Se Fe, . == a 3 oT ae — a - ig . ; - a ,> ‘ ~ 5 ee eet Pi - Pt a ~ ‘fave i ee ih or is homely ‘ ht ; ) » ‘ ; ie | rt hoe | ao " 1 a \'y ¥ it 7 is ¥, } on mare ie ) ‘ ve) ULLAL, hod, ah): ae ; Ka _ Mi ae Ts he uy : Law en Th has ee hts 1s See es ae re A yanlae ih = 119 Number 1 11 19 54 37 43 47 61 67 Fi. 8&1 THE AMERICAN ENT Entomological News C-banding karyotypes of two species of Chorthippus (Orthoptera: Acrypteridae) from China Na Li, Wenjuan Wei, and Bingzhong Ren Sexual dimorphism of the femora, tibiae, and hind tibial spurs in the Eastern Cicada Killer, Sohecius speciosus Drury (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) in the United States Joseph R. Coelho, Jon M. Hastings, Charles W. Holliday, Gayla Flur, and Kevin Barnes Natural parasitism rate of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and its release efficacy against the Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Cukurova Region, Turkey Sevcan Oztemiz Two new species of Cubrasa from Hispaniola (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) Paul H. Freytag A new genus of grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Catantopidae: Cyrtacanthacridinae) from China Hong Yin and Xiang-Chu Yin A new species of Palliduphantes from Turkish caves (Araneae: Linyphiidae) Hakan Demir, Aydin Topcu, and Osman Seyyar Two new genera of Idiocerinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) from South America, including the description of ten new species Paul H. Freytag Uhler types of Aphrophoridae newly found in The Natural History Museum, London (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea) Ai-Ping Liang, Guo-Mei Jiang, and Zhi-Shun Song Four new species of the genus Nemoura (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) from China Yu-Zhou Du, Pei Zhou, and Zhi-Jie Wang The continuing dispersion of Peristenus digoneutis Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an introduced parasite of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot) (Hemiptera: Miridae) in northeastern U.S.A. and southeastern Canada W. H. Day, R. F Romig, H. Faubert, and K. M. Tatman Two new records of Odonata (Gomphidae) for Turkey, Gomphus flavipes (Charpentier, 1825) and Ophiogomphus cecilia (Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785), with distributional notes on G. flavipes and G. ubadschii Schmidt, 1953 Nurten Hacet and Nihat Aktac tinued on back cover L SOCIETY / co } am i P MA. i a ; f ie 4 ; : Hee : i we vie . a p =A 7 i f =I Oe a f ee i i i - ; i " wi oy iia iA J ; iy " ay 3 ne Se ROM. NO MAo\ WON, = “a 7 Lara 4 fy) Py Oy wv r e) fe oars tiv tr eOMIV Tile If a Uvewe! ij al oo qaoricoelh BAS i nevi W) 6 viel.) irra (enlveetay iA ; és j } eo A hl a ra | ae 1 K vy . ' iA '» rite) yaa 9 ( y ot) ot Ui ‘ 4 \ ‘ \ i . . j Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 l C-BANDING KARYOTYPES OF TWO SPECIES OF CHORTHIPPUS (ORTHOPTERA: ARCYPTERIDAE) FROM CHINA’ Na Li,’ Wenjuan Wei,’ and Bingzhong Ren’ ABSTRACT: Chromosomes and C-banding karyotypes of Chorthippus brunneus huabeiensis Xia et Jin and Chorthippus minutus Zhang were studied for the first time, which respectively collected in Songhua Lake, Jilin Province China and Daqinggou, Inner Mongolia China. In the males, the chro- mosome numbers of these two species was found to be 2n (O&’) =17, with three metacentric pairs and five telocentric pairs, and X chromosomes are telocentric. This genus has the basic Orthopteran sex determining mechanism XX9/XO@O.. All the chromosomes possess centromeric C-bandings. The dif- ferences of these two species are also very remarkable, such as genome formula, terminal bandings, medial bandings and content of heterochromatin. KEY WORDS: Chorthippus, Chromosome, karyotype, C-banding Chorthippus is a genus of Arcypteridae belonging to Orthoptera, and it is a very common meadow grasshopper. Chorthippus is mostly distributed in Pala- earctic region, and widely in Asia, Europe, Africa and America. In China, it is mainly distributed in the north to the Changjiang River, and mostly in the north- east and northwest area. Ch. brunneus huabeiensis is widely distributed in North- east China, Jilin, Hebei, Beijing, Shaanxi, Nermenggu, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Tibet, Shanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia. However, Ch. mimutus is only distributed in North- east China. Acridoid grasshoppers, including the genus Chorthippus, are the best known orthopteroid group with regard to chromosome number and C-banding pattern (Hewitt and John, 1968, 1970; Jones et al., 1975; Cabrero and Camacho, 1986; Santos et al., 1983; Gusachenko et al., 1992; Belda et al., 1987; Camacho et al., 1987; Pascual et al., 1987). Recently, there are many reports about the hybrid zone of Chorthippus (Buao et al., 1995, Serrano et al., 1996; Bridle et al., 2001, 2002; Bailey et al., 2004; Shuker et al., 2005), but few reports about karyotypes of Chorthippus (Bridle et al., 2002; Lin, 2000, 2001). Ch. brunneus huabeiensis and Ch. minutus males are fully winged, and inhab- it in grassland. Hitherto, no karyological studies in these two species have been done. In this study, we analyzed and compared the chromosomal differentiation of these two species from Northeast China. "Received on January 21, 2007. Accepted on June 3, 2007. * School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China. E-mails: NL In433311443@163.com and BR (corresponding author) bzren@sina.com, bzren@163.com, or renbz279@neun.edu.cn. * The ninth Middle School of Beijing, 100041, Beijing, China. E-mail: weiwenjuan@163.com. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 119 (1): 1, January and February 2008 Mailed on March 14, 2008 2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS METHODS The males of adult Ch. brunneus huabeiensis were collected from Songhua Lake in Jilin and Ch. minutus from Daqinggou in Inner Mongolia China in July 2003. The total numbers of these two adult males are 10 and 12 respectively. Tissues for experiment are testes. They were pretreated with 0.05% colchicine solution 5~8il. After 6~8 h, the tissues were dissected out and put in distilled water for 5~10 min, then fixed in a mixture of methanol and glacial acetic acid (3:1 v/v) about 8~12 h. Then the tissues were transferred to 70% ethanol and stored in deep-freeze for up to several months until use. Subsequent- ly they were squashed in 60% glacial acetic acid, frozen in liquid nitrogen and the cover slip removed with a razor blade. C-banding was induced by BSG method (Webb et al., 1978). The preparations were examined under a light microscope with 100X magnification. Clear and well-distributed chromosomes were photographed. Chromosomes were classified according to Levan et al. (1964). Some karyotypical characters in a large quantity of cells of each species were measured, absolute and relative length of long arm (q) and short arm (p) of chro- mosomes and centromeric C-bands. The contrast of the images has been lightly enhanced with PhotoShop. RESULTS Chorthippus brunneus huabeiensis The mitotic chromosomes of Ch. brunneus huabeiensis and the data of chro- mosomal karyotypes and C-bandings are listed in Table 2-3. This species has a chromosomal number of 2n (0) =17(16A+X) with the sex- determining mechanism XX9/XO@Q.. It shows a more asymmetrical karyotype, mainly consisting of telocentric chromosomes and only three pairs are metacen- tric chromosomes. The karyotype formula is 2n (0) =2x=6m+1It. The total absolute length of chromosomes is 65.3743.84um. According to their chromo- somal relative length value (RL), all chromosomes are divided into four groups; 3 pairs of large chromosomes (L1-3), 4 pairs of middle chromosomes (M4-7), 1 pair of small chromosomes (S8), and the sex chromosome (X). The X chromo- some is in the seventh place in chromosomal complement length order. The chromosomal length ratio of this species is 6.30, and the percentage of arm ratio more than 2:1 is zero, therefore the chromosomal karyotype of Ch. brunneus huabeiensis belongs to the type of 1C (Table 1). The chromosomes all possess centromeric C-bandings. Pairs 8 and X chro- mosome are median dyeing and the others are strong dyeing (Figs. 1 and 2). The total of heterochromatic content (THC) in this species is 18.37+1.03%. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 3 25 | 24 aE strong median 22 20 18 16 : Be bo 14 12 10 8g 6 : E te Pim SO SOG PUBIC Fig. 1 Idiogram of C-banding karyotype of Chorthippus brunneus huabeiensis. a Fig. 2 C-banding karyotype of Chorthippus brunneus huabeiensis. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Table 1. Types of asymmetrical karyotypes. Ratio of chromosomal length <2:1 (A) 2:1 - 4:1 (B) > 4:1 (C) Ratio of chromosomes with arm ratio greater than 2:1 0.0(1) 0.01-0.5(2) 0.51- 0.9 (3) 1A 2A 3A IB 2B 3B IC 2C 3C 1.0 (4) 4A 4B 4C Table 2. Chromosomal karyotypes of Chorthippus brunneus huabeiensis. Chromosome Number Grouping l L 2 E 3 E 4 M = M 6 M 7 M 8 S 9 x Total 9 Absolute Length (um) 10.44+0.94 7.91+0.76 6712027 5.70+0.45 4.69+0.13 4.35+0.06 3.34+0.49 2.37+20:05 4.03+0.02 65.3743.84 Relative Length (%) 15.97+0.97 12.08+0.60 10.27+0.24 8.71+0.26 7.19+0.26 6.67+0.33 5.104051 3.93+0.16 6.19+0.34 Absolute Length (um) 5.74+0.55 5.76+0.33 4.13+40.58 Relative Length (%) 8.78+£0.55 8.82+0.19 6.30+0.71 Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 5 Table 3. Chromosomal C-banding of Chorthippus brunneus huabeiensis. Chromosome Centromeric C-bands l 1.51+0.03 9.36 strong 2 1.52+0.07 Lay strong 3 1.26+0.11 11.65 strong 4 1.50+0.04 26.38 strong 5 2 7EEO NM 2702 strong 6 1.43+0.002 32.90 strong 7 | 2228 02 36.99 strong 8 1.23+0.01 47.82 median y 1.05+0.001 26.00 median Total 11.9740.13 THC% 18.37+41.03 Chorthippus minutus The chromosomes analyzed are meiotic chromosomes of anaphase II. The data of chromosomal karyotypes and C-banding data are listed in Table 4-5. The results showed some similarities between the two species, such as the chromosomal number [2n (0) =17(16A+X)], karyotype formula [2n (0) =2x= 6m+11t] and the sex-determining mechanism (XX9/XO@G). The total of chromosomal absolute length is 62.05+2.01um, shorter than that of Ch. brunneus huabeiensis. According to their chromosomal relative length value (RL), all chromosomes are divided into four groups; 3 pairs of large chromosomes (L1-3), 2 pairs of middle chromosomes (M4-5), 3 pairs of small chromosomes (S6-8), and the sex chromosome (X). The X chromosome is in the fifth place in chro- mosomal complement length order. The chromosomal length ratio of this species is 6.23, and the percentage of arm ratio more than 2:1 is zero, therefore the chro- mosomal karyotype of Ch. minutus also belongs to the type of 1C (Table 1). The C-banding pattern of this species appears to be similar to that of Ch. brun- neus huabeiensis with centromeric C-bandings on all chromosomes. Pairs 6, 7 and 8 are median dyeing and the others are strong dyeing. In addition, pairs 2 and X show paracentrical interstitial C-bandings with strong dyeing, pairs 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 show terminal C-bandings with weak dyeing (Figs. 3 - 4). The THC value is 22.84+0.72%. 6 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 12 10 8 6 4 : : i () z hs flied POE EE. PR RE strong median weak %TA oO Pe Bo a RR Blan. Fig. 3 Idiogram of C-banding karyotype of Chorthippus minutus DD ee i Fig. 4 C-banding karyotype of Chorthippus minutus. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 , Table 4. Chromosomal karyotypes of Chorthippus minutus. Pp Absolute Relative Absolute Relative Chromosome Length Length Length Length Number Grouping (um) (%) (um) (%) l 8 8.60+1.13 13.8341.47 5.7440.54 9.27+0.91 Z ik 8.1320.75 30820:90 5.3920.425 8.69+0.77 3 L G:35-01890 THOM IEEI224 £4 S02h058 7 2821-81 4 M 5,190.26 | 09.3340.37 5 M 4.1740.40 6.714051 6 S 3.04+0.22 4.90+0.46 7 S DSIAVAT: (#4 132-021 8 S 2302019 03. 7020.25 9 xX 5.5040.12 8.87+0.42 Total 9 62.05222.01 DISCUSSION The chromosomal C-banding karyotypes of these two Chorthippus species in Northeast China were reported for the first time in this article. The results show some common characters of the genus Chorthippus. The two species have the same chromosomal number and their chromosomal karyotypes both belong to the type of 1C. Autosomes are divided into two groups; metacentric and telo- centric. Sex chromosomes are both telocentric with sex-determining mechanism XX9/XOO’. However, there are still some differences between them, such as chromosomal complement length order, C-banding pattern and the total hete- rochromatic content. Some scholars have studied karyotypes of the genus Chorthippus, the chromosomal numbers are mainly 2n (6) =17 (Jones et al., 1975; Santos et al., 1983; Gusachenko et al., 1992; Belda et al., 1987; Camacho et al., 1987; Pascual et al., 1987). In this study, Ch. brunneus huabeiensis and Ch. minutus all have chromosomal number of 2n () =17, and the results are consistent with those of above. Table 5-1. Chromosomal C-banding of Chorthippus minutus. Chromosome Number Table 5-2. Chromosomal C-banding of Chorthippus minutus. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Centromeric C-bands AL (um) 0.79+0.13 0.86+0.08 0.94+0.19 0.83+0.13 0.81+0.09 0.79+0.09 0.67+0.04 0.74+0.05 0.90+0.12 7.33+0.19 22.8+0.72 Interstitial C-bands Chromosome No. AL(um) 1 2 0.90+0.07 3 4 5 6 fi 8 J 0.90+0.04 Total 1.80+40.10 [6:37 RL(%) Dyeing 6.66 strong strong RL (%) 9.36 11.17 11.65 26.38 27.02 32.90 36.99 47.82 26.00 dyeing strong strong strong strong strong strong strong median median Terminal C-bands AL(um) 1.18+0.11 LO2= 0:05 1.19+40.08 0.77+0.02 0.88+0.13 5.04+0.15 RL(%) 20.49 24.52 39.08 30.07 38.24 Dyeing weak median weak weak weak Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 9 Lin (2001) has researched the karyotypes of four Chorthippus species; Ch. brunneus, Ch. gingzangensis, Ch. biguttulus, and Ch. fallax. They all have chro- mosomal number of 2n (C’) =17, with three metacentric pairs and five telocen- tric pairs, and the results are the same as those of Ch. brunneus huabeiensis and Ch. minutus in this study. But in other aspects, they are different. The type of rel- ative chromosomes of Ch. brunneus, Ch. gingzangensis, and Ch. biguttulus are the same, with three large pairs, three middle pairs and two small pairs. However, Ch. fallax is different from these three species and the same as that of Ch. minu- tus, with three large pairs, two middle pairs and three small pairs. The relative lengths of these four Chorthippus species are all different. The X chromosomes of these four Chorthippus species are quite similar, but have some differences. Bridle et al. (2002) has researched chromosomal differentiation between the grasshoppers Ch. brunneus and Ch. jacobsi in northern Spain. The karyotypes of Ch. brunneus and Ch. jacobsi are similar to those of other species of Chorthippus in chromosomal number and morphology. Both species have three pairs of long sub-metacentric chromosomes (L1—L3), four medium acrocentric pairs (M4— M7), one short acrocentric chromosome pair (S8), and the X chromosome 1s the longest of the acrocentric chromosomes. The results are different from those of Ch. brunneus huabeiensis and Ch. minutus in this study. Both species show an XO/XX (male/female) sex chromosome system. In both species, C-banding showed the presence of heterochromatic regions. In addition, chromosomes L2 and L3 show interstitial C-positive bands located at the short arm in both species. Closer examination of Ch. brunneus individuals revealed a faintly stained C-band at the end of the sex chromosome, which was only detectable at early meiotic prophase. In this study, the chromosomes of two species all possess C-bandings. In chromosomes of Ch. minutus, pairs 2 and X show paracentrical interstitial C-bandings with strong dyeing. The results showed that, as a species of the same genus Chorthippus, they have some common cytological characteristics, but as different species they all have their own characteristics. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work is supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30471400). We are extreme- ly grateful to members of our laboratory for collecting materials. This material is based upon work supported by the Center Lab, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China. LITERATURE CITED Bailey, R. I., C. D. Thomas, and R. K. Butlin. 2004. Premating barriers to gene exchange and their implications for the structure of a mosaic hybrid zone between Chorthippus brunneus and C. jacobsi (Orthoptera Acrididae). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 7(1): 108-19. Belda, J., J. Cabrero, J. P. M. Camacho, and F. Pascual. 1987. Evolutionary cytotaxonomy in nine species of Chorthippus (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Chapter 2:113-123. Jn, Baccetti, B. (Editor). Evolutionary Biology of Orthopteroid Insects. Halsted Press, New York, New York, U.S.A. 612 Pp. 10 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Bridle, J. R., S. J. Baird, and R. K. Butlin. 2001. Spatial structure and habitat variation in a grass- hopper hybrid zone. International Journal of Organic Evolution 55(9): 1832-43. Bridle, J. R., J. de la Torre, J. L. Bella, R. K. Butlin, and J. Gosalvez. 2002. Low levels of chro- mosomal differentiation between the grasshoppers Chorthippus brunneus and Chorthippus jJacobsi (Orthoptera; Acrididae) in northern Spain. Genética 114 (2): 121-127. Buao, I., C. Lopez-Fernandez, P. L. Mason, and J. Gosalvez. 1995. Brief report: mosaicism for sister chromatid heterogeneity in sex chromosomes from hybrids of two subspecies of Chorthip- pus parallelus (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Hereditas 122: 289-292. Cabrero, J., J. Navas-Castillo, and J. P. M. Camacho. 1986. Effects of supernumerary chromo- some segments on the activity of nucleolus organiser regions in the grasshopper Chorthippus binotatus. Chromosoma 93: 375-380. Camacho, J. P. M., F. Pascual, J. Belda, and J. Cabrero. 1987. Cytological markers for analysing evolutionary relationships between related species of Orthopteroids. pp. 6: 148-156. /n: Baccetti, B. (Editors). Evolutionary Biology of Orthopteroid Insects. Halsted Press, New York. 612 pp. Gusachenko, A. M., E. Warchalowska-Sliwa, A. Maryanska-Nadachowska, A. G. Bugrov, and L. V. Vysotskaya. 1992. Cytogenetic Analysis of Populations of Chorthippus albomarginatus (De Geer) (Acrididae: Orthoptera). Folia Biologica (Krakow) 40 (No. 1-2): 27-31. Hewitt, G. M. and B. John. 1968. Parallel polymorphism for supernumberary segments in Chorthippus parallelus (Zetterstedt). I. British populations. Chromosoma 25: 319-342. Hewitt, G. M. and B. John. 1970. Parallel polymorphism for supernumberary segments in Chor- thippus parallelus (Zetterstedt). 1V. Ashurt re-visited. Chromosoma 25: 198-206. Jones, G. H., W. K. Stamford, and P. E. Perry. 1975. Male and female meiosis in grasshoppers. II. Chorthippus brunneus. Chromosoma 52: 381-390. Levan, A., K. Fredga, and A. A. Sondberg. 1964. Nomenclature for centromeric position of chro- mosomes. Hereditas 52: 201-220. Lin, Y. 2000. Cytotaxonomic Studies on 3 Chorthippus (Orthoptera: Arcypterteridae) Karny-Com- parative Analysis of Chromosome Karyotypes. Qinghai Caoye 9(4): 4-7. (In Chinese) Lin, Y. 2001. Chromosome karyotype analysis of four species of Chorthippus from Qinghai. Ento- mological Knowledge 38(4): 286-290. (In Chinese) Pascual, F., J. Belda, J. Cabrero, and J. P. M. Camacho. 1987. Morphological and cytogenetical differentiation between populations of Chorthippus binotatus (Charpentier) (Orthoptera, Acridi- dae). Chapter 34: 396-399. Jn, Baccetti, B. (Editor). Evolutionary Biology of Orthopteroid Insects. Halsted Press, New York, NY, U.S.A. 612 pp. Santos, J. L., P. Arana, and R. Giraldez. 1983. Chromosome C-banding patterns in Spanish Acri- didae. Genetica 61: 65-74. Shuker, D. M., K. Underwood, T. M. King, and R. K. Butlin. 2005. Patterns of male sterility in a grasshopper hybrid zone imply accumulation of hybrid incompatibilities without selection. Proceedings of Biological Sciences 272(1580): 2491-7. Serrano, L., C. Garcia de la Vega, J. L. Bella, C. Loépez-Fernandez, G. M. Hewitt, and J. Gosalvez. 1996. A hybrid zone between two subspecies of Chorthppus parallelus. X-chro- mosome variation through a contact zone. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 9: 173-184. Stebbins, G. L. 1971. Chromosomal evolution in higher plants. Edward Arnold, London, England, United Kingdom. 216 pp. Webb, G. C., M. J. C. White, and N. Contreras. 1978. Cytogenetics of the Parthenogenetic Grass- hopper Warramaba (formerly Moraba) Virgo and its Bisexual Relatives. 1V. Chromosome band- ing studies. Chromosoma (Berlin) 67: 309-339. Zheming, Z. and X. Kailing. 1998. Orthoptera, Acridoidea. pp. 356-489. Jn, Fauna of China, Insecta. Tenth volume. Science Press, Beijing, China. 616 pp. (In Chinese) Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 1] SEXUAL DIMORPHISM OF THE FEMORA, TIBIAE, AND HIND TIBIAL SPURS IN THE EASTERN CICADA KILLER, SPHECIUS SPECIOSUS DRURY (HYMENOPTERA: CRABRONIDAE) IN THE UNITED STATES' Joseph R. Coelho,’ Jon M. Hastings,’ Charles W. Holliday,’ Gayla Flure,' and Kevin Barnes' ABSTRACT: We examined specific leg structures in eastern cicada killers (Sphecius speciosus) to determine whether they were sexually dimorphic as a result of adaptation or allometry. Females were on average larger than males by every measure, and female hind tibial spurs were longer than those of males, even independent of body mass. The femora of females were not significantly wider rela- tive to femur length than those of males, but the hind tibiae of females were significantly wider than the respective tibiae of males relative to tibia length. Spurs have concave surfaces that contact the loose soil and brush-like structures where spurs meet the substrate; however, these details are essen- tially the same in males and females. Enlarged hind tibial spurs in females appear to be an exaptation evolved primarily by increase in spur size relative to body size, without changes in shape or external microstructure. KEYWORDS: wasp, digging, tibia, femur, spur, sexual dimorphism, cicada killer, Sphecidae, insect, functional morphology The functions of particular morphological adaptations may be difficult to demonstrate, and their origins difficult to elucidate. One way to explore the evo- lution of morphological adaptations is to examine the function of sexually dimor- phic structures. As Darwin (1871) “described, the males and females of some animals differ in structures related to different habits of life, and not at all, or only indirectly, to the reproductive functions.” Rather, the form of such structures may result from natural selection imposed as a consequence of behaviors that one sex performs as part of its life cycle that the other sex does not. Once the function of a structure is established, comparison of the male to the female might provide insight into the evolutionary pathway of adaptation. In this and a companion paper (Coelho and Holliday, 2008) we examine such sexually dimorphic traits in a solitary wasp. Males are the smaller sex within the genus Sphecius (cicada killers), appar- ently because females require larger body size to carry the cicada prey (Coelho, 1997; Holliday and Coelho, 2006). Males do not carry cicadas. However, anoth- er character that appears to be sexually dimorphic is a pair of structures known ‘Received on June 15, 2007. Accepted on July 24, 2007. * Institute for Franciscan Environmental Studies, Biology Program, Quincy University, 1800 College Avenue, Quincy, Illinois 62301 U.S.A. E-mails: (JRC) coelhjo@quincy.edu, (GF) flurega@ quincy.edu, and (KB) barneka@quincy.edu. * Department of Biological Sciences. Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, Kentucky 41099 U.S.A. E-mail: hastings@nku.edu. *Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042 U.S.A. E-mail: hollidac @lafayette.edu. Mailed on March 14, 2008 12 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS as spurs arising from the distal hind tibia, those of females being considerably larger (Evans, 1966). While this distinction has been recognized for some time, its function and significance have only recently begun to be investigated. Holliday and Coelho (2006) used the spurs as one means of distinguishing males and females in a dichotomous key. Coelho and Wiedmann (1999) showed that the spurs are biomechanically adapted to be part of the digging apparatus of the female. The spurs act as one-way flaps that increase the surface area for pushing soil backward out of the burrow, which the female uses to house the cicadas and wasp larvae. Males do not dig burrows. Are the large spurs of females simply a result of their larger body size? If so, males will be geometrically similar to females, having approximately the same physical proportions when size is con- trolled. We examined the spurs morphometrically to determine whether female spurs are disproportionately large or whether their size is simply a result of scal- ing effects. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to demonstrate whether dimorphic characteristics arose by simple geometrical similarity or whether they exhibit complete sexual dimorphism. Spurs may represent one sexually dimorphic adaptation to digging, but others may be more subtle. Burrowing insects often have short, robust limbs (Chapman, 1971). In vertebrates, the muscles used in the digging process, as well as their origins and insertions, are generally quite large, allowing diggers’ musculoskele- tal systems to produce large out-forces (Hildebrand, 1974). Fossorial adaptations are not as well studied in insects. Upon visual inspection, female eastern cicada killers appear to have relatively wider femora and tibiae than those of males. This study examines whether female leg segments are more robust than those of males in cicada killers. We also performed scanning electron microscopy on male and female cicada killer spurs in an effort to examine potential structural differences on the microscopic scale. METHODS Morphometric Measurements. A sample of eastern cicada killers was collect- ed from populations in Easton (Northampton Co.), PA, USA, stored individual- ly in airtight vials, and frozen. Specimens were collected Aug 1, 2006, to obtain early-season wasps, avoiding possible confounding effects of spurs worn down by digging. By the time mass measurements were taken, some sublimation had occurred, the water condensing inside the vial as ice. Hence, vials were first allowed to come to room temperature, weighed with the insect inside using an analytical balance accurate to + 0.0001 g, weighed once more after removal of the insect and excess water, and body mass (/,,) determined by subtraction. Spur lengths were measured (described below) before the pair of hind tibial spurs from each side were removed with fine scissors and weighed. A second sample of eastern cicada killers was collected from the same locali- ty, pinned and dried. All wasps were sexed by counting gastral segments (six for female, seven for male; Holliday and Coelho, 2006). For all specimens, vernier Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 13 calipers were used to measure head width, length of medial and lateral hind tib- ial spur, length and width of foreleg, midleg, and hindleg femur and tibia to the nearest 0.05 mm. Note that we use the terms medial and lateral when referring to each member of a pair of spurs, rather than inner and outer or proximal and dis- tal, which also could be used to describe their respective positions. By width, we mean the diameter of a limb, not the distance between contralateral limbs. Unless otherwise mentioned, all data are reported as mean + standard error of the mean (NV). Descriptive statistics and T tests were performed using Microsoft® Excel 2003, while ANCOVAs were performed using VassarStats (Lowry, 2007). The Bonferroni correction was applied, owing to the large number of ANCOVAs per- formed. To avoid pseudoreplication in cases where both sides of a specimen were measured (spur lengths), one measurement was randomly assigned for analysis. Electron Microscopy. All scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were made of Au/Pd sputter-coated samples with an FEI Quanta 200 (FEI Company, Hillsboro, Oregon) environmental SEM under high vacuum. Measurements were taken using ImageJ software (Rasband, 1997-2006). Male and female S. specio- sus of typical body size, collected on the Northern Kentucky University campus (Highland Heights, Campbell Co., KY, USA), were used as the tissue sources for the SEM images. RESULTS Morphometrics. Averages of morphometric measurements were all signifi- cantly different (P < 0.0001, unpaired Student’s 7 test for unequal variances) between the sexes, males being smaller in comparison to females (Table 1). Body mass averaged 2.4 times greater in females, while total spur mass averaged 4.9 times greater. Medial spur length was on average 2.9 times greater, while lateral spur length was 3.3 times greater in females. For all other linear measurements, females were only 1.2-1.5 times larger on average than males. One-way ANCOVA for two independent samples showed that the mass of male and female spurs were not significantly different when body mass was held constant (Table 2), but length of medial and lateral hind tibial spurs was highly significant between the sexes when tibia length was held constant. Fig. 1 reveals that, even at the same hind tibia length, lateral spur lengths are nonoverlapping between males and females. The femora of female cicada killers were not significantly wider relative to femur length than those of males according to ANCOVA (Table 2). The foreleg and midleg tibiae of females were also not significantly wider relative to their length than those of males; however, the hindleg tibia of females was signifi- cantly wider than the hindleg tibia of males relative to tibia length. The hind tibia width (but no other measurement) of females was significantly greater than that of males relative to head width as well. 14 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Table 1. Morphometric measurements of eastern cicada killers. All means are significantly different between the sexes (P < 0.0001, unpaired Student’s T test for unequal variances). fs) * Females 4 of _——aagl— = Males Measurement Male Female Mass in mg, linear standard standard dimensions in mm mean error N mean error WN body mass 390.6 Pie a 20 4. 9379 —Neae 24 spur mass 2 0.1 19 9 0.8 24 head width 5.49 0.05 24 6.66 0.06 35 foreleg femur width ia 0.02 24 1.64 0.04 a5 foreleg femur length 4.36 0.06 24 5.45 0.10 20 foreleg tibia width 0.74 0.01 24 1.04 0.02 a5 foreleg tibia length 3.54 0.06 24 4.74 0.08 20 midleg femur width 1.47 0.02 24 1.85 0.03 33 midleg femur length 4.87 0.07 24 6.02 0.11 20 midleg tibia width 0.81 0.04 24 1.19 0.04 33 midleg tibia length 4.15 0.10 24 5.65 0.14 20 hindleg femur width 1.47 0.03 24 1.94 0.07 33 hindleg femur length 519 0.10 24 6.68 0.12 20 hindleg tibia width 0.96 0.04 24 M52 0.04 33 hindleg tibia length 5.2 0.16 24 6.67 0.28 20 medial spur length 122 0.04 42 3.50 0.07 64 lateral spur length 0.89 0.035 44 2.96 0.07 65 5 steal & & = 3 5 & 2 = 2 = 4 5 6 7 8 Figure 1. The relationship between hind tibia length and hind tibial lateral spur length in female and male eastern cicada killers. The least-squares regression line is shown for each Sex. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 15 Table 2. One-way ANCOVA results for male vs. female eastern cicada killer with the concomitant variable brought under control. Concomitant Dependent variable Variable DF F P spur mass body mass 1, 41 3.62 0.064 lateral spur length tibia length 1, 50 WS < 0.0001* medial spur length tibia length 1, 49 Sih < 0.0001* foreleg femur width _—_ foreleg femur length 1, 41 0.67 0.42 midleg femur width midleg femur length 1, 41 2.04 0.16 hindleg femur width hindleg femur length 1, 41 IZ 0.061 foreleg tibia width foreleg tibia length 1,41 4.25 0.046 midleg tibia width midleg tibia length 1, 41 4.87 0.033 hindleg tibia width hindleg tibia length 1, 41 19.8 <0.0001* hindleg tibia width head width 1, 54 10.1 0.0024* *Statistically significant at the Bonferroni-corrected a of 0.005. Electron Microscopy. Both spurs were predominantly convex and smooth on the dorsal aspect and slightly concave on the ventral surface (Figs. 2A, 2B). In both sexes, the medial spur was the longer of the two, even though it was more curved than the lateral spur. The lateral spur was a straight, fairly blunt spike, though in the female it appeared somewhat more flattened than in the male. Its external ultrastructure was fairly unremarkable, except that the medial edge was serrated in appearance, consisting of a series of heavy, elongate, triangular scales. The lateral edge of the medial spur was serrated, similar to the medial edge of the lateral spur (Fig. 2C). The medial aspect of the medial spur was remarkable for being covered with dense hairlike structures 41 + 2.8 (11) um long by 16 + 0.9 (11) um wide at the base (Fig. 2D). Some appeared to be blunt, while others were sharply pointed. Again, there was no obvious difference between males and females in the abundance or appearance of these hairs (Figs. DE. JF). DISCUSSION Female eastern cicada killers were much larger on average than males by every measure. However, the difference between the sexes in mass and length of spurs was greater than for other measures. Although spur size increases with body size, ANCOVA confirmed that the female spurs are larger when size is con- trolled. Hence, spur size exhibits complete dimorphism: female spurs are larger even when body size is the same as that of a male. The allocation of tissue to spurs in females is very small, equaling 0.095% of body mass. This investment, though much greater than that of males (0.0032%), is rather small relative to the gain in digging efficacy by having larger spurs (Coelho and Holliday, 2008). Considerable variation exists in spur size, suggest- ing that the opportunity remains for selection to act upon it if the variation is her- itable. