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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOLUME LXXII, 1961

PHILIP P. CALVERT, EDITOR EMERITUS
R. G. SCHMIEDER, EDITOR

EDITORIAL STAFF
J. A. G. REHN M. E. PHILLIPS

E. F. J. MARX H. J. GRANT, JR.

PUBLISHED BY

THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA, U. S. A.

1961

The numbers of ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS for 1961 were mailed at the Post
Office at Lancaster, Pa., as follows :

No. 1 — January January 12, 1961

No. 2— February February 9, 1961

No. 3— March March 7, 1961

No. 4— April April 7, 1961

No. 5— May April 27, 1961

No. 6— June June 7, 1961

No. 7— July July 8, 1961

No. 8— October September 25, 1961

No. 9 — November November 1, 1961

The date of mailing the December, 1961, number will be announced
on the last page of the issue for January, 1962.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

JANUARY IflGl

Vol. LXXII No. 1

CONTENTS

Krombein— V. S. L. Pate, 1903-1958 1

i I \ land and Ford — Nasal mite in the bat 6

Schlinger — New Acrocera and Ocnaea 7

M^ade and Cook — Biology of Scatopse fuscipes 13

Sabrosky — New Stenoscinis, with key to species 19

Kurczewski — Records of Pepsinae and Ceropalinae 24

Hubbard — Specificity of kangaroo rat fleas 25

Xotes and News in Entomology

Fourth International Congress on social insects 27

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V. S. L. PATE

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXII JANUARY, 1961 No. 1

V. S. L. Pate, 1903-1958 *

The recent death of Vernon Pate at Philadelphia, Pennsyl-
vania, October 30, 1958, leaves the scientific world poorer by an
extremely talented taxonomist. In a short period, 1929 to 1948,
he published 92 papers. Many of these were revisions and gen-
eric reclassifications which establish him firmly as one of the
world's foremost hymenopterists.

His primary interest was in the sphecoid wasps, principally
in the subfamilies Nyssoninae, Pemphredoninae and Crabro-
ninae. After obtaining his A.B. degree from Cornell University
in 1928 he began an intensive study of the Oxybelini, and pro-
duced several short papers describing one new genus and several
new species ; two short regional papers on the oxybeline fauna
of Algeria and the Philippines ; and two outstanding, large
papers on the Nearctic species of Belomicrus and Encheniicrmn
(1940). He never completed a revision of the Nearctic species
of Oxybelus, assigned originally by J. C. Bradley as the thesis
problem for his doctoral degree.

In the mid-30's Pate began publishing papers on the nys-
sonine-gorytine complex in the Nyssoninae and on the ammo-
planoid complex in the Pemphredoninae. The most important
contribution in the former series was a redefinition of the genera
of Nyssonini (1938). The series on the tiny ammoplanoid
wasps contained several valuable papers in which he described
some new genera and a number of new species from the United
States. The extent of his achievement on the ammoplanoids
may be recognized when one realizes that of the currently valid
taxa occurring in the United States 6 of the 9 genera and sub-

* The accompanying portrait of V". S. I.. 1'atc was taken by R. E.
Crabill in 1951.

(1)

2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1961

genera and 27 of the 32 species and subspecies were described
by Pate.

In the late 30's Pate developed a great and lasting interest in
the extremely difficult group, Crabroninae. He published a
number of valuable papers on these wasps between 1941 and
1948. His crowning achievement and most important single
contribution to taxonomy was his masterful reclassification of
the genera of crabronine wasps (1943). He submitted this
work to satisfy the thesis requirements for his doctoral degree
at Cornell. It displays the keen analytical powers and erudition
that mark all of his major taxonomic efforts. It is certain that
the basic concepts of classification established in this study will
endure, even though subsequent workers may describe a few
genera not known to Pate.

Although the majority of his papers were on the sphecoid
wasps, he published worthy generic ^classifications of the Tiphi-
idae and Sapygidae in 1947. In addition, there were two basic
nomenclatural studies that arose from his interests in wasp
taxonomy. The earlier of these was a listing of the type species
of genera and subgenera of the Sphecoidea, published as Memoir
No. 9 of the American Entomological Society in 1937. The
other was a similar listing of names applied in the Pompilidae,
published in the Transactions of the same society in 1946.

Vernon had a very thorough and extensive knowledge of
zoogeography and paleontology. In his more comprehensive
papers he endeavored to apply knowledge from these fields in
order to explain the probable evolution and distribution of a
particular group of wasps. He was also a firm believer in the
importance of biological characters in higher taxonomy, and
many of his later papers utilize biological criteria to substan-
tiate groupings based primarily on morphological grounds.
Curiously enough, although he obviously realized the value of
behavioral characters in elucidating taxonomy and gave fascinat-
ing lectures on the habits of wasps, he never published a single
personal observation on wasp biology.

During the 30's he was interested in field collecting, and col-
lected to some extent in the vicinity of Ithaca, New York, and

Ixxii | ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 3

at Medford Lakes, New Jersey, where his family maintained a
summer home. He participated with J. A. G. Rehn and J. W.
H. Rehn in the Southwest Orthoptera Survey of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in 1937. In his early days
at Cornell he was interested in limnology, and he worked for 7
summers, 1927 to 1933, for the New York State Conservation
Commission on biological surveys of several of the streams and
rivers in that state. In the summer of 1933 he collected insects
and fossils in Kansas, Illinois, and Colorado with A. B. Klots
and W. D. Sargent.

Each of us, in looking back over his own scientific career,
probably can single out one teacher or colleague whose inspira-
tion, advice and encouragement resulted in his selecting a par-
ticular field of specialization. In my own case he was Yernon
Pate. His lectures in the advanced taxonomy course on the
biology and taxonomy of the Hymenoptera, especially of the
solitary wasps, were so stimulating and fascinating, that early
in my entomological studies I decided to specialize on the same
groups that engaged Pate's attention. His advice and encour-
agement during my undergraduate and graduate years were con-
stant and inspiring. Other taxonomists who benefited from
Pate's interest and encouragement were J. W. H. Rehn in
Orthoptera, H. E. Evans in Hymenoptera, R. H. Arnett in
Coleoptera, and R. E. Crabill in Myriapoda.

A generation of students will remember Pate's combined office
and laboratory. One had to thread his way to the inner sanctum
through a maze of insect storage cabinets and bookcases ar-
ranged as baffles. The air was blue from his chain-smoking, and
cigarette ashes were dribbled liberally over the floor, tables and
shirtfront of the occupant. These students also will remember
the stimulating classroom and laboratory lectures that were
made so vivid and meaningful by Pate's broad knowledge of
biological fundamentals and his ability to relate these to the
particular subject of discussion.

The honor that touched Pate most deeply was the recognition
of the worth of his studies implicit in his election as a Life
Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

4 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jail., 1961

and a Research Associate in Entomology. Writing to me from
Cornell on May 4, 1938, he said: "Saturday [I] receive[d] two
letters from Cadwalader the president notifying me that the
Board of Trustees had a few days previously met and elected
me a Life Member of the Academy and also Research Associate
in Entomology. Rather took the wind out of my sails ; they
seem to go out of their way to be nice to me down there of late."

In his relaxed moments Pate was a delightful companion for
the few who knew him well, and I recall with great nostalgia
those happy golden years in the mid-30's. Pate and I would
work all evening on our wasps, he in his long narrow office
crammed with bookshelves and insect cabinets, I in one of the
smaller labs across the hall where I shared working space with
Jack Franclemont, Jack Cadbury, Derek Cross (now a physi-
cian), Verne Pechuman, Chakratong Tongyai from Siam, and,
several years later, John Rehn. A frequent routine in spring
and fall, after Franclemont returned from sugaring for moths
and Cross came back from courting his future wife, would be
a midnight visit by our quartet to the Lehigh Valley House for
several rounds of beer or to Van Natta's dam for a highly re-
freshing swim.

Pate had a droll sense of humor that is preserved for entomo-
logical posterity in such names as Lalapa lusa, Zyzzyx, Tea, and
Java. In response to my teasing him about some of the names
proposed in his paper on the type species of pompilid wasps,
he wrote June 7, 1947, as follows : "Furthermore I am deeply
shocked that you would even consider I treat the sacred subject
of nomenclature with levity. Java was proposed as a new name
for Dichelony.v Haupt nee Harris, with the type Java concolor
(Tasch.) which comes from Java. Hence the name, which is
short and sweet, that is if you have any sugar these days for
your coffee. Tea is probably an old Norse goddess or some-
thing. Lalapa lusa (named after the Palouse Indians of Idaho
if you insist upon an etymology) is just out. And I have a
n. gen. n. sp. from China which I have been wondering what to
call (in the Gory tines). Will probably dedicate it to a 5 grad
student of Forbes, Da-si Pen, who has taken the Christian name

Ixxiij ENTOMOLOGICAL XK\VS 5

of Daisy. Upsa da si would be a very nice euphonious name,
don't you think."

It is most unfortunate that progressively poorer health, pos-
sibly occasioned by the declining health and death of his parents
and an increasing teaching load, resulted in his virtual retire-
ment from active taxonomy in 1948, and his untimely death 10
years later. He left uncompleted large revisionary treatments
of the Oxybelus of North America and of the Crabronini of
North and Middle America, and several shorter manuscripts.

Vernon Sennock Lyonesse-Liancour Pate was born in Phila-
delphia, August 31, 1903. He received his A.B. degree from
Cornell University in 1928, and his Ph.D. degree in 1946. He
was a summer assistant with the New York State Conservation
Commission, 1927-1933, where he worked on stream surveys
particularly of aquatic insects. He was a laboratory assistant
at Cornell from 1927 to 1931, and instructor in taxonomy from
1932 to 1947. He held a 6-months temporary appointment in
1945 as Associate Entomologist in the Division of Insect Identi-
fication, U. S. Department of Agriculture ; during this appoint-
ment he was stationed at the U. S. National Museum where he
rearranged certain sections of the wasp collection. He was
appointed Assistant Professor of Entomology at Cornell in
1948, where he taught General Entomology and acted as faculty
advisor for students in entomology. He was also an Associate
Editor or a member of the Editorial Staff of "Entomological
News" from 1936 until 1953. He resigned from Cornell in
1952, and returned to Philadelphia. He worked at the Academy
as a volunteer for some months before increasingly poor health
caused the abandonment of these activities.

KARL V. KROMBEIN

6 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1961

The Occurrence of the Nasal Mite Speleognathopsis

bastini Fain (Speleognathidae) from the Big

Brown Bat, Eptesicus fuscus (Beauvois) 1

By KERWIN E. HYLAND - and HEDWIG GEIGER FORD "

Fain (1958) reported on the occurrence of speleognathid
mites in the nasal cavities of the bat, Myotis myotis (Borkh),
in Belgium, and described the species as Speleognathopsis bas-
tini. Earlier Fain (1955J had described Speleognathopsis
chiroptcri from the nasal cavities of several African mega-
chiropterans (Eidolon Jiclrnin Kerr, Eponwplwnts minor Dob-
son) and Boydaia duboisi from a species of Nyctcris.

A series of twenty-eight big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus
(Beauvois), collected on 2 August 1959, near Glen Rock, Penn-
sylvania, was examined for nasal mites and six bats were found
to harbor a total of twelve female specimens.

These mites were compared with a paratype of S. bastini
supplied by Alex Fain, Institut cle Medecine Tropicale, Ant-
werp, Belgium, and are considered to represent this species in
North America. Furthermore, this represents the first record
of speleognathids occurring in the nasal cavities of bats on
this continent.

Determined specimens have been deposited in the following
collections : United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. ;
the Institute of Acarology, University of Maryland, College
Park; and Institut de Medecine Tropicale, Antwerp, Belgium.

LITERATURE CITED

FAIN, ALEX. 1955. Sur le parasitisme des fosses nasales chez les mam-
miferes et les oiseaux par les acariens de la famille Speleognathidae
(Acarina). Description d'une espece nouvelle chez la chauve-souris.
Ann. Soc. Beige Med. Trop. 35(6) : 692-694.

— . 1958. Un nouveau speleognathe (Acarina — Ereynetidae) parasi-
tant les fosses nasales du murin (Myotis myotis (Borkh)) on Bel-
gique : Speleognathopsis bastini n. sp. Bull. Ann. Soc. Roy. Ent.
Beige 94 : 342-345.

1 Contribution No. 106 from the Kellogg Gull Lake Biological Station,
Hickory Corners, Michigan, U. S. A.

2 Department of Zoology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston.

3 Kellogg Gull Lake Biological Station, Hickory corners. Michigan.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 7

New Species of Acrocera from Arizona and Ocnaea

from California, with Synonymical Notes on

the Genus Ocnaea (Diptera: Acroceridae)

By EVERT I. SCHLINGER/ University of California Citrus
Experiment Station, Riverside

This is one of a series of articles dealing with revisions, re-
views or new species of acrocerid flies which have been prepared
as a prerequisite to a generic revision of the family Acroceridae.
A recent article of the series (Schlinger, 1960) cited references
to most of the previous papers. Two new species of Acroceridae
are described separately at this time in order to make their
names available for inclusion in another concurrent work.

SUBFAMILY PANOPINAE

Genus OCNAEA Erichson

Ocnaea Erichson, 1840, Entomographien, 1 : 155.

Pialeoidea Westwood, 1876, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 514
(type species, Cyrtus ma gnus Walker). NEW SYNON-
YMY.

The genus Pialeoidea was described by Westwood as a close
relative of Pialea Erichson, but such is not the case (Schlinger,
1956). In fact, Pialeoidea species have been distinguished from
Ocnaea species only on the basis of a female sex character, i.e.,
a group of apical setae on the terminal antennal segment. An
examination of several female specimens of Ocnaea helluo Osten
Sacken and O. loczvi Cole has shown these specimens to contain
the apical setae that characterize Pialeoidea species. Males of
species in both genera are described as lacking the apical setae.
Being unable to find other differentiating features between the
two genera, I place Pialeoidea in synonymy with Ocnaea.

Ocnaea is a New World genus which comprises 20 species.
To this number are now added the following five species :
Pialeoidea brasiliensis Carrera, P. gloriosa Sabrosky, P. uietal-

1 The author would like to thank Dr. A. L. Melander of Riverside,
California, for the loan of the type series of Acrocera melanogaster, new
species.

8 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1961

lica Osten Sacken, Cyrtus magnus Walker, and Ocnaea xutho-
gaster, new species.

Ocnaea xuthogaster new species (figs. 1-3).

Male. Length of entire specimen 7 mm., wing length 5 mm.

Color black, yellow, and brown with some metallic blue reflec-
tions ; black are eyes, occiput, ocellar tubercle, mesonotum,
scutellum, most of pleura and tarsal claws ; dark brown are
antennae, antennal tubercle, ocelli, humerus and postalar callus
(almost black), coxae, basal one-half of femur I, most of femora
II and III, basal one-half of tibia III, apices of distitarsi, halter
knob, costa, subcosta and Rx wing veins, tergite I, large median
spot on each of tergites II to VI, and most of genitalia; light
brown are remainder of legs, remainder of wing veins, squamal
rim, and small lateral spot on each of sternites III to V ; yellow
are remainder of abdomen and halter stem; metallic blue reflec-
tions are present in certain views of light on mesonotum, scu-
tellum, upper pleura, and on all dark brown median tergal spots.

Pile light brown and dense on eyes and occiput, reaching out
a little beyond tip of antennal segment I ; that on thorax, coxae,
squama, and abdomen yellowish white and dense, about as long
as length of distitarsus III except more sparse and much shorter
on abdominal sternites ; that on legs yellowish white, short,
dense, and appressed except longer and erect on base of femora
and on trochanters ; that on apices of distitarsi dark brown,
about as long as a pulvillus ; short light brown hairs are present
on basal one-third of costal vein.

Head (fig. 1) nearly one and one-half times higher than
long; antenna about one and one-fourth times longer than head
height, segment III laterally compressed; antennae asetate ex-
cept for short group of setae on dorsum of segment II ; ocellar
tubercle with slightly raised lateral ocellus; antennal tubercle
small, barely produced above antennae ; proboscis not evident,
but minute proboscial covering present ; eyes narrowly separated
from antennae to frons.

Thorax shiny, but difficult to detect under its dense pile ; each
leg with distinct tibial spur, that on hind tibia about as long as

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 9

the length of antennal segment I ; coxae subequal in length, but
femur and tibia of leg III longer than those of leg II, and those
of leg II longer than those of leg I ; femur III nearly one and
one-half times longer than femur I ; squama nearly opaque ;
wing venation as in fig. 2 ; wing membrane transparent but dis-
tinctly creased and appearing somewhat smoky ; scutellum al-
most twice as wide as long.

Abdomen shiny, quite narrow, widest at segment III ; median
spots on each of tergites II to Y half-moon-shaped, those on II
to IV broadly attached anteriorly, not quite reaching posterior
margin of each segment and each spot separated from latero-
anterior margin by distance equal to about one-fourth the width
of each tergite ; spot on tergite V similar in shape to that on
IY except it is more broadly attached anteriorly and spot
reaches out mediolaterally to touch lateral margin ; spiracle I
is in tergite I while other spiracles appear to be placed in inter-
segmental membrane; genitalia strong, aedeagus formed as in
fig. 3.

Female unknown.

Holotype male. Benton Station, Mono County, CALIFORNIA,
July 20, 1950 (H. A. Hunt), collected on window inside of
house. The type locality is very close to Nevada at an elevation
of about 6,500 feet. The riolotype will be deposited in the
California Academy of Sciences Collection in San Francisco,
California.

This species is closely related to 0. sequoia Sabrosky and
somewhat less related to O. helluo Osten Sacken. It can be
separated from both species by the male genitalia and wing
venation. O. .vuthogaster is also distinguished from 0. hclhio
by its dark brown humeri, metallic blue reflections and yellow
abdominal sternites, and from O. sequoia by its dark brown
humeri and yellow sternites.

The specific name vuthogaster refers to the yellow abdomen.

SUBFAMILY ACROCERINAE
Genus ACROCERA Meigen
Acrocera Meigen, 1803, Illigers Mag. Ins., 2: 266.

10 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1961

This genus is cosmopolitan in distribution except for Aus-
tralia and New Zealand, and contains about 45 valid species.
The addition of the new species described below brings the
total number of North American species to 17.

Acrocera melanogaster new species (figs. 4-7).

This species is a member of species group I as outlined by
Sabrosky (1944). Species of this group are characterized by
having vein R2 + 3 complete.

Male. Length of entire specimen 3.5 mm., wing length
3.5 mm.

Color black, brown, and pale yellow ; black are eyes, occiput,
ocellar tubercle, antennal segment I, frons, mesonotum, scu-
tellum, metanotum, most of postalar callus, tarsal claws, and
all abdominal tergites ; dark brown are remainder of antennae,
minute proboscis, ocelli, pleura, outer upper edge of postalar
callus, coxae, apical half of distitarsi, wing veins, most ab-
dominal sternites, and genitalia ; pale yellowish brown are
humerus, spiracular area immediately below humerus, small area
below wing base, remainder of legs, faint posterior fascia on
sternites II and III, halter knob and stem.

Pile white, very short over entire body.

Wing hyaline, venation strong, vein R2 + 3 complete (fig. 6) ;
squama hyaline, densely covered with minute hairs ; squamal
rim narrow ; abdominal tergite II flared out posterolaterally,
somewhat inflexed anterolaterally ; abdomen widest at segment
III; tergite V somewhat emarginate medially; male genitalia
as in figs. 4 and 5.

Abdomen and tJwra.v are quite shiny.

Female. Same as male except pale yellowish brown areas
are more yellowish white ; area around prothoracic spiracle and
intersclerotic area extending from spiracle to wing base is bone
white; female genitalia (fig. 7) have extremely long cerci.

Paratypc variation. Lengths of entire specimens range from
2.5 to 4 mm., wing lengths range from 2.25 to 3.75 mm. Some
of the males have tergites IV and V very dark brown instead
of black, have narrow whitish yellow posterior fascia on ster-

Ixxii ]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

11

EXI'LAXATION OK FlGUKES

Figs. 1 to 3, Ocnaca .vuthoyastcr new species; figs. 4 to 7, Acroccra
mclanoyaster new species. Fig. 1, head in lateral view; figs. 2 and 6,
wings; fig. 3, aedeagus in lateral view; fig. 4, aedeagus in ventral view;
fig. 5, aedeagus in lateral view; fig. 7, female caudal abdominal segments
and cerci in lateral view.

12 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1961

nites II and III, and have their genitalia lighter brown. No
differences were seen between the two female specimens.

Holotype male. Globe, ARIZONA, October 9, 1935 (F. H.
Parker).

Paratopotypes. 10 <$<$, all collected on October 9, 1935,
except 1 J1, May 25, 1936, and 2$?, June 9, 1935 (all F. H.
Parker).

The holotype will be deposited in the California Academy of
Sciences Collection in San Francisco, California, and the para-
topotypes will be placed in the collections of Axel L. Melander,
United States National Museum, and the author.

According to Dr. Melander, the collector gathered all the
male specimens on October 9, 1935, from a water pipe under
the collector's house. It is also of interest to note that males
were collected from May to October at the type locality, show-
ing quite a range of occurrence in time.

This species is related to both Acrocera arizonensis Cole and
A. bakcri Coquillett. It is most similar to A. arizonensis and
will key out with A. arizonensis at couplet 5 of Sabrosky's key
to the North American species of Acrocera (1948). It is sepa-
rated from A. arizonensis by having all its abdominal tergites
black instead of with only black spots, and in having most of
the abdominal sternum dark brown instead of yellow.

The specific name melanogaster refers to the shiny black
abdomen.

REFERENCES CITED

SABROSKY, C. W. 1944. A revision of the American spider parasites
of the genera Ogcodcs and Acrocera (Diptera, Acroceridae). Amer.
Mid. Nat. 31 : 385-413, figs. 1-8.

— . 1948. A further contribution to the classification of the North
American spider parasites of the family Acroceratidae (Diptera).
Amer. Mid. Nat. 39 : 382-420, figs. 1-22.

SCHLINGER, E. I. 1956. A revision of the acrocerid flies of the genus
Pialca Erichson with a discussion of their sexual dimorphism (Dip-
tera). Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 106: 359-375, figs. 1-4.
— . 1960. A review of the South African Acroceridae (Diptera).
Ann. Natal Museum 14 : 459-504, figs. 1-29.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 13

Notes on the Biology of Scatopse fuscipes (Meigen)
(Diptera: Scatopsidae)

By ALSTON B. MEADE and EDWIN F. COOK *

INTRODUCTION

The scatopsids are a small, economically unimportant family
of Diptera. One species (Scatopse justifies} is occasionally a
nuisance around canneries and wineries since it can develop
large populations in very small amounts of decaying organic
matter. This insect is easily reared under laboratory condi-
tions. This quality, in addition to its relatively short life cycle,
makes it ideal as a potential subject for ecological studies. An
exhaustive search of the literature revealed that very little in-
formation is available on the biology of any of the scatopsids.
This work is undertaken with the hope of supplying some of
this basic knowledge, which will facilitate more extensive inves-
tigations.

MATERIALS

The flies used in these experiments were from a culture
reared in the laboratory for 3 years. They were fed on CSMA
fly medium,- saturated with water, and allowed to ferment for
12 hours. The medium is placed in petri dishes or in 1 pint
wide-mouthed jars in the fly cage, and kept quite moist. New
medium is introduced as needed. Except when otherwise speci-
fied, the flies were reared at room temperatures and not under
any precisely controlled conditions. Room temperatures in the
laboratory varied from 75° to 80° F. with little or no variation
between night and clay temperatures. The cages used were
18" : 12" : 10", of wood construction with a glass top, and
witli two small, sleeved openings for ready access.

1 Paper Xo. 4406 Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural
Experiment Station, St. Paul 1, Minnesota.

-' The medium used here is the dry mixture prepared by the Ralston-
Purina Company, St. Louis, Missouri and consists of 2 parts of soft
wheat bran (coarse) and one part of alfalfa meal.

14

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Jan., 1961

ADULTS

Mating behavior. The flies appear to be sexually mature on
emergence, since copulation sometimes occurs when the adults
are only 30 minutes old. Large numbers of mating pairs may
be seen concentrated under petri dishes and in the corners of
the cages. This concentration may be due to a negative re-
sponse to light or to positive thigmotropism. Adults copulate
for considerable periods and separate for varying periods, some-
times changing mates. An adult, presumably male, may try to
separate a copulating pair presumably with a view to finding
a mate. The adult stage seems to be devoted exclusively to
reproduction and food is not consumed. If provided with a
moist substrate, most females will oviposit.

Oviposition. Female 5". fucipes oviposit 24 to 30 hours after
emergence, and die shortly after oviposition. Most males live
30 to 45 hours.

Oviposition site. The following tests were made to deter-
mine the suitability of various sites for oviposition. A number
of copulating pairs of flies were placed in two sets of three petri
dishes each, one containing food resting on moist filter paper,
another with moist filter paper and no food, and the third with
only dry filter paper. After a few days, the dishes were care-
fully examined. The results (Table 1) show that the flies do
not oviposit on dry surfaces. Eggs were found in all dishes
except those containing dry filter paper. Some females from
the latter group had strands of up to 30 eggs protruding from
the genitalia. This suggests that, in the absence of moisture,
oviposition may be initiated but cannot be completed. Dark
areas, e.g., spots, or bits of food on filter paper, were always
preferred sites for egg-laying.

TABLE 1. — Comparison of Several Sites for Oviposition

Egg

Females having

Females still

Masses

Oviposited

Gravid

Food

11*

12

1

Dry paper

0

0

12

Moist paper

8*

9

3

* Eggs laid by 1 female were apparently concealed and could not be
found.

IxxiiJ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 15

The egg mass. The eggs are released from the female in a
long strand, each egg being attached at the ends to the preced-
ing and succeeding ones, and this strand is folded lengthwise
into a mass. The mass does not lie flat on the substrate, but
is somewhat crescent shaped, so that the eggs appear to be
pointed upwards. The eggs are arranged in rows, about six
rows constituting the length of the mass. Ten egg masses were
measured and the lengths ranged from 1.2 to 1.7 mm. and aver-
aged 1.3 mm. The widest part of an egg mass occurs in the
middle, while the ends taper gently. The width consists of
about six eggs lying side by side. Shortly after oviposition the
apical attachments of the eggs are broken. Occasionally an
incomplete egg mass is seen, in which the eggs spread over a
wider area, and are irregularly arranged.

The oviposition process. A gravid fly was placed on its back
on moist filter paper and its abdomen pressed gently for a few
seconds. Observation under a binocular microscope showed
peristaltic movements in the segments close to the genitalia, and
at each contraction an egg was released. The eggs came out in
a long strand which soon formed a cluster. After about fifty
eggs had been released, the rate of contraction was timed. For
the next four minutes, the rate of contraction was 29, 28, 27,
and 26 per minute, respectively. During the fifth minute the
release of eggs ceased, but peristalsis continued for two minutes
longer, the rate decreasing rapidly. The fly remained inactive
and died after 90 minutes. On dissection, seven eggs were
found in the ovary. Subsequent attempts to induce oviposition
in other females were not successful.

EGGS

The eggs in the mass may be separated by placing them in
\% sodium hypochlorite. In a few minutes, complete separa-
tion is achieved and they may be easily counted. On January
10, five egg masses were counted. The number of eggs per mass
ranged from 135 to 215, with an average of 189. On March 28,
ten egg masses produced an average of 257 eggs per mass and
ranged from 174 to 320. The difference in the egg production

16

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Jan., 1961

of the two groups may have resulted from differences in food
consumption during the larval stages.

Effect of temperature on incubation of eggs. The effect of
temperature on incubation was studied by placing egg masses
in hanging drops and exposing them to different temperatures
until hatching. The results (Table 2) show that the lower
threshold for hatching lies between 5° and 10° C. At the former
temperature, no hatching occurred, while at the latter, hatching
occurred in 16 days. Between 10° and 30° C., there was an
inverse relationship between temperature and incubation period.
At the temperatures: 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, and 35° C. eggs
hatched in 16 days, 189-206 hours, 120 hours, 72 hours, 47
hours, and 45-49 hours, respectively. The test failed to show
any appreciable difference in hatching time at 30° and 35° C.
We may reasonably assume that the upper threshold for hatch-
ing is a little above 35° C.

TABLE 2. — Effect of Temperature on Incubation of Eggs

Temperature

Rep. 1

Rep. 2

Rep. 3

5°C.

*

*

10° C.

16 days

15° C.

189-206 hrs.

189-206 hrs.

20° C.

120 hrs.

126£ hrs.

25° C.

72 hrs.

76-79 hrs.

72 hrs.

30° C.

47 hrs.

42-54 hrs.

35° C.

41-49 hrs.

45|-49f hrs.

No hatching occurred.

LARVAE

Duration of larval stage. One egg mass was placed in each
of four dishes supplied with large amounts of CSMA fly me-
dium. The duration from the hatching of eggs to pupation was
noted. The data (Table 3) show that in the first dish the larval
stage lasted from 12 to 15 days, in the second dish from 11 to
15 days, in the third dish, from 12 to 14 days, and in the fourth
dish from 13 to 18 days.

Effect of inadequate food supply on larval growth. Egg
masses were placed in four dishes which contained very limited

Ixxii]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

17

amounts of food. The eggs hatched on schedule, but during the
next 49 days no pupae appeared in any of the dishes. Three
dishes were then discarded and the fourth observed closely for
an additional four months. Still no pupae had appeared, al-
though the larvae remained active. Thus the larval period was
extended to nearly seven months.

To determine whether food shortage accounted for the failure
of the insects to pupate, the larvae from one of the discarded
dishes were transferred to a chamber with adequate food. Four
days later the first pupa was formed. Within 17 days, 49 insects
had completed the larval stage. These findings indicate that
the scatopsid larvae had a tremendous ability to withstand ad-
verse conditions. Poor food supply can seriously retard larval
growth, but can also prolong larval life.

Number of larval instars. The number of larval instars may
be determined by counting the number of larval skins shed by
an insect. In this experiment, the food medium was allowed to
ferment, then it was filtered. Newly emerged larvae were
reared on the filtrate and the number of molts recorded. Of the
23 insects which completed the larval stages, 1 7 underwent three
molts each, while each of the remaining six were observed to
molt twice. It is believed that on each of these six occasions,
one molt was overlooked. Hence, we may conclude that the
Scatopsid has four larval instars.

TABLE 3. — Duration of Larval Stage

Number of Pupae Appearing

Days after

Hatching

Rep. 1

Rep. 2

Rep. 3

Rep. 4

11

6

12

13

15

3

13

8

11

2

7

14

3

5

1

6

15

1

2

12

16

28

17

7

18

5

18 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1961

PUPA

Duration of pupal stage. Pupae were placed on moist filter
paper in vials, as soon as they were formed. Notes were made
of the time required to complete the pupal stage. Three tests
were conducted on different dates. In each test, the adult
females emerged earlier than the males. However, the results
for any given sex varied from one test to another. This is
probably due to differences in room temperature at the time
when the different experiments were performed. The duration
of the pupal stage in 14 males ranged from 96 to 139 hours with
a mean of 109.4 hours, while that of 11 females ranged from
86 to 126 hours with a mean of 97.6 hours.

ABSTRACT

The life cycle of Scatopse fuscipes is completed in about 2(H-
days at room temperature. The approximate duration of the
egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages are 3, 12, 4. and 1^ days,
respectively. The females have shorter adult and pupal stages
than the males. Within certain limits there is an inverse rela-
tionship between temperature and the incubation period of eggs.
The larval stage may be prolonged if food supply is inadequate.
Larvae have been known to survive for nearly 7 months under
these adverse conditions. There are probably 4 instars.

Adults copulate as early as ^ hour after emergence from the
pupae, and oviposit in 24 to 30 hours. Death occurs shortly
after eggs are laid. Oviposition may be initiated in the absence
of moisture, but cannot be completed under those conditions.
Eggs are released by the female in a long strand which is folded
into a cluster. The number of eggs laid by individual females
ranges from 172 to 320.

Adults react negatively to light.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 19

A New Nearctic Species of Stenoscinis, with Key
to the Species of the Western Hemisphere
(Diptera, Chloropidae)

By CURTIS W. SABROSKY, Entomology Research Division,
U. S. Department of Agriculture

The genus Stenoscinis was erected by Malloch in 1918 for
the single species Oscinis longipes Loew, and Oscinis atriccps
Loew was added later. A third and very distinctive species has
recently been discovered in southern Arizona. I take pleasure
in naming it for the collector and enthusiastic student of Diptera,
Marian Adachi Kohn, who has furnished a drawing of the spe-
cies (fig. 1).

Species of Stenoscinis are known in the Nearctic, Neotropical,
and Ethiopian regions, those in the Nearctic apparently being
Neotropical derivatives. The species from Arizona here de-
scribed is most closely related to S. major (Duda), known from
Costa Rica and Guatemala. Because of the new species and the
reassignment of others, discussed below, I present a key to seven
species, including the five that I recognize in Stenoscinis in the
western hemisphere, and two in the related genus Rhopalop-
tcrnni.

In 1929 (Konowia 8: 165-169), Duda published a short
paper on the Chloropidae of the German Chaco-Expedition in
which there appeared a new generic name Rhopalopterum (p.
167) associated with a known species, Oscinella Ihnitata Becker
and a new variety of it. The following year, in his revision of
the Neotropical Chloropidae (1930, Folia Zool. Hydrobiol. 2:
107) that was probably expected to appear before the Chaco
report, Duda proposed a new genus Rhopalopternum for Ihni-
tatitui (Becker) and infumatum (Becker). The difference in
spelling is slight, and the two generic names certainly refer to
the same genus. In 1931 (Folia Zool. Hydrobiol. 3 : 166), Duda
designated limitatum as the type-species of Rhopalopternum.
In 1934, he added three new species, and gave a key to the
known species (Konowia 13: 58-69, 101-110).

20 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1961

For some time I considered Rhopalopterum as a synonym of
Stenoscinis. However, it may be that the former can be main-
tained for limitatum and flavicorne Duda (1934). These spe-
cies are characterized by a more developed anal region of the
wing ; short, Oscinella-like discal cell ; 1 + 1 strong notopleural
bristles ; and short, apically subtruncate scutellum with widely
separated apical scutellar bristles set on small tubercles. Of the
four remaining species included by Duda, R. inajus Duda and
R. antiguense Duda are here referred to Stenoscinis (new com-
binations), and R. infumatum (Becker) is actually a Lasiopleura.
I have not seen the type of R. liinitatum var. glabrum Duda, but
it may not belong. A specimen from Alhajuelo, Panama, March
4, 1912 (A. Busck) [U. S. National Museum], determined by
Duda as glabrum, is Monochaetoscinella anonyina (Williston).

In 1936, in reviewing the Nearctic species of Oscinella and
Ma-diza (Ent. Soc. Amer. Ann. 29: 707-728), I synonymized
Stenoscinis with Oscinoides Malloch, an entirely erroneous asso-
ciation as I soon realized and later noted in print (1951, Ruwen-
zori Expedition, 1934-5, British Museum (Natural History),
vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 808-809).

KEY TO SPECIES OF STENOSCINIS OF WESTERN HEMISHERE

1. Frontal triangle large, broad to apex, projecting shelf like

above bases of antennae ; occiput strongly developed,
viewed from above ^ length of eye, subtruncate ; ocellar
bristles proclinate and divergent; large species, 3-4 mm. .2

Frontal triangle not so, ending at or near anterior margin of
front, the apex acute or only slightly broadened ; occiput
not strongly developed ; smaller species, 1.5-2 mm 3

2. Cheek linear; front only slightly projecting; fore coxae and

all femora except apex of third, yellow ; one row of hairs
along each side of frontal triangle (Costa Rica, Guate-
mala) S. major (Duda), n. comb.

Cheek broader, one fourth height of eye ; front strongly pro-
jecting, over half length of eye in front of eye; fore coxae
and all femora except knees narrowly, black ; two rows of

hairs along each side of triangle (Arizona)

S. adachiae, new species

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 21

3. Second costal sector obviously shorter than third sector

(0.75) ; ocellar bristles erect and cruciate (Neotropical) . .

Rhopalopterum limitatum (Becker), R. flavicorne Duda

Second costal sector equal to or obviously longer than third

sector 4

4. Ocellar bristles erect and convergent to tips or cruciate ;

second costal sector obviously longer than third sector;

mesonotum shining 5

Ocellar bristles proclinate and divergent ; second and third
costal sectors equal ; mesonotum usually with broad median

stripes of fine gray tomentum (United States)

S. longipes (Loew)

5. Legs entirely yellow; frontal triangle ending acutely well

short of anterior margin of front (e. United States, se.

Canada) S. atriceps (Loew)

Legs black except for trochanters and knees ; frontal triangle
extends to anterior margin of front, ending bluntly (Guate-
mala) S. antiguensis (Duda), n. comb.

STENOSCINIS Malloch

Stcnoscinis Malloch, 1918, Brooklyn Ent. Soc. Bui. 13: 21.
Type species, Oscinis longipes Loew, by original designation
and monotypy.

The slender, elongate form of body, legs, and wings, with the
reduced anal area of the wing, distinguishes this group from
Oscinella and related genera of the Oscinellinae. Typically, the
eye is large and the cheek linear and inconspicuous. The type-
species has the ocellar bristles proclinate and divergent, a char-
acter not common in the Oscinellinae, and this character is indeed
found in a number of species referred to the genus. However,
in a few species that represent a transition from Oscinella and
related genera, the ocellars are convergent to tips or cruciate.
Otherwise they have the typical structure of Stenoscinis, and I
have referred them to the genus (see discussion by Sabrosky
1951, op. cit. pp. 808-809).

Typically, Stenoscinis longipes has a broad median stripe of
pollinosity or fine tomentum on the mesonotum. In a few
specimens, this is reduced to a prescutellar band, leaving the
mesonotum more highly shining. The male genitalia of the
shining and pollinose forms are the same, however, and for the
present at least I consider the shining form only a variant.

22 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [ Tail., 1961

Stenoscinis adachiae, new species (Fig. 1)

Head elongate ; frontal triangle broad throughout and occupy-
ing most of front ; cheek distinct.

Male, female. — Black, only the halteres, trochanters, knees,
fore and mid tibiae, basal two-fifths of hind tibiae, most of fore
basitarsi, and the two proximal segments of mid and hind tarsi,
yellow ; veins and wing membrane brown, both yellowish on
basal fourth of wing ; hairs chiefly whitish yellow ; bristles chiefly
yellow, the apical scutellars black.

Head (fig. 1) broader than thorax, and almost as broad as
long, but appearing elongate, front projecting over half the
length of an eye in front of the eyes, occiput extending one-third
the length of an eye behind them and subtruncate in dorsal as-
pect, hind margin of head nearly straight ; eyes with sparse,
microscopic pubescence ; front broad, nearly three times the
width of an eye ; frontal triangle large, occupying most of front,
narrowly separated from eyes and of nearly equal width through-
out, only slightly tapered and ending broadly anteriorly, ex-
tending shelflike over the antennal bases ; surface of triangle
smooth and polished, with two rows of piliferous punctures along
each side, one on the very edge ; head in profile almost 1.5 times
as long as high, face extremely oblique because of projecting
front, and the vibrissal angle obtuse ; long axis of eye diagonal ;
cheek narrow, one-fourth the height of an eye and one-fifth the
height of head ; face narrow, polished, with sharp facial carina
and deep antennal grooves ; median clypeal plate large, polished,
appearing continuous with face ; oral opening small, mouthparts
likewise. Antennae with third segment as long as broad, but
not completely orbicular ; arista pubescent. Chaetotaxy of head
weakly developed, only the outer vertical bristles strong, the
proclinate and divergent ocellars and the postverticals but little
stronger and longer than frontal hairs.

Mesonotum narrow, 1 .24 times as long as broad, with numer-
ous strong piliferous punctures ; thorax shining, with gray to-
mentum only on notopleuron, narrowly above base of wing, post-
erodorsal corner of mesopleuron and anterodorsal corner of
pteropleuron, squamopleuron, narrow prescutellar area, and scu-

Ixxiij ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 23

tellum; latter relatively large, broadly rounded apically, evenly
convex without distinct margins, the median area slightly rugose
and with numerous hairs. Chaetotaxy : 1 + 2 notopleural, 1
postalar, 1 subapical and 1 apical scutellar pairs of bristles, only
the lower posterior notopleural, postalar and apical scutellars
strong; apical scutellars well separated, the subapicals close to
apicals but weak and scarcely distinguishable from hairs.

FIG. 1. Stenoscinis adachiae, n. sp. Side vie\v, the head turned slightly
to show the large frontal triangle.

Abdomen slender and elongate, narrower than thorax and
nearly twice as long.

Legs relatively slender and elongate, the hind legs especially
so ; "sensory area" on hind tibia narrow, barely over one-fourth
the length of tibia.

Wing as figured (fig. 1'), the second costal sector only slightly
longer than third sector, first posterior cell broadening distally,
fore crossvein beyond middle of discal cell, and anal region of
wing narrow.

Length of body and wing, 3.5 nun. (male), 4 mm. (female).

Holotype, male, allotype, and one paratypc (male), Catalina
Mts., ARIZONA (Milepost 10, Hitchcock Highway), Aug. 13,
1958 (M. Adachi). Type Xo. 65458 in the U. S. National
Museum.

24 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS | fail., 1961

New North American Records of Pepsinae and

Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera:

Pompilidae)

By FRANK E. KURCZEWSKI, Allegheny College,
Meadville, Pennsylvania *

The records presented below are based upon two summers'
collecting in Erie and Crawford Counties, Pennsylvania. The
majority of specimens were captured on flowers while a few
were taken nesting.

This list is presented with hopes of rilling in existing gaps in
the western Pennsylvania collecting records. The record for
Ageniella julgijrons is believed to be the most northern in
northeastern United States while that for Chirodainus fort is is
believed to be the most northern, definite record of its range
in North America. There has been one collection of C. fortis
labelled vaguely "NY" (Leonard, M. D. 1926. A List of the
Insects of New York, Ithaca, N. Y.).

Subfamily Pepsinae

Chlrodamus fortis (Cresson). Crawford Co., Cambridge
Springs, June 29, 1 male on Pastinaca sativa. Frenchtown,
July 3, 1 male on Salicaceae.

Priocnemioides unifasciatits nnifasciotus (Say). Erie Co., Erie,
July 22-August 8, 3 males and 2 females on Daucus carota.

Priocnemis minorata Banks. Crawford Co., Blooming Valley,
May 3, 1 female under dead leaves on forest floor, 1 male as
it alighted on violet leaf. Frenchtown, May 4— May 8, 1
female under dead leaves on forest floor, 1 female from moist
mud near water puddle, 1 male on dead leaves near stream,
1 male in flight.

Priocnemis cornica (Say). Crawford Co., Meadville, Septem-
ber 30, 2 females on gravelly, sunny bank dragging small
Lycosidae, probably Pardosa sp., backwards.

1 Present address : Department of Entomology, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York.

I should like to express my appreciation to Dr. R. E. Bugbee, Alle-
gheny College, for his encouragement and for reading the manuscript
and to Dr. Howard E. Evans, Cornell University, for checking the identi-
ties of the species involved and for advice regarding the latest taxonomic
reviews on the subject.

IxxiiJ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Calicurgus hyalinatus alienatus (Smith). Crawford Co., Mead-
ville, June 23, 1 female on outside of window. Cambridge
Springs, June 29, 1 female on Pastinaca saliva.

Dipogon sayi sa\i Banks. Erie Co., Presque Isle State Park,
June 8, 1 female running over trunks of freshly-cut trees.

Phanagenia bombycina (Cresson). Crawford Co., Meadville,
October 30?, 1 female, no other data (L. M. Byers, col-
lector) .

Auplopus architectus architectus (Say). Crawford Co., Mead-
ville, May 19, 1 female as it alighted on ivy leaf.

Auplopus nigrellus? (Banks). Crawford Co., Meadville, Oc-
tober 6, 1 female, no other data (L. W. Byers, collector).

Ageniella fulgifrons (Cresson). Erie Co., Erie, July 25, 1 fe-
male on Daucus carota.

Subfamily Ceropalinae

Ccropales maculata fraterna Smith. Erie Co., Erie, August 16,
1 male on Daucus carota. Crawford Co., Cambridge Springs,
June 29, 1 female on Pastinaca sativa.

Ccropales bipunctata bipunctata Say. Crawford Co., Meadville,
August 20, 1 male on Solidago sp.

Host Specificity of Fleas from Kangaroo Rats

By C. ANDRESEN HUBBARD, Tigard 23, Oregon

With the exception of the siphonapterist few naturalists rec-
ognize the specificity of a flea to its natural host. While work-
ing the fleas of the kangaroo rats of northern California these
last few months the writer made his way into Surprise Valley
in extreme northeastern Modoc county. The Valley, a few
miles more than 60 long and at no point more than a stone's
throw west of Nevada, has on its floor three dry lakes (alkali
flats most of the year) named, of course, Upper, Middle, and
Lower Lake. To the west are the high Warner Mountains,
to the east what natives call the Nevada Hills. Cedarville, the
chief town in the valley, is at the north end of Middle Lake and
farther north by 25 miles is Fort Bidwell at the north end of
Upper Lake. There is no natural barrier of any type between
the towns.

26 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1961

During mid October 1960 the writer trapped 9 kangaroo rats
east of Cedarville in the sand beyond the bed of Middle Lake,
and a like number of them 4 miles east and north of Fort Bid-
well. About 2 dozen fleas were removed from each batch.

Several days later in his laboratory, with the kangaroo rats
still quite alive and comfortable, the writer processed the fleas
and found that the Cedarville specimens were carrying only
Meringis dipodomys, and that the Fort Bidwell specimens car-
ried only Meringis cummingi, the former the flea of the kangaroo
rat Dipodomys microps, the latter the flea of the kangaroo rat
Dipodomys hcnnanni. But all mammalian records said Surprise
Valley housed only Dipodomys microps. Had the fleas made a
mistake? The writer hardly thought so, and therefore, even
though the 18 kangaroo rats from Surprise Valley all looked
alike, they were destined to be shipped alive to Dr. Murray
Johnson, surgeon of Tacoma, Washington, working at the Uni-
versity of Puget Sound on National Science Foundation Project
10831 "serum proteins and hemoglobin electrophoresis of mam-
mals." Dr. Johnson after processing the kangaroo rats re-
ported to the writer that the fleas had not made a mistake, that
the specimens from Cedarville were Dipodomys microps aqni-
lonius and that the specimens from Fort Bidwell were Dipo-
domvs hcnnanni (Northern California kangaroo rat).

This short paper is the second of a series to be published by
the writer under National Science Foundation Grant B 8645 on
American fleas ; it shows the specificity of these fleas to their
host, and expands without doubt the range of the kangaroo rat
Dipodomys hcnnanni southeast from Swan Lake Valley, Ore-
gon, where Applegate collected it in 1898 and where the writer
has collected it year after year, by 100 miles or so to the south
and east, probably out of Oregon through the northern draw
into Surprise Valley, California, and with the kangaroo rat its
flea Meringis cummingi. Since there is no break in the terrain
this kangaroo rat and its flea probably range east into Nevada
where the host and its hitch-hiker have not yet been recorded.
The records :

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 27

Meringis dipodomys Kohls 1938

From 9 Dipodomys microps aquilonius (Chisel tooth kan-
garoo rat), Cedarville, Modoc county, California, October 16,
1960, 20 males, 18 females, as follows, 1-2-4-6-1-0-16-4-4.

Meringis cummingi (C. Fox) 1926

From 9 Dipodomys hermanni calif ornicus (Northern Cali-
fornia kangaroo rat), Fort Bidwell, Modoc county, California,
October 17, 1960, 12 males, 11 females, as follows, 6-2-0-12-2-
0-0-1-0.

The skins of the above hosts are in the collection of the
museum of University of Puget Sound, the fleas are divided
evenly between the United States National Museum and the
British Museum.

Notes and News in Entomology

Under this heading we present from time to time, notes, news, and
comments. Contributions from readers are earnestly solicited and will
be acknowledged when used.

IVth International Congress U. I, E. I. S.

The International Union for the Study of Social Insects asks
that applications for the reading of papers at the Fourth Inter-
national Congress be sent in as soon as possible, and not later
than March 31st. The Congress will be held in Pavia, Sep-
tember 9th to 14th, 1961. It is planned to present symposia on
endocrinology, caste differentiation, symbiosis, and on gregari-
ousness and sub-social states. Sections will be held on termites,
ants, bees and wasps, and on applied research. Publication of
the Proceedings is assured. Applications for membership in
the Congress (full members, $8.00, Associate, $4.00) should be
made before April 30th. Membership cards will be mailed,
and applications for accommodations in hotels and University
Colleges. Address: Segreteria del IV Congresso Internazionale
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

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Vol. LXXII No. 2

CONTENTS

Crabill — Catalogue of the Schendylinae, etc 29

Nomenclature Notice 36

Tilclen — Studies in the genus Ochlodes, II 37

Bradley — The Vienna Congress 46

Musser — Dragonfly records from Utah 53

Review — Forest and shade tree entomology 55

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXII FEBRUARY, 1961 No. 2

A Catalogue of the Schendylinae of North America

including Mexico, with a Generic Key and

Proposal of a New Simoporus *

(Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha :

Schendylinae)

By R. E. CRABILL, JR., Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D. C.

As I have suggested in a previous paper, the chilopod fauna
of the montane southeastern United States appears, on the one
hand, to be linked with the faunas of northwestern America and
eastern Asia, and, on the other hand, with those of the south-
western United States and lands to the south (1958, p. 153).
It also has its own apparently distinctive faunal elements.

The idea was advanced with particular reference to the centi-
pedes of the middle and southern Appalachian Mountains, but
evidently it may also be true at least of some part of the chilo-
pod fauna inhabiting the Ozark Plateau, a sizeable and very
ancient highland just west of the great Mississippi Embayment
that may have served as an elevated route of dispersal into the
Midwest from the southwestern part of the continent and, in
some instances, even from the Mexican Plateau.2

1 This study was undertaken with the aid of a grant from the National
Science Foundation.

2 Since we are dealing with animals of low vagility and, like plants,
restricted in distribution by often highly specialized edaphic and environ-
mental moisture requirements, it is of particular interest to note that there
is a number of flowering plants whose ranges extend to or toward Texas,
or through Texas into Mexico. For particular information on Ozark
Plateau plant names, distributions, and possible origins, see Palmer and
Steyermark, 1935, especially pp. 414-417.

(29)

30 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1961

Through the continuing kindness of Dr. Nell B. Causey, a
prominent authority on diplopods and an energetic collector, I
have been able recently to study several small but valuable col-
lections of Arkansas chilopods. This material has facilitated the
accumulation of a significant body of heretofore unknown infor-
mation about this poorly-known but geographically meaningful
fauna. Range extensions with the discovery of many new locali-
ties, clarification of old and often questionable species identities,
the discovery of new forms, important new synonymizations and
combinations, new variational data — -all have resulted from the
study of the Causey specimens ; much of this information is
scheduled to appear in several papers which are in preparation
at the time of this writing.

From the standpoint of distribution and faunal affinity, sev-
eral of the Causey centipedes are of particular interest : a himan-
tariid, Stenophilus grenadae (Chamberlin),3 previously known
from one Mississippi specimen whose original description for
many years precluded its disposition within the generic system;
a rare sogonid, Sogona poretha (Chamberlin),4 otherwise rep-
resented only by the typical series from Louisiana ; a chilenophi-
line, Watophilus (Paraivatophilus) dolichocephalus (Gunthorp),
known only from the Kansan types ; a dignathodontid, Toino-
taenia (Korynia) uranla Crabill, known only from Missouri.
Each is a member either of a higher category or of a genus that
is especially characteristic of the West and Southwest, or of
the Southwest and Mexico. To this growing list may now be
added an additional striking example, a new schendyline, the
third-known member of its genus, Siinoporus arcanus.

The schendyline 5 genus Simorporus belongs to that ensemble

3 New combination. The species was originally referred to Haplo-
plillus (Chamb., 1912b, p. 435).

4 New combination. Originally placed in a new monotypic geophilid
genus, Nannocriv (Chamberlin, 1912b, p. 432), poretha here is considered
congeneric with the type-species of Sogona, S. minima Chamberlin ; hence
Nannocri.r is a junior subjective synonym of Sogona.

5 The present higher categorical interpretation follows that of Attems
who considered Schendylidae to be divisible into two subfamilies, Schen-
dylinae and Ballophilinae. Chamberlin, on the contrary, accords to each
of these subfamilies full family rank.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 31

of predominantly tropical and subtropical genera 6 characterized
by possession of the following features in combination : each
coxopleuron has 1, 2, or no gland openings; the second maxil-
lary claws are pectinate ; the ultimate leg pretarsi are present and
unguiform. In America south through Mexico these genera are
Mexiconyx, Morunguis, Nesonyx, Parungiiis, Nyctunguis, and
Simoporus. (See appended catalogue and notes on Holitys.)

Originally described from Texas, Simorporus was next re-
corded from northeastern Mexico : now, for the first time, its
range may be extended farther eastward and well northward to
the general area of the Boston Mountains in northwestern Ar-
kansas. The evidence seems to indicate a fairly extensive pat-
tern of dispersal, one rather reminescent of that of the Sogonidae
whose more northerly American distribution, broadly speaking,
ranges from Mexico through the Gulf States with incursions into
the midwestern and southeastern United States.

The new species, arcanus, is apparently most like the Mexican
koestneri Chamberlin, from which it may be distinguished by
the criteria presented in the underlying key to the known species.

Key to the Species of Simoporus

la. Pedal segments numbering 55-61. Mandibular teeth not

fused into distinct dentate lamellae (Texas)

texanus Chamberlin

Ib. Pedal segments numbering 39 or 41. Some mandibular
teeth (at least in arcanus) fused into distinct and typical
dentate lamellae 2

2a. Prosternal margin antero-centrally with a pair of flat and
small but distinct denticles. 1st maxillae with a pair of
distinct telopodite lappets. Male types with 39 pairs of
legs (Arkansas) arcanus, new species

2b. Prosternal margin antero-centrally without denticles. 1st
maxillary telopodites reportedly without lappets (i.e., like
those of Verhoeff's figure of dampfi, q.v. in catalogue of

species). Male types with 41 pairs of legs (Mexico)

koestneri Chamberlin

6 They are tropical or subtropical from the standpoint of their lati-
tudinal distribution. Many are known from high elevations and are
probably cold-adapted.

32 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1961

Simoporus arcanus, new species

Holotype : J1. ARKANSAS : Washington Co., 4 miles west of
Farmington. June 16, 1950. Nell B. Causey, leg. U. S. Na-
tional Museum Myriapod collection 2598.

INTRODUCTORY. Length, 10 mm. Pedal segments, 39. Body
shape : Very slightly attenuate anteriorly, more strongly so
posteriorly; widest at f the antero-posterior length. Color,
light brownish-yellow throughout.

ANTENNAE. Length (expanded in Hoyer's mountant), 1.34
mm. Shape : Each article except the first longer than wide ; as
a whole, filiform ; ultimate article equal in length to the pre-
ceding two taken together. Vestiture : Sparser on the first 4
or 5, thereafter denser and individually shorter. Ultimate arti-
cle sensilla : On outer surface only ; about a dozen robust, flat
and hyaline modified setae arising from a slight ovate depres-
sion. CEPHALIC PLATE. Length, 0.38 mm, greatest width, 0.34
mm. Shape : Sides strongly curved ; rear margin slightly con-
cave to reveal full width of prebasal plate; dorsally somewhat
domed. Coarsely areolate ; setae very spare and short. Frontal
suture absent ; posterior divergent sulci very shallow and weak,
each is broad. CLYPEUS (fig. 4). Paraclypeal sutures distinct
and complete. Clypeal surface coarsely areolate ; without smooth
areas (plagulae), without clypeal areas anterocentrally. Setae:
postantennals in one series, 1 + 1 ; posterior geminates (pre-
labrals), 1 + 1 ; midclypeals, in two series, 2+ 2, 3 + 3. Buc-
cae : Each coarsely areolate ; transbuccal sutures absent ; setae
absent. LABRUM (fig. 4). Intimately fused with clypeus, not
separated from it by sutures. Central embay ment broad, even,
deep, the teeth numbering about 18, lateral teeth longer and
thinner, the more central teeth shorter and more robust, the
latter distinctly separated from each other, not fused or forming
a crenulate margin. MANDIBLES. Each with two weak but dis-
tinct dentate lamellae plus a row of simple hyaline individually
discrete teeth. Lamellar teeth of right mandible, 3,3 ; of the
left, 3,4. FIRST MAXILLAE (fig. 1). Coxosternum broad, me-
dially undivided, not suturate ; without coxosternal lappets ; me-
dial lobes discrete. Each telopodite distinctly biarticulate, with

Ixxii]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

33

a prominent but concealed lappet. SECOND MAXILLAE (fig. 1).
Isthmus very broad, not suturate, coarsely and strongly areolate.
Postmaxillary sclerites attached weakly, terminal in position.
Telopodite basally bicondylic; terminal claw broadly spoon-
shaped, excavate, each edge with a row of long, delicate pectinae.

y/-U-/

Simoporus arcanns new species

1. First and second maxillae. (Ventral aspect; left halves.) Setae
deleted, a = metameric pore opening, b = postmaxillary sclerite.

2. Ultimate pedal and postpedal segments. (Ventral aspect.) Setae of
right side shown, a = ultimate pedal presternite. b = ultimate pedal
sternite covering concealed coxopleural pore (in dashed line), c = geni-
tal sternite. d=(in stipple) male intromittent apparatus, e = left gono-
pod.

3. Prosternum and right prehensor. (Ventral aspect; right side.)
Setae deleted. Poison gland in dashed lines, poison calyx and its efferent
canal shown in stipple.

4. Clypeus, labrum, buccae. (Ventral aspect.) Setae shown, a = left
paraclypeal suture, b = left labral sidepiece. c = left labral f ultura,
posterior arm. d =epipharynx.

34 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1961

PROSTERNUM (fig. 3). Anterior margin centrally with a pair
of very low, rather broad, but distinct and pigmented denticles.
Subcondylic sclerotic lines absent. Pleuroprosternal sutures
prominent, complete to antero-lateral margin. PREHENSORS
(fig. 3). When flexed, not surpassing anterior margin of head.
No article with denticles. Tarsungular dorsal and ventral edges
not serrulate; division between ungular and tarsal portion indi-
cated by a weak but nearly complete vestigial suture. Poison
calyx ovoid in outline, with relatively long, blunt digitiform ap-
pendices; situated in tibioid. Poison gland long and narrow,
extending out of the trochanteroprefemur and well into the
adjacent somite.

TERGITES. Basal plate anteriorly concave, revealing prebasal
plate. Each tergite except basal plate and last pedal tergite with
a pair of deep, complete sulci. Coarsely areolate and very
sparsely setose. SPIRACLES. Those of first 3-5 segments sub-
circular; remaining spiracles essentially circular. STERNITES.
Each but the first and last much longer than wide ; coarsely areo-
late and very sparsely setose ; without apparent sulci ; without
typical carpophagus-structnres. Intercalary sternites undivided
midlongitudinally ; those on rear §'s of body very long front-to-
back, bandlike. Porefields : Beginning on pedal sternite 2 and
extending through 15; each is undivided and subcircular to
slightly antero-posteriorly oval in shape; each field is slightly
post-central in position and is very slightly raised.

ULTIMATE PEDAL SEGMENT (fig. 2). Pretergite separated
from its pleurites by a distinct suture on each side. Tergite
much broader than long ; sides straight and convergent ; rear mar-
gin essentially truncate. Presternite antero-posteriorly very long ;
bandlike, centrally undivided, not suturate. Sternite much wider
than long ; sides straight and convergent ; rear margin essen-
tially straight. Coxopleuron : With one circular, porelike open-
ing concealed completely beneath the sternite ; this pore com-
municating with a tubular chamber which is part of a large
glandular structure of the homogenous type. Ultimate leg:
About 25% longer than the penult; moderately inflated; tarsus
consisting of two articles ; pretarsus is large and distinctly ungui-

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 35

form ; the two tarsal articles abruptly thinner than the more
proximal articles; trochanter through tibia clothed subdensely
with short, bristlelike setae, the tarsus with longer and fewer
setae ; dorsally all articles sparsely clothed with long stiff setae.

