates were mapped using Geographical Information Systems software. Observers in some localities near the margins of the historical range of brood X reported very low densities of periodical cicadas. These cicadas could be brood XIV cicadas that experienced four year accelerations of their life cycle. The distribution map of Pennsylvania’s 2004 brood X cicadas provides a baseline dataset for a comparative study when they emerge in 2021. KEY WORDS: Cicadidae, Magicicada, periodical cicada, geographic distribution, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Mapping the geographical distribution of periodical cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada spp., photo on back cover) is a component of many inves- tigations into the evolution of this fascinating group of insects (Lloyd and Dybas, 1966; Williams and Simon, 1995; Marshall and Cooley, 2000; Simon et al., 2000). Seventeen-year periodical cicada nymphs emerge in twelve distinct year-classes, or “broods” in the eastern United States. Each brood is a single-aged cohort of cicadas that emerge in the same year and is temporally isolated from other broods (Williams and Simon, 1995). When geographic ranges of broods overlap, the emer- gences are typically separated by four years (Williams and Simon, 1995). Three morphologically and behaviorally distinct Magicicada species (M. septendecim, M. septendecula, and M. cassini) can potentially coexist within a single brood. When Magicicada species coexist, they emerge simultaneously. Broods are designated with Roman numerals in a sequence that starts arbitrarily with the emergence of brood I in 1893 (Marlatt, 1898, as cited in Williams and Simon, 1995). Accordingly, brood X adults emerged in 1902 and have been succeeded by five generations. Nymphs hatching from eggs laid in 2004 will remain underground, feeding on xylem fluids until they emerge in 2021. ‘Received on June 3, 2005. Accepted on June 10, 2005. * Muhlenberg College, Biology Department, 2400 Chew Street, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18104 U.S.A. MJE, corresponding author, e-mail: edwards@muhlenberg.edu. Authors RCC (e-mail: ricker2005@ yahoo.com) and MIS (email: sitv8429@muhlenberg.edu) contributed equally. * Cedar Crest College, Department of Biological Sciences, 100 College Drive, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18104 U.S.A. E-mail: aefaivre@cedarcrest.edu. *J. F. Taylor, Inc., 21530 Pacific Drive, Lexington Park, Maryland 20653 U.S.A. E-mail: JZyla@ JFTI.com. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 116 (5): 273, November and December 2005 Mailed on February 14, 2006 274 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS A striking feature of periodical cicadas is the prodigious numbers often asso- ciated with their synchronous emergence; densities of over 3.5 million per hectare have been reported (Dybas and Davis, 1962). However, local periodical cicada densities are highly variable and distributions are scattered. Within each brood, most cicadas emerge from the soil and molt from their fifth larval instar to the adult stage within a few days of each other. Adult females mate, develop eggs and oviposit during the next 4-6 weeks. The importance of post-reproduc- tive periodical cicadas to the forest ecosystem continues as large populations die and decompose. The resulting pulse of soil nutrients increases microbial biomass and plant productivity (Yang, 2004). Maps of the approximate historical distribution of brood X periodical cicadas have been published by Lloyd et al. (1983) and Simon (1988). These maps have less than 40 coordinates plotted for Pennsylvania and are partially based on his- torical records that are difficult to verify. A subset of historical records of peri- odical cicada emergences in Pennsylvania and elsewhere has been compiled by Chris Simon and John Cooley (University of Connecticut). These records are posted in a searchable format in the “Periodical Cicada Database” (http:// collections2.eeb.uconn.edu/collections/cicadacentral/Databases/magidb.html), and are cited with permission (Chris Simon, personal communication). This resource is primarily focused on modern records gathered by Simon and col- leagues. It is not intended to serve as a comprehensive database of all periodical cicada records. However, this database serves as a convenient and accessible ref- erence for county-level cicada records in Pennsylvania, which are not available in the published literature. While most cicadas within a brood emerge in their “designated” year, a small number of cicadas may emerge sporadically in off-years, typically 1 year after, or 4 years before the majority of the brood (White and Lloyd, 1979; Williams and Simon, 1995; Marshall, 2001). Premature and late emergences can be due to mutations or gene combinations that affect life cycle (Martin and Simon, 1990a; Marshall and Cooley, 2000; Simon et al., 2000; Cooley et al., 2001 and 2003). Alternatively, local environmental conditions can also affect the emergence time of periodical cicadas (Martin and Simon, 1990a; Marshall, 2001). These cicadas are called “stragglers” whether they emerge prematurely or late (Marshall, 2001). Even a small number of male stragglers can be readily detected by their loud calling behavior (Marshall et al., 1996). Stragglers are generally not able to establish new self-replicating populations, because they emerge in such low numbers that they are quickly consumed by predators (Karban, 1982; Marshall, 2001). Historical records of stragglers that are attributed to the year-class in which they emerge have caused a considerable amount of confusion (Kritsky, 1988; Marshall, 2001). In the narrow context of assigning cicadas to a particular brood, low-density sightings should be interpreted carefully, as these cicadas may be stragglers from a different brood. In the larger context of evolution and biogeography, accelerated or delayed emergences on a massive scale are central to theories of new brood formation and speciation (Lloyd and Dybas, 1966; Lloyd and White, 1976; Simon et al., 2000; Marshall and Cooley, 2000). Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 275 The 2004 emergence of brood X cicadas provided us with an opportunity to use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to map the 2004 geographic distri- bution of these insects within Pennsylvania. The 575 georeferenced positive cicada sightings or reports of the absence of cicadas were obtained in several dif- ferent ways. Field-collected data coordinates allowed assessment of species composition and relative abundance. Contacting park managers and township officers by e-mail or telephone facilitated a survey of a much wider area, al- though these data only refer to the absence or presence of periodical cicadas. Several data coordinates were submitted to cicada-tracking websites, such as the Mid-Atlantic Cicada Database Project, at http://www.cicadas.info/, hosted by John Zyla, and http://www.acnatsci.org/hosted/aes/cicada.html, hosted by the American Entomological Society and were included in our dataset with permis- sion (Jason Weintraub, personal communication). These data provide a baseline distribution for comparison with the emergence of brood X in 2021 and beyond. METHODS Twenty-two Pennsylvania state parks in which the emergence of periodical cicadas had been confirmed by park officers were visited in late May and early June 2004. Thirty Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates were recorded with a Garmin GPS76 handheld unit in the parks. Visiting each site allowed us to document the presence or absence of each of the three species of periodical cicadas. The relative abundance was estimated by observing cicadas or their nymphal castes on trees in the area and also listening for the presence of cicada choruses. Georeferenced specimens were collected and stored in 100% ethanol. Distribution records were gathered by contacting 766 township officials by e- mail or telephone, from which 385 responses were obtained. An additional 46 state park officers were surveyed by telephone or e-mail. Only people within and closely surrounding the historical range of brood X (Lloyd et al., 1983) were con- tacted. Participants in our survey were specifically asked if they were familiar with the calls of Magicicada spp. and confident in their confirmation of the pres- ence or absence of periodical cicada calls in their locality. Participants were not asked to differentiate among cicada species or to estimate relative abundance or density. An additional 109 coordinates were obtained from a website hosted by John Zyla (http://www.cicadas.info/). Five coordinates were taken from a web- site hosted by the American Entomological Society (http://www.acnatsci.org/ hosted/aes/cicada.html). ArcView 3.3 (Environmental Systems Research Insti- tute, Redlands, CA) was used to combine the data coordinates with a map of Pennsylvania county boundaries (Environmental Resources Research Institute, 1996) downloaded from the Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access (PASDA) website (http://www.pasda.psu.edu). The map coordinate system is the North American Datum (NAD) 1927 and the map projection is Albers Conical Equal Area (Fig. 1). The same georeferenced points were then mapped to the Pennsylvania phys- iographic provinces map (Pennsylvania Bureau of Topographic and Geological Survey, 1995) downloaded from the PASDA website. The map coordinate sys- tem is North American Datum (NAD) 1927 and the map projection is Lambert 276 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Conformal Conic. A subset of 264 coordinates from surveys and park visits was mapped to a Pennsylvania elevation map (Fig. 3 Supplemental http://www.muh- lenberg.edu/depts/biology/faculty/edwards.html). Figure 1. Distribution of brood X periodical cicadas in Pennsylvania as represented by individual coordinates. Closed symbols represent positive records of cicadas being ob- served. Open symbols represent records of no cicadas being observed. Squares represent our data coordinates that were collected in the field and for which data on species com- position and habitat are available at http://www.muhlenberg.edu/depts/biology/faculty/ edwards.html. Circles represent records from e-mail and telephone surveys of state park, township and other local officials. Triangles represent data coordinates that were submit- ted to a website hosted by John Zyla (http://www.cicadas.info/). Pentagons represent data coordinates that were posted on a website hosted by Jason Weintraub for the American Entomological Society (http://www.acnatsci.org/hosted/aes/cicada.html). RESULTS Data were plotted onto three different maps of Pennsylvania in order to assess factors that contributed to the 2004 brood X distribution pattern. All data coor- dinates are represented on a county map of Pennsylvania (Fig. 1). The coordi- nates of figure 1 are coded to represent the presence or absence of cicadas and also the source of the data. The data set of coordinates has been posted at http://www.muhlenberg.edu/depts/biology/faculty/edwards.html. A comparison between our data (Fig. 1) and historical records (Periodical Cicada Database) in- dicate that brood X periodical cicadas have been reported in several counties within the historical range of brood XIV cicadas (Table 1). Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 2H, Table 1. Selected counties near the edge of the range of Pennsylvania brood X for which historical records have been collected (Periodical Cicada Database). These counties are named on the state map in Fig. 1. 2004 Historical Historical ___ ee SE a ae ae _ ar eae ee a ae 2 > Shep Ca NN LT a a 2 50 Montour In considering the range distribution of cicadas relative to physiography (Fig. 2) and elevation (Fig. 3 Supplemental), the northwestern edge of brood X’s dis- tribution appears to be influenced by the Allegheny Mountain Section. West of the Allegheny Mountain Section, historical records indicate the presence of brood VIII (Periodical Cicada Database). There are no records for brood VIII in the easternmost counties of the Allegheny Mountain Section. Both brood X (Fig. 2) and brood XIV (Periodical Cicada Database) are found within the Appalachian Mountain Section and portions of the Allegheny Front, but records diminish within the easternmost counties of the Allegheny Mountain Section and are ab- sent in the western areas of this section. In the northeastern distribution of brood X (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 Supplemental) positive records decrease within the Great Valley Section, well in advance of the Appalachian Mountain Section to the north and in advance of any major increase in elevation. The northernmost reported points for brood X were in areas of low elevation within the Susquehanna River Valley (Fig. 1, Lycoming and Luzerne counties; Fig. 3 Supplemental). 278 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figure 2. Distribution of brood X periodical cicadas projected on a map of the physio- graphic provinces of Pennsylvania. Closed symbols represent positive records of cicadas being observed. Open symbols represent records of no cicadas being observed. Physio- graphic provinces highlighted in the text are numbered as follows: 1. Allegheny Mountain Section. 2. Allegheny Front Section. 3. Appalachian Mountain Section. 4. Blue Mountain Section. 5. Great Valley Section. DISCUSSION Maps of the national distribution of brood X have been redrawn from historical records and published by Lloyd et al. (1983) and Simon (1988). With the excep- tion of a study on extermination methods by Asquith (1954), there have been no published investigations of periodical cicadas specifically in Pennsylvania. Penn- sylvania was chosen as our study area to complement periodical cicada surveys that have been conducted in New Jersey (Schmitt, 1974), Ohio (Kritsky, 1988), and Iowa (Irwin and Coelho, 2000), and to serve as a baseline data set for future inves- tigations of brood X cicadas in Pennsylvania. In the present study we mapped the distribution of periodical cicadas that emerged in Pennsylvania in 2004 to an unprecedented level of detail for the state (Figs. 1 and 2). These maps show the locally heterogeneous distribution of cicadas, which has not been depicted by national maps (Lloyd et al., 1983; Simon, 1988). A question that predictably emerges with each periodical cicada brood, includ- ing brood X, is whether or not the range of the brood is changing. Declines in peri- odical cicada populations as a result of human disturbance have been of concern for more than a century (Butler, 1886, as cited in Dybas and Lloyd, 1974). Previous investigations of 17-year cicadas have indicated population contractions and local extinctions (reviewed by Williams and Simon, 1995). A 2001 population census indicated a contraction of the range of brood VII seventeen-year cicadas in upstate New York when compared to historical data (Cooley et al., 2004). Brood XI seven- teen-year cicadas, which previously emerged in Connecticut and Massachusetts, have not been seen since 1954 (Manter, 1974, as cited in Cooley et al., 2004). De- clines of brood X in New Jersey and Ohio, respectively, were documented by Schmitt (1974) and Kritsky (1988). Forest pest management entomologists with Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 279 the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources conducted a statewide survey of 2004 periodical cicadas in Pennsylvania and reported adult cicadas in only 27 counties out of the 40 counties in which brood X cicadas have been historically documented (Spichiger, 2004). Due to differences in sampling methodologies and standards between our survey and previous distribution studies, it is not possible for us to assess whether there has been a major change in the 2004 distribution of Pennsylvania’s brood X cicadas. However, our map provides a ref- erence point for future studies on periodical cicada distribution. The distribution of 2004 brood X cicadas relative to physiography and elevation (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 Supplemental) appears to be influenced by the Allegheny Moun- tain Section. This physiographic region also appears to influence the distributions of broods VIII and XIV periodical cicadas (Periodical Cicada Database). None of these three broods have been found in the mid-section of the Allegheny Mountain Section. Brood X and XIV records diminish in the easternmost counties of the Allegheny Mountain Section. An eastern border of the brood VIII distribution appears to be in counties at the western edge of the Allegheny Mountain Section (Periodical Cicada Database). The northernmost coordinates of Pennsylvania’s 2004 brood X distribution (in Lycoming and Luzerne counties) were reported within or a few miles from the Susquehanna River Valley (Fig. 1 and Fig. 3 Supplemental). Previous studies have hypothesized that during historically cool periods, cicadas may be excluded from highlands and concentrated into low elevation areas with milder climate (Cooley et al., 2004). This phenomenon may have excluded cicadas from the Allegheny Mountain Section, and also kept them from migrating far from the Susquehanna River. In contrast, physiography does not appear to directly influence the north- eastern border of brood X, which diminishes within the Great Valley Section, south of the Blue Mountain Section. In the absence of an increase in elevation, an obvi- ous change in vegetation such as coniferous forest (White et al., 1982), or compe- tition from an adjacent brood (Periodical Cicada Database), this border of brood X remains difficult to explain. At least some positive records of 2004 cicadas in Blair, Luzerne and Lycoming Counties may be stragglers of brood XIV, emerging 4 years earlier than the vast majority of the brood. These include Pennsylvania’s northernmost cicada records, taken in Luzerne and Lycoming Counties, within or near the Susquehanna River Valley. In each of these counties, the majority of historical records are for brood XIV cicadas (Periodical Cicada Database; Table 1). Likewise, some counties in which brood X cicadas have historically been observed, but were not observed in 2004 (e.g. Centre, Clearfield, and Northumberland Counties), are within the his- torical range of brood XIV (Periodical Cicada Database). Although the Periodical Cicada Database is not intended to be a comprehensive record of all historical cica- da sightings, searchable access to this limited data set is nevertheless a valuable starting point for analysis. Further analysis of the relationship of brood XIV strag- glers to brood X will benefit from a thorough survey of the distribution and local population density patterns of Pennsylvania’s brood XIV cicadas when they emerge in 2008. The proximity of Pennsylvania’s distribution of brood X to brood XIV is probably not coincidental, as brood X has been hypothesized to have diverged from brood XIV through a massive four-year acceleration event (Lloyd 280 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS and Dybas, 1966). In this context, the 2004 absence of cicadas recorded in some Pennsylvania counties may not reflect a shift in the range of brood X, but rather fluctuations in the number of brood XIV cicadas with accelerated nymphal devel- opment. A small number of periodical cicadas were heard at Maurice K. Goddard State Park in Mercer County (Donald Campbell, personal communication). Brood X cicadas have previously been reported in this far western county (Lloyd et al., 1983; Periodical Cicada Database). This small and isolated population deserves further study because periodical cicadas generally require high population densities to avoid predation and to reproduce (Lloyd and Dybas, 1966; Karban, 1982; Mar- shall, 2001). The Mercer County population may be an isolated remnant of a larg- er range of brood X that is headed towards a local extinction. Alternatively, these cicadas could be two-year stragglers of brood VIII, which emerged in 2002. Brood VIII is the only other brood with a historical distribution in this part of the state (Simon, 1988). Currently, there is no method that can be used to distinguish brood X from brood VIII cicadas of the same species. However, periodical cicada species in some other broods can be distinguished by among-brood differences in wing vein morphology, allozyme loci and mitochondrial DNA haplotypes (Simon, 1983; Martin and Simon, 1990b; Archie et al., 1985). The application of methods using new molecular markers could help elucidate the evolutionary history of “brood X” cicadas in Mercer County if they emerge in 2021. Future survey methodologies should try to document the density of periodical cicada emergences. Very low density periodical cicada populations are not gener- ally sustainable, due to predation pressures (Lloyd and Dybas, 1966; Karban, 1982; Marshall, 2001). Thus, georeferenced data on the density of cicada emergences in Pennsylvania may provide information about the possibility of a straggler origin of some of the records. Since brood X emerged in 1987, the worldwide web has allowed for a much greater degree of public participation in data collection on peri- odical cicadas. The accessibility and development of GPS and GIS technologies has facilitated mapping efforts, such as the fine-scale analysis of the 1997 brood III cicada emergence in Iowa (Irwin and Coehlo, 2000). It is our hope that our data for Pennsylvania’s 2004 brood X cicadas will be useful for a comparative study when they emerge in 2021. Future surveys may reveal shifts in the distribution of Pennsylvania’s brood X periodical cicadas that could be associated with long-term trends in land usage and climate change. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project was funded by NASA Grant NAGS5-12416. Specimens were collected with a collecting permit from the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources # 2004-42. We are grateful to Merritt Jacob for extensive training and assistance with ArcView software and GIS methods, Sven-Erik Spichiger and John Cooley for assistance with experimental design and Jason Weintraub for advice on collecting. We thank Erika V. Iyengar, Richard A. Niesenbaum and John S. Edwards for crit- ical readings of the manuscript. We also thank the hundreds of participants in our surveys. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 281 LITERATURE CITED Archie, J., C. Simon, and D. Wartenberg. 1985. Geographical patterns and population structure in periodical cicadas based on spatial analysis of allozyme frequencies. Evolution 39: 1261-1274. Asquith, D. 1954. The periodical cicada in Southern Pennsylvania in 1953. Journal of Economic Entomology 47: 457-459. Cooley, J. R., C. Simon, D. C. Marshall, K. Slon, and C. Ehrhardt. 2001. Allochronic speciation, secondary contact, and reproductive character displacement in periodical cicadas (Hemiptera: Magicicada spp.): Genetic, morphological, and behavioral evidence. Molecular Ecology 10: 661- 671. Cooley, J. R., C. Simon, and D. C. Marshall. 2003. Temporal separation and speciation in period- ical cicadas. BioScience 53: 151-157. Cooley, J. R., D. C. Marshall, and C. Simon. 2004. The historical contraction of periodical cicada brood VII (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 112:198-204. Dybas, H. S. and D. D. Davis. 1962. A population census of seventeen-year periodical cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada). Ecology 43: 444-459. Dybas, H. S. and M. Lloyd. 1974. The habitats of 17-year periodical cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada spp.). Ecological Monographs 44: 279-324. Environmental Resources Research Institute. 1996. County Boundaries. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Harrisburg, PA. Irwin, M. D. and J. R. Coelho. 2000. Distribution of the Iowan brood of periodical cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada spp.) in Illinois. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93: 82-89. Karban, R. 1982. Increased reproductive success at high densities and predator satiation for period- ical cicadas. Ecology 63: 321-328. Kritsky, G. 1988. The 1987 emergence of the Periodical Cicada (Homoptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada spp. Brood X) in Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science 88(4) 168-170. Lloyd, M. and H. S. Dybas. 1966. The periodical cicada problem. II. Evolution. Evolution 20: 466- 505. Lloyd, M., G. Kritsky, and C. Simon. 1983. A simple Mendelian model for 13- and 17-year life cycles of periodical cicadas, with historical evidence of hybridization between them. Evolution 37: 1162-1180. Lloyd, M. and J. White. 1976. Sympatry of periodical cicada broods and the hypothetical four-year acceleration. Evolution 30: 786-801. Marshall, D. C., J. R. Cooley, D. Alexander, and T. E. Moore. 1996. New records of Michigan Cicadidae (Homoptera) with notes on the use of songs to monitor range changes. Great Lakes Entomologist 29: 165-169. Marshail, D. C and J. R. Cooley. 2000. Reproductive character displacement and speciation in peri- odical cicadas, with description of a new species, 13-year Magicicada neotredecim. Evolution 54: 1313-1325. Marshall, D. C. 2001. Periodical Cicada (Homoptera: Cicadidae) Life-cycle variations, the histori- cal emergence record, and the geographic stability of brood distributions. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 94: 386- 399. Martin, A. and C. Simon. 1990a. Temporal variation in insect life cycles: lessons from periodical cicadas. BioScience 40: 359-367. Martin, A. and C. Simon. 1990b. Differing levels of among-population divergence in the mito- chondrial DNA of periodical cicadas related to historical biogeography. Evolution 44: 1066-1080. 282 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Pennsylvania Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey. 1995. Physiographic Provinces 1:100,000. Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Harrisburg, PA. Schmitt, J. B. 1974. The distribution of brood ten of the periodical cicadas in New Jersey in 1970. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 82: 189-201. Simon, C. 1983. Morphological differentiation in wing venation among broods of 13- and 17-year periodical cicadas. Evolution 37:104-115. Simon, C. 1988. Evolution of 13- and 17-year periodical cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America. 34: 163-176. Simon C., J. Tang, S. Dalwadi, G. Staley, J. Deniega, and T. Unnasch. 2000. Genetic evidence for assortative mating between 13-year cicadas and sympatric “17-year cicadas with 13-year life cycles” provides evidence for allochronic speciation. Evolution 54: 1326-1336. Spichiger, S. 2004. Brood X!?. Forest Pest Management News (Pennsylvania Department of Con- servation and Natural Resources). 22: 1-2. White, J., M. Lloyd, and R. Karban. 1982. Why don’t periodical cicadas normally live in conifer- ous forests? Environmental Entomology 11: 475-482. White, J. and M. Lloyd. 1979. Seventeen year cicadas emerging after 18 years: a new brood? Evolution 33: 1193-1199. Williams, K. S. and C. Simon. 1995. The ecology, behavior and evolution of periodical cicadas. Annual Review of Entomology 40: 269-295. Yang, L. H. 2004. Periodical cicadas as resource pulses in North American forests. Science 306: 1565-1567. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 283 THREE SHORT-WINGED SPECIES OF CHORTHIPPUS FIEBER FROM TURKEY (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE: GOMPHOCERINAE)' Mustafa Unal? ABSTRACT: Chorthippus demokidovi (Ramme), C. satunini Uvarov and C. taurensis Sirin and Ciplak are studied from Turkey. A key to the three species is prepared. Illustrations and comparisons with their allies are given. KEY WORDS: systematics, Orthoptera, Gomphocerinae, Chorthippus, Turkey, key Chorthippus Fieber, 1852 is one of the largest genera in the subfamily Gom- phocerinae with more than 200 species and subspecies (Otte, Eades and Nas- krecki, 2002). Twenty-two species and subspecies were so far reported from Tur- key (Demirsoy, 1977; Unal, 2003). In this paper the three species of Turkish gom- phocerines with characteristic shape of shortened tegmina in both sexes are com- pared. Although the particulars of the forewings are shared with many other Eurasian Chorthippus, their putative closest relatives are found in Lebanon, Israel, Greece, Georgia, Armenia, Nakhichevan, and Iran. Chorthippus demokidovi (Ramme, 1930) was described from western Armenia as Stenobothrus demokidovi Ramme, 1930. Karabag (1958) recorded it for the first time from Turkey (Bingol Daglari, Zarovan and Sevti Yaylasi). Later, De- mirsoy (1975) recorded it again from Turkey, between Cat and Bingol Daglari (Erzurum). But Demirsoy’s short description, measurements and illustration might refer to another species. Finally, Salman (1978) collected rich material (35 males and 36 females) from Artvin, Kars and Igdir provinces in northeastern Turkey. Chorthippus satunini Mistshenko, 1951 was described from Turkey (Oltu) (Bey-Bienko and Mistshenko, 1951). Karabag (1956, 1958) recorded it from Hak- kari Province, southeastern Turkey. Weidner (1969) discussed the similarity of this species with C. demokidovi and considered them as separate taxa. However, De- mirsoy (1977) listed all previous records of C. satunini under C. demokidovi. Chorthippus pygmaeus (Bey-Bienko, 1931), known from Nakhichevan (Azer- baijan) was recorded from eastern Turkey (Bitlis) by Onder et al. (1999), though based on a single specimen. But this specimen probably belongs either to C. sat- unini or C. demokidovi. C. pygmaeus was synonymized by Ramme (1951) but with a question mark. Abundant material preserved in the Natural History Museum (NHM, London, England, U.K.), collected in Turkey by K. M. Guichard and D. H. Harvey during their expeditions in 1959, 1960, and 1962, represents a fine series which agrees with the descriptions of C. demokidovi and C. satunini. Among this material ‘Received on September 19, 2005. Accepted on October 15, 2005. > Abant Yzzet Baysal Universitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakiiltesi, Biyoloji Boliimii, 14280 Bolu, Turkey. E-mail: unal@ibu.edu.tr. Mailed on February 14, 2006 284 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS another, apparently hitherto unknown but allied species of Chorthippus was found. While my description of the species was already preliminarily composed and about to go to the printer, I learned that the same species presumably would be published earlier, as Chorthippus taurensis Sirin and Ciplak, 2005 (in Ciplak et al. 2005). However, herein I offer my description, including key characters, geo- graphical distribution, and comparisons with species considered allied as I think they will be useful for readers to see these from a different point of view. Apart from the above mentioned publications, there are no further records of these three taxa from Turkey. These, as well as other related gomphocerines such as C. abcha- sicus Ramme, 1939 from Georgia, C. savalanicus Uvarov, 1933 from N.W. Iran and C. mistshenkoi Avakian, 1956 from Armenia should be compared to each other as perhaps, some of them are conspecific. Other morphologically similar and geographically close species, such as C. willemsei Harz, 1971 and C. pulloides Ramme, 1926 from mainland and the Peleponnisos of Greece, C. biroi (Kuthy, 1907) from Crete, C. lebanicus Massa and Fontana, 1998 from Lebanon, C. dirshi Fishelson, 1969 from Israel and C. hyrcanus Bey-Bienko, 1960 from N. Iran, which appear to constitute a species group. The material used in this study was loaned by the NHM. Identification and illustration were done in the Abant Izzet Baysal Universitesi Entomoloji Musesi (AIBUEM), Bolu. Six specimens of the three species listed here are deposited in the AIBUEM. All others are deposited in the NHM. Chorthippus (Glyptobothrus) taurensis Sirin and Ciplak, 2005 Figs. 1-8, 13. Ciplak et al., 2005, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 131(3+4): 473. Redescription. Male: Body, fore and middle legs with sparse hairs. Head (Fig. 1): Antennae distinctly longer than head and pronotum together. Head (Fig. 1) almost as broad as pronotum. Face oblique, frontal ridge with flat surface; fastigium oblique without hair; foveolae 2.2 times longer than wide; concave with rounded margins. Eyes 1.7 times longer than subocular groove. Pronotum (Fig. 1) slightly longer than head; anterior margin slightly convex, posterior margin obtuse angular; median and lateral carinae distinct; median carina cut by trans- verse sulcus just behind the middle (5.4/10 from anterior margin); lateral carinae distinct, strongly bent in prozona under an angle; lateral lobes of pronotum slight- ly lower than long; metazona a little convex in lateral view. Mesosternal space a little broader than long but narrower than mesosternal lobes. Metasternal space quadrangular. Tegmina (Fig. 2) 3.8 times longer than wide; its apex broadly rounded, with distinct precostal field; always shorter than abdomen, reaching end of 7th abdominal tergite, in other males reaching to half of 5th tergite; costal field twice as broad as subcostal field; median field as broad as costal field and twice as broad as cubital field. Wings almost half length of tegmina, in other males 1.5- 1.7 times shorter than tegmina; reaching to beyond 3rd abdominal tergite. Hind Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 285 femur 3.8 times longer than wide. Stridulatory file 3 mm long, with 84 pegs; in 1 mm with 35 stridulatory pegs in middle part. Arolium broad, half as long as claws, in other males slightly longer than claws. Abdomen: Tympanal opening oblique rectangular, its largest diameter 3 times longer than the smallest diameter. Sub- genital plate (Fig. 3) short and almost rounded, slightly pointed at apex. Cercus compressed laterally, pointed at apex; twice as long as broad. Penis valves (Fig. 4) slender, anterior valves longer than posterior valves. Epiphallus as in Fig. 5. Female: Body with sparse hairs. Head (Fig. 6): Antennae almost as long as head and pronotum together. Faveolae 3 times longer than wide, in other females 2.5-3 times longer than wide. Frontal ridge slightly punctate. Eyes 1.3 times longer than subocular groove. Pronotum (Fig. 6) longer than head; anterior margin con- vex, posterior margin with obtuse angle; median keel cut by transverse sulcus just behind the middle (0.55/1 of total length); lateral keels strongly bent in prozona under an angle; prozona and metazona slightly convex in lateral view; lateral lobes lower than length of pronotum. Meso- and metasterna as in male. Tegmina (Fig. 7) 3 times longer than wide, its maximal width at proximal part; its apex rounded; reaching to end of 4th abdominal tergite; radius and costa straight; precostal field distinctly projected; costal field wide, 5 times broader than subcostal field; medi- an field twice as broad as cubital field. Wings almost 1.5 times shorter than tegmi- na, reaching to half of 3rd abdominal tergite. Hind femur 4 times longer than wide. Arolium half length of claws. Abdomen: Tympanal opening elliptical, its largest diameter 2.6 times longer than the smallest diameter. Subgenital plate triangular at apex. Ovipositor (Fig. 8) with short and sharp valves. Color. Body various shades of brown with black spots, stripes and bands. Hind femur with an oblique black band at inner face. Hind knee not darkened, concol- orous. Hind tibia reddish brown in male, yellowish brown in female. Material examined. Konya Province, Beysehir, Yenikoy (Fig. 13), 5500ft, 3 October 1960, 4 males, 9 females (leg. K.M. Guichard and D.H. Harvey). Distribution (Fig. 13). TURKEY: W. Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Remarks. This species is characterized by the shape and venation of the short tegmina which in both sexes never reach to the end of abdomen, the broadly rounded and unpointed apex of the male tegmina, the rounded apex of the female tegmina, the shortened hind wings (almost half of tegmina), the pronotum with strongly bent lateral keels, the narrow tympanal opening and the size. This species is related other short-winged species as: C. willemsei Harz, 1971, C. biroi (Kuty, 1907), C. pulloides Ramme, 1926, C. satunini Mistshenko, 1951, C. demokidovi (Ramme, 1930), C. abchasicus Ramme, 1939, C. savalanicus Uvarov, 1933, C. pygmaeus Bey-Bienko, 1931, C. mistshenkoi Avakian, 1956, C. hemipterus Uvarov, 1926, C. hyrcanus Bey-Bienko, 1960, C. dirshi Fishelson, 1969 and C. lebanicus Massa et Fontana, 1998 which are distributed in the adjacent territo- ries of Turkey and two of them in Turkey. The distinction concerns the shape of tegmina in both sexes, tympanal openings and pronotum. It is more similar to C. pulloides, C. satunini, C. demokidovi, C. lebanicus by the general structure of tegmina (unpointed at apex in male) and the narrow tympanal openings (its largest 286 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS diameter 2.5-3 times longer than the smallest diameter). However, shape and venation of tegmina in both sexes (most obvious in the female), the reddish hind tibia in the male, the pronotum, genitalia and larger size are different. The dis- tinction with the closely allied Turkish species C. satunini Uvarov and C. demokidovi Ramme is given below in the key. Chorthippus (Glyptobothrus) demokidovi (Ramme, 1930) Figs. 9-10, 13. Ramme, 1930, 1951; Bey-Bienko and Mistshenko, 1951; Karabag, 1958; Weid- ner, 1969; Demirsoy, 1975, 1977; Salman, 1978, Stolyarov, 1997. Material examined. TURKEY: Agri Province (in the label: Kars Province), Kuctk Agri Dagi, Serdarbulak, 8-10000 ft, 2 September 1960, 13 males, 6 females (leg. K.M. Guichard and D.H. Harvey). Distribution (Fig. 13). W. ARMENIA: Alagos. N.E. TURKEY: Erzurum Province, Bingol Daglari; Bingol-Erzurum; Agri Province, Gezgez Daglari; [gdir province, Biyuk Agr Dagi; Kars Province, Kagizman; Artvin Province, Borcka (Ramme, 1930; Karabag, 1958; Demirsoy, 1975; Salman, 1978; Stolyarov, IO). Remarks. This is the smallest species examined here and easily recognizable by the female tegmina. The records of Artvin, Erzurum and Bingol provinces should be confirmed. Chorthippus (Glyptobothrus) satunini Mistshenko, 1951 Figs. 11-13. Bey-Bienko and Mistshenko, 1951; Karabag, 1956, 1958; Weidner, 1969. Material examined. TURKEY: Erzurum Province, Kopdagi Gecidi, 6-7000 ft, 23 July 1960, 6 males, 7 females; Bayburt Province (in the label: Gumushane Province), Soganli Gec¢idi, 6000 ft, 25 July 1960, 4 males, 2 females (leg. K.M. Guichard and D.H. Harvey). Distribution (Fig. 13). E. TURKEY: Erzurum Province, Oltu; Hakkari Province, Karadag& (Bey-Bienko and Mistshenko, 1951; Karabag, 1956). Remarks. This species is very similar to C. demokidovi, but the female tegmi- na, details of the male tegmina and the size are different. Both taxa might have been confused by previous authors and this material should be re-examined. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 287 K> —/ [4s s ales Tr A REO EY esos wc f° oy oa ; rk elaine adr Q Sep eo Wy a > sy / < es = LTE eee — x FIN =a pee — SEU J Pe EH OH See i lap once sala: SS 8 amg one PES) oe Figures 1-12. Figs. 1-8. Chorthippus taurensis 1, male head and pronotum; 2, male left tegmen; 3, male end of abdomen; 4, penis valves; 5, epiphallus; 6, female head and prono- tum; 7, female left tegmen; 8, female end of abdomen. Figures 9-10. Chorthippus demoki- dovi 9, male left tegmen; 10, female left tegmen. Figs. 11-12. Chorthippus satunini 11, male left tegmen; 12, female left tegmen. Scales = 1 mm. 288 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 28 a2 Bulgaria \ \ Georgia | | \ A Chorthippus taurensis @ 3 Chorthippus demokidovi m= Chorthippus satunini Figure 13. Distribution of the three Turkish species of Chorthippus discussed in this paper. Key to the Turkish species of Chorthippus shortened tegmina in both sexes 1. Male tegmen with precostal field distinctly projecting (Fig. 2). Hind tibia red- dish-brown in male. Female tegmen 7-7.5 mm, rounded at apex (Fig. 7). Body size large 15.9 mm in male, 18.7 mm in female (Table 1)............ C. taurensis Male tegmen with precostal field slightly projecting (Figs. 9 and 11). Hind tibia yellowish-brown in male. Female tegmen shorter than 5.4 mm, pointed at apex (Figs. 10 and 12). Body size smaller than 13.8 mm in male, 16.5 mm in‘female*Grable [yi eee ee See ee eee eee eee D) 2. Female tegmen 2.8 times longer than wide; with slightly projecting precostal field (Fig. 10). Male tegmen with venetion as in Fig. 9. Body size: 9.3-11.5 TOT HO HOA, 3).d) Sassi waven Ta WEIS (WLS: 11) ccoccsscsoevoseneas0.0" C. demokidovi Female tegmen 2.4 times longer than wide; with distinctly projecting precostal field (Fig. 12). Male tegmen with venetion as in Fig. 11. Body size: 11.4-13.8 jagvoge sual Tage, lS eZallsjeo) 1eVOOL INN IDOE corso yangssscnoondasvonnscoccone sonooaceceds C. satunini Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 289 Table 1. Range of measurements (mm) of Chorthippus material examined and previous data (pd.). These numbers are not averages. If there is a single number, all measurements are the same. “Previous data,” pd., represents reports of meas- urements of these species in other papers (Bey-Bienko and Mistshenko, 1951; Ramme, 1951). Species Body Tegmina Pronotum Hind Femur males C. demokidovi 102-04: 5.9-6.2 BANDS VESIES pd. 9.3-11.5 5.1-6.8 OS) 12-8 C. satunini 12.2-13.8 6.5-7.2 2.6-2.8 7.6-8.4 pd. U4! ad - - C. taurensis 15.9-16.8 7.4-8.2 3.1 9.1-9.5 females C. demokidovi 14.7-15.5 4.2-5.6 2.9-3 8.4-8.9 pd. 1S55=15.5 BM/-oel 2.9-3.1 8.2-9.2 C. satunini 15.2-16.5 4.5-5.4 3-3.6 9-9.7 pd. - - - - C. taurensis 18.7-20.2 7-7.5 3.8-4 11.4-12 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My sincere thanks to Dr. George Beccaloni for his help during my studies in the Natural History Museum, London and for loan of the specimens, Dr. Fer Willemse for his recommendations and cor- rections on the manuscript, and to Dr. Jorge Santiago-Blay for improving the manuscript and for his efforts during the publication process of this paper. LITERATURE CITED Bey-Bienko, G. J. and L. L. Mistshenko. 1951. Fauna of the U.S.S.R. Locust and Grasshoppers of the U.S.S.R. and Adjacent Countries. Part 2. Zoological Institute of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences 40: 291. Bey-Bienko, G. J. 1960. New Iranian Acridoidea. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde 36: 1-7. Ciplak, B., A. Mol, D. Sirin, U. Zeybekoglu, and M. S. Taylan. 2005. The demokidovi-like short winged Glyptobothrus (Orthoptera, Gomphocerinae, Chorthippus) of Anatolia with description of two new species: from Balkans to Caucasus through southern Anatolia. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 131(3+4): 463-489. Demirsoy, A. 1975. Erzurum boélgesi Orthoptera (Insecta) faunasinin tesbiti ve taksonomik incelen- mesi. Atatiirk Unviversitesi Fen Fakultesi yayinlari 39: 1-122. 290 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Demirsoy, A. 1977. Tiirkiye Caelifera (Insecta,Orthoptera) faunasinin tesbiti ve taksonomik incelen- mesi (1). Atatiirk Unviversitesi Fen Fakultesi yayinlari 80: 1-252. Fishelson, L. 1969. Two new species of the genus Chorthippus (Acrididae) from Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology 4: 235-242. Guichard, K. M. and D. H. Harvey. 1967. Collecting in Turkey 1959, 1960 and 1962. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 19(4): 223-250. Harz, K. 1971. Orthopterologische beitrage IX. Atalanta 3: 331-338. Harz, K. 1975. The Orthoptera of Europe (Die Orthopteren Europas). The Hague, The Netherlands. 2:1-939. Karabag, T. 1956. Some new and less known Acrididae from Turkey. Eos 32: 125-134. Karabag, T. 1958. Tiirkiye’nin Orthoptera faunasi (The Orthoptera Fauna of Turkey). Ankara Uni- versitesi Fen Fakultesi yayinlari 81: 1-198. Massa, B. and P. Fontana. 1998. Middle Eastern Orthoptera (Tettigoniidae and Acridoidea) pre- served in the Italian Museums. Bollettino Museo civico Storia naturale Verona 22: 65-104. Otte, D., D. C. Eades, and P. Naskrecki. 2002. Orthoptera Species File Online. Version 2.2. . Onder, F., E. Pehlivan, Y. Karsavuran, S. Tezcan, and S. Kysmaly. 1999. Catalogue of Collection of Pamphagidae, Pyrgomorphidae, Catantopidae and Acrididae(Orthoptera: Acridoidea) pre- served in the Prof. Dr. Niyazi Lodos Museum, Izmir, Turkey. Turkiye Entomoloji Dergisi 23(3): 163-178. Ramme, W. 1930. Neue Orthoptera aus Westasien (Acrid. Et Tettigon.). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologie Museum in Berlin 16(2): 394-396. Ramme, W. 1939. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der palaearktischen Orthopterenfauna (Tettig. u. Acrid.) III. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologie Museum in Berlin 24(1): 41-150. Ramme, W. 1951. Zur Systematik Faunistik und Biologie der Orthopteren von Sudost Europa und Vorderasien. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologie Museum in Berlin 27: 1-431. Salman, S. 1978. Agri, Kars ve Artvin illerinin Orthoptera (Insecta) Faunasi Uzerine Taksonomik Arastirmalar. Atatiirk Universitesi Yayinlari, 490. Fen Fakultesi yayinlari 82: 184 pp. Shumakoy, E. M. 1963. Acridoidea of Afghanistan and Iran. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Unionis Soveticae 49: 1-248. Stolyarov, M. V. 1976. New data on the Orthoptera of the Georgian SSR. Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR 81(2): 481-484. Stolyarov, M. V. 1997. Peculiarities of the Genesis of the Orthopteran Fauna in Transcaucasia: 5. Endemism and Some General Peculiarities of the Genesis of the Fauna in this Region. Ento- mological Review 77(1): 66-74. Systax. 2003. Taxonomic database. http://www.biologie.uni-ulm.de/systax Uvarov, B. P. 1933. Studies in the Iranian Orthoptera. II. Some new or less known Acrididae. Travaux de I’ Institut Zoologique de |’ Academie des Sciences de I’ URSS, I: 187-233. Unal, M. 2003. Checklist of the Turkish Orthoptera. http://www.members.tripod.com/Cesa88/orthtr. htm Weidner, H. 1969. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Feldheuschrecken (Caelifera) Anatoliens. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologie Museum in Hamburg 66: 145-226. Willemse, F. 1984. Catalogue of the Orthoptera of Greece. Fauna Greciae I: 1-275. Willemse, F. 1985. A Key to Orthoptera Species of Greece. Fauna Greciae 2: 1-288. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 291 TWO NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF STENOCRANINE PLANTHOPPERS (HEMIPTERA: DELPHACIDAE) FROM NORTH AMERICA! Charles R. Bartlett? ABSTRACT: Two new species and genera of stenocranine delphacid planthoppers are described and illustrated. Kelisicranus n. gen. has a subanal process heretofore known only from members of the subfamily Kelisiinae. Kelisicranus arundiniphagus n. sp. is described from specimens taken in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Obtusicranus n. gen. is unusual in having a doubled median carina of the frons. Obtusicranus bicarinus n. sp. is the first stenocranine planthopper described from Arizona and Colorado. KEY WORDS: Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoromorpha, Fulgoroidea, Stenocraninae, Stenocranini, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, ATBI Two new genera and species of stenocranine planthoppers are here described. One of these was discovered in the collection of the Great Smoky Mountains Na- tional Park, and is described as a component of the ongoing All Taxon Biotic In- ventory (ATBI) (Sharkey 2001, Bartlett & Bowman 2004). The second new genus was discovered among undetermined specimens from the Snow Ento- mological Museum, Lawrence, KS, from Arizona and Colorado. The stenocranine planthoppers are advanced delphacids, treated as either a full subfamily (Stenocraninae) (Asche 1985, 1990), or a tribe (Stenocranini) within the Delphacinae (Emeljanov 1996). Preliminary combined molecular and mor- phological phylogenetic maximum parsimony analyses places the Stenocraninae as a sister group to the Kelisiinae (Cryan and Bartlett, unpublished data). Worldwide, the Stenocraninae consist of 5 genera and 75 species, as follows: Embolophora Stal 1855 (3 species, African), Preterkelisia Yang 1989 (1 species, P. magnispinosus {Kuoh, 1981 in Ding & Kuoh, 1981], Oriental), Stenokelisia Ribaut, 1934 (1 species, S. angusta Ribaut, 1934, France & Yugoslavia, Nast, 1987), Terauchiana Matsumura, 1915 (5 species, Oriental & eastern Palearctic), and Stenocranus Fieber, 1866 (65 species, widespread, mostly Laurasian). Steno- cranus is the largest genus, and the only genus described from the New World, however, it is apparently not monophyletic (Asche & Remane 1982, Asche 1985). New World Stenocranus consist of 15 species (Metcalf 1943, Beamer 1946a, b), one of which S. luteivitta Walker, 1851, was placed in incertae sedis by Beamer (1946a). Stenocranus maculipes (Berg, 1879) from Argentina is the only New World Stenocranus not from North America. The features of the Stenocraninae are (Asche 1990): Aedeagus with a sclero- tized central sperm-conducting shaft, at least partially surrounded by a mostly membranous theca. Theca with at least one curved, horn-shaped process. ‘Received on June 2, 2005. Accepted on July 24, 2005. * Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, 250 Townsend Hall, 531 S. College Ave., Newark, Delaware 19716, U.S.A. E-mail: 02542@udel.edu. Mailed on February 14, 2006 292 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Females ditrysic. Second abdominal sternite of male drumming organ with small shell-like or armlike apodemes directed caudad. Calcar large, flattened, with numerous small teeth on inner margin. Kelisiinae (consisting of about 50 species in 2 genera) differ mostly in having a more solid, less concave calcar, and by the presence of a single or paired elongate, rodlike process from link between bases of aedeagus and anal segment (subanal processes), although they also differ in more subjective features such as the form of the aedeagus and chrootic features. Terms for morphological features follow Asche (1985), except the “basal angle” of the parameres from Metcalf (1949), the carinae of the head (Fig. 1) fol- low Yang and Yang (1986), and “gonoplacs” (for 3rd valvulae) is used following Chapman (1998). Body length measurement is from apex of vertex to tip of wing from several specimens as specified; other measurements, ratios and angles were observed from the type specimen. The “angle of the fastigium” is determined as the convergence of the general planes of the vertex and frons in lateral view. All measurements are in millimeters (mm). The most recent revision of North Amer- ican Stenocranus was Beamer (1946a). This work relied on features of wing venation to key species, although no interpretation of venation was provided. Wing venation here follows the conceptual scheme of Kukalova-Peck (1983) as interpreted for Auchenorrhycha by Dworakowska (1988). Acronyms for speci- men depositories are (following Arnett et al., 1993): GSNP , Great Smoky Moun- tain National Park collections, Sugarlands Visitor’s Center, Gatlinburg, TN; SEMC, Snow Entomological Collection, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS; USNM, United States National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institu- tion, Washington, DC; UDCC, University of Delaware Insect Reference Collec- tion, Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, Newark, DE. The following two new species have features that differ substantially from the described New World Stenocranus, and are therefore placed in new genera. The North American Stenocranus 1s at present being revised, including a reconsider- ation of its generic limits (S. W. Wilson, pers. com.). The upcoming generic revi- sion should clarify the relationships among these new genera and other New World stenocranines. Kelisicranus NEW GENUS Type species. Kelisicranus arundiniphagus n. sp. Diagnosis. Head produced well beyond eye, fastigium angle acute. Median carinae of frons single. Calcar thickly foliate, tectiform, with many small, black- tipped teeth on lateral margin. Gonoplacs not expanded. Male genitalia with for- cepslike parameres. Diaphragm of pygofer strong, armature absent. Aedeagus long, fine; resting within phallotheca caudad of articulation with segment X. Connective between segment X and phallotheca bearing subanal process. Segment X with two strong, widely separated processes from dorsolateral mar- gins. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 293 Remarks. The presence of a subanal process, a feature normally associated with the Kelisiinae, separate this genus from all other Stenocraninae. The normal (unexpanded) gonoplacs also separates this species from all New World Steno- cranus except S. similis. None of the North American Stenocranus have their head as projected or as acute in lateral view as Kelisicranus. The subanal process in this genus is an unusual feature previously considered an autapomorphy of the Kelisiinae. The nature of the calcar, the theca, size, col- oration, and host (Kelisiinae are sedge feeders), however, all suggest Steno- craninae. Also, none of the Kelisiinae that I am aware of (e.g., Ribaut 1934, Beamer 1945, 1951, Asche 1985, Holzinger et al., 2003) have processes on seg- ment X. The presence of a subanal process suggests that Stenocraninae and Kelisiinae are more closely related than previously suspected (by, e.g., Asche & Remane 1982, Asche 1985, Emeljanov 1996). Etymology. The generic name is a compound term formed by combining the generic name Kelisia with the terminus of Stenocranus. It is an arbitrary combi- nation of letters to be treated as masculine. Submedian carina Lateral carina Arms of Y-shaped carina Stem of Y-shaped carina (Median carina) Figure 1. Head of Obtusicranus bicarinus n. sp. showing nomenclature of head carinae. 294 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Kelisicranus arundiniphagus NEW SPECIES (Figs. 2, 4a, b; 5, 6a) Type Locality. USA, TN, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cades Cove. Diagnosis: Color. Body tan; face (frons + clypeus + labrum), carinae of ver- tex and nota paler; darker on anterior lateral compartments of vertex, lateral mar- gins of head both anterior to compound eyes and to either side of subocular suture. Thorax tan ventrally, with irregular dark spots on dorsal region of pleu- ron. Legs yellowish with darker foveae. Macropterous wings slightly infumed, with marginal darks spots just proximad to fused anal veins on clavus (wing cou- pling area), and at tip of each vein reaching wing margin except CuP (claval suture); also each longitudinal vein darkened for short length just posterior to crossveins in apical fourth of wing. Dorsum of abdomen dark brown with paler middorsum and posterior tergal margins, with highly irregular paired pale spots subdorsally and midlaterally on each tergum suggesting vittae. Venter of male abdomen with midventral and posterior sternite margins pale yellow, contrasting with dark sublateral patches, becoming paler laterally; segments IV-VI with irregular midlateral pale spots on both sides of median line. Male pygofer tan, paler ventrally and caudally. Female abdominal venter with segments III-VI sim- ilar to male except with a pair of small, dark midlateral spots on both sides of midline; gonoplacs pale yellow, gonapophyses slightly darker. Structure: Body length: & 5.5 mm (5.1-5.7, n=4), 9 6.0 (5.75-6.50, n=5). Head, including eyes, narrower than pronotum (0.83:1); distinctly projecting in front of eyes (Fig. 2a). Posterior margin of vertex excavated between compound eyes, posterior margins slightly sinuate, acutely concave medially. Vertex much longer (0.60 mm) than wide (0.25 mm) projected beyond eye for approximately 0.6x eye width. Lateral margins of vertex in dorsal view subparallel, converging anteriorly; in lateral view meeting lateral carinae of frons with bluntly acute angle at fastigium (Fig. 2c). Angle of fastigium approximately 40°. In dorsal view, median carinae of vertex conspicuous, arms reaching submedian carinae in anterior quarter of eyes (Fig. 1). Submedian carinae of vertex slightly raised above level of lateral carinae, forming acuminate apex, meeting approximately at or just beyond fastigium. Frons narrow (0.25 mm) and long (1.03 mm), slight- ly widened at eyes (Fig. 2b); lateral carinae subparallel. Postclypeus and ante- clypeus with conspicuous median carinae, together 0.6x length of frons. Rostrum reaching mesocoxae. Subocular suture conspicuous ventrally, curved in dorsal quarter toward anterior margin of eye, becoming obsolete dorsally. Antennae terete, segment I subequal in length and width, II 3x length of I. Pronotum in dor- sal view approximately half as long as vertex, narrowing anteriorly, both on pos- terolateral margins behind eyes and within head excavation between eyes; ante- rior apex truncate; posterior margin broadly, obtusely concave. Three conspicu- ous pronotal carinae, reaching hind margin. Three carinae of mesonotum con- spicuous; not reaching posterior margin; lateral carinae diverging posteriorly. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 295 Wings rounded apically, row of crossveins in apical third (Fig. 6a). Hindwings as long as forewings. Metatibia with two lateral spines. Metabasitarsus as long as tarsomeres 2 + 3 combined; spinulation of metabasitarsus 7 (2 + 5), 2nd 4. Calcar approximately 0.5x total length of basitarsus; thickly foliate, tectiform, with many (ca. 20) small, black-tipped teeth on lateral margin. Male genitalia with pygofer subtriangular in lateral view (Fig. 4a), ventral and dorsal sides subequal, projecting slightly on either side of parameres. Pygofer posteriorly smoothly rounded into diaphragm; diaphragm sclerotized, without armature. Parameres directed caudodorsally, forcepslike, abruptly tapered in api- cal fifth to dorsally directed apices; basal angle obscure (Fig. 4b). Aedeagus long and fine, sclerotized; enclosed within apically bifed, weakly sclerotized phal- lotheca beyond base of anal segment; thecal apex with ventral process half as long as falciform dorsal projection. Segment X elongate; approximately 0.8x as tall as pygofer; bearing two long, stout, symmetrical processes from dorsolater- al corners; slightly sinuate from lateral view. Segment X with a single, fine pro- jection, 0.2 mm long, arising medially from base of ventral margin, adhering close to ventral aspect of anal segment (subanal process, Fig. 5). Anal tube elon- gate and conspicuous. Female with gonoplacs not expanded (Fig. 2d). Remarks. Of the North American species of stenocranines, only Stenocranus similis Crawford, 1914, shares with K. arundiniphagus the normal (i.e., not expanded) gonoplacs, but Kelisicranus differs from S. similis and other North American Stenocranus in having its head strongly projecting forward. Kelisicranus arundiniphagus differs considerably from S. similis and other North American Stenocranus in chrootic features, particularly in having its frons uni- formly pale in contrast with darker geneae. Kelisicranus differs from Obtusi- cranus by the gonoplacs and subanal process and the shape of the head. In Kelisicranus the frons is longer and narrower than Obtusicranus, and the angle of the fastigium is more acute in Kelisicranus. This species is described as a part of the All Taxon Biotic Inventory of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (Sharkey 2001, Bartlett & Bowman 2004). The host information reported on the label (“bamboo’’) appears to refer to giant or river cane (Arundinaria gigantea), which is present in Cades Cove, with some plants reaching 4 m height. I examined giant cane in July 2003 for Kelisi- cranus arundiniphagus (or possibly Stenocranus arundinarius), but found only S. similis. Material Examined. Holotype: “GRSM Blount CO/ TN Cades Cove/ Bamboo 6 IV 1995/ D. Novikov //HOLOTYPE/Kelisicranus/arundiniphagus/ Bartlett” (&’, USNM). Paratypes: 7 specimens on 5 pins, same data as holotype (69, 10, GSNP); 22 specimens on 9 pins, same data as holotype except 11 IV 1995 (199, 1& GSNP, 19, 1& UDCC). Etymology. The specific name is an arbitrary combination of letters, to be treated as masculine, formed by combining “Arundin-” from Arundinaria, with “phag” (eat, from Greek) Latinized with the male ending “-ws,” connected with am 2 (see ICZN 1985, table VI p. 203): ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 296 “WIL 6") = IRQ [LOS “AOJSOAIAO JO MOIA [VIUDA *C] “MOIA [BIOL] “D “SUOT “A “MOIA [BSIOP “VW ‘ds ‘u snspydiuipunap snupsrisyay °7 9IN31 J 297 “WU 6) = Ik BBG “JOPISOAIAO JO MOIA [CUDA “C ‘MOIA [eIOJL] “OD “SUOI] “g ‘MOIA [eSIOp “‘Y “ds “U SnULMIIg SnuBAIISNIGC: “€ 9INBIA Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 298 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figure 4. Male terminalia. A. Kelisicranus arundiniphagus, \ateral view, and B. caudal view; C. Obtusicranus bicarinus, lateral view and D. caudal view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. ‘\ co Figure 5. Subanal process of Kelisicranus arundiniphagus (arrow). 299 Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 “eJSOOQNS = 9G ‘snipey JOLA}sog = qy ‘snipey Jouajuy = Vy ‘(10119)S0d) eIpayy = WW ‘(21NYNS [BARI = SD) sMIQND JOlAISOg = ND ‘sNyIqnD JOLOWUY = VND “e\SOD = | ‘euy JOLe\sog = dV ‘Teuy JOLOWUY = VV ‘suonRIAciqqy ‘snulo1g snupisisnigqg *{ ‘snspydiuipunip snuvs1Syay “Y (8861) BYSMOYLIOMG SUIMOT[OJ UOIVUSA SUIM “9 SINT n (SO) d®) ‘g qIyn eZ 7 a cu age ‘ We vw hy AOE Sere P ay es ex aI Se aS WW Cute Ae A dd <<) ee H+ 9S Va Zul 9S e) atyng ser (SO) d®O "Ilyng Wa "Vv : pe es ere . Va Ca 300 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Obtusicranus NEW GENUS Type species. Obtusicranus bicarinus n. sp. Diagnosis. Head produced before eye to nearly width of eye, angle of fastigium blunt. Median carinae of frons paired, subparallel, closely approximate at frontoclypeal suture, slightly diverging nearly to apex before abruptly meeting at fastigium. Calcar thickly foliate, slightly tectiform, subcultrate, with many small, black-tipped teeth on lateral margin. Gonoplacs greatly expanded, wax bearing. Male genitalia with forcepslike parameres. Diaphragm of pygofer well developed, armature absent. Aedeagus long, fine; resting within phallotheca pos- terior to articulation with segment X. Connective between segment X and phal- lotheca without subanal process. Segment X symmetrical, with two paired strong, widely separated processes, one from dorsolateral margins, other direct- ly ventrad of first. Remarks. This new genus is separated from all other stenocranines by the doubled median carina on the frons. None of the North American Stenocranus have their head projected forward to the degree of Obtusicranus. The strongly flattened gonoplacs are a feature shared with most North American Stenocranus, except S. similis. The presence of two pairs of processes on segment X 1s shared among North America stenocranines only with Stenocranus arundineus. Etymology. The specific name is an arbitrary combination of letters, to be treated as masculine, formed by combining “obtus” (Latin, meaning blunt), with “cranus,” the termination of Stenocranus (referring to the head, in reference to the rounded apex of the vertex), connected with an “7.” Obtusicranus bicarinus NEW SPECIES (Figs. 1, 3, 4c,d; 6b) Type Locality. Arizona, White Mountains. Diagnosis. Color: General body uniformly light tan; slightly darker on clypeus, ventral most portion of frons, and laterally on nota. Carinae concolor- ous with body. Legs pale with darker foveae. Tegmina of brachypter clear, veins pale. Some specimens with longitudinal dark bar of varying length following M;,,4 from wing tip (Fig. 6). Abdominal terga pale laterally and middorsally, with irregular dark midlateral band. Venter of female with segments 4-6 pale lateral- ly, except 3-6 tiny brown spots; brown middorsally, except sclerite margins; gonapophyses light brown. Abdomen of male similar to female; pygofer pale. Structure: Body length: & 4.13 mm (4.0-4.2, n=4); 9 4.78 (4.4-5.0. n=5). Head, including eyes narrower than pronotum (0.82:1) (Fig. 3a). Vertex posteri- orly truncate with eyes projecting posteriorly beyond vertex for 0.3 their length. Vertex much longer (0.6 mm) than wide (0.34 mm), projected in front of eye for approximately 0.5x total length. Vertex anteriorly rounded. Lateral carinae of vertex in dorsal view shallowly converging to junction with submedian carinae, slightly diverging before converging to rounded apex. In lateral view, lateral cari- nae of vertex meeting lateral carinae of frons with acute angle at fastigium; ver- Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 301 tex slightly declinate in apical half (Fig. 3c). Angle of fastigium approximately 45°. In dorsal view, median carinae of vertex meeting arms of Y-shaped carina in anterior fifth of eye (Fig. 1). Submedian carinae of vertex raised slightly above level of lateral carinae, intersecting arms of Y-shape carina just anterior to eyes, converging at approximately 40° angle to meet slightly posterior to fastigium. Frons narrow (0.35 mm), and long (0.90 mm); lateral carinae subparallel, widest at ventral margin of eyes (Fig. 3b). Postclypeus and anteclypeus with conspicu- ous median carinae, together about 2/5 length of frons. Rostrum short, reaching mesocoxae. Subocular suture conspicuous, slightly curved in dorsal quarter to reach eye just anterior to antennae. Antennae terete, segment I just as long as wide, II 3x length of I. Pronotum in dorsal view approximately half as long as vertex, narrowing anteriorly on posterolateral margins behind eyes, concavely arced between eyes to truncate apex; posterior margin concave between lateral carinae. Pronotal carinae conspicuous, reaching hind margin. Carinae of mesono- tum conspicuous; lateral carinae diverging slightly reaching hind margin; medi- an carina obsolete at scutellum. Wings rather pointed apically, row of crossveins in apical 4 (Fig. 6b); CuA, and CuA, variable in development. Hindwings 0.6x length of forewings in all available specimens. Metatibia with two lateral spines. Metabasitarsus as long as tarsomeres 2 + 3 combined; spinulation of metaba- sitarsus 7 (2 + 5), 2nd 4. Calcar approximately 0.5x total length of basitarsus, thickly foliate, tectiform, subcultrate, with many (ca. 11-15) small, black-tipped teeth on lateral margin. Male genitalia with pygofer subtriangular in lateral view, dorsal and caudal sides subequal (Fig. 4c). In caudal view, with slight ridge at opening between lat- eral margin and diaphragm and small projections on either side of parameres. Diaphragm without armature. Parameres directed caudodorsally, forcepslike, tapering to slightly upturned, acuminate apices; basal angle obtuse (Fig. 4d). Aedeagus fine, sclerotized, somewhat serpentine; partially enclosed within weakly sclerotized phallotheca, bearing elongate, caudoventrally directed apex; phallotheca approximately half length of segment X. Segment X approximately 0.5x as tall as pygofer, bearing four stout, bilaterally symmetrical processes, sub- equal in length; two stout processes from dorso-lateral corners, and two broad, strongly flattened, acutely pointed processes ventrad of first. Segment X without subanal process. Anal tube elongate and conspicuous. Female with gonoplacs greatly expanded, wax bearing, concealing ovipositor (Fig. 3d). Remarks. Stenocranus arundineus is the only other North American stenocra- nine with two pairs of processes on segment X, although in that species the ven- tral processes are longer than the dorsal processes and are not strongly flattened. Obtusicranus bicarinatus is the first Stenocranine reported from the southwest- erm US. Material Examined. Holotype: “White Mts. Ariz/ VI-19-1950/ R. H. Beamer /1 & // SEMC //HOLOTYPE/Obtusicranus/bicarinus/Bartlett” (0, SEMC). Paratypes: ARIZONA: 8 specimens same as holotype (20° [one specimen with plesiotype, R. H. Beamer, label], 49 SEMC; 10°, 19 UDCC); 1 specimen 302 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Flagstaff, VII-8-41, R. H. Beamer (9, SEMC). COLORADO: | specimen Mesa Verde Nat. Pk., Pinyon Pine-Juniper, C4:6/29/44 (9, SEMC). Etymology. The specific name is formed from “bi-” (Latin, two, twice, dou- ble) plus “carin” (Latin, A keel), referring to the paired carinae of the frons, with 5) the masculine Latin termination “‘-zs”’. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am indebted to Kimberly Shropshire, who graciously provided the line art for Figure 1, and to William Brown who scanned the art. I thank Lewis Deitz, Matthew Wallace, and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on this manuscript. I especially thank Jeanie Hilton of Discover Life in America and Keith Langdon of the National Park Service for the opportunity to conduct research in the Smokies. This research was supported by Discover Life in America, The National Park Service, and the University of Delaware Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology. LITERATURE CITED Arnett, R. H., Jr., G. A. Samuelson, and G. M. Nishida. 