oh . oe trang { “ a i Ww) Huan ie} ARS eS RSTRS RC he Of i Hint Hib Heakty oh, ye u Hae on er wiry NAfaeds rie ela apwie +o tA Pe TET treaty ‘ itis wae his ene Bh ete ~S Se ary » iy Cy bay 4, i sits Masud jew net 4h that ' ik: ve HW ew i ‘ i MW i Ca Uti pth i Kt hal ‘. pial ae te rt ; A a y eee, Ce \ Ye 10 ‘Ln anh t f Gh? iy ye ar + a x di ng | THE Je, . s ENTOMOLOGIST An Illustrated Journal OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.H.S. W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. J. H. LEECH, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S. EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S., F.E.S. Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.H.S., &c. F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S. G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S. W. WARREN, M.A., F.H.S. ‘‘By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.” VOLUME THE THIRTICTH. LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN, SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., LimiTep. 1897. a) YW) Be Ww ola} Es? Za aD jaa) CONTENTS. ep ALPHABETICAL LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Apxin, B. A., 269, 270 ApKIN, Ropert, F.E.S., 25, 205, 232, 266 Atprrson, M., 270 ANDERSON, JOSEPH, Jun., 271, 298 AnprEew, WILFRED J., 271 Arne, J., 45, 70, 142, 252, 296, 297 Asnspy, Herpert, 81 Avuip, Henry A., 301, 321 Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., F.E.S., 48 Barrett, Cuarues C., F.H.S., 18, 144, 199 Barrett, CuHas., 298 Brprorp, C. E., 123, 198 Beprorp, F. P., 49 Brrcuine, Rey. R. A. Datuas, 221 Brui-Maruey, H. W., 48, 122, 198, 247, 248, 270 Birp, J. F., 144 Buanp, Francis D., 20, 176 Bonaparte-Wise, L. H., 200 Bonus, Rey. ALBERT, 248 Brices, F. G., 113 Bucxtry, W., 298 Burkitt, Haroup J., 140 Burr, Maucorm, F.E.S., 28, 187 Butuer, ArtHur G., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.E.S., &e., 170 Butter, W. E., 145, 270, 297 Curisty, W. M., M.A., F.E.S., 76, 222, 298 Craxton, Rev. W., 15 Cocmirnir,. 1 D> AN, HE2:S.,8.H.S., 12, 135, 305 Conqusst, G. Haroup, 102 Dats, C. W., F.E.S., 18 Dannattr, W., F.E.S., 175, 312 Doncastsr, L., 152, 179 Epretsten, H. M., 45 Epwarps, W., 298 Enwes, Henry Joun, ELR.S., F.L.S., F.E.S., &., 26 Jess Fircu, Epwarp A., F.L.S., F.E.S., 122 Fountainr, Marcarer K., 4, 297 Fowuer, J. Hy., 18, 112 Freeman, Rev. R., 322 Goss, Hersert, F.L.S., F.E.S., &e., 348 Graves, Sporswoop, 144 Gummer, Cecin M., 270 Harn, E. V., 272 Harcourt-Bata, W., 16, 55, 77, 97, 123, 157, 206, 240 Harrison, J., F.E.S., 298 Hart, GrorcEe EK., 17 Harvey-JELuiE, Rev. B., B.A., 269, 322 Harwoop, Brrnarp §., 82 Harwoop, W. H., 143 Hewett, Wiiutam, 19, 119 Hii, H. Arsuie, F.E.S., 174 Huaues, C. N., 298 Hunt, W., 82 lalyano, ly Ahoy eval ImmaGe, Setwyn, F.E.S., 18, 221 Imus, Auaustus D., 123, 219, 249, 272, 273, 295, 299, 320, 322 Jacopy, Marrin, F.H.S., 120, 168, 193, 216, 220, 261 Jerrerys, T. B., 200, 323 Kane, W. F. pre Vismss, M.A., M.R.I.A., F.E.S., 17, 36, 58, 81, 100, 104, 128, 212, 233, 286, 310 Kirraupy, G. W., F.E.S., 238, 258 Knaces, H. Guarp, M.D., F.L:S., 75, 144, 256, 265, 313, 318 LamsBert, F. W., 248 Leake, B. M., 78, 176 Lewineton, W., 298 lv CONTENTS. Livett, H. W., M.D., F.E.S., 75 Lucas, W. J., B.A., 18, 29, 76, 125, 142, 269, 277, 321 Macwonocuigr, Rev. J. A., B.A., F.E.S., 269 Marspen, H. W., 220 MarHew, Gervase F., R.N., F.LS., F.E.S., &e., 45 Matuew, GwENDALINE, 248 MensHoorkin, B. N., 80 Mera, A. W., 200 MEyNELL, E., 297, 299 Mircuett, AtFrepD T., 318, 322 Morris, J. B., 267, 271 Moss, Rev. A. Mrnzs, 290 NasH, C. J., 15, 116 Nervinson, E. B., 222 Newsery, F. A., 24, 154, 329 Newenuam, Rey. A., 177 Pimrce, F. N., F.H.S., 93, 153 Puattren, E., 322 Prout, Louis B., F.E.S., 140, 296 Pyrrt, ChaupE A., 73, 123 Ransom, Epwarp, 78, 269, 270 Raynor, Rey. Grupert H., 269 Raynor, L. G. S., 269 Reenart, H. C., 18 ReEnsHAw, GRAHAM, 272 RicKkarD, J._C., 1, 270 Rotuason, W. A., 520 Roruscuitp, the Honble.Waurter, F.Z.S., F.E.S., &e., 165 Rownanp-Brown, H., M.A., F.E.S., 198 Rowntree, JAmEs H., 269 SaBineE, E., 77 SHEPHEARD-Watwin, H. W., 321 Suiep, Joun W., 16, 62, 131, 166 Stco, Anrrep, F.E.S., 176, 271 SuapEn, C. A., 81 SmitrH, G. W., 11, 127, 220 Smitty, Joun B., Se.D., 50, 189 SmitH, W. W., F.E.S., 317 Soutu, Ricwarp, 74, 126, M3, 174, 7b; iG aetSie 200, 220; 221, 222, 230; 247, 264, 265, 266, 269, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, Srares, Mapauine J., 297 Stupp, E. F., M.A., F.E.S., 146 143, 197, 242, 244, 270, 271, 316, 317 140, 196, Tarr, Rosrert, Jun., 120, 123 Tarpat, Rey. J. EH., 221, 222 Trrtey, ALFRED §., 82 THEOBALD, F. V., M.A., F.E.S., 162 THORNEWILL, Rev. Cuas. F., 200 TuwayteEs, J. B., 250, 299 TREMAYNE, LAWRENCE J., 96, 227 Turner, Hy. J., H.H.S., 23, 87, 151, iis ANY, PRE By BRI/ Torr, J. W., F.E.S., 184, 254, 284 VERRALL, G. H., F.E.S., 221 Wattiy, ALFRED, 39 WAINWRIGHT, Conpran J., F.E.S., 96, 152, 252, 276, 328 Wanner, Rev. “Eh. A., D.D:, H.EcSe F.B.S., 122, 223, 267 Watt, Geo., 75 Warsure, J. C, 47 Warers, Arpert H., 48, 74 Waueu, H. W., 180 Wetts, H. O., 233 Wairrtez, F. G., 114, 273, 321 Wine, HE. H., 222 Witson, M., 247 WooprorpeE, F. C., 222 CONTENTS Vv ALPHABETICAL LIST Aberrations of Epinephele hyperanthus (figs.), 49; of EH. tithonus, 254, 292; of Lepidoptera, 79 Abnormal Halticid beetle, 300 Abraxas grossulariata, vars. (figs.), 25 ; vars. conspureata and sinicaria, 314 ; var. varleyata, 85; bred in December, 176; sylvata, 116, 216, 314, 325 Abrostola. 170 Acanthosoma hcemorrhoidale, variation in the colour of, 78; tristriata, 326 Acherontia atropos in 1896, 18, 69, 75, 84, 85, 109, 113, 122, 176, 219, 223, 269, 298, 322, 323 Acidalia bisetata, 130; dimidiata, 130, 326; emarginata, 73, 74, 111, 116; fu- mata, 213; imitaria, 111, 116, 145, 213 ; immorata, 275 ; immutata, 131; inornata, 213, 270, 825; margine- punctata, 22, 115, 130,249; ornata, 74, 130; osseata, 74; promutata, 73; re- mutaria var. lactata, 212; rusticata, 130; straminata, 109; subsericeata, 111; trigeminata, 225; virgularia, 130 Aciptilia galactodactyla, 74; tetradac- tyla, 74 Acontia luctuosa, 116, 273 Acosmetia morresii, 256, 284, 296, 303 Acridium egyptium, 188 Acronycta aceris, 74, 110, 115,321; alni 20, 108, 145, 176, 298, 321; leporina, 275; ligustri, 110; myrice, 275; psi, 300; tridens, 48 Actias luna, 43 Aischna borealis, 34; cyanea, 34, 273, 274, 282; grandis, 34, 70, 251, 271, 273, 275,; juncea, 34, 70, 251; mixta, 282; rufescens, 34 Agarista glycine, 154 Aglais (Vanessa) urtice, 324,—var. ich- nusa, 149, 327 Aglossa cuprealis, 114 Agrion cyathigerum, 35, 278, 283; mer- curiale, 35, 275; puella, 35, 70, 251, 271, 273, 282; pulchellum, 35, 279 Agrophila sulphuralis, 275 Agrotis ashworthii, 68, 95, 250; from ova, 120; auxilaris, 84; cinerea, 81, 115, 145; corticea, 249, 273; recorded in error, 145; exclamationis, 327; lucer- nea, 69; puta, 145 ; obelisca, 110; ra- vida, 249; saucia, 110, 113; subgothica, 84; tritici, 114 Alaptus fusculus, parasitic on eggs of Stenopsocus cruciatus, 177; minimus, probably male of fusculus, 177 Alderney, Entomology of, 223 OF SUBJECTS. Aleucis pictaria, 111 Ammophila sabulosa, 275 Amphidasys betularia var. doubleday- aria, 60, 69, 72, 222, 318; striataria, 60, 69, 116, 178, 226, 250; prodro- maria, 107, 327 Anaitis plagiata, 22, 314 Anarta myrtilli, 69, 252 Anax formosus, 14, 224, 278, 279, 281; imperator, 180 Anchocelis litura, 113, 299; lunosa, 299; rufina, 113, 299 Andrena from N. America, new species of, 305 Andrena aliciarum, n. sp., 138 Androconia of Pieris oleracea and P. rape, 2 Anesychia decemguttella, 146 Angerona corylaria, 80; prunaria, 74, 245, 318 Anisolabis annulipes (fig.), 125, 323 Anosia chrysippus, 94; menippe, 18; plexippus, 94 Antipalocoris marshalli, 324 Ants in Smyrna, a curious use of, 318 Aporia crategi, 9 Antenne of Hybernia aurantiaria and H. defoliaria, 85 Anthocharis cardamines, 22, 108; char- lonia, 94 Anticlea berberata, 111; rubidata, 146 Antithesia salicella, 273 Anthophora furcata, 275 Apamea ophiogramma, 178, 180, 326 Apanteles caiw, 122; difficilis, 122; for- mosus, 252 Apatura ilia var. elytie, 210; 102, 210 Aphodius lividus, 180 Aphomia sociella, 93 iris, 94, | Aphytoceros vagans, 126 Apion astragali, 151 Aplecta advena, 273; oculta, 85, 87, 329 Apocheima pedaria, 247 Apodia bifractella, 273 Aporia crategi, 209, 230, 300, 327 ; hip- pia, 276 Apterygida arachidis, 177 Arctia caia, 23, 94, 95, 96, 326; fuligi- nosa, 110,275; mendica, 110; villica, 23 Argynnis adippe, 109, 119, 211, 249; ag- laia, 211, 249, 329; dia, 211; euphro- syne, 19, 95, 210, 323; hecate, 324; se- lene, 19, 79; latonia, 10, 211, 242; ni- obe, 8,10, 211; pales, 211; pandora, 8, 10; paphia, 108, 109, 123, 211, 248, 300, (Dryac) 326 vl CONTENTS. Argyresthia conjunctella, 71, 72; niti- della, 72 Ascalaphus cocejanus, 202; maccaronius; 202 Asemum striatum, 224 Asilus crabroniformis, 325, 328 Asphalia diluta, 95; flavicornis, 112, 250; ridens, 225, 327 Aspidiotus coloratus, 14; ficus, 14; uve, 14 Aspilates citraria, 108; gilvaria, 73, 215 ; ochrearia, 215 Asteroscopus sphinx, 115, 116, 145 Asthena candidata, 130; luteata, 72, 130 Atractotomus mali, 274 Attacus atlas, 43; aurota, 43; carpini, 39; hesperus, 44; cynthia, 44; pyri, 39; spini, 39 Aventia flexula, 111, 145 Bapta bimaculata, 213, 245; temerata, | 213 Batodes angustiorana, 73 Beetle-wings in casts of rook, 177 Belostoma niloticum, 188 BerksHrrE—Agrotis cinerea, 145; notes from Reading, 114, 145 Boarmia abietaria, 113, 314; cinctaria, 105, 108,178, 313 ; consortaria, 110,115, 313; gemmaria var. perfumaria, 104 ; repandata, 22, 61, 85, 313, — var. con- versaria, 145; rhomboidaria, 249, 251; roboraria, 108, 110, 202, 313 Bombus latreillellus, 95 Bombyx neustria, 200, 323 ; otus, 39; quercus, 20, 68, 225; rubi, 20, 69, 71, 122, 226, 249, 250, 265, 291, 279, 299; trifolii, 87 Bomolocha fontis, 36 Botys hyalinalis, 111, 242 Brachycerus apterus, 148 Brachysomus hirtus, 323 Brachytron pratense, 34, 282 Brenthis (Argynnis) euphrosyne, 22, 23 Brephos parthenias, 37, 71, 117, 154, 250 Bryophila glandifera, 110 ; muralis, 274; perla, 86 Buculatrix boyerella, 71; ulmella, 71 Bupalus piniaria, var. tlavescens, 215 Butalis fallacella, 22 Butterflies, changes in the structure of the wings of, 203; of British, 325; and flowers, 144; on the Riviera, 202 ; of Sicily, 4 Butterfly destruction by birds, 202; hunt- ing in the Himalayas, 240 Cabera exanthemata, 246; rotundaria,213 Callicera snea, 84 Calligenia miniata, 110 Callimorpha dominula, 108, 116, 294 (yellow), 22, 294; hera, further notes on, 18, 22, 123, 178, 248, 274, 294 Callosamia angulifera, 43; promethea, 43 Calocampa exoleta, 95, 299 Calopteryx splendens, 34, 273, 279, 282 ; virgo, 34, 273, 279, 282 Calymnia diffinis, 145 CAMBRIDGESHIRE —Chcerocampa celerio, 270, 328 Camptogramma bilineata, 22, 85 Capua ochraceana, 72 Carabus lusitanicus, 83 Caradrina ambigua, 325, 327; morrisii, 256 Carpocapsa pomonella, 73; saltitans, 87, 328 Carterocephalus palemon, 103 Cataclysta lemnata, 242 Catocala adultera, 79; fraxini, 79; nupta, 48, 73, 79, 115, 266, 320, 321; pacta, 79; paranympha, 79; promissa, 79, 109 Catoptria juliana, 72 Cepphis advenaria, 246 Ceratophora inornatella, 273 Cerceris acanthophilus, n.sp., 135 Cerura vinula, 319 Chalcolepidius, a species of, 93 Chalcophana, new species of, 169, 193, 216 Chalcoplacis gigas, n. sp., 168 Chareas graminis, 67, 110 Charagria ramsayi, 324; splendens, 324 Charaxes jasius, 7, 10, 178, 202 Chariclea umbra, 95 Cheimatobia brumata, 45, 74 Chelisoches morio, 201 CuESHIRE—Sesia culiciformis, 200; notes from the Chester district, 67, 250 Chesias rufata, 146 Chilo phragmitellus, 114 Chilosia berganetammi, 152 Chironomid larvee, 329 Chcerocampa celerio, 328; elpenor, 116, 247, 291; porcellus, 95, 116, 219, 270, 292, 322 a Chortodes bondii, 284, 303; morrisii, 284 Christoph coliection, the, 74 Chrysiridia madagascarensis, 178 Chrysogaster virescens, 152 Chrysophanus dorilis, 209 ; gordius, 210 ; hippothoé, 209; phleas, 22, 23; virg- aurer, 209 Cicada larva with fungus, 84 Cicadetta montana, 148 Cicindela germanica, 248 Cidaria associata, 111; dotata (pyra- liata), 67, 111; corylata, 71,—var. albocrenata, 22, 328; immanata, 109; miata, 111,115; prunata, 146; psitta- cata, 111; pyraliata, 116; reticulata, 153; russata, 67; silaceata, 23; suffu- mata var. piceata, 202; truncata, 326 Cilix glaucata, 115; spinula, 73, 108 Cimbex sylvarum, 152 CONTENTS. Cionus scrophalarix, 224 Cirrheedia xerampelina, 94, 96, 114 Classification of insects, an essay on the, 189 Cledeobia angustalis, 111 Cleonus nebulosus, 93 Cleora glabraria, 110, 113, 313; lichen- aria, 61, 110, 150, 224 Climatal conditions in deciding morpho- logical characters, subordinate influ- ence of, 97 Clisiocampa castrensis, 233 Cloantha solidaginis, 149 Clythride and Kumolpide, new species of, 261 Cnethocampa pityocampa, 149 Coccid, new British, 300 Coccidie, descriptive notes on two, 12; from Algeria, 21; of Ceylon, 20 Coccinella hieroglyphica, 22 Cockroaches, immigrant, 142 Cocoons, South American, 328 Ccenonympha arcania, 212; iphioides, 324; iphis, 23; pamphilus var. lyllus, 8, 11; satyrion, 23; typhon, 23, 251 Coleophora albitarsella, 114; anatipen- nella, 71, 273 Coleoptera, in 1897, 299; in January, 82; from Cintra, 83; from the Tyrol, 83; in the New Forest, 227 Colias chrysotheme, 296; edusa, 8, 10, 109, 209, 223, 248, 269, 298, 299, 321, 322,—-var. helice, 8, 10,—var. minor,: 10; erate, 153; hyale, 153, 178, 209; phicomone, 209; romanovi, 153 Collection of insects and the elucidation of scientific problems, 78 Colotois pennaria, 246 Comma butterfly of