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ———5O pt NKU SEM Laboratory SAS ae Na Qi, MANA AS SOAs Ny Figure 2. Eastern cicada killer (Sphecius speciosus) hind tibial spurs. A. female, right dorsal view showing slightly concave surfaces. B. female, left ventral view showing con- vex surfaces. C. female, medial spur, ventral view of lateral aspect showing serration. D. female, left medial spur, ventral view of medial aspect showing pubescence. Magni- fication of the male image (E) is nearly twice that of the female image (F) making the spurs (right dorsal view, medial spur) appear the same size. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 17 Visual examination of female cicada killers reveals impressively robust femo- ra; however, our analysis suggests that this robustness is simply a result of geo- metrical similarity. Large females have wide femora. Surprisingly, it is the tibiae of the female that are disproportionately wide. The femur houses the tibial leva- tor and tibial depressor muscles, which drive the tibia. In turn, the tibia contains the muscles that drive the tarsus (Chapman, 1971), which appears to be largely passive during the pushing of soil. Hence, it is possible that the greater width of the female hind tibia is not a consequence of greater muscle-housing space, but rather an adaptation to the large forces produced by the femoral muscles. The robustness of female tibiae may compensate for buckling stress incurred during burrowing, but appropriate measurements have not yet been performed. On the other hand, it could be that the wider tibia, much like the spurs, simply provides more surface area for pushing soil. One might expect that the distal end of the hind tibia must be wider in female cicada killers to accommodate the larger spur origins. However, Cane (1979) shows that the apical tibial articulations of the spurs occupy but a small portion of this area. Furthermore, the spurs arise from one corner of an essentially rec- tangular corium, the unsclerotized region that closes the end of the tibia. Hence, the distal end of the tibial does not appear to be encumbered by the spurs. The external ultrastructure of the hind tibial spurs 1s consistent with their dig- ging function in female cicada killers. The concavo-convex shape of the spurs is adaptive. The concave ventral surface should provide a scooping action against loose soil as the leg is extended backward, and the smooth, convex dorsal sur- face should provide low frictional resistance on the recovery stroke. The brush- like structure of the medial edge of the medial spur should help move soil along the substrate, much like a broom. The hairs might also provide sensory informa- tion about the substrate. However, these characteristics are essentially identical between males and females, and are unlikely to represent original adaptations to digging. The presence of spurs at the junction of the hind tibia and tarsus is apparently widespread, occurring in Orthoptera (personal observations), Hemip- tera (Fletcher, 1999), Coleoptera (Paulsen, 2007) and Hymenoptera (Farish, 1972; Cane, 1979). In fossorial apoid wasps, the medial spur is normally con- siderably longer than the lateral spur, and both function in various grooming behaviors (Farish, 1972). Brushing particles of soil from a limb may not be a very different action from moving particles of soil over the substrate; therefore, the ultrastructure and shape of the spurs did not change substantially in the evo- lution of the larger female version. Greater size was all that was required to pro- vide a substantial improvement in digging efficacy (Coelho and Holliday, 2008). Hence, the large spurs of females appear to represent an exaptation, a modifica- tion of a previously existing structure that happened to approximate the charac- teristics required for a new function. 18 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported in part by grants from the Quincy University Faculty Development and Welfare Committee (JRC), the Northern Kentucky University Center for Integrative Natural Sciences and Mathematics (JMH) and the Lafayette College Academic Research Committee (CWH). We thank Sharon DeWitt, Paula Edgar, and four anonymous reviewers for critical comments on the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Cane, J. H. 1979. The hind tibiotarsal and tibial spur articulations in bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 52:123-137. Chapman, R. F. 1971. The Insects: Structure and Function, 2nd edition. American Elsevier, New York, New York, U.S.A. 820 pp. Coelho, J. R. 1997. Sexual size dimorphism and flight behavior in cicada killers (Sphecius specio- sus). Oikos 79:371-375. Coelho, J. R. and C. W. Holliday. 2008. The effect of hind-tibial spurs on digging rate in female eastern cicada killers. Ecological Entomology 33: (in press). Coelho, J. R. and K. Wiedman. 1999. Functional morphology of the hind tibial spurs of the cica- da killer (Sphecius speciosus Drury). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 8:6-12. Darwin, C. R. 1871. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. John Murray, London, England, U.K. Volume 1. 423 pp. Evans, H. E. 1966. The Comparative Ethology and Evolution of the Sand Wasps. Harvard Univer- sity Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. 542 pp. Farish, D. J. 1972. The evolutionary implications of qualitative variation in the grooming behay- iour of the Hymenoptera (Insecta). Animal Behaviour 20:662-676. Fletcher, M. J. 1999. Identification key and checklists for the planthoppers of Australia and New Zealand (Superfamily Fulgoroidea). http://www.raa.nsw.gov.au/Hort/ascu/fulgor/fulg0.htm Hildebrand, M. 1974. Analysis of Vertebrate Structure. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, New York, U.S.A. 728 pp. Holliday, C. W. and J. R. Coelho. 2006. Improved key to New World species of Sphecius (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 99:793-798. Lowry, R. 2007. VassarStats: web site for statistical computation. http://faculty.vassar.edu/lowry/ VassarStats.html Paulsen, M. J. 2007. Scarabs of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln’s Cedar Point Biological Station and Arapaho Prairie, Keith and Arthur Counties, Nebraska. http://www-museumunl. edu/research/entomology/CPBS/CPBSscarabs.html Rasband, W. S. 1997-2006. ImageJ, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A. http://rsb.info.nih.gov/1j/. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 118) NATURAL PARASITISM RATE OF TRICHOGRAMMA EVANESCENS WESTWOOD (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) AND ITS RELEASE EFFICACY AGAINST THE COTTON BOLLWORM, HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA HUBNER (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN THE CUKUROVA REGION, TURKEY' Sevcan Oztemiz’ ABSTRACT: The natural parasitism rate and effectiveness of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), was studied for the first first time in Turkey in 2002 by rearing and releasing it against the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Releases of 7’ evanescens were made twice against the three gen- erations of H. armigera during June, July, and August in the Cukurova region. Four replicates were used in both the 7richogramma release (without insecticides) treatments and the control (without Trichogramma and without insecticides). In each Trichogramma release, approximately 120,000 par- asitoids ha! (a total of 720,000 parasitoids ha!) were released. The parasitization rate on H. armigera averaged 52.5% in the release plots and only 28.5% in the control plots. Compared to the control plots, the reduction in the number of H. armigera larvae averaged 33.3% and the reduc- tion in the number of damaged bolls averaged 42.8% in the release plots. Compared to the control plots, in fields where only insecticides were used, the number of H. armigera larvae was reduced by 68.0% and the number of damaged bollworm was reduced by 71.4%. In adjacent cotton fields treat- ed with insecticides and excluded from the experimental area the natural parasitization rate of T. evanescens was low. Of the 241 H. armigera eggs of those collected on cotton, only 14 were par- asitized (5.8%) by 7: evanescens. Perhaps, pesticides used to control the cotton pests had non-target side effects on the parasitoids, and many 7: evanescens could have been destroyed. Bollworm egg parasitism could be substantially increased with augmentative releases of 7’ evanescens wasps in cot- ton. Trichogramma evanescens has potential in the biological control of H. armigera. KEY WORDS: Cotton, Helicoverpa armigera, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Trichogramma evanescens, Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae, parasitization rate, biological control Cotton (Gossypium hirsitum L., Malvaceae) is one of the most important com- mercial crops as it plays a key role in economic and social affairs worldwide. This important fiber-producing crop is cultivated in more than 80 countries. However, about 30 species of insects and mites have been recorded as causing damage to the cotton plant worldwide (Layton, 2002; Anonymous, 2007). One of those pests is the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a serious herbivore in many areas of the world (Scott et al., 2004; Zimmermann, 2005). Helicoverpa armigera is a polyphagous pest that directly affects yield due to feeding on the generative organs. Larvae of H. armigera feed on flowers, combs, and bolls. After flowering, the first stage of the fruit is known as a comb. In time, combs are followed by bolls. Damaged combs fall, and damaged bolls do not open and ultimately wither and decay. Combs and bolls damaged by H. armigera larvae are also attacked by diseases that cause rotting. Hence, H. armigera may cause a considerable amount of yield loss if not controlled. ‘Submitted on March 19, 2007. Accepted on May 20, 2007. * Plant Protection Research Institute, 01321, Adana, Turkey. E-mail: s_oztemiz@hotmail.com Mailed on March 14, 2008 20 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Helicoverpa armigera produces a different number of generations depending on climatic conditions. For example, H. armigera produces 2-6 generations in Iran, 2 generations in Bulgaria, and 3 generations in France (OEPP/EPPO, 1981). In Turkey, H. armigera has up to five generations per year. One of the genera- tions occurs on weeds such as Malva sylvestris Zebrina (Malvaceae), Coronilla varia L. (Fabaceae), Cannabis sativa (LINN.) (Urticaceae), Solanum sp (Solana- ceae), Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae), Amaranthus retroflexus L. (Amaranthaceae), Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae) in the world (Stadel- bacher, 1981; Sarode, 1999; Jallow et al., 2001); A. retroflexus L. (Amarantha- ceae), Malva sp. (Malvaceae), Sinapis arvensis L. (Brassicaceae), Silybum mar- ianum Daisy (Asteraceae), P. oleracea L. (Portulacaceae), Solanum sp (Sola- naceae) in Turkey (Yabas and Ozer, 1983; Buyuk et al., 2002), another on maize, and the other three generations live on cotton. Interestingly, although the host plants do not affect the number of generations, they do affect the population den- sity of pest (Karban, 1993; Pires et al., 2000; Jallow et al., 2001), suggesting that different host plants differ in quality for H. armigera. In the Cukurova Region of Turkey, H. armigera has three generations in cotton, where it has been tradition- ally controlled using pesticides. In the first generation (June), the egg population of H. armigera is low and chemical control against this generation is neither economically nor biologically sound as it kills natural enemies (Goodell et al., 2001; van Lenteren, 2005). Besides the destruction of natural enemies, the use of pesticides has resulted in several risk factors to human health (IPPC, 1997), eco- logical imbalance (Shine et al., 2000; Genovesi and Shine, 2003), development of resistance to pesticides in pests (van Lenteren, 2005), resurgence of pests (Kogan, 1998; Trumper and Holt, 1998), and environmental pollution (Bigler et al., 2006). For these reasons, alternative control methods need to be sought and implemented. Biological control, a major factor in integrated pest management (IPM) programs, relies significantly on parasitoids, such as Trichogramma wasps, and predators. Species of Zrichogramma are the most widely used as biocontrol agents in the world (Li, 1994; van Lenteren, 2000) and they are effective against bollworms of cotton (van Lenteren, 2000), such as the noctuid, Helicoverpa. Trichogramma larvae hatch, consume the Helicoverpa embryos, and about 10 days later emerge as adults and parasitise more lepidopteran eggs (Kelly, 2003). Trichogramma offers a lower cost and a more effective plant protection option than insecticides (Bournier and Vaissayre, 1977; Amaya, 1982; Cai et al., 1997; Kogan et al., 1999). However, preventing further increases in pesticide resistance and replac- ing insecticide use with inoculative or inundative releases of Trich- ogramma is complicated by the fact that often crops are sprayed with many chemicals. For this reason, biological control is often used in more limited inte- grated pest management (IPM) approaches, where pest populations are also kept in check with chemicals. In such programs, efforts are made to reduce the use of pesticides, to test and use less pesticides that are toxic to beneficial species, and Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 Di to release beneficial organisms as far as possible from spray applications (Thomson et al., 2000). In fact, several researchers report higher parasitoid activ- ity and better control of pests without the use of pesticides (Scholz et al., 1998; Neuenschwander and Markham, 2001; van Lenteren and Bueno, 2003; Heydari and Gharedaghli, 2007). A lot more insecticidal options that do not disrupt para- sitoids, such as Trichogramma, especially in early season (Udayagiri et al., 2000; Kelly, 2003; Rossiter et al., 2003) are now available. The objective of this study was to determine natural parasitization rate and release efficacy of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in the biological control of H. armigera and its potential use as a tool in cotton IPM in the Cukurova located in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. METHODS Study Site and Experimental Design The study was conducted in one cotton field in the Cukurova region of Turkey. There were three different treatments: released treatment (without insecticides), control treatment (without wasps and without insecticides), and insecticide treat- ment (without wasps, Table 1). The first two types of plots were replicated ran- domly four times (eight different plots total, each plot 0.125 ha). The distance between wasp release and non-release plots was at least 50 m. The third type of plots were placed 1,000 m away from the release and the non-release plots to minimize adverse effects of many insecticides on natural enemies. Insecticides treatment took into consideration that the other two treatments (release treatment and control) were made only at harvest to compare the grain yields. Insecticides- applied plots were arranged 1000 m away from release and non-release plots due to the adverse effects of insecticides on natural enemies. Table 1. List of insecticides applied to test plots in 2002. Active Ingredient Trade-name Dose Thiodicarb %80 Larvin 80 DF 90 g da! Profenofos + Cypermethrin 400+40 gl! Flambo 440 EC 250 ml da’! Bifenthrin 100 g I! Talstar 100 EC 100 ml da"! Parasitoid Production The production of laboratory host, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and the egg parasitoid, 7’ evanescens were conducted in acclimatized rooms adjusted to conditions of 25+1°C and 65+10% relative humidity, and darkness for E. kuehniella, and light for 16 hours and dark for 8 hours for T. evanescens (Hassan, 1981; Kayapinar, 1991; Oztemiz, 2001). 22 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Parasitoid Releases The first and second Trichogramma releases, conducted during the first, sec- ond and third H. armigera generations, respectively, were applied simultaneous- ly in the four, plots. The bollworm adult population of H. armigera was monitored. weekly in pheromone traps to determine the parasitoid release time. When the first H. armigera adult was caught in a trap, egg sampling of H. armigera was carried out by examining all parts of 50 randomly chosen cotton plants at the center of each of the eight plots (Knutson, 1996; Suh et al., 2000). After the first egg was seen, 80 7. evanescens bags, each containing approximately 1,500 parasitized E. kuehniella eggs were released. Approximately 120,000 parasitoids per hectare were released (Huo et al., 1988; Suh et al., 2000). Each release plot (0.125 ha) was designed leaving a margin of 7 m from the edge of the cotton field and 10 m between each release point. There were five parasitoid release points in each release plot. In each release plot, 20 bags containing approximately 30,000 par- asitoids, were released. The second release was conducted using the same proto- col method a week later. Six releases (a total of 720,000 parasitoids ha-1) were implemented twice against the first H. armigera generation, two releases against second generation, and two releases against third generation (Nasretdinov, 1978; Huo et al., 1988; Suh et al., 2000). Data Collection and Statistical Analyses Three days after each release, a visual egg count of H. armigera was con- ducted. The eggs that were found were marked using a coloured ribbon and observed twice per week until Helicoperva eggs began hatching. The number of damaged generative organs and the number of Helicoperva larvae were record- ed by examining all parts of the cotton plants in four randomly selected cotton lines 3 m long in every replication. The counts were conducted weekly. Similar counts were also conducted in the control (no insecticide, no wasp) plots. Every week, 100 plants in each of 12 plots were checked for the number of larvae and the number of damaged bolls. These data were transformed (arcsin square root) and analyzed using the Student’s t-test (two tails, homoscadacity or similar vari- ance) to compare the parasitization rate between treatments (Table 2). At harvest, the counts of damaged bolls and larvae were conducted in randomized plots experimental design and analyses of variance (ANOVA) analysis done. Rate of Parasitism Helicoverpa armigera eggs are mostly laid singly in the upper part of the canopy (leaves and buds) of cotton plants. All leaves and buds of 50 plants per plot [8 plots for parasitization rate in released plots (without insecticides) and control (without wasps and insecticides)] were examined. Leaves and buds were carefully examined for eggs. Parasitized and non-parasitized eggs of bollworm were collected with the plants parts on which they were found. To retard deteri- Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 p28) oration, the samples were placed in plastic boxes, put inside ice boxes, and brought to the laboratory. Each plant sample was placed in glass tubes and kept in the climatic rooms, in 25+1°C temperature, 65+10% relative humidity, and 16:8 L:D (light:dark) regime. Samples were observed daily until eggs hatched. Parasitized and non-parasitized eggs were recorded to determine parasitism rates. The percent efficacy of parasitism was evaluated using Abbott’s formula (Abbott, 1925) for two cases: first, number of larvae, second, number of dam- aged bolls, against H. armigera larvae. 1) % efficacy of control against H. armigera larvae = [(a-b)/a] x 100 where a = number of larvae in the release treatment, and b = number of larvae in the control. 2) % efficacy of control in damage in bolls = [(a-b)/a] x 100 where a = number of damaged bolls in the 7richogramma release treatment and b = number of damaged bolls in the control. The counts of damaged bolls and larvae were conducted in a randomized plots experimental design and analyses of variance were done. The LSD (Least Sig- nificant Difference) test was performed to determine differences among aver- ages. Also, the results of larval counts were evaluated on the basis of Henderson- Tilton method (Karman, 1971). We used this method to calculate the reduction in the number of larva and the number of damaged bolls in the wasp release plots and insecticide treatment plots with respect to the control (without wasps and insecticides). This formula used in the Henderson-Tilton method is: Efficacy (“% reduction) = 100 [1-Ta.cb/Tb.ca] where Ta is the number of live larvae after insecticides were applied, Tb is the number of live larvae before insecticides were applied, cb is the number of live larvae in the control treatment at the same time as Ta, and ca 1s live larvae at the same time as Ta in control. Trichogramma wasps were identified by Bernard Pintureau (UMR 0203 INRA/INSA de Lyon Batiment Villeurbanne, France). Voucher specimens have been deposited in the Insect Museum of the Plant Protection Reserch Institute in Adana, Turkey. 24 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The effectiveness of the egg parasitoid, 7’ evanescens was determined for the first time in this study in Turkey. The results of this study are valuable for the Integrated Pest Management approach in cotton production in Turkey. Release Efficacy Observations of bollworm adult populations were made by pheromone traps to determine the best release time (Fig. 1). In pheromone traps, the first bollworm adult was seen on June 10; egg sampling was conducted the same day (two eggs were found on the release plots and one egg on the control plots). The first wasp release was applied against the first generation of the pest (Figures 1 and 2). {l 2" generation 3" generation —_ os St . I generation J a. as} Hw = LD) =) re) Sg = oO ee a m0 Se 4 < Ga Se 2 o rove 4) SM, Qo ee Sh ot oo eh ear ede SWS 6S Ss VS) Seowos. iS 1S). 2 we. Zor lS i IS SS) SRS Ss ES SS SS SSS SS ao St OA NG A ey a ete Oo. SO. NO ee CO. VES 2 © J 290... SOC WOO TON SOs SS SN USI Or 1S shy MSPS ene: oe (Owe S I OS ot 50 SS A CU ON we Ga aN) Se aoe Ue SSS A. aS eS OA A ee eet Sern aS aS Figure 1. Population development of adult bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner using pheromone traps in the Cukurova region of Turkey during 2002. | Number of Eggs BM Number of Parasitized Eggs | | Release plot i? a x 80 5) B = 60 fam 2 40 5 = 20 Oe a A cn er I NE a ICRP CNe UGE Seo TS RS. SS S S&S ova, Ss SS 8, 6. 5s SS VSS 4S Se SS SO) Sr SS 5S’ SS SS SHU TB EN SY ID Tt CE IEE acs Nov WN} | ONDE TS ES IES ES © Et OO * F100! 160)" eiGe? = AICN Oy Soa S . See ie. “wo Ler tems. forse oie SoS FF SS = Co eS A RN Ww MN SG SS UBS: SS SIN: oS eS SS KAT A Ss ES eS? AL COO Figure 2. Parasitism rate of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood against the cotton boll- worm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner, in release and control plots in the Cukurova region of Turkey during 2002. Vertical arrow indicates release times. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 D5 In pheromone traps, the first bollworm adult was seen on June 10, and egg sampling was conducted on the same day, two eggs were found on the release plots and one egg on the control plots, and then first release was applied against first generation of the pest (Figure 1 and 2). Three days after first release, the par- asitoidism rate of the pest ranged from 33.3 to 40.0%. Similar results were also published by Kovalenkov (1980) as two days after the release in which 100,000 parasitoids fell per hectare, 45.0% parasitation occurred in H. armigera eggs. Scholz et al. (1996) released the north American Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley) found that T. pretiosum parasitized 42.5% of eggs two days after release. The second release was done against first generation of pest after one week from first release (Figure 2). The parasitoidism rates of the pest were between 50.0 and 55.6%, three days after second release. The parasitoidism rate of the pest varied between 0.0-55.6% in the Ist gener- ation (an average 22.5%), 52.2-56.8% (an average 53.8%) in the 2nd generation and 53.4-58.5% (an average 54.0%) in the 3rd generation. The highest rate of parasitation occurred in the 3rd generation, and followed by the 2nd and Ist gen- erations, respectively. Jones et al. (1977) reported 55-84% parasitation with Trichogramma sp. release so that 112.000-178.000 parasitoids fell per hectare against H. armigera in cotton. The same parasitoidism rate with Trichogramma on the bollworm eggs were found in the other release studies in China (Wang and Zhang, 1991), and in the USA (Knutson, 1996; Davies and Martin, 2005). The fact that the developmental period of 7: evanescens is as short as 10 days and it multiplies by producing three generations against one generation of the pest, and that the oviposition of the pest lasts long and as a consequence of this, the para- sitoid continues its existence throughout the vegetation period leads to an increase in its effectiveness in the field. The parasitoidism rate was found to be high at the end of the season, especially, since the generations got mixed up with each other after the releases performed against the first generation because the parasitoids released in the second and third generations reproduced in the field and the supporting releases were continued. In our study, the same counts were conducted in the control plots (without wasps and insecticides) as parasitoid released plots on the same dates. It was found that the parasitoidism rate was 28.4% (Figure 2). Likewise, in the other Trichogramma release studies, parasitization rate was 33.0% in the control plot in Australia (Scholz and Murray, 1994) and 18-69% in North Carolina (Suh et al., 1997, 2000). It is also known that in other studies of release conducted with the parasitoid in question, the distance between the control plot and the release plot varied between 50 to 100 meters (Hassan, 1981; Bigler and Brunetti, 1986; Tran and Hassan, 1986). The conclusion was drawn that the reason for the low para- sitoidism rate in the control plot, although the control plot was at a certain dis- tance from the release plot, might be the passive but high spreading power of the parasitoid due to the wind. Similarly, Yu et al. (1984) reported that the prevalent winds were effective in the spread of species of Trichogramma from the location of release. 26 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS When the plot where the 7: evanescens release and the control plot were com- pared statistically, a significant difference was found with respect to the para- sitoidism rate (t value calc: 2.97, df = 26; p < 0.01; Table 2). Table 2. Parasitoidism rate of Trichogramma evanescens against the cotton boll- worm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner in release and control plots in the Cuku- rova region of Turkey during 2002. Treatments Parasitization Rate (“%) Release* 52.524+5.04 a Control* 28.49+5.83 b *Means followed by a different letter differ significantly at p < 0.01 (t- test). In addition, to determine the effect of parasitoid release on yield, the number of H. armigera larvae and the number of damaged generative organs were recorded in the release plots (without insecticides) and in the insecticide use plots (without wasps). The decrease in the number of H. armigera larvae in the field where release performed was 33.3%, whereas in the insecticide-used plot, it was 68.0%. On the other hand, the decrease in the number of damaged bolls was 42.8% in the release plot and 71.4% in the insecticides-used plot. Biological control by species of Trichogramma against the cotton bollworm has been studied by many authors, and the reduction in the number of larvae and damaged bolls recorded (Jones et al., 1977; Kovalenkov and Mescheryakova, 1986; Zhou, 1988; Suh et al., 1997). These authors have used similar methods yielding parallel results to those of mine. Kelly (2003) showed that Helicoverpa egg mortality increased from 30% to 90% following the release of Tricho- gramma resulting in a reduction in insecticide applications in the field. When the effects of parasitoid release were analyzed statistically, no signifi- cant differences were observed between the plot where 7: evanescens release per- formed and the insecticides used to control the number of larvae (F: 108.0, LSD:1.532, df:11) or the number of damaged bolls (F: 38.0, LSD:1.876, df:11, P:0.000). However, the difference among these two plots and the control plot was found to be statistically significant (Table 3). Table 3. The number of larvae and damaged bolls in the release, control and insecticide-applied plots in the Cukurova region of Turkey during 2002. Number n Release* Control* Chemicals Only* Larvae 4 3.00+0.408b 9.00+0.408a 3.00+0.000b Damaged Bolls 4 4.00+0.408b 7.00+40.408a 2.00+0.408b *Means followed by a different letter, differ significantly at P=0.01 (LSD). Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 P| The yield of cotton was 3760 kg ha"! in the plot where wasp releases were per- formed, 4150 kg ha-1 in the insecticides-used plot, and 3570 kg ha’! in the con- trol plot. The yield was increased by 10.5% in T. evanescens in the release plot and 11.6% in the insecticides plot. Similar results were obtained by King et al. (1986) that obtained a parasitization rate of 60 to 80% (average 35%) with release of 120,000 7: pretiosum ha™! against H. armigera, 16.5% yield increase in T. pretiosum release plot and 5.9% in the plot where insecticides were used in cotton in Arkansas, U.S.A. The average rate of parasitation in H. armigera eggs in cotton where T. evanescens were released was 52.5% and only 28.5% in the control plot. The reduction in the number of larvae and damaged bolls was 33.3% and 42.8% in the release plot, respectively. Although, yield was higher in the insecticides plots than in the releasing plots, the cost of three chemical control treatments against the pest was uneconomical (US$144.1-US$154.4 hectare}, 2002 dollars), and considering their harmful effects on the environment and human health, Trich- ogramma release within the framework of integrated control principle seems viable in cotton. Trichogramma offers a lower cost and a more effective plant protection option than insecticides (Bournier and Vaissayre, 1977; Amaya, 1982; Cai et al., 1997; Kogan et al., 1999). Likewise, most researches working on cotton biocontrol suggest that there are significant decreases in pest control cost with 7richogram- ma release. For example, Shamuratov et al. (1981) reported that the cost of 3 or 4 Trichogramma releases were 33% more economical than chemical control. Smith and Bellotti (1996) reported that the number of applications decreased from 22 to 2 per crop cycle by releasing Trichogramma spp. in Colombia, and estimated pest control costs decreased 96%. It was established with this study that Trichogramma species has potential in the biological control of H. armigera. In the former Soviet Union, 7: euproctidis Girault are used for the control of H. armigera with a resulting parasitism of 66- 90%. This procedure provides complete protection of the crop. Helicoverpa in IPM program primarily relied on releases of Trichogramma to reduce the num- ber of applications of insecticides. The parasitoid, which was successfully used in the biological control of the European corn borer in maize in the Mediterran- ean region, can also be used in the cotton against bollworm in IPM program. Biological control in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has been successful- ly implemented in many cotton-growing countries including Asia and North Africa, for example: Syria, India, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Egypt, and Tajikistan (Heydari and Gharedaghli, 2007). These countries have been able to control and manage their pest problems in cotton fields with minimum environmental risks by using nonchemical methods. For example, Syria has achieved the second highest cotton yield in the world with almost no application of pesticides using IPM strategies. In Pakistan, bollworm infestation levels remained lower through- out the season in biological control plots as compared with farmer practices plots 28 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS by releasing of Trichogramma chilonis in cotton. The infestation rate of bollworm ranged from 1.7 % to 6.2% in released plot; from 8.3% to 22.0% in farmer’s plot. In Egypt, release of 7richogramma pretiosum is an effective tool in reducing the densities of different bollworms in cotton fields. The cotton IPM program in Uzbekistan is highly dependent on biological control and major strategy to con- trol pests in many crops including cotton. Release thresholds in Tadjikistan against H. armigera are such that only 50% parasitization efficiency is sufficient for economic control (Voronin 1982). Besides, other countries mentioned above have also implemented IPM strategies and have achieved some promising results in controlling and management of cotton pests (Heydari and Gharedaghli, 2007). Natural parasitization rate In cotton, H. armigera developed three generations in the Cukurova Region of Turkey. The first, second and third generation of H. armigera occurred in June, July and August, respectively. The population of first generation was lower than the others. Of 241 eggs of H. armigera collected on cotton, and only 14 were par- asitized (5.8%) by 7: evanescens. In our region, most farmers used insecticides intensively against the pest, for this reason we found low parasitized eggs of H. armigera and a low parasitoidism rate. Many parasites may be destroyed by the chemical sprays that are widely applied. Hence, different natural para- sitoidism rate was obtained in various areas by many authors such that Johnson (1985) reported as much as 59% of bollworm eggs in cotton parasitized by nat- ural populations of Trichogramma wasps, and early season parasitoidism reached 60 to 80% but sharply declined once insecticide treatments began. Similarly, natural egg parasitoidism rates by 7richogramma spp. ranged from 1- 20% on the bollworm eggs in cotton (Kring and Smith, 1995; Negeri, 2000). CONCLUSION If we support the natural parasitoidism rate by releasing Trichogramma, the levels of egg parasitoidism will be increased. Alternatively, natural populations should simply be allowed to build up by using selective insecticides and other Trichogramma conservation practices, such as the use of trap crops (Okra, Hibis- cus esculentus L. (Malvaceae); alfa alfa, Medicago sativa L. (Leguminosae); Thontadanya et al., 1978) conservation-tillage systems, and avoiding the use of broad-spectrum insecticides. In the Cukurova Region, the natural parasitoidsm rate of Trichogramma was increased by releasing parasitoids. After three pairs of T: evanescens releases, the parasitoidism rate was increased and finally the rate of parasitoidism reached the highest level at the end of the season in cotton fields around the releasing plot. Several studies (e.g., Stinner et al., 1974; Jones et al., 1977, 1979; King et al., 1986; Lopez and Morrison, 1985; Suh et al., 1998) demonstrated that bollworm egg parasitoidism in cotton could be substantially increased with augmentative releases of 7richogramma wasps. Similar results were obtained in other release studies (Scholz and Parker, 2002, 2004; Bastos et al., 2004). Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 29 If no chemical control was performed in the fields where wasp releases were made, an increase in the number of natural enemies was observed. The combi- nation of parasitoids and predators could be one approach in IPM programs of H. armigera in organic cotton farms. El-Wakeil and Vidal (2005) found that com- bining Zrichogramma species and Chrysoperla carnea Stephans (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) for controlling H. armigera eggs resulted in higher mortality rates than Trichogramma or C. carnea alone. The objectives of this study were to come up with a solution for effective man- agement of cotton pests with minimum risks to the environment, reduction of pest damage and yield loss, reduction of pesticide use, maximizing the density of natural enemies. The use of natural enemies in cotton fields in IPM strategy will result in the reduction of pesticide use and protection of the environment in Turkey. The pest management based on chemical use has been losing its effi- ciency mainly due to its adverse effect on natural enemies present in nature and the rising problem of insecticide resistance. For example, at the seedling and vegetative growth stages of cotton, if the chemical control is not used or biolog- ical control is supported, natural enemies will be increased. As a result, the development of an integrated crop production system for cot- ton in Turkey appears possible, based on this study. In developing strategies for augmentatively releasing Trichogramma into cotton for bollworm suppression, one needs to examine how these wasps interact with plants, among many other factors, regulating the use and effectiveness of Trichogramma releases. Releases should be appropriately timed to minimize interaction with toxic pesticides or else relatively harmless pesticides must be chosen in IPM programs. Tricho- gramma releases could be one approach in the IPM program of H. armigera in cotton farms in Turkey and perhaps other countries. Insecticide applications are treated frequently in cotton fields, and Helicover- pa has become resistant to many insecticides. Among all insect pests, Heli- coverpa is the most serious pest to cotton and it is no longer affected much by pesticides. Resistance is always there in some form, but where it typically becomes a problem is when the same pesticide is used too often or relied on too heavily, as in our region. The overuse of insecticides has led to the development of resistance to pesticides, widespread killing of natural enemies leading to resurgence of secondary pests, and increased number of pest control failures. We need to manage pests and move towards integrated crop management strategies. Biological control agents are the primary method of controlling cotton insect pests in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. Parasitoids can often pre- vent a pest population from reaching treatable levels, and the control they pro- vide is often cheaper, better, and longer lasting than that provided by insecticides. So, if biological control measures were applied for a few years, the use of insec- ticides would decrease, and the problem of insecticide resistance may decrease. We were applying against all three generations in cotton. We applied the gen- eral rule of the parasitoid-releasing method against H. armigera in cotton. The 30 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS results obtained in this study showed that population of first generations of pest was low, and we do not need to release parasitoid, this reality appeared after this study’s results. LITERATURE CITED Anonymous. 2007. 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Jn, Biological Control: Measures of Success (G. Gurr and S. Wratten, Editors). Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht, The Netherland. 118 pp. van Lenteren, J. C. and V. H. P. Bueno. 2003. Augmentative biological control of arthropods in Latin America. Biocontrol 48: 123-139. Voronin, K. 1982. Biocenotic aspects of Trichogramma utilization in integrated plant protection control. Jn, Les Trichogrammes, Ier Symposium International Colloques d INRA (Institut Na- tional de la Recherche Agronomique). Paris, France. 9: 269-274. Wang, F. C. and S. Y. Zhang. 1991. Trichogramma pintoi (Hym.; Trichogrammatidae): deutero- toky, laboratory multiplication and field releases. Colloques de ’ INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris, France) 56: 155-157. Yabas, M. N. and M. Ozer. 1983. Investigation on bio-ecology of Heliothis armigera (Hbn) in Cukurova region. TUBITAK VII. Scientific Congress. Reports of Agriculture and Forestry Research Group, 6-10 October 1980. Adana, Turkey. 75-79. Yu, D. S. K., E. A. C. Hayley, and J. E. Laing. 1984. Biology of Trichogramma minutum Riley collected from apples in Southern Ontario. Environmental Entomology 13 (5): 1324-1329. Zhou, L. T. 1988. Study on parasitizing efficiency of Trichogramma confusum Viggiani in control- ling Heliothis armigera Hubner and its modelling. Colleques de INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Paris, France) 43: 640-644. Zimmermann, O. 2005. Which indigenous beneficial can control the Cotton Bollworm? - A selec- tion of suitable Trichogramma species to control Helicoverpa armigera in green houses Egg Parasitoid News (Darmstadt, Germany) 17: 22. 34 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS TWO NEW SPECIES OF CUBRASA FROM HISPANIOLA (HEMIPTERA: CICADELLIDAE; CICADELLINAE)' Paul H. Freytag * ABSTRACT: Two new species of Cubrasa from the Dominican Republic are described, C. brevida and C. longula. KEY WORDS: Cubrasa, new species, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Cicadellinae, Dominican Republic, Strepsiptera The genus Cubrasa was described by Young (1977) for a single species, C. cardini (Metcalf and Bruner) from Cuba. This species has been the only species known for this genus since that time. Two new species have now been discovered from the Dominican Republic and are described at this time. Both species are similar to C. cardini in overall characters, but can be separated both on color pattern and male genitalia. Acronyms for institutions in which material is housed are: CMNH — Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh; FSCA — Florida State Collection of Arthropoda, Gainesville; MHND — Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic; and UKYC — University of Kentucky Collection, Lexington. Cubrasa brevida Freytag, NEW SPECIES (Figures 1-5) Description: Length of males 6.9-7.1 mm., females 7.4-7.5 mm. Similar to C. cardini in general appearance, but darker in color of head, pronotum, and scutellum. Color of head uniformly shiny black dorsally to a point on face at level of antennal sockets, a median band of yellow from anterior margin to the mostly yellow face. Pronotum and scutellum shiny black with a narrow longitu- dinal band of yellow down median. Front wings brownish red, with two bands of brownish black (sometimes with a blue tinge), one length of claval suture, other along costa; appendix and inner apical cell membranous. Legs and ventral sur- face yellowish brown. Male genitalia: Pygofer (Fig. 1) long, rounded at apex, thickened along ventral posterior margin, with only a few setae near apex. Sub- genital plate (Figs. 1-2) shorter than pygofer, thickened at base, narrow and fin- ger-like at apex, with a couple of setae near base. Style (Fig. 2) claw-like with a bluntly pointed apex. Paraphysis (Fig. 3) with two long thin processes which are slightly asymmetrical. Aedeagus (Figs. 4-5) short, nearly rounded in posterior view. Female seventh sternum with rounded posterior margin. "Received on March 10, 2006. Accepted on June 3, 2007. *Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0091 U.S.A. E-mail: freytag2104@windstream.net Mailed on March 14, 2008 Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 39) 1 Cubrasa brevida 4b w\ 0.5 mm A 4 5 9 10 Cubrasa longula Figures 1-5. Cubrasa brevida n. sp. Figures 6-10. Cubrasa longula n. sp. Figs. | and 6. Male genital capsule, lateral view, setae not shown. Figs. 2 and 7. Male valve, subgeni- tal plates, styles and connective, ventral view, setae not shown. Figs. 3 and 8. Paraphysis, lateral view. Figs. 4 and 9. Aedeagus, posterior view. Figs. Aedeagus, lateral view. All drawn to the same scale. 36 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Type Data: Holotype male: Dominican Republic: Pedernales, 3.3 km NE Los Arroyos, 18°15' N 71°45' W, 1450 m., 16-18-VII-1990, L. Masner, J. Rawlins, C. Young, wet montane forest, sweep samples (CMNH). Paratypes: 13 males, 5 females, same data as holotype (10 males, 2 females, CMNH; | male, 1 female, FSCA; 1 male, 1 female, MHND; 1 male, 1 female, UK YC). Remarks: This species is only known from this single locality. One female was parasitized by Strepsiptera. Etymology: This species is named for the short subgenital plate. Cubrasa longula Freytag, NEW SPECIES (Figures 6-10) Description: Length of males 6.5-7 mm., females 7-7.5 mm. Similar to C. cardini in overall appearance. Head, pronotum and scutellum marked similar to C. cardini, except the yellow markings smaller, represented by thin lines, with the brownish black the predominant color. Front wings as in C. cardini, with the appendix and inner apical cell membranous, remainder of apical cells marked with black; reddish color dull in specimens on hand. Male genitalia: Pygofer (Fig. 6) similar to C. brevida. Subgenital plate (Figs. 6-7) long, nearly as long as pygofer, apical two-thirds thin, finger-like, only a couple setae near base. Style (Fig. 7) short, sharply pointed at apex. Paraphysis (Fig. 8) similar to C. brevida. Aedeagus (Figs. 9-10) short, stocky, elongate in posterior view. Female seventh sternum similar to C. brevida. Type Data: Holotype male: Dominican Republic: Pedernales, 3.3 km NE Los Arroyos, 18°15' N 71°45' W, 1450 m., 16-18-VII-1990, L. Masner, J. Rawlins, C. Young, wet montane forest, sweep samples (CMNH). Paratypes: 12 males, 15 females, same data as holotype (9 males, 12 females CMNH: | male, 1 female FSCA; 1 male, 1 female MHND: 1 male, 1 female UKYC). Notes: One other female has been seen from Pedernales, Upper Los Abejas, 38 km NNW Cabo Rojo, 18°09' N 71°38' W, 1350 m., 22-VII-1990, L. Masner, mesic deciduous forest, sweeping (CMNH). This locality is very close to the type locality. Four males and four females from the type series were parasitized by Strepsiptera. Etymology: This species is named for the very long subgenital plate. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Sincere thanks to Chen Young, Carnegie Museum of Natural History for making this material available for this study. LITERATURE CITED Young, D. A. 1977. Taxonomic study of the Cicadellinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Part 2. New World Cicadellini and the genus Cicadella. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 239. 1135 pp. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 Syl A NEW GENUS OF GRASSHOPPER (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDOIDEA: CATANTOPIDAE: CYRTACANTHACRIDINAE) FROM CHINA! Hong Yin’ and Xiang-Chu Yin’ ABSTRACT: This paper reports a new genus i.e. Parapachyacris gen. nov and a new species Para- pachyacris taiwanensis sp. nov in Cyrtacathacridinae. The new genus is similar to Pachyacris Uvarov, 1923 and differs from the latter in: 1) foveolae lacking; 2) hind tibiae with 10 spines on inner side and 8 spines on outer side; 3) basal part of prosternal process thickened; 4) cross veins right angled with longitudinal veins in apical part of tegmina and 5) the back of body with yellow longi- tudinal stripe in middle. The new genus is also similar to Patanga Uvarov, 1923 and differs from the latter in: 1) foveolae lacking; 2) basal part of prosternal process thickened; 3) upper side of hind femora with three dark bands and 4) black spots of tegmina lacking. Type specimen is deposited in the National Museum of Natural Science (NMNH), Taichung, Taiwan, China. KEY WORDS: Orthoptera, Catantopidae, Cyrtacanthacridinae, new genus, new species, China The grasshopper subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae is a small taxon, in which there are some genera and species distributed over the whole world. Char- acteristics for this subfamily are: body large; antennae filiform, with more than 18 segments; foveolae indistinct or absent; prosternal process conical or cylin- drical; pronotum without lateral carinae; dorsal basal lobe of hind femur longer than ventral one, medial area with fishbone-pattern on outside; tegmina devel- oped, extending over end of the hind femora. When examining specimens of grasshoppers from Taiwan China, we discov- ered a genus and a species of Cyrtacanthacridinae as new to science. The descrip- tions are given as below. Type specimen is deposited in the National Museum of Natural Science (NMNH), Taichung, Taiwan, China. SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY Parapachyacris gen. nov. Figs. A-D Body large in size. Head large and shorter than length of pronotum. Face slightly oblique. Foveolae lacking. Head and pronotum with yellow longitudinal stripe in middle. Antennae filiform, longer, extending to base of hind femora. Prosternal process nearly cylindrical, slightly sloping backward, basal part thick- "Received on March 6, 2007. Accepted on May 20, 2007. * College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China. E-mail: yinhongyin@yahoo. com.cn * Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001 China. *College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China. E-mails: yxch34@yahoo.com or yxch@sdau.edu.cn (Corresponding Author). Mailed on March 14, 2008 38 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ened, apex acuter. Pronotum cylindrical, hind margin curved in middle, lateral carinae lacking, median keel raised in prozona and low in metazona, distinctly cut by three transverse sulci. Prozona equal to metazona in length. Mesosternal lobes longer than width. Lateral lobes of metasternum slightly separated in api- cal part. Tegmina and wings developed, without black spots, extending over mid- dle of hind tibiae, cross veins right angled with longitudinal veins in apical part of tegmina. Hind femur with three dark bands on upper side, upper keel serrat- ed, with end of lower knee lobes rounded. Hind tibiae with 10 spines on inner side and 8 spines on outer side, external apical spine absent. Second joint of hind tarsus shorter than the first one. Tympanum distinct. Ovipositor valves short, dis- tinctly hooked in the end, outer margin smooth. Type Species: Parapachyacris taiwanensis sp. nov. Diagnosis: The new genus is similar to Pachyacris Uvarov, 1923 and differs from the latter as listed in Table 1. Table 1. Comparison of new genus Parapachyacris and Pachyacris Uvarov, 1923 Parapachyacris gen. nov. Pachyacris foveolae lacking indistinct EE ee a inner side 10, outer side 8 inner side 8, outer side 7 hind tibiae Eposternal basal part thickened basal part not thickened process apical part cross veins right angled cross veins oblique angled of tegmina with longitudinal veins longitudinal veins head and with yellow longitudinal without yellow longitudinal pronotum stripe in middle stripe in middle The new genus is also similar to Patanga Uvarov, 1923 and differs from the lat- ter as listed in Table 2. Table 2. Comparison of new genus Parapachyacris and Patanga Uvarov, 1923 Parapachyacris gen. nov. Patanga foveolae lacking indistinct Prosternal basal part basal part process thickened not thickened upper side of with three with a black hind femora dark bands longitudinal stripe black spots lacking present of tegmina Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 39 Figures A-D. Photographs of Parapachyacris taiwanensis sp. nov. A. Dorsal view of holotype. B. Hind tibia. C. Head and prosternal process. D. Head and pronotum lateral view. 40 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Etymology: Name of the genus is derived from its sister genus Pachyacris Uvarov, 1923, Para- in Latin means derivation. Parapachyacris taiwanensis sp. nov. (Figs. A-D) Type Data. Holotype: Female, China: Taiwan Taichung, Hoping, Paileng, (21°11'N, 120 °54'E), (G. S. Tung & M. M. Yang), 3. August, 1996 (NMNH). Description of Female (Figs. A-D). Body large in size. Head larger and short- er than length of pronotum. Face slightly oblique in profile. Antennae filiform, 27 segments, distinctly surpassing over posterior margin of pronotum, middle segment 2.5 times as long as its width. Eyes globose, longitudinal diameter 1.7 times as long as horizontal diameter and 1°8 times subocular furrow. Pronotum cylindrical, hind margin curved in middle, lateral carinae lacking, median keel raised in prozona and low in metazona, distinctly cut by three transverse sulci. Prozona equal to metazoan in length. Interspace of mesosterum narrowed back- ward, 1.5 times as long as minimum width, lateral lobes of metasternum slight- ly separated, almost contiguous. Tegmina and wings developed, extending over middle of hind tibiae, cross veins right angled with longitudinal veins in apical part of tegmina. Upper keel of hind femur serrated, well proportioned, 4.6 times as long as its maximum width, end of lower knee lobes rounded. Hind tibia with 10 spines on inner side and 8 spines on outer side, external apical spine absent. Second joint of hind tarsus shorter than first one, arolium large, longer than claw. Tympanum distinct. Epiproct with longitudinal groove in middle. Cercus coni- cal, not reaching to tip of epiproct. Subgenital plate oblong, hind margin acute angled in middle. Ovipositor valves short, apex hooked, outer margin smooth. Coloration: Body darkish-brown. Antennae darkish-brown. Head and prono- tum with yellow longitudinal stripe in middle. Tegmina yellowish-brown, with- out black spots. Wing darkish-brown, red at base. Hind femur yellowish-brown, with three dark bands on upper side, upper kneelobe dark, lower one yellow. Hind tibia darkish-brown, spines yellow, apex black. Abdomen and subgenital plate darkish-brown. Measurements: Length of body, female 58.2 mm. Length of tegmen: female 58.1 mm. Length of hind femur: female 33.9 mm. Male: Unknown. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study is financially supported by the grants of National Natural Sciences Foundation of Peoples Republic of China (No. 30630010) and Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KSCX2-YW-Z). We are grateful to Prof. Yien-Shing Chow, the former Director of National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, for his kind invitation to visit Tatwan, China. We are also grateful to Mr. G. S. Tung and M. M. Yang for collecting specimen. LITERATURE CITED Bei-Bienko, G. J. (Ya.) and L. L. Mishchenko. 1951. Acridoidea of the fauna of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and neighbouring countries. Pts. 1 and 2. [In Russian.] Opred. Faune the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Moscow 38: 246, 247, figs. 207-208. [In Russian] Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 41 Bi, Dao-Ying. 1986 Notes on five new species of grasshoppers from China. Contributions of the Shanghai Institute of Entomology 5:197-199, figs. 6-9. [In Chinese with English summary] Huang, Chun-Mei. 1982. Patanga Uvarov and one new species (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Sinozoologia No. 2: 35-37. [In Chinese with English summary] Johannson, B. 1763. CXXI. Centuria insectorum quam praeside D. D. Car. von Linné proposuit Boas Johansson, Calmariensis. pp. 384-415. Jn, Amoenitates academicae; seu dissertationes vari- ae physicae, medicae, botanicae, antehac seorsim editae, nunc collectae et auctae cum tabulis aeneis. Tomus 6. G. Kiesewetter. Holmiae [= Stockholm]. 486 pp. 2nd Edition. 1789. Erlanger, Sweden. p. 398, no. 36. Jiang, Guo-Fang and Z.-M. Zheng. 1998 Grasshoppers and locusts from Guangxi. pp. 135-138, figs. 389-401. [In Chinese with English summary] Kirby, W. F. 1914. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Orthoptera (Acrididae). London, England. pp. I-X, 193, 224-226. Li, Hong-Chang and Kai-Ling Xia. 2006 Fauna Sinica Insecta Volume 32 Orthoptera Acridoidea Catantopidae. Sciences Press. Beijing, China. pp. 468-479, figs. 244-248. (In Chinese with Eng- lish summary) Liu, Ju-Peng. 1995. Studies on Acridoids of Hainan Island. Tianze Publishing House pp. 63-64, figs. I1.91-93. [In Chinese with English summary] Mishchenko, L. L 1952. Fauna of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Insects: Orthoptera 4 no. 2. Acrids (Catantopinae). Zoological Institute of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Academy of Sciences, Moscow 54: 487, 493-494, figs. 142-143. [In Russian] Tinkham, E. R. 1940. Taxonomic and biologieal studies on the Cyrtacanthacrinae of South China. Lingnan Science Journal, Canton 19: 341. Tsai, Pang-Hwa. 1929. Description of three new species of Acridiids from China, with a list of the species hitherto recorded. Journal College Agriculture, Tokyo 10: 149. Uvarov, B. P. 1923. A Revision of the Old World Cyrtancanthacrini (Orth. Acrididae). Annals & Magazine of Natural History (9)11: 143, 473. Walker, F. 1870. Catalogue of the specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the collection of British Museum. London, England. British Museum 4: 588. Willemse, C. 1957 Synopsis of the Acridoidea of the Indo-Malayan and adjacent regions (Insecta, Orthoptera). (Continued). Publishing Natuurhistorisch Genootschap Limburg 10: 245-246, figs. Xia, Kai-Ling. 1958. Taxonomic essentials of Acrididae from China. Science Press. Biejing, China. pp. 57, 187. Plate IV. fig. 12. [In Chinese] Yin, X.-C., J.-P. Shi, and Z. Yin. 1996. A synonymic catalogue of grasshoppers and their allies of the world. China Forestry Publishing House. Beijing, China. p. 492 and p. 529. Zheng, Z.-M. 1985. Grasshoppers from Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Shaanxi and Ningxia. Sciences Press. Beijing, China. p. 74, figs. 362-371. (In Chinese with English summary) Zheng, Z.-M. 1993. Taxonomy of Acridoidea. Shaanxi Normal University Press. Xi’an, China. p. 156, figs. 558-561. (In Chinese) THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP Membership coincides with the calendar year running from January 1 to December 31. If join- ing midyear, back issues will be mailed. Unless requested otherwise, membership application received after October 1 will be credited to the following year. DUES FOR 2008: Regular: $ 20 Student: $12 $ Students must provide proof of student status Paid membership dues are required for the following member's subscription rates: L] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS & Vol. 118 @ $15.00 per year: $ L] TRANSACTIONS OF TAES Vol. 133 @ $15.00 per year: $ Bag Bag Ba | Bags © . a A 4 i fh da Total: $ NAME ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP E-MAIL (PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY) AES Federal ID No.: 23-1599849 TELEPHONE MAIL FORM & PAYMENT TO: L] Check or money order (in US currency through a US bank) The American Entomological Society payable to The American Entomological Society. at The Academy of Natural Sciences Creditcard: LI VISA CJ Discover LJ MasterCard LJ AmEx 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195 Telephone: (215) 561-3978 E-mail: aes@acnatsci.org CREDIT CARD NUMBER EXPIRATION DATE NAME ON CARD SIGNATURE www.acnatsci.org/hosted/aes Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 43 A NEW SPECIES OF PALLIDUPHANTES FROM TURKISH CAVES (ARANEAE: LINYPHIIDAE)' Hakan Demir,’ Aydin Topcu,’ and Osman Seyyar* ABSTRACT: A new species of Palliduphantes Saaristo and Tanasevitch in 2001 is described from Turkey. Differences between the new species and related species are discussed. KEY WORDS: Araneae, Linyphiidae, new species, Turkey, caves The genus Palliduphantes Saaristo and Tanasevitch, 2001, is represented with 55 species throughout the world (Bosmans, 2006; Platnick, 2007). As the fauna of Turkey is concerned, Linyphiidae must be regarded as an insufficiently stud- ied family. The linyphiid fauna of Turkey consists of 56 species (7 of them inhab- it the caves), and has recently been a subject of intensive taxonomic and faunis- tic studies (Topcu et al., 2005, 2006). In the present study, a new species from Turkey is described. METHODS All illustrations were made with a Nikon SMZ-U stereomicroscope with drawing tube. Abbreviations used in the text and in the figures are as follow: Fm, femur; Pt, patella; Tb, tibia; Mt, metatarsus; Tr, tarsus; Tm, position of metatarsal trichobothrium; NUAM, Arachnology Museum of the Nigde University, Nigde, Turkey. Terminology of genitalia and chaetotaxy follow Saaristo and Tanasevitch (2001). All measurements are in millimeters. SYSTEMATIC ARANEOLOGY Palliduphantes bayrami sp. n. Figs. 1-9 Type Data. Holotype 0 (NUAM), TURKEY: Karaman Province, Ermenek District, Manaspoli Cave (36°38 'N, 32°51’E) 11.VII.2006, leg. Hakan Demir and Aydin Topcu. Paratypes 4 9, (NUAM), together with holotype, leg. Hakan Demir and Aydin Top¢u. Etymology. The new species is named in honor of the Turkish arachnologist Prof. Dr. Abdullah Bayram. Diagnosis. Palliduphantes bayrami sp. n. belong to the insignis group (Sa- aristo and Tanasevitch, 2001), closely related to P minimus (Deeleman-Rein- "Received on April 2, 2007. Accepted on June 3, 2007. * Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Gazi University, TR-06500 Ankara, Turkey. Corresponding Author: E-mail: hakandemir@gazi.edu.tr. * Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Nigde University, TR-51200 Nigde, Turkey. E-mail: atopcu3msn.com. * Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Erciyes University, TR-96532 Kayseri, Turkey. E-mail: osmanseyyar@hotmail.com. Mailed on March 14, 2008 44 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS hold, 1985), PR. byzantinus (Fage, 1931) and P. pillichi (Kulczyn'ski, 1915). The male of P. bayrami sp. n. is similar to P. minimus (Deeleman-Reinhold, 1985) (cf. Deeleman-Reinhold, 1985: fig 35a,b), but can be distinguished easily from this and all other species by the apical part of the lamella characteristica divided into four sharp pointed branches and it is stronger and wider. The paracymbium is bigger and wider. The females resemble P. byzantinus (Fage, 1931) and P. pillichi (Kulczyn'ski, 1915) (cf. Deltshev, 1980: figs. Plate 1.5-8, Plate 2.1-6), but can be separated from them by the anterior part of scape, rather elongated, and the long- er lateral lobes. Description. Measurements (holotypeO’/paratype@). Total length: 2.03/2.52. Carapace; 0.92/1.11 long, 0.81/0.92 wide. Clypeus: 0.15/0.13 height. Chelicerae: 0.42/0.54 long, 0.23/0.43 wide. Sternum: 0.51/0.54 long, 0.52 wide. Abdomen: 1.12/1.51 long, 0.81/0.62 wide. Leg measurements are summarized in Table 1. Table 1. Leg measurements of Palliduphantes bayrami holotypeO’/paratype. Fm Pt Tb Mt Tr Total 1.49 / 0.26 / 1.24 / 0.49 / 0.49.4. 1.51 0.31 1.26 1.43 0.51 ; 1.30 / 0.26 / ie ah) 0.68 / 0.68 / ee 1.28 0.31 1.15 1.30 (we) - 1.10 0.26 / 0.98 / sae O:53:iacn son dhe 0.31 1.00 1.02 0.56 ss 1207 0.26 / 1°20:/ 0.75 / 0.75! — are 1.49 0.31 1.38 1.38 0.83 Male. Carapace yellow. Eyes well developed, surrounded by a narrow black strip. Posterior row, median eyes distant approximately 1 diameter and distant approximately less than | diameter from laterals. Anterior row, median eyes almost approached, approximately 1 diameter from laterals. Clypeus concave. Chelicerae, armed with 3 well developed teeth on outer row and 5 denticles on inner row. Abdomen, greyish. All legs yellow to brownish. Fm I: 0-1-0-0, Tb I- II: 2-1-1-1, Tb HI-IV: 2-0-0-0, Mt I-IV: 1-0-0-0. Tm I: 0.21. Paracymbium is big and flat. Lateral edge of the paracymbium has a prominent curved finger-like posterior extension. Lamella characteristica is long, wide, forked an S-shaped. Apical part of the lamella characteristica divided four sharp pointed branches; first three branches small, ventral branch approximately 5 times longer than other branches and directed upwards. Terminal apophyses narrow and prominently ser- rated. Palpal structure as in Figs. 1-4, 8-9. Female. Body and leg coloration, chaetotaxy as in male. Scape is long, narrow and S-like, with a revolving entrance groove. Epigyne structure as in Figs 5-7. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 45 Natural History and Distribution. Palliduphantes bayrami sp. n. inhabits humid and clayish places in cave, where it builds its webs among loose stones. Only known from that type locality. Figures 1—7. Palliduphantes bayrami sp. n., 1. left male palp; 2. embolic division; 3. paracymbium; 4. lamella characteristica; 5. epigyne, ventral view; 6. dorsal view; 7. lateral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are very grateful to Dr. Andrei V. Tanasevitch (Russia) for his advice and valuable comments, and acknowledge the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for financial support of this work (Project No. 106T133). 46 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figures 8-9. Palliduphantes bayrami sp. n., 8. left male palp external view, 9. internal view. LITERATURE CITED Bosmans, R. 2006. Contribution to the knowledge of the Linyphiidae of the Maghreb. Part X. New data on Lepthyphantes Menge (sensu lato) species (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Belgian Journal of Zoology 136 (2): 173-191. Deeleman-Reinhold, C. L. 1985. Contribution a la connaissance des Lepthyphantes du groupe pal- lidus (Araneae, Linyphiidae) de Yougoslavie, Grece et Chypre. Mémoires de Biospéologie 12: 37-50. Deltshev, C. D. 1980. A contribution to the taxonomical study of pallidus group of genus Lepthy- phantes Menge (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in Bulgaria. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 16: 44-56. Platnick, N. I. 2007. The world spider catalog, version 7.0. American Museum of Natural History. Available from: http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/LIN Y PHIIDAE. html. Saaristo, M. I. and A. V. Tanasevitch. 2001. Reclassification of the pallidus-, insignis-, and spelaeorum-groups of Lepthyphantes Menge, 1866 (sensu lato) (Arachnida: Araneae: Linyphiidae: Micronetinae). Reichenbachia 34 (1): 5-17. Topcu, A., H. Demir, and O. Seyyar. 2005. A checklist of the spiders of Turkey. Serket 9(4): 109- 140. Topcu, A., H. Demir, and O. Seyyar. 2006. Cave dwelling spiders (Araneae) of Turkey. Serket 10(1): 18-24. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 47 TWO NEW GENERA OF IDIOCERINAE (HEMIPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) FROM SOUTH AMERICA, INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTION OF TEN NEW SPECIES’ Paul H. Freytag’ ABSTRACT: Two new genera are described that are closely related to the genus Luteobalmus. The new genus Barolineocerus contains nine new species, including B. bispinus (type of genus), B. chi- asmus, B. acius, B. furcatus, B. elongatus, B. declivus, B. apiculus, B. spinosus, and B. ornatus. The new genus /solineocerus contains one new species J. pusillus. Both genera are from northern South America. KEY WORDS: Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Idiocerinae, leafhoppers, South America, Barolineocerus, Tsolineocerus Two new genera of Idiocerinae are described from northern South America. Both genera are closely related to the genus Luteobalmus Maldonado-Capriles in both general color pattern and distribution (Maldonado-Capriles 1979, and Frey- tag 2006), however, both new genera are more robust, have a much brighter color pattern, and different male genitalia. The acronyms for institutions where specimens are deposited are as follows: MNHN — Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; IHVL — Instituto von Humboldt, Villa de Leyva, Colombia; MUSM — Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Lima, Peru; USNM — National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC; FSCA — Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, Florida; and UKYL — University of Kentucky Collection, Lexington, Kentucky. Barolineocerus Freytag, NEW GENUS Description: Length usually from 4 to 6 mm. Head wider than pronotum, ocelli about equal distance from eyes to each other, a setae on each side below eye as in Optocerus Freytag. Forewings with four apical cells and two anteapi- cal cells. Hind femoral setal formula 2-0. Male anal tube with basal pair of spines or processes. Color pattern distinct, head mostly yellow to white, face with lat- eral margins brown. Pronotum with median area yellowish white bordered with white then thick black line on posterior margin, remainder brown. Forewings with color of basal area yellow to yellow green with white borders, a thick black line on posterior border, remainder brown. | Type of Genus: Barolineocerus bispinus Freytag n. sp. Remarks: This genus can usually be recognized by the bold color pattern in combination with the male genitalia, which is different from any of then "Received on February 14, 2007. Accepted May 20, 2007. *Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0091 U.S.A. E-mail: freytag2104@windstream.net. Mailed on March 14, 2008 48 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS described genera in the subfamily from South America. The males have a pair of ventrally produced processes on the anal tube, long styles, simple aedeagus with ventral spine or subapical spines, and subgenital plates narrow, usually longer than pygofer, and often pointed. This genus is named for the heavy black lines bordering the posterior margin of the light areas on the pronotum and forewings. v 5 v 8 Key to the species of Barolineocerus (males) . Pygofer without a caudal process (Figs. 8 and 11)..........cc0:cces:-sccceseesseeeeeene ) . Pygofer with a caudal process (Figs. 29 and 32)) ...:.....s.0....::00enebe ee i Subgenital plate short and rounded at apex (Figs. 9 and 15) .......... eee 3 . Subgenital plate usually pointed (Figs. 12 and 24) ...............::::..::00eeee + . Aedeagus with a pair of small spines at apex (Fig. 10)............ bispinus N. sp. . Aedeagus without spines at apex (Fig. 16) ............eeeseeeeeeneeees declivus n. sp. Subgenital plate longer than pygofer, sharply pointed at apex (Fig. 12) ......5 . Subgenital plate shorter than pygofer, not sharply pointed at apex (SC A Rte te laid 6 . Anal tube with a stout basal process that is truncate at apex. (Fig. 11); aedea- gus with a ventral spine about halfway to apex (Fig. 11)........ longatus N. sp. . Anal tube with a sharply pointed process (Fig. 17); aedeagus with a ventral Spine mar apex (FIG. 17)" cc. .cccsecone-aaanmnevovetacee-v orto eaeeeee epee eee acius Nn. sp. Anal tube with process thick to near apex (Fig. 20); subgenital plate without arsubapical.spime (Fig: 20) s:ccce-dabnal ddeatee ieee ee apiculus n. sp. . Anal tube with process narrowing to a sharp point (Fig. 23); subgenital plate Wwitheaisubapicdl spine (Fig) 23 ye. et eee Spinosus N. sp. Pygofer with a short thick bifurcate process (Fig. 26) ............ furcatus 0. sp. . Pygofer with a longer thin ornate or pointed process (Figs. 29 and 32)....... 8 Pygofer with an ornate process (Fig. 29) ad dca heme n tnereraetate ates ornatus 0. sp. . Pygofer with a sharply pointed process (Fig. 32) .............6 chiasmus N. sp. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 49 Barolineoscerus bispinus Freytag, NEW SPECIES (Figures 1, 3 and 8-10) Description: Length of males 4.4-4.5 mm., females 4.5-4.6 mm. Dorsal sur- face of head, pronotum and scutellum (Fig. 1), with color pattern of head yellow white, face same color with lateral margins below eyes brown; pronotum medi- ally yellow white, bordered with black, with lateral margins brown; scutellum anteriorly brown with apical half yellow white. Forewings with base yellow white, posteriorly bordered by black, remainder of wing brown. Male genitalia: Pygofer (Fig. 8) short, rounded at apex. Subgenital plate narrow and long in lat- eral view (Fig. 8), rounded at apex in ventral view (Fig. 9). Anal tube with pair of long pointed ventral processes. Style (Figs. 8 and 10) long, about half length of subgenital plate, hooked at apex. Connective (Fig. 10) y-shaped with short stem. Aedeagus (Fig. 10) long, bluntly pointed at apex, with pair of very small spine-like processes near apex. Female genitalia (Fig. 3) with seventh sternum convexly rounded, with shallow median emargination, ovipositor extending just beyond apex of pygofer. Type Data: Holotype male: French Guiana, 13 km W of Risquetout, 8-VI- 2005, J. E. Eger and M. T. Messenger, 04°54'028"N 52°34'494"W, MV light (MNHM). Paratypes: Two males, two females, same data as holotype (one female, MNHN, one male and one female, UK YL, one male, FSCA). Other specimens examined: Four females, French Guiana, 33 km SE Roura on Kaw Rd., 1-2-VI-2005, J. E. Eger and M. T. Messenger, 04°34'135"N 52°11' 150"W, 227 m., MV light (FSCA); one female, French Guiana, 41 km SE Roura on Kaw Rd., 5-7-VI-2005, J. E. Eger and M. T. Messenger, 04°32'214"N 52°07' 420"W, 272 m., MV light (FSCA). Remarks: This species is named for the pair of ventrally produced spines on the male anal tube. It can be separated from the other species of the genus on the basis of the spines on the male anal tube along with the small subapical spines on the aedeagus. 50 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS B. bispinus B. chaismus ) 4 | 5 B. bispinus B. acius B. chaismus | 6 1 mm q B. elongatus B. furcatus Figures 1-2. Dorsal view of head, pronotum, scutellum and basal part of forewings. Fig. 1. Barolineocerus bispinus n. sp. Fig. 2. B. chiasmus n. sp. Figures. 3-7. Female apical end of abdomen, ventral view. Fig. 3. B. bispinus n. sp. Fig. 4. B. acius n. sp. Fig. 5. B. chiasmus n. sp. Fig. 6. B. elongatus n. sp. Fig. 7. B. furcatus n. sp. All drawn to the same scale. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 51 Figures 8-16. Male genitalia. Figs. 8-10. Barolineocerus bispinus n. sp. Figs. 11-13. B. elongatus n. sp. Figs. 14-16. B. declivus n. sp. Figs. 8, 11, and 14, genital capsule, lat- eral view (setae not shown). Figs. 9, 12, 15, subgenital plate, ventral view (setae not shown). Figs. 10, 13, and 16, styles, connective and aedeagus, ventral view. All drawn to the same scale. 1 mm 12 15 B. declivus 52 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Barolineocerus elongatus Freytag, NEW SPECIES (Figures 6 and 11-13) Description: Length of male 4.9 mm, female 5.0 mm. Similar to bispinus in overall color pattern, but slightly larger in size. Male genitalia: Pygofer (Fig. 11) truncate in lateral view, with a pair of large internal apodemes on anterior dorsal margin. Subgenital plate (Figs. 11 and 12) very long, pointed at apex. Anal tube (Fig. 11) with a pair of ventral processes, truncate at apex. Style (Figs. 11 and 13) long, less than half length of subgenital plate, hooked at apex. Connective (Fig. 13) y-shaped, with short stem. Aedeagus (Figs. 11 and 13) long, pointed at apex, with ventral spine near middle of shaft. Female genitalia (Fig. 6) with posterior margin of seventh sternum widely concave, with pygofer robust, ovipositor ex- tending just beyond pygofer apex. Type Data: Holotype male: Colombia, Vaupés, R. N. Mosiro Itajura (Capart) Igapo, 01°04'S 69°31'W, 60 m., 3-18-III-2003, Malaise, L. Benarides, M 3625 (IHVL). Paratypes: one female, same data as holotype, except 1-9-II-2003, J. Pinzon, M 3637(IHVL); one female, same data, except Centro Ambiental, 20- I-1-II-2003, M. Sharkey and D. Arias, M 3386 (UKYL). Remarks: This species is named for the very long male subgenital plates. It can be recognized from the other species by the truncate processes of the male anal tube, and the prominent ventral spine on the aedeagus. Barolineocerus declivus Freytag, NEW SPECIES (Figures 14-16) Description: Length of males 4.4-4.5 mm., females 4.5-5.0 mm. Overall color pattern same as bispinus, and nearly the same size. Male genitalia: Pygofer (Fig. 14) rounded on posterior margin, with a pair of small apodemes on anterior dor- sal margin. Subgenital plate (Figs. 14 and 15) stout, with bluntly pointed apex. Anal tube (Fig. 14) with a pair of ventral processes, pointed at apex. Style (Figs. 14 and 16) long, half length of subgenital plate, hooked at apex. Connective (Fig. 16) y-shaped with short stem. Aedeagus (Fig.16) pointed at apex, without processes. Female genitalia similar to elongatus. Type Data: Holotype male: Brazil, Sao Felix, Do Xincu, 1-4-X-1975, Moyen Xingu (Brésil) Mission, M. Boulard, P. Jauffret et P. Pompanon, Muséum Paris (MNHN). Paratype female, same data as holotype (MNHN). Other specimens examined: One male, French Guiana, 41 km SE Roura on Kaw Rd., 8-XII-2002, J. E. Eger, 04°32'-214"N 52°07'420"W, 272 m., MV light (UKYL); one female, French Guiana, 12 km W of Risquetout, 10-XII-2002, J. E. Eger, 04°54'673"N 52°11'150"W, 58 m., MV light (UK YL). Remarks: This species is named for the processes of the male anal tube being bent downward. It can be separated from other species of the genus by the processes of the male anal tube and the rather plain aedeagus. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 33 Barolineocerus acius Freytag, NEW SPECIES (Figures 4 and 17-19) Description: Length of male 4.4-4.5 mm., female 5.1 mm. Overall color pat- tern same as bispinus, and nearly same size. Male genitalia: Pygofer (Fig. 17) rounded on posterior margin, with a pair of wide apodemes on anterior dorsal margin. Subgenital plate (Figs. 17 and 18) long, narrowing to pointed apex. Anal tube (Fig. 17) with ventral processes, pointed at apex. Style (Figs. 17 and 19) long, about half length of subgenital plate, hooked at apex. Connective (Fig. 19) y-shaped, with stem short. Aedeagus (Figs. 17 and 19) narrowing to apex which is hook-like. Female genitalia (Fig. 4), with posterior margin of seventh sternum sinuate, pygofer narrowing to apex, ovipositor extending just beyond apex of pygofer. Type Data: Holotype male: Peru, Madre de Dios, nr Puerto Maldonado, Posadas Amazonas Lodge, at Rio Tambopata, 185 m., 12°48'115"S 69°18' 019"W, 7-10-X-2004, C. R. Bartlett MUSM). Paratypes: One female, same data as holotype (MUSM); three males, same data, except 30-IX-3-X-2004 (one male, USNM, two males UKYL). Remarks: This species is named for the barb-shaped apex of the aedeagus. This species can be separated from other species of the genus by the aedeagus and the rather sharply pointed male subgenital plate. Barolineocerus apiculus Freytag, NEW SPECIES (Figures 20-22) Description: Length of male 4.5 mm., females 4.6-4.9 mm. Overall color pattern same as bispinus. Male genitalia: Pygofer (Fig. 20) rounded on posterior margin, slightly longer on dorsal margin than ventral margin. Subgenital plate (Figs. 20 and 21) long, narrowing at apex to a pointed apex. Anal tube (Fig. 20) with a pair of ventral processes which are bluntly pointed at apex. Style (Figs. 20 and 22) long, somewhat twisted, hooked at apex. Connective (Fig. 22) y-shaped, with short stem. Aedeagus (Fig. 22) stout, bluntly pointed at apex, without pro- cesses, but with a ventral ridge near apex. Female with posterior margin of sev- enth sternum evenly concave. Type Data: Holotype male: French Guiana, 41 km SE Roura on Kaw Rd., 5-7-VI-2005, J. E. Eger and M. T. Messenger, 04°32'214"N 52°07'420"W, 272 m., MV light (MNHN). Paratypes: One female, French Guiana, 33 km SE Roura on Kaw Rd., 1-XII-2002, J. E. Eger, 04°34'135"N 52°11'150"W, 227 m., MV light (MNHN); one female, French Guiana, 41 km SE Roura on Kaw Rd., 8-XII- 2002, J. E. Eger, 04°32'214"N 52°07'420"W, 272 m., MV light (UKYL). Remarks: This species is named for the rather unusual apex of the male sub- genital plate. It can be separated from the other species of the genus by the unusual male subgenital plate, the bold processes of the anal tube and the thick- ened aedeagus. 54 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS B. apiculus OL A \ Pe 24 B. spinosus Figures 17-25. Male genitalia. Figs. 17-19. Barolineocerus acius n. sp. Figs. 20-22. B. apiculus n. sp. Figs. 23-25. B. spinosus n. sp. Figs. 17, 20, and 23, genital capsule, lat- eral view (setae not shown). Figs. 18, 21, and 24, subgenital plate, ventral view (setae not shown). Figs. 19, 22, and 25, styles, connective and aedeagus, ventral view. All drawn to the same scale. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 55 Barolineocerus spinosus Freytag, NEW SPECIES (Figures 23-25) Description: Length of male 4.5 mm., female unknown. Overall color pattern same as bispinus. Male genitalia: Pygofer (Fig. 23) with posterior margin round- ed, widest in middle. Subgenital plate (Figs. 23 and 24) narrowing to pointed apex, with slight dorsal notch near apex. Anal tube (Fig. 23) with pair of ventral, long, sharply pointed processes. Style (Figs. 23 and 25) long, hooked at apex. Connective (Fig. 25) y-shaped, with short stem. Aedeagus (Fig. 25) narrowing to pointed apex, with pair of short spines near apex. Type Data: Holotype male: Colombia, Amazonas, Amacayacu Nat. Pk., Matamata Station, Tierra Firma, 8-12-III-2000, Malaise trap, M. Sharkey (HVL) Remarks: This species is named for the unusual inner spine on the male sub- genital plate. It can be separated from the other species of the genus by the sub- genital plate. Barolineocerus furcatus Freytag, NEW SPECIES (Figures 7 and 26-28) Description: Length of males 5.0-5.1 mm, females 5.0-5.1 mm. Overall color pattern similar to bispinus, but size large. Male genitalia: Pygofer (Fig. 26) with posterior margin evenly rounded, with process on ventral part which is bifurcate at apex. Subgenital plate (Figs. 26 and 27) short, stout, with bluntly pointed apex. Anal tube (Fig. 26) with pair of short ventral processes, which are sharply point- ed. Style (Figs. 26 and 28) long, with hooked apex. Connective (Fig. 28) y-shaped, with short stem. Aedeagus (Fig. 28) short, narrowing to pointed apex, with very small pair of spines near apex. Female genitalia (Fig. 7) robust, with posterior margin of seventh sternum sinuate; ovipositor extending just beyond apex of pygofer. Type Data: Holotype male: Colombia, Vaupés, RN Mosiro-Itajura (Caparu) Igapo, 01°04'S 69°31'W, 60 m., 4-11-III-2003, Malaise, J. Pinzon, M 3623 (IHVL). Paratypes: One female, same data as holotype (IHVL); two males, same data as holotype, except 9-25-II-2003, M 3628 (one male, IHVL, one male, UKYL); one female, same data, except 1-9-II-2003, M 3637 (UKYL); one female, same data, except 3-18-III-2003, L. Benavides, M 3625 (HVL). Other specimens examined: Three males, four females, Brazil, Rondonia, 62 km SW Ariquemes, nr Fzda Rancho Grande, 4-16-XI-1997, J. Eger, MV and UV lights (one male, one female UK YL, two males, three females, FSCA). Remarks: This species is named for the unusual inner process on the male pygofer which is bifurcate at the apex. It can be separated from other species of the genus on the process of the male pygofer. 56 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 33 34 B. chaismus Figures 26-34. Male genitalia. Figs. 26-28. Barolineocerus furcatus n. sp. Figs. 29-31. B. ornatus n. sp. Figs 32-34. B. chiasmus n. sp. Figs. 26, 29, and 32, genital capsule, lat- eral view (setae not shown). Figs. 27, 30, and 33, subgenital plate, ventral view (setae not shown). Figs. 28, 31, and 34, styles, connective and aedeagus, ventral view. All drawn to the same scale. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 Si 36 1 mm 1 mm Figures 35-39. [solineocerus pusillus n. sp. Fig. 35. Head, pronotum, scutellum and base of forewings, dorsal view. Fig. 36. Female apex of abdomen, ventral view. Fig. 37. Male genital capsule, lateral view (setae not shown). Fig. 38. Male subgenital plate, ventral view. Fig. 39. Male styles, connective and aedeagus, ventral view. Figures 35-36 drawn to the same scale, and figures 37-39 drawn to the same scale. 58 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Barolineocerus ornatus Freytag, NEW SPECIES (Figures 29-31) Description: Length of males 4.0-4.1 mm., females 4.2-4.3 mm. Overall color pattern like bispinus, but size slightly smaller. Male genitalia: Pygofer (Fig. 29) with posterior margin rounded, with long, narrow process on inner margin which is bifurcate at apex. Subgenital plate (Figs. 29 and 30) long, narrow, with bluntly rounded apex. Anal tube with a pair of ventrally produced processes, pointed at apex. Style Figs. 29 and 31) long, with hooked apex. Connective (Fig. 31) y-shaped, with short stem. Aedeagus (Fig. 31) short, narrowing to pointed apex, without processes, but with small ventral ridge near apex. Female with pos- terior margin of seventh sternum evenly, shallowly concave. Type Data: Holotype male: French Guiana, Saul, 28-X-1969, Pi¢ge Lumi- neux, Guyane-Mission, Balachowsky-Gruner, Oct.-Nov. 1969 (MNHN). Para- types: One male, French Guiana, Massikiri-Oyapock, Guyane, 15-XI-1969, Pi¢ge Lumineux, Guyane-Mission, Balachowsky-Gruner, Oct.-Nov. 1969 (UKYL): one female, French Guiana, Antécumepata (Saut Kialo), 22-XI-1975, Itani (Guyanes) Mission, M. Boulard, P. Jauffret et P. Pompanon, Musém Paris (MNHN); one female, French Guiana, Embouchure de la Crique Oyaricoulet, 23-XI-1975, Itani (Guyanes) Mission, M. Boulard, P. Jauffret et P. Pompanon, Muséum Paris (UKYL). Remarks: This species is named for the unusual long process on the male pygofer, which is bifurcate at the apex. It can be separated from the other species of the genus by the process on the male pygofer. Barolineocerus chiasmus Freytag NEW SPECIES (Figures 2, 5, and 32-34) Description: Length of males 4.0-4.1 mm., females 4.2-4.3 mm. overall color pattern (Fig. 2) similar to bispinus. Male genitalia: Pygofer (Fig. 32) near- ly truncate, with an inner process which is long, narrow, sharply pointed. Subgenital plate (Figs. 32 and 33) long, narrow, with rounded apex. Anal tube (Fig. 32) with a short ventral pair of processes, which are sharply pointed. Style (Figs. 32 and 34) long, with hooked apex. Connective (Fig. 34) y-shaped, with short stem. Aedeagus (Fig. 34) similar to ornatus, but narrower at base. Female genitalia (Fig. 5) with posterior margin of seventh sternum convexly rounded, median with an emargination. Pygofer long, narrow, with ovipositor extending beyond apex by three times its width. Type Data: Holotype male: French Guiana, 33 km SE Roura on Kaw Rd., 1-XII-2002, J. E. Eger, 04°34'135"N 52°11'150"W, 227 m., MV light (MNHN). Paratype female: French Guiana, 14 km E on N2 on Rd. to Dégrad Corréze, 6-XII-2002, J. E. Eger, 04°29'964"N 52°20'260"W, 108 m., MV light (MNHN). Other specimens examined: One male, three females, French Guiana, 1 km S Amazon Nature Lodge, 30 km SE Roura on Kaw Rd., 3-4-VI-2005, J. E. Eger Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 59 and M. T. Messenger, 04°32'961"N 52°12'830"W, 288 m., MV light (one male and one female, UK YL, two females, FSCA): one female, French Guiana, 33 km SE Roura on Kaw Rd., 1-2-VI-2005, J. E. Eger and M. T. Messenger, 04°34' 135"N 52°11'150"W, 227 m., MV light (FSCA). Remarks: This species is named for the thin, sword-like process on the male pygofer, by which it can be separated from the other species of the genus. Tsolineocerus Freytag, NEW GENUS Description. Length 4.0 to 4.5 mm. Head wider than pronotum, without seta in lateral area below eye. Forewing with four apical and two subapical cells, appendix large. Femoral setal formula 2-0. Color similar to that of Barolineo- cerus, except the black lines are thinner and less noticeable, head entirely yel- lowish white, pronotum with very large yellowish white area covering most of area, and basal yellowish white area of forewings larger. Male subgenital plates paddle shaped, anal tube without processes, and aedeagus without processes. Type species of the genus: /solineocerus pusillus Freytag n. sp. Tsolineocerus pusillus Freytag NEW SPECIES (Figures 35-39) Description: Length of male 4.1 mm., females 4.0-4.4 mm. Color pattern (Fig. 35), with head entirely yellowish white fading to white on face. Pronotum mostly yellowish white, bordered on posterior margin by thin black line, then lat- eral and posterior margin brown. Scutellum mostly yellowish white, with trian- gles and anterior median brown. Forewings basally yellowish white, remainder brown. Male genitalia: Pygofer (Fig. 37) small, truncate, with posterior margin folded near middle. Subgenital plate (Figs. 37 and 38) paddle-shaped in lateral view, triangular in ventral view. Anal tube without processes. Style (Figs. 37 and 39) stout, with apex reduced, hooked. Connective (Fig. 39) Y-shaped, but re- duced to a bar with short stem. Aedeagus (Fig. 37 and 39) expanded at base, nar- rowing to nearly pointed apex which is bent dorsad. Female genitalia (Fig. 36) with posterior margin of seventh sternum evenly convex; pygofer short, robust, with ovipositor extending just beyond apex of pygofer. Type Data: Holotype male: Colombia, Amazonas, PNN Amacayacu, Matamata, 03°41'S 70°15'W, 150 m., Malaise, 8-12-III-2000, M. Sharkey and B. Brown, M 3270 (IHVL). Paratypes: One female, same data as holotype, except 03°23'S 70°06'W, 7-28-V-2001, D. Chota, M 1858 CHVL); one female, same data, except 28-V-11-VI-2001, M 1859 (UKYL). Additional specimens examined: Two males, two females, Ecuador: Orel- lana Reserva Ethica Waorani, 1 km S Onkonegare Camp, 00°39'105"S 76°26! 00"W, T. L. Erwin, et al., 25-VI-1994, fogging terre fima forest (one male, one female USNM; one male, one female UK YL). 60 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Remarks: This species is named for its small size. It can be separated from other species described in this paper by its small size, color pattern and male gen- italia. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks are extended to Michael J. Sharkey, Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, who made it possible to study the Colombian specimens through his National Science Foundation Grant No. DEB 0205982. Also thanks to Michel Boulard, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, for the loan of their specimens, and Joe Eger, Dow Chemical, Tampa, Florida, and Charles Bartlett, University of Delaware for the loan of the specimens they collected. LITERATURE CITED Freytag, P. H. 2006. Two new species of Luteobalmus leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Idio- cerinae) from South America. Entomological News 117(4):391-394. Maldonado-Capriles, J. 1979. Studies on Idiocerinae leafhoppers, XVIII: Four new genera and species from Guyana, South America (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Proceedings of the Entomo- logical Society of Washington 79(3):358-366. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 61 UHLER TYPES OF APHROPHORIDAE NEWLY FOUND IN THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, LONDON (HEMIPTERA: CERCOPOIDEA)' Ai-Ping Liang,’ Guo-Mei Jiang,’ and Zhi-Shun Song,’ ABSTRACT: Paralectotypes of three Aphrophora species, A. flavipes Uhler, 1896, A. intermedia Uhler, 1896, and A. major Uhler, 1896 (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Aphrophoridae), described by P. R. Uhler (1896) from Japan, recently found in the Natural History Museum in London are documented. The dorsal habitus images, taxonomic notes, host plant and distribution information of the three Aphrophora species are provided. KEY WORDS: Aphrophora, Aphrophoridae, types, Uhler, BMNH, Hemiptera, Cercopoidea Uhler (1896) described eight new species (seven species in three genera from Aphrophoridae and one species from Cercopidae) of Cercopoidea (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) from Japan. The great majority of Uhler’s type specimens were kept in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History (USNM), Smithson- ian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA. Liang (2000) studied the syntypes of Uhler’s (1896) Japanese cercopoid species in the USNM and made necessary lectotype designations. However, Liang (2000) only found part of the original syntypes used by Uhler (1896) and many syntypes of each type series were miss- ing from the USNM. In the same paper, Liang (2000) also reported the deposi- tory of the syntypes of four Uhler species, Lepyronia grossa Uhler, 1896, Phila- gra albinotata Uhler, 1896, Aphrophora indentata Uhler, 1896 and Aphrophora obliqua Uhler, 1896, found in the Natural History Museum, London. During a recent visit to the Natural History Museum [formerly the British Museum (Natural History) BMNH], London, U.K., the senior author found three additional paralectotypes of three Aphrophora species described by Uhler (1896). The BMNH collection contains authentic Uhler specimens as evidenced by Uhler’s handwritten determination and type labels. Their authenticity as para- lectotypes was also verified by comparing the label data on the specimens with the original descriptions. The deposition of the Uhler material in London might be the result of the acquisition of part of the G. W. Kirkaldy collection by the BMNH since one label in these paralectotypes was printed with “Kirkaldy Coll.” While he was a research entomologist at the Hawaii Sugar Planters’ Association, Kirkaldy possibly obtained some of Uhler's cercopoid types, and those types were later obtained by the BMNH from Kirkaldy. The purpose of this paper is to fully report and document this existing Uhler paralectotype material newly found in the BMNH. The dorsal habitus of the "Received on April 13, 2007. Accepted on May 16, 2007. *P.O. Box 71, Department of Entomology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 5 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 P.R. China. Also, Key Lab of Insect Evolution & Environmental Changes, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100037 P.R. China. E-mails: (A-PL) liangap@ioz.ac.cn, (G-MJ) jianggm@ioz.ac.cn, and (Z-SS) songzs@ioz.ac.cn. Mailed on March 14, 2008 62 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS paralectotypes of these three Uhler’s Aphrophora species are also provided for their identification. To document the historical status of the paralectotypes, label data associated with each specimen were recorded exactly by the following format: (1), (2), (3), etc., indicating the sequence of labels on the pin from top to bottom. Lastly, the senior author’s hand printed yellow paralectotype label is attached to each spec- imen so recognized. SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY FAMILY APHROPHORIDAE Aphrophora flavipes Uhler Fig. 1 Aphrophora flavipes Uhler, 1896: 289; Liang, 1998: 246; 2000: 268. Lectotype male, designated by Liang, 2000: 268, Japan (USNM) [examined]. Tilophora flavipes (Uhler); Matsumura, 1942: 88; Metcalf, 1962: 532; Ishihara, 1965: 114, pl. 57, fig. 16; Lee et al., 1976: 52; Lee & Kwon, 1977a: 16, fig. 7-A, B; 1977b: 58. Taxonomic Notes. This species was described from twelve specimens (sex not stated) from Japan (Uhler, 1896). Liang (2000) reported two male and two female syntypes at the USNM and the male lectotype of this species was desig- nated by Liang (2000), the remaining male and two females in USNM thereby gaining paralectotype status. Liang (2000) also established a new synonym of this species, 1.e. Aphrophora flavipes Uhler, 1896 = Aphrophora impressa Met- calf & Horton, 1934. One additional male paralectotype of this species was recently found in the Natural History Museum, London (Fig. 1). Matsumura (1942) established the new genus TJilophora for Aphrophora flavipes Uhler. Tilophora was synonymised with Aphrophora by Nast (1972). Specimen Examined. Paralectotype 1 male (1) [red square label] Type / No. 3137 / U.S.N.M. [underside] 25,17,19 Gifu [In Japanese]; (2) Japan, Gifu, 13.vu.1892 / Dr. K. Mitzukuri; (3) [underside] Kirkaldy Coll. / Brit. Mus. / 1912- 513; (4) [Uhler’s handwriting] Aphrophora / flavipes / Uhl. (BMNH). Host Plant. Pinus spp. (Pinaceae). Distribution. Japan, China, Korea, Russia (Maritime Territory). Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 63 Figures 1-3. Paralectotypes of Uhler aphrophorid species newly found in the Natural His- tory Museum, London, dorsal habitus. 1. Aphrophora flavipes, male; 2. Aphrophora inter- media, male; 3. Aphrophora major, male. Aphrophora intermedia Uhler Fig. 2 Aphrophora intermedia Uhler, 1896: 288; Komatsu, 1997: 87, figs. 1C-D, 2C-E, 4. Lectotype male, Japan (USNM), designated by Liang, 2000: 269 [exam- ined]. Obiphora intermedia (Uhler); Matsumura, 1942: 63; Metcalf, 1962: 536; Ishi- hara, 1965: 114, pl. 57, fig. 13; Kim & Kim, 1971: 150; Kim et al., 1975: DMO eee cal, 1976: 52: ee & Kwon, 197 /a: 15. tie. 6-A. Be 1977b- 58. Liang, 1998: 246. Taxonomic Notes. This species was described on the basis of ten syntypes (sexes not stated) (Uhler, 1896). Liang (2000) reported two male and two female syntypes at the USNM and the male lectotype was designated by Liang (2000), the remaining one male and two female specimens in USNM thereby gaining paralectotype status. One additional male paralectotype of this species was recently found in the Natural History Museum, London (Fig. 2). Matsumura (1942) erected the new genus Obiphora for Aphrophora interme- dia (type species) and five other species. Obiphora was synonymised with Aphrophora by Nast (1972), who also reinstated the original combination Aphro- Phora intermedia. Specimen Examined. Paralectotype | male (1) [red square label] Type / No. 3136 / U.S.N.M. [underside] 25,7,29 / Mt. Ibuki [In Japanese]; (2) Japan: / Mt. Ibuki / 29.vii.1892 / Dr. K. Mitzukuri; (3) [underside] Kirkaldy Coll. / Brit. Mus. / 1912-513; (4) [Uhler’s handwriting] Aphrophora / intermedia / Uhl. (BMNH). 64 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Host plants. Solidago altissima L. (Compositae) (Ushijima, 1977), Artemisia spp. (Compositae), Helianthus tuberosus L. (Compositae), Rudbeckia laciniata L. (Compositae), Arctium lappa L. (Compositae), Rosa rugosa Thunberg (Rosaceae), Salix spp. (Salicaceae), Populus spp. (Salicaceae), and Vitis spp. (Vitaceae) (Komatsu, 1997). Some adults of this species were also collected from the following plants but whether they are their host plants is not certain: Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) (Thunb.) Steud. (Betulaceae), Betula maximowicziana Regal (Betulaceae), Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb. Et Zucc. (Cercidiphyllaceae), Tilia maximowicziana Shirasawa (Tiliaceae), Acer mono Maxim. (Aceraceae) (Komatsu, 1997). Distribution. Japan, China, Korea, Russia (Maritime Territory, Kurile Is., Sakhalin). Aphrophora major Uhler Fig. 3 Aphrophora major Uhler, 1896: 287; Komatsu, 1997: 505, Figs. 1C-D, 2C-E, 4; Liang, 1998: 247. Lectotype male, Japan (USNM), designated by Ushiyima, 1981: 217 [examined]. Yezophora major (Uhler); Matsumura, 1942: 97; Ishihara, 1965: 113, pl. 57, fig. 8. Europhora major (Uhler); China, 1951: 279; Metcalf, 1962: 541. Taxonomic Notes. This species was described on the basis of twenty syntypes (sexes not stated) (Uhler, 1896). The lectotype male was designated by Ushijima (1981) and the remaining two male and one female specimens in USNM there- by gaining paralectotype status. Liang (2000) documented two male and five female paralectotypes at the USNM. One additional male paralectotype of this species was recently found in the Natural History Museum, London (Fig. 3). Originally described as Aphrophora major, the species was subsequently transferred to the genus Yezophora Matsumura by Matsumura (1942) and Euro- phora Matsumura by China (1951). Yezophora was synonymised with Aphro- Phora by Kwon and Lee (1979) and Europhora was synonymised with Aphro- Phora by Nast (1972) who reinstated the original combination Aphrophora major. Specimen Examined. Paralectotype | male — (1) [red square label] Type / No. 3134 / U.S.N.M.; [underside] 25,7,29 / Mt. Ibuki [In Japanese] 0’; (2) Japan / Mt. Ibuki / 29. VIII.1892 / Dr. K. Mitzukuri; (3) [underside] Kirkaldy Coll. / Brit. Mus. / 1912-513; (4) [Uhler’s handwriting] Aphrophora / major / Uhl. (BMNH). Host Plants. Salix spp. (Salicaceae), Artemisia spp. (Composiae) (Komatsu, 1997). According to Nickel (2003), most adults are found on birch and willow, and nymphs feed mainly on various dicotyledonous herbs. Some adults of this Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 65 species were also collected from the following plants but whether they are their host plants is not certain: Wisteria floribunda DC. (Leguminosae), Ulmus david- iana Planch. (Ulmaceae), Alnus japonica Steud. (Betulaceae), Betula maximow- icziana Regal, B. platyphylla Sukatchev (Betulaceae), Elaeagnus sp. (Elaeagnaceae), Angelica sp. (Umbelliferae), Pinus strobes L. (Pinaceae), Picea jezoensis Carr. (Pinaceae) and Abies sp. (Pinaceae) (Komatsu, 1997). Distribution. Japan, northern China, Korea, Russia (Maritime Territory). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to Mr. Mick Webb, Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London, UK, for his support during APL’s visit to the BMNH from September to December in 2005. The work on which this paper is based was supported by the following sources: a key project from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 30530110 and 30770269), the Hundred Talent Program from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (grant number A2903077), and the National Science Fund for Fostering Talents in Basic Research (NSFC-J0030092). LITERATURE CITED China, W. E. 1951. A note on Matsumura’s recent paper on the Palaearctic Cercopoidea (Homo- ptera). Entomological Monthly Magazine 87: 279. Ishihara, T. 1965. Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha, pp. 109-136; pls. 55-68 Jn, Iconographia Insec- torum Japonicorum Colore Naturali Edita. Hokuryukan, Tokyo. Volume 3. [In Japanese] Kim, C. W. and J. I. Kim. 1971. Insect fauna of Mt. Sohgumgang and Mt. Odae. Rep. Prelim. Surv. Mt. Sohgumgang, Chunghak-dong. The Report of Korean Association for Conservation of Nature 4: 139-173. Kim, C. W., J. I. Kim, J. K. Oh, Y. T. Noh, and Y. H. Shin. 1975. Faunistic study of insects near the DM Z. The Report of Korean Association for Conservation of Nature 7: 182-257. Komatsu, T. 1997. A revision of the froghopper genus Aphrophora Germar (Homoptera, Cercopoi- dea, Aphrophoridae) from Japan, Parts 1-3. Japanese Journal of Entomology 65: 81-96, 369-383, 502-514. Kwon, Y. J. and C. E. Lee. 1979. Morphological and phylogenetic studies on the male genitalia of the Korean Cercopoidea (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Nature & Life (Kyungpook Journal of Biological Sciences) 9(1): 1-31. [In English with Korean summary. | Lee, C. E. and Y. J. Kwon. 1977a. Revision of the Cercopoidea of Korea with the special reference to the faunistic notes (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha). Korean Journal of Entomology 7(2): 11- Die Lee, C. E. and Y. J. Kwon. 1977b. Studies on the spittlebugs, leafhoppers and planthoppers (Au- chenorrhyncha, Homoptera, Hemiptera). Nature & Life (Kyungpook Journal of Biological Sciences) 7: 55-111. Lee, C. E., S. M. Lee, and Y. J. Kwon. 1976. An insect list of the Auchenorrhyncha preserved in the National Science Museum of Korea. Nature & Life (Kyungpook Journal of Biological Scien- ces) 6: 51-64. Liang, A.-P. 1998. Oriental and eastern Palaearctic aphrophorid fauna (Homoptera: Aphrophori- dae): taxonomic changes and nomenclatural notes. Oriental Insects 32: 239-257. 66 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Liang, A.-P. 2000. Lectotype designations and taxonomic notes on P. R. Uhler’s Japanese Cerco- poidea (Homoptera) in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 108(3-4): 268-272. Matsumura, S. 1942. New species and new genera of Palaearctic Superfamily Cercopoidea with a tabular key to the classification. Insecta Matsumurana 16: 44-70, 71-106. Metcalf, Z. P. 1962. General Catalogue of the Homoptera. Fascicle VII, Cercopoidea. Part 3. Aphrophoridae. Waverly Press. Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America. 600 pp. Nickel, H. 2003. The Leafhoppers and Planthoppers of Germany (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha): Patterns and Strategies in a Highly Diverse Group of Phytophagous Insects. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, Bulgaria. 460 pp. Uhler, P. R. 1896. Summary of the Hemiptera of Japan presented to the United States National Museum by Professor Mitzukuri. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 19: 255- 297. Ushijima, K. 1977. An interesting food plant, Solidago altissima L., of 3 species of Cercopidae. Rostria 28: 229-230. Ushijima, K. 1981. Notes on the Aphrophoridae from Japan. I. Lectotype designation for Aphro- phora major Uhler (Hemiptera: Homoptera). Transactions of Shikoku Entomological Society 15: 215-219. RECENTLY PUBLISHED BOOKS' Amazing Rare Things. 2007 by David Attenborough, Susan Owens, Martin Clayton, and Rea Alex- andratos. Royal Collections Publications. Royal Collections Enterprises Ltd. St. James’s Palace, London, England, United Kingdom. 223 pp. Beautiful Evidence. 2006 by Edward Tufte. 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New York, New York, U.S.A. 496 pp. The Virginia Naturalist. 2006 by John Trott, Jr. Illustrated by Nicky Staunton. Virginia Native Plant Society and Middleburg Garden Club. Middleburg, Virginia, U.S.A. 447 pp. ' Jorge A. Santiago-Blay, Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia 20013-7012 U.S.A. E-mail: blayj@si.edu. Mailed on March 14, 2008 Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 67 FOUR NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS NEMOURA (PLECOPTERA: NEMOURIDAE) FROM CHINA! Yu-Zhou Du,” Pei Zhou,” and Zhi-Jie Wang’ ABSTRACT: Four new species of the genus Nemoura from China are described: N. cocaviuscula Du and Zhou, sp. nov., NV. Jui Du and Zhou, sp. nov., N. magnispina Du and Zhou, sp. nov., and N. rotundprojecta Du and Zhou, sp. nov. KEY WORDS: Plecoptera, Nemouridae, Nemoura, new species, China The genus Nemoura is distributed in the Holarctic and Oriental regions. The species of Nemoura from China were studied mainly by Wu (1938, 1962, 1973), Zhu and Yang (2003), Li and Yang (2006, 2007) and Wang et al. (2006) with the following 27 known species; Nemoura securigera Klapalek, 1907, N. breviloba- ta (Klapalek), 1912, N. papilla Okamoto, 1922, N. nankinensis Wu, 1926, N. needhamia Wu, 1927, N. geei Wu, 1929, N. hangchowensis Wu, 1929, N. matangshanensis Wu, 1935, N. janeti Wu, 1938, N. arlingtoni Wu, 1939, N. spinosa Wu, 1939, N. yunnanensis Wu, 1940, N. manchuriana Uéno, 1941, N. cochleocercia Wu, 1962, N. furcocauda Wu, 1973, N. formosana Shimizu, 1997, N. klapperichi Sivec, 1981, N. jilinensis Zhu and Yang, 2003, N. miaofeng- shanensis Zhu and Yang, 2003, N. basispina Li and Yang, 2006, N. floralis Li and Yang, 2006, N. guangdongensis Li and Yang, 2006, N. perforata Li and Yang, 2006, N. sichuanensis Li and Yang, 2006, N. oculata Wang and Du, 2006, N. atristrigata Li and Yang, 2007, N. meniscata Li and Yang, 2007. This study describes four new species of Nemoura: N. cocaviuscula Du and Zhou, sp. nov., N. lui Du and Zhou, sp. nov., N. magnispina Du and Zhou, sp. nov., and N. rotundprojecta Du and Zhou, sp. nov. Types of the new species are deposited in the Insect Collection of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu province, China. ‘Received on July 11, 2006. Accepted on July 16, 2007. * Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China. Y-ZD is the corresponding author. E-mails: Y-ZD, yzdu @yzu.edu.cn; PZ, peipei78900@163.com; ZJW, wangzhijie5219@yahoo.com.cn. * Zhangjiagang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Zhangjiang 215600 China. Mailed on March 14, 2008 68 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY Nemoura cocaviuscula Du and Zhou, sp. nov. Figs. 1-5 Adult Habitus: Antennae dark brown, head and thorax tergum brown, and head slightly wider than pronotum; wing hyaline, brown, veins brown; legs brown. Male: Forewing length 7.3-7.6 mm, hind wing length 6.1-6.3 mm. Abdomen pale at anterior segments and brown at posterior segments. Tergum 9 slightly sclerotized, bearing several slender spins at hind margin; tergum 10 sclerotized and dark brown, forming a large concave area anterior to base of epiproct, which has a small membrane patch in medial; subgenital plate rounded, with a tapering small triangular apex, extending distally but not completely covering inner lobes of paraprocts. The plate gently brown but the hind margin dark brown; vesicle pale and slender but slightly enlarged at base, terminated straight; paraprocts consisting of 2 lobes; inner lobes sclerotized, slender, slightly turned outward at apex; outer lobes sclerotized, broad rectangle at base and extending to a tapering triangle which is terminated by a curved outward, dark sclerotized hook, outside margin forms a dark sclerotized strip surrounding base of cerci, the lobe covered with a few hairs; epiproct calabash-shaped in dorsal aspect, elongated and form- ing a long white rhombic membranous projection at middle of anterior margin, and at base of the projection, sclerotized prong absent but forming a pair of scle- rotized strips which bear a row of spines; dorsal sclerite calabash-shaped, slight- ly sclerotized, subhyaline and broad, slightly concaved laterally in middle, not bearing spines; ventral sclerite sclerotized, pairs ridges wider than other species in the genus, bearing two rows of spines; cerci outside dark sclerotized, lateral portion forms sclerotized strip, spines or hooks entirely absent end; gently swol- len at end and bearing several long hairs. Female. Unknown. Type Material: Holotype O’, Laodian, Tianmu Mountain, Zhejiang Province, 1185m, 10 May 1998, Leg. DU Yu-Zhou. Paratypes, 5 O’O’, same data as the holotype. Diagnosis: This new species is similar to V. geei in having a long protrusion extending from apex of epiproct, but can be separated from the latter by the cal- abash-shaped dorsal sclerite and rows of spines on ventral sclerite of epiproct. Etymology: The name refers to the epiproct slightly concaved laterally in middle part. Latin “cocaviuscul-” meaning to be slightly concaved. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 69 Figures 1-5. Nemoura cocaviuscula Du and Zhou, sp. nov. 1. Male terminalia, dorsal; 2. Male terminalia, ventral; 3. Male paraproct; 4. Male epiproct, dorsal; 5. Male epiproct, ventral. Nemoura lui Du and Zhou, sp. nov. Figs. 6-11 Adult Habitus: Antennae and head dark brown; head slightly wider than pronotum; wing hyaline, brown, veins dark brown; legs brown. Male: Forewing length 6.0-7.0 mm, hind wing length 5.2-6.1 mm. Tergum 9 sclerotized, but not produced bearing thin hairs and spines, the tergum concaved backward at middle of the anterior margin. Tergum 10 also concaved backward at middle of the anterior margin, the segment mostly sclerotized forming a large concave area anterior to base of epiproct, which is longitudinally membranous in median, is elevated postero-mesally, forming a pair of dark sclerotized arc 70 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ridges; subgenital plate broad, tapering with a small narrow apex, extending dis- tally to base of paraprocts, not covering inner lobes, sclerotized and the hind mar- gin dark brown, vesicle pale, broad but thin at base; paraprocts consisting of 2 lobes; inner lobes sclerotized, moderate width and length, slightly turned inward, not hidden by hypoproct; outer lobes sclerotized, broad at base and extending postero-mesally to forming a tapering sclerotized bar; epiproct partial sclero- tized, bilaterally symmetrical, base narrow and end broad, it elongated antero- mesally and forms a slender membranous finger-shaped projection; on either side base of the projection forming two conical sclerotized projections; dorsal sclerite sclerotized, narrow at base and broad at end, forming a pair of sclerotized rectangle portions at anterior margin, the sclerite not bears spines; basal sclerites is a membranous, hyaline, colorless patches, with sclerotized lateral margin located at base of epiproct; ventral sclerite darkly sclerotized, parallel ridges not bearing spines, extending outward and upward to dorsal surface and forming a pair of projections near the apex which turning outward, not bearing spines or hooks; cerci outside of cerci dark sclerotized, lateral portion forms sclerotized strip and is terminated by a sclerotized hook, spines are entirely absent; mem- branous inner region swollen at end and bearing small hairs. Female: Unknown. Type Material: Holotype O, South Tributary of Source of Jialing River, Tiantai Mountain, Qinling Mountain Range, Shaanxi Province, 1800m, 10 Jun. 1998, Leg. DU Yu-Zhou. Paratypes 4 OO", same data as the holotype; 16 WC’, East tributary of Source of Jialing River, Tiantai Mountain, Qinling Mountain Range, Shaanxi Province, 1900-2050m, 8 Jun. 1998, Leg DU Yu-Zhou; 3 0’, Huodigou, Huoditang, Qinling Mountain Range, Nigshaan County, 1900m, 5 Jun. 1998, Leg. DU Yu-Zhou. Diagnosis: This new species appears similar to N. spinosa in dorsal view of the epiproct, but can be separated from the latter by the tapering sclerotized bar extending from outer lobes of paraprocts (Fig. 8). Etymology: The name in honor of Professor Zi-Qiang Lu, for his assistance with our research. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 qk Figures 6-11. Nemoura lui Du and Zhou, sp. nov. 6. Male terminalia, dorsal; 7. Male ter- minalia, ventral; 8. Male terminalia, lateral; 9. Male paraproct; 10. Male epiproct, dorsal; 11. Male epiproct, ventral. 72 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Nemoura magnispina Du and Zhou, sp. nov Figs. 12-17 Adult Habitus: Antennae dark brown, head and thorax tergum dark brown, and head slightly wider than pronotum; wing hyaline, brown, veins brown. Legs brown. Male: Forewing length 8.2-9.0 mm, hind wing length 7.2-8.0 mm. Pale at anterior segments and brown at posterior segments. Tergum 9 slightly sclero- tized, bearing thin hairs at hind margin and concave backwards at middle of ante- rior margin. Tergum 10 is not concave at middle of the anterior margin but bear- ing a little of spines and hairs. The segment sclerotized forming a large concave area anterior to base of epiproct, which has a small membrane patch in medial, forming a pair of dark sclerotized hook-shaped ridge at anterior of epiproct. Subgenital plate rounded, and forms a tapering with a small triangular apex, not covering inner lobes of paraproct, the hind margin dark brown; vesicle does not reach half of subgenital plate, it is pale except lateral margin which is brown, broad except at base which is thin. Paraprocts consisting of 2 lobes; inner lobes sclerotized, slender, nearly equally as long as outer lobes; outer lobes sclerotized, broad rectangle and not forming sclerotized bar; outside margin of outer lobe forms a turned outward slender sclerotized strip which around base of cerci. Epiproct sclerotized and elongated antero-mesally forming a long conical mem- branous projection, but not forming sclerotized projections on either side base of the projection; dorsal sclerite sclerotized, short and broad, not bearing spines; ventral sclerite sclerotized, broad at base and narrow at apex, ridges bearing two rows spines near apex; cerci outside dark sclerotized, extending distally inward and upward, terminated by a large sclerotized spine; membranous inner region swollen at end and bearing small hairs. Female: Unknown. Type Material: Holotype &, Huodigou, Huoditang, Nigshaan County, Qin- ling Mountain Range, Shaanxi Province, 1900-1950m, 5 Jun. 1998, Leg. SUN Chang-Hai and YANG Lian-Fang. Paratype 10 OO’, same data as the holotype; 2 OO, East tributary of Source of Jialing River, Tiantai mountain, Qinling Mountain Range, Shaanxi Province, 1900-2050m, 8 Jun. 1998, Leg DU Yu- Zhou. Diagnosis: There are no closely related species among other described Ne- moura species known from China and adjacent countries. Characteristic shape of cerci (Fig. 14) clearly separates this species from all other Nemoura species. Etymology: The name refers to the cercus forming a large sclerotized spine. Latin “magni-” means large and “spina” means spine. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 73 Figures 12-17. Nemoura magnispina Du and Zhou, sp. nov. 12. Male terminalia, dorsal; 13. Male terminalia, ventral; 14. Male terminalia, lateral; 15. Male paraproct; 16. Male epiproct, dorsal; 17. Male epiproct, ventral. 74 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Nemoura rotundprojecta Du and Zhou, sp. nov Figs. 18-23 Adult Habitus: Antennae light brown, head and thorax tergum brown, and head slightly wider than pronotum; wing subhyaline, fumose, veins dark and dis- tinct; legs light brown, but joints of femur and tibia brown. Male: Forewing length 6.5-7.3 mm, hind wing length 5.4-6.0 mm. Tergum 9 membranous, and not produced. Tergum 10 lightly sclerotized, forming a con- cave area anterior to base of epiproct, bearing a few small spines; the concave area highly sclerotized and dark brown below epiproct forming pair of dark brown patches, except the linear membrane along midline. Subgenital plate broad with rounded hind margin, extending distally to form an acute small trian- gular tip which is covering a part of inner lobes of paraproct; vesicle is about two-thirds as long as subgenital plate, membranous but sclerotized at base and margin which is brown; paraprocts consisting of 2 lobes; inner lobe sclerotized, narrow and reaching over half of outer lobes, turning inward and incompletely hidden by subgenital plate; outer lobes sclerotized, broad at base then abruptly tapering and forming a hook-shaped apex which turned outward, outside margin is highly sclerotized and dark brown. Epiproct projected antero-mesally, which have longitudinal dark areas in the midline; ventral sclerite forming two conical sclerotized prongs on either side at base of the projection dorsal sclerite short and broad, lightly recurved, sclerotized, bilaterally symmetrical, extending dorsolat- erally, dorsal sclerite largely sclerotized; basal sclerites is one broad, trapeziform, slightly sclerited patch located on base of epiproct; ventral sclerite sclerotized, with black spheriform sclerotized lobes at basolateral corners, parallel ridges not bearing a row of small spines, not bearing spines or hooks; cerci slightly sclero- tized on the outside extending inward, lateral portion as sclerotized strip that have no spines or hooks, but have long and thin hairs. Body of cercus elongate and of moderate width with swollen apex. , Female: Unknown. Type Material: Holotype O&, Baishui River of Bottom of Snow Mountain of Yulong, Lijiang City, Yunnan Province, 2880m, 9 May 1996, Leg. DU Yu-Zhou. Paratypes 4 O’O’", same data as the holotype. Diagnosis: This new species is similar to N. floralis in having hook-shaped tip of outer lobes and swollen tip of cerci, but can be separated from the latter species by the dorsal view of the epiproct apex and the two black spheriform sclerotized lobes located on basolateral corners of ventral sclerite of epiproct (Fig. 20). Etymology: The name refers to the epiproct forming two black spheriform sclerotized lobes at basolateral corners. Latin “rotund” means rounded, spheri- form. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 75 Figures18-23. Nemoura rotundprojecta Du and Zhou, sp. nov. 18. Male terminalia, dor- sal; 19. Male terminalia, ventral; 20. Male terminalia, lateral; 21. Male paraproct; 22. Male epiproct, dorsal; 23. Male epiproct, lateral. 76 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30470207; 30070098). LITERATURE CITED Baumann, R. W. 1975 Revision of Stonefly Family Nemouridae(Plecoptera): A Study of the World Fauna at the Generic Level. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 211: 1-74. Li, W. H. and D. Yang. 2006. New species of Nemoura (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) from China. Zootaxa 1137: 53-61. Li, W. H. and D. Yang. 2007. Two new species of Nemoura (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) from Henan, China. Zootaxa 1511: 65-68. Shimizu, T. 1997. The species of the Nemoura ovocercia Group (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Aquatic Insects 19 (4): 193-218. Wang, Z. J., Y. Z. Du, I. Sivec, and Z. Z. Li. 2006. Records of some Nemouride species (Order: Plecoptera) from Leigong Mountain, Guizhou Province, China. Illiesia 2(7): 50-56. Wu, C. F. 1973. New species of Chinese stoneflies (Order Plecoptera). Acta Entomologica Sinica 16(2): 97-118. Wu, C. F. 1938. Plecopterorum Sinensium: a nonograph of stoneflies of China (Order Plecoptera) Peiping, China. 225 pp. Wu, C. F. 1962. Results of the Zoologico-Botanical expedition to southwest China, 1955-1957 (Plecoptera). Acta Entomologica Sinica 11 (Supplement): 139-153. Zhu, F. and D. Yang. 2003. Two new species of Nemoura from China (Plecoptera, Nemouridae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 28(3): 474-477. ————— EE ooEoEEeEEEEEOEOEOOoEEEE eee Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 WI THE CONTINUING DISPERSION OF PERISTENUS DIGONEUTIS LOAN (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), AN INTRODUCED PARASITE OF THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG, LYGUS LINEOLARIS (PALISOT) (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) IN NORTHEASTERN U.S.A. AND SOUTHEASTERN CANADA' W. H. Day,’ R. F. Romig,’ H. H. Faubert,‘ and K. M. Tatman’ ABSTRACT: Peristenus digoneutis Loan, a European species, was first established by USDA-ARS in New Jersey for the biological control of the tarnished plant bug, which damages many crops. This parasitic wasp has steadily dispersed since its establishment in 1984, and it is now present in 11 states, a 38% increase since our last report in 2003, and has been found in 69 counties in the United States. Peristenus digoneutis is now present in all of the northeastern states, is moving westward along the southern edge of Lake Erie, and is well established in at least three Canadian provinces. The tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot) is an important insect pest of many crops in North America (Day et al., 2003, Liu et al., 2003). Its wide host range, economic importance, and lack of effective natural enemies made it a can- didate for classical biological control (Day et al., 1990); and European parasites were ultimately released in the U.S.A. Once an exotic natural enemy of this pest had been established, it was desir- able to conduct field surveys to determine its range expansion over a number of years. Such geographic distribution data are necessary to estimate dispersion rates, to determine where the climatic limits of the beneficial species have been reached, and to learn where the introduced species is abundant, so effectiveness studies can be initiated (Day et al., 1998). In previous reports (Day et al., 1990, 1998, 2000, 2003) we documented the initial establishment of Peristenus digoneutis Loan by the USDA in northwest- ern New Jersey, its subsequent dispersion into 62 counties and eight states, and its reduction of tarnished plant bug [Lygus lineolaris (Palisot)] populations in the northeastern U.S. (Day 1996, Day et al., 2003). In this paper, we report additional range expansions of this parasite into three additional states, for a total of eleven states, and list five new county records. METHODS Sweep net samples were taken in alfalfa and weedy fields, and the tarnished plant bug nymphs obtained were reared in the laboratory, to produce the adult ' Received on February 12, 2007. Accepted on May 20, 2007. *USDA-BIRL, 501 S. Chapel Street, Newark, Delaware 19713 U.S.A. E-mails: WHD, william.day @ars.usda.gov (corresponding author); KMT, kathleen.tatman@ars.usda.gov. * 13 Linda Lane, Fleetwood, Pennsylvania 19522 U.S.A. E-mail: rfromig@aol.com. “University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 U.S.A. E-mail: hhf@uri.edu. Mailed on March 14, 2008 78 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS parasites required for identification. Rearing and collection methods are in Day et al. (2000). Adult parasites were identified to species by the first author using characters that are now in the comprehensive keys by Goulet and Mason (2006). Voucher specimens are in the USDA collection at Newark, Delaware, and in the Canadian National collection at Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Because unmated female P. digoneutis produce only male progeny, but mated females produce both sexes, collection sites that produced only male parasites have not been regarded as proof that a mating population was present, so these locations are listed sepa- rately from positive establishment locations. er als Newf. Ontario kilometers Fig. 1. The known and estimated distribution of Peristenus digoneutis (dashed line) in eastern North America in 2005. The asterisk indicates its initial establishment point. Abbreviations, as follows: In Canada, Que. = Quebec, N.B. = New Brunswick, P.E.I. = Prince Edward Island, N.S. = Nova Scotia, and Newf. — Newfoundland. In the U.S.A. ME = Maine, NH = New Hampshire, VT = Vermont, MA = Massachusetts, RI = Rhode Island, CT = Connecticut, NY = New York, PA= Pennsylvania, NJ = New Jersey, DE = Delaware, MD = Maryland, VA = Virginia, WV = West Virginia, KY = Kentucky, OH = Ohio, and MI = Michigan. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1 provides three new state establishment records and five new county records for P. digoneutis. These bring the total known range of this species to 11 states and 69 counties in the northeastern United States. In addition, the presence of P. digoneutis in northeastern Ohio indicates that this species is dispersing Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 719 westward around the Great Lakes, as predicted for “cool summer” locations in both the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada (Day et al., 2000). Peristenus digoneutis is also clearly established in adjacent Canada; females were recovered in Quebec in 1999 (at St. Clothilde), in Ontario in 2002 (at Mountain), and females were collected in Nova Scotia in 2006 (near Kentville, H. Goulet, personal communication). This species has also recently been estab- lished in California (Pickett et al., 2007). The approximate distribution of P. dig- oneutis in eastern North America is shown in Fig. 1. Table 1. New county and state detection records for P. digoneutis, 2003-2005. New records are represented in bold type, and are based on female parasites reared from Lygus nymphs. Numbers to the left of the state represent chronological state rank- ing in the dispersion of P. digoneutis in the U.S.A. For example, Rhode Island is the ninth state in the U.S.A. where P. digoneutis has been reported. State County Year Collector 9. Rhode Island Washington 2003 Faubert Pennsylvania Lehigh 2003 Romig Schuykill 2004 Romig 10. Ohio Portage 2004 Romig 11. Delaware New Castle 2005 Tatman * A few P. digoneutis were reared from nymphs collected in both 2005 and 2006 in Delaware. If this population persists [it had been collected here in 1992 and 1993, but not in 1994-1995 (Day et al., 1998)], this will be the most southern establishment location for this species. Possible additional records are in Table 2. These are tentative because although no females were reared from these counties, parasitism rates in dissected sub- samples were much higher (20-32%) than is typical for native parasite species (13-18%: Day, 1996) suggesting that P. digoneutis is likely established. In addi- tion, because our surveys were terminated in 2004, it is probable that the range of this parasite is now considerably larger than the 69 counties noted above. Table 2. Probable* new distribution locations for P. digoneutis: 2004 collections. State County % Parasitism Notes New York Erie 30% Ohio Geauga 32% a male was also reared‘ Pennsylvania Berks 20% a male was also reared‘ Erie, field #8 22% Erie, field #9 20% Warren 23% *“Probable” because these records are based on parasite larvae detected in dissections of Lygus nymphs (the sex of parasite larvae cannot be visually determined). * Rates higher than the average maximum (13%: Day et al., 1990) by the native Peristenus pallipes (Curtis) in dissected L. lineolaris nymphs are probable evidence that the introduced P. digoneutis is present in a sample. * However, only females are proof of a reproducing population (Day et al., 1990). 80 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank B. R. Holmes for typing, many farmers for allowing us to sample their fields, K. A. Hoelmer and the reviewers for suggestions to improve the manuscript, and H. Goulet for fur- nishing the Canadian collection dates and locations. LITERATURE CITED Day, W. H. 1996. Evaluation of biological control of the tarnished plant bug (Hemiptera: Miridae), in alfalfa by the introduced parasite Peristenus digoneutis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Environ- mental Entomology 25: 512-518. Day, W. H., R. C. Hedlund, L. B. Saunders, and D. Coutinot. 1990. Establishment of Peristenus digoneutis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasite of the tarnished plant bug (Hemiptera: Miri- dae), in the United States. Environmental Entomology 19: 1528-1533. Day, W. H., J. M. Tropp, A. T. Eaton, R . F. Romig, R. G. van Driesche, and R. J. Chianese. 1998. Geographic distribution of Peristenus conradi and P. digoneutis (Hymenoptera: Braconi- dae), parasites of the alfalfa plant bug and the tarnished plant bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) in the northeastern United States. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 106: 69-75. Day, W. H., K. J. Tilmon, R. F. Romig, A. T. Eaton, and K. D. Murray. 2000. Recent range expansions of Peristenus digoneutis, a parasite of the tarnished plant bug, and high temperatures limiting its geographic distribution in North America. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 108: 326-331. Day, W. H., A. T. Eaton, R. F. Romig, K. J. Tilmon, M. Mayer, and T. Dorsey. 2003. Peristenus digoneutis, a parasite of Lygus lineolaris in northeastern alfalfa, and the need for research on other crops. Entomological News 114: 105-111. Goulet, H. and P. G. Mason. 2006. Review of the Nearctic species of Leiophron and Peristenus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Euphorinae) parasitizing Lygus (Hemiptera: Miridae: Mirini). Zoo- taxa 1323: 1-118. Liu, H., M. Skinner, B. L. Parker, and W. H. Day. 2003. Recognizing tarnished plant bug dam- age: vegetables, fruits, herbs. University of Vermont/USDA-ARS color brochure. 10 pp. Pickett, C. H., R. Rodriguez, J. Brown, K. A. Hoelmer, U. Kuhlmann, H. Goulet, M. Schwartz, and P. Goodell. 2007. Establishment of Peristenus digoneutis and P. relictus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in California for the control of Lygus spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae). Biocontrol Science and Technology 17: 261-272. Oe Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 81 TWO NEW RECORDS OF ODONATA (GOMPHIDAE) FOR TURKEY, GOMPHUS FLAVIPES (CHARPENTIER, 1825) AND OPHIOGOMPHUS CECILIA (GEOFFROY IN FOURCROY, 1785), WITH DISTRIBUTIONAL NOTES ON G. FLAVIPES AND G. UBADSCHIT SCHMIDT, 1953’ Nurten Hacet’ and Nihat Aktag¢’ ABSTRACT: In this paper, we demonstrate the occurrence of Gomphus flavipes in Turkey. The sin- gle European Turkish record of this taxon was until now confused with the closely related Asiatic species Gomphus ubadschii, therefore it could be said that G. flavipes is new to Turkey. The distri- bution of the two species in Turkey is evaluated. Besides, Ophiogomphus cecilia, a species which was previously reported from Anatolia based on a misidentification, now for the first time is record- ed for Turkey, in the Turkish Thrace. KEY WORDS: New records, Gomphidae, Gomphus, Ophiogomphus, Turkish Thrace, Turkey, mis- identifications Gomphus flavipes is a Palearctic species whose distribution range was first believed to extend from Central Europe to the Balkans, Iran, Kazakhstan, and Amur (Steinmann, 1997). Populations from Asia Minor to Afghanistan were con- sidered a distinct subspecies, formerly known as G. flavipes lineatus Bartenef, 1929 (an invalid homonym of G. lineatus Selys, 1850, now Paragomphus linea- tus). Recently, Dijkstra and Lewington (2006) pointed out that both taxa were sufficiently distinct and they moved G. flavipes lineatus to the full species rank, under the single available binomen Gomphus ubadschii Schmidt, 1953. Accord- ing to the current knowledge, G. flavipes extends from France to Eastern Siberia, whereas G. ubadschii is a southwest Asiatic endemic species, extending from Anatolia to Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Syria, Leba- non, Northern Irag, Iran, and Afghanistan (Suhling and Muller, 1996). Both G. flavipes and G. ubadschii are closely related species. However the only known record of G. flavipes from the Turkish Thrace has not been ascribed to either taxon (Yazicioglu, 1982). Neither the true identity nor the distribution of this taxon is known. Ophiogomphus cecilia is a Palearctic species extending from Finland to France, Italy, Northern Balkans, Russia, Central Asia (Steinmann, 1997; Dijkstra and Lewington, 2006). All records from the Iberian Peninsula (Cortes et al., 1986; Picazo and Alba-Tercedor, 1992) and Turkey (Selys, 1887) have been proved to be erroneous and resulting from a confusion with Onychogomphus for- cipatus and Ophiogomphus reductus, respectively (Kalkman et al., 2003; Fer- reira et al., 2006). As a consequence, there are no true records of O. cecilia for Turkey. ‘Received on May 14, 2007. Accpted on June 16, 2007. * Trakya University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Tr-22030 Edirne, Turkey. E-mails: (NH) nhacet@hotmail.com; (NA) nihata@trakya.edu.tr Mailed on March 14, 2008 82 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Both O. cecilia and G. flavipes are expected to be found in the Turkish Thrace, which is part of the European continent, as they are found in Greek and Bul- garian localities. In this paper, both G. flavipes and O. cecilia are added as new records to the Odonata fauna of Turkey based on specimens already collected and new ones. METHODS Adults and larvae of Gomphus cf. flavipes (1.e. either G. flavipes or G. ubad- schii) and adults of O. cecilia were identified from the Turkish Thrace based on the material kept in the collections of the Biological Department of Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey (TU) as well as from field studies carried out during the years 1995, 2001, 2002, and 2006. We focused on the region around the town of Edirne, particularly the larger rivers Tunca and Merig. All collecting sites are mapped and a short characterization of each of them 1s provided. The latter is based upon Camur-Elipek et al. (2006). Collecting sites in the Turkish Thrace The Tunca River originates in Bulgaria and most of its length passes through there. It enters the Turkish Thrace passing the Suakacagi village near the Bul- garian border (Fig. 1). Only a small part of the river is located in the Turkish Thrace. There, it is quite large with sandy banks. It joins the Meri¢ River to form the border between Greece and Turkey (Camur-Elipek et al., 2006). Figure 1 shows all collecting localities for G. cf. flavipes and O. cecilia in the Turkish Thrace. 