1993. The Insect and Spider Collections of the World, 2nd ed. Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A. 310 pp. Asche, M. 1985. Zur Phylogenie der Delphacidae Leach, 1815 (Homoptera: Cicadina: Fulgoromorpha). Marburger Entomologische Publikationen 2(1): 1-910 (in two volumes). Asche, M. 1990. Vizcayinae, a new subfamily of Delphacidae with revision of Vizcaya Muir (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea) - a significant phylogenetic link. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 30: 154-187. Asche, M. and R. Remane. 1982. Zur Phylogenie der Delphacidae Leach, 1815 (Homoptera Cicadina Fulgoromorpha). Vorlaufige Mitteilung. Marburger Entomologische Publikationen 1(7): 155-182. Bartlett, C. R. and J. L. Bowman. 2004. Preliminary inventory of the planthoppers (Fulgoroidea: Hemiptera) of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina and Tennessee, U.S.A. Entomological News 114(5): 246-254. Beamer, R. H. 1945. The genus Kelisia in America North of Mexico (Homoptera: Fulgoridae: Delphacinae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 18(3): 100-108. Beamer, R. H. 1946a. The genus Stenocranus in America North of Mexico (Homoptera: Fulgoridae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 19(1): 1-11. Beamer, R. H. 1946b. A new species of Stenocranus and notes on a Bakerella (Homoptera- Fulgoridae-Delphacinae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 19(4): 137-138. Beamer, R. H. 1951. A review of the genus Kelisia in America North of Mexico. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 24(3):117-121. Berg, C. 1879. Hemiptera Argentina (Continuacion.). Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina 8: 178-192. Chapman, R. 1998. The Insects: Structure and Function, 4th edition. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, U.S.A. xvii + 770 pp. Crawford, D. L. 1914. A contribution toward a monograph of the homopterous insects of the fami- ly Delphacidae of North and South America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 46:557-640, plus 6 plates. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 303 Ding, J. H. and C-l. Kuoh. 1981. New species of Stenocranus from China (Homoptera: Del- phacidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 6(1): 74-84. Dworakowska, I. 1988. Main veins of the wings of Auchenorrhyncha (Insecta, Rhynchota: Hemelytrata). Entomologische Abhandlungen Straatliches Museum ftir Tierkunde Dresden 52(3): 63-108. Emeljanov, A. F. 1996. On the question of the classification and phylogeny of the Delphacidae (Homoptera, Cicadina), with reference to larval characters. Entomological Review 75(9):134-150 (translation of Entomologicheskoye Obozreniye 1995 74(4): 780-794 from Russian). Fieber, F. X. 1866. Grundziige zur generischen Theilung der Delphacini. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-K6niglichen Zoologish-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 16: 517-534. Holzinger, W. E., I. Kammerlander, and H. Nickel. 2003. The Auchenorrhyncha of Central Europe - Die Zikaden Mitteleuropas. Volume |: Fulgoromorpha, Cicadomorpha excl. Cicadellidae. Brill Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands. 673 pp. ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature). 1985. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 3rd ed. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, U.S.A. 338 pp. Kukalova-Peck, J. 1983. Origin of the insect wing and wing articulation from the arthropodan leg. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61(7): 1618-1669. Matsumura, S. 1915. Neue Cicadinen Koreas. Transactions of the Sapporo Natural History Society 5: 154-184. Metcalf, Z. P. 1943. General Catalogue of the Hemiptera. Fascicle IV, Fulgoroidea, Part 3, Araeo- pidae (Delphacidae). Smith College, Northhampton, Massachusetts, U.S.A. 552 pp. Metcalf, Z. P. 1949. The redescription of twenty-one species of Areopidae described in 1923. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 65(1): 48-60 plus, 4 plates. Nast, J. 1987. The Auchenorrhyncha (Homoptera) of Europe. Annales Zoologici 40 (15): 535-661. Ribaut, H. 1934. Nouveaux delphacides (Homoptera-Fulgoroidea). Bulletin de la Societé d’ Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse 66: 281-301. Sharkey, M. J. 2001. The All Taxa Biological Inventory of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Florida Entomologist 84: 556-564. Stal, C. 1855. Hemiptera fran Kafferlandet. Ofversigt af Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar 12: 89-100. Walker, F. 1851. List of the Specimens of Homopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. No. 2. British Museum, London, England. 2: 261-636, plates 3-4. Yang, C. T. 1989. Delphacidae of Taiwan (II), Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). National Science Council Special Publications No. 6. Taipei, Taiwan. 334 pp. Yang, J. T. and C. T. Yang. 1986. Delphacidae of Taiwan (1). Asiracinae and the tribe Tropi- docephalini (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Tatwan Museum Special Publication Series No. 6. 79 pp. DJsUS PNIMUS RIG AIN| Je IN| TOM QLOGIC AIL, SO) Gia APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP Membership coincides with the calendar year running from January 1 to December 31. If joining midyear, back issues will be mailed. Unless requested otherwise, membership application received after October 1 will be credited to the following year. DUES FOR 2006: Regular: $20 Student: $12 $ Students must provide proof of student status Paid membership dues are required for the following member's subscription rates: L] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Vol. 117 @ $15.00 per year: $ L] TRANSACTIONS OF TAES Vol. 132 @ $15.00 per year: $ Total: $ NAME ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP E-MAIL (PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY) TELEPHONE L) Check or money order (in US currency through a US bank) payable to The American Entomological Society. Credit card: [J VISA LJ Discover (J MasterCard (LJ AmEx CREDIT CARD NUMBER EXPIRATION DATE NAME ON CARD SIGNATURE AES Federal ID No.: 23-1599849 MAIL FORM & PAYMENT TO: The American Entomological Society at The Academy of Natural Sciences 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195 Telephone: (215) 561-3978 E-mail: aes@acnatsci.org www.acnatsci.org/hosted/aes Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 305 AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE BLOW FLIES (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE) OF SOUTH CAROLINA, U.S.A.! Kristin D. Cobb’? and Will K. Reeves* ABSTRACT: Calliphoridae are of medical, veterinary, and forensic importance. No statewide checklist of calliphorids exists for South Carolina. Collections of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from South Carolina were obtained from beef liver, carrion, feces, the Clemson University Arthropod Collection, and the Georgia Museum of Natural History. Additional records were obtained from pub- lished literature. We report collections from 41 of 46 counties in South Carolina. The collections revealed 20 species, representing 11 genera. We report new state records for Calliphora terraenovae Macquart from Charleston County, Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) from Pickens County, Bufolu- cilia silvarum Townsend from Dillon County, and Opsodexia bicolor (Coquillett) from Aiken County. KEY WORDS: Blow fly, Calliphoridae, South Carolina, forensics, carrion The medical and veterinary importance of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is often overlooked, but these flies can be pests of humans and animals. Blow flies are mechanical vectors of various pathogens including those responsible for anthrax, cholera, and diarrhea (Greenberg 1971). An adult calliphorid can harbor an average of 2x10° bacteria, including many infectious to humans and animals (Hall 1948). Blow flies are important in forensic entomology because many invade and develop in corpses, making them useful in determining the post- mortem interval (PMI), or time since death. There are 46 counties in South Carolina and almost all published work involv- ing calliphorids focused on one to three counties surrounding Clemson Univer- sity. Previous studies of the calliphorid fauna of South Carolina were limited to Pickens County (Payne, 1963; Payne and King, 1972; and Tomberlin and Adler, 1998), or Anderson, Oconee, Orangeburg, and Pickens counties (Tomberlin et al., 2001). We present records from field collections of adult and larval cal- liphorids and species in the Clemson University Arthropod Collection (CUAC), the Georgia Museum of Natural History (GMNH), and published literature. METHODS Aerial hand nets and forceps were used to collect adult or larval flies respec- tively from beef liver, carrion, and feces in South Carolina. Adults were pinned and larvae were initially placed in boiling water for one minute and then pre- served in 80% ethanol. Additional material was obtained from submissions to the Cooperative Extension Service for identification through Clemson University. 'Received on April 26, 2005. Accepted on June 10, 2005. *Clemson University, Department of Entomology, Soils, and Plant Sciences, 114 Long Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A. E-mail: mykristin19@yahoo.com. *Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Mailstop G-13, Atlanta, GA 30333, U.S.A. E-mail: cui8@cdc. gov. Mailed on February 14, 2006 306 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Taxonomic keys used to identify specimens included those by Hall and Townsend (1977), Rognes (1987), Shewell (1987), Sabrosky et al. (1989), and Wells et al. (1999). ANNOTATED LIST We obtained specimens from 41 (89%) of 46 counties in South Carolina. The unsampled counties were Berkeley, Chesterfield, Hampton, Jasper, and Marion. A total of 20 species, representing 11 genera were collected and identified. The following checklist is organized by taxonomic group followed by county collec- tion records. Citations follow collection records from published literature. Monthly collection dates were included when available. Classification of cal- liphorids is based on the catalogs of Hall and Townsend (1977), Rognes (1987), Shewell (1987), and Sabrosky et al. (1989). All taxa are arranged alphabetically. Voucher specimens of all species identified were deposited in the CUAC and GMNH. * = Species previously unreported from South Carolina Subfamily Calliphorinae Tribe Angioneurini Opsodexia Townsend *bicolor (Coquillett 1899): Aiken County (April) grisea Coquillett 1899: Allendale County (Downes, 1986) (June) Tribe Calliphorini Calliphora Robineau-Desvoidy livida Hall 1849: Laurens and Pickens (Payne and King, 1972) Counties (March) *terraenovae Macquart 1851: Charleston County (March) vicina Robineau-Desvoidy 1830: Aiken, Anderson, Charleston, Colleton, Dar- lington, Dorchester, Edgefield, Florence, Greenville, Greenwood, Lee, Lex- ington, Marlboro, Oconee (Tomberlin et al., 2001), Pickens (Payne and King, 1972), Richland, Spartanburg, and Union Counties (January-Decem- ber) vomitoria (Linnaeus 1758): Fairfield, Florence, Greenville, Laurens, Oconee, Pickens (Payne and King, 1972), Spartanburg, and Williamsburg Counties (January-May) Cynomyopsis (Robineau-Desvoidy) cadaverina (Robineau-Desvoidy 1830): Dorchester, Fairfield, Florence, Oconee, Pickens (Payne and King, 1972), and Saluda Counties (March and October) Tribe Luciliini Bufolucilia Townsend *silvarum (Meigen 1826): Dillon County (June) Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 307 Lucilia Robineau-Desvoidy illustris (Meigen 1826): Aiken, Anderson, Horry, Kershaw, Lexington, Oconee, and Pickens Counties (March-April) Phaenicia Robineau-Desvoidy cluvia (Walker 1849): Abbeville, Anderson, Cherokee, Florence, Greenville, Laurens, Oconee, Pickens, and Spartanburg Counties (April-May and Sep- tember-November) coeruleiviridis (Macquart 1955): Abbeville, Anderson, Aiken, Cherokee, Dillon, Florence, Greenville, Lancaster, Laurens, McCormick, Oconee, Pickens (Payne and King, 1972), Richland, Spartanburg, and York Counties (April- October) cuprina (Wiedemann 1830): Anderson, Oconee, Pickens (Payne and King, 1972), and Sumter Counties (September-October) sericata (Meigen 1826): Anderson, Barnwell, Beaufort, Calhoun, Cherokee, Colleton, Florence, Greenville, Greenwood, Lexington, Newberry, Oconee (Tomberlin et al., 2001), Pickens (Payne and King, 1972), and Spartanburg Counties (March-November) Tribe Phormiini Phormia Robineau-Desvoidy regina (Meigen 1826): Abbeville, Allendale, Anderson (Tomberlin et al., 2001), Bamberg, Calhoun, Charleston, Chester, Clarendon, Colleton, Dorchester, Edgefield, Fairfield, Florence, Georgetown, Greenville, Greenwood, Lex- ington, McCormick, Newberry, Oconee (Tomberlin et al., 2001), Orange- burg, Pickens (Payne and King, 1972), Union, Williamsburg, and York Counties (January-December) Protocalliphora braueri (Hendel 1901): Pickens County (Whitworth, 2003) (July) deceptor Sabrosky, Bennett, and Whitworth: Aiken 1989 (Sabrosky et al., 1989) and Pickens County (May) Subfamily Chrysomyiinae Tribe Chrysomyiini Cochliomyia Townsend hominivorax (Coquerel 1858): Allendale (Sept 1964), Dorchester (Oct 1939), and Pickens (Aug 1956) Counties. Dates are included for C. hominivorax because it was eradicated from the state in the 1950s (Goddard and Lago 1983) (September-October) macellaria (Fabricius 1775): Abbeville, Aiken, Anderson (Tomberlin et al., 2001), Charleston, Florence, McCormick, Newberry, Orangeburg, Pickens (Payne and King, 1972), and Richland Counties (March-December) 308 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy *rufifacies (Macquart 1843): Pickens County (September) Subfamily Polleniinae Tribe Polleniini Pollenia Robineau-Desvoidy rudis (Fabricius 1794) Pickens County (Newman and Carner, 1975) (February) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank M.P. Nelder and M.H. Reeves for their assistance with collections, J.A. Korecki and J.C. Morse for loaning material from the CUAC, C. Smith for allowing access to material in the GMNH, P.H. Adler, G.A. Dasch, D. Manley, J.C. Morse, and J. Tomberlin for reviewing a draft of this manu- script. This is Technical Contribution No. 5091 of the Clemson University Experiment Station. LITERATURE CITED Downes, W. L., Jr. 1986 The Nearctic Melanomya and relatives (Diptera: Calliphoridae): a problem in calyptrate classification. Bulletin of the New York State Museum 460: 1-35. Goddard, J. and P. K. Lago. 1983. An annotated list of the Calliphoridae (Diptera) of Mississippi. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 18: 481-484. Greenberg, B. 1971. Flies and Disease Volume 1: Ecology, Classification, and Biotic Associations. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.A. 856 pp. Hall, D. G. 1948. The Blowflies of North America. The Thomas Say Foundation. Monumental Printing. Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. 477 pp. Hall, R. D. and L. H. Townsend, Jr. 1977. The blow flies of Virginia (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Bulletin of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Research Division 123: 1-48. Newman, G. G. and G. R. Carner. 1975. An Entomophthora infection of the adult cluster fly, Pollenia rudis. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 10: 315-326. Payne, J. A. 1963. A summer carrion study of the baby pig Sus scrofa Linnaeus. Masters Thesis (Department of Entomology). Clemson University. Clemson, South Carolina. 123 pp. Payne, J. A. and E. W. King. 1972. Insect succession and decomposition of pig carcasses in water. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 7:153-162. Rognes, K. 1987. The taxonomy of the Pollenia rudis species-group in the Holarctic Region (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Systematic Entomology 12: 475-502 Sabrosky, C. W., G. F. Bennett, and T. L. Whitworth. 1989. Bird blow flies (Protocalliphora) in North America (Diptera: Calliphoridae) with notes on the Palearctic species. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. 312 pp. Shewell, G. E. 1987. Calliphoridae. Jn J.F. McAlpine (editors). Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 2. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. Monograph. 28: 1133-1145. Tomberlin, J. K. and P. H. Adler. 1998. Seasonal colonization and decomposition of rat carrion in water and on land in an open field in South Carolina. Journal of Medical Entomology 35: 704-709. Tomberlin, J. K., W. K. Reeves, and D. C. Sheppard. 2001. First record of Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Georiga (sic.), U.S.A. Florida Entomologist 84: 300-301. Wells J. D., J. H. Byrd, and T. I. Tantawi. 1999. Key to third-instar Chrysomyinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from carrion in the continental United States. Journal of Medical Entomology 36: 638-641. Whitworth, T. L. 2003. A key to the puparia of 27 species of North American Protocalliphora Hough (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from bird nests and two new puparial descriptions. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 105: 995-1033. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 309 DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COLOR POLYMORPHIC BUSH-CRICKET JSOPHYA RIZEENSIS SEVGILI (ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONITDAE: PHANEROPTERINAE) IN TURKEY ' Ismail Kudret Saglam’ and Selim Sualp Caglar’ ABSTRACT: Jsophya rizeensis Sevgili, 2003 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) is endemic to the Firtina Valley in the northeast of Turkey. This paper describes the spatial distribution and habitat characteristics of nymphs and adults of 7. rizeensis within the Firtina Valley taking color variation into consideration. Both male and female color morphs showed marked differences in spa- tial distribution with dark morphs appearing in the lowlands (between 300-1000 m) and light morphs appearing in the highlands (between 1000-2000 m). Both development stages (nymphs and adults) were found only in forb/herb and shrub vegetation within certain open habitat patches along the Firtina Valley. Microclimatic and vegetative properties of different habitat patches and behavioral dif- ferences of /. rizeensis in these different patches were also evaluated. Factors responsible for the dif- ferential distribution of color morphs were discussed in relation to characteristics of local habitat patches. KEY WORDS: Jsophya rizeensis, Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Phaneropterinae, habitat characteris- tics, color polymorphism, distribution, Firtina Valley, Turkey The bush cricket /sophya rizeensis is a newly described species (Sevgili, 2003) found in the North-East Mountain Ranges of Turkey. It is endemic to Anatolia and has a very restricted distribution (Sevgili, 2003; Sevgili, 2004). The most striking feature of this species is the high variability of dorsal and ventral coloration, a feature which is most apparent in males. Moreover this variation in coloration is reported to have a spatial pattern with black color morphs appear- ing in lowlands (600-1000 m altitudes) and yellowish-green color morphs ap- pearing in the subalpine zones of the Kackar Mountains (Sevgili, 2003; Saglam, 2004). Coloration is one of the most important defensive attributes of bush-crickets. Bush-crickets tend to specialize in blending into the background on which they rest remaining motionless during daylight hours (Gwynne, 2001). As noted by Gwynne (2001) “usually all or most activity occurs at night thereby reducing the risk of being spotted by visually hunting mammals and birds, groups that proba- bly have had a long selective influence on bush-crickets.” That color pattern con- tributes to individual variation in susceptibility to visually oriented predators has been demonstrated by many researchers for orthopterans (Forsman and Appel- qvist 1998, 1999) and other ectotherms (Brodie, 1992; Endler, 1991, 1995; Fors- man and Shine 1995; Kingsolver, 1995, 1996). Furthermore in environments where animals cannot easily attain high body temperatures one may expect prop- erties such as coloration which affects heating rates and equilibrium body tem- peratures (Forsman 1995, 1997; deJong et al., 1996) to translate into differential ‘Received on November 28, 2004. Accepted on March 20, 2005. * Hacettepe University, Ecological Sciences Research Laboratories, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey. E-mails: iksaglam@ hacettepe.edu.tr, sualp@hacettepe.edu.tr, respectively. Mailed on February 14, 2006 310 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS fitness since many characteristics of such animals are heavily dependent on body temperature including growth (Stevenson et al., 1985), egg production (Forsman 1999a), behavior (Forsman, 2000), mating success (Willmer 1991) and perform- ance (Harrison et al., 1991; Forsman 1999b; Gilchrist 1996). Apart from properties of the individual like coloration, important fitness deter- ments such as body temperature and survival are heavily dependant on habitat. Bush-crickets are classical heliotherms using behavioral mechanisms to maintain high diurnal body temperatures (Chappell and Whitmann, 1990). Thus, in warm ambient temperatures, crickets may move lower in the vegetation to be shaded by plants, whereas in cooler environments they may move up in the vegetation to gain heat (Harrison and Fewell 1995). In addition, orthopterans may experi- ence different levels of predation risk at different heights in the vegetation. Crickets may move lower in the vegetation to escape aerial predation or higher to escape ground predators (Pitt, 1999). Furthermore population characteristics like size, sex, diapause duration, development time and survival can all differ in relation to humidity, temperature and vegetative features of the habitat (Monk, 1985; Atkinson and Begon 1987a, 1987b; Sibly and Monk, 1987; Dingle et al., 1990; Thorens, 1991; Telfer and Hassal, 1999; Szovenyi, 2002). Therefore structural characteristics, vegetation composition, and microclimat- ic properties of the available habitats and color pattern of individuals can greatly influence the distribution of orthopterans at regional and local scales. Currently, there is no data available on the habitat characteristics of . rizeensis and no com- parative studies between color morphs have been conducted. In the present study, we describe the spatial distribution and habitat characteristics of [. rizeensis tak- ing different color morphs into consideration. Our main objective is to determine the factors responsible for the observed spatial pattern and whether different color morphs inhabit different habitats under different ecological, hence potentially dif- ferent selective pressures. In addition, a thorough description of the color morphs will be given since no such proper description has been published. METHODS The Species Isophya rizeensis is a large (17.7-25 mm) flightless ground-living bush crick- et. Nymphs emerge in late May and early June and adults are found from late June to the end of August. At higher altitudes (over 1500 m) nymph emergence shifts towards the middle of June and first adults are seen starting from the sec- ond week of July (Saglam, 2004). The species mainly feeds on herbs and grass- es situated in the bottom of the vegetation and feeding and mating activity usu- ally occurs at night. /sophya rizeensis occurs syntopically with other bush-crick- ets such as Poecilimon schmidti (Fieber, 1853), P. similis (Retowski, 1889), Phonochorion spp. and Pholidoptera griseoaptera (DeGeer, 1773) in the low- lands and with Psorodonotus specularis (Fischer de Waldheim, 1846) and Phonochorion spp. in the subalpine and alpine zones of the Kackar Mountains (Sevgili, 2003). Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 Saul According to the only previous study published (Sevgili, 2003) the species is distributed along the “Firtina Valley” situated in the East Black Sea region of Turkey; ranging from the northern slopes of the Kackar mountains to the low- lands of Camlihemsin town in the Rize Province (Figure 1). Color Morphs Like most species within the genus /sophya, I. rizeensis is polymorphic for color pattern. Males can be classified into three distinct morphs according to color pattern (Saglam, 2004): 1) Black morphs: dorsal surface of abdomen total- ly black except for two red longitudinal bands, ventral surface of abdomen red or yellow, tegmina claret red in subcoastal and radial areas; 2) Brown morphs: dor- sal surface of abdomen brownish yellow, ventral surface yellow, tegmina same as black morph; 3) Light green morphs: dorsal surface of abdomen light green with two distinct yellow longitudinal bands, ventral surface yellow, tegmina same as other morphs. Similar variation in color patterns is seen in females but is not as distinct as those in males therefore females were classified separately with green being the dominant color morph (Saglam, 2004): 1) Dark green morphs: dorsal surface of abdomen dark green with rare black markings, ventral surface yellow; 2) Black morphs: dorsal surface of abdomen black, ventral sur- face claret red; 3) Light green morphs: dorsal surface of abdomen light green with two distinct yellow longitudinal bands, ventral surface yellow. wee -- TURKE Y - ae ip i Shea a igerenaae Fig. 1. Map of distributional area of Jsophya rizeensis within the black sea region of Turkey. Shaded area indicates the total range of the species (Sevgili, 2003). 312 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Study Area The study was conducted in the Firtina Valley stretching from the lowlands of Camlihemsin town (N 41 02.242 / E 41 00.501, 353 m) up to the highlands of Elevit Plateau (N 40 51.288 / E 41 00.750, 1890 m) (Fig. 1). The valley is cov- ered with warm-deciduous forests existing without interruption since the Tertiary and harbors many distinct habitats such as alluvial stream forests, beech forests, boxwood forests and meadows in the lowlands and pine forests, subalpine mead- ows and grasslands in the highlands near the slopes of the Kackar Mountains (Giiner et al., 1987). The valley is surrounded by dense tree lines reaching over 30 meters from all sides isolating the valley from wind currents therefore wind activity within the valley is highly reduced. The valley receives abundant rainfall all year long with mean precipitation values reaching 1296.5 mm. Temperatures are usually low with a yearly mean of 13.5°C. Highest temperatures are recorded in July and August with means values around 21.7°C but temperatures within the day can vary greatly depending on sunlight and rainfall. Relative humidity is high and constant throughout the year with mean values around 73-82% RH. Fog for- mation is common in the area especially at higher altitudes where fog tides come and go on a daily basis. Since all prior records of the species were given from the Firtina Valley, our study mainly focused on this area while excursions were made to neighboring regions in order to determine the total range of the species. Field Work, Sampling Procedure and Analyses Field surveys were conducted systematically six times between June-Sep- tember 2003. All suitable habitat patches were visited in order to determine the presence or absence of J. rizeensis. Presence of J. rizeensis was determined through its characteristic stridulation (Sevgili, 2003) and observation of adults and nymphs. In cases where no specimens were observed and no stridulation heard, the localities where consistently rechecked. Habitat characteristics and distribution of color morphs were evaluated by studying 13 habitat patches at varying altitudes where the presence of I. rizeen- sis was determined (Table 1). Relative size of habitat patches varied between 20 m’ to 50 m’ as these were usually forest clearings exposed to the sun. To quanti- fy the microclimatic conditions of each habitat patch, we measured temperatures and relative humidity in vegetation using a thermo-hygrometer penetration probe (Hanna model, HL8564). Wind measurements were left out since no wind activ- ity was ever noted in any of habitat patches except for habitat patch 13, and even here wind speeds never exceeded 2 knots. Meteorological data from the nearby weather station situated in the town of Pazar was not used since climatic proper- ties of the valley appeared to be greatly independent from the local weather (Saglam, 2004). Sampling was conducted during the day between 11:00 am and 18:00 pm when the majority of males call consistently and most individuals actively ther- moregulate optimizing our chances of spotting individuals and giving more reli- able estimate of color morphs frequencies. [sophya rizeensis populations were Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 33 monitored by counting all nymphs, males and females systematically by walking in straight lines spaced at two meters. During monitoring, the vegetation type from which each specimen was recorded was determined. In addition, the color pattern of all sighted specimens and their relative position in the vegetation was recorded in order to have an idea about behavioral differences brought on by pre- dation and thermal requirements. Crickets were classified as on top, in the mid- dle or below the vegetation in order to remove the bias that could originate due to differences in vegetation height between habitat patches. Plant species composition and abundance in the 13 habitat patches were determined following Braun-Blanquet’s method (Akman et al., 2000). Vegeta- tion structure of the habitat patches were determined by sorting identified plant species into structural categories. Habitat characteristics of /. rizeensis was deter- mined by testing whether the distribution of the species among the vegetation categories differs significantly from a random distribution. Deviation from a ran- dom distribution was tested using the Chi-square Goodness of Fit test. In addi- tion, to test for differences in habitat preferences between males, females and nymphs, the Chi-square test was employed for the observed and expected fre- quencies of male, female and nymphs on different plant associations. RESULTS Distribution As in Sevgili (2003), no specimens were ever observed outside the Firtina Valley. First sighting of individuals were recorded at 353 m near the town of Camlihemsin and subsequent sightings were made at 12 other sites at differing altitudes along the valley (Table 1). The highest altitude which /. rizeensis was collected from was the Elevit Plateue situated 1890 meter. No specimens were found at higher altitudes. The distribution pattern of J. rizeensis along the Firtina Valley was not continuous but showed a patchy pattern with individuals located in certain open habitats usually separated by 1-2 km. Distribution of Color Morphs Distribution of both male and female color morphs showed a discrete spatial pattern. In both sexes darker morphs were found at lower altitudes. Counts of male and female color morphs from different habitat patches are given in Fig. 2A and 2B respectively. In males black morphs were mostly distributed in habitat patches between 300 m-— 1000 m altitude and no specimens belonging to other color morphs were recorded from these altitudes. Similarly green color morphs were recorded only from habitat patches between 1000 m — 1900 m altitude. A small number of black morphs were also recorded from these altitudes but except for habitat patch 9 at 1246 m altitude the number of counts was negligible (Figure 2A). Brown color morphs were recorded only between 1000 m — 1100 m altitude from habitat patch 8 along with a respectable number of green morphs. Although the number of black morphs collected from this patch was extremely low (n=5), habitat patch 8 was the only habitat where all color morphs were seen (Fig. 2A). 