POSTPEDAL SEGMENTS (fig. 2). Gonopod biarticulate but
very indistinctly so; long and narrow. Terminal pores absent.

Paratype : J1. See collection data for holotype. The only
other specimen is virtually identical with the holotype. It
differs only in being somewhat lighter in color.

KEY TO THE SCHENDYLINE GENERA OF NORTH AMERICA

INCLUDING MEXICO

la. Each coxopleuron with more than 2 gland openings ; the
openings are true pores and are normally numerous. Ulti-
mate pretarsus is unguiform (Escaryus, Apunguis} 2

Ib. Each coxopleuron with 1 or 2, or with no gland openings;
the openings are either typical pores, being small and essen-
tially round, or they are larger and cleft- or slit-like aper-
tures. Ultimate pretarsus, when present, is either ungui-
form or tuberculate 3

2a. Second maxillary claw is pectinate

Escaryus Cook and Collins

2b. Second maxillary claw is smooth. . . . Apunguis Chamberlin

3a. Each coxopleuron without a gland opening. Second max-
illary claw is pectinate. Ultimate pretarsus is present and
unguiform Nesonyx Chamberlin

3b. Each coxopleuron has 1 gland opening; this is often con-
cealed and usually pore-like. Second maxillary claw is pec-
tinate. Ultimate pretarsus is present and unguiform (Sinio-
porus, Me.vicony.v, Montnguis) 4

3c. Each coxopleuron has 2 gland openings. Second maxillary
claw is pectinate or smooth. Ultimate pretarsus, when pres-
ent, is unguiform or tuberculate (Pantngitis, Semtnguis,
Nyctungitis, Schendyla, Pectiniunguis] 6

4a. Ventral porefields are absent on all pedal sternites

Morunguis Chamberlin

4b. Ventral porefields are present on at least the more anterior
pedal sternites (but they may occur on most or all ster-
nites ) 5

5a. Prehensors when flexed extend far beyond the anterior head
margin Mexiconyx Chamberlin

36 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1961

5b. Prehensors when flexed do not extend beyond the anterior

head margin and may fall short of it

Simoporus Chamberlin

6a. Ventral porefields absent on all pedal sternites (Serrun-
guis, Parunguis} 7

6b. Ventral porefieTds present on most or all, or at least on the
more anterior pedal sternites (Nyctimgiiis, Schcndyla, Pec-
tiniungitis) 8

7a. Second maxillary claws are pectinate. Ultimate pretarsus
is small, weak, and unguiform. Prehensorial blade edges
apparently not serrulate Parunguis Chamberlin

7b. Second maxillary claws are smooth. Ultimate pretarsus is
slender and tuberculate. Prehensorial blade edges are
serrulate Serrunguis Chamberlin

Sa. Second maxillary claws are smooth. Ultimate pretarsus is
absent Schendyla Bergsoe and Meinert

Sb. Second maxillary claws are pectinate. Ultimate pretarsus
is absent, or minute and vestigial, or present and ungui-
form 9

9a. Ultimate pretarsus is present and unguiform. Coxopleural
gland pits are homogenous, i.e., lack constituent gland
canals Nyctunguis Chamberlin

9b. Ultimate pretarsus is absent or present ; if present, then it
is vestigial and essentially tuberculate. Coxopleural gland
pits are heterogenous, i.e., are composed of constituent
glands and large gland canals Pectiniunguis Bollman

(To be continued)

Nomenclature Notice

All comments should be marked with the Commission's num-
ber and sent in duplicate to W. E. CHINA, British Museum
(Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7, England,
before June 5, 1961. Comments received early enough will be
published in the Bulletin. For details see Bull. Zool. Nomencl.
18 (1-3).

Suppression of 56 generic names published by Meigen, 1800
(Diptera) (Z.N.(S.) 191). Validation of the generic name
Myelophilus EichofT, 1878 (Coleoptera) (Z.N.(S.) 467).
Designation of a type-species for Euceraphis Walker, 1870
(Hemiptera) (Z.N.(S.) 1363). Validation of the generic name
Perla Geoffroy, 1762 (Plecoptera) (Z.N.(S.) 1451).

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 37

Studies in the Genus Ochlodes Scudder. II. The

Type Material of the North American

Species (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)

By J. W. TILDEN, San Jose State College,
San Jose, California

The first paper of this series dealt with the distribution of
Ochlodes yuma (Edw.). This paper deals with the location of
type specimens of the North American species of the genus.

The names proposed by W. H. Edwards do not have desig-
nated holotypes, since the practice of designating individual
specimens as holotypes was not general at that time. Rather,
whatever specimens were before Edwards at the time he penned
his descriptions, were all considered equal, that is, cotypes or
syntypes. If there existed but a single unique specimen it is
automatically the holotype under existing rules. Where two or
more specimens are known to exist, it seems desirable to desig-
nate one of these as the lectotype of the name.

It has been called to my attention by F. M. Brown, that
C. L. Remington (1947) published an excerpt from the minutes
of the Cambridge Entomological Club, as follows : a "collection
of butterflies, containing the types of seventy rare species of
Hesperia" had been on board the ship Pomerania when she was
lost. One may postulate that this unfortunate event is responsi-
ble at least in part for the difficulty encountered in tracing and
recognizing some of the specimens upon which W. H. Edwards
based his names.

The names that in the Checklist of Lepidoptera of Canada and
the United States of America (McDunnough, 1938) are con-
sidered as belonging to the genus Ochlodes Scudder follow :

morrisoni Edw. verus Edw.

sylvanoides Bdv. milo Edw.

pratinicola Bdv. snowi Edw.

nemorum Bdv. yuma Edw.

agricola Bdv. scuddcri Skin.

napa Edw. francisca Ploetz
yreka Edw.

38 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1961

To these, Evans (1955) has added another:

amanda Ploetz

An attempt has been made to locate the type material of each
name and to discuss its status, but this paper is not concerned
with the ascertaining of the number of valid species or subspe-
cies represented by these names. This must wait on further
study.

Pamphila morrisoni Edw. 1878 was described "from several
examples taken by Mr. Morrison in Southern Colorado." Mor-
risoni was included in Pamphila (Hesperia in the current sense),
by Lindsey (1921). In 1931, Lindsey, Bell and Williams re-
moved it to Ochlodes. Evans (torn, cit., p. 317) erected for
its reception the monobasic genus Stinga. Since morrisoni has
been somewhat anomalous in the genera in which it has pre-
viously been included, perhaps the solution offered by Evans
is as good as any.

The types of the Boisduval names, sylvanoides, agricola, ne-
tnontm and pratincola, are deposited in the British Museum
(Natural History) in London, England, whence they came
through the purchase in 1931 of portions of the Oberthur col-
lection. Information on this point, and citation of the type
specimens under each name, are presented by Evans (toni cit.*).

Boisduval's description of Hesperia sylvanoides, 1852, in-
cludes the description of both sexes. No definite locality nor
number of specimens appears in the description. But his com-
ment, "Assez commune en Mai," is puzzling, in view of the gen-
erally accepted use of this name for a late-flying insect.

Hesperia agricola Bdv. 1852 was described from the male
only. Boisduval writes "Je ne connais pas la femelle." The
description gives no clue as to the exact locality nor to the num-
ber of males at hand. The above remarks apply equally well to
the description of Hesperia nemorum Bdv. 1852, of which he
says "Nous n'avons pas vu la Femelle." Hesperia pratincola
Bdv. 1852 was described from both sexes, but again without
exact locality nor number of specimens. However, in view of
Boisduval's practice of designating holotypes, there seems to be

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 39

no reason to doubt the authenticity or proper designation of
any of his types of American 0 Modes.

Concerning the names proposed by W. H. Edwards, more
confusion exists. Specimens that may be regarded as most
likely to include type material of these names, exist among the
collections of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Correspondence with curators of other museums has failed to
reveal specimens equally deserving of consideration in this re-
spect, for the names napa, yreka, inilo and verus. Each will be
dealt with below.

Hesperia napa Edw. 1864 was described from specimens
"Taken by Mr. Ridings at Empire City, Colorado Territory."
Since both sexes are described, Edwards had before him at least
a pair, but the number of specimens is not stated. Corre-
spondence has failed to reveal specimens known definitely to
have been collected by Ridings. Dr. Clench informs me that
there are in the Carnegie Museum, four specimens representing
the name napa Edw., two males and two females. The Ridings
collection supposedly came in its entirety to the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, but Mr. James A. G. Rehn
states (in lift.) that "what is certain is that in our series [of
napa Edw.] there is no material which we can definitely say
came as part of the Ridings collection." Mr. Rehn considers it
probable that this material was not returned to Ridings by
Edwards. Since a great part of the Edwards collection went
to the Carnegie Museum, it is suggested that the specimens of
napa housed there represent at least a part of the Ridings mate-
rial as described by Edwards. From the previously mentioned
four specimens, the first specimen is hereby selected as the lecto-
type of napa Edw. It is a male bearing the following labels :
(1) "Napa, Colo," penned in W. H. Edwards' handwriting (2)
"Collection of W. H. Edwards," letterpress in box (3) "Prob-
able type of Napa, M. W. D., 1955," written in pencil by B. W.
Dixon.

Hesperia yreka Edw. 1866 was described from "San Fran-
cisco" without reference to the number of specimens at hand.
This name is represented in the Carnegie Museum by an unique

40 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1961

male, with one antenna, and with mesothoracic and metathoracic
legs missing on one side, but with abdomen present, and other-
wise in good condition. It bears the labels (1) "nemorum
yreka ES. Cala" and (2) "Collection W. H. Edwards." Since
it is an unique, it may very well be the original type, but to
prevent future misunderstandings it is hereby designated as the
lectotype of yreka Edwards. The collector is not stated, but
both Kennicott and Bischoff are known to have supplied Ed-
wards with material from the San Francisco area.

Pamphila verus Edw. 1881 was described "From 1 male, 1
female, taken at Havilah, California ; and in the collection of
Mr. Henry Edwards." In the Carnegie Museum are two speci-
mens, one male, one female. The female has antennae and
abdomen but is missing four legs. The male has one antenna,
the other being replaced by a bristle (!). All the legs are
present. The abdomen is missing but I am informed by Clench
that no genitalic preparation of this specimen is known to exist.
This male bear the labels: (1) "6668," (2) "Havilah, Calif.,"
(3) "Verus So. Cala," (4) "Collection of W. H. Edwards,"
and (5) "Butterfly Book PI. 52, fig. 42." It is regrettable that
this male is missing the abdomen, but since it is highly probable
that this is the actual male upon which the description of verus
is based, and considering that it is the specimen figured by
Holland (1930), this male is hereby designated as the lectotype
of verus Edwards.

Pamphila milo Edw. 1883 was described "From 1 male, from
Mt. Hood, Oregon." In the Carnegie Museum there is an
unique male bearing the labels: (1) "Milo W. T. Mor.," (2)
"Collection W. H. Edwards," and (3) "Butterfly Book PI. 52,
Fig. 44." It is to be noted that Edwards did not mention in
his description that the specimen was collected by Morrison.
Except for this, it seems probable that the specimen under con-
sideration is the original type of milo Edwards. For uniform-
ity, this male is hereby designated as the lectotype of milo
Edwards.

Specimens of Pamphila snowi Edw. 1877 exist in the col-
lections of several institutions, but those in the collection of the

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 41

University of Kansas seem most plausibly to contain a specimen
which may be one of those before Edwards when he penned his
description. Edwards described snowi "From 2 males sent me
by Prf. F. H. Snow, and taken by him in Colorado, at Ute Pass,
while in charge of the Kansas University Expedition, 1876.
No others were taken, as I am informed." Three specimens
are in the collections of the University of Kansas. One is
labelled "So. Arizona, Poling." A second is labelled: (1)
"Near Hot Springs, N. M., 7.000 ft., July '82. F. H. Snow,"
(2) "15," and (3) Ochlodes snowi Scudd. det. A. W. Lindsey
1938." These two specimens are excluded from consideration
since the type material came from Colorado. Moreover the
first specimen is collected by Poling and the second is a female
taken six years later than the types were cited as being collected.
The third specimen is a male, bearing the labels: (1) "Col.
Snow," (2) Pamphila snowi Edw. 523," and (3) "Ochlodes
snozvi Scudd. det. A. W. Lindsey 1938." Dr. George W. Byers
of the University of Kansas tells me (in lift.) that none of these
three specimens bears type labels nor is catalogued in the type
file. Edwards mentions specifically, two type specimens. The
location of the second specimen has not to date been found ; it
may be lost. Was it on the ill-fated Pomerania? Since this
third specimen was collected by Snow, and is not definitely
stated to be of another time and place than those mentioned
by Edwards in his description, it is hereby designated as the
lectotype of snowi Edwards.

It is interesting to note the determination labels "Ochlodes
snowi Scudd. (sic!) det. A. W. Lindsey 1938." Byers had no
information on this point. Dr. Lindsey himself informs me
(in lift.) that he did not know he had inadvertently made this
slip, until it was called to his attention.

Edwards described Hesperia yuma Edw. 1873 "From a sin-
gle male received from Arizona by Lieut. Wheeler's expedition
of 1871." This unique type no longer exists. Holland (1930,
p. 379) states that the type is "mysteriously missing." This
statement is most interesting in view of a part of a letter to
Holland from Edwards, the substance of which has kindly been

42 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1961

made available to me by F. M. Brown. This letter, dated "11
Dec. '85," reads in part : "Hesp. Yuma one $, Lost by fire
which destroyed the Express car, about 1873 or 74, & burned
a lot of Arizona things I had just reed. These were in transit
to Scudder. Have never seen the species since." It would
appear that the elderly Holland by 1930 had forgotten this
earlier note from Edwards. Ochlodcs yuma is not mentioned
in the first edition of the Butterfly Book.

Tilden (1958, pp. 151-152) has assembled a list of known
specimens of yuma Edw., both in museums and in a number of
private collections. Brown (1958, pp. 153-154) has traced the
route of the Wheeler expedition and the dates at which it visited
the areas of southwestern United States where the type of yuina
Edw. might have been taken. These authors agree that the
stated type locality, Arizona, seems unlikely. It is much more
plausible to consider that the type specimen may have been
taken in Inyo County, California. The Wheeler expedition
ended in Arizona. This appears to be the most likely reason
for labelling the collections of this expedition as having been
taken in Arizona. As has been suggested for other names than
ymna Edw. (e.g., the nymphalid name apacJicana Skinner) it
would seem that this procedure is at least partly in error.

Therefore it is suggested, that until further information is
obtained, Inyo County, California, be regarded as the type local-
ity of yuina Edw. The reasons for this suggestion are cogent
(see Brown, op. ciL). Only if incontrovertible evidence, favor-
ing Arizona as the type locality, should be brought forward,
would it seem desirable to set aside this change in type locality.

A specimen of the fall brood of OcJilodes yuma, taken in the
general vicinity of where the Wheeler Expedition crossed the
area, has been selected. It is a male, and differs from the de-
scription of ymna Edw. only in having dark wing borders. The
lost type was evidently a worn specimen. Fresh specimens of
yuma nearly always have narrow dark borders. This specimen
bears the labels "Darwin Falls, Inyo Co., Calif., IX. 10.60,"
"J. W. Tilden Collector" and "Neotype of yuma Edw, desig.
J. W. Tilden 1960." This specimen is hereby designated as the

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 43

neotype of yuma Edw. to replace the original type believed to
have been destroyed by fire in 1873 or 1874. This specimen
will be deposited in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Penna.

The types of Pamphila scudderi Skinner 1899 are in the
collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania. Mr. Rehn has informed me that the labels are
in longhand without indication of collector and that the speci-
mens are in perfect condition. Gillham and Ehrlich (1954)
state that the male holotype is #7097. The labels bear the data :
"White R, Col., July 24- Aug. 13." The original description
says : "Described from a pair sent to me by Dr. S. H. Scudder
who has a good series in his collection. They were taken on
the White River. . . ."

It is not certain by whom these specimens were marked as
types. Nothing in Skinner's description states that he did so.
It is possible that it was done by R. C. Williams, Jr., who
worked at that institution. Search of the literature does not
clear up this point, and Mr. Rehn states that he does not know.
It is possible that the citation has never formally been published,
or that I have failed to find it. However, there seems to be no
reason to doubt the authenticity of the male holotype of scudderi,
and the present author agrees that these specimens are the
types of scudderi Skin.

The names proposed by Ploetz present a very difficult prob-
lem. Correspondence with Dr. W. Forster, of the Zoologische
Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates, and with Dr. H. J. Hanne-
mann, of the Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, have confirmed
the generally suspected conditions surrounding the published
names of Ploetz. In many cases no type specimens were desig-
nated. In other cases, the "types" were divided and sent to
different institutions. Many times water-color plates (Aquarel-
len) were made of the type specimens. These plates were in
some cases used in Seitz' Macrolepidoptera of the World. These
plates now exist in several museums of the world, not only in
Germany, but also in the British Museum (Natural History),
London, England, and in the Museum of Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
So far as can be ascertained, the type specimens of the two

44 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1961

Ploetz names with which this article is concerned, are not to
be found.

Francisca Ploetz 1883, by the nature of the description and
by the type locality (" Calif ornien, Mexico"), indicates a syno-
nym of sylvanoides Boisduval 1852. Since the type material of
francisca Ploetz has so far remained unlocated (if indeed it
exists), it seems necessary on the basis of the description to
retain the name francisca for consideration among those of North
American insects. The case for the name amanda Ploetz 1883
is less clear. This name was added to those of the North
American members of the genus Ochhdes by Evans (torn, cit.,
p. 343, 1955). Bell (1938) considers amanda Ploetz a ques-
tionable synonym of Hcspcria pazvnee (Dodge). Most other
American authors seem to have ignored the name. Evans' basis
is a copy of Ploetz' MS. figure in the British Museum (Natural
History). On the basis of the general lack of agreement as to
what Ploetz really had before him when he proposed the name
amanda, perhaps as good a disposition of the name as any is to
consider it a nonien dubium. This course is here adopted.

Except for the names proposed by Ploetz and concerning
which there is some doubt as to their disposition, there has been
no attempt in this paper to decide on the taxonomic validity of
any of the North American names in the genus Ochlodes. This
phase of the study is now under consideration but so far the
results are inconclusive.

The author gratefully acknowledges the help of the following
individuals and the institutions they represent : Dr. F. Martin
Brown, Fountain Valley School, Colorado Springs, Colo. ; Dr.
George F. Byers, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan. ; Dr.
Harry K. Clench, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Penna. ; Dr.
J. P. Darlington, Jr., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam-
bridge, Mass. ; B. W. Dixon, Pittsburgh, Penna. ; the late Briga-
dier W. H. Evans, British Museum (Natural History), Lon-
don, England ; Mr. W. D. Field, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D. C. ; Dr. W. Forster, Zoologische Sammlung
des Bayerischen Staates, Munchen, Germany ; Dr. H. J. Hanne-
mann, Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin, Germany ; Dr. Frederick

Ixxiij ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 45

H. Rindge, American Museum of Natural History, New York,
N. Y. ; Mr. James A. G. Rehn, Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, Penna. Each has contributed information that has
proven valuable. Special thanks are due to Dr. A. W. Lindsey,
Emeritus, Denison University, Granville, Ohio, for his many
kindnesses over the years.

LITERATURE CITED

BELL, E. L. 1938. The Hesperioidea. Bull. Cheyenne Mt. Mus. 1(1) :

23-24.

BOISDUVAL, COMTE BE. 1852. Ann. Ent. Soc. France (2)10, pp. 313-315.
BROWN, F. M. 1958. The type locality of Ochlodes yiima. Lep. News

11: 153-154.

EDWARDS, W. H. 1877. Can. Ent. 9 : 29.
1883. Can. Ent. 15: 34.
1878. Field and Forest 3: 116.
1864. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 4: 202.
1866. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 6: 207.
1873. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 4 : 346.
1881. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 9 : 4
EVANS, W. H. 1955. A catalogue of the American Hesperiidae, Part

IV, p. 317, 341-343.

GILLHAM, N. W. and P. R. EHRLICH. 1954. The butterfly types of
Henry Skinner and co-authors in the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 80: 91-117.
HOLLAND, W. J. 1930. The Butterfly Book, rev. ed. Pp. 377-380, &

plates.
LINDSEY, A. W. 1921. The Hesperioidea of America north of Mexico.

Univ. Iowa Studies in Nat. Hist. 9(4) : 75-77.

LINDSEY, A. W., E. L. BELL and R. C. WILLIAMS, JR. 1931. The Hes-
perioidea of North America. Denison Univ. Bull. Journ. Sci. Labs.
26 : 94-96.

PLOETZ, C. 1883. In Stett. Ent. Zcit. 44 : 220.
REMINGTON, C. L. 1947. (Quotation from minutes of the Cambridge Ent.

Club Proc. of 13 Dec. 1878.) In Lcp. News 1: 83.
SKINNER, H. 1899. Ent. News 10: 111.
1900. Ent. News 11, pi. II, figs. 9, 10.

TILDEN, J. W. 1958. Taxonomic history and distribution of Ochlodes
yuina. Lep. News 11: 151-152.

46 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1961

The Vienna Congress

For the eleventh time within this century the entomologists
of the world have assembled in conference to discuss their re-
search and problems, and to meet their world-wide colleagues.
This time the meeting was in Vienna, a city classical to adherents
of our science, because of the illustrious entomologists of the
past century who worked and published there. The growing
importance of these congresses is shown by the large attendance,
which this time almost reached the two thousand mark. The
unusually large number of North Americans in attendance was
certainly due to the liberality of our National Science Founda-
tion and National Institute of Health in awarding forty-one
travel grants.

This Congress was held under the presidency of Prof. Karl E.
Schedle, noted forest-entomologist, while Dr. Max Beier of the
Natural History Museum was Secretary General.

The scientific meetings were divided between the Natural
History Museum — the famed Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum of
former years — and the mid-Victorian building of the University,
which, with its high ceilings and great marble staircases, was
quite formidable to those who had to climb to lecture rooms
located up under the roof. Two other buildings were also used
to some extent.

The most unusual feature of this congress was the great num-
ber of symposia, seventeen in all. While these symposia dealt
with restricted topics, they did not, in general, deal with selected
aspects of a particular topic, so could possibly better have been
distributed under section headings. As there were only six
days of scientific sessions, the symposia had to be held concur-
rently, not only with the section meetings, but with each other.
Under the arrangement followed, identical subject matter was
sometimes simultaneously dealt with in both symposium and
section, as for example, all day Monday, the symposium on
chemistry of insects was running concurrently with the section
on physiology (morning, nourishment, and afternoon, histo-
chemistry).

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 47

In addition to the symposia, there were twenty-five sections
and subsections running more or less simultaneously with each
other and, as already noted, with the symposia. As these were
held in four buildings somewhat remote from one another, the
members who wished to pick and choose particular papers to
hear, were decidedly frustrated. Matters were made worse by
the fact that some members did not respond when their papers
were called.

I. THE SUBJECT MATTER

The scope of topics dealt with, both in symposia and sections,
will be apparent from what follows :

A. Systematic and General Entomology

Fundamental problems of systematics and nomenclature, Sym-
posium No. 17, was under the leadership of Professor E. Mar-
tini of Hamburg, who was the president of the Berlin Congress
in 1938. There were thirteen papers that, as could have been
anticipated, elicited long and vigorous discussion.

General systematic entomology — Section 1. Mr. H. J. Stam-
mer gave a paper on "New paths in insects systematics," Dr.
R. R. Sokol of the University of Kansas on, "Fundamentals of
quantitative systematics," Dr. A. Nielsen of Copenhagen gave
"Some thoughts on arthropod phylogeny," Mr. J. P. Cancelo
da Fonseca of England gave a critical essay on "The evolution
of insects," and Prof. R. M. Bohart, of the University of Cali-
fornia, gave a paper on "The art and practice of key-making."

Taxonomy of entomophagous insects, a symposium under the
leadership of Prof. Charles Ferriere, of Geneva, included six
papers. A notable one by Dr. Henry Townes, of Michigan,
outlined the results of many years research toward a more nat-
ural classification of the Ichneumonidae.

Paleontology, was under Prof. F. E. Zeuner of London, who
reported on Triassic insects from the Molteno beds of southern
Africa. Among other papers was one by Prof. Rohdendorf of

48 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1961

Moscow, on paleontological research in Russia, which, as every-
one knows, has been of great significance.

Hemimetdbola — Dr. V. M. Dirsch of London and Dr. A. G.
Sharov of Moscow, both presented papers on the classification
of orthopterous insects, while Mr. D. Lester of London spoke
on the higher taxonomy of Heteroptera. There were twenty-
three papers.

Three of the most primitive orders of winged insects were
each the subject of a special symposium, they could as well have
been made subsections of Section I. Ephemeroptera; there were
seven papers on taxonomy, biology and distribution; Plecoptera;
there were six papers on taxonomy, anatomy, and behavior, in-
cluding an important one by Dr. lilies of Plon in Germany on
the suborders and families ; Odonata; this consisted of eight
papers. One, on family classification, was by Prof. B. E. Mont-
gomery of Lafayette, Indiana.

Coleoptera. — Among the eighteen papers was one of "Prog-
ress toward a classification of Rhynchophora" by Dr. W. H.
Anderson of Washington.

Diptera. — Among nineteen papers two of the more general
ones on classification were by Prof. Rohdendorf of Moscow,
and by Dr. Curtis W. Sabrosky of Washington. A phylogenetic
system of syrphoids based on genitalia and larvae was offered
by Mr. S. Glumac.

Lepidoptera. — Included among nine papers, was one on the
classification of Tortricidae by A. Diakanoff of Leiden, and one
on a generic classification of the Papilionidae by K. H. Wilson
of the University of Kansas.

Hymenoptera. — There were eleven papers. Dr. J. R. T.
Short, of Aberdeen, presented "The taxonomy of Ichneumoni-
dae from the standpoint of larval characters." (Cj. Dr. Townes'
paper on the classification of that family in one of the symposia.)

Arachnida, had twelve papers.

B. Geographical Distribution
Section 4 had fifty-five papers, a very interesting program.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 49

C. Behavior and Social Insects

Section 5, had twenty-two papers.

Migration, a symposium, was under the leadership of Dr. B. P.
Uvarov of the British Museum, authority on migrating locusts.
There were twenty-three papers on this popular topic, and they
dealt with aerial dispersal and many other phases of the subject
in a wide variety of insects, from plant-lice to butterflies.

Host-seeking habits of mosquitoes, had seven papers.

D. Ecology

Soil insects, a symposium that was led by Professor Kiihnelt
of Vienna; eleven papers.

Insects of great cities. — This symposium had twelve papers
several of which dealt with applied entomology.

E. Anatomy, Embryology, Cytology, and Genetics

Anatomy and embryology. — This section had thirty-nine
papers ; Genetics and Cytology, had fifteen papers.

F. Physiology

Section 6, which also included experimental ecology, was led
by Dr. Kiihnelt and listed sixty-six papers ; one of these on a
somewhat unusual topic, by Dr. T. R. E. Southwood of Eng-
land, was entitled "The evolution of the insect host-tree rela-
tionship— a new approach."

Acoustics, a symposium. The ten papers included a review
of progress and problems by the leader, Dr. P. T. Haskell of
London.

Chemistry, a symposium, comprised forty-nine ten minute
papers on a wide range of subjects.

Chemical defensive methods. — A symposium led by Prof.
Thomas Eisner of Cornell University, with eight papers, some
on resistance to insecticides.

50 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1961

G. Medical and Veterinary Entomology

Section 10 had seventy-two papers, more than in any other
group. I will mention two papers : "The use of external char-
acters to age-grade adult mosquitoes" by Dr. Philip S. Corbett
of Entebbe, Uganda (a field of entomology that I have not pre-
viously seen touched upon) and "The ecological classification of
synanthropic flies of the families Muscidae and Calliphoridae"
by V. P. Darbeneva-Ukhova. There was also a film showing
association of a mosquito with oriental ants (Crematogaster) .

Acarina. — A symposium with eleven papers.

Arthropods in relation to blood-parasites, especially those of
^vild animals. — A symposium with twelve papers led by Prof.
A. Murray Fallis of Toronto.

H. Applied Entomology (non medical)

Agricultural entomology. — Two of the fifty-six papers were
"Status of the idea that weather can control insect populations,"
by M. E. Solomon of England, and "Recent advances in the
study of insect resistance in crop-plants of North America" by
Prof. R. J. Painter of Kansas State Agricultural College.

Thirteen other sections, subsections and symposia were de-
voted to various phases of agricultural and forest entomology.
There were in all 212 papers on their programs.

I. Conservation

Section 14 had the least number of papers, just two; one was
of local significance, the other, by Dr. H. W. Miles of Wye,
England, was entitled "Some entomological aspects of nature
conservation."

J. Films

On four afternoons and one morning, programs of excellent
films (eleven on behavior, nine on control, eight on expeditions,
and eight on miscellaneous topics) afforded both pleasant and
instructive relief from the monotony of listening to too many
papers.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 51

II. EXCURSIONS

By invitation of the Burgomeister, daily opportunity was
afforded to see the "New Vienna" by autobus. Afternoon ex-
cursions to points of interest were made available to all ladies
of the Congress. There was one all-day excursion to points of
technical interest for each of four Sections : Agriculture, Stored
Products, Control Methods, and Forest-Entomology.

On Saturday and Sunday a choice of delightful all-day excur-
sions was offered to such famed points of interest as the Wachau
and the Monastery at Melk, the Rax, Petronell and the Carun-
tium Museum, and the Neusiedler See.

Those who wished to prolong their stay for post-congress
field work had the choice of three additional excursions by auto-
bus ; one of three days for agriculturalists and two longer ones
(nine and twelve days) for alpine collectors. I took no part in
these excursions, therefore can give no report on how the par-
ticipants fared, or even that there were enough registrants to
ensure that they were all given.

III. SOCIAL EVENTS

As always at these congresses, the most pleasant feature was
the evening social gatherings, when one has opportunity to meet
old friends, leisure for conversation with them, and perhaps
chance to meet, in the flesh, celebrities who have hitherto been
known only from their published articles. There were two such
evenings at the Congress, to which everyone was invited, each
truly memorable ; the first was a general reception given by the
Burgomeister in the great Festhall of the Rathaus, the second
was the closing reception given by the Organization Committee
in the Museum.

Also, there was an affair for members of the Lepidopterist's
Society, one for invited Coleopterists by the Museum "Dr.
George Frey" in Munich, and two others for delegates invited,
respectively, by the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry, and
by the Minister of Education.

52 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1961

On the evening of the closing day, opportunity was given to
visit a "Heurige" in Grinzing. These are held in local estab-
lishments, famous to the Viennese ; they celebrate the coming
of the season's new wine, and when it is ready a pine branch,
known irreverently as "The finger of God" is hung before the
door.

IV. THE CLOSE

At the closing session, it was announced that the next Con-
gress will be held in London in 1964, that Dr. Curtis W. Sa-
brosky had been elected to the Permanent Committee of the
Congresses (in the place of this writer, resigned) and that
Dr. E. M. Hering of Berlin had been an Honorary Member
(there are now two honorary members from the United States *
and one each from Brazil, France, Germany, Austria, and
Japan).

As we scattered far and wide, I think all congressionists must
have left with the feeling, not only of having had a most enjoy-
able and professionally profitable week, but that here had been
a congress that fully measured up to the standards of congresses
in the past, as would have been expected from our hosts, the
Austrians ; perhaps it has set new standards ! Surely each and
every one of us felt profound gratitude for what had been done
both for us and as a stimulus to our science.

J. CHESTER BRADLEY
* Dr. O. A. Johannsen, and Dr. J. Chester Bradley. — EDITOR.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 53

Some Noteworthy Dragonfly Records from Utah
(Odonata: Anisoptera)

By R. JEAN MUSSER/ University of Utah, Salt Lake City

The only published records of the Odonata fauna of Utah are
found in the broad, general works of Needham and Heywood
(1929), Needham and Westfall (1955), and in a few checklists
and general reports. The only other published Odonata records
of Utah are by Brown (1934), G. G. Musser (1959) and R. J.
Musser (1960).

Two southern species, Oplonaeschna armata Hagen and
Brechmorhoga mendax Hagen, which extend into Utah from
Mexico and Central America, are herewith reported as new
distributional records for the state.

One nymphal exuvia and one male adult Oplonaeschna ar-
mata Hagen were taken at Weeping Rock in Zion Canyon (ele-
vation 5,000 ft.), Washington Co., Utah near a small stream
formed by water seeping between bedding planes of a Navajo
Sandstone cliff. Here the water falls from a sandstone arch,
causing a fine spray which continually moistens the immediate
vicinity. The small stream is subject to flash flooding when
rain from thunderstorms runs off the surrounding sandstone
cliffs. This distinctive habitat appears to be very similar to that
from which Tinkham (1949) collected this species in Arizona.
Until the exuvia and adult were taken in Utah, Tinkham's speci-
mens were the only representatives of this species to be re-
ported in the United States. The site of collection in Zion
Canyon represents a 400 mile northward range extension of
0. armata.

The other southern species for which Utah now represents
the northernmost limit is Brechmorhoga menda.v Hagen. Three
last instar nymphs were collected with a hand screen in the
Santa Clara River (elevation 5,500 ft.) at Veyo, Washington
Co., Utah. The stream here is approximately 4 feet wide and
1^ feet deep. Warm springs feed its moderately fast current.

1 Summer Graduate Teaching Fellow, N.S.F., Graduate Research
Fellow, Department of Zoology and Entomology.

54 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1961

At intervals the stream drops from a gravel and rock bottom
overlaid with algae into pools with a sand and silt base.

Brechmorhoga mendax was found in close association with
Progomphus borealis McLachlan and Erpetogomphus composi-
tus Hagen in the shallow and riffled edges of the Santa Clara
River. The three specimens of B. mendax were found in a
two foot square area although a much larger section of the
stream was exhaustively collected. The stream bottom along
the course appears identical to the collecting site of B. mendax,
and since no water temperatures were taken, there is no avail-
able data which will explain failure to find it elsewhere.

The dragonfly fauna of southwestern Utah would seem to
support the hypothesis that this area marks the route for the
northern dispersal of some southern species of aquatic insects,
as well as more southerly distributed plants and animals.

SELECTED REFERENCES

BROWN, C. J. 1934. A preliminary list of Utah Odonata. Occasional
Papers of the Museum of Zoology, Univ. of Mich. Press, No. 291,
Ann Arbor, Mich.

GREGORY, H. E. 1950. Geology and geography of the Zion Park Region,
Utah and Arizona. U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper,
220, Wash., D. C., pp. 1-200.

LARSEN, W. P. 1952. The Dragonflies (Anisoptera) of Utah. Unpub.
Master's thesis, Univ. of Utah, pp. 1-95.

MUSSER, G. G. 1959. Annotated checklist of aquatic insects of Glen
Canyon, in "Ecological studies of the flora and fauna in Glen Can-
yon," Angus Woodbury ct al. Univ. of Utah Anthro. Papers, No.
40, Glen Canyon Series, no. 7, Salt Lake City, Utah.

MUSSER, R. J. 1960. Dragonflies from Green River, in "Ecological study
of the flora and fauna of Flaming Gorge Reservoir Basin, Utah and
Wyoming," Angus Woodbury et al. Univ. of Utah Anthro. Papers,
No. 48, Upper Colorado River Series, no. 3, Salt Lake City, Utah,
in press.

NEEDHAM, C. J. and H. B. HEYWOOD. 1929. A Handbook of the
Dragonflies of North America. Springfield, 111., pp. 1-378.

NEEDHAM, C. J. and M. J. WESTFALL, JR. 1955. A Manual of the
Dragonflies of North America (Anisoptera). Univ. of Calif. Press,
Berkeley, pp. 1-615.

TINKHAM, E. R. 1949. Haunts and habits of the Dragonfly Oplo-
nacschna aninita. Ent. News 60: 15-17.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 55

Review

FOREST AND SHADE TREE ENTOMOLOGY. By Roger F. Ander-
son. Pp. vii + 428, ill. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York,
1960. Price, $8.50.

This is intended as a text for students of forestry, and as a
manual for identification of species by keys, pictures, and de-
scriptions of insects and their work. Section I (92 pages) has
three brief chapters on anatomy, physiology, and development,
on classification, and on ecology ; also chapters on the principles
and methods of control. In Section II the individual species
are treated, in seven chapters, depending on whether they eat
the leaves, the inner bark, wood, etc. Species are described in
detail and literature references are given. There are over 300
fine photographs, virtually all original ; and numerous practical
keys throughout.

This reviewer would prefer an approach that places the in-
sects first (not the tree), and studies them order by order. This,
he believes, will arouse more interest in the student so that he
will enjoy his entomology and come really to understand insect
life. He will then not only recognize the common pests, but
will be entomologically educated and professionally equipped to
act with good entomological sense, and also to recognize new
situations that may arise. The usual college student takes
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entomology deals with the insects of importance in forestry.
But here, the very first words state (p. 3, in caps) that it "deals
with the protection of trees . . ." and then, a little farther along,
the news is broken gently that it will be necessary to learn some-
thing of insects — almost as if this were an unfortunate circum-
stance, as if the entomologist were somehow apologizing. Is this
approach, common to economic texts of past decades, really still
necessary ?

As to the book, the first three chapters especially suffer from
lack of critical reading, and lack of ordinary care in editing and
proof reading for which the publisher is largely responsible.—
R. G. SCHMIEDER.

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Butterflies. Wish to exchange specimens for Japanese species. Please
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

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Vol. LXXII No. 3

CONTENTS

Scott — Collembola of New Mexico. III. Onychiurinae 57

Svihla — The larva of Epiophlebia laidlawi 66

Crabill — Catalogue of the Schendylinae (continued) 67

Krombein — Insect visitors of mat euphorbia 80

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXII MARCH, 1961 No. 3

The Collembola of New Mexico. III.
Onychiurinae 1? 2

By HAROLD GEORGE SCOTT 3

Eleven species of springtail insects are recorded in this part.
None has been reported previously from New Mexico. The
taxonomy of this subfamily has been badly confused. However,
under the impetus of the controversial work of Bagnall (1949),
remarkable clarification has been achieved in recent years
(Stach, 1954; Salmon, 1959). Specimens will be deposited with
the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Subfamily ONYCHIURINAE Borner, 1901

Pseudocelli present ; scales absent ; mouthparts chewing ; head
prognathous ; distal antennal segments not annulate ; eyes ab-
sent ; body segments not ankylosed ; furcula present or absent,
when present not reaching collophore.

KEY TO WORLD GENERA OF ONYCHIURINAE

1 . Furcula and body pigment well developed 2

Furcula absent or reduced; body generally unpigmented. . .4

2. Median shaft of maxilla well developed, toothed; Ant III

sense organ with more than 5 papillae arranged in 2—3
transverse rows ; adults 5-7 mm. long 3

1 A portion of a dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the
University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

2 Part II, Ent. News, 71(7) : 183-191.

3 Training Branch, Communicable Disease Center, Bureau of State
Services, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, Atlanta, Georgia.

(57)

,1S, MAP 1 4 1961

58 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1961

Median shaft of maxilla absent ; Ant III sense organ with 4
papillae in 1 transverse row; adults 0.6-1.5 mm. long
(Japan) Lophognathella Bonier, 1909

3. Abd V and VI ankylosed dorsally; antennal bases with

3 + 3 pseudocelli; Ant IV tip with O small papillae

(Japan) Tetrodontophora Reuter, 1882

Abd V and VI not ankylosed dorsally; antennal bases with
1 + 1 pseudocelli; Ant IV tip with 6 small papillae
(Japan) Homaloproctus Bonier, 1909

4. Clubs of Ant III sense organ bent toward each other (or, if

straight, not concealed behind an integumentary fold) ;

unguiculus absent or greatly reduced 5

Clubs of Ant III sense organ straight or curved but not bent
toward each other; unguiculus present (Cosmopolitan) . . .
Onychiurus Gervais, 1944 (sensu lato)

5. Body slender; postantennal organ present (Cosmopolitan) . .

Tullbergia Lubbock, 1876 (scnsu lato)

Body stout ; postantennal organ absent Hoffia gen. nov.

GENUS ONYCHIURUS GERVAIS, 1844

DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERISTICS. Body stout ; head broad ;
clubs of Ant III sense organ not bent toward each other; un-
guiculus present. Salmon (1959) considers this group to repre-
sent 12 separate genera. In the present paper Salmon's genera
are considered subgenera of Onychiurus (see fig. 1).

KEY TO NEARCTIC SPECIES OF ONYCHIURUS

1 . Postantennal organ present 2

Postantennal organ absent

(Metonychiurus) michelbacheri (Bagnall, 1947)

2. Postantennal organ of simple vesicles 3

Postantennal organ of compound vesicles 15

3. Postantennal organ with 3-5 vesicles arranged in rosette. . .

(Arcaphorura) groendlandicus (Tullberg, 1876)

Postantennal organ elongate with more than 5 vesicles ar-
ranged in rows 4

4. Vesicles of postantennal organ sub-parallel to long axis of

organ (Hyinenaphorura) 5

Vesicles of postantennal organ at right angles to long axis
of organ 9

5. One pseudocellus on antennal base 6

Two or more pseudocelli on antennal base 8

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 59

6. Clubs of Ant III sense organ mushroom-like, coarsely gran-

ulated cocklei (Folsom, 1908)

Clubs of Ant III sense organ globular, mulberry or cone-
like 7

7. Vesicles of postantennal organ mostly simple

similis Folsom, 1917

Vesicles of postantennal organ mostly bilobed or kidney-
like irregularis Chamberlain, 1943

8. Antennal base with 2-3 pseudocelli . .subtenuis Folsom, 1917
Antennal base with 4 pseudocelli. . .magninus Wray, 1950a

9. Clubs of Ant III sense organ smooth (Handchiniella) ... 10
Clubs of Ant III sense organ granulated (Protaphorura) . .13

10. Unguiculus about one-half unguis in length

parvicornis Mills, 1934

Unguiculus subequal to or longer than unguis in length ..11

1 1 . Unguiculus subequal to unguis in length

encarpatus Denis, 1931

Unguiculus longer than unguis 12

12. Antennal base with 4 pseudocelli

octopunctatus (Tullberg, 1876)

Antennal base with 6 (rarely 5) pseudocelli

duodecimpunctatus Folsom, 1919

13. Antennal base with 2 pseudocelli

litoreus Folsom, 1917

Antennal base with 3 pseudocelli 14

14. Unguiculus subequal to unguis in length

armatus (Tullberg, 1869)

Unguiculus about one-half unguis in length

pseudarmatus Folsom, 1917

15. Vesicles of postantennal organ, though tuberculated, clearly

visible as separate structures 16

Vesicles of postantennal organ not visible as separate struc-
tures, postantennal organ a mass of small tubercles .... 22

16. Clubs of Ant III sense organ undifferentiated, smooth

( Onychinrus} 17

Clubs of Ant III sense organ differentiated, usually granu-
lated (Paronychiurits) 20

17. Anal spines present wilchi Wray, 1950b

Anal spines absent 18

18. Clubs of Ant III sense organ straight, ovoid, usually slightly

bifurcated at tip justi Denis, 1938

Clubs of Ant III sense organ curved, cylindrical, rounded
at tip ' 19

60 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1961

19. Unguiculus with basal lamella

pseudofimetarius Folsom, 1917

Unguiculus without basal lamella

fimetarius (Linnaeus, 1767)

20. Hind margin of head without pseudocelli 21

Hind margin of head with 4-6 pseudocelli

oreadis Mills, 1935

21. Anal spines to unguis as 1:2, papillae contiguous

ramosus Folsom, 1917

Anal spines to unguis as 3:4, papillae separated

mills! Chamberlain, 1943

22. Clubs of Ant III sense organ smooth

(Psyllaphorura) obesus Mills, 1934

Clubs of Ant III sense organ granulated or papillated

(Pseud onychiurus} dentatus (Folsom, 1902)

I have been unable to determine the status of two other spe-
cies recorded from North America ; Onychiurus ambulaninermis
Denis, 1929, and Onychiurus calif ornicus Coleman, 1941. The
following species are recorded from New Mexico :

Onychiurus (Onychiurus) fiemetarius (Linnaeus, 1767)

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Berlese, rotten fir log, 8,300 ft.,
Tejano Canyon, Sandia Mts., Bernalillo Co., 3-xi-1950.

DISTRIBUTION. N. M., Europe. As discussed in Stach
(1954, pp. 173-179), this species has been regarded as cosmo-
politan, but probably most determinations are in error. There-
fore, re-evaluation of all prior records is required to establish
distribution.

Onychiurus (Psyllaphorura) obesus Mills, 1934.

NEW MEXICO RECORD. Berlese, fir-aspen litter, 8,600 ft., NE
of Valdez on Twining Road, Taos Co., 15-vii-1953.
DISTRIBUTION. Iowa, N. M.

Onychiurus (Onychiurus) justi Denis, 1938.

NEW MEXICO RECORD. Berlese, oak litter, 7,400 ft., Doc.
Long's, Sandia Mts., Bernalillo Co., 29-V-1951.

DISTRIBUTION. Cal., Fla., Mass., N. M., Penna., Australasia.

Ixxii]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

61

ANT III SENSE ORGAN
POSTANTENNAL ORGAN

UNGUS
-,UNGUICULUS

PSEUDOCELLUS

Hoffia robusta gen. et sp. nov.

ANAL SPINE

Onychiurus armanis (Tullberg)

Tullbergin neomexicana sp nov

FIG. 1. Onychiurus armatus (Tullberg, 1869) with key structures
labelled. FIG. 2. Hoffia robusta gen. et sp. nov., lateral view of holo-
type. FIG. 3. Tullbcrgia neomexicana sp. nov., lateral view of holotype.

Onychiurus (Paronychiurus) oreadis Mills, 1935.

NEW MEXICO RECORD. Berlese, fir-aspen litter, 9,200 ft.,
Sandia Mts., Bernalillo Co., 14-vii-1951.
DISTRIBUTION. N. M., Utah, Wash.

Onychiurus (Handschiniella) parvicornis Mills, 1934.

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Berlese, rotten fir stump, 8,900 ft.,
Bear Trap Canyon, SW of Magdalena, Socorro Co., 12-ix-1954.
DISTRIBUTION. Iowa, N. M.

Onychiurus (Onychiurus) pseudofimetarius Folsom, 1917.

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Berleses of (1) juniper litter, 7,600
ft., N. of pumice mine near Grants, Valencia Co., 22-vii-1953;
(2) aspen litter, 8,700 ft., Sandia Mts., Bernalillo Co., no date

62 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1961

recorded; (3) aspen-fir litter, 9,700 ft., W of Vallecitos on
Canjilon Road, Rio Arriba Co., 13-viii-1953.

Onychiurus (Hymenaphorura) similis Folsom, 1917.

NEW MEXICO RECORD. Berlese, rich aspen litter, 10,800 ft.,
Aspen Hill, near Santa Fe Ski Run, Santa Fe Co., ll-viii-1953.
DISTRIBUTION. 111., N. M.

Onychiurus (Hymenaphorura) subtenuis Folsom, 1917.

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Berleses of (1) juniper litter, 7,500
ft., S of Santa Fe, Santa Fe Co., 5-ix-1952 ; (2) rotten fir log,
8,300 ft., Tejano Canyon, Sandia Mts., Bernalillo Co., 3-xi-
1950; (3) aspen litter, 8,700 ft., Sandia Mts., Bernalillo Co.,
no date recorded; (4) aspen litter, 10,000 ft., Santa Fe Ski Run,
Santa Fe Co., 12-X-1952; and (5) fir litter, 10,000 ft, along
Crest Drive, Sandia Mts., Bernalillo Co, S-vii-1950.

DISTRIBUTION. Ill, Iowa, Mo, N. M, N. Y, N. C, Pa,
Utah, Ontario.

Onychiurus (Onychiurus) wilchi Wray, 1950b.

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Berleses of (1) aspen-spruce-fir
litter, 9,250 ft, Holman Pass, NW of Holman, Mora Co, 9-vii-
1953 ; and (2) aspen-fir litter, 10,600 ft, near crest, Sandia Mts,
Bernalillo Co, 22-ix-1951.

GENUS HOFFIA gen. nov.

TYPE SPECIES. Hoffia robusta gen. et sp. nov. Figure 2.

DESCRIPTION. Body elongate, not subglobose, generally un-
pigmented ; prothorax setaceous, well developed ; pseudocelli
present ; head prognathous ; furcula absent ; mouthparts chew-
ing ; eyes absent ; unguiculus and postantennal organ absent ;
clubs of Ant III sense organ bent toward each other ; anal spines
2; body very stout, head narrow.

DISCUSSION. This genus is close to Tullbergia, but species
of Tullbergia are slender with the body tapering gradually at
each end, and always have postantennal organs. It is with
pleasure that I name the genus for Dr. C. Clayton Hoff, Pro-

Lxxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 63

fessor of Biology, University of New Mexico, whose diligent
collecting made this study possible.

Hoffia robusta gen. et sp. nov. Figure 2

TYPE LOCALITY : Holotype and 3 paratypes from 1 mi. N of
pumice mine, N of Grants, Valencia Co., N. M. ; field Berlese,
Pinyon litter, 7,500 ft., 20-X-1951. Type specimens will be
deposited with the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia,
Pa.

DESCRIPTION. Body elongate, not subglobose, generally un-
pigmented ; body stout ; head narrow ; segmentation distinct, with-
out ankylosis ; integument minutely tuberculate ; white ; clothed
by moderately long setae; pseudocelli present, difficult to per-
ceive; head prognathous; antenna to head at 3:4; ratio of
antennal segments approximately 7:5:6:14; clubs of Ant III
sense organ bent toward each other; postantennal organ and
eyes absent; mouthparts chewing; prothorax setaceous, well
developed ; unguiculus absent ; unguis long, with one tooth ;
tenent hairs and furcula absent ; anus terminal ; anal spines 2,
strongly curved, H times as long as unguis III ; adult length
about 0.9 mm.

GENUS TULLBERGIA LUBBOCK, 1876

DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERISTICS. Body slender, unpigmented;
head narrow ; postantennal organ with many tubercles ; clubs of
Ant III sense organ bent toward each other; unguiculus usually
absent or greatly reduced; anal spines 0-4; furcula absent.

KEY TO NEARCTIC SPECIES OF TULLBERGIA

1 . Anal spines present 2

Anal spines absent neomexicana sp. nov.

2. Abd VI with medio-ventral process 3

Abd VI without medio-ventral process 4

3. Vesicles of postantennal organ simple

knowltoni Wray, 1950

Vesicles of postantennal organ horse-shoe shaped

incisa Bonet, 1944

64 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1961

4. Abd VI tergite with pits, ridges, or warts 5

Abd VI tergite without pits, ridges, or warts 7

5. Pair of tubercles or tuberculated areas anterior to anal

spines on Abd VI tuberosa Bonet, 1944

Semicircular ridged pits anterior to anal spines on Abd
VI 6

6. Postantennal vesicles in 2 transverse rows

krausbaueri Bonier, 1901

Postantennal vesicles in 4 irregular transverse rows

foveata Bonet, 1944

7. Postantennal vesicles in 2 transverse rows 8

Postantennal vesicles in 4 transverse rows 9

8. Unguiculus bristle-like granulata Mills, 1934

Unguiculus absent clavata Mills, 1934

9. Unguiculus bristle-like 10

Unguiculus absent mexicana Handschin, 1928

10. Ant III sense organ with club-like accessory hair

collis Bacon, 1914

Ant III sense organ without club-like accessory hair

baconae (Bagnall, 1947)

Only one species of Tullbergia is recorded from New Mexico.

Tullbergia neomexicana sp. nov. Figure 3

TYPE LOCALITY. Holotype and 4 paratypes from foothills,
Sandia Mts., Bernalillo Co., N. M. ; Berlese of oak litter, 6,400
ft., 5-ix-1951. Type specimens will be deposited with the
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.

DESCRIPTION. Body elongate, slender; segmentation distinct,
without ankylosis ; integument smooth, white ; clothed with mod-
erately long setae ; scales absent ; pseudocelli present ; head nar-
row, prognathous ; antenna shorter than head ; clubs of Ant III
sense organ bent toward each other; postantennal organ with
numerous simple tubercles ; eyes absent ; mouthparts chewing ;
pronotum setaceous; tibiotarsus without distal subsegment;
claws tunicate; Unguiculus to unguis as 3:8; tenet hairs absent;
unguis and unguiculus without teeth; furcula absent; anus ter-
minal ; anal spines absent ; adult length about 0.6 mm.

DISCUSSION. This species is distinguished from other mem-
bers of the genus by the well-developed unguiculus and absence
of anal spines.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 65

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Type collection plus Berleses of ( 1 )
oak litter, and (2) aspen litter, 8,700 ft., no date recorded,
Sandia Mts., Bernalillo Co.

SUMMARY

Record is made of 9 species of Onychiurus, Hoffia robusta
gen. et sp. nov., and Tullbergia neotnexicana sp. nov., from
New Mexico. Ecological data are presented for all 11 species.
Keys to world genera of Onychivirinae and to Nearctic species
of Onychiurus and Tullbergia are included.

REFERENCES CITED

BACON, G. 1914. Jour. Ent. Zool. 6: 84-85.
BAGNALL, R. S. 1947. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. II, 14.
BONET, F. 1944. Rev. Soc. Mex. Hist. Nat. 5 : 51-72.
BORNER, C. 1901. Zool. Anz., 24 : 332-345.

. 1909. Sitz. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin 2 : 99-135.

CHAMBERLAIN, R. 1943. Great Basin Nat. 4: 39-^8.

COLEMAN, T. 1941. Jour. Ent. Zool. 33: 1-11.

DENIS, J. 1929. Boll. Inst. Agr. Portici 22 : 160-180, 305-320.

-. 1931. Boll. Lab. Inst. Gen. Agr. Portici 25 : 69-170.

-. 1938. Boll. Adriatica Sci. Nat. Trieste 36 : 95-165.
FOLSOM, J. W. 1902. Proc. Washington Acad. Sci. 4: 87-116.
. 1917. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 53: 637-659.

-. 1919. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist. 41 : 271-303.
GERVAIS, P. 1844. In: Walckenaer's Hist. Nat. Insectes apteres 3:

377-456.

HANDSCHIN, E. 1928. Jour. Linnaean Soc. London, Zool. 36: 533-552.
LINNAEUS, C. 1767. Systema naturae. Ed. 12 (revised), Holmiae, 3

vol., 1327 + 36 pp.

LUBBOCK, J. 1876. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, 18: 324.
MILLS, H. B. 1934. A monograph of the Collembola of Iowa. Ames:
Collegiate Press, xii + 143 pp.

— . 1935. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 30 : 133-139.
REUTER, O. M. 1882. Sitz. Akad. Wess. Wein 86(1) : 184.
SALMON, J. T. 1959. Trans. Royal Ent. Soc. London 111(6) : 119-156.
STACH, J. 1954. The apterygotan fauna of Poland. V. Onychiuridae.

Polish Acad. Sci., Cracow, ii + 277 pp.
TULLBERG, T. 1869. Akad. Afhandl. Upsala, vol. of 1869 : 1-20.

-. 1876. Ofv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. 33(5) : 23-42.
WRAY, D. L. 1950a. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 45(3) : 91-95.
. 1950b. Psyche, 57(3) : 95-101.

66 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1961

Another Record of the Larva of Epiophlebia laid-
lawi Tillyard, (Odonata: Anisozygoptera).

By ARTHUR SVIHLA, Ford Foundation — University of Florida-
University of Mandalay Program, Mandalay, Burma

At the present time only two species of Epiophlebia of the
sub-order Anisozygoptera are known, Epiophlebia superstes
Selys which occurs in Japan and Epiophlebia laidlazvi Tillyard
from the Himalayas.

In 1921 Tillyard (Rec. Ind. Mus. 22: 93-107) described the
Himalayan form as laidlatvi from a single nymph which had
been collected in the Darjeeling district at an elevation of 7000
feet by Dr. S. Kemp from a rapidly flowing stream between
Ghoom * and Sonada. Later searches by specialists for both
adults and larvae were unsuccessful until Asahina in March
1958 (Tombo 1(1): 1-2) first rediscovered the nymph. He
collected a series from a stream between Ghum and Rangbhul.
His collections consisted of one ultimate male instar (the first
for this species) ; one penultimate female (the type of E. laid-
lawi was a penultimate male); four tertiultimate larvae; and
one quartultimate larva.

Dr. Asahina very kindly told me where he had collected these
specimens, and, on October 9, 1960, I visited what I believed
to be the same site and collected three ultimate female larvae
(the first for this species) and two larvae much younger than
the youngest in Dr. Asahina's collection.

For the benefit of future collectors the site of my collection
may be described as the rocky stream which passes under the
Siliguri-Darjeeling railroad track near Rangbhul at marker
number 469. Above the bridge there is a short stretch of
rapidly flowing water about 100 feet long where the larvae were
found. This is blocked up-stream by a waterfall. Below the
bridge and highway is another waterfall (artificially made) but
the stream persists and continues to lower levels. There is
every reason to believe that larvae occur above and below the
two waterfalls mentioned. Lack of time prevented my further
search.

* Ghoom is variously spelled as Ghum and Ghun. At present the pre-
ferred spelling is Ghum.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 67

No adults of this species were seen on this date. In fact no
dragon-flies of any sort were seen in flight in this area on this
visit. The imago still remains unknown.

I agree with Dr. Asahina that the habitats of the nymphs of
the two species of Epiophlebia are quite similar.

A Catalogue of the Schendylinae of North America

including Mexico, with a Generic Key and

Proposal of a New Simoporus

(Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha :

Schendylinae)

By R. E. CRABILL, JR., Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D. C.

(Continued from p. 36)

CATALOGUE OF THE SCHENDYLINES PRESENTLY KNOWN FROM
MEXICO, THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES, AND CANADA

The following catalogue of genera and species is believed to
include reference to all schendylines now known to occur in, or
to have been reported from, the American continent from Alaska
south through Mexico. The forms of continental islands and
archipelagos are included, but those of the Caribbean islands
proper, of most of Central America, and of all of South America
are not, unless, of course, they also occur within the area under
consideration.

For each genus and species a summary synonymy is presented
together with literary citations. The type-species of each genus
is identified, and the method of fixation is parenthesized there-
after. Ranges are summarized, and in some instances notes on
identity or generic assignment are appended. In the cases of
non-monotypic genera, and whenever possible, selected, useful
keys to species are recommended through reference to their
literary source and author.

The reader's attention is directed to the following keys to
schendylid (or schendyline ) genera. (1) Cook, lc'04, p. 76:

68 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1961

key to known schendyline genera including Holitys, q.v. (2)
Broelemann and Ribaut, 1912, p. 97: key to known schendyline
genera; especially recommended for its exhaustively detailed
figures and verbal descriptions ; but see note under Pectiniunguis
below. (3) Attems, 1929, p. 58: key to known genera; remains
the most useful of keys for world fauna but somewhat outdated.
(4) Chamberlin, 1943, p. 12 : key to most genera represented in
Mexico and Central America. (5) Chamberlin, 1947b, p. 147:
key to most genera represented in all of the Americas, with
some omissions, e.g., Brachyschendyla and Hydroschendyla.
(6) Crabill, 1953, p. 94 : key to northeastern North American
genera and species.

APUNGUIS Chamberlin

Apungnis Chamberlin, 1947c, p. 260.

Type-species: Apunguis prosoicus Chamberlin, 1947. (Origi-
nal designation and monotypic).
Range : Known only from the locality of the type-species.

Apunguis prosoicus Chamberlin

Apunguis prosoicus, Chamberlin, 1947c, p. 2660.
Type-locality : Texas : Eagle Pass ; intercepted on fruit from

Mexico.
Range : Known only from type- locality.

ESCARYUS Cook and Collins

Escaryus Cook and Collins, 1891, p. 391.

Type-species : Escaryus phyllophilus Cook and Collins, 1891
[— Escaryus urbicus (Meinert), 1886]. (Subsequent desig-
nation of Cook, 1895, p. 71).