America, the, 172 Conchylis straminea, 72 Conops vescularis, 226 Cooked locusts, 84 Cordulegaster annulatus, 70, 271, 273, 280 Cordulia zenea, 33, 278, 280, 281; arctica, 33; curtisii, 33; metallica, 33 Cordyceps entomorrhiza, 162 Coremia designata (propugnata), 67 ; unidentaria, 180; quadrifasciaria, 72 Corixa albifrons, 240; ovivora, 238 CornwaLL — Colias edusa, 269, 320; Dianthecia barretti, 220 © Corycia bimaculata, 111; punctata, 74; temerata, 111 Cosmia affinis, 73, 110 Cossus ligniperda, 48, 319 Crabro interruptus, 95 Crambus chrysonuchellus, 72; falsellus, 74; furcatellus, 153; inquinatellus, 73; Jlatistrius, 74; perlellus var. rostellus, 317 Crymodes exulis, 178, 179 | vil Cucullia chamomille, 96,178; umbra- tica, 20, 48, 116; verbasci, 110, 116 Cyaniris (Lycena) argiolus, 224 Cymatophora flavicornis, 71 ; 108, 111 Cynomyia alpina, 328; mortuorum, 327 ridens, Danais erippus, 18 Dasycampa rubiginea, 110, 329 Dasydia obfuscaria, 128 Decadence of British Rhopalocera, the probable cause of the, 55, 102, 139 Decticus albifrons, 188 Deilephila euphorbie, 180; galii, 270, 328,—reappearance on the Lancashire and Cheshire coast, 290 Deinostoma dilatatum, 324 Demas coryli, 110 Depressaria alstroemeriana, 71; arenella, 71; costosa, 73; heracliana, 72; yeatiana, 114 Destroying insects by steam power, 269 DrvonsHire — Callimorpha hera, 248; captures at Dawlish, 123; Colias edusa, 298; collecting at Sidmouth, 222; Deilephila galii, 270; notes from South, 112 Diamond Jubilee, the, 122 Diantheecia capsincola, 327 ; capsophila, 85; conspersa, 86; luteago var. bar- retti, 220, 222, 224; nana, 274, 325 Diastictis brunneata, 246 Dicranura furcula, 299 Dicrorampha petiverella, 72; plumbana, 72; saturnana, 71; sequana, 114 Dictyonota fuliginosa, 275 Dilinia exanthemata, 246 Diloba cxruleocephala feeding on cherry laurel, 198 Distribution of Rhopalocera, geographi- cal and vertical, 206 Ditula hartmanniana, 273 Dragonflies, 29,70, 120, 272, 277, (late) 320 Drepana binaria, 145; cultraria, 115, 116, 145; faleataria, 145, 251; falcula, 71; hamula, 48 Karis chlorana, 110, (Halias) 322 Early appearances, 123, 144 Earwig new to Britain, an, 177 Ectobia livida, 28 Eggs of British Lepidoptera for figur- ing, 221 Elachista rufocinerea, 71 Elateridx, 146, 148 Electric lamp for sugaring, 180 Electric light, moths taken at, 48 Hllopia fasciaria, 110 Kmaturga atomaria, 22 Emblethis verbasci, 300 Emmelesia adequata, 237; affinitata, 111, 222, 235; alchemillata, 108, 145, 236; decolorata, 67; ericetata, 95; Vlil minorata, 149, 237; teniata, 236; unifasciata, 74, 236 Empusa pennicornis, 188 Emydia cribrum, 107, 108 Enallagma cyathigerum, 70, 251 Endopisa nigricana, 200 Endotricha flammealis, 111 Endromis versicolor, 114, 145, 154, 327 Ennomos autumnaria, 297, 317; erosa- ria, 100; fuscantaria, 73; tiliaria, 73 Ennychia nigrata, 74 Enodia (Kpinephele) hyperanthus, 23 ; portlandica, 23, 326 Enoplops scapha, 325 Hntomological expedition to Himalayas, 123 Kipacromia tamulus, 188 Ephestia kiihniella, 146 Ephipphiphora brunnichiana, 72 Kphyra omicronaria, 73; pendularia, 71 ; punctaria, 72 Epichnopteryx reticella, 114, 222 Epinephele hyperanthus, 248, 275,—vav. (figs.), 49; lanira, 94,—var. hispulla, 10, 212; ida, 11; tithonus, 212, 295, 323, 326,—var. (fig.}, 253, 254 Epione advenaria, 110, 116, 226, 246; apiciaria, 37, 67; parallelaria, 37, 317 Epunda nigra, 111, 113 Erebia «ethiops, 149; blandina, 96; epi- phron var. cassiope, 211; euryale var. euryaloides, 211; gorge, 211; ligea, 149; manto var. cecilia, 211; melas, 211; nerine, 275; tyndarus, 211; zapateri, 324 EKriocephala allionella, 201 Hriogaster lanestris, 252 Erirrhinus bimaculatus, 227 Eristalis tenax, 274 Erythromma najas, 35, 283,—/(fig.), 29 Essex—Captures in, 273 ; Colias edusa, 269; Epichnopteryx reticella, 222 ; Hadena dissimilis, 224; notes from Southend, 114; Strenia clathrata, 269 Eubolia bipunctaria, 22; cervinaria, 111 Kucerceris vittatifrons var. tricolor, 136 Eucheira socialis, 44 Euchlena prunaria, 245 Kuchloé cardamines, 19, 322,—var. tur- ritis, 6, 9; bela var. ausonia, 6, 9,— var. simplonia, 6, 9 Eucosmia certata, 116, 315; undulata, 315 Eudemonia argiphontes, 201; brachy- ura, 201 Eudorea cembre, 72 Hugonia angularia, 329; alniaria, 58, 115; autumnaria, 271; erosaria, 59, 67, 94; fuscantaria, 48, 59, 100, 318; quercinaria, 59, 318 EKumolpide, new species of South Ameri- can, 168, 193, 216 Eupisteria heparata, 227 CONTENTS. Eupithecia abbreviata, 112; albipunc- tata, 145, 288; assimilata, 73; con- signata, 85, 287; coronata, 73, 145, 190; debiliata, 290; dodoneata, 289 ; expallidata, 288; fraxinata, 145, 287; helveticaria var. arceuthata, 238 ; in- digata, 287; innotata, 287; isogram- mata, 237; jasioneata, 286; lariciata, 74, 288, 320; linariata, 74, 237; ob- longata, 74, 237; pimpinellata, 287; plumbeolata, 72, 238; pulchellata, 69, 237, 251; pumilata, 270; pygmeata, 238; rectangulata, 108; satyrata var. curzoni, 224; scabiosata, 237; sub- ciliata, 145; subfulvata, 48, 173, 237; subnotata, 85, 288; succentaureata, 73, 74, 237; sobrinata, 73; togata, 22, 289 ; trisignaria, 287; valerianata, 287 ; venosata, 145, 237; virgaureata, 74, 287 Euploea core, 241; rhadamanthus, 241; rogenhoferi, 241 Eupwcilia angustana, 273; atricapitana, 114; nana, 199 Kurhipide, 170 Eurrhypara urticalis, 242 Eurymene dolobraria, 38, 108, 110, 145, 246 Kustroma reticulata, 150 Kuteliide, 171 Exhibition of insects, 179, 316 ‘‘ Hxperiences in Lepidoptera in 1896,” 87 Forcing Acherontia atropos, 75 Formicide from St. Vincent, &c., 148 Frenulum of the Lepidoptera, 300 Fungi parasitic on butterflies (figs.), 1 Fungi versus Androconia, 50 Gelechia affinis, 72; dodecella, 74; do- mestica, 73; fugitivella, 73; luculella, 72; mulinella, 74; proximella, 72; spuricella, 22; teniolella, 74; vulgella, 72, 73 Genera of Lepidoptera, monograph of the, 297 Geographical distribution and postglacial derivation of the Palearctic and Ne- arctic Alpine Rhopalocera Fauna, 157 Geographical varieties, on naming, 26 Geometra papilionaria, 112, 129, 145, 251, 327; vernaria, 116, 129, 226, 249 Geometride, Asiatic distribution of Bri- tish, 244, 312; from Europe and E. Asia compared, 150 Geranomyia unicolor, 95 GLOUCESTERSHIRE—Agrotis cinerea, 115 (c.f. 145); Lycena arion, 220; Setina irrorella, 247 Glyptoscelis gigas, sp. n., 262; para- guayensis, sp.n., 263 Gnophos obscurata, 109, 128 Gnopbhria rubricollis, 224 CONTENTS. 1X Gomphocerus maculatus, 28 Gomphus yvulgatissima, 34 Gonepteryx cleopatra, 9,94; rhamni, 9, HO LOT Gortyna flavago, 94 Gryllotalpa africana, 188; gryllotalpa, 188 ; vulgaris, 20 Gymnopleurus, Illiger, on the genus, 131; the genus, 62, 166 Gynandromorphous earwigs, 201, 203 Gynandromorphous Lepidoptera :—174 ; Argynnis (Dryas) paphia, 178; Dicra- nura bifida, 295; Lycsena egon, 179; icarus; 179, 296; Melanargia galatea, 150; Saturnia pavonia, 22 Habrostola tripartita, 116; 116, 145 Hadena dissimilis, 116, 224; genistex, 116, 224; glauca, 252; maillardi a form of Crymodes exulis, 178, 179; pisi, 275; thalassina, 23; trifolii, 271 Halia brunneata, 214, 246 Halias prasinana, 109; quercana, 109 Halonota cirsiana, 72 Halticid beetle, a remarkable, 147 Hampsuire — Cicadetta montana, 148; Colias edusa, 269, 299; collecting in New Forest, 224; Diptera at Bourne- mouth, 95; Ennomos (Kugonia) au- tumnaria, 271, 297; notes from Ring- wood, 107 Hecatera serena, 110, 115, 116, 327 Heliophobus hispidus, 321 Heliothis dipsacea, 108; peltigera, 85, 327 Helophilus trivittatus, 328 Helotropha fibrosa, 80 Hemerophila abruptaria, dark var., 154 Hemithea strigata, 129 Hepialus daphnandri, 324; lupulinus, 86,—vegetable enemy of larva, 162; sylvanus, 110 Herminia barbalis, 71; cribralis, 114; tarsipennalis, 111 Hesperia actwon, 7, 11, 212; lineola, 114, 212, 329; nostrodamus, 7, 11; paniscus, 111; sylvanus, 19, 212 Hessian fly, parasite of, 317 Heterogamia egyptiaca, 188 Heterogenea limacodes, 275 High-flat setting, 14, 15, 45, 76, 77, 119, 142 Himera pennaria, 246 Homeochromatism in butterflies, 201 Homeosoma cretacella, 273; senecio- nis, 273 Hybernia aurantiaria, 18, 73, 85, 153; defoliaria, 18, 234; dira, 246; leuco- phearia, 233, 246; marginaria, 178, 234; progemmaria var. fuscata, 320 Hybrid Amphidasys strataria x A. betu- laria, 179 triplasia, Hybrid and mongrel Lepidoptera, 197 Hybrids and mongrels, 176, 300 Hydrelia uncula, 227 Hydrilla palustris, 222 Hydrocampa nympheata, 242; stagnata, 74, 242 Hydrocampine, 147, 242 Hydreecia micacea, 48, 145, 319; nicti- tans, 20, 48,—var. paludis, 114 Hygrochroa syringaria, 245 Hymenoptera from New Mexico, 135 Hypenodes costestrigalis, 37, 74 Hyperchiria io, 43 Hypsipetes impluviata, 111, 227, 251; ruberata, 111, 312; trifasciata, 145 Hyria muricata, 129 Icerya rileyi, 14 Ichneumon on young larva of Cucullia verbasci, 203 Idia lunata, 95 Ino geryon, 116; statices, 116 Insects, the senses of, 11 Jodis lactearia, 129; 109 TrELAND—Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of, 36, 58, 104, 128, 212, 233, 286, 310; Aciptilia tetradactylus, 85; Larentia flavicinetata, 297; Leucania extranea, 80; Leucophasia sinapis, 200; Platy- ptilia tesseradactyla, 74; Phothedes captiuncula, 85 Ischnura elegans, 35, 70, 251, 282; pu- milio, 35 Istze or Man—Colias edusa, 269 Ismene helios, 152 Ivy, captures at, 113 Ixias birdi, 241 vernaria, 108 Jumping beans, 23, 93 Kent—Colias edusa, 269, 321; Endro- mis versicolor, 154; Pieris daplidice, 299; Plusia moneta, 221; orichalcea, 180 Kermes gillettei, 14; variegatus, 300 Labidura pugnax, 201 LancasuireE — Acherontia atropos, 298, 322; Acronycta alni, 298 Laphygma exigua, 327 Larentia berberata, 108; cesiata, 235; flavicinctata, 297, 325; miaria, 74; multistrigaria, 235; olivata, 235 ; salicata, 235, 274 Lasiocampa quercifolia, 48, 110,—num- ber of eggs, 24 Lecaniodiaspis celtidis, 12 Leioptilus (Alucita) scarodactyla, 22 Lepidoptera, aberrations of British, 144; Gynandromorphous, 174; in 1896, 107; in 1897, 176, 322; of Ireland, catalogue of the, 36, 58, 104, 128, 212, x CONTENTS. 233, 286, 310; of Middlesex, 198; the protection of, 229, 232; list of species to be protected, 198; uniformity in pinning and setting, 77,174; phalene of the whole world, 264 Lepidopterous pup, questions nected with the formation of, 24 Leptogramma scabrana, 146 Leptophyes punctatissima, 28 Leptura livida, 224 Lestes nympha, 35; sponsa, 35, 70, 201, 282 Leucania albipuncta, 327; comma, 116, 145 ; extranea, 80; littoralis, 108, 109; obsoleta, 273, 275; straminea, 114; turca, 110; unipuncta migrating, 78 Leucoma salicis, 273, 327 Leucophwxa surinamensis (indica), 178 Leucophasia sinapis, 58, 200, 209 Leucorrhinia dubia, 70, 251, 296 Leuctinodes longipalpis, 126; vagans, 126 Libellula depressa, 272, 273; fulva, 52; quadrimacula, 32, 180, 251, 272, 277, 278, 230 Libythea celtis, 10 Ligdia adustata, 72, 111, 216 Limenitis camilla, 10, 210; sibylla, 102, 108, 109, 202 Limnobia replicata, 148 LrncotysHireE—Sphinx convolvuh, 298 Liparis dispar, effects of inbreeding, 24 Lita intermediella, 83 Lithocolletis messaniella, 72; querci- foliella, 72; scopariella, 71; sylvella, 71; ulmifoliella, 72 Lithosia aureola, 108, caniola, 328 ; complana, 114; mesomella, 108, 115, 226; sericea, 110; sororcula, 145 ; rubricollis, 108 Lithostege griseata, 275 Lobesia reliquana, 71 Lobophora carpinata (lobulata), 250, 310; halterata, 310; hexapterata, 71 ; sexalisata, 111, 310; viretata, 111, 113, 145, 310 Locusta peregrina, 23; undetermined species, 84; viridissima, 28, 326 Lophopteryx camelina, 69, 297; car- melita, 180 Lophyrus pini, 95, 297 Lozogramma petraria, 246 Luehdorfia puziloi, 152 Luperina cespitis, 67, 94, 96, 118, 116; testacea, 113 Lycena wgon, 210; argiolus, 10, 108, 112, 116, 180, 241, 248, 3822; argus, 210; arion, 57, 87, 103, 139, 210, 220; astrarche, 10, 114, 210; baton, 10; bellargus, 10, 80, 210; bcetica, 9; coryden, 81, 210; cyllarus, 6, 10; eros, 210; escheri, 210; eumedon, 210; hylas, 210; icarus, 10, 210, 322— 999: aaa, con- | ? hybrids, 95; minima, 210; orbitulas, 210; semiargus, 210; webbiana, 94 Lytra vesicatoria, 324 Macaria alternata, 246; liturata, 74, 111, 213, 250; notata, 71, 72; shanghai- saria, 246 Macroglossa bombiliformis, 108, 115, 116, 179, 219, 225, 226; fuciformis, 108, 115, 219; stellatarum, 116, 249, 292, 323 Mamestra abjecta, 114, 274; albicolon, 249; anceps, 48, 725; persicarize (black), 23; sordida, 145 Mantis, living in confinement, 202; re- ligiosa, 188 Meconema varium, 28, 76 Melampias melampus, 23; pharte, 23 Melanargia arge, 6; galatea, 6, 10, 114, 116, 150, 211,—-var. procida, 8, 10; japygia, 6,—var. cleanthe, 8, 10; pherusa, 5, 10,—var. plesaura, 10 Melalontha vulgaris, 154 Melanippe galiata, 108, 153; hastata, 150, 316; montanata, 266, 274; pro- cellata, 72, 146; rivata, 74, 146, 153; unangulata, 74, 111 Melanism and climatic conditions, 127, 197, 219 Melanthia albicillata, 111; rubiginata, 74 Melinda formosa, 165 Melissodes menuacha var. submenuacha, 137 Melita artemis, 94; athalia, 10, 103, 210; aurinia, 57, 103, 116, 324; cinxia, 10, 58, 223; dictyma, 7, 10, 210; didyma. 