314 Table 1. Altitude and coordinates of the 13 habitat patches where the presence of ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS I. rizeensis has been determined. Sites Habitat Patch 1 Habitat Patch 2 Habitat Patch 3 Habitat Patch 4 Habitat Patch 5 Habitat Patch 6 Habitat Patch 7 Habitat Patch 8 Habitat Patch 9 Habitat Patch 10 Habitat Patch 11 Habitat Patch 12 Habitat Patch 13 Altitude 352 /am 420.6 m 442.9 m 475.2 m 665.1 m 883.1 m 979.9 m 1028.0 m 1246.3 m 1335.6 m 1485.6 m 1621.4 m 1893.9 m Coordinates N 41° 02' E 41° 00! N 41° 00' E 40° 59' N 40° 59' E 40° 58' N 40° 59) AO i N 40° 56' E 40° 58' N 40° 54' E 40° 56' N 40° 54! E 40° 56' IN| AOS 53) E 40° 55' N 40° 51 E 40° 56' N 40° 51° 405 57 N 40° 51’ E 40° 58' N 40° 51 4 OS a) N 40° 51' 14.9" a )ys) IDO 20.4" 46.8” 29.4” OSes Sy.5) 24.2" 04.6" Sas) 44.2" Peg elle S23) Oo" 47.0" 46.7" Osa 49.2" 08.9" 46.7" jt 3)* 58.3" 05.2" 17.4" E 41° 00° 45.1" Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 315 @ Black Color Marphs 205 Brown C olor Morphs O GreenC olor Morphs 200 4 5 — oe) 100 50 a 300 = 500 600 900 1000-1100) 1300 1400) )3=6.1500)3Ss 1700 = 1900 Altitude @n) 25 Al Dark Green Color Morphs @ Black C dor Morphs B O Light Green Color Morphs 300 500 600 900 1000 1100 1300 1400 1500 =: 1700 1900 Altitude Gn) Fig. 2. Distribution of male (A) and female (B) color morphs of /. rizeensis in habitat patches at different altitudes within the Firtina Valley. Female color morphs showed similar spatial variation but the pattern was not as distinct as those in males. Dark green morphs were found to be distributed between 350 m — 1600 m altitude but average numbers dropped from 14 individ- uals per patch to 6 individuals per patch over 1100 m altitude (Figure 2B). Distri- bution of light green morphs ranged between 800 m — 1900 m altitude, but high number of light green morphs were found only in habitat patches at higher alti- tudes over 1400 m (Figure 2B). Only a small number of female black color morphs ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 316 seddvSOY) WYO (Jasng) s7jow D]]IWaYyIp ‘(p) (aea0RsOY) Josng VoIspanDs b]]IWaYyoP 0 67 VI er Il 87 PL CE El QVINVOLIA) “J WNIYUOd UOAPUBpPOpOYY (€) (oeaovsOyY) Jasng vaIIsvanvs b]jIWaYyo]y Ge WILT Ce Ol 96°89 67 ZI ovoov[nounuey) sslog wnsow4of wniulydjaq ¢) (aeaoeOjlide)) “] Visiu snonqupg €) (QBIDRI[OJLIde)) “T DAsIU snonquivs (p) (Qes90RSOY) JOsSNg sIn4aUutja4s DIJIWAYIIP Ivl €6°S7 6£°99 Lic 6 IBVIIDVIAIOD) “T VUDIJAAD SNJJAAOD p) (oBa9BSOY) JASN SINABUIJAA DIJIMAYIP (7) (Qvs0RTypoRlsuUd) UYyNyY (J) wnuInby wniplialg OLY A I8€7 Ev IL IZ iL €) (QB99B9TLI)) “TY VI101p VIAN QVIDCUISLIUL[ ) “TJ VIVJOAIUD] OSVIUD] J ([) (Qvo0RTUIeT) “T VID]P1911.10A DIAIDS 89'€Z 999 ECE] EEOC CI ¢ OVIOVSOY) “T SNVap!1 snqny ({) (evooerfofiide)) “J vusiu snonqupg GES GES CL'8I S79 9] v IVIOVSOY) “T SNVap1 snqny ({) (evooerfofiide)) “J visiu snonqupg 80€T 69'L 8ESI SSeS €] € C) (ovaoBNpoeysuued) “uYyNy ("T) wnuyinby wnIplad SL sl cos S69 CL 89 ol G (4 [) (ovsoR[Njag) ‘UVIBVH (J) vsoulNjs snujpy ‘({) (QvoovUIseULIQ) “] VIDJOZIUD] OSHUD] dT (1) (seaoetfopiided) “| pisiu snonquing Sol OLY coTl 8'0L v7 I SaN[VA ,.dULpPUNGE-19A09,, JSAYSTY YIIM sated SoA) POUT. WS eae saisads jo 8—- yang soisadg % Jorquiny 1IqeH ‘pouonuow ore Yyoyed yeyIqey usdo yoeo ut saroads juejd Suneurwuop pue saroads 901) pue (Sasseis ]]e} pue dsuap) proutUrTeIs ‘qniys ‘qIOY/GIOj JO % ‘sorsods juvyd Jo 1aquinu [e}O], ‘Ppops1OdaI UdAq SeY SISUAdZLA ‘J JO DDUSSaId JY} SIOYM syejtqey Usdo Jo UONLOTJISSe|D *7 9IQUL Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 S77 were recorded from habitat patches between 500 m — 1300 m altitude and no such specimens were collected from habitat patches at higher altitudes (Figure 2B). Habitat Characteristics The presence of /. rizeensis was determined in 13 habitat patches along the Firtina Valley. All were open habitats (forest clearings) exposed to the sun. No specimens were ever found in any type of forest. Vegetation structure of the 13 habitat patches is given in Table 2. All 13 patches consisted mainly of three struc- turally different vegetation types; forb/herb, shrub and graminoid (dense and tall grasses). No specimens were found in other open habitat types in the area, such as meadows or lawns. The frequency with which /. rizeensis was recorded from plant species belonging to each vegetation type within the 13 patches was record- ed (Table 3). The hypothesis that individuals were distributed among the vegeta- tion types at random was tested using the Chi-square Goodness of Fit test. The null hypothesis was rejected in each case (male nymphs 4’ = 213.50, df= 8, p < 0.001; female nymphs X? = 58.32, df= 8, p < 0.001; male adults X’° = 234.48, df = 8, p < 0.001; female adults X* = 87.55, df = 8, p < 0.001). Results show I. rizeensis individuals were not distributed among the three vegetation types at random, but were more frequently associated with shrub habitats and were rare in dense and tall grasses. To test whether the distribution of the sexes and development stages in Table 3 differed statistically, the Chi-square test was employed. Males and females dif- fered significantly (X’ = 53.947, df= 8, p < 0.001) in the types of vegetation they were seen to occupy. This difference was mainly due to the preference of females for more open vegetation as can be inferred from their lack of presence in more dense and closed vegetation such as Rubus (Rosaceae) associations. Both females and males showed significant difference in use of vegetation types between the two stages (X° = 36.471, df= 8, p < 0.001; X’ = 117.307, df= 8, p< 0.001). Both underwent a change in behavior on becoming adults and were found in taller and denser shrub associations when compared with the nymphs of the same Sex. Differences Between Sites Microclimate Microclimatic properties of the habitat patches changed as expected with ambient temperatures decreasing with higher altitude. The habitat patches can be classified into two groups according to microclimate with habitat patches 1 through 7 constituting the relatively warm environment and habitat patches 8 through 13 constituting the relatively cooler environments. Mean in vegetation temperatures changed from 21.63°C + 0.50 to 17.83°C + 0.96 from habitat patch- es 8 and higher. Soil temperatures showed a similar change with mean tempera- tures dropping from 21.00°C + 0.82 to 16.65°C + 1.70 from habitat patch 8 and higher. Moreover this difference was statistically significant (vegetation H = 22.73, df = 1, p < 0.001; soil H = 7.50, df = 1, p = 0.006) as show by non-para- metric Kruskall-Wallis test. 318 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Table 3. Percentage of nymph and adult /. rizeensis associated with plant species belonging to shrub, forb/herb and graminoid vegetation type in the 13 habitat patches at different altitudes within the Firtina Valley. Height profile of plant species belonging to each vegetation type are also given. Height Nymph Adult Male Adult Female Plant Species Profile (em) (n=353) — (n=608) (n=136) Shrubs Rhododendron ponticum L. (Ericaceae) 150-180 A% 13% 15% Rubus ideaus L. (Rosaceae) 90-110 10% 27% 5% Sambucus nigra L. (Caprifoliaceae) 100-160 29% 18% 35% Coryllus avellana L. (Corylaceae) 180-200 0 8% 7% Forb/herbs Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) 50-90 23% 13% 6% Salvia verticillata L. (Lamiaceae) 30-40 23% 6% 11% Rumex scutatus L. (Polygonaceae) 30-40 4% 5% 10% Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (Dennstaedtiaceae) 90-160 4% 7% 4% Graminoid <30 cm 3% 3% 7% Vegetative Features Bush-Crickets were found to be associated with different forb/herb and shrub species providing different levels of coverage in habitat patches at different alti- tudes. Bush-Crickets recorded form habitat patches between 300 m — 1000 m altitude (black morphs) were mostly associated with the densely packed dwarf shrub Rubus ideaus L. (Rosaceae) providing high levels of cover. In comparison bush-crickets distributed in habitat patches located at higher altitudes between were mostly associated with taller tree-shrubs like Coryllus avellana L. (Corylaceae) (1000 m — 1100 m altitude; brown morphs), Sambucus nigra L. (Caprifoliaceae) (1200 m — 1500 m altitude; green morphs), and Rhododendron ponticum L. (Ericaceae) (1500 m — 1900 m altitude; green morphs) with rela- tively much reduced levels of cover (Table 4). Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 319 Table 4. Vegetation usage profile of adult Jsophya rizeensis in habitat patches at different altitudes within the Firtina Valley. Plant species belonging to each veg- etation type and their height profile are given. Altitude (m) Plant Species Height Profile —_ 350-1000 1000-1100 1100-1500 1500-1900 (cm) (n=373) (n=80) + (n=192) (n=103) Shrubs Rhododendron ponticum L. (Ericaceae) 150-180 — ~ 6% 85% Rubus ideaus L. (Rosaceae) 90-110 44% ~ — 11% Sambucus nigra L. (Caprifoliaceae) 100-160 10% 13% 55% r Coryllus avellana L. (Corylaceae) 180-200 — 46% 11% = Forb/herbs Urtica dioica ie Wrticaceae) 50-90 12% 6% 22% 1% Salvia verticillata L. (Lamiaceae) 30-40 9% 20% 3% — Rumex scutatus L. (Polygonaceae) 30-40 10% = - == Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (Dennstaedtiaceae) 90-160 11% 1% 1% 3% Graminoid <30 cm 4% 14% 2% = Behavior Bush-crickets were found at different heights in the vegetation in habitat patches located at different altitudes (Figure 3). Only habitat patches where the total number of counts exceeded 30 were included in the analysis and female and male counts were pooled due to low number of female counts in habitat patches. Crickets were mostly clustered on top of the vegetation in habitat patches between 600 m — 1000 m altitude, while they were mostly found in the middle of the vegetation in habitat patches between 1000 m — 1900 m altitude (Figure 3). Chi-square analysis showed that this variation between sites was statistically significant (X* = 162.119, df= 12, p < 0.001). 320 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 5 OBottom MMiddle Top Perventage Si ~c isl i go ta 600 800 900 1000 1200 1300 1500 1900 Aliitude Gn) Fig. 3. Relative position (bottom, middle, top) at which crickets were found in the vege- tation in habitat patches at different altitudes within the Firtina Valley. DISCUSSION Habitat Characteristics The overall distribution of [. rizeensis in the Firtina Valley was not continu- ous, but showed a fragmented spatial pattern with the species appearing only in certain open habitat patches. On a large scale the presence of /. rizeensis was highly correlated with habitats containing forb/herb and shrub vegetation. No specimens were recorded from other open habitats in the area such as meadows or lawns. On a smaller scale although shrub vegetation covered approximately 10-25% of the area of the habitat patches (Table 2) it yielded 66% and 63% of all direct observations of adult males and females respectively (Table 3). The taller vegetation may have a preferred microclimate, a greater abundance of food or provided shelter from predators. Sunlight is extremely limited in the area due to high levels of precipitation and fog. Hence, /. rizeensis would be expected to prefer shorter and more open vegetation where it can receive more direct sun- light. Therefore shrub vegetation is unlikely to be selected for its microclimate. Similarly, diet also cannot explain this distribution since the leaves of most shrubs in the area are not edible. Evidence that predation may be important is persuasive. Shrub vegetation provides good shelter for these crickets whose only defense is camouflage and remaining motionless. Furthermore, the dense under- story of shrub vegetation is ideal for disappearing for adults of either sex which jump down to the base of the vegetation when approached more than two meters. Unlike adults, nymphs did not show a preference between either vegetation types and were recorded from both forb/herb (54%) and shrub vegetation (44%) but avoided Rhododendron ponticum L. and Rubus ideaus L. associations (Table 3). This could result from the disproportionate mortality of eggs and nymphs Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 321 below dense vegetation (Cherrill and Brown, 1990; Ingrish, 1984) or maternal oviposition behavior of females which avoid such unfavorable environments. The lack of female bush-crickets from dense Rubus ideaus L associations (Table 3) might give support for this hypothesis. Alternatively nymphs could actively avoid these habitats due to elevated risks of size or stage-based and predation caused by spiders (Schmitz et al., 1997; Schmitz, 1998) which are readily found on both Rubus and Rhododendron associations and by other crickets such as Psorodonotus specularisa Fischer-Waldheim, and Pholidoptera griseoaptera DeGeer found in similar habitats. Distribution of color morphs The data presented here indicates that the distribution of both male and female color morphs showed a discrete spatial pattern. In both sexes darker color morphs were mostly predominant in warmer habitats below 1028 m while lighter color morphs were predominant in cooler habitats situated above 1028m (Fig. 2A, B). This is in contradiction to most data showing that insects living in cool- er environments are usually darker than their counterparts living in warmer envi- ronments (Chapman, 1998). In species that are polymorphic for dorsal color pat- tern, individuals belonging to dark morphs generally warm up more rapidly and attain higher body temperatures, compared to lighter individuals (Forsman, 1995, 1997; Jong et al., 1996). This would suggest a selective advantage for darker col- oration in such environments unless there are other selective agents at work. Recent studies conducted with color polymorphic organisms state the impor- tance of predation in the maintenance of such variation (Forsman and Appelqvist 1998; 1999; Forsman 1999b). Field data based on behavioral differences among crickets suggests that there could be different predation pressures in habitat patches at different altitudes. Vertical distribution of bush-crickets in the vegeta- tion is effected mainly by temperature (Harrison and Fewell 1995), wind (Ander- son and Abramsky, 1979; Chappell, 1983) and predation (Pitt 1999). In environ- ments with limited radiative regimes, bush crickets would normally be expected to be found higher in the vegetation increasing their exposure to direct solar radi- ation (Pitt, 1999). In line with this, as expected, /. rizeensis individuals in habi- tat patches at lower altitudes (below 1028m) were found mostly on top of the vegetation whereas individuals in habitat patches at higher altitudes over 1028 m were found lower in the vegetation (Fig. 4). Cool wind currents are usually effec- tive at highlands and could force bush-crickets into lower more protective regions of the vegetation. Since wind currents in the area are almost negligible, this factor seems unlikely to explain the observed pattern. Habitats at higher alti- tudes provide less coverage increasing the susceptibility of individuals to preda- tion. Predation pressures caused by visually guided predators, such as birds could force these individuals into lower levels of the vegetation (Pitt, 1999) and could explain the observed pattern. Under conditions with elevated risk from predators, selection might favor the more cryptic light-green color morphs over the black color form. Habitats at low- er altitudes were denser and provided higher cover than habitats at higher alti- tudes. Therefore black coloration would not necessarily result in a cryptic disad- vantage under these conditions enabling individuals to utilize the thermal advan- 322 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS tages of black coloration. In males a certain amount of black morphs were also sampled from habitat patches at higher altitudes (Figure 2A), whereas no record of lighter morphs at lower altitudes was found. This might suggest that, given the chance, crickets at higher altitudes would use the benefits of darker coloration, but cannot do so since they are actively selected against. The only habitat patch at higher altitudes which yielded a substantial number of black male morphs was habitat patch 8 between 1100 m -1300 m altitude. Interestingly individuals in this habitat were mostly found on top of the vegetation giving some support for this hypothesis. Predation could also explain why the nature of the color variation and the dis- tribution pattern of female color morphs were less pronounced than in males. Female crickets spend most of their time in the understory of the vegetation searching for suitable oviposition sites and do not actively call out for males therefore are less susceptible to predators (Belovsky et al., 1990). Hence the se- lective pressure caused by predation on females would be much reduced when compared to males. However the dynamics of the region are extremely complex. This is especial- ly true for weather patterns which are highly stochastic. The coming and going of heavy fog, constant rains interrupted by short periods of sunlight continually change temperatures and other microclimatic conditions this species is subjected to. Therefore determining the factors resulting in the observed variation is high- ly difficult and is unlikely to be related only to predation. More data on the ther- mal preferences and capacity, behavior and life history traits of different color morphs and a better understanding of the selective agents at work in the field is needed in order to fully understand the nature of this variation. Currently, re- search on these topics is underway and will be reported in the future. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are very much grateful to Dr. Hasan Sevgili for his help in the identification of the species, his useful advice in field surveys and for critically reviewing the manuscript. We would also like to thank Specialist Hasim Altinozlu for his help in vegetation analyses, Kahraman Ipekdal for his valu- able support in field surveys and Res. Asst. Hakan Giir for statistical advice. Many thanks also to Prof. Dr. Ali Demirsoy for his reviews and suggestions concerning the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Anderson, R. V., C. R. Tracy, and A. Abramsky. 1979. Habitat selection in two species of short- horned grasshoppers: the role of thermal and hydric stresses. Oecologia 38: 359 374. Akman, Y., O. Ketenoglu, and F. Geven. 2000. Vejetasyon ekolojisi ve arastirma metotlari. Ankara Universitesi Basimevi, Ankara, Turkey. 341 pp. Atkinson, D. and M. Begon. 1987a. Reproductive variation and adult size in two co-occurring grasshopper species. Ecological Entomology 12: 119-127. Atkinson, D. and M. Begon. 1987b. Ecological correlations and heritability of reproductive varia- tion in two co-occurring grasshopper species. Ecological Entomology 12: 129-138. Belovsky, G. E., B. J. Slade, and B. A. Stockhoff. 1990. Susceptibility to predation for different grasshoppers: an experimental study. Ecology 71: 624-634. Brodie, E. D. III. 1992. Correlation selection for color pattern and antipredator behavior in the garter snake Thamnophis ordinoides. Evolution 46: 1284-1298. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 325 Chapman, R. F. (Editor). 1998. The Insects - Structure and Function - 4th Edition. Cambridge Un1- versity Press. Cambridge, England, U.K. 770 pp. Chappell. M. A. 1983 Thermal limitations to escape responses in desert grasshoppers. Animal Behaviour 31, 1088-1093. Chappell, M. A. and D. W. Whitman. 1990. Grasshopper thermoregulation pp. 143-172. Jn R. F. Chapman and A. Joern (Editors). Biology of Grasshoppers. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, U.S.A. 576 pp. Cherill, A. J. and M. Begon. 1989. Predation on grasshoppers by spiders in sand dune grassland. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 50: 225-231. Cherril, A. J. and V. K. Brown. 1990. The life cycle and distribution of the Wart-biter Decticus ver- rucivorus (L.) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) within a chalk grassland in southern England. Biological Conservation 53: 125-143. Danner, B. J. and A. Joern. 2004. Development, growth, and egg production of Ageneotettix deorum (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in response to spider predation risk and elevated resource quality. Ecological Entomology 29: 1-11. de Jong, P. W., S. W. S. de Gusseklpp, and P. M. Brakefield. 1996. Differences in thermal balance, body temperature and activity between non-melanic and melanic two-spot ladybird beetles (Adalia bipunctata) under controlled conditions. Journal of Experimental Biology 199: 2655-2666. Dingle, H., T. A. Mousseau, and S. M. Scott. 1990. Altitudinal variation in life cycle syndromes of California populations of the grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.). Oecologia 84: 199-206. Endler, J. A. 1991. Interactions between predators and prey. pp. 169-196. Jn, Krebs, J. R. and Davies, N. B. (Editors). Behavioral Ecology, 3rd edition. Blackwell, Publishers. Oxford, England, U.K. 456 pp. Endler, J. A. 1995. Multiple trait coevolution and environmental gradients in guppies. Trends in Eco- logy and Evolution 10: 22-29. Forsman, A. 1995. Heating rates and body temperature variation in melanistic zizzag Vipera berus: does color make a difference? Annales Zoologici Fennici 32: 365-374. Forsman, A. 1997. Thermal capacity of different color morphs in the pygmy grasshopper Tetrix subu- lata. Annales Zoologici Fennici 34: 145-149. Forsman, A. 1999a. Reproductive life history variation among color morphs of the pygmy grasshopper Tetrix subulata. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 67: 247-261. Forsman, A. 1999b. Variation in thermal sensitivity of performance among color morphs of a pygmy grasshopper. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 12: 869-878. Forsman, A. 2000. Some like it hot: intra-population variation in behavioral thermoregulation in the color-polymorphic pygmy grasshoppers. Evolutionary Ecology 14: 25-38. Forsman, A. and S. Appelqvist. 1998. Visual predators impose correlation selection on prey color pat- tern and behaviour. Behavioural Ecology 9: 409-413. Forsman, A. and S. Appelqvist. 1999. Experimental manipulation reveals differential effects of color pattern survival on survival in male and female pygmy grasshoppers. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 12: 391-401. Forsman, A. and R. Shine. 1995. The adaptive significance of color pattern polymorphism in the Au- stralian scincid lizard Lampropholis delicata. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 55: 273-291. Gilchrist, G. W. 1996. A quatitative genetic analyses of thermal sensivity in locomotor performance curve of Aphidius ervi. Evolution 50: 1560- 1572. Giiner, A., M. Vural, and K. Sorkun. 1987. Rize florasi, veyetasyonu ve yore ballarinin polen analizi. Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknik Arastirmalar Kurumu Matamatik, Fiziki ve Biyolojik Builimler Arastirma Grubu. Proje No: TBAG-650. Ankara, Turkiye. 322 pp. Gwynne, D. T. 2001. Katydids and Bush-Crickets: Reproductive behavior and evolution of the Tettigoniidae. Comstock Publishing Associates. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A. and London, England, U.K. 317 pp. 324 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Harrison, J. F., J. E. Philips, and T. T. Gleeson. 1991. Activity physiology of the two-striped grasshopper, Melanoplus bivittatus: gas exchange, hemolymph acid-base status, lactate produc- tion, and effect of temperature. Physiological Zoology 64: 451-472. Harrison, J. F. and J. H. Fewell. 1995. The thermal effects on feeding behavior and net energy intake in a grasshopper experiencing large diurnal fluctuations in body temperature. Physiolog- ical Zoology 68: 453-473. Ingrish, S. 1984. The influence of environmental factors on dormancy and duration of egg develop- ment in Metrioptera roeseli (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Oecologia 61: 254-258. Kingsolver, J. G. 1995. Viability selection on seasonally polyphenic traits: wing melanin pattern in western white butterflies. Evolution 49: 932-941. Kingsolver, J. G. 1996. Experimental manipulation of wing pigment pattern and survival in western white butterflies. American Naturalist 147: 296-306. Monk, K. A. 1985. Effect of habitat on the life history strategies of some British grasshoppers. Journal of Animal Ecology 54: 163-177. Oedekoven, M. A. and A. Joern. 1998. Stage based mortality of grassland grasshoppers (Acrididea) from wandering spider (Lycosidae) predation. Acta Oecologica 19: 507-515. Pitt, C. W. 1999. Effects of multiple vertebrate predators on grasshopper habitat selection: trade-offs due to predation risk, foraging, and thermoregulation. Evolutionary Ecology 13: 499-515. Saglam, I. K. 2004. Research on the altitude dependent, ecological distribution and colour poly- morphism of the bush-cricket Jsophya rizeensis Sevgili, 2004 (Orthoptera: Tettigonoiidae). MSc Thesis, in Turkish. Department of Biology, Hacettepe University, Institute of Pure and Applied Science. Ankara, Turkey. 123 pp. Schmitz, O. J. 1998. Direct and indirect effects pf predation and predation risk in old-field interac- tion webs. American Naturalist 151: 327-342. Schmitz, O. J., A. P. Beckerman, and K. M. O’Brien. 1997. Behaviorally mediated trophic cas- cades: effects of predation risk on food web interactions. Ecology 78: 1388-1399. Sevgili, H. 2003. A new species of bushcricket (Orthoptera: Tettigontidae) of the palearctic genus Isophya (Phaneropterinae) from Turkey. Entomological News 114: 129-137. Sevgili, H. 2004. A revision of the Turkish species of Jsophya Brunner von Wattenwy] (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) PhD Thesis, in Turkish. Department of Biology, Hacettepe Uni- versity, Institute of Pure and Applied Science. Ankara, Turkey. 387 pp. Sibly, R. and K. Monk. 1987. A theory of grasshopper life cycles. Oikos 48: 186-194. Stevenson, R. D. 1985. Body size and limits to daily range of body temperatures in terrestrial ectotherms. American Naturalist 125: 102-117. Szovenyi, G. 2002. Qualification of grassland habitats based on their Orthoptera assemblages in the Koszeg Mountains (W-Hungary). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 104: 159-163. Telfer, G. T. and M. Hassall. 1999. Ecotypic differentiation in the grasshopper Chorthippus brun- neus: life history varies in relation to climate. Oecologia 121: 245-254. Thorens, P. 1991. Development and morphology of Chortippus mollis (Charp.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique Suisse 64: 9-25. Wingerden, W. K. R. E., J. C. M. Musters, and F. I. M. Maaskamp. 1991. The influence of tem- perature on the duration of egg development in West European grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Oecologia 87: 417-423. Willmer, P. 1991. Thermal biology and mate acquisition in ectotherms. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6: 396-399. : Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 325 FIRST RECORD OF THE GENUS ANABASIS HEINRICH FROM CHINA, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE: PHYCITINAE) Yanli Du,’ Shimei Song,’ and Chunsheng Wu‘ ABSTRACT: Anabasis Heinrich is reported for the first time from China. The type species of Anabasis, A. ochrodesma Heinrich, is from southeastern U.S. From China we describe a species new to science, A. fusciflavida sp. n., and transfer A. infusella (Meyrick, 1879) from Copamyntis Meyrick, a new distribution record for China. A key to Chinese species of Anabasis is provided. Adults and genitalia are illustrated. KEY WORDS: Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Anabasis, China, new species, new combination Anabasis Heinrich (1956) was erected for the New World species A. ochrodesma Zeller that was thought to be closely related to Acrobasis Zeller (Heinrich, 1956, p. 25; Neunzig, 1986, p. 71). Anabasis was previously only known to occur in southeastern United States and, according to Neunzig (1986), the range of the type species, A. ochrodesma (Zeller), extends from southern Florida and South Carolina in the U.S.A. to northern South America. Up to now, Anabasis has remained monotypic and restricted to the New World. In the present paper, this genus is recorded for the first time from China. We describe a new species, A. fusciflavida, and create one new combination, A. infusella (Meyrick), which is a new distribution record for China. Also, we provide a detailed redescription of A. infusella and illustrate its genitalia. Both A. fusciflavida and A. infusella are limited to southern China. Anabasis is characterized by having forewings with an antemedial scale ridge, the base of M, and M, approximate for a very short distance, hindwings with basal half of M, and M; approximate or anastomosed (Fig. 1), and male genitalia with a transverse, sclerotized ridge from the terminal end of sacculus to the base of costa. Anabasis belongs in a group of genera, including Acrobasis Zeller, that share the presence of conspicuously enlarged and angulate male antennae (Hein- rich, 1986). Material of A. ochrodesma was not examined; illustrations in Heinrich (1956) and Neunzig (1986) were used for comparative purposes. The type of A. infusel- la was not examined; its identity follows Roesler (1983), who presumably stud- ied the type specimens deposited at The Natural History Museum (London), as "Received on February 21, 2005. Accepted on May 9, 2005. *Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beiying Agricultural College, Beinong Road 7#, Beijing 102206 China. E-mail: yanlidu@126.com or yanlidu67@yahoo.com.cn. * Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian, Beijing 100080 China. E-mail: wucs@ 10Z.ac.cn. “Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian Beijing 100080 China. E-mail: wucs@ioz.ac.cn. To whom the correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. Mailed on February 14, 2006 326 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS well as illustrated the adults and genitalia. Types of A. fusciflavida and specimens examined of A. infusella are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beiing. Fig.1. Venation of A. infusella (Meyrick). KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ANABASIS HEINRICH FROM CHINA 1. Forewing with inside of antemedial line bordered by one line, lateral arms of juxta shorter than gnathos, corpus bursa with two signa ..........::::cssseceeeseeee i cwiteaasd Sagi ea eyes toni. tals che. ue. ts sai Ren ped meta « A. fusciflavida sp. nov. Forewing with inside of antemedial line bordered by three narrow lines, lat- eral arms of juxta longer than gnathos, corpus bursa with one signum .......... Jedi ctautscars tas. .ademiaeue ens s ese Rsas ie: Unie rie ius ce ae neta A. infusella (Meyrick) Anabasis fusciflavida Du, Song and Wu, NEW SPECIES (Figs. 2-7, 14) Diagnosis: This new species is very similar to the Nearctic Anabasis ochro- desma (Zeller), from which it can be distinguished by following characters: (1) forewing with underside gray, costa without blackish fuscous dot; (2) female genitalia with ductus bursae shorter than corpus bursae, ductus seminalis insert- ed at the anterior end of the corpus bursae. In A. ochrodesma, the ductus bursae is longer than the corpus bursae, and the ductus seminalis is inserted at the pos- terior end of corpus bursae. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 327 Figs. 2-7. Anabasis fusciflavida sp. nov.; Figs. 8-13. Anabasis infusella (Meyrick). 2, 8. Male adults; 3, 9. Female adults; 4, 10. Male genitalia without aedeagus; 5, 11. Eighth sternites; 6, 12. Eighth tergites; 7, 13. Aedeagus. Description (Figs. 2-3): Wingspan 15.5-19.0 mm. Vertex covered with blackish fuscous rough scales. Antennae of male with cilia significantly shorter than width of shaft, cilia of female shorter than male’s. Labial palpus extended slightly above vertex, covered with white and black scales; male with the second segment 2 times length of the first, and 1.5 times of the third, whereas female with the second segment 2.5 times length of the first, and 1.2 times of the third. Both color and length of maxillary palpus same as that of the third segment of labial palpus. Forewing three times as long as wide, with ground color mouse gray; antemedial ridge straight, 1/4 away from the basal, consisting of raised black scales outside and yellowish scales inside; postmedial line zigzagged and whitish, both inside and outside bordered with narrow, blackish fuscous line; discal spots black, separate from each other. Hindwing translucent, with cilia white to gray. 328 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Male genitalia (Figs. 4-7). Uncus triangular, almost as long as wide. Gnathos 2/3 length of uncus, with base expanded and apex hooked. Transtilla with posterior margin slightly concave. Valva three times as long as wide, base with a digitiform clasper, which is connected with the transverse, sclero- tized ridge; cucullus narrowly rounded; costa straight, sclerotization with basal 2/3rds broad and dis- tal 1/3rd thin, not reaching apex of valva; sacculus with basal half wide and distal half thin, 0.6 times length of valva, underside of sacculus bordered with a line of setae. Juxta V-shaped, well sclerotized, with short setae on lateral arms. Vinculum U-shaped, as long as greatest width, with anterior margin somewhat concave. Aedeagus with one side concave. Eighth tergite and sternite U-shaped. Female genitalia (Fig. 14). Ovipositor short. Anterior apophyses same length as posterior apophy- ses. Eighth tergite 2/3 times as long as wide. Ductus bursae membranous, short and thin. Corpus bur- sae membranous, pear-shaped, three times as long as ductus bursae and with micro-spines in poste- rior half, signum as a scobinate invaginated cup at anterior half of corpus bursae. Ductus seminalis inserted at anterior end of corpus bursae. Holotype: male, Sichuan: Fengdu (610 m), 1994. X. 05, Shimei Song. Paratypes: 10°, Hubei: Shennongjia (180 m), 1987. VIII. 04, Yinheng Han; 50°’, 1799, same data as holotype; 10°, 19, Sichuan: Emei (800-1000 m), 1957. IV. 27, Fuxing Zhu; 19, Sichuan: Wanxian (1200 m), 1994. IX. 27, Shimei Song; 19, Yunnan: Xishuangbanna (650 m), 1962. V. 19, Shimei Song; 19, Yunnan: Xishuangbanna (1200-1600 m), 1958. VII. 19, Shuyong Wang. Distribution: China (Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan). Etymology: The specific name refers to the yellowish fuscous antemedial scale ridge. Figs. 14-15. Female genitalia. 14. Anabasis fusciflavida sp. nov.; 15. Anabasis infusella (Meyrick). Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 329 Anabasis infusella (Meyrick, 1879) NEW COMBINATION (Figs. 8-13, 15) Nephopteryx infusella Meyrick, 1879: 218. Copamyntis infusella (Meyrick, 1879): Roesler and Kuppers, 1981: 40-41. Diagnosis: A species with short wingspan, with obscure postmedial line and discal spots; valva with one group of setae, sacculus with one group of scales and two groups of setae; corpus bursae gourd-form, with two signa, one U-shaped, composed of toothlike spines and at the posterior end of corpus bursae, the other nipplelike, consisting of scobinations and at the anterior end of corpus bursae. Redescription (Figs. 8-9): Wingspan 14.0-15.5 mm. Vertex with appressed fuscous scales. In male, labial palpus distinctly above vertex, but in female it hardly reaches vertex; both sexes with labial palpus fuscous, sprinkled with many white scales; the second segment 2 times length of the basal, and 1.5 times length of the terminal. Maxillary palpus short, about as long as the first segment of labial palpus. Forewing grayish fuscous, basal area yellowish fuscous; antemedial scale ridge arched, fuscous, preceded respectively by a narrow whitish line, a black fuscous thin line and a white thin line, followed by a narrow yellow line; postmedial line gray, indistinct, preceded by a black fus- cous line and curved inwardly at vein R,; discal spots indistinct. Hindwing yellowish gray, veins and margin yellowish fuscous. Male genitalia (Figs. 10-13). Uncus as long as wide, apex rounded. Gnathos about half length of uncus, with base broad and tapered apically. Transtilla with posterior margin somewhat concave. Valva with greatest width medially, cucullus narrowly rounded; the transverse, sclerotized ridge con- nected with the knob-like clasper, terminal end near sacculus with one group of setae; sacculus nar- row and long, curved ventrally as two protuberance at basal 1/3 and basal 2/3, and respectively with a group of scales and setae, terminal end curved ventrally as a hook and with a group of setae. Juxta with well sclerotized lateral arms and acute apices. Vinculum U-shaped, longer than greatest width, posterior margin slightly wider than anterior margin. Aedeagus cylindrical. Eighth tergite and stern- ite U-shaped. Female genitalia (Fig. 15). Apophyses anterior and apophyses posterior both longer than those in other species of this genus, and the anterior apophyses at most 2/3 times length of the posterior apophyses. Ductus bursae short, only 1/3 times as long as corpus bursae, anterior half with micro- spines. Corpus bursae cucurbit-shaped, posterior half with micro-spines, with two signa, one U- shaped, composed of thorn-like spines, and at posterior end near junction with ductus bursae, the other nipple-like, composed of scobinations at anterior end of corpus bursae. Ductus seminalis insert- ed in middle of corpus bursa. Material Examined: 800’, 299, Guangdong: Guangzhou (50 m), 1958. VII.12 ~ IX.19, Lin- yao Wang and Baolin Zhang. Distribution: China (Guangdong); Bhutan, Sikkim, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Australia (Queensland). Remarks: Anabasis Heinrich seems to be closely related to Copamyntis Meyrick based on the enlarged angulate male antennae and the transverse scler- otized ridge on the valva in the male genitalia. Anabasis can be distinguished from the latter by the triangular scape of the male antenna, the sclerotized transtilla, and the approximated base of M, and M, on the forewing. In Copamyntis, the scape of the male antenna is expanded and trifurcate apically (Roesler, 1983, Tafel 19: Fig. 49), the transtilla is not sclerotized, and M, and M, of the forewing are stalked about half. Based on characters of the male antenna and venation, we concluded that infusella should not be placed in Copamynitis, and we transfer it to Anabasis. This species is reported for the first time in China. 