1. Suakacagi village, Tunca River where it enters Turkey from Bulgaria (41°85'N 26°56'E), 29 iv 1995, 30 ix 1995, 28 x 1995; the bottom of the river is covered with sandy sediment. 2. Degirmenyeni village, Tunca River surrounded by rice fields (41°75'N 26°55'E), 29 iv 1995, 20 vii 1995, 28 x 1995, 20 xii 1995; its bottom has sand and organic detritus. 3. Sarayi¢i, Tunca River just before it enters Edirne (41°41'N 26°32'E), 29 iv 1995, 27 v 1995, 23 vi 1995,,30 ix 1995, 24 xn 1995, 06 vi 2002: its bottom is constituted of a dark mud. Both larvae and adults of G. cf. flavipes were obtained from this station. The landscape is characterized by mixed forest. The specimens were collected from the inner parts of the forest along the river. The other odonatan species co-occurring with G. cf. flavipes in this locality are Platycnemis pennipes (Pallas, 1771), Coenagrion puella (Lin- naeus, 1758), Ischnura elegans pontica Schmidt, 1938, Aeshna affinis Vander Linden, 1823, A. isoceles antehumeralis (Schmidt, 1954), Gomphus vulgatis- simus (Linnaeus, 1758), Libellula depressa Linnaeus, 1758, L. fulva Miller 1764, Orthetrum cancellatum (Linnaeus, 1758), O. albistylum (Selys, 1848). Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 83 . Gazimihal, Tunca River at the place where the sewage system of Edirne enters into the river (41°40'N 26°32'E), 23 vi 1995; the bottom is covered by a bad-smelling mud. Anatolia BULGARIA Suakacagi / @ Degirmenyeni 6 Avariz TUNCA RIVER @ Sarayici Gazimihal ; @ =viRNE \ Sogittiak GREECE 2 \ ~_\\ MERIC RIVER \ N —— River == River Boundary 0 | 2 km -— Boundary Fig. 1. Collecting sites of Gomphus cf. flavipes and Ophiogomphus cecilia in the Turkish Thrace. 84 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 5. Avariz village, Tunca River near the bridge situated just at the exit of the vil- lage (41°73'N 26°55'E), 30 vi 2001, 09 vii 2006; cultivated Populus (Salica- ceae) trees surround the river. Adults of G. cf. flavipes were caught along the river. 6. Sogiitliik, Merig River, between Karaagac¢ and Edirne city center (41°39'N 26°31'E), 30 v 1985, 10 vii 2006; the Meri¢ River, which passes through S6- gutliik, is similar to the Tunca River as far as its sandy bottom and its banks are concerned. This locality is the only place where O. cecilia was found. Specimens were found in S6gitliik forest, towards which the river forms small ponds filled with stagnant water. The dominant plant species in this area are Salix alba L., Xantium strumarium L. (Asteraceae), Robinia pseudoaca- cia L. (Fabaceae), U/mus minor Mill. (Ulmaceae), and Sambucus nigra L. (Caprifoliaceae). Other odonatan species found together with O. cecilia in this locality are Calopteryx splendens (Harris, 1782), Aeshna affinis Vander Linden, 1823, Gomphus cf. flavipes (i.e. either G. flavipes (Charpentier, 1825) or G. ubadschii Schmidt, 1953), G. vulgatissimus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Onychogomphus forcipatus forcipatus (Linnaeus, 1758). SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY - NEW RECORDS Gomphidae Gomphus flavipes (Charpentier, 1825) Material Examined: Larval specimens: Loc. 1, 29.iv.1995, one 9; 30.ix. 1995, one GO, two 9; 28.x.1995, one 9; Loc. 2, 29.iv.1995, one O, one Q; 20.vii.1995, one O’; 28.x.1995, one 9; 20.xii.1995, one &; Loc. 3, 29.iv.1995, one O; 27.v.1995, one O; one 9; 23.vi.1995, one O; 30.ix.1995, one 9; 24.xii.1995, one 9; Loc. 4, 23.vi.1995, one &. Adult specimens: Loc. 3, 06.vi. 2002, one 9; Loc. 5, 30.vi.2001, three O’, two 9; 09.vii.2006, one O; Loc. 6, 10.vii.2006, four O’, one 9. Comments: The overall black/yellow pattern of both G. flavipes and G. ubadschii is similar but the anterior “O” thorasic black markings are quite dis- tinctive from other Gomphus. Both species can be reliably differentiated by structural features only. Adult males of G. flavipes are reliably identified thanks to the shape of their abdomen, which is less clubbed and less widened on seg- ments 7-9 in comparison with G. ubadschii. Besides, their inferior appendage is regularly thickened up to a post basal sharp ventral angulation (Fig. 2a), where- as in G. ubadschii it thickens more abruptly in a post basal “tooth” in G. ubad- schii (Dijkstra and Lewington, 2006). Viewed from above, superior appendages are slightly angled laterally on their outer side before their tip, that does not occur in G. ubadschii (Dijkstra and Lewington, 2006; Kalkman, 2006). In both species female’s vulvar scale is very short and divided up to its basis into two triangular lobes and that does not allow any separation between both species (Suhling and Miller, 1996; Kalkman, 2006). The feature of our specimens fit G. flavipes well Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 85 but not G. ubadschii. Our larvae show the feature of G. flavipes given by Suhling and Miller (1996), and differ clearly from that indicated for G. ubadschii. They differ from G. /ineatus from Anatolia by a small spin on distal margin of the dor- sal surface of 9th abdominal segment (Fig. 2b). 3b Imm Figs. 2 and 3. 2. Gomphus flavipes: a. Male anal appendages, lateral view; b. Distal part of abdomen of larva, dorsal view. 3. Ophiogomphus cecilia: a. female occipital crest, pos- terodorsal view; b. female vulvar scale, ventral view; c. male anal appendages, lateral view. Ophiogomphus cecilia (Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785) Material Examined: Loc. 6, 30.v.1985, one 9; 10.vii.2006, two ©’, one 9. The patterning of the only European species of the genus, O. cecilia, is similar to those of Gomphus species, however the pale ground-colour on the thorax and two anterior abdominal segments is vivid green in mature specimens. The abdomen is widened in males from the 7th to the 9th segments. Comments: Some structural features allow a precise identification of both males and females. Our female specimens are definitely ascribed to O. cecilia thanks to their two remarkable toothed tubercular crests on the occiput, that lacks in O. reductus, which is the nearest species of the genera in Southwest and Central Asia, that has been said to be collected in the past from East Anatolia 86 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS (Fig. 3a). Besides, their vulvar scale is deeply divided to very fine and weakly divergent branches, that is quite distinctive from the parallel branches of O. reductus’ vulvar scale (Suhling and Muller, 1996) (Fig. 3b). The males from the Turkish Thrace are ascribed to O. cecilia thanks to their superior appendages, which are hardly longer than the inferior appendage and than the 10th abdomi- nal segment, are weakly down-curved, and end bluntly and bear small black sub- apical ventral teeth. They are decidedly shorter than in O. reductus (Suhling and Miller, 1996; Kalkman, 2006) (Fig. 3c). Two branches of their inferior append- age are slightly convergent towards their tips. DISCUSSION Until now, Gomphus cf. flavipes was known from Turkish Thrace through two males from only one locality-Tekirdag in the vicinity of Corlu (Yazicioglu, 1982). However, these specimens were not precisely ascribed to the “European” or the “Asiatic” members of the flavipes/ubadschii complex and could not be safely preserved. Slow-flowing large rivers with sandy banks are preferred sites of such gomphids. In the Turkish Thrace, both the Tunca River and the Meric¢ River provide suitable habitats and both the adults and the larvae of G. cf. flavipes collected along the Tunca River were ascribed to G. flavipes. This strengthens the possibility of the occurrence of the species in other localities in the Turkish Thrace. Straits separating the Turkish Thrace from Anatolia form an effective barrier for both land and freshwater animals which do not disperse (Demirsoy, 1996). Although dragonflies are actively flying animals, distribu- tional records of G. cf. flavipes throughout the region support the hypothesis that straits, including different ecological conditions and water types in both sides, may serve as a barrier for several species, such as G. flavipes (restricted to the Turkish Thrace) and G. ubadschii (restricted to Asia Minor, Central Asia and the Middle-East, Schmidt, 1954; Dumont, 1977; Yazicioglu, 1982; Demirsoy, 1982; Kazancy, 1995; Salur and Kiyak 2000; Salur and Ozsarac, 2004; Kalkman et al., 2004a, b; Dijkstra and Lewington, 2006; Kalkman and Van Pelt, 2006; Salur and Kiyak, 2006, 2007). Other well known cases of such a distribution related to the barrier effects of straits can also be found (e.g. Onychogomphus forcipatus albotibialis in Anatolia and O.f. forcipatus in the continental Turkish Thrace). In Turkey, the Istanbul and Canakkale Straits are the two points where Turkish Thrace and Anatolia are nearest to each other and are separated by only 0.5 to 1.5 km. We could not find any suitable habitat for G. flavipes in the Istanbul and Canakkale Straits areas until now (Hacet and Akta¢, 2004). A record of the east- ernmost location of the species in the Turkish Thrace was given by Yazicioglu (1982) and no other has been given since then. The record of the nearest location in Anatolia is quite old from Bursa (Niliifer Cay; Schmidt 1954). The other records reported southwards of western Anatolia are Denizli (Dumont, 1977), Mugla/(K6ycegiz-Dalyan) (Kazanci, 1995), Mugla-Dalaman Cay (Kalkman et al., 2004a); Kiitahya (Kalkman et al., 2004b; Kalkman and Van Pelt, 2006); Aydin/ (Séke, Nazilli) (Salur and Kiyak, 2007) (Fig. 4). Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 87 Gomphus cf. flavipes was also reported by Werner (1938) from Limnos Island in the Aegean Sea, located between Greece and Anatolia. The presence of this taxon, under G. ubadschii, in the Aegean in modern papers was based on this sin- gle record (Dumont, 1977; Lopau and Wendler 1995; Lopau, 1999), but no recent discoveries could be obtained for confirmation. Both G. flavipes and O. cecilia were considered endangered species in many areas of Europe and were found only regionally in central Europe in the last decades (Suhling and Miller, 1996; Dijkstra and Lewington, 2006). We searched for O. cecilia along the Tunca River for the last three years and we found it only in a restricted area in Sogutluik. Although the villages of Avariz and Suakacag1, where we found G. flavipes, posses suitable habitats for O. cecilia, we could not find it. Probably, dam-building activities continuing in the latter village are neg- atively affecting its growth. BULGARIA Pe a \Edirne(new records j eS istanbul Tekirdad Strait (Schmidt, 1954) Limnos (Werner, 1938) gf S Ow 4 Kutahya (Kalkman 5) al. ANATOLIA 2004b Fig. 4. Distribution of Gomphus flavipes @ and G. ubadschii @ in the Turkish Thrace (European part of Turkey), in western Anatolia (Turkey), and in the Aegean Islands. 88 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank J.-Pierre Boudot, Milen Marinov and Gert Jan van Pelt for helpful suggestions and com- ments on an earlier version of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Camur-Elipek, B., N. Arslan, T. Kirgiz, and B. Oterler. 2006. Benthic macrofauna in Tunca River (Turkey) and their relationships with environmental variables. Acta Hydrochimica et Hydro- biologica 34: 360-366. Cortes, M. V., K. de Tjarda, and M. A. Simoes Graca. 1986. Estudio de un rio de montana de una zona granitica del norte de Portugal. Limnetica 2: 197-204. Demirsoy, A. 1982. Odonata. Tiirkiye faunasi1. TUBITAK Yayinlari (VIII) 4(8), Ankara. 155 pp. (In Turkish. ) Demirsoy, A. 1996. Genel ve Turkiye Zoocografyasi “Hayvan Cografyas1.” Meteksan A.S$, Maltepe, Ankara, Turkey. 630 pp. Dijkstra, K.-D.B. and R. Lewington. 2006. Field guide to dragonflies of Britain and Europe includ- ing western Turkey and North-western Africa. British Wildlife Publishing. Milton on Stour, Dorset, England, U.K. 320 pp. Dumont, H. J. 1977. A review of the dragonfly fauna of Turkey and adjacent Mediterranean islands (Insecta Odonata). Bulletin et Annales de la Société royale belge d’Entomologie 113: 119-171. Ferreira, S., J. M. Grosso-Silva, M. Lohr, F. Weihrauch, and R. Jédicke. 2006. A critical check- list of the Odonata of Portugal. International Journal of Odonatology 9: 133-150. Hacet, N. and N. Aktag. 2004. Considerations on the odonate fauna of Turkish Thrace, with some taxonomic notes. Odonatologica 33: 253-270. Kalkman V. J. 2006. Key to dragonflies of Turkey, including species known from Greece, Bulgaria, Lebanon, Syria, the Trans-Caucasus and Iran. Brachytron 10: 3-82. Kalkman V. J., M. Wasscher, and G. J. Van Pelt. 2003. An annotated checklist of the Odonata of Turkey. Odonatologica 32: 215-235. Kalkman, V. J., A. Kop, G. J. Van Pelt, and M. Wasscher. 2004a. The dragonflies of the sur- roundings of Lake K6ycegiz and the River Esen, Mugla province, SW Turkey (Odonata). Libel- lula Supplement 5: 39-63. Kalkman, V. J., W. Lopau, and G. J. Van Pelt. 2004b. Hitherto unpublished records of dragon- flies from Turkey (Odonata). Libellula Supplement 5: 65-166. Kalkman V. J. and G. J. Van Pelt. 2006. The distribution and flight period of the Dragonflies of Turkey. Brachytron 10: 83-153. Kazanci, N. 1995. Odonata of the Kéycegiz-Dalyan nature reserve area, south-western Turkey, with Lindenia tetraphylla (Vander L.), new to the Turkish fauna (Anisoptera: Gomphidae). Notulae Odonatologicae 4: 105-106. Lopau, W. 1999. Die Libellenfauna der griechischen Inseln Thassos, Samothraki und Limnos. Libellula Supplement 2: 43-61. Lopau, W. and A. Wendler. 1995. Arbeitsatlas zur Verbreitung der Libellen in Griechenland und den umliegenden Gebieten. Naturkundliche Reiseberichte 5: 1-109. Picazo, J. and J. Alba-Tercedor. 1992. First records of Ophiogomphus cecilia (De Fourcroy) in Spain (Anisoptera: Gomphidae). Notulae Odonatologicae 3: 171-172. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 89 Salur, A. and O. Ozsarag. 2004. Additional notes on the Odonata fauna of Cicekdagi (Kirsehir), Turkey. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology of Gazi University 17: 11-19. Salur, A. and S. Kiyak. 2000. On the systematic and faunistic studies of Anisoptera species (Insecta: Odonata) of Kizilirmak River basin (Kayseri Province). Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology of Gazi University 13: 829-840. Salur, A. and S. Kiyak. 2006. Additional records for the Odonata fauna of East Mediterianean region of Turkey. Munis Entomology & Zoology 1: 239-252. Salur, A. and S. Kayak. 2007. Additional records for the Odonata fauna of South-Western Anatolia- Part I: Anisoptera. Munis Entomology & Zoology 2: 63-78. Schmidt, E. 1954. Auf der Spur von Kellemisch. Entomologische Zeitschrift 64: 49-62, 65-72, 74- 86, 92-93. Selys-Longchamps, M. De. 1887. Odonates de |’ Asie mineure et revision de ceux des autres par- ties de la faune dite européenne. Annales de la Société entomologique Belgique 31: 1-85. Steinmann, H. 1997. World Catalogue of Odonata (Volume II, Anisoptera). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Germany. 636 pp. Suhling, F. and O. Miller. 1996. Die Flufjungfern Europas (Gomphidae). Die Neue Brehm- Biicherei 628. Westarp, Magdeburg, Spektrum, Heidelberg, Germany. 237 pp. Werner, F. 1938. Ergebnisse der achten zoologischen Forchungsreise nach Griechenland (Euboea, Tinos, Skiathos, Thasos usw.). Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. Abteilung I. 147: 151-173. Yazicioglu, T. 1982. Dragonflies from the Ergene river basin, Thrace, Turkey. Notulae Odonato- logicae 1: 148-150. 90 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS FIRST RECORD FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT RHINOCYLLUS CONICUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN A THREATENED NATIVE THISTLE, CIRSIUM HILLIT (ASTERACEAE), IN WISCONSIN, U.S.A.’ Scott A. Sauer’ and Kate L. Bradley’ ABSTRACT: The occurrence of the biological control weevil Rhinocyllus conicus is documented for the first time on the non-target thistle species, Cirsium hillii, in Wisconsin. Rhinocyllus conicus was released locally twice in Wisconsin before studies showed non-target compatibility with the rare C. hillii and the federally threatened C. pitcheri. These previously unpublished studies from the Wis- consin Department of Agriculture, Consumer, and Trade Protection prevented further releases of R. concnicus in Wisconsin during the early 1980s. Despite only localized releases, data from state collection records indicate that R. conicus has spread at least 80 miles from the initial release loca- tion. While R. conicus’s effects on other non-target Cirsium species are well documented, the lack of information on the biology of C. hil/lii precludes understanding the effects of R. conicus on this species’ conservation. KEYWORDS: Cirsium hillii, Rhinocyllus concicus, bio-control, endangered species, non-target effects Biological control is aimed at reducing the population size of targeted non- native pest species by importing natural enemies that do not exist 1n the invaded habitats (Marshall et al., 2004, Louda et al., 2003). In the continental United States and Hawai’1, 153 insects have been released against 53 targeted species (Louda et al., 2003). Before biocontrol agents are released, extensive host speci- ficity tests are carried out under quarantine to reduce the likelihood of non-target effects on native species. Despite preventive efforts, non-target effects have been documented on 41 native species by 15 of the 112 established insects in the con- tinental United States, Hawai’i and the Caribbean (Louda et al., 2003). The weevil Rhinocyllus conicus Froelich (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cleoninae) was introduced to North America in 1968 (Zwéoelfer and Harris, 1984, Louda et al., 2003) to control musk thistle (Carduus nutans L.). Musk this- tle is an exotic thistle that has become widespread since its introduction to North America in the 1800s (Brinkman et al., 2001). Rhinocyllus conicus oviposits into thistle flower heads in early summer, where the larva feed on the flower parts, and eventually, the seeds within the ovary (Louda et al., 1997). Research that occurred before and after the release of R. conicus indicated a preference for oviposition on Carduus spp. and slow larval growth on Cirsium spp. (Zwoelfer ‘Received on May 17, 2007. Accepted on June 16, 2007. * Science Operations Center, 2801 Progress Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53716-3339 U.S.A. E-mail: Scott.Sauer@Wisconsin.gov. *Ecosystem Science Center, School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, U.S.A. E-mail: klbra- dle@ mtu.edu. Mailed on March 14, 2008 Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 9] and Harris, 1984). Given these results, considerable transfer to native North American Cirsium spp. was not predicted (Zwoelfer and Harris, 1984). Since the initial release, R. conicus has been reared from a third of California’s native Cirsium spp., 3 of 6 Cirsium spp. in Rocky Mountain National park, and from C. undulatum in Colorado, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Montana (Louda, 1998). Although R. concicus was removed from the list of pre-approved insects for interstate movement in 2000, it continues to negatively impact North Ameri- can Cirsium spp. (Louda et al., 2003). Rhinocyllus conicus has been shown to limit the reproductive capabilities and lifetime fitness of two western prairie species, Cirsium canescens (NE) and C. undulatum (NE) by feeding on the de- veloping seeds in flower heads (Rose et al., 2005). It can reduce seed production in C. canescens by up to 85% and is hypothesized to be driving this once com- mon species towards extinction (Louda and Rand 2006). Here we report the first known occurrence of R. concicus on a Midwestern thistle, Cirsium hillii. METHODS On August 1, 2004, while collecting seed from Cirsium hillii on a dry-mesic remnant hill prairie near Arena, Wisconsin (Figure 1), Sauer also collected an unknown grub within one of the dried seed heads. The grub was isolated and placed in a clear aspirator vial. The grub pupated, and by August 18, had emerged as an adult weevil. The beetle was frozen, and mounted along with the pupae cas- ing. Steve Krauth of The University of Wisconsin-Madison Insect Research Col- lection identified the specimen as R. conicus in October 2006. This collection location is approximately 80 miles from the original release locale (Figure 1). Following this 2004 collection on C. hillii, we searched for information about the distribution and abundance of R. concicus in Wisconsin. We were able to obtain the original release records for the state of Wisconsin, unpublished host specificity tests by the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consum- er Protection (DATCP), and specimen records for R. concicus from the University of Wisconsin Insect Research collection (S. Krauth, personal communication). Host Specificity Testing Methods In 1980 and 1981, Julie Nara of DATCP conducted host specificity tests on three native Cirsium species (Nara, 1980, 1981, 1982). In April 1980, seven Cir- sium pitcheri plants were collected from Point Beach State Forest and planted in sand in papier-maché pots (48 cm diameter x 33 cm tall) (J. Nara, 1980). They were kept in open air at the General Laboratory of the State DATCP. By June 1980, one plant had bolted with three unopened flowers. Twenty-five gravid R. concicus individuals were caged on the bolting plant (9 June 1980). Within 24 hours egg masses were observed on flower heads and leaf petioles. Three flower heads were collected July 8. Seventeen adult R. conicus emerged from these heads. Germination tests with seed from these heads indicated it was not viable (Nara, 1980). In April 1981, C. hillii and C. altissimum plants were collected near Spring Green, Wisconsin and transplanted to papier-maché pots (48 cm diameter x 33 92 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS cm tall) (Nara, 1982). They were kept in open air at the General Laboratory of the State DATCP. On June 1, 1981 twelve gravid R. concicus individuals were caged on a single flowering C. hillii and two flowering C. pitcheri plants (col- lected in 1980). In July 25 adult weevils were caged with a flowering C. altissi- mum plant. Flower heads of C. hillii and C. pitcheri were collected June 30, 1981, while C. altissimum heads were collected August 10, 1981. Sixteen adults emerged from two C. hillii flowerheads, but no adult weevils emerged from C. pitcheri or C. altissimum heads. There was evidence of feeding injury on C. pitcheri. Seeds of C. hillii from infested heads were shriveled, while seeds from non-infested heads appeared normal (Nara, 1982). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Rhinocyllus conicus was first introduced to Wisconsin in 1975 in Walworth County (Doll, 2004), with a second release in Waukesha County in 1978. (Figure 1). Nara’s host specificity studies led to DATCP’s determination in 1980 that R. conicus could oviposit and complete its life-cycle on Wisconsin’s threatened C. hillii and the federally threatened Dune’s Thistle, C. pitcheri (Nara, 1980, 1981, 1982) and plans for additional releases in Wisconsin and new releases in Michigan were abandoned. It has since been collected in Jefferson, Green, Lafayette, lowa, Milwaukee and Ozaukee Counties in Wisconsin (Figure 1), with the records outside of the release area largely coming since 2000 (S. Krauth, pers. comm.). Although several collections of R. conicus have been made within the range of C. hillii (Figure 1), populations of the thistle are relatively isolated from each other, and the density, spatial distribution, and utilization of C. hillii by R. conicus across the state remain unknown. Cirsium hillii is a midwestern endemic, ranging from Ontario to Minnesota and Iowa (Cochrane 2000, Gleason and Cronquist 1991, Penskar, 1997) with a range wide conservation status of vulnerable (G3, Natureserve, 1997). In Wis- consin, where it is formally considered threatened (S3, Wisconsin DNR Vascular Plant Working List, 2006), it is found mostly on dry-mesic hill prairies with and without histories of grazing and on sandy prairie remnants (R. A. Henderson, Wisconsin DNR and S. R. Hill, Illinois Natural History Survey, personal com- munications, 2006). The species is largely confined to the southwestern half of the state in relatively small, isolated populations (Cochrane 2000). It is often found in active or former pastures, and light grazing seems to be of some bene- fit to the species. Although listed as threatened species in Wisconsin, the state has the second highest number of occurrences (55 existent, Wisconsin DNR 2006) outside of Michigan (Penskar, 1997). It is also listed as critically imperiled (S1) in Indiana and Iowa, and until as recently as 2005 was also listed as imperiled in Illinois (S. R. Hill, personal communication). It is considered vulnerable (S3) in the remainder of its range. There is little published information on the ecology of C. hillii (Penskar 1997). It is short of stature, usually less than 0.5 m tall, flowers from mid-June into July, and is often found in very localized groupings of a few flowering ramets, with Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 93 Figure 1. Known distribution of Rhinocyllus conicus in relation to ranges of Cirsium hillii and Cirsium pitcheri in Wisconsin. Original release location | Range of Cirsium pitcheri Range of Cirsium hillii 94 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS many more non-flowering rosettes. Cirsium hillii is closely related to C. pumilum, but unlike C. pumilum, which is biennial, C. hillii is described as perennial (Gleason and Cronquist 1991, Cochrane 2000, Natureserve 1997). Cirsium hillii may in fact be more accurately described as a monocarpic perennial where each ramet usually blooms only once, often after many years of growth. The rosettes surrounding flowering ramets grow within a few cm of the main stem, and some hypothesize that these rosettes grow from rhizomes (S. R. Hill and R. Henderson, personal communications). Each localized cluster could be viewed as being either a single genet, or only a few genets, with many ramets. Demographic and genet- ic marker work by Fant (2007) shows that C. hillii populations are indeed com- posed largely of a few individuals, but that sexual recruitment also takes place. The phenology of C. hillii and the other Cirsium species overlap with the egg- laying activity of R. conicus, although the synchrony of flowering and oviposi- tion vary with the Cirsium species. Rhinocyllus concicus lays its eggs on devel- oping thistle flowerheads in May and June (Louda et al., 2005). Given that C. hillii blooms between June and July, it is likely that many of its flowerheads will have been initiated during the period of R. conicus activity and will be high- ly susceptible to attack. Much uncertainty remains concerning the importance of sexual recruitment in sustaining healthy C. hillii populations. Given this uncer- tainty, it is not known if the adverse effect of seed predation by R. conicus could have adverse affects on remaining C. hillii populations. Native herbivores feed on developing seed heads and limit the lifetime fitness of other Cirsium species (Louda et al., 1995, Louda et al., 2005), and it is possible that population growth of C. hillii is also seed-limited. However, there is little information about the abundance and spatial distribution of R. conicus in the state of Wisconsin. Its uti- lization and demographic effects on the remaining populations of C. hillii are unknown. Further, if R. conicus spreads to the costal dune systems of the Great Lakes, it has the potential to severally inhibit the recovery of the federally threat- ened C. pitcheri because this species does rely heavily upon seedling recruitment for population sustainability (Louda et al., 2005). LITERATURE CITED Brinkman, M. A., W. A. Gardner, and G. D. Butin. 2001. Effect of red imported fire ant (Hymnetoptera: Formicidae) on Rhinocyllus conicus (Coleoptera: Curculinonidae), a biological control agent of musk thistle. Environmental Entomology 30: 612-616. Cochrane, T. S. and H. H. Iltis. 2000. Atlas of the Wisconsin Prairie and Savanna Flora. Technical Bulletin No. 191, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 227 pp. Doll, J. 2004. Thistles in Pastures and Beyond. Agronomy Advice. University of Wisconsin Madi- son. 5 pp. Fant, J., S. Masi, J. M. Keller, and R. Mann. 2007. Investigating the Reproductive Health of Hill’s Thistle (Cirsium hillii) Populations in the Chicago Region. Chicago Wilderness Journal 5: 29-40. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 95 Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd Edition. New York Botanical Garden. New York, New York, U.S.A. 910 pp. Louda, S. M. 1998. Population Growth of Rhinocyllus conicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on two Species of Native Thistles in Prairie. Environmental Entomology 27: 834-841. Louda, S. M., R. W. Pemberton, M. T. Johnson, and P. A. Follett. 2003. Non-target effects-The Achilles’ heel of biological control? Retrospective analyses to reduce risk associated with biocon- trol introductions. Annual Review of Entomology 48: 365-396. Louda, S. M. and M. A. Potvin. 1995. Effect of inflorescence-feeding insects on the demography and lifetime fitness of a native plant. Ecology 76: 229-245. Louda, S. M., T. A. Rand, A. E. Arnett, A. S. McClay, K. Shea, and K. McEachern. 2005. Evaluation of ecological risk of a threatened plant from an invasive biocontrol insect. Ecological Applications, 15: 234-249. Nara, J. 1980. Musk Thistle Weevil (Rhinocyllus conicus). Memorandum. State of Wisconsin, De- partment of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection. | p. Nara, J. 1981. Preliminary environmental assessment for the release of the weevil Rhinocyllus con- icus as a biological control agent against the musk thistle (Carduus nutans) and the plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoides) in Wisconsin. State of Wisconsin, Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection. 12 pp. Nara, J. 1982. Host range study of Rhinocyllus concicus. Memorandum. State of Wisconsin, De- partment of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection. | p. -NatureServe. 2006. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Ver- sion 6.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. (Ac- cessed: January 12, 2007.) Penskar, M. R. 1997. Rangewide Status Assessment of Hill’s Thistle (Cirsium hillii (Canby) Fern.) Prepared by Michigan Natural Features Inventory for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 3. Rose, K. E., S. M. Louda, and M. Reese. 2005. Demographic and evolutionary impacts of native and invastive insect herbivores on Cirsium canescens. Ecology 86: 453-465. Zwoelfer, H. and P. Harris. 1984. Biology and host specificity of Rhinocyllus conicus (Froelich) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) a successful agent for the biological control of the thistle, Carduus nutans L. Zeitschrift fir angewandte Entomologie 97: 36-62. 