7, 10, 210; parthenie, 210; pheebe, 210 Merodon equestris, 227 Metrocampa dolabraria, 246 ; raria, 245 Micro-Lepidoptera from Dauphine Alps, 22; from Kquatorial Africa, 22; in 1897, 322 Micropteryx sparmannella, 71 MrppLhesex—Amphidasys betularia var. doubledayaria, 200; Lepidoptera of, 198; Lycena argiolus at Chiswick, 248; Phorodesma pustulata, 222 ; Sphinx convolvuli, 270 pulve- | Miltogramma conica, 95; punctata, 95 | Mimesa bicolor, 275 ‘* Mimetic attraction,” 177 | Mimiery, 201, 328 Minoa murinata, 116 Molorchus minor, 180 Molophilus murinus, 275 Morgeni mercedonia, 165 Moth-trap in 1896, illuminated, 145 Mould, formaline as a preventive of, 21 : Mullerian mimicry, 201, 328 CONTENTS. Muscular energy in a, Tipula leg after death, 275 Mymaride, British, 264 Myochrous curculionoides, sp. n., 263 Myopa fasciata, 95 Natural genera and the nature of species, 151 Nemeobius lucina, 116 Nemeophila plantaginis, 116, 252, 329; russula, 20, 250 Nemoria viridata, 110, 129 Nephrocerus flavicornis, 84 Nest of Bombus latriellellus, of B. lapi- darius, and of Vespa rufa attacked by larvee of Aphomia sociella, 274 Neuration without removing scales, studying, 265 Neuria saponariew, 48 Neuronia popularis, 67, 94, 116, 319 Nisoniades tages, 19 Noctua castanea, 145, 299; dahlii, 110; glareosa, 299; plecta, 73; sobrina, 23 ; umbrosa, 67; xanthographa, 67 Noctuid moths, synonymy of, 170 Nola confusalis, 72; cucullatella, 110, 226; strigula, 110 Notiophilus rufipes, 324 Nonagria arundinis, 326, 327 ; fulva, 110; lutosa, 114; neurica, 273 Notodonta camelina, 73; dicteoides, 113; trepida, 145, 327; ziezac, 299 Notonecta glauca, 201; lutea, 201 Notonectide, preliminary revision of the, 300 NorrincHAMSHIRE — Sphinx convolvuli, 270 Nudaria mundana, 145; senex, 110 Numeria pulveraria, 204, 245 Nymphula stagnata, 242 Nyssia hispidaria, 145, 152, 154, 225, 250; lapponaria, 179; zonaria, 59, 68, 86, 8 dictea, 48; dromedarius, 69; trimacula, 145; Oberea oculata, 274 Osiruary—Hodgkinson, J. B., 124; Fry, Clarence, 156; Finlay, John, 228; Matthews, Andrew, 276; Dunning, ‘« Joseph William, 332; McArthur, 332 Ochsenheimeria bisontella, 74; vacu- lella, 299 Ocneria dispar, 153 Odynerus livipes, 152 CHicophora stipella, 22 (Edipoda cerulescens, 28; fasciata, 23 (Edipodid, 148 Onocera ahenella, 146 Oodes helopioides, 180 Ophion luteum, 122 Opisthograpta clathrata, 246 ; naria, 246 alter- xl Opomala cylindrica, 188 Oporabia autumnaria, 234; dilutata var. obscurata, 234; filigrammata, 234 Oporina croceago, 94, 112, 113 Orgyia antiqua, 115; dispar, 87; fasce- lina, 108, 109; gonostigma, 327 Ornithoptera pompeus, 241; (Pompeo- ptera) irregularis, sp. n., 312 Ornix anglicella, 71 . Orthetrum cancellatum, 281; lescens, 271, 281 Orthoneura brevicornis, 152 Orthoptera, British, 28, 76; 187, 327 Orthosia upsilon, 273 Orthotznia striana, 146 OxFrorpsHIRE—Colias edusa, Oxylebius legolesius, 329 ceru- exotic, 23, 248 Pachnobia hyperborea (alpina), 149 Pachycnemia hippocastanaria, 111 Pedisea occultana, 146 Paniscus cephalotes, 122 Panolis piniperda, 117 Pantilius tunicatus, 326 Papilio ganesa, 241; machaon, 9, 23, 95, 102, 208,—var. sphyrus, 9; mime- ticus, sp.n., 165; paris, 241; poda- lirius, 9,—var. feisthamelii, 95,—var. latteri, 95,—var. zancleus, 9, 95; rex, 165; new species from Uganda, 165 Papilionide of the Machaon group from N. America, 147 Paragymnopleurus, gen. nov., 166 Paraponyx stratiotalis (stratiotata), 67, 73, 74, 242 Pararge egeria, 10, 19, 112, 116, 123, 212, 248, 319, 322; mera var. adrasta, 211; megera, 10, 19, 212,—var. tige- lius, 10; xiphia, 94; xiphioides, 94 Parasite in larva of Melitea aurinia, 203 Parnassius apollo, 208, 324; phical varieties of, 15 Passalus, stridulating apparatus in, 151 Pechypogon barbalis, 224 Pelurga comitata, 73 Pempelia palumbella, 111 Penthina betuletana, 146; gentiana, 273 Pericallia syringaria, 20, 108, 110, 116, 245 Perinephele lancealis, 242 Periplaneta americana, chroma, 188 Peronea cristana, 146; mixtana, 146; permutana, 220, 274; ’schalleriana, 146 Petasia cassinea, 112 Phalera bucephala, 299 Phibalapteryx lignata, 67; tersata, 95, 107; vitalbata, 72, 95, 10 116 Phigalia pedaria, 145, 247; piliosaria, 72; sinuosaria, 247 geogra- 142; mono- X11 Philosamia cynthia, 43; splendidus, 43 Phlceodes demarniana, immun- dana, 146 Phorodesma bajularia, 202, 224,—larva (fig.), 301: pustulata, 222,—larva (fig.), 301; smaragdaria, 202 Phothedes captiuneula, 85 Photography without shadow, 265 Photopsis mesillensis, sp. n., 137 Phoxopteryx lactana, 72; uncana, 199 Phycis betula, 199 Phyllocrania illudens, 300, 325 Phyllodromia germanica, 142 Phytometra enea, 108 Pieris brassice, 9, 19, 56, 94, 108, 241, 324; attracted by artificial flowers, 197; callidice, 209; cheiranthi, 94; 199; daplidice, 9; melete, 276; napi, 19, | 56, 209, 241; rape, 9, 19, 56, 107, 209, 241, 266 Pigments of Lepidoptera, the probable cause and physical nature of the, 51 Pionea stramentalis, 74 Plagithmysus from Islands, species of, 21 Platetrum depressum, 32, 278, 280; quadrimaculata, 70 Platycleis brachyptera, 28, 76; roselii, 28 Platycnemis pennipes, 35, 282 Platypezide, British, 221 the Hawaiian Platypteryx lacertula, 108; unguicula, | 108 Platyptilia tesseradactyla, 74, 84, 86 Platysamia ceanothi, 42; cecropia, 42 ; columbia, 42; gloveri, 42 Plebius (Lycena) gon, 275 Pleurota pyropella, 22 Plusia bractea, 20; chrysitis, 67, 110, 116: festuce, 67, 110, 273; gamma, 271; iota, 73, 110, 116, 145; moneta, 221, 271, 298, 324; orichalcea, 180; pulchrina, 110 Peecilocampa populi, 68, 72, 115, 116 Peecilochroma ratzeburghiana, 74 Polia chi var. olivacea, 22, 68; cincta, 95, 326 Polygonia c-album var. hutchinsoni, 16; comma, 172; interrogationis, 172 Polyommatus corydon, 274, 275; dis- flavi- par, 102; hippothoé, 80; phlceas var. | eleus, 9 Porthesia auriflua, 20; (Huproctis) chrysorrheea, 20, 230, 232, 316 Prays curtisellus, 73, 273 Protection of insects, 18, 144, 146, 148, 150, 198, 229, 232 Prothoracic gland of D. vinula, 147 Protopassus walkeri, 300 Psamotis hyalinalis, 242; 242 Psecadia pusiella, 21 pulveralis, CONTENTS. Pseudopanthera bimaculata, 245; pe- traria, 246 Pseudopontia paradoxa, 178 Pseudoterpna pruinata, 129, 250 Psilura monacha, 108, 226 Psyche cases, 327 Pterostoma palpina, 48 Ptocheuusa inopella, 273 Pulvinaria innumerabilis var. occiden- talis, 13 1 | Pycnoscelus indicus, 21, 28 Pyralis glaucinalis, 72, 74 Pyrisitia proterpia, 202 | Pyrrhosoma minium, 35, 29 (fig.), 149, 271, 273, 277, 283; tenellum, 35, 278, 283 Ranatra vicina, 188 Recent LrreraturEe :-— ‘The Hemiptera-Homoptera of the British Islands,’ by Jas. Edwards, 123 ‘The Lepidoptera of the British Islands,’ vol. iii., by Charles G. Barrett, 124 ‘Economic Entomology for the Farmer and Fruit-grower, and for use as a Text-book in Agricultural Schools and Colleges,’ by John B. Smith, 124 ‘Proceedings of the Highth Annual Meeting of the Association of Kconomic Entomologists,’ 124 ‘ Bibliography of the more Important Contributions to American Econo- mic Entomology,’ by Samuel Hen- shaw, 124 ‘Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society, 1896,’ 154 ‘Report of Odservations of Injurious Insects,’ by Eleanor A. Ormerod, 155 ‘Notes on Lepidoptera collected in the Edinburgh District,’ by William Evans, 155 ‘Preliminary List of the Neuroptera and Trichoptera of Yorkshire,’ by G. T. Porritt, 155 ‘Imaginal Discs in Insects,’ Henry 8. Pratt, 155 ‘A New Hypothesis of Seasonal Di- morphism in Lepidoptera,’ by A. G. Mayer, 156 ‘ Tchneumonides Tosquinet, 156 ‘Le Cocciniglie Italiane,’ by Antonio Berlese, 156 ‘A Check-List of the Coccide,’ by T. D. A. Cockerell, 156 ‘The Principal Household Insects of the United States,’ by L. O. Howard and C. L. Marlatt, 156 by d’Afrique,’ by J. CONTENTS. xii ‘Tnsects affecting Domestic Animals,’ by Herbert Osborn, 156 ‘Insects affecting the Cotton Plant,’ by L. O. Howard, 156 ‘An Essay on the Development of the Mouth-parts of certain Insects,’ by John B. Smith, 156 ‘New Mallophaga’ (Pt.II.), by Vernon L. Kellogg, 156 ‘Die Schmetterlings fauna von Hildes- heim,’ by A. Radcliffe Grote, 203 ‘The Young Beetle Collector’s Hand- book,’ by E. Hofmann and W. Egmont Kirby, 204 ‘A Study in Insect Parasitism,’ by L. Howard, 228 ‘Harrow Butterflies and Moths,’ Vol. II., by J. L. Bonhote and N: C. Rothschild, 228 ‘Descriptive List of British Antho- myidex,’ by R. H. Meade, 252 ‘The Asparagus Beetle,’ by F. H. Chittenden, 276 ‘Some Little-known Insects affecting Stored Vegetable Products,’ by F. H. Chittenden, 276 ‘The San Jose Scale and its Nearest Allies,’ by T. D. A. Cockerell, 276 ‘Insect Control in California,’ by_C. L. Marlatt, 276 ‘ General Index to Insect Life,’ 276 ‘Life Histories of American Insects,’ by Clarence Moores Weed, 330 ‘Report of the State Board of Agri- culture on the Work of Extermi- nation of the Gipsy Moth,’ 330 ‘Proceedings of the Davenport Aca- demy of Natural Science,’ 330 ‘ Biological Effects of Civilization on the Insect Fauna of Ohio,’ by F. M. Webster, 330 ‘The Protective Value of Action, Volitional or otherwise, in Pro- tective Mimicry,’ by F. M. Webster, 330 ‘The Food Plants of Scale Insects (Coccide),’ 330 ‘Further Coccid Notes,’ by W. M. Maskell, 330 ‘Investigations on the San Jose Scale,’ by John B. Smith, 331 ‘Directions for Collecting and Pre- serving Scale Insects (Coccide),’ by T. D. A. Cockerell, 331 Reports oF SocrETIES :— Birmingham Entomological, 152, 252, 275, 327 Cambridge Entcmological and Natural History, 23, 93, 151, 178, 328 City of London Entomological and Natural History, 179 Entomological Club, 96 Entomological Society of London, 20, 82, 146, 177, 201, 300, 323 Lancashire and Cheshire Hntomolo- gical, 87 Nonpareil Entomological and Natural History, 24, 153, 180, 329 North London Natural History, 96, 224 South London Entomological and Natural History, 22, 84, 148, 177, 202, 224, 274, 325 ‘* Representative species,’’ 150 Retinia buoliana, 74, 199; pinicolana, 199; pinivorana, 200; resinella, 149, 202 Rhinonchus bruchoides, 180 Rhodocera rhamni, 209 Rhodophxa advenella, 146, 273; con- sociella, 146 Rhynchota, synonymic notes on aquatic, 258 Rivula sericealis, 67 Roxana arcuana, 71, 74 Salius fuscus, 275 Satacoma agrionata, 300 Saturnia carpini, 20, 22, 110, 226, 249; ceecigena, 40; gelleta, 44; isabelle, 40; laventera, 44; orizaba, 44; pa- vyonia, 22, 202; vorulla, 44; zaca- teca, 44 Satyrus alcyone, 211; circe, 10; pri- euri var. uhagonis, 324; semele, 266, 275,—in cop. with V. atalanta, 249,— var. aristeus, 7, 8, 10; statilinus var. allionia, 10 Sarrothripa revayana, 109 Scerropinus fenestralis, 93 Schistocera peregrina, 84 Scruty Istes—Colias edusa, 269; Lepi- doptera of, 82 Scodonia belgiaria, 108, 214, 226, 252 Scopariane, British, 242 Scoparia pallida, 73, 114 Scoria dealbata, 215 Scornanp—Colias hyale, 178; Epione parallelaria, 317; Lepidopteria of Avie- more, 149; Setina irrorella, 81; Sphinx convolvuli, 298 Scotosia certata, 111; undulata, 111 Seasonal dimorphism in African butter- flies, 84 Selenia illustraria, 110; lunaria, 38, 110, 116, 145 ; tetralunaria, 39, 245 Selidosema ericetaria, 215; plumaria, 109 Senta maritima var. bipunctaria, 114,— var. wismariensis, 275 Sericinus telamon, 152 Sericoris rivulana, 22 Sesia culiciformis, 200,—yellow band, 23; musciformis, 111, 222; tipuli- formis, injurious, 173 XIV Setina aurita 247; irrorella, 81, 95, 174, 247 Sigara (Rhynchota), notes on the genus, 238 Silk-producing Lepidoptera, 39 Sirex gigas, 252; juvencus, 24 Smerinthus ocellatus, 22, 69, 299, 319; populi, 19, 69, 72, 116, 274, 319; tilie, 23, 71, 116, 319 Some thoughts suggested by Mr. Har- court-Bath’s paper, 184 Sophronia semicostella, 22 Sphecodes niger, 152 Sphegide from Egypt, 202 Spider catching Vanesse, 21 Spiders from the Canaries and Madeiras, 95 Spilosoma fuliginosa, 48, 68, 145, 250 ; pairing with A. caia, 247; lubricipeda, 22, 84; .mendica, 20,— var. rustica, 205; menthastri, 274 Spilomena foxii, sp. n., 136 Spilomyia speciosia, 227 Spilonota roszcolana, 72 Spilothyrus alcew, 11; althex, 11, 212; lavatere, 212 Sphinx convolvuli, 219, 223, 270, 298, 321, 323; ligustri, 95, 115, 116, 299, 319; pinastri, 222 Sphinigymnopleurus, gen. noy. 166 Stauropus fagi, 115, 270, 271, 297 Stenia punctalis, 242 Stenobothrus elegans, 28 Stenoprocus cruciatus, 177 Sterrha sacraria, 215 Stilbia anomala, 109 Strange resting-place of butterflies, 266 Strangalia melanura, 224 Strenia clathrata, 213, 246, 269 Stridulating apparatus of Geotrupes, 151; in a Passalus, 151 Surrotk—Acherontia atropos, 122, 247, 269 ; Choerocampa elpenor, 247 ; Lepi- doptera in, 70; notes from Kastern Counties, 73; Sphinx convolvuli, 270 Surrey — Amyhidasys betularia var. doubledayaria, 222; Anosia menippe, 18; Plusia moneta, 221, 271; Whit Monday at Oxshott, 299 Sussex—Colias edusa and C. hyale, 269; Peronea permutana, 220; Pycnoselus indicus, 21; Velia currens, 148 Swammerdamia cesiella = spinella, 72 Sympetrum flaveolum, 32; fonscolombi, 32; sanguineum, 32; scoticum, 32, 70, 280, 281, 321; striolatum, 280, 281, 321; vulgatum, 32 Synchloe lacinia, 324 Synonymy of the British species of Sco- paria, 243 Syrichthus alveus, 212; carthami, 212 ; malve ab. taras, 324; sao, 212 Syrphide, 226 CONTENTS. Tabanus spodopterus, 93 Teniocampa gothica var. gothicina, 203; gracilis, 119; incerta, 23; miniosa, 107, 225; munda, 71, 85, 117; in cop. with T. stabilis, 85; opima, 153, 327; populeti, 117, 176; rubricosa, i19 Taleporia pseudobombycella, 146 Tapinostola elymi, 275; bondii, 75, 256, 303, 318 Teinopalpis imperialis, 242 Telea polyphemus, 41 Tellena angusticollis, sp. n., 261 Temperature experiments, 175, 196, 300 Tephrina brunneata, 246 Tephrosia bistortata, 20, 148, 149, 300,— ab. abietaria, 20,—ab. consonaria, 20; biundularia, 20, 85, 95, 105, 108, 110, 116, 250,—on the Irish, 140; biundu- laria and crepuscularia (bistortata), ova of, 149; consonaria, 105, 111, 116; crepuscularia, 85, 95, 105, 107, 110, 115, 178, 202, 203, 300, 313, 320, 322; extersaria, 108,111; punctularia, 71, 128 Tephrosia discussion, The, 140, 202 Termites, remarks on, 152 Tethea subtusa, 94 Tettix bipunctatus, 28 Thais cerisyi var. deyrolii, 149 Thalpochares parva, 47 (Micra); paula, a British species, is, 17, 47 Thamnotrizon cinereus, 28 Thecla acacie, 9; betule, 108, 109, 123; ilicis, 209; pruni, 153; quercus, 225; rubi, 19, 108 Thera firmata, 111, 312; juniperata, 149, 311; simulata, 149; variata, 311 Tholomiges turfosalis, 37 Thyatira derasa, 249 Timarcha levigata, 272 Tinea biselliella, 21, 72; cloacella, 71; cochylidella = ruricolella, 143; ferru- ginella, 73; fuscipunctella, 73; semi- fulvella, 145 Tischera complanella, 71 Tortrix piceana, 200; pyrastrana, 45 ; ribeana, 73; viburniana, 114 Toxocampa cracce, 274 Trachea piniperda, 107 Trichiura crategi, 95, 112, 116, 145, 323 Trichonyx sulcicollis, 324 Triphena comes, 85; fimbria, 84; inter- jecta, 110 Tryxalis pharaonis, 188 Urania rhipheus, 178 Urapteryx sambucata, 245, 252 Urodera lacordairei, sp. n., 261 Vanessa atalanta, 10, 18, 56, 94, 210, 241; antiopa, 48, 95, 210, 269; c-al bum, 10, 19, 82, 210 (Polygonia), 172, —yar. hutchinsoni, 16, 87; callirhoé, CONTENTS. 