Range : Temperate to arctic North America, eastern and cen-
tral Asia.

Selected keys : Cook, 1904, p. 76 : to known species.7 Attems,
1929, p. 95: to known species. Chamberlin, 1946a, p. 178: to

7 The original publication of Cook's well-known species Escaryus albus
appeared in this publication and is included in the key. E. albus, a stub-
born Poltergeist, has been metioned faithfully by all persons who have
treated the Alaskan fauna, even though no one has succeeded in uncover-

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 69

species of Alaska and adjacent Siberia. Chamberlin, 1947a, p.
37 : presumably to known species, but some are omitted. Crabill,
1953, p. 96 : to species of northeastern North America.

Escaryus delus Chamberlin

f Escaryus ethopus (Chamberlin), 1920, p. 43.
Escaryus delus Chamberlin, 1946a, p. 178.

Type-locality : Alaska : Circle City, Fairbanks.
Range : Known only from the two type-localities.

Escaryus ethopus (Chamberlin)

Geophilus ethopus Chamberlin, 1920, p. 43.
Escaryus ethopus (Chamberlin), [New combination].

Type-locality : Alaska : Iditarod Island.
Range : Known only from the type-locality.

Notes : This species, originally placed in the wrong genus and
family, is clearly both a schendylid and a member of Escaryus;
this is proved unquestionably by its distinctive mouthparts
which had never been dissected before my recent study of the
holotype at Harvard. Its characteristics do not seem imme-
diately suggestive of any described Escaryus, although in some
features one could perhaps find grounds for suspecting an
affinity with E. delus Chamberlin, q.v.

The following diagnostic characteristics, drawn from a recent
study of the ethopus holotype, were not mentioned in Professor
Chamberlin's original description of the species. In a report
now in progress, wherein the whole Alaskan chilopod fauna will
be treated, a full and detailed description of ethopus will be pre-
sented. Paraclypeal sutures of the clypeus present only ante-
riorly as fragments, totally absent over two-thirds of their hypo-
thetical posterior course ; distinct plagulae absent ; clypeal areas

ing additional specimens. The explanation for this is simple and almost
incredible. Having discovered the two Cook cotypes of albus, after they
had been lost for many years, I found them to be juvenile specimens of
some species of Strigamia, hence not even members of Schendylidae!
Their poor state of preservation and immaturity, however, preclude a
specific assignment within Striyamia at this time. At the same time,
there can be no doubt whatever about the genus to which they are prop-
erly assignible.

70 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1961

absent. Labrum with about 25 teeth, these occupying the full
width of the midlabral arch. First maxillae : with robust,
coarsely squamulate telopodite lappets, these reach about f{ the
length of the telopodites : coxosternal lappets essentially absent,
being extremely low and broad. Second maxillae : telopodite
claw very robust, apically somewhat bent, with coarsely, strongly
pectinate edges. Prehensors : femuroid and tibioid as well as
tarsungula (unlike eastern North American species) totally
without denticles; trochanteroprefemur with a low, very small
denticle. Ultimate pedal segment : pretergite laterally not sutu-
rate ; tergite much wider than long ; sternite very long and
nearly perfectly rectangular, midlongitudinally shallowly sul-
cate ; coxopleura antero-posteriorly very long, moderately in-
flated, pierced by numerous small to large pores, many of these
irregularly shaped; legs (of J*) greatly swollen, somewhat flat-
tened dorso-ventrally, the unguiform pretarsi missing. Anal
pores present, large.

Escaryus liber Cook and Collins

Escaryus liber Cook and Collins, 1891, p. 394.

Type-locality : New York : Kirkville.

Range : New York, Maryland, District of Columbia, Ohio.

Probably distributed throughout much of northeastern North

America.

Escaryus missouriensis Chamberlin

Escaryus missouriensis Chamberlin, 1942, p. 185.

Type-locality: Missouri: St. Louis Co., 4.3 miles northwest of

Glencoe.
Range : Missouri, Indiana, Illinois. Probably is widespread in

the midwestern United States.

Escaryus monticolens Chamberlin

Escaryus monticolens Chamberlin, 1947a, p. 37.

Type-locality : Utah, Mill Creek Canyon.
Range : Known only from the type-locality.

Escaryus paucipes Chamberlin

Escaryus paucipes Chamberlin, 1946a, p. 179.

Type-locality : Alaska : Haines.

Range : Known only from the type-locality.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 71

Escaryus urbicus (Meinert)

Geophilus urbicus Meinert, 1886, p. 218.

Escaryus phyllophilus Cook and Collins, 1891, p. 392.

Escaryus urbicus (Meinert), -Bailey, 1928, p. 44.
Type-locality : Massachusetts : Cambridge.
Range: Northeastern North America. Probably extends far

southward at higher elevations in the Appalachians.

HOLITYS Cook

Holitys Cook, 1899, p. 304.

tMexiconyx Chamberlin, 1922, p. 9.

tSimoporus Chamberlin, 1940a, p. 109.

Type-species: Holitys neomexicana Cook. 1899. (Monotypic.)

Range : Known only from the locality of the type-species.

Key: Cook, 1904, p. 76: the only known key including Holitys.
Notes: Unfortunately, the information that Cook gave is most
fragmentary. Piecing together the information given in the
original description with that in his 1904 key, we learn the
following about the form. Ultimate pretarsus is present and
unguiform; ultimate legs, reportedly of a $, are inflated, sub-
densely setose, have two tarsal articles. The coxopleural gland
openings, if present, are concealed. The ultimate pedal sternite
is much wider than long. Ventral porefields are present and in
shape are circular, in position, median. The genus is claimed
to be like Pectiniunguis in some respects (in which?). The
holotype is a $ 15 mm long and has 45 pedal segments.

Thus, we know nothing definite about the species' mouth-
parts, and all we can say about the coxopleural glandular con-
dition is that if a pore is or if pores are present, then they are
concealed. Clearly it is impossible on the basis of such evidence
alone to come to any even reasonably confident decision anent
the disposition of the Cook name. At the same time, I believe
it is possible to suggest from this evidence, poor and indirect as
it is, that it would be very difficult to preclude the possibility
that Holitys is identical with, or very closely related to, Simo-
porus or Mexiconyx, or both. This is admittedly a reasonable
guess ; it cannot at the present time be substantiated, the type
being unavailable.

72 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1961

Holitys neomexicana Cook

Holitys neomexicana Cook, 1899, p. 304.

Holitys neomexicana Cook. -Attems, 1929, p. 99. ["Ganz

ungeniigende Diagnose"].
Type-locality : New Mexico : Organ Mountains, Dropping

Spring.
Range : Known only from the type-locality.

MEXICONYX Chamberlin

tHolitys Cook, 1899, p. 304
Mexiconyx Chamberlin, 1922, p. 9.

Type-species : Mexiconyx hidalgoensis Chamberlin, 1922.

(Original designation and monotypic.)
Range : Known only from the locality of the type-species.

Notes : See notes under Holitys.

Mexiconyx hidalgoensis Chamberlin

Mexiconyx hidalgoensis Chamberlin, 1922, p. 9.

Type-locality : Mexico : Hidalgo, Guerrere Mill.
Range : Known only from the type-locality.

MORUNGUIS Chamberlin

Morungitis Chamberlin, 1943, p. 15.

Type-species : Morunguis morelus Chamberlin, 1943. (Original

designation and monotypic).

Range : Known only from locality of the type-species.

Morunguis morelus Chamberlin

Morunguis morelus Chamberlin, 1943, p. 15.
Type-locality : Mexico : Morelos, Parque Nacional de Zempoala.
Range : Known only from the type-locality.

NESONYX Chamberlin

Nesonyx Chamberlin, 1923, p. 397.

Type-species: Nesonyx flagellans Chamberlin, 1923. (Original

designation and monotypic.)
Range : Known only from the locality of the type-species.

Nesonyx flagellans Chamberlin

Nesonyx flagellans Chamberlin, 1923, p. 397.
Type-locality : Mexico : Gulf of California, Georges Island.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 73

PARUNGUIS Chamberlin

Parunguis Chamberlin, 1941, p. 788.

Type-species: Parunguis kernensis Chamberlin, 1941. (Origi-
nal designation and monotypic.)
Range : Southern and central Mexico, and Texas.

Parunguis boneti Chamberlin

Parunguis boneti Chamberlin, 1943, p. 13.

Type-locality : Mexico : D.F., Desierto de los Leones, San

Rafael.
Range : Known only from the type-locality.

Parunguis cardenasi Chamberlin

Parunguis cardenasi Chamberlin, 1943, p. 13.

Type-locality : Mexico : D.F., Rio Frio.
Range : Known only from the type-locality.

Parunguis kernensis Chamberlin

Parunguis kernensis Chamberlin, 1941, p. 788.

Type-locality : California : Kern Co., 4 miles east of Glenville.
Range : Known only from type-locality.

Parunguis paucipes Chamberlin

Parunguis paucipes Chamberlin, 1943, p. 14.
Type-locality : Mexico : Vera Cruz, Orizaba, Cuesta de Acult-

zingo, "Monte Bajo."
Range : Known only from type-localities.

PECTINIUNGUIS Bollman

Pectiniunguis Bollman, 1889, p. 212.

Adenoschendyla Broelemann, 1911, p. 192.

Litoschendyla Chamberlin, 1923, p. 391. [New synonymy.]

Type-species: Pectiniunguis americanus Bollman, 1889, p. 212.
(Original designation.)

Range : Coastal southern California and Mexican Lower Cali-
fornia; Antilles and South America. Probably widespread
on the coasts of tropical and subtropical America.

Selected Keys: Broelemann and Ribaut, 1912, pp. 100, 106:
keys to the known species of Pectiniunguis and Adenoschendyla
(= Pectiniunguis). Chamberlin, 1914, p. 201: key to species

74 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1961

of Adenoschendyla. Attems, 1929, pp. 81, 84: keys to known
species.

Notes : For a discussion of my grounds for provisionally unit-
ing Litoschendyla and Pectiniunguis, the reader is referred to
Crabill, 1959, p. 324.

Pectiniunguis americanus Bollman

Pectiniunguis americanus Bollman, 1889, p. 212.

Type-locality : Mexico : "Gulf of California, Pichiliungue Bay."
The original locality citation of Bollman is in error. The
correct rendition is : Mexico, Lower California, Pichilinque
Bay.

Range : Strictly speaking, the species is known only from the
type-locality; Cook's 1899 report of it from Florida was based
upon a misidentification.

Notes : See discussion in Crabill, 1959, p. 324.

Pectiniunguis amphibius Chamberlin

Pectiniunguis amphibius Chamberlin, 1923, p. 392.

Type-locality : Mexico : Gulf of California, Danzante Island.
Range : Known only from the type-locality.

Pectiniunguis catalinensis Chamberlin

Pectiniunguis catalinensis Chamberlin, 1941, p. 787.

Type-locality : California : Catalina Island, "near Black Jack."
Range : Known from type-locality only.

Pectiniunguis halirrhytus Crabill

Pectiniunguis halirrhytus Crabill, 1959, p. *.

Type-locality: Florida: Monroe Co., Big Pine Key.
Range : Florida Keys. Probably ranges widely from southern
coastal Florida throughout much or all of the West Indies.

Notes : When Cook reported americanus from the Florida Keys
in 1899 (p. 305), his records were actually based upon a differ-
ent species, halirrhytus, which he did not identify as such. See
discussion in Crabill, 1959, p. 324.

Pectiniunguis nesiotes Chamberlin

Pectiniunguis nesiotes Chamberlin, 1923, p. 391.
Type-locality : Mexico : Gulf of California, San Esteban Island.
Range : Type-locality only.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 75

SCHENDYLA Bergsoe and Meinert

Schendyla Borgsoe and Meinert, 1866, p. 103.

Type-species: Geophilus nemorensis C. L. Koch, 1836 [ =

Schendyla (Schendyla) nemorensis (C. L. Koch)]. (Mono-

typic.)
Range : Europe, Asia, North and South America, North Africa.

Selected key : Attems, 1929, p. 59.

Schendyla nemorensis (C. L. Koch)

Geophilus nemorensis C. L. Koch, 1836, p. •.
Poabius bistriatus C. L. Koch, 1847, p. 183.
Linotaenia nemorensis (C. L. Koch), -Koch, 1863, p. 26.
Schendyla nemorensis (C. L. Koch), -Bergsoe and Meinert,
^ 1866, p. 105.

Geophilus tyrolensis Meinert, 1870, p. 73.
Geophilus gracilis Harger, 1872, p. 18.

Range : Europe, North Africa, North America. Evidently read-
ily transported and easily established ; probably occurs widely
throughout the temperate Holarctic region through repeated
introductions. In the United States nemorensis is known to
occur in many of the states east of the Mississippi and north
of Virginia; elsewhere reports of it have been sporadic.
Eventually it will very likely be known to inhabit many, or
most, of our states.

SERRUNGUIS Chamberlin

Serrunguis Chamberlin, 1941, p. 789.

Type-species: Serrunguis paroicus Chamberlin, 1941. (Origi-
nal designation and monotypic.)
Range : Known only from the locality of the type-species.

Serrunguis paroicus Chamberlin

Serrunguis paroicus Chamberlin, 1941, p. 789.
Type-locality : California : Mountain Springs.
Range : Known only from the type-locality.

NYCTUNGUIS Chamberlin

Nyctunguis Chamberlin, 1914, p. 201.

Type-species: Pectiniunguis montcrcus Chamberlin, 1904 [ =
Nyctunguis nwntereus (Chamberlin)]. (Original designa-
tion.)

Range : Mexico, California, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Arizona.

76 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1961

Notes : Despite the assignment of many species to this genus,
no key to the species has ever been published. These species, as
described, are clearly all quite similar, and, on the basis of their
printed descriptions, it is extremely difficult or impossible to
identify the majority of them with confidence. This problem is
further complicated by the rarity of specimens assignable to
Nyctunguis in collections. It is probably not too extreme to
suggest that nearly all such identified specimens are members
of typical series or are holotypes.

Nyctunguis apachus Chamberlin

Nyctunguis apachus Chamberlin, 1941, p. 786.

Type-locality: Arizona: 38 miles south of Ajo ($ holotype) ;
20 miles south of Ajo (5 paratype).

Range : Known only from the two type-localities and from
North Sasaba, Arizona.

Nyctunguis arcochilus Chamberlin

Nyctunguis arcochilus Chamberlin, 1941, p. 785.

Type-locality : Texas : Laredo.

Range : Known only from the type-locality.

Nyctunguis auxus Chamberlin

Nyctunguis auxus Chamberlin, 1941, p. 787.

Type-locality : California : Coyote Wells.
Range : Known only from the type-locality.

Nyctunguis catalinae (Chamberlin)

Pectiniunguis heathii catalinae Chamberlin, 1912a, p. 669.

Nyctunguis catalinae (Chamberlin), -Chamberlin, 1923, p.

396. "

Type-locality : California : Catalina Island, Claremont.
Range : Known only from the type-localities.

Nyctunguis dampfi (Verhoeff)

Schendylunguis dampfi Verhoeff, 1926, p. 103.
Nyctunguis dampfi (Verhoeff), -Attems, 1929, p. 88.

Type-locality : Mexico : Desierto de los Leones.
Range : Known only from the type-locality.

Notes : In describing Simoporus koestneri, q.v., Professor Cham-
berlin alerted the reader to the similarity between his new spe-

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 77

cies and dampfi as described by Verhoeff (Chamberlin, 1940b,
p. 65). The apparent similarity in many characters is indeed
impressive, but its interpretation must wait until we know much
more than we do now about the whole ensemble of microschendy-
lines of which these species are members.

Through the kindness of Dr. Wilhelm Engelhardt of the
Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates at Munich I
have been privileged to examine Verhoeff's original type speci-
mens. They differ most notably (and, under the present system,
generically) from koestneri and its congeners in their possession
of two distinct pores on each coxopleuron. In koestneri there
is reportedly just one. It is also important to report that Ver-
hoeff's figure of the first maxillae is in error, for careful study
reveals that the first maxillae of the dampfi holotype have dis-
tinct, though concealed, telopodite lappets as well as frail, small
coxosternal lappets. Attems and others, on Verhoeff's evidence,
have assumed them to be absent.

Nyctunguis danzantinus Chamberlin
Nyctunguis danzantinus Chamberlin, 1923, p. 395.

Type-locality : Mexico, Gulf of California, Danzante Island.
Range : Known only from the type-locality.

Nyctunguis glendorus Chamberlin

Nyctunguis glendorus Chamberlin, 1946b, p. 69.

Type-locality: California: Glendora, Los Angeles National
Forest.

Range : Known only from the type-locality.

Nyctunguis heathii (Chamberlin)

Pectiniunguis heathii Chamberlin, 1909, p. 176.

Nyctunguis heathii (Chamberlin), -Chamberlin, 1914, p. 201.

Type-locality: California: Monterey Co., near Cypress Point.
Range : Known only from type-locality.

Nyctunguis libercolens Chamberlin

Nyctunguis libercolens Chamberlin, 1923, p. 395.

Type-locality : California : Stanford and environs.
Range : Known only from the type-locality.

78 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1961

Nyctunguis minis Chamberlin

Nyctunguis mirus Chamberlin, 1923, p. 393.

Type-locality : Mexico : Lower California, Ensenada de Todos

Santos.
Range : Known only from the type-locality.

Nyctunguis molinor Chamberlin

Nyctunguis molinor Chamberlin, 1925, p. 58.
Type-locality : Utah : Mill Creek Canyon.
Range : Known only from the type-locality.

Nyctunguis montereus (Chamberlin)

Pectiniunguis montereus Chamberlin, 1904, p. 653.
Nyctunguis montereus (Chamberlin), -Chamberlin, 1914, p.
201.

Type-locality : California : Pacific Grove, Bay of Monterey.
Range : California.

Nyctunguis pholeter Crabill

Nyctunguis pholeter Crabill, 1958, p. 154.

Type-locality : Tennessee : DeKalb Co., Cripps' Mill, Cripps'

Mill Cave.
Range : Known only from the type-locality.

Nyctunguis vallis Chamberlin

Nyctunguis vallis Chamberlin, 1941, p. 786.
Type-locality : California : Carmel Valley, Hastings Reservation.

SlMOPORUS Chamberlin

?Holitys Cook, 1899, p. 304.
Simoporus Chamberlin, 1940a, p. 109.

Type-species: Simoporus te.vanus Chamberlin, 1940a. (Origi-
nal designation and monotypic.)

Range : Northeastern Mexico, Texas, Arkansas. Should prob-
ably be expected throughout the Gulf States.

Notes : See notes under Holitys and Nyctunguis dampfi.

Simoporus arcanus Crabill

Simoporus arcanus Crabill, new species.

Type-locality : Arkansas : Washington Co., 4 miles west of

Farmington.
Range : Known only from the type-locality.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 79

Simoporus koestneri Chamberlin

Simoporus koestneri Chamberlin, 1940b, p. 65.
Type-locality : Mexico : Nuevo Leon, Cerro Potosi.
Range : Known only from type-locality.

Notes : See discussion under Nyctunguis dampfi.

Simoporus texanus Chamberlin

Simoporus texanus Chamberlin, 1940a, p. 109.
Type-locality : Texas : Bandera Co., 2 miles north of Medina.
Range : Known only from the type-locality.

REFERENCES

ATTEMS, C. GRAF. 1929. Das Tierreich, Lief. 52: 1-388.
BAILEY, J. W. 1928. Bull. New York State Museum No. 276: 5-50.
BERGSOE, J., and MEINERT, FR. 1866. Naturh. Tidsskr. (3)4: 81-108.
BOLLMAN, C. H. 1889. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 12: 211-212.
BROELEMANN, H. W. 1911. Bull. Soc. Ent. France 80(8) : 191-193.
BROELEMANN, H. W., and RIBAUT, H. 1912. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist.

Nat. Paris (5)4: 53-183.
CHAMBERLIN, R. V. 1904. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 56(3) : 651-657.

1909. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 2: 175-195.

1912a. Pomona Journ. Ent. 4: 651-672.

1912b. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 54(13) : 407^136.

1914. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 58(3) : 151-221.

1920. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 33 : 41-44.

1922. Psyche 29(1) : 9-10.

1923. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (4)12(18) : 389-407.
1925. Pan. Pac. Ent. 2: 55-63.

1940a. Ent. News 51: 107-110, 125-158.

1940h. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 53 : 65-66.

1941. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 34(4) : 773-790.

1942. Ent. News 53: 184-188.

1943. Univ. Utah Biol. Ser. 7(3) : 1-55.
1946a. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 39(2) : 177-189.
1946b. Pan. Pac. Ent. 22(2) : 64-70.

1947a. Pan. Pac. Ent. 23(1) : 37-39.
1947b. Ent. News 58(6) : 146-149.
1947c. Ent. News 58(10) : 260.
COOK, O. F. 1896.8 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 18: 63-75.

8 Since many new forms and categories are presented in this publica-
tion, it is important to note here that although it is imprinted "1895," and
although all authors to date have cited it under that year, National Mu-

80 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1961

1899. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 4 : 303-312.

1904. Harriman Alaska Expedition 8 : 47-82.
COOK, O. F., and COLLINS, G. N. 1891. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13:

383-396.
CRABILL, R. E., JR. 1953. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 61 : pp. 93-98.

1958. Ent. News 69(6) : 153-160.

1959. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 49(9) : 324-330.
HARGER, P. 1872. Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts (3)4: 117-121.

KOCH, C. L. 1835-44. Herrich-Schaffer, Deutschlands Insecten, Hfte.
136, 137, 142, 162, 190.

1847. Krit. Revis. Insecktenfauna Deutschlands. Herrich-Panzer,
pp. 1-272.

1863. Die Myriapoden 2: 1-112.
MEINERT, FR. 1870. Naturh. Tidsskr. (3)7: 1-128.

1886. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 23 : 161-233.
PALMER, E. J., and STEYERMARK, J. A. 1935. Ann. Missouri Bot.

Gardens 22 : 375-758.
VERHOEFF, K. W. 1926. Zool. Anz. 69(3/4) : 97-105.

Some Insect Visitors of Mat Euphorbia in South-
eastern Arizona * (Hymenoptera, Diptera)

By KARL V. KROMBEIN, Entomology Research Division,
Agricultural Research Service, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

Hymenopterists collecting in the southwestern United States
have known for many years of the attractiveness of the tiny
flowers of Euphorbia albotnarginata Torrey and Gray to certain
small wasps and bees. The plant has a prostrate growth habit
and occurs in scattered mats up to about 45 cm. in diameter.
The mats are most common along roadsides where the plants
receive the extra moisture from runoff. Flowers are produced

seum records show that this publication was actually first issued to the
public on April 23, 1896.

1 This contribution was made possible by a grant from the American
Philosophical Society for a study of the solitary wasps and bees nesting
in borings in wooden traps, and was incidental to that project; the results
of the trap nest investigations will appear in a separate contribution.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 81

over a long period of time, which makes the plant very attractive
to smaller aculeates during periods when few other deserf
plants are in bloom.

To date no list of the particular groups of wasps and bees
attracted to these flowers and their relative abundance has been
published. I take this opportunity to publish some data ob-
tained during my residence at the Southwestern Research Sta-
tion of the American Museum of Natural History, July 17 to
31, 1959. - Included in an appendix is a list of the other Hy-
menoptera and certain Diptera obtained on the plants also. Con-
current observations were being made on several ground-nesting
wasps, so I devoted only several hours on July 23, 26, 27, and
28, and most of July 24 to collecting on the Euphorbia. Col-
lections were made along the desert roadside from 3 to 8 miles
east of Portal, Ariz., at about 4,000 ft. elevation.

Identifications in the following list are by myself except as
acknowledged.

Family Chrysididae
Hedychridium sp. 3

Family Tiphiidae

Quemaya perpunctata (Ckll.). 1 J*; taken at 2 p.m. in bright
sun ; this is one of the few diurnal species of Brachycistidinae.

Family Pompilidae

Ageniella (Ageniella} partita Bks. 1 J*.
Anoplius (Arachnophroctonus} xerophilus Evans (det. H. E.
Evans). 1 J\

Family Sphecidae

Astata ncvadica Cr. 1 $.

Plcnoculus cockerellii Fox (det. F. X. Williams). 3 $$, 1 J1.

Solicrclla clypeata Wms. (det. F. X. Williams). 2$$.

Solicrella vierecki (Roh.). 5 $$, 1 <$.

Nitelopterus calif ornicus (Ashm.). 3

Tachysphe.v coqiiilletti Roh. 1 $, 3

2 1 am indebted to Director Mont Cazier for making available the
facilities of the Station in support of these several projects.

82 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1961

Tachysphex propinquus Vier. 1 <$.

Tachysphex sp. #1. 8 <$<$ ; this and the following are small
species, male with black abdomen.

Tachysphex sp. #2. 2 $?, 1 J*.

Tachysphex sp. #3. 2 55, 3 J^ ; this and the following two
are small species, females with abdomen all red, males with
abdomen red and black.

Tachysphex sp. #4. 28 $$, 23

Tachysphex sp. #5. 17 $?,

Xylocelia sp. 2 55, 2 <$<$. Apparently females of this spe-
cies prefer to start their burrows in a vertical surface when
one is available ; on July 28 I collected 5 additional females that
were attracted to the vertical walls of an excavation I had made
to uncover a nest of Eucerceris triciliata Scullen.

Nysson (E piny s son) sp. 1 $.
Foxia navajo Pate. 1 $.
Hapalomellinus sp. 1 §.

Moniaecera (Moniaecera) evansi Pate. 1 $, 4 $<$.
Oxybelus abdominale Baker. 1 $.

Family Andrenidae

Perdita (Perditella) minima Ckll. (det. P. H. Timberlake).
5 5$, 6 <$<$ ; some of the females were gathering pollen.

Perdita (Hexaperdita) callicerata Ckll. (det. P. H. Timber-
lake). 1J\

Pseudopanurgus sp. (det. P. H. Timberlake). 1 J1.

Calliopsis (Perissander) sp. (det. P. H. Timberlake). 1 J.

Calliopsis (Per is sand er) anomoptera Mich. 15$$, 35 J\^.

Only males were taken on July 23 and 24 ; most of them were
newly emerged, but a few showed denuded areas on the scutum
indicating that they had been on the wing for several days.
Freshly emerged females were present on the flowers on the
26th. Only two of these females bore pollen masses on the
hind tibiae; these masses were identified by Paul S. Martin as
being composed entirely of Euphorbia pollen, so undoubtedly
the anomoptera females were visiting the flowers for both pollen
and nectar. One male attempted to mate by flying down and
alighting on a female on the Euphorbia, but aside from this
there was no evidence of mating activity. I looked for the bur-

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 83

rows in the immediate area without finding the nesting site. I
did not collect all the females that were present. P. D. Kurd
collected 31 $$ and 22^,^ on Euphorbia albomarginata in this
same area from August 9 to 15, 1958. A. F. Shinn reports
(in Hit.} that this species has been taken elsewhere in Arizona
from July 7 to September 15, so apparently it is double-brooded.

Family Halictidae (all det. P. H. Timberlake)

Chloralictns clematis ellus (Ckll.). 3 5$, 1J1; the females
were gathering pollen.

Chloralictus sp. 15 5$, IG?! several of the females were
gathering pollen.

Dialictus sp. 1 $, 1 J1 ; the female was collecting pollen.

Sphecodcs sophiae Ckll. 1 $•

APPENDIX

The following parasitic Hymenoptera were collected on these
flowers.

BRACONIDAE (det. C. F. W. Muesebeck) : 1 5 Apanteles scu-
tellaris Mues. ; 1 $, 1 J1 Chelonus phthorimaeae Gah.

PTEROMALIDAE (det. B. D. Burks) : 1 $ Catolaccus aeneo-
Z'iridis (Grit.).

CHALCIDIDAE (det. B. D. Burks) : 1 $, 1 J1 Hockeria sp. ;
2 5$ Euchalcidia sp. #1 ; 2 5$ Euchalcidia sp. #2.

The following Diptera also were collected on flowers. Milto-
grammini were very abundant and no attempt was made to col-
lect all specimens seen.

BOMBYLIIDAE (det. W. W. Wirth) : 1 Astrophanes adonis
O. S.; 1 Villa lepidota (O. S.) ; 1 Villa sp. #1 ; 1 Villa sp. #2.

CHLOROPIDAE (det. C. W. Sabrosky) : 1 Siphonella projccta
Mall.

TACHINIDAE (det. C. W. Sabrosky) : 1 Hyalomya aldrichii
Tns. ; 5 Microchaetina valida Tns.

SARCOPHAGIDAE (all Miltogrammini, det. W. L. Downes,
Jr.): 25$ Opsidiopsis oblata Tns.; 1$ Senotainia rufivetitris
(Coq.) (?); 1^ S. nana Coq. ( ?) ; 2$$, 3^ 5. sp. near
vigilans Allen ; 11 5?, 10 J^J1 Gymnoprosopa sp. near polita Tns. ;
1 $, 1 J1 Eumacronychia sp.

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Used genuine Schmidt boxes, excellent condition, at less than half
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MOSQUITO ATLAS. Part I. The Nearctic Anopheles, important
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

APRIL 1961

Vol. LXXII No. 4

CONTENTS

Gertsch— Herbert Ferlando Schwarz, 1883-1960 85

Cooper — European pselaphid beetle in New York 90

Scott — Collembola of New Mexico, IV 93

Chamberlin — Geophilid chilopods of Utah 96

Book Notices 100

Hull — The genus Psilocurus Loew 101

Spilman — Immature stages of Ptilodactylidae 105

Alexander — Type locality of Gomphocerus clavatus 107

Book Notice . Ill

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HERBERT FERLANDO SCHWARZ

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXII APRIL, 1961 No. 4

Herbert Ferlando Schwarz
1883-1960

After a full life of service and devotion to family, friends and
country, Herbert Schwarz died on October 2, 1960. He was
one of those rare individuals whose high code of honor and
genuine sincerity charmed all who met him. He left behind
friends in numbers in all parts of the world who will long re-
member him for his kindness, generosity and graciousness. A
man of exceeding modesty, he took pleasure in praising the
deeds and works of others but never mentioned his own. A
man of great patriotism and love of country, he served in the
Field Artillery during the First World War. A dedicated
scholar all his life, he applied his broad knowledge to several
fields with outstanding success. He stood high in the esteem
of scientific colleagues throughout the world and left as his
monument papers on bees that will long remain definitive works
on the group. To his closest friends Herbert Schwarz personi-
fied all that was fine and noble in man.

Herbert Schwarz was born on Fire Island, near Long Island,
New York, on September 7, 1883, the son of Frederick A. O.
Schwarz and Caroline Clausen Schwarz. His preparatory
schooling was acquired at the Phillips Exeter Academy, from
which he graduated in 1900. After four years of work at
Harvard University, he received the Bachelor of Arts degree
in 1904. His liberal education emphasized literature, writing
and languages, and in 1905, after a year of graduate study he
was awarded the Master of Arts degree in philosophy. Con-
tinuation of his schooling at Columbia University brought him
another Master of Arts degree in Elizabethan literature in

(85)

86 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1961

1907. Among his later honors was election to Sigma Xi. As
an undergraduate he developed a keen interest in natural his-
tory and anthropology, especially Indian lore, which was re-
sponsible for taking him into the Southwest in 1904 and 1905
for study of the aboriginal cultures of that area. Fascinated by
the lives and myths of the Navajos and the Pueblo tribes, he
brought together a large body of notes on these peoples. One
of his first published papers was concerned with the "Spider
Myths of the American Indians" and brought to light many
of the charming details of this Indian mythology.

Herbert Schwarz always identified himself with the metro-
politan area and spoke in the manner of the cultured New
Yorker. His father had come to this country from Herford in
Germany and had established the F. A. O. Schwarz toy com-
pany on Fifth Avenue, which in its specialty has become one of
the landmarks of the city. Herbert was associated with the
business for over fifty-five years, as an officer of the corpora-
tion in its early days and as a director during the last twenty-
seven years of his life. His proficiency in modern languages
was undoubtedly aided by numerous travels to all parts of the
world. He spoke and read German fluently and had an excel-
lent knowledge of Spanish, French and other Romance lan-
guages which he continued to study most of his life.

Schwarz in 1910 married Dorothy Constable, who was his
frequent companion on subsequent trips and maintained a close
interest in all his activities. Their four daughters are : Mrs.
Barbara French, Mrs. Eleanor Stock, Mrs. Dorothy Hines and
Miss Marjorie Schwarz.

During the period from 1909 to 1919 Herbert Schwarz acted
as head of the editorial department and member of the board
of G. P. Putnam's Sons in New York City. With a command
of word and phrase reserved only to the gifted, it was inevitable
that Schwarz would shine in the editorial and publishing field.
He wrote fluently with a bold, handsome script and was a vora-
cious reader of good books. A grievous fault, or so he told me,
was his addiction to polysyllabic words and a ready acceptance
of repetition with eddying currents of thought to bring out finer

Ixxii | ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 87

flavors and more exact meanings in writings. His leanings
toward anthropology and natural history qualified him for edi-
torial participation in the Putnam Field Book series.

To Schwarz, as editorial and lay adviser, came a book which
was to have strong influence in shaping his future life. This
was the "Field Book of Insects" by Dr. Frank E. Lutz, then
curator of insects of the American Museum of Natural History.
This work was published in 1918 and still remains, after forty
years, the outstanding field guide on insects for the amateur and
general student. Lutz and the gentle, reserved Schwarz were
about the same age and they quickly became close personal
friends. They were opposites in many ways, with Lutz a man
of penetrating mind who loved nothing more than to shock
friend and foe with piercing barbs. Lutz kindled in Schwarz
his first interests in insects and, because of his own liking for
the biology and physiology of the bees, directed Schwarz's atten-
tion to the study of these captivating social insects. On many
occasions Herbert Schwarz expressed his great admiration for
Frank E. Lutz and regarded him as his teacher and mentor.

Herbert Schwarz's career at the American Museum of Nat-
ural History began in a modest way in 1919 when he spent
three months in Colorado as a volunteer assistant with Dr. Lutz
on a field expedition from the Department of Entomology. It
was on this or a similar trip that he first met T. D. A. Cockerell
who further encouraged his interest in bees and with whom he
shared a close friendship and engaged in voluminous corre-
spondence until Cockerell's death. In 1921, Schwarz was ap-
pointed as Research Associate of the Department of Entomology
and he retained this post until his death, on a nearly full time
basis. His interest in the American Museum and its manifold
activities was very great and he participated in many ways.
Thus, from 1921 to 1925 he was editor of Natural History
magazine, and, following the death of Dr. Lutz in lc'4>\ Scluvar/.
was appointed acting chairman of the Entomology Department
of the Museum, and he gave unreservedly of his time during
the war period.

Once he had succumbed to the lure of insects, Herbert

t 3 1961

88 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1961

Schwarz swiftly became a full-fledged entomologist and par-
ticipated in many Museum field trips to far places. On most
of these he was accompanied by one or both of his closest per-
sonal friends, Frank E. Lutz and Irving Huntington, but other
trips were taken alone. Some of the areas visited were : Colo-
rado, 1919 ; southern Florida in 1923 ; the Brownsville region of
Texas in 1925 ; Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, in 1930 and
1933 ; the Cauca Valley of Colombia, in 1935 ; central Mexico
and Yucatan in 1946; and southern Mexico in 1947. In addi-
tion to these collecting and field study expeditions Schwarz
visited museums and scientific institutions all over the world,
often with his wife and members of the family.

During his life Schwarz was active in many organizations to
which he gave generously of time and money. As a Harvard
graduate with fondest memories of early school years, he main-
tained close ties with his university and its Museum of Com-
parative Zoology and served on many committees. He often
entertained friends and visitors at the Harvard Club on West
Forty-fourth Street in New York, where his geniality as host
will always remain a bright spot in the memories of his guests.
As a Corresponding Member of the American Entomological
Society, Schwarz was personally well-known to the older group
of its membership. To Mr. J. A. G. Rehn, he was a good
friend and "one of nature's noblemen, beloved by all who knew
him for his many kindnesses, his courtesy — things increasingly
rare in this matter-of-fact world."

Local organizations claimed a large share of Schwarz's inter-
est. In 1919 he joined the New York Entomological Society
and maintained a constant interest until his death. Here he
fraternized with such now departed or inactive entomological
stalwarts as William T. Davis, John D. Sherman, Ernest Bell,
Andrew Mutchler, Charles Leng, and Frank Watson. He
served on many committees, on the Board, and as President
of the New York Entomological Society in 1935. He was also
active in the National Audubon Society and the New York
Academy of Sciences. Of the latter he was a Fellow and Coun-
cil member for many years and Editor of Publications from

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 89

1925 to 1936. Another of his great interests was the Explorers'
Club which he joined in 1921 and to which he gave sterling
service as a Director and on various committees for many
years. He was also for many years a member of Squadron A,
a local cavalry group, which had its headquarters in the Old
Armory.

Many of Schwarz's early papers were published in Natural
History magazine during his tenure as editor. The broad scope
of his writing is reflected in such titles as "Floral Designs in
Textiles," "Eclipses, as Interpreted by the American Abo-
rigines," "Swinging a Net in Southern Florida" and what may
well have been his first published writing, "Tobacco as a Cure
for Ailments." Thereafter, most of his publications, totalling at
least sixty, were scientific contributions dealing rather exclu-
sively with the bees of two groups. Much of what is known on
the megachilid bees of the subfamily Anthidiinae we owe to
Schwarz whose series of basic papers is still the standard ref-
erence for the group. The stingless honeybees of the family
Meliponidae (or Apidae) became Schwarz's special province and
made him known to entomologists throughout the world. His
greatest work is a voluminous tome exceeding five hundred
printed pages, profusely illustrated, and entitled "Stingless Bees
(Meliponidae) of the Western Hemisphere," which was pub-
lished as a Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural His-
tory. Almost one third of these pages are devoted to the biology
and natural history of stingless bees of the entire world and
the remainder assigned to the systematics of the principal genera
of the New World. This work will long remain a personal
monument to the untiring devotion of a fine man. In its size
and scope we see so much of what we admired in the man;
it is the fruit of a keen, inquiring mind delineated in a bound-
less wealth of expression, an enduring work on a group of
insects which he grew to love.

WILLIS J. GERTSCH

90 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1961

Occurrence of the European Pselaphid Beetle

Trichonyx sulcicollis (Reichenbach)

in New York State

By KENNETH W. COOPER, Hanover, N. H.

Nearly 30 years ago (June 13, 1931), at Kissena Lake Park,
Flushing, L. I., I collected a large female pselaphid beetle (ca.
2.5 mm. long) from under bark and in company with the ant
Lasius umbratus (Nyl.). In 1947 the specimen came into Prof.
Orlando Park's possession when he purchased the Pselaphidae
in the collection of my boyhood friend and teacher, the late
Charles A. Schaeffer of the Brooklyn Museum. Park identified
the beetle as Trichonyx sulcicollis (Reichenbach), a fairly un-
common euplectine pselaphid found throughout much of Europe.

"Since no species of pselaphid has been known to inhabit both
Europe and the United States," Park (1953a) says, "the reader
may well imagine with what care this New York insect was
identified, and the determination checked and rechecked over
the past several years." Though Flushing, locale of the well-
known and extensive nineteenth century Prince ( = "Linnaean
Botanic Gardens," founded ra. 1737) and Bloodgood (founded
ca. 1797) nurseries, the early histories of which have been com-
mented upon by Mandeville (1860), had in fact been the site
of discovery of two other introduced beetles (Asaphidion flavi-
pes L., and Bitoma crenata Fabr., v. Cooper 1930), Park was
extremely cautious in concluding that the specimen of Trichonyx
sulcicollis (Reich.) before him represented a genuine introduc-
tion. Indeed his comments impelled me, during brief visits to
Flushing in late springtime (1956-60), to search in the region
of the original capture even though it has long been destroyed as
a natural area. Bitoina crenata Fabr. is still frequent in the
area, especially under the bark of cherry, but neither Asaphidion
nor Trichonyx were found there again. Unexpectedly, how-
ever, Trichonyx sulcicollis (Reich.) has recently been found at
Rochester, N. Y., and there can no longer be question that this
pselaphid is present in our fauna and should be included in our
catalogs and keys.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 91

The second specimen, also a female, was found in a Berlese
funnel sample made by Prof. William B. Muchmore, expert on
isopods and pseudoscorpions, at Rochester, N. Y. (sample 124;
May 25, 1957 ; old mouse nest occupied by bumblebees, from
under old railroad tie, River Boulevard near Mt. Hope Ceme-
tery), within the city limits. The pselaphid, awakening dormant
memory the moment I viewed the sample, ran directly to Tri-
chon\.\- in Park's (1953) key to the genera of pselaphids of the
U. S., and checked well with Trichony.r snlcicollis (Reichen-
bach) in the only European keys and descriptions available to
me (namely Seidlitz, 1891; Ganglbauer, 1895). Park has con-
firmed my identification (letter of May 17, 1960), and the
specimen remains in his collection along with that originally
caught in Flushing.

As in the first case, The Rochester specimen of Trichonyx
snlcicollis (Reich.) was also taken in association with ants, and
most remarkably with Ponera coarctata pennsylvanica Buckley
(det. by Dr. M. R. Smith, U.S.N.M.). Correspondingly the
Rochester locality at which the pselaphid was taken is not far
from the site of an old Rochester nursery which, until the first
World War, imported stock from Europe, and the area now
harbors enduring populations of the European isopods Hylo-
niscus ripariits (Koch) and Platyarthrus hoffuianseggi Brandt
(Muchmore, 1957), as well as the European geophilomorphous
centipede Chaetechelyne vesuviana (Newport) (Crabill, 1955),
and a blind hypogaeic colydiid beetle that is also most probably
an importation from Europe (unpublished).

The two records of Trichonyx snlcicollis (Reich.) from New
York State, no less the details of each capture, indicate that this
beetle is established in the United States, and probably has
been so established for well over 30 years. Donisthorpe (1927)
and Ganglbauer (1895) give Lasiits hninncits (Latr.) and
Ponera coarctata (Latr.) [but as P. contracta (Latr.)] as ant
associates in Europe, and it is a striking fact that the two New
York Trichonyx were found in the company of the related Las ins
umbratus (Nyl.), also occurring in Europe, and the closely simi-
lar Ponera coarctata pennsylranica Buckley. Association here

92 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1961

with appropriate ants, one of which is regarded as endemic,
bespeaks successful immigration. It is, of course, most likely
that the Rochester and Flushing areas were independently col-
onized, and it would not be surprising were Trichonyx to remain
unfound or rare in intervening localities.

It is pleasant to thank Dr. Muchmore for his kindness in
permitting me to sort through his extensive Berlese funnel sam-
ples, the unmounted remainder of which are now deposited in
the U. S. National Museum.

CITATIONS

COOPER, K. W. 1930. Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc. 25 : 21-24.

CRABILL, R. E. 1955. Ent. News 66: 248-249.

DONISTHORPE, H. ST. J. K. 1927. The guests of British ants, xxiii

+ 244 pp., ill. Routledge and Sons, London.
GANGLBAUER, L. 1895. Die Kafer von Mitteleuropa. 2 Bd., 1 Theil,

880 s. Wien.
MANDEVILLE, G. H. 1860. Flushing, past and present : a historical

sketch. 180 pp., ill. Publ. by Home Lecture Committee of 1857-8,

Flushing.

MUCHMORE, W. B. 1957. Jour. Washington Acad. Sci. 47: 78-83.
PARK, O. 1953a. Nat. Hist. Miscell. Chicago Acad. Sci. No. 117 (3

pp.).

. 1953b. Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci. 9: 299-331.

SEIDLITZ, G. 1891. Fauna Baltica. Die Kaefer. 2 Aufl., 10 + Ivi + 818

s. Konigsberg.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 93

The Collembola of New Mexico. IV.

A New Genus of Isotominae IF 2

(Entomobryidae)

By HAROLD GEORGE SCOTT 3

Prior to the species recorded in this part, only 2 species of
Isotominae were recorded from New Mexico : Isotoinurus re-
tardates (by Folsom, 1937), and Proisotoma frisoni (by Scott,
1958). Specimens will be deposited with the Academy of Nat-
ural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

GENUS BIACANTHELLA gen. nov.

TYPE SPECIES. Biacanthella neomexicana gen. et sp. nov.

DESCRIPTION. Body elongate, not subglobose; integument
smooth, non-tuberculate ; clothing of simple setae ; bothriotricha
absent; antenna 4-segmented, thick, heavy; postantennal organ
elliptical, simple; eyes 8 and 8; mouthparts mandibulate; pro-
thorax much shortened, membranous, with 1 or no setae dor-
sally; tenent hairs absent; unguiculus present; furcula present,
short, not attaining collophore ; mucro not ankylosed with dens ;
genital segment enlarged, anal segment reduced ; anal spines 2,
anus ventro-terminal.

DISCUSSION. Biacanthella shows both hypogastrurine and
isotomine characteristics, but is placed in the subfamily Isoto-
minae because of its reduced, membranous pronotum. It dif-
fers from other known genera of Isotominae in the following
combination of characters : Anal spines 2, furcula and unguiculus
present, anus ventro-terminal.

1 A portion of a dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the
University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

2 Part III appeared in Ent. News, 71(3) : 57-65.

3 Training Branch, Communicable Disease Center, Public Health Serv-
ice, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Atlanta,
Georgia.

94 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1961

Biacanthella neomexicana gen. et sp. nov. Figures 1-8

TYPE LOCALITY. Holotype and 31 paratypes, Doc. Long's
Picnic Area, Sandia Mts., Bernalillo Co., New Mexico ; Berlese
of Gambel oak litter, 7,400 ft., 29-V-1951, by C. Clayton Hoff.

DESCRIPTION. Body elongate, clearly segmented ; integument
smooth, appearing minutely tuberculate under high magnifica-
tions ; white, speckled dorsally with blue-gray on the tergites
and head ; antenna light blue-gray ; legs and furcula white ; body
sparingly clothed with moderately long curving simple setae
with a few peculiar bifurcate setae scattered laterally on the
thorax ; setae few anteriorly, becoming more-and-more numer-
ous posteriorly until they are profuse on Abd VI ; bothriotricha
absent ; head prognathous ; ratio of antenna to head approxi-
mately 23 : 26 ; Ant IV with terminal tubercle, subapical papilla
and slender curving olfactory setae; Ant III sense organ with
2 oblique basally bent sense rods and a protective integumentary
fold ; postantennal organ elliptical, simple, consisting of a single
tubercle ; eyes 8 and 8, subequal in size ; pigmented eyepatches
absent during life, but some ocular pigment may become visible
in specimens after mounting ; mouthparts mandibulate ; ratio of
prothorax to mesothorax to metathorax as 7:19:16; prothorax
reduced, membranous with 1 seta located in the mid-dorsum of
the pronotum ; mesonotum not covering prothorax dorsally ;
trochanteral organ absent ; tibiotarsus without distal subseg-
ment ; inner edge of unguis simple, curved strongly ; ratio of
unguiculus to unguis as 7:16; unguiculus not toothed; tenent
hairs represented by a single unknobbed seta on each foot ; seg-
ments of abdomen not overlapping but with well-developed in-
tersegmental membranes ; Abd III urotergite not ventro-laterally
prolonged backward ; sacs of ventral tube small ; furcula reaching
to caudal edge of Abd I and apparently attached to Abd IV ;

Biacanthella neomexicana gen. et sp. nov.

1. Lateral view, 2. dorsal view, 3. lateral view of mucro, 4. lateral view
of pronotum, 5. lateral view of left anal horn, 6. lateral view of left front
foot, 7. left eyes and postantennal organ, 8. bifurcate seta on right side of
mesothorax in dorsal view. Figures 2 and 8 of paratype, all others of
holotype. Arrow indicates anterior for all figures.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

95

\

96 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1961

ratio of manubrium to dens to mucro as 9:7:2; manubrium with
ventral setae ; mucro unidentate ; genital segment enlarged, anal
segment reduced; anal appendages absent; length 1.0 mm.

REFERENCES

FOLSOM, J. W. 1937. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus. 168 : 71-72.

SCHAFFER, C. 1896. Mitt. Naturh. Mus. Hamburg 13: 147-216.

SCOTT, H. G. 1958. Ent. News 69(8) : 202.

TOMOSVARY, O. 1882. Math. Term. Kozlem. Magyar Akad. 18: 119-130.

Notes on the Geophilid Chilopods of Utah

By RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN

This list of members of the Geophilida known to me per-
sonally as occurring in Utah has been drawn up primarily to
assign to more recently recognized genera some of the species
that were described many years ago.

Chilenophilidae

Arctogeophilus atopus (Chamberlin)

Geophilus atopus Chamberlin, 1902, Amer. Nat. 36: 476.

This species is readily distinguishable superficially from re-
lated congeners in that the claw of the anal legs is represented
by a small process or cuticular point only or, sometimes, is
entirely absent. A very characteristic feature is the small
median sharply defined circular clypeal area which is preceded
by a pair of setae and followed by another pair. The labrum
conforms rather closely to that of the generotype, A. glacialis
Attems. The pairs of legs number prevailingly 67 or 69 but
may be as few as 63.

This species is at present known from northern Arizona, from
various points in Utah, and from Wyoming (e.g., at Devil's
Tower).

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 97

Arctogeophilus umbraticus (McNeill)

Mecistocephalus umbraticus McNeill, 1887, Proc. U. S. Nat

Mus. 10: 322.

Geophilus xenoporus Chamberlin, 1902, Amer. Nat. 36: 475.
Gnathomerium americanum Ribaut, 1912, Bull. Soc. Toulouse

43: 120, figs. 12-17.

This widespread species seems to be the most abundant geo-
philid in Utah where it is common under decaying leaves and
in leaf mold along the canyon streams of the Wahsatch, Uintah
and Oquirrh Mts., etc.

Watophilus utus Chamberlin

Watophilus utus Chamberlin, 1928, Ent. News 39 : 95.

This small geophilid, distinguishable from other known spe-
cies by its larger number of legs, 65 pairs, is to date recorded
or known only from San Juan Co., where it has been taken at
Verdure, Bluff, and between LeSal and Moab.

Pachymerinidae

Zygomerium rotarium Chamberlin

Zygomcrium rotariurn Chamberlin, 1943, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington 56: 100.

Known only from the holotype which was taken in City Creek
Canyon, near Salt Lake City.

Geophilidae

Brachygeophilus glyptus (Chamberlin)

Geophilus glyptus Chamberlin, 1902, Amer. Nat. 36 : 477.

This species occurs in the canyons of the Wahsatch, Oquirrh,
and Stansbury Mts. While it appears to range into Idaho,
Oregon specimens earlier referred to it belong to B. oregonus.
A readily recognized difference is that while in glyptus the
labrum is fimbriate throughout with about 12 processes on the
median piece, in oregonus the median piece is not fimbriate but
bears 5 or 6 stout teeth. Although glyptus sometimes bears a
small tooth at the base of the claws of the prehensors, this is

98 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1961

often obsolete or absent. These claws when closed extend to
or a little beyond the distal end of the first antennal article. The
last ventral plate is very wide with its sides strongly converging
caudad. The coxal pores number about 12 on each side, these
partly covered by the sternite. The anal legs are clothed with
abundant very short hairs and fewer long setae. Most com-
monly there are 67 or 69 pairs of legs but there may be as few
as 63 pairs. The body length in grown specimens is commonly
about 45 mm.

Geophilus fruitanus Chamberlin

Geophilus jruitanus Chamberlin, 1928, Ent. News 39: 310,
1930, Pan-Pacific Ent. 6: 114.

This species is as yet known only from Wayne Co. where it
has been taken at Fruita and in Horse Valley.

Geophilus piedus Chamberlin

Geophilus piedus Chamberlin, 1930, Pan-Pacific Ent. 6: 114.

Known only from the male holotype which was taken at St.
George, Washington Co.

Geophilus shoshoneus Chamberlin

Geophilus shoshoneus Chamberlin, 1925, Pan-Pacific Ent. 2:
59.

Recorded from Cache Co., where taken in Logan Canyon
and on the divide between this canyon and the Bear Lake valley.

Geophilus vittatus (Rafinesque)

Mycotheres (Nemopleura) vittata Rafinesque, 1820, Annals

of Nat. 1 : 8.
Geophilus rubens Say, 1821, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 2:

113.
Geophilus vittatus (Rafinesque), Crabill, 1954, Proc. Ent.

Soc. Washington 56: 177.

This widespread species, which is rather common in Arizona
and Idaho, is recorded from Washington Co., Utah, and will
probably be found elsewhere throughout the state.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 99

Dignathodontidae
Damothus mentis Chamberlin

The type of this new form, a description of which is in course
of publication elsewhere, was taken in Dry Canyon near Salt
Lake City.

Linotaenia chionophila (Wood)

Strigainia chionophila Wood, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

ser. 2, 5 : 50.

Linotaenia mhtropus Chamberlin, 1902, Amer. Nat. 36: 475
Linotaenia chionophila Chamberlin, 1911, Canadian Ent. 43:

260, 1923, N. A. Fauna 46: 212, 1925, Pan-Pac. Ent. 2:

59, 1928, Ent. News 39, 310, 1930, Pan-Pac. Ent. vol. 6,

p. 114.

This species, abundant throughout Alaska and adjacent parts,
has been found in the mountains throughout Utah.

Linotaenia fulva (Sager)

Strigamla julva Sager, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 8:

109.
Linotaenia micropits Chamberlin (part, max.), 1902, Amer.

Nat. 36 : 479.
Striyamia julva Sager, Crabill, 1954, Ent. News 65: 41.

Occurring in canyons of the Wasatch Mts., especially at
higher levels, from Cache to Sevier Co.

Himantariidae

Stenophilus hesperus (Chamberlin)

Haplophihts hesperus Chamberlin, 1928, Ent. News 39: 309.

Known thus far only from the holotype, a specimen 35 mm.
long and possessing 71 pairs of legs, with claws of prehensors
very slender. The mouthparts, which were not mentioned in
the original account, conform in general to those of other known
species of the genus but differ in details. The diastema in the
coxosternum of the second maxillae is deeper and wider than
in the other forms and the pectinae or processes of the labrum
are more numerous.

100 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1961

Schendylidae

Escaryus monticolens Chamberlin

Escaryus monticolens Chamberlin, 1947, Pan-Pac. Ent. 23 :
37.

Known only from Mill Creek Canyon, Salt Lake Co.

Gosendyla socarnia Chamberlin

A newly discovered form a description of which is appearing
elsewhere.

Nyctunguis molinor Chamberlin

Nyctunguis molinor Chamberlin, 1925, Pan-Pac. Ent. 2 : 58.

Known only from the mouth of Mill Creek Canyon, Salt
Lake Co.

Schendyla nemorensis (C. L. Koch)

Geophilus nemorensis (C. L. Koch), 1836, Crust., Myr., u.

Arachnida vol. 4, fasc. 9.
Schendyla nemorensis Bergsoe and Meinert, 1866, Naturhist.

Tidsskr. ser. 3, 4: 105.
Schendyla nemorensis Bergsoe and Meinert, Chamberlin,

1909, Ann. Ent. Amer. 2: 175.

Not uncommon in Salt Lake and Utah counties.

Book Notices

QUATE, L. W. Psychodidae. Guide to the Insects of Con-
necticut, Part VI, Diptera, Fasc. 7. State Geol. and Nat. Hist.
Survey, Bull. 92. Pp. 1-54, 7 pis. Distributed by Robert C.
Sale, Librarian, State Library, Hartford, Conn. Has keys to
genera of N. America and to species of northeastern region.

SELANDER, R. B. Bionomics, Systematics and Phylogeny of
Lytta, a Genus of Blister Beetles (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Illi-
nois Biological Monographs, No. 28, Pp. 1-295. University
of Illinois Press, Urbana, 111., 1960. Price: paper, $4.50;
cloth, $5.50.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 101

The Genus Psilocurus Loew

By FRANK MONTGOMERY HULL, University of Mississippi

This small and interesting genus is predominantly Nearctic.
Recently a species has been described by Oldroyd from the near
East, making a total of seven known species, one of them Mexi-
can. The author has collected six species in recent years, two
of which are new and here described.

Psilocurus pygmaeus, new species

This species differs from Psilocurus puellus Bromley in that
the under surface of the femora are black, except quite near the
apex where they are a little reddish. Also the last 3 or 4 seg-
ments of the abdomen are light red in color. Length 7-8 mm.

Male. Head: The head is black, everywhere dusted with
dense, greyish white pollen or fine micropubescence. Pile of
the lower occiput white. Weak bristles start on the occiput
below the middle of the head and are yellowish white in color,
and become a little longer or more stout behind the vertex.
Ocellarium with 1 or 2 minute hairs and wholly pollinose.
Face with a few fine, short, yellowish white hairs distributed
over the middle, each of them curled downward. Lower margin
of the face with about 5 pairs of slender, rather tectiformed, pale
yellow bristles. Palpus and proboscis shining black. Antenna
black, first segment with a rather long, slender, white, bristly
hair below, the second segment with comparatively long, black
setae at the apex above and below. Third segment rather short
oval, but pointed at the apex, widest across the middle, rela-
tively broad and equally tapered from the middle in each
direction.

Thorax: The thorax is shining black but rather obscured by
completely appressed, short, coarse, brassy yellow pile. In
addition the humerus and lateral margin of the postalar callosity
are greyish to silvery white pollinose. The whole of the meta-
notum and all of the pleuron, except 2 abbreviated, vertical bare
stripes, are densely silvery white pollinose. Scutellum black

102 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1961

with the same appressed yellowish pile as the mesonotum.
Halteres pale yellow. Scutellum with 1 pair of black bristles,
postalar callosity, supraalar region and notopleuron each with
a black bristle.

Legs: The legs are black. The extreme apex of the front
and middle femora dorsally, the ventral surface on the apical
half only of these femora, the extreme base of the hind femur
and the apical fifth of the hind femur ventrally reddish in color ;
also the extreme apex only of all the tibiae brownish yellow or
orange. Legs covered with completely appressed, fine, pale
yellow pile and with a few short, pale yellow bristles, which
are comparatively long on the first 3 tarsal segments.

Wings: The wings are hyaline, except for very fine, brown
villi. Venation typical.

Abdomen: The abdomen is slender, black on one to three
basal segments, becoming reddish on the remainder of the ab-
domen and light orange brown on at least the last tergite and
terminalia. Apex of prongs of surstylus black. Terminalia
inverted. Sides of the tergites with 2 weak yellow bristles on
each of the first three, 1 or 2 on the remaining tergites. Poste-
rior triangles along the lateral margin of the tergites with thin,
silvery white pollen which is easily obscured in individuals
with bad preservation.

Holotype: Male, 20 miles west of Toyah, TEXAS, August 4,
1954, collected by F. M. Hull. Two paratype males with
the same data.

Psilocurus tibialis, new species

A large black species. Femora of the male black, of the
female light red. Tibiae black in both sexes. Length 10 mm.

Male. Head: The head is black, densely greyish white polli-
nose except on the upper occiput and posterior part of vertex
where the pollen is brownish yellow, and on the face where the
pollen and micropubescence is silvery. Middle of face with a
few short, silvery hairs. Bristles of occiput, face and middle
bristle from the middle of ventral surface of first antennal seg-
ment light yellow. Lower face quite rounded, the whole lower

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 103

third or more with moderately long, slender, yellowish bristles.
Proboscis and antenna black.

Thorax: The thorax is dull black with fiat appressed, brassy
pile laterally. The middle of the mesonotum with much shorter
appressed black hairs and a few brassy hairs intermixed. Pleu-
ron yellowish to whitish pollinose, except for a bare, black stripe
above the middle coxa and a similar spot above the hind coxa.
Halteres yellowish, scutellum with yellowish pile, in both sexes
with 1 pair of long, stout, black bristles. Mesonotal bristles
black.

Legs: The femora are quite stout, in the male the legs are
entirely black except for the extreme apex of all the femora and
the extreme base of their tibia, which are yellowish to brownish.
Pile appressed, brownish to yellowish white on the femora, rather
silvery on the front and middle tibia and tarsi, black on the hind
tibia and tarsi. Femora in the female entirely light red, their
tibia are black except narrowly at the base which is yellowish.
Pile as in the male, except that on hind tibia and tarsus the pile
is light brassy to brownish yellow.