96 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS A NEW HILARA MEIGEN (DIPTERA: EMPIDIDAE) SPECIES FROM THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION OF TURKEY ' Mustafa Cemal Ciftci,’ Corneliu Parvu,’ and Abdullah Hasbenli’ ABSTRACT: Hilara bolkarensis sp. n. is described from the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey (Bolkar Mountains). Male and female are described, compared with related species and male geni- talia as well as fore leg illustrated. A key to the species related to H. bolkarensis sp. n. is provided. KEY WORDS: new species, Hilara, Empididae, Diptera, Turkey Hilara Meigen is a complex genus of the family Empididae (Diptera). There are 215 species from the Palaearctic Region in the recent Palaearctic Catalogue (Chvala and Wagner, 1989), but since then many new Hilara species have been described and some of them synonymized (Chvala, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2005b, Parvu, 1991, 1992, 1994). Distinctions between species of Hilara are scarce and hard to perceive, making species recognition difficult, often leading to misun- derstandings and misidentifications (Chvala 1997, 2000, 2005a). Until Collin’s (1961) revisionary work, many authors studied Hi/ara in a far-from-ideal fash- ion. Straka (1975) and Engel (1941) incorrectly identified some species causing many problems for subsequent authors. Owing to the studies and systematic revi- sions made by Chvala in the last few decades, confusions within the Palaearctic species of Hilara have been largely removed. The Empididae is a poorly known family of flies in Turkey, with just a few records made and new species described by Loew, Collin (see Chvala and Wagner 1989), Chvala (1994), and more recently by Bartak (2006) and Bartak et al (2007). Up to now, there has been no study on Hilara from Turkey. High num- bers of Hilara species are likely to be found in Turkey because of its zoogeo- graphical position, variable altitudes, and habitats favor the evolution of numer- ous species. METHODS This study is based mainly on 31 males and 23 females, specimens collected from the Bolkar Mountains in 2005. For examination, male genitalia and legs were dissected and cleared in the 10% KOH for 24 hours at 30°C. All figures were drawn using a binocular microscope with an ocular grid. Before drawing the thickened fore basitarsus, the leg was first macerated to illustrate the true shape. After the drawing, all dissected parts were stored in small plastic capsules ‘Received on May 2, 2007. Accepted on May 16, 2007. > Gazi University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Biology, 06500, Teknikokullar, Ankara, Turkey. E-mails: (MCC) empididae@gmail.com; (AH) hasbenli@gazi.edu.tr. *Muzeul National de Istorie Naturala “GrigoreAntipa” Sos.Kiselef 011341 Bucuresti 2, Romania. E-mail: cparvu@antipa.ro. Mailed on March 14, 2008 Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 7 with glycerol and pinned along with the specimens. Sinclair and Cumming (2006) terminology was followed, with a few modifications. SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY Hilara bolkarensis sp. n. Figs. 1-8 Etymology: The species is named after the Bolkar Mountains where the mate- rials were collected. Diagnosis: Completely black, body length about 3.7-4.5 mm, subshining, grey and brown pruinose species with black halter. Acrostichals biserial, dorsocentral bristles uniserial. Wings black clouded with black costal stigma and veins dark brown. Legs black, fore basitarsus longer than tibia, very swollen and dorsally with 2-4 serial black, rather long and thick bristles. Abdomen blackish brown with brownish grey pruinose. Terminalia moderately large, slightly brown pru- inosity. Description of the male: Head black, in posterior view with brown pruinosity. Occiput black with black bristles as long as postpedicel. A pair of ocellar and frontal bristles long, black and subequal in length. Eyes separated on frons, frons black and middle part slightly grey pruinosity. Face grey pruinosity with lower edge shining black. Antenna black, style half as long as postpedicel. Palpus black, stout and long, ventrally with black hairs and 2 long and black preapical bristles. Proboscis short, slightly curved forward. Thorax black. Scutum subshining, brown pruinosity with 2 slightly visible stripes between lines of acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles, stripes end at pres- cutellar depression. Lateral margins of scutum subshining black. Pleura grey pru- inosity. Prothoracic collar with single strong black bristle on each side. Acros- tichals and dorsocentral bristles black and hair-like. Acrostichals biserial, dors- ocentral bristles uniserial ending with 2 rather long prescutellar pairs. Strong tho- racic bristles black; 1 humeral, 1 posthumeral, 3 notopleurals, 1 supra-alar, 1 postalar and 2 pairs of scutellar bristles. Front half of notopleural depression with black bristle-like hairs as long as acrostichals and postpronotum with numerous short black hairs. Wings black clouded with black costal stigma. Veins dark brown. Costal bris- tle long and black, as long as postpedicel. Squamae black with pale fringes, hal- ter black with lighter stem. Legs short, completely black and slightly grey pruinosity. All femora with short black hairs, only hairs on hind femur a little longer. Mid femur on basal half with 3 black anterior bristles longer than width of mid femur. Fore tibia thick- 98 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ened apically, posterodorsally with row of long black bristles, ventrally with | apical bristle. Mid tibia on apical half anteroventrally with 2-3 black hairs as long as width of mid tibia. Hind tibia on apical half anteroventrally and dorsally with 3 black hairs as long as width of hind tibia. All tarsal segments with ventrally short, slightly stout black and dorsally longer but fine, yellow and black hairs. Fore basitarsus (Fig. 1) longer than fore tibia, very swollen and dorsally with 2- 4 serial black, rather long and thick bristles. Second and third tarsomeres on fore legs also swollen and dorsally with long bristles. Abdomen blackish brown with brownish grey pruinosity. Abdominal hairs black, only on anterior 4 segments with yellow and black hairs. Hind marginal abdominal bristles short fine and not very distinct. Posterior margin of anterior 3 tergites with greyish white stripe more visible in lateral view. Terminalia moder- ately large, slightly brown pruinosity, epandrial lamella (Fig. 2) and tip of hy- pandrium (Fig. 4) subshining. Apical projection of epandrial lamella a little long, postgonite (Fig. 5) forked at tip. Holotype male, body length: 3.9 mm, wing length: 4.7 mm. 0.3mm 0.2 mm Figures 1-8. Hilara bolkarensis sp. n.: 1- fore leg, 2- epandrial lamella, lateral view, 3- hypandrium and phallus, 4- tip of hypandrium in lateral view, 5- postgonite, 6- cerci, 7- tip of hypandrium in dorsal view, 8- tip of hypandrium in ventral view. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 99 Description of the female: All bristles and hairs fine. Fore basitarsus simple not swollen, lacking long bristles. Bristles and hairs on legs short and hind tibia swollen towards tip and middle part slightly curved. Body length 4.0-4.5mm, wing length 4.7-5.0mm. Differential Diagnosis: On the basis of the long black bristled male fore tibia and tarsi, Hilara bolkarensis sp. n. needs to be compared with related species, H. clavipes, H. macedonica and H. curtisi. Hilara clavipes has yellowish brown legs, scutum with grey pruinosity but in H. bolkarensis sp. n. all legs are black with slightly grey pruinose and scutum with brown pruinosity. Hilara bolkaren- sis sp. n. clearly differs from H. clavipes according to the shape of the epandri- um. In H. macedonica the antennal stylus is as long as the postpedicel, the scu- tum has light grey pruinosity with 2 darker silky stripes, whereas in H. bolka- rensis Sp. n. the antennal stylus is half the length of the postpedicel, the scutum is subshining, with brown pruinosity and 2 slightly visible stripes. Hilara bolka- rensis Sp. n. much more resembles H. curtisi than the latter two species. Hilara curtisi possess black legs but the front coxae and base of femora are slightly yel- lowish, also front trochanters and all knees narrowly yellowish, scutum slightly grey pruinose, whereas in H. bolkarensis sp. n. the legs are completely black and scutum with brown pruinosity. The main differences of H. bolkarensis sp. n. from the other species are the shape of the fore basitarsus and number of dorsal bristles on the fore basitarsus. The fore basitarsus of H. clavipes is not longer than the fore tibia, dorsally with one row of bristles and also second and third tarsomeres with dorsal bristles. The fore basitarsus of H. macedonica 1s also not longer than the fore tibia, with dorsally 4-5 bristles in 2 rows and also the sec- ond tarsomere dorsally with 1-2 bristles. The fore basitarsus of H. curtisi is very similar to H. clavipes but the second tarsomere is slightly longer and third tar- somere bare. The fore basitarsus of H. bolkarensis sp. n. is longer than the fore tibia, with 2-4 serial long bristles and the second and third tarsomeres with more dorsal bristles. Specimens Examined: Holotype male (spn15131): Turkey, Karaman, Ayranc1, Kuctk Korag¢ village, 1852m, 15.06.2005, leg M. Ciftci and A. Hasbenli; Allotype (spn15132) and 30 male and 22 female paratypes (spn15133-15184) are from same locality and date. Holotype, allotype and 28 male and 20 female paratypes are deposited in the Zoological Museum of Gazi University (ZMGU), 2 male and 2 female paratypes (spn15181-15184) are deposited in Antipa Museum. 100 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Key Hilara bolkarensis sp. n. and related species This key is arranged according to the key of Hilara made by Engel (1941). 1. ‘Occiput black Ae eae Ne enccs tense 2 - Occiput cleatly Grey MMUINOSILY ....2.<.<..0.0.0-n0s-0ccerseesasececoessanacal satel eee 3 2. Occiput black in dorsal view. Scutum slightly grey pruinosity with two bright stripes between the acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles. Fore basitarsus on male almost as long as fore tibia and dorsally with long black bristles in one row. Third tarsomere on fore leg bare. Halter completely brown ................... Deity sash anpns sanpasc a henasngin baronies abtarace a valeet eee a PE H. curtisi Collin - Occiput black. Scutum subshining, brown pruinose with two slightly visible stripes between the lines of acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles, stripes end at prescutellar depression. Male fore basitarsus longer than fore tibia and dor- sally with long black bristles in two to four rows. Third tarsomere on fore leg dorsally with bristles. Halter black with lighter stem..... H. bolkarensis sp. n. 3. Mid tibia only with long pubescence and ventrally with some bristly hairs. Dorsal bristles of male fore basitarsus at most two times more strongly than biserial dorsal bristles on fore tibia. Biserial acrostichals longer than the diam- eter of the postpedicel. Light grey species with two darker silky stripes at scu- tum. Abdomen with grey pruinosity. Male length 4.5-5mm ...................c00000 SE ae ee NICE Pe fe GU Rem TE Sn. H. macedonica Engel - Miid tibia on apical half with dorsal bristles two times longer than the diame- ter of mid tibia; also mid basitarsus with long bristles. Male fore basitarsus three times broader than fore tibia, fore tibia apically with long bristles, basal- ly with short bristles. Scutum brownish grey pruinose with two shining black stripes between rows of bristles. Abdomen on tergites with brownish, on ster- nites: with grey -pruinose):4-Smmt oe 2a Se) H. clavipes Harris ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We thank Dr. Milan Chvala for his opinions and confirmation. LITERATURE CITED Bartak, M. 2006. Three new West Palaearctic species of Rhamphomyia subgenus Lundstroemiella (Diptera, Empididae). Biologia, Bratislava 61(5): 503-508. Bartak, M., M. C. Ciftci, and A. Hasbenli. 2007. A new species of Rhamphomyia (s. str.) Meigen (Diptera, Empididae) from southern Anatolia, Turkey. Entomological News 118(2): 143-148. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 101 Chvala, M. 1994. The Empidoidea (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. III Genus Empis. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 29: 1-187. Chvala, M. 1997. Eleven new synonymies in European species of Hilara (Diptera: Empididae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 41: 293-322. Chvala, M. 1999. Three new Hilara species (Diptera, Empididae) from north-western Europe. Studia Dipterologica 6(1): 135-147. Chvala, M. 2000. Five new synonymies in western Palaearctic Hilara species (Diptera: Empididae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 44(3-4): 237-242. Chvala, M. 2005a. The Empidoidea (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. IV Genus Hilara. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 40: 1-234. Chvala, M. 2005b. Descriptions of three new Hilara species (Diptera: Empididae) from the Central European and Balkan mountains. Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 49(2005): 99-110. Chvala, M. and R. Wagner. 1989. Family Empididae. pp. 228-336. In, A. Sods and L. Papp. (Editors). Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Volume 6. Therevidae - Empididae Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, Hungary. 435 pp. Collin, J. E. 1961. Empididae. Jn, British Flies. 6. University Press. Cambridge, England, U.K. 782 Pp. Engel, KE. O. 1941. Empididae (Gattung Hilara). pp. 205-272. In, Lindner E. (Editor), Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region. Stuttgart, Germany. 639 pp. Parvu, C. 1991. Hilara regnealai (Diptera, Empididae), a new species from the South-East Europe (Romanian Carpathian Mountains). Review Roumain de Biologie Animale 36 (1-2): 21-25. Parvu, C. 1992. A synthesis on the distribution of Empididae (Diptera) in Romania with the description of a new species of Hilara Meigen, 1822. Travaux du Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle «Grigore Antipa» 32: 95-120. Parvu, C. 1994. Hilara deltiaca n.sp. from the Danube Delta and other Data on some Hilara species (Diptera, Empididae) of Romania. Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle «Grigore Antipa», 34: 57-68. Sinclair, B. J. and J. M. Cumming. 2006. The morphology, higher-level phylogeny and classifi- cation of the Empidoidea (Diptera). Zootaxa 1180: 1-172. Straka, V. 1975. A study of the genus Hilara Meig. (Diptera: Empididae) in Czechoslovakia, Vyda- vatelstvo Slovenskej Akadémie Vied. Bratislava, Czechoslovakia. 156 pp. 102 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SCIENTIFIC NOTE BULL NETTLE (CNIDOSCOLUS TEXANUS) AS ENEMY FREE SPACE FOR ORTHOPTERANS IN TEXAS, U.S.A.’ John A. Stidham’ and Thomas A. Stidham® Orthopterans use a wide variety of mechanisms in order to avoid and deter predators. They ingest toxic chemicals to become distasteful or toxic (Sword 1999), utilize camouflage (Belwood 1990, Nickle and Castner 1995), excrete toxic or distasteful chemicals (Idowu and Modder 1998), and utilize antipreda- tory spines and behaviors (Nickle and Castner 1995), all to avoid becoming a meal. Orthopterans also occupy certain toxic or spiny plants in order to reduce the chance of predation. Enemy-free space is the concept that there are methods species use to reduce or eliminate the effect of their natural enemies (Jeffries and Lawyon, 1984) such as occupation of a hole in the ground or a toxic plant. It is an old concept that can be applied broadly to many aspects of the environment and an organism’s behavior (Fryer, 1986). We have observed orthopterans use a particular plant, bull nettle (also called spurge nettle), as enemy-free space. These are initial observations and suggest further research into the association of orthopterans and this species of plant. We have made field observations of orthopteran use of Cnidoscolus texanus (Mill. Arg.) Small (bull nettle) in spring and summer for several years south of San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas, and near Buffalo, Leon County, Texas. There are many potential predators of orthopterans that occupy the sandy areas where bull nettle is common, including a wide variety of birds (including woodpeckers, flycatchers, and warblers) and lizards (including Cnemidophorus sexlineatus, Holbrookia maculata, and Cophosaurus texanus). It was after years of observa- tion that we came to see the apparent choice of this particular plant as a refuge. We subsequently took notes on what species utilize this spiny plant. Cnidoscolus texanus is a member of the Euphorbiaceae and is common to sandy soils through much of Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and adjacent Mexico (Pollard 1986). It grows to approximately 50 to 60 cm in height, has white flow- ers, and is covered with thin, stinging trichomes, 3 to 8 mm in length on the stems, fruits, and leaves (Pollard 1986). The trichomes contain serotonin and possibly other toxins (Lookadoo and Pollard 1991) that can cause allergic reac- tions and significant swelling in people. Internally, bull nettle has a latex which may contain the toxins b-amyrin, linamarin, and flavonol glycosides (Seigler and Bloomfield 1969, Kalterman and Brekon 1982). These trichomes and toxins ‘Received on December 20, 2001. Accepted on November 11, 2003. > 301 Pebblecreek Drive, Garland, Texas 75040 U.S.A. E-mail: johnstidham@acceleratedmarket.com > Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-3258 U.S.A. E-mail: furcula@mail.bio.tamu.edu. Corresponding author. Mailed on March 14, 2008 Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 103 make bull nettle an excellent refuge from predators. As a result, numerous insects, especially orthopterans, utilize bull nettle. OBSERVATIONS Our observations show that the orthopterans that use bull nettle are taxonom- ically diverse (Table 1), and that they exhibit two patterns of use of bull nettle. Several species spend much or even most of their time occupying bull nettle. These species include Neobarrettia spinosa (Caudell) (Fig. 1, back cover), Am- blycorypha hausteca (Saussure), Pediodectes haldemani (Girard), Pediodectes nigromarginatus (Caudell), Dichopetala gladiator Rehn and Hebard, Dicho- petala seeversi Strohecker (Fig. 2, back cover), Scudderia spp., Melanoplus spp., and Aulocara elliotti (Thomas). Other insects (including moth caterpillars, plant bugs, and flies) and spiders (black widows and garden spiders) also spend large amounts of time on bull nettle. The other pattern of bull nettle use is occasional or opportunistic use. The orthopterans that exhibit this pattern will jump or fly into bull nettle when confronted by a predator or are otherwise disturbed. These opportunists include Conocephalus strictus (Scudder), Arethaea phantasma Rehn and Hebard, Arethaea ambulator Hebard, Melanoplus femurrubrum (DeGeer) (and other Melanoplus species), Paraidemona spp., Schistocerca americana (Dury), oedipodine grasshoppers, and grasshoppers in other sub- families. At least 16 species of ensiferan and caeliferan orthopterans regularly use bull nettle as enemy-free space in Texas. Both sexes, as well as juveniles and adult orthopterans, appear to use bull nettle subequally. Exceptions to this pattern are the decreased use of bull nettle by adult Amblycorypha hausteca and the abandonment of bull nettle by adult Neobarrettia spinosa. As adults, these species are found in nearby trees and shrubs. Their changes in use may relate to a decreased need for predator deterrence by adults or another change in behavior such as the search for mates or oviposition sites. Despite the significant utilization of bull nettle by a large number of orthopter- ans, bull nettle does not appear to be used by them as a host plant. It is appar- ently almost solely used for predator avoidance or deterrence. However, species of Amblycorypha and Pediodectes may consume some bull nettle pollen and flower parts. Some African grasshoppers are known to consume other species of Cnidoscolus (Idowu and Modder 1998), possibly to obtain defensive toxic chem- icals. In contrast, no vegetative parts of bull nettle appear to be consumed by orthopterans, but likely are eaten by other insects. One possible exception to this bull nettle use pattern is that by Neobarrettia spinosa. Neobarrettia spinosa is an insect predator of orthopterans (Cohn 1965), as are other listroscelidine tettigo- niids (Rentz 1995). It is likely that NV. spinosa inhabits bull nettle both as enemy- free space, and because bull nettle is a prime microhabitat that attracts potential orthopteran prey. The occupation of bull nettle by N. spinosa parallels its occu- pation of other thorny plants such as mesquite trees (Prosopis spp.), and it may use those plants for the same reason that other insect predators occupy other species of nettles (Davis 1983). 104 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Table 1. Orthopterans observed using Cnidoscolus texanus (Euphorbiaceae) Caelifera — Acrididae Cyrtacanthacridinae Schistocerca americana Gomphocerinae Aulocara elliotti Melanoplinae Melanoplus femurrubrum other Melanoplus species Paraidemona spp. Oedipodinae spp. Ensifera — Tettigoniidae Conocephalinae Decticinae Pediodectes haldemani Pediodectes nigromarginatus Listroscelidinae Neobarrettia spinosa Phaneropterinae Amblycorypha hausteca Arethaea ambulator Arethaea phantasma Dichopetala gladiator Dichopetala seeversi Scudderia spp. Conocephalus strictus LITERATURE CITED Belwood, J. J. 1990. Anti-predator defences and ecology of neotropical forest katydids, especially the Pseudophyllinae. pp. 8-26. /n, Bailey, W. J. and D. C. F. Rentz (Editors). The Tettigoniidae: biology, systematics and evolution. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. U.S.A. 395 pp. Cohn, T. J. 1965. The arid-land katydids of the North American genus Neobarrettia (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae): their systematics and a reconstruction of their history. Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan126:1-179. Davis, B. N. K. 1983. Insects on nettles. Cambridge University Press. New York, NY, U.S.A. 65 pp. Fryer, G. 1986. Enemy-free space: a new name for an ancient ecological concept. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 27:287-292. Idowu, A. B. and W. W. D. Modder. 1998. Preliminary chemical analyses of the repellent secre- tion of the African variegated grasshopper Zonocerus variegatus. Insect Science and Applications 18:129-137. Jeffries, M. J. and J. H. Lawton. 1984. Enemy free space and the structure of ecological commu- nities. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 23:269-286. Kolterman, D. A. and G. J. Breckon. 1982. Chemotaxonomic studies in Cnidoscolus (Euphor- biaceae). I. flavonol glycosides of the C. tubulosus complex. Systematic Botany 7:178-185. Lookadoo, S. E. and A. J. Pollard. 1991. Chemical contents of stinging trichomes of Cnidoscolus texanus. Journal of Chemical Ecology 17:1909-1916. Nickle, D. A. and J. L. Castner. 1995. Strategies utilized by katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) against diurnal predators in rainforests in Northeastern Peru. Journal of Orthoptera Research 4:75-88. Pollard, A. J. 1986. Variation in Cnidoscolus texanus in relation to herbivory. Oecologia 70:411- 413. Rentz, D. C. F. 1995. Do the spines on the legs of katydids have a role in predation? (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Listroscelidinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research 4:199-200. Seigler, D. S. and J. J. Bloomfield. 1969. Constituents of the genus Cnidoscolus. Phytochemistry 8:955- Sword, G. A 1999. Density-dependent warning coloration. Nature 397:217. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 105 SCIENTIFIC NOTE A NEW SPIDER FAMILY RECORD FOR TURKEY (ARANEAE: ANYPHAENIDAE)1 Aydin Top¢u,’ Tuncay Tiirkes,” Hakan Demir,’ and Osman Seyyar* ABSTRACT: The spider Anyphaena pontica Weiss, 1988 (Araneae, Anyphaenidae) and Anypha- enidae family are recorded from Turkey for the first time. KEY WORDS: Anyphaena, new record, Anyphaenidae, Turkey Members of the family Anyphaenidae, which resemble wolf spiders, are gen- erally found in the foliage of trees and shrubs. The family Anyphaenidae is char- acterized by the particularly well-developed tracheal system, externally evident by the wide, advanced tracheal spiracle, and by claw-tufts composed of 2—8 rows of spatulate hairs (Levy, 2003). Within Anyphaenidae, 508 species belonging to 56 genera have been des- cribed worldwide (Platnick, 2007). Although most species are found in the New World, a few species are known from the Old World (Levy, 2003; Platnick, 2007). Thus far, 613 species and 2 subspecies of spiders belonging to 43 fami- lies have been recorded in Turkey, however none of these belong to the genus Anyphaena Sundeval, 1833 (Top¢u et al., 2005), the only genus in the family dis- tributed in northwestern Europe (Roberts, 1995). In this paper, we add a new species to a family and a species belonging to this family to the spider fauna of Turkey. METHODS Spiders were collected from rolled leaves in different areas of Anatolia, Turkey. Voucher specimens, preserved in 70% ethanol, are deposited in the Arachnology Museum of Nigde University (NUAM). All illustrations were made with a Nikon SMZ-U stereomicroscope with a drawing tube. All measurements are in millimeters. General distribution of all species is given following Platnick (2007). The chorotype, or zoogeographical characterization for the species, fol- lows Taglianti et. al. (1999). ‘Received on February 8, 2007. Accepted on May 16, 2007. *Nigde University, Sciences and Arts Faculty, Department of Biology, 51200-Nigde, Turkey. E-mails: (AT) aydintopcu@nigde.edu.tr, (TT) tuncayturkes@nigde.edu.tr, respectively. * Gazi University, Science and Arts Faculty, Department of Biology, TR, Turkey. E-mail: hakandemir @gazi.edu.tr *Erciyes University, Science and Arts Faculty, Department of Biology, TR-38039, Kayseri, Turkey. E-mail: osmanseyyar@hotmail.com Mailed on March 14, 2008 106 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SYSTEMATIC ARANEOLOGY Anyphaena pontica Weiss, 1988 Figs. 1-2 Material Examined: Turkey: 19 (NUAM), Ankara province, Cubuk district, Yildirimevei village, (32° 52' E, 40° 30' N), 29.05.2003. Specimen was collect- ed from rolled leaves. General Distribution. Romania. Remarks. New to Turkey. It may be distributed in southwest and central part of Anatolia. As seen above, the species mainly distributes from Romania and also occurs in southwest and central part of Turkey (the new record). The first record of this species in Romania was given by Weiss (1988). It is secondly reported throughout the world by our record. Chorotype. This species has the European chorotype. The morphometric measurements and other characteristic features of this species are not different from European specimens. Figs. 1-2. Anyphaena pontica Weiss, 1988, 1. epigyne dorsal view, 2. vulva ventral view. LITERATURE CITED Levy, G. 2003. Spiders of the families Anyphaenidae, Hahniidae, Ctenidae, Zoridae, and Hersiliidae (Araneae) from Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology 49: 1-31. Platnick, N. I. 2007. The world spider catalog. American Museum of Natural History (on-line).— http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/AN YPHAENY DAE html. Roberts, M. J. 1995. Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe, Harper Collins Publishers, London, England, United Kingdom 383 pp. Topcu, A., H. Demir, and O. Seyyar. 2005. A checklist of the spiders of Turkey. Serket 9(4): 109- 140. Taglianti, A. V., P. A. Audisio, M. Biondi, M. A. Bologna, G. M. Carpaneto, A. De Biase, S. Fattorini, E. Piattella, R. Sindaco, A. Venchi, and M. Zapparoli. 1999. A proposal for a chorotype classification of the Near East fauna, in the framework of the Western Palaearctic Region. Biogeographia 20: 31-59. Weiss, I. 1988. Anyphaena pontica n. sp. aus Rumanien (Arachnida: Araneae: Anyphaenidae). Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck 75: 143-145. Volume 119, Number 1, January and February 2008 107 SCIENTIFIC NOTE A REPLACEMENT NAME FOR A SUBSPECIES OF DERICORYTHINAE (ORTHOPTERA: DERICORYTHIDAE) FROM AFRICA' Michael D. Maehr’ The intent of this note is to briefly describe the objective circumstances asso- ciated with a primary homonym, making a nomenclatural change necessary. A new name is proposed for a subspecies of grasshopper (Acridoidea: Dericory- thidae: Dericorythinae) from Africa. The name Dericorys escalerai descampsi, nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name, in honor of the work of the emi- nent orthopterist, Marius Descamps. Acridoidea: Dericorythidae: Dericorythinae Dericorys Serville 1838: 638. Type species: Dericorys albidula Serville 1838: 639 by original monotypy. Dericorys escalerai descampsi, nom. nov. Dericorys was originally described by Serville 1838: 638 for a single species. Although not figured, the female specimen described was named Dericorys albidula (p. 639), having a type locality and depository of “Egypte. Mont-Liban. Det la collection du Museum d’histoire naturelle et de la miene” (p. 640). It is worth noting that the subsequent type designation by Kirby (1910: 382-383) and followed by others (e.g. Dirsh 1965: 181) is invalid, with the type species by original monotypy taking precedence (ICZN, 1999, Art. 68.3). In 1936, Bolivar established a new genus and single new species (p. 412) Corystoderes escalerai, closely related to Dericorys. In 1970, Descamps (p. 25) synonomized Corystoderes under Dericorys listing D. escalerai (Bolivar) as a new combination. He also split the species into subspecies based on the presence of blue vs. honey-yellow posterior tibiae, giving the new subspecies the name D. escalerai luteipes and designating it as a new subspecies both in the key (p. 26) and when describing it more fully on the following page (p. 27). Unfor- tunately, the new subspecies Dericorys escalerai luteipes Descamps, 1970 (nec Dericorys lobata luteipes Uvarov, 1938) is a primary homonym, a subspecies with the same name being described by Uvarov over 30 years earlier. Dericorys ‘Submitted on May 17, 2007. Accepted on June 3, 2007. * Illinois Natural History Survey, Division of Biodiversity & Ecological Entomology, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, Illinois 61820 U.S.A. E-mail: maehr@uiuc.edu. Mailed on March 14, 2008 108 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS lobata luteipes Uvarov, 1938 is also listed by Descamps on page 26, as part of a key for Dericorys species from Northern Africa (type locality Fuertaventura), with the earlier subspecies described by Uvarov having priority (ICZN, 1999, Art. 57). Therefore, the name Dericorys escalerai descampsi, nom. nov. is provided for the subspecies described by Descamps based on a male holotype from Zouaouia in Saharan Morocco, and deposited at the Paris Museum. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the colleagues and reviewers who commented on earlier versions of this note, although any errors remain my full responsibility. LITERATURE CITED Bolivar, I. 1936. Apuntes para la fauna entomologica de Ifni (Ortopteros). Eos, Revista Espanola de Entomologia. 11:395-426, plates XVI-XXI. Descamps, M. 1970. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France. 75:24-36. Dirsh, V. M. 1965. African Genera of Acridoidea. Cambridge University Press. London, England, UK 579 po: International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4th Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. London, Eng- land, U.K. 306 pp. Kirby, W. F. 1910. Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera (Orthoptera Saltatoria, Locustidae vel Acridiidae). Volume 3. The Natural History Museum. London, England, U.K. 674 pp. Serville, J. G. A. 1838 [1839]. Histoire naturelle des insectes. Orthopteres. Libraire Encyclopédi- que de Roret. Paris, France. 776 pp. Uvarov, B. P. 1938. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, London (Series 11 1938-1947) 11(2): 599-606. ine - A ie ; athyas i he ; . hme S Bie Web Meine : ‘ "ee C1 lacdaitv : er ul q ft: i. Oo? wr ¥ ya’ — roy 5 ' i > a i a TD Reet AL ga > oe MVE MY 0 Partie S460 Hee ihe Tea oe eae Seg rae oe a ne ee rs i es continued from front cover 90 First record for the biological control agent Rhinocyllus conicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in a threatened native thistle, Cirsium hillii (Asteraceae), in Wisconsin, U.S.A. Scott A. Sauer and Kate L. Bradley 96 A new Hilara Meigen (Diptera: Empididae) species from the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey Mustafa Cemal Ciftci, Corneliu Parvu, and Abdullah Hasbenli SCIENTIFIC NOTES 102 Bull nettle (Cnidoscolus texanus) as enemy-free space for orthopterans in Texas, U.S.A. John A. Stidham and Thomas A. Stidham 105 A newspider family record for Turkey (Araneae: Anyphaenidae) Aydin Topc¢u, Tuncay Turkes, Hakan Demir, and Osman Seyyar 107 A replacement name for a subspecies of Dericorythinae (Orthoptera: Dericorythidae) from Africa Michael D. Maehr 66 Recently published books Jorge A. Santiago-Blay AN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES iN 01444 2990 Fig. 1. Female Dichopetala Fig. 2. Immature male seeversi Strohecker on Neoberrettia spinosa (Caudell) Bull Nettle. on Bull Nettle. See article on page 102 for additional information about the two pictures above. THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY www.acnatsci.org/hosted/aes e 119 Number 2 Entomological News SSSSSSSSSSS 109 A gigantic bioluminescent starworm (Coleoptera: Rhagophthalmidae) from northwest Yunnan, China Xue-Yan Li and Xing-Cai Liang 113 ~— Two new Species of Delia, with a key te the males of the World species of the interflua group (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) Wan-qi Xue and Jing Du 123 Observation of spermatophore transfer in Stavsolus japonicus (Plecoptera: Perlodidae) in Japan Mayumi Yoshimura 131 _ Review of the genus Osbornellus Ball (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) from Hispaniola, including fifteen new species Paul H. Freytag 151 Some Carabinae (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from Kahramanmaras and surrounding towns, in south central Turkey Sakine Serap Avgin and Iskender Emre 171 A newspecies of the genus Australobius Chamberlin, 1920 (Lithobiomorpha: Lithobiidae) from Tibet, China Huigin Ma, Da-Xiang Song, and Mingsheng Zhu 178 _ Eight new species of Chiasmodolon from South America (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Idiocerinae) Paul H. Freytag 185 Culicoides paraensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) infestations in cities of the Itapocu River Valley, southern Brazil Maria Luiza Felippe-Bauer and Ulises Sebastian Sternheim 193 Four new species of sharpshooter leafhoppers from Colombia (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) Paul H. Freytag 201 _ Descriptions of a new species of Oxycera Meigen and the male of O. lii Yang and Nagatomi from southwestern China (Diptera: Stratiomyiidae) Zaihua Yang, Maofa Yang, and Lianmeng Wei 207 _ The genus Matratinea i to_China, with descriptions of two new species (LepidOpteyai Tiheida nli Xiao and Houhun Li ONqae continued on back cover THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ISSN 0013-872X Entomological News is a fully refereed scientific international journal published by The American Entomo- logical Society (AES). Manuscripts on systematics, ecology, evolution, morphology, physiology, behavior, bio- diversity, conservation, paleobiology, and other aspects of insect and terrestrial arthropod life as well as nomen- clature, biographies and history of entomology, among others, are appropriate topics for papers submitted to Entomological News. 