94; cardui, 7, 10, 56, 94, 210, 242, 299; huntera, 94; io, 19, 94, 107; poly- chloros, 7, 10, 108, 109; urtice, 68, 107, 210, 241,—-var. ichnusa, 10 Variation of Callimorpha dominula, 294 Varieties.—Abraxas grossulariata, 21, 22, ~ 73, 111, 150, 271, 325; sylvata, 85, 325; Acronycta menyanthidis, 85; Agrotis segetum, 85; Amphidasys prodro- maria, 93; Anchocelis rufina, 150; Angerona prunaria, 254; Apatura iris, 94; Arctia caia, 94, 95, 150, 326; Ar- gynnis adippe, 326; (Dryas) paphia, 23; Doritis apollinus, 152; Campto- gramma bilineata, 179; Catocala nup- ta, 79, 266; Cerastis vaccinii, 152; Colias chrysotheme, 296; Epinephele hyperanthus, 328; ianira, 179, 326; tithonus,326 ; EHrebia goante, 254 ; Fidonia atomaria, 96; Hemerophila abruptaria, 154; Hepialus humuli, 67; Hybernia marginaria, 178; Leu- corrhinia dubia, 296; Limenitis si- bylla, 179; Lyczna corydon, 81, 327, 329 ; minima, 179; Melanargia galatea, 323; montanata, 236; Nemeophila plantaginis, 266,300; Noctuac-nigrum, 85; Odonestis potatoria, 22, 85, 322 ; _ Pararge egeria, 179, 254; Phigalia pe- daria, 147, 150; Pieris brassice, 324; rape, 294; Pyrameis cardui, 179 ; Saturnia carpini, 85; Spilosoma fuli- ginosa, 95; Smerinthus populi, 326 ; tilie, 295; Teeniocampa cruda, 85; gracilis, 151; munda, 85; Triphena pronuba, 85; Vanessa atalanta, 18, 196; antiopa, 196; io, 196; levana, 196; urtice, 179, 295, 324; Xylo- phasia rurea, 85; Zygzena filipendul, 24 Velia currens, 148, 176 Velleius dilatatus, 324 Venusia cambrica, 130 XV Vespa britannica, 180; crabro, 123, 267; rufa, 274; vulgaris, 123 Vespx during hybernation, 152 Watres—Acronycta alni, 176; Agrotis cinerea, 81; Bombyx neustria, larva abundant, 200; Colias edusa, 299; Dianthecia luteago, 222; Entomology in Merionethshire, 248, 271; Macro- Lepidoptera of the Conway Valley, 19; Rhopalocera at Llandudno, 272; Va- nessa c-album, 81 WakwicKsHIRE— Dragonflies around Bir- mingham, 272; Sphingide of Birming- ham district, 219 Wicken Fen, 220 WIttsHIRE—Sphinx convolvuli, 270 Wingless moths, 44 WoRcESTERSHIRE—Coleoptera in 1897, 299; Sphinx convolvuli, 298 Xanthia aurago, 95, 145, 320; citrago, 73; gilvago, 116 Xanthogramma ornata, 95 Xanthosetia zwgana, 74 Xiphidium dorsale, 28 : Xylina ornithopus, 116; petrificata, 112, 113; rhizolitha, 73, 110, 113 YorKsHIRE—Sallows in 1896, 116 ; Sphinx convolvuli, 298; Vanessa antiopa, 269 Zanclognatha grisealis, 67 Zeugophora flavicollis, 83 Zeuzera esculi, 48, 110; pyrina, 115 Zonosoma linearia, 129; pendularia, 129, 145; punetularia, 129; orbicularia, 115, 129 Zygena exulans, 23; filipendule, 108,— var. hippocrepidis (fig.), 181, 224; loni- cere, 116; ochsenheimeri x with Z. filipendule, 83; trifolii, 108, 116. ILLUSTRATIONS. FuNGI PARASITIC ON BUTTERFLIES . : : : : : : ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA VARS. . : : : . : : : EPINEPHELE HYPERANTHUS VARS. . : 3 : ; : : ANISOLABIS ANNULIPES, Lucas . : g : : é c CoRDYCEPS ENTOMORRHIZA (VEGETABLE ENEMY oF HeEpraLus LUPU- Linus Larvm) . : A : 3 : : é 5 : ZYGENA FILIPENDULE VAR. HIPPOCREPIDIS é é - . ¢ EPINEPHELE TITHONUS VAR. : c : J : : : . AGRION MERCURIALE (Mane AND FEMALE) Anax Formosus (NympH) . : : 3 Puate I. To face CALOPTERYX SPLENDENS (NyMPH) . 5 PHORODESMA PUSTULATA (BAJULARIA) Larva. : : : : THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vou. XXX.] JANUARY, 1897. [No. 404. FUNGI PARASITIC ON BUTTERFLIES. By J. C. Ricxarp. 7 i ‘ i ------- 3 \ [ Z 3 4 On page 314 of the October number of the ‘ Entomologist ’ is a paragraph relating to this subject, entitled ‘‘ Fungi or Andro- conia?” by Prof. J. B. Smith. In referring to Mr. Scudder’s ereat work on Butterflies he characterises it as “ magnificent.” I regret not having had an opportunity of reading it, but am aware of its comprehensiveness, and through the kindness of a friend have been able to consult some of the plates. In a work of this magnitude it is not surprising that errors should creep in, but in spite of some mistakes I shall continue to regard it as “most magnificent’? until I meet with a better work on the subject. Prof. Smith refers me to plate 47, figures 1 and 2, which he states represent something ‘“‘as nearly like a spore-formation ENTOM.—JAN. 1897. B oy) THE ENTOMOLOGIST. in some kinds of fungus as can well be imagined.” As those figures do not present any very striking fungoid characters, I think he must have meant plate 46, where figures 1 to 4 represent organisms similar to those found on some Satyrids. Prof. Smith goes on to say that he has “ found his (Mr. Scudder’s) pictures in every case absolutely correct.” Figure 4 on plate 44 represents a portion of the wing of Speyeria idalia; the objects in this figure that Mr. Scudder terms ‘‘feathered androconia ” are really the rhizoids of a fungus, either represented from the under side, or else showing through the transparency of the overlying scales. Figures 39 and 40 of plate 46 are said to represent the androconia of Pieris oleracea and P. rape, but both figures are taken from mutilated or imperfectly developed examples. Of figure 40 (rape) I can speak positively from my own observation ; whilst the oleracea example so closely resembles the parasite of P. napi, that I have not the least doubt of its imperfect condition; certainly, many examples, both of the rape and napi forms, minus their sporo- carps, have come under my notice; but I have invariably found some on every slide examined in which this organ, the most important part, was developed and in situ. Figure 42 of the same plate is said to represent the androconia of Laertias philenor; this form differs from all the others figured by Mr. Scudder, and, speaking with reserve, I must say that in my opinion it represents an imperfect example. One would hardly suppose the vertical lines represented the strie of an ordi- nary scale; neither do they; one of these lines represents the stem that bears the sporocarp, the remaining four are the ribs or paraphyses (figure 1). I have very little doubt that the figure represents the basal portion * of the peridium, the stem and sporocarp of a fungus nearly allied to that found on P. agathina (see ante, p. 171). Similar mutilated examples of the agathina fungus have come under my notice (figure 2). My efforts to learn something of the later phases in the development of the rape fungus were only partially successful ; the first male of this species procured this year had never used its wings in flight, its fungi presented some abnormal appear- ances. Nearly all possessed the sporocarp; some had no lobes, some only one, but the greater number had both. The most numerous and most instructive examples were those which possessed horn-like processes arising from the apices of the inner sides of the lobes; these ‘‘ horns” varied in length, from a mere point to about one-third the breadth of the fungus; they are probably re-absorbed, as there was no indication of their dehis- cence; their function undoubtedly being to afford protection to the growing sporocarp. The examination of the wings of an example immediately after emergence, and of several dissected * Figured upside down. FUNGI PARASITIC ON BUTTERFLIES. 3 from the chrysalids, showed the fungus to be more developed than they were in the first specimen examined, in which the butterfly seems to have matured more rapidly than its parasite. On page 171 I remarked that the lobes of the napz fungus had probably become distorted in drying; this is not an exact explanation, the time the butterfly had been dead having little or nothing to do with the contraction of the lobes, which seems to be characteristic of this and some other forms—the oleracea fungus for instance. The contraction of the lobes affords an interesting case of the production of mechanical effects by a slight physical modification (shrinkage) of the parts concerned ; the function in this instance being to facilitate the dehiscence of the sporocarp; this follows from the circumstance that the lobes on contracting overlap each other, so that they no longer occupy the same plane, but are deflected somewhat from the central line; thus one lobe presses in one direction on one side, and the other lobe in the opposite direction on the other side, imparting to the central organs a sort of twist, which tends to cause a rupture at the weakest part of the structure, which in the case under consideration is usually at the junction of the stem and peridium, where, as I pointed out (ante, p. 230), there is a “hilum.” Exceptional examples are met with in which the lobes have contracted before the sporocarp has developed suffi- ciently to receive the pressure on what may be termed its ‘‘ equa- torial’’* region. In these cases the lobes are found pressing the sporocarp down to the bottom of the notch formed by the lobes, where it may be seen firmly clasped in their embrace. Why the very similar fungus of rape and others do not exhibit the like phenomena is difficult to explain; for some unknown reason it seems that the function performed by the contracting lobes is not required in such species. No reference has hitherto been made to the sexual organs which must necessarily have existed prior to the development of the fungus. I acknowledge that I have not even sought for these objects, believing that both my optical and manipulative powers would prove insufficient for a successful investigation; but certain structures that are probably of this nature have been described by others. A German biologist, whose name even is unknown to me, has described and figured in a German scientific journal what he calls ‘‘mother-cells”; he discovered them between the membranes of the wing. An eminent entomologist, in describing these bodies to us, sketched a rough section of a wing, and then proceeded to represent the ‘“‘mother-cells.” I noticed he gave a spiral twist to his figures. ‘‘ Are those glands * This is hardly the right term to use; what it was intended to convey was, that the pressure being applied in opposite directions on either side of an imaginary vertical axis caused a partial rotation or ‘‘twist” of the central organs.—J. C. R. B2 4, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. of some kind?” I asked. ‘‘ No,” was the reply; ‘‘ their function is unknown, but they are said to communicate with the exterior of the wing.” If we turn to the illustrations generally found in books on cryptogamic botany, we will probably find figures representing the conjugation of certain fungi, that bear so close a resemblance to these ‘‘ mother-cells,’” that I am tempted to regard the latter as the sexual organs of the fungi found on the wings of certain butterflies. The conjugating cells of Hrysiphe and Hurotium are cases in point; but all this is conjectural. In the last sentence of Prof. Smith’s paragraph (Entom. xxix. 314) he remarks, ‘‘except for their greater delicacy of structure, these androconia do not differ from the other wing-scales.”’ Ona previous occasion (Hntom. xxix. 280) I pointed out that certain differences do exist ; but if we compare the fungi with admittedly androconial scales as, for instance, those of Callidryas jflorella (Entom. xxix. 802), we shall find that there is not even a trace of similitude between them. In conclusion, I beg leave to offer my best thanks to Prof. Smith for his courteous remarks. EXPLANATION OF THE Figures. Fig. 1.—Sketch of Mr. Scudder’s fig. 42 (pl. 46), representing the ‘‘androconia of Laertias philenor ;” this object is shown upside down ; its asymmetry is probably due to pressure. Fig. 2.—Basal portion (for comparison with the above) of the Pieris ayathina fungus; st. stem; p. paraphyses. Fig. 8.—The P. agathina fungus, from which the entire stem has fallen out. Fig. 4.