W ings: The wings are very pale brown, much of the color
due to villi.

Abdomen: The abdomen is robust, quite black with a slight
opalescent blue color but without any metallic or steel blue re-
flections. First 3 tergites laterally with large, greyish white,
pollinose triangles. Fourth and fifth tergites with shorter tri-
angles, which, however, are extended much farther inward along
the posterior margin. Pile of the abdomen appressed and black
in the middle of the tergites, becoming brassy laterally in the
female and on the whole of the last tergite. Lateral bristles all
pale yellow.

Holotype: Male, Uvalcle, TEXAS, August 15, 1959. Allot ype
female with the same data, collected in the same field with
Psilocurus reinhcirdi, by F. M. Hull.

Psilocurus birdi Curran

Five females, Oxford, Mississippi, July 5-14, 1934; 1 female,
July 23, 1949.

104 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1961

Psilocurus birdi Curran, subspecies pallustris, new subspecies

Female. A large, robust species from 10 to 11 mm. in length.
It differs from Psilocurus birdi Curran in the female by the
abdominal color being quite black with whitish pollinose, lateral
triangles. Bristles of the first tergite are black and the hind
femur widely encircled by black ventrally leaving only base and
apex yellowish.

Holotype: Female, Tobitubbe Flood Plain, Lafayette County,
MISSISSIPPI, August 6, 1960 ; 10 paratype females, August 6-12,
1960 ; all collected on leaves of low growing plants ; 1 paratype
female on window of Post Office, University, Mississippi, July
6, 1959.

Psilocurus nudiusculus Loew

One female, July 13, 1956, on gravel on back driveway my
home, University, Mississippi.

Psilocurus reinhardi Bromley

Two males and a female collected in a weedy meadow in the
city limits of Uvalde, Texas, in deep shade, August 15, 1959.
The metallic bluish or purplish color of abdomen of this species
is characteristic. Legs of sexes alike or nearly so.

Psilocurus modestus Williston

One male, highway 18, near Damar, Kansas, July 18, 1959.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 105

On the Immature Stages of the Ptilodactylidae

(Coleoptera)

By T. J. SPILMAN, Entomology Research Division, Agriculture

Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture,

Washington, D. C.

The biology and immature stages of the Ptilodactylidae are
seldom mentioned in the literature. The larval stage is described
and figured by Boving and Craighead (1930, Ent. Americana
11 : 45, pis. 67-69) and by Peterson (1951, Larvae of insects,
part 2: 66, fig. C30B). Horion, in volume 4 of his Faunistik
der mitteleuropaischen Kafer (Ent. Arb. Mus. Frey, 1955,
Sonderband, p. 138), gives a few references. Most of them
concern captures in greenhouses containing palms, but one tells
of Ptilodactyla luteipes Pic, an Indonesian species, being taken
from the stem sheath of a banana plant in a European green-
house. Chapin (1927, Trans. American Ent. Soc. 53: 247)
states that Ptilodactyla exotica Chapin came ". . . from rose
houses. The insect is reported as injurious in both larval and
adult stages."

Now more specimens and information have come to light.
Adults, a pupa, and larvae of Ptilodactyla serricollis (Say)
were found in July, 1960, in the soil of a potted India rubber-
plant, Ficus elastica Roxburgh, which was purchased from a
store in Norfolk, Virginia, but which originated in Florida.
There was some yellowing of leaves, and later the leaves began
to drop off. This continued until the original soil was removed
and the roots washed. The plant was then repotted in new
soil and kept out of doors. Since that time the plant has made
new growth and no further trouble has been evident. The
adults were easily determined to species using Chapin's descrip-
tion (op. cit., p. 242), and the larva agreed with the descriptions
and pictures given by Peterson (loc. cit.).

The pupa of P. serricollis, unlike the pupae of many beetles,
does not greatly resemble the adult stage, so it might be helpful
to describe and illustrate it. Hinton in his fine study on gin-

106

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[April, 1961

traps (1946, Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London 97: 485, fig. 20)
gives a sketch of a pupa labeled Ptilodactyla sp., from Brazil.
The following is a description of the known pupae of the Ptilo-
dactylidae. Head not visible in dorsal view. Pronotum trape-
zoidal in outline, with an elongate tubercle on each of four
angles. Abdomen with a single gin-trap formed by posterior
margin of first tergite and anterior margin of second tergite,
this gin-trap without serrations and occupying median two-
thirds of the width ; tergites 2-6 each with a very short tubercle
on lateral areas ; tergites 3-7 each with a transverse row of very
fine asperities near anterior margin or all without asperities;
tergites 2-8 with long setae on posterior margin and shorter
setae on disc ; segment 9 having two attenuated, posteriorly
directed urogomphi which are whitish except at their apices
where they seem to be more heavily sclerotized.

FIG. 1. Dorsal view of pupa of Ptilodactyla serricollis.

The asperities mentioned above may be used to separate the
pupae of two species of Ptilodactyla: serricollis has an anterior
transverse row of asperities on the median third of abdominal
tergites 3-7, whereas exotica lacks asperities. The larvae are
just as easily separated. The larva of serricollis has numerous
setae between the anterior and posterior transverse rows of
setae on abdominal tergites 1-8, as illustrated by Peterson (op.
cit., fig. C30B), and the inner spinose diverticle of segment 10
bears 5 spinose setae. The larva of exotica does not have setae
between the anterior and posterior transverse rows of setae on
abdominal tergites 1-8, as illustrated in Boving and Craighead

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 107

(op. clt., pi. 67, fig. I) even though that drawing is labeled as
a different species, and the inner spinose diverticle of segment
10 bears 7 or 8 setae.

The larvae and pupae of exotica used in this study were sub-
mitted with the type series of adults from Melrose, Illinois.
Those and the specimens of serricollis from Norfolk, Virginia,
are in the collection of the U. S. National Museum. I wish to
thank Mr. W. F. Walsh, of the U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture, in Roanoke, Virginia, for his help in obtaining the speci-
mens of and data on serricollis.

The Type Locality of Gomphocerus clavatus
Thomas (Orthoptera: Acrididae)1

By GORDON ALEXANDER, University of Colorado,
Boulder, Colorado

In his description of Gomphocerus clavatus (in recent litera-
ture Aeropedellus clavatus), Cyrus Thomas (1873) gave "Kan-
sas" as the locality from which the type specimen came. This
locality was apparently not questioned until 1925, Kansas being
repeatedly mentioned in the range of the species prior to that
time. In 1925, Hebard stated that the type specimen "was ap-
parently mislabelled, as the species may not occur in Kansas and
that specimen, showing slight thickening of the cephalic tibiae,
very probably came from a high elevation in the Rocky Moun-
tains." The species has apparently never been taken in Kansas,
so Hebard's 1925 opinion was reiterated in his later papers.

Caudell, in 1903, placed Gomphocerus carpenterii Thomas and
G. clepsydra Scudder in synonymy with Gomphocerus clavatus.
Hebard, in several papers (including his review of the Gompho-
ceri, 1935, in which he erected the genus Aeropedellus that now

1 This study is part of a project made possible by National Science
Foundation grant G-5007, here gratefully acknowledged. The author
wishes also to thank Ashley B. Gurncy and Harold J. Grant, Jr., for
critically reading the manuscript.

108 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1961

includes the species in question), concurred in this view. Heb-
ard, did, however, in 1928, suggest the possibility that the high
and low altitude forms might be taxonomically distinct, in which
case the name clepsydra would be available for the low altitude
form. Recent studies by the writer demonstrate consistent dif-
ferences between several populations of Aeropedellus clavatus,
not merely those from high and low altitudes. It seems de-
sirable, therefore, to designate the type locality with as much
restriction as is consistent with the evidence.

Through the courtesy of Dr. Ashley B. Gurney, I had the
opportunity a few months ago of examining in the United States
National Museum the type specimen of Gomphocerus clavatus.
The specimen, a male, formerly pinned, is now in a Riker mount.
The four separate labels, apparently those that were attached to
the pin, are as follows : Type/ Collection C. V. Riley/ Type
No. 1036, U.S.N.M./ Stenobothrus clavatus Thos. Kansas/
This is the specimen recognized by Hebard (1927) as Thomas's
type. The specimen was damaged considerably before being
transferred to the present mount. It lacks both antennae, the
structures on which the trivial name was based. Both meta-
thoracic legs are missing; and, although the prothoracic legs
are present, they are separated from the rest of the specimen.

In the original description, Thomas inserted the name
"Dodge" in parenthesis after the locality. This referred to the
collector, undoubtedly Charles R. Dodge, from whom Thomas
received specimens collected by Dodge on a trip to the Rocky
Mountains in the summer of 1871. The type specimen of Calop-
tenus Dodgei of Thomas (— Melanoplns dodgei) was collected
on that trip. Its type locality was given in the description
(Thomas, 1871) as "Pike's Peak, Colorado Territory," and in
the final paragraph of the original description the altitude was
stated as "about 10,000 feet above the level of the sea." The
type specimen (U.S.N.M. No. 727) bears the data "Pike's Peak
Col. Ter. 1871." It seems more than probable that the type of
Gomphocerus clavatus was collected at about the same locality
on the same trip (or probably at a little higher elevation, for
both species occur commonly above timber line on Pikes Peak) .

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 109

We know that Dodge collected on Pikes Peak; we have no
evidence that he collected elsewhere in the Rocky Mountains.
The locality label "Kansas," which is an error, may have been
the result of a mistake in labelling or it may have been the
careless use of a name that would have been valid a few years
earlier. (Kansas Territory, a few years prior to Dodge's trip,
did include Pikes Peak.) The likely explanation is that the
label was added from memory, some time after Dodge left Colo-
rado on his way east.

In recent comparisons of large series of specimens from scat-
tered populations of Aeropedellus davatus throughout the west
my early impression that various populations are distinct was
confirmed. It is apparent, for example, that one can distinguish
between specimens from Pikes Peak and those from other alpine
areas in Colorado. (It is noteworthy, of course, that the alpine
areas of Pikes Peak are isolated from other similar areas in
the Rockies.) With this in mind it occurred to me that a
comparison of significant dimensions of the type specimen with
corresponding ones from specimens of various populations, in-
cluding the population on Pikes Peak, would give us further
evidence for the locality from which the type came. In these
comparisons, I have found two morphological ratios of more
value in characterizing populations than absolute dimensions,
although absolute size is quite significant in distinguishing low
altitude (larger) specimens from those at high altitudes. The
ratios used are: (a), length of the anterior tibia divided by its
maximum width; and (b), length of the terminal seven an-
tennal segments divided by the maximum width. (Although
the antennae of the type are missing, we have Thomas's state-
ment that the knob involved the last seven segments.) Both
tibia and antenna, or either, or neither may be noticeably swol-
len in the individuals of certain high altitude populations.

In the accompanying table, dimensions (in millimeters) and
ratios of dimensions from the type are compared with series of
the same sex from various Colorado populations. The length
of the type is my measurement. Thomas gave .56 in. for this
figure, definitely an error, as was pointed out by Caudell
(1903). I have used the dimension Thomas gave for the length

110

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[April, 1961

of the hind femur because that structure is missing and his
measurement is a probable one. The figures given for the
populations are the means and extremes of the numbers ex-
amined from each population. Examination of the table shows
that the type could have come from the Pikes Peak population.
All its dimensions are within the range for that population. It
is extremely unlikely, however, that the type came from an
alpine population further north (Mount Evans), an alpine popu-
lation further south (Trinchera Peak), or a foothills population
(Boulder). In each case, overall size, combined with the ratio
of width to length of the anterior tibia, characterizes a distinct
population.

I therefore propose that Pikes Peak, Colorado, at an elevation
of 10,000 feet and above, be recognized as the type locality for
Gomphocerus clavatus Thomas. The grounds for this proposal

TABLE 1. — Means (and Extremes) of Measurements and Ratios from

Males of Various Colorado Populations of Aeropedellus clavatus

(Thomas) Compared with the Same Data from the Type

of Gomphocerus clavatus. Measurements are in

Millimeters. Ratios are L, Length,

Divided by W, Width

Total
Length

Pronotum
Length

Hind Femur
Length

Anterior
Tibia
L/W

Antennal
Knob
L/W

Type of Gompho-
cerus clavatus

17.6

3.3

10

6.1

lost

Pikes Peak

17.1

3.7

10

5.8

2.2

12,900'
20 males

(15.5-18.5)

(3.2-4.0)

(9.5-10.5)

(5.3-6.2)

(1.8-2.8)

Mount Evans

17.7

3.8

10.4

4.2

1.9

13,100'
26 males

(16.7-18.5)

(3.4-4.1)

(9.6-11.0)

(3.7-4.8)

(1.6-2.4)

Trinchera Peak

15.8

3.5

9.8

4.7

2.4

12,000'
15 males

(14.8-16.7)

(3.3-3.8)

(9.3-10.4)

(4.4-5.0)

(2.2-2.6)

Boulder, Colo.

19.1

3.7

11.5

6.9

3.0

foothills
5,800'

(18.2-20.7)

(3.5-4.0)

(10.9-11.9)

(5.9-7.9)

(2.3-3.8)

20 males

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 111

are three : 1. The validity of Hebard's statement that the locality
label was incorrect because the species is unknown in Kansas
and because the morphology of the type specimen suggests that
it came from high up in the Rocky Mountains. 2. The collector
of the type, Charles R. Dodge, collected on Pikes Peak in 1871,
and his specimens were available to Thomas. 3. The morpho-
logical pattern of the type specimen corresponds with the pattern
of specimens from the Pikes Peak population but not with the
pattern of specimens from other Colorado populations.

LITERATURE CITED

CAUDELL, A. N. 1903. Notes on Orthoptera from Colorado, New Mex-
ico, Arizona, and Texas, with descriptions of new species. Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. 26 : 775-809.

HEBARD, M. 1925. The Orthoptera of South Dakota. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila. 77: 33-155.

— . 1927. Fixation of the single types of species of Orthoptera de-
scribed by Cyrus Thomas. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 79: 1-11.

— . 1928. Orthoptera of Montana. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 80:
211-306.

— . 1935. Notes on the group Gomphoceri and a key to its genera,
including one new genus (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Acridiinae).
Entom. News 46: 184-188, 204-208.

THOMAS, C. 1871. On a new grasshopper from Colorado. Canad.
Entom. 3 : 168.

— . 1873. Synopsis of the Acrididae of North America. Rept. U. S.
Geol. Surv. of the Territories, Vol. V, Pt. 1. 262 pp.

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXII MAY, 1961 No. 5

New Exotic Crane-Flies (Tipulidae: Diptera).

Part III

By CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, Amherst, Massachusetts x

The preceding part under this general title was published in
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, 71 : 237-243, 1960. At this time I
am describing species from various parts of India, all belonging
to the extensive genus Hexatoma. The specimens were col-
lected by Dr. Fernand Schmid, to whom I am greatly indebted
for many crane-flies from various parts of southern Asia.

Hexatoma (Hexatoma) madrasensis new species

Size small (wing of female 5.5 mm.) ; general coloration of
mesonotum medium brown, praescutum glabrous ; wings weakly
tinged with brown, without stigma ; veins unusually glabrous ;
Scl ending some distance before fork of Rs, R2 close to fork
of R2+3 + 4, W-CM at fork of M.

5. Length about 5 mm. ; wing 5.5 mm. ; antenna about
0.8 mm.

Rostrum and palpi light brown, much reduced. Antennae of
female 6-segmented, light brown ; first flagellar segment stout
basally, gradually tapering to outer end, subequal in length to
the succeeding two segments, with delicate pale setae additional
to the scattered bristles, the latter longer and more evident on
the outer segments. Head dark brown ; vertical tubercle large,
entire.

1 Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory, University of
Massachusetts.

(113)

,M

114 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [ ^lay, 1961

Mesonotal praescutum and scutum uniformly medium brown,
the surface subnitidous, glabrous ; posterior sclerites of notum
a trifle paler. Pleura light brown, vaguely darker on the anepi-
sternum and ventral sternopleurite. Halteres infuscated, knob
large. Legs with coxae and trochanters testaceous brown ; re-
mainder of legs yellowish brown, with relatively short setae.
Wings weakly tinged with brown, the prearcular and costal
fields a trifle more yellowed ; stigma lacking ; veins pale brown.
Veins unusually glabrous, beyond the cord with about five
macrotrichia on distal section of R5, distributed over the entire
length. Venation : Sc relatively short, Sc^ ending some dis-
tance before fork of Rs; -^2 + 3 + 4 long, with R2 at or close to
fork ; veins R., and R± divergent, cell R3 at margin only a little
less extensive than R2; outer medial veins weak; m-cu at fork
of M, a little shorter than distal section of Cu^.

Abdominal tergites dark brown, sternites somewhat more
brightened on central part. Ovipositor with valves only mod-
erately developed, with setae virtually to their tips.

Habitat. SOUTH INDIA. Holotype: $, Veraiyattu Tittu,
Madras, 1,500 feet, December 21, 1958 (Fernand Schmid).

This is the first record of occurrence of the typical subgenus
in south India. The species is quite distinct from the species
known from the western Himalayas, being somewhat more like
Hexatoma (Hexatoma} brevistigma Alexander, of Thailand.
This differs especially in the venation and pattern of the wings,
including the evident stigmal area, longer Sc, and position of
vein R.2 well beyond the fork.

Hexatoma (Eriocera) perlongata new species

Size medium (wing 11 mm.) ; antennae short; vertical tuber-
cle orange, very large, bilobed ; thorax brownish black, scutellum
obscure yellow ; halteres and legs black, femoral bases broadly
yellowed ; wings infuscated, base conspicuously yellow ; Rs very
long, R2 before the fork, cell M.-, open by atrophy of m ; abdomen
yellowed, hypopygium black.

J1. Length about 10 mm. ; wing 1 1 mm. ; antenna about 1.7 mm.

Rostrum obscure yellow, palpi black. Antennae of male 7-

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 115

segmented; scape obscure yellow, remainder dark brown; first
flagellar segment longer than the succeeding two combined, with
subappressed black setae ; penultimate segment a trifle exceeding
the antepenultimate and about twice the terminal one. Vertex
brown posteriorly, summit with a very large orange enlarge-
ment, depressed medially in front, forming two conspicuous
lobes that are directed cephalad.

Prothorax, mesonotum and scutal lobes brownish black,
surface subnitidous, praescutum with sparse delicate setae ; scu-
tellum obscure yellow, parascutella and postnotum brownish
black. Pleura blackened. Halteres black. Legs with coxae
testaceous brown ; trochanters yellow ; femora black, their bases
broadly yellow, including about the basal half on fore and
middle legs, approximately two-thirds to three-fourths on pos-
terior pair; tibiae and tarsi black, proximal tarsal segments a
little paler. Wings strongly infuscated, wing base and most of
cell Sc yellowed; pale streaks in centers of certain cells, espe-
cially, R! and R± ; a narrow more whitened line in cell 1st A
immediately behind the posterior half of vein. Veins beyond
cord with abundant strong macrotrichia, basad of cord on outer
half of Rs, outer third of M and a few near outer end of 1st A.
Venation : Sc relatively short, Scl ending before fork of Rs, Sc.,
near its tip ; Rs very long, at least one-half longer than R ; R2
before the radial fork, leaving a short element ^3 + 4; R1 + .2 sub-
equal to R2 ; cell M., open by atrophy of m, cell M.A longer than
its petiole; m-cu just beyond the fork of M.

Abdomen partly destroyed by insect pests ; first segment dark
brown, intermediate ones obscure yellow ; hypopygium and pos-
sibly some adjacent segments black.

Habitat. SIKKIM. Holotype: J\ Bop, 5,950 feet, July 15,
1959 (Fernand Schmid).

He.vatoma (Eriocera) perlongata is a very distinct fly, espe-
cially in the venation, as the elongate Rs, position of R2 and
open cell M2. H. (E.) dharma Alexander, of South India, has
cell Mo open by atrophy of basal section of Ma, differing further
in all details of coloration and in other venational features, as
the short Rs and position of vein R2 beyond the radial fork.

116 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1961

Hexatoma (Eriocera) vamana new species

Belongs to the longicornis group ; size unusually small (wing
of male less than 7 mm.) ; antennae of male about three times
the body; general coloration of thorax dark brown, abdomen
black ; wings suffused with brown, macrotrichia of veins very
sparse; R.2 longer than R1 + 2, before the radial fork, leaving an
element ^3 + 4; veins R3 and R4 divergent, cell R3 wide at mar-
gin; m-cu at near one-third the length of M3 + 4.

J1. Length about 5.5 mm. ; wing 6.8 mm. ; antenna about
18 mm.

Rostrum and mouthparts very reduced, brown; palpi short,
black. Antennae of male 6-segmented, very long, approximately
three times the body; scape large, brownish yellow; remainder
of organ brown, passing into black outwardly ; flagellar segments
very long, progressively lengthened outwardly ; emergence bris-
tles small and scattered, on the outer segments more delicate
and hairlike. Head medium brown; vertical tubercle glabrous,
large and bulbous, entire.

Pronotum brown. Mesonotum almost uniformly dark brown ;
praescutal setae long but very sparse. Pleura dark brown.
Halteres infuscated, paler at base, knob dark brown. Legs with
coxae dark brown ; trochanters brownish yellow ; remainder of
legs dark brown ; setae of legs long but sparse (posterior legs
broken). Wings suffused with brown, stigmal region vaguely
darker ; veins brown, outer medial veins pale and delicate.
Macrotrichia of veins beyond cord very sparse, with few on R^
and only two or three at outer end of Rr, ; costal fringe short.
Venation: R2 nearly twice Rl + 2 and slightly longer than ^3 + 4;
veins R3 and R4 divergent, cell R:< at margin slightly more ex-
tensive than cell R2 ; cell 1st M2 subequal in length to distal
section of vein M1 + 2; m-cu at near one-third the length of
M3 + 4, longer than distal section of Cul ; cell 2nd A relatively
narrow.

Abdomen, including hypopygium, black.

Habitat. SOUTH INDIA. Holotype: J\ Sathupara, Madras,
1,500 feet, December 1, 1958 (Fernand Schmid).

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 117

Hexatoma (Eriocera} vamana is readily told from other re-
gional members of the longicornis group by the small size and
venation of the radial field. The specific name, vamana, is that
of the dwarf incarnation of Vishnu in Hindu mythology.

Hexatoma (Eriocera) gnava new species

Belongs to the longicornis group ; general coloration of thorax
brownish gray, praescutum with four brown stripes ; antennae
of male very long, 6-segmented ; legs obscure yellow, posterior
tibiae with long pale setae ; wings weakly darkened, stigma pale
brown, veins glabrous; Rl+,2 and R., subequal, R., , about three
times R.2 ; valves of ovipositor short and fleshy.

J1. Length about 8-9 mm.; wing 10-11 mm.; antenna about

32-36 mm.
5. Length about 8-8.5 mm. ; wing 10-10.5 mm. ; antenna

about 1.7 mm.

Rostrum reduced, light brown ; palpi very small, black. An-
tennae of male greatly lengthened, approximately three times the
wing; proximal three or four segments yellowish brown, outer
segments passing into black ; organ apparently 6-segmented, with
the terminal segment very long, only a little shorter than the
remainder of organ ; basal three flagellar segments with small
scattered emergence bristles, these becoming more scattered on
outer segments, with still fewer and smaller setae on the ter-
minal segment ; scape very large, pedicel correspondingly re-
duced ; in female, antennae short, if bent backward not reaching
the wing root, apparently 6-segmented. Head chestnut bro\vn,
more pruinose behind; vertical tubercle of male very large and
tumid, entire, provided with long pale setae on posterior aspect ; a
blackened area on anterior face behind the scape ; tubercle of
female much smaller.

Pronotum brownish gray. Mesonotal praescutum brownish
gray with four brown stripes, the intermediate pair well sepa-
rated ; posterior sclerites of notum brownish gray, scutal lobes
patterned with darker; notal vestiture very abundant, white,
erect. Pleura chiefly dark brown, sparsely pruinose, pleuro-

118 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS | May, 1961

tergite with white setae ; dorsopleural membrane darker. Hal-
teres with stem faintly darkened, knob dark brown. Legs with
coxae light brown ; trochanters brownish yellow ; femora ob-
scure yellow, tibiae and tarsi slightly darker ; posterior tibiae
with abundant long pale setae. Wings weakly darkened, stigma
pale brown, ill-delimited ; veins dark brown, those of the costal
and prearcular fields yellowed. Veins glabrous, beyond cord
with a complete but scattered series of small macrotrichia on
distal section of R% ; no trichia on R, Rl or Sc except a very
few on Rl in the stigmal area ; costal fringe of male short but
dense. Venation: ^1 + 2 subequal to or a little longer than R«,
the latter about one-third -R2 + 3 ; in-cu shortly beyond fork of M.

Abdomen, including hypopygium, dark brown, basal tergites
a trifle paler. Ovipositor with valves short and fleshy, as in
typical Hexatoma.

Habitat. WEST INDIA. Holotypc: <$, Sykes, Bombay, 2,000
feet, February 5, 1959 (Fernand Schmid). Allotopotype: $,
pinned with the type. Paratopotypes: 1 J\ 3 5$.

The closest regional ally of the present fly is the Javanese
Hexatoma (Eriocera} verticalis (Wiedemann) which differs
in coloration of the body and wings and in the venation, espe-
cially of the radial field. The present fly presumably is the
same species that was recorded from Pusa, Bihar, India by
Brunetti (Rec. Indian Mus., 15: 333, 1918).

Hexatoma (Eriocera) artifex new species

Size medium (wing of male 10 mm.) ; mesothorax black, the
notum more opaque, with a large fulvous area on the dorso-
pleural membrane ; legs black, femoral bases narrowly yellowed ;
wings yellowed, the costal border and seams over virtually all
veins brown; cell M\ lacking; abdomen dull black, vaguely
pruinose, second segment chiefly yellow.

<$. Length about 10 mm. ; wing 10 mm. ; antenna about 2 mm.

Rostrum black, gray pruinose ; palpi black. Antennae of
male 6-segmented, black, the scape pruinose ; first flagellar seg-
ment about one-sixth longer than the second, with strong setae,
especially beneath ; bristles of succeeding segments few and

Ixxiif ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 119

scattered. Head black, gray pruinose, opaque; vertical tubercle
low and rounded.

Entire thorax black, surface of notum nearly opaque, of pleura
more polished and clearer black; a large fulvous area on the
clorsopleural region above the anepisternum ; praescutal vesti-
ture very small and sparse. Halteres black. Legs black, coxae
polished; femoral bases narrowly but conspicuously yellow (fore
legs broken). Wings with the ground yellowed, much restricted
by infuscations in the costal region and as seams over all the
veins, the latter more extensive in the outer radial field, least so
on basal half of vein M ; wing base more yellowed, including the
veins, remaining veins dark brown. Veins beyond cord with
strong macrotrichia, fewer on R2 + 3 + i and basal section of R5,
lacking on the two proximal sections of M1 + 2, M3 + 4 and Cnl ;
strong trichia on Sc for most of its extent. Venation : Sc rela-
tively long, 5V, ending about opposite r-m ; R2 + s + 4: about twice
the basal section of R- or more than twice R1 + 2', R2 beyond the
fork, R.. + , short; cell .I/, lacking but this probably a variable
character since the left wing of the unique type shows a mar-
ginal remnant in cell R. that seems undoubtedly to represent a
fragment of M} ; tn-cn at or beyond midlength of M3 + 4.

Abdomen dull black, vaguely pruinose ; much of second seg-
ment yellowed, on the sternites this vaguely involving the cen-
ters of segments three and four ; hypopygium black.

Habitat. SOUTH INDIA. Holotype: g, Swamp Hill, Madras,
7,500 feet, December 13, 1958 (Fernand Schmid).

The nearest relative of the present fly is Hexatoma (Eriocera}
atrodorsalis (Alexander), likewise from South India, which
differs especially in the coloration of the body and the presence
of cell iU,. It should be emphasized that this latter character
may prove to be variable in l>oth of these species.

Hexatoma (Eriocera) vulpes new species

Belongs to the dichroa group; size large (wing of male over
15 mm.); general coloration fulvous or yellow; head with a
conspicuous vertical tubercle ; mesonotal praescutum with four
fulvous stripes ; legs obscure yellow ; wings strongly tinged with

120 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1961

fulvous yellow, veins yellow, cell Ml present ; abdomen yellow,
the hypopygium darker.

cf. Length about 20 mm. ; wing 16.5 mm. ; antenna about

3.4 mm.
5. Length about 20 mm. ; wing 14 mm. ; antenna about 3 mm.

Rostrum obscure yellow; palpi brownish black. Antennae
short in both sexes, 8-segmented ; scape and pedicel brown, the
former more yellowed beneath, flagellum brownish black ; flagel-
lar segments with long coarse setae ; first flagellar segment
shorter than the succeeding two segments combined. Head dark
gray, the conspicuous slender porrect vertical tubercle more
blackened, with a second smaller knob immediately cephalad ;
vestiture of head black, abundant.

Pronotum brownish yellow. Mesonotal praescutum with the
restricted ground light brownish gray, with four fulvous stripes
that are narrowly bordered by reddish brown, the intermediate
pair separated by a capillary line, black in front, paling to brown
behind ; praescutal vestiture erect, delicate ; scutal lobes similarly
fulvous, its central area and the scutellum more testaceous ; post-
notum, including the mediotergite and posterior half of pleuro-
tergite, more yellowed ; remainder of the latter, with the pleura,
slightly darker, especially above, ventral sternopleurite yellowed.
Halteres brownish black, base of stem restrictedly brightened.
Legs with coxae reddish, sparsely gray pruinose; trochanters
brownish yellow ; femora obscure yellow, the tips very narrowly
more darkened above ; tibiae and tarsi obscure yellow, the last
tarsal segment darkened ; claws of male with a strong basal
spine, in female this smaller and more obtuse. Wings long and
narrow, with a strong fulvous brown tinge, more saturated along
costal border ; stigma lacking ; veins yellow, involving the re-
stricted adjoining membrane, more conspicuous on anterior half
of wing. Veins of outer radial field, together with M l and M2,
with abundant short macrotrichia, sparse or lacking elsewhere.
Venation: Sc long, Scl ending just beyond R?, Scz a short dis-
tance from its tip; R2+s + 4 slightly longer than basal section of
RZ or R2 + 3; -^1 + 2 subequal to R.2 + s<4; cell Ml subequal to its

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 121

petiole ; cell 1st M2 small, subrectangular, with m-cu at or beyond
midlength; vein 2nd A long, sinuous.

Abdomen yellow, narrowly darkened laterally ; hypopygium
more infuscated ; segments without differentiated shiny basal
rings. Ovipositor with cerci long and very slender.

Habitat. SOUTH INDIA. Holotype: <$, Kuttalam, Madras,
500-2,000 feet, November 23, 1958 (Fernand Schmid). Allo-
type: $, Krishnappanayakkan, Madras, 1,200 feet, November
30, 1958 (Fernand Schmid).

By Edwards's key to the Old World species of the subgenus
Eriocera (1921), the present fly runs to couplet 42 where it
disagrees with all succeeding species in its coloration, being
most similar to Hcxatoma (Eriocera} ferruginosa (van der
Wulp) of Java. This latter fly is quite distinct in all details
of coloration and venation.

Collembola from Japan. III. Hypogastrurinae

and Neanurinae 1

By HAROLD GEORGE SCOTT -

This paper records six species of springtail insects collected
by Captain John E. Scanlon 3 while with the 406th Medical Gen-
eral Laboratory (U. S. Army) in Japan. Specimens will be
deposited with the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.

Subfamily HYPOGASTRURINAE Borner, 1906
Hypogastrura armata (Nicolet, 1841).

The Scanlon specimens show the traits which caused Oriental
individuals of the species to be designated H. communis (Fol-

iPart II appeared in Ent. News, 70(9) : 241-243.

2 Training Branch, Communicable Disease Center, Public Health Serv-
ice, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Atlanta,
Georgia.

3 Medical Service Corps, U. S. Army. Present address : Entomology
Department, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D. C.

122 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1961

som, 1897). However, I follow Stach (1949, p. 131) in con-
sidering H. communis a variant of H. annata.

ADDITIONAL JAPANESE RECORD. Seven specimens, soil from
rodent burrow, 23-X-1952, Shizuoka, Subashiri, Honshu,
JAPAN, by J. E. Scanlon. This species was first recorded from
Japan by Folsom (1897).

DISTRIBUTION. Holarctic, Neotropical, Australasian.

Hypogastrura ununguiculata (Tullberg, 1869).

JAPANESE RECORD. Five specimens, rodent nest, 7-iii-1952,
Tokyo, Honshu, JAPAN, by J. E. Scanlon. This species has not
been recorded previously from Japan.

DISTRIBUTION. Holarctic.

Hypogastrura japonica sp. nov. Figure 1.

TYPE COLLECTION. Three specimens, soil from rodent bur-
row, 23-X-1952, Shizuoka, Subashiri, Honshu, JAPAN, by
J. E. Scanlon.

DESCRIPTION. Body elongate, not subglobose, segmentation
distinct ; setae present, scales and pseudocelli absent ; integument
minutely granular ; color light brown mottled with blue, legs pale
brown, fore part of head and antennae heavily mottled with
blue ; head prognathous ; mouthparts chewing, mandible with
molar surface ; ant III and IV semiconfluent, without eversible
sac between them ; ant IV tip with sensory seta ; ant III sense
organ with rods, no cones ; postantennal organ with 4 peripheral
tubercles, 1 much smaller than other 3 ; eyes 8 and 8 on dark
eyepatches ; pronotum not reducedj setaceous, of same texture
as other body segments ; unguiculus present, about f unguis ;
unguis and unguiculus without teeth ; tenent hairs absent ; collo-
phore sacs smooth, small ; furcula not ankylosed, reaching almost
to collophore ; dental thorns absent ; mucro spoon-shaped, with-
out teeth ; anus terminal ; anal spines 2, strongly curved, each
about length of hind unguis; body length about 1.2 mm.

DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERISTICS. This species is clearly a
member of the subgenus Neogastrura (scnsu Stach, 1949, p.

Ixxii]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

123

19). It may be distinguished from all other members of that
group by the absence of dental thorns and of tenent hairs.

NOTE. Although data are identical, specimens of H. japonica
sp. nov. did not come from the same collection as those of
H. annata.

vt-ntral body pattern

mand ib le

sensory seta'

third
antennal
organ

N . -

-- :\ •*-.

-: •• - -

dorsal body pattern

A. LATERAL ASPECT

anal spine

B. DORSAL ASPECT

FIG. 1. Ilypogastrura japonica sp. nov.

Subfamily NEANURINAE Bonier, 1901

Protanura aphoruroides Yosii, 1953.

ADDITIONAL JAPANESE RECORD. One s|Kvimen, soil from
rodent burrow, 23-X-1952, Shix.uoka, Subashiri. Honshu.

124 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1961

JAPAN, by J. E. Scanlon. This species was first recorded from
Japan by Yosii (1953).

DISTRIBUTION. Japan.

Neanura ornata Folsom, 1902.

JAPANESE RECORD. Three specimens, rodent nest, 19-iii-
1952, Akabane, Honshu, JAPAN, by J. E. Scanlon. This species
has not been recorded previously from Japan.

DISTRIBUTION. Japan, Alaska, Siberia.

Neanura pseudornata sp. nov. Figure 2.

TYPE COLLECTION. Three specimens, Berlese funnel sample
of soil, bamboo grove in woods, 677 meters altitude, 20-vi-1952,
Beppu, Oita Ken, Kyushu, JAPAN, by J. E. Scanlon.

DESCRIPTION. Body elongate, not subglobose, segmentation
distinct ; setae present, scales and pseudocelli absent ; integument
minutely granular with large reticulated segmental tubercles
(head, 11 ; thorax, 6-8-8; abdomen, 6-8-8-6-4-2) ; color yellow
speckled with brownish-purple, legs darker than rest of body;
head prognathous, wider than long, rounded triangular; head
tubercles not coalesced; mouthparts suctorial, projecting in a
cone ; mandible without molar surface ; head of maxilla needle-
like, without lamellae or teeth ; antenna longer than head, seg-
ments distinct; ant IV conical; ant III sense organ with sense-
rods, without cones or papillae ; postantennal organ absent ; eyes
pigmented, 3 and 3, not on dark eyepatches ; pronotum not re-
duced, setaceous, of same texture as other body segments ;
unguiculus absent ; unguis without teeth ; tenent hairs absent ;
collophore sacs smooth ; furcula absent ; anal segment large ;
supra-anal valve bilobed ; anal spines absent ; body length about
1.1 mm.

DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERISTICS. This species is close to Ne-
anura ornata Folsom, 1902. It may be distinguished from N.
ornata and other known Neanura by the following combination
of characters: (1) head wider than long; (2) eyes 3 and 3,
pigmented; (3) head tubercles not coalesced.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

third antennal organ mandible

125

naxil la

DORSAL ASPECT

FIG. 2. Neanura pseudornata sp. nov.

SUMMARY

Hypogastrura armata, H. umingiiiciilata, II. japonica sp. nov.,
Protanura aphoruroides, Neanura ornata, and A7", pseudornata
sp. nov., are reported from Japan. Of these, only H. armata
and P. aphoruroides have been recorded previously from the
country.

126 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1961

JAPANESE SUMMARY

(Prepared by Dr. Nobuo Sakurai, Department of Bacteriol-
ogy, School of Medicine, University of Chiba, Chiba, Japan.)

Hypogastrura armata

H. ununguiculata (^ ^ ^<0 ^ ^ lj> , ,f«*jfj ^-j)) H. laponica sp. nov

ornata

5, H. armata (: H^. communis) *
£. aphoruroides <f) 3j- /)•)' i/fl 3L~C*' tJy^v ^ V^^yL^ nL~^ \^ ~b

<J

REFERENCES CITED

BORNER, C. 1906. Mitth. naturh. Mus. Hamburg 23: 147-188.
FOLSOM, J. W. 1897. Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. of 1897, 51-57.

-. 1902. Proc. Washington Acad. Sci. 4: 87-116.
NICOLET, H. 1841. Nouv. Mem. Soc. Helvetia Sci. 6 : 1-88.
STACK, J. 1949. Acta Monog. Mus. Hist. Nat., Polska Akad. Sci. Lett.,

Krakow, ii + 412 pp.

TULLBERG, T. 1869. Akad. Afhandl. Upsala, vol. of 1869: 1-20.
Yosn, R. 1953. Tenthredo Acta Ent. 2 : 348-392.

Ixxiij ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 127

Tabanus aranti sp. nov. (Diptera: Tabanidae)

from Alabama

By KIRBY L. HAYS, Department of Zoology-Entomology,
Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

The attacks of Tabanidae (horseflies and deerflies) upon cat-
tle present a serious problem in certain sections of Alabama.
In 1960, the Auburn Agricultural Experiment Station began a
project concerning the ecology and control of these insects.
During the spring of 1960, tabanid larvae were collected and
14 species were reared to adulthood. One of these species ap-
pears to be undescribed. It is here proposed that this species
be called Tabanus aranti. The writer wishes to thank C. B.
Philip of Hamilton, Montana, for consultation relative to the
identity of this species.

Tabanus aranti sp. nov. (Fig. 1)

Large; black, with bluish pruinosity; wing darkened, darker
along veins ; basal callus higher than wide, median callus nar-
rowly joined to basal callus ; subcallus pollinose.

Holotype Female. — Length 22 mm. Nine paratype females
vary in length from 15 to 22 mm. Eye bare. Frons 4-4^ times
as high as wide, slightly widened above, grayish, darkened at
vertex and laterad from median callus. Basal callus higher than
wide, black, shiny, and not touching the eyes. Median callus
a narrow concolorous line, not widened at juncture with basal
callus. Subcallus wrinkled, flatter in profile than T. -a'icde-
manni, dark brown pollinose. Clypeus and genae dark brown
pollinose with blackish brown hair. Antennae black, first two
segments with black hair, third segment black (sometimes red-
dish tinged basally) with a prominent dorsal angle and deep
dorsal excision; annulate portion shorter than basal width.
Second palpal segment black with black hair, sharper than palpi
of T. wiedemanni, moderate in width.

Dorsum and venter of thorax blackish sometimes tinged with
red, thin bluish pruinosity anteriorly; hair black. Legs black
with concolorous hair. Wings darkened, darker along veins;
venation normal. Halteres black, light distally.

128 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1961

Dorsum and venter of abdomen black with bluish pruinosity.

Allotype Male. — Length 17 mm. Paratype males vary from
16 to 20 mm. Like the female except the bluish pruinosity is
almost absent and the usual sexual differences. Head as wide
or wider than thorax. Enlarged facets of eyes less extensive
than in T. wiedemanni. Tubercle at vertex distinct, ovoid and
slightly raised above the level of the eyes, reddish brown in
color. Frontal triangle brownish pollinose, darker brown at the
apex. Antennae brownish with black hairs, all portions more
slender than in the female ; annulate portion of third segment
longer than basal width. Terminal palpal segment over 2 times
as long as wide, blunt apically. Internal claw of fore tarsus
shorter than external. Bluish pruinosity of abdomen much
more sparse than in the female.

Type Material: Holotype female collected by the author at
Auburn, Alabama, June 23, 1958. The allotype, nine paratype
females, and eight paratype males were reared from larvae col-
lected from the edge of a small pond on the North Auburn Dairy
Research Unit at Auburn, Alabama. All reared material
emerged between May 20 and 30, 1960, and are pinned with
the pupal case. The holotype was collected on the wing and
is believed by the author to best represent the natural charac-
teristics of the species.

The holotype and allotype are deposited in the University of
Michigan Museum of Zoology. Male and female paratypes are
deposited in the collections of the U. S. National Museum, C. B.
Philip, and L. L. Pechuman. The remainder of the material is
in the collections of the author. Named for F. S. Arant, a
colleague and 1961 President of the Entomological Society of
America.

The species appears close to T. vviedemanni O. S., but is dis-
tinctly larger; median callus, narrow, not widened at juncture
with basal callus and with a bluish pruinosity on the body in
the female. The male has less extensive areas of large facets
of the eye and averages larger in size. The species is also close
to T. nigrescens atripennis and may be separated from it by the
bluish pruinosity of the abdomen, a slightly narrower median
callus and less red on the base of the third antennal segment in
the female.

Ixxii]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

129

B

A

Tabanus aranti n. sp., holotype
A. Front, B. Palpus, C. Antenna.

A atural History: The large larvae of this species were col-
lected in the organic ooze common along the shallow edges of
southern farm ponds. Cattails and sedges grew in clumps in
the vicinity. The edge of the pond was shaded by loblolly pine
and sweet gum trees in the late morning and afternoon. No
larvae were found in similar unshaded areas around the edges
of the same pond. The larvae moved into drier, litter-covered
soil and formed a cell somewhat larger than the larva and
pupated. The period of pupation was 9 to 12 days.

130 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1961

A New Species of Rallicola (Mallophaga) from

Southeast Asia.

By K. C. EMERSON, Stillwater, Oklahoma, and
ROBERT E. ELBEL, Lawrence, Kansas

A new species of the genus Rallicola is herewith described
from specimens in the United States National Museum and the
British Museum (Natural History), and the probable host for
another species is indicated.

Rallicola indicus n. sp.

Male. Head as in figure 1. Posterior margin of pterothorax
with 3-2-2-3 long setae. Second (first apparent) abdominal
tergite interrupted medianly, the remainder transversely con-
tinuous. Tergites II-VIII, each with a pair of setae located
medianly on the posterior margin. Terminal tergite with 3
long setae on each side. Chaetotaxy of paratergites : II-l,
III-IV-2, and V-VIII-3. Abdominal sternites II, VII and
VIII, each with 2 long setae ; and III, IV, V, and VI, each with
6 long setae. Terminal abdominal segment bilobed with 8 short
setae ventrally on each lobe. Genitalia as shown in figure 2.

Female. Head, except for filiform antennae, as in the male.
Pterothorax as in the male. Abdominal tergites II-VIII in-
terrupted medianly, chaetotaxy as in the male. Chaetotaxy of
paratergites as in the male. Chaetotaxy of abdominal ster-
nites : II-III-2, and IV-VI-8. Genital plate with 3 long setae
on each side. Posterior margin of vulva with 24 short spines
and 28 short setae. Terminal sternite with 16 long lateral setae
and 3 genital setae on the tubercle on each side.

Measurements Male Female

Length of head 0.55 mm. 0.55 mm.

Width of head 0.41 0.44

Width of prothorax 0.27 0.27

Width of pterothorax 0.37 0.41

Width of abdomen 0.55 0.63

Total length 1.81 2.10

Diagnosis. This form is closest to R. sulcatus (Piaget, 1880)
found on Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Scopoli). In the male,

Ixxii]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

131

the heavily sclerotized abdominal tergal and sternal plates are
not as wide in R. indicus as in R. snlcatus. The mesosome of
the male in R. sulcatus is much narrower than in R. indicus.
In the female, the posterior margin of the vulva in R. indicus
is normal, or without appendages found in R. sulcatus. In both
sexes, the ventral chaetotaxy of the genital region is more dense
in R. indicus than in R. sulcatus.

3

FIG. 1. Rallicola indicus n. sp., dorsal view of head, male.

FIG. 2. Rallicola indicus n. sp., male genitalia.

FIG. 3. Rallicola unguicitlatus (Piaget, 1800), male genitalia.

Type host: Metopidius indicus (Latham).

Type material: Holotype male, allotype female and 30 para-
types in the U. S. National Museum collected on 15 December
1952 by Robert E. Elbel at Chaiyaphum, Pint Khieo, Ban Lat,
THAILAND. The British Museum (Natural History) has 40
paratypes collected in March 1937 at Lucknow, India, and 21
paratypes collected on 1 January 1952 at Moraing, Manipur,
India.

132 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1961

Rallicola unguiculatus (Piaget, 1880)

This species was described from specimens supposedly taken
off "Eurylaimus cucullatus" from Sumatra. Clay noted "it is
possible that Eurylaimus is not the true host." Large collec-
tions in Thailand from Centropus sinensis intermedius (Hume)
have yielded specimens which appear to be this species. The
male genitalia, of a specimen from this host, is shown in figure 3.
Specimens from Centropus bengalensis bengalensis (Gmelin),
also from Thailand, appear to be the same species. Therefore,
it appears that the true host is a species of Centropus. Five
species of Centropus are found on Sumatra. Since material
from all of these hosts is not available for study, it is impossible
to determine if only one species of Rallicola is found on all
species of Centropus. In the meantime, it can be safely stated
that the type host originally given is in error ; and it should be
Centropus sp.

LITERATURE CITED

CLAY, T. 1953. Revisions of the genera of Mallophaga. I. The Ralli-
co/o-complex. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 123 : 563-587.

Obituary

Professor Dr. HANS BISCHOFF, formerly curator of Hymen-
optera in the Zoological Museum of the Humboldt University in
Berlin, and one of the world's foremost hymenopterists, died on
March 18, 1960, in the seventy-first year of his age, following
a brief illness. Professor Bischoff was best known for his out-
standing volume on the biology of the Hymenoptera. His most
comprehensive taxonomic contribution was the voluminous mon-
ograph of the Mutillidae of Africa.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 133

Fleas from the Kangaroo Rats of Northern

California

By C. ANDRESEN HUBBARD, Tigard 23, Oregon

Just where is Northern California? Usually it is considered
to be that part of the state in which the Cascade Mountains are
found and one supposes the draws through which highways 299
and 36 extend, via the cities of Eureka, Douglas, Redding, Red
Bluff, Chester, Susanville, Lichfield and Wendel and thence
out through Flanigan, Nevada, mark the southern limits of
northern California. This paper, then, concerns the fleas of
the kangaroo rats north of these two highways.

It has been 20 years now since the writer published his first
paper on western fleas. During these years he has studied most
areas west of the Rocky Mountains with the exception of cen-
tral and southern California where Gus Augustson, protege of
the writer, has been doing a good job in this field.

But in 1953, while the writer was in Iraq on a Fulbright
assignment, Augustson wrote in a paper entitled "The flea genus
Meringis in California" (Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., Vol. 52,
part 3, page 111), "Hubbard reports (1947) this species (Merin-
gis parkeri} from Modoc County (California) but in view of
the specimens reported on below (Meringis calif ornicus) , his
record of a single male may be questionable."

Had Augustson spent even a moment with the range maps on
kangaroo rats in Hall's Mammals of Nevada (1946), and Mam-
mals of Oregon by Bailey (1936) he would have realized that
the Merriam and the giant desert kangaroo rats, D. m. merriami
and D. d. deserti travel between Flanigan, Nevada, and Wendel,
California, carrying with them always the fleas Meringis parkeri,
Meringis dipodomys and Trassis (Thrassoides)hoffmani; that
the Surprise Valley kangaroo rat, D. m. aquilonins, travels
between Cedarville and Eagleville. California, and Sand Creek,
Nevada, always carrying with it the flea Meringis dipodomys
and possibly on occasion the fleas Meringis parkeri and Thrassis
(Thrassoides) hoffmani; that the Northern California kangaroo
rat D. li. californicus travels back and forth between Dorris,

134 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1961

California, and Worden and Klamath Falls, Oregon, and Tule
Lake, California, and Swan Lake, Oregon, and Adel, Oregon,
and Fort Bidwell, California, carrying with it always the flea
Meringis cummingi. In none of these ways or routes is there
the slightest terrain difficulty for the ingress or egress of kan-
garoo rats between northern California and Nevada or Oregon.

The kangaroo rat of northern California which has the great-
est range is Dipodomys merriami merriami, the Merriam kan-
garoo rat. Described by Mearns in 1890 from central Arizona,
this small dark colored kangaroo rat is found all over western
Nevada and at the south tip of Pyramid Lake has its range de-
flected west to extend through Flanigan, Nevada, into California
to be very plentiful about the city dump of Wendel. How far
beyond the animal is found the writer does not know, but it is
probably confined to Honey Lake Valley.

By working along the well graveled road extending between
Wendel and Flanigan (25 miles) the following records were
secured :

From Dipodomys merriami merriami Mearns (Merriam kan-
garoo rat), Off 7 hosts as follows: 0-5-0-15-8-1-35 = 63 at
city dump, Wendel, Lassen Co., California, November 11,
1960,

Meringis parkeri Jordan 1937, 19 males, 25 females,
Thrassis (Thrassoides) hoffmani Hubbard 1949, 8 males,

11 females.

Off 4 hosts as follows : 0-6-0-2 == 8 from roadside ditch, 10
miles east of Wendel, California, at large ranch house, No-
vember 11, 1960,

Meringis dipodomys Kohls 1937, 4 males, 4 females.
Off 16 hosts as follows : 0-5-7-10-12-11-0-25-5-5-5-7-5-5-
6-19 = 127 at 16 miles east of Wendel, California, November
11, 1960,

Meringis parkeri Jordan 1937, 38 males, 47 females,
Thrassis (Thrassoides) hoffmani Hubbard 1949, 21 pairs.

This section of the data brings up three interesting points.
First Augustson should not have questioned the writer's earlier
records since Meringis parkeri is here proved to be well estab-
lished in northern California. Second, an academic point, how
did Dipodomys in. merriami get across the Colorado River to

Ixxii) ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 135

make its way eventually into California? The writer has no
idea. Third, where does Dipodomys in. merriami pick up its
heavy loads of Meringis parkeri, which is of course, the true
flea of Dipodomys ordii columbianus, the Columbian kangaroo
rat? Coming in from the south it should carry only Meringis
dipodomys. The writer believes Meringis parkeri is picked up
by Merriam's kangaroo rat from the Columbian kangaroo rat
where they mix west of Pyramid Lake, Black Rock Desert and
Smoke Creek Desert as the Columbian kangaroo rat has come
down from Oregon, the state in which much of its range is
found.

Largest of all of the western kangaroo rats, Dipodomys de-
serti deserti, the giant desert kangaroo rat, was described by
Stephens in 1887 from the Mohave Desert in San Bernardino
County, California. It ranges east into southern Nevada, then
a good 700 miles to the north in western Nevada to the south
end of Pyramid Lake where its range was thought to be deflected
to the east but the records here offered show that the range is
also deflected to the west, out through Flanigan, Nevada, and
through the draw which goes to Wendel, California. These
kangaroo rats are lovely, huge, silky, and a beautiful buff.

From work along the Wendel-Flanigan road the following
records were secured :

From Dipodomys deserti deserti Stephens (giant desert kan-
garoo rat), Off 2 hosts as follows: 2-2 = : 4 at 16 miles east
of Wendel, California, November 11, 1960,
Meringis parkeri Jordan 1937, 3 males,
Thrassis (Thrassoides} hoffniani Hubbard 1949, 1 male.

This section of the data brings to the attention of mammolo-
gists that the range of the giant desert kangaroo rat is extended
out of northern Nevada into California in the vicinity of Wendel.

The kangaroo rat of northern California with the smallest
range is Dipodomys microps aquilonins. the Surprise Valley
kangaroo rat described by Willets in 1(>3(> from Cedarville,
Modoc county, California. This dark colored fairly large kan-
garoo rat is plentiful about Cedarville, Kagleville, Bare Ranch,
and is said to range as far south as Pyramid Lake, Nevada.

136 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1961

This range is about 200 miles long. The writer has taken this
kangaroo rat in Surprise Valley for some, years and found it
always carrying the flea Meringis dipodomys with an occasional
specimen of Meringis parkeri.

At the type locality for the kangaroo rat during October
of 1960 the following records were secured:

From Dipodomys microps aquilonius Willets (Surprise Valley
kangaroo rat), Off 9 hosts as follows: 1-2-4-6-1-0-14-4-4
= 36 at the sand dunes east of dry lake, 6 miles east of Cedar-
ville, Modoc Co., California, October 16, 1960,

Meringis dipodomys Kohls 1937, 20 males, 16 females.

The fourth kangaroo rat found in northern California is Dipo-
domys hermanni calif ornicus, the Northern California kangaroo
rat described by Merriam in 1890 from Ukiah, Mendocino
county, California. It is a fairly large kangaroo rat, and dark
colored. It is the only one of the series, here offered, which has
no contact with the southern forms so carries only its own flea,
Meringis cummingi. In the some twenty or more years that
the writer has been taking this fine animal in the Modoc Lava
Beds of California and Swan Lake Valley of Oregon never has
he taken strays or other kangaroo rat fleas off it.

From the type locality at Ukiah it ranges into northern Cali-
fornia and is found in all kangaroo rat country in the north of
the state to penetrate into Oregon at Klamath Falls, spread to
the east finally to enter California again to be found in Surprise
Valley at Fort Bidwell.

Working along the north boundary of the state, the writer
secured these records:

From Dipodomys hermanni calif ornicus Merriam (Northern
California kangaroo rat), Off 1 host as follows: 2 at Petro-
glyph Point, Tule Lake, Modoc County, California, Novem-
ber 10, 1960,

Meringis cummingi C. Fox 1926, 1 male, 1 female.
Off 3 hosts as follows : 5-3-16 = 24 at 4 miles east of Modoc
Lava Beds Headquarters from rock outcrops along road,
Tule Lake, California, October 10, 1960,

M. cummingi C. Fox 1926, 12 males, 12 females.
Off 7 hosts as follows : 6-2-0-12-2-0-0 =22 at 3 miles north-
east, Fort Bidwell, California, October 17, 1960,

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 137

M. cummingi C. Fox 1926, 1 1 pairs.

Off 2 hosts as follows 2-2 -= 4 at 8 miles northeast of Fort
Bidwell, California, rock outcrop on Fort Bidwell-Adel road,
October 17, 1960,

M. cummingi C. Fox 1926, 4 males.

This section of the data brings to the attention of mammolo-
gists the extension of the range of this kangaroo rat by some
100 miles to the east to be recorded from Surprise Valley, Modoc
county an area east of Warner Mountains from which it had not
before been reported.

In a letter dated December 8, 1960, Dr. Seth Benson, mam-
mologist at the University of California informs the writer that
he and a field crew sampled this same Flanigan-Wendel area
for kangaroo rats during the summer of 1960 and that during
their work in this draw took the following five species; D.
deserti deserti, D. merriami merriami, D. microps aquihnius,
D. panamintinus leucogenys and D. ordii columbianus.

So one can say at this time, then, that the fifth kangaroo rat
of northern California is Dipodomys panamintinus leucogenys,
the Panamint kangaroo rat described by Grinnell during 1919
from materials taken in Mono county, California. Its range
may be 200 miles long extending along the Nevada-California
boundary 100 miles south and north of Lake Tahoe to enter
northern California through the Flanigan-Wendel draw. In
size this kangaroo rat is large, next to D. deserti, and is dark
in color. In northern California it probably does not range out
of Honey Lake Valley.

Coming in from the south as this animal does, it probably
usually carries the fleas Meringis dipodomys and Thrassis
(Thrassoides) hoffmani and because it associates in its northern
range with D. ordii it would also carry an occasional Mcrimiis
parkcri.

The sixth of the kangaroo rats of northern California is
Dipodomys ordii columbianus, the Columbian five-toed kan-
garoo rat described by Merriam during 1894 from specimens
collected in Umatilla county, Oregon. This, the most northern
of the kangaroo rats, is beautiful, medium sized, soft buff col-
ored. It ranges in all kangaroo rat country of Oregon and to

138 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1961

the east, all over northern Nevada and from northwest Nevada
into California to be found in many parts of Modoc county.
This kangaroo rat always carries the flea Meringis parkeri.

The kangaroo rat fleas of northern California are then the
following four.

Meringis parkeri was described by Dr. Karl Jordan of the
British Museum, late dean of the world flea students, during
1937 from materials taken at Powderville, Montana. The writer
has collected this flea in all the kangaroo rat country of Wash-
ington, Oregon, Idaho, Utah, and as far south as Carson City,
Nevada, and again from northeast California. The flea's major
host is the Columbian kangaroo rat. This is a flea of northern
kangaroo rats.

Meringis dipodomys was described by Glenn Kohls of the
Rocky Mountain Laboratory in 1938 from materials collected
in Imperial and Inyo counties, California, off kangaroo rats.
The writer has records for this flea from all over Nevada as far
north now as Flanigan and Wendel and Cedarville, California.
This is a flea of kangaroo rats of the southwest.

Meringis cummingi was described by Carol Fox in 1926 from
a single male taken off a giant desert kangaroo rat taken in the
vicinity of Los Angeles. The writer described the female dur-
ing 1940 from materials taken off kangaroo rats captured in the
Modoc Lava Beds of northern California. The writer has taken
this flea throughout the entire portion of its northern range, its
entire range seemingly to be central and northern California.
The Northern California kangaroo rat seems to be its chief host.

Thrassis (Throssoidcs] hoffmani was described by the writer
during 1949 from materials taken off a giant desert kangaroo
rat captured at Beatty, Nevada. This is a common winter flea
of southwest kangaroo rats but the new data offered herewith
extends the range northwards to Flanigan, Nevada, and north-
east California.

It should be remembered by investigators in the field that
during hot, dry late June, July, August, and early September
few fleas are to be found on kangaroo rats but frequently during
other seasons manv can be collected from them.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 139

Since Augustson in his paper of 1953 suggested that the
writer's records of Meringis parkeri from northern California
might be instead Meringis californicus the specimens of the
November, 1960, catches were sent to Frans Smit of the British
Museum who determined them as true Meringis parkeri.

The flea specimens involved in this paper are being sent for
the most part to the United States National Museum and the
British Museum with samples going to Public Health Service
Laboratories in the west, museums of California, and of course
to Mr. Augustson.

The host specimens here involved were shipped alive to Dr.
Murray Johnson, surgeon of Tacoma, Washington, who acts by
avocation as Curator of Mammals, University of Puget Sound,
where he is working under a National Science Foundation grant
on "serum protein and hemoglobin electrophoresis of mammals."
Upon completion of these tests the host specimens are made into
skins and added to the Museum collection where they can be
viewed and studied.

This is the third of a series of papers on western fleas to be
published by the writer under National Science Foundation
Grant B8645.