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Cover Design by Jane Spencer Mailed on May 14, 2008 Volume 119, Number 2, March and April 2008 109 A GIGANTIC BIOLUMINESCENT STARWORM (COLEOPTERA: RHAGOPHTHALMIDAE) FROM NORTHWEST YUNNAN, CHINA! Xue-Yan Li? and Xing-Cai Liang” “Starworm” is the common name for larvae and larviform females of the rhagophthalmid genus Diplocladon (Haneda, 1950; 1985). Such a name results from their three longitudinal rows of lights, one dorso-central and two laterals, produced by three spot-like light organs located on contiguous body segments (Harvey, 1952; Braham and Wenzel, 2001; Ohba, 2004). Although Diplocladon was erected by Gorham in 1883, only two species (D. hasseltii Gorham, 1883, and D. haplocladon indicum Gorham, 1903) have been reported from India and Indonesia (Wittmer, 1944). Diplocladon hasseltii is known from both sexes (Haneda, 1950), but D. haplocladon indicum Gorham known only from the male. In addition, Harvey (1952) thought that luminous larvae or larviform females of a few unidentified species of Diplocladon (some up to 5 cm long) lived in Hangzhou (Zhejiang Province, China, Waterhouse, 1889) and Malaya (Gahan, 1924). Ridley (1934) also dealt with some Diplocladon larva from Singapore and pointed out the large (also circa 5 cm long) luminous insects of Clark (1865) from India belonged in this genus. Because Diplocladon males are nonluminous, they are less commonly collected and correctly associated with the conspecific females. Females and larvae are usually edaphic and relatively cryptic, making them also difficult to collect. Perhaps, the scarcity of specimens has made the systematics of Diplocladon problematic. For instance, Diplocadon has been placed in the Drilidae (Gorham, 1883; Olivier, 1910; Wittmer, 1944; Harvey, 1952), Phengodidae (Crowson, 1972), or Rhagophthalmidae (Lawrence et al., 2000; Branham, 2000). Herein, we follow Lawrence et al. (2000). Having been woken up by his barking dog at midnight, Mr. Guojian Liao, a coal worker at the Tongda Coal Company, found a luminous object on a slope about 50 meters from his home [Baiguhe Village, Tongda Township, Huaping County, Lijiang Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China (N26.75541°, E101.10284°; 2234 m)] on June 6, 2006. The object turned out to be a gigantic (circa 9 cm long) luminous worm. At first sight, its body shape and coloration are very similar to those of larvae and larviform females of the luminous beetle genus Rhago- phthalmus (Rhagophthalmidae). Rhagophthalmus larvae are predatory but larvi- form females rarely feed (Ohba, 1997). The luminous worm was kept in a bottle ‘Received on May 12, 2007. Accepted on August 14, 2007. * Kunming Institue of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223 China. E-mails: lixy@mail.kiz.ac.cn; langxc@mail.kiz.ac.cn, respectively. Author X-CL is the corresponding author. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 119 (2): 109, March and April 2008 Mailed on May 14, 2008 110 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS with some soil and litter, and on June 16, 2006, it was given to author Li who reared it in a box with soil and litter. After one day, it dug a hole and stayed inside almost all the time. Because at first, we could not tell whether this luminous worm was a larva or a larviform female or whether its feeding traits were like those of Rhagophthalmus, some Eisenia fetida Savigny earthworms and some unidentified snails bought from a market, which we often use as food for firefly larvae, were added into the box. The earthworms and snails, however, were not eaten by the luminous worm. We suspected this luminous worm was not a larva but a larviform adult female. The female died on July 10, 2006. The specimen is deposited in Kunming Institute of Zoology (KIZ), of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kun- ming, Yunnan, China. The authors and their colleagues returned to the collection site in July 13, 2006, to collect more larvae and adults but they were unsuccess- ful. Thereafter, we compared the starworm with descriptions of Diplocladon as well as Rhagophthalmus and consulted with Dr. N. Ohba (formerly in Yokosuka City Museum, now retired) during his visit to our institute. We believe that this luminous worm belongs in the genus Diplocladon and is definitely a female adult. This is only the second starworm found in China, and it is possibly the largest starworm ever reported in the world. Herein, we briefly describe this Diplocladon sp., as follows. DESCRIPTION OF THE GIGANTIC LARVIFORM FEMALE Body length 90 mm (Fig. 1, back cover). Yellowish when alive; head capsule brown; mandibles dark brown. Head small (ca. 3.5 mm in length and 4.8 mm in width); compound eyes absent; antennae borne on raised tubercles, filiform, 6- segmented; clypeo frontal area deeply emarginated distally; mandibles well developed, narrow, elongate, mandibular apex curved mesally; maxillary palp 4- segmented; labial palp 3-segmented. Pronotum trapezoid, with medial sulcus; meso- and metanotum sub-rectangular, both with medial sulcus; legs 5-segment- ed. Abdomen 10-segmented; 1-8 similar in shape and size, and each with a pair of spiracles on the middle of each pleurite; 9th narrow, without spiracles; 10th columnar, without spiracles. Luminous organs uniformly distributed in almost all segments. Dorsally, pronotal luminous organ vestigial anteriorly; from meso- notum to abdominal segment 8, luminous organs found in almost all-over nota with dorsocentral and two lateral of each notal posterior edge highly concentrat- ed (Fig. 1, back cover); segment 9 with only two small spots laterally; segment 10 lacking obvious organs. Mesotharax to abdominal segment 8 pleurite with luminous organs. Ventrally, irregular, vestigial luminous organs found from pro- thorax to abdominal segment 8. Because this larviform female lacks highly developed luminous organs on sternite 7, it is excluded from Rhagophthalmus which it resembles morphologi- cally and biogeographically. As it has three longitudinal rows of strong lights (Haneda, 1950; 1985), we place it in Diplocladon. Ohba et al. (1996) showed Volume 119, Number 2, March and April 2008 gt three longitudinal rows of lights from mesonotum to tergite 8, though very weak, also exist in larviform adult females of Rhagophthalmus. At night or in a dimmed room during the daytime, the luminous organs pro- duce three beautiful longitudinal rows of continuous yellowish green lights (one dorsally and one on each side) from the mesothorax to abdominal segment 8 (Fig. 2, back cover). The lights on the pronotum, on abdominal segments 9-10, and ventrally were not observed in the dimmed room during daytime, possibly due to their relatively undeveloped luminous organs. Our recent observations on typical Rhagophthalmus larviform females (Fig. 3, back cover) collected in Gao- ligong Mountains of northwest Yunnan further indicate that, except for strong lights on sternite 7 and weak lights from mesonotum to abdominal segment 8, Rhagophthalmus females can produce two light spots on the lateral edges of abdominal segment 9 (Fig. 4, back cover) similar to those of Diplocladon. Bio- geographically, Diplocladon and most species of Rhagophthalmus occur in India, southeast Asia, and the East Indies (Lawrence et al., 2000; Li et al., 2007). The Oriental region is possibly the center of distribution of the Rhagophthal- midae because other confamilial genera, such as Dioptoma Pascoe, 1862, Mimo- chotyra Pic, 1937 and Menghuoius Kawashima, 2000, are also endemic to this region. Further studies on Diplocladon and other genera of the Rhagophthal- midae, especially in the Himalayas, may provide insights into the phylogeny of these luminous coleopterous insects. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to Mr. Guojian Liao for giving us this interesting starworm and to Mr. Xiaofeng Ma and Mr. Qingpai Hou for preparing the illustrations. LITERATURE CITED Branham, M. A. and J. W. Wenzel. 2001. The evolution of bioluminescence in Cantharoids (Cole- optera: Elateroidea). Florida Entomologists 84(4): 565-586. Clark, R. H. 1865. (Larva of Lampyris.) Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 1865: 101-102. No title found in original of this artricle. The bibliographic rendering of Ridley (1934) has been followed. Crowson, R. A. 1972. A review of the classification of Cantharoedea (Coleoptera), with the defini- tion of two new families, Cneoglossidae and Omethidae. Revista de la Universidad de Madrid 21 (82): 35-77. Gahan, J. C. 1924. Living fireflies from Argentina. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 1924: 5-7. Gorham, H. S. 1883. Description of a new genus and species of the colopterous family Drilidae. Notes from the Leyden Museum 5: 5-6. Gorham, H. S. 1883. A new subgenus of the coleopterous family Drilidae. Notes from the Leyden Museum 5: 249-250. Gorham, H. S. 1903. On Coleoptera collected in India. Families Malacodermata, Erotylidae, Endo- mychidae and Coccinellidae. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 47: 323-347. 112 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Haneda, Y. 1950. Starworm in Singapore. Shin-Konchi, Tokyo 3: 2-5 (In Japanese). Haneda, Y. 1985. Luminous Organisms. Késeisha-Koseikaku Publishing Company. Tokyo, Japan. 318 pp. Harvey, E. N. (Editor). 1952. Bioluminescence. Academic Press. New York, N.Y. U.S.A. 649 pp. Kawashima, I. 2000. A redescription of Rhagophthalmus ingens Fairmaire (Coleoptera, Rhago- phthalmidae) from northern Vietnam, with establishment of a new genus in the family. Elytra, Tokyo 28: 131-140. Lawrence, J. F. and A. F. Newton Jr. 1995. Families and sub-families of Coleoptera (with select- ed genera, notes references and data on family-group names), pp. 849-861. Jn, J. Pakaluk and S. A. Slipinski (Editors). Biology, phylogeny, and classification of Coleoptera. Papers Cele- brating the 80th Birthday of Roy A. Crowson. Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polska. Akademia Nauk ul. Wilcza, Warszawa, Poland. 1092 pp. Lawrence, J. F., A. M. Hastings, M. J. Dallwitz, T. A. Paine, and E. J. Zurcher. 2000. Onwards. Elateriformia (Coleoptera): descriptions, illustrations, identification and information retrieval for families and subfamilies. http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/ Li, X. Y., M. Xie, and X. C. Liang. 2008. Rhagophthalmid - one special kind of fireflies. Entomo- logical Knowledge (in press). (In Chinese) Ohba, N., Y. Goto, and I. Kawashima. 1996. External morphology and behavior of Rhagoph- thalmus ohbai Wittmer, 1994 (Coleoptera; Rhagophthalmidae) and its habitat. Science Report of the Yokosuka City Museum 44: 1-19. Ohba, N. 1997. Breeding of the firefly, Rhagophthalmus ohbai (Coleoptera: Rhagophthalmidae). Science Report of the Yokosuka City Museum 45: 51-55. Ohba, N. (Editor). 2004. Mystery of Fireflies. Yokosuka City Museum. Kanagawa, Japan. 199 pp. Olivier, E. 1910. Rhagophthalmidae, Drilidae. /n, W. Junk and S. Schenkling (Editors). Coleop- terorum Catalogus. Pars 10, W. Junk. Berlin, Germany. 10 pp. Ridley, H. N. 1934. Further observations made in Singapore, upon Geckos and distasteful moths and upon a luminous Coleopterous, probably Rhagophthalmid, Larva. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London 9: 58-60. Waterhouse, C. O. 1889. (Larva of Phengodes.) Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Lon- don 1889: 30. No title found in original of this artricle. The bibliographic rendering of Harvey (1952) has been followed. Wittmer, W. 1944. Catalogue des Drilidae. E. Oliv. (Coleoptera-Malacodermata). Revista de la Sociedad Entomololdgica Argentina 12: 203-221. Volume 119, Number 2, March and April 2008 113 TWO NEW SPECIES OF DELIA, WITH A KEY TO THE MALES OF THE WORLD SPECIES OF THE INTERFLUA GROUP (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)' Wan-qi Xue’ and Jing Du’ ABSTRACT: Two new species of the Delia interflua group are described, Delia absidata Xue and Du, sp. nov., and Delia subinterflua Xue and Du, sp. nov. The group is briefly discussed and a key to all the known species is presented. KEY WORDS: Diptera, Anthomyiidae, Delia, interflua group, new species The genus Delia was established by Robineau-Desvoidy (1830) (as a subgenus of Hylemyia) and Delia floricola was designated as type species by Coquillett (1910). It is essentially Holarctic in distribution. The Nearctic species have been listed by Griffiths (1991) and the Palaearctic species by Dely-Draskovits A. (1993). Since then, many species have been described from China, which have been sum- marized by Xue (in Xue and Chao, 1996). Delia is one of the largest genera of Anthomyiidae. Since the primary subdivi- sion of Delia is still unclear, it seems premature and unwise to formally recognize the subgenera. Griffiths (1991) recognized a series of eight sections occurring in the Nearctic Region, including the D. interflua section. Eleven of the twelve previ- ously described species are Palaearctic, viz. D. interflua (Pandellé), D. kullensis (Ringdahl), D. kumatai Suwa, D. pansibirta Jin and Fan, D. fulviposticrus Li and Deng, D. spicularis Fan, D. brevipalpis Xue and Zhang, D. nemostylata Deng and Li, D. duplicipectina Fan, D. conjugata Deng and Li, D. stenostyla Deng and Li. In addition, the descriptions of two new Palaearctic species of this section are giv- en, viz D. absidata Xue and Du, sp. nov., D. subinterflua Xue and Du, sp. nov. A single Nearctic member of this section is D. abstracta. The biology of D. kullensis is different from D. abstracta. The paper is well characterized by constitutive mod- ification of some abdominal and postabdominal structures: the apices of the pro- cesses of the 5th sternite widen and rounded, cercal plate with long setae, surstyli elongated except for D. kullensis, and mostly the acrophallus (more or less longi- tudinally directed) is supported by a sclerotized bridge between the bases of the free paraphallic processes, the sclerotized bridge is prolonged downwards, forming a membranous process. The species of the D. interflua group are essentially Palaearctic in distribution. They are found in bright and dry weather, but also adapt to low temperature con- ditions. All Chinese species were collected on the Tibetan Plateau which is located ‘Received on June 3, 2007. Accepted on September 12, 2007. * Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, 110034, China. E-mail: xwqfly@ sina.com. ‘Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, 110034, China. E-mail: fangsong1206@163.com. Mailed on May 14, 2008 114 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS between 26°12'41" and 39°46'50"N, 73°18'52" and 104°46'59"E. With an average elevation of 4900 m above sea level the Tibetian Plateau is the highest region on earth and on the basis of the special features of its natural conditions, it was termed as “the third pole of the world” (Xue et al., 2007). The species of the group in China may fully reflect the unique geological, geographical and biological features of the Tibetan Plateau. The species in other regions are distributed in the similiar natural condition. METHODS The morphological terminology is given according to McAlpine (1981). Abbre- viations for morphological terms used in this study are: acy, acrostichal setae; ad, an- terodorsal setae; av, anteroventral setae; dc, dorsocentral setae; ia/, intra-alar setae; Pp, posterior setae; pd, posterodorsal setae; post acr, postsutural acrostichal setae; post dc, postsutural dorsocentral setae; pra, prealar setae; prst acr, presutural acros- tichal setae; prst dc, presutural dorsocentral setae; pv, posteroventral setae; and R4+5, branch of Radius. Other abbreviations used are: fig., figure; and mt., moun- tain. The type specimens of the two new species described herein were deposited in the dipterological collection of Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal Uni- versity, China. (IESNU). SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY Delia absidata Xue and Du, sp. nov. (Figs. 1-5) Description: Male. Body length 7.5 mm. Eye bare; frontal vitta black, obliterat- ed in upper half; frons about equal or shorter than width of anterior ocellus; frontal vitta with a pair of interfrontal setae; without orbital setae; frontal setae 6 pairs; fronto-orbital plate and parafacial with silver white pruinosity, parafacial wider than postpedicel; antenna black, postpedicel about twice as long as broad; arista short ciliated, the longest aristal hairs equal to its basal diameter; facial ridge low and flat, lower facial margin not projecting, vibrissal angle placed behind frontal angle in profile; gena with light gray pruinosity, genal height about 2/9 of eye height; anterior margin of gena with 2 rows of upcurved subvibrissal setulae; post- ocular setae extending to ventral surface, epicephalon haired; palpus slender and black, about 3/5 length of prementum, prementum black and shiny, at most with fine pruinosity, about 4.0 times as long as broad. Thorax. Black in ground color, with brownish-gray pruinosity; scutum with 3 distinct black vittae; prst acr 1(2) distinct, only 1 pair of post acr developed which are placed in front of scutellum, dc 2+3, ial 0+2, with 1 pair of weak outer posthu- meral setae; pra developed, about 1.5 times as long as posterior notopleural seta; scutellum without spots, ventral margins with some long pale hairs apically; ante- rior anepisternal setae absent; notopleuron, basisternum of prosternum, anepime- Volume 119, Number 2, March and April 2008 115 3 A 5 Figs. 1-5. Delia absidata Xue and Du, sp. nov. (male). 1. Sternite 5 in ventral view, scale bar = 0.5 mm. 2. Terminalia in posterior view, scale bar = 0.5 mm. 3. Terminalia in pro- file, scale bar = 0.5 mm. 4. Aedeagus in profile, scale bar = 0.2 mm. 5. Distal part of aedeagus in anterior view, scale bar = 0.2 mm. ron, meron and katepimeron all bare; anterior and posterior spiracles fuscous, pos- terior spiracle short; katepisternal seta 1+2. Wing. Base and basicosta brown, vein fuscous; Costa setulose only basally on ventral surface; costal spine shorter than length of crossvein r-m; radial node bare, calypteres brownish-yellow, lower calypter not projecting, equal or smaller than upper; halter yellow. Legs. Entirely black; fore tibia with 1 medial pv, without distinct ad; mid femur without av row, a row of py in basal half, 2—3 pre-apical pd; mid tibia without av 116 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS or ad, 2 pd and | pv; mid tarsomere | with row of long pd, at least 1.5 times as long as its diameter; hind femur with a complete row of av, becoming long apically, with 1 pv in basal part, and 2-3 pv in distal part; hind tibia with 7-8 av, 6—7 ad, 4 pd, and a row of hairlike pv from sub-basal to pre-apical, becoming short apically, without apical pv; all tarsi shorter than tibiae, claws subequally long as pulvilli. Abdomen. Black, elongated cone-shaped, slightly flat, sparsely with blue gray pruinosity; all tergites with T-shaped spots, medial vitta narrower than width of hind tibia; tergite 6 bare; sternite 1 with long hairs, 3rd and 4th sternites without dense and long setae; sternite 5 processes narrow in most specimens, and wide in several; cercal plate with | pair of strong setae, surstyli slender medially distal part not swollen anteriorly in lateral view, posterior margin and apical part with distinct setae, postgonite without short hairs on anterior margin; acrophallus supported by a sclerotized bridge between bases of free paraphallic processes, this bridge with- out membranous process. Female. Unknown. Type Data: Holotype, male, CHINA: Yunnan Province, Shangri-La, Bita Sea, 3700m, 2. vil. 2006 (Bai-feng Wang) (IESNU). Paratypes, CHINA: 5 males, same data as holotype. Remarks: This new species is morphologically similar to Delia abstracta (Huckett 1965), but differs from the latter in having legs entirely black; hind femur with a complete row of av and | pv in basal part. Etymology. The specific name is from the Latin word absidata, bow, referring to the surstyli being bowed in lateral view. Delia subinterflua Xue and Du, sp. nov. (Figs. 6-17) Description: Male. Body length 4.0—5.5 mm. Eye bare; frontal vitta red brown in lower part, remaining black, about equal to width of fronto-orbital plate; frons about 1.5 times as wide as anterior ocellus; frontal vitta with a pair of distinct interfrontal setae; without orbital setae; frontal setae 6—7 pairs, situated in lower 3/5 of frons; fronto-orbital plate, parafacial with fuscous pruinosity, parafacial about 1.5 times as wide as postpedicel; antenna black, postpedicel about 1.7—2.0 as long as broad; arista short ciliated, the longest aristal hairs shorter than its basal diameter; facial ridge low and flat, lower facial margin not projecting, vibrissal angle placed behind frontal angle in profile; gena with gray pruinosity, genal height about 1/4 of eye height; anterior margin of gena with 1 row of upcurved subvibrissal setulae; post- ocular setae extending to ventral surface, epicephalon haired; para-occipital and postgenal hairs black; palpus fuscous, about 1/2-3/4 length of prementum, premen- tum shining, about 5.0 times as long as broad. - Thorax. Black in ground color, scutum black, only postpronotal lobe with gray pruinosity, scutum distinctly with 3 black vittae; 2 rows of hairlike prst acr, dc 2+3, ial 0+2, pra about 1.4 times as long as posterior notopleural seta; scutellum with- out spots, ventral margins with some brown hairs apically, basal scutellar setae and Volume 119, Number 2, March and April 2008 LG apical scutellar setae developed; notopleuron, basisternum of prosternum, anepimeron, meron and katepimeron all bare; both anterior and posterior spiracles small and fuscous; katepisternal seta 1+2. Wing. Base fuscous, basicosta fuscous; costa setulose only basally on ventral surface; costal spine short; radial node bare; calypteres brownish-yellow, marginal hairs long and light yellow, lower calypter not projecting, only about 1/3 length of upper; halter brownish-yellow. Legs. Entirely black; fore tibia with 1 medial pv, preapical d short; mid femur without distinct av, with a row of long pv in basal half; mid tibia with 2(1) pd and 2 pv; hind femur with complete rows of av and pv, av row becoming long apical- ly; hind tibia with 5—6 av, 3-4 ad, a row of pd (3 developed), and a row of pecti- nated pv (about 20), becoming short apically, forming 2 rows in basal 1/3, without apical pv; all tarsi shorter than tibiae, claws and pulvilli large, subequal to of Sth tarsomere in length. Abdomen. Slender, columniform, with blue-gray pruinosity, body hairs long and dense; all tergites with T-shaped spots, tergite 6 bare; sternite 1 with long dense fringe, sternite 4 sometimes with a pair of long setae, inner margin of distal part of sternite 5 processes projecting; pregonite with 2 setae, cercal plate broad at basal half, trianglular, surstyli slender and slightly curved, becoming broad apically in posterior view, aedeagus strongly sclerotized; acrophallus supported by sclerotized bridge between bases of free paraphallic processes, this bridge prolonged down- wards, forming a membranous process. Female. Body length 5.0—5.5mm. Frons about 0.4 times as wide as head; frontal vitta about 2.2—2.6 times as wide as fronto-orbital plate; frontal triangle reaching the middle part of frons; frontal setae 3 pairs and orbital setae 3 pairs; fronto-orbital plate, parafacial with brownish-gray pruinosity; genal height about 1/3 of eye height; scutum with fuscous pruinosity; basicosta fuscous; fore tibia with 1 medial ad; mid tibia with 1 pre-apical av and 2 ad; hind tibia with 3-4 av and a row of seta-like pv in middle part, about 8—9; all claws and pulvilli small; all abdominal tergites with badly developed medial vittae. The other characters are the same as in male. Type Data: Holotype, male, CHINA: Yunnan Province, Yulong Snowberg, Big ropeway, 4571 m, 29. vi. 2006 (Ming-fu Wang) (IESNU). Paratypes, CHINA: 2 male, Yunnan Province, Baimang Snowberg, 4000-4300m, 4. vii. 2006 (Liang Chang) IESNU); | male, Sichuan Province, Mt. Balang, 4600m, 3. viii. 2005 (Hu Ao) (IESNU); 7 females, same data as holotype. Remarks: This new species is morphologically similar to Delia interflua (Pan- dellé, 1900), but differs from the latter in having bare eyes; anterior margin of gena with | row of upcurved subvibrissal setulae; calypteres and halter brown-yellow; cercal plate broad at basal half. Etymology: This new species is similar to Delia interflua (Pandellé, 1900). Hence, its epithet is derived to reflect this relationship. 118 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 10 PL 12 5 Figs. 6-13. Delia subinterflua Xue and Du, sp. nov. Male: 6. Abdomen in dorsal view, scale bar = 1 mm. 7. 4th and Sth sternites in ventral view (species in Sichuan Province), scale bar= 0.5 mm. 8. 5th sternite in ventral view (species in Yunnan Province), scale bar = 0.5 mm. 9. Terminalia in posterior view (species in Yunnan Province), scale bar = 0.2 mm. 10. Terminalia in posterior view (species in Sichuan Province), scale bar = 0.2 mm. 11. Terminalia in profile, scale bar = 0.2 mm. 12. Aedeagus in profile, scale bar = 0.2 mm. 13. Distal part of aedeagus in anterior view, scale bar = 0.1 mm. 14 Ihes) 16 Me Figs. 14-17. Delia subinterflua Xue and Du, sp. nov. Female: 14. Sternites 1 to 5, scale bar = 1 mm. 15. Spermatheca, scale bar = 0.1 mm. 16. Ovipositor in dorsal view, scale bar = 0.5 mm. 17. Ovipositor in ventral view, scale bar = 0.5 mm. Volume 119, Number 2, March and April 2008 119 Delia fulviposticrus Li and Deng, 1981 Supplemental Description (Figs. 18-24) Description. Male. Body length 8—9 mm. Eye bare; frontal vitta red brown, oblit- erated at middle part; frons narrower than anterior ocellus; frontal vitta with a pair of interfrontal setae; without orbital setae; frontal setae 6—7 pairs, situated on lower half; fronto-orbital plate and parafacial brown in ground color, with silver gray pruinosity, parafacial slightly wider than postpedicel; antenna black, postpedicel about 1.5—2.0 times as long as broad; arista pubescent, the longest aristal hairs shorter than its basal diameter; in profile vibrissal angle slightly placed behind frontal angle; gena with gray pruinosity, genal height about 1/5 of eye height; anterior margin of gena with a row of upcurved subvibrissal setulae; postocular setae extending to ventral surface, epicephalon haired; prementum shiny, about 3.5 times as long as broad, palpus slen- der and black, about 2/3 length of prementum. Thorax. Ground color black with gray to brownish-gray pruinosity; scutum with three indistinct dark vittae, extended to scutoscutellar suture; with 2 rows of hairlike prst acr, only one pair of distinct post acr in front of scutoscutellar suture, dc 2+3, ial 0+2; with outer posthumeral seta; pra longer than posterior notopleural seta; lat- eral surface of scutellum bare, lower surface with some light hairs apically; anterior anepisternal setae absent; notopleuron, basisternum of prosternum, anepimeron, meron and katepimeron all bare; both anterior and posterior spiracles small and fus- cous; katepisternal seta 1+2 (3). Wing. Base and basicosta brownish-yellow; Costa setulous near its base on ven- tral surface only; costal spine short; radial node bare; calypteres brownish-yellow, lower calypter not projecting, about 2/3 length of upper; haltere yellow. Legs. All coxae, tarsi and femora mostly black, mid and hind femoral base brown, trochanter and fore tibia fuscous, mid tibia brown, hind tibia yellow; fore tibia with 1 median pv; mid femur with seta-like av row, 2-3 pv in basal part, the longest setae about |.3—1.4 times as long as its diameter, 2 pre-apical pd; mid tibia with 2 pd and 2 pv; hind femur with a complete row of av, becoming longer toward apex, pv row discontinuous in the middle part, seta-like in basal half (distinctly shorter than its diameter) and long in distal 1/4 (equal to or slightly longer than its diameter); hind tibia with a row of av (about 8-9), a row of about 7-8 ad (2 strong), a row of pd, 3 long, becoming shorter toward apex, pv row complete, becoming 2 irregular rows in basal part, without apical pv; fore tarsus longer than tibiae, all claws and pulvilli large, longer than 5th tarsomere. Abdomen. Black, long cone-shaped, slightly flattened; with blue gray pruinosity, anterior margin stripes of all tergites narrow, the medial black vittae distinct, tergite 6 bare, sternite 1 with dense and long hairs, 3rd and 4th sternites without dense and long setae; lateral process of sternite 5 obtuse basally; cercal plate with long setae, apex narrow and slightly branch off, with 1 hair on branch base, surstyli slightly straight; acrophallus supported by sclerotized bridge between bases of free paraphallic process- es, sclerotized bridge prolonged downwards, forming a spindly sclerotized process. Material Examined: 2 males, CHINA: Sichuan Province, Mt. Huanglong, 3850m, 30. v. 2006 (Dandan Wang) (IESNU). 120 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS \ Y / 21 22 23 24 Figs. 18-24. Delia fulviposticrus Li and Deng, 1981 (male). 18. Hind femur in posterior view, scale bar = 1 mm. 19. 3rd and 4th sternites in ventral view, scale bar = 0.5 mm. 20. Sternite 5 in ventral view, scale bar = 0.2 mm. 21. Terminalia in posterior view, scale bar = 0.2 mm. 22. Terminalia in profile, scale bar = 0.2 mm. 23. Aedeagus in profile, scale bar = 0.2 mm. 24. Distal part of aedeagus in anterior view, scale bar = 0.1 mm. Key to species of the males of the Delia interflua group I” Legs wholly phate 2 reccscs-ta-Ste-ccscccooteoaccnns tet season beet ene eae naar 4 —="Legs at least partly yellow or brownish-yellow ...20..2.7.0.2/..cc.:2-oe:--o eee Z 2. Frontal setae 11—12 pairs; katepisternal setae 2+2; posthumeral setae 1+0 ...... Did auabniseeei niet Sues osoace cone Sree eee ce cee ee eee D. spicularis Fan in Fan et al., 1984 — Frontal setae not exceeding 8 pairs; katepisternal setae 1+2(3); posthumeral BEtaewsr22i.2AlN A.A ROI, LER, «CLS, AEE FARE SE fee 3 3. Legs more or less uniformly dark orange-brown to dark brown; mid femur without av; mid tibia with 1—2 ad ..........ee D. abstracta (Huckett, 1965) — All coxae, tarsi and femora mostly black, base of mid and hind femora brown, trochanter and fore tibia fuscous, mid tibia brown, hind tibia yellow; mid femur with a.row of.avin basal, b/3; mudtibia without QQ occ. 4. ceceasaseeso oe ELLE cE AE, Se aes, 1758 ee D. fulviposticrus Li and Deng, 1981 Volume 119, Number 2, March and April 2008 il 4. Frontal setae 17-18 pairs .............. D. pansihirta Jin and Fan in Jin et al., 1981 SS aKOMIAl Sctacmomaone’ baie NOs MAINS Act F 65. deck ete ecb tect Ae. 6 idcdedecdcacsseessodladeeewuns 5 Si, TMVDIGI Tee TNAILIVONL IF GI Se: aceoenecuec Boo sec euceede sec ecoee ee eer Cae Coen ne oo ee ee 8 See NCW GI I ae WysIbIN CLV) ae) were ere. 5 eae PRM I SE £15 PE aE cucnectich css saneenenleatiosce 6 GeV UT ae WIT 2 9 QV 28 cco evecccscsnsesstctevecsetcodovensnessocseous D. kumatai Suwa, 1977 Seer AIG Cilia Withy | Gy. scr. c.o2ascccenenes: Be cae eee TEE NEA sence ns 7 7. Parafacial about twice as wide as postpedicel; mid tibia with 1 ad, 2 pd; hind tibia with 2—3 av, 5 ad, 5—7 pd..........c.c..000 D. nemostylata Deng and Li, 1984 — Parafacial about 1.25 times as wide as postpedicel; mid tibia with 3 ad, 3 pd; |evGL TET ON eI WLLL PONV CW OTCES OWN 010) BURNS ear eee eee hace ees ane ee anne ieee ee Rempesnner iron idl cent hc Wines she tacs D. duplicipectina Fan in Fan and Zheng, 1993 Seid Larsomencel WwithOUl TOW Of TOME Dd ....c.0-0. bad eae eden aee ener Tee e. Bema nantes pete venustus Nn. Sp. Pygofer long, pointed at apex; subgenital plate shorter than pygofer (Fig. 40).... s TOES CLS MR Ire tein, enact NST eee a cee ee ee hispanus 0. sp. . Aedeagus with processes sinuate, in lateral view (Fig. 44) ...........::ccceeeeeeeneeeee 15 Aedeagus with processes not sinuate, in lateral view (Fig. 50) ............. eee 16 . Pygofer extending dorsad apically (Fig. 43); aedeagal processes extending beyond apex of subgenital plates (Fig. 45) csc.sic........20cccseseeeccereeonrse sagarus N. sp. Volume 119, Number 2, March and April 2008 35 15’ Pygofer oval (Fig. 46); aedeagal processes same length as subgenital plates (Fig. EAS) aA AN Sra eneD eee ney coum Ie sAn GME LA ER Delay MER ESIC INS sow cand cand -ahlhbds parvus N. sp. 16. Aedeagus with processes curving dorsad, parallel to shaft, and nearly same icngthyas subsenittak platesu(Fig.5 0) yaccencrez ser seeds cee0.02 abysleeste. aden lazeas eratus N. sp. 16’ Aedeagus with processes straight, not parallel to shaft, and extending beyond apextomsubeenttalyplates. (Fig. 553) exec. 5 sees cecsesicelestes dda hyn