—Fungus of P. agathina; pe. peridium; p. paraphyses ; b. border or coping ; . rod-like structures on upper part of peridium ; st. stem, extending the whole length of the peridium; sp. sporocarp ; s. black spot on the apex. NOTES ON THE BUTTERFLIES OF SICILY. By Marearet EF. Founrarne. Havina had some idea of spending the summer in Sicily, with a view to collecting butterflies when I heard that I should probably be the first Knelish lepidopterist who had ever visited the island, and also that a certain amount of danger might be incurred thereby from brigands, &c., any hesitation I might previously have had, before making up my mind, was quite at an end; I decided to go. It was about 4 a.m., and a glorious summer morning, on the 10th of May last, when I first beheld the mountains round NOTES ON THE BUTTERFLIES OF SICILY. o Palermo, through a port-hole of the ‘ Cristofero Colombo,’ and thought, as I looked out, of all the little sleeping insects dispersed over those mountains, as yet innocent of the hand of the spoiler. But as I particularly desired to obtain specimens of the genus Melanargia, for which I knew Sicily was most famous, and being aware of their local habits, before com- mencing to work the neighbourhood I thought I might as well allow my head to save my heels; so, having discovered that Signor Enrico Ragusa, whose writings on the entomology of Sicily I had been reading with much interest during the winter months in England, was no other than the proprietor of the Grand Hotel des Palmes, I lost no time in repairing thither. His reply to my question as to the best locality for M. pherusa was, “ You'll have to look sharp; the time to take fresh speci- mens of the pherusa is generally the end of April or quite the beginning of May!” adding, however, that as this was a late season I might find it at the foot of Monte Cuccio, distant about four or five miles from Palermo. The next day I was there; but it seemed a long walk from Bocco di Falco, and I had begun to despair, more especially as “il tempo faceva un po’ brutto!”’ and the sunshine was becoming more and more dim every minute. At last, when I had ascended a short distance up from the foot of the highest peak of Monte Cuccio, I suddenly saw, blown by the wind, one solitary speci- men of the butterfly for which I was on the look-out. There was no mistaking it, and, in spite of the unpropitious foothold on the sloping sides of the mountain, covered with loose stones, Lat once gave chase, trembling with excitement, and slipping and falling more than once. But the pherusa was fast getting the best of it; flying with the wind, it seemed to have no intention of settling, or of doubling in its rapid flight. My heart sank within me, when, lo! there was another, and yet another! I then found that this wanderer, though itself now quite lost to sight, had guided me to the spot where several of its companions soon fell an easy prey to my net. In spite of the strong wind and the misty sunshine, they were out on the wing, and not at all difficult to take, as they had a great predilection for settling on a kind of dwarf thistle, which grew there in some abundance. After three days’ collecting, between the dates of May 12th and 18th, inclusive, I had succeeded in taking over sixty speci- mens, nearly all in perfect condition, but out of which only thirteen were females; and six males and one female distinctly belonging to the variety plesawra, though several other male Specimens approached it very nearly. I scarcely ever saw this butterfly other than in this one locality, where it was extremely plentiful. And though the walk from Bocco di Falco to San Martino was perhaps more beautiful 6 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. than anything I had ever seen, with the hedges on either side of the road for miles far out into the country of garden roses covered with bloom, at the roots of which Convolvulus major and sweet pea grew in extravagant luxuriance; and though the meadows were golden with orange marigolds, in this perfect wilderness of flowers butterflies of all kinds were conspicuous by their absence; indeed, I scarcely saw any, except one fine male specimen of Lycena cyllarus, and a few EHuchloé belia var. ausonia, or rather what appeared to me more nearly to approach the var. simplonia, being identical with some specimens belong- ing to that variety I had taken on the Becca di Nonna, near Aosta, about this time last year. At Morreale I found a stream where EH. cardamines var. twrritis was common, but many of the specimens were rather worn. It is supposed to be entirely represented by this variety throughout Sicily, but I must confess my inability to see that it differed very materially from the type. Before I left Palermo Signor Ragusa kindly gave me some information respecting other Sicilian species, notably those of the genus Melanargia. M. arge, he stated, did not occur at all in Sicily, but seemed to represent pherusa on the mainland, i. é., the mountains in Calabria, occurring about the same time. M. japygia and the var. cleanthe, he said I would find common in several localities during the months of June and July. After having paid a hurried visit to Girgenti, to see the ruined temples, the next place in which I found myself was Syracuse; but windy weather made it most unfavourable for collecting. I have since heard that a local variety of M. galatea occurs about five miles from Syracuse, and I am fully persuaded that it was my luck to see this butterfly on the wing, at a place called Kuryelos (about five miles inland). It was flying over about the most inaccessible ground I have ever yet encountered. I only saw from three to four specimens, always on the wing; moreover, I was not alone that morning, but limited to the time Herr Guterbock was pleased to occupy in looking at some old Grecian remains in the immediate vicinity, and, to make a long story short, I did not succeed in netting one single specimen; thinking also that it was only the typical galatea, and,indeed, had I known otherwise, 1 fear Herr Guterbock would have been obliged to find a more prolonged interest in his Grecian remains. After five days at Syracuse, I next visited Taormina, where [ had some idea of settling for the summer. For, that so beautiful a spot could fail to produce good collecting-ground seemed to me impossible; my experience having ever led me to seek for these insects of light and sunshine in haunts the most beautiful and attractive, from the stern grandeur of the high Alps of Switzerland to the sunny, flowery valleys of the Riviera. NOTES ON THE BUTTERFLIES OF SICILY. fi It was now early in June, but every expedition I made was, from an entomological point of view, always more or less a dis- appointing one. it was too early to attempt to make the ascent of Mount A‘tna, as it was still covered with snow, and always enveloped with clouds even on the brightest days. Had I stopped at Catania I might have visited some of the less elevated parts of that wonderful mountain (said to measure ninety miles round the base), but from Taormina it was not very accessible even to do that. So I gave it up. On the rocks above the station of Giardino-Taormina I found S. semele var. aristeus freshly emerged and in perfect condition. This insect in Sicily seems to differ slightly from the Corsican form; it is decidedly larger, but the fulvous colouring on the upper side of both wings is rather less broadly suffused. I also found here H. nostrodamus and H. acte@on, the latter quite common ; and a few other butterflies of little importance. But as I only spent one week at Taormina, I should not condemn the locality so much from my own experience, as from the fact, that on one occasion an entomologist (I think a German) had taken a house in the neighbourhood, but found so little of interest in his entomological researches that he gave up his house and went away elsewhere. So I too followed his example, and moved on to Messina, where, through a letter of introduction I had to Signor Polimeni, I became acquainted with two local naturalists, Signor Vitale (a coleopterist) and Signor Kugenio Amenta, both of whom knew the neighbourhood well. And as the latter accompanied me in nearly all my expeditions, I wasted no time here in trying unproductive localities. At first we nearly always went to Gravitelli, not a mile out of the town, but on the low arbutus-covered hills we generally did some ‘‘good business.” MM. didyma var. meridionals was now on the wing, the female of which was very large and handsome, the ground colour of the fore wings being entirely suffused with olive green, and on the hind wings the black markings were often exceedingly broad, in some specimens extending over quite two- thirds of the surface. The male was, perhaps, rather brighter fulvous than the type, with the black markings more scanty. C. jasius, which does not occur in the west of the island, was quite common on the arbutus slopes of Gravitelli. There was also a remarkably fine form of V. polychloros. M. Bellier, speaking of this species, says :—‘‘ La polychloros di Sicilia e bellissima !” And in this he said truly. V. cardui was very abundant. Signor Amenta stated that on one occasion he had seen a perfect invasion of this insect, blown over from Africa, but they did not remain in the district, and in two days had all passed over and gone elsewhere. But I was still anxious above all things to obtain the remaining species of Melanargia, and having heard that M. arge had been 5 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. seen and taken in this neighbourhood, imagined that it was just possible Signor Ragusa (who had admitted that he knew little or nothing of the Messina district) might have been mistaken in his assertion that it only occurred on the mainland, especially as the Straits are so narrow that it seemed more than probable that it might also inhabit the immediate neighbourhood of Messina; but as I never received an altogether satisfactory account of its capture, or saw one of the specimens said to have been taken, I am inclined to think that Signor Ragusa’s state- ment was quite correct. In fact, almost the only Melanargia I saw here was M. galatea, a very large and dark form, some specimens decidedly belonging to the var. procida, while most of them nearly approached it. 1 believe in some seasons M.japygia and the var. cleanthe would occur here ; but this was a bad one, and all I succeeded in getting of this butterfly was one specimen of the var. cleanthe, taken by Signor Amenta at Gravitelli, and another (much damaged), on the summit of Monte Ciccia. The latter locality, about two hours’ walk from Messina, was well worth several visits; on the south-eastern slopes of the mountain, where the orange marigolds grew to a great height, and in some profusion, beneath the meagre shade of a forest of umbrella pine trees, A. pandora were literally tumbling over each other, so plentifully was that glorious butterfly represented, male and female alike common, and all fresh out towards the end of June. It was here too that we found A. niobe, var. eris, hitherto not included amongst the butterflies of Sicily; it was a fine form, and the specimens differed slightly from those of Switzerland, the under side of the hind wing in the male being more suffused with green, and the broad submarginal band on the same wing in the female being so dark, that in many specimens the markings were almest black, and always very broad and distinct. S. semele var. aristeus was very common on Monte Ciccia; also C. edusa, the var. helice occurring not unfrequently with the type; we took several specimens of it, and I had also caught one at Syracuse; possibly the absence of C. hyale from the island, thereby enabling one to know that every light-coloured Colias must necessarily belong to this variety, had something to do with it. There was also in Sicily another slight variety of C. edusa, described by Signor Ragusa, and called var. minor on account of its exceedingly diminutive size; I took one male specimen (measuring only 1°25) during a few days | spent again at Palermo in June. The weather was windy, and | was again disappointed in my hope to find M. japygia; indeed I took little of anyimportance, except, perhaps, some very fine specimens of C. pamphilus, var. lyllus; and I was glad to return to Messina, as, so far as my superficial experience goes, I certainly consider that district to be the most productive of auy 1 have visited in Sicily. I much regretted not being able to explore the Madonie NOTES ON THE BUTTERFLIES OF SICILY. 9 mountains, where, doubtless, I would have found many other species, though no erebia has as yet been seen in Sicily; but as I heard the hotel accommodation was exceedingly bad, or more likely none at all, and as I was alone, I fear I was not suffi- ciently enterprising to attempt it, more especially as I heard it was not improbable that in a year or two there might be a good mountain hotel at Castelbuono. And nowit but remains for me to add, that throughout the two months I spent in Sicily I met with nothing but courtesy and hospitality from all the inhabitants of the island, rich and poor alike; and those who fear to visit a country so exceedingly interesting and intensely beautiful may take my word for it that ‘‘il n’y a pas de quoi !” All the butterflies observed by me in Sicily were :-— P. podalirius, L. Fairly common everywhere; the ground colour on all the wings in most specimens paler and more washed out, The var. zancleus, Z., in which the body in both sexes is white, does not appear till August, so that I did not see it, except in Signor Ragusa’s collection.—P. machaon, L. Generally distributed, but rather less common than the preceding. It is said that the machaon of Sicily belongs exclusively to the ab. sphyrus, Hiib., but I did not see more thun a specimen here and there that seemed to me to differ in colour from the typical continental form. A. cratagi, L. Fairly common round Palermo in June. P. brassice, L. Common everywhere.—P. rape, L. An exceed- ingly diminutive form of this species occurs in Sicily, with the type ; I took a male specimen at Taormina in June measuring only 1°21.— P. daplidice. Common everywhere. I took a female specimen at Taormina with an exceedingly diminutive pink mark next the outer margin of hind wings, appearing on either side, but more distinct above. EH. belia var. ausonia, Hib. Common at Palermo, Syracuse, Xc., in May; some of the specimens were very small, and some seemed to me more like simplonia, Frr. than ausonia.