Obituary

Dr. BENTLEY BALL FULTON, Professor Emeritus in Entomol-
ogy at North Carolina State College, died December 8, 1960.
Born in 1889 he attended Ohio State University, received his
Master's degree from Chicago, and his Doctorate from Iowa
State University. He served as entomologist at the State ex-
periment stations in New York, Oregon and Iowa, after which,
in 1928 he accepted a professorship at North Carolina. Dr.
Fulton was known among other things for his original work in
distinguishing species of crickets by their songs as well as by
morphological characters.

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

JUNE 1961

Vol. LXXII No. 6

CONTENTS

Eads — Phallic structures in Cyrtacanthracidinae 141

McFadden — Improved Berlese technique 150

Dennis — Telamonas oviposition behavior 152

Crabill — Concerning Neogeophilidae 155

Philip — Change of name in Chrysops 160

Linsley — New cerabycids from California 163

Kramer — Herpetomonas muscarum in the haemocoele 165

Symposium 166

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXII JUNE, 1961 No. 6

The Terminology of Phallic Structures in the

Cyrtacanthacridinae (Orthoptera,

Acrididae)

DAVID C. EADES/ Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia

There have been three major studies of the phallic structures
of grasshoppers, the first by Snodgrass in 1935, the second by
Roberts in 1941, and the third by Dirsh in 1956. In his paper
Roberts presented a terminology which unified, so far as prac-
tical, the terminology of Snodgrass and the isolated earlier
works. This terminology was almost universally accepted until
1956 when Dirsh made several basic changes. In papers ap-
pearing since 1956 the terminology has been confused ; some
authors followed Roberts, others followed Dirsh, and Hubbell
(I960)- modified Dirsh's terms. However, none of the authors
since 1956 discussed reasons for his choice of terms. This
confusion makes it obvious that more work is needed. A thor-

1 The author wishes to express his appreciation to James A. G. Rehn
and H. Radclyffe Roberts for their generous help and encouragement in
the preparation of this paper. Also, V. M. Dirsh, T. H. Hubbell, and
Ashley B. Gurney have read the manuscript and offered many valuable
comments.

- In fairness to Hubbell it should be stated that the study of the ter-
minology of phallic structures was entirely incidental to the purpose of his
paper and that a critical analysis of terms was not intended. Neverthe-
less, his paper is discussed here because he originated terms and, in the
case of the arch and the zygoma, it helps to demonstrate that when pre-
vious definitions are not sufficiently precise, terms can gradually change
meanings without authors being aware of it.

(141)

142 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1961

ough analysis of homologies among the various groups of grass-
hoppers would be highly desirable, but to prepare such an analy-
sis would be an undertaking of major proportions. Rather than
abide with the present confused situation until homologies have
been established, the present paper undertakes the more modest
task of trying to stabilize terminology in a single subfamily, the
subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae (= Catantopinae). The phallic
structures of the Acridinae are sufficiently similar that homolo-
gies are apparent, but this latter subfamily is not specifically
included because the author has done very little work in it.
These two subfamilies comprise the dominant groups of grass-
hoppers of the world and, with respect to the phallic structures,
the best known. As homologies of structures of other groups
become better understood, this terminology can be applied to
them or modified as necessary. In most cases the terms of
Roberts are selected as more appropriate than those of Dirsh
and better known and less cumbersome than those of Snodgrass.
In several cases, however, it is necessary to incorporate modi-
fications of Snodgrass' terms to allow distinctions not provided
for by more recent authors. For specific examples of the new
terminology, see papers by Rehn and Eades (Notulae Naturae
No. 345 and Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phlla.} and Gurney and
Eades (Trans. Ainer. Ent. Soc.) now in press.

It is sometimes useful to visualize the phallus in terms of
concentric rings of indentation and lobes of ectoderm. All
sclerotized structures must develop in ectoderm, and the homolo-
gies of sclerites may best be understood by determining what
portion of the ectoderm is involved. All the major authors
understood these principles and made use of them in a number
of places. Nevertheless, more rigorous use of them would have
saved a number of errors. To facilitate discussion, let us begin
in the center and proceed outward using the analogy of concen-
tric folds. This is done for convenience in presentation and is
not intended to imply any basic radial symmetry. "Indentation"
and "lobe" refer to the final result without implying develop-
mental processes.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 143

CENTRAL INVAGINATION — THE ENDOPHALLIC MEMBRANE

Snodgrass made a useful distinction which has been lost by
all subsequent authors. His apical processes of aedeagus were
structures which projected around the posterior opening of the
phallotreme. On the other hand, he used lateral sclerites of phallo-
treme cleft for the solidly sclerotized structures in the phallotreme
membrane. I will use dorsal and ventral acdcagal sclerites for
these solidly sclerotized structures, which are totally derived
from endophallic membrane but commonly extend into the pro-
jecting lobes (see Fig. 1). For the lobes I will use the terms
dorsal and ventral aedeagal valves. The aedeagal valves may
be membranous, sclerotized, or partly sclerotized and are derived
from both ectophallic and endophallic membrane. Dorsal and
ventral are used in relation to "normal" positions. In forms
w^hich are strongly modified, the dorsal aedeagal sclerites may
be recognized by their being continuous with the arch. The
dorsal and ventral aedeagal valves may be recognized by the
fact that they contain the distal portions of, respectively, the
dorsal and ventral aedeagal sclerites. As Dirsh points out
(in Hit.), aedeagus is a general term for the distal part of the
whole phallic complex and would therefor include any distal
projection. However, for the sake of conforming as nearly as
possible to past. usage, I prefer to restrict aedeagal valves to
structures at the distal end of the phallotreme. If there should
be any need for the broader sense, something such as "aedeagal
lobes" may be denned and used.

In view of the considerable confusion regarding these struc-
tures, a list of terms of various authors seems useful. Dorsal
aedeagal sclerites: anterior (dorsal) lateral sclerites of phallo-
treme cleft of Snodgrass ; dorsal aedeagal valves in part of
Roberts ; valves of cingulum in part of Dirsh as used in his
Pauliniidae and Acrididae; dorsal penial valves in part of
Hubbell. Dorsal aedeagal valves: anterior (dorsal) apical
processes of aedeagus of Snodgrass; for remaining authors the
same terms as listed above for dorsal aedeagal sclerites. I'cn-
tral aedeagal sclerites: posterior (ventral) lateral sclerites of
phallotreme cleft of Snodgrass ; ventral aedeagal valves in part

144 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1961

of Roberts ; apical valves of penis in part of Dirsh and of Hub-
bell. Ventral aedeagal valves: posterior (ventral) apical proc-
ess of aedeagus of Snodgrass ; ventral aedeagal valves in part
of Roberts ; apical valves of penis in part of Dirsh and of
Hubbell.

With these terms denned, it is now possible to discuss Dirsh's
objections to Roberts' terms, primarily to Roberts' use of dorsal
aedeagal valves. Dirsh stated (p. 231) : "From the zygoma
region of the cingulum (PI. 2, fig. 5) or from the arch (PI. 2,
fig. 9) there often arises a pair of valves, situated above the
penis valves and parallel to them. Snodgrass (1935) and
Radclyffe-Roberts (1941) called them the dorsal valves of the
aedeagus, but they actually belong to the cingulum." In the
case of the Romaleinae, however, Dirsh substituted appendices
of aedeagus for dorsal aedeagal valves. In his definition Dirsh
stated (p. 226) that the valves of cingulum are "morphologically
derived from the ectophallus." The basic points of disagree-
ment are whether the dorsal aedeagal sclerites are derived from
endophallic or ectophallic membrane and whether or not the
arch is part of the cingulum. Dirsh stated (p. 227, definition
of penis, which in the sense of Dirsh includes the ventral
aedeagal sclerites as here understood) that the ventral aedeagal
sclerites are derived from endophallic membrane. Neverthe-
less, he maintained that the dorsal aedeagal sclerites (included
in his concept of valves of cingulum} are ectophallic. This
would require that the ventral portion of the phallotreme is endo-
phallic and the dorsal portion ectophallic or else that a diverticu-
lum develops from the ectophallic membrane, grows down what
is to be the arch, and expands to form the dorsal aedeagal
sclerites, which fuse with the phallotreme membrane. Both of
these interpretations are strongly contradictory to the apparent
situation and to the concepts of previous authors. In many
cases the arch and dorsal aedeagal sclerites form a continuous
sclerite which is not continuous with the cingulum (except by
membrane). (See the description of a new species of Leptysma
in Rehn and Eades, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., in press.)
The only evidence which tends to support Dirsh is the possible

Ixxii]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

145

EC

DAY

VAV

FIG. 1. Diagram of the distal portion of the phallus of a typical grass-
hopper of the subfamily Crytacanthacridinae (dorsal and ventral phallo-
treme clefts not shown). A, arch. B, bridge. DAS, dorsal aedeagal
sclerite. DAV, dorsal aedeagal valve. EC, ectophallic membrane. En,
endophallic membrane. S, sheath. VAS, ventral aedeagal sclerite.
VAV, ventral aedeagal valve.

homology of the dorsal aedeagal sclerites to the valves of c in-
guinal in his Charilaidae, Proscopiidae, and Pyrgomorphidae.
Such a homology would be dubious on anatomical grounds alone,
but the phylogeny of Dirsh (or anyone else) shows his valves
of cingulum to be of clearly polyphyletic origin (unless they
were retained from the common ancestor of the entire super-
family, which is most unlikely). Therefore Dirsh's interpreta-
tion with respect to the dorsal aedeagal sclerites in his Acrididae
and Pauliniidae should be rejected.

Another term with a confused history is arch, although in this
case there is no indication that any author was aware of any
change in the use of the term. Snodgrass stated (p. 64) that
the dorsal aedeagal sclerites "are connected with each other by
a strong transverse arch (t) in the dorsal wall of the passage,"
i.e., the phallotreme. This description applied to his bridge of
anterior phallotreine sclerites as indicated by the fact that he
gave this term in his explanation of "t" in the set of drawings
to which he referred in the above quotation. Roberts ddim-d
his arch of dorsal valves (p, 241) as a connection betwivu the
dorsal aedeagal sclerites and the zygoma of the cingulum and
considered the bridge of anterior pliallolrcine sclerites of Snod-
grass as a synonym. The bridge of Snodgrass connects right

146 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1961

and left dorsal aedeagal sclerites and develops in the dorsal por-
tion of the phallotreme membrane and spermatophore sac. The
arch of Roberts connects ventrally with the dorsal aedeagal
sclerites and the bridge and extends dorsad, usually fusing to
the mid-dorsal region of the cingulum. In the forms for which
I have made detailed dissections, it is derived from the anterior
end of the dorsal phallotreme cleft (the cleft between the dorsal
aedeagal valves). The bridge and the arch are often fused so
closly that the distinction is rather trifling. Nevertheless, the
distinction is useful for descriptive purposes, and the ontogenetic
origin is different. The bridge, arch, and dorsal aedeagal
sclerites are continuous portions of a single sclerite which has
not been named.

Dirsh defined his arch of cingulum (p. 225) in the same
sense as the arch of dorsal valves of Roberts ; however, most of
his figures were labelled in such a way as to suggest the bridge
rather than the arch. Hubbell, apparently working from Dirsh's
figures, labelled what is clearly the bridge (fig. Ib, p. 30) as
the arch. The true arch was labelled as the attachment to syga-
pophysis. I am unable to find any definition of z\gapophysis,
but I would presume it referred to a ventral diverticulum from
the zygoma. The existence of such a diverticulum is implied
by the terminology of Dirsh, but I know of no evidence to indi-
cate that it actually does exist.

The spermatophore sac possesses a single pair of sclerites, the
endophallic plates. Dirsh and Hubbell referred to these as basal
valves of penis, but this term should also be rejected for the sake
of consistent terminology. The term endophallic plate refers to
the entire sclerite but has often been used for certain portions of
it in spite of the fact that Snodgrass provided the necessary
terms. He referred to the flared anterior portion as the anterior
apodeinc of endophallic plate, but endophallic apodenie is ade-
quate. The central portion lying against the spermatophore sac
is the lateral plate.

FIRST RING OF LOBES

This ring includes the aedeagal valves as redefined above.
The inner sides are part of the phallotreme membrane and may

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 147

or may not be sclerotized. The outer sides are part of the ecto-
phallic membrane and are often coriaceous but normally not
sclerotized unless fused to the aedeagal sclerites.

FIRST RING OF INDENTATION

This ring is included here because it is usually present dor-
sally and laterally in the Cyrtacanthacridinae. Its presence in
other groups is open to question. It does not contain any im-
portant structures.

SECOND RING OF LOBES

This ring contains the slieath. As understood by Roberts
and Dirsh, the sheath extends from the rami of the cingulum to
the point where the ectophallic membrane of the aedeagal valves
is sclerotized, or if it is not sclerotized, to the junction with the
endophallic membrane. By this definition the extent of the
sheath varies greatly according to whether or not the ectophallic
membrane of the aedeagal valves is fused to the aedeagal scle-
rites. I would prefer to think of the sheath as extending from
the rami only to the aedeagal valves. When the first ring of
indentation is present, it serves as the dividing line. When the
first ring of indentation is absent, a more or less arbitrary divi-
sion must be made; the aedeagal valves are the projecting,
intromittent part.

SECOND RING OF INDENTATION

This ring contains a well developed sclerite, the chii/nliini,
which typically includes the zygoma and paired a pod cm cs and
rami.

The term zygoma has developed a double meaning. In the
sense of Snodgrass (p. 64) it was "a strong transverse sclerotic
bridge." Roberts and Dirsh labelled their drawings in con-
formity with this except for Dirsh's Plate 32, figure F, where
the zygoma was indicated posterior to a membranous area.
However, this was probably just a slip because I 'late 32, figure
D showed the zygoma anterior to this membranous area. On

148 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1961

the other hand, the zygoma has also been thought of as the
general mid-dorsal region between the bases of the apodemes
and rami regardless of whether it is sclerotized or not. It was
this latter sense which Roberts and Dirsh were apparently using
in their definitions of zygoma and when they stated in their
definitions of arch that the arch connects with the zygoma. It
is definitely this latter sense which Hubbell used when he stated
(explanation of Plate XVII) that his "basal eminence" is the
summit of the zygoma. (Hubbell stated on page 29 that his
"basal eminence" has a membranous surface.) It seems wisest
to return to the more precise concept of Snodgrass, who first
used the term, and exclude membranous areas from the zygoma.
However, a membranous area is sometimes so nearly enclosed
by the zygoma and rami that it can hardly be excluded from the
cingulum. The term central membrane of cingulum seems ap-
propriate to solve this difficulty. If there should be any need
to refer to the broader concept of zygoma, a description such as
"mid-dorsal region of cingulum" should be sufficient.

Roberts stated (p. 245) that the ventral infold "is comparable
to the invagination on the dorsum of the pallus which gives rise
to the rami and zygoma of the cingulum." This is in conflict
with his usage in his Cryptosacci where he shows it ventral to
the ventral lobe and therefore part of the third ring of indenta-
tion. Roberts informs me (in conversation) that his concept
of ventral infold agreed with his usage and not with the above
quotation. In some cases there are two ventral invaginations,
one in the second ring of indentation and one in the third ring.
The definition of Dirsh (p. 228) is of no help as it is vague
enough to include both of the ventral invaginations and the
ventral lobe. The logical solution is to restrict the term ventral
infold to the concept of Roberts in his Cryptosacci, i.e., the
invagination ventral to the ventral lobe and to whatever invagi-
nation may prove homologous to this. The invagination in the
second ring of indentation may prove to be present only in occa-
sional genera and may be referred to as a supplementary ventral
infold unless future work shows it to be of wide occurrence. I
am not prepared to state which invagination in Roberts' Crypto-
sacci is homologous to the "ventral infold" in his Chasmosacci.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 149

THIRD RING OF LOBES

The dorsal lobe of this ring is called the basal fold and is
normally not sclerotized. The lobes on the sides (when present )
are called the lateral lobes and commonly bear sclerites. When
the lateral lobes are joined ventrally, they may be called the
ventral lobe. When the second ring of indentation is sufficiently
weakened, the lateral lobes or ventral lobe may fuse with the
cingulum. The ventral fold of Dirsh is the ventral lobe as here
understood. The ventral lobe of Dirsh is confusing. In most
cases it seems synonymous with his ventral fold, but in the case
of Paulinia (PI. 29) a portion of the sheath is labelled as the
ventral lobe.

THIRD RING OF INDENTATION

The ventral invagination of this ring is the ventral infold and
has already been discussed. The epiphallus and associated scle-
rites are found on the ventral side of the dorsal portion of this
ring of indentation. For these structures the terminology of
Dirsh is fully adequate and acceptable in so far as I have investi-
gated them. An invagination is often present immediately an-
terior to the epiphallus and may be called the epiphallic infold.
This term refers to the position of the invagination ; the invagi-
nation does not contain the epiphallus.

LITERATURE CITED

DIRSH, V. M. 1956. The phallic complex in Acridoidea (Orthoptera)
in relation to taxonomy, Trans. Royal Ent. Soc. London 108(7) :
223-356, 66 pi.

HUBBELL, T. H. 1960. The sibling species of the Alutacea Group of
the Bird-Locust genus Schistoccrca, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ.
Michigan No. 116: 1-91, 23 pi.

ROBERTS, H. R. 1941. A comparative study of the subfamilies of the
Acrididae (Orthoptera) primarily on the basis of their phallic struc-
tures, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 93 : 201-246.

SNODGRASS, R. E. 1935. The abdominal mechanisms of a grasshopper,
Smith, Miscl. Coll. 94(6) : 1-89.

150 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1961

An Improved Technique for Using the Berlese

Funnel

By M. W. McFADDEN, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

The Berlese funnel is probably familiar to every entomologist.
It is a useful tool but unfortunately has two serious limitations :
it is not portable and too much time is required (often four
days) to drive all specimens from a substrate sample. How-
ever, by making use of certain chemicals and a different type
of construction these limitations have been eliminated.

In the past, without portable Berlese funnels, specimens had
to be either collected directly or the duration of the field trip
had to be limited if habitat samples were taken. This latter
choice was necessary since temperature, moisture and oxygen
requirements of the insects restricted the length of time a sample
could be retained before being run through the Berlese funnel.

The slowness of the Berlese funnel technique as applied in
the past can be attributed to the fact that heat, light, or gravity
is required to drive the insects from the sample. However, Dr.
Brian Hocking of this university has recently pointed out to
me, that by using a mixture of three parts naphthalene and one
part paradichlorobenzene, it is possible to drive out the insects
in a relatively short period of time.

The modified apparatus consists of a wooden frame with
interchangeable screen filters. The lower portion of the frame
is covered with plastic sheeting in the form of a cone. Two of
these funnels are bolted to a stake or shaft as shown in fig. 1.
The shaft is either driven or dug into the ground and the sam-
ples placed on the screen filters in the funnels. Five tablespoons
of the chemical mixture are then sprinkled over each sample,
the top swung into position and collecting jars set underneath
the cones. All specimens are driven from the sample in approxi-
mately twelve hours, depending, of course, on the nature of
the sample.

As many as five sets of these funnels can be carried in the
trunk of a car so that collecting can be carried on during the

Ixxii]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

151

FIG. 1. The top or wood portion of the funnel is nine inches square
and three inches deep; the entire apparatus is three feet high (from top
of box to base of stake).

day and habitat samples brought back to the camp in p
bags to be run through that evening. In this way specimen-
can be removed in the morning and the rest of the day can he
used for collecting.

The above mentioned technique has been used to collect
dipterous larvae, especially Stratiomyidae, but in the COUIVM-
of this work adults and/or larvae of Coleoptera, Odouata, Ile-
miptera, and Collembola also have been obtained. This tech-

152 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1961

nique was successful with such diverse samples as heavy muck,
various manures, decaying wood, moss, forest duff, and shore
debris. The fumes from the naphthalene and paradichloro-
benzene seem to have little or no effect, at least upon Stratio-
myid larvae, as far as rearing is concerned.

An Observation of the Behavior of Telamona

compacta Ball Preceding and During

Oviposition. (Homoptera,

Membracidae)

By CLIFFORD J. DENNIS, East Central State College,

Ada, Oklahoma

These observations were made at Itasca State Park, Minne-
sota, on July 27, 1960, at the campground of the University of
Minnesota Biological Station during work which was supported
in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation.

Weather conditions during the time of observation were as
follows : temperature 82 degrees, wind northwest 3-4 mph,
sky clear.

A female Telamona compacta Ball was discovered at 1 :37
p.m. CST on a bur oak, Quercus macrocarpa Michx., six feet
above the ground, three inches from the tip of the branch. She
was on the top of the branch, nearly parallel with it and facing
toward its base. Her position was on the sunnny, south side
of the tree, but she was shaded except for the time from 2 :38
until 3 :35 when she was in intermittent sunlight. The abdomen
of this insect was noticeably distended and somewhat pendulous
posteriorly.

At 1 :55 she raised the posterior part of the body about one-
fourth inch and then lowered it. This action was repeated at
2 :05, 2:11,2 :23, 2 :42, 2 :44, 2 :50, and 2 :57. At 2 :44 she also
flicked her wings slightly as a breeze shook the branch.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 153

At 3 :04 she abruptly extended her legs and elevated her
entire body straight upward in a horizontal position. While
in this posture she jerkily raised the knee of the left hind leg
several times. The original position was resumed at 3 :06.

The rear of the body was again raised and lowered at 3 :10.

At 3:11 she very slowly raised her entire body to the hori-
zontal position ; this required three minutes. This posture was
maintained until 3 :18 when she dropped to her original position.

She raised her entire body halfway to the full height at 3 :21.
At 3 :22 she started gradually to resume the original position
and attained it at 3 :24.

The posterior end of the body was again raised and lowered
at 3 :28.

This behavior seemed to be a kind of a warm-up for the
task that lay ahead. She started to move toward the base of
the branch at 3 :35. Her progress was not direct. There were
several stops and starts and some wandering around on the
branch. By 4 :35 she had progressed about two feet toward the
base of the branch and had reached an area of corky protuber-
ances at which point the branch was about one inch in diameter.

At 4 :35 she was on top of this branch facing its base and
made what appeared to be a tentative effort to oviposit. She
unsheathed her ovipositor, raised her posterior end and posi-
tioned the ovipositor at right angles to her body. The ovipositor
was then stabbed directly downward to pierce the bark tissue
between corky ridges. She appeared to bounce up and down
while inserting it to its full length. Withdrawal of the ovi-
positor occurred almost immediately ; it was not sheathed com-
pletely until about thirty seconds had elapsed.

She then walked to the corky region on the top of a similar
adjacent branch, taking a position facing its base. Here, at
4 :45, she began striking oviposition activity. In a smoothly
coordinated fashion she raised her entire body (especially the
posterior end), flexed her abdomen slightly, extended the ovi-
positor perpendicularly to her body and quickly stabbed this
structure its full length into the stem between two corky ridges.
Almost immediately she withdrew the ovipositor slightly and

154 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1961

then fully inserted it again as she began a pumping action of
the abdomen. The pumping action was continued until the
ovipositor was finally withdrawn. During the time the ovi-
positor was inserted, the venter of the abdomen anterior to the
base of the ovipositor was inclined abruptly away from the
branch ; the venter of the abdomen posterior to the base of the
ovipositor was closely appressed to the bark. This gave the
impression that she was sitting down on the bark. At 4 :50 she
slightly withdrew the ovipositor; at 4:51 it was again fully
inserted. Similar withdrawal and insertion were repeated at
4 :52 and 4 :53, respectively. At 4 :53 :30 the ovipositor was
fully withdrawn and sheathed in a smooth action which was
the reverse of the insertion behavior. The insertion and with-
drawal actions gave the impression of flowing, graceful motion.

The third valvulae were not inserted. These could be seen
flicking as the abdomen was pumping.

The insect remained motionless eight minutes and then moved
one inch to its left to the side of the branch, still facing its base,
and began to oviposit at 5 :04. Her behavior resembled that of
the preceding instance except that she partially withdrew the
ovipositor only once. This activity was completed at 5 :07.

Similar behavior was observed twice more. One instance
occurred from 5 :21 to 5 :25 on the underside of a somewhat
smoother, slender part of the stem. The other took place in a
corky region on the top of a slender branch, starting at 5 :45.
This one was not completed because I disturbed the insect while
trying to obtain a closer look. My inquisitiveness caused her
to fly off and become lost.

The time, place, and mechanics of the oviposition proper agree
generally with those briefly reported for Telamona by Funk-
houser (1917). However, this insect was more easily dis-
turbed than he indicated.

LITERATURE CITED

FUNKHOUSER, W. D. 1917. Mem. Cornell University Agr. Exp. Sta.
2: 177-445.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 155

Concerning the Neogeophilidae, with Proposal of

a New Genus.1 (Chilopoda : Geophilomorpha :

Neogeophilidae)

By R. E. CRABILL, JR., U. S. National Museum, Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D. C.

In 1918 Filippo Silvestri proposed as new two remarkable
genera, Ncogcophilns and Evallogcophihts, and assigned them
to a new geophilid subfamily, Neogeophilinae. He observed
that the Neogeophilinae were to be distinguished from all other
geophilids by their second maxillary coxosterna which are com-
pletely divided midlongitudinally, each bearing anteriorly a pair
of peculiar uniarticular, lobate structures in place of the usual
telopodites, associated medial projections, and lappets. The
distinctiveness of his new forms, he explained, was further en-
hanced by their bizarre pretarsal modifications : each of the more
anterior pretarsi bears a sizeable tooth projecting from the ven-
tral arch of the pretarsal claw proper. Each of these three
characteristics was unknown to occur within the Geophilidae,
and their combination was, and remains, common only to the
Neogeophilidae.

In 1926 Attems elevated the Silvestri subfamily to full family
rank but cautioned that family status must remain provisional
prior to a more detailed presentation of distinctive features. In
his ordinal monograph of 1929 Attems summarized what was
known of the neogeophilids — somewhat inaccurately, as we shall
see — but continued to accord to them full family status. Since
1929 no new species have been referred to the family, and no
new evaluation of the Silvestri specimens has been issued. The
matter rests as Dr. Attems left it : the rank of the suprageneric,
collective category to which the Silvestri genera and the present
new genus are referable remains provisional.

Neogcophilus and Evallogcophilns were founded upon two
species, which in turn were based upon three specimens. To
these may now be added a fourth specimen, representing a nr\v

1 This study was undertaken with the aid of a grant from the National
Science Foundation (G9805).

156 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1961

species and, evidently, genus. This newst neogeophilid was
discovered among some undetermined, miscellaneous material
that was collected more than fifty years ago in Guatemala and
sent to O. F. Cook, whose interests by that time had shifted
nearly completely from Chilopoda to Diplopoda and botany.
Dr. Cook labelled the specimen as a "Geophilus," then put it
aside, apparently without further attention. This specimen
manifests the same distinctive higher categorical characteristics
that Silvestri recognized in his two species. In addition to these
diagnostic family characters that Silvestri specified, there is
another of considerable significance that he failed to cite. The
basal article of the second maxillary telopodite is entirely with-
out dorsal and ventral condyles. They are absent in the present,
new form, and, according to his figures, they are absent in his
two species.

CRYPTOSTRIGLA, new genus

Differential Diagnosis. — The new genus, while sharing some
significant characters with each of the other genera, seems more
reminescent of Evallogeophilus than of Ncogeophilus. At the
same time it manifests certain features seen in neither of the
Silvestri genera. The presence in Cryptostrigla of the following
features will readily distinguish it from Neogeophilus: ultimate
pedal pretergite and pregenital sternite are indistinctly sepa-
rated from their respective, adjacent plates; the subcondylic
sclerotic lines of the prosternum are abortive and incomplete,
hence do not pass across the prosternal corner to or toward the
telopodite condyles; the female gonopod consists of one article,
the two constituent articles having fused without discernible
trace of an intervening suture.

The following generic characters are common both to Evallo-
geophilus and Cryptostrigla: prosternal denticles are present;
the ultimate pedal pretergite is completely or almost completely
amalgated with its tergite; the ultimate pedal sternite is com-
pletely or almost completely amalgamated with the pregenital
sternite ; the paraclypeal sutures do not diverge outward poste-
riorly (see discussion under Notes). These two genera differ,
at least, as follows. Evallogeophilus: (1) prosternal subcon-

Lxxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 157

dylic sclerotic lines pass toward and meet or nearly meet the
basal prehensorial condyles; (2) each female gonopod is dis-
tinctly biarticulate, the interarticular suture being persistent;
(3) ultimate pedal pretergite is apparently wholly fused with
its tergite (see Silvestri's Figs. 6, 9, p. 357 : see discussion under
Notes below) ; (4) ultimate pedal sternite apparently wholly
fused with the pregenital sternite (see Silvestri's Figs. 7, 10,
p. 357). Cryptostrigla: (1) prosternal subcondylic sclerotic
lines are abortive and coincident with part of the pleuropro-
sternal sutures, the former neither meeting nor passing toward
the prehensorial condyles; (2) each female gonopod manifests
no discernible interarticular suture, the two constituent articles
having fused without trace of division; (3) the ultimate pedal
pretergite is intimately fused with its tergite, but the intervening
transverse suture, although obscure and vestigial, is persistent
and readily discernible under optimum conditions of observa-
tion; (4) the ultimate pedal sternite is intimately fused with
the adajacent pregenital sternite, but the intervening suture,
although extremely obscure and vestigial, is still discernible but
with difficulty.

See also the family resume at the end of the article, where
the generic diagnostic features are presented comparatively in
tabular outline.

Type-species: Cryptostrigla silvestri, new species. (Present
designation and monotypic).

Notes. — In his original description of Evallogeophilus, Sil-
vestri characterized its ultimate pedal dorsal sclerite as follows,
relying heavily upon this particular generic criterion for distin-
guishing between it and Neogeophilns (p. 357) : "Genus hoc a
genere Neogeophilus tergito segmenti ultimi pediferi praetergito
destitute, . . . ." He reported that the pretergite was absent,
as indeed his figures 6 and 9 show it to be. Yet, comparing
these figures with their counterparts for N. primus (p. 353,
Fig. 13), the reader will see that the ultimate pedal tergite of
uic.ricanus, which appears abnormally long, actually represents
that tergite plus its associated pretergite. In other words, in
mexicanus the pretergite and tergite are entirely amalgamated

158 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1961

without discernible intervening suture, or, if there is a suture,
it is so vague that it escaped Silvestri's notice. Clearly, this
degree of amalgamation does not typify primus, whose inter-
tergital suture he recognized and figured in Fig. 13.

In Cryptostrigla silvestri the pretergite and tergite are inti-
mately fused, but the intervening transverse suture is both per-
sistent and, though obscure, easily visible after mounting in
Hoyer's fluid and under optimum conditions of observation.

A similar explanation is almost certainly pertinent to the
absence of certain ventral ultimate plates and sutures in mexi-
canus. On page 356 Silvestri wrote: ". . . sterno subaeque
longo atque ad basim lato, lateribus paullum convergentibus,
postice aliquantum sinuato, tergito praetergito nullo, . . . ."
If the reader will compare Fig. 16 on p. 353 (of primus) with
its counterpart, Fig. 10, p. 357 (of mexicanus) , he cannot but
be struck by the facts, first, that the ultimate pedal sternite of
primus is notably shorter and wider than that of me.vicanus;
secondly, that the pregenital sternite of primus (Fig. 16) is
entirely absent in mexicanus (Fig .10). Without much doubt,
what Silvestri took to be the ultimate pedal sternite of me.vicanus
was, in fact, that sternite plus the following pregenital sternite
with which it is intimately fused. The same is true in the case
of the female (Fig. 7, p. 357), whose pregenital sternite is ap-
parently absent and whose ultimate pedal sternite is abnormally
long. In summary, one of two explanations must be true in
the case of me.vicanus, either: (1) the two plates are completely
amalgamated without trace of an intervening suture, or; (2)
the two plates are intimately fused but still separated by an
intervening, vestigial suture that escaped Silvestri's notice. As
has already been noted, in C. silvestri there is intimate fusion
of the dorsal and of the ventral plates, but in each case there is
a visible, vestigial suture testifying to what has happened.

Silvestri's original figures necessitate raising two additional
queries. In each of these two instances we are confronted with
the same question : Does the figure of the character appear extra-
ordinary because it actually is, or rather because it was mis-
represented by the artist?

In two figures (Fig. 13, p. 353, Fig. 13, p. 355) Silvestri has

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 159

shown the anterior surfaces of two representative pretarsi that
are typical of his two new species. In each figure the anterior
accessory spine is depicted as being very long, rather sinuous,
apically abruptly pointed, or even notched apico-ventrally, and
apparently hyaline or semi-translucent. In short, as he has
figured them, these spines seem somewhat like long, fleshy lap-
pets. One cannot help but wonder whether the anterior acces-
sory spines have been misrepresented. In Cryptostrigla sil-
vestri this accessory spine on all legs is perfectly straight and
never sinuous ; it is never notched apically or abruptly attenuate,
and, what is most important, it is typically spinelike and quite
opaque.

Secondly, note that in primus (Fig. 2, p. 353) the artis has
shown the paraclypeal sutures to diverge outward posteriorly far
beyond the rear clypeal margin. If this representation is accu-
rate, then we are confronted with a remarkable departure from
the usual case, wherein the two paraclypeal sutures, when com-
plete, terminate at or near the posterolateral clypeal corner. If
these sutures are as Silvestri has shown them, then they must
be accorded preeminent significance as a generic criterion.

Finally, mention should be made of several important errors
which Attems seems to have injected into his summary of the
family (1929, p. 346). In his family diagnosis Attems reported
that the ultimate pretarsus consists of one article. Insofar as
the reader might therefore attribute this condition to all neo-
geophilids, his statement is misleading. In all known neogeo-
philids this character seems to be subject to intersexual dimor-
phism : the ultimate tarsus is uniarticulate in the known males
of N. primus (Fig. 16, p. 353) and E. mc.ricanus (Fig. 10, p.
357), but it is biarticulate in the known females of E. mc.vi-
canus (Fig. 6, p. 357) and of C. silvcstri,

Attems also characterized E. mexicanus (key, p. 346) as
lacking a pretergite, whereas, as I have suggested above, it has
a pretergite which is either wholly fused with the tergite, or else
incompletely fused with it, in which latter case Silvestri's origi-
nal description is in error.

(To be continued)

160 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1961

New North American Tabanidae XIII. Change

of Name for a Well-Known Species of

Chrysops x

By CORNELIUS B. PHILIP -

Since the time of Osten Sacken (1875), Chrysops uniuittatus
Macquart is a name assigned to a species common east of the
Mississippi River and extending west to Kansas and Nebraska
and north to Quebec. He states : "The identity of this species
with Macquart's C. univittatus can hardly be called in doubt."
Subsequent workers, including the writer, have followed him in
this assignment. Osten Sacken also questioned the possible
synonymy of C. fascipennis Macquart from Philadelphia, but
further states : ". . . the shortness of the description renders
the identification impossible."

Macquart (1855) gives the locality of C. univittatus as Balti-
more but he did not indicate whether he had more than one
specimen. A type, previously overlooked in the British Museum
(Natural History) on visits by Hine, Krober, and the author,
labelled "Baltimore" and "univittatus n.sp." in Macquart's hand-
writing, was discovered by me on a visit in 1960. No other
types were found in Macquart cabinets at the Paris and Lille
Museums and it may be presumed the BMNH specimen is a
holotype. No type for C. fascipennis has been located in any
of these collections so that the relationship suggested by Osten
Sacken has not been possible to verify or negate.

The univittatus type now lacks abdomen and antennal flagel-
lums, but characters of the wing picture, face widely black on
both sides of lateral sutures, dark scutellum, basal one-third of
mid-femora and one-half of hind pair darkened, agree closely
with a compared female from New York of C. wiedenianni
Krober. The abdominal pattern and legs, as originally de-

1 These studies were supported by a travel grant from the March Fund
of the National Academy of Sciences.

2 U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health
Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 161

scribed, also agree best with C. wiedemanni. This unfortunate
misidentification and preoccupation change the concepts of t\vo
important and common species of Nearctic Chrysops. There
is not time, before appearance of a Nearctic catalog of Diptera,
to request plenary action of the International Commission to
conserve present assignments of C. univittatus and C. wiede-
manni. Recourse to substitution of C. fascipennis for C. uni-
vittatus of authors, not Macquart, is not justified on present
information.

Under these circumstances, C. wiedemanni Krober becomes a
synonym of C. univittatus Macquart, not of authors. For C.
univittatus of authors, not Macquart, the new name C. mac-
qnarti n.sp. is proposed.

Holotype $, 7.0 mm. Differs from the adequate description
of C. univittatus given by Osten Sacken (1875) in the following
minor respects : Face largely yellowish, the apodemal pits and
sutures narrowly brown ; callosity brown ; scutellum largely yel-
low with a small mid-basal spot. These characters are within
the usually observed variation. Fig. 56 of Brennan (1935) is
a good depiction of the wing pattern of this type.

Catonsville, Baltimore, Md., June 30, 1922. F. M. Root. In
the collection of the author.

Allotype J1, 6 mm. Resembles the female except the black on
the parafacials larger, and infuscation of second basal cell about
two thirds its length.

Riverdale, Maryland, 6-9-11. No collector. In collection
of the author.

Paratype males. New York: 2 (reared), Oswego, June,
Logothetis; 1, Ithaca, July, Evans. Pennsylvania: 1, Swarth-
niore, July, Cresson, Jr. Wash., D. C.: Rock Creek Park,
July, Arnaud, Jr.

Paratype females. Maryland: 1, Hillsdale, Baltimore, July 5,
1922, F. M. Root (nearly topotypic). Massachusetts: 2, Lev-
erett and Amherst, July, Coher. New York: 3, Wading River
and Tuxedo, July and August, no collector; 6, Genesee Co.,
July and August, Pechuman. Neiv Jersey: 4, Atsion, Francis
Mills and Burlington Co., June and July, Hansens, Belkin, and
Conant and Thomas. Pennsylvania: 4, Green Valley and Clarke
Valley, June and July, Kirk and Champlain. Virginia: 1, Giles

162 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1961

Co., August, Nuttycombe. North Carolina: 1, Highlands, July,
Byers. Georgia: 13, Athens, Stone Mt., Grassy Mt., Murray
Co., Attapulgus, Rabun Co., and Yonah Mt., May, June and
July, Loizeaux, Fattig and Sudia. Ohio: 11, Lancaster, Bain-
bridge, Vinton Co., Athens Co., Summit Co., Lucas Co., and
Amherst, June and July, Goshin, Orago, Thomas and Thomas,
Stehr, Campbell and Campbell, Lipovsky. Indiana: 2, Cass Co.,
June, Williamson. Michigan: 2, Gull Lake Biol. Sta., Kalama-
zoo, July, Fischer. Florida: Alachua Co., April and May,
Dean and Stephens. Ontario: Puslinch, June, Pechuman.

In the U. S. National Museum, British Museum (Natural
History), and collections of L. L. Pechuman and the author.

Variation occurs in which the abdominal pattern fades to
obscure brown shadows in a few specimens from New Jersey,
Ohio and Georgia, but these are recognizable by the wing pat-
terns and entirely yellow femora. Varietal names do not appear
to be warranted analogous to those in the flavida complex.

The type localities of both C. univittata and C. macqnarti thus
are Baltimore and indeed they fly together over a considerable
proportion of their respective ranges, but are quickly separated
by several characters including the more extensive apical spots
and infuscated first basal cells in the latter.

Though Stone (1930) has described the immature stages of
C. wiedeinanni (= true univittatus} , those of C. macqnarti ap-
pear not to have been reported.

REFERENCES

BRENNAN, J. M. 1935. Bull. Univ. Kans. 36: 249-401.

MACQUART, P. J. M. 1855. 5e Suppl. Soc. des Sci. Lille, Mem., 1854:

25-156.

OSTEN SACKEN, C. R. 1875. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 365-397.
STONE, ALAN. 1930. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 23 : 261-304.

Ixxiij ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 163

A New Rhinotragine Cerambycid from Arizona
and Sonora (Coleoptera)

By E. GORTON LINSLEY, University of California, Berkeley

The Rhinotraginae comprise a group of Neotropical Ceramby-
cidae of which more than 200 species have been described.
They are of special interest to students of natural selection be-
cause of the remarkable mimetic form, coloration, and behavior
exhibited by species in the various genera. These suggest an
unusually wide range of models, including bees, wasps, and
beetles of several families. Perhaps no comparable group of
animals has developed diversified mimicry to such a degree.

Until now, no species of Rhinotragini has been known to occur
within the boundaries of the United States. The species here
recorded belongs to the genus Odontocera, as currently denned,
and appears to be 0. aurocincta Bates. However, the population
occurring in Southern Arizona and Sonora appears to be sub-
specifically different from those in Yucatan and Yera Cruz.

Odontocera aurocincta arizonensis Linsley, new subspecies

Male : Integument piceous black, mouthparts somewhat rufo-
testaceous, anterior tibiae, especially beneath, and intermediate
and posterior tibiae at base and apex and most of antenna! fla-
gellum rufo-testaceous, first two abdominal segments testaceous,
elytra with base and humeral region black, basal one-third of
lateral margin black, becoming rufo-testaceous except as it ap-
proaches base, disk transparent, whitish, becoming yellowish or
rufo-testaceous at apex ; pubescent patches silvery white, includ-
ing margins of pronotum, scutellum, median area of prosternum,
and margins of meso- and metasterna. Length 17 mm.

Holotypc male (Calif. Acad. Sci.), from Box Canyon, Santa
Rita Mountains, ARIZONA, August 1, 1959, at flowers of a mimo-
saceous shrub (D. S. Verity). Paratypes, a male from Sabino
Canyon, Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, September 5,
1957 (R. L. Westcott), a male from Mocuzari, Sonora,

164 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1961

tember 25 (R. L. Westcott), and a male from Santa Ana,
Sonora, July 22, 1940 (R. P. Allen).

What I assume to be females of this subspecies were taken in
the vicinity of Alamos, Sonora, by R. L. Westcott as follows:
two examples, Alamos, Sonora, July 30-August 9, 1957, one
example 8 miles west of Alamos, August 9, 1957, and one ex-
ample 18 miles west of Alamos, July 30, 1957. In addition to
the usual sexual differences in the structure of the abdomen,
development of the eyes, etc., these differ from the male by
having the head, pronotum, and sides of mesosternum red, the
basal antennal segments yellowish rather than black, the legs
yellow with the claviform portion of the intermediate and poste-
rior femora piceous brown, that of the anterior femora clouded
with piceous, the first two abdominal segments piceous brown
basally, last three segments brown, the elytra without a black
basal and humeral area and the pubescent patches of the pro-
notal and meso- and metasternal margins golden instead of
white. In this last respect they resemble the female of typical
0. aurocincta Bates (1873) from Yucatan more closely than
that of the "variety" nigroapicalis Fisher (1947) from Vera
Cruz. From both, however, they differ in the red head and
pronotum.

The species of Odontocera exhibit great diversity of form,
some species resembling meliponid bees, others vespid wasps.
This resemblance carries over to the flight habits of the beetles
(Bates, 1873), and Wheeler and Darlington (1930) have not
only recorded vespid-like flight for 0. triplaris Fisher,1 but the
occurrence of a similarly colored vespid - with them. The pres-
ent species is much more wasp-like than bee-like. If both sexes
are mimetic they presumably have quite different models, in
view of the dichromatism which they exhibit.

1 The species of Odontocera referred to by Wheeler and Darlington
were subsequently described by Fisher as follows: no. 7 (p. 110) as
O. triplaris and no. 9 (p. Ill) as O. darlingtoni.

2 The vespid has been tentatively identified as Polybia cmaciata Luc.,
a species widely distributed in Tropical America. It shares similar col-
oration not only with vespids of similar genera, but also, as pointed out
to me by H. E. Evans, with a trigonalid and a pompilid.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 165

LITERATURE CITED

BATES, H. W. 1873. Notes on the Longicorn Coleoptera of Tropical
America. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)11: 21-45, 117-132.

FISHER, W. S. 1947. New cerambycid beetles belonging to the tribe
Rhinotragini. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 97: 47-57.

WHEELER, W. M. and P. J. DARLINGTON, JR. 1930. Ant-tree notes
from Rio Frio, Colombia. Psyche 37: 107-117.

Herpetomonas muscarum (Leidy) in the Haemo-
coele of Larval Musca domestica L.1

By JOHN PAUL KRAMER, Illinois Natural History Survey,

Urbana, Illinois

In late September, 1959, the author collected 61 sluggish and
immobile larvae of Musca domestica L. from mounds of insecti-
cide-free chicken feces at a farm near Tolono, Illinois. These
larvae, which were well-developed third instars, were brought
back to the laboratory for study. Fifty-seven of them responded
vigorously to light raps with a blunt probe, and, in addition,
exhibited pulsation of the dorsal vessel. A single larva did not
respond to the aforementioned tactile stimulus although a faint
pulsation of the dorsal vessel was visible. The three remaining
larvae were considered dead since they neither responded to the
probe nor was pulsation of the dorsal vessel observable. As a
matter of routine each whole larva was examined microscopically
in order to detect gross changes, if any, in its organs.

No abnormalities were noticed among the 57 active larvae.
On the other hand, the haemolymph of the single moribund larva
and of the three dead larvae was teeming with the long slender
protozoan, Herpetomonas muscarum (Leidy) (Flagellata: Try-
pansomatidae). The microparasites could be observed through
the integument of the larvae without dissection. No evidence of
decay or mechanical injury was present in these four larvae.

1 This investigation was supported in part by Research Grant K-1231
from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the
National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service.

166 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1961

Thus it is evident that M. muscarum does gain entry to the
haemocoele of the host in some instances. Further it seems
possible that H. muscarum may be a facultative pathogen under
these circumstances. This is noteworthy since H. muscarum
is generally considered a benign parasite which is restricted to
the alimentary tract of adult muscoid flies in nature (Steinhaus
1949, and West 1951).

REFERENCES

STEINHAUS, E. A. 1949. Entomogenous Trypanosomidae, p. 116-117.

In E. A. Steinhaus, Principles of insect pathology, McGraw-Hill

Book Co., New York.
WEST, L. S. 1951. Protozoa, p. 240-243. In L. S. West, The housefly,

Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca.

Symposium

A Symposium on Insect Metamorphosis has been an-
nounced by the Royal Entomological Society of London, at
the Society's Rooms, 41 Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7, on
September 21st and 22nd, 1961, to bring together leading repre-
sentatives of different approaches to polymorphism and to put
the subject into better perspective to entomologists in general.

The participants from Britain include J. S. Kennedy, A. D.
Lees, and V. B. Wigglesworth (all of Cambridge), E. B. Ford
(Oxford), O. W. Richards (London), P. M. Sheppard (Liver-
pool), J. H. Sang (Edinburgh), M. Liischer (Bern), Th. Dob-
zhansky (Columbia Univ.), and C. D. Michener (Kansas).

The meeting is open, by ticket, to all scientists who have
registered (^1) by May 5th. The Symposium volume will be
available later, priced at £1 Os. Ocl.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 167

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"ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

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Vol. LXXII No. 7

CONTENTS

Gillaspy — A new Stictiella from Mexico 169

McDermott — A new genus of firefly 174

Crabill — Concerning Neogeophilidae (cont.) 177

Selander — Meloid beetles from the West Indies 190

Judd — Melanagromyza from linden galls 192

Throne — Psectra diptera in Wisconsin 193

Review — A manual of common beetles 194

Rapp — Corrodentia in cliff swallow nests 195

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXII JULY, 1961 No. 7

A New Species of Stictiella from Mexico
(Sphecidae: Bembicini)

JAMES E. GILLASPY, Sul Ross State College, Alpine, Texas

This description is presented to make the name available for
publication of behavioral data by the collector, Dr. Howard E.
Evans, for whom the species is named.

Stictiella evansi, n. sp.

Holotype Female. — Length 15 mm. Color pattern triphasal
black, yellow, and clear (or hyaline), the latter limited prin-
cipally to margins of metasomal sclerites. Black areas repre-
sent melanic infusion of the integument, which is otherwise clear.
Yellow is developed beneath and is seen through the transparent
integument. Yellow areas are as follows : pedicel and scape
below ; clypeus except pair of "nasal" spots ; intersocketal area,
not attenuated above or enclosing sockets ; broad anterior orbits
narrowing abruptly above ; complete V above frontal pit receiv-
ing anterior ocellus ; posterior orbits exceeding inner angles of
compound eyes, continuous across vertex except for narrmv
median and lateral interruptions, not attaining the occipital su-
ture posteriorly, and no yellow being found posterior to the
occipital suture ; pronotum except transverse band extending to
base of each lateral lobe ; mesonotum in form of nested U's,
outer U based on scutellum, extending anteriorly almost to
anterior margin of scutum and bordering scutum except ante-
rior to tegulae, inner U lyre-shaped, interrupted medially ;
tegulae anteriorly ; postscutellum except narrow anterior cres-
cent ; propodeal triangle except basal crescent and apex ; postero-

(169)

nil • ~t»

INSTIIUTION JUL 1 3 1901

170 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS u, 1961

lateral angles and anterior border of propodeum including spira-
cles ; mesepisterna and metepisterna broadly above, except black
along sulci ; discal spot of hypoepimeral areas ; coxae and tro-
chanters apically to some extent; femora except above; tibiae
except spot below on middle tibiae and except hind tibiae above ;
anterior tarsi ; middle tarsi except distitarsi above ; hind tarsi
except nebulous areas above; first tergite except anterior face,
invading subsutural areas basally and extending posteriorly as
a broad median tongue, triradiate, narrowly connected to apical
black at midline, leaving elliptic-ovate postgradular spots joined
to lateral maculation ; remaining tergites with elements of this
pattern, but antero-median black tongue broadening on tergites
2—4 (proportionately broader on 5-6) and not connected to apical
black except on tergite 5 ; tergite 6 without apical black ; sternite
1 medially and apically ; sternites 2-6 with progressively smaller
lateral spots, separated by progressively broader, apically nar-
rowing, medial black.

Vestiture inconspicuous, not concealing integumental surface,
that of clypeus and anterior orbits fine, appressed, giving silvery
sheen.

Head wider than thorax at posterior lobes of pronotum
(1.06:1). Scape moderately stout, length about three times
greatest width. Maxillae apicad of palpal base in length more
than half of head width (1:1.77) ; maxillary palpi with six seg-
ments, labial palpi with four. Labrum longer than basal width
(1.2:1). Clypeus width less than half of head width (1:2.27),
narrower than distance between compound eyes at vertex ( 1 :
1.04), distinctly less than interocular distance at vertex (1:
1.10) ; surface of clypeus slightly protuberant in lateral view,
exceeding intersocketal carina ; basal part of clypeus without a
distinctly planate area ; epistomal suture at closest point distant
from antennal sockets by about one-fifth intersocketal distance
(1:4.8), this at subantennal angles, between which it is slightly
bowed downward; outwardly from subantennal angles sloping
distinctly to tentorial angles, thence almost rectilinearly to com-
pound eyes, where it is angulated and again almost rectilinear to
lateral angles. Intersocketal carina obsolete above clypeus,

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 171

highest at midpoint of sockets, not exceeding sockets above
except as weakly raised frontal line to frontal fovea, above
which it is weakly impressed to anterior ocellar basin. Anterior
ocellar mound circular in form, both a crest and peripherally,
shallowly interrupted on midline below, deeply interrupted to
lens level on midline above. Anterior ocellus a glabrous, light-
pervious surface occupying the floor of the basin formed by the
anterior ocellar mounds, surface delimited above by an arch-
shaped sulcus, thence sloping, crescentwise, to deepest point
immediately outside (below) arms of arch; arch slightly wider
than long (1.14:1).

Mesosoma with punctation of mesoscutum and scutellum uni-
formly fine and dense. Propodeal triangle formed of rectilinear
sutures, converging on posterior face of propodeum at about a
90° angle. Legs of medium build ; distitarsi with scattered
bristles ventrally ; arolium and other median pretarsal structures
not at all bulbous but padlike and scarcely evident, the claws
capable of close apposition ; claws all similar, uniform in curva-
ture, outer claw of each pair very little longer. \Yings beyond
humeral plate two and one-half times thorax width, measured
at posterior lobes (2.51:1); second cubital cell slightly nar-
rowed above, slightly wider than high.

Metasoma with tergite 2 having smallest lateral punctures,
exclusive of those in unpigmented marginal area, similar to sub-
sutural punctation of tergite 1, tergites 3-6 with punctures pro-
gressively coarser and more sparse.

Allotype Male. — Length 16 mm. General appearance and
pattern of markings fairly similar to female except more slender
and maculation less extensive.

Antennae with tyloides evident on segments 4-13 (apicad
only on 4) as longitudinal, broadly raised or subcarinate glabrous
areas; segments 2-12 distinctly excised distally on side inward
to curvature of antennae ; penultimate segment without inner
apical process.

Legs slender; distitarsi slender, widening apically, length
more than three times greatest width, all approximately similar
in form and size ; anterior femora slender, only moderately thin

172 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS u* 1961

dorso-ventrally ; anterior tarsal segments 2-4 not distinctly
lobed or flattened ; middle femora slender, anterior and posterior
surfaces longitudinally rectilinear, parallel, posterior surface
carinate-serrate, teeth relatively weak, unevenly spaced, increas-
ing in size apically, from posterior aspect the carina and serra-
tions rectilinear and uniformly medial with respect to dorsal
and ventral surfaces except two apical teeth widely spaced,
deeply divided, and diverging from line in an anterior direction ;
middle tibiae moderately slender, slightly exceeding femora in
length when apposed ; calcar of middle tibiae apically curved
inward, blunt, thumblike, slender, brownish ; middle basitarsi
straight, slightly thickened apically, ventral surface beset with
several (about 6) bristles along its length, without apical proc-
ess; second and third mesotarsal segments not apically pro-
duced ; posterior basitarsi unmodified.

Metasoma with seventh tergite narrowed at apex, indistinctly
bilobed, dorsomedian preapical surface with well-defined, almost
completely impunctate glabrous area; lateral margins above
spiracular lobes inflected, groovelike, receiving dorsal margin of
spiracular lobes, grooved surface bare but adjacent dorsal sur-
face weakly produced at apex of spiracular lobes and densely
set with stout, spinelike bristles ; spiracular lobes moderately
inflected, broadly bladelike, length only twice width, separated
across venter by about one-half width of either, and with 7th
sternite forming a downward arching floor to the 7th segment,
opaque except very narrow membranous inner margin, at apex
with broad dorsal point ; surface of spiracular lobes finely lined,
meshlike, glabrous except group of punctures (abovit 5) each
with a single long hair, ventrad to spiracle ; latter at upper third,
slightly apicad of middle, on edge of strongly developed post-
spiracular pit. Sternite 2 with paired processes, sternite 6
bowed downward in apical half, somewhat keel-like anteriorly,
apical margin produced to median point ; eighth sternite with
three terminal processes, median process turned angulately
downward, thus comprising slightly less than half the measured
total length of sternite, angulately margined at middle on each
side ; discal process not present.

IxxiiJ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 173

Genitalia with parameres slender, ventral surface uniformly
sclerotized, outwardly set with long hairs ; volsellae with cuspis
slender, distinctly shorter than digitus ; digitus stoutly bird-
head-shaped ; aedeagus head slender, elongate.

This species displays various 5". pulchclla (Cresson) Group
(Gillaspy, 1959) characteristics. It stands close to 5. tubcrcn-
lata (Fox) in the nature of the middle femora of the male, but
has paired processes of the second sternite. The males key
according to Parker (1929) to pulchclla with only some diffi-
culty occasioned by the weakly developed characters of the
basitarsi, which are straight and only weakly emarginated
throughout their length on the inner surface. In pulchclla the
basitarsi are strongly curved as well as inwardly emarginated
lengthwise, and the posterior serrate carina of the mesofemora
deviates dorsad almost from its origin, rather than traversing
the postero-medial aspect of the femora. The female runs to
Parker's couplet 37, differing from both options in having the
discal marks of the scutum well developed, the mesopleura
with yellow almost coextensive with black, and the sternites
likewise all with both yellow and black.

Holotypc female from Mazatlan, Sinaloa, MEXICO, July 18,
1959; allotype male from San Bias, Nayarit, Mexico, July 20,
1951, collected on sand; two paratype males with same data as
allotype except one does not bear a "collected on sand" label;
all collected by H. E. Evans. The holotype and allotype are
deposited in the United States National Museum, Washington,
D. C. The paratypes are in the collections of Cornell Univer-
sity and the author.

REFERENCES CITED

GILLASPY, J. E. 1959. A new bembicine wasp related to Sticticlla tcinii-
cornis (Fox), with certain phylogenetic considerations. Pan-Pac.
Ent. 35 : 187-194.

PARKER, J. B. 1929. A generic revision of the fossorial wasps of the
tribes Stizini and Bembicini with notes and descriptions of new spe-
cies. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 75(5) : 1-203, 15 pis.

174 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS u* 1961

A New Genus and Species of Firefly: Photoctus
boliviae (Coleoptera; Lampyridae)

FRANK A. MCDERMOTT, Wilmington, Delaware

Occasionally one encounters a specimen which just does not
fit in with accepted character combinations for classification.
Such is the case with three male specimens of a lampyrid sent
me from Bolivia by Sr. Luis E. Pena, of Santiago, Chile. The
remarkable characters of this insect are the much reduced epi-
pleura and an enlarged and quite certainly luminous 8th ventral
segment. For this species I propose the new generic name
Photoctus, a condensation implying the luminous 8th ventral,
and the specific name boliviae, indicating the country of origin.

PHOTOCTUS gen. nov.

This genus is differentiated from previously described lam-
pyrid genera by the following combination of characters :

Antennae uniramose, the rami long, flattened, contorted,
hairy; antennal sockets prominent, projecting beyond the eyes.

Mandibles apically slender.

Gula membranous in forward portion.

Epipleura reduced to basal traces; no explanate, elytral mar-
gins ; forward edges deflexed vertically at the humeral angles,
becoming level with the disk at about midlength.

Tergites with acute lobes, directed posteriorly.

Eighth ventral segment long and broadly expanded, slightly
emarginate at apex ; apparently luminous.

Photoctus boliviae sp. nov.

Description of holotype:

Type locality El Palmar, Chopare, Bolivia. Collector Luis E.
Pena, September 8, 1956.

Dimensions ca. 5.8 mm long by 2.05 mm broad; outline
parallel.

Pronotum ca. 0.9 mm long by 1 .6 mm broad at angles ; nearly
evenly semicircular; posterior angles acute and projecting be-

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 175

hind the middle of the sinuate base. Anterior half of margin
internally deflexed, deeply so at sides of eyes; posterior half
nearly flat ; coarsely and densely punctate ; pubescence short
and scanty, principally on edges ; color transparent brown. Disk
convex, smooth, and shining, with scattered hairs ; basal half of
convex area consists of a trapezoidal brown spot not quite reach-
ing base, with a median longitudinal channel ; convexity extends
forward over eyes, with a short median carina.

Scutellum dark brown, coarsely punctate, apex broadly
rounded. Mesonotal plates dull dark yellow.

Elytra 4.85 mm long by 1.02 mm broad; parallel (actually
somewhat spread in holotype), brown, densely rugose-punctate
and markedly tricostate, the costae almost reaching the apices;
no explanate margins and only basal traces of epipleura; the
outer edges deflected vertically at the humeral angles and gradu-
ally becoming level with the disk at about midlength. Fairly
dense, short, oblique pubescence; no secondary pubescence
observable.

Tergites all very dark brown, 4th to 7th with posteriorly
directed acute lobes. Pygidium black, trilobed, wider and longer
than the 8th ventral.

Prosternum dull yellow, mesosternum yellowish brown, meta-
sternum cloudy reddish brown.

Ventral segments 2 to 5 dark brown, 6th with posterior edge
pale, and 7th almost entirely so, both broadly emarginate ; pubes-
cence short and appressed. 8th ventral as long as 6th and 7th
combined, broadly expanded, nearly as wide as 7th and narrowly
emarginate in middle of posterior edge; median longitudinal
sulcus ; pale salmon color.

Legs short; fore and intermediate light brown, posterior
darker; tibial spurs absent. First posterior tarsal article as
long as the next three combined ; 4th with very small pulvilli ;
5th nearly as long as first. Claws small, sharp, simple.