330 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are very grateful to Prof. Ding Yang, China Agricultural University (CAU), Beijing for his very nice help in many ways. We thank Prof. H.H. Neunzig, North Carolina State University, U.S.A. for his very nice help in corroborating the identification of the new combination in this paper. Thanks are due to Mrs. Xinli Wang (CAU) and to Ms. Rong Bao (CAU) for their help in photography. Mr. Baolin Zhang, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, collected specimens. We also express our sincere appreciation to three anonymous reviewers for their many valuable sugges- tions. This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30400040 and No. 30225009). LITERATURE CITED Heinrich, C. 1956. American moths of the subfamily Phycitinae. United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 207: 1-588. 1138 Figs. Meyrick, E. 1879. Descriptions of Australian Microlepidoptera. II. Crambites (continued) Proceed- ings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 4: 205-242. Neunzig, H. H. 1986. The moths of America north of Mexico including Greenland. Pyraloidea: Pyra- lidae (part) Phycitinae (Part-Acrobasis and allies). Wedge Entomological Research Foundation. Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A. 15(2): 1-112. Roesler, R. U. 1983. Die Phycitinae von Sumatra (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Jn, Diehl, E. W. (Herausgeber). Heterocera Sumatrana 3: 1368S, 15 Farbtafel, 54 Schwarze und Weiss Tafel, Karls- ruhe. Roesler, R. U. and P. V. Kiippers. 1981. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Insektenfauna Sumatras. Teil 9. Die Phycitinae von Sumatra. Taxonomie Teil B. Okologie und Geobiologie.- Beitraege zur Natur- kundlichen Forschung in Suedwestdeutschland 4: 282S, 4 Text Abbildung, 42 Tafel; Karlsruhe. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 331 MULTIPLE MATING IN FEMALE STENOMACRA MARGINELLA (HETEROPTERA: LARGIDAE) IN CENTRAL MEXICO' Cecilia Cuatianquiz’ and Carlos Cordero’ ABSTRACT: Understanding the ecological causes and evolutionary consequences of female multiple mating is an important topic of current research. Insects have been used as model systems in this area due to their great variation in number of copulations and mates per female. Experiments with the true bug, Stenomacra marginella, indicate that, the day following their first copulation, most females will remate either with their first mate or with a different male, whether he is virgin or had mated the previ- ous day. Field data show that a substantial proportion of females mate multiple times. These results sug- gest that post-copulatory sexual selection may be important in S. marginella; this idea provides testable hypotheses to explain different aspects of the mating behavior of this species. KEY WORDS: Copulation, polyandry, repeated mating, Heteroptera, central Mexico Multiple mating is common in female insects, although there is wide intra- and inter-specific variation in the number of copulations and mates per female (Thorn- hill and Alcock, 1983; Arnqvist and Nilsson, 2000). The benefits of polyandry to females also vary between insect species (Thornhill and Alcock, 1983; Amgvist and Nilsson, 2000; Jennions and Petrie, 2000), and it is also possible that multiple mating by females is a product of antagonistic male adaptations that result in sub- optimal female mating rates (Holland and Rice, 1998). The degree of polyandry is a key variable for understanding the nature and strength of sexual selection (Eber- hard, 1996; Danielsson, 1998), and the evolution of mating systems (Thornhill and Alcock, 1983). For these reasons it is important to assess the natural levels of polyandry, as a first step towards understanding mating systems. In this paper we present the results of experimental and field studies on multiple mating by females of the true bug Stenomacra marginella (Herrich-Schaeffer). METHODS Stenomacra marginella (Herrich-Schaeffer) occurs at high population densities in several localities in central México, mainly in areas with heavy human impact (Cibrian-Tovar et al., 1995). It is a univoltine species whose fifth instar nymphs molt more or less synchronously into adults, but remain sexually inactive for about a month (Cuatianquiz et al., 2003). In Tlaxcala, central Mexico, the mating season usually begins in May, when a frenzy of sexual activity is observed, and lasts until September (Cuatianquiz et al., 2003). The male mating system is “scramble com- petition polygyny” (Thornhill and Alcock, 1983) in which males search for females and court them without interacting aggressively with other males (Cuatianquiz et al., 2003); males also court females during copulation (Eberhard, 1994; Cua- tianquiz et al., 2003). Females frequently reject males, mainly towards the end of ‘Received on June 8, 2005. Accepted on October 10, 2005. * Maestria en Ciencias Biologicas. Centro Tlaxcala de Biologia de la Conducta, Universidad Autonoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México. E-mail: ceci@garza.uatx.mx. *Departamento de Ecologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Apdo. Post. 70-275 Coyoacan 04510 Distrito Federal, México. E-mail: cordero@miranda.ecologia.unam.mx. Mailed on February 14, 2006 332 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS the mating season. Females lay multiple batches of 30-40 eggs, beginning several days after mating. Female Remating Experiment Virgin females and males were collected as sexually inactive adults previous to the mating season (see previous section) in the population of San Matias Tepetomatitlan, Tlaxcala, and brought to the Centro Tlaxcala de Biologia de la Conducta in the city of Tlaxcala. Virgin individuals were kept in unisexual groups (females in a glass cage—S55.5 x 25 x 30 cm—and males in two 3 liter plastic bot- tles) and fed with Buddleia cordata (Loganiaceae) fresh leaves and a solution of water with 20 g of sugar, ~0.2 ml of hydrolyzed vegetal protein (eight drops of ‘“Jugo Maggi” ™) and 37 ml of raw egg white (amounts needed to produce 100 ml of solution) absorbed in small balls of cotton that we changed every other day. Matings were obtained by placing a female and a male in a glass Petri dish (10 cm diameter x 2 cm height) between |1 and 12 in the morning, when a peak of mating activity occurs in the field. The remating experiment was performed during the mating seasons of 2002 and 2003, according to the following protocol: (1) Virgin females were mated with vir- gin males. (2) After mating, females were isolated overnight in plastic Petri dishes (10 cm diameter x 1.5 cm height) with food. (3) The following day, mated females were allocated to the following treatments: (a) Repeated copulations (1499) = 24, M5993 = 31): females were re-exposed to their first mate; (b) Polyandry VM (ny99) = 52, N993 = 64): females were exposed to a new virgin male; and (c) Polyandry MM (1992 = 25, 2903 = 30): females were exposed to a male that had mated for the first time in his life the previous day with a different female. If the female did not remate within one hour, the pair was separated and the female was exposed to the same type of male, once a day for 1 hour (at most two more days). Female Remating in the Field This study was done in the population of the Rectoria campus of the UAT, in the city of Tlaxcala, in two isolated trees of Buddleia cordata with large numbers of S. marginella. A total of 792 females and 796 males were marked individually in 2002, and 396 females and 396 males in 2003, during the pre-reproductive phase; marks were numbers written with nontoxic watercolor paint (Vinci™) on the cori- um of one or both anterior wings. During the mating season, between one and four daily scanning samplings were made during 45 days in 2002, and between one and two daily scanning samplings during 45 days in 2003; samplings were made dur- ing the daytime since there is almost no activity during the night (personal obser- vation). During each scan, the identities of marked females that were copulating on the trunk, branches and leaves that were within the observer’s field of vision stand- ing on the ground (1.e., up to about two m) were recorded, along with the identity of the mating male, when he was marked. RESULTS Female Remating Experiment In both replicates of the laboratory experiment (2002 and 2003), most females (92%) remated the day following the first copulation, irrespective of whether it was the same male they copulated with for the first time (Repeated copulations: 23/24 in 2002 and 29/31 in 2003), or a different male, whether he was virgin (Polyandry Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 333 VM: 47/52 in 2002 and 58/64 in 2003) or had mated the previous day (Polyandry MM: 24/25 in 2002 and 28/30 in 2003). Two Polyandry VM and one Polyandry MM females remated two days after their first copula and one Polyandry VM female three days after her first copula. Fourteen females (6.2%) did not remate in any of the three days they were exposed to males (Repeated copulations: n = 3; Polyandry VM: n = 9; Polyandry MM: n = 2). No significant differences between-years in the frequency of females remating within each treatment were observed (Two-tailed Fisher’s exact probability tests; Repeated copulations: P = 1; Polyandry VM: P = 0.73; Polyandry MM: P = 1), nor between treatments (G = 0.64; P > 0.7; df= 2; data of both years pooled). Female Remating in the Field In the field, many marked females were not resighted; an estimate of the propor- tion of these females is not possible because only marked females that were copu- lating were recorded. In 2002, 206 marked females (26%) were observed copulat- ing at least once, and 46 (22.3% of the copulating females) were observed mating more than once (between 2 and 5 times; median [25% quartile—75% quartile] = 2 [2—3]). In 2003, 56 marked females (14.1%) were observed copulating at least once, and five (8.9% of the copulating females) were observed mating more than once (between 2 and 5 times; median [25% quartile—75% quartile] = 2 [2—4]). In 2002 there were greater observed frequencies of mated females (X* = 21.63; P < 0.0001; df= 1) and of multiply mated females (X° = 5.04; P = 0.025; df= 1) than in 2003. These differences were probably due to the fact that the sampling effort was lower in 2003 (see methods). Unfortunately, despite the relatively high number of males marked in both years (n = 1192), most multiply mated females were observed copulating with unmarked males (46/51), so we cannot be sure if they mated with different males. Only five females were observed mating with one marked male and one or more unmarked males; one of these females was observed copulating three times with the same marked male in different days and once with an unmarked male. In 2002, 84 marked males (10.6%) mated once and 34 more than once (23 mated twice; maximum = 5); in 2003, 21 marked males (5.3%) mated once and two mated thrice. Only four multiply mated males copulated with marked females. DISCUSSION According to commonly used standards (Thornhill and Alcock, 1983), females of S. marginella are polyandrous and, at least sometimes, copulate repeatedly with the same male. However, our estimates have several possible sources of bias. In the experiment it is possible that confinement of the pair in a small space (10 cm diam- eter x 2 cm height; adult body length varies between 12 and 15 mm) resulted in abnormally high remating rates if females were not able to exhibit the behaviors used in the field to avoid unwanted copulations (e.g., run away from males). Al- though we cannot discard this possibility, males do not seem to be able to force females to mate because intromission requires that females open their valvae and males are not able to force them to open (Moreno, 2005). Furthermore, females can reject males by rising their abdomen making it impossible for males to reach the tip (because of their smaller size), and males usually stop harassing females after sev- eral minutes of failed attempts of mating. In the field study, logistic constraints resulted in a suboptimal sampling effort that may have led to underestimation of 334 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS remating rates because copulations could have been missed between observations (in the laboratory copula duration varies widely; in a sample of 12 couples of vir- gin males and females copulation lasted a median [minimum—maximum] of 95 [7—343] min). Furthermore, the higher parts of the trees were not sampled and many marked females were observed moving up the trees. Another problem was that, although almost twelve hundred males were marked, most copulations ob- served involved unmarked males, probably because of the relatively high mobility of the males and the extremely high population density. Independent of the exact level of polyandry in S. marginella, our results suggest that in the population studied there is potential for post-copulatory sexual selection. In particular, sperm competition could be intense because the period of time between copulation and egg laying 1s long (for example, in a sample of 21 twice mated females the median [25% quartile—75% quartile] number of days between second copulation and laying a first batch of eggs was 15 [10—20]) and, therefore, increases the probability of mating with multiple males previous to egg laying. Polyandry can also result in opportunity for cryptic female choice in S. marginella and the existence of copulatory courtship (Eberhard, 1994; Cuatianquiz et al., 2003) is consistent with this expectation (Eberhard 1994, 1996). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the discussion provided by the “chinches team,” the Tlaxcala group, the “Lunaticos,” Alex Cordoba, Arturo Estrada, Carlos Lara and two anonymous reviewers. Funds were provided by PAPIIT- UNAM (ES235802) and the CTBC, UAT; C. Cuatianquiz was supported by a CONACYT scholarship (177851). LITERATURE CITED Arngqvist, G. and T. Nilsson. 2000. The evolution of polyandry, multiple mating and female fitness in insects. Animal Behavior 60:145-164. Cibrian-Tovar, D., J. T. Méndez-Montiel, R. Campos-Bolanos, H.O. Yates III, and J. E. Flores- Lara. 1995. Insectos Forestales de México/Forest Insects of Mexico. Publicacion #6, Universidad Autonoma de Chapingo, México. 453 pp. Cuatianquiz, C., L. Muiioz, C. Oliver, M. Moreno, and C. Cordero. 2003. Stenomacra marginella (Heteroptera: Largidae): Un modelo para estudiar la evolucion de la poliandria, el cortejo durante la copula y la conducta de oviposicion. pp. 125-132. In, M. Martinez-Gomez, Y. Cruz, R. Hudson, and R. A. Lucio (Editors). Fisiologia, Ecologia y Comportamiento: Una Propuesta Multidisciplinaria. UAT/UNAM, Mexico. 229 pp. Danielsson, I. 1998. Mechanisms of sperm competition in insects. Annales Zoologici Fennici 35:241- aS) Ife Eberhard, W. G. 1994. Evidence for widespread courtship during copulation in 131 species of insects and arachnids, and implications for cryptic female choice. Evolution 48:711-733. Eberhard, W. G. 1996. Female Control: Sexual Selection by Cryptic Female Choice. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.A. 501 pp. Holland B. and W. R. Rice. 1998. Chase-away sexual selection: antagonistic seduction versus resist- ance. Evolution 52:1-7. Jennions, M. D. and M. Petrie. 2000: Why do females mate multiply? A review of genetic benefits. Biological Reviews 75:21-64. Moreno, M. 2005. Analisis Morfologico y Funcional de los Parameros de los Genitalia Masculinos de Stenomacra marginella (Hemiptera: Largidae). Master’s Thesis, UNAM, Mexico. 61 pp. Thornhill, R. and J. Alcock. 1983. The Evolution of Insect Mating Systems. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. 547 pp. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 335 MONOLEPTA ANATOLICA BEZDEK, 1998 (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE): A NEW PEST ON SOME STONE FRUIT TREES (ROSACEAE) IN TURKEY ' Ali Gok,’ Ebru Gul Aslan,’ and Baran Aslan° ABSTRACT: Monolepta anatolica Bezdek, 1998, a little known galerucine hitherto known only from Turkey, is reported as a new pest of some stone fruit trees (Rosaceae) such as peach [Prunus persica (L.)], almond (Amygdalus communis L.), plum (Prunus divaricata Ledeb.), and pear (Pyrus eleagrifolia Pall.) in Turkey. Surveys conducted during June-August 2005 in two selected stations in Isparta (southern Turkey), showed large M. anatolica adult population densities (over 5,000 beetles per tree), particularly on leaves of almond trees. By the end of August 2005, the level of injured almond leaves reached almost 99%, and 74% in peach leaves. KEY WORDS: Galerucinae, Monolepta anatolica, pests, stone fruit trees, Turkey Monolepta Chevrolat, 1837 is the largest genus of the Galerucinae comprising about 600 species worldwide (Wagner, 2004). The genus is poorly represented in Palearctic region as most of the species are distributed in tropical regions (Lopatin, 1984). Monolepta differs from the other galerucine genera by its basal- ly blackened first tarsomere of the hind tarsi. The first tarsomere of the hind legs is about three times longer than the second and third altogether (Warchalowski, 2003). Monolepta anatolica Bezdek was described from the southwest coast of Turkey in 1998 and it is the third Mediterranean species of this genus. This species is easily recognized by its soft and entirely pale flavous body. The spec- imens we collected are about 3.2-4.3 mm long, in almost perfect agreement with what Bezdek (1998) reported (3.3-4.2 mm). All other morphological characters and genitalia figures were as in Bezdek (1998). The other two described Medi- terranean species of Monolepta are: M. lepida Reiche from Israel and M. heydeni Joannis from Egypt (Warchalowski, 2003). While Bezdek (1998) described the species, no available data about the ecology and host plants of M. anatolica were available until the present paper. During the 2004 survey of chrysomelids from the Isparta region (Turkey), we came upon a large population of M. anatolica adults. As far as we are aware, M. anatolica had not been collected since 1998. Adults were flying around peach [Prunus persica (L.)| and almond (Amygdalus communis L.) trees in such quan- tities that we were reminded of the solitary wave phenomenon (Kovalev, 2004). "Received on November 7, 2005. Accepted on November 30, 2005. > Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Stileyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey. E-mails: aligok@fef.sdu.edu.tr (corresponding author) and egul@fef.sdu.edu.tr, respective- ly. > Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Sileyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey. E-mail: aslanb@ziraat.sdu.edu.tr. Mailed on February 14, 2006 336 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Monolepta anatolica adults were first found in July 2004, feeding densely on the leaves of peach and almond trees (Fig. 1). Thereafter (mid August 2004), bee- tles were also observed on plum (Prunus divaricata Ledeb.) and pear (Pyrus eleagrifolia Pall.) trees in different field surveys. After recognizing that M. ana- tolica is a new pest of some stone fruit trees, in 2005 we conducted regular obser- vations in two selected stations, one including almond, the other peach trees, to determine the population density of M. anatolica and its degree of damage to stone fruit trees. This paper extends the geographical distribution of this species to the west along the Mediterranean coast of Turkey and provides extensive eco- logical data about M. anatolica. Fig. 1. Feeding adults of M. anatolica and its damage typical on Prunus persica (L.) METHODS Weekly samplings of seriously attacked by M. anatolica affected stone fruit trees were carried out from mid June to the end of August 2005 at two stations located in Isparta province of Turkey. The first station is a natural arid area of about 0.1 ha, mainly dominated by almond trees (elevation 1126 m, 37° 50' 39" N, 30° 28' 02" E). The second station is a peach orchard of about 0.05 ha locat- ed near a stream bank (elevation 859 m, 37° 39' 38" N, 30° 39' 15" E). The sta- tions are 40 km apart from each other and both of them received no pesticide applications during the study period. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 337 Yellow sticky traps (0.1 cm thick, 20 x 20 cm) were used for monitoring M. anatolica populations (Fig. 2). Five trees, each about 2.5-3.0 m high, were selected randomly in each station. Three traps were hung on each of the five selected trees: the first located 1.0-1.25 m above ground, and the other two placed about 0.5 m above the first, in opposite sites of the tree. The trees were observed weekly and the traps were replaced with the fresh ones. Sampling was performed at the same dates for both stations. In the laboratory, beetles were counted manually with the help of a forceps. The number of beetles for each tree a e Fig. 2. Yellow sticky trap used for sampling M. anatolica. In order to determine the percent damage, that is the number of leaves show- ing feeding marks caused by M. anatolica adults (Fig. 1), 100 leaves were ran- domly collected from each tree at each sampling site. In total, 10,000 leaves were collected from both stations. The injured leaves were counted and used to esti- mate the ratio of damage for every sampling. Except for M. anatolica adults, no other herbivorous insects (including M. anatolica larvae) were observed on the sampled trees, during whole study. Voucher specimens have been deposited in the Department of Biology, Facul- ty of Arts and Sciences, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The first 1. anatolica adults appear in early June. At first, adults especially prefer feeding on fresh leaves located in upper parts of the trees but in early July beetles disperse to other parts of the tree. The highest population density of 338 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS M. anatolica adults was recorded in mid July 2005 for peach, and in late July 2005 for almond. The adult population size and percentage of injured leaves in peach and almond trees during the sampled dates are shown in Figures 3 and 4. While the adult populations of /. anatolica experience a rapid rise and decline, the percentage of injured leaves grows asymptotically and stabilizes as the den- sity of M. anatolica adults declines. Injured leaves (%) 4 = = z = 2 = aa & e Rs e es ee e aaa aS og gS a mee S i) S) o S % Sear i eer — Individual number -- Injured leaves (%) Fig. 3. Population and injury levels of M. anatolica on almond trees from mid June to the end of August 2005. fo a @o As) = = injured leaves (>) Individual numb er ar XA % % & Ng £9 s oe ee oe Pt a off Ss ee Oe Mee S vw p Or — Individual number -- Injured leaves (6) Fig. 4. Population and injury levels of M. anatolica on peach trees from mid June to the end of August 2005. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 339 A total of 40,978 beetles were collected in this study: 27,341 on almond and 13,637 on peach. We do not know whether there are within-tree spatial differ- ences in the population densities of M. anatolica. The average number of beetles per tree was higher in almond (5468.2, sd = 1703.5, n= 5) than in peach (2727.4, sd = 990.4, n =5, p-value: approx. 0.01, t-test, http://www.changbioscience.com/ stat/ttest.html). We need to perform host plant feeding experiments on unexcised leaves (Santiago-Blay and Blay-Salomons, 2004) to determine the true extent of the host-feeding of M. anatolica. The differences in population density of M. anatolica adults may reflect environmental, genetic, and/or random effects. Monolepta anatolica can cause extreme damage to host plants by feeding upon nearly all leaves. For instance, the injury level may be as high as 99% of the leaves on almond trees. Beetles cause highly visible damage such that in the end of August they are almost without any leaves (Fig. 5). This level reaches about 74% of the leaves on peach trees (Fig. 6). Evidently, M. anatolica has the potential of becoming an important pest of some stone fruit trees, including almond, peach, pear, plum, and other rosacean stone fruit trees in Turkey and in locations with Mediterranean climates world- wide (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_ climate), including the agri- culturally important California (U.S.A.). Further studies must be performed on the biology of M. anatolica. Fig. 5. Overall view of an almond tree damaged by M. anatolica by the end of August 2005. 340 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS he 5 7 g sampling sampling sampling sampling sampling fg ALMOND @ PEACH Fig. 6. Percentage of damage for almond and peach trees caused by M. anatolica. LITERATURE CITED Bezdek, J. 1998. Monolepta anatolica sp. n. a new species of leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomeli- dae: Galerucinae) from Turkey. Klapalekiana 34:149-152. Kovalev, O. V. 2004. The solitary population wave, a physical phenomenon accompanying the introduction of a chrysomelid. pp. 591-601. Jn, P. Jolivet, J. A. Santiago-Blay and M. Schmitt (Editors). New Developments in the Biology of Chrysomelidae. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands. 803 pp. Lopatin, I. K. 1984. Leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) of the Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Oxonian Press, New Delhi, India. 413 pp. Santiago-Blay, J. A. and A. Blay-Salomons. 2004. The clip cages or “las jaulitas”: an inexpensive device to perform host-plant herbivore feeding tests with small organisms. Chrysomela (News- letter of Chrysomedologists, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.) 44:15. Wagner, T. 2004. Phylogeny of Afrotropical Monolepta and related taxa (Galerucinae). pp. 75-84. In, P. Jolivet, J. A. Santiago-Blay, and M. Schmitt (Editors). New Developments in the Biology of Chrysomelidae. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands. 803 pp. Warchalowski, A. 2003. Chrysomelidae: The leaf beetles of Europe and the Mediterranean area. Natura optima dux Foundation. Warszawa, Poland. 600 pp. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 34] POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS OF TWO NEW ANGIOSPERM FLOWERS FROM BURMESE AMBER (LOWER CRETACEOUS) FOR WELL-ESTABLISHED AND DIVERSIFIED INSECT-PLANT ASSOCIATIONS' Jorge A. Santiago-Blay,’ Scott R. Anderson,’ and Ronald T. Buckley‘ ABSTRACT: Two undescribed flowers in Burmese amber, and additional evidence herein discussed, sup- port the inference that substantially diverse forests, possibly with well-established and diversified insect- plant associations, were already established and preserved by 100 Ma. KEY WORDS: Lower Cretaceous, fossil, Burmese amber, insect-plant associations, angiosperms, Pseudo- polycentropodidae Cretaceous insect and/or plant fossils are important because they can be used to test various hypotheses regarding the timing of insect-plant associations (Labandeira 2005a, b). Morphological features, detailed elsewhere (Santiago-Blay et al., in prepa- ration), of two different flowers entombed in Burmese amber (circa 115-100 Ma, see references in Santiago-Blay et al. 2004), suggest that insect-plant interactions were well-established and diversified at least 115-100 Ma in southeastern Laurasia. Briefly, those features include the presence of a shallow bowl (sb) at the base of the gynoecium in one flower (Fig. 1) as well as conspicuously abundant pilosity (p), a tubular gynoecium (g), and possible food sources (fs) on the other (Fig. 2). While these flowers do not constitute by themselves definitive proof of entomophilly, they are suggestive of well-established and diversified insect-plant interactions as such specialized morphological features are often associated with entomophillous flowers (e.g. Barth 1985, Endress 1994, Faegri and van der Pijl 1971, Meeuse and Morris 1984, Proctor et al., 1996). As far as we are aware, only four angiosperms have been (or are being formally) described from Burmese amber (Poinar 2004, Poinar et al., accepted, Santiago-Blay et al., in preparation) based on flowers. Other fossilized botanical inclusions are known for Burmese amber, including “hepatophyte thalli, an archegoniophore of Marchantiaceae, and leafy shoots of Metasequoia” (Grimaldi et al., 2002) and addi- tional materials in the collections of authors SRA and RTB (Santiago-Blay et al., in preparation). Specimens lacking reproductive structures can be difficult to identify due to the absence of diagnostic and/or synapomorphic characters as well as their incomplete nature. Beetles, flies, moths, wasps, and other insects [Antropov (2000), Grimaldi and Engel (2005), Rasnitsyn and Ross (2000), Ross and York (2000), and others] have ' Submitted on September 10, 2005. Accepted on October 24, 2005. * Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121 and Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P .O. Box 37012 Washington, District of Columbia 20013-7012 U.S.A. E-mail: blayj@si.edu. > Tetra Tech NUS, Inc., 661 Andersen Drive, Foster Plaza Building VII, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15220 U.S.A. E-mail: AndersonS@ttnus.com. *9635 Sumter Ridge, Florence, Kentucky 41042 U.S.A. E-mail: ronbuckley@fuse.net. Mailed on February 14, 2006 342 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS already been documented in Burmese amber, although it is difficult to determine which ones were actual pollinators. In the case of the two flowers illustrated (Figs. 1- 2), insects could have used them as feeding stations. The flower with a shallow bowl at the base of the gynoecium (Fig. 1) could have been nectared or pollinated by an anthophilous brachyceran fly (Labandeira 2005c) or by a generalist winged insect. Though not yet proven as a definitive pollinator, members of the Pseudopolycentro- podidae (Diptera, Fig. 3) often exhibit an unusually long, slender, and rigid proboscis, suggesting an already established association with plants (thought not necessarily the angiosperms herein illustrated) for imbibition of gymnospermous pollination drops (Labandeira et al., submitted) or nectar probing from flowers (Anderson and Poinar, independent pers. comm. to Santiago-Blay, January 2005). Furthermore, Labandeira (1998, 2000, 2002) has shown that pollination syndromes have a geological record extending as far back as the mid-Mesozoic, well before the sudden diversification of angiosperms (Labandeira et al., submitted). Fig. |. Flower in Burmese amber showing its possible entomophillous traits. The shallow bowl (sb) at base of the gynoecitum may have been a site for insect feeding. Photo taken by author Ronald T. Buckley. There is a huge body of literature on insect-plant interactions and their presumed connection with the rise of angiosperms. While such interactions probably are partial- ly associated with the geologically sudden diversification of angiosperms, other cases suggest that some insect-plant interactions predate and/or are unrelated to the rise of angiosperms (Gorelick 2001; Labandeira 1998; Labandeira et al., submitted; Lloyd IIPOZ)). Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 343 As for the botanical source of amber from Burma, Grimaldi et al. (2002) indicated that “Metasequoia is possibly the source of the amber” [modern classifications tend to place Metasequoia in the Cupressaceae (Judd et al., 2002)]. Studies with solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy using the carbon 13 nucleus suggest that burmite and other fossil resins belong to a large, worldwide assemblage (fossil resin Group B, Lambert and Poinar 2002). Some of the Group B resins perhaps belong in the Dipterocarpaceae (modern resins, Group D, Lambert et al., 2002), although this has not been firmly established. Modern geographic sources for Group B fossil resins include Borneo, Sumatra, Australia, Papua New Guinea, India, and North America. Nevertheless, Group B fossil resins are spectroscopically distinct from the partially sympatric Agathis-related plants (fossil resins, Group A of Lambert et al., 2002; mod- er resins, group CA, Cupressaceae and Araucariaceae of Lambert et al., 2005). Figs. 2. A second flower in Burmese amber showing their possible entomophillous traits. Note tubular gynoecium (g), abundant pilosity (p), and possible food sources (fs). Both flowers illustrated in this paper are deposited in the private collection of Ron T. Buckley. A handful of flowers has been described from younger amberiferous formations, such as those from the Dominican Republic and/or the Baltic region, including the families Araceae (Bogner 1976), Arecaceae (Poinar 2002), Fagaceae (Mai 2003), and Leguminosae (Poinar and Brown 2002). Interestingly, no flowers have yet been described from Lebanese amber (Poinar and Milki 2001), which is Aptian (Grimaldi et al., 1993) to Hauterivan (Roth et al., 1996) in age, approximately 120-135 Ma, although most localities appear to be closer to 120 Ma (Labandeira to Santiago-Blay, 344 . ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Fig. 3. Pseudopolycentropodid showing elongated, slender, rigid proboscis, (pr) perhaps used to probe nectar/pollen in flowers (Anderson and Poinar, pers. comm. to Santiago-Blay); h, indi- cates head, and sc, wing scales. The pseudopolycentropodid is deposited in the private collec- tion of Scott R. Anderson. Photos taken by author Scott R. Anderson. pers. comm., December 2005). Flowering plants preserved in various non-amber matrices have been extensively documented in the Cretaceous throughout the World and they exhibit remarkable diversity (e.g. Archaefructaceae, Sun et al., 2002; Magnoliidae, Dilcher and Crane 1984, Crane and Dilcher 1984; Lauraceae, Drinnian et al., 1990; and other lineages, Friis 1984). The known diversity of Burmese amber insect and plant inclusions, the inferred morphological specialization of flowering plants, possibly related to entomophilly, and NMR evidence support the inference that substantially diverse forests, possibly with well-established and diversified insect-plant associations, were already estab- lished and preserved by 115-100 Ma. The few angiosperms and potential pollinators discovered thus far in Burmese amber are assisting in refining our understanding of the possible connection between insect-plant interactions and the rise of angiosperms. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 345 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Mr. James W. Davis, President of Leeward Capital Corporation (Calgary, Canada), who was instru- mental in obtaining the specimens upon which this paper is based as well as numerous other Burmese amber fos- sils. In accordance with the spirit and letter of international codes of biological (e.g. zoological, botanical) nomenclature, authors SRA and RTB maintain their private collection scrupulously and will make specimens available to qualified researchers. Dan Harder (Arboretum, University of California, Santa Cruz), Joseph B. Lambert (Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois), Conrad C. Labandeira (same affiliation as author JASB), Amber Moore (Bennington College, Vermont), George O. Poinar, Jr. (Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis), and Peter Stevens (Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis) re- viewed this contribution and offered constructive suggestions. Scott D. Whitaker (SEM Laboratory, Laboratories of Analytical Biology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC) assisted in the final electronic labeling of the figures. LITERATURE CITED Antropov, A. V. 2000. Digger wasps (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) in Burmese amber. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum 56(1): 59-77. Barth, F. G. (translated by M. A. Biederman-Thorson). 1985. Insects and flowers. The biology of a partner- ship. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.A. 297 pp. Bogner, J. 1976. The taxonomic position of Acoropsis a fossil Araceae from amber. Mitteilungen der Bayer- ischen Staatssammlung fiir Palaeontologie und Historische Geologie (16): 95-98. Crane, P. R. and D. L. Dilcher. 1984. Lesqueria: an early angiosperm fruiting axis from the mid-Cretaceous. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 71:384402. Dilcher, D. L. and P. R. Crane. 1984. Archaeanthus: An early angiosperm from the Cenomanian of the Western Interior of North America. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 71: 351-383. Drinnan, A. N., P. R. Crane, E. M. Friis, and K. R. Pedersen. 1990. Lauraceous flowers from the Potomac Group (Mid-Cretaceous) of Eastern North America. Botanical Gazette 151(3):370 - 384. Endress, P. K. (drawings by B. Steiner-Gafner and P. K. Endress). 1994. Diversity and evolutionary biolo- gy of tropical flowers. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, England, U.K. 511 pp. Faegri, K. and L. van der Pijl. 1971. The principles of pollination ecology. Pergamon Press. Oxford, England, U.K. 291 pp. Friis, E. M. 1984. Preliminary report of Upper Cretaceous angiosperm reproductive organs from Sweden and their level of organization. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 71: 403-418. Gorelick, R. 2001. Did insect pollination cause increased seed plant diversity? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 74:407-427. Grimaldi, D. A., M. S. Engel, and P. C. Nascimbene. 2002. Fossiliferous Cretaceous amber from Myanmar (Burma): its rediscovery, biotic diversity, and paleontological significance. American Museum Novitates 3361:1-71. Grimaldi, D., C. Michalski, and K. Schmidt. 1993. Amber fossil Enicocephalidae (Heteroptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of Lebanon and Oligo-Miocene of the Dominican Republic, with biogeographic analysis of Enicocephalus. American Museum Novitates 3071: 1-30. Grimaldi, D. and M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press. New York, NY., U.S.A. 755 pp. Grimaldi D., Z. Junfeng, N. C. Frazer, and A. Rasnitsyn. 2005 Revision of the bizarre Mesozoic scorpionflies in the Pseudopolycentropodidae (Mecopteroidea). Insect Systematics and Evolution 36:443-458. Judd, W. S., C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellog, P. F. Stevens, and M. J. Donoghue. 2002. Plant Systematics: a phylogenetic approach. Second Edition. Sinauer Associates. Sunderland, Massachusetts, U.S.A. 576 pp. Labandeira. C. C. 1998. How old is the flower and the fly? Science 280:57-59. Labandeira, C. C. 2000. The paleobiology of pollination and its precursors. /n, Gastaldo, R.A. and W. A. DiMichele, W.A. (Editors). Phanerozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems. pp. 233-269. Presented as a Paleontological Society Short Course at the Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America, Reno, Nevada. November 12th, 2000. Paleontological Society Papers 6:1-308. 346 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Labandeira, C. C. 2002. The history of associations between plants and animals. Chapter 2, pp. 26-74, 248-261. In, Herrera, C. M. and Pellmyr, O. (Editors). Plant-animal interactions: an evolutionary approach. Blackwell Science. London, England, United Kingdom. 313 pp. Labandeira, C. C. 2005a. The fossil record of insect extinction: new approaches and future directions. American Entomologist 52(1):14-29. Labandeira, C. C. 2005b. Recent and exciting developments in understanding fossil insects and their terrestri- al relatives. American Paleontologist 13(1):8-12. Labandeira, C. C. 200Sc. Fossil history and evolutionary ecology of Diptera and their associations with plants. Chapter 9, pp. 218-272. Jn, D. K. Yeates and B. M. Wiegmann (Editors). The evolutionary biology of flies. Columbia University Press. New York, N.Y., U.S.A. 430 pp. Labandeira, C. C., J. Kvacek, and J. Montovski. Pollination drops and insect pollination of Mesozoic gym- nosperms. Taxon (submitted). Lambert, J. B. and G. O. Poinar, Jr. 2002. Amber: The organic gemstone. Accounts of Chemical Research 35: 628-636. Lambert, J. B., Y. Wu, and J. A. Santiago-Blay. 2002. Modern and ancient resins from Africa and the Amer- icas. Chapter 6, pp. 64-83. /n, Archaeological Chemistry. Materials, Methods, and Meaning. Symposium Series No. 831. K. A. Jakes (Editor). American Chemical Society. Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A. 261 pp. Lambert, J. B., Y. Wu, and J. A. Santiago-Blay. 2005. Taxonomic and chemical relationships revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of plant exudates. Journal of Natural Products 68(5):635-648. Lloyd, D. G. 1992. Reproductive biology of a primitive angiosperm, Pseudowintera colorata Winteraceae and the evolution of pollination systems in the Anthophyta. Plant Systematics and Evolution 181(1-2):77-95. Mai, D. H. 2003. Eine Blute von Quercus (Fagaceae) als Inkluse im Bittefelder Bernstein. Phytologia Balcanica 9(2): 157-164. Meeuse, B. and S. Morris (photographs by Oxford Scientific Films, drawings by M. Woods). 1984. The sex life of flowers. Facts on File Publications. New York, N.Y., U.S.A. 152 pp. Poinar, G. O. Jr. 2002. Fossil palm flowers in Dominican and Baltic amber. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 139(4): 361-367. Poinar, G. O. Jr. 2004. Programinis burmitis gen. et sp. nov., and P. laminatus sp. nov., early Cretaceous grass- like monocots in Burmese amber. Australian Systematic Botany 17(5): 497-504. Poinar, G. O. Jr. and A. E. Brown. 2002. Hymenaea mexicana sp. nov. (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) from Mexican amber indicates old world connections. Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society 139(2): 125-132. Poinar, G. Jr. and K. L. Chambers. 2005. Palaeoanthella huangii gen. and sp. nov., an early Cretaceous flower (Angiospermae) in Burmese amber. Sida 21(4):2086-2093. Poinar, G. O. Jr. and R. Milki. 2001. Lebanese amber: the oldest insect ecosystem in fossilized resin. Oregon State University Press. Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.A. 96 pp. Proctor, M., P. Yeo, and A. Lack. 1996. The Natural History of Pollination. Timber Press. Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.A. 479 pp. Rasnitsyn, A. P. and A. J. Ross. 2000. A preliminary list of arthropod families present in the Burmese amber collection at The Natural History Museum, London. Bulletin of The Natural History Museum, Geology 56: 21-24. Ross, A. J. and P. V. York. 2000. A list of type and figured specimens of insects and other inclusions in Burmese amber. Bulletin of The Natural History Museum. Geology 56: 11-20. Roth, B., G. O. Poinar, Jr., A. Acra, and F. Acra. 1996. Probable pupillid land snail of Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian) age in amber from Lebanon. Veliger 39(1): 87-88. Santiago-Blay, J. A., V. Fet, M. E. Soleglad, S. Anderson. 2004. A new genus and subfamily of scorpions from Cretaceous Burmese amber (Scorpiones: Chaerilidae). Revista Ibérica de Aracnologia 9:3-14. Sun, G., Q. Ji,, D. L. Dilcher., S. Zheng, K. C. Nixon, and X. Wang. 2002. Archaefructaceae, a new basal angiosperm family. Science 296: 899-204. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 347 LABORATORY PREDATION AND SCAVENGING OF THREE GROUND BEETLE (CARABIDAE) SPECIES FROM THE U.S.A. ON FALL ARMYWORM, SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) LARVAE! Orrey P. Young’ ABSTRACT: Chlaenius tomentosus, Cicindela punctulata, and Scarites subterraneus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) were evaluated in the laboratory for their ability to survive on a diet of either live or dead lepidopteran larvae (Spodoptera frugiperda) as compared to the absence of food. All three species sur- vived at least twice as long on prey, alive or dead, than on a regime without food. The significance of this finding is discussed. KEY WORDS: Chlaenius tomentosus, Cicindela punctulata, Scarites subterraneus, Carabidae, Spo- doptera frugiperda , Lepidoptera, predation, scavenging, agronomic Numerous studies have documented the role of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as predators of arthropods in a variety of habitats and ecosystems (e.g. Desender et al., 1994). The ability of carabids to also function as scavengers of dead arthropods is not well documented, as has been frequently noted (e.g. Lovei and Sunderland 1996). This dearth of information is most evident in agricultural situations, though scavenging may be a frequent and important phenomenon. The utilization of dead insects in row crop situations in one instance has been examined, but carabids were unfortunately not common in the particular area studied (Young 1984a). The purpose of this experiment is to examine the capability of three com- mon and widely distributed carabid species to utilize and survive on a diet of lar- vae (live or dead) of several lepidopteran crop pests. METHODS Individuals of each of three species of Carabidae (Coleoptera) were evaluated in the laboratory for their ability to maintain themselves on an exclusive diet of either dead or live lepidopteran larvae, as compared to a regime of no food. Those cara- bid species were (1) Chlaenius tomentosus (Say), (2) Cicindela punctulata Olivier, and (3) Scarites subterraneus (Fab.). Beetles were captured during the period 24 Mar to 16 June 1982 in a walk-in UV-light trap 6 km NW of Tifton, Tift Co., Georgia. This trap was surrounded by fields planted in peanuts, corn, and soybeans. Individuals were brought into the lab- oratory and placed in separate 17 x 12 x 6 cm clear plastic containers with tight-fit- ting lids. A sheet of paper toweling was cut to fit the bottom of the container and moistened with water. Additional paper was crinkled and added to provide refuge sites. Previous experiments had demonstrated no differences in longevity of a cara- bid predator of lepidopteran larvae in laboratory containers with or without soil (Young 1985a). ' Submitted on December 16, 2004. Accepted on November 12, 2005. 7U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Agric. Research Service, Southern Grain Insects Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 748, Tifton, Georgia 31793 U.S.A. Present address: 9496 Good Lion Road, Columbia, Maryland 21045 U.S.A. Mailed on February 14, 2006 348 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Early in the season — 25-27 March 1982 — the first of the three carabid species to become abundant — Chlaenius tomentosus — was tested for its ability to attack and consume four species of lepidopteran larvae — fall armyworm (FAW), Spodop- tera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae); corn earworm (CEW), Heli- coverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae); European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae); tobacco hornworm (THW), Manduca sexta (L.) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Based on the results of this prelim- inary experiment (Table 1), FAW larvae were chosen for exposure to all three cara- bid species. Table 1. Exposure of Chlaenius tomentosus* to four species of lepidopteran lar- Vae"" Protocol FAW CEW ECB THW # offered 10 10 10 10 # attacked 10 10 8 5 # consumed 10 8 4 0 % consumed 100 80 40 0 *Each of ten beetles, in separate containers, offered one larva (20-25 mm) of each type; terminated after 24 hours. * *FAW — fall armyworm CEW — corn earworm ECB — European corn borer THW — tobacco hornworm After beetles of the three species had been brought into the laboratory and spent 24 hrs in the aforementioned individual containers, each beetle was offered either (1) two coddled (killed by placement in 90° C water for 5 minutes) 4-Sth instar lar- vae (ca. 30 mm) of the FAW; (2) two alive FAW larvae (ca. 30 mm); or (3) no food. Containers were maintained at ambient room conditions (ca. 25°C, 75% RH) and placed so as to be exposed to outside photoperiod, examined every 3 or 4 days, cleaned of debris, fresh moistened paper added, and the feeding regime continued. Preparatory studies had indicated that more than two larvae offered every 3-4 days resulted in some larvae unutilized. Experimental procedure for each beetle ended upon death. For each beetle species, 7 to 10 individuals were evaluated in each of the three feeding regimes, with the date of individual death calculated to be halfway between the last day observed alive and the first day observed dead (rounded up). The com- posite value for each species in each feeding regime is the mean of the individual survival durations. Statistical analysis was performed with WINKS Kwikstat for Windows software, 5th edition. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 349 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Data, presented in Table 2, indicates that all three adult beetle species were able to survive at least twice as long on a diet of either live or dead lepidopteran larvae when compared with a no-food regime. Grouping all three carabid species togeth- er (n= 79), the mean survival period for those without food (n = 26) was 34.9 days, for those offered live FAW (n = 25) — 87.7 days, and those offered dead FAW (n = 28) — 83.3 days. Using the ANOVA Newman-Keuls Multiple Comparison test, there were significant differences (n= 79; p < 0.05) between the no food regimes and either the live or dead FAW feeding regimes. There were no significant differ- ences in survival rates between live and dead FAW feeding regimes (n = 53, Student’s t-test, P = 0.64), though survival was consistently longer in groups offered live larvae. Chlaenius tomentosus survived the longest on larval food, the last individual dying 131 days after initiation, compared with 63 days for the longest surviving individual without food. Cicindela punctulata survived for the shortest period of any of the three species, with 15 days the shortest period without food and 42 and 45 days the shortest periods when offered alive or dead larvae re- spectively. From all appearances and based on published general descriptions of carabid life-histories (e.g. Lovei and Sunderland 1996), it was assumed that all the beetles were adults-of-the-year, initially in the early stages of adult vigor (not se- nescent), and representative of the species. The survival values for several of the tested species compare favorably with another carabid previously tested in the same manner. Calosoma sayi DeJean sur- vived on average 112 days on a diet of coddled fall armyworm larvae (Young 1985a), and survived on average 58 days without food (Young and Hamm 1985). Although Calosoma sayi is a member of a genus known as “caterpillar hunters,” C. sayi has been demonstrated to consume a wide variety of non-lepidopteran prey (Young 1984b) and may be similar in food habits to the carabids tested in this experiment. A non-carabid species similarly tested, Necrodes surinamensis (F.) (Coleoptera: Silphidae), though a predator and scavenger on larval insects, as well as a consumer of vertebrate carrion, survived for a much shorter period - 4 days without food, 20 days when offered coddled fall armyworm larvae (Young 1985b). Each of the three species tested are common and widely distributed in the south- eastern United States (Loding 1945, Fattig 1949, Kirk 1970), and belong to genera that are well known as predators of arthropods (Balduf 1935). Chlaenius tomento- sus — This genus belongs to a carabid subfamily containing mostly food generalists (Hengeveld 1980), and some members of the genus are common in agricultural sit- uations (Kirk 1970). This species is recorded as consuming various insects (stage not noted), earthworms, fungi, and vegetal tissue (Larochelle 1974a). Cicindela punctulata - Adults of the genus prey on a wide variety of living arthropods (Balduf 1935), with scattered anecdotal records of their feeding on dead arthropods and even on dead vertebrates (Pearson and Vogler 2001). This species is univoltine with larvae overwintering and adults appearing in June (Knisley and Schultz 1997). Adults of this species are recorded as consuming numerous living adult carabid species, as well as ants, grasshoppers, and lepidopteran larvae (Larochelle 1974b). Scarites subterraneus — Adults of the genus are strictly predaceous (Dillon and Dillon 1961). This species is recorded consuming larvae of elaterid, scarabaeid, and coccinellid beetles (Balduf 1935). 350 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Table 2. Survival duration for three carabid species in a feeding experiment Chlaenius Cicindela Scarites tomentosus punctulata subterraneus Size ~15 mm ~14 mm ~17 mm Period Captured 24 Mar-1 Apr 24-27 May 9-15 Jun Start of Feeding 2 Apr 28 May 16 Jun Last death 1] Aug 30 Jul 15 Oct Survival (days): n=7, R= 39-63, n=9,R= 15-21, n= 10, R = 24-39, No food x = 50.1 x=17 x = 33.9 Survival days): n= 9, R= 82-131, n= 7, R= 45-63, n= 9, R= 88-121, Live FAW larvae x= 113.4 <= Ou x = 105.7 Survival (days): n= 10, R= 73-131, n= 8, R = 42-60, n= 10, R= 76-115, Dead FAW larvae x = 100 x = 52.7 x= 104 n = Number of individuals tested R = Range of survival values x = Mean of survival values An interesting relationship is illustrated in this experiment. Given that all three species are of approximately the same physical dimensions, occupy the same habi- tat, and consume approximately the same foods, it could be expected that they would demonstrate the same ability to withstand starvation. The Cicindela species, however, had a survival rate at least one half or less than the other two species. The high energetic demands of the adult Cicindela hunting strategy — actively chasing potential prey, and the escape strategy — rapid and sometimes sustained or frequent flight, as compared to the more energetically conservative strategies of the other two species, may explain the need for the Cicindela species to consume food more frequently and have less energy storage capacity. In captivity, the Cicindela species was considerably more active than the other carabid species in this experiment (unpubl. pers. obs.), also suggesting greater nutritional demands over a shorter period. An additional explanation, though not mutually exclusive, for species dif- ferences in ability to withstand starvation involves the predictable availability of food. A species with a broad feeding niche and searching for readily available food has no particular requirement for significant energy storage capabilities. Converse- ly, a species searching for a narrow range of food items that are relatively rare in time and/or space must have the capability of surviving much longer periods with- out food. This could be accomplished by physiological mechanisms leading to increased energy storage and/or decreased energy utilization. This laboratory experiment suggests that all three of the tested carabid species are opportunistic predators and scavengers, capable of detecting and consuming live and moving lepidopteran larvae as well as dead and stationary larvae, and sur- Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 65 viving for considerable periods on a diet of both food types. Their ability to cap- ture and consume live larvae of a major southern crop pest, the fall armyworm, though in a laboratory setting, is previously unreported. The scavenger activity of these three species also has not previously been examined, suggesting that their overall role in the ground arthropod fauna of row crops has not been suffi- ciently appreciated. The fact that many carabid species can be maintained in the laboratory on dried dog food (e.g. Best and Beegle 1977) says little about their capabilities as scavengers of dead insects but does emphasize their broad food preferences. The catholic food choices of these species, especially their scav- enging activities, may expose them to potentially lethal food items. In crop situ- ations, the dead larvae of lepidopterans that ground carabids are likely to encounter will probably be victims of either chemical pesticides or pathogenic biocontrol agents, and as such may also be lethal to whatever consumes those (Young 1984a). Unfortunately, although scavengers have been shown to be important components of the nutrient cycling process in some habitats (e.g. Edwards et al., 1970), such demonstration is still lacking for agronomic systems; thus the impact of high mortality on scavengers in agronomic systems caused either by indirect or direct contact with lethal agents, remains to be determined. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The laboratory assistance of C. Sharp, H. Gross, and P. Jones is appreciated, as is the manuscript review provided by A. Weed and G. Bernon. LITERATURE CITED Balduf, W. V. 1935. The bionomics of entomophagous Coleoptera. John S. Swift Co., St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. 220 pp. Best, R. L. and C. C. Beegle. 1977. Food preferences of five species of carabids commonly found in Iowa cornfields. Environmental Entomology 6: 9-12. Desender, K., M. Dufrene, M. Loreau, M. L. Luff, and J-P. Maelfait (Editors). 1994. Carabid beetles: ecology and evolution. Kluwer Academic Publishers. London. England, U.K. 472 pp. Dillon, E. S. and L. S. Dillon. 1961. A manual of common beetles of Eastern North America. Row, Peterson and Company, Evanston, Illinois, U.S.A. 884 pp. Edwards, C. A., D. E. Reichle, and D. A. Crossley, Jr. 1970. The role of soil invertebrates in turnover of organic matter and nutrients, pp. 147-172. Jn, D. E. Reichle (Editor). Analysis of tem- perate forest ecosystems. Springer-Verlag. New York, NY, U.S.A. 292 pp. Fattig, P. W. 1949. The Carabidae or ground beetles of Georgia. Emory University Museum Bulletin 7: 1-62. Hengeveld, R. 1980. Polyphagy, oligophagy, and food specialization in ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Netherlands Journal of Zoology 30: 564-584. Kirk, V. M. 1970. A list of the beetles of South Carolina: Part 2 — mountain, piedmont, and southern coastal plain. South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin 1038: 1-117. Knisley, C. B. and T. D. Schultz. 1997. The biology of tiger beetles, and a guide to the species of the South Atlantic States. Virginia Museum of Natural History, Special Publication No. 5. 210 pp. 352 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Larochelle, A. 1974a. A world list of prey of Chlaenius (Coleoptera: Carabidae). The Great Lakes Entomologist 7: 137-142. Larochelle, A. 1974b. The food of Cicindelidae of the world. Cicindela 6: 21-43. Loding, H. P. 1945. Catalogue of the beetles of Alabama. Geological Survey of Alabama, Monograph 11: 1-172. Lovei, G. L. and K. D. Sunderland. 1996. Ecology and behavior of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Annual Review of Entomology 41: 231-256. Pearson, D. L. and A. P. Vogler. 2001. Tiger beetles: the evolution, ecology, and diversity of the cicindelids. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, New Y ork, U.S.A. 333 pp. Young, O. P. 1984a. Utilization of dead insects on the soil surface in row crop situations. Environ- mental Entomology 13: 1346-1351. Young, O. P. 1984b. Prey of adult Calosoma sayi (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 19: 503-507. Young, O. P. 1985a. Longevity of adult male Calosoma sayi (Coleoptera: Carabidae) under labora- tory conditions. Entomological News 96: 45-48. Young, O. P. 1985b. Survival of a carrion beetle, Necrodes surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silphidae), on a diet of dead fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. Journal of Entomological Science 20: 359-366. Young, O. P. and J. J. Hamm. 1985. Compatibility of two fall armyworm pathogens with the preda- ceous beetle, Calosoma sayi (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Journal of Entomological Science 20: 212- 218. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 353 PRODUCTION AND LIFE CYCLE OF CHIRONOMUS MAJOR (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) IN KENTUCKY LAKE, SOUTHWESTERN KENTUCKY AND NORTHWESTERN TENNESSEE, U.S.A. ! Pinar Balci,’ David S. White, and Gary Rice’ ABSTRACT: Chironomus major is a large chironomid (larval length up to 50 mm) that occurs spo- radically in lakes and ponds throughout the eastern United States. Chironomus major is the dominant chironomid in Kentucky Lake, KY, U.S.A. in western shoreline depositional zones 6-10 m deep with mean densities of about 87/m’ per month. In the laboratory, eggs hatched in 3-4 days. The life cycle appears to be univoltine. Adult emergence begins in early October (water temp 22°C) and peaks about the first week in November. Mean larval dry weights were 0.002, 0.76, 2.98, and 6.20 mg for first, second, third, and fourth instars. Mean head capsule widths were 0.13, 0.55, 0.78, and 1.03 mm for first, second, third, and fourth instars. Production was estimated as 1.5 g dry mass/m? based on the present study. Although the densities of C. major larvae were low, the relatively high standing stock biomass (0.4 g dry mass/m’) contributed much of the production. KEY WORDS: production, life cycle, Chironomus major, Diptera, Chironomidae, Kentucky Lake, Kentucky, U.S.A. Despite the abundance, diversity, and importance of chironomids in aquatic ecosystems (Tokeshi 1995, Dibble and Harrel 1997), there is a dearth of infor- mation in literature concerning species-specific secondary production and life cycles. Secondary production is an important measure for population-level stud- ies because it combines individual growth and population survivorship into a sin- gle value (Benke 1984). Analysis of secondary production can contribute to a better understanding of population dynamics and be useful in testing ecological hypotheses (Benke 1993). It can also be an important tool for natural resource administrators in making rational management decisions (Waters 1977). Chironomus major (Wuelker and Butler 1983) is a large chironomid species distributed in lakes and reservoirs of southeastern United States and recorded from Georgia, Oklahoma, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama. In Kentucky Lake, the conspicuous red larvae are generally found in silty clays with < 1% organic carbon and in association with populations of the mayfly Hexagenia lim- bata and the fingernail clam Sphaerium striatinum (Moyer 2002). Morphology and karyosystematics of C. major larvae were detailed by Wuelker and Butler (1983) who also named the species based on larval characters. Adults, however, were unknown to Wuelker and Butler (1983) and have not been described. The name Chironomus major has since been found to be a junior homonym, and this species will be renamed and the adults described in a separate paper. The objectives of this study were to describe the life cycle of C. major in Kentucky Lake and to estimate the standing stock biomass, secondary produc- tion, and the production: biomass ratio. ‘Received in November 26, 2004. Accepted on June 10, 2005. * Center for Reservoir Research, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky 42071 U.S.A. E-mail: pbalci@sfwmd.gov, David.White@murraystate.edu, Gary.Rice@murraystate.edu, respectively. Mailed on February 14, 2006 354 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS METHODS Study Site and Sampling Kentucky Lake, created in 1944 by the construction of Kentucky Dam, is located in southwestern Kentucky and northwestern Tennessee (Fig. 1). Ken- tucky Lake is the farthest downstream of more than 50 reservoirs on the Tennes- see River system that were created by the Tennessee Valley Authority. It is the largest reservoir in the eastern United States (296 km long) with 3,830 km of shoreline and 64,750 ha of surface water. The Pacer Point study site is located at km 72.5 (mile 45) on the Tennessee River (Fig. 1). Past surveys (e.g. Moyer 2002) have shown this site (8-10 m depth) to consistently contain the greatest densities C. major larvae in this portion of Kentucky Lake. Nutrient and partic- ulate organic carbon patterns of Kentucky Lake have been detailed by Yurista et al. (2001, 2004). Although Kentucky Lake 1s highly productive (>1400 mg C/m/?/ day, Taylor 1971), organic matter in surficial sediments is very low (<1% Yurista et al. 2001). Because of the relatively short mean water residence time (21 days), Kentucky Lake does not stratify thermally, and bottom water oxygen levels rarely are less than | mg/L (CRR monitoring data unpublished). Figure 1. Study area in Kentucky Lake, Kentucky, USA. Lake samples were collected offshore from Pacer Point. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 355 Sampling was initiated in October 2002, and sediment samples were collect- ed using a PONAR grab sampler (sampling area: 522 cm2). PONAR grab sam- ples (30-35) were taken at an approximate depth of 3 m and sieved through a 0.5 mm sieve bucket on each sampling date to collect the chironomid larvae. Chironomid larvae were sorted by morphotypes in the laboratory and mounted in CMC for identification. Head capsule widths were measured with an image ana- lyzer (Motic Images Plus, Hong Kong) attached to a dissecting microscope. Data were organized by number of individuals in each size class on each sampling date, and histograms of size classes over time were constructed. Adult emergence was monitored along the shoreline using UV light traps and sweep nets during the sampling period. Hourly surface water temperature was measured with a data logger (Onset Computer Corporation) from October 2002 to July 2003 (Fig. 2). 39 30 29 20 Temperature (°C) Months Figure 2. Surface water temperature (°C) measured approximately 10 me offshore in Kentucky Lake from October 2002-July 2003. Eggs and Larvae Rearings Adults caught with nets in the field were brought back to the laboratory and put into containers to force mating (Batac-Catalan and White 1982). Seven egg masses were collected and reared in the laboratory to determine cohort length at 3 different temperatures (15°, 20°, and 25 °C) with a photoperiod of 12L:12D. After egg hatching, first instars were transferred to mesh-covered (mesh size: 1 mm) plastic containers (12 cm x 17 cm) containing lake sediment and 500 mL of filtered lake water. Water was gently aerated with air stones. Larvae were fed | mL of Tetramin (Tetra,) fish food (Menzie 1981) solution every other day. 356 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Biomass and Secondary Production Biomass (mg dry mass) of each instar of C. major was estimated using fresh larvae dried at 60°C for 48 h. First instar larvae used were laboratory reared. All other larvae were field collected. Live larvae of all 4 instars (n = 40) were dried and weighed (+ 0.001 mg) on an AD-4 autobalance (Perkin Elmer). First instars were dried in groups of 4-5 individuals and a mean dry mass was calculated. Data for head capsule width in millimeters and dry mass in milligrams were trans- formed using natural log. A dry biomass conversion was derived from a simple linear regression of log head capsule width on log dry mass (SAS 2001). These data were used to create head capsule width-dry mass regression equation, which then was used to estimate the biomass of field-collected larvae (Benke 1984). Estimates of C. major standing stock biomass, secondary production and pro- duction: biomass ratio for the sampling period was determined from head cap- sule measurements of field preserved specimens. Standing stock biomass was calculated as the amount of biomass present at a point in time (Benke 1984). Secondary production was determined as the living organic matter, or biomass, produced by the population during an interval of time (Benke 1984). Secondary production was estimated using the size frequency method described by Hynes (1961) and Hynes and Coleman (1968), as modified by Hamilton (1969) and Benke (1979). Negative production values for the smallest size classes were set to zero as suggested by Benke and Wallace (1980). The cohort production inter- val, required to calculate secondary production, was estimated from instar fre- quency distributions of field-collected specimens, combined with laboratory rearing data. The cohort production interval was defined as the length of time from hatching to the maximum size of final size class (Benke 1979). For practi- cal purposes, the cohort production interval was assumed to be only the larval cycle because the amount of time spent in pupal, terrestrial adult, or egg stages for chironomids is short and irrelevant to aquatic production (Benke 1979). The multiplication of the production of an average cohort by 365/cohort production interval was used to estimate secondary production. The production/biomass, production divided by the mean biomass, approximated the rate of biomass turnover (Benke 1984). RESULTS A total of 6 species of chironomid, 4 Chironominae and 2 Tanypodinae were collected at the site (Table 1). Of these, C. major comprised 55% of all chirono- mid specimens collected in the sediment. No first instar larvae were collected most likely because we used a 0.5 mm sieve mesh size. Only fourth instars of C. major were collected during October, which corresponded with the adult emergence period. Second instar larvae appeared in early November, and growth occurred throughout the winter. A maximum density of 196 larvae per m°* occurred in March (Fig. 3). Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 3517 Table 1. Chironomid taxa and percent composition (%) in Kentucky Lake at the Pacer Point site for all samples from October 2002 — July 2003. Taxon Taxon Composition (% total number) Subfamily Chironominae Chironomus major Wuelker and Butler 1983 55 Chironomus decorus Johannsen 1905 12 Chironomus crassicaudatus Malloch 1915 <] Cryptochironomus sp. 150 rt = —Clr eo An AA c P ue 100 N < c at \~ © mT Eo fod FET NS 2150 BeEagHhtht ~ FRO fF fa fa fe hl Fy Fl hy Fe OctO2 Novy-02 Dec-02 Jan- Lown) 3 Feb-03 Mar-O3 Apr-O3 MayO3 Jun-03 Jul-03 Months Figure 3. Mean densities (number/m* of bottom substrate) of Chironomus major in Kentucky Lake offshore from Pacer Point from October 2002 to July 2003. Mean head capsule width ranged from 0.13 mm (first instar) to 1.03 mm (fourth instar), and mean dry weight values ranged from 0.002 mg (first instar) to 6.20 mg (fourth instar) (Table 2). Dry mass values for field-preserved speci- mens were derived from the following significant (1° = 0.96, p = 0.001) simple regression of log head capsule width (in millimeters) vs. log dry mass (in mil- ligrams) for live larvae (n = 40): log dry mass = 0.788 + 3.719 (log head capsule width). 358 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Production of C. major was estimated to be 1.5 g dry mass/m’ (Table 3) based on the present study. Mean standing stock biomass was estimated to be 442 mg dry mass/m’. The production/biomass rate was calculated to be 3.4 for this popu- lation. Size frequency distribution showed C. major to be univoltine with adults emerging in October and early November (Fig. 4). Under laboratory conditions that approximated lake temperatures (20 °C), eggs took 3-4 days to hatch. The fur- ther development of laboratory reared larval instars varied dependent on temper- ature. The second instar stage was completed in 45 days at 15° (n = 2), 32 days at 20° (n = 3) and 32 days at 25 °C (n = 2). It took 122 days at 15° and 97 days at 20 °C to complete the third instar stage whereas all third instars died at 25 °C. Fourth instar larvae died at 20° and 25 °C but were still alive at 15 °C after 303 days. Table 2. Mean head capsule width and dry mass measurements of C. major (n=40 for each instar). Instar Mean Head Capsule Mean Dry Capsule Width, mm Mass, mg l O13 0.002 2 0.55 0.76 3 0.78 2.98 4 1.03 6.20 Table 3. Production calculations for Chironomus major in Kentucky Lake, Octo- ber 2002-July 2003, P = production, B = biomass. Instar n, no/m” DM, mg? B, mg‘ A inn DM at Loss° DM Loss‘ x4, mg® i 0 0.002 0 D 6 0.76 4.56 -6 0.38 -2.3 -9.17* 3 Dy) 2.98 65.56 -16 1.87 -29.9 -119.7* 4 60 6.2 37D -38 4.59 -174.4 -697.7* 60 6.2 32 1488 Totals 442.12 1488 P= 1488 mg/m’ B= 442 mg dry mass/ m° P/B= 3.4 ” Negative values set to zero. “ Mean instar number present per square meter. ’ Mean dry mass (in milligrams) of individuals of each instar. ‘ Total mean annual biomass for each instar. “ Change in number of individuals present between stadia. * Mean dry mass of individuals of each instar when lost from the population (calculated as DM* + DM*"' / 2) ‘ Total dry mass (milligrams) lost with each instar. * Dry mass loss x the number of instars gives mean annual production for each instar. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 359 ae (129) (188) (333) (235) (251) (194) (112) (102) (125) (214) (193) (210) Instar (15) c002/22/01 c00Z2/LE/0L 2002/8/11 cOOC/8L/bL €002/1€/1 €002/v2/c €O002/LL/E €002/SC/€ €002/+1/0 €O00Z/EC/v €002/8/S COOZ/EC/S €002/6/9 €002/92/9 €002¢/6/2 CO00c/E?c/Z =e Se © = = =v ER mo Oo = S NO Nd Go oOo oOo oO Nh ND Figure 4. Seasonal distribution and relative frequency for Chironomus major instars by date at the Pacer Point site in Kentucky Lake, KY, 2002-2003. Arrows indicate the peak adult emergence. Total numbers of individuals per date are given in parentheses. First instar larvae were not collected. DISCUSSION Tokeshi (1995) reviewed the literature on chironomid production from both lentic and lotic systems and suggested that production values less than 2 g dry mass/m7/yr as low productivity (oligotrophy). Secondary production of C. major for ten months falls into this category. Frank (1982) reported that secondary pro- duction for a smaller chironomid, Chironomus plumosus, amounted to 6.81- 11.01 g dry mass/m’/yr in the years of 1973 to 1976 in an eutrophic lake (Lake Federsee/South-West Germany). Benson et al. (1980) estimated a production value of 6.0 g dry mass/m/’/yr for C. decorus in a small pond (Texas), which was higher than our estimates for C. major. On the other hand, Tokeshi (1995) report- ed that, in the case of the genus Chironomus, 25% of estimated production val- ues (n=28) were over 10 g dry mass/m’/yr and 71% were over | g dry mass/m/’/yr. The relatively low productivity of C. major could be attributed to several factors. The low densities of C. major do not contribute much to the total benthic pro- duction of Kentucky Lake. Moyer (2002) also reported low densities of macroin- vertebrates collected from two Kentucky Lake embayments. The highest density of chironomids was reported as 406 larvae/m’* in Ledbetter Embayment (TRM 42.5) (Moyer, 2002), of which the density is similar to that reported for most large natural lakes, but the diversity is comparatively low (Winnell and White 1985). The low densities of C. major and other chironomids in the main lake are probably not related to overlying water conditions but could result from low car- bon (food) availability in the sediments. Although the water column is highly productive, much of the production appears to be flushed from the lake before reaching the bottom (Yurista et al., 2001). 360 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Chironomus major larvae are present throughout the year and overwinter as second and third instar larvae. Size frequency distribution appears to be univol- tine with single adult emergence in the fall. While spring/summer emergence is observed most commonly among univoltine species (Dendy 1971; Lindegaard 1992), there are examples of univoltine species emerging in fall. In Lake Kasu- migaura, Japan, the large and abundant 7okunagayusurika akamusi emerges be- tween late October and early December, the main emergence taking place in early November (Iwakuma 1986). Emergence in univoltine species is often short duration, lasting no more than one month with an intensive emergence occurring within a period of 1-2 weeks (Tokeshi 1995). We observed a similar pattern in C. major that lasted for 5 weeks with peak adult emergence during the first two weeks of October. Production (P) to mean biomass (B) ratios expresses the rates of biomass turnover and has been frequently quoted as an important measure of productivi- ty (Tokeshi 1995). Tokeshi (1995) reported that in the subfamily Chironominae there appear to exist two weak modes in the frequency distribution of P/B ratios, one between | and 3 and the other between 5 and 7, the latter mostly encom- passing multivoltine species. Large species with relatively long larval life such as Chironomus spp. tend to have low P/B values (Tokeshi 1995). The P/B ratio of Chironomus plumosus was estimated to be 1.6 in Alderfen Broad, U.K (Mason 1977) and 2.4 in Lake Beloie, Russia (Borutski et al., 1971), whereas Benson et al. (1980) estimated the P/B ratio of 19.6 for a multivoltine Chironomus decorus in a shallow pond, TX. In this study, P/B ratio (3) for C. major 1s very similar to those reported for large univoltine chironomid species. In summary species-specific secondary production and life cycle information is important in trophic dynamics of aquatic systems. The present study provided baseline information on an ecologically significant invertebrate in the Kentucky Lake benthic environment. Ongoing monitoring will add additional data to esti- mate the production for the full year. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks to R. Trites, G. Harris, J. Wyatt, A. Nelson, K. Wilhelm, C. Sells and M. Duguid for assistance with fieldwork. Carl Woods provided the map and instar size-frequency graph. LITERATURE CITED Batac-Catalan, Z. and D. S. White. 1982. Creating and maintaining cultures of Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomological News 93: 54-58. Benke, A. C. 1979. A modification of the Hynes method for estimating secondary production with particular significance for multivoltine populations. Limnology and Oceanography 24: 168-171. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 361 Benke, A. C. 1984. Secondary production of aquatic insects, pp. 289-322. Jn, Resh V. H. and D. M. Rosenberg (Editors). The Ecology of Aquatic Insects. Praeger Scientific, New York, NY, U.S.A. 577 pp. Benke, A. C. 1993. Concepts and patterns of invertebrate production in running waters. Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung Limnologie 25: 15-38. Benke, A. C. and J. R. Wallace. 1980. Trophic basis of production among netspinning caddisflies in a southern Appalachian stream. Ecology 61: 108-118. Benson, D. J., L. C. Fitzpatrick, and W. D. Pearson. 1980. Production and energy flow in the ben- thic community of a Texas pond. Hydrobiologia 74: 81-93. Borutski, E. V., N. Y Sokolava, and E. A. Yablonskaya. 1971. A review of Soviet studies into pro- duction estimates of chironomids. Limnologica 8: 183-191. Dendy, J. S. 1971. Phenology of midges in experimental ponds. The Canadian Entomologist 103: 376-380. Dibble, E. D. and S. L. Harrel. 1997. Largemouth bass diets in two aquatic plant communities. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 35:74-78. Frank, C. 1982. Ecology, production and anaerobic metabolism of Chironomus plumosus L. larvae in a shallow lake I. Ecology and production. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie 94: 460-491. Hamilton, A. L. 1969. On estimating annual production. Limnology and Oceanography 14: 771-782. Hynes, H. B. N. 1961. The invertebrate fauna of a Welsh mountain stream. Archiv ftir Hydrobiologie 57: 344-388. - Hynes, H. B. N. and M. J. Coleman. 1968. A simple method of assessing the annual production of stream benthos. Limnology and Oceanography 13:569-573. Iwakuma, T. 1986. Ecology and production of Yokunagayusurika akamusi (Tokunaga) and Chironomus plumosus (L.) (Diptera: Chironomidae) in a shallow eutrophic lake. Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Sciences. Kyushu University, Japan. Lindegaard, C. 1992. Zoobenthic ecology of Thingvallavatn: vertical distribution, abundance, pop- ulation dynamics and production. Oikos 64: 257-304. Mason, C. F. 1977. Populations and production of benthic animals in two contrasting shallow lakes in Norfolk. Freshwater Biology 5:271-277. Menzie, C. A. 1981. Production ecology of Cricotopus sylvestris (Fabricius) (Diptera: Chirono- midae) in a shallow estuarine cove. Limnology and Oceanography 26: 467-481. Moyer, D. A. 2002. Biogeochemistry and the Benthic Environment of Kentucky Lake: Carbon sources and Benthos Distributions. M.S. Thesis, Department of Biology. Murray State University. Murray, Kentucky, U.S.A. v+75 pp. SAS Institute. 2001. SAS/STAT user’s guide: statistics, version 8.02. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, U.S.A. 165 pp. Taylor, M. P. 1971. Phytoplankton productivity response to nutrients correlated with certain envi- ronmental factors in six TVA reservoirs: 209-217. Jn, Hall, G. E. (Editor) Reservoir Fisheries and Limnology. Special Publication 8, American Fisheries Society; Washington, DC. 511 pp. Tokeshi, M. 1995. Life cycles and population dynamics, pp. 225-268. Jn, Armitage, P. D., Cranston P. S. and L. C. V. Pinder (Editors). The Chironomidae: Biology and Ecology of Non-Biting Midges. Chapman and Hall Publications, London, U.K. 571 pp. 362 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Waters, T. F. 1977. Secondary production in inland waters. Advance Ecology Research 10: 91-164. Winnell, M. H. and D. S. White. 1985. Ecology of some Chironomidae (Diptera) from southeast- ern Lake Michigan, U.S.A. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 111: 279-359. Wuelker, W. F. and M. G. Butler. 1983. Karyosystematics and morphology of northern Chironomus (Diptera: Chironomidae): Freshwater species with larvae of salinarius-type. Entomologica Scandinavica 14: 121-136. Yurista, P. M., K. Johnston, G. Rice, G.W. Kipphut, and D. S. White. 2001. Particulate organic carbon patterns in a mainstem reservoir, Kentucky Lake, USA. Journal of Lake and Reservoir Management 17: 330-340. Yurista, P. M., D. S. White, G. W. Kipphut, K. Johnston, G. Rice, and S. P. Hendricks. 2004. Nutrient patterns in a mainstem reservoir, Kentucky Lake, USA, over a 10-year period. Journal of Lake and Reservoir Management 20: 148-163. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 363 SCIENTIFIC NOTE THE RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT IS NOW IN MEXICO: DOCUMENTATION OF ITS WIDE DISTRIBUTION ALONG THE TEXAS-MEXICO BORDER' Sergio R. Sanchez-Pena,”’ Richard J. W. Patrock,’ and Lawrence A. Gilbert® Over the last decade, the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren has proven itself a cosmopolitan pest. Confined to central South America until its invasion of the United States around 1930, this species has since tramped its way around the Caribbean from Puerto Rico to Trinidad (Davis et al., 2001) and is now well ensconced along the Western Pacific rim in Brisbane, Australia (Moloney and Vanderwoude 2002), Malaysia (Na and Lee 2001), Taiwan (Yu- Tzu 2004), Hong Kong, Macao and the Guandong Province of southern China (Anon. 2005). Despite this globetrotting, S. invicta had failed to cross from Texas into Mexico across the slender Rio Grande since it was first found in counties bordering the river in 1991 (Allen et al., 1993). Here we report our finding of populations that have made the jump across the Rio Grande into Mexico. In 2001, one of us (RJWP) found S. invicta within meters of the Rio Grande in the southmost area of Brownsville, Texas. In 2004, S. R. Sanchez-Pefia surveyed Mexican sites that spanned from the Colombia, Nuevo Leon (NL) border cross- ing point to the Playa Bagdad beach (Tamaulipas) on the Gulf of Mexico. Samples were also taken along major highways running south from the border to Monterrey, NL. Urban areas and towns searched included Colombia, Monterrey, Guadalupe, Cadereyta, General Bravo, the Sabinas Hidalgo toll road station, Cerralvo and General Trevino; all in NL; and Nuevo Laredo, Ciudad Mier, Miguel Aleman, Diaz Ordaz, Valadeces, Reynosa, Rio Bravo, Empalme, and Matamoros; all in Tamaulipas. Additional points were searched in between these towns. All points are in two vegetational areas: the South Texas or Rio Grande Plains and the Gulf prairies and marshes; the first is part of the Tamaulipan Biotic Province. Average annual rainfall ranges from 43 to 76 cm, increasing from West to East (Everitt and Drawe 1993). The proportion of Neotropical elements in the vegetation increases rapidly to the South, especially near the coast. Fire ants in general and S. invicta in particular are markedly anthropophilic, and readily invade moist, disturbed areas. Therefore, searches were directed towards the pre- ferred habitats colonized by S. invicta: managed and artificial pastureland, water- ing holes, landscaped areas, squares (plazas) and gardens, parks, sidewalks, nurs- ‘Received on April 26, 2005. Accepted on June 3, 2005. > Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidad Autonoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico, 25315. Email: elcheco@usa.net. *Section of Integrative Biology and Brackenridge Field Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA, 78712. E-mails: patrock@mail.utexas.edu, lgilbert@mail.utexas.edu, respectively. Mailed on February 14, 2006 364 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS eries, greenhouses, junk yards, parking lots, edges of agricultural fields, road sides, restaurants, clearings in general, and flooded areas. More than 800 Solenopsis samples were collected across the surveyed area. We made directed searches and baiting. Baits (pieces of oil-canned tuna or hot- dog) were placed on foraging grounds of Solenopsis spp., attracting tens of for- agers of different sizes. When aboveground nests (mounds) were observed, we also collected workers by disturbing those mounds, causing workers to rush out aggressively. Sexuals were collected when present from these nests. Queens (wingless foundresses) were also collected on the ground after mating flights. Ants were preserved in 96% ethanol. Most samples correspond to non-S. invicta fire ants. The only places where S. invicta was detected are as follows: SRSP collected this pest in four points in Tamaulipas, one colony in the vicinity of the Nuevo Laredo International Crossing II (N 27° 29' 46.4", W 99° 29' 36.0") and at three locations in Matamoros. Of these, two collections were determined from single colonies (N25353 40:5 3 W097 229) SILO) andi(N 2524.9 W097 a Sino) emi a third was an infestation of about two hectares (N 25° 52' 09.2", W 097° 24' 24.4", and N 25° 51' 34.7", W 097° 24' 33.6") across from the southernmost area of Brownsville (Fig. 1). An additional population about 500 km NW was found by a collaborator in Ciudad Acuna, Coahuila, across the border from Del Rio, Texas, in February 2005. Voucher specimens are kept at the Entomology Collec- tions of Brackenridge Field Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin and the Universidad Autonoma Agraria Antonio Narro, in Saltillo. Solenopsis invicta does not appear to be ubiquitous on this section of the Mexican side of the border. Phillips and Thorvilson (1993) hypothesized that the most likely window for invasion of this pest into Mexico would be through Tamaulipas because of this area’s extensive irrigated agriculture. Once in Mexi- co, they envisioned that S. invicta would be able to propagate along the Gulf coast before its populations spread to more mesic, central sections of the coun- try. This path of range extension has been theoretically validated in a model by Morrison et al. (2004), in a work that suggests this route might be the only one available to imported fire ants for unaided movement into much of Mexico. Now that S. invicta has made the first step, we suggest it is important to implement eradication procedures of these small-localized populations; the longer this ant resides in Mexico the higher the chance of human-aided transport to the interior. We therefore encourage more extensive monitoring of the most likely zones of invasion and considering steps that will reduce the likelihood of accidental trans- port of S. invicta further south. Care should be taken not to disrupt native ant populations and the resistance they provide in stemming S. invicta establishment (Rao and Vinson 2004). Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 365 Fig. 1. Main collecting sites for Solenopsis spp. in northeastern Mexico. Sites where Solenopsis invicta was collected are marked with a circle O. All sites are located in Mexico. Locality 4, El Cielo Biosphere Reserve, is noted for its notoriously high biodi- versity. Key to locations: | Cerralvo, 2 Ciudad Acuna, 3 Colombia, 4 El Cielo Biosphere Reserve, 5 G. Bravo, 6 Matamoros, 7 Miguel Aleman, 8 Monterrey, 9 Nuevo Laredo, 10 Reynosa, 11 Rio Bravo. Abbreviation of the Mexican states follows: Coahuila (CA), Nuevo Leon (NL), and Tamaulipas (TM). Texas (U.S.A.) is abbreviated TX. The map was drawn using ArcView. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Ed Lebrun and M. Wall for reading an early draft of this manuscript. Andy Gluesenkamp donated the fire ant sample from Coahuila, Mexico. This research was supported in part by the Lee and Ramona Bass Foundation, the Robert J. Kleberg and Helen C. Kleberg Foundation and the State of Texas Fire Ant Research and Management Project (FARMAAC). 366 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LITERATURE CITED Allen, C. R., S. A. Phillips Jr., and M. R. Trostle. 1993. Range expansion by the ecologically dis- ruptive red imported fire ant into the Texas Rio Grande Valley. Southwestern Entomologist 18: 315-316. Anon. 2005. Red Fire Ant Sting Sends Villagers to Hospital. China Daily, Hong Kong. Jan. 26, p. 1. Davis, L. R., R. K. Vander Meer, and S. D. Porter. 2001. Red imported fire ants expand their range across the West Indies. Florida Entomologist 84: 735-736. Everitt, J. H. and D. L. Drawe. 1993. Trees, shrubs and cacti of South Texas. Texas Tech University Press. Lubbock, Texas, U.S.A. 214 pp. Moloney, S. and C. Vanderwoude. 2002. Red imported fire ants: A threat to eastern Australia’s wildlife? Ecological Management and Restoration 3: 167-175. Morrison, L. W., S. D. Porter, E. Daniels, and M. D. Korzukhin. 2004. Potential global range expansion of the invasive fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Biological Invasions 6: 183-191. Na, J. P. S. and C. Y. Lee. 2001. Identification key to common urban pest ants in Malaysia. Tropical Biomedicine 18: 1-17. Phillips, S. A. J. and H. G. Thorvilson. 1993. The red imported fire ant: Prospect for the invasion of Mexico. Revista Biotam 5 (2): 27-28. Rao, A. and S. B. Vinson. 2004. Ability of resident ants to destruct small colonies of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Environmental Entomology 33: 587-598. Yu-Tzu, C. 2004. Agencies will collaborate to control outside species. Taipei Times. Taipei, Taiwan. May 2, p. 2. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 ; 367 SCIENTIFIC NOTE A COLLECTION OF POECILOCRYPTICUS FORMICOPHILUS GEBIEN (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE) FROM A MOUND OF THE IMPORTED FIRE ANT HYBRID, SOLENOPSIS INVICTA X RICHTERI (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) FROM MISSISSIPPI, U.S.A.’ Joe A. MacGown’ Poecilocrypticus formicophilus Gebien is a small, colorful tenebrionid beetle native to the Atlantic coast of South America. Steiner (1982) reported this species from Russell Co., Alabama (3 specimens), Leon Co., Florida (1 specimen), and Han- cock Co., Mississippi (1 specimen). Steiner speculated that P formicophilus was a recent introduction to the southeastern United States and apparently was established in that region. He also stated that this beetle might be associated with the imported fire ant, Solenopsis richteri Forel. This speculation is based primarily on a single specimen of P. formicophilus collected during a survey of animals associated with fire ants done in Uraguay by Silviera-Guido et al. (1972). It is not certain whether the specimen from that survey was actually in a fire ant mound or was only in the vicin- ity of one, because it was labeled somewhat ambiguously as “saevissima richteri nest” (referring to Solenopsis richteri). Fragments of a beetle that appeared to be P. formicophilus were recovered from a nest in Bastrop County, Texas (Taber, 2000). It is not known whether the beetle was prey of the fire ants, or was living in the nest as a myrmecophile. All of the published records of P. formicophilus in the United States coincide with areas where either S. richteri or another exotic fire ant species, S. invic- ta Buren, have become established. Recent collections of this beetle also fall within the geographic range of imported fire ants, with records in Mississippi from Greene Co. (1 specimen), Hancock Co. (3 specimens), and Jackson Co. (4 specimens) and in Alabama from Baldwin Co. (3 specimens). Poecilocrypticus formicophilus has also been collected from numerous other localities in other states where imported fire ants have spread (records from other states to be published at a later date, W. E. Steiner, Pers. Comm.) apparently paralleling the imported fire ant movement in the United States. However, no live specimens of P. formicophilus have been reported as being found in any Solenopsis spp. nests in the United States. On 4 August 2002, I collected a single live specimen of P._ formicophilus in an active mound of the hybrid fire ant, S. invicta X richteri. The mound was at the base of Pinus taeda Linnaeus (Pinaceae) located in a remnant of the Black Belt Prairie in Sessums, Oktibbeha County, Mississippi. This is the first definitive record of P formicophilus being found alive in a fire ant mound in the United States, thus supporting Steiner’s supposition that this beetle is associated with fire ants. MacGown and JoVonn G. Hill collected seven individuals of P. formicophilus at Jeff Davis Lake in Jefferson Davis County on 11 August 2005. The beetles were col- ‘Received on April 26, 2005. Accepted on June 10, 2005. *Mississippi Entomological Museum, Box 9775, Mississippi State, MS 39762, U.S.A. Email: jmacgown@entomology.msstate.edu Mailed on February 14, 2006 368 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS lected in grass clippings at the base of Quercus falcata Michaux (Fagaceae) in a disturbed open parklike area near a lake. Several species of ants were present in the sample with the beetles including Brachymyrmex musculus Forel, Hypoponera opaciceps (Mayr), Pyramica membranifera (Emery), Pyramica sp., Cyphomyrmex rimosus (Spinola), and Solenopsis invicta Buren. On a subsequent trip to the same site by Hill on 18 September 2005, live individuals of P formicophilus were oberved in the nests of B. musculus, C. rimosus, and S. invicta. All three of these ant species are considered to be exotic ants to this country from South and Central America. The presence of this beetle in the nests of two other species of ants indi- cates that it is not restricted to imported fire ant nests. It is not clear whether P. formicophilus is an occasional nest scavenger or a more specialized myrmecophile. Other collections of this beetle have been made using a variety of methods, such as Berlese litter samples, pitfall traps, and blacklight traps, but not from inside fire ant mounds. In a study of arthropods found in imported fire ant (S. richteri) mounds done by Collins and Markin (1971), fifty-two species of arthropods were collected, but P formicophilus was not found. Similarly, a study of beetles in fire ant nests in Texas done by Summerlin (1978) did not yield this species. However, those studies may have predated the arrival of P formicophilus in those states. Except for some pupal characters (Steiner 1995), the biology and immature stages of this species remain unknown. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Terence L. Schiefer (Mississippi Entomological Museum) for aid in identify- ing this species, JoVonn G. Hill (Mississippi Entomological Museum) for his observations of this species, and Warren Steiner (National Museum of Natural History) for supplying additional distribu- tional information for Mississippi and for giving useful advise. Approved for publication as Journal Article No. J10677 of the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, with support from State Project MIS-311020 and the USDA-ARS Areawide Management of Imported Fire Ant Project, Richard L Brown, Principal Investigator. LITERATURE CITED Collins, H. L. and G. P. Markin. 1971. Inquilines and other arthropods collected from nests of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis saevissima richteri. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 64: 1376-1380. Silviera-Guido, A., J. Carbonell, and C. Crisci. 1972. Animals associated with Solenopsis (fire ants) complex, with special reference to Labauchena daguerri. Proceedings of Tall Timbers Conference on Ecological Animal Control by Habitat Management 4: 41-52. Steiner, W. E., Jr. 1982. Poecilocrypticus formicophilus Gebien, a South American beetle established in the United States (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 84: 232-239. Steiner, W. E., Jr. 1995. Structures, behavior and diversity of the pupae of Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera), pp. 503-539. In Pakaluk, J. and S. A. Slipinski, eds. Biology, Phylogeny, and Classification of Coleoptera. Papers Celebrating the 80th Birthday of Roy A. Crowson. Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warszawa, Poland. Two volumes. 1092 pp. Summerlin, J. W. 1978. Beetles of the genera Myrmecaphodius, Rhyssemus, and Blapstinus in Texas fire ant nests. Southwestern Entomologist 3: 27-29. Taber, S. W. 2000. The Fire Ants. Texas A & M University Press. College Station, Texas, U.S.A. 308 pp. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 369 BOOK REVIEW A COUNTRY WOMAN’S JOURNAL. THE SKETCHBOOKS OF A PASSION- ATE NATURALIST. 2002 by Margaret Shaw with an introduction by Peggy Vance. Constable & Robinson Ltd. London, England, United Kingdom. 