—E. cardamines var. turritis, O. At Palermo, in the middle of May, rather worn; very much so, later, at Taormina and Messina. C. edusa, F. Common everywhere.—Var. minor (Ragusa). An exceedingly diminutive form, rather paler than the type, seemed common on Monte Pellegrino, near Palermo, in May. I took a male Specimen measuring 1°25, at San Martino, in June. Of the var. helice, Hiub., one specimen at Syracuse in May; several near Messina in Juue. G.rhamni, L. Fairly distributed.—G. cleopatra, L. Common at Taormina in June, but 1 only remember once seeing one at Messina ; all the rest belonged to the preceding species, which at Taormina I did not observe at all. T’. acacia, I’, Fairly common at Gravyitelli, near Messina, in June. P. phiewas var. eleus, F. HKxamples of the second brood seemed generally to belong to this variety, but in the spring I could not find any that were not typical. L. betica, L. Two specimens, male and female, taken near 10 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Messina in June.—L. telicanus, Lang. Seen rarely, near Messina, in June.—L. baton, Berg. A few damaged specimens at Messina in June and July.—L. astrarche, Bgst. Common.—LZL. icarus, Rott. Very common in eyery locality.—L. bellargus, Rott. Not at all common.—L. argiolus, L. I saw a good many specimens of this butterfly, all females, near Messina, in June and July.—L. semiargus, Rott. One male example at Zafferia, near Messina, in June.—L. cyllarus, Rott. One male on the road to San Martino in May. Libythea celtis, L. One very damaged specimen seen at Taormina in June. CO. jasius, L. Common at Gravitelli, near Messina, in June. L. camilla, 8.V. Not unfrequent in the neighbourhood of Messina in June and July. V. egea, Cr. At Messina in June.—VJ. c-album, L. At Taormina and Messina, in June.—V. polychloros, L. A remarkably fine form near Messina in June.—V. urtice var. ichnusa (?), Bon. Said to have been taken in the Madonie Mountains ; all the specimens I saw were typical, and in no way resembling the ichnusa of Corsica.—V. atalanta, L. Common throughout the summer months.—V/. cardui, L. Very abundant round Messina in June and July. Some of the examples were very small and washed out; others especially large and deeply coloured. M. cinwia, L. Not very common. I took one very dark female specimen at Taormina, the rest I had observed being identical with those of North Italy, &¢.—M/. didyma var. meridionalis, Stgr. This butterfly is entirely represented by this variety throughout Sicily. I took several specimens at Messina in June and July.—J/. athalia, Rott. Fairly common near Messina in June and July. A. latonia, L. Occurring somewhat sparingly in various localities. —A. niobe var. eris, Meig. Very common on Monte Ciccia in June and beginning of July.—A. pandora, 8.V. Exceedingly abundant on Monte Ciccia in June and July. M. galatea, L. A very large, dark form, some of which were of the var. procida, Hbst., occurred at Messina in June; specimens taken near Palermo in the same month were much lighter.—M. japygia var. cleanthe, B. Two male specimens near Messina ; one taken at Gravitelli, and one (damaged) on the summit of Monte Ciecia; both in June.—. pherusa, B. Very common on one special spot at the foot of Monte Cuccio, near Palermo, in May. One worn female taken at San Martino in June; the var. plesaura, Bell, occurring with the type, but not more than about one in ten. S. circe, F. Occasionally seen on the wing on Monte Ciccia.— S. semele var. aristeus, Bon. Exceedingly abundant in rocky, stony places in June and July.—sS. statilinus var. allionia, F. I took one tresh male specimen at Cirpi, near Messina, in July. Signor Amenta said that a week or two later this butterfly would appear in great abundance in this and other localities. P. megera, Li. I saw many typical specimens of this butterfly, but none seemed at all to approach the var. tigelius of Corsica.—P. egeria, L. Fairly distributed. E. ianira var. hispulla, Hib. Common everywhere. Signor Amenta took a male specimen on Monte Ciccia on which the right THE SENSES OF INSECTS. dla lower wing was very much diffused with white; several of the specimens in that locality, though fresh out, were rather pale and washed out, especially on the under side of hind wings.—F. ida, Esp. At Taormina, Messina, and Palermo, in June. CO. pamphilus var. lyllus, Boisd. This variety occurs in the summer brood. I found it between Bocco di Falco and La Rocca, near Palermo, in June; though after 5 p.m., and a stormy evening, with the sirocco blowing, it was still on the wing and in perfect condition. S. alcea, Ksq. I took two male specimens at Syracuse in May, and had observed it also at Palermo.—S. althee, Httb. I took one male specimen at Palermo in May, and observed others. H., thawnas, Hufn. One male specimen at Taormina in June.— H., acteon, Esp. Common at Taormina, Messina, and Palermo in June; female rare.—H. nostrodamus, F. Not very common at Taor- mina and Messina in June. Bath, November, 1896. THE SENSES OF INSECTS. By G. W. Swmira. May I express some of my views on this subject in connection with the interesting papers of Mr. Arkle and others that have appeared from time to time in the ‘Entomologist’ ? It has struck me in the first place that if Mr. Arkle had discovered organs of hearing in insects he would have achieved a great anatomical success ; but since he has not done so, I do not think we should accept his failure as a proof of their non- existence, granted even that his search has been exhaustive. The anatomical search has been made thoroughly for actual organs of hearing, and naturally or unnaturally enough the search has not been successful. But this does not lessen the importance of a large body of facts which have been adduced from quite a different point of view. Romanes justly remarks,* that we have no actual (anatomical here) evidence of objective intelligence in the world; but his next statement is as just, namely, that we may presume the presence of that quality in an organism that responds to a certain stimulus in an original and uninstinctive manner. And to take a different case: when a dog growls, in most cases it is not rash to presume that the dog is angry; and when a cat purrs, we may safely deduce that the cat is pleased, although the terms are comparative. The facts that are to be collected, therefore, with regard to the senses of insects, must take this form rather than the form of evidence obtained from the dissecting table. Now the facts to which I refer have been conveniently compiled in the second * Introduction to Animal Intelligence ’ (Science Series). 12 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. part of Darwin’s book on the ‘ Descent of Man’ (pp. 280-800, 2nd edit., 1894). There is no need to accept the hypothesis of sexual selection for our purpose, since the observations of several naturalists, including Dr. Hartman, Fritz Muller, Dr. Scudder, Mr. Bates, and Mr. Marshall (Entom. xxix. 42), coincide to prove that the females of certain insects, notably the Cicadas, are actually brought together by the stridulations of the males. Of course it would be more conclusive if we could actually find these organs of hearing that must be present to the females ; but the failure of anatomy in this direction is not sufficiently important to obliterate any just conclusions we have previously gained from the deductive point of view. With relation to the stridulating organs of insects a word may not be out of place. Among the Diptera, the Reduvide, the Homoptera, the Orthoptera, with the Locustide, and cer- tain Coleoptera, possess this power of stridulating; and it is a noteworthy fact that these organs must have been exclusively modified to their present pitch of perfection by natural selection for the sole purpose of stridulation ; (though in this last state- ment Mr. Arkle can use my own arguments with some effect against me). Mr. Arkle, no doubt, justly complains of the senses of touch and hearing being confounded, but this hardly influences the subject from a general point of view. Sir John Lubbock points out that several supposititious, animal instincts and senses would imply no meaning to us at all, since their parallels are not experienced subjectively ; but in our present state of know- ledge it will be less awkward to employ the term “ hearing ”’ where ‘‘ sound” is concerned. College, Winchester, Dec. 4th, 1896. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON TWO COCCIDA. By T. D. A. CocxEretu. ef (1.) Lecanropraspis crenripis, Ckll., Psyche Suppt. p. 19. At the place cited are only a few lines of preliminary descrip- tion; the tull details are herewith given for the first time. ?. Length 8, breadth 24, height 14 mm., broad-oval, convex, above very light ochreous, conspicuously frosted with white secretion. Under side pale orange-yellow ; forming a complete ventral scale, but of thin papery texture. Contents of body dark crimson. Eggs pale pink. Antenne pale brown, 8-jointed; joints 8, 4, and 5 longest and subequal, 4 a little the longer and about as broad as long; 6 a little shorter than 5, and about as broad as long; 7 shorter than 6; 8 shortest, with several hairs; 2 much broader than long, equal in DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON TWO COCCIDA. 13 length to 7; 1 very broad, about as long as 6. Formula 4 (35) (61) (72) 8. Total length of antenne about the same as width of mouth- parts. Mouth-parts brownish, large and well developed. Derm colour- less after boiling, thickly beset with double glands and rod-like struc- tures. Anal area with a brown chitinous armature, consisting of an upper portion shaped like a slug’s jaw, and a broad transversely elon- gate lower portion, with apparently a large central aperture, but really consisting of two large lateral plates, connected by a strong isthmus. Anal ring moniliform, with several hairs. On Celtis occidentalis, San Antonio, Texas, Nov. 27th, 1895 (C. H. T. Townsend). Recently, Prof. HE. EH. Bogue has found a Lecaniodiaspis in Oklahoma, which is like the above, but a little larger. I have not yet made a detailed study of it, but have no doubt it is the same species. / 2.) PULVINARIA INNUMERABILIS, Rathv., variety? @. Dark brown, when boiled and flattened under cover-glass, 64 mm. long, 54 broad. Antenne long, slender, pale brown, joint 3 longest; 2, 4, and 5 subequal in length, 8 a little shorter; 6 and 7 equal and shortest. Formula 8 (245) 81 (67). 2 and 5 each with two hairs near the end. There is quite a constriction at the suture between 7 and 8. Legs pale brown, slender; coxa large, trochanter with a long hair, femur about as long as tibia, tarsus about half as long as tibia. Digitules of claw fairly stout, with large knobs, that of one round, of the other oval; both extend considerably beyond tip of claw. Tarsal digitules unequal, one not much longer than those of claw, with the terminal half bulbous, the other longer and slender, with an obliquely placed knob. Derm with large round and oval gland pits. Stigmatal spines in threes, one very long, two short. Margin with small simple sharp spines, in two rows, not near to each other. The above description relates to the Pulvinaria which Prof. C. V. Piper finds “so common a pest in Western Washington [State];’? found on currant, hawthorn, plum, pear, mountain ash, willow, poplar, gooseberry, andalder. Prof. Piper remarks: “Of one thing Iam certain; it is not native to Western Wash- ington.” Formerly Prof. Piper referred it to P. innumerabilis, but was criticised for so doing, more especially as its food-habits seem different from those of that species. The question was raised, whether it might be the European P. ribesie, intro- duced; but that is a much smaller insect. On the whole, it must be confessed that it is at any rate not very different from P. innumerabilis ; and since we have no adequate information about the variation of that insect, it seems premature to separate the Washington species as distinct. I will suggest, therefore, that provisionally we call Prof. Piper’s insect, above described, P. innumerabilis var. occidentalis. The ovisac resembles that of innumerabilis. 14 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. While writing on Coccide, I may as well put the following items on record :— Kermes gillettet, Ckll. I found this last year on oak at Monument Rock, Santa Fé Cafion, New Mexico, 8000 ft. altitude. New to New Mexico, and the highest record for any Kermes. Lecanium (Bernardia) sp. On fruit of Cereus triangularis, Jamaica (W. Harris). Mentioned on account of the unusual food-plant. The specimen arrived in fragments, and could not be determined. Aspidiotus ficus, Ashm. Many on both sides of leaves of Celogyne cristata in greenhouse at Ottawa, Canada. Sent by Mr. J. Fletcher. A. coloratus, Ckll. Described as a variety of A. we, but doubtless a distinct species. I found it lately in abundance at Rincon, New Mexico, on Chilopsis. At Las Cruces I noted, on a badly-infested Chilopsis, numbers of predatory coccinellids of the genus Chilocorus; these Mr. Wickham, to whom I sent specimens, identified as C. cacti and C. bivulnerus. The Chilopsis in question was the one that yielded the original types of A. coloratus. Icerya rileyi, Ckll. Hitherto this has only been known from Las Cruces. On July 10th I found it on mesquite at Colorado, New Mexico. Colorado is the name of a small village, and has nothing to do with the State of that name. Mesilla, New Mexico, U.S.A., Aug. 29th, 1896. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Hieu-Friar Serrmvc.—The numerous writings and opinions of corre- spondents in late numbers of the ‘ Entomologist’ on the most important question, ‘“‘ Are we to adopt the continental mode of setting ?” must have intensely interested and aroused all whose feelings are at all keen on this subject. Surely there is no need to go to this the farthest of far extremes? I indeed hope not. Looking at Mr. Dannatt’s note (Entom. xxix. 330), Iam of one mind with his remark that perfectly flat-set insects have the effect of producing an objectionably wooden appearance, and thus become ungainly and stiff to most eyes, excluding, of course, continental collectors, who are prone to think otherwise. I cannot, however, agree with another remark of Mr. Dannatt’s—that flat setting is contrary to the laws of nature ; indeed, I am inclined to consider our own setting more averse to these laws, seeing that the costa of most, and I fancy of all, Lepidoptera is constituted in a rigidly straight plane, in the living state. On our rounded boards the costa becomes curved in accordance with the curvature of the setting board, which produces an utterly unnatural attitude. In fact, many held that the much-rounded insect is as objectionable, or more so, than the flat-set one. Being one of those who wish to bring the wings of NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 15 their specimens more level, I have always found that by setting the insect on a board one or two sizes above that of its own, an entirely satisfactory and inoffensive elevation is attained without going to the extreme of using the foreign board. I can only conclude these simple suggestions with the sincere hope that unadulterated continental setting may never come to be @ la mode in England.—C. J. Nasu; Pitnacree, Culver Road, Reading, Dec. 9th, 1896. Entomotocist v. Coutector.—It will probably be considered by the editor, and by the unhappy ‘ collector,” if by no one else, to be about time that this discussion ceased. As I initiated it, and seem to have been elevated into a kind of champion of the class, I may, perhaps, be allowed a few words before the matter drops. It does not seem to me that anything of much value has been elicited, beyond the courteous and considerate tone which, with one exception, has marked the correspondence ; but still one point appears to come out pretty clearly, namely, that collectors themselves may be divided into two classes, or, as the anti-collector would probably put it, that beyond the lowest depths there is a lower depth still. In the first class would be placed those who, while not trying to obtain scientific rank, yet do, through their collecting, gain some knowledge of general principles. In the second class would come those, probably not many, who regard their collection simply as an aggregation of specimens, and have no intention beyond the desire of making it as complete as possible. Well, no doubt the whole question was more a matter of sentiment than of practical significance from the first, but still there is satis- faction in knowing how one stands, and so I submit that the position may be exhibited in a tabular form thus :— I.—ENToMOLOGIST...... Studies scientifically from the outset. Collection his first object, but gains some scientific knowledge in the process. ITI.—Conuector ......... Has no object beyond amassing specimens. IT.—Sus-EntToMoLoGist | Now I maintain that all these classes are interdependent, and form parts of one great whole, and that no one of them has the right to express or feel contempt for the others, but that all may and should work harmoniously together.—Rev. W. Criaxton; Sunnyside, Wool- ston, Southampton. [This discussion is now closed.—Ep. | Tue GrocrapuicaL VaRtetTies or Parnasstus apotto.—Mr. Elwes (Entom. xxix. 356) does not coincide with my suggestion that the geographical varieties of the above-named species are worthy of dis- tinctive cognomens. At the same time he does not furnish any clear argument in support of his objection. Although I consider paltry aberrations—such, for instance, as the slightly deviating form of Lycena icarus, known as icarinus unworthy of a special name, well marked geographical varieties (such as those I have defined of P. apollo), as well as seasonally dimorphic forms, are surely of sufficiently elevated rank. If they were mammals, they would, indeed, according to the modern tendency of zoologists, most likely be made to rank as species. Witness, for instance, the recent re-classification of the North American Urside (cf. ‘American Naturalist,’ 1896). Mr. Elwes’s 16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. ideas are, as is well known, in the opposite direction; and I should be glad if he would state his views on the subject, as to what degrees of variation, in his opinion, are worthy of the dignity of distinct names, and which are not. In my humble opinion the geographical varieties of P. apollo, which I have described, are of more importance in their relation to the type than the forms of many other species of Huropean Rhopalocera I could name which have already received distinctive recognition. Until I can be convinced to the contrary I shall continue to pursue the orthodox course.—W. Harcourr-Bara, Birmingham, Dec. 8th, 1896. THe Synonymy or PoLyGonraA c-ALBUM var. HUTCHINSONI. — AS a great deal of controversy has been going on regarding the var. hutchin- soni of P. c-albuwm, it may be useful to see the synonymy. Robson (‘ Young Naturalist,’ ii. p. 110) gives the name hutchinsoni to the pale form occurring in the summer brood. Harcourt-Bath (‘ Entomologist,’ xxix., 1866, p. 257) proposes the name Jwtescens for the same form, and states that it is the typical form of the continental first brood, but only occurs as an occasional aberration in this country. Tutt (‘ British Butterflies,’ p. 344, 1896) says that there are two distinct forms in the ground colour, one decidedly with more orange in the red... . . The paler form appears to be common in the summer brood (June and July), although it occurs in the autumnal one. This he calls ab. pallida. The synonymy would therefore read— Polygonia, Hb. c-album, Linn. var. hutchinsonti, Robson, Young Nat., i. p. 110. = lutescens, H. Bath., Entom., 1896, xxix. p. 257. — pallida, ab., Tutt, Brit. Butt., 1896, p. 344. I hope in a succeeding paper to correct other synonyms, which recent authors have disregarded, owing to the fact that they have not made themselves thoroughly acquainted with all the previously described varieties and aberrations.—Joun W. Surep. [As the priority of the name hutchinsoni for the form in question has been clearly established, there does not appear to be any necessity to further discuss the matter.—Ep. | GONEPTERYX RHAMNI IN IRELAND.—The reported successful introduc- tion of Gonepteryx rhamni into some locality in the Co. Tipperary by Mr. Purefoy is extremely interesting (Kntom. xxix. 363). Colonel Cooper, of Markree Castle, Co. Sligo, contemplated, some years ago, a similar experiment, and was planting buckthorn for that purpose, but IT am not aware whether he has carried out his intention. It seems, however, passing strange that Mr. Purefoy should have proceeded so recklessly as not to ascertain whether either the food-plant or the insect was indigenous, as he might know the serious injury that might be done to science by tampering with the distributional conditions of our fauna recklessly. His publication of the fact, however, will prevent Tipperary being accidentally included as one of the natural habitats of G.rhamni. It is to be hoped that he will further complete his notification by distinctly indicating the locality of this colonisation. It is astonishing to hear that he has not been able to learn whether NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Li any species of hamnus is native in Ireland, while it is abundantly and widely spread over the adjoining territories of Galway and Connemara, together with the butterfly in question, and reaches southward through Clare to Kerry, northward to Longford and Cavan, where I saw a fine tree of fh. catharticus myself this summer on the shore of L. Oughter. A reference to ‘Cybele Hibernica,’ which I have not at hand to refer to, will reveal, doubtless, a wider distribution. But it is more bewildering to read his supereilious treatment of the records of com- petent authorities as to the existence of G.rhamni in Ireland! ‘It has been reported from Killarney, but it is more than doubtful”! I trust he will not consider it as impertinent if I say that unless he accom- panied his MS. with specimens of the butterflies he has introduced, I do not think his ipse divit will carry more conviction than the records of the veteran entomologist Birchall, and myself; or than the testimony of the Hon. Miss Lawless, Mr. Ussher of Cappagh, Mr. Neale (the Secretary of the Limerick Naturalists’ Field Club), or others who have published their captures from time to time, and have reported its abundance in the neighbouring county of Galway, and its existence in several others, which records were embodied in my notice of the insect in the Catalogue of Irish Lepidoptera (Hntom. xxvi. 120). —W. I’. pp V. Kane; Drumreaske House, Monaghan. Mr. K. D. Purefoy is not accurate in stating that Gonepterya rhamni does not occur in Ireland; nor is he right in saying that neither kind of buckthorn grew in this country. If he will turn to the ‘Cybele Hiber- nica,’ he will find that Rhamnus catharticus is found in seven out of the twelve botanical divisions of Ireland, and Rf. frangula in five of those divisions; and if he refers to Entom. xxvi. 120, he will find Mr. Kane’s report of the butterfly’s occurrence in Kerry, various parts of Galway, and in Longford. Last year Miss Bewley took it in the Queen’s County (‘Irish Naturalist,’ vol. viii. p. 87), but possibly her specimens may have strayed from Mr. Purefoy’s domains. Mr. Purefoy is, however, to be congratulated on his very successful attempt to establish this pretty insect among us; for, though not alto- gether a stranger, its appearances have been too few and far between.— Grorcr HK. Harr; 14, Lower Pembroke Street, Dublin, Dec. 5th, 1896. Is Tuatpocnares (Micra) Pavia, Hibn., a Brrriseh Species ?—In the recent sale of Mr. Briges’ collection was a specimen named as above. It is certainly very different to any foreign specimens of T’. paula which I have seen. It far more resembles foreign specimens of 7. parva, the sexes of which are by no means alike. In the sale catalogue reference was made to the Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ix. p. 19, where, in the description of 7’. paula, the second fascia is stated to be a mere brown line, once angulated, and before it is a crescent-shaped upright white streak on the inner margin, occasionally becoming a fascia, and reaching the costa. “ Micra” parva is stated to have both the fascie straight and oblique. Now, as I understand from Meyrick’s Handbook, it is 7’. paula which has both the fasciw straight and oblique, and 7’. parva which hag the second fascia crooked. The larva, too, of 7. paula feeds on Gnaphalium arenarium, which is not a British plant. As it is more than twenty years since Mr. Barrett wrote the ENTOM.—JAN. 1897. C 18 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. article in the E. M. M., perhaps he will kindly give us his opinion afresh.—C. W. Date; Glanvilles Wootton, Dec. 4th, 1896. CommirrEE oF THE ENromonocicaL Socimry or LoNDON FOR THE Protection or Lepmoprera.—At a meeting held on November 25th, it was resolved to invite the co-operation of local Societies throughout the United Kingdom, and to ask them to furnish information as to proceedings likely to cause the extermination of local species of Lepi- doptera. Communications will be received by the Hon. Secretary, Cuas. G. Barrerr, 39, Linden Grove, Nunhead. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN 1896.—I took a fine larva of A. atropos last August in New Barnet, ten miles from London.—H. C. Recnarr; Clinthill, Park Road, New Barnet. Varinty OF VANESSA ATALANTA.—The variety of V. atalanta, referred to Entom. xxix. 871, appears to be similar to the aberration of the species recorded by me, Entom. xxiv. 81.—J. Hy. Fowier; Poulner, Ringwood, Dec. 5th, 1896. ANOSIA MENIPPE, Hiibn. (D. Erippus, Cr.)—After seeing the note, ante, p. 865, it seemed only right that I should report the following :—On July 12th last, at Newland’s Corner, Surrey, a young friend who was out with me collecting saw at rest on the trunk of an cak a well-marked speci- men of Anosia menippe, Hibn. In his haste to make a capture he made a mis-stroke, and the insect escaped. As he knew the insect, and there is no doubt as to his bona fides, it seems that Surrey may fairly be credited with having been favoured last summer with the presence of a specimen of this grand butterfly — W. J. Lucas; Knight’s Park, Kingston-on-Thames. HYBERNIA AURANTIARIA AND DEFOLIARIA IN MID-Lonpon.—On Novy. 20th last at mid-day I captured a specimen of Hybernia aurantiaria in good condition at rest outside a ground-floor window on the street in Chancery Lane. The next day, Nov. 2lIst, on the flag-stones between the gates of the British Museum and the building itself I found a specimen of H. defoliaria. It had been trodden upon by some passer-by, but the upper wings were sufficiently perfect to show that the insect had been in good condition.—Sxutwyn Imacu; 6, Southampton Street, Bloomsbury, W.C. Furruur Nores on CaLtimorpHa HERA.