Head deeply set in "collar" of the prothorax; frons concave,
very dark brown, rugose; interocular margins not divergent;
0.9 mm across eyes and 0.5 mm between them above antenna!
sockets; eyes large and contiguous below.

176 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, 1961

Mandibles very small, pale; distal portion slender and very
sharp, approaching Green's modified type. Terminal article of
maxillary palpi conical and but little thicker than the first three
articles ; labial palpi very small, terminal crescentic.

Gula membranous in the small forward portion which is
visible.

Antennae 2.3 mm long, articles 3 to 10 dark brown, subequal
in length, and each bearing a single pale, flattened, hairy ramus
3 to 5 times as long as the article from which it arises, narrowly
reniform; rami contorted, not folded fanwise. llth article
similar to the ramus on the 10th. Antennal sockets and mouth
parts project forward beyond the eyes.

Abdominal spiracles not discernible ; presumably in the
pleural fold.

Aedeagus not extracted, but protruded in one paratype, show-
ing a compact conical form with the median lobe visible between
the lateral lobes and curved upwards, the tips of all three ap-
proximate ; two small lateral knobs.

Female unknown.

Holotype is being deposited in the U. S. National Museum
as No. 65674; one paratype in the California Academy of Sci-
ences, and one in my collection. The paratypes are slightly
smaller than the holotype, and one is somewhat less strongly
pigmented; the 6th ventral may be entirely brown.

It would be very interesting to find the female of this species ;
probably larviform and brightly luminous. The luminous con-
duct of the male was not reported.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 177

Concerning the Neogeophilidae, with Proposal of
a New Genus.1 (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha :

Neogeophilidae)

By R. E. CRABILL, JR., U. S. National Museum, Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D. C.

(Continued from p. 159)
Cryptostrigla silvestri, new species

Holotype : $. GUATEMALA : Department of Alta Verapaz,
Semococh (according to O. F. Cook's note, about 48 km. south-
east of Coban). G. P. Goll, leg. U. S. National Museum cata-
logue of myriapod types: 2606; chilopod type C-147; see slides
StC : 76 and 77.

INTRODUCTORY. Length, about 32 mm. Pedal segments, 69.
Body shape : Essentially of uniform width, the final 4—5 seg-
ments slightly attenuate. Color: Considerably discolored from
long immersion in alcohol, hence uniformly sordid light brown.

ANTENNAE. Each is broken; left with 5 articles, right with
4 articles. Each basal article much wider than long, the remain-
ing articles approximately as long as greatest width. Vesti-
ture evidently becoming suddenly denser on the fifth article.
CEPHALIC PLATE. Greatest length, 0.544 mm; greatest width,
0.579 mm, thus somewhat wider than long. Shape: Anteriorly
broadly pointed, the two sides meeting to form an obtuse angle ;
laterally strongly, evenly excurved ; posterior margin essentially
straight. Areolation coarse. Without frontal or other sutures
or sulci. Setae short and sparsely disposed. A narrow, central
portion of the prebasal plate is exposed. CLYPEUS (Fig. 6).
Paraclypeal sutures nearly straight; complete (not curving
postero-laterally as in Silvestri's figure of primus). Setae, few.
as shown; prelabral setal pair absent. Clypeal areas and plagu-
lae absent ; areolation coarse and essentially uniform. Each
bucca well-defined by strong sutures; each with a weak trans-
buccal suture ; anteriorly with a few small setae. LABRUM ( Fig.
6). Consisting of one obscure, weak, hyaline, undivided piece

178 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, 1961

that projects posteriorly in a gentle convex arc ; labral teeth very
short and delicate, hyaline. Labrum continuous on each side
with a delicately sclerotized bar (part of the clypeus) that meets
each labral fultura. MANDIBLE (Fig. 1). Shaft relatively short ;
body of the mandible relatively long and massive ; distally with
a row of simple hyaline teeth, these very long and flat, rather
blunt. FIRST MAXILLAE (Fig. 2). Coxosternum completely
divided medially into right and left halves ; lappets absent. Each
coxosternal half surmounted by a broad, lobelike structure
(which may represent a highly modified telopodite) ; each lobe-
like structure apically with an indistinct membranous area but
otherwise without sutures, divisions, etc. ; lappets absent. SEC-
OND MAXILLAE (Fig. 2). Coxosternum medially rather narrow,
neither divided nor suturate midlongitudinally ; postero-laterally
somewhat extended ; entire posterior margin weakly areolate
and regionally membranous; metameric pore openings con-
spicuous. Telopodite consisting of three distinct articles ; basal
article entirely without dorsal and ventral condyles ; third article
rather ovate in outline ; apical claw short and broad, pointed, not
excavate, anterior edge smooth but posterior edge with about
3 sharp teeth, thus giving claw superficially a bifid appearance
(Fig. 8).

PROSTERNUM (Fig. 3). Very broad. Pleuroprosternal su-
tures complete, terminating dorsolaterally. Abortive subcon-
dylic sclerotic lines present, these continuous with the pleuro-
prosternal sutures posteriorly but not passing to or toward their
respective prehensorial condyles. Anterocentrally with a pair
of obscure but well-sclerotized and rounded denticles. PRE-
HENSORS (Fig. 3). When flexed, falling far short of anterior
cephalic margin. Denticles absent on all articles. Ungula long
and extraordinarily straight, falciform ; dorso-ventrally very flat,
bladelike; posterior edge finely dissected to form about 6 tiny,
irregular serrations. Poison calyx located at upper end of
trochanteroprefemur, cordiform in shape ; its duct passing along
anterior edge of ungula to open far short of apex. Poison gland
very long, passing out of trochanteroprefemur, apparently ex-
tending posteriorly nearly as far as 1st pedal segment.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 179

TERGITES. Basal plate anteriorly weakly concave to reveal a
small portion of prebasal plate centrally. Remaining tergites
coarsely areolate, very sparsely setose; without sulci. PLEU-
RITES. Agreeing closely with those of E. mexicanus (Silvestri's
Figs. 1-5, p. 357). Paratergites absent. Spiracles on anterior
third of body weakly horizontally elliptical, thereafter becoming
rounder. LEGS (except ultimates). First legs only slightly
shorter and thinner than those following. All legs short and
notably robust, not becoming longer or less robust posteriorly
on body. Setae short and sparse but more numerous than on
tergites and sternites. Pretarsi (Fig. 4) : Each fundamentally
consisting of a rather bulbous base and a prominent claw proper ;

Cryptostrigla silvcstri, new species, holotype.
1. Left mandible (inner surface).

claws proper from the 1st through the 33rd each with a con-
spicuous antero-ventral, ventrally directed tooth, tooth of 1st
pretarsus small, thereafter ventral teeth increasing in size, be-
coming smaller again on the 31st and 32nd pretarsi ; each tooth-
bearing pretarsus with minute serrations on the ventral edge of
claw proper; each pretarsus (1-68) with two basal accessory
spines, the posterior always minute, the anterior very robust
and long on those pretarsi with ventral teeth (on 1 through 33 i.
thereafter becoming smaller and thinner. STKRXITES. Sulci,
sutures, carpophagus-structures, porefields, depressions, nu-ta-
sternite projections all absent. Setae short and sparse. Areola-
tion weak. On anterior third of body the intersternites are
weakly divided midlongitudinally ; on posterior two-thirds ol

180

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[July, 1961

8

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
Cryptostrigla silvestri, new species, holotype.

2. First and second maxillae (ventral aspect, setae deleted).

3. Prosternum and right prehensor (ventral aspect).

4. Pretarsus and tarsus of 14th left leg (posterior surface, all setae
shown), a, minute serrulations on plantar edge of claw proper, b, ven-
tral tooth of claw proper, c, hypertrophic anterior accessory spine, d,

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 181

body intersternites become wider anteroposteriorly, more band-
like ; undivided centrally.

ULTIMAE PEDAL SEGMENT (Figs. 5, 7). Pretergite inti-
mately fused with tergite proper; the suture separating them
is persistent but vestigial and weak; pretergite evidently with-
out pleurites. Tergite : Greatest length exceeds greatest width ;
sides nearly parallel, weakly convergent; posterior margin me-
dially extended to form a blunt point, the two sides (of the rear
margin) thus forming an obtuse angle. Presternite intimately
fused with sternite, the vestigial suture separating them is
present but discernible with difficulty. Sternite: Sides weakly
convergent ; the true posterior margin medially very deeply ex-
cavate, the two corners extended posteriorly in long sharp
points ; the sternite intimately fused with the pregenital sternite,
the intervening suture barely discernible but persistent. Coxo-
pleuron : Moderately inflated ; dorsally, laterally and ventrally
with small, irregularly disposed freely-opening pores ; without
porepits of parasternital fossae ; setae short and very sparse.
Leg : Notably longer and thinner than penult leg ; with 6 articles
distal to coxopleuron ; setae short and somewhat more numerous
than on other legs ; tarsus consisting of two articles, the disto-
tarsus slightly longer than the proximotarsus ; pretarsus repre-
sented by a minute sclerotic point (seen only at 645 X), hence
an unguiform or tuberculate pretarsus is absent.

(in dashes) depressor tendon of the pretarsus. e, claw proper of the
pretarsus. f, minute, atrophied posterior accessory spine, g, (in dashes)
condyle of pretarsus.

5. Ultimate pedal segment and postpedal segments (ventral, setae de-
leted), a, penultimate pedal sternite. b, presternite of ultimate pedal
segment, c, ultimate pedal sternite. d, vestigial, extremely obscure but
persistent suture separating the true ultimate pedal sternite (c) and the
pregenital sternite (e). e, pregenital sternite. f, genital sternite. g, (in
dashes) concealed terminal pore, h, gonopod.

6. Clypeus, labrum, and right and left buccae (ventral aspect, all setae
shown ) .

7. Rear body segments (dorsal aspect, setae deleted), a, pretergite of
penultimate pedal segment, b, tergite of penultimate pedal segment, c,
last spiracle of left side, d, pretergite of ultimate pedal sc.miu-nt. f,
obscure transverse suture separating pretergite (d) and tergite (i). i.
tergite of ultimate pedal segment.

8. Third article and claw of 2nd maxillary right telopodite (ventral
aspect, all setae shown).

182 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS u, 1961

POSTPEDAL SEGMENTS (Fig. 5). Pregenital sternite antero-
posteriorly very long, passing forward to and fusing intimately
with the ultimate pedal sternite from which it is separated by
a vestigial, obscure suture, thereby causing the last pedal ster-
nite to appear much longer than it actually is. Each gonopod
is conical, long; entirely without a discernible interarticular
suture or other indication of division, hence is secondarily uni-
articulate. Terminal pores present, small, concealed.

On the Rank and Possible Affinities of the Neogeophilidae.—
The real importance of the discovery of this specimen derives
from the unusual opportunity it affords for the direct examina-
tion of a member of this peculiar and systematically unsettled
group. Careful examination of the animal testifies to the thor-
oughness of Silvestri's morphological diagnosis ; as we have
seen, the accuracy of his report is questioned pertinent only to
four points, none of which would alter Silvestri's original con-
tention that the group is suprageneric in rank. However, my
examination of the single specimen, together with a careful
reconsideration of Silvestri's published data, at this time do
not permit any other confident conclusion than his own, that the
rank of the group is probably suprageneric. For reasons ex-
plained below it seems preferable for the time-being to regard
the neogeophilids as members of a distinct, aberrant family
within what I shall call the geophilid-sogonid-gonibregmatid
complex of families.

It seems clear that, while belonging to this family complex, the
neogeophilids appear to be referable to no one of these families,
at least as they are currently denned. At the same time, many
of the neogeophilid structures individually are reminiscent often
of closely similar counterparts that are discernible within this
great suprafamilial section of the Geophilomorpha.

The problem of determining the rank and affinities of the
Neogeophilidae is by no means reducible merely to one of
deciding which is the best and most reasonable of several alter-
natives in the light body of well-understood and digested mor-
phological information whose details are familiar to everyone.
On the contrary, the interpretive problem is necessarily super-

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 183

imposed and dependent upon a much more formidable one in
this case : many of the most critical facts upon which our induc-
tions must depend are actually representative of a persistent
legacy of deficient information which is further complicated by
frequent breakdowns in interpersonal understanding. First,
there are huge gaps in our knowledge of the full spectrum of
the Geophilomorpha : certainly, many groups and species still
await discovery. Secondly, in the case of the majority of
recognized groups and species we must remain ignorant of the
nature, or even of the existence, of many critical diagnostic
features if, as is often unavoidable, we must depend for full,
precise information upon published descriptions. Finally, it is
not infrequently true that even when critical features are treated,
their explication is so loose and imprecise, so subjective and
cryptic, or even so faulty as to preclude the reader's gaining an
accurate or sufficiently detailed understanding of them.

These several difficulties create a particular problem for the
categorical assessment and group assignment of the neogeophi-
lids whose conceivable closest relatives as groups are themselves
often systematically unsettled, descriptively obscure, and evi-
dently poorly known in terms of the species and supraspecific
groups that exist but are undiscovered. The particular problem
that is posed is how to interpret the structures about which we
believe we have reasonably accurate, meaningful information
under these circumstances. Specifically, are these presumably
homeomorphic structures evolutionarily conservative, being de-
rivative from a single and immediate preexisting source, or are
some or all of them convergent and polyphyletic, having been
derived independently, compelled alike by adaptive pressures in
separately evolving, remotely- related lines?

Under the circumstances, and with reference to the Neogeo-
philidae, it seems impossible to settle this question now. We
do not know enough about a sufficient number of structures and
structural complexes. We do not know enough about the geo-
philidiform centipedes to be able to distinguish between conver-
gencies and immediately derived structures and forms. At the
same time, it is desirable to make mention of some homeo-

184 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, 1961

morphic characters that eventually may or may not prove to
signify close phylogenetic linkages between the neogeophilids
and certain other geophilidiform groups.

In general body habitus the Neogeophilidae bear an undenia-
ble resemblance to the Sogonidae and some resemblance to the
Dignathodontidae, although their overall similarity, e.g., in head
and body shape, to the latter may well be only superficial and
adaptively convergent.

A rather homogeneous, poorly-known assemblage of geophilid-
like centipedes, the sogonids, apparently are restricted to the
more northern New World tropics and to adjacent parts of
North America where they are evidently incursive from the
south. Established as a family and almost entirely described
by Professor Chamberlin, the Sogonidae are clearly abundant
in the neotropics where many new groups and species probably
await discovery. Like the neogeophilids, they are all small,
delicate creatures. Tiny short heads, delicate prehensors, sim-
ple and apparently vestigial labra,2 simple mandibles and, re-
portedly in some sogonids, aberrant maxillary configurations
suggest a general similarity whose explanation on the grounds
of immediate evolutionary derivation, however, can hardly be
very convincing in our present state of knowledge. Nonetheless,
while differing in several critical features, the two groups, as

- The sogonid labrum has been inaccurately described repeatedly.
Originally Chamberlin described it as being ". . . of a single piece appar-
ently free laterally but fused in the middle; . . ." (1912, p. 432). Com-
pletely misinterpreting Professor Chamberlin's statement, Attems wrote
the following in his key to families (1929, p. 27) : "Oberlippe aus einem
ungeteilten Stuck bestehend." The first description is cryptic, the second
erroneous. On the one hand, they are suggestive of the single, or unipar-
tite, type of labrum, such as that labral type that is characteristic of the
schendylids or himantariids. On the other hand, they fail to stress what
is really significant, that the sogonid labrum is fundamentally of the tri-
partite geophilid type, departing from it in the apparent direction of de-
generacy. In Sogona -minima there are two prominent sidepieces which
are relatively well-developed, discrete, and widely-separated. Most im-
portantly, the midpiece has either atrophied entirely, or else it has fused
imperceptibly with the broadly intruded midclypeal extension. In sum-
mary : We can only describe the sogonid labrum as being fundamentally
tripartite and lacking a distinguishable midpiece.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 185

we know them of course, do appear superficially to be rather
similar. It is difficult to ignore the possibility, however remote,
that the neogeophilids and sogonids may represent closely-
related, aberrant evolutionary experiments that were frag-
mented together from some ancient geophilid stock. Similarly,
the dignathodontids and aphilodontine geophilids perhaps rep-
resent separate and now nominate variations upon an original,
basic geophilid theme.

The first maxillary coxosternum of the neogeophilids, being
totally divided into right and left halves, is curiously suggestive
of its homologue in Hunantosonia, a genus that Attems placed
in Gonibregmatidae but which Verhoeff regarded as the basis
of a separate family. Again, whether these divided coxosterna
are merely convergent or are evolutionarily derivative from a
common precursor is impossible to determine now. It may,
however, be significant that Himantosoma lacks the bizarre
anterior maxillary lobes that signalize all known neogeophilids.

As I have noted above, the neogeophilid labrum appears by
direct inspection to be simple and degenerate and reminiscent of
that of the sogonids, inasmuch as that is also evidently hyper-
trophied. This is not to imply that they resemble each other
very closely ; they do not. At the same time, essentially the
neogeophilid type of labrum may be seen in certain Gonibreg-
matidae. For that matter, the same labral type is found in
certain ballophiline Schendylidae, which do not seem very
closely related to the whole section of the Geophilomorpha here
under discussion. Without much doubt, quite similar, if not
occasionally identical, labra have arisen independently at least
in some unrelated geophilomorphs.

The neogeophilid mandible, equipped only with a simple'
row of delicate hyaline and homogeneous teeth, apparently
can tell us little, except that the neogeophilids may be more
closely related to the geophilid-dignathodontid-gonibregmatid-
sogonid complex than to any other. But even in this regard
we are hardly entitled to conclude with an emphatic finality
that this simple type of mandible in every instance can only be
indicative of monophyletic origins. It is by no means impo

186 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS u? 1961

ble that, let us say, through convergency, or by whatever mecha-
nism, the simple geophilidiform mandibles was developed inde-
pendently in remotely related geophilomorphs. If we ignore
the venerable mandibular criterion momentarily, then several
rather striking structural similarities existing between the neo-
geophilids and oryids could possibly take on new significance.3

The neogeophilid pretarsi are evidently unique. The extra-
ordinary ventral teeth, hypertrophic anterior accessory spines,
and serrulate plantar edges must function as a unit to facilitate
traction upon or adherence to the surfaces over which their
possessors move. Analogous, though evidently not wholly ho-
mologous, adaptive devices are known to occur in some other
geophilomorphs. For instance, the gonibregmatid genus Eucra-
tonyx, while lacking a ventral prejarsal tooth, has a conspicu-
ously introrse claw proper which, in conjuction with a hyper-
trophic anterior accessory spine, probably affords a firmer foot-
hold for locomotion over rough surfaces or for stationary cling-
ing. Again, massive development of the claw proper and of
one or both of its accessory spines has been noted in certain
schendylids (e.g., Pectiniunguis). It seems quite likely that
cryptophiles such as these geophilomorphs would be inclined to
evolve efficient hold-fast devices independently : their existence
depends upon adaptation to a variety of crevice-cranny habitats
wherein, one would think, adaptive pressures would place a
premium upon the ability to squeeze through tight, narrow con-
fines and to anchor firmly against forceful removal by predators.

Summing up : The structures that signalize the known Neo-
geophilidae tell us little conclusively about their interfamilial
affinities. Many of these structures could very well represent
adaptive convergencies that obscure rather than illuminate the
ranks and affinities of groups. While most individual neogeophi-
lid features have often quite similar counterparts in various other
geophilomorph groups, in no case is there a concordance of
structural identities that could justify an unequivocal statement

3 By the same token, if we ignore the mandibular criterion, a number
of features in certain oryids suggest possibilities that have not received
serious consideration.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 187

of close phylogenetic affinity at this time. It is conceivable that
the neogeophilids and sogonids could reflect a community of
descent, although, admittedly, this is a highly speculative sug-
gestion for which present evidence is limited and frankly un-
convincing.

A REVIEW OF THE NEOGEOPHILIDAE
Neogeophilidae

Neogeophilinae, Silvestri, 1918, p. 352.
Neogeophilidae, Attems, 1926, p. 365.

Distinguishing Criteria. — 1st maxillary coxosternum com-
pletely divided into right and left halves, each half surmounted
by a large, uniarticulate lobe. Pretarsi of the more anterior
legs each ventrally with a prominent tooth that is continuous
with the claw proper. First article of second maxillary telopo-
dite basally without condyles.

Extended Characterization. — Antennae slightly attenuate dis-
tally. Cephalic plate very slightly wider than long to slightly
longer than wide ; frontal suture absent. Prebasal plate at least
slightly exposed. Clypeus with complete paraclypeal sutures;
without clypeal areas or plagulae. Labrum comprising a deli-
cate undivided bar, wholly amalgamated with postero-central
clypeus, with delicate hyaline teeth, these long, flat, rather blunt ;
proximal shaft relatively short when compared with the longer,
heavier distal dentigerous portion. First maxillae : Coxosternum
medially completely divided, the right and left sides thus entirely
discrete; each coxosternal half with a large lobate structure in
place of the usual structures ; lappets absent. Second maxillae :
Coxosternum medially undivided, not suturate ; teleopodite basal
articles without discernible condyles ; apical claw with a few
delicate spiniform projections arising from posterior edge. Pro-
sternum with complete pleuroprosternal sutures ; with or without
complete subcondylic sclerotic lines. Prehensors: When closed
falling far short of anterior cephalic margin; articles without
denticles; ungulae long and falcate, flattened dorso-ventrulK .
posterior edge finely, irregularly serrulate.

188 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, 1961

Tergites not sulcate. Paratergites absent. Legs robust and
short. Pretarsi of the more anterior legs each with a conspicu-
ous ventral tooth and equally conspicuous hypertrophic anterior
accessory spine. Sternites not sulcate ; without porefields or
carpophagus-structures ; the more posterior intersternites broadly
bandlike and not suturate midlongitudinally. Ultimate pedal
segment: Pretergite either separated from its tergite by a dis-
tinct transverse suture, or, if fused intimately with tergite, sep-
arated from it by an obscure suture or else apparently without
an intervening suture. Coxopleuron with freely opening pores,
without dorsal or ventral porepits or porigerous fossae; mod-
erately inflated. Sternite either distinguishable from or inti-
mately fused with the pregenital sternite; ultimate tarsus uni-
articulate in the males, biarticulate in the females ; pretarsus
essentially absent. Terminal pores present but concealed. Each
gonopod biarticulate (with persistent intervening suture), or
uniarticulate (without intervening suture).

Range : Known only from Mexico and Guatemala.

Known from three monotypic genera, as follows.

NEOGEOPHILUS Silvestri

Neogeophilus Silvestri, 1917, p. 352.

Type-species: Neogeophilus primus Silvestri, 1917. (Origi-
nal designation and monotypic.)

Diagnosis. — With the characters of the family, of which the
following signal characters are distinctive. (1) Head slightly
longer than wide. (2) Paraclypeal sutures apparently arching
outward, apparently not terminating on the rear clypeal margin
(see discussion under foregoing Notes). (3) Prosternal denti-
cles absent. (4) Prosternal subcondylic sclerotic lines passing
to and esesntially meeting their respective condyles. (5) Ulti-
mate pedal pretergite and tergite, and sternite and pregenital
sternite separated by distinct sutures. (6) Female gonopods
biarticulate.

Inclusive species : Known only from N. primus Silvestri :
with the characters of the genus, in addition <$ with 81 pedal

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 189

segments, 34 mm. long ; only known and type locality, Cuernava,
State of Morelos, Mexico.

EVALLOGEOPHILUS Silvestri
Evallogeophilns Silvestri, 1917, p. 355.

Type-species: Evallogcopliilus mcxicanus Silvestri, 1917.
(Original designation and monotypic.)

Diagnosis. — With the characters of the family, of which the
following signal characters are distinctive. (1) Head consid-
erably longer than wide. (2) Paraclypeal sutures terminating
posteriorly on the rear clypeal margin. (3) Prosternal denti-
cles present. (4) Prosternal subcondylic sclerotic lines passing
to and essentially meeting their respective condyles. (5) Ulti-
mate pretergite and tergite, and sternite and pregenital sternite
intimately fused, apparently without intervening sutures. (6)
Female gonopods biarticulate.

Inclusive species : Known only from E. mexicanus Silvestri :
with the characters of the genus, in addition <$ with 63, $ with
67 pedal segments ; to 30 mm. long ; only known and type local-
ity, "Jalapa" (in full, Jalapa Enriquez), State of Veracruz,
Mexico.

CRYPTOSTRIGLA, new genus

Type-species: Cryptostrigla sih'estri, new species. (Present
designation and monotypic.)

Diagnosis. — With the characters of the family, of which the
following signal characters are distinctive. ( 1 ) Head somewhat
wider than long. (2) Paraclypeal sutures terminating on clyp-
eal margin. (3) Prosternal denticles present. (4) Prosternal
subcondylic sclerotic lines abortive, not passing across pro-
sternal corner to or toward their respective condyles. (5) Ulti-
mate pretergite and tergite, and sternite and pregenital sternite
intimately fused, the intervening sutures still discernible. (6)
Each female gonopod single, the two articles having fused with-
out trace of intervening suture.

Inclusive species : Known only from C. sihcstri. m-\v species :

190 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS u' 1961

with the characters of the genus; in addition $ with 69 pedal
segments, 32 mm. long. ; only known and type locality, Semo-
coch, Department of Alta Verapaz, Guatemala.

REFERENCES

ATTEMS, C. GRAF VON. 1926. Kiikenthal-Krumbachs Handbuch der

Zoologie 4 (3 + 4) : 241-402. 1929. Geophilomorpha, in Das Tier-

reich, Lief. 52: 1-388.
CHAMBERLIN, R. V. 1912. The Geophiloidea of the South-eastern

States. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 54: 405-436.
SILVESTRI, F. 1918. Descrizione di due nuovi generi di Geophilidae

(Chilopoda) del Messico. Boll. Laborat. Zool. Gener. Agrar. Portici

12: 352-360.

Supplementary Records of Meloid Beetles (Cole-
optera) of the West Indies

By RICHARD B. SELANDER and JOHN K. BOUSEMAN,

Department of Entomology, University of

Illinois, Urbana

Since the completion of our report on the Meloidae of the
West Indies (Selander and Bouseman, 1960, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. Ill, pp. 197-226), we have received from Patricia
and Charles Vaurie, American Museum of Natural History
(AMNH), a series of specimens collected by them in 1960 on
the islands of Guadeloupe, Jamaica, and Martinique and from
M. W. Sanderson, Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS),
a series of specimens collected by him in 1959 on Cuba. A
few other specimens of West Indian meloids have also come
to our attention. In publishing the records of this supplemen-
tary material, we again take pleasure in acknowledging the co-
operation of our colleagues.

In order to avoid repetition, we will list here the localities and
dates for the Vaurie material. Guadeloupe : Domaine Duclos,
600 ft., June 24-28 and July 7; Les Saintes, Terre de Haut,

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 191

July 2-5 ; and Matouba, 1900 ft., June 29. Jamaica: Hardware
Gap, 4800 ft., July 13-15. Martinique: Absalon, rain forest,
June 16; Diamant, June 17; and Morne Rouge, June 13.

Cissites maculata (Swederus). GUADELOUPE : Domaine Du-
clos, AMNH, 2; Les Saintes, Terre de Haut, AMNH, 1.
HISPANIOLA : Sanchez, Dominican Republic, June 3-12, 1915
and February 1916, AMNH, 3.

Pseudozonitis marginata (Fabricius). GUADELOUPE: Do-
maine Duclos, AMNH, 64; Matouba, AMNH, 3. JAMAICA:
Hardware Gap, AMNH, 1. MARTINIQUE: Absalon, AMNH,
5; Diamant, AMNH, 3; Morne Rouge, AMNH, 3. PUERTO
Rico: Mayagiiez, May 1924, Cornell University, 1.

Tbe specimens from Guadeloupe are assignable to our color
class 0 and those from Jamaica and Puerto Rico to class 2.
In the series from Martinique, two specimens are representative
of class 0, one of class 2, two of class 3, and six of class 4. One
of the specimens of the last class has the pale elytral vitta re-
duced to half its usual width. In a few of the specimens from
Guadeloupe and in one from Martinique the head is fuscous.
Females outnumber males in the new material four to one.

Pseudozonitis obscuricornis (Chevrolat). GUADELOUPE:
Domaine Duclos, AMNH, 12 ; Matouba, AMNH, 1. JAMAICA :
Kingston, 1958, M. Locke, Selander collection, 1.

The specimen from Jamaica is heavily marked. Those from
Guadeloupe have the elytral vitta either poorly developed or
absent.

Nemognatha punctulata LeConte. CUBA: Lower slopes of
Loma (Pico) del Gato, Sierra Maestra, Oriente Province, May
26, 1959, on Compositae, M. W. Sanderson, INHS, 9; betwe_en
Santa Lucia and Nuevitas, Camaguey Province. June 8, 1959.
M. W. Sanderson, INHS, 1.

An annotation should be made to couplet 6 of our key indi-
cating that the color of antennal segment I is variable in this
species. In all the specimens that we studied earlier this seg-
ment is yellow. However, in three of the specimens recorded
above it is piceous and in four it is completely black.

192 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS u, 1961

Melanagromyza tiliae (Coud.) (Diptera: Agro-

myzidae) Reared from Linden Bark Galls

at London, Ontario

By W. W. JUDD, Department of Zoology, University of Western

Ontario, London, Ontario

On March 18, 1957, six twig galls were collected from bass-
wood trees, Tilia aniericana, on the campus of the University of
Western Ontario at London, Ontario. They were identified as
Linden Bark Galls by using keys and descriptions in Felt
(1940). Each gall was a smooth swelling along the side of the
twig and was one-half an inch long, three-sixteenths of an inch
wide and bulged one-eighth of an inch above the surface of the
twig. The bark covering a gall was as smooth as the bark on
the surrounding twig and was of the same color. One gall was
dissected and was found to be composed internally of soft wood.
The remaining galls were kept in the laboratory in a corked
vial. On April 9 a fly emerged from one of the galls through
a circular hole 1.5 mm. in diameter. On April 10 the other four
galls were dissected and yielded one brown puparium each. The
fly was identified as Melanagromyza tiliae (Coud.) by Mr. G. E.
Shewell, Entomology Research Institute, Department of Agri-
culture, Ottawa. This species was described by Couden (1908)
from specimens reared from twigs of basswood and its taxo-
nomic relationships have . recently been discussed by Shewell
(1953) and Frick (1957).

On September 7, 1957, seven more galls were collected from
basswood on the university campus and a few days later three
more adult M. tiliae emerged from them. The four specimens
reared at London are deposited in the collection of the Depart-
ment of Zoology, University of Western Ontario. Felt (1940)
records that this fly produces its gall in summer. The specimens
from which the species was described by Couden were reared
from galls in Missouri in April (Couden, 1908; Frick, 1957),
and the first fly reared at London emerged in the laboratory in
this month. It is thus evident that this insect habitually over-
winters in the gall on the twig.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 193

REFERENCES

COUDEN, F. D. 1908. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 9 : 34-36.
FELT, E. P. 1940. Plant galls and gall makers. Comstock Publ. Co.

Ithaca.

FRICK, K. E. 1957. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 50: 198-205.
SHEWELL, G. E. 1953. Can. Entomol. 85 : 462-470.

Psectra diptera (Burmeister) in Wisconsin
(Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae)

By ALVIN L. THRONE, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee

Psectra diptera (Burmeister) has been recorded from Austria,
Denmark, England, Finland, Germany, Holland, Ireland, Italy,
Scotland, Siberia, Sweden, Switzerland and the Ukraine (Kill-
ington, 1936). It has been recorded from the northeastern
United States, as far west as Michigan and as far south as
Virginia and West Virginia, and from Ontario (Carpenter,
1940). It has also been recorded, as Hcnierobius dcllcatiihis
Fitch, from Illinois (Hagen, 1861). Banks, 1905, refers to
specimens from Ithaca, New York, the Agricultural College,
Michigan, and Franconia, New Hampshire. He also mentions
Fitch's specimens collected in northern Illinois in October.
Recently new records have been reported from Connecticut,
Maryland and Virginia (Mac Leod, 1960).

In my extensive collecting of Neuroptera in Wisconsin, sup-
ported by the Research Committee of the University of Wis-
consin on funds from the Wisconsin Alumni Research Founda-
tion, I have obtained four specimens of Psectra diptera.
of the specimens I collected are macropterous. They were all
taken in my backyard in Shorewood, a residential suburb of
Milwaukee.

It is interesting to note that all four of my specimens were
taken in a light trap. The trap was hung from a clothes line
with the top of the funnel approximately three and a halt" feet
from the ground. Killington suggests that both micropterous

194

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[July, 1961

and macropterous forms are most likely unable to fly. Mac
Leod gives evidence that perhaps some individuals are able to
fly. The position of my trap with reference to the ground,
building and taller plants and the nature of the trap itself
strongly suggest that macropterous individuals can fly.

Carpenter (op. cit.) gives the average wing length as 6 milli-
meters. Killington (op. cit.) gives total wing expanse as about
7 mm. and reports Banks as giving a wing expanse of 5-6 mm.
Mac Leod (op. cit.} in measuring ten Nearctic specimens found
the average length of forewing as 3.82 ± 0.25 mm. and total
wing expanse as 8.57 ± 0.54 mm.

The following wing measurements of the specimens I col-
lected were made with an ocular micrometer.

Date Collected

9-VIII-1957

9-VIII-1957

27-VIII-1958

2-VIII-1959

Length of forewing

5.08 mm.

3.85 mm.

4.00 mm.

4.61 mm.

Body width at
mesothorax

1.08

'0.77

0.77

0.92

Total wing expanse

11.24

8.47

8.77

10.14

LITERATURE CITED

BANKS, N. 1905. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 32: 21-51.
CARPENTER, F. M. 1940. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 74: 193-280.
HAGEN, H. 1861. Smithsonian Inst. Miscell. Coll. : Washington, D. C.
KILLINGTON, F. J. 1936. A monograph of the British Neuroptera.

Volume I. Ray Soc. : London.
MAC LEOD, E. G. 1960. Entom. News 71 : 231-236.

Review

A MANUAL OF COMMON BEETLES OF EASTERN NORTH
AMERICA. By Dillon, E. S., and L. S. Dillon. Pp. viii + 884;
554 text figures and 85 plates (4 colored). Row, Peterson and
Co., Evanston, Illinois, 1961. Price, $9.25.

Here, at long last, is a really workable manual of beetles, and
one that seems to have just about every imaginable virtue.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 195

Heretofore Blatchley's was the standby, but, using it, the in-
experienced often ended with more incorrect than correct deter-
minations. In this book, the Dillons have selected the 1200
commonest beetles in 64 families, and keyed them carefully to
families, genera, and species. The diagnostic features are illus-
trated by 554 text figures, and there is a habitus picture and
a description of each species. The species selected, it is believed,
include about 90% of all beetles commonly taken in the region ;
for most of the remainder the bibliography, arranged by families,
will lead one to recent revisions and synopses.

The very form and appearance of this manual add to the
pleasure of using it. It is not too bulky (page size, 5V' X 84/')
and is neatly bound in semi-flexible cloth with rounded corners.
It should make many new friends for the Coleoptera, including
also hobbyists who will find delight in collecting beetles and
seeking out their names. — R. G. SCHMIEDER.

Corrodentia in Cliff Swallow Nests

By WILLIAM F. RAPP, JR., Nebraska State Department of
Health, Lincoln, Nebraska

A number of Corrodentia were obtained recently from cliff
swallow nests (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota pyrrhonota} by means
of a Berlese funnel. These nests had been collected from the
Nebraska end of the Yankton bridge (South Yankton, Cedar
County, Nebraska) on August 11, 1955.

The specimens were submitted to Dr. Kathryn B. Sommer-
man who determined them as belonging to the Liposcelis
bostrychophilus complex, family Liposcelidae.

It is interesting to note that Hicks (1959)1 does not list
L. bostrychophilus as occurring in the nests of the cliff swallow.
However, L. divinatorhts has been reported as occurring in the
nests of other swallows of the Family Hirundinidae.

1 HICKS, E. A. 1959. Occurrence of insects in birds' nests. I»\\a
State College Press.

Entomologist's Market Place

ADVERTISEMENTS AND EXCHANGES

Advertisements of goods or services for sale are accepted at $1.00 per
line, payable in advance to the editor.

Notices of wants and exchanges not exceeding three lines are free

to subscribers.

All insertions are continued from month to month, the new ones are
added at the end of the column, and, when necessary, the older ones at
the top are discontinued.

Butterflies. Wish to exchange specimens for Japanese species. Please
write to Ichiro Nakamura (Boy, age 16), 26 Aza-Nichiyama Obayashi
Takarazuka-shi, Hyogo-Ken, Japan.

Phasmidae of nearctic area desired alive. Purchase or trade, drawing
on large stock of major orders, worldwide. Domminck J. Pirone, Dept.
Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Nitidulidae and Rhizophagidae wanted in exchange for European bee-
tles of all families. O. Marek, Zamberk 797, Czechoslovakia.

Wanted and Needed. We are compiling a history of entomology, and
particularly, at present, of the amateur insect clubs that flourished 50 to
75 years ago. Will you who have knowledge of such early clubs or
societies advise me, giving facts on the time of existence, members, etc.,
which you may have. J. J. Davis, Dept. of Entomology, Purdue Uni-
versity, Lafayette, Indiana.

Cockroaches (Blattoidea) of Japan, Okinawa, Formosa (Taiwan),
and the Philippines are being studied in cooperation with Dr. K. Princis.
Loans of specimens from that area are desired. A. B. Gurney, U. S.
National Museum, Washington 25, D. C.

Orthoptera. Gryllinae (except domestic sp.) and Pyrgomorphinae
of the world wanted in any quantity for work in morphology, taxonomy,
cytology, and experimental biology; dry, or in fluid, or living. Write
D. K. Kevan and R. S. Bigelow, Dept. of Entomology, McGill University,
Macdonald College, Quebec, Canada.

Beetles of the world wanted, all species in exchange for American
beetles, moths and butterflies. James K. Lawton (age 18), 7118 Grand
Parkway, Wauwatosa 13, Wisconsin.

Used genuine Schmidt boxes, excellent condition, at less than half
price. H. W. Allen, Box 150, Moorestown, N. J.

Important Mosquito Works

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tors of the Old World: Europe, Asia, Africa
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United States ; 65 cents, foreign.

KEYS TO THE ANOPHELINE MOSQUITOES
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With notes on their Identification, Distribution, Biology and Rela-
tion to Malaria. By Paul F. Russell, Lloyd E. Rozeboom

and Alan Stone

Mailed on receipt of price, $2.00 U. S. Currency. Foreign Delivery
$2.10.

For sale by the American Entomological Society, 1900 Race Street,
Philadelphia 3, Pa., U. S. A.

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MEMOIRS OF THE AMERICAN
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Number 17

A TAXONOMIC STUDY OF THE

MILLIPED FAMILY SPIROBOLIDAE

(DIPLOPODA: SPIROBOLIDA)

By William T. Keeton

147 pages of text, 37 tables, 2 maps, 18 plates,
table of contents and index

Spirobolid millipeds are probably the most widely known
Diplopoda in the United States, being used in many college
courses ; yet the family has been little studied. This monograph
brings together existing knowledge of the group for the first
time, and adds much new information gained from critical study
of series. The taxonomic history of the family is outlined.
External morphology is briefly treated, with emphasis on char-
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

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Vol. LXXII No. 8

CONTENTS

Froeschner — Revision of Dearcla Signoret 197

Stahnke — A new species of scorpion 206

Arnett — Onychophora of Jamaica 213

Nomenclature Notice 220

Book Reviews : 221

Facts and theories concerning the insect head
Cicindelidae of Canada
Western Butterflies

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Oct., 1961

Fig. 1. Dearcla opercularis Signoret

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXII OCTOBER, 1961 No. 8

Revision of the South African Genus Dearcla

Signoret with Descriptions of Three New

Species (Hemiptera: Cydnidae)1

RICHARD C. FROESCHNER 2

Signoret erected Dearcla for his new species opercularis from
"Simon's Bay" south of Cape Town in Cape Province, Union
of South Africa. No additional specimen records of the genus
have appeared. This is not too surprising as Signoret's illus-
tration is quite misleading in conveying a picture of the type
specimen. When comparison with the type was made the sketch
was found to be erroneous in the following particulars which are
shown correctly on the plates in the present paper : shape of the
meso- and metaevaporatoria ; the apical peritreme ; the extent of
the pronotal calli ; the shape of the costa and the outline of the
narrowed scutellar apex.

The present paper is offered to correct these errors with a
series of carefully executed drawings by my wife, Elsie Froesch-
ner ; to bring the literature status of this genus in line with the
modern approach to the Cydnidae (as established in my mono-
graph of the Cydnidae of the Western Hemisphere — Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., Ill : 337-680) ; and to describe three more species

1 National Science Foundation Grant (NSF G7118) made possible per-
sonal examination of type specimens of Cydnidae in European museums
and in other ways aided in preparation of this paper.

2 Dept. Zoology and Entomology, Montana State College, Bozeman,
Montana. Contribution from Montana State College Agricultural Ex-
periment Station, M. S. 38, paper No. 528 Journal Series.

PRESENT ADDRESS: Entomology Research Division, Agr. Res. Serv.,
U.S.D.A., Washington, D. C.

(197)

110N

198 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1961

kindly made available to me by Dr. W. E. China of the British
Museum of Natural History.

The sublateral setigerotis punctures, shape of tarsal segments
and trichobothrial arrangements clearly assign this genus to the
subfamily Cydninae in the restricted sense as established in the
above-mentioned monograph.

DEARCLA Signoret
1883 Dearcla Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (6) 3 : 363.

DIAGNOSIS: Among those Cydninae with the shining, elon-
gate, apical peritreme and no impressed subapical pronotal line,
this one may be recognized by the long, pointed scutellum whose
length is greater than the median length of the pronotum.

DESCRIPTION : Broadly oval. HEAD : Anterior outline a
slightly to distinctly flattened semicircle; clypeus and juga equal
in length; jugal margins weakly to distinctly but narrowly cari-
nate dorsally; three primary setigerous punctures present; an-
tennae five-segmented ; labium reaching between middle coxae,
segment II very weakly compressed, not foliaceous. PRONOTUM :
Median length about half of basal width ; anterior margin broadly
and rather shallowly emarginate ; transverse impression obso-
lete ; laterally with a single, submarginal row of a variable num-
ber (seven to thirty) setigerous punctures. SCUTELLUM : Width
slightly or distinctly greater than length, apex acutely prolonged.
HEMELYTRON : Areas distinctly defined ; membrane occupying
about one-third hemelytral length, its length greater than its
basal width, reaching to apex of abdomen ; costa and exocorium
flattened, latter weakly reflexed in basal half; subcostal setig-
erous punctures two to thirteen ; membranal suture weakly bi-
sinuate, lateral angle broadly acute. PROPLEURON : Shining,
strongly punctured in depression and on anterior half of front
convexity ; prosternal carinae virtually absent, the space between
them weakly depressed. MESOPLEURON : As in Fig. 7, evapora-
torium extends to lateral margin of sclerite along posterior
margin. METAPLEURON : As in Fig. 7, evaporatorium reaching
more than three-fourths across sclerite, lateral margin nearly

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 199

straight ; lateral polished area impunctate ; osteole opening ven-
trally at the base of an elongate, polished, apical peritreme.
LEGS: Anterior tibia (Fig. 5) moderately flattened, with seven
or eight coarse spines dorsally, with tarsus arising at its apex;
not generically modified. STERNITES: Not generically modi-
fied. TERMINALIA : Male genital capsule opening dorsally, gono-
stylus quite similar in the males of the three species for which
that sex is known (Fig. 2) ; female plates of the usual penta-
tomoid type.

TYPE OF GENUS : Dearcla opercularis Signoret, monobasic.

DISTRIBUTION : The four species now known occur near the
southern tip of Africa : Signoret's species and one new one from
the vicinity of Cape Town ; the other two from Natal.

DISCUSSION : Each of the four species is known only from one
sex. Collections of pairs are needed, especially to determine the
relation of the two new species capensis and natalensis.

Grouping of the species within the genus may be made in
two ways with separate characters. Probably the strongest sep-
aration of groups is made by the almost complete absence of
submarginal setigerous punctures on the head (only the pre-
ocular primary one being present submarginally) on paucivil-
losa new species ; this is in contrast to the other three species
which have such punctures on both juga and subapically on the
clypeus. Evaluation of the other feature worthy of note must
await further study in certain genera, but it can be pointed out
here : in all but opercularis there is a weak but evident branch
which arises near the middle of vein M and reaches to the apex
of the corium.

Key to the Known Species of Dearcla

1. Juga with submarginal row of setigerous punctures; clypeus

with two subapical setigerous punctures 2

Juga without a row of setigerous punctures ; clypeus without
subapical setigerous punctures . .paucivillosa NEW SPECIES

2. Posterior pronotal lobe much duller than polished calli and

with fine but distinct punctures all the way to the hind
margin ; mesocorium with no evidence of a branch of
vein M opercularis Signoret

200 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1961

Posterior pronotal lobe nearly as shining as polished calli
and with widely spaced punctures almost obsolete toward
hind margin of pronotum ; mesocorium with a weak but

evident branch arising near middle of vein M 3

3. Pronotum with twenty-five to thirty setigerous punctures in
lateral, submarginal row ; costa with about fourteen setig-
erous punctures capensis NEW SPECIES

Pronotum with twelve to fifteen setigerous punctures in lat-
eral, submarginal row ; costa with seven to nine setigerous
punctures natalensis NEW SPECIES

Dearcla capensis new species

DIAGNOSIS : The more than twenty-five submarginal setigerous
punctures laterally on the pronotum will separate this species
from all others in the genus — none of which have more than
fifteen.

DESCRIPTION (based on two females). FEMALE. — HEAD:
Length about two thirds width, 1.00 (0.98-1.03) : 1.40 (1.40-
1.41) ; interocular width 0.85 (0.85-0.86) ; surface with numer-
ous crowded, moderately coarse punctures on juga and ante-
riorly on vertex; jugum with eight or nine submarginal setig-
erous punctures ; clypeus flattened, with few fine punctures and
two subapical setigerous punctures ; bucculae punctate, about as
high as labial II ; antennals, I, 0.26 (0.26-0.26) : II, 0.34 (0.33-
0.36) : III, 0.34 (0.33-0.36) : IV, 0.37 (0.36-0.39) : V, 0.40
(0.40-xx) ; labials, I, 0.46 (0.46-0.46) : II, 0.57 (0.55-0.60) :
III, 0.54 (0.54-0.55) : IV, 0.39 (0.38-0.40). PRONOTUM:
Length: width ::1.71 (1.70-1.72) : 4.46 (4.45^.47); surface,
especially L-shaped calli, shining; site of transverse impression
and anterior half of posterior lobe with numerous, moderately
coarse and fine punctures intermixed, these becoming obsolete
toward posterior margin ; anterior lobe with a subapical, trans-
verse patch of crowded fine and a few coarse punctures, laterally
with many crowded fine punctures ; lateral submarginal setig-
erous punctures twenty-eight to thirty in number, their row very
irregular anteriorly. SCUTELLUM : Length : width : : 2.13 (2.11-
2.16) : 2.01 (2.01-2.02) ; surface shining, punctures coarser,
deeper and slightly more dense than on mesocorium ; apex acute
with fine punctures. HEMELYTRON : Exclusive of membrane,

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 201

finely but distinctly alutaceous ; costa with twelve or thirteen
setigerous punctures ; exocorium with numerous, very crowded,
moderately coarse punctures ; mesocorium more sparsely and
irregularly punctate than exocorium, with two complete rows
paralleling claval suture ; with a faint but evident branching near
middle of vein M ; clavus with two complete and one interrupted
row of punctures ; membrane dirty milky white, extensively mot-
tled with fuscous. MESO- and METAPLEURA : Quite similar to
Figure 7. STERNITES : Weakly alutaceous, with numerous ir-
regularly spaced aciculate punctures except along broad midline.
LENGTH of body 6.11 (6.00-6.23).

TYPE DATA : The holotype female and a paratype of the same
sex are in the British Museum and bear the label "C. T., 1.87,
Distant Coll., 1911-383." The initials quite probably stand for
Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA, which is in the general region of
occurrence of the other species of the genus.

DISCUSSION : The subapical pair of setigerous punctures on
the clypeus coupled with the obsoletely punctate posterior half of
hind pronotal lobe definitely allies this form to natalensis n. sp.,
of which this may be the female ; however, since such strong
divergence in vestiture of the two sexes of one species is not
known in this part of the family, they are here considered to
represent separate species.

The species name is given in reference to the type locality.

Dearcla natalensis new species

DIAGNOSIS : The presence of a submarginal row of setigerous
punctures on each jugum coupled with the punctation of the
scutellum being less dense than that of the mesocorium will sepa-
rate the present species from the other two in the genus.

DESCRIPTION (based on lone male type). MALE. — HEAD:
Length: width: : 1.14: 1.60; interocular width 0.94; surface
with numerous moderately coarse, crowded punctures on juga,
with finer more scattered punctures on vertex and clypeus ;
jugum with six submarginal setigerous punctures; bucculae
punctate, higher than labial II; antennals, I, 0.36, II, 0.45; III,
0.50; IV, 0.61; V, 0.66; labials, I, 0.56; II, 0.83; III, 0.70;

202 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1961

IV, 0.56. PRONOTUM : Length : width : : 2.00 : 4.43 ; surface, es-
pecially L-shaped calli, shining, both lobes with numerous mod-
erately coarse, crowded punctures ; anterior lobe with subapical
transverse patch of coarse and fine punctures intermixed and a
few fine ones on midline between calli ; site of transverse im-
pression and anterior half of posterior lobe with numerous mod-
erately coarse and fine punctures intermixed, these becoming
much sparser posteriorly; lateral submarginal row of ten or
eleven setigerous punctures. SCUTELLUM : Length : width : :
2.47 :2.15; surface shining, punctures coarser, deeper and dis-
tinctly sparser than those of mesocorium : acute apex with
crowded fine punctures. HEMELYTRON : Except for membrane,
finely but distinctly alutaceous ; with seven subcostal setigerous
punctures ; exocorium uniformly covered with moderately coarse,
very crowded punctures; mesocorium more sparsely and ir-
regularly punctate than exocorium, with two complete rows of
punctures paralleling claval suture, with a faint but evident
branch arising near middle of vein M ; clavus with two distinct
rows and an irregular third row of punctures ; membrane golden
brown, extensively mottled with large fuscous blotches. MESO-
and METAPLEURA : Quite similar to Fig. 7. STERNITES : Weakly
alutaceous, with abundant aciculate punctures except along mid-
ventral line. TERMINALIA: Male genital capsule with crowded
fine, aciculate punctures ; apical margin nearly straight ; gono-
stylus very similar to that of opercularis. LENGTH of body :
7.12.

TYPE DATA : The holotype male in the British Museum of
Natural History bears the label "NATAL, Weenen, X-XI, 1924,
H. P. Thomasset."

DISCUSSION : See comments under preceding species.

Dearcla opercularis Signoret (Figs. 1-7)

1883 Dearcla opercularis Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France,
(6)3: 364, pi. 9, fig. 190.

DIAGNOSIS : This species is recognizable within the genus by
having the scutellar punctures distinctly denser than those of
the mesocorium.

DESCRIPTION (based on male type) . MALE. — HEAD : Length :

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 203

width: : 0.86: 1.36; interocular width, 0.90; surface with nu-
merous, moderately coarse, crowded punctures on juga, with
finer, more scattered punctures on clypeus and vertex; jugum
with six or seven submarginal setigerous punctures ; bucculae
punctured, higher than labial II; antennals, I, 0.26; II, 0.40;
III, 0.36; IV, 0.43; V, missing; labials, I, 0.46; II, 0.73; III,
0.60; IV, 0.46. PRONOTUM : Length: width :: 1.75 : 3.42; sur-
face alutaceous, with numerous punctures crowded laterally;
anterior lobe with subapical transverse patch of coarse and fine
punctures intermixed and a few finer ones on midline between
calli ; hind lobe with numerous moderately coarse punctures and
fine ones intermixed, these extending to the hind margin. Scu-
TELLUM : Length : width : : 2.00 : 1.95 ; surface weakly alutaceous,
with numerous crowded punctures becoming finer apically.
HEMELYTRON : Strongly alutaceous with not more than ten sub-
costal setigerous punctures (setae all missing and punctures
confused) ; exocorium with densely crowded punctures becoming
coarser basally ; mesocorium less densely punctured than exo-
corium, with two complete rows of punctures paralleling the
claval suture but no evidence of branching of vein M ; clavus
with three more or less complete rows of punctures ; membranal
suture weakly bisinuate, weakly produced laterally; membrane
strongly embrowned. MESOPLEURON : (Fig. 7) evaporatorium
extending to lateral margin along posterior edge ; polished ante-
rior part with several coarse punctures. METAPLEURON : Illus-
trated, Fig. 7. STERNITES : Strongly alutaceous, with coarsely
aciculate punctures except along broad midventral line. TER-
MINALIA : Genital capsule alutaceous, its aciculate punctures not
as dense as those towards sides of sternites, apical margin
broadly and shallowly but distinctly concave ; gonostylus as
illustrated (Fig. 2). LENGTH of body 6.28.

TYPE DATA : Signoret's type male from "Simons Bay" in the
west shore of False Bay south of Cape Town, Cape Province,
Union of South Africa, is in the Naturhistorisches Museum,
Vienna, Austria.

DISCUSSION : Study of the male type at the Naturhistorische
Museum was made possible through the kindness of Dr. Max
Beier to whom I am sincerely grateful.

204 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1961

Dearcla paucivillosa new species

DIAGNOSIS : The lack of submarginal setigerous punctures on
the head will separate paucivillosa from the other three species
in the genus.

DESCRIPTION (based on single male type). MALE. — HEAD:
Length: width: : 1.46: 2.07; interocular width, 1.25; surface
shining, juga and vertex with numerous subcontiguous, mod-
erately coarse punctures ; jugum with but one submarginal setig-
erous puncture (the preocular) ; clypeus with scattered fine
punctures and a few transverse rugae ; bucculae punctate, about
as high as labial II; antennals, I, 0.46; II, 0.63; III, 0.63; IV,
0.76; V, 0.86; labials, I, 0.91; II, 1.33; III, 1.26; IV, 0.78.
PRONOTUM : Length : width : : 2.63 : 4.62 ; surface, especially large
L-shaped calli, shining ; anterior lobe subapically with numerous
moderately coarse and fine punctures intermixed; both lobes
laterad of lateral limits of calli with numerous closely crowded
moderate punctures ; transverse impression and posterior lobe
discally with numerous scattered, moderately coarse punctures
interspersed with many minute punctures; lateral submarginal
row of seven setigerous punctures (setae missing). SCUTEL-
LUM (deformed by a transverse wrinkling which reduces its
length, however, the longitudinal measurement is estimated on
the base of where the tip might have been in relation to certain
hemelytral developments) : Length : width : : 3.27( ?) : 2.60 ; dis-
cally with numerous scattered, moderately coarse punctures
interspersed with abundant minute punctures which are finer
toward impunctate tip. HEMELYTRON : Corium alutaceous ;
costa straight and subparallel on basal half, with two or three
submarginal setigerous punctures (setae mostly missing) ; exo-
corium from base to apex with closely crowded punctures;
mesocorium discally with numerous punctures, these more widely
spaced than those of exocorium, and with two complete rows
of punctures paralleling claval suture, with a weak but evident
branch arising near middle of vein M ; clavus with three nearly
complete rows of punctures ; membranal suture bisinuate, lateral
angle broadly prolonged ; membrane longer than basal width,

Ixxii]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

205

5

FIGS. 2-9. Dearcla opercularis Signoret.

golden tan with two fuscous blotches at base (outer one pro-
longed obliquely meso-posteriorly) . MESO- and METAPLEURA :
Similar to Figure 7. STERNITES : Strongly alutaceous, with
closely aciculate punctures occupying all but broad midventral
line. TERMINALIA : Genital capsule alutaceous, with numerous
crowded punctures ; midline transversely impressed at basal
third ; apical margin with shallow, broadly U-shaped median
emargination and somewhat concave laterally ; gonostylus quite
similar to that of opercularis. LENGTH of body, 9.00.

TYPE DATA : The holotype male labelled "NATAL, Weenen,
Mkolombe[?], N. C, 22.iii.1926, 5000 ft. H. P. Thomasset" is
in the British Museum of Natural History, London.

206 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1961

A New Species of Scorpion of the Vejovidae :
Paruroctonus vachoni x

HERBERT L. STAHNKE,2 Poisonous Animals Laboratory,
Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona

In its natural habitat, Paruroctonus vachoni, at first glance,
may be mistaken for Hadrurus arizonensis (Ewing). This is
largely due to the rather dark brown appearance of the meso-
soma (preabdomen) and a carapace that has a somewhat light
yellow interocular triangle followed by a darker posterior por-
tion. Closer examination reveals a scorpion not nearly as hir-
sute, much more slender and with more prominently keeled
pedipalp chela.

HOLOTYPE. An adult female, A.S. No. 61-1, taken December
4, 1960, by R. L. Swett, under a box in a tool shed at Sheep
Creek Springs, elevation 1,800 ft, 37 miles north of Baker,
California.

ALLOTYPE: An adult male, A.S. No. 60-488, collected No-
vember 21, 1960, in a kitchen sink at the same locality.

PARATYPE: A female, slightly shorter than holotype, A.S.
No. 1663, collected by O. L. Wallace, September 9, 1955, in
residence at Boulder City, Nevada. A large female, A.S. No.
1468.3, collected September 16, 1954, Trona, California, by
Warren C. Vogt. Two large females, A.S. Nos. 894.3 and
1107.0, collected by Ann Pipkin, October 1948, in Wildrose
Canyon, elevation 3,500 ft, Death Valley National Monument,
California.

DIAGNOSIS : P. vachoni and P. gracilior are similar in colora-
tion but the former shows more redness on pedipalp fingers.
Since P. mesaensis lacks the brown coloration, the difference
in this respect is quite distinctive. The telson vesicle of P.
vachoni is more globular than that of either of the other two.

1 Dr. Max Vachon, Director Laboratoire de Zoologie, Museum Na-
tional d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, has made very extensive con-
tributions to the fields of scorpiology.

2 Partially supported by the National Science Foundation.

Ixxii]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

207

The entire margin of the carapace of P. vachoni and P. mesaen-
sis is straight while that of P. gracilior protrudes farthest at the
mid-point. The following table will show other distinctive simi-
larities and differences. Unfortunately, females of P. gracilior
were not available; the data for the males are taken directly
from the types of Hoffman.

TABLE 1. — Comparison of ratios in P. vachoni, P. gracilior,
and P. mesaensis

Pectinal Teeth

VEW/IW

HdW/HdTh

IL/IVV

Males:

P. vachoni

35/35

1.03

1.37

1.64

P. gracilior

26/26, 28/28

0.63-0.66

1.26-1.32

1.04-1.14

P. mesaensis

32/32, 38/39

0.69-0.74

1.24-1.32

1.37-1.42

Females :

P. vachoni

24/24-27/27

0.76-0.96

1.25-1.47

1.29-1.41

P. gracilior

(not available)

P. mesaensis

23/23-24/25

0.71-0.73

1.27-1.33

1.21-1.27

Abbreviations :

VEW, Telson vesicle width
IW, Width caudal segment I
HdW, Chela hand width
HdTh, Chela hand thickness
IL, Length caudal segment I

DESCRIPTION OF THE HOLOTYPE:

Carapace: Background color light yellow with diffuse, brown
pigment throughout. Anterior two-thirds of interocular tri-
angle only lightly diffuse with dark pigment. Irregularly mar-
gined patches of brown lateral to the rather prominent blackish
ocular tubercle. Sub-triangular brown spots posterior-median
and posterior-lateral corners. Anterior margin straight, bearing
about 6 bristles and forming pocket with anterior portion of the
distinct median furrow which continues over the median ocular
tubercle to form definite superciliary ridges. Very shallow
immediately posterior to the tubercle but rapidly increases in
depth until, half the distance to the well developed posterior
furrow, it forms a deep, narrow furrow. Posterior lateral fur-
rows very broad and shallow. Entire carapace with fine gran-

208 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1961

TABLE 2. — Dimensions in millimeters

9 Holotype cf Allotype

Pectinal teeth 24/24 35/35
Lengths:

Total 71.1 85.5

Trunk 28.5 28.1

Cauda 42.6 57.4

Carapace 8.6 9.4

Preabdomen 20.3 18.7

Pedipalp* 29.2 35.7

Tibia 14.4 17.7

Patella 7.5 8.8

Femur 7.3 9.2

Leg IV

Femur 9.5 11.4

Patella 6.8 7.4
Tarsomere I

plus tibia 7.9 10.0

Widths:

Cauda I 4.9 3.9

Cauda V 2.8 3.1

Telson vesicle 2.9 4.0

Carapace-posterior 8.0 8.3

Preabdomen IV 9.0 9.0

* Minus coxa and trochanter.

ules interspaced freely with much larger granules. Three lateral
eyes decreasing in size posteriorly ; the smallest out of line with
the other two. Frontal lobes moderately prominent.