144 pp. ISBN: 1- 84119-632-2. Hardbound. Recently, a friend returned from southern England and brought me a present: Margaret Shaw’s A countrywoman 3 journal, The sketchbooks of a passionate naturalist. “Hidden in a drawer for over sev- enty years, Margaret [Grace] Shaw’s [MGS] perfectly preserved sketchbook journal of 1926 to 1928 record in watercolor and prose the flora and fauna of an almost vanished world” (inside front cover). An earlier journal is known for 1902 (p. 11). Margaret was born in 1886 to a well-to-do British family favored by the increased industrialization. The Shaws were able to travel abroad to continental Europe frequently, where cities still harbored con- trasts deplored by earlier social reformers: the wealthy and prosperous living alongside masses swarm- ing in pauperism. However, those social contrasts are not obvious in A countrywoman & journal. Shaw’s upbringing appears to have included the prescribed recipe for Victorian English young women of the time: the arts, literature, and a healthy dose of activities meant to foster an air of refine- ment. Her journal entries include brief remarks on insects and birds, which she often addresses as “he,” as well as plants, mammals, mollusks, and other natural history objects, water colored to such detail that one can recognize families and even genera. MGS describes trees, parks, days, sunsets, and many oth- ers as “lovely,” as commonly heard in the United Kingdom. Many insects are featured in her vignettes including, dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera), earwigs (Dermaptera), Common English Meadow Grasshoppers (Orthoptera), water skaters (Hemiptera: Gerri- dae), lacewings (Neuroptera), ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae, 2-spotted and 7-spotted Coccinella septempunctata), tiny beetles crawling on tulip bulbs, blue bottle flies (Calliphoridae), mos- quitoes or common gnats, caddisfly larvae (Trichoptera), “humble bees” (bumble bees, Apidae), queen wasps (Vespidae), “oak apples” (probably Cynipidae) and above all, lepidopterans, lots of them, such as Peacocks (/nachis sp.) and Red Admirals (Vanessa sp., both Nymphalidae), Brimstones (Gonepteryx sp., Pieridae), “white ermine moth” (Arctiidae), “herald moths” (Noctuidae), and many others. On occa- sions, Shaw gives considerable biological information on some insects. For instance, about the ladybird beetles she says “it is a most useful insect as it lives on the plant-lice that blight roses and hops” (April 21, 1927). Of water skaters, she writes “have three pairs of legs, the first pair just below the head the second at the lower end of the chest. These are their oars — the last pair set entirely as rudders and are never used for swimming” (April 22, 2005). MGS also knew plants in detail (May 30, 1927) and her illustrations are often sufficient to recognize families and genera (e.g. Greater Stitchwort, Stella holostea, Caryophyllaceae, 27 April 1927). On her way from Bordeaux to St. Jean de Luis, she “passed through miles of pines forests, nearly every tree being tapped for its turpentine” (June 7, 1928), a remark that warmed my heart as I collect plant exu- dates (resins, gums, gum resins, latexes, kinos, and others) for research. This facsimile of her journal is also spiced with poetic language, such as “the frost sparkled like tiny diamonds on leaves and grass” (December 16, 1926) or about a group of toad eggs “the spawn is a jelly substance looking like masses of transparent boiled tapioca” (March 3, 1927). Personifications, particu- larly with respect to animal behavior abound such as, “I hope the parents got them [the blackbird “babies”] safely away (April 30, 1927) are reminiscent of Jean-Henri Fabre [Entomological News 114(5):288]. Shaw’s images of rabbits resemble those of Beatrix Potter’s Peter Rabbit). As one reads Shaw’s accounts, one wonders what happened to MSG on May 1, 2, and 8, 1927, as there seem to be empty spaces for water colors that were never produced or why her second journal (1 January to 31 December 1928) has less drawings and her writing is more densely packed onto each page. My friend remembered her trip to southern England fondly when she read “This is a great sheep farm- ing district and it is lambing time (March 20, 1927). “[A]s the Old Year died” (December 31, 1928), one ponders about the passage of time and what others were doing when these journal entries were written. Jorge A. Santiago-Blay Department of Paleobiology, Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Washington, District of Columbia 20013-7012 U.S.A. E-mail: blayj@si.edu Mailed on February 14, 2006 370 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SOCIETY MEETING OF MARCH 23, 2005 Population Genetics of Introduced Disease Vectors Dina M. Fonseca, Ph.D., Assistant Curator The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103 U.S.A. Dr. Fonseca’s presentation focused on mosquitos (Diptera, Culicidae) as introduced disease vec- tors to both the Hawaiian Islands and the continental United States. Hawaii had no mosquitoes prior to the introduction of Culex quinquefasciatus. Because native Hawaiian birds, such as the Hawaiian honeycreepers, are uniquely susceptible to malaria and bird pox, both transmitted by this mosquito, the introduction of Cx. quinquefasciatus has contributed to their decline. According to Dr. Fonseca, there have been two separate introductions of this species, one from the Americas in the 1980s and the second from the south Pacific. This finding explains both a reported change in elevational distri- bution of Cx. guinquefasciatus and the timing of the impact of avian malaria on local bird popula- tions. There are now eight introduced species of mosquito in the Hawaiian Islands although only Cx. quinquefasciatus transmits the avian diseases. The continental U.S.A. also has eight introduced species of mosquito, several mirroring those in Hawaii. Of interest to Dr. Fonseca and her research group is the genetics, distribution, and behavior of the Culex pipiens complex, a group of very closely related mosquitoes that include Cx. quinquefas- ciatus and Cx. pipiens, the latter, one of the principal vectors of West Nile virus (WNV). Historically, taxonomic traits (e.g. male genitalia) and behavioral strategies (e.g. the necessity, or absence of a blood meal for egg laying), and blood host preferences, have been used to separate species, subspecies, and forms in the Cx. pipiens complex. The existence of hybrids and the difficulty of assessing behavior and physiology have led Dr. Fonseca to develop diagnostic tools using genetic markers. Employing multilocus genotype analysis, a genetic tool using fast mutating microsatellite loci to provide a DNA fingerprint of each species, Dr. Fonseca’s lab has fine-tuned distributional data on the two common mosquitoes of the Cx. pipiens complex. In the eastern United States, Cx. pipiens occurs at northern latitudes and Cx. quinquefasciatus at southern latitudes. Genetic sampling of eastern and western populations showed that the introgression between the two species is more complex than thought, with the hybrid zone being more extensive than expected and virtually all specimens being hybrids in the midlatitudes. In addition, analyses of microsatellite loci yield differentiation between epidemiologically divergent “forms” of Cx pipiens - Cx. pipiens form pipiens can be separated from Cx. pipiens form molestus using genetic markers. In conclusion, Dr. Fonseca underscored how the study of the population genetics of disease vec- tors allows assessment of intra- and interspecific variability and unravels the evolution of complex systems. The information obtained by using molecular markers generates testable hypotheses regard- ing species adaptation, habitat expansion, hybridization, and ecology. She hopes to develop “genetic counseling” to vector control programs by using genetic assays to predict epidemiological differences between populations. In observations made by members at the meeting, Jack Gingrich noted that wolf spiders, an unusual moth, and bats were encountered in an underground bunker at Fort Delaware (Pea Patch Island, in the middle of the Delaware River, just above the entrance to the Delaware Bay), and a species of Calosoma Fiery Searcher (Carabidae) was seen by another attendee. There were 28 peo- ple present for the meeting. Greg Cowper, Corresponding Secretary, The American Entomological Society gwcowper@popflymag.com Mailed on February 14, 2006 Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 371 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TO REVIEWERS WHO CONTRIBUTED TOWARDS THE COMPLETION OF ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS (VOLUME 116), TO REVIEWERS OVERLOOKED IN PREVIOUS VOLUMES, AND TO OTHER VOLUNTEERS Jorge A. Santiago-Blay' During the time I have served as editor of Entomological News [Volumes 114 (2003) to 116 (2005)], over 200 post-submission reviewers from all continents, except Antarctica, have gen- erously donated their time and energy. Herein, I wish to gratefully acknowledge those who con- tributed towards the completion of volume 116 and those who served in previous volumes whom I inadvertently overlooked to acknowledge [the latter with a parenthetical notation (“volume #”), where the # indicates the volume to which they contributed]. The names of all reviewers are arranged alphabetically by last name; affiliations or addresses follow. I also acknowledge those reviewers who prefer to remain anonymous. Abdul-Nour, Hani — Jdeidet al-Matn. Matn, Lebanon Anderson, Robert — Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Ball, George — Department of Entomology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada Baselga, Andrés — Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales — CSIC, Madrid, Espana Baumgardner, David — Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, U.S.A. Beenen, Ron — Nieuwegein, The Netherlands Bennett, Robb — Seed Pest Manager Officer, BC Ministry of Forests, Saanichton, British Columbia, Canada (volume 115) Bezdek, Jan — Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Zoology, Brno, Czech Republic Buss, Eileen A. — Turf and Omamentals Entomology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A. Bickel , Daniel J. — Entomology Section, Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia (volume 115) Borowiec, Lech — Zoological Institute, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland Briceno G., Rosa A. — Universidad Centroccidental “Lisandro Alvarado” Decanato de Agronomia, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Museo Entomoldgico “José M. Osorio,” Tarabana, Cabudare, Estado Lara. Venezuela Brailovsky, Harry — Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Distrito Federal. México (also volume 114) Buckle, D. J. — 620 Albert Avenue, Saskatoon, Canada (volume 115) Cane, James — United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, U.S.A. Carpenter, James M. — Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, U.S.A. (volume 115) Cook, Jerry L. — Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston University, Huntsville, Texas, U.S.A. Conn, John — Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, U.S.A. Costa Neto, Eraldo Medeiros — Departamento de Ciéncias Biologicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brasil Cover, Stephan — Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. 'Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012 Washington, District of Columbia 20013-7012 United States of America. E-mail: blayj@si.edu. Mailed on February 14, 2006 372 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Cranshaw, Whitney — Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A. Dakin, Matt — Opelika, Alabama, U.S.A. De Andrade Morrye, Monica — Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Deferal de Sado Carlos, Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil Delfin, Hugo — gdelfin@tunku.uadymx DeWalt , R. Edward — Illinois Natural History Survey, Critical Trends Assessment Program (CTAP), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A. Dondale, Charles D. — Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, K. W. Neatby Building, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada (volume 115) Donelly, Thomas — Binghampton, New York, NY, U.S.A. Devetak, DuSan — Universa v Mariboru, Oddelek za biologijo, KoroSka, Maribor, Slovenia Deyrup, Mark — Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Florida, U.S.A. Edgecombe, Gregory Donald — Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia DuBois, Mark - BIS Department, Illinois Community College, East Peoria, Illinois, U.S.A. Dunkle, Sidney W. — Biology Department, Collin County Community College, Spring Creek Campus, Plano, Texas, U.S.A. Earle, Jane — Department of Environmental Protection, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Eberhard, William G. — Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria, Costa Rica Engel, Michael — Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A. Epler, John H. — Crawfordville, Florida, U.S.A. Estrada-Pena, Agustin — Department of Parasitology, Zaragoza, Spain Evans, Arthur — Insect Zoo, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. Evenhuis, Neal L. — Department of Natural Sciences, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, WES Fet, Victor — Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, U.S.A. Flint, Oliver — Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A. Freytag, Paul — Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A. Funk, David H. — Stroud Center, Avondale, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Gates, Michael — Systematic Entomology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A. Geiger, Daniel L. — Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History — Invertebrate Zoology, Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A. Gielis, C. — National Natural History Museum Naturalis, Department of Entomology, Leiden, The Netherlands Goff. M. Lee — Forensic Sciences Program, Chaminade University of Honolulu, Homolulu, Hawai, U.S.A. Gorochoy, A. V. — Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia Greathead, David — NERC, Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, United Kingdom Grubbs, Scott A. — Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, U.S.A. Guglielmino, Adalgisa — Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante, Facolta di Agraria, Universita degli studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy Gwynne, Darryl — Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada Halbert, Susan — Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 373 Headrick, David — Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, California State University, San Luis Obispo, California, U.S.A. Henry, Thomas J. — Systematic Entomology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A. Hershler, Robert — Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A. Hevel, Gary — Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A. Hodges, Ronald — Eugene, Oregon, U.S.A. Hofstetter, Richard — School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, U.S.A. Holiday, Chuck — Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Hovore, Frank T. — Frank Hovore & Associates, Santa Clarita, California, U.S.A. Ingrish, Sigfrid — Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Bonn, Germany Iyengar, Vikram — Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Johnson, Judy — San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, California, U.S.A. Kasatkin, Dennis G. — Rostov-on-Don, Russia Kennedy, James — Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, U.S.A. King, Susan Whitney — Department of Entomology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, U.S.A. Kipling, Will — Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A. Kishimoto, Tori — Biological Laboratory, Tsukuba Kokusai University, Ibaraki, Japan Kondratieff, Boris — Department of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A. Javahery, M. — Lyman Entomological Museum and Research Laboratory, MacDonald Campus of McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada Lago, Paul K. — Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, U.S.A. Landry, Bernard — Museum d’historire naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland Landry, Jean-Francois — Canadian National Collection of Insects and Arachnids, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Lane, Robert — Division of Insect Biology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A. Lencioni, Valeria — Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Natural Sciences Museum, Trento, Italy LaSalle, John — Department of Entomology, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia Lord, Jeff — United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, GMPRC, Man- hattan, Kansas, U.S.A. Lundgreen, Jonathan — Northern Grains Insect Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Brookings, South Dakota, U.S.A. David Marshall — Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, U.S.A. Matthews, Deborah — Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A. May, Michael L. — Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A. McPherson, J. E. — Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, U.S.A. Medica, Darcy — Penn State University Schuykill, Schuykill Haven, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Michener, Charles D. — Department of Entomology, Snow Entomological Collection, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A. Middlekauff, Woodrow W. — Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, Cali- fornia, U.S.A. Minelli, Alessandro — Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy Monné, Miguel — Museu Nacional, Universidade Federale do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta de Boa Vista, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 374 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Morisi, Angelo — A.R.P.A. Piemonte, Cuneo Department, Cuneo, Italy Moron, Miguel A. — Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto de Ecologia, Xalapa, Verecruz, Mexico Mundel, Peter — Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A. Navarette Heredia, José Luis — Centro de Estudios en Zoologia, Universidad de Guadalajara, Apartado Postal 234, 45100 Zapopan, Jalisco, México (also volume 115) Nelson, Charles H. — Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee, U.S.A. Nelson, C. Riley — Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, U.S.A. Nayduch, Dana — Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, U.S.A. O’Brien, Lois — Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, U.S.A. Orrego, Cristian — DNA Laboratory. California Department of Justice. Richmond, California, U.S.A. Otte, Daniel — Department of Entomology, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Peck, Stewart B. — Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Peters, Janice G. — Entomology, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, Florida, U.S.A. Pickett, Kurt Milton — Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, U.S.A. Plant, Adrian — Department of Biodiversity and Systematic Biology, National Museums and Galleries of Wales, Cathays Park, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom Polhemus, Dan - Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A. Pollet, Marc — Institute for the promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders, Brussels, Belgium (volume 115) Porter, Sanford D. — United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, CMAVE, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A. Poulton, Barry C. — Columbia Environmental Research Center, River Studies Station, United States Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A. Prinsloo, Gerhard L. — Biosystematics Division, ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Queensland, Pretoria, South Africa Purrington, Foster F. — Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. Ratcliffe, Brett C. — Systematics and Research Collections, University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.A. Sama, Giancarlo — Cesena, Italy Sartori, Michael — Musée cantonal de zoologie, Lausanne, Switzerland Schaefer. Carl W. — Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, U.S.A. Seybold, Steven J. — United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwestern Research Station, Davis, California, U.S.A. Schuh, Randall T. — Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, U.S.A. Shaffer, Michael — Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, London, England, United Kingdom Shamshev, Igor V. — All Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Saint Petersburg, Russia Sites, Robert — Plant Sciences Unit, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A. Smith, Andrew B. T. — Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Soleglad, Michael — Borrego Springs, California, U.S.A. Solis, Alma — Systematic Entomology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A. Spencer, John R. — Department of Renewable Resources, 751 General Services Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (volume 115) Staines, Charles — Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A. Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 375 Stark, William P. — Department of Biology, Mississippi College, Clinton, Mississippi, U.S.A. Stewart, Kenneth — Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, U.S.A. Thorvilson, Harlan — Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, U.S.A. Tierno de Figueroa, J. Manuel — Departamento de Biologia y Ecologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain Trager, James — Shaaw Nature Reserve, Gray Summit. Missouri, U.S.A. Thompson, F. Christian — Systematic Entomology Laboratory, United States Department of Agricul- ture, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A. Unal, Mustafa — Abant Izzet Baysal Universitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakiiltesi, Biyoloji Béliimii, Bolu, Turkey Walker, Thomas J. — Department of Entomology & Nematology, P. O. Box 110620, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A. (volume 115) Warchalowski, Andrzej — Instytut Zoologiczny, Wroclaw, Poland Watson, Charles Jr. — SoBran, Inc., c/o USEPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A. Webb, Mick E. — Entomology Department, The Natural History Museum, South Kensington, London, England, United Kingdom Wharton, Robert — Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, U.S.A. (volume 115) Wheeler, Alfred G. — Department of Entomology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, U.S.A. Whiting, Michael F. — Department of Integrative Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Willemse, Luc — University of Leiden, Eygelshoven, The Netherlands Wilson, Stephen — Department of Biology, Central Missouri State University, Warrenburg, Missouri, U.S.A. Wolf, Klaus W. — Electron Microscopy Unit, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica Yang, Ding — Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Zack, Richard — Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, U.S.A. Zhou, Changfa — College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China Zwick. P. — Limnologische Fluss-Station, Max-Plank-Institute far Limnologie, Schliz, Hesse, Germany Also, I wish to highlight the labor of volunteers who have worked with me in the Depart- ment of Paleobiology (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washing- ton, District of Columbia, U.S.A.). As part of their learning experience, they have helped in different steps of the editorial process: Keshuan Blunt (Corcoran College of Art and Design, Washington, District of Columbia), Artem Dementyev (Montgomery College, Rockville, Maryland, U.S.A.), Gloria Friar (Program for Deaf and Hard of Hearing, Prince George’s County Public Schools, Upper Marlboro, Maryland), Shuhei Matsuyama (Corcoran College of Art and Design, Washington, District of Columbia), Jeremy Mirmelstein (University of Maryland, College Park), Carmen Montopoli (School Without Walls High School, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A.), Amber Moore (Bennington College, Bennington, Vermont), Jessi O’Neill (George Mason University, Arlington, Virginia), Peter Peltier (Gaithersburg, Maryland), Sarah E. Pivo (Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia), Bethany Sadlowski (Arlington, Virginia), Katherine Schuler (Corcoran College of Art and Design, Washington, District of Columbia), and Suzanne C. Shaffer (Montgomery College, Rockville, Maryland). Without the effort of the reviewers and the volunteers, our goal of “catching-up” would not have been accomplished. These workers are herein wholeheartedly and gratefully acknowledged. Any omission was unintentional and entirely my responsibility. Any colleague whose name has been omitted is welcome to contact the Editor as we wish to dutifully acknowledge everyone who has helped. BRWN Re 10. Ww > 376 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, AND CIRCULATION . Publication Title: ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. Publication Number: 022-293 . Date of filing (Form 3526): September 30, 2005 . Frequency of issue: Five times per year, bimonthly except July and August . Location of known office of publication: American Entomological Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-1195 U.S.A. . Location of the headquarters of general business offices of the publishers: American Entomological Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103- 1195 U.S.A. . Name and address of the Publisher, Editor and Business Manager: Publisher: American Entomological Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-1195 U.S.A. Editor and Business Manager: Jorge A. Santiago-Blay, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia 20560 U.S.A. . Owner: American Entomological Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-1195 U.S.A. . Known bondholders, mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding one percent or more of the total amounts of bonds, mortgages and other securities: None . For completion by nonprofit organizations authorized to mail at special rates: The purpose, function, and nonprofit status of this organization and the exempt status for Federal income tax purposes: Have not changed during the preceding 12 months. American Entomological Society U.S.A. Federal ID No.: 23- 1599849. Extent and Nature of Circulation: Average No. Copies Actual No.Copies of Each Issue During Single Issue Published Preceding 12 Months Nearest to Filing Date Total number of copies (net press run) 596 616 Paid and/or requested circulation 1. Paid/requested outside-county mail subscriptions (includes exchange copies) 577) 27 2. Paid/requested inside-county mail subscriptions (includes exchange copies) 0 0 3. Sales through dealers and carriers, 0 0 4. Other classes mailed through USPS 0 0 Total paid and/or requested circulation 31) 527 [sum of 10b (1), (2), (3), and (4)] . Free distribution by mail (samples, 14 14 complimentary, and other free) Free distribution outside the mail 0 0 Total free distribution (sum of 10D and 10E) 14 14 . Total distribution (sum of C and F) 541 541 . Copies not distributed (office use) 35 89 TOTAL (sum of G and H) 596 630 Percent paid/requested circulation (10C /10G x 100) 97% 97% . I certify that the statements by me above are correct and complete. ge A A. Shaating , bly News MAILING DATES FOR VOLUME 116, 2005 Date of Issue Pages Mailing Date January and February 2005 1-60 March 31, 2005 March and April 2005 61-120 April 22, 2005 May and June 2005 121-196 June 16, 2005 September and October 2005 197-272 November 29, 2005 November and December 2005 273-364 February 14, 2006 Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 377 INDEX — VOLUME 116(1-5) 2005 2004 emergence of periodical cicada .............. 273 A countrywoman ss journal. The sketchbooks of a passionate naturalist (Book Review) ............ 369 2.00 Fo: sss hee acs ea eS eee each 266 2,056 9] BOE eee Lo SMF ASLO C00) 1 eee 371 ANGITORG EG dee ae 23, 127, 283 AAS EL. DEEL ie ceo re REECE SEE EN SC PED 101 PxUlA Me SIOTIPICATICO 2.5..0...:.ccsencces-cerenceecnsenccess 121 SME TRCRIEEALE AS Peer tierce es ee 23 2, JILIN osceencseetoe es BAe eae een eee ee ae 72533) 2.00 LTTE sacesoc Eee 15 ALT NEELGIO® .oapaeentseae hop ae an ee 159 PAELO-MUCTOPY lal PLOCESS ....+.....-:-...c-sseceeeeeceeeeee 177 A 7 BE ascoe gone cS C EEE 39 MPR IAEES SUCTION eS - 8s cececvistcssanceosctscceeosnocseotes M3) 2:8 ce oroncocensect aoe ee ee 173 wa Gi SRITEE.. Sia 61 (on FG EEO cocaces scene caer aoe eee oe ea 111 ASTIISE (BS TST TS) ee ee 341 LEED T GETCLASS TEE eee RE OB, 227) ASE EDSY® chase RS eee eee ae 325 AST GISES OTL, SCC tl alee ae 341 ASU EOS DSTIDS cence eS Ee EERoEE ee Eee rere 341 ATOZ e060 <1 a ere 305 PmIMMLIBICLAS TMs eos soe Scena eovscncccesees ents 173 AEE PR 60 SLE E Le SEL aahcdasteaceseasteosascecenes 61 Apenninic creek, northwestern Italy ................ 245 BSDNLES scogsccaecace eee R SO REEL eee EEE Cae EERE 137 PME SAS POINT CATON. ©. 22-.2002dacceecaesdecdcesncdsescssens 197 PM OMEI TS PO eee oe sooo sec ca lade dance vesecoatcesscecenee 159 PEST eR oe. feeaceaseetatbelbslidessiwsdsuaeseaceecs 39 12:5) EG 218 -ccecennaecn de hlee he see ee ea eee ac 131 PASEO ELM ee a cass Soe et L TS: Lee cca scree saeteseness 147 (AL SI@NC., | BATRCT as ee er eae Re 335 JS @5ts 1B)O) TEL Ci Wee epee ee 335 AS A CEDG ceca R SCS EEA EC EP 273 ATBI (All Taxon Biotic Inventory) ............... 291 Pxolame COstal Pag 2.2 ..2.....0cc8..ceceeseccctecccasee DT AUG DSTO) Ce 07 02 0 W524 PREES EECURT A ere ones oles e TT eL Sick auc aaeteucteer east 39 Auturus louisianus louisianus ..........0.c00cc0000 187 sactetial CAMOSYIMDIONE .....2..........sccccessseesseoses 263 By aERePC eile meee er SA ee ae 73 )5) AGH ET APPS THICSTO! 22.25 5ccs0s.scicedececeeose cvacdserscceceots 225 BARKOS-attestin Marci Mi o..cc..ccc.cclecseocvensocceeese 266 VATS EIN OMAR CSe Rs 5.22 .5..6.sfos estas sdvelecesslassoctessss 291 Baumann: Richard W. ..2..:............sc0scececsesteceeovee 29 ora kl ae PANTIES 500.2 0550640205sc0sacdsdcsazeseteecesasceess 127 BIGGEST TINGS: coetsa/siel iaeea arate ae chee eS 305 [BOs Ls. nesenscric bs eee Cao OES nen Re ere ee pte ane te 245 ES OTN OMIA Meccetee Neco cen eent eee ee cet 11 SEAGIG AC eects ct testes fice. teen esters eect 113 HSRAULONSIGW A ET ADIN 2 ooo oho c once ec cadevce Sesese te enoee-< 225 | BIRO G) D: gs eas eetepce oe oe Re oa 273 jE TUES SIO 1 Ease eee er ore eas 341 FSET SC AIIOEL ett eee teats lorem eo 341 SUS =CEICKCt ete Mise eel ie ee ee 309 AGRIC CUCL AO eer eee 197 Wap lar Slim Seal pa. weet ccc cereeteeee 309 Caliphondae een eens en eee eee 305 Calvert Award (2005) ees. cee 262 Campylacantha Olivacea -2ic..kitecseiieteeees 1 GanadtammWlaritMes 2c. etsscssteesscsses oececeereee tees 159 Candane Se lamine see es ot eh A a7 (CEN DCG F | ap eee ore eee Creer Rec eReRePeEE Te acre eo 111 (GENTE OTC Ceara eno EE AE er a 253 Caron Pere ee eet eine a 305 GebollcroyPedio se eee iyi (CEI SYA Tie Bass ale a re Ree Pl he as @ecidopha wesw eee inten ney Seas 121 Wecidop lacy ate eet ee esl ieee 121 WETICE cman sear teen: eter: shh een Sone cL ee 39 CentralaViexic omen erat iar tern) MOP ee ee 331 Ceratina (Ceratinidia) jejuUensis ...........0000000008. 17, ChagaseirsAmazonas 120s 39 Chamelaucinim (Myrtaceae) <2. sosccseccctse eee 115 CRECKIISt rere eet eee ee 209, 305 CS free oe Hina ere eae ahs eee ees ene: SI ES C@hinatand!adjacentianeasi 2 --.tts ses 73) China. eee 15923955) 935 Sia lode) Chikonomidae wee es ee eee rte eee 15 Choate wAt ern Rnei de Leanne nS 183 HORTON eee et HN gece at ne oh WED th 7/7 GChonthin pisses cere eke etre Seneca ae 283 Chi somielidacmer tres ...ce tise Aen ee 335 Cicadellidace eter ee 5 155 LON A4ul Cicadellinaewe ne 101, 241 (CHGRXOIG RS soseuseceen sas le cee eae ae rae ArT) CODD RNGISU DS eh oe een eas 305 Coleoptera.......... 49, 107, 235, 253, 335, 347, 367 WOlOr ae eee a eet ey ee 101, 241 Colompolymorphismi ts ee eee eee 309 (COI FO CITI arcenconcenesrs ta Nae Reese Oe 225 COMPS OTMIPIS eRe ere ent teasneee sr oeseee 23 Constantia wey ee Se ee, ees Sali Conti bu OMe ee rh he een ies 147 @o-OCCUEFENCE Withee: sere se eee eee cee 635) Cookwennysler ae a ee 191 Copulation *2s vee ee es ieee 331 Corderor CanlOSee ner ee ten ee ee eee 331 Corcidae aie eee eee 225 SOreiia Co ae ee ee ee DDS COnOXeHiddae eee rere ee ee 191 Costa-Neto, Eraldo Medeiro de.....................5 194 Cow Pert Gres erie eset oeneeeeees 370 ris CHIR: C Gree er eile Se eee net 373 Cuatranquiz™ @ecihia rs ee ee 331 COLTS COV Tie eA ate sce SSPE i See RN ee 245 Gur cutOnidae eee eee eee 235 DSP ACT AS ee eee eens teers 291 WemientyevAATteMN tees tee seseeeecate erect BIT | DYSTTeVig ENDO TE o enaae aaa ea as ceceeee coe eee cee eae aS DERAKOCTONUS fFONTAIS eerie eee eeseerccete ene 235) DendroctonuS MeXiCQNUS .............11sseeeeeeeeeeeees 235 MESH pPtOMe rst ee tee eee ee (5297 37) Diplo pPOd aes eer aires tees ects eetcesceiaescceersetes 187 Diptera ee eee: DIS 97-18 2635 305 ID ISHUNCt GUSH DUTTON .-cerscee-seeeesaee-cocs-cseesaceets 127 DIS ENIO ULM ester eo eae set ee eet Cl 27a 273 POC TINCT OLIN Seen aoa ce ees saceesecceretecssancensentetoues 173 Drake Cathiy<) 0a ee ee 255 378 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Du, Yann 3.42.06. ee eee eee eee 325 Early Cretaceous) 225. ccg--0csasseceeesese eee 341 astermtent caterpillarets..-eeeseee tee eee 183 Be liminae xcs. osc oes. eee ee 11 Bdwards: (Gy Bec. cc den ee ee eee 39 Edwards: Mii cc 2. coed ents sooo ne ee 2713 FROG cage lo ccn acha on tes seve isuantssuvssnamendeusectan ueuxges Some | Eig CHOLOM or. ecccecc-sscnss otee caterers scte eee ee 1 FIO O=DUSIER .01- cer reer croee eee etree eee 177 Emiem@a tion t5..05 see. stein eects eee oem 15 Emergence of periodical cicada, 2004............. 273 Bm pididae .c5vs:ccc snes tes eosccees voc Shoee ss ee ee 97 Ene yitid ac eee kee aos ees cee ee ee 83 Endenlein 2 etna eee One cess 131 Ee phemerellidacy sence cere ee ee 268 Ephemenopteralys-cancee actus sero 147, 268 EDU ACI asa cs es cosBall actin ts east cesar ce Soon 167 BULOP DIG AC. obs. ox. Seles Senex eae Meee ees 115, 183 PURO DOOR oo. cec ccso ccs tucee ch osous ccc ute Seestecase- on canned eno 39 FEU AC enc ees sect ec ee ern cet ee me 187 EES CHRISTUS VANIOIATLUS aetna erene tee eee 177 EX OUCISPECIESHe et eke tere ene ee 159 Externalimorphologymerc- cence eee 177 FRADTICIUS seeds otic vctsec.cevceee sere seer eeece tae eter ee 107 BAIT AMER cee Rue hee ok acct eee ae 273 Reedim Od MaD its) ctor, scct cess eeceesscnvco teen 245 Benoplios Sinead A Aree ees tect tes caste 245 Bigueroa Del laikOSasy plese eee SSS First Atlantic coastal plain occurrence............. 271 First authenthic North American record. ........... 39 ItSt TECORG eee eee HIS O23 552664325 BITSt PE POLtie Ae een eee eect crone rote neeee 1S Bintinapvalle yay urkey meeeeeecere sete eee eee 309 hitzoibbon@BOObe Ae eater eee 235 |e vee aoe ccrune er onctor sce Roccicenaca me caaeeenosonsooce 197 Bol OriGaglls SsAe rs Reeve erate eee ets emcees 39 Fonseca inaiMiy oe Se, Cee: 370 IS OT CIS 1 CS ye cs 26 es ec eer eR IS ES cs le this 305 EOnrmiGidae x2. essence eee 61, 173, 363 Rorster: JasonvAs fss5..c ede eee BO 61 BOSSI psc. os tok e ies ieee car eka tN sean 341 Brank: Kes eens ss cee ete ates ene 120 | ey FY caked Ee Dea ners aren ee Aue Oye ea 67, 101, 241 BUS OTO1G CA. eccec chee cans meetmene ener cae aces 291 Rulooromorpha cece ccscs ee ere eee eee 291 Functional mouthpart morphology .................. 253 Galerucimae rite micro ese reten tet enema eee 335 Gills: 22... ieee eh eels cee a ee EE 1721 Garcia-Real SBS. .se. meee eee ne est cones 107 Gatese Mis Wi cos) AR es TAR ees 115 Gelec hit ac acs cees ener a cee cent ee oa Generalidiaonosisi.<.enceen ee ee ee 15 GEMS 25s eee ehcaee eee eee 167 Geographic distribution................cccssccsecesseeeees 273 Gilbert) EawrencelEs 2... ee 173, 363 Globalcoccurrences cc. cee eee ec ee 39 FO) AU eee cee ee UM eS A 335 Gomphidac) wise ae ee 271 Gomphocerinadiges 6.22650 seven n sete neue ees 283 GOMPRUS fTALCINUS oo. cssn cee 271 GG ENTE es cose Bee Ree See ss ase pe Ree 115 Great Smoky Mountains National Park .......... 291 GiibOS® Ss AG cesses 189 GUE CONTERIS? xcev-n Stee ote cast ee ete renee eeeoee 245 Habitaticharacteristicsy= 2 -.-2-5-e= ne 309 Haemaphysalis leporispalustris ............00c000006+ 266 Eide. Sinu= sian ss. ecto se see eee 35 Hasbenli Abdullah paren. 2 copesie, cn eee eS | Headwaters teailes:. 2 ere eee ee 89 Heckscher (Christophen Vin ere ee DA Hemiptera -s----: 15552. 117, 121, 21722255250 PICCSLODLETdecee ceeene see ree 173, 177, 249538 Pilko: Vontn Go. ceseedccdesasteceencestomeenes oe 127 Hippoboscidae <..:22.2.20t eee ee 263 Hoebecke Richard" B. -- ee 159 EI OMOMLCE Ae cseseeeeoaree se eee 67,75, LOL 2 Hosts and geographical records ...............:00+ 183 HOWard i. ccecss2iscdeees the .ss ek Reve oe ee 83 Howell, Wi Mike. 8...s0cccte.stess ceca 120 Huang, Da- Wel... 5..::hcetn ee 83 ygia (Microcolpura) merce ee ee 225 Ely gia (Pterocolpurd) \.o.cccox-- eee 225 Elyimenoptetare.---- eee 52,61, 83, ITS -aiise 137, 157, 1595 169; 1735 ld, 183527 Sees VC OSEG QINCTI CONG cirescnnccccce ss sacenece cout 263 IndOmeSia. 055: setecoe secs ecees-cce. nee ee 225 TSC Cte osenteacHcecdeviteehcsioteccncee tay. ate eee 225 Insect-plant associations .............c:eeseeeeeeereeeeee 341 Insula species group (Merodontina) ............... 131 Introduced host \...:.-.5..sccccccecesceee-e 266 Introduced pest ........<.2...sesc:ssesseoteaeeee ee eee 115 Intro GUC ttn e..cesiekcs cesses snevsecceccnocee tee 39 INVASIVE! SPECIES eee ocs--ce-neco-coetetee os 235 INVENtOry «2.00.00 ee veidaccensasthcna eee 173 Tslannds 2c cess haicss sexes coe aenaceaeess 2 eee 39 WSOPWYQ v.uctsl seein oe ee 209 Isophya@ VIZCCNSIS) orc. csscvee se 309 TROGIGAC) en. 5.02.5 sscnceeceens crates Recs eee 266 Jacobi+Gerald Z... .c..ccc...0600etectccee oe ee 29 Jacobus, Luke: Mi... .....<.0c...scsssstceeceee ee 268 Jalisco;, MEXICO: ..cic.c.c00; sosevsasasaseeiaee eee 107 Jenkins; Ril. césccesc..etessesve aereeent Se 120 Jims, YOun GAELS. -5.2..< 38 Lt hE ee ee ce hy 189 ie ETC 2 SU aa eo eee eee 189 [LT ATE! & | eee S529 67 IP PC cc lin Des vadinvs aces vanes 9352260279 (Lie S08 a eer elie eee 2g MEM Martine Ze Vi sieiic odbc. Jbsdccessteleostontles MSs 1S LEQ OTT (0 61, 367 MEPCRCAV CLEQ UM OL IIL o2c088s0oo8ou0 ccSsis aaeeds hae os ‘ rans (emery this eer 4 Pert peregs b opee ata Pheterecdas guar Res ate 1 a8 wet SOM RT Caves e heed « _ ' Seas 8 pages Heese