—To my remarks on this species in the ‘ ntomologist ’ for 1895 (vol. xxviii. p. 290), I should like to add the following :—Seventy-seven out of some hundred and twelve larvae of C. hera successfully hybernated on ground ivy, and fed up rapidly on white dead-nettle ; three were lost by drowning (these I had preserved) ; whilst some two or three specimens died when full-fed. Most of the rest spun a slight cocoon between the moss at the top of the pot and the soil,, none pupating underground. Six or seven spun together two or three leaves of the nettle, and then turned into the chrysalis state. I reared in all forty-nine beautiful specimens and nine cripples, the latter I believe caused by my having kept the pup too dry. Most of the imagines emerged between 2 and 4 p.m. indoors. The first emerged on June 30th, CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 19 and the last July 19th. Of the forty-nine specimens reared, twenty-six were males and twenty-three females: nineteen males and seven females had red hind wings; seven males and ten females had orange hind wings ; and six females had yellow hind wings, Let me strongly advise those who have larve this year not to feed them on dandelion or groundsel._— WititamM Hrwetrr; Howard Street, York. Notes oN THE Macro-LEepipoprERa oF THE Conway VALLEY, NoRTH Waters.—The cliff-like line of hills which form the boundary of the Vale of Conway on the west side is broken at intervals by various valleys and glens, down which rush the tributary rivers and streams from the lakes and pools of Kastern Snowdonia. In most of these insect life seems more abundant than in the wider strath of Conway itself, which I attribute to their freedom from the floods which occasionally submerge the low-lying Conway vale; and as I was living at the bottom of one of the most picturesque of these little valleys the greater part of last spring and summer in order to fish the Conway, and the Cwlyd and Crafnaat lakes, I made the following notes on some of the Lepidoptera that I met with during walks and hours not devoted to angling. The glen in question, though only about two miles in length from where the stream rises out of one of the larger lakes to where it rushes down by a series of cascades into the Conway, presents a diversity of physical features, as the water runs from a moun- tainous and moorland region at the top of the valley through thickly-wooded dells of fir, oak, birch, and alder, into the meadow-land at the bottom; and this would naturally be favourable to a variety of lepidopterous insects, as the altitude varies also from 600 feet at the lake, with the hills on either side rising to 1000 feet, to nearly sea-level at the tidal reach where the stream joins the Conway. Among the Rhopalocera I found Pieris rape aud P. napi both abundant; but I did not observe many P. brassice until late in the season, when they became very numerous. On July 31st a small meadow of uncut grass and wild flowers was full of them, mostly at rest on the flowers.—Huchloé cardamines was abundant.—Argynnis euphrosyne more or less common all over the central and woody portion of the glen; but as long as they were “out” they were always collected in vast numbers in a little glade covered with small furze and alder bushes, where I could obtain any quantity without moving from one spot; here on May 8th they literally swarmed.—d. selene, common, but nothing like the numbers of the preceding species.— Vanessa io, hybernated specimens very plentiful in the spring, and most of them in excellent preservation. I did not see many of them in the autumn; but the continuous rainfall would account for that, as it did for the scarcity of V. atalanta, of which I only saw two.—V. urtice, common. —V.c-album, plentiful, especially hybernated specimens; but I took five splendid ones in two adjoining meadows on Sunday, August 2nd. The rich velvety gloss of the black spots on the wings seem to fade soon after death. —Pararge egeria, common everywhere in the valley during the latter part of the season, but the earlier broods were very local; for weeks I only found them in one spot.—P. mey@ra swarmed everywhere; it was without doubt the commonest butterfly in the valley.—Lpinephele ‘tantra, common ; E. tithonus, E. hyperanthus. I took a few specimens of each. — Cwno- nympha pamphilus, Polyommatus phleas, Lycena icarus, all abundant.— Lhecla rubi, common on the moors at the top of the glen.—L. argiolus, one or two.—Nisoniades tages and Hesperia sylvanus, both very common. Heterocera.—Smerinthus populi, found four; one on a path, May 5th; 20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. two in copula on June 5th; and one on June 11th.—Zygena /ilipendula, abundant.—Spilosoma mendica, S. lubricipeda, S. menthastri, common.— Hepialus humuli, abundant in the meadows ; the fishermen in these parts call it the night-moth.— Nemeophila russula, abundant in one spot, where I obtained over a dezen specimens on two successive afternoons; I never saw one elsewhere.—Arctia caia, several.—Porthesia auriflua and P. chrysorrhea, took specimens of both.—Dasychira pudibunda, found one larva-—Dombyx quercus, B. rubt, and Odonestis potatoria, all abundant: as well as Saturnia carpuu on the moorlands.—Phalera bucephala, abundant.—I found lots of the larvee of Diloba caruleocephala ; and was lucky enough to obtain one of Acronycta alni exposed on an alder leaf. It has pupated in a piece of old wood, and I hope that it has not been ichneumoned. Among other Noctuz I obtained Acronycta psi, Hadena monoglypha, Mania maura, Hydrecia nictitans, Xylocampa lithorhiza, Agrotis exclamationis, Phlogo- phora meticulosa, Cucullia umbratica ; and lots of the common Geometre, such as Liwmia luteolata, Pericallia syringaria, Crocallis elingwaria, Amphidasys betularia, Bupalus piniarius, as well as Tephrosia biundularia and B. crepuscularia.—Francts Davison Brann; ‘Trefin, North Wales, November 22nd, 1896. SOCIETIES. EnromoLtocicaL Society oF Lonpon.— November 18th, 1896.—Pro- fessor Raphael Meldola, F.R.S., President, in the chair. Mr. Malcolm Burr, of ‘‘ Bellagio,” East Grinstead, Sussex; Mr. G. H. Gale, of the Public Works Department, Hong-Kong; and Mr. A. EH. Wileman, of the British Consular Service, Yokohama, Japan, were elected Fellows of the Society. Mr. Tutt exhibited a series of the ochreous form of Tephrosia bistortata, Goetze, known as ab. abietaria, Haw., captured by Mr. Mason in March, 1895 and 1896, near Clevedon, Somerset; also a series of the second brood of the same species (ab. consonaria, St.), bred from ova laid by the Clevedon specimens. He also exhibited a series of Tephrosia crepuscularia, Hb. (biundularia, Ksp.), taken by Dr. H. Corbett at Doncaster ; a peculiar variety of Hipparchia semele, _captured by Mr. H. §. Clarke near Ramsey, Isle of Man; also a series of Plusia bractea bred from ova laid in July last. The eggs and larve had been subjected to forcing treatment, with the result that the moths emerged in October. Mr. Tutt also exhibited a very dark specimen of Polia chi ab. olivacea, captured at Meldon Park, Morpeth, by Mr. Finlay. Dr. Sharp called attention to Mr. Krnest Green’s ‘plates of the Coccidee of Ceylon, which were exhibited on a screen in the room, and said that he was inclined to consider the Coccide as a distinct order of insects, but at present the evidence was hardly suffi- cient to warrant this. He asked Mr. Green if he could give him any information with regard to the development of the wings in the male. Mr. Green said that in the males of the Coccide the wings first appeared in the penultimate stage as small projections on the sides of the thorax. ‘These wing-pads grew to a certain extent without any further ecdysis. ‘Though the insect was then quite inactive, and took no food during this stage, the rudimentary wings and legs were free from the body, and were capable of some slight movement. After the SOCIETIES. PALL final ecdysis the wings of the imago were fully expanded, and assumed their natural position before the insect left the sac, or puparium, in which the resting stage had been passed. Mr. McLachlan and others continued the discussion. Mr. Bethune-Baker exhibited a yellow spider from Orotava, which was of the exact colour of the flowers that it usually rested upon, and which had been observed to catch Vanessie which settled on these flowers. Mr. Barrett said he had noticed a spider with the same habit on the ox-eye daisy in Surrey. Mr. Bethune-Baker also exhibited a very curious dark variety of Arctia caia, bred by Mr. Moore. Professor Meldola stated that it had been of late found difficult to store bristles in the City owing to the ravages of a moth, of which he exhibited living specimens of the larve and pupe. Mr. Barrett said that the moth was Tinea biselliclla. Mr. Blandford stated that the bisulphide of carbon treatment might be found to be of advantage if it were practicable, but more would have to be ascertained with regard to the extent and character of the ravages before anything could be determined upon. Mr. Merrifield, Mr. Green, and others took part in the discussion which followed. Mr. Blandford called attention to the use of formalin as a preventive of mould, and said that it would probably be found of use in insect collections; an object once sprayed with this substance never became mouldy afterwards. Professor Meldola said that formalin was another name for a solution of formic aldehyde : it is now much used in the colour industry, and is, therefore, produced on a large scale. Mr. Newstead communicated a paper entitled ‘“‘ New Coccide collected by the Rey. A. K. Katon in Algeria.” December 2nd.—Dr. David Sharp, M.A., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the chair. Dr. Sharp exhibited the series of Longicorn Coleoptera of the genus Plagithmysus from the Hawaiian Islands, of which a pre- liminary account had recently been given by him elsewhere. He said that these examples were the result of Mr. Perkins’ work for the Sandwich Island Committee, and afforded a fair sample of his success in the other orders, which would be found to have completely revolu- tionised our knowledge of the entomological fauna of these islands. He stated that Mr. Meyrick had recently informed him that the Geometride would be increased from six species to forty-four, and that the genus Plagithmysus showed an almost equal increase; and that the working out of the specimens was very difficult, owing to the variability of the species and to their being closely allied. Mr. Malcolm Burr exhibited a specimen of a cockroach, Pycnoselus indicus, Fabr., taken in a house at Bognor, Sussex. He said this was the first record of the occurrence of the species in England. According to De Saussure, it was distributed throughout India, Ceylon, Mexico, and the United States. Mr. P. Crowley exhibited a remarkable variety of Abraxas grossulariata taken in a garden at Croydon last summer. Mr. Tutt exhibited some Micro-Lepidoptera from the Dau- phiné Alps. Several specimens of Psecadia pusiella, Rém., showing considerable difference in the width of the black zigzag band crossing the centre of the fore wings longitudinally. ‘The species was taken at La Grave, in a gully at the back of the village. A large number of specimens were secured, chiefly resting on the trunks and branches of two or three ash and willow trees growing on the bank at the side of 2, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. the gully. A few specimens, however, were obtained drying their wings on the grass on the bank, but Mr. Tutt stated that he failed to find pupa-cases. The captures were all made on the mornings of August 7th and 8th. In spite of the striking conspicuousness of the insect when set out for the cabinet, it was by no means easy to detect at first on the tree trunks. Mr. Tutt also exhibited specimens of a “plume” which had been named Leioptilus (Alucita) scarodactyla. It was exceedingly abundant on the Artemisia growing on the roadside just below La Grave. ‘There could be little doubt, he thought, from the habits of the insect, that the Artemisia had been its food-plant. He also exhibited specimens, from Le Lautaret, of Sericoris rivulana, Gelechia spuriella, Sophronia semicostella, Pleurota pyropella, Gicophora stipella, and Butalis fallacella. The latter were chiefly interesting from the fact that they were taken at an elevation of about 8000 feet. Lord Walsingham made some remarks on the specimens. Lord Walsingham read a paper entitled ‘ Western Equatorial African Micro-Lepidoptera.’’ A discussion ensued, in which Dr. Sharp, Herr Jacoby, and others, took part.—H. Goss, Hon. Secretary. Soutn Lonpon Entomonocican anp Narurat History Soctery.— November 26th, 1896—C. G. Barrett, Esq., F.E.S., Vice-President, in the chair. Mr. Barnett, of Royal Hill, Greenwich, was elected a member. ‘T'he meeting was devoted to a special exhibition of varieties, and was largely attended. Mr. Mansbridge showed series of Abraxas grossulariata, including the Leeds smoky forms ; of Polia chi, including var. sufusa and var. olivacea, with the beautiful West Riding form ; and of Hibernia aurantiaria, with many melanic forms. Mr. Oldham, Brenthis (Argynnis) euphrosyne, with few markings on upper wings in contrast to well-marked hind wings; a xanthic /pinephele ianira, and putty-coloured and yellow females of Odonestis potatoria. My. Adkin, the various forms of Boarmia repandata, Camptogramma bilineata (including black Irish specimens), B. cinctaria and Thera juniperata, with beautiful specimens of Cidaria corylata var. albocrenata, Abraxas grossulariata, black