MESOSOMA (Preabdomen). First six tergites entirely brown
except for somewhat reticulated light areas laterad and two
median ovoid light spots on each tergite. VII light yellow except
for anterior median deposit of tan. All tergites densely covered
with very fine granules and some larger ones, which increase
progressively somewhat in size and number posteriad. Median
keels vestigial on all segments but more so on anterior ones.
VITalso with two pair of lateral keels bearing large cone-shaped
granules with similar granules in intercarinal spaces. Sternites
I-VI agranular, sparsely hirsute, bearing elongate stigmata.
VII with one pair lateral, granular keels and small granules in

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 209

intercarinal spaces. Pectines long and exceptionally slender;
first teeth located one-third pectinal length ; basal piece some-
what butterfly-shaped ; anterior median notch extends approxi-
mately one-half-length. Genital plate not divided ; broader than
long; no genital papillae.

METASOMA (Cauda) : Very slender. All segments longer than
wide. Vesicle not as wide as segments I— III.

1. Postabdomen : Uniform color, moderately hirsute.
Dorsal keels on I-IV well developed and bearing coarse,

more or less uniform granules ; on V weakly developed but bear-
ing irregularly aligned granules that get increasingly smaller
distad.

Superior lateral keels. Like dorsal keels but incomplete on
V. Present on only 0.4 of proximal portion of segment bearing
granules of moderate size.

Median lateral keels. Well developed and coarsely granular
on I ; vestiges on distal end of II and III ; lacking on IV and V.

Inferior lateral keels. Well developed on all segments. Gran-
ules indistinct on II-V, getting progressively larger distad so
that on V they are quite large and irregularly serrate.

Inferior median keels. Not prominent and with a few mod-
erately large granules on I ; greater keel development and larger
granules progressively distad on remaining segments. V with
one median keel bearing large cone-shaped granules.

Anal arch. Proximal ridge with irregularly placed large
granules. Distal ridge agranular except for one large granule
on extreme lateral end. A row of widely spaced long, coarse
bristles in intermediate area.

Intercarinal spaces. All covered with very fine granules ; on
dorsal and dorso-lateral of segments I-III interspersed with
few large granules which are lacking on IV and only sparsely
found on V. Large granules almost entirely absent on ventral
surface ; a few large, distinct granules on V.

2. Telson. Elongate, smooth, bearing some inconspicuous
broad granules and slightly hirsute. Two large bristles ven-
trally and medially at base of aculeus which bears its curvature
in distal one-half. Lighter in color than rest of cauda.

210 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1961

Appendages. Of lighter color generally than rest of scorpion.

1. Chelicerae. Inferior border of movable finger with three
or more truncated teeth of variable size and shape. Inferior
border of fixed finger with three reddish tubercle-like protuber-
ances. Movable finger bifurcate. Superior margins with four
teeth ; most distal two uniform size, about one-third length of
third, fourth about same size as distal two.

2. Pedipalps. Uniform yellow color, fingers slightly reddish.
Sparcely hirsute.

Chelae. Small granules on cutting edge of movable fingers
non-serrate, arranged in longtudinal row and divided into six
groups by six large denticulate granules ; flanked internally by
five large denticulate granules plus two terminal ones. Fixed
finger with a total of six internal flanking granules. On both
fingers, but more noticeable on movable fingers, a large bristle
immediately posterior to each flanking granules except the two
most distal ones. Cutting edges not noticeably scalloped.
Hand keels well developed and granular. Lateral keels with
larger, reddish granules. Inferior and superior intercarinal
spaces largely agranular.

PATELLA (Brachintn) : All keels distinct and granular.
Twenty trichobothria arranged as follows on posterior surface :

Most distal group 2

Diagonal distal group 4

Irregular medial group 8

Sub proximal group 4

Proximal group 2

A few large granules on proximal margin of anterior surface
otherwise intercarinal spaces bear only minute granules.

FEMUR (Hwnerus) : Superior keels well developed and bear-
ing large granules. Intercarinal surface well covered with small
granules. Inferio-anterior keels well developed and bearing
large granules. Inferio-posterior keels vestigial and partially
represented by moderately large granules.

3. Walking legs. Tarsal claws long; well developed median
claw (unguicular spine) ; exterior and interior pedal spurs.
Tibia and tarsomeres bear long, heavy bristles ; longest and

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 211

greatest concentration on legs I to III and on tarsomeres I of
these legs. Other leg joints sparsely hirsute. Median tarsal
lobe triangular with one large bristle on apex and one on each
corner of the base. Two bristles on distal edge of lateral lobes.
Single row of short, thick spines on sole of tarsomere with two
large bristles forming V distad and a cluster of small bristles
proximad.

DESCRIPTION OF ALLOTYPE. Relatively shorter trunk; more
coarsely granular and more elongate.

Carapace. Differs from female in that granules are larger
and denser ; not as much dark pigment which is confined largely
to immediate lateral areas of ocular tubercle. Anterior margin,
furrows and lateral eyes like female. Frontal lobes not as
prominent but bear definitely larger granules.

MESOSOMA (Preabdomen} : Reticulated light spots on first
six tergites much larger than in female; the two median light
ovoid spots lacking. Granulation similar to female but larger
granules considerably more numerous on posterior portion of
tergites. Median keels more developed than on female. Second
pair of lateral keels on VII represented poorly. Sternites mod-
erately hirsute bearing coarse bristles and densely covered with
minute granules. VII with larger keels and granules than
female. Pectines large, strongly hirsute with free margin of
proximal middle lamella making a 45° angle with fulcral mar-
gin. Basal piece similar to female. Genital operculum divided ;
two conspicuous genital papillae.

METASOMA (Can da} : All segments more elongate than on
female with vesicle noticeably broader and much lighter in color
than segments.

1. Postabdomen. More hirsute than female, bearing coarse
bristles.

Dorsal keels. Same as female.

Superior lateral keels. Like female except that on V it is
present on proximal half of segment.

Median lateral keels. Same as female.

Inferior lateral keels. Prominent and definitely granular on
all segments.

212 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1961

Inferior median keels. Bear small granules on I, agranular
on II, somewhat granular on III ; IV bearing irregularly aligned
large granules and V with one well developed keel bearing
serrate granules.

Anal arch. Same as female.

Intercarinal spaces. Same as female.

2. Telson. More globular and proportionately larger than on
female. Otherwise similar.

Appendages. Light yellow except reddish tinge to fingers
of chelicerae and pedipalps, and on the latter, the large granules
of keels.

1. Chelicerae. Same as on female but tubercle-like protuber-
ances on ventral surface of fixed finger may consist of one tooth-
like protuberance flanked by clusters of smaller ones.

2. Pedipalps. Finger, redder and more hirsute than on
female.

Chelae. Small and large granules of cutting edges like female
but both fingers bear large lobes that fit into receiving depres-
sions of opposing finger. The remaining distal portion of each
finger mildly scalloped. Hand configuration like female except
more strongly developed.

Patella (brachium}, femur (humerus) and walking legs simi-
lar to female.

VARIATIONS. From the table of ratios it is obvious that
females vary in pectinal tooth count from 24 to 27 ; that some
females have pedipalp chelae as stout as those of the male is
obvious. Also some females have a proportionately broader
telson but none approach that of the male. Some females are
more coarsely granular, have scalloped pedipalp finger cutting
edges, have a varying amount of dark pigment from that of the
holotype ; but again, for these qualities they differ from the male.
Unfortunately, no other males were available.

LITERATURE

HOFFMAN, C. 1931. The Scorpiones de Mexico. Anales del Inst. de

Bio I. 2 : 406-408.
STAHNKE, H. L. 1957. A New Species of Scorpion of the Vejovidae:

Paruroctonus mesaenis. Ent. News 68 : 253-259.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 213

The Onychophora of Jamaica

Ross H. ARNETT, JR., Department of Biology, The Catholic
University of America, Washington, D. C.

The author has been privileged to study a fine lot of Onycho-
phora from the island of Jamaica, representing several years of
concentrated collecting by biologists associated with the Insti-
tute of Jamaica in Kingston. The results of this study are
incorporated below. I wish to express my sincere appreciation
to C. Bernard Lewis, Director of the Institute of Jamaica and
Curator of the Science Museum, for giving me the opportunity
to study this material. Mr. Lewis has collected much of this
material himself, including the first specimens of the new spe-
cies described below and which is dedicated to him. Grateful
acknowledgment is also made of the notes and specimens fur-
nished by Mr. R. P. Bengry, Assistant Curator at the Science
Museum, and for his kind assistance in checking the manuscript
and other details.

This group of animals, variously designated as a class of
arthropods or lately, by an increasing number of zoologists, as
a separate phylum, is of particular interest because of the zoo-
geographical implications it presents. The island of Jamaica
now has four representatives, three species and one subspecies,
as described below. Interestingly enough, each of these forms
represents a different genus, of which one, Plicatoperipatus, is
unique to the island. The other three genera are widely dis-
tributed throughout the West Indies, Central America, and
northern South America. However, all of the forms herein
reported are known only from Jamaica. The zoogeography of
Onychophora has been discussed in numerous papers. These
notes serve only as a supplement to those studies.

The colour of alcoholic specimens usually is destroyed or
changed in such a way that it is difficult to use colour for iden-
tification. From notes furnished by Mr. Lewis and Mr. R. P.
Bengry, it appears that in life the colour is relatively constant
and is a help in recognizing species. These notes have been
appended to the species descriptions that follow.

214 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1961

The key, illustrations, and descriptions will serve to identify
the species known from Jamaica. The work of Bouvier
(1905-7) and of Clark (1913) should be consulted for the
definition of genera.

Key to the Genera and Species of Onychophora of Jamaica

1. 24 transverse dorsal folds to each segment, somewhat indis-

tinct because of numerous anastomosings and irregularities
in the grooves which separate them ; 37-41 pairs of legs ;
papillae with acute apices and sub-apices, appearing ser-
rate (Fig. 1 ) ; adults 40-55 mm long

Plicatoperipatus jamaicensis Grabh. & Ckll.

12 transverse dorsal folds to each segment, usually distinct;
papillae various, but without the serrate appearance 2

2. Primary papillae on the dorsal surface of the body each with

a quadrangular base separated by straight grooves parallel
with the axis of the body ; accessory papillae ordinarily
small and few in number ; apices of primary papillae sur-
mounted by a high and prominent truncated cone or
slightly tapering cylinder (Fig. 2); 34-36 pairs of legs;

adults 63-66 mm long

Macroperipatus insularis clarki subsp. nov.

Primary papillae of dorsal surface each with a more or less
rounded base ; accessory papillae exhibiting diverse stages
of development 3

3. Primary papillae of dorsal surface exhibiting great difference

of size at all ages, generally arranged with three accessory
papillae between two primary papillae ; 29-33 pairs of legs ;

adults 43 ± mm long Peripatus swainsonae Ckll.

Primary papillae of dorsal surface all of one type but of
various sizes, with rounded or oval bases ; primary papillae
tall, with long, narrow, slightly tapering, cylindrical cones
(Fig. 5) ; 34-36 pairs of legs; adults 71-79 mm (rarely
127 mm) long Epiperipatus lewisi sp. nov.

Genus PLICATOPERIPATUS Clark, 1913

Plicatoperipatus jamaicensis (Grabham and Cockrell, 1892).
Peripatus jamaicensis Grabham and Cockerell, 1892, Nature 46:
514.

Type locality. — Jamaica, Beacon Hill, near Bath, 3 specimens.

This well-known species can be readily separated from all

others by the unique arrangement of the dorsal folds of each

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 215

segment, there being 24 per segment instead of the usual 12.
The papillae in lateral view are much more serrate than in other
species and the apex lacks a noticeable cone (Fig. 1). This
species is reported to be reddish brown in life, varying from
maroon to vinous red. Most specimens have white-tipped an-
tennae, but some are reported to be without this marking.

Material studied. — Portland, 5 miles southwest of Priestman's
River (ca. 1,500 ft), Feb. 6, 1953, W. G. Lynn, collector, 3
specimens as follows : 37 pairs of legs, 55 mm long, 3 mm wide,
2.5 mm high; 38 pairs of legs, 18 mm long (young) ; 39 pairs
of legs, 37 mm long, 4 mm wide, 2.5 cm high. About 1 mile
W.S.W. of Ecclesdown (ca. 1,200 ft), March 30, 1958, R. P.
Bengry, collector; 31 pairs of legs, 25 mm long, 3 mm wide, 2
mm high. Manchester. Summit of Heron's Hill (3,100 ft),
March 3-8, 1952, from rotten log, G. R. Proctor, collector; 40
pairs of legs, 42 mm long. St. Thomas, 20 yards north of 6th
milepost between Barrett's Gap and Corn Puss Gap (ca. 800
ft), July 25, 1952, under completely decayed tree-fern trunk,
R. P. Bengry, collector; 40 pairs of legs, 40 mm long, 5 mm
wide, 4 mm high. Morce's Gap (5,000 ft), July 21, 1936, W. G.
Lynn, collector; 38 pairs of legs, 46 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, 2
mm high (deposited in the United States National Museum col-
lection by the collector). Trelawny. Windsor (400 ft), Aug.
20, 1956, under stone, R. P. Bengry, collector; 38 pairs of legs,
60 mm long, 6 mm wide, 4 mm high. St. Ann. 2\ miles north-
west of Hollymount (2,200 ft), May 24, 1957, under stone,
R. P. Bengry, collector; 40 pairs of legs, 50 mm long, 5 mm
wide, 4 mm high: 4.8 miles south of Moneague (2,750 ft),
July 5, 1957, P. Drummond, collector; 36 pairs of legs, 35 mm
long, 4 mm wide, 3 mm high. Mosely Hall Cave, near Black-
stonedge (ca. 2,000 ft), Dec. 14, 1952, J. M. Valentine, col-
lector ; 37 pairs of legs, 28 mm long.

Genus MACROPERIPATUS Clark, 1913
Macroperipatus insularis clarki, subsp. nov.

Type locality. — Jamaica, Portland, 5 miles southwest of
Priestman's River (ca. 1,500 ft).

216 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1961

The characteristics of M. i. clarki agree with Clark's descrip-
tion of the genus and of the typical insularis except that the cone
of the primary papillae is narrower and more nearly cylindrical
(Figs. 2 & 3) than in the type of the species (Fig. 3). In
addition, M. i. clarki is larger (63-66 mm) and has more pairs
of legs (34—36). M. i. insularis Clark is approximately 55 mm
long with 30 pairs of legs. The colour of M. i. clarki is grey
in life.

Four specimens are known, all from the same locality in
Portland, 5 miles southwest of Priestman's River, ca, 1,500 ft.
Holotypc: Feb. 6, 1953, C. B. Lewis, collector; 36 pairs of
legs, 65 mm long, 4.5 mm wide, 3 mm high. Paratype: Feb. 6,
1953, C. B. Lewis, collector; 34 pairs of legs, 63 mm long, 5 mm
wide, 3.5 mm high. Paratype: March 11, 1953, W. G. Lynn,
collector; 35 pairs of legs, 66 mm long, 4 mm wide, 3 mm high.
Paratype: March 11, 1953, W. G. Lynn, collector; 36 pairs of
legs, 63 mm long, 4 mm wide, 2.5 mm high.

It is interesting to note that the nearest relative of this species
is from Veracruz, Mexico (Macroperipatus parrieri Bouvier) ;
no Onychophora are yet known from Cuba. M. i. insularis
Clark, the type of the species, was collected between Jacmel
and Tronim, Haiti.

Genus PERIPATUS Guilding, 1826

Peripatus swainsonae Cockerell, 1893.

Peripatus julifonnis var. swainsonae Cockerell, 1893, Zoolo-
gische Anzeiger, 16: 341.

Type locality.— "Jamaica."

This species may be recognized on the basis of its generic
characteristics alone, principally by the arrangement of the pri-
mary and accessory papillae as given in the key. It is the
smallest of the four species and has the least number of legs.
The shape of the papillae distinguishes it from all other species
on the island : It has a broad base which tapers gradually to
a broad summit; the cone is short and broad (Fig. 4). This
species is reported to be olive-green in life.

Ixxii]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

217

Lateral view of the primary papillae of adults.

FIG. 1. Plicatoperipatus jamaicensis Grabham and Cockerell.

FIG. 2. Macroperipatus insularis subspecies clarki, new subsp.

FIG. 3. Macroperipatus insularis subspecies insularis Clark.

FIG. 4. Peripatns swainsoni Cockerell.

FIG. 5. Epipcripatus lewisi, new species.

Material studied. — Hanover. Lances Bay, September 13,
1952, collected under stone, on limestone, 2\ inches of rain on
previous day, W. G. Lynn, collector; 30 pairs of legs, 43 mm
long, 4 mm wide, 3 mm high. Portland. 5 miles southwest of
Priestman's River, ca. 1,500 ft, March 11, 1953, W. G. Lynn,
collector; 31 pairs of legs, 22 mm long. Trelawny. Windsor
(400 ft), Aug. 20, 1956, under stone, R. P. Bengry, collector;
28 pairs of legs, 22 mm long, 4 mm wide, 3 mm high.

There are also five young specimens, born in the laboratory,
which appear to belong to this species. However, it is not
apparent to the author which specimens were the parents of
these immatures. The plication and papillae are not sufficiently
developed at birth to make certain of the identification. The

218 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1961

number of legs on these young specimens seems to indicate that
they belong to this species.

Genus EPIPERIPATUS Clark, 1913
Epiperipatus lewisi sp. nov.

Type locality. — Jamaica, Portland, John Crow Mountains,
ca. 10 miles southwest Priestman's River.

This is the largest species known on the island, the average
length being about 75 mm. In addition to the characteristics
for the genus, the following features are noted. The primary
papillae are irregular in size with numerous accessory papillae.
The cone of the papilla is long, narrow, slightly tapering, cylin-
drical (Fig. 5). The urinary papillae are located on the fourth
and fifth pair of legs. The fourth arc is arched beneath the
urinary papilla, but not divided into segments ; the urinary
papilla is attached to the third arc by a broad band. The legs
vary from 34 to 36 pairs. In life, this species is grey to rich
dark reddish-brown.

Three specimens of this new species were recently collected
by Mr. R. P. Bengry, who supplies the following interesting
notes : The specimens were collected in a rotten log on a rocky
slope. The largest specimen (which is probably the largest
Peripatus known, measuring 127 mm in life) was collected first.
"Careful examination of the well-decayed log debris, torn apart
largely by hand, revealed another two of the same kind (E.
lewisi} and a small different one, (P. jamaicensis) . I am of the
distinct opinion that the first found specimen was very light red-
dish (almost pink flesh coloured) but I did not see it change
colour (if it did) and the other two were not so light coloured
when found. . . . The colour as we observed them is in our
opinion: rich, dark reddish-brown with a soft (not shiny)
velvety appearance. We noted that they walk in reverse with
just as much ease as forwards and also that when poked with
a finger wriggle 3 or 4 times in the manner of an earthworm.
We searched in logs, under stones and leaf mould for more but
found none. It is interesting to note that there were few, if
any, tree-ferns where we were working."

IxxiiJ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 219

The closest relative of this species is E. edwardsii (Blanchard)
from Panama. It may be readily separated from that species
by the large size, the broad connection of the urinary papillae
with the third arc, and the long, narrow cones of the papillae,
as contrasted to the short, broad cones of E. edwardsii.

The following six specimens are designated as holotype and
paratypes. Holotype: Portland, John Crow Mountains, ca. 10
miles southwest of Priestman's River, Jan. 9, 1951, C. B. Lewis,
collector ; 35 pairs of legs, 75 mm long, 6 mm wide, 4 mm high,
deposited in the United States National Museum collection.
Paratypes: same locality and date as holotype, C. B. Lewis,
collector ; two paratypes as follows : 34 pairs of legs, 75 mm
long, 6 mm wide, 3.5 mm high; 36 pairs of legs, 71 mm long, 6
mm wide, 3.5 mm high. Portland. 5 miles southwest of Priest-
man's River (ca. 1,500 ft), Feb. 6, 1953, W. G. Lynn and C. B.
Lewis, collectors, three paratypes as follows : 35 pairs of legs,
55 mm long, 5 mm wide, 3 mm high (killed March 4, 1953,
and oviducts removed for sectioning) ; 35 pairs of legs, 72 mm
long, 6 mm wide, 5 mm high; 35 pairs of legs, 79 mm long,
6 mm wide, 5 mm high.

Additional material examined. Portland, ca. 1 mile W.S.W.
of Ecclesdown, March 30, 1958, R. P. Bengry, collector, three
specimens as follows: 36 pairs of legs, 127 (living specimens),
112 (preserved specimens) mm long, 10 mm wide, 7 mm high;
35 pairs of legs, 78 mm long, 7 mm wide, 5 mm high; 36 pairs
of legs, 76 mm long, 7 mm wide, 5 mm high.

No other species of Epiperipatus is known from the West
Indies proper, except for E. barbouri Brues from Grenada.
E. trinidadensis (Stuhlmann) is known from Trinidad and
E. t. var. broadwayi Clark is described from Tobago. I have
recently identified E. edwardsii from Trinidad.

BlBLIOGAPHY

ANDREWS, E. A. 1911. Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ., Feb. 1911, pp. 1-4.

-. 1933. Quart. Rev. Biol. 8: 155-163.
BARBOUR, T. 1910. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 52: 271-301.
BENGRY, R. P. 1953. Nat. Hist. Notes, Nat. Hist. Soc. Jamaica 5(58) :
167.

220 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1961

BOUVIER, M. E. L. 1905. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. sen 9, 2: 1-383.

-. 1907. Loc. cit. 5: 61-318.

BRUES, C. T. 1911. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 54(8) : 305-318.
CLARK, A. H. 1913. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 26: 15-20.
COCKERELL, T. D. A. 1893. Zool. Anz. 16: 341-343.

-. 1901. Nature 63 : 325-326.
DUERDEN, J. E. 1901. Nature 63: 440-441.

GOSSE, P. H. 1851. A Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica. London.
GRABHAM, M. and T. D. A. COCKERELL. 1892. Nature 46: 514.
GRABHAM, M. 1893. Journ. Inst. Jamaica 1 : 217-220.
GUILDING, L. 1826. Zoological Journal 2 : 443.

LYNN, W. G. 1944. Nat. Hist. Notes, Nat. Hist. Soc. Jamaica 2(19) :
113-114.

— . 1946. Glimpses of Jamaican Natural History 2 : 21-23.
SEDWICK, A. 1888. Quart. Journ. Micro. Soc. 28: 431-493.
WALTER, M. 1943. Nat. Hist. Notes, Nat. Hist. Soc. Jamaica 1(9):
10-11.

Nomenclature Notice

All comments relating to the following should be marked with
the Commission's File Number and sent in duplicate, before
December 16th, to the Secretary, International Commission on
Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Museum (Natural His-
tory), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 7, England.

Validation of the generic name Cicadella Latreille, 1817
(Order Hemiptera). Z.N. (S.) 457.

Designation of a type-species for Conomelus Fieber, 1866
(Order Hemiptera). Z.N. (S.) 468.

Designation of a type-species for Aphis Linnaeus, 1758 (Or-
der Hemiptera). Z.N. (S.) 881.

Designation of a type-species for Dasiops Rodani, 1856
(Order Diptera). Z.N. (S.) 1240.

Designation of a type-species for Harrisoniella Bedford,
1928 (Order Mallophaga). Z.N. (S.) 1282.

Designation of a type-species for Lestis Lepeletier & Ser-
ville, 1828 (Order Hymenoptera). Z.N. (S.) 1383.

For details see Bull. Zool. Nomencl. Vol. 18, Part 3.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 221

Reviews

FACTS AND THEORIES CONCERNING THE INSECT HEAD. By
R. E. Snodgrass. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol.
142, No. 1. Pp. 1-56. Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
D. C, 1961.

This compendious little booklet, like all of Dr. Snodgrass's
work, is characterized by its succinct yet smooth and lucid lan-
guage ; each idea is approached most directly and set forth
clearly without an excess word or phrase. The discussions of
complex anatomical details are easily followed, and as for the
theoretical part, this is even delectable, for theories are often
more fun than facts.

Dr. Snodgrass likes to relate his thinking to the broadest
fundamental concepts, and so, on page one along with a state-
ment of the scope of the book there is this precis on morphology
and its relation to anatomy and ontogeny :

"Morphology is an attempt to understand the sig-
nificance of anatomical facts in relation to one another,
and to reconstruct from the known facts the evolutionary
development by which the animal has come to be what
it is today. Consequently as new facts come to light
our morphology has to be revised to fit them, though it
sometimes seems as if some morphologists find it easier
to make the facts fit their theories. Ontogeny and anat-
omy are visible facts not always correctly observed ;
morphology and phylogeny are mental concepts that
cannot be demonstrated."

Chapter I (8 pages) treats of the development and evolution
of the head capsule and its appendages. The chief conclusion
is that the head is constituted of a preoral region (head lobes
or blastocephalon of the embryo) that bears the eyes and an-
tennae, and of a postoral region of four undoubted segments,

222 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1961

the premandibular (tritocerebral) and the three appendage-
bearing segments. This idea is already set forth in Snod-
grass's Principles of Morphology (1935) but is here more
perfectly developed.

Chapters II-VI (28 pages) deal with the morphology of the
head capsule and its appendages. The emphasis is on under-
standing its component structures in arthropods and their
evolution in the Insecta. Almost 100 drawings illustrate this
section.

Chapter VII, entitled "Theoretical Considerations," takes up
the various theories of the segmental origin of the insect head,
the old ones that are still actively supported as well as some
novel ones of recent origin. Curiously, the same "facts" are
often used to support very different ideas, and as Snodgrass
remarks : ". . . the facts often seem less important than the
theoretical discussions about them." Mostly it is claimed that
the preoral part of the head is made up of three segments, or
even four, but not necessarily in the same order. Thus, one
theory states that the labrum represents Segment I, another that
it is really what is usually numbered Segment III (tritocere-
bral), and both base their conclusions on the same "facts" of
innervation ! Dr. Snodgrass gives an amazingly compact yet
perspicuous account of the crucial observational data and the
reasoning upon which the alternative theories are based. Many
misinterpretations of facts are exposed and fallacious reasoning
is confuted from his own more thorough knowledge of arthro-
pod morphology. Always concerned primarily with investigat-
ing anatomical facts and developing a sound morphology, he
now also brings in the theory that he himself has favored, albeit
with a characteristic fine restraint. He suggests that as long as
there is no real evidence that the preoral head region was ever
segmented we

"may as well in the meantime be content with the facts
as they are known. If we must have a theory, that of
the prostomial nature of the embryonic blastocephalon
is the simplest and easiest to visualize.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 223

And he goes on to remark :

"And really, it would be too bad if the question of head
segmentation ever should be finally settled; it has been
for so long such fertile ground for theorizing that ar-
thropodists would miss it as a field for mental exercise.

R. G. SCHMIEDER

CICINDELIDAE OF CANADA by J. B. Wallis. Pp. xiv + 74,
5 plates (4 colored), 16 maps. University of Toronto Press,
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

NOVEMBER 1961

Vol. LXXII No. 9

CONTENTS

Evans — Nesting behavior of Plenoculus davisi 225

Sabrosky — Three new nearctic acalyptrate Diptera 229

Alexander — New exotic crane-flies. Part IV 235

Scott — Genitalic key to U. S. genera of mosquitoes 243

Coppel — Unusual habitat for Ancistrocerus tigris 246

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Obituary 251

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXII NOVEMBER, 1961 No. 9

Notes on the Nesting Behavior of Plenoculus davisi
Fox (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

HOWARD E. EVANS, Museum of Comparative Zoology,

Cambridge, Mass.

The genus Plenoculus includes some of our smallest digger
wasps, females usually measuring about five or six millimeters
in length. In a recent revision of the genus, Williams (1960)
has reviewed what is known of the biology of members of the
genus. Of the fifteen North American species, two are known
to prey upon Hemiptera {davisi, stygius), while a third (cocker-
ellii) apparently preys upon pyralid caterpillars. Nothing is
known regarding the other twelve species. Williams' (1914)
report on apicalis (= d. davisi} contains the only available in-
formation on nest structure and provisioning behavior, but this
report leaves several questions unanswered.

My acquaintance with this genus is limited to the most
common and widely distributed form, d. davisi Fox. A few
years ago I attempted to collect larvae of this form for inclusion
in a survey of the structure of sphecid larvae. After several
failures, I finally obtained one full-grown larva which has since
been described (Evans 1959). The notes gathered in the course
of these studies appear to add several details to what is known
of the behavior of the species and are therefore summarized
here. One field note was made in Grant Co., Kansas, in August
1952, two at Ithaca, N. Y., July and August 1953 and 1957,
and six others at Granby Center, Oswego Co., N. Y., June-
August 1955-58. I am indebted to F. X. Williams for identi-
fying the Plenoculus and to D. M. Weisman for determining
the hemipterous prey.

(225)

226 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1961

Plenoculus d. davisi nests in small sand pits, blow-outs,
washes, and other places where there is flat or slightly sloping
open sand or sandy gravel. Usually I have found only one or
two at a time, but at Granby Center there were many females
nesting, though the nests were widely scattered over the avail-
able sand. Nests are ordinarily dug in the morning, provisioned
throughout the day, then closed in the late afternoon. About
two hours of intermittent digging are required to complete a
nest. The female kicks sand vigorously with the front legs
while the abdomen moves up and down rapidly in synchrony
with the front legs. Once finished, the nest is left open at all
times until provisioning is complete. The small mound of sand
that accumulates at the entrance remains intact until time of the
final closure.

Several nests dug out at Granby Center, N. Y., entered the
ground at about a 30-45 degree angle with the surface, then
after 1-2 cm became vertical or nearly so, terminating in a cell
at a depth of 4-7 cm. In the one nest dug out at Ithaca, the
burrow was straight, forming about a 60 degree angle with the
surface; the burrow was 7 cm long and terminated in a cell at
a vertical depth of 5.5 cm. All of these nests had but a single
cell. However, my studies were not sufficiently detailed so that
I could be sure that unicellular nests are always the rule in these
areas. All successful excavations were made before the nests
had received the final closure, as it proved very difficult to dig
out these very small nests once the burrow had been filled with
sand. The diameter of the burrow was only about 1.5 mm, the
cells only abovit 4 mm in diameter.

The one nest dug out in Grant Co., Kansas, had an oblique
burrow which formed about a 45 degree angle with the surface ;
it was about 5 cm long, at a depth of 3.5 cm terminating in a
cell. Beyond this cell I found three additional cells in more
or less a straight line, all about 5 cm below the surface and
from 1 to 2.5 cm apart. The burrow connecting these cells
had been filled, but the burrow leading from the surface to the
newest cell was still open. The female had been seen digging
this nest in the morning ; when it was dug out at 5 PM the three

Ixxii]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

227

completed cells each contained an egg. Williams (1914) found
several cells per nest in Phillips Co., Kansas. In this case some
of the cells contained partially grown larvae, indicating that the
wasp had remained with the same nest over a period of several
days.

TABLE 1. — Contents of nests of Plenoculus d. davisi

Nest no.

Locality

Lygus

lineolaris
nymphs

Lygus
lineolaris
adults

Chlamy-
datus
associatus
adults

Trigono-
tylus
ruficornis
adults

107, cell 1

Grant Co., Kansas

3

107, cell 2

5

107, cell 3

3

107, cell 4

4

592

Ithaca, N. Y.

2

1

1552

Oswego Co., X. Y.

1

2

15 80 A

Oswego Co., N. Y.

5

2

1580B

Oswego Co., N. Y.

3

2

1580C

Oswego Co., N. Y.

8

Williams found the nests to be provisioned with a single spe-
cies of Miridae (probably Psallns seriatus Reuter), both adults
and immatures. However, he cites one record of a burrow pro-
visioned with immature aphids (Williams 1960). In the three
localities in which I studied this wasp, Miridae were used exclu-
sively, both adults and immatures. Any one nest tended to be
provisioned with only one species, but there were some excep-
tions. In all, four quite different-looking mirids were employed.
These were: Lygus lineolaris (P. de B.), Phytocoris quercicola
Knight, Trigonotylus ruficornis (Goeffroy), and Chlamydatns
associatus (Uhler). From three to eight bugs were used per
cell (see accompanying table). In addition to those bugs taken
from cells and recorded in the table, several more specimens of
Lygus lineolaris and one specimen of Phytocoris quercicola
were taken from wasps captured on the wing.

The bugs are carried to the nest in flight, the wasp grasping
the beak of the bug very firmly in the mandibles (the wasps
often retain their grasp on the bug even after being killed in
cyanide). In flight, the bug is also embraced by the legs of
the wasp ; the bug is always venter-up. The wasp may land one

228 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1961

or more times on the sand with the prey before arriving at the
open nest entrance and plunging quickly in. Bugs may be
brought in rather rapidly, one every few minutes, or at much
more widely spaced intervals ; in any case the wasp usually
remains inside the nest only a few seconds.

In the cell, the bugs are placed venter-tip, head-in. Oviposi-
tion does not occur until the last bug is in place. The egg is
whitish, about 1.5 mm long, curved only slightly. It is laid on
the venter of the top bug, one end glued to the body just in
front of one of the middle coxae, the rest of the egg extending
free, off to one side at a right angle to the long axis of the bug.
The egg hatches in two days and the larva begins feeding
through the coxal cavity, its body at first remaining more or
less perpendicular to that of the bug. Williams (1914, fig. 120)
figures the small larva feeding, and my observations confirm his
on this point. The one larva that was brought to maturity in
a rearing tin required seven days from the time of hatching.

Collecting and nesting records from both New York and
Kansas indicate that this wasp has at least two generations a
year in both areas. There remain several unsatisfactorily re-
solved problems regarding this species. In particular, more in-
formation is needed on the number of cells per nest and whether
or not the female makes a new nest every day or may add cells
to an old one. Since Williams experienced some difficulty in
excavating his nests, it is not absolutely certain that the cell
which he found containing a feeding larva actually belonged to
the nest he was digging. Plenoculus davlsi is a difficult wasp
to work with, chiefly because of its small size and the ease with
which the inconspicuous nests can be accidentally destroyed.

REFERENCES CITED

EVANS, H. E. 1959. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 85: 166-167, pi. XXIII.
WILLIAMS, F. X. 1914. Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull. 8: 207-208.
. 1960. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 31 : 1-49.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 229

Three New Nearctic Acalypterate Diptera

CURTIS W. SABROSKY, Entomology Research Division, Agricul-
tural Research Service, United States Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

Frequently, a revision of a genus of insects is hardly published
before undescribed species are discovered. Three such species
are described here, with notes placing them in the recently pub-
lished keys. Two are in the family Milichiidae, and one in
Trixoscelidae.

MILICHIIDAE

Meoneura californica, new species

Highly polished black, with yellow halter knob, lightly
browned wing, and two pairs of dorsocentral bristles.

Male. — Predominantly black; anterior half of front reddish
yellow, parafacial and cheek anteriorly reddish brown ; knob of
halter lemon-yellow, the stalk brown ; veins brown, the wing
membrane lightly brown tinted.

Front shining, the frontal triangle poorly distinguished, espe-
cially toward apex, not smooth and polished as in M. polita
Sabrosky, half as long as the front and with similar minute
wrinkling ; ocellar tubercle obscurely gray pollinose, subshining ;
eye large, rounded; cheek shining but not smooth, minutely
wrinkled both above and below the diagonal ridge, rather broad,
height at the middle 0.44 times that of an eye; middle bristle
of the three on the vibrissal angle slightly shorter than the
others ; chaetotaxy of head as usual in the genus, the bristles
moderately strong; postvertical bristles slightly divergent; one
pair of anterior interfrontal bristles fairly strong and distinct,
directed forward above the lunule.

Mesonotum, scutellum, and part of pleuron (pro-, meso-, and
sternopleuron) polished ; notal hairs sparse, as in polita, but not
as long and conspicuous as in that species ; two pairs of dorso-
central bristles, the posterior pair long and well developed, the
presutural pair only about half as long, but clearly standing out

230 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [ Nov., 1961

from the mesonotal hairs, especially as seen in profile; ptero-
pleuron without bristles.

Abdomen shining, the dorsum finely shagreened, terga with
minute hairs, appearing bare except under high magnification;
terminalia (Fig. 1) with both forceps and lamella well developed,
the latter with numerous long bristles.

FIG. 1. Male terminalia of Meoneura califortiira.

Legs short, the basitarsi moderately short ; fore femur with a
strong preapical posteroventral bristle on distal fourth, followed
by short hairs.

Venation as usual for the genus ; costa beyond first vein with
the usual short, regular setae ; costa, third, and fifth veins strong,
second vein slender but distinct, the fourth pale and weak;
second vein bisinuate, shorter than in polita, the second costal
sector (between apices of veins 1 and 2) 3.7 times the length
of third sector, the third subequal to or barely longer than (1.05)
the fourth sector ; fourth vein weakly sinuate.

Female. — As described for male, except for terminalia.

Length of body, 1.5 mm; of wing, 1.25 mm.

Holotype male, allotype, and one male, five female paratypes,
Borrego Valley, San Diego Co., CALIF., June 20, 1960, and one
female paratype, Borrego Springs, Calif., January, 1961 (Bryan
T. Whitworth), taken in Tinkham trap with rotten egg bait.
Type No. 65670 in the U. S. National Museum, paratypes re-
turned to the Bureau of Vector Control, California Department
of Public Health. Also two female paratypes, Coachella Valley,
Calif., Dec. 18, 1929 and Dec. 9, 1930 (R. W. Burgess), pre-
viously included as paratypes of M. polita Sabrosky fU. S.
Nat. Mus.].

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 231

The genus Meoneura was revised by Sabrosky (1959, Ann.
Ent. Soc. Amer. 52: 17-26), with a key to 12 species. The
present new species closely resembles M. polita Sabrosky and
will key to that species, but differs as shown in the following
couplet :

Frontal triangle distinct, smooth and polished, -£ or more
the length of front; second costal sector 2.4-2.7 times the
length of third sector, the latter longer than fourth (1.1-
1.27 times) ; veins yellowish and wing membrane whitish;
male terminalia simple, the lamella undeveloped (Sabrosky,
1959, Fig. 3) M. polita Sabr.

Frontal triangle poorly distinguished, subshining, minutely
wrinkled, half as long as front; second costal sector dis-
tinctly longer than in polita, 3.7 times the length of third
sector, the third and fourth subequal ; veins brown and wing
membrane brown tinted ; male terminalia with lamella well
developed (Fig. 1, herewith) M. calif arnica, n. sp.

Pholeomyia vockerothi, new species

Large species with four pairs of dorsocentral bristles, no
outer verticals, a row of 3 mesopleural bristles, and silvery dor-
sum of abdomen.

Male. — Black to black-brown, dull, brownish-gray pollinose
except for the brilliant silvery dorsum of abdominal segments 2
through 5 ; wing hyaline, veins pale brown and membrane light
brown tinted ; calypteres brown with brown fringe.

Front slightly wider that that of indecora (Loew), at the
vertex subequal to eye width and 0.38 times the width of head,
sides slightly converging anteriorly, at the lunule the front 0.26
times the head width; postvertical bristles almost parallel,
weakly divergent ; outer vertical bristles absent ; lunular bristles
weak; face weakly concave, gray pollinose but subshining; para-
facial linear; cheek very narrow, sublinear directly below eye,
slightly widening anteriorly to vibrissa ; proboscis short.

Mesonotum with four pairs of dorsocentral bristles, the ante-
rior bristle in each row, close to the mesonotal suture, only half
the length of the following bristle; two pairs of well-developed
postsutural acrosticals, on posterior slope of mesonotum, the

232 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [NOV., 1961

presuturals especially well developed; mesopleuron with three
strong bristles in a single row. Abdomen broad and flat, twice
the width of thorax, abdominal terga 2 through 4 each with one
row of short, fine, black hairs near posterior margin ; abdominal
sterna narrow, the fourth and fifth sparsely beset with hairs;
sternum 4 narrow as in expansa Aldrich ; sternum 5 subtri-
angular, broadened distally.

Wing venation approximately as in indecora; costal excision
only moderately deep, intermediate between indecora and ex-
pansa, 1.7 times the length of small crossvein.

Length of body, 5 mm ; of wing, 4 mm.

Holotype male, Highlands, N. C, 3,800 ft, June 24, 1957
(J. R. Vockeroth), "at light during heavy rain." Type in the
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Pholeomyia vockerothi is characterized by an interesting com-
bination of characters. As may be seen in my recent revision of
the genus (Sabrosky, 1959, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 52: 316-
331), the new species belongs with the few species (longiseta
Becker, latifrons Sabrosky, indecora (Loew), and expansa
Aldrich) in which there are three to four pairs of dorsocentral
bristles and parallel or subparallel postverticals. Three of the
four species have the thorax and abdomen concolorous in both
sexes, gray to brown-gray pollinose. The striking silvery abdo-
men of vockerothi obviously resembles that of the fourth species,
P. expansa, known only from California. However, several
characters of the new species correspond to those of the common
and widespread P. indecora, notably the presence of only three
mesopleural bristles, absence of outer verticals, and brown wing.
In the depth of the costal excision, vockerothi is intermediate
between indecora and expansa, and in width of cheek it is nar-
rower than either.

The range of vockerothi may be extremely limited. It was
collected in the area in western North Carolina that has a
localized fauna with striking relationships to the distant fauna
of the far western states (e.g., the acrocerid genus Eulonchus),
and its apparent relationship to the Californian species expansa
suggests that it may be one of these localized species.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 233

The new species will pass to couplet 4 in the key by Sabrosky
(1959), which can be modified as follows, using first those char-
acters that are known to apply to both sexes in this genus,
although females of both cxpansa and vockerothi are still un-
known :

4. Mesopleuron with three bristles in a single row along poste-
rior margin ; wing brown tinted ; male lacking outer verti-
cals 4a.

— Mesopleuron more heavily bristled, typically with seven

bristles in two rows ; wing whitish ; male with long, strong

outer verticals (Calif.) P. expansa Aid.

4a. Cheek narrow, sublinear below eye ; clorsum of male ab-
domen silvery except for narrow first tergum (N.C.) . . . .
P. vockerothi, n. sp.

— Cheek broad for the genus, slightly less than breadth of third

antennal segment; thorax and abdomen concolorous in
both sexes, gray to brown-gray pollinose (widespread,
U. S. and Canada) P. indecora (Loew).

TRIXOSCELIDAE
Spilochroa geminata, new species

Wing with numerous hyaline spots, and abdomen polished
black.

Male, female. — Color, pollinosity, and habitus as in the com-
mon ornata (Johnson). Dull, gray to grayish brown; front
yellow, especially anteriorly, the parafrontal, face, and cheek
whitish and frontal triangle gray-brown ; antenna yellow above,
third segment black to brown below, especially on outer surface.
Thorax gray with some inconspicuous brown markings ; small
brown spots about the bases of bristles and hairs. Abdomen
polished black except for dull, brownish basal segment, and, in
the male, the large, dull, finely brown pollinose terminalia. Legs
yellow, fore femur slightly infuscated on outer side. Wing,
except at base, brown with numerous hyaline spots ; subcostal
cell hyaline with central brown spot. Hairs and bristles black.

Anatomy and chaetotaxy as in 6". ornata, the type-species.
Wing venation as figured for ornata (Williston, 1908, Manual
N. Amer. Diptera, ed. 3, p. 297) ; wing with pattern of hyaline

234 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [NOV., 1961

spots similar to ornata, but marginal cell with three large, evenly
distributed, subquadrate spots, the median larger than either of
others ; submarginal and first posterior cells each with two spots
close together, directly behind the large median spot in marginal
cell, and discal cell with two large spots beyond level of small
crossvein; spotting in other areas much like that of ornata.

Length of body and of wing, 2.5-3 mm.

Holotype male, and allotype, Buckeye, Maricopa Co., ARIZ.,
Jan. 18, 1961 (A. N. Villa). Type No. 65671 in the U. S.
National Museum. Paratypes : 2 males, 6 females, same data as
holotype; 2 females, same locality, Dec. 9, 1960 and Jan. 11,
1961 ; male, 3 miles s. of Cave Creek Postoffice, Maricopa Co.,
Ariz., June 1952, at light (H. K. Gloyd) ; male, 2 females,
Avondale, Ariz., Dec. 6, 1960; 2 males, Tucson, Ariz., June
17, 1917 (J. M. Aldrich) ; male, Imuris, Sonora, Mexico, Apr.
16, 1952 (R. E. Ryckman). The 1960-61 specimens were col-
lected in Steiner fruit fly traps.

A key to the four Nearctic species of Spilochroa was published
by Wheeler (1955, Wasmann Jour. Biol. 13: 111-112). The
new species will key to S. polita Malloch, both having a subcostal
cell with dark spot centrally, and abdomen polished black. The
new species has a more thickly spotted wing, with pairs of sub-
quadrate spots as noted, in the submarginal, first posterior, and
discal cells, whereas in polita there is only a single, small,
rounded hyaline spot at each of the points mentioned and the
wing thus appears predominantly brown. No males of polita
are available for comparisons of the male terminalia.

A geographical separation from polita is possible, but present
material is too limited to be sure. All known specimens of
polita were collected in New Mexico and Texas, and those of
the new species in Arizona and Sonora.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 235

New Exotic Crane-Flies (Tipulidae: Diptera).

Part IV

CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, Amherst, Massachusetts *

The preceding part under this general title was published in
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, 72: 113-121 ; 1961. At this time I am
considering species of the genus Hexatoma, chiefly from various
parts of India where they were taken by Dr. Fernand Schmid,
and including two from the Philippines, where they were taken
by Mr. Charles F. Clagg and Dr. Edward S. Ross. Except
where indicated to the contrary, the types of the novelties are
preserved in my personal collection of these flies.

Hexatoma (Eriocera) prolixa new species

Belongs to the longicornis group; size medium (wing under
10 mm) ; antennae of male elongate, approximately twice the
length of the wing; general coloration gray, praescutum with
three darker stripes; wings with R1 + 2 slightly longer than either
R2 or -/?2 + 3.

J1. Length about 6-6.5 mm; wing 7.5-8 mm; antenna about

12-16 mm.
5- Length about 7-8 mm ; wing 7.5-9 mm ; antenna about

1.3-1.5 mm.

Rostrum short, light brown, sparsely pruinose; palpi with
proximal segments brown, terminal segment black. Antennae
of male 6-segmented, elongate, approximately twice the length
of the wing, dark brown ; flagellar segments greatly lengthened,
especially the terminal one ; segments with a dense erect white
pubescence, with very sparse larger emergence bristles that are
very small on the basal segment, becoming longer and more deli-
cate on the terminal one; antennae of female short, apparently
9-segmented, the segments gradually decreasing in length out-
wardly. Head gray, clearer laterally behind; vertical tubercle

1 Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory, University of Massa-
chusetts.

236 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1961

of male large, rounded, with an impressed line on either side;
tubercle in female very reduced.

Pronotum dark brown. Mesonotum gray, praescutum with
three brown stripes, the median one narrowed behind, in front
vaguely divided by a darker capillary vitta ; vestiture sparse, pale.
Halteres with stem brownish yellow, knob dark brown. Legs
with coxae dark brown; trochanters more yellowed, especially
beneath; remainder of legs brownish black, femoral bases ob-
scure yellow, more extensively so on the posterior legs. Wings
weakly darkened; stigma oval, very slightly indicated; veins
brown, the outer medial branches paler. Veins chiefly glabrous,
beyond cord with abundant trichia on R, R±, R3, R± and a com-
plete series on distal section of R5; a few trichia on distal sec-
tion of Ml + 2 in some cases; basal veins glabrous, including Sc.
Venation : Sc long, Sc^^ ending opposite fork of Rs to shortly
before level of r-m; R2 subequal to R2 + 3, both shorter than
R1+2; m-cu shortly beyond fork of M.

Abdomen chiefly blackened, sparsely pruinose to appear plum-
beous. Ovipositor with fleshy valves, as in the group.

Habitat. INDIA (Kumaon). Holotype: <$, Koti, Pauri Garh-
wal, 4,200 feet, August 30, 1958 (Fernand Schmid). Allotopo-
type: 5, pinned with type. Paratypes: 1 J\ Lingari, Pauri
Garhwal, 4,400 feet, September 1, 1958; 1$, Lohajang, Pauri
Garhwal, 6,070 feet, August 21, 1958; 3^$, Maupata, Pauri
Garhwal, 4,500 feet, September 2, 1958 ; 1 J1, Wan, Pauri Garh-
wal, 7,880 feet, August 20, 1958 ; 1 <£ Bilap, Almora, 5,500 feet,
September 6, 1958 (Fernand Schmid).

Hexatoma (Eriocera} prolixa is distinguished from other
regional members of the longicornis group by its small size and
comparative shortness of the male antennae, which are only about
twice the wing length.

Hexatoma (Eriocera) serena new species

Size medium (wing of female 10 mm) ; general coloration
black, surface subnitidous; legs black, femoral bases broadly
yellow ; wings strongly darkened, base conspicuously light yel-

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 237

low; veins with abundant macrotrichia ; R2+3 + 4 and R^2 sub-
equal, R2 and R2 + 3 short, nearly equal, m-cu at or beyond mid-
length of M"3 + 4; abdomen black, genital segment orange, ovi-
positor with cerci very long and slender.

§. Length about 12 mm; wing 10 mm; antenna about 1.2

mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae of female short, 7-
segmented ; first segment of flagellum enlarged at base, nar-
rowed outwardly, with a few long setae, the longest exceeding
one-half the length of segment ; succeeding three segments pro-
gressively shorter, terminal segment long, more than twice the
length of the penultimate. Head black.

Thorax uniformly black, surface subnitidous; praescutal and
scutal setae long, black. Halteres blackish, base of stem orange.
Legs with coxae black, trochanters brown, remainder of legs
black, the femoral bases broadly yellow, slightly more exten-
sively so on posterior legs where nearly the proximal half is
included. Wings strongly darkened, especially along the veins,
centers of the cells slightly paler ; prearcular field conspicuously
light yellow, proximal ends of cells C and Sc less evidently
brightened ; veins brown, paler in the yellow areas. Veins of
outer two-thirds of wing with abundant macrotrichia, including
also all of veins Sc, R and M and outer half of Cul and 1st A;
a few trichia at extreme outer end of vein 2nd A. Venation:
Sc^ nearly opposite fork of the long Rs; R.2 + 3 + 4 and ^1 + ., sub-
equal or the former a trifle longer; R.2 and R.2 + 3 short, nearly
equal; basal section of R:> about one-half -/?2 + s + 4/ ce^ -^ M-~ a
little shorter than Mt; m-cu at or just beyond midlength of
•^3 + 4,' distal section of Cnt in longitudinal alignment with the
basal section. Surface of wing of type showing loose hairs
lying on but detached from the membrane.

Abdomen brownish black, without differentiated basal rings ;
genital shield orange. Ovipositor with long, very slender cerci.

Habitat. INDIA (Kerala). Holotype: $, Periyakanal, 5,000-
5,500 feet, December 17, 1958 (Fernand Schmid).

238 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1961

From other generally similar medium-sized regional species
of the subgenus the present fly is readily told by the body colora-
tion, and by the pattern, venation and trichiation of the wings.
Such species include Hexatoma (Erioccra} anainalaiana Alex-
ander, H. (£.) tacita Alexander, and H. (E.) politovertex
Alexander.

Hexatoma (Eriocera) phaeton new species

Size medium (wing of male 9.5 mm) ; general coloration of
thorax polished black; legs black, femoral bases narrowly yel-
lowed ; wings strongly darkened, unpatterned ; Sc± ending oppo-
site fork of Rs, R2+3 about twice R2, cell 1st M2 long- rectangular,
cell 2nd A narrow ; abdomen black, the basal segments obscure
yellow.

J1. Length about 9 mm; wing 9.5 mm; antenna about 1.7
mm.

Rostrum very short, brownish black; palpi black. Antennae
of male 7-segmented, black throughout ; first flagellar segment
nearly as long as the succeeding two combined, stouter, with
relatively sparse coarse setae ; antepenultimate segment subequal
to the terminal one, both shorter than the penultimate. Head
black, more or less pruinose above.

Pronotum brownish black. Mesonotum shiny black; prae-
scutal setae small and very sparse. Pleura black, posterior
sclerites and pleurotergite a trifle paler. Halteres light brown,
apex of knob darker brown. Legs with coxae black ; tro-
chanters brownish yellow beneath, darker above; remainder of
legs black, femoral bases narrowly yellowed. Wings strongly
darkened, unpatterned, with no trace of stigmal darkening ; a
whitish streak in basal half of cell 1st A adjoining the vein ;
veins brown, Sc and R more yellowed. Strong macrotrichia
on most veins beyond cord, sparse on M3, lacking on M,, Cnl
and both Anals ; on Sc well distributed over the entire length ;
R with numerous microscopic setigerous punctures before the
arculus, very small but more abundant near extreme base.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 239

Venation : Sc moderately long, Scl ending opposite fork of Rs;
7?., + 3 + 4 and Rl + 2 subequal or the latter slightly longer, shorter
than R2+3, the latter about twice R.,; cell 1st M2 long- rectangular,
slightly shorter than the distal section of M1 + 2; m-cu about one-
third its length beyond the fork of M, longer than the distal
section of Cu1 which is not bent markedly basad; cell 2nd A
narrow.

Abdomen black, sides of basal tergite and proximal third of
the second obscure yellow, posterior borders of segments very
narrowly pale; no differentiated basal rings; outer segments
with conspicuous setae, long and yellow on the sternites, black
and much shorter on the tergites.

Habitat. INDIA (Madras). Holotype: J1, Kumili, 2,000-
2,500 feet, November 28, 1958 (Fernand Schmid).

The most similar regional members of the subgenus include
Hexatoma (Eriocera} serena new species and H. (£.) rama
Alexander, all readily told among themselves by the body and
wing coloration and by the venation and trichiation of the
wings.

Hexatoma (Eriocera) furtiva new species

Size medium (wing of male about 12 mm) ; head and thorax
black, pruinose; praescutum dark gray with four opaque black
stripes that are narrowly bordered by more intense black; legs
black ; wings strongly tinged with brown, the prearcular and
costal fields strongly so ; outer radial veins with abundant macro-
trichia; R1 + 2 long, cell M^ present; abdomen black, segments
two to four orange yellow.

J1. Length about 15 mm; wing 12.3 mm; antenna about 3
mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae of male 8-segmented,
black; first flagellar segment shorter than the succeeding two
combined ; all flagellar segments with long setae, stouter on the
more proximal segments. Head black, gray pruinose, with long
coarse proclinate bristles ; vertical tubercle porrect.

240 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1961

Pronotum black, sparsely pruinose. Mesonotal praescutum
dark gray, with four opaque black stripes that are narrowly
bordered by more intense black, including a central vitta ; pos-
terior sclerites black, subopaque ; praescutum with abundant
short black setae. Pleura dull black, pruinose. Halteres short,
black. Legs with coxae and trochanters black, the former
opaque, fore pair with abundant long setae ; remainder of legs
black ; segments without scales. Wings strongly tinged with
brown, the prearcular and costal fields strongly so, stigma not
further differentiated ; veins brown, outer veins behind the
radial field paler and more delicate. Outer radial veins with
abundant trichia, sparse or lacking on ^2 + 3 + 4 and R2 + s present
on both sections of RT<; scattered trichia on Mlt very sparse on
M2 and M3. Venation : Sc long, Scl ending opposite R2, Sc^
long, exceeding R2 + 3; Ri + 2 very long, about four times R2; cell
Ml present, subequal in length to its petiole ; m-cu at near mid-
length of M3 + 4; vein 2nd A long and sinuous.

First abdominal segment dull black, segments two to four,
inclusive, orange yellow, unpatterned except for vague lateral
darkenings on segments three and four; basal rings not differ-
entiated ; segments five to nine, including hypopygium, intensely
black, subnitidous.

Habitat. INDIA (Kumaon). Holotype: J1, Rishikesh, Dehra
Dun, 1,200 feet, March 25, 1958 (Fernand Schmid).

The most similar regional species is Hexatoma (Eriocera)
seniilimpida (Brunetti) which differs conspicuously in the pat-
tern of the body and wings.

Hexatoma (Eriocera) apoensis new species

Belongs to the rubrescens group ; mesonotum obscure orange,
with two small brown lateral spots, pleura more yellowed with
two further darkened areas ; legs obscure yellow ; wings brown-
ish yellow, unpatterned except for the very small brown stigma ;
basal section of Rr> very reduced, cell M1 present, subequal in
length to its petiole, cell 1st M2 rectangular, with m-cu at near
midlength ; basal abdominal segments orange, the outer ones
orange, hypopygium brownish yellow.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 241

J1. Length about 8 mm ; wing 1 1 mm ; antenna about 1.8 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae of male S-segmented ;
scape and pedicel brownish yellow, flagellum light brown ; first
flagellar segment stout basally, narrowed on outer half, a little
shorter than the succeeding two combined ; segments two and
three subequal, the former with very long verticils, the longest
only a little shorter than the segments ; outer three segments
gradually decreasing in length. Head light gray, center of disk
extensively infuscated ; vertical tubercle low.

Pronotum orange, pretergites yellow. Mesonotal praescutum
chiefly obscure orange, produced by four confluent stripes, hu-
meral and lateral regions paler; a distinct brown spot on side
of praescutum behind the pseudosutural foveae ; posterior inter-
spaces vaguely darkened ; scutum obscure orange, with a dark-
ened median area just behind the suture and a pair at ends of
the latter ; scutellum and postnotum paler brownish yellow ; vesti-
ture of notum exceedingly reduced. Pleura obscure yellow, with
small darkened areas on anepisternum and before the wing root.
Halteres infuscated. Legs with coxae and trochanters testaceous
yellow ; remainder of legs obscure yellow, outer tarsal segments
weakly more darkened; legs with abundant linear scales, paler
in color than the larger setae. Wings brownish yellow, unpat-
terned except for the very small darker brown stigma; veins
brown. Veins delicate, with macrotrichia beyond cord and on
outer two-thirds of Rs. Venation : Rs long, in longitudinal align-
ment with R-, basal section of the latter very reduced; ^2(.3 + 4
a trifle longer than Rl + 2 or R2; cell M1 present, subequal in
length to its petiole ; cell 1st M2 rectangular, with m-cn at near
midlength ; cell 2nd A relatively narrow.

Abdomen with basal three or four segments orange, outer
segments brown, darker before the brownish hypopygium.

Habitat. PHILIPPINES (Mindanao). Holotype: rf, Mount
Apo, 6,000 feet, September 10, 1930 (C. F. Clagg).

Hexatoma (Eriocera) apoensis is most nearly related to
H. (£.) angustipennis (Enderlein), of Sumatra, and H. (E.)
rubrescens (Walker), of Borneo, differing in the coloration,

242 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1961

especially of the thorax. The elongate scales on the legs are
found in all members of the rubrescens group that are known
to me.

Hexatoma (Eriocera) rossiana new species

Size small (length, wing and antennae all about 8 mm) ;
general coloration black, outer two abdominal segments orange ;
antennae of male 5-segmented, flagellar segments progressively
shorter outwardly, provided with an abundant pale pubescence
but without bristles ; knobs of halteres whitened ; wings strongly
infuscated, veins beyond cord with abundant trichia; cell M±
present, very deep; m-cu at near four-fifths the length of cell
1st M2.

J1. Length about 8 mm ; wing 8 mm ; antennae about 8.2 mm.

Rostrum relatively small, light brown; palpi brownish black.
Antennae of male elongate, subequal to body or wing; scape
ferruginous, remainder dark brown to brownish black ; 5-seg-
mented, there being only three very long flagellar segments that
decrease gradually in length and diameter from the basal one
outwardly ; segments with a very abundant erect pale pubescence
but without emergence bristles, as are common in most species
of the genus having elongate antennae in the male sex. Head
dull black, slightly patterned with paler on the inconspicuous
slightly bifid vertical tubercle: sides of vertex and genae adjoin-
ing the eyes slightly pruinose.

Pronotal scutum dark brown, obscure yellow medially, scu-
tellum similarly brightened. Mesonotal praescutum with the
ground dull black, with four poorly indicated plumbeous stripes,
the intermediate pair narrowly separated by a distance nearly
equal to their own width ; remainder of notum dull black, poste-
rior border of mediotergite more pruinose ; mesonotum unusu-
ally glabrous, the vestiture reduced to sparse erect scattered
setae on the scutellum and praescutal interspaces. Pleura dull
plumbeous black ; membrane darkened. Halteres with stem
dusky, base restrictedly obscure yellow, knob whitened. Legs
black throughout, vestiture short and appressed. Wings very

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 243

strongly infuscated, somewhat more so on anterior half, stigma
not differentiated; a whitened streak behind basal third of vein
1st A; veins brown. Veins beyond cord with numerous macro-
trichia, on M continued basad to about opposite origin of Rs.
Venation: Sc long, Sci ending beyond fork of R2 + 3 + 4> Sc2 far
retracted; Rs long, slightly exceeding R4; R.2 + 3 a little shorter
than R1 + .,; cell Mt present, about three times its petiole; cell
1st M2 elongate, with m-cu at near four-fifths its length.

Abdomen black, eighth and ninth segments orange; hypo-
pygium very small and inconspicuous, provided with long pale
setae.

Habitat. PHILIPPINES (Mindoro). Holotype: San Jose,
April 5, 1945 (E. S. Ross) ; California Academy of Sciences.

This very distinct fly is named for its collector, Dr. Edward
S. Ross, authority on the Embioptera and other groups of in-
sects. In the very long Rs, which is about twice as long as R,
the fly differs from all other described regional species. The
reduction in number of antennal segments to five likewise is
noteworthy. By Edwards's key to the Old World species of
Eriocera (1921) the fly runs to couplet 35, disagreeing with all
species beyond this point.

Mosquitoes : Key to United States Genera Based on
Male Genitalia (Diptera, Culicidae)

HAROLD GEORGE SCOTT 1

With the sustained interest in identification of Diptera via
characteristics of the male genitalia (Fig. 1), simple keys to the
various groups have become essential to efficient entomological
instruction. The following key, devised for CDC training
courses, has proven valuable in introducing this taxonomic
method.

1 Training Branch, Communicable Disease Center, Public Health Serv-
ice, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Atlanta, Georgia.

244 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1961

The failure of Aedes aegypti to key out with other members
of the genus (steps 2 and 12 of key), lends credence to the
concept that this is an African species, only distantly related
to Nearctic aedines.

1. Basistyle with 1-2 stout spines near base; phallosome 4 or

more times as long as wide, often with leaflets at tip

Anopheles

Basistyle without basal spines ; phallosome less than 4 times
as long as wide, without leaflets at tip 2

2. Claspettes present (absent in Aedes aegypti} 3

Claspettes absent 5

3. Dististyle strongly swollen (rarely lobate) ; or dististyle

bowed inward ; or both Psorophora

Dististyle not strongly swollen ; straight, or bowed out-
ward 4

4. Large leaf-like scales on distal lobe of basistyle

Haemogogus

Without large leaf-like scales on distal lobe of basistyle ....
Aedes

5. Tenth sternite with comb of teeth or crowned with tuft of

spines 6

Tenth sternite simple or with a few apical teeth 7

6. Lobe of ninth tergite less than one-half as long as basi-

style Culex

Lobe of ninth tergite at least one-half as long as basi-
style Deinocerites

7. Dististyle with 3 or more branches Wyeomyia

Dististyle simple or with a single lobe near base 8

8. Phallosome plate-like, with 1 or more large teeth on each

side Uranotaenia

Phallosome sub-conical, often with small teeth near tip. . . .9

9. Basal lobe of basistyle with 1-2 rods at apex, few or no

setae Mansonia

Basal lobe of basistyle with spines, numerous small setae. . 10

10. Claw of dististyle comb-like Orthopodomyia

Claw of dististyle spine-like 11

11. Outer edge of basistyle with large scales 12

Outer edge of basistyle without large scales Culiseta

12. Dististyle cylindrical, with subapical spine. .Toxorhynchites
Dististyle tapering, with apical spine Aedes aegypti

Ixxii]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

245

dististyle._

j phallosome--''

lobe of ninth tergite.'"

Aedes donalis

Anopheles puncttpennis

vcxans

C.ulex cfuinqutfasciatus

Fig. 1. MALE GENITALIA OF MOSQUITOES

246 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1961

An Unusual Habitat Niche for Ancistrocerus tigris
tigris (Saussure) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) *

HARRY C. COPPEL -

Field investigations on the introduced pine sawfly, Diprion
similis (Htg.), in 1959 showed that approximately 10% of
the cocoons from which adult sawflies had emerged were in-
habited by various arthropods (Coppel, 1960). First genera-
tion cocoons are usually spun on the needles and branches of
white pine trees. Though most of the inhabited cocoons were
used by spiders, approximately 8% were observed with mud
plugs covering the sawfly emergence holes (Fig. 1). These
were placed singly in vials and incubated until emergence was
complete. The adult wasps, all males, were determined as
Ancistrocerus tigris tigris (Saussure) by K. V. Krombein of
the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. This species
is indigenous to North America and is widespread in the United
States and Southern Canada where it has been bred from twigs,
oak galls, goldenrod galls, old wasp nests etc. Apparently,
empty sawfly cocoons have not been observed as habitat niches
previously, and females of the genus Ancistrocerus, in general,
construct and provision a linear series of cells.

In 1960, a simple sandwich-type artificial nest was constructed
(Fig. 2) to see whether females of A. t. tigris could be attracted
to single cocoons in parallel. It consisted of two rows of
cocoons, the upper one containing empty cocoons from which
female sawflies had emerged and the lower one empty cocoons
from which males had emerged. These were backed with
cocoons in similar rows but in reverse placement (male cocoons
above female cocoons), and were suspended approximately 6
feet above the ground, from branches of white pine trees.
Though most of the nests were destroyed by vandals one re-
mained which had been utilized by the wasp. Of its eleven

1 Approved for publication by the Director of the Wisconsin Agricul-
tural Experiment Station. This work was supported in part by the
Wisconsin Conservation Department.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Entomology, University of Wis-
consin, Madison 6, Wisconsin.

Ixxii]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

247

FIG. 1. Cocoons of Diprion siinilis (Htg.) on white pine twig, showing
emergence holes of Ancistrocerus tigris tigris (Saussure) through mud
plugs.

FIG. 2. Artificial nest used to attract Ancistrocerus tigris tigris (Saus-
sure), showing preference for upper row of larger female sawfly cocoons.

248 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1961

mud-plugged cocoons ten produced adult wasps, of which four
were males, four females, and two escaped. The only cocoons
utilized were those from which female sawflies had emerged and
whose emergence holes ranged from 3.2 to 3.6 mm in diameter.
Some wasp larvae in the cocoons were parasitized by insects
in 1959. Monodontomerus dentipes (Dalm.) (Hymenoptera:
Torymidae), an European parasite of D. similis larvae in
cocoons was obtained as were two native ichneumonid parasites
determined by Miss L. Walkley, U. S. National Museum, Wash-
ington, D. C., as Agrothereutes lophyri subsp. n., and Ephialtes
sp. Apparently, the sawfly parasites M. dentipes and A. lophyri,
which normally parasitize D. similis larvae in cocoons, also
parasitize later occupants of the Diprion cocoons without dis-
crimination.

REFERENCE

COPPEL, H. C. 1960. Ann. Ent. Soc. America 53: 847-849.

Collembola from Rodent Nests

D. L. WRAY 1 and G. F. KNOWLTON ~

Springtail insects or Collembola are found in a large number
of diverse habitats and probably in more unique places than any
other animal group. The objective of this paper is to report on
those species found in the course of studying several kinds of
rodent nests. Materials from these nests were collected and
run through Berlese funnels by G. F. Knowlton and his asso-
ciates. The determinations and systematic arrangement were
made by D. L. Wray.

1. POCKET GOPHER NESTS (Thomomys talpoides}.

These were collected at Monte Cristo, Utah on July 18, 1951
by G. F. Knowlton and T. T. Tibbetts. The following five spe-
cies were found in the nests :

1 Entomologist, Div. of Entomology, Dept. of Agriculture, Raleigh, N. C.

2 Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 249

Hypogastrura nivicola Fitch, 1 specimen ; Isotoma olivacea
Tullberg, numbering in the thousands ; Isotoma brucealla Wray,
24; Isotoma nigrijrons Folsom, 20; and Entomobrya purpuras-
cens Packard, 1.

2. ABANDONED MOUSE NEST.

Materials from this nest were collected at American Falls,
Idaho, April 9, 1952 by G. F. Knowlton and J. V. Bruce.

The following seven species were found :

Hypogastrura annata Nicolet, in considerable numbers; Hy-
pogastrura promatro Wray, few ; Folsomia guthriei Linna-
niemi, few ; Isotoma eunotabilis Folsom, few ; Entomobrya ni-
valis Linnaeus, few; Lcpidocyrtns cyaneus Tullberg, f.p., few;
Pseudosinella octopunctata Boerner, few.

3. MOUSE NEST (Microtus sp.).

This nest was obtained at Hyde Park, Utah, June 29, 1950
by G. F. Knowlton and J. V. Bruce.

The following eight species were found, most in small num-
bers unless otherwise indicated :

Hypogastrura matura Folsom, considerable numbers ; Proiso-
toma aquae Bacon, large numbers; Isotoma minor Schaeffer;
Isotoma eunotabilis Folsom; Lcpidocyrtus cyaneus Tullberg;
Pseudosinella sexoculata Schott ; Pseudosinella alba Packard ;
Pseudosinella Candida Folsom.

4. PACK RAT NESTS (Neotoma cinerea}.

(A). Nests collected at Logan Cave, Logan Canyon, Utah
on October 19, 1951 by G. F. Knowlton and W. H. Wilde
yielded the following two species :

Agrenia bidenticulata Tullberg, fifteen specimens; and Ento-
mobrya marginata Tullberg, two specimens with blunt ending
mucro. Also found were a few mites, small beetles, dipterous
larvae, and a small adult diptera.

250 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1961

(B). Nests collected at Logan Cave, Logan Canyon, Utah
on November 18, 1951 by G. F. Knowlton yielded the follow-
ing three species :

Folsomia fimetaria Linn., few; Entomobrya nivalis Linn.,
small numbers ; and Lepidocyrtus pusillus Linn., small number.

(C). Nests collected at Logan Cave, Logan Canyon, Utah
on November 17, 1951 by G. F. Knowlton and B. K. Collmar
produced the following six species :

Tullbergia granulata Mills, 1 specimen ; Folsomia fimetaria
Linn., few ; Isotoma eunotabilis Folsom, few ; Entomobrya mar-
ginata Tullberg, few ; Entomobrya nivalis Linn., few ; and Lepi-
docyrtus pusillus Linn., few.

SUMMARY

A summary of the number of species in each family that were
found in rodent nests would be as follows :

Poduridae

Hypogastrura armata Nicolet, H. nivicola Fitch, H. matura
Folsom, H. promatro Wray, Tullbergia granulata Mills.

Isotomidae

Poisotoma aquae Bacon, Agrenia bidenticulata Tullberg, Fol-
somia guthriei Linnaniemi, F. fimetaria Linnaeus, Isotoma bru-
cealla Wray, I. nigrifrons Folsom, /. eunotabilis Folsom, I.
minor Schaeffer, I. olivacea Tullberg.

Entomobryidae

Entomobrya purpurascens Packard, E. nivalis Linnaeus, E.
marginata Tullberg, Lepidocyrtus cyaneus Tullberg, f.p., L.
pusillus Linnaeus, Pseudosinella sexoculata Schott, P. alba
Packard, P. octopunctata Boerner, P. Candida Folsom.

Species belonging to the family Isotomidae were found more
numerous than any in the other families. A total of 23 species
belonging to 9 genera were found in the rodent nests examined.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 251

Evidently the moisture condition was such as to be conducive
for this wide range of species to live.

LITERATURE CITED

WRAY, D. L. 1953. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 48: 54-56.

WRAY, D. L. and G. F. KNOWLTON. 1950. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc.

45 : 60-64.
. 1956. The Great Basin Naturalist 16: 1-6.

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

DECEMBER 1961

Vol. LXXII No. 10

CONTENTS

Burks — The species of Pseudometagea Ashmead 253

Krombein — Passaloecus turionum in the U. S 258

Balduf — A large population of Polistes 259

Scott — Collembola of New Mexico, V 261

Porter — Coccygomimus maurus (Cresson) in X. J 267

Notes and News in Entomology

Revised International Code now ready 268

Nomenclature Notice 269

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXII DECEMBER, 1961 No. 10

The Species of Pseudometagea Ashmead (Hymen-
optera, Eucharitidae)

B. D. BURKS, Entomology Research Division, United States
Department of Agriculture

Pseudometagea Ashmead is a small genus of minute eucharitid
chalcids occurring only in North America. Specimens of Pseu-
dometagea look very much like ants, and they often are collected
in sweeping vegetation. No specimens have yet been reared, but
Ashmead once stated that his specimens of P. schwarsii (Ash-
mead) had come from ant nests.1 It is likely that, in agreement
with other members of the Eucharitidae for which the habits are
known, the species of Pseudometagea parasitize ants, and their
eggs are imbedded in the tissues of vegetation growing near the
nests of their hosts. The planidiform larvae, when found, cer-
tainly will be extremely minute.

P. sclnvarzii has long been known from the eastern and mid-
western states, but I recently received for identification a speci-
men of Pseudometagea from Wyoming that was clearly different
from sclwarzii. This prompted a search through the U. S.
National Museum collection for other specimens of the western
form. A long series of it that had been collected 66 years ago
in Colorado was found. In this paper I describe the western
species, redescribe schwarsii, and give one new synonym of
sclnvarzii.

Genus PSEUDOMETAGEA Ashmead

Pseudometagea Ashmead, 1897, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 4 : 239
[no species included] ; Ashmead, 1904, Mem. Carnegie Mus.,

1 Wheeler, 1907, Bui. Amcr. Mus. Nat. Hist. v. 23, p. 17.

(253)

(

254 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1961

1 : 267, 386 [Metagea schzvarzii Ashmead designated type] ;
Peck in Muesebeck et al, 1951, U. S. Dept. Agr. Monog. 2,
p. 515; Burks in Krombein et al., 1958, U. S. Dept. Agr.
Monog. 2, Suppl., p. 72.

Generic diagnosis. — Mandibles sickle-shaped, left mandible
with 2 teeth, right with 3. Antennae inserted at level of ventral
margins of compound eyes ; scape short, shorter than pedicel,
much shorter than first funicle segment, the latter always the
longest segment in antenna ; no ring segments present ; flagellum
filiform in both sexes ; funiculus with 6 or 7 segments in female,
7 segments in male ; club unsegmented, not broader than funicu-
lus, H times as long in male as in female; apical 2 funicle seg-
ments and club in female may be partly fused, and the variation
in number of funicle segments in the female may occur in the
same individual. Vertex depressed between posterior ocelli.

Parapsidal furrows varying from complete and deep to almost
or quite wanting. Fore wing with submarginal vein well devel-
oped, but marginal, stigmal, and postmarginal veins vague,
hardly discernible. Mid and hind tibia each with one slender,
apical spur; each basal tarsal segment twice as long as second
segment.

Petiole enlarged and nodose in the middle, anterior two-thirds
of petiole sculptured, posterior third smooth ; gaster compressed,
first gastral tergum occupying most or all of the dorsal extent
of the gaster.

Ashmead originally described schwarzii in the Australian
genus Metagea Kirby, but subsequently he decided that it was
sufficiently distinct to require a different generic name. As a
matter of fact, Metagea and Pseudoinetagea are not closely
related. Metagea is a genus of moderate to large-sized species
having the scape longer than the first funicle segment, the first
tarsal segment as long as the following 4 segments combined,
and the petiole not enlarged and nodose in the middle.

KEY TO SPECIES

Scutellum with a longitudinal, median furrow

schwarzii (Ashmead)

Scutellum with several longitudinal carinae . . bakeri, new species

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 255

Pseudometagea schwarzii (Ashmead)

Metagea sckwarsii Ashmead, 1892, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 2:
356.

Pseudometagia schwarsi (!) (Ashmead), Wheeler, 1907, Bui.

Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 23 : 17.
Pseudometagea schwarzii (Ashmead), Peck in Muesebeck et al.,

1951, U. S. Dept. Agr. Monog. 2, p. 515 ; Burks in Krombein

et al., 1958, U. S. Dept. Agr. Monog. 2, Suppl. p. 72.
Pseudometagea hillmeadia Girault, 1916, Bui. Brooklyn Ent.

Soc. 11: 113; Peck in Muesebeck et al. 1951, U. S. Dept.

Agr. Monog. 2, p. 515. New synonymy.

Female. — Length 1.8-2.2 mm. Dark chestnut-brown to black,
with faint metallic blue or green sheen sometimes visible on
head and thorax; antennae, apices of femora, tibiae, and tarsi
tan to light-brown; fore wing with faint brown shading along
paths of obsolete veins Cu and M, this shading also extending
as a vague cloud across wing from stigmal vein.

Clypeus, para- and supraclypeal areas, and space adjacent to
anterior margin of compound eye smooth and shining; genae,
parascrobal spaces, and vertex with irregular, rugose sculpture ;
length of malar space and height of compound eye equal ; width
of ocellocular space twice as great as diameter of lateral ocellus.
Antennal scape f as long as pedicel, first funicle segment 1^
times as long as pedicel.

Mesoscutum with alveolate sculpture anteriorly, smooth and
shining posteriorly; parapsidal furrows usually complete, occa-
sionally wanting ; axillae smooth ; scutellum smooth, with a me-
dian, longitudinal groove, this sometimes obscure near posterior
margin; apex of scutellum produced as a minute, flat shelf;
meso- and metapleura with closely set, parallel, longitudinal
rugae ; hind coxa shagreened, hind femur shining except at
base, where it is shagreened. Hind wing with venation distinct,
usually 4 hamuli present, sometimes with only 3.

Propodeum with large-alveolate sculpture ; petiole slightly
shorter than hind coxa, enlarged in middle to I-.1, times width
of hind coxa. Caster smooth ; first tergum usually occupying
entire dorsal length of gaster, following terga vertical; each
cercus bearing 5 bristles ; apex of first gastral sternum a slightly

256 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1961

upturned point that bear 6-8 long bristles; apex of ovipositor
normally not quite reaching apex of abdomen, but specimens
collected apparently in the act of ovipositing have the ovipositor
exserted a distance ^ the length of the gaster.

Male. — Length 1.8-2.0 mm. Height of compound eye 3% as
great as length of malar space. Petiole twice as long as hind
coxa, slender basal portion with a dorsal, longitudinal groove,
enlarged portion twice as wide as hind coxa. First gastral ter-
gum occupying entire dorsal extent of gaster, following terga
normally telescoped beneath it, so that genitalia usually are
extruded at about the middle of gaster ; posterior margin of
apical gastral sternum D-shaped, finely and minutely hirsute.

Types.— U. S. N. M. No. 2140. Described originally from
4 5, 2 g cotypes from Washington, D. C., Oakland, Md., and
Frederickstown, Md. Lectotype ^, Washington, D. C., speci-
men labeled "5 Type" by Ashmead.

Distribution. — Quebec, south to Maryland and District of
Columbia, west to Wisconsin, Iowa, and Nebraska. Often
collected in cultivated fields of forage crops.

Pseudometagea bakeri, new species

Female. — Length 2.0-2.2 mm. Dark brown to black, head
and thorax often with faint metallic blue or green sheen; an-
tennae, apices of femora, tibiae, and tarsi tan to brown ; fore
wing usually with faint brown shading along paths of obsolete
veins Cu and M, this shading also extending as a vague cloud
across wing from stigmal vein, but occasional specimens with
wings entirely hyaline.

Clypeus smooth, shining, para- and supraclypeal areas smooth ;
genae, postocular area, and vertex with irregular, alveolate
sculpture; length of malar space 1?T times as great as height of
compound eye; width of ocellocular space H times as great as
diameter of lateral ocellus. Antennal scape 3% as long as pedicel,
first funicle segment 1^ times as long as scape.

Mesoscutum strongly sculptured anteriorly, weakly so poste-
riorly ; parapsidal furrows usually vaguely impressed anteriorly
and wanting posteriorly, sometimes complete ; axillae faintly

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 257

sculptured, almost smooth ; scutellum with strong, parallel, longi-
tudinal ridges, apex of scutellum produced as a minute shelf with
its posterior edge slightly upturned ; meso- and metapleura with
closely set, parallel, longitudinal rugae ; hind coxa with minute,
alveolate sculpture, all femora minutely shagreened and dull.
Hind wing virtually without venation, but vestigial submarginal
vein faintly visible ; 3 hamuli present.

Propodeum with irregular, large-alveolate sculpture. Petiole
as long as hind coxa, enlarged in middle to twice width of hind
coxa. Caster smooth, first tergum normally occupying J of
dorsal length of gaster, terga 2-6 almost vertical, projecting
slightly farther posteriorly than seventh tergum; each cercus
bearing 5 bristles; apex of first gastral sternum produced on
meson as a small, hirsute point; apex of ovipositor normally
projecting slightly beyond level of sixth tergum.

Male. — Length 1.9-2.1 mm. Length of malar space and
height of compound eye equal. Petiole twice as long as hind
coxa. First gastral tergum occupying entire dorsal length of
gaster, second and third terga normally hidden beneath first,
terga 4-7 not projecting so far posteriorly as apex of first ter-
gum ; posterior margin of apical gastral sternum forming a blunt,
glabrous point that closes the genital aperture when the geni-
talia are retracted.

Type locality. — Ft. Collins, Colo.

Types.— U. S. N. M. No. 65750.

Described from 12$ and 37 J1 specimens, as follows: Type, <j>,
allotype, J, Ft. Collins, Colo., sweeping, June 13, 1895, C. F.
Baker. Paratypes: 7 5, 15 J1, same data as the type ; 4 <$, same
data, but sweeping Carex, June 20, 1895; 4^, June 28, 1895;
2?, 4<?, July 3, 1895; 1 J\ Aug. 1, 1895; 5 J\ Aug. 4, 1895;
1 ?, Campton's, Colo., July 21, 1895, C. F. Baker; 1 J1, Cen-
tennial, Wyo., July 12, 1960, R. J. Lavigne. A single male
labeled Iowa, July 1895, and another from Chamber's Lake,
Colo., sweeping, July 18, 1895, C. F. Baker, are in poor condi-
tion and are not included in the type series.

258 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1961

Passaloecus turionum Dahlbom, an Adventive

European Wasp in the United States

(Hymenoptera, Sphecidae)

KARL V. KROMBEIN, Entomology Research Division,
Agr. Res. Serv., U. S. D. A.

Earlier this year I received for identification two Passaloecus
males reared from a twig in Macotnb Co., Michigan, by S. J.
Thomas on March 19, 1961. I was unable to identify these
positively, though they appeared to be very close to European
specimens standing under the name brevicornis Morawitz in the
U. S. National Museum collection. I sent one specimen to
Dr. J. de Beaumont, Musee Zoologique, Lausanne, Switzerland,
who reported that it was turionum Dahlbom, of which he con-
siders brevicornis a synonym. The U. S. specimen differed from
Swiss material only in having the tibiae entirely infuscated in-
stead of pale basally. The species seems variable in this regard
in the U. S., because some specimens discovered subsequently
among unidentified material in the U. S. N. M. do have the
tibiae pale at the base.

So far the species is known here from only a few specimens
as follows : 2 gg, Macomb Co., Mich., emerged March 19, 1961
(S. J. Thomas) ; 1 <?, Rutland, Ohio, July 1953 (W. E. Miller) ;
1 $, near Rockville, Md., October 4, 1947 (H. and M. Townes) ;
lc? (teneral), Vienna, Va., July 19, 1941 (J. C. Bridwell) ;
and I?, 1 J, Durham, N. C., emerged March 23, 1942, from
Pinus taeda* (W. Haliburton, #1837). A native chrysidid,
Omalus iridescens (Norton) bears the same label data as the
last specimen except that it emerged April 1, 1942, and is num-
bered 1837a; presumably it was reared from a cell of the
Passaloecus. It is noteworthy that all U. S. specimens of turio-
num were captured during the last 20 years. I was unable to
find the species in the extensive older collections of Hymenoptera
in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

P. turionum runs to relativus Fox in my key to eastern
Passaloecus (Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 33: 122-123, 1938). It

* Presumably reared from borings in the bark.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 259

is distinguished from relativus by having the mesopleural disk
margined anteriorly by a sharp carina and series of foveolae, and
by having the male flagellar segments strongly rounded out
below except the last two, rather than being weakly rounded out
below except for the last three.

A Large Population of Polistes annularis (Linn.)
(Vespidae, Hymenoptera)

W. V. BALDUF, University of Illinois, Urbana

On October 17, 1950, my attention was attracted by an un-
usual number of Polistes annularis (Linneus) near Oakwood,
Champaign County, Illinois. This occurred in the valley of the
Salt Fork river in an area that was stripped of its coal about
40 years ago. Separating the river bottom, with its character-
istic spoil banks and narrow artificial lakes, from the upland,
with its remnant of oak-hickory forest, is an almost sheer cliff
approximately 50 feet high, that marks the limit of the stripping
operation. In the subsequent years, soil eroding from the cliff
wall has accumulated at its base, forming a considerable shoulder
on which now grow willow and a few other woody plants typical
of shady wet habitats.

On the warm, quiet afternoon of October 17, the sun shone
directly upon the face of the sector of the cliff concerned here, and
many P. annularis flew lazily along the sheer upper three-
fourths of the precipice. A smaller number performed likewise
along the eastward extension and also to the north of this sector.
From my position at the top of the bank, I was able to net a
sample consisting of 65 females and 8 males as an occasional
one leisurely rose to the rim of the cliff. Thus, the cliff wall
was continuously alive with circling, rising, and descending
wasps.

The probable source of this local flight was reported to me
later by reliable acquaintances, who rowed along the lake at the
foot of the cliff. In a distance of about one-half mile, they
counted 50 nests of Polistes suspended from the then bare small

260 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1961

trees growing on the shoulder of soil a few feet above the water
surface. Few nests hung from the oaks and hickories standing
on the upland near the rim of the stripped area.

It may be conjectured that the unhurried mass movements of
wasps on that sunny afternoon may have been activated by up-
drafts of air from the lake to the upland. The destiny of the
numerically predominant females was not determined. A sug-
gestion as to the significance of this flight may be taken from
the observations of Ran (1941), who identified two types of
swarming of Polistes wasps in temperate regions — (1) the
movements in spring of sometimes large numbers of queens
from hibernation to their nesting sites, and (2) flights at the
end of summer, when the young queens, recently emerged from
the brood nests, swarm into hibernation by slow stages rather
than go into it directly. By analogy the flights of P. annularis
at Oakwood may have represented an early stage of movement
toward hibernation.

Since P. annularis appears to be selective in its choice of
winter sites, a second article from Ran (1930) affords a clue
as to the possible destination of the Oakwood wasps. At Cliff
Cave, along the Mississippi river, 20 miles south of St. Louis,
Rau found this species year after year, hibernating among crev-
ices of the rocky bluffs west of the river, whereas it appeared to
nest only among the vegetation in the lowlands east of the river.
Again by analogy, the flying young queens of annularis observed
at Oakwood were possibly on the way to hibernate either in the
vegetated spoil banks in the river bottom, or, more likely, in
the crevices of the shady cliff walls up and down the river itself.

SUMMARY

A large flight of P. annularis occurred near Oakwood, Illinois.
The wasps originated in nests on trees at the base of a cliff at
the edge of a stripmine, and may have been on the way to
hibernating sites.

REFERENCES CITED

RAU, PHIL. 1930. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 23 : 461-466.
. 1941. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 34 : 580-584.

bcxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 261

The Collembola of New Mexico. V. Isotominae:
Anurophorus, Isotomodes, Folsomia lf 2

HAROLD GEORGE SCOTT 3

Ten species of springtail insects are recorded in this part.
All are new records for the state. Specimens will be deposited
with the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsyl-
vania.

Family ENTOMOBRYIDAE Tomosvary, 1882

Body elongate, segmented; pronotum reduced, usually mem-
branous and devoid of setae.

Subfamily ISOTOMINAE Schaffer, 1896

Distal antennal segments never annulate ; Abd III and IV
subequal or terminal abdominal segments ankylosed.

KEY TO GENERA OF NEARCTIC ISOTOMINAE

1 . Anal spines present 2

Anal spines absent 6

2. Anal spines 8 Weberacantha Christiansen, 1951

Anal spines 2 or 4 3

3. Anal spines 2 4

Anal spines 4 5

4. Unguiculus present Biacanthella Scott, 1961

Unguiculus absent Uzelia Absolon, 1901

5. Furcula short, reaching Abd III

Tetracanthella Schott, 1891

Furcula long, reaching Abd I .... Spinisotoma Stach, 1926

6. Furcula absent Anurophorus Nicolet, 1841

Furcula present 7

7. Bothriotricha present 8

Bothriotricha absent 10

1 A portion of a dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the
University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

2 Part IV appeared in ENT. NEWS 72 : 93-96.

3 Training Branch, Communicable Disease Center, Public Health Serv-
ice, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Atlanta,
Georgia.

262 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1961

8. Abd V and VI ankylosed. . .Archistoma Linnaniemi, 1912
Abd V and VI not ankylosed 9

9. Mucro with 3-4 teeth Isotomurus Borner, 1903

Mucro with 5 teeth Axelsonia Borner, 1907

10. Postantennal organ absent Folsomina Denis, 1931

Postantennal organ present 11

11. Anus ventro-terminal 12

Anus terminal 13

12. Manubrium with medial hooks

Isotomodes Linnaniemi, 1907

Manubrium without medial hooks. .Folsomia Willem, 1902

13. Abd IV longer than III 14

Abd IV subequal to or shorter than III 15

14. Mucro with 0-3 teeth Proisotoma Borner, 1901

Mucro with 4 teeth Metisotoma Maynard, 1951

15. Mucro with 2 teeth 16

Mucro with 3-4 teeth 19

16. Eyes absent Micrisotoma Bellinger, 1952

Eyes present 17

17. Eyes 2 and 2 to 4 and 4 Folsomides Stach, 1922

Eyes 8 and 8 18

18. Body segments bulging with deep intersegmental constric-

tions Guthriella Borner, 1906

Body segments not bulging; without deep intersegmental
constrictions Isotomina Bonier, 1902

19. Unguis tunicate Agrenia Borner, 1906

Unguis not tunicate 20

20. Dens without spines Isotoma Bourlet, 1839

Dens with spines 21

21. Mucro with 3 teeth Semicerura Maynard, 1951

Mucro with 4 teeth Tomocerura Wahlgren, 1900

Genus ANUROPHORUS Nicolet, 1841
Anurophorus laricis Nicolet, 1841.

This is the only species of Anurophorus recorded from North
America.

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Ten collections, 1 under rocks and
9 Berlese samples (from rotten coniferous logs; spruce, fir,
yellow pine, and Gambel oak litter, and grass clumps) ; 7,500 to
13,100 ft, Santa Fe, Mora, San Miguel, Valencia, Torrance, and
Lincoln Co.; Jun.-Sept, 1951-1954.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 263

DISTRIBUTION. Colo., Iowa, Minn., N. M., N. Y., Ontario
(Canada), Europe, Asia.

Genus Isotomodes Linnaniemi, 1907

Isotomodes tenuis Folsom, 1937.

This is the only Isotomodes recorded from North America.

NEW MEXICO RECORD. From flower pot, apartment, 5,100 ft,
Albuquerque, Bernalillo Co., 25-iii-1955.

DISTRIBUTION. Iowa, Mass., N. M.

Genus FOLSOMIA Willem, 1902
KEY TO SPECIES OF NEARCTIC FOLSOMIA

NOTE. Undue emphasis should not be placed upon the taxo-
nomic significance of eye number. However, this characteristic
is used for convenience in the following key, and has been found
to be reliable.

1. Mucro 2-toothed guthriei (Linnaniemi, 1912)

Mucro 1-toothed 2

2. Eyes absent Candida Willem, 1902

Eyes present 3

3. Eyes 8 and 8 4

Eyes fewer than 8 and 8 6

4. Unguis without teeth elongata ( MacGillivray, 1896)

Unguis with teeth 5

5. Manubrium with 1 pair of ventral setae. . .prima Mills, 1931
Manubrium with many ventral setae, .silvestri Folsom, 1937

6. Eyes 6 and 6 alpina Kseneman, 1936

Eyes 5 and 5 hoffi sp. nov.

Eyes 3 and 3 sexoculata (Tullberg, 1871)

Eyes 2 and 2 quadrioculata (Tullberg, 1871)

Eyes 1 and 1 diplophthalma (Axelson, 1902)

Folsomia alpina Kseneman, 1936.

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Three Berlese samples of aspen and
fir litter, 8,300 to 10,600 ft, Sept., 1951, Sandia Mts., Berna-
lillo Co.

DISTRIBUTION : N. M., Europe.

264 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1961

Folsomia hoffi, sp. nov. Fig. 1.

TYPE LOCALITY. Holotype and 4 paratypes from Alpine
Zone, Santa Fe Baldy, Santa Fe Co., NEW MEXICO. The type
specimens were taken from a Berlese sample of clumps of vege-
tation, 12,400 ft., 14— vii— 1954. Specimens will be deposited
with the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsyl-
vania.

DESCRIPTION. Body elongate, not subglobose; segmentation
distinct ; last 3 abdominal segments ankylosed ; integument
smooth ; light yellow with brown markings ; intersegmental areas
pale; clothed by short setae, with a few longer setae on the
abdomen; head prognathous; ratio of antenna to head 11:13;
ratio of antennal segments 4:7:6:12; postantennal organ pres-
ent, of the simple isotomine types ; eyes 5 and 5, each eye on
its own dark spot ; mouthparts chewing ; ratio of body segments
4:16:15/11:12:12:24; distal segment on tibiotarsus present;
claws not tunicate ; ratio of unguiculus to unguis 1:5; tenent
hairs absent ; unguis and unguiculus without teeth ; furcula with-
out ankylosis ; furcula extending to Abd II ; ratio of manubrium
to dens to mucro as 13:12:2; dental spines absent; dentes dor-
sally crenulate ; mucro with 1 tooth ; mucro not lamellate ; anus
ventro-terminal ; anal spines absent; length 1.1 mm.

NOTE: This species is named for Dr. C. Clayton Hoff, Pro-
fessor of Biology, University of New Mexico, whose diligent
collecting made this study possible.

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Type collection plus Berlese sample
of sod, Alpine Zone, 12,000 ft, Lake Peak, Santa Fe Co., 26-vi-
1954; and Berlese sample of aspen litter, 8,200 ft, Hyde Park,
northeast of Santa Fe, Santa Fe Co., 28-viii-1952.

DISTRIBUTION: N. M.

Folsomia elongata (MacGillivray, 1896).

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Eleven Berlese samples of Alpine
vegetation, litter (aspen, aspen-fir, oak, oak-pinon, pinon- juni-
per, juniper), and rotten conifer logs; 6,400 to 12,000 ft, Santa
Fe, Bernalillo, Rio Arriba, and Sandoval Co. ; Jan.-Nov., 1950-
1953.

Ixxii]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

265

DISTRIBUTION. Colo., 111., Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Minn.,

N. M.

Folsomia guthriei (Linnaniemi, 1912).

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Two Berlese samples of yellow pine
and aspen-fir litter, 7,600 to 9,700 ft, Lincoln and Rio Arriba,
Co., Jul.-Aug., 1951-1953.

DISTRIBUTION. Minn., N. M., Europe.

FIG. 1. Folsomia hoffi sp. nov., holotype.

Folsomia nivalis (Packard, 1873).

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Four samples (with ants beneath
rocks, from rotten log near stream, Berlese samples of aspen-
spruce-fir-litter, and of rotten coniferous log) , 8,300 to 9,300 ft,
Taos, Mora, San Miguel and Bernalillo Co., Jul.-Nov., 1950-
1954.

DISTRIBUTION. Maine, N. M., N. Y.

266 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1961

Folsomia quadrioculata (Tullberg, 1871).

NEW MEXICO RECORD. Berlese sample of aspen soil and
litter, 9,500 ft, Sandia Mts., Bernalillo Co., 16-vi-1951.

DISTRIBUTION. 111., Minn., N. M., N. Y., Canada, Greenland,
Europe, Asia.

Folsomia sexoculata (Tullberg, 1871).

NEW MEXICO RECORD. From Berlese sample of aspen soil
and litter, 10,000 ft, near Santa Fe Swi Area, northeast of
Santa Fe, Santa Fe Co., 12-X-1952.

DISTRIBUTION. N. M., Europe.

Folsomia silvestri Folsom, 1937.

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Two Berlese samples of fir and
aspen-fir litter, 9,200 and 10,000 ft, Sandia Mts. Bernalillo Co.,
July, 1950-1951.

DISTRIBUTION. N. M., N. Y.

SUMMARY

Record is made of 10 species of isotomine Collembola from
New Mexico : Anurophorus laricis, Isotomodes tennis, and eight
species of Folsomia including F. hoffi sp. nov. Keys are pre-
sented to genera of Nearctic Isotominae and to species of
Nearctic Folsomia.

REFERENCES CITED

ABSOLON, K. 1901. Zool. Anz. 24 : 209-216.

AXELSON, W. M. 1902. Med. Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 28: 101-111.

BELLINGER, P. F. 1952. Psyche 59(1) : 20-23.

BORNER, C. 1901. Abh. naturw. Ver. Bremen 17: 1-141.

-. 1902. Zool. Anz. 25 : 605-607.

-. 1903. Sitz. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin, Vol. of 1903 : 129-182.

-. 1906. Mitt, naturh. Mus. Hamburg 23 : 147-188.
BOURLET, A. 1839. Mem. Soc. Sci. Agr. Lille, Part 1 : 377-417.
CHRISTIANSEN, K. A. 1951. Psyche, 58: 24-31.
DENIS, J. R. 1931. Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agr. Portici 25 : 69-170.
FOLSOM, J. W. 1937. U. S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 168, iii + 144 pp.

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 267

KSENEMAN, N. 1936. Ann. Tschechoslowak Akad., Landvv. 11 : 210.
LINNANIEMI, W. M. 1907. Akad. Abhandlung, Helsingfors, 146 pp.

— . 1912. Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicae 40 : 1-361.
MAcGiLLiVRAY, A. D. 1896. Can. Ent. 28: 47-58.

MAYNARD, E. A. 1951. The Collembola of New York. Ithaca: Corn-
stock Publ. Co., xxiv + 339 pp.

MILLS, H. B. 1931. American Mus. Novitates No. 464: 1-11.
NICOLET, H. 1841. Nouv. Mem. Soc. Helv. Sci. Nat. 6: 1-88.
PACKARD, A. S. 1873. 5th Ann. Kept. Trust., Peabody Acad. Sci. pp.

23-51.

SCHAFFER, C. 1896. Mitt, naturh. Mus. Hamburg 13: 147-216.
SCHOTT, H. 1891. Bih. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. 17 : 1-25.
SCOTT, H. G. 1961. Ent. News 72 : 93-96.
STACK, J. 1922. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici 19: 1-75.

-. 1926. Bull. Acad. Polonaise Sci. Lett. (B) : 579-588.
TOMOSVARY, O. 1882. Math. Term. Kozlem. Magyar Akad. 18: 119-130.
WAHLGREN, E. 1900. Ent. Tidskrift 21 : 265-270.
WILLEM, V. 1902. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique 46 : 275-283.

Coccygomimus maurus (Cresson) in New Jersey
(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

CHARLES C. PORTER, Metuchen, New Jersey

On July 15, 1961, I collected at the Glassworks in Lebanon
State Forest, New Jersey, a large and perfect female of C.
inanrus, which was investigating a sapling of Pinus rigida. As
Townes in his recent monograph of the Ephialtinae (Bulletin
of the United States National Museum No. 216, Part 2, pp.
321-322) records the species only from Florida, Texas, south-
eastern North Carolina, and Fairfield County, Ohio, the present
capture represents a large, if not entirely unexpected, addition
to the species' range, adding another to the list of primarily
Lower Austral insects which reach the Pine Barrens of southern
New Jersey.

268 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1961

Notes and News in Entomology

Under this heading we present, from time to time, notes, news, and
comments. Contributions from readers are earnestly solicited and will
be acknowledged when used.

Revised International Code Now Ready

It will interest your readers to know that the long-awaited
newly revised International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
is scheduled for publication the first week of November, 1961,
and may be obtained, post free, for one pound sterling upon
application to the Publication Office, The International Trust
for Zoological Nomenclature, 19 Belgrave Square, London,

S.W. 1.

This new revision was commenced at the Paris Congress in
1948, and has since then had incorporated in it the principles
laid down in the Opinions of the International Commission on
Zoological Nomenclature during the preceding half century,
which had come to comprise a formidable body of case-law.
It was the subject of close scrutiny by the First International
Colloquium on Zoological Nomenclature in Copenhagen, which
sat continuously from the 29th of July to the 4th of August,
1953, and was attended by 51 zoologists from some twelve
countries. Based on the old code and all the revisionary de-
cisions reached up to that period a new tentative draft code
was then prepared and published, as was also an extended bulk
of subsequent comment emanating from world-wide sources.
All this material came before the Second International Col-
loquium on Zoological Nomenclature which was held at London
in July, 1958, with a membership of approximately 200 zoolo-
gists. The ensuing Fifteenth International Congress of Zool-
ogy empowered its Commission on Nomenclature to adopt and
publish the final wording of a fully revised code, based entirely
on the decisions reached by the Colloquium and Congress,
except that it was given power to decide a few details which
time had prevented from being considered at London. The
final wording with editing of the new code was placed in the

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 269

hands of a committee of two French, two British and two Amer-
ican zoologists. Their work, the results of which have been
adopted by the Commission, has proven most arduous, and
has taken many months and even years to accomplish. It
included a week's session in London in the spring of 1959.

The Code, in its new guise, forms a volume of almost exactly
200 pages and consists of equivalent English and French texts
on facing pages, English and French glossaries, Index, In-
troduction by Dr. Norman R. Stoll, and a Preface.

J. CHESTER BRADLEY,
President of the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

Nomenclature Notice

All comments relating to the following should be marked with
the Commission's File Number and sent in duplicate, before
February llth, to the Secretary, International Commission on
Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Museum (Natural His-
tory, Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 7, England.

Designation of a type-species for Lygus Hahn, 1833 (Order

Hemiptera). Z.N.(S.) 1062.
Designation of a type-species for Myodocha Latreille, 1807

(Order Hemiptera). Z.N.(S.) 1431.

For details see Bull. Zool. Nomencl. Vol. 18, Part 4.

Entomologist's Market Place

ADVERTISEMENTS AND EXCHANGES

Advertisements of goods or services for sale are accepted at $1.00 per
line, payable in advance to the editor.

Notices of wants and exchanges not exceeding three lines are free

to subscribers.

All insertions are continued from month to month, the new ones are
added at the end of the column, and, when necessary, the older ones at
the top are discontinued.

Butterflies. Wish to exchange specimens for Japanese species. Please
write to Ichiro Nakamura (Boy, age 16), 26 Aza-Nichiyama Obayashi
Takarazuka-shi, Hyogo-Ken, Japan.

Phasmidae of nearctic area desired alive. Purchase or trade, drawing
on large stock of major orders, worldwide. Domminck J. Pirone, Dept
Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Nitidulidae and Rhizophagidae wanted in exchange for European bee-
tles of all families. O. Marek, Zamberk 797, Czechoslovakia.

Wanted and Needed. We are compiling a history of entomology, and
particularly, at present, of the amateur insect clubs that flourished SO to
75 years ago. Will you who have knowledge of such early clubs or
societies advise me, giving facts on the time of existence, members, etc.,
which you may have. J. J. Davis, Dept. of Entomology, Purdue Uni-
versity, Lafayette, Indiana.

Cockroaches (Blattoidea) of Japan, Okinawa, Formosa (Taiwan),
and the Philippines are being studied in cooperation with Dr. K. Princis.
Loans of specimens from that area are desired. A. B. Gurney, U. S.
National Museum, Washington 25, D. C.

Orthoptera. Gryllinae (except domestic sp.) and Pyrgomorphinae
of the world wanted in any quantity for work in morphology, taxonomy,
cytology, and experimental biology; dry, or in fluid, or living. Write
D. K. Kevan and R. S. Bigelow, Dept. of Entomology, McGill University,
Macdonald College, Quebec, Canada.

Beetles of the world wanted, all species in exchange for American
beetles, moths and butterflies. James K. Lawton (age 18), 7118 Grand
Parkway, Wauwatosa 13, Wisconsin.

INDEX TO VOLUME LXXII

(* Indicates new genera, names, etc.)

ALEXANDER, C. P. New exotic crane-flies (Diptera:

Tipulidae) Part III 113

Part IV 235

ALEXANDER, G. The type locality of Gomphocerus
Thomas (Orthoptera : Acrididae) 107

ARNETT, R. H. The Onychophora of Jamaica 213

BALDUF, W. V. A large population of Polistes annularis
(Linn.) (Vespidae : Hymenoptera) 259

BRADLEY, J. C. The revised International Code of Zoo-
logical Nomenclature 268

The Vienna Congress 46

BURKS, B. D. The species of Pseudometaga Ashmead
(Hymenoptera, Eucharitidae) 253

CHAMBERLIN, R. V. Notes on the geophilid chilopods of
Utah 96

COOK, E. F. (See under Meade, A. B.)

COOPER, K. W. Occurrence of the European pselaphid
beetle Trichonyx sulcicollis ( Reichenbach ) in New York
State 90

COPPEL, H. C. An unusual habitat niche for Ancistro-
cerus tigris tigris (Saussure) (Hymenoptera: Vespi-
dae) 246

CRABILL, R. E., JR. A catalogue of the Schendylinae of
North America including Mexico, with a generic key
and proposal of a new Simoporus (Chilopoda: Geo-

philomorpha : Schendylinae) 29, 67

Concerning the Neogeophilidae, with proposal of a new
genus. (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha : Neogeophili-
dae) 155, 177

DENNIS, C. J. An observation of the behavior of Tela-
mona compacta Ball preceding and during oviposition,
(Homoptera, Membracidae) 152

(271)

272 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1961

EADS, D. C. The terminology of phallic structures in the
Cyrtacanthacridinae (Orthoptera, Acrididae) 141

ELBEL, R. E. (See under Emerson, R. E.)

EMERSON, K. C. and R. E. ELBEL. A new species of Ralli-
cola (Mallophaga) from southeast Asia 130

EVANS, H. E. Notes on the nesting behavior of Plenoculus
davisi Fox (Hymenoptera : Sphecidae) 225

FORD, H. G. (See under Hyland, K. E.)

FROESCHNER, R. C. Revision of the south African genus
Dearcla Signoret with descriptions of three new species
(Hemiptera : Cydnidae) 197

GERTSCH, W. J. Herbert Ferlando Schwarz, 1883-1960 85

GILLASPY, J. E. A new species of Stictiella from Mexico
(Sphecidae : Bembicini) 169

HAYS, K. L. Tabanus aranti sp. nov. (Diptera: Tabani-
dae) from Alabama 127

HUBBARD, C. A. Fleas from the kangaroo rats of northern

California 133

Host specificity of fleas from kangaroo rats 25

HULL, F. M. The genus Psilocurus Loew 101

HYLAND, K. E. and H. G. FORD The occurrence of the
nasal mite Speleognathopsis bastini Fain (Speleognathi-
dae) from the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus (Beau-
vois) 6

JUDD, W. W. Melanagromyza tiliae (Coud.) (Diptera:
Agromyzidae) reared from linden bark galls at London,
Ontario 192

KNOWLTON, G. F. (See under Wray, D. L.)

KRAMER, J. P. Herpetomonas muscarum (Leidy) in the
haemocoel of larval Musca domestica L 165

KROMBEIN, K. V. Passaloecus turionum Dahlbom, an
adventive European wasp in the United States (Hymen-
optera : Sphecidae) 258

Some insect visitors of mat Euphorbia in southeastern

Arizona 80

V. S. L. Pate, 1903-1958 , 1

Ixxii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 273

KURCZEWSKI, F. E. New North American records of
Pepsinae and Ceropalinae ( Hymenoptera : Pompilidae) 24

LINSLEY, E. G. A new rhinotragine cerambycid from
Arizona and Sonora (Coleoptera) 163

McDERMOTT, F. A. A new genus and species of firefly :
Photoctus boliviae (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) 174

McFADDEN, M. W. An improved technique for using the
Berlese funnel 150

MEADE, A. B. and E. F. COOK Notes on the biology of
Scatopse fuscipes (Meigen) (Diptera: Scatopsidae) .. 13

MUSSER, R. J. Some noteworthy dragonfly records from
Utah (Odonata : Anisoptera) 53

PHILIP, C. B. New North American Tabanidae XIII.
Change of name for a well-known species of Chrysops . . 160

RAPP, W. F. Corrodentia in cliff swallow nests 195

PORTER, C. C. Coccygomimus maurus (Cresson) in New
Jersey (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae) 267

SABROSKY, C. W. A new Nearctic species of Stenoscinis,
with key to the species of the Western Hemisphere (Dip-
tera : Chloropidae) 19

Three new nearctic acalyptrate Diptera 229

SCHLINGER, E. I. New species of Acrocera from Arizona
and Ocnaea from California, with synonymical notes on
the genus Ocnaea (Diptera : Acroceridae) 7

SCHMIEDER, R. G. Review: A manual of common beetles

of North America 194

Review : Cicindelidae of Canada 223

Review : Facts and theories concerning the insect head . . 221

Review : Forest and shade tree entomology 55

Review : Western butterflies 223

SCOTT, H. G. Collembola from Japan. Hypogastrurinae

and Neanurinae 121

The Collembola of New Mexico. III. Onychiurinae . . 57

IV. A new genus of Isotominae (Entomobryidae) .... 93

V. Isotominae : Anurophorus, Isotomodes, Folsomia . . 261
Mosquitoes : Key to United States genera based on male
genitalia (Diptera : Culicidae ) 243

274 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1961

SELANDER, R. B. Supplementary records of meloid beetles
(Coleoptera) of the West Indies 190

SPILMAN, J. T. On the immature stages of the Ptilodac-
tylidae (Coleoptera) 105

STAHNKE, H. L. A new species of scorpion of the Vejovi-
dae : Paruroctonus vachoni 206

SVIHLA, A. Another record of the larva of Epiophlebia
laidlawi Tillyard, (Odonata: Anisozygoptera) 66

THRONE, A. L. Psectra diptera (Burmeister) in Wiscon-
sin (Neuroptera : Hermerobiidae) 193

TILDEN, J. W. Studies in the genus Ochlodes Scudder.
II. The type material of the North American species
(Lepidoptera : Hesperiidae) 37

WRAY, D. L. and G. F. KNOWLTON Collembola from
rodent nests 248

Ixxii]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

275

GENERAL SUBJECTS

Behavior of Telamona 152

Berlese funnel method 150

Biology of Scatopse fuscipes . 13
Host specificity in fleas .... 25
Insect visitors on mat Eu-
phorbia 80

International Code 268

International Congress 46

International Congress U.I.E.-

I.S 27

Mosquito, key to U. S. males . 243
Nesting behavior of Plenocu-

Ins 225

Nomenclature notices 36, 220, 269
Onychophora of Jamaica .... 213
Phallic structures, terminology

of 141

Polistes, large population of . . 259

Subscription rates, new 166

Symposium announced 166

OBITUARIES

Bischoff, H 132

Calvert, P. P 251

Fulton, B. B 139

Pate, V. S. L 1

Schwarz, H. F 85

REVIEWS

Books received (Col., Dipt.) 100

Cicindelidae of Canada 223

Manual of common beetles . . 194
Snodgrass : Facts and theories

of insect head 221

Western butterflies 223

GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION

Africa : Hemip 197

Alabama : Dipt 127

Arizona : Col. 163 ; Dipt. 7,

234, Hym 23

Arkansas : Chilop 32

Bolivia: Col 174

California: Dipt 10, 230

Colorado : Hym 257

Guatemala : Chilop 177

India: Dipt 113-121, 235-240

Jamaica: (Onyccoph.) 213

Japan : Collembola 121

Mexico : Hymn 169

Mississippi : Dipt 104

New Mexico : Collembola

62, 64, 264

North Carolina : Dipt 232

Philippines: Dipt 241^t3

Texas: Dipt 102, 103

Thailand : Malloph 131

COLEOPTERA

aurocincta arizonensisf* Odon-

tocera 163

boliviae* Photoctus 174

Cicindelidae, of Canada (book) 223

Lytta, monograph 100

maculata, Cissites 190

Manual of Col. (review) . . 194
marginata, Pscudosonitis .... 191

Meloidae of W. Indies 190

Myelophilus 36

obscuricornis, Pscudosonitis . . 191

Photoctus* 174

Ptilodactylidae, immature

stages 105

punctulata, Ncmognatha .... 191

scrrlcollis, Pterodactyla 105

sulcicollis, Trichonyx 90

vcxans, Aedes, illns 245

DIPTERA

adachiae* Stcnoscinis 22

opoensisj* Hexatoma, 240

umitti* Tabanus 127

276

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Dec., 1961

artifcx* Hexatoma 118

Biology of Scatopse 13

birdi pallustris* Psilocurus . . 104

birdi, Psilocurus 103

calijornica* Meoneura 229

Culicidae, key to U. S. males 243

Dasiops 220

Diptera on mat Euphorbia in

Arizona 83

domestica, Musca, Herpeto-

monas in 165

dorsalis, Aedes, illus 245

fascipennis, Chrysops 160

furtiva,* Hexatoma 239

Justifies, Scatopse, biology . . 13

geminata* Spilochroa 233

gnava,* Hexatoma 117

macquarti* Chrysops 161

madrasensis,* Hexatoma 113

Meigen names, suppression of 36

melanogaster,* Acrocera 10

modcstus, Psilocurus 104

nudiusculus, Psilocurus 104

Ocnaea, notes 7

perlongata* Hexatoma 114

phaeton* Hexatoma 238

prolixa* Hexatoma 235

Psychodidae 100

Psychodidae of Connecticut . . 100
punctipennis, Anopheles, illus. 245

pygmaeus,* Psilocurus 101

qiiinquefasciatus, Culex 245

reinhardi, Psilocurus 104

rossiana* Hexatoma 242

serena* Hexatoma 236

Stenoscinis, key to 21

tibialis* Psilocurus 102

tiliae, Melanagromyza 192

univittatus, Chrysops 160

vamana,* Hexatoma 116

vockerothi* Pholeomyia 231

t'ulpcs* Hexatoma 119

wiedemanm, Chrysops 161

xuthogaster* Ocnaea 8

HEMIPTERA

associatus Chlamydatus 227

capensis* Dcarcla 200

Dearcla, revision of 197

Euceraphis 36

lineolaris, Lygus 227

Lygus 269

Myodocha 269

natalensis* Dearcla 201

opercularis, Dearcla 202

paucivillosa, Dearcla 204

quercicola, Phytocoris 227

ruficornis, Trigonotylus 227

HOMOPTERA

Aphis 220

Behavior of Tclamona 152

Cicadella 220

compacta, Telamona 152

HYMENOPTERA

annularis, Polistes 259

bakeri* Pseudometaga 256

coarctata, Poncra 91

davisi, Plcnoculus, nesting be-
havior 225

dentipes, Monodontomerus . . 248

evansi,* Sticticlla 169

Lestis 220

List of visitors on mat Eu-
phorbia in Arizona 80

lophyri, Agrothereutes 248

mounts, Coccygomimus 267

Pompilidae, new records 24

Pseudometaga, rev. of 253

schwarsii, Pseudometaga 255

similis, Diprion, cocoon use by

Ancistrocerus 246

tigris, Ancistrocerus, habitat

niche 246

turionum, Passaloecus 258

Ixxii]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

277

LEPIDOPTERA

Ochlodes, type material of N.

Amer. species 37

Western butterflies (book) . . 223

ORTHOPTERA

clavatus, Aeropedellus 107

clavatus, Gomphocerus, type

locality of 107

Terminology of phallic struc-
tures 141

ODONATA

armata, Oploaeschna 53

laidlawi, Epiophlebia 5, 66

Larva of Epiophlebia 66

mendax, Brechmorhoga 53

Records from Utah 53

SMALLER ORDERS

armata, Hypogastrura (Col-

lem.) 121

atopus, Arctogeophilus (Col-

lem.) 96

bostrychophilus, Liposcelis

(Corrod.) 195

Collembola from Japan 121

Collembola of New Mexico

57, 93, 261
Collembola from rodent nests 248

Corrodentia 195

cummingi, Meringis (Siph.)

27, 133

dipodomys, Meringis ( Si-
phon.) 27

dipodomys, Meringis (Siph.) 134
diptera, Psectra. (Neurop.) .. 193

Folsomia (Collem.) key 263

glyptus, Brachygcophilus (Col-

"lem.) 97

Harrisoniella (Malloph.) 220

hcspcrus, Stcnophilus (Col-
lem.) 99

hoffi* Folsomia (Collem.) .. 264
hoffmani, Thrassis (Siph.) .. 133
indicus* Rallicola (Malloph.) 130
Isotominae (Collem.) key . . 261
japonica* Hypogastrura (Col-
lem.) 122

microps, Dipodomys (Siph.) . 133
neomcxicana* BiacantheUa*

(Collem.) 94

neornexicana* Tullbergia

(Collem.) 64

Onychiurinae (Collem.), key ...57
Onychiurus (Collem.) keys,

records 58, 60

ornata, Ncanura (Collem.) . . 124
parkeri, Meringis (Siph.) .. 133

Perla (Plecop.) 36

pseudornata* Ncanura (Col-
lem.) 124

robusta* Hoffia* (Collem.) .. 62
Siphonaptera host specificity . 25
Tullbergia (Collem.), key .. 63
nnguicitlatus, Rallicola 132

NON-HEXAPODA
ACARINA

bastini, Speleognathopsis .... 6

SCORPIONIDA

vachoni,* Paruroctonus 206

CHILOPODA

arcaniis* Simoporus 32

Cryptostrigla 156, 189

dauipfi, Nyctunijitis, notes on 76

I'tliopus, Escaryits 69

l^illoucophihts 189

Geophilids from Utah 96

Holitys, notes on 71

Neogeophilidae 155

Neogeophilidae, review of ... 187
Neogcophihis 189

278

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Dec., 1961

Schendylinae, catalogue and

key to genera 29, 67

silvestrl* Cryptostrigla* 157, 177
Simoporus, key to 31

ONYCOPHORA

Onycophora of Jamaica 213

insularis clarki* Epiperipatus 215

lezvisi* Epiperipatus 218

Onychophora, keys to 214

NON-ARTHROPODA

Birds (Petrochelidon) 195

Plants (Euphorbia) , insects on 80
Protoza (Herpetomonas mus-

caruni) 165

Rodents (Microtus, Neotoma,
Thomomys), Collembola

from nests 249

(Dipodomys), fleas from 25, 133
(Eptesicus), mite from .... 6

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By William T. Keeton

147 pages of text, 37 tables, 2 maps, 18 plates,
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